HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
OF THE
Museum of Comparative Zoology
BULLETIN
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE
VOL. IV.
TEXT.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
1878.
Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher
KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION
New York
1967
Printed in U.S.A.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
at Harvard College, CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
Vol. IV.
THE TERRESTRIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
UNITED STATES AND THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES
OF NORTH AMERICA.
DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED
By W. G. BINNEY.
VOL. V.
CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED BY WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY,
university press.
July, 1878.
PREFACE.
Although this work forms a fifth volume to the " Terrestrial Mollusks
of the United States," * I have endeavored to make it a complete manual
of the subject. With this view, I have compiled from the writings of
my father, my friend Mr. Bland, myself, and other authors all their
more important portions, not only of descriptions and figures of species,
but of all that relates to the Habits of the Animals, their Geographical
Distribution, their Jaw and Lingual Membrane, their Anatomy, and their
Classification. I devote no space to Bibliography, referring to my gen-
eral work on that subject published by the Smithsonian Institution.
In the descriptive portion it will be seen that I have usually adopted
the descriptions of genera and subgenera of Albers and Von Martens.
From the same authors I have also usually adopted the generic and sub-
generic names, without inquiry into their precedence, having neither time
nor inclination to attempt myself to disentangle the confused synonymy.
In the synonymy of the species I have quoted only authors giving an
original description or an original figure. I have personally consulted
all the references, unless otherwise specified.
The subject is brought down to January, 1878. The plates of Vol.
III. are reproduced. Those of Vols. I. and IV. I regret not being also able
to give. In the references to plates in the text it must be remembered
* The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and the adjacent
Territories of North America : described and illustrated by Amos Binney. Edited
by Augustus A. Gould. Boston, Charles C. Little and James Brown. Vols. I., II.,
MDCCCLI. ; Vol. III., Plates, MDCCCLVII. ; Vol. IV. by W. G. Binney, New
York, B. Westermann, MDCCCLIX., from Boston Journal of Natural History,
Vol. VII.
iy PREFACE.
that figures of shells are included in the copperplates of Vol. III., while
those of genitalia and lingual dentition are to be found exclusively in
the lithographic plates now first offered. Thus there is a double system
of plates.
In addition to those mentioned in the first and fourth volumes, I am
indebted for assistance in the preparation of this to Dr. J. G. Cooper,
Haywood, Alameda County, Cal. ; Miss Annie M. Law, Philadelphia,
Tenn. ; Mr. W. G. Mazyck, Charleston, S. C. ; Prof. A. G. Wetherby, Cin-
cinnati, 0. ; Mr. 0. B. Johnson, Forest Grove, Or. ; Mr. Henry Hemphill,
San Diego, Cal. ; Mr. Sam. Powell, Newport, ft. I. ; Mr. G. W. Tryon,
Philadelphia, Penn. ; Mr. F. Stein, Mt. Carmel, 111. ; Mr. H. S. Crooke,
N. Y. ; Mr. A. T. E. Lansing, Watertown, N. Y. ; Mr. ft. E. C. Stearns,
San Francisco, Cal. ; Dr. W. H. Dall, Washington, D. C. ; Mr. W. W.
Calkins, Chicago, 111. ; Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, London ; Mr. R. M. Byrnes,
Cincinnati, 0. ; Mr. Anson Allen, Orono, Me. ; Mr. A. W. Crawford,
Oakland, Cal. ; Mr. Arthur F. Gray, Danversport, Mass. ; Mr. Charles
Dury, Cincinnati, 0. ; Dr. C. A. Millar, Cincinnati, 0. ; Mr J. T. Crans,
Indianapolis, Ind. ; Miss Lizzie Taylor, St. Paul, Minn.; Dr. L. G. Yates,
California ; Mr. J. Matthew Jones, Halifax, N. S. ; Mr. E. Ingersoll,
Jersey City, N. J. ; Mr. W. G. W. Harford, San Francisco, Cal. ; Dr.
J. B. Elliott, Sewanee, Tenn.
To Mr. Bland I am indebted for a continuation of the kindness which
has so greatly aided me during more than twenty years.
W. G. BINNEY.
Burlington, N. J., June, 1878.
CONTENTS.
Page
Preface iii
I. Habits and Faculties 1
II. Geographical Distribution 17
III. Jaw and Lingual Membrane 41
IV. Special Anatomy 53
V. Classification 76
VI. Systematic Index 77
VII. Descriptions 80
VIII. Supplement . 432
IX. Index 433
X. Explanation of Plates of Vol. Ill 441
XI. Explanation of Plates of Vol. V. . . 445
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
OF THE UNITED STATES.
I. HABITS AND FACULTIES.1
The animals of this order, indigenous to the United States, are essen-
tially inhabitants of the forest. It is there, under the deep shadows of
a dense foliage, where the sun's rays hardly penetrate to the surface of
the earth, and where the ground is covered with the mouldering trunks
of trees and thick layers of decaying leaves, that they find a constant
moisture, a twilight interrupted only by darkness, abundance of vegeta-
ble and animal food, and the means of shelter and protection. These
constitute a combination of circumstances very favorable to their in-
crease, and hence they may be discovered, in situations where these con-
ditions exist, in every part of the country where they can be found at all.
But when, with these, are conjoined a mild climate and a calcareous
soil, the maximum of favoring influences is reached, and large numbers
are produced. It is in the great valley of the Mississippi, based through-
out nearly its whole extent upon horizontal limestone formations, that
these combined causes operate over an extensive region, and there, con-
sequently, the species proper to it exist in multitudes. In the parts of
the country which have been long cultivated, and are nearly deprived
of their forests, they have mostly disappeared, and only survive in
places where some shelter of wood or stones is still afforded to them.
They everywhere avoid cultivated fields and open pastures, and are
never found in gardens,2 or about or within houses or other buildings,
1 I have reproduced Chapter X. of Vol. I., adding to and modifying it in several par-
ticulars when required by my more recent experience and investigations.
2 I have in the text already modified this assertion of my father. The instance he
gives in his note of "an exception to this remark in Helix fallax, Say (= Hopetonensis),
which we observed a few years since living in great numbers in gardens in Charleston,
S. C, in company with Bulimics decollatus," is by no means single. In every country
town and even city some species is sure to be found numerous in gardens and especially in
cemeteries, and once having gained a foothold bids fair to retain it. In Burlington, N. J.
VOL. IV. 1
2 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
excepting in cases where specimens have been accidentally introduced
and remaining undisturbed have multiplied into a colony. In this re-
spect they present a remarkable contrast to some of the same animals in
Europe, which not only are very common in open and cultivated tracts,
but are particularly numerous in fields and gardens, where some of the
species commit much mischief, and in cellars, drains, and other similar
situations, in immediate contiguity with man. The species which have
been introduced from Europe, and naturalized in this country, are dis-
tinguished by the same habits as the stock from which they are derived,
and differ as much from the native species. Thus, Tachea hortensis
lives in open and exposed situations destitute of shelter, except that
afforded by grass and shrubs ; Zonites cellarius occupies gardens and
cellars ; Limax flavus inhabits cellars and damp places about drains ;
and L. agrestis is common everywhere in gardens, fields, cellars, nnd
houses. It infests the roadside, and the neighborhood of our dwellings,
and has in some places become the pest of the horticulturist.
Whether this difference of habitat arises from original constitution, or
is the consequence of the long-continued operation of external causes, is
a curious subject of inquiry. The preference for the forest over the open
country exhibited by the native species, even in situations where both
have been for a long time equally accessible to them, seems to indicate
that the former supposition is correct ; and this opinion is strengthened
by the disappearance of nearly every species with the progress of agri-
culture. If their habits were not insuperable, they might be expected
to have been somewhat modified ere now, and to have become adapted
to the new physical conditions to which they are subjected. That they
have not been, suggests the thought that, like the aboriginal race of
men, and some of the larger quadrupeds, they are destined to give way
before the advance of civilization, and to have their places filled by for-
eign species. On the other hand, there are some facts which tend to
show that accidental causes may have produced a slow and gradual rev-
olution in the habits of the European species, corresponding with the
changes, which, within the historical period, have taken place over the
surface of the greater part of Europe ; and that in process of time the
same influences will produce similar results on the habits of the North
American species. All those parts of Europe which are now the most
the most common species is Patula altcrnata, Zmiitrs arboreus, and Limax campestris.
Iu Savannah it is Triodopsisappressa ; in Norfolk, Va., it is Mesoclow. albolabris ; in Macon.
Ga., it is M. major. The original introduction was no doubt accidental.
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 6
populous were covered with forests at no very distant period, and all
tlie terrestrial mollusks were then, like ours at the present time, living
in the forest. The progress of agriculture there was very slow com-
pared with its advances in this country, and thus time was given to the
animals to accustom themselves to the change ; and they have thus, by
slow degrees, adopted their present habits.1 In the United States the
advance of agriculture in newly settled parts is very rapid ; large tracts
of forest are almost simultaneously subjected to the axe and to fire, and
a very few years produce an entire change in the vegetation of a whole
section. Consequently these animals are at once exterminated, or the
few that survive are brought suddenly under the influences of new cir-
cumstances, which, from the abruptness of the change, are fatal to them,
but which, if imposed upon them more gradually, might have been
sustained. A few spots and some limited tracts of land, remaining
unchanged in the midst of cultivation, protect some individuals of every
species ; and it is from this comparatively small number, thus preserved,
that their subsequent increase is derived. But at this period the field
is equally open for the multiplication of those foreign species which
accompany man as for the native species, and it is not surprising that
the former, whose habits are already adapted to the existing state of
things, should increase more rapidly than the latter. The native species,
however, become gradually familiarized with the circumstances around
them, and some few of them advance, and after a time establish them-
selves in the open country, where they seek such shelter as they can
find. This transition is very slow, but there are sufficient indications,
in the exceptions which are found to the general habits of the species in
this particular, to show that it is going on ; and therefore it is reason-
able to believe that when a period shall have elapsed as long as that
since the south and west of Europe were covered with forests, our species
will have become able to sustain themselves in the open country, and
will have spread themselves in great numbers over those populous parts
where they are now wanting. The power of adaptation to new circum-
stances, which is a prominent quality of nearly all the shell-bearing species
of this order, and which, combined with a remarkable tenacity of life,
enables them to resist successfully the many dangers to which they are
exposed, is illustrated in the extremes of their mode of life on the two
1 I am not able to state whether the European snails are, as a class, similar in their
habits to Tachea hortensis, or whether many of them may not be restricted to the forests,
as ours are.
4 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
continents. We know of no other instances of animals living in a natural
condition, not domesticated nor accompanying man, where the same
diversity of habitat in analogous species exists. The presumption of
changes which shall approximate the habits of both, in proportion as
the physical circumstances of both approach each other, is therefore not
a violent one. But it is by no means certain that all the species will
survive the violent change to which they are at first exposed. Those
of them which are in a state of decline and nearly run out, and those
which are strictly local in their habitats, will be least able to sustain
themselves, and their entire extinction will be very likely to follow.
All the species are nocturnal or semi-nocturnal in their habits. In
the daytime they seek such shelter as may be at hand, and retreat into
dark holes and crevices, or hide themselves under the fallen trunks of
trees, fragments of wood, leaves, and stones, or bury themselves wholly
or partially in the earth. There they remain inactive until evening
twilight, when, except in seasons of drought, they sally forth in num-
bers ; and in favorable situations, such as ravines and low places in the
forest, may be seen crawling over the surface of the ground, and some-
times climbing the stalks of plants and the trunks of trees. They are
probably active during the whole night, in which time they all seek
their food, and those species which are noxious to man commit their
depredations in the garden and orchard. At this time, too, their sexual
meetings take place. Soon after daylight they retire to their retreats,
and remain very close until night approaches again. They also come
forth when the atmosphere is charged with moisture, and after light
showers.
There is a difference in the places of their retreat. The naked genera
are oftenest found attached to the lower surface of wood and stones
lying in contact with the ground, or to the damp walls of cellars, and,
in the forest, concealed under logs. So soon as, from the increased dry-
ness of the atmosphere, these places no longer retain moisture, they
abandon them for others, and in seasons of drought they penetrate
deeply into the earth. The shell-bearing genera, in the forest, are
observed under prostrate timber, to the lower surface and crevices of
which they adhere by a mucous attachment during the day, in hollows
under the roots of trees, and under the layer of decaying leaves which
cover the ground. In situations where such places of shelter are not
found, they half bury themselves in the soil, at the roots and under the
shade of thick tufts of plants. Numbers frequently resort to the same
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 5
retreat, but this in the shell-bearing generar seems a mere matter of
accident, while in the introduced species of Limaces it appears to indi-
cate a gregarious habit, as they prefer to crowd together and lie in close
contact with and upon each other.1 These last are said by some to
occupy permanently the same retreat, but the assertion is probably
incorrect. They often, and perhaps generally, remain in the immediate
vicinity of the place where they procure their food, and hence they often
resort to the same place of shelter ; and as many of them have fre-
quently been observed in the same place, they have been thought to be
the same individuals. But when one set of individuals is destroyed,
another soon takes their place, and whenever a new shelter is provided,
by the accidental presence of fragments of wood in suitable situations,
it is immediately resorted to by them. The native genus Tebennojihorus
is in no manner gregarious ; it lives in the forest, mostly buried in
decaying and rotten wood, and no more than two are usually found
together. In cloudy weather, when the atmosphere is charged with
moisture, and during light showers, all the species come forth in the
daytime ; but on a change of weather immediately return again, and
during rains remain in their retreats. Long-continued or excessive
rains, however, inundate their hiding-places, drive them out, and force
them to resort to trees.
We have seen, in a preceding part of this work,2 how numerous are
the agencies which are continually tending to destroy the lives of indi-
viduals, and to exterminate whole species. Being all of them slow in
their motions, without means of escape from enemies, destitute of instru-
ments of offence or of defence, and some of them unprovided with a cov-
ering, it would seem as if their existence must be very precarious, and
that they must be easy victims to the unfavorable circumstances around
them. Such would be the case undoubtedly, and these causes would
interfere with the diffusion of species and derange their distribution in
a greater degree than they actually do, if there were not counteracting
properties in the animals themselves which modify and limit the destruc-
tive tendency. These conservative properties are, their prolific gener-
ative capacity, their insensibility to pain, their extreme tenacity of life,
and their extraordinary power of reproducing important organs which
have been cut off or destroyed by accident.
1 The promiscuous mingling of individuals of Limax agrestis and Limax variegatus in
their respective retreats has often reminded us of the familiar positions in which swine
place themselves for sleep.
2 See I. 132 et teq.
0 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The number of eggs produced varies in the genera and species in the
same proportion as the dangers to which they are exposed are greater
or less. Thus, in the naked genera, whose means of protection and
whose chances of preservation are much less than of those protected by
an external shell, the number is much greater than in the latter. The
number of eggs produced by two individuals of Limax agrestis kept in
confinement by Dr. Leach was, in the course of rather more than a year,
seven hundred and eighty-six. It usually amounts to at least three
hundred per annum. The other species, though not equally prolific,
multiply greatly ; and each pair of the various shell-bearing species pro-
duces, annually, from thirty to one hundred eggs, and perhaps more.
The young of the Limaces complete their growth and reproduce their
kind sometimes within the year of their birth, and always as soon as
the second year ; and the species of the other families are believed not
to require a much longer time to attain maturity. This rapid increase
replaces the numbers annually destroyed, and maintains the species in
their relative importance.
Their extreme tenacity of life is manifested in every stage of growth,
from the egg to the mature animal. The eggs of Limax have been so
entirely desiccated that their form has disappeared, and there remained
only a thin skin, friable between the fingers. In this condition they
have been kept for years ; and yet a single hour's exposure to humidity
was sufficient to restore their form and elasticity.1 They have been
dried in a furnace eight successive times, until they were reduced to an
almost invisible minuteness, yet in every interval have regained their
original bulk in a moist situation.2 In all these instances the young
have been developed in the same manner as in other eggs not subjected
to the experiment, In the northern part of the United States we have
frequently observed the eggs of tiie shell-bearing genera in the forest
covered with snow, protected only by a single leaf, where they had
remained through the winter months, constantly exposed to a tempera-
ture much below the freezing-point. The shell-bearing species them-
selves withstand the cold of the severest winters in the same situations ;
and Snccinea has been frozen in a solid block of ice, and yet escaped
unharmed. Helices, when frozen in a state of confinement, though they
sometimes recover so far as to move about with some activity, usually
survive but a short time.
The power of reproduction of parts of the body is more astonishing
1 Bouchard-C'hantereaux. 2 Leuchs.
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 7
still. It is well established by experiments on thousands of Helices, that
the eye peduncles, when cut off, grow out again, — that considerable
parts of the locomotive disc may be amputated, and the new parts
immediately bud out, and supply their place. The great length of time
they can subsist without food is another exemplification of their great
tenacity of life. Those species, especially, which live in dry and exposed
situations have this power of endurance to a remarkable degree. A
friend received specimens of Helix desertorum which had been collected
in Egypt, had been shipped to Smyrna, thence to Constantinople, thence
to Rio Janeiro, and finally to Boston, — occupying a period of about
seven months, — which appeared in full vigor when taken from the
papers in which they had been enveloped. They were laid away in a
drawer ; and on being examined three years afterwards, some of them
still came out. in tolerable vigor.
As stated above, the shell-bearing genera live mostly in the forest,
sheltered under the trunks of fallen trees, layers of decaying leaves,
stones, or in the soil itself. In these situations they pass the greater
part of their lives. In the early days of spring, they sometimes assemble
in considerable numbers, in warm and sunny situations, where they pass
hours in indolent enjoyment of the warmth and animating influence of
the sunshine. Whether these meetings serve any useful purpose in the
economy of the animal, or are caused by the pleasurable sensation, and
renewed strength derived from the warmth of the situation after the
debility of their winter's torpidity, is uncertain ; it is probable, however,
that they precede the business of procreation. It is certain that they
last but a short time, and that after early spring the animals are to be
found in their usual retreats.
In the course of the months of May or June, earlier or later, accord-
ing to the locality and as the season is more or less warm, they begin to
lay their eggs. These are deposited, to the number of from thirty to
fifty, and even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from the
sun's rays by leaves, or at the side of logs and stones, without any order,
and slightly agglutinated together. The depth of the deposit is usually
measured bjr the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its head
and body into the soil to the utmost extent, while the shell remains at
the surface ; but sometimes the animal burrows three or four inches
deep before making the deposit, in order to insure a sufficiently moist
position. Three or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are made
by one animal during the summer and autumn. When the deposit is
8 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
complete, it is abandoned by the animal. The eggs vary in size accord-
ing to the magnitude of the species producing them. They are nearly
globular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other, white and
opaque. They consist, in general, of an external, semi-calcareous, elas-
tic membrane investing the whole, the interior surface of which is usually
studded with numerous rhombic, microscopic crystals of carbonate of
lime, some species, however, having a hard enveloping calcareous shell,
of the consistence of that of a bird's egg ; of an inner thin, transparent,
shining membrane which immediately encloses a transparent and some-
what viscid fluid, analogous to the albumen of birds' eggs ; of the albu-
men itself, and of the vitellus, which, possessing the same degree of
transparency as the albumen, cannot be distinguished from it at this
time. The elastic eggs, when first laid, are often flaccid, and seemingly
only half full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become dis-
tended. The embryo animal, with its shell, is observable in the albu-
minous fluid in a few days after the egg is laid. Its exclusion takes
place, under ordinary circumstances, in from twenty to thirty days,
according to the state of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity hasten
the process, while cold and dryness retard it to an almost indefinite
extent. The hatching of eggs laid late in the autumn is often inter-
rupted by the approach of cold weather and of snow, and delayed until
the next spring. In some few species the young is hatched from the
egg before exclusion.
The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and makes its first
repast of the shell which it has just left. It consists at first of about
one and a half whirls, the umbilicus being minute, but open. Its growth
is rapid, and it has usually increased in magnitude three or four times,
before the close of the first year.
In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first frost,1 the snail
ceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes itself to the under surface of
the substance by which it is sheltered, or partially burrows in the soil,
and with the aperture of the shell upward, disposes itself for its annual
sleep or hibernation.2 Withdrawing into the shell, it forms over the
aperture a membranous covering, consisting of a thin, semi-transparent
mixture of lime mucus or gelatine, in some species opaque and thick,
secreted from the collar of the animal. This membrane is called the
1 In Florida some species continue active during the whole winter.
2 The same process is adopted by the species of the Pacific Region to protect themselves
from the effects of the dry season.
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 9
epiphragm. It is formed in this manner : The animal being withdrawn
into the shell, the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a
quantity of mucus is poured out from it and covers it. A small quan-
tity of air is then emitted from the respiratory foramen, which detaches
the mucus from the surface of the collar, and projects it in a convex
form, like a bubble. At the same moment the animal retreats farther
into the shell, leaving a vacuum between itself and the membrane, which
is consequently pressed back by the external air to a level with the
aperture, or even farther, so as to form a concave surface, where, having
become desiccated and hard, it remains fixed. These operations are
nearly simultaneous, and occupy but an instant. As the weather be-
comes colder, the animal retires farther into the shell, and makes another
septum, and so on, until there are sometimes as many as six of these
partitions ; the circulation becomes slow ; the pulsations of the heart,
which in the season of activity vary from forty to sixty in a minute,
according to the temperature of the air, decrease in frequency and
strength, until they at length become imperceptible ; the other func-
tions of the body cease, and a state of torpidity succeeds, which is inter-
rupted only by the reviving heat of the next spring's sun. During the
months of April or May,1 on the accession of the first warm weather of
the season, the animal breaks down and devours the membranous parti-
tions, and comes forth to participate in the warmth and freshness of the
season. At first it is weak and inactive, but, recovering in a short time
its appetite, resumes its former activity. The peculiar epiphragm of
Binneya is described when treating that genus.
The season of hibernation continues from four to six months. The
final cause of this extraordinary condition is undoubtedly to enable the
animal to resist successfully the extreme reduction of temperature, and
to survive through the long period when it must, in northern climates
at least, be entirely destitute of its usual food. With a view to the first
purpose, a place of shelter is provided, and the aperture of the shell is
hermetically sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum ; for the
second, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the functions of
digestion, respiration, and circulation being suspended, and all the secre-
tions and excretions having ceased, there is no drain upon the strength
and vitality of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces. Hence it
comes forth, at the end of the period, in much the same condition in
which it commenced it, and resumes almost immediately its usual func-
1 In New England, earlier in more southern latitudes.
10 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
tions and habits. So entire is the cessation of the function of respira-
tion, that the air contained between the epiphragm and the animal is
found to be unchanged. The circulation, however, may be partially
restored by a small degree of heat, the warmth of the hand being suffi-
cient to stimulate the heart to action.
The snails pass the greater part of their lives under dead leaves and
logs, under stones, or burrowing in the ground. They seldom come
from their lurking-places while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen
ranging in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark. Should they
then be surprised by the appearance of the sun, they immediately take
shelter from its rays, under some cover or on the shaded side of the
trunks of trees.
Their natural food is vegetable ; and the formation of the mouth and
the organs with which it is armed seems to be peculiarly well adapted
for cutting fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The lower edge of
the jaw being applied against the substance to be eaten, the semilunar
rough instrument, which has been called the lingual membrane, is
brought up against it, cutting out and carrying into the mouth semi-
circular portions of nutriment. This operation is carried on with great
rapidity, and the substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain,
however, that some species1 are also fond of animal food, and sometimes
prey upon earthworms, their own eggs, and even upon each other ; but
the slowness of their motions and their consequent inability to pursue
prey forbids the idea of their being dependent on animal food. They,
in their turn, become the prey of various birds and reptiles ; and it
is no uncommon thing to observe, in the forest, clusters of broken
shells lying on logs or stones which have been chosen by birds as con-
venient places for breaking the shell and extracting the animal.
The snails of the United States are for the most part solitary in their
habits, differing very much, in this respect, from the snails of Europe.
It is true that in localities favorable for their residence they may be
collected in considerable numbers ; and especially is this the case in the
States north of the Ohio River. But even there they seem to live inde-
pendently of each other, and not to unite into herds or communities.
There are occasional exceptions, however, as in the case of Patula cdter-
nata, very large numbers of which have been observed collected into a
small space, especially in winter, as if for the purpose of imparting
warmth to each other. The few species of European snails which have
These are characterized by the lingual dentition. See Olandina.
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 11
been introduced retain their native habits. Tachia kortensis, for instance,
which has been transplanted to some of the small islands in the vicinity
of Cape Ann, is found there in countless numbers, literally covering the
soil and shrubs. It is worthy of notice, also, that each island is inhabited
by a variety peculiar to itself, showing that the variety which happened
to be introduced there has propagated itself, without a tendency to run
into other variations. Thus, on one islet we have the yellowish-green,
xinicolored variety, once described as Helix subglobosa ; and on another,
within a very short distance, we find a banded variety, and none others.
In regard to colors, our snails are quite plain and exceedingly uni-
form ; in this respect, also, differing essentially from the species of the
Old World. They vary from yellowish-green through horn-color to chest-
nut, most of them being simply horn-colored. This is perhaps owing to
the fact that our species do not infest our gardens and open fields, but
are generally confined to forests, sheltered under logs and stones, and
are rarely seen abroad except during twilight or on damp and ^lark
days ; indeed, they almost entirely disappear as the forests are cut
down, and seem to flee the approach of man. The European species, on
the other hand, follow in the track of cultivation, and are common in
gardens and fields, on walls and hedges, and other places exposed to the
action of light. With the exception of Patula alternata and Hemi-
trochus varians, Liguas fasciatus, etc., there is scarcely a species having
bands or variegated colors inhabiting eastern North America ; and even
these latter species can scarcely be regarded as an exception, as they
are only to be found at the southern part of Florida, and are more
properly West India shells. In Texas, and beyond the Sierra Nevada
and Cascade Mountains in Oregon and California, many of the species
have one or more bands.
Another peculiarity of the American snails is the toothlike appen-
dages with which the aperture of a large proportion of them is armed,
and which are characteristic of the group designated by Ferussac under
the name Helicodonta. More than one half of the whole number, and
more than three fourths of those with reflected peristome, are thus pro-
vided. In some species these appendages assume the form of folds
rather than teeth ; and in others we have simple threads or laminae
revolving within the aperture in the course of the spire. They are not
formed until the shell has attained its full growth.
The genera not furnished with an external shell are more especially
nocturnal than the other families of the order, and they are so rarely
12 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
visible in the daytime that thousands may be near without being known.
The injury which they commit in kitchen-gardens, for this reason, is
often vaguely ascribed to worms or to birds ; and no measures are taken
against the real culprits. Their habits, in general, coincide with those
which have been described as distinguishing the order ; and we shall
therefore mention here only those which are peculiar to them. They
differ from the other families in not possessing the faculty of hiberna-
tion, or suspension of their organic functions during the cold season.
In temperate latitudes the snails hibernate, under all circumstances, on
the approach of cold weather ; the slugs, on the contrary, having the
power of resisting extreme cold, continue in their usual haunts until
severe frosts set in, when they retire into the earth and other sheltered
retreats. Here they remain in a state of inaction and partial torpidity ;
the functions of the body, however, still going on, though slowly and
with diminished force. A slight increase of heat arouses them and
stimulates their organs to renewed action, and they accordingly often
come abroad in mild weather, even during the winter. Those which
inhabit cellars and other protected situations are in motion throughout
the year > and individuals of all the genera and species which we have
kept in confinement have continued active, fed freely, and increased in
size as much in the coldest months as in the summer. All the species
which have yet come under our notice possess the power of suspending
themselves in the air by a gelatinous thread. This they effect by accu-
mulating a quantity of tenacious mucus at the posterior extremity of
the foot, which they attach to the object from which they are to com-
mence their descent ; then, loosing their own hold, they hang suspended
by this point. Continuing the secretion, their own weight attenuates
the mucous attachment, and draws it out into a thread. As this dries
and hardens, a fresh supply is afforded, the thread is lengthened, and
the animal lets itself down any desirable distance. At this time, also,
the margin of the foot pours out mucus freely, and during the whole
operation the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, in the
same manner as when in ordinary progression. It appears in this way
to guide and force towards the extremity the mucus which is secreted
on its surface, and which, collected at its extreme point, forms the
thread. The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its eye-
peduncles and its whole body in various directions, as if seeking some
object on which to make a lodgment. The faculty of suspending them-
selves in this manner indicates that they pass some part of their lives
HABITS AND FACULTIES.
13
on trees, from which they can thus make a convenient descent to the
earth ; there are some species, indeed, which are stated to inhabit trees
almost exclusively. It may serve also as a means by which they can
suddenly escape from the attacks of their enemies, and particularly of
birds. It is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least not
grown to their full size, that they enjoy this power. Those which have
attained their extreme dimensions and weight are too heavy to trust
themselves to so frail a support. They have no power to elevate them-
selves again, and in this respect are inferior to the spiders, which can
both lower and raise themselves by the aid of the secreted thread. Like
the spiders, however, they often remain suspended in mid-air for a time,
and it is not unlikely that there is some rig. l.
pleasurable sensation connected with the
act, which induces them thus to prolong
it. We have seen the descent actually
practised by every one of our Atlantic
species, as well as by the large Pacific
Ariolimax. Besides the watery fluid which
at all times lubricates the integuments,
the animals can, at their will, secrete at
any point, or over the whole surface of
their bodies, a more viscid and tenacious
mucus than is usually exuded. This
power is used as a means of defence.
Whenever a foreign substance touches
them, immediately a quantity of this
mucus, of the consistence of milk and nearly of the same color, is poured
out and forms a kind of membrane interposed between themselves and
the irritating substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a cor-
rosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they form over them-
selves in this way a thick protecting covering, which is undoubtedly a
non-conductor of heat and impervious, at least for a time, to liquids.
Shielded by this coating, they can live the greater part of a day im-
mersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol ; and M. Ferussac
asserts that they have survived for hours in boiling water. They leave
a trace of their usual secretion on every object over which they pass,
and thus can easily be traced to their retreats. The ordinary secretion
is most abundant at their posterior extremity. The secretion of the
mucous fluid over their surface is necessary to their existence. Death
Limax camptstris, suspended.
14 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
immediately follows the failure of this power, and is preceded by the
drying up of the skin. All the species are extremely voracious, and
devour an incredible quantity of food in a short time. Those found in
this country are generally supposed to be vegetable feeders, but nearly
all of them subsist occasionally upon dead animal matter, of which they
seem to be fond, and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour
each other. It is probable, therefore, that in their natural condition,
all of them at times resort to animal food, and devour earthworms, in-
sects, and their larvae, and such other animals as, inhabiting the same
retreats, are like themselves slow of motion and defenceless. It is cer-
tain, however, that the principal food of those species which frequent
the neighborhood of houses and gardens consists of the tender leaves of
succulent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon these, in Europe, they perpe-
trate serious ravages, often destroying in a night the labors and hopes
of the gardener, and in some years committing so much injury, and
interfering to such a degree with the prosperity of the agriculturist, that
the}' are ranked among the scourges of the country. Like caterpillars,
locusts, and rats, they are considered to be perpetual enemies, and a
■war of extermination is carried on against them. To limit the extent
of the evil, many remedies have been proposed, and among others the
prayers and exorcisms of the church have been claimed, but without
any considerable abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this country
subject, in the same degree, to the mischief done by these animals, for
their excessive increase is kept in check, probably, by the vicissitudes
of the climate ; but it may be useful to know that a border of ashes,
sand, or sawdust, laid around the bed containing the plants it is desired
to protect, will prove an impassable barrier to the slugs, so long as these
substances remain dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier,
they become entangled in the dry ashes or sand, which envelops them
entirely. The particles of these adhere to the viscid surface of the ani-
mals, who, in vain endeavoring to disengage themselves from them by
secreting new mucus, at length become exhausted and die.
The growth of the slugs is remarkably rapid. AVe have known the
young to double their size and weight in a week. The earliest hatched
young of the season generally attain their full maturity before the end
of the first year, although they may afterwards increase somewhat in
bulk. Those which leave the egg at a later period mature during the
second year. Individuals kept in confinement and fully fed reach a
much greater size than when in their natural condition.
HABITS AND FACULTIES. 15
The slugs possess, in a remarkable degree, the power of elongation
and contraction of the body. When fully extended, it is long, narrow,
more or less cylindrical, and generally terminating in a sharp point.
The carina of the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded
far beyond the mouth ; the eye-peduncles are long, slender, and grace-
ful. The mouth is changed from an oval to an elongated form, with
parallel sides and rounded ends. The glands are lengthened, lose their
prominence, and appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the
touch of a foreign substance, an instant change occurs, and a sudden
contraction takes place. The eye-peduncles and tentacles are retracted
and the head is drawn under the mantle. The anterior edge of the
mantle is brought to the level of the foot, and its form becomes nearly
circular. The body is shortened to one fourth of its former length, and
tumid ; the back is rounded and rises high in the centre, and the skin
is rough with prominent glandular protuberances. The carina, when it
exists, becomes conspicuous. This is the form which they assume in
their retreats when they retire to protect themselves from the effects
of drought and cold. It differs so much from their form when in
motion, that one not well acquainted with them would hardly recognize
the same animal in its new shape. It is among the Limaces, perhaps,
that the change is most striking, and the difference of form between
the extremes the greatest.
The slugs commence reproducing their kind as early as the end of
the first year, before they have attained their full dimensions, and
hence the eggs of the same species often vary considerably in size.
These are deposited in a cluster of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil
and in other moist and protected situations ; or if the species be one
that frequents houses, then in the crevices or corners of the walls or
under the decaying planks of cellars. In general form and appearance
they resemble the eggs of the shell-bearing genera, but differ from them
in several important particulars. The eggs of the snails are all opaque,
while those of the slugs are more or less transparent, permitting, in the
Limaces, a view of the cicatricula, and affording an opportunity of ob-
serving its developments. Those of the former are all deposited free,
or unconnected, except by a slight agglutination; those of the latter, in
some of the species, are connected together by a prolongation of the
outer membrane at their longest diameter, thus forming a sort of
rosary. In other species they are deposited in a mass. The deposits
of eggs, when made, are abandoned by the slug, who then removes to
16 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
some other convenient place. A considerable number of separate
deposits are made during the year.
The slug3 and some species of snails were considered by the Romans
to possess medicinal properties, and this belief continued, among the
nations of Europe, through the Middle Ages down to comparatively
recent times. There is hardly a disease, internal or external, of man
or the domestic animals, in which, according to the statements of
authors, they have not proved beneficial ; and the relations concerning
them are numerous and truly marvellous. The testaceous rudiment
of the Limax acquired in this respect a pre-eminence above the animal
itself, and enjoyed a high rank among the numerous bezoars and amu-
lets which were supposed to protect the body from evil influences, and
to impart health and activity to its various functions.1 The accounts
of their virtues, copied from one author to another, on the authority of
names, show how easily error is perpetuated, and how difficult it is to
eradicate from the public mind a false opinion which has once obtained
a footing. A full relation of all the absurdities which gained credence
would form a curious page in the history of credulity and superstition.
The more general diffusion of knowledge at the present day has dis-
pelled these ideas in a great degree ; but some relics of them still linger
among the rural population of many parts of Europe, In this country
no such belief has ever prevailed ; and so hidden and clandestine are
the habits of the animals, that but a small part of the population is
aware of their existence, and those who are familiar with them view
them with such feelings of disgust as would effectually prevent their
use either as medicine or as food.2 They have also from very early
times been used in the preparation of cosmetics ; and the water pro-
cured from them by distillation, no longer than two or three centuries
ago, was much celebrated and used by ladies, to impart whiteness and
freshness to the complexion.
Although the title of this work embraces only the terrestrial genera, I
have actually included all the Geophila, and thus have been forced to
treat Onchidella, whose habits are strictly marine. At the same time
I have omitted several strictly terrestrial genera which are not air-
breathing, but furnished with gills, such as Helicina.
1 As late as the close of the sixteenth century Helling published a dissertation with
this title : " Ossiculorum limacum usus in febribus." During the year 1863 a syrup of
snails was prescribed to members of my family by two regular French physicians in Paris.
3 They are, however, frequently imported as an article of food for foreign residents of
our cities.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 17
II. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
1 have already in the " Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology" at Cambridge1 given as correct an idea of the distribution of
our species as was possible. In repeating it here (with such additions
and corrections as have been suggested by subsequent investigations),
I cannot too strongly urge, in extenuation of its imperfection, the mea-
greness of the data on which some of my views are founded. I may say
with exact truth that California, New England, and the States north of
the Ohio River are the only ones which have been thoroughly searched.
The species of the rest of the country are known only by the researches
of few and widely separated resident naturalists, from the collectors
sent by my father, and by collections made by my correspondents while
travelling in various sections of the country. The last sources of in-
formation are restricted to purely accidental localities. There has been
no systematic investigation of vast tracts of intervening country or of
some very important points.
The subject must be studied in connection with the chapter on the
same subject in Vol. I. (p. 99). I need not add that from the proper
sources the student of distribution must have a thorough knowledge of
the physical geography of North America.
The limits of the fauna at the South correspond quite accurately
with the political limits of the United States. The Mexican fauna has
lately been investigated by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse in the exhaustive
work on " Les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles du Mexique et de
l'Amerique Centrale." The northern limit of the fauna is formed by
climate alone. Thus our limits comprise all the continent of North
America, from the extreme north to San Diego and the Rio Grande.
Properly speaking, there are two distinct faunas within these limits,
the Pacific and Eastern, with perhaps a third in the Central Basin, but
for convenience they are all treated as part of the North American
fauna. I have therefore designated these as
I. The Pacific Province.
II. The Central Province.
III. The Eastern Province. 2
i Vol. III. No. 9. 1873.
2 In the work of Wallace quoted below, North America is designated as the Nearctic
Region. The subdivisions proposed by him correspond almost exactly with my own
18 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The boundaries of these provinces and the subdivisions which appear
to exist in them will be given below, as well as lists of their peculiar
species. It must be distinctly understood, however, that future re-
searches, especially at the South and Southwest, may greatly modify
the views here presented.
I. The Pacific Province1 comprises a narrow strip between the
Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the east, and the Pacific
Ocean on the west. Its southern limit is San Diego, from whence it
extends northerly into Alaska.
Over the whole of this province the following species range : —
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. Ariolimax Columbianus.
sportella. Prophysaon Hemphilli.
Mesodon Columbiana. Succinea rusticana.
germana. Oregonensis.
Arionta tudiculata. Nuttalliana.
Over the whole of this province we find also the following species com-
mon to Eastern North America. They also extend over the whole north-
ern portion of the continent, where the mountains by their lower altitude
are not barriers to distribution. It is, no doubt, from these regions that
they have spread through the Pacific Province, and not westward over
the Rocky Mountains. Had other Eastern species extended over the
boreal regions, we should, no doubt, have found them also spreading
into the Pacific States. They are especially found along the Sierra
Nevada.
Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris ?
indentatus. Patula striatella.
minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus.
milium. Punctum minutissimum.
In the Pacific Province we also find several species common to the
circum polar regions of Asia, Europe, and America. They have like-
wise spread southward along the Sierra Nevada and on either side of it.
Thus his Californian and Rocky Mountain Sub-Region are identical with my Facific
and Central Provinces. His Canadian Sub-Region is about the same as my Northern Re-
gion of the Eastern Province. His Alleghany Sub-Region includes both my Interior and
Southern Region of the Eastern Province.
1 A most interesting account of this fauna is given by Dr. J..G. Cooper : "On the
Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid Land Shells" (Am. Journ. of Conch.
II. p. 211, with a map).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 19
They have also spread southward over the Central and Eastern Prov-
inces, and now inhabit most, if not all, of North America. They are
Zonites fulvus. Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Other species will probably be added to this list by further search ;
among them Vallonia jndchella.
In dealing with the species from the North in Eastern North Amer-
ica (see below, p. 27), the question of their distribution will be more
fully discussed.
In addition to the species already enumerated as common to the
whole Pacific Province, there are many more restricted in their range.
It appears that the Pacific Province is divided into two regions, (a) the
Oregonian and (6) Californian, the two intermingling slightly or over-
lapping in the extreme north of California, near Humboldt Bay. The
faunas of these regions are nearly allied.
(a) The Oregon Region lies between the Cascade Mountains and the
Pacific Ocean, extending northerly through British Columbia into Alaska.
The following species are peculiar to it :* — -
Zonites Stearnsi. Arionta Townsendiana.
Microphysa Lansingi. Arion foliolatus ?
Mesodon devia. Hemphillia glandulosa.
Aglaja fidelis. Succinea Hawkinsi.
There seems to be here some overlapping of the Pacific and Central
Provinces, as Arionta Townsendiana, Mesodon devia, and Macrocyclis
Vancouverensis extend along the mountains southeasterly into Idaho
and Montana. The former two become much dwarfed in size at their
most eastern range.
(6.) The Californian Region extends from Humboldt Bay to San
Diego, between the Sierra Navada and Cascade Mountains on the east,
and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The following are the species peculiar to it : —
Macrocyclis Voyana. Zonites chersinellus.
Duranti. Limax Hewstoni.
Vitrina Pfeifferi. Binneya notabilis.
Zonites Whitneyi. Ariolimax Californicus.
conspectus. niger.
1 T formerly omitted Onchidclla borealis, Dall, from Sitka, being doubtful whether the
genus should be treated as American. More recently I have had reason to include it in
my work ; see below.
20 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Ariolimax HemphillL Arionta Carpenteri.
Andersoni. Mormonum.
Arion ? Andersoni. sequoicola.
Qonostoma Yatesi. Traski.
Triodopsis Harfordiana. Dupetithouarsi.
loricata. ruficincta.
Aglaja infumata. Gabbi.
Hillebrandi. facta.
Arionta arrosa. Kelletti.
Nickliniana. Stearnsiana.
Ayresiana. Euparypha Tryoni.
redimita. Glyptostoma Newberryanxxm.
intercisa. Pupa corpulenta.
exarata. Rowelli.
ramentosa. Californica.
Californiensis. Succinea Sillimani.
Diabloensis. Stretchiana.
Of the above, several species extend beyond the limits of the region.
Thus, Yitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyi, Pupa corpulenta, Succinea
Sillimani, Succinea Stretchiana, and S. rusticana are found also on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada in the Central Province. Aglaja
infumata and Macrocyclis Voyana are also found outside the bounds of
the Region, in the Oregonian Region.
With the fauna of Lower California there seems no connection, thoxigh
one or two species overlap at the dividing line, as Arionta Stearnsiana.
Another species, A. Carpenteri, is included in the above list, having
been quoted from San Diego and Tulare Valley, California. It may,
however, belong rather to the Lower California fauna,* having been
* The peninsula of Lower California forms a distinct molluscous province of itself, ex-
tending nearly to San Diego. The following species are peculiar to it : —
Ccelocentrum irregulare, Gabb. Bulimulus pallidior, Sowerby.
Arionta Stearnsiana, Newc. excelsus, Gould.
Rowelli, Newc. (Lohri, Gabb.) inscendens, W. G. Binn.
Euparypha areolata, Sowb. (Veitchii. sufflatus, Gould.
Tryon). pilula, W. G. Binn.
Pandoras, Forbes. proteus, Brod.
levis, Pfr. Xantusi, W. G. Binn.
Berendtia Taylori, Pfr. artemisia, W. G. Binn.
Bulimus spirifer, Gabb. Onchidium Carpenteri, W. G. Binn.
Gabbi, Crosse.
Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also found in Lower California.
Of the above list one only has been found near San Diego, A. Stearnsiana. Another, A.
Rowelli, has been referred to Arizona, but with doubtful accuracy. E. Pandora and are-
olata have also erroneously been referred to California. A. Jtemondi (Carpenteri) is
omitted from the list, as it also occurs in the California Region. It is the only species
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 21
described from that region under the name of H. Remondi, and from
Guaymas. Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also
said to extend into California. I should also mention that Binneya
notabilis has been found on Guadalupe Island, off the coast of Lower
California.
From the list of California species are omitted Columna Californica,
actually collected at Marmato, New Granada, by Mr. Bland, and Zonites
cultdlatus, probably an accidentally introduced European shell. Buli-
mus Califomicus is also omitted, belonging, no doubt, to the region of
Mazatlan. Also Glandina Albersi, which we know to live in the Sierra
Mad re.
Separate lists of species peculiar to the several regions of the Pacific
Province are given above. There now follows a complete list of all the
species hitherto observed in the entire Province.
Macrocyclia Vancouverensis. Vitrina Pfeifferi.
sportelia. Limax campestris.
Voyana. Hewstoni.
Duranti. Prophysaon Hemphilli.
Zonites Whitneyi. Ariolimax Columbianus.
arboreus. Califomicus.
indentatus. niger.
minusculus. Hemphilli.
milium. Andersoni.
conspectus. Arion? foliolatus.
chersinellus. ? Andersoni.
Stearnsi. Binneya notabilis.
fulvus. Hemphillia glandulosa.
common to the peninsula and mainland of Mexico. The most interesting fact in the fauna
of Lower California is the presence of Bulimulus proteus and B. pallidior, — species de-
scribed originally from South America, the former from Chili. Such facts can only be
accounted for by a theory of former connection of the two points.
Though still more remotely connected with the subject of this paper, it will be inter-
esting to add here a list of species found at and north of Mazatlan, on the Pacific coast of
Mexico.
Glandina turris, Pfr. Polygyra acutedentata, W. G. Binn.
Albersi, Pfr. ventrosula, Pfr.
Holospira Remondi, Gabb. Bulimulus Ziegleri, Pfr.
Patula Mazatlanica, Pfr. Califomicus, Rve. ?
Arionta Carpenteri, Newc. Orthalicus undatus, Brag.
Polygyra anilis, Gabb. Pupa chordata, Pfr.
Behri, Gabb. Succinea cingulata, Forbes.
Of the above, P. Mazatlanica has lately been quoted from San Francisco, confounded
■with some allied species, as I have since learned.
A. Mormonum is omitted from this list, its presence in Sonora not having been con-
firmed, although asserted, doubtfully, by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse.
22 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fatula striatella. Arionta sequoicola.
Mici ophysa Lansing! Diabloensis.
Helicodiacus lineatus. Traski.
Gonostoma Yatesi. Dupetithouarsi.
Triodopsis Harfordiana. ruficincta.
loricata. facta.
Mesodon Columbiana. Gabbi.
germana. Kelletti.
devia. Stearnsiana.
Aglaja fidelis. Euparypha Tryoni
infumata. Glyptostoma Newberryanum.
Hillebrandi. Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Arionta arrosa. Pupa Rowelli.
Townsendiana. Californica.
tudiculata. corpulenta.
Nickliniana. Succinea Sillimani.
Ayresiana. Stretchiana.
redimita. Hawkinsi.
intercisa. rusticana.
exarata. Nuttalliana.
ramentosa. Oregon ensis.
Californiensis. Punctum minutissimum.
Carpenteri. Veronicella olivacea.
Mormonum.
Several of the above will eventually prove to be synonymes, but the
total number of species is small in comparison with the great size of the
Pacific Province. An equal extent of territory in the Mississippi Valley,
or even on the Atlantic coast, would show a larger number ; and the
comparatively small regions of Texas, Florida, and the Cumberland
Mountains would each show an equal number of species peculiar to
itself, independent of what they have in common with the rest of East-
ern North America. This disparity in number is still more plainly
shown in the separate region of Oregon. Thus it appears that the
Pacific Province is not rich in the number of its species, but it is
peculiarly favored in their size and beauty, — in this respect strikingly
in contrast with the Central Province and Eastern Province.
From the Central Province the Pacific Province is quite distinct. A
few species have been shown above to inhabit both slopes of the Sierra
Nevada, and a few of the Oregon species have passed the barrier of the
Cascade Mountains on the north,1 but the peculiar Pacific forms, such
as Arionta and Aglaia, are unknown in the Central Province. On the
1 Since the above was published I have received living specimens of Patula sohlaria
from the Dalles on the Columbia River, proving that that species has passed the barrier of
the Cascade Mountains and penetrated into the Pacific Region. It had already been
noticed in the Central Province.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 23
other hand, the only form which has any development in the Central
Province, Patula, is scarcely known in the Pacific Province.
Compared with Eastern North America, or the Eastern Province, as
it is designated below, the Pacific Province is remarkable for the absence
of all the larger Zonites. The presence of the smaller species, also, may
perhaps be accounted for by migration from the north, so that the genus
Zonites cannot be considered as characteristic of the Province. The
genus Pupa is less common. The genera Tebennophorus and Pallifera,
so universally distributed in Eastern North America, arc unknown, and
so are the southern genera Glandina and Pulimulus. On the other
hand, we find the genus Macrocyclis much more developed, and meet
several genera unknown in the Eastern Province, such as Ariolimax,
Binneya, Prophysaon, and Hemphillia. The genera of disintegrated
Helix are proportionally more developed in the Pacific Region, and are
represented by quite dissimilar subgenera. The genera so peculiar to
the Eastern Province, Polygyra, Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon, are
scarcely represented. In their place we find Aglaia and Arionta, forms
unknown in the Eastern Province. The latter, though feebly repre-
sented in Europe, is characteristic of California. It is prolific of species
and also of varieties to a degree which has caused some confusion in the
synonymy. Glyptostoma is also peculiar to California.
From Lower California and Mexico the Pacific Region has been shown
to be equally distinct, wanting entirely the Holospira, Glandina, Buli-
muhis, and Zonites of those regions.
Failing on the north, east, and south, the west alone is left to us from
whence to trace the pulmonate fauna of the Pacific Region, and here
the secret of its origin lies buried under the Pacific Ocean.1
r 1 A subsidence of eight hundred feet in the continent of North America would leave on
its eastern shore a strip of land of about equal size of our Pacific Region, equally distinct
in its terrestrial mollusca from the balance of the continent. In this case, however, we
should have a distant island of the Appalachian chain on which we should find all the
species of the eastern coast of the mainland. This would give us a proof of what we can
now only suspect as regards the Pacific Province, — of former more wide distribution of
its pulmonate fauna. From wherever the fauna may have originated, we can easily explain
its present condition. The physical and climatic features of the Pacific Region are such
as readily to account for its richness in terrestrial mollusks in comparison with the less
favored Central Province, and even with the Eastern Province. In the supposed subsi-
dence in the Southern Region the change would be still greater. All the species peculiar
to it, catalogued on p. 35, would perish, excepting Bulimulus dealbatus. This species
■would still be found in Kentucky, restricted to a small area ; all record of its former wide
distribution being at the same time destroyed.
The West Indian and South American species, catalogued on pp. 36, 37, would no longer
24 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
II. The Central Province extends from Mexico to the British
Possessions, between the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the west.
The following are the species peculiar to the province : —
Limax montanus. Patula Horni.
Patula strigosa. Microphysa Ingersolli.
Cooperi. Polygyrella polygyrella.
Haydeni. Mesodon Mullani ( = devia).
Idahoensis. Pupa Arizonensis.
Hemphilli. hordeacea.
The second and third of these species, perhaps identical, are also
found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming and
Dakota, in company with P. solitaria. I have shown above that the
last-named species has penetrated the Central Province, and even passed
the barriers of the Pacific Province at the Dalles.
To the above must be added, as inhabiting the province, but not
peculiar to it, the following species from the Pacific Province, inhabiting
either slope of the Sierra Nevada : Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyi,
Pupa corpulenta, Succinea Sillimani, and Succinea Stretchiana. The fol-
lowing, also, from the Oregonian Region of the Pacific Province, Mesodon
devia, Arionta Townsendiana, and Macrocyclis Vaacouverensis, are found at
its most northern point, though the former two species are reduced in size.
be found on the North American Continent, nor would any record be preserved of the
former connection of the regions. Indeed, no one would then suspect that the tropical
genera Glandina, Veronicella, and Cylindrella had ever been represented on the eastern
portion of this continent.
The West India Islands being much more widely separated from North America, the
presence among them of the small American species (catalogued on p. 37) would be still
more difficult to explain.
Again, the supposed subsidence would destroy most of the species peculiar to the Sub-
Region of Texas (see p. 37), and remove the evidence of the present intermingling of the
North American and Mexican faunas in that Sub-Region.
Auother effect would be to remove from our reach all evidence of the origin of our
species in Post-pleiocene days, the fossil deposits in the bluffs being rendered inaccessible.
Thus one would not be able to have correct impressions of the origin and distribution of
certain species. The non-pulnionate Helicince give the best instance of this. Finding
Jlelicina orbiculata and occulta confined to the narrow limits of the Appalachian Island,
one would have no reason to suspect their past history has been so much more interesting
than that of many of the species of Stenotrema, etc., found with them, which never had
had a larger distribution. It would be impossible to know that Helicina orbiculata and
occulta flourished greatly in Post-pleiocene times ; that later, one of them, occulta, became
comparatively rare and restricted in range, while orbiculata became very numerous in
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 25
"We find, also, over the Central Province the following species, whose
derivation can readily be traced to the north j1 Zonites minusculus, ful-
vus, indentatus, Vallonia pulchella, Helicodiscus lineatus, Patula striatella,
Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Arionta Rowelli, a Lower California species, is omitted from the list,
its presence in Arizona not being well authenticated.
The fauna of the Central Province is quite distinct from that of the
Pacific Province, but is nearly allied to that of the Eastern Province,
its genera being the same, excepting Polygyrella. It may therefore be
of the same origin as the fauna of the Eastern Province.
The paucity of species over this large province is owing to the nature
of its climate and soil, — causes in equal force on the western border of
the Eastern Province.
In order to avoid mistakes in the study of the geographical distribution
of North American Land Shells, one must constantly bear in mind the
individuals over a vast extent of territory ; and finally, that our supposed subsidence
gradually restricted them to the Appalachian Island.
This supposition of subsidence might be carried still further, till we should have in cer-
tain islands of the Appalachian chain the sole resting-places of the now widely distributed
Eastern North American fauna. The more southern of these islands would alone retain
the species of the present Cumberland Sub-Region, and thus be much richer in species
than the more northern islands. On the other hand, these more northern islands would
possess species derived from the present northern regions which would not be found in
the southern islands.
Still more instructive is the supposition of a subsidence in Eastern North America
which would leave above the level of the sea only two groups of islands, formed by the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Mitchell and Black Mountain of North
Carolina. On the latter we may suppose would be preserved all the species given in
the lists on pp. 32, 33. Of these species all would be peculiar to the island, except
such as are named in the list on p. 30, which would all be found also in the White
Mountains, where we should also find the following species peculiar to the islands,
Mesodon Sayii, dentifera; Vitrina limpida ; Zonites milium, Binneyanvs, ferreus,
exiguus, multidentatus ; Patula striatella, asteriscus; Pupa decora; Vertigo Gouldi,
Bollesiana, simplex; Succinea Totteniana. Of the former distribution of these species
nothing could be known, but a former connection of the two groups of islands would be
surely indicated by the presence of so large a proportion of species common to each. A
former connection of the two groups of islands with Europe and Asia would be as surely
indicated by the presence on each of Zonites fulrus, nitidus, viridulus; Acanthinula
harpa; Vallonia pulchclii ; Ferussacia subcylindrica, and Pujia muscorum. Nor could
it escape the attention of conchologists that these and other small species, Z. arboreus,
etc. (see p. 27, note), proved that a former connection must have existed between these
groups of islands and the far-off Central and Pacific Provinces.
1 See remarks on the distribution of these species over Eastern North America,
below.
26 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
changes in the names and boundaries of the trans-Missi°sippi States and
Territories.1
III. The Eastern Province comprises the remaining portions of the
continent north of Mexico. The species by which it is inhabited have
been derived partly from the north, partly from the interior, and partly
from the south. It may therefore be divided into the (a) Northern
Eegion, (b) the Interior Region, and (c) the Southern Region.
(a.) The Northern Region2 comprises the whole northern portion of
the continent, including Greenland and Alaska. Its southern boun-
dary is not perfectly known, and probably not exactly marked; it may,
however, be indicated in general terms as the same with the political
division between the British Possessions and the United States to the
northeast corner of New York, where it runs southwesterly along the
Appalachian chain of mountains to Chesapeake Bay, thus including
all New England, and the portions of New York, New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, and Maryland lying east of those mountains. Into this south-
ern extension of the Region we find the Interior Region overlapping, as
•will be shown below while treating of the Interior fauna. At other
points in the Region, also, have been found species from the Interior
Region,8 especially small Zonites, which are able to bear the severe
climate of the north.
The following are the species of the Northern Region : —
Vitrina limpida. Zonites multidentatus.
Angelicae. Patula striatella
exilis. asteriscus.
Zonites fulvus. pauper.
nitidus. Acanthinula harpa.
viridulus. Vallonia pulchella.
Fabricii. Ferussacia subcylindrica.
milium. Pupa muscorum.
Binneyanus. Blandi.
ferreus. Hoppii.
eziguus. decora.
1 Thus, Helix Mullani was described in Land and Freshwater Shells of North America,
I. 131, from points in Washington Territory and Oregon. Both localities are now in
Idaho. (1875.)
3 For a description of this Region, see Vol. I. pp. 124, 125, under sections 5 and 6. The
American land shells, especially those of the Interior Region, are forest species ; they
become rare towards the Northern Region of the continent as the deciduous trees become
rare.
8 See Proc. Phila. Acad. N. S., 1861, p. 330, for the northern range of species from
the Interior Region.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 27
Pupa borealis. Succinea Haydeni.
Vertigo Gouldi. Verrilli.
Boliesiana. Higginsi.
simplex. Groenlandica.
Punctum minutissimum. Totteniana.
Of the above, several are circumpolar species, common to the three
continents of Europe, Asia, and America. There being no mountain-
barriers in these regions, they are not restricted in their range across
America. In their progress southward, also, they have met with no
transverse mountain-barriers, but have spread equally on the east and
west of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Hence we find them
common to the whole of North America.1 Such are : —
Zonites viridulus. Vallonia pulchella.
fulvus. Ferussacia subcylindrica.
nitidus. Pupa muscorum.
Acanthinula harpa.
This list will be increased should it be proved that Mr. Gwyn Jef-
freys2 is correct in referring the following American species to those
of Europe : Vitrina limpida = V. pellucida, Punctum minutissimum =
Helix pygmsea, Drap., Limax campestris = L. lsevis, Mull., Vertigo
Gouldii=:V. alpestris, Aid., Vertigo Boliesiana = V. pygmsea, Drap.,
V. ovata = V. antivergo, Drap., V. ventricosa = V. Moulinsiana, V.
simplex = V. edentula, Drap., Succinea ovalis = S. elegans, Risso, S.
Totteniana = S. putris, Drap. var. A comparison of the lingual denti-
tion of many of these has convinced me that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is not
correct, as shown below in the descriptive portion of my work, under
each species of the list.
From Asia have come into Alaska the following : Vitrina exilis, Patula
patqier, Pupa borealis.
1 In the same way we can account for the distribution of the small eastern species over
the Central and Pacific Provinces. They have not crossed the mountain-barriers, but
spread southward from their wider range in the north. Such are : —
Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris.
indentatus. Patula striatella.
minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus.
milium. Punctum minutissimum.
These northern species, both indigenous and circumpolar, may have been assisted
in their migration southward by glacial agencies. There is a wide field for speculation
here.
» Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1872, 245, 246.
28 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The species peculiar to Greenland are Vitrina Angelica?, Zonites
Fabricii, Pupa Hoppii, and Succinea Groenlandica. Of these, Pupa
Hoppii has, however, also been found on Anticosti Island.
Into this Northern Region have also been introduced by commerce
from Europe the following : Zonites cellarius, at most of, if not at all
of, the ports from New York to Halifax; Limax flavus, L. agrestis, and
Avion fuscus, which follow the white man over the whole United States,
living around his habitations ; and L. maximus, also around human
habitations, but noticed only in Newport, R. I., New York City, and
Philadelphia; Fruticicola hisjrida at Halifax, F. ntfescens at Quebec;
Tachea hortensis on the islands off the coast of New England and the
British Provinces, and on the mainland in Canada and Greenland.
Of the species referred above to the Northern Region, several have
spread beyond its limits. Vitrina limpida has been found in Central
New York ; Zonites viridulus extends to Mexico ; Z. milium to San
Francisco and Kentucky ; Z. fulvus and Vallonia pulchella all over the
United States ; Zonites nitidus, Z. mrdtidentatus, and Punctum minutis-
simum to Ohio, the last to Texas and to California ; Ferussacia subcylin-
drica to the States south of the Great Lakes and into California and
New Mexico ; Patula striatella to Virginia, as well as into Oregon and
Nevada.
The Northern Region does not differ in the characteristics of its fauna
from that lying south of it, but its climate is too severe for any but the
more hardy forms. Thus, we find only the small species of Zonites and
disintegrated Helix, with the genus Vitrina. Compared with the bal-
ance of North America, the Region is peculiar for the great distribution
of its species east and west, owing to the mountain-ranges having here
lost the great elevation which they have farther south, and thus ceasing
to be barriers to distribution. The Region is also interesting as being
the source from whence have spread southward over the whole conti-
nent several small species now found in Florida and Texas, and even in
Mexico and the West Indies.
(b.) The Interior Region lies to the south of the Northern Region,
but extends only as far as the Rocky Mountains1 on the west. South-
erly it extends to the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts,
the dividing line here not being sharply defined.
This is the only portion of the continent where we have evidence of
1 This is the extreme limit, but before reaching it the land shells have become very
rare, owing to the nature of the soil. For a description see Vol. I. 1. c.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 29
the origin of our land mollnsks in former geological times. In the
Post-pleiocene deposits along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers are found
immense beds of shells, "proving that our existing species were living
at a period which, though recent in a geological sense, was anterior to
the last geological revolution, when the surface of this portion of
the earth was brought to its present condition, and to the existence
of the higher order of animals which now inhabit it, and even to that
of the extinct mammalians which are known only by their gigantic
remains."1
From the evidence gathered from these deposits, it appears that the
fauna of this Region can be traced to Indiana and Ohio. From this
centre the species have extended over the Region ; some of them also
have passed the barrier of the Appalachian chain into the Northern
Region, and some have spread, with the enlargement of the continent,
into the Southern Region. Another theory might suggest that the
Cumberland Sub-Region was the point of origin of all the species, those
still restricted to that sub-region not b&ng adapted to the wider distri-
bution which the other species have obtained. Any one familiar with
the habits of snails is well aware how much they differ in this respect.
Some are much more disposed to migrate than others. Thus, Triodopsis
appressa is content to remain within a radius of a few feet under a
deca}Ting log ; Mesodon thyroides is more restless, travels much, and
climbs trees ; Tachea nemoralis has no local attachments, migrating far
and wide. These facts I have verified in my own garden during many
years. The Triodojjsis appressa spoken of are descendants of Illinois
specimens given me twenty years ago by the lamented Kennicott.
I will here mention that a colony of T. appressa has lately been found
in the island of Bermuda, no doubt introduced on plants.
The following species have actually been found fossil in the Post-
pleiocene deposits : —
Zonites arboreus. Macrocyclis concava.
fuliginosus. Patula solitaria.
inornatus. alternata.
intertextus. perspectiva.
ligerus. Helicodiscus lineatus.
gularis. Strobila labyrinthica.
1 See Vol. I. 185. It must be remembered that the glacial epoch would not destroy
this fauna, as the ice sheet did not extend over the southern portion of the Region. Here
the species would be preserved, and from hence, after the disappearance of the ice, they
would repeople the whole Region.
so
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Mesodou exoleta.
thyroides.
clausa.
profunda.
Pupa armifera.
contracta.
Succinea obliqua.
Helicina1 orbiculata.
occulta.
Polygyra auriformia.
Stenotrema stenotremum.
hirsutum.
mono don.
Triodopsis palliata.
obstricta.
appressa.
inflecta.
Mesodon albolabris.
elevata.
Of the above all are now living and are equally numerous, excepting
Helicina occulta, a species most abundant in Post-pleiocene days, but
now almost extinct.2 The other species of Helicina is now confined to
more southern limits.
In addition to the above, the following species, now living in the Inte-
rior Province, probably had their origin in Post-pleiocene times and will,
no doubt, be found fossil in the "bluffs" : —
Zonites friabilis.
leevigatus.
suppressus.
indentatus.
interims.
minusculus.
limatulus.
Polygyra Dorfeuilliana.
leporina.
Mesodon multilineata.
Pennsylvania.
Mitchelliana.
dentifera.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Pall if era dorsalis, and Limax campestris
probably have also come down from Post-pleiocene times. From their
nature they could leave no record of their presence in the " bluffs."
There are also found in the Interior Region several forms of Succinea
of doubtful specific value, which have been described as
Mesodon bucculenta.
Sayii.
Triodopsis tridentata.
fallax.
Pupa pentodon.
fallax.
rupicola.
corticaria.
Vertigo milium.
ovata.
Succinea avara
ovalis.
Succinea aurea.
Mooresiana.
Succinea retusa.
Grosvenori.
lineata.
The following is a complete list of those species of the Interior Pvegion
1 Though not Pulmonata, these two species are strictly terrestrial in their habits, and
are here introduced from their value on the question of the permanence of the Post-pleio-
cene species. One of them is almost extinct, the other more restricted in its range at
present.
2 See Vol. I. 183, 184 ; Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. II. of N. Y., IX. 289.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 31
which have spread beyond it by passing the barriers of the Appalachian
chain, and are now found over New England and the whole southern
extension of the Northern Region, described on p. 26, as well as over
the whole Southern Region. They may therefore be said to inhabit
all of the Eastern Province.
Macrocyclis concava. Triodopsis fallax.
Zonites fuliginoBus. Mesodon albolabris.
inornatus. thyroidea
Buppressus. Pupa pentodon.
indentatus. fallax.
arboreus. armifera.
minuBCulus. contracta.
Limax campestris. rupicola.
Patula alternata. corticaria.
Helicodiscus lineatus. Vertigo milium.
Strobila labyrintbica. ovata.
Stenotrema hirsutum. Succinea avara.
monodcn. obliqua.
Triodopsis palliata. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
tridentata. Pallifera dorsalis.
Mesodon Sayii and M. dentifera have spread into New England only
from the Interior Region. They have not been found in more southern
latitudes on the Atlantic slopes of the Appalachian chain, nor in the
Southern Region.
The geographical range of these species is very great, forming one
of the most striking features of the North American fauna. Still more
widely distributed are those minute species which have been mentioned
above as spreading southwardly from the Northern Region equally on
both sides of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. These species
may be said to inhabit the whole continent of North America as far
south as Mexico. The range of some is still greater. Thus, Zonites
viinusculus has been found from British Columbia to Labrador on the
north, to Yucatan and Florida on the south, and still farther in Cuba,
Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Bermuda. Strobila labyrinthica also is found
over all Eastern North America, and perhaps in Mexico (as H. Strebeli,
see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 267). It is also by some
considered identical with an Eocene fossil of France and England. (See
below.) Zonites arboreus ranges from Labrador to New Mexico, and in
Nevada and California, and from British Columbia to Florida, Cuba, and
Guadaloupe. Vertigo ovata is found from Maine to Mexico and in Cuba.
The character of the soil and climate, with, perhaps, the gradual ele-
vation, is such as to render the land shells rare, if not quite extinct,
32
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
before the Rocky Mountains fire reached, the western boundary of the
Interior Region. But one species, Patula solitaria, seems to have
passed this mountain-barrier into the Central Province. This is found
with P. Cooperi in Montana and Idaho, very difficult to distinguish
from forms of the last species. It is, however, oviparous (from Salmon
River, Idaho), while P. strigosa, Cooperi, Hemphill i, and Idahoensis are
viviparous.1 It has also passed into the Pacific Province at the Dalles.
The following list contains the names of all the species inhabiting the
Interior Region, including those which have spread into it from the
Northern Region : —
Macrocyclis concava.
Zonites fuliginosua.
friabilis.
laevigatas,
ligerus.
intertextus.
inornatus.
nitidus.
arboreus.
viridulus.
indentatus.
limatulus.
minusculus.
fulvus.
gularis.
suppressus.
interims.
Limax campestris.
Patula solitaria.
alternata.
perspective
striatella.
Helicodiscus lineatus.
Strobila labyrinthica.
Polygyra Dorfeuilliana.
leporina.
auriformis.
Stenotrema stenotremum.
hirsutum.
monodon.
Triodopsis palliata.
obstricta.
appressa.
inflecta.
Triodopsis fallax.
Mesodon albolabris.
multilineata.
Pennsylvanica.
Mitchelliana
elevata.
exoleta.
dentifera.
thyroides.
clausa.
profunda.
Sayii.
Acanthinula harpa.
Vallonia pulchella.
Pupa muscorum.
pentodon.
fallax.
armifera.
contracta.
rupicola.
corticaria.
Vertigo milium.
ovata.
Succinea retusa.
Grosvenori.
Mooresiana.
ovalis.
lineata.
avara.
aurea.
obliqua.
Totteniana.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
Pallifera dorsalis.
tridentata.
i It has been suggested by Dr. H. Dohrn that this characteristic is connected with the
fact of the great dryness of the soil in the Central Province. The young shell is ready to
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 33
The above list shows the Interior Region to be remarkable for the
development of the section of Zonites familiar by \he European Z. oli-
vetorum (Mesomphix of Alb. ed. 2). Of the disintegrated genus Helix
the section or genus Mesodon is most developed. This is almost exclu-
sively a North American subgenus, as is also Triodopsis, which is also
greatly developed in the Interior Region.
In addition to the species included in the above list as inhabiting all
of the Interior Region, there is a large group of species found within its
limits, but having a more restricted range. They are found in what
may be called the Cumberland Sub-Region. This is comprised in the
southern portion of the Appalachian chain, situated in Eastern Tennes-
see and the adjoining counties of North Carolina, with an offshoot into
the mountains of West Virginia.1
The following species are peculiar to this Sub-Region : —
Vitrina latissima. Stenotrema labrosum.
Zonites capnodes. Edgarianum.
Bubplanus. Edvardsi.
sculptilis. barbigerum.
Elliotti. maxillatum.
demissus. Triodopsis Rugeli.
capsella. introferens.
placentula. Mesodon Clarki.
lasmodon. Christyi.
Patula Cumberlandiana. Lawi.
tenuistriata? Wheatleyi.
Polygyra fastigans. Wetherbyi.
Troostiana. Downieana.
Hazardi. Pallifera Wetherbyi.
Stenotrema spinosum.
Of these, several have spread beyond the limits given above for tho
Sub-Region. Thus, Zonites lasmodon and Stenotrema spinosum have been
found in. Northern Alabama. Polygyra Hazardi has also spread into
Northern Alabama, and equally into Georgia and Kentucky. Steno-
trema labrosum and Edgarianum in Alabama, and in one case have been
collected in Arkansas. S. barbigerum, S. maxillatum, and Zonites cap-
nodes have found their way into Alabama and Georgia; Mesodon Clarki
into Georgia. Zonites subplanus has been found even in Pennsylvania,
protect itself from the moment of its birth, while, if deposited as an egg by the parent, it
might perish from drought.
1 For a description of its physical and climatic characters, see Vol. I. 122. It is thero
designated as the Southern Interior Section, and is given a wider western range.
34 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
having, no doubt, crept along the mountain chain ; but no other of the
species of the Cumberland Sub-Region has been found as far north,
excepting Z. demissus. This last-named species is. found in a highly
developed state in Eastern Tennessee, and has extended into Western
Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama (near Mobile), and
Arkansas in a much dwarfed condition.
If to the twenty-nine species catalogued above as peculiar to the
Sub-Region are added the sixty-six species which inhabit it as a portion
of the Interior Region (see p. 32), it will be seen that in the Cumber-
land Sub-Region we find the largest number of species of any portion
of North America. The Sub-Region is equally prolific in individuals,
and the individuals are highly developed. These facts are partially
explained by the nature of the country. Low mountains, thickly
shaded, well-watered, and with a genial climate and proper soil, offer in
their thickets and ravines innumerable safe breeding-grounds for the
land shells.1 There seem also to be in this Sub-Region conditions
peculiarly conducive to testaceous variation. Six (or twenty per cent)
of its peculiar species are cai'inated, and here also the following spe-
cies of the Interior Region show the same tendency to carination, —
Zonites ligerus, intertextus, Patula alternata, Triodopsis appressa and
pcdliata. Here, also, we first notice the variation of Patula alternata
towards heavy ribs upon its shell ; which is still more apparent as the
species extends towards the southwest.2 Here, also, Mesodon elevata is
often found banded.
The Cumberland Sub-Region is peculiar for the development of
Zonites, and in the disintegrated genus Helix for the development of
the section or genus Stenotrema, almost peculiar to these narrow limits.
(c.) The Southern Region comprises the peninsula of Florida, with
the adjacent islands, together with the alluvial regions of the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts. It includes, therefore, the eastern portion of North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, all of Florida, the southern part of
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, extending into Texas.3 Its boundaries,
however, are but imperfectly known, and probably not accurately de-
fined. Many of the species from the Interior Region and Cumberland
1 See Vol. I. pp. 122, 123. Being less adapted for cultivation than the balance of East-
ern North America, we may hope for the preservation of our land shells in this Region,
while they decrease rapidly before the advance of civilization elsewhere. See Ibid., pp.
132. 133.
2 This heavily ribbed form was common in Postpleiocene days.
8 See Vol. I. 120, for a description of the Region.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
35
Sub-Region have spread into its northern portion, and the following
have extended over the larger portion of it : —
Macrocyclis concava.
Zonites fuliginosus.
inornatus.
suppressus.
iudentatus.
arboreus.
minusculua.
Limax campestris.
Patula alternata.
Helicodiscus lineatus.
Strobila labyrinthica.
Stenotrema hirsutum.
monodon.
Triodopsis palliata.
tridentata.
fallax.
Triodopsis Van Nostrandi.
Mesodon albolabris.
thyroides.
Pupa pentodon.
fallax.
armifera.
contracta.
rupicola.
corticaria.
Vertigo milium.
ovata.
Succinea avara.
obilqua.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
Pallifera dorsalis.
Equally wide over the Region has been the distribution of those
minute species whose origin has been traced to circumpolar regions (see
p. 26). Such are: Zonites viridulus, ftdvus, and Vallonia pulchella.
In addition to these species derived from the north, are found the fol-
lowing species peculiar to the Region, whose origin can be traced to the
south, in the peninsula of Florida, from whence, indeed, many of them
have not yet spread over the whole Region : —
Glandina truncata.
Zonites cerinoideus.
Polygyra auriculata.
uvulifera.
Postelliana.
espiloca.
avara.
cereolus.
septemvolva.
Carpenteriana.
Febigeri.
pustula.
pustuloides.
Triodopsis Hopetonensis.
Of the more widely spread species, Polygyra septemvolva is represented
by various forms over the whole southern littoral region, both of the
Atlantic and Gulf. So is Glandina truncata, Mesodon jejuna, Polygyra
Mesodon major,
jejuna.
Mobiliana.
Bulimulus Floridanus.
Dormani.
dealbatus.
Cylindrella jejuna.
Pupa variolosa.
modica.
Succinea effusa.
campestris.
Wilsoni.
Veronicella Floridana.
36 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
pustula, pustuloides, and Pupa modica. Triodopsis Hopetonensis ex-
tends only along the Atlantic alluvial Region. Bulimulus dealbatus
is also distributed over the whole Region, from North Carolina to
Texas, and has spread northward to Arkansas and Kentucky. Suc-
cinea campestris extends along the Atlantic coast as far as South Caro-
lina, as does also Zonites cerinoideus, even into North Carolina and
Virginia. Polygyra esjnloca and Postelliana have been noticed thus far
in the southeastern corner of Georgia. The former also at New Orleans
and Indianola. Succinea Wilsoni, at Darien, Ga. Mesodon major ex-
tends from the Gulf to Abbeville, S. C, confined to a narrow track of
territory.
The following European species have been introduced by commerce
into this Region, and still exist at the points named : Stenogyra decol-
lata, Lin., Turricida terrestris and Pomatia aspersa, Mull., at Charleston,
S. C. ; Ccecilianella acicula, Miill., Florida.
From the list of species peculiar to the Southern Region it will be
seen that the prevailing form is Polygyra, a group or genus peculiarly
American, represented in the Interior Region indeed, but meeting its
greatest development here. The presence of Glandina and Veronicella
shows, also, the more southern character of land-shell fauna. But the
Region, and especially that portion of it from whence the fauna was
distributed, i. e. the southern extremity of Florida, is still more peculiar
in showing the connection between the land shells of the continent of
North America and those of the West India Islands and the Spanish
Main. Of the species given above (p. 35), C ylindrella jejuna was, per-
haps, introduced from Cuba, and Bulimulus Dormant may prove iden-
tical with B. maculatus, Lea, of Carthagena. The following species have
evidently been introduced1 from the West India fauna :2 —
Zonites Gundlachi, Oul>a, etc. Bulimulus Marielinus, Cub.
Patula vortex, Cuba, etc. Strophia incana, Cuba.
Hemitrochus varians, New Providence. Stenogyra subula, Cuba, etc.
Cylindrella Poeyana, Cuba. gracillima, Cuba, etc.
Macroceramus Kieneri, Cuba. Liguus fasciatus, Cuba.
Gossei, Cuba. Orthalicus undatus, Cuba.
From Yucatan one species has been introduced, Polygyra ojjpilata.
1 Either by oceanic, currents since the formation of the peninsula of Florida, or else,
from some island of the West India group, now enclosed in the peninsula. It is interest-
ing in this connection to refer to the discover}', by Mr. Conrad, of a Tertiary fossil at
Tampa Hay, BiUimus Floridanus, Conr. See also below, p. 40.
2 Also several non-pulmonate species, as Helicina subglobulosa, Cuba ; Ctc7iopo7na
rugulosum, Cuba ; Ckondropoma deutatum, Cuba.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 37
Bulimulus mult Hi neat us was introduced from the continent of South
America,1 where it has been found at St. Martha, N. Granada, and at
Maracaibo and Pto. Cabello in Venezuela.
Florida has not only received several of its species from the West
Indies, but also from its southern extremity it has contributed in return
to the fauna of those islands. From hence, no doubt, Zonites arborens
has passed into Cuba and Guadaloupe ; Zonites minuscuhis to Cuba,
Jamaica, Porto Rico (Bermuda'?) ; Pupa fallax to Cuba; Vertigo ovata
to Cuba; Zonites indentatus to San Domingo'?
From the various sources indicated above, the southern extremity of
Florida has become inhabited by about seventy species of land shells, a
number small in comparison with those found in the Cumberland Sub-
Region (see p. 33), but large when compared with those found in the
great Interior Region.
In addition to those species apparently originating in the peninsula
of Florida and thence spreading over the whole Southern Region, there
is found within its limits a number of species confined to the southwest-
ern portion of the latter. These seem restricted to the southern part
of Texas, which may be considered an offshoot of the Mexican fauna as
shown by the presence of the genera characteristic of that country, such
as Holospira, Bulimulus, and Gland ina. Within the region, however,
are many species peculiar to it, but belonging to the genera charac-
teristic of North America, such as Polygyra and Mesodon. It seems,
therefore, best to consider Texas as belonging equally to the fauna of
North America and of Mexico, being the point where the two overlap.
As the limits of the region are ill defined, several species extralimital to
the State of Texas are included in the following catalogue of the Texan
Region : —
Glandina Vanuxemensis. Polygyra triodontoidea.
decussata. Mooreana.
bullata. tholus.
Texasiana. hippocrepia.
Zonites significans. Jacksoni.
caducus. Ariadne.
Microphysa incrustata. vultuosa.
Strobila Hubbardi. Mesodon divesta.
Polygyra ventrosula. Roemeri.
Hindsi. Dorcasia Berlandieriana,
Texasiana. griseola.
1 Or from some extinct launa which also accounts for its presence at both points.
38 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Bulimulus patriarcha. Stenogyra octonoides.
alternatus. Pupa pellucida.
Schiedeanus. Succinea Haleana.
Macroceramus Gossei. concordialia.
Holospira Goldfussi. luteola.
Roemeri. Salleana.
Of the above PoJygyra Jachsoni and Zonites significans are included
with great hesitation. They are found at Fort Gibson, in Indian Terri-
tory.1 They are more related to the fauna of the Cumberland Sub-
Region than that of Texas.
Besides the species characteristic of the North American fauna which
Texas has as a portion of the Southern Region of the great Eastern
Province, we find in the above list two species peculiar to it of the char-
acteristic American subgenus Mesodon, — Roemeri and divesta.2
Several species on the list have been introduced from other regions,3
such as Strobila Hubbardi* a Jamaica species, as well as Macroceramus
Gossei, a Cuban species, which is also found on the Florida Keys. Micro-
physa incrustata from Cuba, as well as Pupa pellucida and Stenogyra
octonoides.
Of the remaining species on the list, sixteen have actually been found
in Mexico ; probably all will be, as there seems no well-defined boun-
dary here between the North American and Mexican fauna.
Bulimulus serperastrus, Say, although actually found in Texas, is evi-
dently a member of the Mexican fauna, and is therefore omitted from
my list, though included in the descriptive portion of my work.
The characteristic of Texas appears to be the great preponderance of
the genus Polygyra, of the type of P. Texasiana, while the type of Flor-
ida, the septemvolva, is almost wanting. The great abundance of indi-
viduals is also remarkable, showing the Region to be peculiarly adapted
1 See Vol. I. 122, which gives the limits of the corresponding "Southern Interior Sec-
tion " such as would include these species. Several of the species of East Tennessee, also,
have been found in Arkansas, — a fact also favoring a wider limit to the Cumberland Sub-
Region.
3 This species has not actually been found within the limits of the State of Texas, but
in the neighboring State of Arkansas and in Mississippi. To it may be applied the re-
marks on Zonites significans and Polygyra Jacksoni above.
8 Either by commerce, by oceanic currents, or from some former molluscous fauna of
which these now isolated localities were offshoots.
4 Since the above was written, this species has been found by Dr. Newcomb near Sa-
vannah, Georgia. It may therefore prove a widely distributed American species. In
Jamaica it is kuown as H. Vendreysia?ia, Gloyne.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 39
to pulmonate life. In the number of its species, also, the Texas Region
is favored ; by adding to the above list of peculiar species those which
it has in common with all of the Eastern Province, and also those of
the Southern Region, we find a total of seventy species, the same num-
ber as found in Florida.
On the accompanying map the Pacific Province is colored pink, the
Central Province blue ; the Eastern Province (of which the northern
portions are not shown) is uncolored. The subdivisions, or Regions, of
the Eastern Province are also indicated by colored lines. The red line
marks the division between the Northern and Interior Regions. From
this line the last-named region extends (its Sub-Region of the Cumber-
land shown by green lines) to the brown and yellow lines, which, taken
together, mark the northern boundary of the Southern Region, the yel-
low separately indicating the Texan Sub-Region, the brown the Floridan
Sub-Region.
In the above pages I have simply stated the facts now known regard-
ing the actual distribution of our land shells, scarcely attempting to
explain it. I will here venture to make a few suggestions on this sub-
ject.
The student of geographical distribution must now take as his guide
the recently published work by Wallace on this subject.1 From this
he will learn that terrestrial mollusca of most of the recent genera have
existed on the globe from very early geological times. Also, that,
wherever originally appearing, their universal distribution over all the
continents is easily explained. Thus we readily account for their pres-
ence in North America,2 and however imperfect may be the geological
record, it shows us that at least Zonites, Pupa, Helix, Bulimulus, Vi-
trina, Macrocyclis, and Clausilia existed here in previous geological
ages. From these ancestors, no doubt, have been derived, through many
intermediate stages of development, the present fauna. I have already
shown that the characteristic American genera of the Eastern Province,
1 The Geographical Distribution of Animals, with a Study of the Relations of Living
and Extinct Faunas as elucidating the past Changes of the Earth's Surface. By Alfred
Russell Wallace. Amer. ed. Harper and Brothers. New York. 1876.
2 In the following pages it will be seen that three well-established genera only — Hem-
phillia, Prophysaon, and Ariolimax — are peculiar to our limits, excepting perhaps a few
disintegrated Helix.
40 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, etc., were already established in
post-pleiocene days. It is impossible to learn how much earlier they
appeared, but of one significant fact we are certain, — .they are more
recent than the elevation of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada,
for otherwise these chains would not form, as now, dividing lines between
the eastern, central, and pacific fauna. There are, indeed, several small
species which have passed these barriers, being found over all of North
America. These same species are found equally distributed in Asia and
Europe. They are undoubtedly of much earlier origin than the strictly
American species, and belong to some extinct fauna of world-wide dis-
tribution. The circumpolar connection of the three continents has fa-
cilitated their distribution. In this connection it is worthy of note
that one of our existing species, now confined to America (Strobila laby-
rinthica), is said to have existed in France in Tertiary days.
Our Southern Region has evidently been peopled from other fauna
than that which supplied the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, etc.,
of the Interior Region. It was, no doubt, from some now extinct semi-
tropical fauna that these came, but long enough ago to allow the Poly-
gyras, Glandinas, etc. to be modified into species distinct from those
which from the same common origin have become the equally well-
established West Indian, Central American, and Mexican species.
The Central Province has, from geological causes, been more recently
peopled by pulmonata than the Eastern Province. Its local species are
less numerous. Patula is its characteristic genus, with species so vary-
ing and intermingling one with .the other that the student cannot
refrain from noticing that they have the appearance of a species in a
slightly advanced stage of evolution, each form not as yet established
as distinct, easily recognized species.
The Pacific Province, also, presents in its variable, scarcely distin-
guishable Ariontas, a fauna of comparatively recent growth, but whence
its origin it is difficult to say.1
Finally, we have in the list of American land shells several species,
purely local in their distribution, imported through the more or less
direct agency of man. Of these, Pomatia aspersa was no doubt intro-
duced as an article of food by foreign residents of Charleston, S. C, and
seems to have established a hold there.2 Zonites cellarius was intro-
1 See Dr. Cooper, as referred to on p. 18.
'• I have been asked what authority I have for this opinion, so think it worthy of state-
ment that Charleston specimens belonging to the cabinet of the late General Totten still
THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 41
duced by foreign shipping, probably around water-casks. It is also well
known to have been introduced into other countries. The Limaces
are found around human habitations ; they seem to follow the English
to all their colonies. The other foreign species mentioned on p. 36
have probably been introduced around the roots of plants, as have been
other species which are from time to time sent me from greenhouses,
gardens, etc. They are only local, except Tachea hortensis, which may
have been accidentally introduced in some other manner, since the dis-
covery of America by Europeans, and owes its present distribution in
the Northeast to its being peculiarly adapted to colonization. I have
elsewhere related my successful attempt to colonize the allied Tachea
nemoralis.1
III. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE.
In Volume II. my father paid great attention to the jaws and lingual
membranes, figuring those of all the species which he could obtain. In
continuing my father's labors on the same subject, I had described and
figured those of many other species. Thus, in a certain sense, it could
be said that a great deal was known of these organs in our land shells.
Unfortunately, however, these figures and descriptions had become of
comparatively little value when the study of this. subject had assumed
such importance as of late. They did not give in sufficient detail the
character of the individual teeth, however correct an idea they may
have given of the general arrangement of the teeth upon the mem-
brane. I was, therefore, induced to review the whole subject, and pre-
sent it in a manner which would be of value as throwing light upon
classification, in the Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, pp. 140-243.
In their proper places under each genus and species will be found
below the result of my re-examination of the subject. I will here repeat
in full some general remarks on the organs treated of, and on their
retain a strong odor of the garlic which seasoned them for the foreign palate. I have my-
self had specimens given me by French residents of the town where I reside, who had
bought them as food in Philadelphia. The species has also been imported into Havana,
Rio Janeiro, St. Iago, Chili, and other ports as an article of food. I found numerous liv-
ing specimens in St. Michael's churchyard in Charleston, S. C, in 1875, and in 1871 Pro-
fessor Featherman sent me specimens from Baton Rouge.
1 See below, under T. hortensis, in the descriptive portion of the work.
42 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
value for the purpose of classification, and on the bibliography of the
Bubject. In rewriting this article for the present volume, I have con-
sidered it best to redraw all the figures for the sake of greater accuracy,
as well as artistic merit.
General Remarks.
As many of my readers are quite unfamiliar with the subject, espe-
cially most of those who have so largely contributed specimens for ex-
amination, I will describe in detail the position of the organs and th*3
method adopted for their study.
On holding up against the light an individual of Mesodon thyroides
in one hand, and offering to him with the other some food (a piece of
lettuce or carrot is always acceptable), one can readily see with the
naked eye the two organs here treated of. Above the external opening
of the mouth, through the tranparent tissue of the head, is seen a small,
arched, reddish, free instrument, which appears to rise and fall as if
used in cutting off morsels of food. This is the jaiv.
On the floor of the mouth is the lingual membrane, occupying about
the position of the human tongue. Its color is too nearly the same as
that of the head to afford any strong contrast, but, with close atten-
tion, it will be detected by its glistening silvery appearance, as it works
backward and forward. Its use seems to be to rasp the food and also to
force it back into the oesophagus.
More detailed description, fully illustrated by figures, of the position
of these two organs, will be found in the chapters on Special Anatomy
in Volume I. (See also below, Chapter IV.)
Method op Extraction.
On opening the head of Mesodon thyroides from above, one readily
notices at the extreme anterior part, close against the outer integument,
a prominent oval body.1 This is called the buccal mass. It is easily
cut away from the animal, and will be found to contain both jaw and
lingual membrane. These can be removed by fine scissors or knives
from the buccal mass in the larger species, but in the smaller species
the method usually employed is putting the whole buccal mass in a
1 I must earnestly beg my readers to be deterred from this examination by no imagi-
nary difficulties. It is the simplest and easiest process. Indeed, the same may be said of
examination of the complete anatomy. All that is required is to carry it on under water.
The various organs are then readily separated.
THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 43
watch crystal full of a strong solution of caustic potash. Allowing it
to remain for several hours, the potash will destroy all of the buccal
mass, and leave the jaw and lingual membrane perfectly clean and
ready for examination. They remain attached, if the solution is not
too strong, showing a connection between the two. They must be well
rinsed in clean water, in another watch crystal, before examination.
Another more expeditious process is to place the whole buccal mass in
a test-tube, with the solution of potash, and boil it for a few seconds
over a spirit lamp. Pouring the contents of the test-tube into a watch
crystal, the lingual membrane attached to the jaw will be readily seen
by a pocket lens. If the species be very small, as Patula striatella for
instance, its whole body may be thrown into the solution. Still more
minute species, as Zonites milium for instance, may be treated in this
way : crush the whole shell between two glass slides, wash away the
particles of the broken shell in a few drops of water, still keeping the
body of the animal on the slide ; when clean, drop on it the caustic
potash and boil it by holding the slide itself over the spirit lamp.
On Mounting.
For the purpose of examination, the jaw and lingual membrane may
be simply mounted in water and covered with thin glass. One must
be sure to spread out the lingual membrane, not have its upper side
down, and it will be well to cut it transversely in several places, as
the teeth are beautifully shown, and often stand detached, on the edges
of the cut.
For preservation for future study 1 hesitate to recommend any
process, as I know of none which has been tried for a sufficiently long
time. I have myself lost many specimens by imperfect mounting.
Canada balsam, formerly used, ruins the membrane by rendering it too
transparent. The glycerine mounting fluids, now in use, certainly pre-
serve a membrane for several years, but they have not been tried many
years, and have the great disadvantage of deliquescing in warm weather.
On the Jaw.
The jaw and lingual membrane, having been mounted, must now be
examined under the microscope.
The jaw will be found to vary greatly in its characters in the different
genera. It is either in one single piece ; in one single piece with an
44 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
accessory quadrate piece attached to its upper margin ; or in separate,
detached pieces, free on their lower edges, usually soldered together
into one single piece ahove. It differs also in being with or without a
median beak-like projection to its cutting edge ; also in its ends being
more or less acuminated; but still more by the presence or absence of
striae or rib-like processes on its anterior surface. When present, the
ribs are found in every degree of development, passing quite across the
jaw and denticulating one or both margins, or only developed on the
lower portion of the jaw, and crenellating the lower margin. The ribs are
often almost obsolete, or represented by wrinkles or coarse stria?. They
are present on the anterior surface of the jaw only, or on both anterior
and posterior surfaces. They are distant, narrow, stout, few ; or
crowded, broad, stout, and numerous. Their number is within certain
limits inconstant in the same species. They sometimes are very broad,
and seem like separate plates soldered to the anterior surface of the
jaw, or to be formed by a folding of the jaw upon itself. When this
appearance of folding into plates is given, it will generally be found
that the plait-like sections are actually separated by distinct, but deli-
cate ribs. When this form of ribs is found, they are either vertical or
inclined obliquely towards the median line of the jaw. Sometimes this
last arrangement is developed to such a degree that the delicate ribs
meet before reaching the bottom of the jaw, and a triangular compart-
ment is left at the upper centre of the jaw, its base being upward.
This form of jaw is usually thin and membranous.
When the jaw is striated and not ribbed, the striae are vertical, or
they converge towards the median line. There are often transverse
striae also, and transverse lines of reinforcement.
The upper margin of the jaw is often extended into a stout membra-
nous attachment, apparently of the same material and consistency as
the jaw itself, and showing the same continuity of structure by the
striae of the jaw extending into it without interruption. This is not
the accessory quadrate plate mentioned above.
The jaw is found in every degree of consistency, from very thick to
quite membranous and almost transparent.
The cutting margin of the jaw is smooth, crenellated, or denticulated.
It is simply concave, or furnished with a more or less developed beak-
like median projection.
In shape the jaw ranges from scarcely arcuate, long, low, to horse-
shoe-shaped, short, high.
THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 45
It will be seen below that these peculiarities of the jaw, taken in con-
nection with the characters of the lingual membrane, have till now
appeared to furnish reliable characters for classification. It must be
confessed, however, that exceptions to the usual constancy of characters
have been noticed in some genera ; sometimes the difference between
striae and ribs is difficult to determine ; sometimes the beak-like promi-
nence is greatly modified by a simple median projection. In some
genera, for instance Dentellaria, the character of the jaw is not generic.
The Lingual Membrane.
In placing the lingual membrane under the microscope, we at once
perceive that it is (at least in most of our genera) a long,1 narrow,
ribbon-like organ, whose whole surface is covered with numerous small
tooth-like processes, whose reflected apices are pointed, the points
directed towards the oesophagus, to which, as stated above, they serve
to move the food, as well as to perform a rasp-like mastication. These
teeth are arranged in two series of rows, one running longitudinally, the
other transversely.
On careful examination it will be seen that all the teeth of each
successive longitudinal row are of the same form,2 but that there are
several types of teeth in the
different parts of each trans-
verse row. Three of these
types are found, the central
tooth, the teeth on either side
of the central, called laterals, and the teeth extending from the laterals
to the outer margins of the membrane, called marginals. The change
from the single central to the laterals is usually abrupt, but from the
laterals to the marginals it is usually gradual, so that there are several
teeth intermediate between the two, which may be called transition
teeth. The transverse rows of teeth are similar on each side of the cen-
tral tooth, so that it is necessary to figure only one half of one trans-
verse row, with its central tooth, to give an idea of the whole transverse
1 It is very broad in Orthalicus, Liguus (see PI. XVI.), some subgenera of Acha-
tinelkt, some Bulimuli, etc. ; in some subgenera of Cylindrella it is very narrow. On
this same plate I have given figures of the membranes of the various genera, with a line
showing the direction of one transverse line of teeth.
a Even in case of malformation this holds true. I have often found a misshapen, or
otherwise abnormal tooth, repeated down the whole length of the membrane, or even that
a tooth may be entirely wanting in its whole length.
Fig. 2.
Two transverse rows of teeth of Strobila labyrinthica.
46
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
One half of two transverse rows of teeth of Sten. hirsutum.
row, or, indeed, of the whole membrane, as all the longitudinal rows, as
stated above, have similar teeth. (See Fig. 3.)
These transverse rows differ in the various genera as to their direc-
Pig. 3. tion, either straight, ob-
lique, or curving, or a
combination of these di-
rections.
Of the three types of
teeth, central, lateral, and marginal, one or more may be wanting.
Their number, however, is approximately constant in different individ-
uals of the same species, so that, as a specific character, the count of the
teeth on one transverse row is usually given; thus in Zonites inornatus
I find about 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, that is, 23 teeth on each side of the
central tooth, making 47 teeth in the entire transverse row.
The characters of the individual teeth vary greatly in the various
genera, especially in some of the genera foreign to our limits. In most
cases, however, there are two distinct types of teeth, the quadrate and
aculeate. The former is shown in my figure (Fig. 4). a, b, c, d, is
the portion of the tooth which rests upon the membrane ; I have
called it the base of attachment. It varies in its proportional length,
and in the greater or less expansion of the lower1 lateral angles. The
upper margin of this base of attachment is broadly reflected ; e marks
the reflected portion, which I term the reflection. It is usually tri-
cuspid, the median cusp h being much longer than the side cusps ff.
These last are sub-obsolete in some species. All the cusps are in most
Fig. 4. cases surmounted by distinct cutting points;2
t i is the median cutting point, g g the side cut-
ting points. These cutting points are not always
present on the side cusps, and, even when pres-
ent, are sometimes not readily detected. In-
deed, this is the most difficult point of study of
Central tooth of Stropkia in-
cana. the whole membrane. The cusps and cutting
points vary in development in the various species, and somewhat so in
different portions of the same membrane. It must also be borne in
mind, while studying my figures of the teeth, that the median cutting
1 I use the term upper and loioer to describe the figure I give of the base of attachment.
More properly I should say anterior and posterior, to describe their position on the mem-
brane, in reference to the head of the moving animal.
2 The cutting points are shaded in my figures.
THE JAW AND LIXGUAL MEMBRANE. 47
point is flat on its lower surface, that is, the surface nearer the base of
attachment, but from thence it first rises and expands greatly at its
sides, and then gradually decreases in size as it still rises Fig 5
and arches over the top. Thus under the microscope there
are two planes prominently seen by changing the focus of
the instrument, the plane of the lowest portion of the cut-
ting point, and the plane of its greatest expansion. In
Fig. 5 the former is shown by dotted lines, the latter by
the continuous line. In my illustrations the former alone
is given. I regret not having shown both as done by Sem-
per in Phil. Archip. 1. c, especially as the plane of the yjrst7aterai 0f z.
greatest expansion often shows a lateral bulging represent- M^nosus.
ing the side cutting points in species deprived of distinct side cutting
points.
The median cutting point seen on the plane of its greatest expansion,
as in my figure, appears to spring from the median cusp itself, as if it
were not distinct from it. A great deal has still to be done in eluci-
dating the true character of cusp and cutting point.
The other type of tooth, which I call aculeate (see Glandina), differs
in not having a quadrate base of attachment, but usually one of a
somewhat soledike form. Its upper margin is not reflected, but from
its whole surface springs a single large cutting point, usually thorn-
shaped, but sometimes more spine-shaped. The apex of the cutting
point is sometimes bifid, or even trifid, even in the>same genus.
Of these two types, quadrate and aculeate are all the teeth now
known. Of the quadrate type many and dissimilar forms are known,
but all have the quadrate base of attachment.
The characteristics of central, lateral, and marginal teeth are given
under each genus or subgenus.
Ox Classification.
The characters of the jaw, combined with those of the lingual mem-
brane, furnish reliable bases of classification. They have been consid-
ered of various weight by different writers. I here propose to treat
them as guides only to the greater division of the Pulmonata.1 In
grouping the genera it will be necessary to include all, both native and
foreign to America, in order to properly appreciate the value of this
arrangement.
1 I must not be understood to propose a system of classification. I merely place the
genera into certain groups, independent of their divisions into families.
48 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Taking, therefore, the whole series of known Pulmonata Geophila, the
first grand division is based on the absence or presence of a jaw. Of
the former are the following : Testacella,1 Daudebardia? Streptaxis,'
Rhytida* Diplomphalus,6 Strebelia?6 Glanduici,"1 Petenia?8 Spiraxis?9
Streptostyla,10 Ravenia?11 Strepstostele™ Cceliaxis?19 Gonospira,1* Gib-
bus?16 Ennea,u Vaginulus."
All the above have aculeate marginal teeth ; the lateral teeth are
always absent ; the centrals in some of the genera.
The following genera have quadrate marginal teeth : Onchidium,1*
Peronia,19 Buckanania?20
The second grand division contains those genera having a jaw. In
this division also we find some genera with aculeate, and some with
quadrate, marginal teeth.
Of the former are : Limax,21 Ibycus,22 Parmacella2* Tennentia,2* Mctri-
ella?26 Parmarion™ Dendrolimax,"" Phosjyhoraxl28 Urocyclus?29 (I know
nothing of the position of Othelosoma, Aspidortis, and other problemati-
1 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. X. PI. II. Fig. 5.
2 Goldfuss, verh. Naturh. Vereins der preuss. Rheinl. und Westphalens, 13th year,
1856, PI. VI. Fig. c. c«.'
s Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. XV. PI. IV. Fig. 2.
* Semper, Nachr. der deut. Malak. Gesellschaft II. 102.
6 Fischer and Crosse, Journ. de Conch., XXI. 21, PI. III. Fig. 8.
• Jaw and dentition unknown.
7 See this work. 8 Jaw and dentition not actually known.
9 Jaw and dentition not actually known ; as restricted, the genus may be more correctly
placed near Stenogyra.
io Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., p. 16, PI. IV. Fig. 2.
11 Jaw and dentition not actually known.
12 Heynemann, Nachr. mal. Gesel. I. 20, 177, Fig. 5.
18 Jaw and dentition not actually known.
1* Bland and Binney, Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 37, PI. XI. Fig. 1, photographed.
16 No doubt like the last.
16 Heynemann, Nach. Mal., Gesel. I. 20, 177, PI. XX. Figs. 3, 4.
" See Stolicska, Q. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, n. s. XLII. Pt. II. p. 33-37- The name
Vaginulus is restricted by him to the agnathous species, while Veronicella includes those
furnished with a jaw.
18 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. p. 340, PI. XVI. Figs. 3-5.
" Quoy, Voy. de l'Astrolabe, PI. XII.
20 Jaw and lingual unknown.
21 See this work.
22 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. X. 142, PI. I. Fig. 3.
23 Semper, Phil. Archipell., 90.
24 Semper, 1. c. 1, PI. VI. Fig. 17.
26 ib. 12. e lb. 9, PI. VI. Fig. 16.
27 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. XV. PI. I. Fig. 1.
28 Jaw and tongue not known.
29 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. 1866, 70, PI. XI. as Parmarion flavesceus.
THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 49
cal genera.) Vitrina,1 Vitrinoidea2 Vitrinopsis8 Nantna* and all the
genera now recognized in its disintegration, fyenopus,6 Vitrinoconus?
Macrocyclis,"1 Zonites.8
The following genera have quadrate marginal teeth. They may be
readily grouped by the character of their jaw, which is either in one
single piece (^1), in one single piece with an accessory upper quadrate
piece (B), or in numerous pieces (C).
A. Those whose jaw is in one single piece may again be subdivided
into several groups based on the absence, presence, and peculiarities of
the ribs on their jaw. This division, however, is unsatisfactory, as
these characters are not always well marked.
(a) Jaw without ribs: Philomycus,9 Parmella?10 Oopelta,11 Sagda,12
Patida,13 Polymita,u Hemitrochus,15 Helicodiscus,™ Onchidella?1 Acavus,
Corilla, Caryodes, Panda, Labyrinthus, Caracollus,18 Leucochroa,19 Cysti-
copsis?20 Plagioptycha,*1 Leptoloma22 Anostoma28 Anostomella?2* Tomigerusl
Boysia ? Plectostoma ? Hypselostoma ?26 Achatinella,26 Clatisilia ,"" Steno-
gyra,2S Strophia-,*9 Buliminus,80 Balea81 Pupa82 Vertigo,88 Ferussacia,u
Ccecilianella,85 Geostilbia? Azeca ? Tomatella?8* Zospeum?81 Holospira,88
i See this work. 2 Semper, 1. c. 85, PI. IX. Fig. 33.
s Ibid. 86, PI. XI. Fig. 26. 4 Ibid.
6 Blan.l, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., VIII. 158, Fig.
e Semper, 1. c. 91, PI. XI. Fig. 27. 7 See this work.
8 See this work. * 9 See this work.
10 Jaw and lingual dentition unknown,
u Heynemann, Malak. Blatt., XIV. PI. I. 2.
12 Bland and Binney, Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 177. 18 See this work.
" Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 341, PI. XVI. Fig. 1.
15 See this work. 16 See this work. 17 See this work.
i8 See Semper, 1. c. No doubt other genera of disintegrated Helix will be found to be
grouped here. I propose at present to remove from Helix all the species not having ribs
upon their jaw.
19 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y, X. 220.
20 Ibid., IX.
21 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1874, 56. 22 ibid. 58.
23 Journ. de Conch., XIX. 261, PI. XL Fig. 4.
24 Jaw and dentition unknown.
25 Jaw and dentition unknown.
26 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y, X. 335, PI. XV. Figs. 6, 7.
27 Troschel, Moquin-Tandon, Lehmann, etc.
28 See this work. M See this work.
80 But some species have ribs. See Moquin-Tandon, Lehmann, etc.
81 Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., PI. XXV. Fig. 6.
82 See this work. »3 gee this work. 84 See this work.
85 See this work. 86 Unknown.
87 Heynemann, Mai. Bl., X. PI. III. Fig. 14. Jaw unknown.
38 See this work.
50 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Eucalodium,1 Coelocentrum,2 Lithotis,8 Rhodea, Megaspira* Limicola-
ria,5 but one species ha§ a ribbed jaw, Achatina,6 Pseud achat ina ? Peri-
deris? Columna V Bulimics as now constituted has various forms of
jaw.
(6) Jaw with decided stout ribs : Anadenus8 Arion, Ariolimax, Pro-
physaon, Pallifera, Veronicella, Binneya, Heviphillia, the genera of dis-
integrated Helix,9 Geomolacus,10 Letournexia,11 Peltella,1'2 Xanthoyiyx,18
Simpidopsis,u Pfeifferia,™ Berendtia,16 Carelia^1 and, as stated above,
some species now included in Bulimus, Coehlostyla, Buliminus, Limi-
colaria.
(c) Jaw with separate, delicate ribs, usually running obliquely to-
wards the centre : Gratis,18 Amphibulima,19 Bulimulus, C ' ylindrella, Ma-
croceramus™ Pineria,21 Partula.22
B. The genera whose jaw is in one piece with an accessory quadrate
piece are Siuccinea,28 Omalonyx2i Hyalimax™ Athoracophorus.26
0. The genera whose jaw is in separate pieces are Orthalicus, Liguus,
and Punctum,21
I have arranged the American genera in the same manner in the
follow ng pages.
1 See Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1870, PL V. Fig. 1.
2 Jaw and dentition unknown.
3 Binney, Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1874, PI. V. Fig. 3.
* Jaw and dentition unknown.
6 Bland and Binney, Amer. Jour. Conch., VII. 181.
« Von Martens, ed. 2, p. 201.
1 Jaw and dentition unknown.
8 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt., X. 138, PI. I. Fig. 1. 9 See this work.
io Bland and Binney, Ann. of Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., X. 309, Fig.
" Bourgignat, Moll. nouv. et lit., VII. 201, PI. XXXIV. Figs. 1-7.
12 Jaw apparently rihbed in Ferussac's figure, PI. VII. A.
18 Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., PI. IX. Figs. 15. lfi
14 Shuttleworth, Diag., No. 6, p. 147,
16 Morch, Journ. de Conch., 1865, 385.
16 Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1870, PI. V. Figs. 11, 12.
» Binney, Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1876, p. 185.
18 Blandand Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., Vol. X. PI. XL Figs. 1, 5-7.
19 Proc. Phila. Ac. N. Sc. 1874, PI. VIII. Figs. 2, 5, 6. Pellicula is a synonyme of this.
20 See this work. 21 Bland and Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., X. 22.
22 Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.. XL 45.
28 See this work. 24 Malak. Blatt., X. PI. IV. Yiz. 5, a.
26 Fischer and Crosse, Journ. de Conch., XV. 218, PI. X. Figs. 5, 7.
26 Bergh, verh. kais. koenig. zoolog. botan. Gesell. in Wien., XX. 844, PI. XII. Figs.
2, 4, 5.
27 See this work.
THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 51
Bibliography.
The principal works on lingual dentition referred to are : —
Lf.tdy in Binney's Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United
States. "Boston, 1851, Little & Brown. The wood-cuts of lingual mem-
branes are misplaced in the text. See the list, Vol. II. p. 358.
Binney and Bland. Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America.
Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions. Washington, 1869.
Morse in Journal of the Portland Society of Natural History, 1864.
Moqutn-Tandon. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et
Fluviatiles de la France. Paris, 1855.
Fischer et Crosse. Etudes sur les Mollusques Terrestres et fluvia-
tiles du Mexique et l'Amerique Centrale. Paris, 1874.
Lehmann. Die lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der Umgegend
Stettins und in Pommern. Cassel, 1873.
Goldfuss. Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in der Rheinprovinz und West-
phalen beobachteten Land- und Wasser-Mollusken, nebst kurzen Be-
merkungen uber deren Zungen, Kiefer, und Liebespfeile. Von Ver-
handlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande
\md Westphalens. 13 Jahrgang. Bonn, 1856.
Semper. Landmollusken. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen.
Wiesbaden, 1873.
Heynemann. Einige Mittheilungen uber Schneckenzungen, mit be-
sonderer Beachtung der Gattung Limax. Von Malako-zoologische Blat-
ter, X. 1862.
Von Martens.. Die Heliceen von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite
Ausgabe. Leipzig, 1860.
These are the principal works referred to. The references to shorter
papers in various periodicals will easily be understood.
Om the Illustrations of Dentition.
I endeavored in the paper already referred to, and in my subsequent
papers, to give a good view of the central, lateral, and marginal teeth
of each species, with the transition teeth of many of the species. The
portion of the membrane chosen is different in the various species of
each genus or subgenus, in order that the variations in the form and de
velopment of cusps and cutting points may be shown. Thus in some
figures I have selected the part of the membrane where the marginal
teeth have a verv blunt cusp, while in others they are shown much
52 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
more graceful. It must constantly be borne in mind that on any one
membrane the teeth vary considerably in regard to this point.
In illustrating the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual
membrane, I have used the wood-cuts in the text prepared for my
former works and papers, mostly by Mr. Morse, and a few by Dr. Leidy,
prepared for my father's work. It must be remembered that these
figures do not represent correctly the characters of the individual
teeth.
I have also used in the text figures of the 'jaws of many genera and
subgenera, prepared for the Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North
America, Part I. The jaws of the more recently described genera and
subgenera I have myself illustrated from drawings by camera lucida.
'On the Value of the Jaw and Lingual Membrane for the Purpose
of Classification.
It is conceded by all recent students of land shells that for the larger
divisions the presence or absence of a jaw and the aculeate or quadrate
form of marginal teeth are reliable characters.
The characters of the jaw and separate teeth of the lingual membrane
have also been used in various ways for grouping the genera into fami-
lies, etc., and even of grouping species into genera. I refrain from any
discussion of their value for such purposes, simply because I believe
our material is far too limited. It seems as if I can better employ my
time in patiently accumulating new facts. I can, however, venture to
say that the character of the jaw and teeth seems to be more constant
in some genera than in others. It appears, for instance, that in some
genera the presence or absence of lateral teeth is not a generic character,
though in others it is. The same may be said of the presence or ab-
sence of side cutting points to the centrals and laterals, and the greater
or less development of their side cusps ; also in the bifurcation or non-
bifurcation of the cutting point of aculeate marginal teeth ; also as to
the presence or absence of ribs on the jaw.
It will, I believe, be proved that certain genera are constantly char-
acterized by a peculiar form of teeth, while others have a considerable
range of variation. I might, perhaps, add that when the genus is
numerous in species, there is a much greater chance of finding a varying
dentition. If this latter proves true, we shall be obliged to concede
that there are certain types of teeth which may be found among species
of some of the larger genera, though some of the smaller genera are
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 53
much more, if not absolutely, restricted to one single type of dentition.
I do not venture any further deductions at this time.
I will add that all the figures of dentition in the plates have been
drawn by my own hand from the microscope itself, with the aid of the
camera lucida.
IV. SPECIAL ANATOMY
The following pages are reproduced from the treatise on the subject
by Dr. Leidy prepared for Volume I. I have added notes on the more
recently discovered genera.
General Kemarks upon the Exterior Form and Structure of the
Terrestrial Naked Gasteropoda.
Upon examining a Limax or an Avion, we find it composed of a thick,
vermiform body, with a broad, ribbon-like, pedal disk, running the
whole length of its inferior surface. The anterior obtuse extremity
forms the head ; and from it protrude two retractile tentacula, and two
retractile eye-peduncles, upon the outer side of the tip of the two latter
of which is placed the eye. The mouth is situated at the anteroinfe-
rior part of the head ; and immediately below it is a deep depression
or blind sac. The posterior part of the body forms the tail, and is
acute. Upon the antero-superior part of the body is placed the mantle,
which covers the pulmonary chamber, and contains within it a rudi-
mentary, laminar, calcareous testa or a congregation of calcareous
grains. In other genera these are wanting. The anterior part of the
mantle is free and movable, and the head, indirectly through the
retractor muscle of the buccal body, is capable of being retracted be-
neath it. On the right edge of the mantle the pulmonary orifice
exists ; and at the posterior side of the latter the anal aperture is
placed. Upon the right side of the head, a short distance posterior to
the eye-peduncles of that side, the genital orifice is situated. The body
has two distinct cavities, — the pulmonary chamber, containing a vas-
cular network upon its surface, the heart, the renal organ, and the rec-
tum ; and the visceral cavity, separated from the former by a muscular
54 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
partition, containing the digestive and generative apparatus and the
nervous centres.
Ariolimax and Prophysaon have the same general arrangement as
Limax and Arion. Hernphillia is distinguished by having its shelly
plate external, its edge lightly imbedded in the mantle.
In Tebennojyhorus and Pallifera the mantle covers the whole upper
surface of the body, and encloses no testaceous rudiment. Its anterior
edge is unattached, and the head is retractile beneath it. The pulmo-
nary chamber is placed beneath the anterior part of it ; and the muscu-
lar membrane, bounding the visceral cavity in a great part of its extent,
is but loosely attached to the outer integument.
In Veronicella the body appears broad from the mantle, which en-
closes the whole body except the comparatively narrow pedal disk, form-
tig a lateral, angular projection as it is inflected inferiorly to the margin
of the pedal disk. In transverse section it is semi-elliptical. The man-
tle contains no testaceous rudiment. The head can be but slightly
protruded. The tentacles are bifid. The respiratory orifice is situated
on the right side of the tail, between it and the extremity of the pedal
disk. The anal aperture opens at the posterior margin of the latter
orifice. The generative apparatus has two distinct external apertures,
distant from each other. The male genital orifice is placed just beneath
the mouth, between it and the blind sac, inclining to the right. The
female orifice is situated upon the inferior part of the left side of the
mantle, midway between the head and tail. As usual, the body has
two cavities, of which the pulmonary occupies a position at the right
posterior part, beneath the mantle, and extending backwards on the right
to the tail.
Onchidium has a similar arrangement to Veronicella, but has no ten-
tacles.
General Remarks on the Terrestrial Testaceous Gasteropoda.
A testaceous gasteropod resembles a slug with the greater portion of
the viscera squeezed out upon the back, and arranged in a turbinate
manner. The turbinate mass is always an exact mould of the testa-
ceous covering of the animal ; its length in the spiral direction holds no
proportion with that of the foot, or that part of the body which the
animal protrudes from the shell, and differs very much, not only in dif-
ferent genera, but also in different species of the same genus. With an
increase in length a proportionate decrease in breadth is observable,
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 55
and vice versa. In Cylindrella it reaches its maximum length and nar-
rowness ; in Succinea it has the minimum length, and the greatest pro-
portionate breadth. When the foot is protruded from the shell, every
part of the exterior surface of the turbinated mass is still in contact
with the interior surface of the latter, and is retained so by means of
the comparatively capacious pulmonary chamber. When the' foot is
retracted, it is at the expense of the latter cavity • so that the pulmo-
nary chamber of the testaceous genera is as much larger than that of
the naked genera as the size of the foot superadded, whilst the extent
of the pulmonary network of blood-vessels remains the same.
The testacea have a muscle which is peculiar, namely, the retractor-
muscle of the foot, which has its origin, in common with the retractors
of the eye-peduncles and buccal body, from the columella of the shell.
Narrow at its commencement, it increases in breadth, splits into several
bands, and diverges as it descends to get its insertion into the whole of
the inner margin of the excavation of the foot, excepting anteriorly,
where its place is occupied by the retractor of the buccal body.
The head occupies the anterior portion of the foot, and in Helix, JJu-
limus, Pupa, and Succinea, etc., offers nothing peculiar from that of
Limax. In Glandina a third pair of tentacular appendages exists.
These are non-retractile, auriculate in form, and originate just postero-
inferiorly to the base of the inferior, retractile tentacles, and project
horizontally backward.
The body of the testacea, like that of slugs, has two great cavities.
The visceral cavity includes the greater part of the turbinated mass
and the excavation of the foot. The pulmonary chamber occupies a
position on the outer side of the lower one to three whorls of the turbi-
nated mass. The collar apparently takes the place of the mantle in
slugs. In all the genera it is attached around the base of the turbi-
nated mass, and is perforated on the right side by the pulmonary orifice.
On the outer border of the latter the anal aperture is placed.
As in slugs, the genital orifice is situated on the right side of the
head, more or less posterior to the eye-peduncles in the respective
genera.
On the Tegumentary Covering of the Terrestrial Gasteropoda.
Besides a testa capable of enclosing the whole body, which most of
the terrestrial Gasteropoda possess, they have a thick envelope, com-
posed of mucous and muscular membrane. The exterior, highly irri-
16
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
table, and contractile investment consists of an actively secreting mucous
membrane (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 1) with a substratum of interlaced muscular
fibres (2). In the naked genera it is pretty uniformly developed
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 is a diagram representing the disposition of the coverings of the body in Limax and Arion.
1, mucous lamina; ", muscular substratum; 3, muscular peritoneum ; h, Tisceral cavity ; 5, rudiment-
ary testa; 6, pulmonary chamber.
throughout, but is thickest upon the pedal disk, the tail, and the upper
surface of the mantle, and thinnest upon the head, eye-peduncles, and
reflected border of the mantle.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6, disposition of the tegumeuta in Tehennophorus. 1, mucous lamina; 2, muscular lamina;
S, peritoneum ; 4, visceral cavity ; 5, pulmonary chamber ; 0, interval between the two muscular
layers.
In the testaceous genera, upon the part of the body corresponding to
the interior of the shell, it appears as if the mucous layer had been
pushed downwards to form the collar (Fig. 7, 1*); but it may be still
traced over the surface of the turbinated portion, as a delicate, tessel-
lated epithelium.
The mucous glands are very numerous in the mucous layer; its
epithelial cells are flattened, from three to six sided, granular, and with
large, round nuclei.
The muscular substratum (Figs. 5, G, 7, 2) of the mucous lamina is
composed of unstriped fibres, arranged transversely, obliquely, and lon-
gitudinally. It is inflected outwards beneath the mantle, in Limax and
Arion, to form the outer parietes of the pulmonary chamber. Between
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 57
this portion and the mucous layer is placed the rudimentary testa
(Fig. 5, 6). In Tebennophorus it is inflected inwards (Fig. G, 5) be-
neath the anterior portion of the mantle, to form the parietes of the
pulmonary cavity. Its transverse fibres predominate within the eve-
peduncles, its longitudinal fibres, in the exterior pulmonary parietes of
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7, disposition of the tegumenta in Helix, Eulimus, etc. The references are the samo as in Figs.
6 and G, except 1*, which is the collar.
the testaceous genera, and especially accumulate on the outside of and
parallel to the rectum, so as to serve as an efficient agent in the retraction
of the collar, and an aid in the expulsion of matters from the rectum.
Interior to the musculo-mucous investment of the body is a second
covering (Figs. 5, G, 7, S), which may be considered as a sort of perito-
neum. It is a muscular membrane, and encloses the digestive and
generative apparatus. It is usually pretty closely attached to the outer
tegument, except in Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, in which the two are
separated in all parts of the body, except above the pedal disk, where
they are firmly blended together, as in all Gasteropoda. It forms the
partition or diaphragm between the visceral and pulmonary cavities.
This membrane is composed of transverse and longitudinal, unstriped,
nuclear fibres, and is the origin of the especial retractor muscles of
different organs.
Of the Digestive Apparatus.
Limax. The orifice of the mouth is bounded by a pair of contractile
lips, is situated at the anterior part of the head, and opens into the
cavity of the buccal body. When the latter is retracted by its peculiar
muscle, the oral orifice becomes lengthened into a canal by the inversion
of a portion of the external integument.
The buccal body is an irregularly oval-shaped, muscular organ, re-
58 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
sembling in appearance a gizzard, and contains within it the mastica-
tory apparatus. Just within the upper lip, attached to the entrance
of the buccal body, is the dental plate or jaw, — a crescentic,. corneous
lamina, used for cutting the food. Its anterior face is convex, and
presents several vertical ridges. Into its upper convex edge a band
of muscular fibres is inserted, by the contraction of which the inferior,
concave, cutting edge is advanced beyond the line of the upper. The
middle of the cutting edge is extended into a short, conical beak. This
jaw is brought into view when the animal is eating, by the advance-
ment of the buccal body. The floor of the cavity is occupied with
a gouge-shaped, muscular tongue,1 the tip and upper surface of which
are free, and are covered by a corneous lamina studded with a great num-
ber of conical dentures, with the points projecting backwards, arranged
in transverse rows. These teeth preserve the same form in the lines
from before backwards ; the central line always differs from the others,
and the teeth also vary gradually in form and size as they pass off
from the central line laterally. They also vary slightly in form in
different species. This lamina protrudes from the buccal body pos-
teriorly, into a short, rounded, protuberant, blind sac, within which
it appears to undergo a constant growth, as it is worn away by at-
trition anteriorly ; for its use appears not only to facilitate the pas-
sage of the food onwards to the oesophagus, but also to act as a sort of
rasp for triturating it, by means of the powerful muscles composing the
buccal body. Into the posterior, inferior part of the buccal body, below
the blind sac of the lingual lamina, is inserted, in a transverse, curved
line, its retractor muscle. This muscle has its origin, in common with
the retractors of the eye-peduncles, from the muscular investment of
the visceral cavity, posterior to the pulmonary cavity, and to the right
of the rectum.
The oesophagus proceeds from the upper, posterior part of the buccal
body backward to the stomach. It is short, and dilates gradually into
the latter.
The stomach is a capacious, membranous receptacle, when extended
being two thirds the length of the animal. In L. flavus and L. agrestis,
anteriorly it is dilated, and elongated-oval in form, posteriorly it is in-
testiuiform. In L. campestris, it is nearly uniformly cylindrical through-
out. Where the stomach terminates in the small intestine, it makes a
turn forward with the latter, producing, in L. flavus and L. campestris,
1 See above, p. 45.
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 59
a sort of cul-de-sac posteriorly. Into the angle formed by the stomach
and intestine, on each side, opens a biliary duct, which in L. agrestis,
however, is more removed toward the small intestines.
The intestine forms a single convolution among the lobes of the liver,
and then passes obliquely forward from the left to the right side, to
join the rectum. It is capacious, and pretty uniformly cylindrical
throughout.
About the middle of the oblique portion going to join the rectum, in
L. agrestis, opens a short, cylindrical cul-de-sac. In L. fiavus the intes-
tine, upon reaching the retractor muscles of the buccal body and eye-
peduncles, winds around their origin, turns backward a short distance,
and then again forward to the rectum, producing in this way a sigmoid
flexure. From the termination of the latter in the straight portion,
there proceeds backward ns far as the termination of the visceral mass,
a long, cylindrical cul-de-sac.
The rectum is short and straight, and penetrates into the pulmonary
cavity, upon the right side of which it proceeds to the pulmonary ori-
fice, at which it terminates by the anal aperture.
The salivary glands are two in number, flat, oval or irregular in out-
line, of a grayish-pink hue, and are situated upon the anterior parietes
of the stomach. They are composed of several lobuli, which are con-
glomerated. From each gland proceeds a duct, along the oesophagus to
the buccal body, into which they open on each side of the entrance of
the oesophagus. In L. campestris the two glands are conjoined, so as
to form a collar around the commencement of the stomach.
The liver, by far the largest viscus in the body, occupies a position at
the posterior part of the latter. It is of a brownish color, and consists
of two principal lobes, an anterior and a posterior, which are further
divided, the anterior into three or four, and the posterior into two lobes.
Each lobe is composed of a number of lobuli held together by blood-
vessels. From the convergence of branches, an hepatic duct is formed
for each principal lobe, which opens in the side of the angle formed at
the termination of the stomach in the intestine. The posterior cul-de-
sac of the stomach usually contains some bile, which is a thin, glairy,
drab-colored fluid.
Arion. The digestive apparatus offers but little peculiarity from that
of Limax. The retractor muscle of the buccal body is not so strong,
and is divided into two lateral bands. The oesophagus is narrower
and longer. In the form of the stomach and absence of a cul-de-sac to
60 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the small intestine, it resembles Limax campestris. The rectum, in its
course to the pulmonary orifice, perforates the renal organ.
Tebbnnophorus. The buccal body has a conspicuous curve down-
wards, and the buccal pouch of the lingual lamina is longer than in
Limax or Avion, and curves upwards from the postero-inferior part of
the buccal body. The retractor muscle of the latter is split into two
bands as in Avion, but one stronger. There are also two small retrac-
tor muscles to the lower lip. The oesophagus is comparatively long.
The stomach is cylindrical and sacculated, and, posteriorly with the
small intestine, forms a wide cul-de-sac. The small intestine is like
that of L. campestris and Avion. The salivary glands occupy a position
on each side of the oesophagus. The ducts are tortuous.
Prophysaon, Hemphillia, Ariolimax. In my descriptions of these
genera I have included the digestive system, which has the same gen-
eral arrangement as in Limax.
It appears that no generic characters may be found in the digestive
system of the respective genera, excepting the jaw and lingual mem-
brane, which are treated in full in Chapter III.
Veroxicella. The buccal body possesses no retractor muscle. The
dental plate, or jaw, is broad, and, upon the anterior surface, has a pec-
tinate appearance, from the numerous ribs upon it. Its cutting edge is
devoid of the conical toothlet. The oesophagus is moderately long and
capacious. The stomach is cylindrical and sacculated, and posteriorly
forms a deep, capacious cul-de-sac, independent of the small intestine.
It is strongly muscular and shining, the transverse muscular fibres being-
very distinct. The anterior hepatic duct opens into the angle formed
by the cul-de-sac and the intestine, the posterior into the fundus of
the latter. The small intestine is pretty uniformly cylindrical, and
holds the usual course to near its termination in the rectum, when to
reach the latter it turns abruptly backward, and joins it on the right
side, just posterior to the middle of the body. The rectum is straight,
and proceeds backwards, along the right side of the body, within the
pulmonary cavity, and terminates between the extremity of the tail
and the pedal disk, at the side of the pulmonary orifice. The salivary
glands are arborescent, or fasciculated in appearance. The ducts are
short and delicate. The lobuli of the liver are looser, or more sepa-
rated, than in the preceding genera.
The Genera of Disixtegkated Helix. The buccal body has the
same ,'ippcarance, generally, as in the slugs. The retractor muscle is
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 61
much stronger, and has its origin in common with the retractor of the
foot and eye-peduncles, from the columella of the shell ; at its insertion
it forms a semicircle around the posterior inferior part of the buccal
body. The pouch of the lingual lamina is alwa}Ts a prominent object.
In Zonites cellaring and Macrocyclis concava, tne buccal body is propor-
tionately nearly twice the length of that of the other species, denoting a
carnivorous habit, as in Glandina. The dental plate, or jaw, varies
in some degree in different species : in Zonites, Macrocyclis, etc. it is
smooth anteriorly, and in the middle projects downwards into a large
conical toothlet ; in Mesodon, Triodopsis, etc. the anterior surface pre-
sents a number of curved ribs, each of which projects inferiorly as a
sort of toothlet, denticulating either margin.
The oesophagus is generally long and narrow. In some species it is
unusually long and contracted, as in M. concava, Z. cellarius, Steno-
trema hirsutum, Patula pierspectiva, etc. ; in others it is long, and dilated
in the middle, as in Polyyyra auric ulata ; in many it is capacious, and
gradually passes into the stomach, as in Mesodon exoleta, etc. It is ex-
ceedingly long in Polyyyra septemvolva.
The stomach is usually cylindroid, and more or less sacculated. The
posterior cul-de-sac is always present.
The small intestine comes off from the stomach at a very acute angle,
and into the latter two hepatic ducts empty. It is pretty uniformly
cylindrical, and forms, as in slugs, a single convolution or a sigmoid
curve, among the lobes of the liver, and penetrates to the pulmonary
cavity at its right posterior angle. The rectum, in all the testaceous
genera, corresponds in length to the pulmonary cavity, the right side
of which it occupies to the pulmonary orifice, at the outer border of
which it terminates by the anal aperture. It is cylindrical, usually
wider than the small intestine, and is frequently somewhat sacculated.
Upon the outer side of the rectum, running its whole length, is a band
of muscular fibres, the object of which is, apparently, the retraction of
the collar, the shortening of the rectum, and the expulsion of its con-
tents.
The salivary glands are generally elongated, oval, with lobed edges.
They are usually united together and situated on the oesophagus, or
commencement of the stomach. When the oesophagus is narrow they
surround it ; when dilated, they occupy one half or two thirds of its
surface. The salivary ducts are long and large.
The liver is four-lobcd, three of which lobes are anterior or inferior,
62 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
and the fourth posterior or superior. The fourth lobe, conjoined with
the testicle, forms the very summit of the turbinated mass. The ducts
from the anterior lobes converge to form a single trunk, which, with
that from the posterior lobe, open into the junction, or angle, of the
cul-de-sac of the stomach with the intestine.
Binneya. The oesophagus is very short; the stomach very vide,
short.
Bulimulus. The digestive apparatus in B. dealbatus and B. mxdti-
lineatus resembles that of Polygyra auriculata ; the oesophagus is long,
narrow, and dilated in the middle ; the stomach is cylindroid, and
more or less sacculated.
Stenogyra. The digestive system is like the last.
Liguus. The stomach of IAguus fasciatus resembles that of Limax
flavus, being large and capacious anteriorly, cylindrical and sacculated
posteriorly. The rectum is capacious and sacculated.
Orthalicus. The digestive system of undatus is as in Liguus. It
does not essentially differ from that of the genera of disintegrated
Helix.
Pupa. A characteristic of this genus is the very great proportionate
length of the viscera, corresponding to the numerous whorls of the
shell. The retractor muscle of the buccal mass is long and strong.
The oesophagus is very long and narrow. The stomach is very long,
and even forms a fold upon itself. The rectum is very long and saccu-
lated ; the muscle on its outer side is well developed.
Succinea. A characteristic of this genus, the reverse of Pupa, is the
great breadth and shortness of the viscera. The dental plate, or jaw,
has an upper quadrangular piece, superadded to the ordinary crescen-
tic plate. The stomach resembles that of Limax flavus. Its mucous
membrane presents several longitudinal ruga). The small intestine
does not undergo the same relative diminution with the other viscera.
The rectum is very short, and, from the transverse position of the pul-
monary cavity, it is placed along the right of the breadth, instead of
the length of the latter, as usual. The salivary glands are situated one
on each side of the commencement of the stomach ; their ducts, just
before opening into the buccal body, become dilated.
Macrocyclis. The buccal mass, as stated above, is twice the size of
that of the other genera.
Glandina. The oral orifice is triangular, and bounded by three
papillated lips, one upper and two lateral. The buccal body is a very
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 63
long muscular cylinder, a little curved downward at the posterior part.
There is no cul-de-sac for the lingual lamina protruding behind ; and
the retractor muscle is divided into three fasciculi, one central and pass-
ing into the buccal body posteriorly, the others lateral and inserted as
usual. Externally, it has a very thin investment of longitudinal mus-
cular fibres, continuous with those of the retractor muscle and the ori-
gin of the especial muscles of the tongue. This layer is very delicate
and transparent ; and at the anterior third of the buccal body, laterally
and inferiorly, it presents several fasciculi, which pass to the tegumen-
tary lips. Beneath the exterior covering, and readily seen through it,
is a thick and strongly fasciculated, transverse layer of muscular fibres.
When the buccal body is laid open the oral orifice is found to bt, con-
tinuous with a triangular canal with smooth sides, running one third its
length. At the posterior superior termination of the canal is the open-
ing of the oesophagus and orifices of the salivary ducts. There is no
dental plate, or jaw. The posterior two-thirds of the buccal body is
occupied by a long oval organ, composed of numerous, strong fasciculi of
muscular fibres, arising laterally and inferiorly at the posterior part of
the buccal body ; the former passing inwards and forwards, the latter
forwards to the anterior extremity of the organ, which is free, and pro-
jects into the triangular, oval canal. The lateral fasciculi leave between
them superiorly an interstice, at the bottom of which is found the lin-
gual membrane, in the form of a tube, closed posteriorly, and open and
reflected downwards and backwards upon the anterior, free tip of tho
organ. Into the posterior extremity of the lamina the middle fascicu-
lus of the retractor muscle of the buccal body is inserted; and, just
anterior to this insertion, a small, attrahent fasciculus, arising from the
roof of the buccal body, posterior to the orifice of the oesophagus, which
gets to the lamina by means of the interstice of the muscular organ
superiorly. The teeth of the lingual membrane are arranged diagonally,
from the middle line, in parallel rows, passing from within outwards, as
shown in the descriptive portion of this work.
The oesophagus issues from a fissure at the upper posterior line of
the anterior third of the buccal body. It is long and cylindrical, and
rather wider at its termination than at its origin. The stomach is
irregularly cylindroid, and has a cul-de-sac at its commencement, pro-
jecting anterior to the entrance of the oesophagus. The small intestine
is capacious.
The salivary glands are conjoined, so as to form a circular collar
64 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
around the posterior part of the oesophagus. The salivary ducts are
long, and enter the same fissure of the buccal body at which the oesoph-
agus issues. The anterior lobes of the liver are comparatively very
small, while the posterior lobe is correspondingly large ; and to the
whole there is but a single duct.
Observations ox the Tissues of the Digestive Apparatus.
The mucous membrane of the alimentary canal is usually smooth
throughout. In the stomach it frequently presents a number of trans-
verse folds, corresponding to the contractions which produce the saccu-
lated appearance of the organ ; and in several species of different genera
it presents a few longitudinal rugce, as in Li max flavus, Lif/uus fascir
atus, Mesodon exoleta, etc. In its whole extent it is formed of a colum-
nar epithelium and a nucleolated-nucleated basement membrane. The
columnar cells of the epithelium are long and pyramidal, the upper
part or base being broad, and the attached .'xtremity very narrow.
They are tilled with a very fine, indistinct, granular matter, inter-
mingled with coarser, highly reflective grannies. Each contains an
oval, granular nucleus, with a minute nucleolus.
The muscular investment of the intestinal canal is strongest upon
the stomach and rectum. In Veronicella, Strophia incana, etc. it is
strong and shining upon the stomach. It consists of two layers, an
internal transverse and an external longitudinal. They are both com-
posed of white, shining, strap-shaped bands, with the extremities
pointed and closely adapted to each other. None of the transverse
bands surround the stomach, all being much too short. They are in-
distinctly granular in structure, and each contains one or two elongated
nuclei.
The lobules of the salivary gland arc composed of the dilated com-
mencements of the ducts, lined with soft, glanular cells, which are oval
in form, and contain a round, granular nucleus with a minute nucleolus.
The basement membrane of the salivary ducts is amorphous. The epi-
thelial cells lining the trunks bear considerable resemblance to those
found in their follicular commencement. Outside of the basement
membrane, twine narrow muscular fibres in various directions. They
are nucleated, and where the nuclei exist are wider than at the inter-
vening parts.
The lobuli of the liver are composed of the rounded commencement
of the biliary ducts, and are lined with polygonal cells, which become
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 65
globular on the removal of pressure. The hepatic cells contain a fine,
granular matter, fine and large oil-globules, and a. round, nucleolated
nucleus.
Of the Generative Apparatus.
All the terrestrial Gasteropoda under consideration are monoecious
or hermaphroditic, though none are capable of self-impregnation. They
are also mostly oviparous.
Their genital system is complicated, and liable to such variation in
its details as to furnish excellent generic and specific characters. I
have therefore, when possible, given descriptions of the system in the
descriptive portion of my work, under each species. I will here- give
only a general description of the development of the system : — The tes-
ticle is a single globular mass of aciniform cceca in some genera; in
others it is composed of numerous fasciculi of long cceca : it is free, or
imbedded in the upper lobe of the liver ; its position, as well as the
shape of its cceca, being different in the respective genera.
The epididymis is an undulated, or moderately tortuous tube, lead-
ing from the testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with
the prostate gland. It opens into a groove upon the inner side of the
interior of the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior extremity,
with the vas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididy-
mis, and lying against the inner side of the ovary, is a small, compound,
follicular body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gas-
teropoda, and is known as the accessory gland of the epididymis. The
prostate gland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner
side of the whole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated
appearance, and numerous openings into the groove leading from the
epididymis to the vas deferens.
The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the
prostate gland to the penis sac. The position of its junction forms a
specific character; sometimes it joins the summit of the latter, at
others it enters near the base.
The penis sac is generally a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at
the right anterior part of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termina-
tion a short cloaca. Its form is, however, very variable, and is an ex-
cellent specific character, as is also the point of insertion of the retractor
muscle, which has its origin from the muscular investment of the vis-
ceral cavity, just posterior to the position of the pulmonary cavity.
The penis sac often has a flagellate appendage containing the curious
66 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
organ known as the capreolus. The above are the male organs of the
compound system.
The female organs consist of the ovary, a linguiform body, sometimes
lobulated, at the posterior end of the genital system. The oviduct is
a long sac-like body, usually greatly convoluted in its course. It de-
creases in breadth at its anterior end, and gradually merges into the
vagina, a long tube-like body of uniform size to the common external
orifice • into its lower end, called by Dr. Leidy the cloaca, enters the
penis sac, and above this enters also the duct of the genital bladder.
This last organ, as well as the bladder itself, varies greatly in size and
length, and forms an excellent specific character.
The above is the simplest form of the genital system, all these organs
being absolutely necessary. It is often much more complicated by
having an accessory, very much lengthened duct to the duct of the ^jn-
ital bladder, by various forms of vaginal prostate glands, often with
complicated accessories ; with one or more dart sacs entering into the
vagina, containing a dart of various shape. The penis sac also some-
times has curious and varied accessories. All these organs may be
found in some species of any given genus, while other species may have
only the organs necessary to the genital system.1 I am induced, there-
fore, to consider the details of the generative system to be only a spe-
cific character. As a generic character we can rely only on the position
of the external orifice of the system, and on the position of the testicle
as well as the form of the coeca which compose it. Thus Glandina,
Zonites, and Ariolimax have the external orifice under the mantle, while
usually it is found behind the right eye-peduncle. Again Limax, Ario-
limax, Prophysaon, Hemphillia, Arion, Glandina, and Succinea have the
testicle free, and formed of aciniform coeca, while in the genera of dis-
integrated Helix and others it is composed of fasciculi of elongated coeca
commingled with the substance of the upper lobe of the liver.
General Remarks upon the Junction of Different Portions of the
Generative Apparatus, and the Structure of its Tissues.
The testicle was mistaken by Swammerdam, Cuvier, and others for
the ovary, and the latter organ and prostate gland for two portions of
the testicle. A microscopic examination of these different organs at
1 For instance, in Arionta we find the necessary organs only in Townsendiana, but in
jricklinianami other species a great variety cf accessory complications.
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 67
onoe very easily settles their true nature ; although, even without this
mode of analysis, we would suppose the epididymis would indicate the
character of the gland of which it is the duct, and leave the remain-
ing two organs to be considered as belonging to the female apparatus.
In Helix the structure of the testicle consists of dense fasciculi of
short ccecal pouches, which are simple, bifurcate, or trifurcate. These
contain polygonal spermatophori, which are finely granular with a round
nucleus, or filled with granular globules of uniform size, or with coils or
bunches or fasciculi of spermatozoa. The epididymis always contains,
more or less, and is frequently distended with, a white, silky, filamen-
tous substance, composed of spermatozoa. The latter consist of very deli-
cate and, comparatively, enormously long filaments, terminating, at one
extremity, in a thickened head. They vary in length in different spe-
cies of these gasteropods. The head assumes two principal forms ; it is
either sigmoid and pointed, as in Mesodon albolabris, Mesodon multili-
neata, etc., or else it is spiral and pointed, as in Patula alternata, Pa-
tula solitaria, etc. In the vas deferens the spermatozoa may often be
detected in movement, which is slow and vibrating in character.
The prostate gland, although situated along the tract of the oviduct,
evidently belongs to the male apparatus, as is proved by its emptying
solely into the vas deferens in Veronicella, and in its being placed be-
tween the termination of the epididymis and the commencement of the
vas deferens only, as is very conspicuously observed in Succinea. In
structure, it is composed of closely packed, tortuous, tubular, simple
follicles, lined with short, thick, pyramidal epithelia, which are densely
granular, and contain a round, nucleolated nucleus. The object of this
organ probably is to dilute the very tenacious spermatic matter as it
oozes from the epididymis into the spermatic groove on the inner side
of the oviduct.
In all the terrestrial gasteropods examined, there was found a small
glandular body, from which proceeds a short duct to join the termina-
tion of the epididymis. It consists of from two to nine rounded folli-
cles joining a common duct, and, from the constancy of its existence,
must be deemed important.
The ovary is soft and homogeneous in appearance ; viewed by the
microscope, it is" found to be almost wholly composed of immature ova,
polygonal cells with a germinal vesicle and macula.
The sides of the oviduct are soft, and in great measure composed of
a tissue consisting of large polygonal cells, with from one to five small
round nuclei.
68 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The organ denominated genital bladder, from its opening into the
vagina, or at the termination of the latter, and in Veronicella from its
belonging almost wholly to the female organs, must be considered rather
as a portion of the female apparatus than a prostatic sac, as it is called
by Owen. By many authors this hao been termed the spermatheca,
from its supposed function of holding spermatic fluid received from the
male organs, and with some reason ; for in several instances I have
found it to contain a tenacious mass, which upon microscopic analysis
was found to be composed of spermatozoa. This cannot, however, be
considered wholly as its use ; for it secretes a mucoid matter, which
may probably facilitate the passage of the ova through the vagina and
cloaca. The mucoid matter within the bladder is frequently found to
contain immense numbers of an infusorial parasite, which has been de-
scribed under the name of Cryptoicus.1
The epithelium of the bladder consists of very long, caudate, colum-
nar cells, with elliptical, granular nuclei, and a small round nucleolus.
In comparison of the descriptions of genitalia in this work with those
given by foreign authors, it must be remembered that the terms ovary,
testicle, etc., are not applied to the same organ.
In Vol. I. will be found figures of the genital system of many of
our species. I have in this volume repeated the descriptions, under each
species, and given figures of many not included in the plates of Vol. I.
Of the Respiratory and Circulatory Apparatus.
The lung of the Terrestrial Gasteropoda is a simple cavity, with an
orifice communicating with the exterior, upon the right side of the
body. The surface of this pulmonary cavity in part of its extent, and
more particularly near the pulmonary orifice, is covered by a close in-
tertexture of blood-vessels. The blood of the body is conveyed directly
to the lungs by two principal vessels, the pulmonary arteries, which
join the capillary rete of the pulmonary surface. From this rete passes
off the pulmonary vein to the heart, which is systemic, and consists
of an auricle and ventricle. The auricle receives the pulmonary vein ;
from the ventricle passes off the aorta, to be distributed throughout the
body.
Limax. The pulmonary cavity is situated beneath the mantle, and
has nearly the same size and form. It is separated from the visceral
cavity by the muscular peritoneum, but contains the rectum, renal
i Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. N. S. Vol. I.
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 69
organ, and heart. The pulmonary orifice is situated at the anteroinfe-
rior edge of the mantle, on the right side of the body. When open it
appears round ; it is closed by means of circular muscular fibres. The
pulmonary rete is principally displayed upon the roof of the cavity, and
from it converge three principal trunks, to form the pulmonary vein
which passes to the auricle of the heart.
The heart, enclosed within a pericardium, is situated near the
middle of the pulmonary cavity. The auricle and ventricle are pyri-
form, and placed base to base. The sides of the latter are consider-
ably thicker than those of the former, and present internally several
well-marked fasciculi, crossing in different directions. Between the auri-
cle and ventricle is a double valve. From the apex of the ventricle
passes off the aorta, which pierces the muscular peritoneum, and divides
into two principal branches, — one passing to the sub-cesophageal gan-
glia devoted to the viscera in the anterior part of the visceral cavity, the
other passing to supply the viscera posteriorly. Upon the right of the
heart, attached to the roof of the pulmonary cavity, is placed a large
glandular organ, considered as the kidney ; from the whole of its right
margin pi-oceeds a duct backwards, which then curves to the side of the
rectum, at the left side of whichjt remains attached to the pulmonary
orifice.
Arion. The pulmonary cavity is situated as in Liniax. Its whole
interior surface presents an intricate rete, from which converge six or
Beven pulmonary veins to the auricle of the heart.
The renal organ forms a complete circle around the heart, and is per-
forated by the rectum, in the course of the latter to the pulmonary
aperture.
Tebennophorus. The pulmonary cavity is situated beneath the an-
terior portion of the mantle. It is formed by an inflection of the mus-
cular layer of the integument of the body. The renal organ is placed
to the right of the heart, and at its posterior part is perforated by the
aorta.
Veronicella. The pulmonary cavity is situated between the mus-
cular peritoneum and the integument of the body. Its principal por-
tion is placed upon the right side, anterior to the middle, but extends
to the left side, over the back, and along the right side to the pulmo-
nary aperture, between the tail and posterior extremity of the podal
disk. The heart is placed in the anterior portion of the cavity. The
auricle receives a vein from the right and another from the left side.
70 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The renal organ is placed posterior to the heart, between the passage
leading from the pulmonary cavity to its orifice, and the course of the
rectum.
The Genera of Disintegrated Helix. In this genus, as is also the
case in all the testaceous genera under examination, the pulmonary
chamber is comparatively very large, for reasons already stated, and
occupies a position on the outside of the lower one or two whorls of the
turbinated mass of the viscera. In front, it is bounded by the collai*,
in the right side of which is the pulmonary orifice. The floor of the
cavity is formed, as in slugs generally, by the muscular peritoneum.
The roof, or outer wall, is occupied on the right side by the rectum,
posteriorly by the heart and renal organ, and anteriorly by the pulmo-
nary rete of capillary vessels. The pulmonary rete is most developed
in the vicinity of the pulmonary orifice ; and from it in a line with the
latter, along the course of the rectum, proceeds backward a single pul-
monary vein to the heart. The renal organ is elongated, pyramidal,
and is placed to the right of the heart and pulmonary vein. Its duct
commences upon the right border of the gland, courses backward to
the rectum, along the inner side of which it passes to the pulmonary
aperture.
The remaining testaceous genera present nothing peculiar in the
character of the pulmonary or circulatory apparatus.
General Remarks. The heart, in warm weather, beats about fifty-five
times in a minute, but to some extent appears to be under the control
of the animal, for if disturbed or irritated it pulsates much slower.
In composition, the heart consists of distinctly granulated, unstriped
muscular fibres, with oval nuclei, which are hardly visible before the
application of acetic acid to them.
The interior of the heart and aorta is lined with a tessellated epithe-
lium ; and the exterior of the former and interior surface of the pericar-
dium are covered by the same. The cells are granular, with distinct,
round, or oval, granular nuclei, and a minute nucleolus.
The pericardial epithelium separates its peculiar fluid very freely, the
pericardium frequently appearing distended with the liquor pericardii.
In the testaceous genera it frequently contains numbers of an entozoon,
which Dr. Leidy has named IJistoma vagans} The blood-vessels, espe-
cially in the liver, exhibit a white opaque appearance, which is depen-
dent upon tho deposit in the sides of the vessel of innumerable, oil-like
granules.
i See Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., New Series, Yol. I.
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 71
The blood contains numerous blood-corpuscles, which vary in size, are
granular, and exhibit numerous radiating, projecting points of variable
length, — frequently greater than the diameter of the corpuscle.
The pulmonary cavity is lined with a tessellated epithelium, the cells
of which are faintly granular, with a few coarser granules, and a distinct,
round or oval, granular, nucleolated nucleus.
The renal organ is a gland which exhibits a foliated or plicated ap-
pearance, within a capsule. The surfaces of the plicae communicate
with the duct existing along the whole right border of the organ, and
are covered with polygonal, oi-ganic cells, every one of which contains a
large, white, round, opaque mass, resembling uric acid in appearance.
On the Nervous Centres, and the Distribution of the Nerves.
The nervous centres consist of three distinct sets of ganglia, which
are all placed within the anterior part of the body or head.
The first set, or supra-oesophageal ganglia, form a transverse band,
above or in front of the buccal body, usually at its anterior part, but
varying in the latter position, to some degree depending upon the
movements of the buccal body. When the latter is protruded, the band
of ganglia is thrown back to the commencement of the oesophagus ;
when retracted, it is placed just behind the upper lip. It consists of
two symmetrical halves united by a short transverse commissure. Each
half is composed of several ganglia, aggregated to a greater or less de-
gree in different genera and species. Sometimes they are so aggregated,
or are so covered by enveloping tissue, as to appear a single mass ; in
others five or six distinct masses may be readily counted.
The second set, or sub-oesophageal ganglia, form a circular mass,
placed infero -posteriorly to the buccal body, in the excavation of the
foot. It is asymmetrical, and is composed of several ganglia, more or
less aggregated together ; from four to seven masses can generally be
counted. It is usually more developed upon the right than the left
side, and passes through all the shades of color, in different genera and
species, from white and yellow to orange. Through the opening formed
by the arrangement of the ganglia into a circle passes the cephalic
branch of the aorta. The supra-cesophageal and sub-oesophageal ganglia
are connected together on each side of the buccal body by a double
commissure, which varies in length in different genera ; thus, in Helices,
etc., it is generally so long as to allow of much movement of the supra-
cesophageal ganglia forward with the buccal body, while in Veronicella
72 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
it is so short that the two sets of ganglia form a close ring around the
anterior part of the buccal body.
The third set of ganglia are the stomato-gastric, consisting of two
minute lateral masses, united by a short transverse commissure, and
always placed upon the buccal body immediately postero-laterally to
the commencement of the oesophagus. The stomato-gastric ganglia are
connected with the supra-cesophageal on each side, by means of a long,
delicate commissure, which is more or less loose, and permits a free
movement of the former ganglia with the buccal body to which they
are fixed.
From the supra-oosophageal ganglia pass off on each side, — 1st, a
minute branch along the coarse of the supra-sub-cesophageal commis-
sure ; 2d, three or four small branches to the retractor muscles of the
eye-peduncles ; 3d, a large branch, the superior tentacular nerve ; 4th,
one or two small branches to the base of the eye-peduncle, for its integ-
ument ; 5th, the inferior tentacular nerve ; Gth, small branches to the
integument of the lips.
From the sub-oesophageal ganglia pass off, — 1st, numerous branches
on each side, to the podal disk, and laterally to the integument ; 2d, a
branch on the right side to the penis; 3d, a branch to the vas deferens and
prostate gland ; 4th, on each side a branch to the retractor muscle of
the buccal body ; 5th, a large one to each sirle of the collar and pulmo-
nary chamber ; 6th, a branch which follows the posterior aortic vessel,
which gives off branches to the muscular peritoneum ; 7th, branches to
the origin of the tentacular retractors ; 8th, branches to the oviduct,
ovary, testicle, stomach, intestine, and liver.
From the stomato-gastric ganglia pass off on each side, — 1st, a
nerve to the external muscular structure of the buccal body ; 2d, two
branches which penetrate posteriorly into the buccal body ; 3d, a branch
to the salivary duct and gland ; 4th, a branch to the oesophagus and
stomach ; 5th, branch to the interior of the buccal body anteriorly.
The above distribution of the nerves has been principally derived
from dissections of Glandina and Mesodon albolabris. In the former
genus, upon what is the nerve to the tentacle in the other genera, there
is formed, near the base of the eye-peduncles, a ganglionary enlargement,
from which passes off the true, inferior tentacular nerve of this animal,
and two other large branches to the third, or external tentacle.
The nervous centres are composed of ganglion globules, varying very
much in size ; some are very large, others are not more than one eighth
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 73
the diameter of the larger ones and nuclear bodies. The globules are
more or less polygonal, from mutual pressure, are distinctly granular,
and contain a nucleus which is comparatively of enormous size. The
latter usually fills one half or two thirds of the cell or globule, is more
distinctly and darkly granular, and contains from one to seven small,
round, transparent nucleoli. The separate nuclear bodies resemble the
nuclei of the ganglion globules, but are much smaller, and contain
but a single nucleolus. The nerve-fibres pass through the ganglionary
centres, among the globules in every direction ; but none of them ap-
pear to originate or terminate in the latter. None of the ganglionary
cells are caudated.
The nerves consist of bundles of tubuli, containing an oleo-albumi-
nous matter, which in the fresh nerve is semi-fluid, faintly granular,
homogeneous, and translucent, but after the matter is pressed out of
the tubuli it separates into two portions, one of which is a tenacious,
fluid substance, containing the other in the form of oil-like globules of
no determinate size. The wall of the tubuli is amorphous and trans-
parent, and has attached to it, and projecting externally, ovai, granular
nucleolated nuclei.
The nerves, especially in those emanating from the supra-oesophageal
ganglia, are enveloped in a sheath formed of large, elongated, polygonal,
transparent cells, containing in the centre an Oval nucleus surrounded
by a mass of coarse granular bodies, which are endowed with a very
active molecular movement.
On the Organs of Especial Sense.
Touch. The soft, mucous integument is very irritable ; but tactile
sensibility is most developed in the tentacula and eye-peduncles, which
are two pairs of tubular prolongations of the external integument, from
the anterior part of the body or head. The superior pair, or eye-pedun-
cles, are several times longer and thicker than the inferior pair. They
are conico-cylindroid in shape, with the free extremity or point dilated,
or bulbous, in the outer side of which the eyes are placed. The infe-
rior pair, or tentacula, are short, conico-cylindroid, and slightly bulbous
at the point.
The integument is thick at the base of the tentacula, but gradually
becomes thinner as it approaches the free extremity, where it is deli-
cate and transparent. The color is the same on the general investment
of the body, except at the free extremity of the tentacula, where, from
74 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
its transparency, the structure beneath shows through, and appears
whitish. On the eye-peduncles it is rougher than upon the tentacula,
from the polygonal folds being deeper. It is but loosely attached to the
parts within, except at the free extremity, where it becomes firmly united.
The retraction of the eye-peduncles takes place by means of the con-
traction of the retractor muscle, which forms within them a cylindrical
tube, and is inserted into the integument at their free extremity, so
that when they are retracting the integument becomes inverted, and
the point of the eye-peduncle first disappears from view and, in protru-
sion, is last to appear. The latter movement takes place through the
relaxation of the retractor muscle, and the gradual contraction of the
circular muscular fibres forming the basis of the integument, commen-
cing at the base of the eye-peduncle and proceeding towards the free
extremity, by which course of movement the latter is pushed out.
Within the tube of the retractor muscle of the eye-peduncles, passes
to the free extremity of the latter the tentacular nerve. When the eye-
peduncles are retracted, the nerve becomes tortuous and spiral, but
when fully protruded it is nearly straight or merely undulated.
Near the free extremity of the eye-peduncles, the nerve undergoes a
sudden constriction, and then dilates into a gangliform enlargement,
from the outer side of which proceeds a small division of the tentacular
nerve, as the optic nerve, to the eye. The gangliform enlargement is
composed, on the exterior, of the nerve-tubuli of the tentacular nerve,
and on the exterior, of a soft, white, finely granular matter, containing,
in the exterior layer, round, granular, nuclear bodies. Anteriorly, the
enlargement undergoes a constriction, and then dilates into the large
bulbous mass of the extremity of the eye-peduncles. This latter mass
is white, soft, and finely granular. Upon its exterior the nerve-tubuli
of the exterior of the first gangliform enlargement diverge, and divide
into a number of large branches, which laterally subdivide into numer-
ous smaller branches, and thus enclose the granular mass.
The tentacula present the same nervous structure, except that there
is no well-marked constriction between the tentacular nerve and the
first gangliform enlargement, nor between the two enlargements, nor is
there any optic nerve.
The space between the tentacular nerve and the retractor muscle is
filled with a filamentous tissue, containing round, granular, nucleolated
nuclei, and large, round or elliptical, transparent cells, with nuclei sim-
ilar to those which lie free in the tissue.
SPECIAL ANATOMY. 75
The " integument of the eye-peduncles is very freely supplied with
nerves from the supra-cesophageal ganglia.
Taste. If existent, it is probably dependent upon nerves distributed
within the buccal body, and derived from the stomato-gastric ganglia.
The structure of the lingual membrane precludes any idea of its exist-
ence there.
Smell. The presence of this sense is undoubted, though there is
much discrepancy of opinion as to its situation. I have suspected that
it probably may be placed in the blind sac, or depression, which opens
just below the mouth. This sac varies in its degree of development in
the different genera : in Limax it is a superficial depression ; in Vagi-
mdus it extends backwards beneath the buccal body for half an inch, is
conical in shape and yellowish-white in color ; in Liguus fasciatus it
extends back, in the excavation of the foot, to the tail, and is folded
several times upon itself.
Hearing. The acoustic apparatus consists of a pair of transparent
vesicular bodies, placed upon the postero-inferior part of the sub-cesopha-
geal ganglia, one on each side. They are placed in a depression of the
ganglia formed by a separation of the nerve-tubuli as they pass from
and into the latter, immediately upon the ganglionic globules. Their
interior is filled with a transparent fluid, containing numerous otoco-
nites, which vary in size, are oval in form, transparent, composed of con-
centric layers of carbonate of lime, and frequently have a small cavity
in their centre. During life, and for a short time after the death of
the animal, the otoconites are endowed with a peculiar vibratory move-
ment, by which they are disposed to accumulate into a mass in the
centre of the auditory vesicle. After the cessation of the movement
they become diffused through the fluid of the vesicle.
Sight. The eyeball is placed beneath the integument, on the outer
side of the constriction which exists between the gangliform swellings
at the free extremity of the eye-peduncles. The optic nerve is derived
from the inferior part of the first gangliform enlargement, is tortuous
or undulating, and reaches the eyeball at its posterior part. Its course
is frequently indicated by a deposit of pigmentum nigrum.
The eyeball is globular, and is invested exteriorly by a transparent
tunic, corresponding to the sclerotica and cornea.
The choroidea forms two thirds of a sphere, and is inflected anteriorly
into a sort of depressed disk, perforated in the centre. It consists of a
delicate, translucent membrane, with a deposit of a single layer of irreg-
76 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHTNG MOLLUSKS.
ularly rounded, or oval, black pigment cells. The interior of the cho-
roidea contains a clear, consistent vitreous humor ; but the character of
the retina I did not detect at the time. Whether a crystalline lens ex-
ists or not I am in doubt ; at the time of making the investigations, in
several instances I thought I discerned it very distinctly ; but in other
instances, even when larger species were examined, if it existed it es-
caped my observation.
V. CLASSIFICATION.
Without suggesting any system of classification, I have already ex-
plained (p. 47) that in the descriptive portion of this work I have
grouped the genera into families according to the character of the jaw
and lingual membrane. I am too well aware that such an arrangement
separates genera nearly allied by other, perhaps more important, characters,1
but the same objection may be made to any system thus far proposed.
The characters on which generic distinction is founded are more satis-
factory. These are, the external form of the animal, whether slug-like,
as in Limax, or snail-like, as in Helix ; the position of the mantle, anterior,
central, or posterior, whether naked, enclosing some form of internal shell,
or protected by an external more or less developed shell ; the presence
or absence of longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, meet-
ing over a caudal mucus pore ; the presence or absence of a distinct
locomotive disk to the foot ; the position of the external respiratory and
generative orifices ; finally, by the absence or presence and character of
the jaw, and the character of the lingual dentition.
When a genus is numerous in species I have, for the sake of conven-
ience, adopted sections or subgenera, founded on special features of the
shell, such as the absence or presence of internal laminae or tooth-like
processes within the aperture.
In treating the species I have recognized a wide range of variation
rather than distinct specific weight in the differences one observes
among numerous individuals.
Guided by these rules, I have grouped our species in the manner
shown in the synopsis in Chapter VI.
l Thus Veronicella is placed iu Holognatha, though it widely differs from the other
genera of that family in having contractile, not retractile eye-peduncles, and still more by
having separate orifices for the male and female organs of generation. Again Onchidella
from the character of its jaw is classed with Patula, etc., though it most widely differs from
all the Geophila in having uo tentacles, and though its genital system is like Veronicella.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
77
VI. SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
PULMONATA GEOPHILA.
AGNATHA.
Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea. Glandina bullata, Gld.
truncata, Gmel. Texasiana, Pfr.
decusaata, Desk.
HOLOGNATHA VITEINEA.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Le
sportella, Gld.
concava, Say.
Voyana, Newc.
Duranti, Newc.
Zonites Mesomphix.
capnodes, W. G. B.
fuliginosus, Griff.
friabilia, W. G. B.
caducus, Pfr.
lasvigatus, Pfr.
demissus, Binn.
ligerus, Say.,
intertextus, Binn.
subplanus, Binn.
inornatus, Say.
sculptilis, Bland.
Elliotti, Red/.
cerinoideus, Anth.
Hyalinia.
cellarius, Miill.
Whitneyi,. Newc.
nitidus, Miill.
arboreus, Say.
viridulus, Mke.
indentatus, Say.
limatulus, Waid.
minusculu9, Binn.
milium, Morse.
Binneyanua, Morse.
Zonites ferreus, Morse.
conspectus, Bland.
exiguus, Stimpson.
chersinellus, Dall.
capsella, Gld.
placentula, Shultl.
Conulus.
fulvus, Drap.
Fabricii, Beck.
Gundlachi, Pfr.
Stearnsi, Bl.
Gastrodonta.
gularis, Say.
suppressus, Say.
lasmodon, Phillips.
significans, Bland.
internus, Say.
multidentatus, Binn.
Vitrina latissima, Lewis.
limpida, Gould.
Angelicas, Beck.
Pfeifferi, Newc.
exilia, Mor.
Limax maximus, Lin.
flavus, Lin.
agrestis, Miill.
campestris, Binn.
HewBtoni, /. G. Cooper.
montanus, Ing.
HOLOGNATHA HELICEA.
Patula Bolitaria, Say.
strigosa, Gld.
Hemphilli, Newc.
Idahoensis, Newc.
Haydeni, Gabb.
alternata, Say.
Cumberiandiana, Lea.
perspectiva, Say.
Patula striatella, Anth.
pauper, Mor.
Horni, Gabb.
asteriacua, Morse.
Microphysa incrustata, Pfr.
vortex, Pfr.
Lanaingi, Bland.
Ingersolli, Bland.
Hemitrochus varians, Mke.
78
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Holospira Roemeri, Pfr.
Goldfussi, Pfr.
Onchidella borealis, Dall.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Bosc.
Helicodiscuc- liueatus, Say.
Ferussacia subcyl ndrica, L.
Caecilianella acicula, Miill.
Stenogyra Rumina.
decollata, L.
Opens.
subula, Pfr.
octonoides, Ad.
Melaniella.
gracillinia, Pfr.
Pupa Pupilla.
muscorum, L.
Blandi, Morse.
Hoppii, Miill.
variolosa, Gld.
pentodon, Say.
decora, Gld.
corpulenta, M^orse.
Rowelli, Newc.
Californica, Rowell.
Leucochila.
fallax, Say.
modica, Gld.
Arizonensis, Gabb.
hordeacea, Gabb.
armifera, Say.
contracta, Say.
rupicola, Say.
corticaria, Say.
pellucida, Pfr.
borealis, Mor.
alticola, Ing.
Vertigo Gouldi, Binn.
Bollesiana, Morse.
milium, Gld.
ovata, Say.
ventricosa, Morse.
simplex, Gld.
Strophia incaua, Binn.
* *
Ariou fuscus, Miill.
foliolatus, Gld.
Ariolimax Columbianus, Gld.
Californicus, J. G. Coep.
niger, J. G. Coop.
Hemphilli.
Andersoni.
Prophyaaon Hemphilli, Bl. 4' Binn.
Veronicella Floridana, Binn.
olivacea, Stearns.
Binneya notabilis, /. G. Coop.
Hemphillia giandulosa, Bl. §• Binn.
Pallifera dorsalis, Binn.
Wetherbyi, W. G. Binn.
Strobila labyrinthica, Say.]
Hubbardi, Brown.
Gonostoma Yatesi, J. G. Coop.
Polygyra auriculata, Say.
uvulifera, Shuttl.
auriformis, Bid.
Postelliana, Bid.
espiloca, Rav.
avara, Say.
ventrosula, Pfr.
Hindsi, Pfr.
Texasiana, Moricand.
triodontoides, Bid.
Mooreana, W. G. Binn.
hippocrepis, Pfr.
fastigans, L. \V. Say.
Jacksoni, Bid.
Troostiana, Lea.
Hazardi, Bid.
oppilata, Moricand.
Dorfeuilliana, Lea.
Ariadnae, Pfr.
septemvolva, Say.
cereolus, Muhlf.
Carpenteriana, Bid.
Febigeri, Bid.
pustula, Fe'r.
pustuloides, Bid.
leporina, Gld. [Coop.
Polygyrella polygyrella, Bid. $• J. G.
Stenotrema spinosum, Lea.
labrosum, Bid.
Edgarianum, Lea.
Edvardsi, Bid.
barbigerum, Redf.
stenotremum, Fe'r.
hirsutum, Say.
maxillatum, Gld.
monodon, Rack.
germanum, Gld.
Triodopsis palliata, Say.
obstricta, Say.
appressa, Say.
inflecta, Say.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
79
Triodopais Rugeli, Shuttl.
tridentata, Say.
Harfordiana, J. G. Coop.
fallax, Say.
introferens, Bid.
Hopetonensis, Shuttl.
Van Nostrandi, Bid.
vultuosa, Gld.
loricata, Gld.
Meaodon major, Binn.
albolabris, Say.
diveata, Gld.
multilineata, Say.
Pennaylvanica, Green.
Mitchelliana, Lea.
elevata, Say.
Clarki, Lea.
Chriatyi, Bid.
exoleta, Binn.
Wheatleyi, Bid.
dentifera, Binn.
Roemeri, Pfr.
Wetherbyi, Bid.
thyroidea, Say.
clausa, Say.
Columbiana, Lea.
Downieana, Bid.
Lawi, Lewis.
jejuna, Say.
Mobiliana, Lea.
devia, Gld.
profunda, Say.
Sayii, Binn.
Acanthinula harpa, Say.
Vallonia pulchella, Mull.
Fruticicola hiapida, L.
rufeacens, Penn.
Dorcasia Berlandieriana, Mar.
griseola, Pfr.
Turricula terreatria, Chemn.
Aglaja fidelis, Gray.
GONIOONATHA.
Liguus faaciatua, Midi. Punctum pygmeeum, Dr.
Orthalicus undatus, Brug.
ELASMOQNATHA.
Succinea Haydeni, W. G. B. Succinea Higginai, Bid.
retusa, Lea. Haleana, Lea.
Sillimani, Bid. Mooresiana, Lea.
ovalia, Gld., not Say. Groavenori, Lea.
Aglaja infumata, Gld.
Hillebrandi, Newc.
Arionta arroaa, Gld.
Tow^naendiana, Lea.
tudiculata, Binn.
Nickliniana, Lea.
Ayreaiana, Newc.
redimita, W. G. Binn.
interciaa, W. G. Binn.
Kelletti, Fbs.
Stearnaiana, Gabb.
exarata, Pfr.
ramentoaa, Gld.
Californienaia, Lea.
Carpenteri, Newc.
Mormonum, Pfr.
aequoicola, J. G. Coop.
Diabloenaia, J. G. Coop.
Traaki, Newc.
Dupetithouarai, Deth.
ruficincta, Nerve.
Gabbi, Newc.
Glyptoatoma Ncwberryanum, W. G.
Euparypha Tryoni, Newc. [Binn.
Tachea hortenaia, Mull.
Pomatia aaperaa, Miill.
Cylindrella Poeyana, Pfr.
jejuna, Gld.
Macroceramus Kieneri, Pfr.
Goaaei, Pfr.
Bulimulu8 aerperaatrua, Say.
Floridanua, Pfr.
multilineatua, Say.
Dormani, W. G. B.
Marielinua, Pfr.
patriarcha, W. G. B.
alternatus, Say.
Schiedeanua, Pfr.
dealbatus, Say.
80 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHINQ MOLLUSKS.
Succinea Wilsoni, Lea. Succinea obliqua, Say.
Concordialis, Gld. Totteniana, Lea.
luteola, Gld. campestris, Say.
lineata, W. G. Binn. Hawkinsi, Bd.
avara, Say. rusticana, Gld.
Stretchiana, Bid. Nuttalliana, Lea.
Verrilli, Bid. Oregonensis, Lea.
aurea, Lea. effusa, Shuttl.
Groenlandica, Beck. Salleana, Pfr
VTI. DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Order PULMONATA.
Lingual membrane varying from short and broad to long and
narrow ; teeth numerous, in numerous uniform transverse rows.
Mouth usually with one or more horny jaws. Respiratory organ
in the form of a closed chamber lined with pulmonic vessels on
the back of the animal and covered by the shell when present ;
edge of the mantle attached, — the entrance to the air-chamber
being through an opening in the side, closed by a valve. Oper-
culum almost universally absent. Animal hermaphrodite, with
reciprocal impregnation, generally oviparous, terrestrial, fiuviatile
or marine, but respiring free air. Tentacles and eye-peduncles
retractile or contractile.
Shell varied in form, sometimes rudimentary or wanting.
Eyes at the end of elongated peduncles, or on the head of the
animal.
The Pulmonata are usually' divided into three suborders, — Geophila,
Limnophila, and Thalassoj^hila, — names derived respectively from the
comparatively terrestrial, fiuviatile, and marine habits of the animals.
These suborders are readily distinguished by the position of the eyes,
either sessile or on peduncles, and the characters of the tentacles.
I have included in this volume only the species of the first suborder,
though one species of the Limnophila, Carychium exiguum, is truly
terrestrial. It will be understood also that I do not include any gill-
bearing genus, however terrestrial may be its habits. Thus I omit
mauy genera included in Vols. II. and IV.
GLANDINA. 81
Suborder GEOPHILA.
Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles retrac-
tile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than, and placed under, the eye-
peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting. Operculum never present
in the adult. Animal usually terrestrial.
I do not propose any system of classification for the Pulmonata, but
the genera found within our limits may be grouped by the character of
their jaw and lingual dentition into
A. Agnatha. Jaw absent ; marginal teeth aculeate or quadrate.
B. Holognatha Vitrinea. Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth aculeate.
C. Holognatha Helicea. Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth quadrate.
D. Goniognatha. Jaw in separate pieces, the upper median one usually trian-
gular ; marginal teeth quadrate.
E. Elasmognatha. Jaw with an accessory upper piece ; marginal teeth
quadrate.
This grouping, as is the case with any founded on one or two sepa-
rate characters, unites many genera otherwise widely separated, and as
widely separates some quite as intimately connected by other, per-
haps more important, characters. It seems to me, however, that these
distinctions may be, in the present state of our knowledge, considered
of family value, quite as well as those founded on the mantle, shell, or
other character. The names Testacellidce, Vitrinidce, Helicidiv, Orthali-
cidce, Succinidce, have also been used for the same divisions.
A. AGNATHA.
Jaw absent ; marginal teeth aculeate or quadrate.
Of this division or family we have within our limits only the genus Glan
dina. Many other and varying genera, heliciform and limaciform, have been
described from other fauna.
GLANDINA, Schum.
Shell oblong, fusiform, horn-colored ; whorls 6-8, the last attenuated at base.
Aperture narrow, elliptically oblong ; peristome simple ; columella twisted for-
ward at the base and truncated. Suture often crenulated or margined. Uni-
form in color, or ornamented with longitudinal, usually brownish streaks.
Animal heliciform (see Vol. III. PI. LIX.), elongated, narrowed anteriorly;
eye-peduncles long, having the eye-spots on the posterior face, behind the tips,
which are deflected ; tentacles half the length of the eye-peduncles, bulbous,
and somewhat deflected at tip ; on each side of the oral aperture is a retractile,
palpiform appendage, attenuated at tip, and more or less recurved, nearly as
long as the eye-peduncle, the bases separated by a fissure in front ; buccal
VOL. iv. 6
82 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
pouch capable of a proboscidiform protrusion, the aperture furnished with
three papillae above and three on each side. Genital orifice at some distance
behind the right eye-peduncle. Anal and respiratory orifices on the right of
the mantle, under the peristome of the shell. Mantle thin, posterior, covered
by a well-developed shell. No distinct locomotive disk. No caudal mucus
pore.
The eggs are eight millimeters long, covered with a hard calcareous shell.
The subgenera Varicella and Oleacina, s. str., are not found within our limits,
but only the
Subgenus GLANDINA, s. str.
Shell ovate, or ovate-oblong, plicately striate, generally of a silken lustre,
but never glittering, and usually decussated with delicate revolving lines ;
suture crenulated ; aperture equalling about half the shell's length, its peri-
stome simple.
Jaw absent. Lingual membrane narrow, with chevron-shaped rows of uni-
form, aculeate, separated teeth ; central tooth with a long, slender, straight base
of attachment, with incurved sides, and with inferior lateral slightly expanded
angles, and with the upper margin reflected and extended into a long, slender,
acutely pointed cusp. There are no lateral teeth, the balance of the mem-
brane being composed of marginal teeth of the pure aculeate form.
Each row of teeth on either side of the median line curves first backward,
with the teeth rapidly increasing in size as they pass outwards, and then for-
wards as the teeth gradually again become smaller; giving an irregularly
crescentic shape to the half-row of teeth. This is shown particularly in Gl.
Albersi and G. rosea, less so in Gl. truncata. The central tooth was overlooked
by Wyman, Leidy, and other of the earlier investigators. It has since been
detected in Gl. truncata,1 rosea,1 algira,3 Soioerbyana* }>licatula,b fusiformis,*
Albersi1; in semitarum,* Phillipsi9 of the subgenus Varicella; also solidula10
of subgenus Oleacina. This central tooth is rather difficult to study, being on
a different plane from the other teeth, and apparently much less developed.
1 See L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. Fig. 6.
2 Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 202, Fig. 1.
8 Fischer and Crosse, J. de C, XVI. 234, 1868 ; Moll. Mex. et Guat,, PI. IV. Fig. 10.
* Same, Moll. Mex. et Guat. 73, PI. IV. Figs. 6-9.
6 Ibid., p. 73.
« Ibid.
7 L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. Fig. 10, p. 19.
» Proc. A. N. S. Phil. 1874, 49.
8 Ibid.
io Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 347.
GLANDINA. 83
Its cusp is generally simple, long, and narrow ; but in G. rosea it has a decided
blunt cutting point, and in G. semitarum it has a long, slender cutting point ;
for that of G. truncata, see below.
The side teeth are all of the purely aculeate type ; the base of attachment
is long, narrow, incurved at sides, gradually rounded above, expanded and
bluntly truncated below, the general outline being somewhat like that of the
sole of a shoe. From this base of attachment springs a large aculeate cutting
point. These side teeth are like the marginals in Zonites, Lirnax, etc. ; they
may therefore be called marginal teeth, and the lateral teeth, usually present
in the Vitrinea, may be said to be entirely wanting.
As stated above, the marginal teeth increase rapidly in size for a short dis-
tance from the median line, and then gradually decrease in size, as they pass
off laterally, the last tooth being still smaller than the first.
In illustrating the dentition of this genus, I refer to the figure on p. 297,
Vol. II., to show the general arrangement en chevron of the rows of teeth.
Fig. A of my Plate I. is intended to show the shape of the individual teeth of
G. truncata from the central to the extreme marginal.
I have not had . an opportunity of examining the lingual membrane of G.
oullata, Texasiana, decussata, or Vanuxemensis.
The restricted subgenus is confined almost exclusively to Mexico and Cen-
tral America, but several species are found in our Southern Region, even as far
north as South Carolina. There is also one Mediterranean species.
Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. LXII. Fig. 1.
Shell elongated, ovate-fusiform, thin and fragile, considerably transparent,
pale fawn-color, in some specimens inclined to greenish, and generally flecked
with distant, pale spots ; the surface is, in a measure, coarsely granulated by
the decussation of longitudinal and revolving lines, the latter of which are
more distant from each other than the former, and become less and less dis-
tinct towards the anterior portion of the whorl; whorls 7 or 8, the apical
ones smooth and forming a mammillary tip ; suture crenulated ; aperture about
one half the length of the shell, nearly three times as long as broad ; columella
strongly arched, and scarcely glazed by enamel. Length of axis, 68 mill.;
breadth, 25 mill.
Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, V. 84, PI. XIX. Fig. 78,
Obs. I. 196 (1837). — Pfeiffer, Symbolne, III. 91. — Binney, Terr. Moll, II.
299, PI. LXII. Fig. 1. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 141 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 15. — Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 100 (1870).
Glandina Vanuxcmii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226 (1866).
Achatina Vanuxemensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., PI. XIII. Fig. 48. — Pfeiffer,
Monog. Helic. Viv., II. 294.
Oleacina Vanuxemensis, Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 36; Mon. Hel., IV. 643.
84 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
A species of the Mexican fauna, but actually found also in the Texas Region.
I have not seen any other specimen than the one figured in Vol. III.
Animal and dentition unknown.
Glandina truucata, Gmelin.
Vol. III. Pis. LIX., LX., LXI., Fig. 2 ; LXIL, Fig. 2.
Shell strong, ovate-fusiform or ellipsoidal, obtuse at tip, of a pale ashy fawn-
color, or rather alternately striped with ash-color and fawn-color, and more or
less tinted rose-color, the surface shining and delicately fluted with longitudi-
nal, raised, and rounded stria? ; whorls 6 or 7, moderately convex, the last
constituting three fourths the length of the shell, somewhat compressed at the
middle, so as to become in a measure cylindrical, narrowing forward and
rounded at base ; suture strongly marked, delicately crenulate ; aperture about
one half the length of the shell, often more, and twice as long as broad, narrow,
ovate-lunate, acute posteriorly, obtusely rounded anteriorly ; peristome nearly
rectilinear at its middle portion, and springing somewhat forwards ; columella
arched at its lower portion, and decidedly truncate at base ; throat salmon-
colored ; edge of peristome pale. Average length, 37 mill., often very much
longer, even 100 mill. ; breadth somewhat more than one third the length.
Bulla truncata, Gmelin, p. 3434.
Buccinum striatum, Chemnitz, IX. 36, Tab. CXX. Fig. 1028, 29?
Bulimus striatus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., I. 366.
Cochlicopa rosea, Ferussac, Prodrome, 356 ; Hist, des Moll., PI. CXXXV. Fig. 3,
PI. CXXXVI. Figs. 6-10.
Achatina rosea, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 10 (1830); ed. Lamarck, VIII.
313.
Achatina striata, Deshayes in Lam., ed. 3, III. 381. — Chemnitz, ed. 2, Tab.
III. Figs. 3, 4.
Achatina truncata, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub., I. 163, PI. X. Fig. 13. — Reeve,
Conch. Icon., PI. XIII. Fig. 47. — Chemnitz, 1. c. (Bui.), Tab. XXXVIII.
Figs. 21, 22 (Achatina), No. 78. — Pfeiffer (nee Glandina), Mon., III. 512.
Polyphemus glans, Montfort, Conch., II. 415, Fig. civ. (1810). — Say, Journ.
Acad. Nat. ScL, I. 282 (1818) ; Nich. Enc, ed. 3 (1819) ; ed. Binney, 13, 7. —
Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 11.
Glandina truncata, Say, Amer. Conch., II. PI. XX. (1831) ; ed. Binney, p. 34,
PI. XX. ; ed. Chenu (Bib. Conch.), III. 28, PI. VII. Figs. 2, 2 a. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv., II. 286. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843). — Mrs. Gray,
Fig. Moll. An., PI. CCCI. Fig. 5 (ex Bost. Journ.). — Binney, T. M., II.
301, Pis. LIX., LX., LXI. Fig. 2; LXIL Fig. 2.— W. G. Binney, T. M.,
IV. 141, PI. LXXX. Fig. 9 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 15, Fig. 5 (1869). — Leidy,
T. M. U. S., I. 25S, 259, Pis. XIV., XVI. (1851), anat. — Wyman, B. J. N. H.,
IV. 416, PL XXIII. (1844), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 225 (1866).
— Hogg, Tr. Roy. Microsc. Soc. n. s., XVI. PL XIII. Fig. 84 (dentition).
Olcacina truncata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 638. — lb., Brit. Mus.
ulmonata, p. 23.
GLANDINA. 85
Ptanorbis glanss DeKay, 1. c. 56.
Qlandina parallels, W. G. Binney, Phila. Proc. 1857, 189 ; T. M., IV. 140 ;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 17. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226 (1866).
Oleacina parallcla, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1859, 51.
Glandina Tcxasiana, part, W. G. Binney, T. Moll., IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 21,
not of Pfeiffer.
Atlantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to Texas, thus inhabiting all
the Southern Region. Very common on the islands and keys along the coast.
Animal : see above, p. 81, Vol. III. PL LIX.
The habits of this animal are somewhat aquatic. It is found on the sea-
islands of Georgia, and around the keys and everglades of Florida ; and in
these situations the shell often attains the length of four inches, — when found
on the oyster hummocks and less humid localities, it seldom exceeds one inch
in length. Mr. Say found it in the marshes immediately behind the sand-hills
of the coast. It is most readily found in the centre of the clumps of coarse grass
on these marshes. In young individuals the spire forms but a small proportion
of the shell, but in the old it often forms one third of the length.
The animal is in part, if not altogether, carnivorous ; and its powerful lingual
membrane, armed with long, sharp-pointed teeth, is well adapted to its food.
By its action the soft parts of its prey are rapidly rasped away, or are forced
in large morsels down the oesophagus. The animal has been seen to swallow
entire the half-putrid remains of a Helix, and to attack Litnaces confined in
the same box with it, rasping off large portions of the integument, and in some
instances destroying them. In one instance an individual attacked and de-
voured one of its own species, thrusting its long neck into the interior of the
shell, and removing all the viscera. I found many specimens of Polygyra
volvoxis in the stomach of individuals collected by me at St. Augustine, Fla.
The testicle is an oval mass, separated from the liver as in the Limaces.
The epididymis appears from a hilum in the side of the testacle ; at first but
slightly tortuous, it becomes convoluted just before ending. Its accessory
gland is large. The penis sac is long, large, and clavate, very gradually en-
larging from the base to the summit. The vas deferens, which joins the latter
point, is long, moderately tortuous, and wide. The retractor muscle is inserted
into it near its termination in the penis sac. The bladder is oval, constricted ;
its duct is as long as the oviduct. The vagina is moderately broad. The
cloaca is short. The exterior generative orifice is on the right side of the
head, considerably posterior to the tentacles. (See Vol. I. Pis. XIV., XVI.)
Jaw absent. Lingual dentition as described above. There are about 34 —
1 — 34 teeth in each row. I have shown in PI. I. Fig. A, the central and
various marginals from the first to the last tooth. The figures show the teeth
as seen from below, thus giving a perfect view of the bases of attachment.
The eighth tooth seems to be the largest, in another the sixth. The central
tooth I find great difficulty in studying. It appears to have a long, slender
86 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
base of attachment, truncated and emarginate above and below, with slightly
expanded lateral angles. The sides are somewhat incurved, giving the tooth
the appearance of a simple modification of the base of attachment of the mar-
ginals. There is a single median cusp with obsolete side cusps, and a long
pointed median cutting point. (See the enlarged figure.) There are no lat-
eral teeth. The marginal teeth are all of purely aculeate type.
The shell is a very variable one, as shown by the figures in Vols. III. and
IV. The form from Key West, figured in PI. LXI. Fig. 2, is a well-marked
variety, but surely is not a variety of G. Texasiana, as I formerly supposed it
might be. After further opportunities of judging by the study of more numer-
ous specimens, I am led to change my opinion as to the specific distinction of
the form I formerly called G. parallela. (See outline figure of PI. LXII.)
The rose-color of the living shell soon fades.
Glandina decussata, Desha yes.
Vol. III. PI. LXI. Fig. 1.
Shell oblong-conic, thin, shining, horn-color ; whorls 7 to 8, longitudinally
striate, and covered with numerous minute revolving lines ; suture slightly
crenulated ; aperture oblong, half as long as the shell ; columella curved, trun-
cated, covered with light callus. Length, 50 mill. ; diameter, 18 mill.
Achatina decussata, Deshayes in Fer. Hist. 182, PL CXXIII. Fig. 34 ; LI.
CXXIV. Figs. 33-35 (1850). (Vide Pfeiffer, Mon., IV. 644).
Glandina truncata, var., Binney, T. M., II. 302, PI. LXI. Fig. 1.
Glandina comeola, W. G. Binney, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1857, 189 ; T. M., IV. 139.
Glandina decussata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 227(1866). — W. G. Binney,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 18 (1869). —Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 112 (1870).
Olcacina comeola, Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 51.
A Mexican and Guatemalan species, also found in the Texas Region at
Devil's River and on the banks of the Nueces River. It is very rare in collec-
tions.
Animal, dentition, and genitalia unknown.
Glandina bullata, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LXII. a.
Shell elongate ovate, ventricose, widest a little behind the middle, very light
and thin, and so translucent as to show the whole of the pillar by transmitted
light, very pale horn-color, tinged with rusty brown towards the aperture, shin-
ing, and marked longitudinally with fine rounded striae ; whorls 5, tumid,
the last composing about seven eighths of the shell ; suture delicate, not
strongly impressed ; aperture two thirds the length of the shell, narrow-lunate,
somewhat dilated by the moderate arching of the pillar margin, the lower
third of which takes the direction of the axis ; pillar margin covered by a
delicate lamina of white callus. Length of axis, 37 mill. ; breadth, 20 mill.
GLANDINA. 87
Glandina bullata, Gould, Pr. Bost. S. N. H., III. 64 (184S) ; T. M., II. 298,
PL LXII. a. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 139. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
II. 226 (1866). — W. G. Binnky. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 19 (1869).
Achatina bullata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., III. 512.
Oleacina bullata, Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 24.
Near New Orleans, and in St. Laundry Parish, Louisiana ; a species of the
Southern Region.
Animal unknown.
Probably a variety of G. truncata.
Glandina Texasiana, Pfeiffer.
Shell oblong, rather solid, with crowded longitudinal striae, shining pellucid,
flesh-colored ; spire convex-conic, obtuse ; suture pale, minutely denticulated ;
whorls rather convex, the last rather longer than the spire, some- Fi 9
what attenuated at the base ; columella quite arched, forming at
its base a white, twisted, abruptly truncated lamina ; aperture
scarcely oblique, acutely oval ; peristome simple, obtuse. Length
29, diameter 1<H mill. ; length of aperture 16, breadth 5^ mill.
Achatina Texasiana, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch., VIII. p. 82, PI.
XXII. Figs. 11, 12(1857); Proc. Zocil. Soc. 1856.
Glandina Texasiana, W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 140. — Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226, excl. Fig. (1866).
Oleacina Texasiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., IV. 641.
Texas Region. I have specimens from Brownsville.
Fig. 9 is a fac-simile of one of Pfeiffer's figures.
Formerly I erroneously referred to this species the small form of Gl. truncata,
figured in Vol. III. PI. LXL Fig. 2.
Animal not examined.
Spurious Species of Glandina.
G. Marminii, Deshayes, is referred doubtfully to North America in Beck's
Index, 75.
Spurious and Extralimital Species of Agnatha.
Testacella ■ . (Hitchcock's Geol. Rep. Mass. 1835, 27.) It is impossible to
say what is referred to ; certainly not a Testacella, as that genus is not found
native to North America.
Testacella haliotoidea. A single specimen found in a greenhouse in Nova Scotia.
Probably imported on plants.
B. HOLOGNATHA VITRINEA.
Jaw in one piece. Marginal teeth aculeate.
There are numerous genera of this subfamily in other fauna, but within our
limits we find only the following : Macrocyclis, Zonites, Limax, and Vilrina
88 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Macrocyclis, Beck.
Animal heliciform ; mantle posterior, covered with a shell ; eye-peduncles
long, slender ; foot narrow, twice as long as the diameter of the shell, tail
Fi 10 pointed, scarcely reaching behind the shell; res-
piratory and anal orifices on the right of the
mantle, under the peristome of the shell ; gen-
erative orifice behind the right eye-peduncle ;
no distinct locomotive disk or caudal mucus pore.
Animal of Macrocyclis concava. CirnivorOUS.
Shell thin, widely umbilicated, depressed, striate or wrinkled, color uniform ;
whorls 4^ - 5, the last broad, depressed, moderately deflexed in front ; aperture
obliquely ovate ; peristome somewhat thickened or expanded, the margins
approximating, the basal shortly reflexed.
A few species of this genus have been found in Chili and the West Indies.
It seems, however, to reach its greatest development in our Pacific Province.
Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface striated ; cutting mar-
gin smooth, with a median projection. I have examined the jaw of M. Van-
couverensis (Fig. 11), sportella, concava, Duranti, Voyana,
and in the West Indian species, M. Baudoni,1 Petit, and *^f_^'
M. euspira, Pfr.2 /^^^^^P^^v
The general arrangement of the lingual membrane of ''^TofMaawcto
Macrocyclis is the same as I have described above for Vancouverensis.
Glandina.
There are 32 rows in one lingual examined of M. Vancouverensis. The rows
of teeth are arranged en chevron. Each row is divided by the median line into
two irregular crescents, the teeth rapidly increasing and curving in a back-
ward direction, and then gradually decreasing in size and curving forward.
(See my figures on PI. I.) In M. Vancouverensis the sixth tooth is the largest.
The teeth of Macrocyclis, as also of Glandina, are separated, not crowded, as
in the Helicea. The central tooth is seen with some difficulty by the micro-
scope. I am confident, however, that I have drawn it correctly for the various
species. In M. Vancouverensis (PI. I. Fig. B) the base of attachment is small,
triangular, the apex pointed forward, the angles bluntly rounded, somewhat
incurved at base, and bears a delicate, simple, short, slender cutting point,
reaching from about its centre to near its base. This cutting point was not
figured by Morse, and, indeed, was observed by me only on a few of the cen-
tral teeth, and then with difficulty. In M. concava (PI. I. Fig. C) the central
tooth has a larger base of attachment, the apex of the triangle is truncated
and incurved, the base is more incurved, the outer lower corners more ex-
panded and pointed, the cutting point more developed, with distinct lateral
i See Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 175 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. 305.
2 See Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, 247, PI. XXI. Fig. 3.
MACROCYCLIS. 89
expansions like very slightly developed subobsolete side cusps. In M. Voyana
(PI. I. Fig. D) the central tooth has a long, narrow, quadrangular base of
attachment, incurved above, below, and at sides, and bears near its base three
small, sharp cutting points, the median the largest ; there seem to be no dis-
tinctly developed cusps bearing these cutting points. In M. Duranti (PI. I.
Fig. E) the central tooth has a base of attachment somewhat like that of M.
Vancouverensis, but longer, and with incurving sides ; the cutting point is the
same. I have also examined the lingual membrane of M. sportella (PI. XV.
Fig. K), which may be merely a variety of Vancouverensis ; its dentition is
quite the same. The other species mentioned above are readily distinguished
one from another by the form of their central teeth.
The side teeth of Macrocyclis at first sight, especially when seen from below,
appear to be of the purely aculeate type, as the marginals in Zonites and
Limax. From this, one is inclined to consider them all as marginals, and to
declare that no true lateral teeth exist, thus making Macrocyclis to agree with
Glandina in this particular also. A more careful study shows us that the
teeth nearest the median line are modified from the aculeate type, though they
do not have the distinct form of the laterals of Zonites, with decided cusps and
cutting points. They seem rather to represent those teeth of Zonites which
show the transition from the laterals to the marginals (see PI. II. Fig. F, the
second lateral tooth of Z. Icevigatus). It may be said, therefore, that the lat-
eral teeth are entirely wanting in Macrocyclis, the first side teeth being laterals
in the transition state, the balance being pure marginals. (See, however,
M. euspira, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1875, PI. XXI. Fig. 3, which has a lingual
membrane of Glandina.) The base of attachment of these transition teeth is
like those of the marginals, i. e. sole-like, except that the lower lateral expan-
sions are more developed and angular, and in concava and Voyana the lower
edge is excurved rather than incurved. The cusps are long and slender,
lengthened into cutting points ; the teeth are asymmetrical by the greater de-
velopment of the outer subobsolete side cusps, both of these cusps being dis-
tinctly indicated by expansion. In M. Vancouverensis there is apparently a
small sharp side point on the inner side of the cusp. I am not certain of its
character, and have not ventured to figure it, excepting on the second tooth in
Fig. B of PI. I. This process is seen on the first six teeth only. The balance
of the teeth beyond the transition teeth in all the species are marginals of the
pure aculeate type. They vary in sharpness in different parts of the same
membrane, ns will be scon by comparing my Fig. b of PI. I. Fig. C with the
other marginals figured. In M. Duranti the extreme marginals are large in
comparison with those of the other species.
In studying my figures of the lateral teeth, it must be remembered that
Figs. C and D are drawn as seen from above, to show the form of the cusp.
The other figures are drawn from below, to show the base of attachment.
M. Vancouverensis, drawn by Morse, has 22 — 1 — 22 teeth, two other mem-
90 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
branes examined by me gave 24 — 1 — 24, one other 18 — 1 — 18. M. concava
has given 20—1—20, 23—1—23, and 25—1—25. Of M. Duranti 1 have
counted but one membrane having 18 — 1 — 18. A single membrane of M.
Voyana had 24 — 1 — 24 teeth. M. sportella has 22 — 1 — 22.
To sum up the characters of the dentition of Macrocyclis, it may be said to
be intermediate between Glandina and Zonites, differing from the former in
the presence of the transition teeth from true laterals to true marginals, differ-
ing, however, from the latter by the absence of true lateral teeth.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Lea.
Vol. III. PL XX.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex on the upper
surface ; epidermis light greenish-yellow ; whorls 5, nearly flat above, pro-
tuberant and rounded on the lower surface, lines of growth very minute, with
crowded, microscopic revolving striae, the outer whorl expanding a little towards
the aperture ; umbilicus wide and deep ; aperture transverse, somewhat rounded,
flattened above by a depression of the peristome near its junction with the
body-whorl, its edge tinged with rufous ; peristome thin, acute, slightly reflected
at the base of the shell, simple above, the two extremities approaching each
other, and connected by a thin callus, which covers the columella. Greater
diameter 31, lesser 26 mill.; height, 14 mill.
Helix concava, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 372, PL XIV. (1840), not
of Say.
Helix Vancouverensis, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., VI. 87, PL XXIII. Fig. 72; Obs.,
II. 87 (1839). — Troschel, Arch, fur Nat. 1839, II. 21. — DeKay, N. Y.
Moll., 45 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Symbolse, II. 41 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 200; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 146, PL XCIV. Figs. 21 -23. —Binney, Terr. Moll.,
II. 166, PL XX. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 19. — Gould, U. S. Expl.
Ex., 36, Fig. 37 (1852). —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 669 (1852).
Helix vellicata, Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Mar. 1850, 75, PL IX. Fig. 1. —
Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 454, PL CLIV. Figs. 42- 44. —Reeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 673 (1852). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 155.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 245 (1866). ■ — W. G.
Binney, L & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 54 (1869).
A species of the Pacific Province ranging from lat. 60°, in Alaska, to lat.
37° ; above lat. 49° it passes the Cascade Mountains, and ranges southeasterly
into Idaho and Montana.1 In these latter localities the species is reduced in
size. It reaches its greatest development in the region of Astoria.
Animal short posteriorly, sub-cylindrical, very light-colored, giving a straw-
colored reflection, sides pearly, marked with longitudinal lines of coarse, elon-
gated, squamose granules, about eight or ten on each side.
1 A most interesting paper on the distribution of the West Coast species, by Dr.
J. G. Cooper, will be found in Vol. IV. of Amer. Journ. of Conch.
MACROCYCLIS. 91
The species is very nearly allied to M. concava. The differences observable
are the following : The size of this shell greatly exceeds the latter in all its
proportions, its transverse diameter being nearly twice as great. This differ-
ence is not caused by an increased number of whorls, for the number in both
is precisely the same ; but this shell seems to be projected originally upon a
larger scale, the nucleus being as much larger as mature specimens. The
color is much more yellow. The umbilicus is not so widely expanded, and
does not admit of counting all the whorls ; and the whorls seem to be more
voluminous. The striae of growth are usually coarser, and the microscopic
revolving stria; are stronger and much more constantly present.
It also strongly resembles M. sportella, but in that species the revolving lines
usually cut merely the summits of the radiating stria;, without being con-
tinuous over the whole surface.
Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed ; anterior surface ridged ; concave
margin smooth, with a median projection. (See p. 88, Fig. 11.)
Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. B) : see p. 89.
The genitalia are figured on PL XII. Fig. L. The epididymis is extremely
long and very large, forming the peculiar feature of the system. The genital
bladder is oval, with a long duct, which is very much broader at the end
nearer the vagina. The penis sac is long, gradually tapering at its apex,
where it receives the vas deferens. Upon the side of the vagina, about the
middle of its length, is a wart-like protuberance, which may be a dart sac or a
vaginal prostate (<i s).
A comparison of Dr. Leidy's figure of the genitalia of M. concava in Vol.
I., shows considerable difference between the two species, especially in the
epididymis.
Macrocyclis sportella, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. XXII. a, Fig. 1.
Shell much depressed, convex above, concave beneath, sloping into a broad,
tunnel-shaped umbilicus ; surface delicate and shining, of a pale, yellowish-
green color, regularly sculptured with sharp, coarse striae of growth, which are
crossed by fine, crowded, revolving lines, which usually cut merely the sum-
mits of the radiating ridges, so that, to the naked eye, the surface appears but
minutely granulated, but under a magnifier the raised spaces are seen to be
well-defined squares ; whorls 5, separated by a deep suture, the outer one
proportionally large : aperture nearly circular, a little angular at base, modified
by the. preceding whorl; peristome acute, simple. Greater diameter, 12 mill. ;
height, 6 mill.
Helix sportella, Gould, Proc. Best. So<\ Nat. Hist., II. 167(1846); Moll. Ex.
Ex., 37, Fig. 42 (1852) ; T. M., II. 21], PI. XXII. a, Fig. 1. - W. G. P.inm.y,
Terr. Moll., IV. 19. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 111. V. 246 (1868).
r.i.AND, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 366; VIII. 165.
92 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Macrocyclis sportella, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 245 (1866). — W. G. Bin-
ney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 57 (1869).
From San Diego to Puget Sound ; confined to the Pacific Province.
See remarks under M. Vancouverensis.
In extreme forms of this species the revolving lines mark the whole surface,
even in the umbilicus and in the interstices between the incremental striae.
Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the latter resembling that
of M. Vancouverensis. Teeth 22—1—22. PI. XV. Fig. K.
Macrocyclis concava, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXL
Shell depressed, very slightly convex on the upper surface ; epidermis whit-
ish horn-color, sometimes with a tinge of green ; whorls 5, above flattened,
below rounded, finely striate obliquely, and sometimes with microscopic revolv-
ing lines ; the outer whorl spreading a little towards the aperture ; suture rather
deeply impressed ; umbilicus wide, deep, exhibiting all the volutions to the
apex ; aperture rounded, somewhat flattened above, its edge frequently tinged
with reddish-brown ; peristome sub-reflected at its cclumellar extremity,
simple above, and in some specimens considerably depressed near its junction
with the outer whorl ; columella with a thin callus, the edge of which connects
the upper and lower extremities of the peristome. Greater diameter 21, lesser
16 mill. ; height, 7 mill.
Helix concava, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 159 (1821); Binney's ed., 20. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 372 (1840), excl. pi. ; Terr. Moll., II. 163, PL
XXI. — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842), excl. syn. Vancouverensis. — ■
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 33, PL II. Fig. 15 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
IV. 159. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 63. — Leiuy, T. M. U. S., I.
258, PI. XII. Figs. 9-11 (1851), anat. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 412, Figs. 26,
27 (1867).
Helix, planorboides, Ferussac, Hist. Nat. des Moll., Tab. LXXXII. Fig. 4. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 200; Symboke, II. 37. —Chemnitz, ed. 2, II.
164, PI. XCV. Figs. 17-19 ; PI. CLIV. Fig. 45 (1851). — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
674 (1852). — Deshayes in Fer. I. 87.
Helix dissident, Deshayes in Fer. Hist., I. 97, PI. LXXXIV, Figs. 1, 2.
Ma.crocyclis concava, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 12, PL V. Fig. (1864). —
Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 245 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 56 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2. p. 406 (1870).
A Post-pleiocene species still existing in full vigor in the Eastern Province.
Ranges from Canada to Georgia, from Michigan to Missouri. The finest
specimens occur in the southern part of the Appalachian chain.
Animal : upper surface grayish, tentacles and eye-peduncles bluish, base
dirty-white, collar reddish-orange, posterior extremity slightly tinged with the
MACROCYCLIS. 93
same. Eye-peduncles slender, foot narrow, twice as long as the diameter of
the shell. (See p. 88, Fig. 10.)
This shell, though frequently seen, does not seem to be so numerous in our
forests as some other species. It is peculiar for the elegant, rounded shape of
the whorls, as seen on their lower surface. It rarely varies from the common
type, and cannot be mistaken for any other Eastern species. The animal is
voracious in its appetite, almost always preying upon other species with which
it may be kept, and so certainly destroying them that I have been obliged
to keep them by themselves. This it effects by inserting its narrow body,
which it has the power of elongating and protruding very far from its own
shell, into the shells of its victims, and then feeding upon them at its leisure.
It burrows in the soil under decaying logs.
See remarks under M. Vancouverensis.
Jaw crescentic, ends bluntly rounded ; anterior surface striated ; concave
margin smooth, with a median projection. (See Vol. I. PI. XII. Fig. XI.)
Lingual dentition (PI. I. Fig. C) : see above, p. 89, 90.
Genitalia figured by Leidy in Vol. I. PI. XII. Figs. 9-11. The general
arrangement is the same as in M. Vancouverensis, but the epididymis is less
developed.
Macrocyclis Voyana, Newcomb.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, planorboid,thin, translucent, with delicate
oblique striae of growth, and fine revolving lines, more developed below, very
light horn-color ; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls 5, flattened, Fig. 12.
rapidly increasing, the last broad, flattened below, falling in
front ; umbilicus very large ; aperture very oblique, removed
from the axis, irregular truncatedly ovate ; peristome thickened,
subreflected, flexuose, strongly depressed above and sinuate,
ends approaching, connected with a stout, elevated, brownish,
ridge-like callus. Greater diameter 21, lesser 18 mill. ; height,
4 mill.
Helix {Macrocyclis) Voyana, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., I.
Part III. 235, PI. XXV. Fig. 4 (July, 1865).
Helix Voyana, Pfeiffer, Mon., V. 247 (1868).
Macrocyclis Voyana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 246 (1866). — W. G. Bin-
key, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 58, Fig. 98 (1869).
Canyon Creek, Trinity Co., California, and San Diego are the uuly localities
from which it has thus far been received. It may be said, therefore, to inhabit
the whole of the California Region.
The specimen figured was received from Dr. Newcomb.
Jaw as in Vancouverensis.
Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. D) : see ante, pp. 89, 90.
Genitalia not observed, but the species is viviparous.
94
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Macrocyclis Duranti, Newcomb.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, of a dead white or greenish
color, thin, with very coarse, rough stria? ; whorls 4, flattened, the last dis-
Fig 13 coidal, not descending at the aperture, below broadly excavated
and channelled; suture delicate; aperture removed from the
axis, transversely rounded ; peristome simple, acute, its termi-
nations approaching, joined by callus, that of the columella not
reflected. Greater diameter, 4 mill.; height, 1-J- mill.
Helix Duranti, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 118
(1864). — Pfeiffek, Mom, V. 171 (1863).
Patula Duranti, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263, PL IV.
Fig. 53 (1866).
Hyalina Duranti, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 37, Fig. 49 (1869).
A Californian Region species, extending also into the Lower California
region as far south as the mouth of the San 'Pomas River. I have received it
from Santa Barbara Island, Catalina Island (Hemphill), and from near San
Francisco.
Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. E) : see pp. 89, 90.
Spurious Species.
Macrocyclis Elliotti, Tryon (Am. Journ. Conch., II. 246) is a true species of Zonitcs,
characterized by caudal mucus pore, parallel longitudinal furrows above the margin
of the foot, and the presence of perfect lateral teeth.
Zonites, Montf.
Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral, protected by an external shell.
Respiratory and anal orifice on the right of the mantle under the peristome
of the shell. Orifice of generation under the mantle. A distinct locomotive
disk to foot. Two parallel well-marked longitudinal furrows above the margin
of the foot, meeting at the extremity above a longitudinal caudal mucus pore.
Shell broadly umbilicated, orbiculate, convex or discoidal, striated or
decussated, beneath smooth and shining; whorls 6 or 7, gradually increasing
in size; aperture oblique and lunate; peristome straight, acute, and slightly
thickened internally.
Formerly I separated the American species into two genera, Zonitcs and
Hyalina, respectively characterized by the presence or absence of a distinct
locomotive disk to the foot, and well-marked furrows running Fig 14
above and parallel to the edge of the foot, meeting above the
extremity of the tail over a distinct caudal mucus pore (Fig. 14). J
I now place them all in Zonitcs, as all I have examined (Z. fuli-
, . , . , . ,.,.,.* Tail of Zonites
ginosus, capnodes, inornalus, Iczvigatus, acnussus, scuiptilis, ligcrus, surpressus,
intcrlcxlus, gularis, supprcssus, cerinoidcus, cellarius, placentida,
ZONITES.
95
lasmodon, mullidentata, viridulus, indentatus, fulvus, nitidus, limatulus) are so
characterized, and I believe all will prove to be so.
The nature of the pore is described under Z. fuliginosus.
The external orifice of the generative organs in the species I have examined
is quite under the mantle, not on the right side of the head, as inadvertently
stated on p. 29 of " Land and Fresh- Water Shells," I.
The distribution of the genus is world-wide.
Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17.
Jaw of Z. arboreus (Morse). Jaw of Z. fuliginosus. Jaw of Z. indentatus (Morse).
The jaw of Zonites is arcuate, ends acuminated, often recurved, sometimes
blunt ; anterior surface without ribs ; cutting margin with a beak-like pro-
jection.
I have examined the jaws of almost all of our species. There is con-
siderable variation in their form, but the general characters are constant.
Sometimes there is a vertical median carina, as in Z. minusculus. Some species
have vertical stria;, especially on the middle of the jaw (Fig. 15). Some have
strong transverse lines of reinforcement (Fig. 16). In several species, such
as Z. viridulus and Z. Binneyanus, Morse has detected projecting points on the
cutting edge of the side of the median beak, but I did not find them in a
specimen of the last species examined by me. The jaw of this last species
is very high. That of Z. exiguus is very low. The median vertical grooves
in some species are mentioned below {Z. ferreus).
In the preceding genus Glandina we found only the aculeate form of teeth
or pure marginals ; in Macrocyclis we found, in addition to these marginals, a
few teeth showing a modification of this type, being the transition teeth from
marginals into laterals. In the present genus, Zonites, we find for the first
time the lateral teeth in their full development. Tims we have usually the
Fig. 18.
General View of Dentition of '/.unites arboreus.
three forms of teeth — centrals, laterals, and marginals — all present, and appar-
ently a generic characteristic. It will be noticed, however, that in Icevigatus1
1 Sec also Z. cellaring.
96 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
(PI. II. Fig. F) there is no perfect lateral, the first tooth showing a deckled
modification or transition into the marginals. Thus we cannot say that in all
species of Zonites there are pure lateral teeth. It will be seen below that in
some species the number of laterals is reduced to two.
I give in Fig. 18 a general view of the arrangement of the teeth in Zonites}
The centrals have a base of attachment longer than wide, subquadrate, with
lateral expansions at the corners of the lower margin. The reflected portion
varies in size in the various species, from highly developed in viridulus and
others, to slightly developed in lasmodon and others ; in the latter case re-
sembling the short reflection of Vitrina. The reflection always bears a more
or less developed central cusp, generally reaching to or beyond the lower mar-
gin of the base of attachment, and always bearing a distinct cutting point,
which last, like the cusp, is usually slender,. and projects over the tooth of the
adjoining transverse line. The side cusps of the reflected portion of the tooth
are usually subobsolete, but they are distinctly developed in Z. lasmodon, sup-
pressus, Gundlachi, placentula. gularis, arboreus, cellarius, lozvigatus, signijicans,
ferreus, virididus, nitidus, fidvus, milium. On the side cusps are distinctly de-
veloped cutting points in all the species I have examined, excepting Icevigahis
and cellarius, in which I find no trace of cutting points. These points when
present vary in development in the various species, generally disposed to be
triangular and somewhat aculeate in form, thus bearing a resemblance to the
cutting point of the marginal teeth. The greatest development of these cut-
ting points is seen in Z. capnodes (PI. II. Fig. K). The general outline of
the central tooth is graceful and slender as compared with the other genera,
except Limax and Vitrina. In most of my figures of the teeth of this as well
as the other genera, I have given only the size of the cutting point at its lowest
plane, i. e. nearest to the base of attachment. It will be understood that from
hence the cutting point bulges outward as it rises upwards, and again becomes
smaller as it arches above. At its widest development its outline is promi-
nent under the microscope, as in the shaded portion of the cutting point in
PI. II. Fig. H, the dotted line showing at the same time the outline at its
lowest plane.
The lateral teeth in Zonites are of the same type as the central, but are ren-
dered asymmetrical (as usual in the land shells) by the suppression of the
inner, lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachment and the inner side
cusp and cutting point. It is only in Z. Gundlachi (PI. II. Fig. D) that I
have observed the inner side cutting point, and in this species, even, the lateral
teeth are still sufficiently asymmetrical to be readily distinguished from the
centrals; in Z. Binneyanus there is also a kind of inner cutting point. As
mentioned above, the number of these lateral teeth varies in the respective
species, and is so nearly constant as to be, I believe, a good specific character.
1 The characters of the separate teeth of this species are better shown in PI. III.
Fig. P.
ZONITES. 97
I find, however, some difficulty in deciding in all cases where the true laterals
end and the transition teeth commence, so gradual is the change in some
species. Of two Unguals of Z. intertexlus examined, I found one to have 12,
the other 14, perfect laterals. The number of lateral teeth in the different
species is given below.
The teeth forming the gradual change from laterals to marginals are best
illustrated in the case of Z. leevigatus (PI. II. Fig. F), the first four side teeth
being transition teeth. As already stated above, this species wants entirely
the perfect laterals. In Z. cellarius (PI. II. Fig. G) the two transition teeth
have an inner lateral spur near the top of the cusp. The only lateral of this
species has also peculiarities in its form easily seen in the figure, but difficult
of description. Z. inornatus (PI. II. Fig. II) has peculiar transition teeth.
The marginal teeth of Zonites are quite like those of Glandina and Macro-
cyclis (see above). The curve of the transverse rows, the rapid increase and
gradual decrease in size as they pass off laterally, is shown in PI. II. Figs.
F, G, H, and in the woodcut on p. 95. The number of marginal teeth in each
species examined is given below; it must be borne in mind, however, that the
number is not constant in any given species, though the range of variation in
number seems limited in the respective species. Thus, though I have found a
slight difference in the count of teeth in several individuals of Z. inornatus, I
have every reason to believe I shall never find it to have as many teeth as in
Z. fuliginosus. It appears, therefore, that the count of teeth has a decided
specific value, at least in most cases.
The rapid increase and subsequent gradual decrease in size of the teeth as
they pass off laterally, though it appears usually a generic character, is some-
what modified in some species. Thus in one lingual membrane of Z. intertextus
examined, I find a much more gradual increase and decrease from the first to
the last marginal tooth.
The marginal teeth in Zonites, and, indeed, all the Vitrinea, are more sepa-
rated than in the Helicea, and the separate rows are more widely removed the
one from the other, especially near the outer margin of the membrane.
Though the simple aculeate form of marginals seems a generic character in
Zonites, we find the marginals bifid in Z.fulvus (PI. II. Fig. E), and bifid or
even trifid in Z. Gundluchi (PI. II. Fig. D), also for the first four marginals
in milium. This character reminds us of Vitrina (see below) ; Vitrinoconus
(Semper, Phil. Archip., 91); Vitrinoidea (Ibid., p. 85); Vitrinopsis (Ibid.,
p. 86), and the numerous genera of disintegrated Nomina : also some species
of Limax. The first marginals of Z. exiguus have a side spur.
Taking the general characters of dentition into consideration, Zonites is near-
est allied to Limax among our genera, but in the latter the marginals are gen-
erally more slender or spine-like, and have a less sole-like base of attachment.
The genus Zonites being very numerous in species, it will be convenient to
group the species in several subgenera, founded on the form of the shell.
VOL. IV. 7
98
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Subgenus MESOMPHIX, Raf.
Shell umbilicated or perforated, globosely depressed, tliin, striated, reddish
horn-color, lighter below, shining; whorls 4^-6; aperture lunar-ovate; peri-
stome simple, straight, acute, extremities approaching, that of the columella
subreflexed.
Animal (of Z. fuliginosus) nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell,
blackish, or bluish-black, darkest on the head, neck, and eye-peduncles. Eye-
peduncles short in proportion to the length of the animal, and set widely apart.
Respiratory foramen in the angle formed by the junction of the peristome with
the body-whorl. Base of foot whitish, the locomotive band defined by two
very fine lines, or furrows. A double marginal furrow runs along the side of
the foot, from the head nearly to the posterior extremity, where it passes up-
ward, ami joins that from the opposite side, leaving posteriorly a flattened,
rounded extremity, somewhat prominent and glandular. Upon the centre of
the extremity is a longitudinal fissure, or sinus, which is sometimes expanded,
and at other times closed and invisible. Secretion of mucus from the extrem-
ity profuse.
Zonites capnodes, W. G. Binx.
Shell depressed, horn-colored or smoky, globose, wrinkled, below smooth;
spire short, depressed ; suture moderate ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the
last very ventricose and large, sometimes marked
with coarse revolving lines ; aperture large, round ;
peristome simple, acute, ends approached, joined
by a slight deposition of brownish callus over the
parietal wall, reflected at the small and deep um-
bilicus. Greater diameter 35, lesser 28 mill.;
height, 13 mill.
Helix kopnodes, W. G. BiNNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat.
8ci. Philad. 1857, 186 ; Terr. Moll., IV. 104,
PI. LXXX. Fig. 14. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 34(3.
Hyalina kopnodes, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 248 (1SG6).
Zonites kopnodes, W. G. Binxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 284 (1869) excl. Fig. 508
(= Icevigatus).
It may be said to belong to the Cumberland Subregion, though it lias spread
into the adjoining subregion. I have actually received it from Uniontown,
Perry Co., Ala., where it occurs also apparently subfossil, from Dallas Co., Ala.,
Stephenson, Ala., and Sewannee, Franklin Co., Tcnn. From Marengo Co.,
Tenn., also subfossil.
Animal dirty white, the granules sometimes marked by a darker color, run-
ning into a light fawn-color on the top of the back near the head ; eye-peduncles
and tentacles darker; upper part of tail is also a slight slate-color, darker be-
Fig. 19.
ZONITES. 09
low the furrows. The breadth of the animal is very much greater than in most
of our species, the head broader, blunter, the eye-peduncles shorter, heavier,
and very much more widely set apart. A narrow Fig. 20.
locomotive disk below. Along the side of the foot,
parallel to the base, are two furrows, rather darker
in color, running upwards towards the tail, and meet-
ing on its upper surface, above a mucus pore. The
extremity of the tail broad and ilattened, spade-like,
usually curved at its point when the animal is in mo-
tion. The animal is more sluggish and less sensitive
to the touch than the other species. Its labial ten- Zonites cajmodes.
tacles are highly developed, being nearly as long as the lower feelers. Meas-
urements of an individual in motion: Extreme length of foot 59 mill.; before
shell 16 mill.; behind shell 14 mill.; of shell on back 32 mill. ; of tentacles
10 mill. ; breadth of head 11 mill.
I was at first inclined to consider it an unnaturally developed form of fuligi-
nosus, but have since been convinced of its being distinct by large suites of spe-
cimens of various stages of growth. The shell is larger, heavier, less globose ;
the umbilicus is narrower ; the aperture larger, and less- rounded ; the spire .
less elevated. The coarse, interrupted revolving lines are present in four out
of six specimens before me. The species is very variable, and in its globose
form difficult to distinguish from Z. friabilis. It is, however, always much
heavier. The globose form is figured (Fig. 20).
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane broad, with numerous rows of about 66 — 1—66 teeth.
Another membrane has 70 rows of 46 — 1 — 46. Centrals long, with a long,
slender, median cusp, reaching the base of attachment and bearing a long,
slender point projecting beyond it. Side cusps subobsolete, but represented by
the cutting points, which are greatly developed, triangular, stretching beyond
the sides of the base of attachment. Lateral teeth of same type as centrals,
but bicuspid ; there are about 9 perfect laterals. Marginals aculeate, as
usual in the genus (PI. II. Fig. K).
I have not been able to observe the complete genital system of the species.1
The penis has the same arrangement as in Z. lazcigatus. The external orifice
is quite under the edge of the mantle.
i In the Land Mollusken of the Archip. der Philippinen (p. 78. PI. III. Fig. 27 ;
PI. V. Fig. 21), Semper describes and figures a genital system, jaw, and lingual den-
tition, which lie refers to '/.. lucubratus, Say. The specimen examined by him was from
Tennessee. It is difficult to decide from what species Semper drew his description. It
certainly was not the true lucubratus, which is a Mexican species. A comparison of my
descriptions and figures of loevigatus, inornatus, fuliginosus, and friabilis shows that
neither of those species could have been before Semper. His description of the lingual
membrane would better apply to capnodes. I have not been able to examine the whole
of the genital system to see how nearly that also agrees witli his figures.
100 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The species is readily distinguished from Z.friabilis, Icevigaius, and fuligino-
sus by the number of the lateral teeth on its lingual membrane.
Zonites fuliginosus, Griff.
Vol. III. PL XXXI.
Shell thin, depressed on the upper surface, epidermis dark, approaching to
chestnut-color, sometimes almost black, shining, and wrinkled ; whorls 4^,
rapidly increasing, with irregular, oblique wrinkles, the last whorl very
voluminous, and expanding transversely towards the aperture ; suture very
little impressed; aperture very oblique, ample, lunate-ovate, within pearly or
iridescent; peristome simple, thin, brittle, with a light, testaceous deposit with-
in, the two terminations approaching each other very nearly, that of the colu-
mella somewhat reflected ; umbilicus deep, not much expanded. Greater diam-
eter 26, lesser 22 mill.; height, 13 mill.
Helix fuliginosa, Griffith, in letters ; Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 222, PL XXXI.
(1851); Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, III. 417, PL XXIV. exel. syn. (1840).—
Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. PL IX. Fig. 4 (anat). — Apams, Shells of Vermont,
161, excl. syn. (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 37, PL III. Fig. 22 (1843).—
Tfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 88 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 104, PL LXXXIV.
Figs. 1-3. —Reeve, Con. Icon. 675(1852). — W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., IV.
105. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 315, Figs. 23, 24 (1867).
Helix capillacea, Pfeiffer, Symbohe, II. 24, not Fer., teste Pfr.
Omphalina cuprea, Rafinesque, Enum. & Ace. 3 ; ed. Binney and Teyon, p. 67.
Hyalina fuliginosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 248 (1866).
Zonites fuliginosus, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 286 (1869). —Fischer
and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 164 (1870).
A Post-pleiocene species. It now reaches its greatest development in the
Cumberland Subregion, but it may extend over all the Interior Region. The
extreme points from which I have actually received it are Canada, north shore
of Lake Superior, and Volusia County, Florida. It is quoted doubtfully from
Mexico on what seems to me most unsatisfactory authority. I have never
received it west of the Mississippi River, to the south of Iowa. In all that
southwestern region it seems to be replaced by Z. friabilis, a species which,
on the other hand, does not extend, as does fuliginosus, northeasterly beyond
the Appalachian chain.
Animal (see p. 98).
Jaw very arcuate, of almost uniform breadth, ends blunt ; anterior surface
with transverse striae; concave margin simple, with a well-developed, blunt,
median projection (Fig. 16, p. 95).
Lingual membrane very broad, composed of 87 rows of 129 (64 — 1 — 64)
long slender teeth each ; centrals tricuspid, laterals 4, bicuspid, in a straight
transverse row ; marginals aculeate, in a somewhat crescentic row. Another
membrane had 57 — 1 — 57 teeth (PL II. Fig. 1).
ZONITES. 101
Genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, figured in Vol. I. PI. IX. Fig. 4.
There is a peculiar glandular structure around the vagina. The penis sac is
long and narrow, tapering ahove into the vas deferens : the retractor muscle is
inserted at about its middle. The genital bladder is large, oval, on a long duct.
The peculiar accessories to the penis sac of cajmodes, la'vigatus, inoraatus, and
friabilis are wanting.
I have in my cabinet a large reversed specimen.
Zonites friabilis, W. G. Binn.
Shell very globose, transparent, brittle, thin, sometimes thick, shining, red-
dish; spire very short, conic; whorls 5, convex, lightly wrinkled, rapidly
increasing, the last very lanre and ventricose; suture mod- „. „„
. . . . r»g- 21.
erate ; aperture circular, equally high and broad, within
bluish and slightly thickened by a very thin white callus ;
peristome simple, sharp, thin, at its junction with the
body-whorl violet-colored and reflected, so as to cover a
portion of the small and deep umbilicus ; the parietal wall
of the aperture is covered with a light violet-colored callus. Zonites Jriabilis'.
Greatest diameter 26, lesser 20 mill. ; height, 13 mill.
Helix friabilis, W. G. BlNNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 187; Terr.
Moll., IV. 106, PL LXXX. Fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 346.—
Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 126.
Helix lucubrata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 68 ; Mai. Blatt. 1858, 32, not
of Say, VI. 132.
Hyalina friabilis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 247 (1866).
Zonites friabilis, W. G. BlNNEY, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 287, Fig. 514 (1869).
The species belongs to the Interior Region, but reaches its greatest develop-
ment in the vicinity of Wabash County, Illinois. I have also received it from
Indiana, from the northern and northeastern counties of Kentucky, from Frank-
lin County, Tennessee; in the southwesterly direction, however, its range is
greatest, as I have traced it to the Hot Springs of Arkansas, and to Washing-
ton County, Texas.
Animal bluish slate-color. The caudal pore, locomotive disk, and longitudi-
nal furrows above the edge of the foot are all present.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane similar in type to that above described of Z. capnodes.
Teeth about 57—1—57, with 6 perfect laterals (PL II. Fig. J).
The genital system is ngu. .:d on PL XL Fig. D. The ovary is stout, light-
brown, and blunt. The oviduct is short. The vagina is long ami narrow, with
a yellow prepuce-like expansion (pp) at the entrance of the duct of the geni-
tal bladder, which is near the base. The genital bladder is large, oval, on a
duct of about eii'tai length and size as the vagina. The penis sac is long and
102 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
slender, and peculiarly characterized by a lateral bulbous expansion near its
base, bearing the retractor muscle. Beyond this bulb the sac is narrow, but
gradually expands, and towards its end again very gradually tapers towards
the apex, where the vas deferens enters. Its orifice is side by side with that
of the vagina. The external orifice of the system is under the mantle.
I found no dart in the bulb-like organ attached to the penis sac. It proba-
bly is a form of prostate.
The Texas specimens have a much thicker shell than those from Illinois.
Zonites caducus, Pfr.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, fragile, shortly striate, white with a reddish
horn-colored epidermis; spire slightly elevated, apex delicate; whorls 5^,
Fig. 22. rather convex, the last much broader, rather flattened
below, excavated around the tunnel-like minutely closed
umbilicus; aperture large, obliquely oval: peristome
simple, thin, with ends approaching, joined with a
very light callus, the columellar one scarcely broadened.
Greater diameter 27, lesser 22 mill. ; height, 14 mill.
Helix caelum, Pfeifficr, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 89, etc. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 530. —
W. <;. Binxey, Terr. Moll., IV. 105.
Hyalina caduca, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 248 (1866).
Elites caducus, W. G. 1!inm:v, L. -<c Fr.-W. Sh., I. 287, Fig. 513 (1869).— Fis-
cher and CliOSSE, .Moll. Mex., 103, PL VII. 3 a, 3 d (187(1).
Admitted in the catalogue on the authority of Pfeiffer (Roemer's Texas,
455), who quotes it from Xew Washington. It is a Mexican shell : a specimen
from that locality is figured (Fig. 22).
The dentition of Z. caducus is known only by the description and figure of
Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Gnat., 149, PI. VIII. Figs. 13-16). There
are 75 — 1 — 75 teeth, with 5 laterals.
Zonites laevigatus, Pfeiffer.
Vol. III. PI. XXXII.
Shell somewhat convex, oftener depressed; epidermis greenish horn-color,
shining, thin; whorls 5, rather flattened, rapidly enlarging, with beautiful
and regular oblique striae and revolving microscopic lines; the last whorl ex-
panding towards the aperture, not descending ; aperture transverse, broadly
lunar, ample, with a testaceous deposit within; peristome (bin, acute, straight,
extremities approaching, its lower extremity inserted into the centre of the
base, and somewhat reflected; base, smooth, perforate. Greater diameter 18,
lesser 15 mill.; height, 9 mill.'
Helix laevigata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hd. Viv., I. 64; III. 67 (excl. syn.); in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. lot:, PI. 1. XXXIV. Fig. 17-19 (excl. syn.). —Reeve,
ZONITES. 103
Con. Icon., Xo. 672 (1852) ? — Desh ayes in Fer., I. 94, PI. LXXXII. Fig. 6.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 106. —Bland. Ann. X. Y. Lye, VII.
119 (excl. syn. inornata).
Helix lucubrata, Binney, nee Say, Terr. Moll., II. 225, PL XXXII.
Helix fuliginosa, Binney, in Bost. Journ. (pars, excl. deser., syn., et fig.), 1840.
Helix inornata, Reeve, 1. c. 666, not Say.
Hyalina laevigata, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 247 (1866).
Zonites loevigatus, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 287, Fig. 515 (1869).
Zonitcs capnodes, part, W. G. Binney, 1. c. Fig. 508.
Animal : head and eye-peduncles dark blue ; body and foot pearly white ;
margin of foot furrowed, furrows meeting OYer posterior termination. Caudal
extremity bluish above, with a gland. A distinct locomotive disk.
Fi 2,3. I have received specimens from Pennsylvania to Arkansas,
from Illinois to St. Augustine, Florida, and Mobile. The spe-
cies may therefore be said to inhabit the Interior and South-
ern Region. It attains its greatest development in the Cum-
Z, Irrvigatus, var. ,,.„,.
berland bubregion.
A more globose variety is figured. Fig. 24.
A variety from Columbus, Georgia, and Franklin
County, Tennessee, is more depressed. I formerly erro-
neously referred this form to Z. capnodes.
I have given the synonymy of this species in full
, . , _ Z. loevigatus, var.
to show under how many names it has appeared. It
seems to have been sent to Ferussac by Rafinesque under the name it bears,
though no description of it by the latter author is extant. Ferussac mentions
it by name only in his " Tableaux " (1821), with no reference, however, to the
figure which afterwards appeared (1832) in the " Histoire." In 1840 Binney
evidently refers to it in the "Boston Journal" as a striated variety of. fuligi-
nosus, and quotes Ferussac's figure. He also suggests its identity with lucubralus.
In 1848 the first description of the shell was published by Pfeiffer, whom I have
given as the authority for the specific name. In continuing Ferussac's great
work, Deshayes also describes the shell, as does also Pfeiffer in the second
edition of Chemnitz. It was therefore well established and universally known
by the name of Icevigatus when the " Terrestrial Mollusks " appeared. The name
proposed by Dr. Binney would not, therefore, have precedence over PfeitFer's,
even had it been an entirely new name. Dr. Binney, however, commits the
error of applying to this species Say's name of lucubrata, though there is no
evidence of Say's ever having seen the species. On the other hand, in Mr.
Poulson's collection are specimens of Icevigatus labelled by Say " Helix ■,
Claiborne, Ala." The label written during the last few years of Say's life
shows conclusively his ignorance of the species.
Pfeiffer, Deshayes, Chemnitz, and Reeve have confounded Z. inornatus with
this species, even quoting in some instances Dr. Binney 's figure of inornatus in
104 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the " Boston Journal," which represents an entirely smooth shell. PfeifFer also
quotes H. rufa, DeKay, as a synonyme of ktvigata. It seems rather to be the
young of some other species.
Reeve figured Icevigatus under the name of inornala, describing it as striate
in the text.
Much confusion regarding the species of this group has existed also among
American collectors, who have d< pended for the names of their shells on their
friends rather than on the study of descriptions.
The species under consideration is at once distinguished from all the others
of the group by the fact of its being the only one furnished with striae on the
upper surface.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Zonites Icevigatus (PL II. Fig. F) is peculiar in having no cutting points to
the side cusps of the central teeth on its lingual membrane, and no perfect
lateral teeth (seep. 97). I found in one specimen 28 rows of 19 — 1 — 19 teeth.
Another specimen had 17 — 1 — 17 teeth. One half of one transverse row with
the central tooth is figured on PI. II. Fig. F. This peculiar dentition distin-
guishes the species from all its allies.
The ovary is short, and vagina long. The genital bladder with its duct
forms a short cylindrical sac-like organ, opening near the base of the vagina
and tapering at the apex. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, larger at its
apex, where it receives the vas deferens. At its base the penis sac has its
opening into the vagina with a short stout organ (d, s) with rounded apex
where a retractor muscle (r) seems to be attached. This organ may be a dart
sac or some form of prostate gland (PI. XL Fig. E).
Zonites demissus, Binney.
Vol. III. PL XLII. Fig. 1.
Shell perforated, depressed-convex ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, shining ;
whorls 6, with minute lines of growth; spire obtuse; suture impressed; body-
whorl expanding very little towards the aperture ; aperture transverse, not
large, slightly oblique ; a white, testaceous deposit within ; peristome thin,
acute; base rather flat, smooth; perforation very small; umbilical region a
little impressed. Greater diameter Hi, lesser 10| mill-; height, 6 mill.
Helix demissa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 361, PL XVI. Fig. 16
(1843); Terr. Moll., II. 232, PI. XLII. Fig. 1 (1851). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., I. 58 ; IV. 48. —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1491. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 116.
Mesowphix demiisa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 255 (1866).
Hyalina demissa, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 45 (1869).
Zonites acerra, Lewis, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phila, 1875, 335.
The centre of distribution of this species seems to be the Cumberland Sub-
region, where it has attained its finest growth. From here it ranges into West-
ZONITES. 105
ern Pennsylvania, Xorth Carolina (at least as far as Goldsboro'), Georgia, Ala-
bama to the Gulf of Mexico, and Arkansas.
Animal light slate or smoky white, dark blue on head, eye-peduncles, and
tentacles ; tuberosities on back few and large; a line of furrows runs along the
side of the foot, and rising on the tail meets that of the opposite side above a
well-marked mucus pore. The sides, labia-like, of the pore are prominent and
swollen. The pore opens and shuts, and freely exudes mucus.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Z. demissus (PI. II. Fig. O) has 45 — 1 — 45 teeth, with 15 laterals. My spe-
cimen was one of the large East Tennessee form, called Z. acerrus by Dr.
Lewis (Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. 1872, 110). The typical
form from near Mobile has, however, a perfectly similar den-
tition.
The genitalia are like those of Z. interlextus, Binney, fig-
ured by Dr. Leidy in Vol. I. The accessory glands of the
dart sac are rather shorter in demissus.
The large form referred to as Z. acerrus above, is here
figured. Its greater diameter is 20 mill.; height, 8 mill. It has over 7
whorls. From Eastern Tennessee.
Zonites ligerus, Say.
Vol. III. PL XXXV.
Shell perforated, orbicularly convex ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, shin-
ing ; whorls 7, finely and thickly striated transversely, smooth below ; suture
not much impressed ; aperture semilunate, rounded ; peristome thin, acute ;
base and side of the outer whorl, within the aperture, thickened and white ;
perforation very small; umbilical region impressed. Greater diameter 15,
lesser 13 mill.; height, 10 mill.
Helix ligera, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 157(1821); Binney's ed., 19. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 412, PI. XX. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 204,
PI. XXXV. (1851). —Leidy, T. M. IT. S., I. 257, PL XII. Figs. 4-7 (1851),
anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 40, excl. fig.? (1843). —Chemnitz, 2d ed., I.
108, PL XXXIII. Figs. 5-7. — Deshayes in Fer., I. 184. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 48. — Peeve, Con. Icon., 493 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 95. —Lewis, Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 190, PL XII. Figs. 3, 4.
Helix Rafinesquea, Ferussac, Tah. Syst., 50 ; Hist., PL LI. a, Fig. 5 ; PL L. a,
Figs. 4, 5?— Pfeiffer, Symb., I. 39.
Helix Wardiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil., VI. 67, PL XXIII. Fig. 82 ; Obs., II. 67
(1839).— Troschel, Arch, fur Nat. 1839, II. 221.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46.
Mesomphix ligera, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 255 (1866).
Hyalina ligera, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 44 (1869).
A species of the Interior Region, having been found from Arkansas and
Georgia to the Great Lakes; north of Maryland it does not appear east of the
106 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Appalachian chain. It is also found fossil in the Post-pleiocene of the Missis-
sippi Valley.
Animal uniform blackish slate-color over the whole upper surface, paler on
the posterior extremity and base ; collar grayish-white ; foot narrow, exceed-
ing in length twice the transverse diameter of the shell ; eye-peduncles long
and slender. There are well-marked lines running obliquely towards the cen-
tre of the base of the foot, where is an extremely narrow line, representing, no
doubt, the locomotive disk. The other characters of Zonites are present in the
species, such as the longitudinal furrows and caudal pore.
Jaw (see Vol. I. PI. XII. Fig. 7) strongly arcuate, ends rounded ; anterior
surface striated ; concave margin with a well-developed median projection.
Lingual dentition (PI. II. Fig. M). Teeth 38—1—38, with 14 laterals.
The genital system (figured by Leidy, Vol. I. PI. XII. Figs. 4-7) is quite
complicated. The genital bladder is small, oval, on a long, delicate duct, from
about the middle of the length of which there is a connecting duct to the mid-
dle of the penis sac and a second duct to the apex of the dart sac. This last
organ is long, large at its junction with the vagina, tapering above, and fur-
nished below its apex with an accessor)-, short, delicate, cylindrical gland ter-
minating in a small pyriform bulb. The dart is loii£, delicate, strictly arrow-
shaped, with pointed, enlarged head and much thickened at the posterior
termination. The penis sac is stout, short, receiving at its apex the vas defe-
rens, on the commencement of which the retractor muscle is inserted.
See remarks on the genitalia of Z. intertextus.
Zonites intertextus, Binney.1
Vol. III. PI. XXXVI.
Shell perforated, subpyramidal ; epidermis yellowish horn-color; whorls
6 or 7, with numerous fine, oblique stria?, and very minute, spiral striae, inter-
secting each other ; outer whorl with a narrow, light-colored band, and an ill-
defined, brownish band below it; aperture rounded, a little transverse; peri-
stome thin, somewhat thickened within by a deposition of testaceous matter, its
columellar extremity slightly reflected at its junction with the base of the shell ;
perforation small, sometimes nearly obsolete ; base whiter than the upper sur-
face. Greater diameter 15, lesser 13| mill. ; height, 10 mill.
Helix intertcxta, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 413, PL XX. Fig. 2 (1840);
Terr. Moll., II. 206, PL XXXVI. — Philipfi, Icon., II. 9, p. 5, PL VI. Fig.
16. —Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 208, PL XXXIII. Figs. 8 - 10. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 49. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 668 (1852). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I.
257, PL XII. Figs. 1-3 (1851) anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 38, PL III.
Fig. 29(1843). — W. G. Binney, T. ML, IV. 96.
Mesomphix intertcxta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 254 (1866).
Hyalina intertcxta, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 44 (I860).
1 It has been suggested (Proc. Pliila. Ac. N. Sc. L875, 335) that this is the ligerus of
Say; a theory entirely refuted by a reference to Say's description of ligerus.
ZONITES. 107
A Post-pleiocene species, now found over the whole Interior Region. The
extreme points to which I have traced it are New York to Indiana, Tennessee
to Georgia.
Animal resembling outwardly that of Z. ligerus. It has all Fig. 26-
the generic characters of Zonites.
The specimen figured above is unusually large. There is a
smaller, strongly earinated variety with a short, conical spire,
Z. intertextus, var.
which I here figure. enlarged.
This shell resembles some varieties of Z. ligerus so nearly, that Dr. Binney
hesitated some time before he considered it distinct. The spire is less high in
a shell of the same size, has a smaller number of whorls, and is more pyrami-
dal in shape than in that species. The diameter, in full-grown specimens, is
greater, and the base is flatter. The epidermis is darker and less shining, the
shell is thicker and less pellucid, the deposit of testaceous matter within the
aperture is less. The size of the umbilicus and the shape of the aperture are
the same in both. But the principal distinction consists in the spiral lines
which revolve on the whorl, intersecting the striae of growth, but so minute as
hardly to be perceptible to the naked eye, yet present in every specimen whi( h
I have examined. The whitish, narrow band, shaded below with rufous, ap-
parent on the outer, and sometimes on the second whorl, generally aids in iden-
tifying it, though it is sometimes wanting. Young specimens are much more
depressed than those of Z. ligerus, and are sometimes distinctly earinated.
The depression of the umbilical region is not so evident in this as in the pre-
ceding species. The rufous band below the white band is well defined and
broad, in a single specimen before me. Nearly allied as it is by its shell to
ligerus, it differs in a marked manner in its genitalia (see Leidy's figure in Vol.
I. PI. XII. Fig. 1) by having a second accessory pyriform gland to the dart sac
(8, 8). It may also be distinguished from ligerus by the greater number of the
marginal teeth on its lingual membrane.
Z. intertextus (PI. II. Fig. L) has about 61 — 1 — 61 teeth on its lingual mem-
brane. There are 12 perfect laterals. Another specimen has 55 — 1 — 55, with
12 laterals.
Zonites subplanus, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. XXXIII.
Shell flattened, planulate above and beneath ; epidermis brownish or smoky
horn-color, shining ; whorls i>k, those nearest the apex striated transversely
with very minute and delicate wrinkles; suture distinct, not much impressed ;
aperture transverse, not expanded, the plane of the aperture making nearly a
right angle with the plane of the base of the shell ; peristome simple, thin,
acute; base flattened, .j^nbilieal region a little impressed; umbilicus small,
round, and deep, not exhibiting the volutions. Greater diameter 20, lesser
16 mill; height, 6 mill.
108 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix subplana, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. Part I. cover, p. 3 (1842) ;
IV. 241 (1842); Terr. Moll., II. 229, PI. XXXIII. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel.
Viv., I. 112. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 110.
Hyalina subplana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 250 (1866).
Zonites subplanus, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 288 (1869).
A spedes of the Cumberland Subregion, having been found in Eastern
Tennessee and Lawrence County, Kentucky. It has also been found in West-
ern Pennsylvania in the mountains.
The only American species which this shell can be said to resemble is Z.
inornatus, which in size and color is quite like it, and at first sight may be taken
for it. It differs from it in the following particulars : The upper and lower
surfaces are both more flattened, and the outline is a more perfect circle. The
number of whorls, in specimens of the same size, is greater by nearly one volu-
tion. The surface of the whorls is less rounded ; the last whorl expands but
very little towards the aperture ; the base is broader, less indented, and very
flat ; the umbilicus is rounder, and better defined ; and the aperture is not
thickened within by a white, testaceous deposit.
It is an extremely rare species.
Animal unknown.
Zonites inornatus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXXIV.
Shell depressed ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, smooth, shining, with very
minute lines not breaking the smoothness of the surface; whorls 5; suture
not much impressed ; aperture transverse, scarcely oblique, obliquely lunar,
with a thick, white testaceous deposit around its whole inner surface, a little
distant from the margin ; peristome thin, acute, fragile, its ends somewhat con-
verging, the columellar margin reaching to the centre of the base, subdilated
alx>ve ; umbilicus small ; base rather flattened, indented in the centre. Greater
diameter 16, lesser \2\ mill.; height, 6 mill.
Helix inornata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 371 (1S21); Binney's
ed. 24. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 419, PI. XXI. Fig. 3 (1840);
Terr. Moll., II. 227, PI. XXXIV. —DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 39 (1843).— Adams,
Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 84 ; IV. 48.—
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 109. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 314, Figs. 19,
21, 22 (1867).
Helix glaphyra, Pfeiffer, olim, Symbols, II. 29, excl. syn. fuliginosa ; Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 57. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 667. — Not Say.
Helix inornata, Binney, not Say, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 127.
Hyalina inornata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866).
Zonites inornata, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 289 (1869). — Gould and
Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 453 (1870).
Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black ; foot whitish.
Eye-peduncles long and slender. A marginal furrow extending along the
ZONITES. 109
edges of the foot, and uniting above and before its posterior termination. Be-
hind the junction is a prominent, longitudinal, bluish-white mucus pore, on the
extremity of the foot. A distinct locomotive disk.
I have received specimens from the mountainous regions of North Carolina,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, into the western part
of New England ; and from the States bordering on the Great Lakes. It may
therefore be said to inhabit the Interior Region and the more elevated parts of
the Northern Region. It was living in Post-pleiocene days.
Plate XXXIV. represents the usual form of the species. A more globose
form is figured in Fig- 27. It was found in the mountains Fig. 27.
near Ashville, Buncombe Co., N. C, by Dr. Ravenel.
The shell which is described above is well known in col-
lections, and not easily confounded with any other. It has
been unfortunate in its synonymy, whose history is treated
•>*'>' •> Zonites mornalus,
at length and explained in the fourth volume of the " Ter- Tar<
restrial Mollusks" and "Annals of New York Lyceum" quoted above. See
also below, p. 113.
I have in my collection a curious specimen from the Pennsylvania mountains,
in which are three well-developed sharp tooth-like processes on the internal
thickened margin of the peristome.
My largest specimen has a greater diameter of 22 mill.
Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rapidly attenuated ; anterior surface striated ;
concave margin smooth with an acute median projection.
Lingual membrane with 37 rows of 23 — 1 — 23 teeth each; centrals long,
slender, tricuspid ; only 2 perfect laterals, stouter, bicuspid ; marginals acu-
leate. Another membrane had 23 — 1 — 23 teeth. Another had 27—1 — 27
teeth, with 29 transverse rows. The transition teeth are peculiar in their base
of attachment (PI. II. Fig. II).
The genitalia have the same general arrangement as in Z. friabilis, already
described. The ovary, however, is very much more developed, being in this
species the most conspicuous organ in the system ; the epididymis is less con-
voluted, the oviduct is longer, the vagina shorter, the genital bladder more cla-
vate, with a shorter duct, and there is a small globular vaginal prostate (PI.
XI. Fig. C).
Zonites sculptilis, Bland.
Shell scarcely perforate, suborbiculur, depressed, subpellucid, pale horn-color
above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with regular, subequidistant, impressed
transverse lines, those on the last whorl extending over the periphery, and con-
verging in the umbilical excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely convex ;
whorls 7, planulate, the last rapidly increasing, equal at the aperture to
one third the diameter of the shell, beneath flattened, and little excavated in
110
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 28.
the umbilical region; suture lightly impressed ; aperture scarcely oblique, de-
pressed, transverse, lunate; peristome simple, acute, sinuate, the columella!-
margin very rapidly and narrowly reflected over, and almost en-
tirely covering the very small perforation. Greater diameter
12i, lesser 11 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix sculptilis, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 279, PI. IX. Figs.
11-13 (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 110, PI.
LXXVII. Fig. 15. — Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 5.
Hyalina sculptilis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866). — V. G. Binney,
L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 290 (1869).
Anantehely Mountains, North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, Bridgeport, Ala.
It may be considered a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
In sculpture it is closely allied to Z. indentatus, of which it might almost be
termed a gigantic variety, but the impressed striae are more numerous, and
closer together. The form of the aperture is very near that of Z. inornatus.
The general aspect of this sherl reminds one of the Asiatic group, to which
Helix resplendens, Phil, and //. vitrinoides, Desh. belong.
Animal long, slender, dirty-white, bluish on head and eye-peduncles : a dis-
tinct locomotive disk, and furrows alongside of foot, meeting over a mucus
pore ; tail often recurved at tip, and bearing generally a drop of mucus on it ;
eye-peduncles long, slender.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Z. sculptilis (PI. II. Fig. P) has 40—1—40 teeth on its lingual membrane,
with 4 perfect laterals.
Genitalia unobserved.
Fig. 29.
Zonites Elliotti, Rf.pfif.ld.
Shell with rather a narrow umbilicus, depressed-orbiculate, with fine trans-
verse stria?, greenish horn-colored, hardly translucent, shining beneath; spire
convex but not much raised ; whorls 5, rather convex, last one
sometimes very slightly depressed at the aperture; suture deeply
impressed; aperture very oblique, lunate-circular; peristome a lit-
tle sinuate, acute, but thickened within. Greater diameter 9, lesser
8 mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Helix Elliotti, Redfielb, Ann. X. Y. Lye, VI. 170, PI. IX. Figs.
8-10 (1856). — Gould, Terr. Mull., 111. 23. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll, IV. 116, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 18.
Macrocyclis Elliotti, Tryon, atu. Journ. Condi., II. 246, LI. 111. Fig. 1" (1866).
Zonites Elliotti, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 201, Fig. 528 (1869).
Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and Wayne County, West Vir-
ginia. It is a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Animal with a distinct oaudal mucus pore, locomotive disk, ami longitudinal
furrows above the margin of the foot. It is therefore a true Zonites.
ZONITES. Ill
Jaw as usual in the genus.
The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. C) has 32—1—32 teeth, with G perfect
laterals.
Of the genitalia I can only state the existence of the dart sac and dart as in
Z. ligerus.
Zonites cerinoideus, Anthony.
Shell perforated, globosely flattened, shining, light horn-color, scarcely
wrinkled by lines of growth ; whorls 7, hardly convex, the last slightly in-
flated below ; aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome simple,
acute, its ends joined by a light callus. Greater diameter 7, .^L. '
loser 6 mill.; height, 3 mill.
Helix cerinoidea, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch., I. 351, PI. XXV.
Fig. 4 (Oct. 1865).
Mesomphix cerinoidea, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 255, PI. IV.
Fig. 36 (1866).
Hyalina cerinoidea, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 30, Fig.
30 (1869).
Jacksonville, Fla. ; Charleston, S. C. ; Newbern, N. C. ; Norfolk, Va. It
may be a species of the Florida Subregion, thence ranging northward along the
Atlantic Coast.
The specimen figured was loaned by Mr. Anthony.
Animal with mucus pore, longitudinal furrows, and locomotive disk charac-
teristic of the genus.
A form of this or some allied species furnished with two lamellar teeth
within the aperture has been noticed as var. cuspidata, by Lewis, Proc.
Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1875, 331.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane with 34 — 1 — 34 teeth ; 9 perfect laterals (PI. III.
Fig. B).
Genitalia with dart and sac as in Z. ligerus.
Subgenus HYALINA, s. s.
Animal as in Mtsomjih'u (see p. 98).
Shell umbilicated, sometimes perforated, depressed; shining and vitreous;
whorls 5 or 6, regularly increased ; spire very rarely conic-elevated ; aperture
rounded lunate; peristome thin, acute, straight.
Zonites cellarius, Muller.
Vol. III. PI. XXIX. Fig. 4.
Shell very much depressed, thin, fragile, pellucid; epidermis light greenish
horn-color, smooth, highly polished ; whorls 5, slightly rounded, with minute
112 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
and almost imperceptible oblique stria? ; aperture not dilated, its transverse
diameter the greatest ; umbilicus moderate, regularly rounded, deep ; base
rounded, thickened within by a testaceous deposit, bluish-white ; peristome
simple, acute. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11| mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix cellaria, Muller, Hist. Verm., II. 28. — Pfeiffer, Mon., I. 111. — Bin-
ney, Bost. Journ., III. 421 ; Terr. Moll., II. 230, PI. XXIX. Fig. 4.— Gould,
Inv., 180, Fig. 104, exel. syn. ? (1841). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 37, PI. III.
Fig. 35 (1843). — Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I. 233, PI. VII. Fig. 1 (1851),
anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 111.
Eyalina cellaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 12, Figs. 18, 19, PI. V. Fig. 20
(1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866). —Morse in Am. Nat., I.
541, Fig. 29 (1867). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 30 (1869).—
Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 395 (1870).
Helix glaphyra, Say, Nich., Encycl., Am. ed., PI. I. Fig. 3, 1816 ; Binney's ed.
7, PI. LXIX. Fig. 3. — Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 194.— Bland, N. Y. Lye.
Ann., VI. 352, not of Pfeiffer, Reeve, Desha yes.
An European species, introduced by commerce into Philadelphia, Astoria,
N. Y., Connecticut, Providence, Newport, R. I., Boston, Salem, Lynn, Marble-
lead, Portland, Halifax. It is common in cellars and gardens in Boston. It
has also been carried to Australia.
Animal : upper surface light indigo blue, darkest on the head, neck, and eye-
peduncles, collar greenish, eyes black ; foot narrow and slender, not much
exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely. A distinct
locomotive disk, longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, uniting over
a longitudinal mucus pore1 of the same nature described under Z. fuliginosus
(p. 98).
Jaw strongly arcuate, ends bluntly rounded ; centre of anterior surface
slightly striate ; lower margin smooth, with a median projection.
Lingual membrane quite peculiar ; the figure (PI. II. Fig. G) shows one
half of one transverse line with the median tooth; 14 — 1 — 14 teeth. The
central tooth has side cusps, but not cutting points, as in Z. IcBvigatus. There
can hardly be said to be one perfect lateral, the first side tooth being peculiar
in having an inner side cutting point instead of the usual outer side cusp and
cutting point. The second side tooth is like the first, the third is decidedly
modified, the fourth is a true marginal of the usual aculeate form.
The figures of dentition of the foreign form (by Lehmann, Lindstrbm, Sem-
per, etc.) agree with mine.
I am not aware of this peculiar dentition having been noticed in any other
species but alliarius.
1 No mention of the caudal pore is made by Draparnaud, Moquin-Tandon, Forbes and
Hanley, Reeve, Gray, or Gwyn Jeffreys. It is also overlooked in Semper, Phil. Archip.
ZONITES. 113
Genitalia (Vol. I. PL VII. Fig. I) with no accessory organs. The penis sac
is long, tapering towards the apex, where it receives the vas deferens and re-
tractor muscle. The genital bladder is elongate oval on a short duct. In this
figure the caudal mucus pore is not shown. The penis on the outside presents
a row of minute, round, glandular bodies.
Zonites Whitneyi, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, thin, smooth, scarcely marked by the
delicate wrinkles, shining, smoky horn-color ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls
4, flattened, the last planulate above and below ; umbilicus broad,
pervious ; aperture transversely subcircular ; peristome acute, sim- ^i£=_^ "
pie. Greater diameter 51, lesser \\ mill. ; height, 2 mill.
Helix Whitneyi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 118
(1864). — Pfeiffeii, Mon., V. 171 (1868).
Patula Whitneyi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263 (1866).
Hyalina Whitneyi, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 32, Fig. z. Whitneyi
37 (1869).
Inhabits the California Region in the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, Cali-
fornia, under damp logs and bark.
Animal not observed.
Zonites nitidus, Muller.
Vol. III. PL XXII a. Fig. 2.
Shell orbicular, depressed, moderately convex above and concave below,
thin, shining, uniform brownish horn-color, with delicate stria? of growth ;
whorls 5 or more, convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the outer
one disproportionately large, somewhat declining as it approaches the aperture,
and obtusely angular at the periphery, beneath excavated around a broad, cra-
teriform umbilicus, in which the whorls are displayed to the apex ; aperture
oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, its basal margin arcuate. Greater diameter
1\, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 3§ mill.
Helix nitida, Muller, Hist. Verm., II. 32) etc. — Pfeiffer, Mon., II. 94.
Helix lucidu, Draparnaud, Moll. Fr., 103, PL VIII. Figs. 11, 12. —Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 233, PL XXII. a, Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 116.
Helix hydrophila, Ingalls in coll., unpublished.
Hyalina nitida, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 250 (1866). — W. G. Binney,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 31, Figs. 35, 36 (1869).
Found at Great Slave Lake, Fort Resolution in British America, and in New
York and Ohio. Also in Baldwin County, Alabama. I believe, therefore, that
it will be found to inhabit all of the Fastern Province, if not the whole North
VOL. iv. 8
114 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
American continent; also in Astoria, Oregon, which confirms this statement.
It is also found in Japan, and thus, like fulvus, may he considered one of the
circumpolar species common bj the three continents.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane : see Lchmann, Lebenden Schnecken, etc., p. 72, PI. X.
Fig. 23, for description and figure of the European form. In a specimen from
Baldwin County, Alabama, I find 25 — 1 — 2.rj teeth, with 5 laterals (PI. III. Fig.
A, the left-hand figure, is an extreme marginal). Lehmann '_rives 28 — 1 — 28.
The specimen examined had the dart-sac and dart described in the Euro-
pean form.
Zonites arboreus, Say.
Vol. III. PL. XXIX.. Fig. 3.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex, thin, pellucid; epidermis
amber-colored, smooth, shining; whorls 4-5, with very minute, oblique stria;,
apparent when viewed with the microscope; aperture transversely rounded;
peristome thin, acute; umbilical region indented; umbilicus moderate, well
developed, round, and deep. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4i mill. ; height,
2| mill.
Helix arbm-ea, Say, Nich. Encyc, PL IV. Fig. 4; Binney's ed. 5, PI. LXXII.
Fig. 5(1816, 1818, 1819). —Eaton,'. Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 111. 422, PI. XXII. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II.
235, PI. XXIX. Fig. 3. — DeKav, X1. Y. Moll., 30, PI. II. Fig. 10 (1843). -
Gould, Invertebrata, 182, Fig. 110 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca,
160 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Mon. II. 1. Viv., I. 95. —Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 114,
Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 33 - 35. — Peeve, Con. Iron., 733. —W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 116. —Mouse, Amer. Nat, I. 512, Fig. 30 (1867).
Helix Ottonis, Pfeiffer, olim, Weigm. Arch., 1840, I. 251. — Binney, Terr.
Moll., II. 238, PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 3. — W. G. Finney, T. M., IV. 117.
Hyalina arborea, Mouse, Journ. P-ojtl. Soc, I. 14, Fig. 28, PI. VI. Fig. 29
(1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 251 (1866). - Got'i.u and P.jxney,
Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 396 (1870). — W. G. Binney, L. .v. Fr.-W. Sh., I. 33
(1869).
Hyalina Ottonis, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Condi., II. 251 (1806).
Helix Breweri, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei., III. US (1864).
Hyalina Breweri, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 250, PI. IV. Fig. 27 (1866).
— W. G. Finney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 43, p. 06 (1869).
From Labrador to Texas and on the Rio Chama, and Fort Wingate in New
Mexico; from Florida to Great Slave Lake; also in Washoe County, Nevada;
in Montana; the Pacific Province from British Columbia to San Diego. It
may thus lie said to inhabit all North America. It is also said to be found in
Cuba; also in Guadeloupe.
Jaw arcuate, narrow, with curving, pointed ends; lower margin smooth, with
a wide median projection ; upper margin with a corresponding depression.
ZONITES. 115
Lingual membrane with 82 rows of 21 — 1 — 21 teeth (Morse). My specimen
(PI. III. Fig. F) has about 16 — 1 — 16, with 5 perfect laterals. There are dis-
tinct side cusps as well as cutting points to the central and lateral teeth.
Animal : head, neck, and eye-peduncles blackish, or indigo blue ; upper parts
bluish ; posterior parts whitish, transparent, sometimes wholly white. Foot thin
and narrow. It has the longitudinal furrows, but on account of the transparent
tissue of the foot, I find it difficult to distinguish any caudal pore.
Helix Breweri seems to me synonymous with arboreus, but the de-
scription and figure from "Land and Fresh-Water Shells" is here '^,
repeated. 7_T
Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, shining ; surface unbroken
by the wrinkles of growth, very light horn-color; spire scarcely ele-
vated ; whorls 4, flattened, the last depressed, shelving towards its
base ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture transversely lunar ; peristome
simple, acute. Greater diameter 5 mill. ; height, 2^ mill. Hyaiina
Near Lake Tahoe, California.
Figure 32 is drawn from an authentic specimen.
Z. arboreus is said by Gwynn Jeffreys to be nearly allied to the European
Z. ezcavatus (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1872, 245).
Zonites viridulus, Menke.
Vol. III. PL XXIX. Fig. 1.
Shell umbilicated, small, depressed, thin, fragile; epidermis pale, or brown-
ish horn-color, wrinkled, shining ; whorls 4, the last rapidly enlarging towards
the aperture ; aperture transversely rounded ; peristome simple, its edge rather
thickened, not acute ; umbilicus small, but well marked and constant. Greater
diameter 5, lesser 4| mill. ; height, 2 mill.
Helix electrina, Gould, Invert. 183, Fig. Ill (1841). — Binnev, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., III. 423, PL XXII. Fig. 2 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 286, PI. XXIX.
Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 30 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161
(1842). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 107. — Mok.se, Amer. Nat., I. 542,
Fig. 31 (1867).
Helix pura, Alder, teste Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., IV. 83.
Helix janus, Adams MS. (olim), Sheds Vt, Amer. Journ. Soc. [1], XL. 273
(1841).
Zonites radiatulus, Reeve, Br. L. k Fr.-W. Sh., 50, Fig. (1863).
Zonites striatula, Moquin-Tandon, Moll., Fr. teste Reeve.
Helix viridula, Menke, Syn. Meth., ed. 2, 127 ; see also Mai. Bliitt, VIII, 92.
Hyaiina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., I. 13, Fig. 23, PL VI. Fig. 24
(1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 251 (1866).
Hyaiina viridula, "W '. G. Binney, L. Sh., I. 34(1869). — Gould and Binney,
Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 397 (1870).
A circumpolar species common to the three continents. In America it has
116 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
been found from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico; in the Central
Province, in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. I have not actually, as yet,
received it from the Pacific Province, but have no doubt it will be proved to
inhabit all the North American continent.
Animal bluish-black. I have not verified the existence of a caudal pore or
other generic characters.
Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed; concave margin smooth, with a me-
dian rounded projection.
Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. E). Morse gives 54 rows of 27 — 1 — 27
teeth each. I have figured the central and first lateral, with one extreme mar-
ginal tooth, drawn from a specimen furnished me by Mr. Allen of Orono,
Me. I find 3 lateral teeth. Morse gives a similar figure. The European
Z. virididus as figured by Lehmann (Z. purus) has a similar dentition,
excepting size of central tooth ; he gives 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, with 3 laterals.
•There are distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to centrals and laterals.
In size, the depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the number of
whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the largest wborl, this shell corresponds
with Z. indentatus. It differs in its darker, smoky horn-color, its constant um-
bilicus, its rather thick and shining peristome, and in its whitish wrinkles,
which, instead of being remote, are crowded. From arboreus it differs in hav-
ing one whorl less, the last one rapidly dilating, its apex not being depressed,
its thinner structure and more glossy surface, and in its somewhat smaller um-
bilicus. In arboreus the peristome has a flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct
section of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and general appear-
ance, the three may be readily separated when mingled. Indeed, its claims as
a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing the three together. It
is found abundantly under fragments of wood, in damp places near the water's
edge, in company with Z. fidvus and arboreus, and Vertigo modesta. On its
upper surface it appears to be identical with Z. indentatus ; while on the base
its resemblance to Z. arboreus is striking. It appears to be a widely diffused
and very common species.
Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys calls the American form Z. radialulus var. albus (Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1872, 245).
Genitalia unknown.
Zonites indentatus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXIX. Fig. 2.
Shell subperforated, flattened, thin, pellucid ; epidermis highly polished, cor-
neous ; whorls rather more than 4, rapidly enlarging, with regular, subequi-
distant, radiating, impressed lines, which on the body-whorl extend to the
centre of the base, outer whorl expanding towards the aperture ; suture well
impressed ; aperture rather large, transverse ; peristome simple, acute, very
thiil, at its inferior extremity terminating at the centre of the base of the shell ;
ZOXITES. 117
umbilicus none, but the umbilical region is indented. Greater diameter 5,
lesser 4^ mill. ; height, 2h mill.
Helix indentata, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 372 (1822) ; Binney's ed., 24. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 415, PI. XXII. Fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II.
242, PI. XXIX. Fig. 2. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 31, PI. III. Fig. 26 (1843).—
Gould, Invert., 181, Fig. 109 (1841). —Adams, Vt. Moll., 160 (1842).—
Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 21, PI. XXXIV. Figs. 12-15. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., I. 59. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 730 (1852). —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 119. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 413, Fig. 28 (1867).
Eyalina indentata, Morse, Journ. Forth Soc, 1. 12, Fig. 21, PI. II. Fig. 11 ;
PI. V. Fig. 22 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 246, 411 (1866). —
W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 35, Fig. 45 (1869). —Gould and Binney,
Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 398 (1870).
Inhabits all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Canada to
Texas, and from Dakota to Florida. Also the Central Province, having been
found in Utah, and I doubt not its eventually being found also over the Pacific
Province, especially on the mountains. It is also said to occur in St. Domingo
and Porto Rico.
Animal bluish-black on the upper parts ; margin and posterior extremity
lighter. A distinct caudal mucus pore.
A variety with an open umbilicus is sometimes found (Fig. 33).
Jaw somewhat arcuate, long, narrow, ends somewhat attenuated,
pointed ; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed, broad
median projection.
Lingual membrane very broad, with 53 rows of 79 teeth each
(39 — 1 — 39) ; another membrane had 38 — 1 — 38, also with 3 per-
fect laterals ; centrals tricuspid, the median cusp very, large and
longer than the base of attachment ; laterals 3 only on each
.,,.., , . . , . , Z.indentatus,
side, bicuspid, arranged in a straight transverse row; marginals var.
aculeate (PL III. Fig. G).
Genitalia not observed.
Zonites limatulus, Ward.
Vol. III. PL XXX. Fig. 3.
Shell widely umbilicated, small, depressed, thin ; epidermis whitish, immac-
ulate ; suture distinctly impressed ; whorls more than 4, convex, with very
fine, oblique, parallel striae, which become obsolete on the base ; aperture
oblique, subcircular, slightly modified by the penultimate whorl ; peristome
thin, acute, its ends approaching ; umbilicus rounded, large, and deep, not ex-
hibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter 5£, lesser 5 mill. ; height, 2| mill.
Helix limatula, Ward, MSS. in Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 434, PL
XXI. Fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. U. S., II. 219, PL XXX. Fig. 3. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 113 ; IV. 85. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 100.
118 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pscudohyalina Kmatula, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866).
Hyalina limatula, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 36 (1869).
I have actually received specimens from New York to Michigan, and from
San Mateo, California. I believe it will prove, therefore, to have as wide a
distribution as many of the other minute species.
The animal has the longitudinal furrows along the side, above the foot, and
the caudal mucus slit, as in Zonites suppressus. In two individuals examined
I found the sac and dart as figured by Leidy in Z. ligerus (Vol. I. PI. XII.
Fig. 3).
Jaw as usual in the genus.
The lingual membrane (PI. II. Fig. N) has 23—1—23 teeth, with 5 laterals.
Zonites minusculus, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. XVII. Fig. 2.
Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex ; epidermis whitish ; whorls
4, convex, not increasing rapidly in diameter, with microscopic wrinkles ;
suture very distinctly impressed ; aperture nearly circular ; peristome thin,
acute ; umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the volutions ; base
rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater diameter 2|, lesser 2^ mill. ;
height, 1 mill.
Helix minuscula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 435, PL XXII. Fig. 4
(1840); Terr. Moll., II. 221, PL XVII. Fig. 2, excl. syn. — Adams, Vt.
Moll., 161 (1842). — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 112, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 20-23.—
Pfeiffer, Symbol., II. 33 ; Mon., I. 114. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 731 (1852). —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 102. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 35
(1867).
Helix minutalis, Morelet, nee Fer. Test. Nov., II. 7.
Helix apex, Adams, Contr. Conch., 36. — Reeve, 1. c. 339.
Helix Lavelleana, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub. in text, 161, excl. PL (1853).
Helix Mauriniana, D'Orbigny, 1. c. in PL VIII. Figs. 20-22, excl. text.
Pscudohyalina minuscula, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 16, Fig. 34, PL VII.
Fig. 35 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866).
Hyalina minuscula, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 37 (1869).
Zonites minusculus, Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 175 (1870).
From the Red River of the North to Arkansas, Texas, and Florida. It may
thus be said to inhabit all the Eastern Province ; in the Central Province in
Arizona ; has lately been found in California, and has been traced through Mex-
ico into Yucatan ; is quoted from Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico.
In Japan it has also been noticed (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1868). I am
inclined to believe, therefore, that it will prove, like Z. fulvus, to be one of the
circumpolar species common to the three continents.
Jaw long, narrow, but slightly arcuate, of almost uniform width, ends
ZflXITES.
119
Fig. 34.
rounded ; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed, broad, median
projection.
Lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. H). Morse's figure shows 4 perfect lat-
erals. He counted 52 rows of 12 — 1 — 12 teeth. It will be noticed that bis
figure does not show the cutting points of the side cusps of the central and lat-
eral teeth, which I have found in specimens lately examined from Florida. I
found a similar number of teeth.
Zonites milium, Morse.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining, white, with a
greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular striae of growth and micro-
scopic revolving lines, the latter more conspicuous below ; spire
but slightly elevated ; whorls 3, rounded, rapidly increasing,
the last planulate above, widely umbilicated below ; aper-
ture very oblique, subcircular, remote from the axis; peristome
simple, acute, its terminations somewhat approached, that of
the columella not reflected. Greater diameter 1^ mill.; height,
h mill.
Helix milium, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc, VII.. 28 (1859). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 101. PL LXXIX. Figs. 4, 5.— Morse,
Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 36 (1867).
Striatum milium, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 18, Figs. 41, 42, PL VII. Fig.
43 (1864).
Pseudohyalina milium, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 265 (1S66).
Hyalina milium, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 38 (1S69). —Gould and
Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 401 (1870).
Massachusetts and Maine; Campbell County, Kentucky. It has also been
noticed in Monterey, near San Francisco, and Nevada County, California. I
doubt not that it will be found over the whole continent.
^ m®
Lingual Dentition of 7.. milium.
120 TEIRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The surface of the shell is raised in numerous rib-like folds, frequently anas-
tomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface and render the folds so cre-
nulated that in certain lights the shell appears as if ornamented with strings of
beads. This peculiar character disappears at the base of the shell, and is re-
placed by revolving lines and regular lines of accretion.
Genitalia not observed.
Z. milium is described by Morse as having 68 rows of 17 — 1 — 17 teeth on its
lingual membrane, with only 2 perfect laterals. The next six teeth are shown
to be bifid, not only the one or two transition teeth, but the decided marginals.
I have also drawn the membrane of this species (PI. III. Fig. M). I found 18 —
1 — 18 teeth, with 3 laterals. The peculiarity of the lingual of this species is
the great development of the central tooth.
The jaw also is peculiar in having vertical channels worn upon its anterior
surface, extending down to the cutting margin as in the following species.
These channels are probably worn by the greatly developed central tooth
of the lingual membrane. I do not agree with Morse in considering the great
development of the central tooth and the channels on the jaw as generic
characters.
Zonites Binneyanus, Morse.
Shell umbilicated, subglobose, transparent, almost colorless, shining, smooth,
with microscopic wrinkles of growth and still more delicate oblique wrinkles :
spire not much elevated ; whorls about 4, rounded,
lg^_ gradually enlarging, the last globose, broadly umbilicated
below ; aperture oblique, subcircular, large ; peristome
simple, acute, extremities not approaching, that of the
columella subreflected. Greatest diameter, 4 mill.; height
2 mill.
Hyalina Binneyana, Morse, Journ. Portl. N. H. Soc, I. 13, Figs. 25, 26 ; PI.
II. Fig. 9; PI. VI. Fig. 27 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 252
(1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 39 (1869). —Gould and Binney,
Invert, of Mass., new ed., 400 (1870).
Helix Binneyana, Mokse, Amer. Nat., I. 542, Fig. 32 (1867).
Southern part of Maine ; Tawas Bay, Michigan ; Massachusetts. It may be
considered peculiar to the Northern Region.
Jaw very broad, arched, ends attenuated, bluntly rounded; concave margin
with a small rounded median projection, on either side of which are two smaller
projections (Morse).
Lingual membrane described by Morse with 60 rows of 23 — 1 — 23 teeth ;
centrals tricuspid ; laterals 2, bicuspid, but with a third cusp-like process on the
inner side ; marginals aculeate. On PI. III. Fig. I, I give a figure of the teeth
on a membrane examined by me, kindly furnished by Mr. Anson Allen, of
ZOXITES.
121
Orono, Maine. I find 19 — 1 — 19 teeth, with 3 laterals. I doubt there being
any inner cutting points to the lateral teeth, as observed by Mr. Morse on the
lingual examined by him.
In Am. Journ. Conch. I. 188, Mr. Tryon proposes for this species the name
Morsei, on account of Helix Binneyana, Pfr. I have retained Morse's name, as
it is not preoccupied in the genus Zonites. In his first catalogue of Maine
Shells, Mr. Morse uses the name Binneyi, which can be employed, if necessary,
to distinguish the species from Pfeiffer's.
Genitalia not observed.
Zonites ferreus, Morse.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, transparent, of a very light steel-gray
color, not shining, marked with very delicate incremental wrinkles and micro-
scopic revolving lines ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls 3,
rounded, the last rapidly enlarging, globose ; aperture large,
transversely subcircular; peristome simple, acute, its ex-
tremities not approaching, that of the columella scarcely sub-
reflected. Greatest diameter, 2\ mill. ; height, 1 j mill.
Striatum ferrea, Morse, Proc. Portl. S. N. H., I. 17, Figs. 36-40, and PI. II.
Fig. 10 (1864).
Hyalina ferrea, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 253 (1866). — W. G. Binney,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 40 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2,
401 (1870).
Helix ferrea, Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 544, Fig. 37 (1867).
Maine : a species of the Northern Region.
Jaw angularly arched, ends ta-
pering, acute ; anterior surface
deeply channelled in its centre ;
concave margin smooth, with a
deep, median indentation, probably
worn by the greatly developed cen-
tral tooth of the lingual membrane.
Lingual membrane with 39 curv-
ing rows of 20 — 1 — 20 teeth ; centrals enormously developed, very broad,
tricuspid, the middle cusp very broad; two bicuspid laterals on each side,
the inner much the smaller; marginals aculeate. Another membrane (PI. III.
Fig. P), had also 20—1—20 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals.
Genitalia unobserved.
Fig 38.
Jaw of Z. ferreus (Morse).
Zonites conspectus, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, subdepressed, thin, with oblique, rather distant rib-like
striae, the interspaces microscopically striate, dark horn-colored ; spire convex,
with smooth, obtuse apex ; suture deep ; whorls 4, convex, gradually increas-
ing, the last broader, rounded, slightly descending above; umbilicus about
122
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 39.
'/.. conspectus,
enlarged.
equal to two sevenths the diameter of the shell ; aperture ob-
lique, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, straight, the margins
approaching, the columellar margin scarcely dilated. Greater
diameter 2, lesser If mill.; height, 1 mill.
Helix conspecta, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII. 163, Fig. 7
(Nov. 1865).
Pseudohyalina conspecta, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 265
(1866).
Hyalina conspecta, W. G. Binney, L. [& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 41
(1869).
In the Pacific Province at San Francisco and Monterey,
California. In the Central Province at Cunningham Gulch, Colorado.
Z. conspectus differs from Patula asteriscus in having an elevated spire and a
smaller umbilicus. The rib-like striae are more numerous, but scarcely raised
above the 'surface of the shell, which, under the microscope, is very similar to
that of II. asteriscus. Z. exiguus also has very prominent ribs, but they are
independent of the striae of growth and run obliquely to them.
Animal not observed.
Zonites exiguus, Stimpson.
Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, pellucid, greenish horn-color, marked
with delicate revolving lines, and distant longitudinal ribs obliquely decus-
sating the incremental striae ; spire scarcely elevated, apex
free from striae ; whorls 3^, convex, the last rounded, widely
umbilicated below; aperture oblique, transversely rounded,
remote from the axis ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar
extremity not reflected. Greater diameter, 2i mill. ; height,
I mill.
Helix exigua, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc, III. 175 (1850). —Gould, T. M., III.
16. —W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 102, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 19. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 102. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 34 (1S67).
Helix annulata, Case in Sill. Journ. [2] 1847, III. 101, Figs. 1-3; Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, 338, preocc.1— Pfeiffer, Mon., III. 103.
Helix striatella, junior, teste Gould, Sill. Journ., III. 276 (1847).
Pseudohyalina exigua, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 16, PI. II. Fig. 8 ; PI.
VII. Fig. 33 (1864). —Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 265, PI. IV. Fig. 57
(1866).
Hyalina exigua, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 42 (1869). — Gould and
Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 400 (1870).
A species of the Northern Region, noticed hitherto in Canada, New York,
and New England ; Tawas Bay, Michigan.
i This name is preoccupied in Helix, not hi Zonites, and should be adopted, according
to the strict laws of nomenclature.
ZONITES.
123
Fig. 41 shows the peculiar sculpturing of this species. Fig. 41.
Jaw very low, wide, but slightly arcuate : no median promi-
nence to the cutting margin.
The lingual membrane has 69 rows of 16 — 1 — 16 teeth each ;
centrals with one long, slender, middle, and two short side
cusps ; laterals 4, of same shape, but bicuspid ; marginals
aculeate, diminishing greatly in size as they pass off laterally.
The transition teeth and several of the adjoining marginals
are described by Morse with a small side spur to their cusps,
apparently of the same type as I have figured for Macrocyclis Vancouverensis
(PI. I. Fig. B). On PI. III. Fig. D, I give a drawing of a specimen ex-
amined by me. I found 16 — 1 — 16 teeth, with 5 laterals.
Zonites chersinellus, Dall.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, transparent, lightest horn-color, shin-
ing, with distant incremental wrinkles; spire slightly elevated; whorls 4,
scarcely convex, the last depressed-globose ; umbilicus narrow,
pervious ; aperture oblique, lunately subcircular ; peristome sim-
ple, acute. Greater diameter, 3 mill. ; height, 1 mill.
Fig. 43.
Helix (Conidus) chersinella, Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 328.
PI. XXI. Fig. 4 (1866).
Conulus chersinella, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 162 (1867).
Z. chersinellus. Hyalina chersinella, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 47 (1869).
" Big Trees," Calaveras County, California : it must be considered a species
of the California Region.
The description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen
Animal not observed.
Zonites capsella, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. XXIX a. Fig. 2.
Shell quite small, planorboid, pellucid, glistening, amber-
colored ; spire nearly plane, composed of about 6^ closely
revolving, flattened whorls ; surface with distant, impressed,
radiating striae ; suture margined ; aperture narrow, semi-
lunar; peristome simple, not thickened by callus within ; base
perforated by a deep, rather small, funnel-shaped umbilicus.
Greater diameter, 5 mill ; height, 2\ mill.
Helix rotula, Gould, P-oc. Bost. Soc, III. 38 (June, 1848). —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hei., III. 107, preocc.1
Helix capsella, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 239, PI. XXIX. a,
Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 117. — Lewis, Amer. Journ. Conch.,
VI. 188, PI. XII. p. 12 (1871).
1 The strict rules of nomenclature would require the use of Gould's first name, rotula,
which is not preoccupied in Zonites.
Z. capsella.
124 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Hyalina capsella, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 252 (1866). — W. G. BlNNET,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 76, Fig. 72 (1S69).
Mountains of Eastern Tennessee : a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Animal unknown.
Formerly I referred as a synonyme to this species, Z. placentula, q. v.,
describing and figuring the animal and dentition. I am, however, now con-
vinced of its difference. See below.
Zonites placentula, Shuttleworth.
Shell widely umbilicated, very much depressed, arctispiral,
very shining, marked by irregular, distant, impressed striae,
'■ V-'K horn-color, diaphanous, below of uniform color: whorls 7, most
^cc£g|?" I gradually increasing, scarcely convex, the last convex below,
subexcavated around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, lunate ;
peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 7h, lesser 6^ mill ;
height, 3 null.
Near Z. demissus, but most readily distinguished by its more
depressed shell, its wider umbilicus, and especially by the ab-
z placentula sence of the heavy opaque white callus in the aperture on the
base of the last whorl (Shuttl.).
Zonites placentula, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mit. 1852, 194. — Gould in Terr.
Moll., III. 19. — Pfeiffer, Mon., III. 631.
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, having been received from the moun-
tainous region of Tennessee (Jalapa, etc.) ; from Whitley County, Ken-
tucky, from Lexington, Virginia. I have also received it from the Hot Springs
of Arkansas, proving that it has the southwestern range beyond this subregion
noticed in many of its species. It is also quoted, but I think incorrectly, from
Colorado by Ingersoll.
Animal with distinct locomotive disk, longitudinal furrows, and caudal mucus
pore.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
The lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. L) has 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 3 J3erfect
laterals, and 1 transition tooth.
This species has been confounded with Z. capsella, but differs greatly in
many particulars, especially in its general outline, number of whorls, width of
umbilicus. There are sometimes 8 full whorls.
Subgenus CONULUS, (Fitz.) Moq.-Tand.
Animal (of Z. fulvus) bluish-black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles,
lighter on the sides and base ; foot very narrow, thread-like. A distinct caudal
mucus pore.
Shell imperforate, or very narrowly perforate, turbinate, arcti-spiral ; whorls
5-6, rather convex ; aperture depressed-lunar, the penultimate whorl strongly
excided, somewhat oblique. Peristome with margins separated.
ZONITES. 125
Zonites fulvus, Draparnaud.
Vol. III. PI. XVII. Fig. 4.
Shell imperforate, sub-conical, thin, pellucid; epidermis smooth, shining,
minutely striated, amber-colored ; whorls 5 or 6, rounded, very narrow ; suture
distinct and deep ; aperture transverse, narrow ; peristome simple, acute ; base
convex; umbilical region indented, umbilicus closed. Greater diameter 4,
lesser 3| mill; height, 3 mill.
Helix chersina, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 156 (1821) ; Binney's ed. 18, 81. —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 416, PI. XXVI. Fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr.
Moll., II. 243, PI. XVII. Fig. 4. —Gould, Invertebrata, 185, Fig. 105 (1841).
— Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162 (1842); Sillim. Journ. [i], XL. 273.—
DeKay, N. Y. Moll, 44, PL XXXV. Fig. 338 (1843). — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 119. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 544, Fig. 38 (1867).
Helix egena, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., V. 120 (1825); Binney's ed. 30.—
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843). —Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 237, PL XXX. Figs.
19-21? (1846). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1263 (1854). — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 31, not of Gould in Terr. Moll.
Helix fulva, Draparnaud, Mighels, Bost. Journ., IV. 333, — Chemnitz,
Pfeiffer (Mon. H., I. 30), Reeve, Forbes and Hanley.
Conulus chersinus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. I. 19, Figs. 44, 46 ; PI. II. Fig. 4 ;
PI. VII. Fig. 45 (1864).
Conulus chersina, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. II. 256 (1866).
Hyalina fulva, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 46, Fig. 73 (1869).
Hyalina chersina, Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., new ed. 402 (1870).
A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. It appears to in-
habit all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Great Slave Lake to
Texas and Florida. In the Pacific Province it has been found in Sitka, and at
Lake Tahoe and San Gorgonio Pass in California. In the Central Province
in Colorado and Nevada. It may eventually be found to inhabit the whole
North American continent.
Animal bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, lighter on the
sides ajid base ; foot very narrow, threadlike, with a caudal mucus pore.
Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated ; anterior surface smooth ; concave margin
smooth, with an obtuse median projection.
Lingual membrane: Morse gives 80 rows of 18 — 1—18 teeth, with 7 lat-
erals. The specimen examined by me (from Orono, Maine) has 30 — 1 — 30
teeth, with 8 perfect laterals. The difference in the number of the marginals
is unusual for two individuals of the same species.
The peculiarity of the lingual is the bifurcation of all the marginal teeth.
On PI. II. Fig. E, I have drawn one central with its adjacent lateral, and one
marginal extracted from a Maine specimen.
By the bifurcation of the marginals this species is allied to Vitrinoconus
126 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
(Semper, Phil. Archip.) ; also Z. Gundlachi, which, however, has some of its
marginals even tricuspid, and tricuspid laterals.
The American form here under consideration was described by Mr. Say
under the name chersina. Judging from its shell alone, it seems identical with
the European Z.fulvus. It has thus been considered one of the circumpolar
species common to the three continents, and is so treated above. My confidence
of this identity, however, is now shaken by a study of the description and
figure by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, etc., p. 79, PI. X. Fig. 24), of the
dentition of the European Z.fulvus. He gives 86-100 rows of 25 — 1 — 25
teeth ; the first two laterals he makes tricuspid, while they are only bicuspid in
our form. The marginals appear to lie bifid. The question of identity must
therefore, I fear, be considered as still open.
It is found under, and in the interstices of wet, decaying wood, under layers
of damp leaves in forests, and under fragments of wood on the borders of
ponds.
The above-named localities prove this to be a widely spread species. Its
diminutive size has probably prevented its being observed in other places. It
offers but few varieties, and is easily distinguished by its conical form, and
thin, amber-colored, transparent shell. It is a very beautiful and delicate little
species. The spire is elevated, turreted, attaining even seven full volutions,
with an obtuse apex ; at other times it is much lower, with a somewhat pointed
apex, and not exceeding five volutions. In the latter case, the base is of course
much broader in proportion to the height, and the outer whorl is obtusely cari-
nated. This carinated form is H. egena of Say, of which Dr. Binney writes: —
'•I have recently examined the original specimen of the shell described by
Mr. Say as Helix egena, and by him deposited in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, in Philadelphia. I could not, on careful comparison, detect
any difference between it and the depressed variety of H. cheisina. Mr. J. S.
Phillips, the obliging curator of the department of Conchology in that institu-
tion, joined me in the opinion that the two are clearly identical." The elevated
form only is figured in the "Terrestrial Mollusks." It is interesting to state
that in Europe also these two extreme forms are known to exist, the analogue
of egena being called Mortoni (Jeffreys).
The plane of the base is so nearly horizontal that the shell, when set upon
its base, is upright. It is so transparent that some of the sutures of the spire
are visible through the substance of the shell, when viewed on the base.
There is a variety with an internal tooth.
Zonites Fabricii. Beck:.
Shell subimperforate, conical, thin, lightly striated, pellucid, reddish; spire
conical, rather acute; suture profound; whorls 6, convex, narrow, the last
wider, rather convex at base, impressed at the centre : aperture vertical, widely
ZOXITES. 127
lunar; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity reflected above, simu-
lating a perforation. Greater diameter 4, lesser 3| mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix Fabrieii, Beck, Ind. 21, no descr. — Moller, Ind. Moll.
Fie 45.
Gr., 4 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Zeit. f. Mai. 1848, V. 90; Mon.
Hel. Viv., III. 32. —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1459. — W. G.
Binney, T. M. U. S., IV. 120.
Helix Hamvionis, Strom. Trondh. selsk. skrift, III. 425, PI. IV. 7 FabUcii
PV. 16. enlarged.
Helix nitida, Fabricius, Fauna Gr. 389 (doubted by MbRCH, I. c).
Conulus Fabrieii, Morch, Nat. Bidr. af Gr., 75 (no descr.). — Tkyon, Am. Journ.
Conch., II. 256 (1866). — Morch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 29, PI. III. Fig. 5
(1S68).
Hyalina Fabrieii, VV. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-VV. Sh., I. 47 (1869).
Greenland.
Animal black, mantle dirty yellow, with black spots, which are to be seen
through the shell. Foot long, narrow. Eye-peduncles long, and proportionally
rather thick. Tentacles short, blunt (Morch).
Fig. 45 is copied from an original drawing by Morch, 1. c. I have not seen
the species, which certainly must be nearly allied to, if not identical with, fulvus.
Zonitea Gundlachi, Pfeiffer.
Vol. III. PL XXII. A, Fig. 3.
Shell perforated, depressed-conic, rather solid, pale rusty-brown, striated with
numerous faint lines of growth ; spire elevated, having about five closely re-
volving, well-rounded whorls, separated by a very deep suture ; periphery
rounded ; base convexly rounded, and excavated around a small, deep perfo-
ration ; aperture nearly circular, interrupted for a short space by the penulti-
mate whorl; peristome simple, slightly expanded, and at the columellar region
decidedly reflexed. Greater diameter 2\, lesser 2j mill.; height, 1§ mill.
Helix Gundlachi, Pfeiffek, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, I. 250; Mon. Hel. Viv. I. 50 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 239, PI. XXX. Figs. 25-28. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 121.
Helix pusilla, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Nat. 1839, I. 351, nee Lowe.
Helix egena, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 245, PL XXII. a, Fig. 3. not of Say.
Conulus Gundlachi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 256 (1866).
A species of the Florida Subregion. Also in Cuba and St. Thomas, Porto
Rico, Vieque, Guadeloupe. Tate (Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 155) quotes it from
Nicaragua. The species observed by him has the caudal generic characters
(nut dentition) of Guppya.
The species is viviparous.
Jaw not examined.
Lingual membrane of a Guadeloupe specimen (PL II. Fig. D, shows 3
128 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
marginals from 2 adjoining transverse rows), 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, with 4 per-
fect laterals. This lingual is peculiar in having its marginals bluntly bifid, as
in Nanina and Vitrina. Some of the marginals are even trifid. In this re-
spect it agrees with the dentition of Vitrinoconus, as does also Z.fuluus, but
from that genus it differs in having its lateral teeth tricuspid like the centrals.
Its dentition is altogether peculiar.
Genitalia not observed.
Zonites Stearnsi, Bla;>d.
With land shells from the west coast, kindly sent to me for examination by
my friend Mr. Stearns, I lately noticed a single specimen of a form from
Astoria, Oregon, allied to Microplnjsa Lansingi. It is larger, more elevated,
and more distinctly striated than that species, has 7 whorls, with rather wider
and more rounded aperture, but without the lamella within the outer margin
of the peristome. The measurements are, greater diameter 4, lesser 3^ mill. ;
height 2h mill.
Having before me a single specimen, I am unwilling formally to describe the
species, which for the present I designate as Zoniles Stearnsi (Bland).
Fig. 46.
Zonites Stearnsi.
This is all the information I can give on this species. It is copied from Bland,
Ann. of Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XL 76, Fig. 3 (1875).
Subgenus GASTRODONTA, Albers.
Animal (of Z. sitppressus) bluish-black, darker on the head, eye-peduncles,
and neck ; eye-peduncles long and filiform, tentacles short. Length twice the
Fi„ 4- diameter of the shell. On the upper surface of the extremity of
the foot is the mucus pore, a longitudinal fissure or furrow from
which mucus exudes in great quantities, and which the animal
shuts and closes at will. A distinct locomotive disk and longi-
suppressus, tudinal furrows above the margin of the foot,
enlarged. gheU sut)perforate or umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light
horn-color, sometimes glassy, with more or less numerous wrinkle-like strife ;
whorls 5 - 7 ; aperture lunate, its base generally furnished with fold-like den-
ticles not reaching its margin ; peristome simple, acute.
ZONITES. 129
Zonites gularis, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXXVII. Figs. 3, 4.
Shell subpcrf orated, subcorneal ; epidermis shining, pale yellowish horn-color;
sjiire sometimes tending to a point, at other times obtuse ; whorls 7 or 8, very
minute at the apex, increasing in diameter regularly and gradually, until they
reach the aperture, with strongly marked, curved wrinkles ; suture impressed
and distinct; aperture transverse, not much expanded ; peristome simple, thin
at its edge, within thickened with a white, testaceous deposit ; base flat, in-
dented in the centre, near the aperture yellowish-white and opaque ; umbilicus
small and rounded in young shells, obsolete or diminished to a mere point in
older ones ; within the base of the aperture are one or two lamelliform, elon-
gated, nearly parallel teeth, one near the base, the other more central. Greater
diameter, 8 mill.; height, 5 mill.
Helix gularis, Say, Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 156 (1822); Binney's
ed. 18. — Binney, Bost. Jomn. Nat. Hist., III. 408, PL XI. Fig. 1 (1840);
Terr. Moll., II. 251, PL XXXVII. Figs. 3, 4. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46
(1843). — Ferus.sac, Hist., PL LI. a, Fig. 4 (?). — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
I. 183, excl. /3; Symbols, II. 29. excl. /3 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 201, Tab.
CI. Figs. 5-8. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. —Mrs. Gray, Fig.
Moll. An., PL CXCI. Fig. 4. ex P.ost. Jomn. — H. & A. Adams (Gastrodonta),
Gen. Rec. Mob., PL LXXI. Fig. 4 (no descr.). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 719
(1852).
Helix bicostata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 182; Symbolae, III. 697 (1852) ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 196, PL C. Figs. 21-23 (1846). — Reeve, 1. c.
Gastrodonta gularis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 257 (1866).
Zonites gularis, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 292 (1869).
A Post-pleiocene species. At present it seems to be restricted to the Cumber-
land Subregion. It ranges along the Appalachian chain into Pennsylvania,
and southerly into Georgia and Alabama. In East Tennessee it appears to
reach its greatest development.
Animal bluish-black on head and back, other parts dingy white ; eye-pedun-
cles long, slender, enlarged, but not much bulbous at tip; foot above, dirty
greenish. A distinct locomotive disk ; longitudinal furrows above the margin
of the foot, meeting over a longitudinal mucus pore.
There is an umbilicated variety of the species.
The present species resembles some varieties of Z. ligerus, Say, in form and
general appearance, although its size is much less. This remark, which was
made by Say, in his original description, is entirely inapplicable to the speci-
mens which are usually known as Z. gularis. It also resembles Z. suppressus,
Say, the next described species, with which it has long been confounded. But
it has at least one more whorl ; the spire is much higher ; the nucleus of the
VOL. IV. 9
130 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
shell is smaller, so that the first two whorls are finer and more delicate ; and
the base is not so convex. The base of the shell is exceedingly like that of
Z. interims.
It is the totality of the characters which makes up the species ; for indi-
viduals differ considerably in the height of the spire, the size of the umbilicus,
and in the degree of prominence of the teeth. One tooth is often wanting.
The deposition of testaceous matter, thickening the shell at its aperture, occu-
pies about one fourth of the base, through which it is seen. The character of
the lamellar folds, within the aperture, resembles those of Sagda epistylium, Mid-
ler, in which species they are large and prominent.
.Jaw highly arcuate, ends attenuated, anterior surface smooth, cutting cd^e
with a well-developed median projection.
The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. K) has 30—1—30 teeth, with 10 per-
fect laterals.
The genitalia have the two accessory glands to the dart sac, as in intertexius,
while supprcssus has but one.
Zonites suppressus, Say.
Vol. III. PL XXXVII. Fig. 1.
Shell convex depressed, thin, pellucid ; epidermis polished, yellowish horn-
color ; spire flat; whorls 6, with crowded, minute, oblique stria1 ; suture im-
pressed, distinct; aperture transverse, not expanded; peristome simple, thin
at its ed^e, thickened within ; base rather convex, near the aperture opaque,
yellowish-white ; umbilicus small, but rounded and distinct in young shells,
obsolete or hardly apparent in older ones ; within the peristome are 1 or
lamelliform, elongated, oblique teeth. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4 mill.; height,
2 mill.
Helix suppressa, Say, New Harm. Diss., II. 229 (1829); Descr. 14; Binney's
ed. 36. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, III. 410, PI. XI. Fig. 3; Terr.
Moll., II. 253, PL XXXVII. Fig. 1. — DeKay, X. Y. Moll., 38, PI. III. Fig.
24 (1S43). — Reeve, Con. Icon. 723. — Yv. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. —
Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 411, Fig. 25 (1807). — Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viw, IV.
153. — Leidy, anat, Terr. Moll., I. PI. XII. Fig. VIII.
Helix gularis, var. /3, Pfkiffer, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, etc. See Z. gularis.
Gastrodonta suppressa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866).
Zonites suppressa, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., I. 293 (1869). — Gould and
Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 454 (1870).
I have considered this as a species of the Interior Region, which has passed
those limits ranging into the Northern and Southern Regions. I have actually
received it from New England to Florida and to Michigan.
Animal : see p. 94, and Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist., III. PI. XI. Fig. 3.
This shell does not correspond exactly with Say's description ; but I think
it is the same that he described under this name. Having received, from dif-
ZONITES. 131
ferent localities, suites of them, of different sizes, I notice that the "umbilicus
small, orbicular, profound," of Say, exists only in young specimens, it being
closed in the full-grown shell.
It resembles the preceding species, but has one whorl less, is more depressed,
and its base is more convex. The tooth in the aperture is sometimes so little
prominent as to be hardly visible ; at other times there are 3 teeth. The
striae of growth are fine and crowded, and seem to be more nearly at right
angles with the suture than is usual in other species.
Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rounded ; concave margin smooth, with a stout,
rounded, blunt, median projection.
Z. suppressus (PI. III. Fig. J, the marginals are from near the edge of the mem-
brane) has 30 — 1 — 30 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals on its lingual membrane.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c.) as in Z. intertextus (see above). I
have already under Z. gularis pointed out the specific distinction between that
species and suppressus, furnished by the genital system.
Zonites lasmodon, Phillips.
Vol. III. PL XXXVII. Fig. 2.
Shell very much flattened above, a little convex ; epidermis corneous, shin-
ing ; whorls 7, narrow, very slowly increasing in diameter from the apex to the
aperture, and not expanding at the aperture, with minute, transverse striae and
wrinkles ; suture moderately impressed ; peristome thin, acute ; aperture nearly
circular; within, upon the base, are 2 prominent, white, testaceous laminae,
nearly parallel, and extending far into the cavity of the whorl ; umbilicus
large, rather expanded, and deep ; base smooth, well rounded from the um-
bilicus to the circumference. Greatest diameter, 6 mill. ; height, 2\ mill.
Helix lasmodon,1 Phillips, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII. 182 (1842); Troc. of
same, I. 28 (1841). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 254, PI. XXXVII. Fig. 2. —
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 142, V.
216 (1868). — W. G. BlNNEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 122.
Helix macilcnta, Shuttleworth, Hern. Mit. 1852, 195. — Gould, Terr. Moll.,
III. 20. —Pfeiffer, 1. c. III. 640.
Gastrodonta lasmodon, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 257 (1866).
Hyalina lasmodon, W. G. BlNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, found thus far only in Eastern Ten-
nessee and in the mountains of Northern Alabama.
Animal with the distinct locomotive disk, the longitudinal furrows above the
margin of the foot, and the caudal mucus pore characterizing Zonites.
Jaw and lingual as usual in the genus.
The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. O) has 41 — 1 — 41 teeth, with 9 perfect
laterals. The reflected portion of the centrals and laterals is short, as in Vitrina.
Genitalia not observed.
1 Should not the name he rather elasmodo?i t
132 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOELUSKS.
Zonites significans, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, discoidal, thin, with fine irregular stria;, which
are almost ohsolete at the base, shining, pale horn-colored ; spire little elevated ;
Fie 48 suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6, subplanulate, the last roundly
inflated, rather flat at the base, excavated around the umbilicus,
which is pervious, and equal almost to one fifth of the diameter
Oof the shell ; aperture oblique, depressed, lunate ; peristome sim-
ple, acute. Greater diameter 4i, lesser 4 mill. ; height, 2 mill.
Helix significans, Bland, Am. Journ. Conch., II. No. 4, p. 372,
[zT^niJi. PL XXI. Fig. 9 (1866).
Gastrodonta significans, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 163 (1866).
Hyalina significans, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. (1869).
Fort Gibson, Indian Territory ; Union County, Tennessee. I consider it a
species of the Cumberland Subregion, with the western range shared by many
of the species of the subregion.
In a young specimen of significans, having 4 whorls only, there are 3 small
teeth, one by itself, and at some distance from it 2 others, situated as the
teeth are in mullidentata. Whether these teeth are or not constant in the
antepenultimate whorl of significans, I am unable to determine. It is especially
allied to Z. multidentatus, from which it differs in being of larger size with
wider umbilicus (Bland).
Jaw not observed.
Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. R) ; 16 — 1 — 16 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals.
Genitalia not observed.
Zonites intemus, Say.
Vol. HI. PI. XXX. Fig. 4.
Shell very narrowly perforated, depressed, slightly convex ; epidermis red-
dish-brown, shining ; whorls 8, with regular, equidistant, elevated, oblique,
rounded ribs, separated by distinct grooves ; suture deeply impressed ; aper-
ture flattened, transverse, narrow ; peristome thin, acute, thickened internally ;
within the base of the aperture, somewhat distant from the margin, are 2
prominent, sub-lamelliform, white teeth, not reaching the edge of the peri-
stome ; base smooth, polished, umbilical region indented. Greater diameter,
5£ mill. : height, 3| mill.
Ilciix interna, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 155(1822); Binney's cd. 18. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 405, PI. XXI. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II.
247, IT. XXX. Fig. 4. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 46 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed.,
I. 200, Tab. CI. Figs. 1-4. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 183. — Reeve,
Con. Icon. 718. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 121.
Helix pomum-adami, Green, Doughty's Cab., III. 35 (1834).
Gastrodonta interna, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866).
Hyalina interna, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 49, Fig. 79 (1S69).
ZONITES. 133
A species of tlic Interior Region, traced thtis far from the Alleghany Moun-
tains to Missouri ; Ohio to Georgia.
The teeth within the aperture are in general formed of a single prominent
lamina, or tooth-like fold ; but sometimes one or both of them are bifid, or even
trifid. A second set often, and sometimes a third set, of teeth are seen through
the transparent base of the shell, irregularly striated, but generally having
equal spaces between each two sets. They are apparent in the youngest as
well as in the oldest specimens, and continue to be formed from time to time,
so long as the shell increases in size. They probably mark regular periods of
growth ; and it may be that these are annual. The growth seems to go on
actively for a time, by the addition of new testaceous matter, indicated by the
oblique stria?, and then alternates with a season of repose, when the teeth and
aperture are formed. The teeth appear never to be entirely absorbed and
removed, although the aperture, near which they were originally placed, is
often advanced very far beyond them. When in motion, the shell lies hori-
zontally on the animal's back.
A curious subject of investigation is the albinism, or entire absence of color-
ing matter, in the shells of certain individuals of this and other species. The
albinos of this species are of a pure, lively white, while the contained animal is
highly colored. Mr. Anthony remarks that about one seventh of all the speci-
mens collected by him in the neighborhood of Cincinnati are colorless. As
they are apparently operated upon by the same physical agents which influence
the others, it is not easy to conjecture how this singular effect is produced. The
animal is sometimes cream-colored throughout; but in such instances the shell
is usually colored.
Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black or slate-color ;
margin and posterior part of foot white. Eye-peduncles very long, tentacles
very short ; body narrow and delicate, in length not much exceeding the diam-
eter of the shell. I cannot detect any caudal mucus pore, but it is difficult
to see any such, even if existing (as I believe it must), on account of the ex-
treme transparency of the animal.
Jaw slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed ; a median, beak-like projec-
tion to the cutting edge.
Lingual membrane as usual in Zonites (PI. III. Fig. Q) with 28 — 1 — 28
teeth ; 4 laterals.
The genital system has the dart sac and dart of ligerus.
Zonites multidentatus, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. XLVIII. Fig. 3.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-planulate above, very thin, pellucid ; epi-
dermis smooth, shining ; whorls 6, narrow, slightly convex, increasing but
slowly in diameter, delicately striated, beneath smoother ; suture impressed ;
134 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
aperture semi-lunate, narrow ; peristome acute ; umbilicus very small, rounded,
pervious ; base convex, indented around the umbilicus ; two or more rows of
very minute, white teeth, radiating from the umbilicus, are seen through the
shell, within the base of the last whorl. Greater diameter 3|, lesser 3 mill. ;
height, H mill.
Helix multidentata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 425, PI. XXII. Fig. 5
(1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 258, PI. XLVIII. Fig. 3. —Adams, Vermont Mollusca,
161 (1842). —Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 201, PL CI. Figs. 9- 12. — Pfeiffek,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 184. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 123. —Reeve,
Con. Icon., No. 729. — Morse, Arner. Xat,, I. 543, Fig. 33 (1867).
Hyalina multidentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 15, Fig. 31, p. 61, Fig. 30 ;
PI. VI. Fig. 32 (1864). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 50, Fig. 80
(1369). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (1870).
Gastrodonta multidentata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866).
A species of the Northern Region, noticed in Maine, Vermont, New York,
Ohio ; also Lower Canada.
For a figure of the rosy-white, thread-like animal, see Boston Journ. Nat.
Hist., III. PI. XXII. Fig. 5.
This species possesses characters so marked that it, at first, is not likely to
be mistaken for any other. The numerous narrow whorls visible on its upper
and plane surface, while only one is seen below, together with its minute, round
umbilicus, and narrow aperture, would sufficiently distinguish it; but there is
another still more peculiar character. There are from 2 to 4 rows of very
minute, delicate white teeth, on the lower side of the interior of the last
whorl, radiating from the centre. One row is usually s<> near the aperture
as to be seen within it with the aid of a microscope ; the others are more
or less remote ; each row contains from 5 to 6 distinct teeth. They are
visible through the shell. The transparency of the shell is so great that
frequently the sutures of the upper surface can be seen through it, when
viewed on the base. With the living animal within, the shell has a roseate
tinge.
Jaw arcuate, broad in centre, greatly attenuated and blunt at ends ; concave
margin smooth, with a slight median projection.
The lingual membrane examined (PI. III. Fig. N) had 14 — 1 — 14 teeth,
with 2 perfect laterals. Morse gives 68 rows with 15 — 1 — 15 teeth, also 2
perfect laterals.
Fossil Species of Zonites.
Zonites (Conulus) priscus, Carpenter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1867, p. 331,
with Figs. Nova Scotia.
Helix (Zonites) marginieola, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 315, PI. XIII.
Fig. 9, 1871. Oregon Terr.
VITRINA.
135
Doubtful Species of Zoxites.
Zonitcs cultellatus (see Vol. IV. p. 22, pi. lxxvi. Fig. 6). This species must be re-
moved from our catalogue, not having again been found in and most probably
not belonging to our limits.
Zonitcs Kctvberryana, Vol. IV. p. 20, is a species of the Helicca now described
as a new genus Gtyptostoma, q. v.
Zonitcs aUiarius has been found in hot-houses in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Chicago.
It is said by Morch to be found in Greenland (Amer. Journ. Conch., IV. 29).
Zonites Lansingi. See Microphysa.
VITRINA, Drap.
Animal heliciform, obtuse before, pointed behind. Mantle posterior, with an
anterior prolongation covering the back, and with a process or prolongation
which is reflected backward upon the shell. A dis-
tinct locomotive disk. No caudal mucus pore.
Respiratory orifice (i) subcentral, on the right
edge of the mantle, under the peristome of the
shell. Generative orifice (e) somewhat in the rear
of the right eye-peduncle. Anal orifice contiguous
to the respiratory orifice.
Shell external, imperforate, pellucid, glassy, depressed. Spire short, whorls
2-3, rapidly increasing, the last wide : aperture large ; peristome thin, often
membranous.
Fig. 50.
Animal of Vitrina.1
Lingual dentition of V. limpida (Morse).
F i c j aw is highly arched, ends acuminated, blunt; anterior surface smooth
cutting margin with a prominent beak-like median projection. I have figured;
the jaw of V. limpida on PI. XVI. Fig. H. I have found it to be the same in
V. exilis and Pfeifferi. I have not examined either jaw or lingual membrane
in V. AngeliccB.
Fig. 50 gives a general idea of the lingual membrane. The centrals have a
quadrangular base of attachment, longer than broad. The reflection is short,
with three distinct cusps, the median long and slender, bulging at the sides, the
outer ones very short ; all the cusps bear cutting points in proportion to their
length. The lateral teeth are arranged in straight transverse rows. They are
like the centrals, but unsymmetrical by the partial suppression of the inner
1 From Moquin-Tandon.
136 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
side cusp and inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment, and the
complete suppression of the cutting point to the inner side cusp. The marginals
have a sole-shaped base of attachment, and truly aculeate cutting points, which,
however, are bluntly bifid at their points. The marginals are in oblique, curv-
ing rows, gradually decreasing in size of the teeth as they pass off laterally.
They do not first increase and then decrease, as in Zonites and Glandina, or
not, at all events, to the same degree. In V. limpida, as stated below, the
seventh marginal appears, however, to be the largest.
Vitrina has a world-wide distribution. In North America it is restricted
almost exclusively to the Northern Region, excepting on high elevations.
Vitrina latissima, Lewis.
Shell vitrinaform, very much depressed, thin, fragile, translucent, polished ;
suture deeply impressed ; whorls 2, very rapidly expanded, with delicate lines
of growth and quite conspicuous, separated, deeply impressed,
arcuate, transverse lines, and crossed by a few, microscopic,
impressed, revolving lines ; aperture nearly equal to half the
area of the base of the shell, very oblique, unsymmetrically
ovate ; peristome thin and acute, flexuose above and at the
columellar origin arising from the axis of the shell ; axis im-
perforate ; color of the shell amber brown. Transverse diam-
eter, 17.3 mill.; lesser diameter, 11.9 mill; height, 7.1 mill.
Tennessee Bald Mountain, G,G00 feet. A species of the
Cumberland Subregion.
Vitrina latissima, Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. 1875, 336, PI. XXIII.
Fig- 7.
Fig. 51 is drawn from the original specimen. I regret not having had an
opportunity of seeing the animal, to verify its generic position.
Vitrina limpida, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 1.
Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining ; whorls 2\ to 3,
scarcely convex, with very minute lines of increase, the last whorl large and
much expanded ; suture not much impressed, sometimes with an impressed line
revolving near it; aperture large, subovate, somewhat diminished by the in-
trusion of the penultimate whorl ; peristome thin and acute, the columellar
margin a little reflected ; axis imperforate. Greatest transverse diameter nearly
6 mill.
Vitrina pellucida, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 25, PI. III. Fig. 42 (1843), not of
Muller. — Adams, Sh. of Vt., 162. — Binney, T. M., II. 58, PI. LXVII.
a, Fig. 1.
V. latissima.
VITRINA. 137
Vitrina Americana, Pfeiffeh, Dec. 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc, 156. — Chemnitz,
ed. 2, 9, PI. I. Figs. 22-25 (1854).
Vitrina limpida, Gould, in Agassiz' Lake Superior, p. 243, 1850 ; Terr. Moll.,
1. c. — Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt., II. 10 (1856) ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 798.—
W. G. Binney, T. M., 33. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 62. — Morse, Journ. Portl.
Soc, I. 11, PI. V. Fig. 17 (1864) ; in Amer. Nat., I. 314, Fig 20 (1867).—
Tiiyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 243 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W.
Sli., I. 27 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 394 (1870).
Found in Maine, Vermont, New Brunswick, and to the northwest of Lake
Superior, and at Troy, Utiea, Mohawk, and Palmyra, N. Y. The species may
be said to belong to the Northern Region.
Animal whitish, grayish, or blackish, large compared with the shell. Head,
eye-peduncles, and eyes black ; tentacles very short. The prolongation of the
mantle extends from under the shell, over the back and neck to the base of
the eye-peduncles, but is unattached and free ; from the right side of the man-
tle posteriorly there arises a tongue-shaped process, which is reflected back
upon the shell, and reaches to the spire. Respiratory foramen in the nosterior
part of the mantle, taken with its prolongation.
In V. limpida I have counted 71 rows of 30 — 1 — 30 teeth, with 9 perfect
laterals. The seventh marginal is the largest. Another gave 39 — 1—39,
with 10 perfect laterals. The membrane figured by Morse had 30 rows of
25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 9 laterals. I have figured of this species, on PI. II.
Fig. C, one central and its adjacent lateral, and the twenty-third tooth. The
marginals increase in size up to the seventh, then gradually decrease.
In color the shell varies from almost white to dark horn.
Should the species prove identical with the European pellucida, as formerly
believed, it must be considered a circumpolar species. . The complete anatomy
of pellucida is given by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, 47, PI. IX. Fig.
12). His count of the teeth, 103 rows of 37 — 1 — 37 teeth, does not agree with
our species as to number of transverse rows, but that may be far from indicat-
ing specific difference.
Vitrina Angelicas, Beck.
Shell convexly depressed, smooth, polished, pellucid, greenish-yellow ; spire
short, subprominent ; suture delicately crenulated ; whorls 3^, rapidly increas-
ing, the last broad below ; aperture oblique, lunate-oval ; peri-
stome simple, subinflected, its columellar margin not receding and
slightly arched. Greatest diameter 6, lesser 4§ mill.; height,
3| mill.
Vitrina Angelica, Beck, Ind. 1. — Mollek, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4
(1842). —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 510. — Morch, Nat.
Bidr. af Gr., 76. — W. G. Binney, T. M. U. S., IV. 32, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 9.
— Reeve, Con. Icon., 45. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 243 (1866).—
138 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Morch, Am. Journ. Couch., IV. 27, PI. III. Figs. 1, 4(1868). — W. 0. Bixxf.y,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 28 (1S69).
Helix, pcllucida, Fabricius, Fauna Gr., 389, excl. syn. Muller (1780).
Helix domestica, Strom.1 Der Tronh. Vidensk., III. 435, PL VI. Fig. 15.
Godhavn, Greenland, on ArcTiangelica officinalis.
My figure is from a typical specimen in the British Museum. For other
figures and much information regarding the species, see Morch, 1. c.
Animal bluish-gray, head black ; mantle edge bluish-gray, densely speckled
with black ; hinder part of foot pale gray. The lobe of the mantle very small,
by which latter character and the smaller number of whorls it is distinguished
from pellucida. (Muller in Morch, 1. c.)
I have seen no specimen of the species.
Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomb.
Shell moderately depressed, smooth, shining, pellucid, greenish- white ;
whorls 3, the last composing most of the shell ; suture very finely mar-
gined ; aperture large, obliquely and roundedly ovate ; lip thin,
Fig. 53. columella arched. Diameter, 5 mill. ; axis, 2 mill. (Newcomb.)
Iy^#:'\ Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. 92
Y Pftifferi (1861). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 244, PL III. Fig.
euiarged. ' 3 (1866). —W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 28, Fig. 26
(1869).
I have traced this species over all of California as far south as Fresno County ;
in Nevada, Colorado, at St. George, Utah, at Fort Wingate, New Mexico. It
may therefore be said to inhabit both the California Province and the Central
Region. It is, as usual in the genus, found at high elevations.
Like V. limpida it is variable in color.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
The lingual membrane has over 50 — 1 — 50 teeth, with 10 perfect laterals. I
figure a central and lateral (PL II. Fig. A), and one extreme marginal.
Vitrina exilis, Morelet.
Shell subperforate, rather convex-depressed, very thin, pellucid, hyaline,
very lightly and distantly striate ; suture impressed, margined ; whorls 3, rap-
1 This name I give to a little snail, which is represented by Fig. 15, since I find noth-
ing in Linne's Systema Nat. to which I can with certainty refer it. It is small, ovate-
rounded, and somewhat convex above, and shows 3 small and flat whorls on the one side.
The aperture is large and may be called almost entirely round, and the columella, or part
attached to the snail's house, comprises a small segment, or may be inscribed in an exact
circle. The shell is yellowish, and so brittle that one cannot pick it up without breaking
it in pieces. It contains a bluish snail. It is found in great numbers under the moss or
turf on houses, and is sometimes fully as large as the figure, which represents both the
upper and lower sides. (Strom.)
LIMAX. 139
idly increasing, the last broad below, flattened ; aperture obliquely oval, the
termination of the peristome membranous, that of the columella slightly re-
fleeted, giving the impression of a punetiform perforation. Greater
diameter 71, lesser 5 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Allied to V. pellucida, but with less broad spire and differing CP^
in the perforation, (Morelet.)
Vitrina exilis, Morelet, Journ. de Condi., VII. 8. — Pfeiffek,
Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 799 (1859). V. exilis.
A Kamtschatka species. Petropaulauski (Ball), Ounalaska (Cooper, as pel-
lucida1? Am. Journ. Conch., V. 200).
Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the former with ends some-
what recurved as in Zonites arboreus.
Vitrina exilis has about 37 — 1 — 37 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 7 per-
fect laterals. I have given on PI. II. Fig. B, one central, lateral, and marginal.
Fossil -Species of Vitrina.
Vitrina vbliqua, Meek & Hayden, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1857, 134.
LIMAX, Linn
Body subcylindrical, lessening towards the posterior extremity, which termi-
nates in a point. Back with a carina or keel when contracted, convex when
extended. Integuments with longitudinal elongated glands, and anastomosing
furrows arranged in the same manner upon both sides. Mantle small, anterior,
oval, marked with fine concentric striae or prominent wrinkles, unattached and
free at the front and sides, but connected with the body at its posterior part,
and containing in this part a testaceous rudiment or shell. Base of foot not
expanded at margin, having a narrow locomotive disk running longitudinally
along its centre and separated from the sides by a well-defined line or furrow.
Respiratory orifice near the right posterior margin of the mantle, large. Anal
orifice immediately adjacent to, but a little below and anterior to the respira-
tory orifice, with a cleft or fissure through the mantle from the orifice to its
edge. Orifice of organs of generation near, and immediately behind, the right
eye-peduncle (Vol. III. PI. LXV.).
Testaceous rudiment thin, concentrical, not spiral, covered above with a thin
and transparent periostraca, below smooth.
Jaw arcuate, with slightly attenuated but blunt ends; Fig. 65
anterior surface smooth, cutting margin with a decided
beak-like median projection. There is often a central ver-
tical carina to the jaw. The ends are often more pointed
than in the jaw figured. I have examined the jaw of all J aw of Umax
our species.
The dentition of Limax is nearly allied to that of Zonites. The lateral teeth
140 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
are arranged in straight transverse rows, the marginals in oblique rows, as acu-
leate marginal teeth always are. This tendency to obliquity in the rows of
aculeate teeth we have seen most plainly shown in Glandina. To show the
general arrangement of the teeth in straight and oblique rows I repeat the fig-
ure by Morse in " Land and Fresh-Water Shells, N". A." I., which was probably
drawn from L. agrestis. It must be borne in mind that this figure is not intended
to show the character* of the separate teeth, for which I refer to my plate.
The genus Limax differs from Zonites in its dentition by having more slen-
der, spine-like marginals, instead of the short, strictly aculeate form. The base
of attachment of the marginals in Limax is also different, being less sole-like
and more irregularly'eireular on the extreme marginals. Another difference is
Fig 56.
Lingual DeDtition of Limax.
that the marginal teeth do not increase in size so rapidly, and then decrease
gradually as they pass off laterally, thus giving an irregularly crescentic form
to each half of every transverse row. In L. maximus the marginal teeth de-
crease gradually in size from the first to the last. It is the same with agrestis,
but I believe the character is not generic, as L. montanus differs in this respect.
It will be seen that even in the few species existing in North America there
is considerable variation in the lingual dentition, especially in the bifurcation or
non-bifurcation of the marginal teeth, the development of the side cusps to the
central and lateral teeth, and the presence or absence of distinct Cutting points
to these cusps. I shall, however, simply describe the dentition of our species,
without reference to the subgeneric or generic value of these differences of
dentition, or of the peculiarities of the mantle on which also generic and sub-
generic distinctions have been founded.
Species of Limax have been found in every quarter of the globe, but they
may be said to belong rather to the more temperate regions. In North Amer-
ica they are less common in the tertiary portions of the Southern States, but
are found abundantly in the Middle and Northern States and in the British
Possessions. Specimens were collected by Mr. Kennicott as far north as the
junction of the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers in Russian America. The
Pacific States also are inhabited by several species. I have received one from
Lower California. The genus is also found in the Central Province. The
cellars and gardens of the cities of the Atlantic seaboard are infested with sev-
eral European species, introduced by commerce. Like rats and mice, and vari-
ous destructive insects which have proceeded from continent to continent and
LIMAX. 141
from island to island in the same manner, they occupy the houses and other
structures, in the immediate vicinity of man, preying upon the fruits of his in-
dustry, and consuming his stores of provisions. Like them they thrive only in
the vicinity of, and, as it were, in contact with man, and never withdraw from
him to resume their original manner of living in the wilds. These habits are
the cause of much mischief, and when the animals are numerous, render them
the pests of the house and the garden. Their increase, therefore, beyond a
certain point becomes prejudicial, and means are adopted to keep them in
check. In various ways thousands of them are destroyed during the year, but
their extraordinary fertility enables them to make the loss good and to sustain
themselves in undiminished numbers.
Species of the genus found in this country can be readily confounded only
with those of the genus Arion. They can be at once distinguished by their
smooth jaw with its rostriform projection, that of Arion being ribbed and regu-
larly concave below ; the respiratory orifice of Limax is on the hinder part of
the shield, while in Arion it is on the anterior portion; the rudimentary shell
of Limax is strong, oblong or square, while in Arion there are but irregular
grains of calcareous matter.
It will be noticed that the genitalia furnish reliable specific characters in the
Limaces found within our limits. The variation shown in the shell of the he-
liciform genera seems here to be transferred to these organs. It seems to be a
generic character that the testicle is composed of aciniform caeca, and is not
imbedded within one of the lobes of the liver.
As some confusion exists in regard to the specimens furnishing the descrip-
tions and figures of dentition published in this country, I have taken pains to
be sure of the specific identity of each specimen from which my own are
drawn.
The L. maximus was collected in Newport, R. I., by my friend, Mr.
Samuel Towel. It is the same individual figured on p. 408 of my edition of
Gould's " Invertebrata of Massachusetts." The external markings of the ani-
mal are conclusive proofs of its identity with the European species. 1 have,
however, made it still more certain by examining the genitalia, which I find
agree with those of L. maximum, figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken,
etc.). I find the dentition agrees also with the figures given by Heynemann
(Malak. Blatt. X.), Lehmann (1. c), and Goldfuss (Verhl. Naturh. Vereins der
Preuss. Rheinl., etc.).
The L. Jlavus was collected in a cellar in Burlington, N. J. It not only
agrees with the figure in the "Terrestrial Mollusks" as far as its outward
markings are concerned, but I find also its genitalia to agree with Dr. Leidy's
figure in the same work, and also with the figure given by Moquin-Tandon
(Moll. Fr.). Its dentition agrees with the figures of Heynemann and Semper
(Arch. Phil.)-
The L. agrestis was collected in a garden in Burlington, N. J. This spe-
142 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
cies I have also found to agree with the figures of the external animal and
genitalia given in the " Terrestrial Mollusks," as well as with Moquin-Tandon's
(Moll. Terr, et Fluv. de la France) figure of the genitalia, and Heynemann's
and Lehmann's figure of the dentition ; also with the figure of the genitalia
given by Schmidt and Lehmann.
The Limax campestris examined was collected in the country near Burling-
ton, N. J., by my friend, A. Ten Fyck Lansing. It agrees with the de-
scription and figures in the " Terrestrial Mollusks," not only as to its exter-
nal characters, but in its genitalia. I will here mention that its dentition does
not agree with that of L. Weinlandi, Heynemann (1. c. p. 212), supposed by
that author to be the same species.
The Limax Hewstoni examined is a typical specimen, given by Dr. J. G.
Cooper to the State Collection of California. It was labelled by him. There
can be no doubt, therefore, of its identity.
The Limax montanns examined was one of the original lot found by Mr. In-
gersoll, and furnished by him.
The Limax occidentalis was received from Dr. Cooper.
This completes the list of North American Limaces now known. I will add
that maximus and flavus are put by Heynemann in the s. g. Lleynemannia ;
agrestis in s. g. Agriolimax ; campestris would be placed by him in s. g. Malaco-
limax ; while Heicstoni would be placed by him in the genus Amalia.
The testicle in the genus is a round or oval body, partially concealed by the
liver ; it is brown in color, and has the appearance of being composed of
rounded acini. In L,. flavus it is tabulated. The epididymis is an undulated
or moderately tortuous tube, leading from the testicle to the inner side of the
junction of the ovary with the prostate gland. It opens into a groove upon the
inner side of the interior of the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior ex-
tremity, with the vas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididy-
mis, and lying against the inner side of the ovaryr, is a small, compound, fol-
licular body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gasteropoda.
The prostate gland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side
of the whole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance,
and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis to the vas
deferens.
The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the prostate
gland to the penis. In L. flavus, montanus, Hewstoni, and maximus, it joins the
summit of the latter ; in L. agrestis and i. campestris it enters near the base.
The penis, in L. flavus, is a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at the
right anterior part of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termination a short
cloaca. Into its summit is inserted the retractor muscle, which has its origin
from the muscular investment of the visceral cavity, just posterior to the posi-
tion of the pulmonary cavity. The interior of the penis is lined by mucous
membrane, its exterior of muscular membrane. In L. agrestis and L. campes-
LIMAX. 143
tris the organ which corresponds to the penis of L. Jlavus becomes of a some-
what problematical character. In L. agrestis it is an elongated conical organ,
with a protuberant base. Its summit is divided into three coeca; the retractor
muscle is inserted into its side. Upon the interior it presents several longitu-
dinal folds of mucous membrane, and at its lower part, corresponding to the
protuberance of the base, an oval, pointed papilla. In L. campeslris, the organ
is spiral, and has but a single pointed summit.
The ovary is a large, white, semi-elliptic organ, usually more or less curved
and lobulated, and situated at the summit of the oviduct. In L. agrestis and
L. campeslris it is always two-lobed, or double. The oviduct is a long, wide,
soft, white, tortuous, sacculated tube, passing from the ovary to the vagina.
The neck or portion immediately joining the vagina commences usually where
the prostate gland terminates, and is contracted to less than half the calibre of
the upper portion of the tube. Its interior surface exhibits a number of trans-
verse folds, corresponding to the contractions which produce the sacculated
appearance of the organ, and upon the inner side upon each side of the sper-
matic groove, or longitudinal fold.
The generative bladder, in L. jlavus, is a large, pointed, oval receptacle
opening by a very short, wide tube or duct, into the vagina. In L. agrestis it is
large, elongated oval, and opens by a short duct into the angle formed by the
junction of the vagina with the male portion of the generative apparatus. In
L. campestris it is a small oval sac, with a longer, narrow duct, opening into
the tube leading from the penis to the cloaca. In all three species of Limax
the cloaca is a short canal opening at the generative orifice on the right side of
the head.
The characters of the various organs in the other species are given below.
Limax maximus.
Color light brown or ashen with alternate longitudinal rows of round spots,
and uninterrupted stripes of black along the back and sides, replaced by irreg-
ular blotches on the mantle ; lighter on the sides, dirty white below ; eye-
peduncles and tentacles short, blackish. Body elongated, terminating in a
well-marked dorsal carina ; covered with coarse, elongated, longitudinal tuber-
cles ; constantly exuding mucus from its whole surface, giving a vermicular,
glistening effect. Mantle large, bluntly oval, with tuberosities more delicate
and arranged concentrically ; orifice of respiration very large at its hinder
lateral portion. Foot with a narrow locomotive disk. Length about 4 inches.
Limax maximus, Lin. Syst. Nat. Sci. — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass.
ed. 2, p. 408, Fig. 669 (1870). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315, PI.
XVI. p. 2 (1367).
Limax antiquorum, Ferussac, Podr., 20 ; Hist., 68, PI. 4, PI. 8, A, Fig. 1.
A specimen of this common European slug was found in Newport, R. I., in
a garden, by Mr. Samuel Powel (1868). It is figured below. This species has
14-4 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
also been recently noticed in Philadelphia, and in Brooklyn, N Y. It is an
introduced species. Its rich brown or black stripes, giving it a leopard-like
Fig. 57.
L. maximus.
appearance, and its great size, at once distinguish it from any species hitherto
known to inhabit Eastern North America.
Jaw long, narrow, arcuate, strongly striated both vertically and trans-
versely, ends attenuated; cutting edge with a prominent median projection.
There is a strong line of reinforcement running parallel to the upper margin,
and a decided vertical median carina.
The lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig F) has about 76 — 1 — 76 teeth. The
centrals have a large, subquadrate base of attachment. The reflection is large,
subquadrate, and bears a single stout median cusp, which has a short cutting
point, often longer than in the teeth figured ; the side cusps are subobsolete,
and bear no cutting points. The lateral teeth, about 18 in number, are like
the centrals, but asymmetrical. The marginal teeth are aculeate. Only a
few are simple, as in Fig. b ; the balance are bifid, as in Fig. c. The bifurca-
tion of the marginals in my specimens commences much nearer the median
line than in the specimens examined by Lehmani. and Heynemann. There
are, indeed, but 12 marginals without the bifurcation on one membrane ex-
amined.
Individuals kept in confinement were guilty of cannibalism.
The eggs are globular, transparent, over two hundred in number, laid in a
compact mass.
Genitalia (PI. XII. Fig. A) with a strongly lobulated ovary; penis sac long,
cylindrical, tapering to its apex, where it receives the retractor muscle and the
vas deferens; genital bladder small, on a short duct.
Limax flavus, Linn.
Vol. III. PI. LXV. Fig. 1.
Color brownish, yellowish-brown, or ashy brown, with oblong-oval uncolored
spots, which have a longitudinal disposition ; mantle with rounded spots ; head,
neck, and eye-peduncles blue, semi-transparent ; tentacles white ; base of foot
LIMAX. 145
sallow white. Body when extended cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely
with a short hut prominent keel ; upper part covered with long and narrow
prominent tubercles. Mantle ample, oval, rounded at both ends, with numer-
ous very fine concentrical strias. Sides paler, and without spots. Respiratory
foramen large, placed near the posterior lateral margin of the mantle and cleft
to the edge. Generative orifice indicated by a white spot a little behind the
eye-peduncle of the right side. Length, when fully extended, usually about
75 mill.; an individual kept in confinement with abundance of food attained
the length of nearly 125 mill., and several others that of 200 mill.
Limax flavutt, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. [x.J, 1758, I. p. 652 (not Ml/llep, 1774). —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 164 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 21,
PI. I. Fig. 5 (1843). — Gray and Pfeiffer, Reeve, etc. — Tiiyon, Am.
Journ. Conch., III. 314 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 61 (1869).
— Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 410 (1870).
Limax varicgatus, Drapaknaud, Tabl. Moll. 103(1801). — Ferussac, Moquin-
Tandon. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 34, PI. LXV. Fig. 1 (1851). — Leidy,
anat, T. M., I. 248, PI. I. (1851).
An introduced species, noticed hitherto in Massachusetts at Boston and Cam-
bridge ; in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore ; in Virginia
at Richmond, and at the University of Virginia; in Athens and Savannah,
Ga. ; Graniteville and Charleston, S. C, and at other cities. It is also found
in Europe, Syria, and Madeira.
The contrast of colors and the elegant arrangement of the spots and lines
render this a beautiful species. The tubercles of the surface are very fine, and
so much compressed as to appear in some lights to be carinated. There is often
a well-defined row of spots down the back. The eye-peduncles are long and
delicate, the mantle sometimes terminates posteriorly in an obtuse point, and
the locomotive hand of the foot is narrow and well defined. There is a promi-
nent ridge on the head and neck between the eye-peduncles, and a furrow
marks the edges of the foot. It is active in its motions, turns rapidly, and
often bends the body so as to form two parallel lines. It does not secrete
mucus so freely as Limax agrcslis. The carina is often yellowish. The testa-
ceous rudiment (Vol. I. PI. I. Fig. V) is oblong-oval, convex above and con-
cave below, thin and membranaceous in young individuals, with the superior
surface smooth and covered with a delicate periostracum, and with the lower
surface uneven. No spiral arrangement is visible to the eye, and it appears to
be only a thin testaceous plate, imbedded in the mantle. In old individuals it
attains a greater thickness.
It inhabits cellars and gardens in moist situations in the cities. It is con-
sidered noxious to vegetation. It feeds upon the leaves of plants in kitchen
gardens, and upon the remains of the cooked vegetables and bread thrown
out from houses. Its most common habitat is in cellars, where it makes its
presence most disagreeable by attacking articles of food, and especially by in-
VOL. iv. 10
146 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
6inuating itself into vessels containing meal and flour. It is common, but not
so numerous as Limax agrestis. The young suspend themselves by a thread of
mucus.
This species is of foreign origin, but the period of its introduction is not
known. It was noticed by Mr. Say more than fifty years since. It is prob-
able that it inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast, and their vicinage, and most
of the cities of the interior.
Jaw (Vol. I. PI. I. Fig. VI) of a light horn-color, its anterior surface not
on one plane, but projecting towards a strong median vertical carina; arcuate,
ends square, striated, concave margin smooth, with a well-developed median
projection.
The lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. G) .of one specimen1 examined has
about 60 — 1- — 60 teeth, with 16 laterals. The centrals and laterals are of
the same type as in L. maximus, the outer marginals are also bifid. On
other portions of the same membrane the cutting points are longer and sharper.
Fig. c represents an extreme marginal. Both of the figures of this spe-
cies, published by me, were drawn from lingual membranes of another
species.
The genital system, as well as full anatomy, is figured by Leidy in Vol. I.
PI. I. The testicle (1), composed of a globular mass of aciniform cceca, is not
imbedded within one of the lobes of the liver. The penis sac (4) is long, stout,
cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens (2) and retractor muscle (5) at its apex.
The genital bladder (8) is small, elongated-ovate with pointed apex and short
duct.
Limax agrestis, Linn.
Vol. III. PI. LXIV. Fig. 2.
Color varying from whitish through every shade of cinereous and gray to
black, and through various shades of yellowish, or amber-color, to brownish,
and sometimes irregularly spotted with small black points or dots; eye-pedun-
cles and tentacles darker than the general surface, sometimes black ; mantle
sometimes mottled with a lighter color; base of foot sallow white; sheath of
eye-peduncles indicated by black lines extending backwards from their base
under the edge of the mantle. Body when in motion cylindrical, elongated,
terminating acutely, the sides towards its posterior extremity compressed up-
wards, so as to form a short carina or keel ; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong-
oval, fleshy, convex, and prominent, rounded at both extremities, equalling in
length one third of the length of the body, its surface marked by prominent,
irregularly waved, concentrical lines and furrows having their centre on the
i L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I. p. 63, Fig. 105, is no doubt L. agrestis. Fig. 6, p. 285,
of Ann. Lye. N. II. N. Y., Vol. IX., would more correctly represent the dentition of this
species') it the extreme marginals were bifid.
LIMAX. 147
posterior part, and its edges free throughout the whole circumference. Upper
surface of the body marked with longitudinal lines or shallow furrows, darker
than the general surface, sometimes black, anastomosing with each other, and
forming a sort of network ; between the reticulated lines are narrow, irregular
oblong plates, or smooth, flattened tubercles, giving the surface the appearance
of a mosaic work, with lines of dark cement; reticulations less distinct on the
sides, and disappearing towards the base ; a prominent tubercular ridge extends
from between the eye-peduncles backward to the mantle, with a furrow on each
side. Eye-peduncles cylindrical, about one eighth the length of the body, with
small, black, ocular points on the superior part of the terminal bulb ; tentacles
immediately under, very short. Respiratory foramen near the posterior lateral
edge of the mantle, large, surrounded with a whitish border. Orifice of rectum
immediately adjacent, but a little above and anterior to the respiratory fora-
men. Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by two distinct longitudinal
furrows.
Generally about 25 mill, in length, but when fully grown nearly 50 mill.
Limax agrestis, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. [x.], 1758, I. 652. — Mocuin-Tandon,
REEVE, etc. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, IV. 166 (1842) ; Terr. Moll.,
II. 37, PI. LXIV. Fig. 2 (1851). — Leidy, Terr. Moll., I. 250, PI. II. Figs.
7-9 (1851), anat.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 20, PI. I. Fig. 4 (1843). — Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh.
N. A., I. 64 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass. ed. 2, 408 (1870).
— Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 7, Fig. 1, PI. III. Fig. 2(1864).
Limax tunicata, Gould, olim, Invert. 3 (1S41).
It is undoubtedly of European origin. Inhabiting Boston, New York, Phil-
adelphia, and other maritime cities of the Atlantic coast; also in Greenland.1
It is common in the neighborhood of Boston, under stones at roadsides, and
about stables and farmyards, and in other moist situations, under wet and
decaying pieces of wood. It is also found in cellars and gardens, and causes
some mischief by its depredations. A considerable number of individuals often
congregate in the same retreat. Their food appears to be the green leaves of
succulent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits ; they feed during the night, and
are rarely found out of their retreats in the daytime. Their growth is rapid,
the animal excluded from the egg in the spring arriving at full maturity and
producing eggs before the succeeding winter. They defend themselves from
injurious contact by instantly secreting, at the part touched, a quantity of
milky-white, glutinous mucus. They are active in their motions, and soon
escape when disturbed. Suspending themselves, head downwards, they lower
themselves from plants and fences by forming a mucus thread which they
attach to the point from which they hang. They are occasionally seen in this
situation in rainy weather. During the process of excreting the mucus thread
1 Doubted by Mdrch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 37.
148 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the alternate undulating expansions and contractions of the locomotive band
of the foot are seen to take place in the same manner as when they are in
motion on a plane surface.
This species is much more prolific than the others, the number of eggs de-
posited during the year being sometimes several hundred ; its numbers, in
favorable localities, are therefore very great. It begins to lay its eggs early in
the spring, and continues, with intervals, until checked by the cold of approach-
ing winter. The last deposit of them often remains in the soil until the suc-
ceeding spring, when they are hatched with the first generation of the year.
The eggs are semi-transparent, and nearly globular. They produce young in
about twenty days after they have been deposited.
M. Bouchard-Chantereaux has observed them to deposit eggs in sixty-six
days after their own birth, and to attain their full size in eighty-two days.
This species varies very much in color, and the descriptions by different
authors, being drawn principally from it, differ greatly from each other ; but
whatever may be the color, the peculiar character of the furrows and the tuber-
cles remains constant. In a state of contraction the back is arched; the head
is entirely withdrawn under the mantle ; the glands of the skin are very promi-
nent, making the surface appear rough ; the carina is more apparent ; and the
posterior extremity, being a little turned to one side, appears to be oblique. It
is described by some authors as constantly oblique, but the obliquity disappears
when the animal is fully extended. When in motion, the head extends consid-
erably beyond the mantle, and there is an interval between its margin and the
base of the eye-peduncles equal to the length of the tentacles. The mantle
adheres to the body by its posterior central portion, and it is in this part of it
that is found imbedded the testaceous rudiment, or shell. This is oval, curved
above, very thin and delicate, having a transparent epidermis. At its posterior
part there is a slight apical prominence, and the appearance of indistinct con-
centric lines of growth.
There is no considerable variation in the species except in regard to color,
which varies almost infinitely.
Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, with broad median projection.
Limax agrestis^ (PI. I. Fig. H) has about 50 — 1 — 50 teeth on its lingual mem-
brane, with 18 perfect laterals. The centrals have a much more graceful out-
line to the reflection than in the two last-named species. The median cusp is
longer and more slender, with a more slender cutting point ; the subobsolete
side cusps are more marked, and bear well-developed, triangular, slightly
curved cutting points. The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but unsymmet-
rical by the suppression of the inner lateral lower expansion of the base of
attachment. There is, however, an inner cutting point lying against the inner
1 The figure given of the marginals of L. agreslis by Lindstrtim (Gotlands nutida
Mollusker, PI. I. Fig. 3) disagrees with my observation by the bifurcation of the
marginals.
LIMAX. 149
side of the cusp, rather than in a position corresponding to the outer cutting
point ; it is very difficult of detection, being on a different plane from the outer
cutting point, and readily confounded with the inner lower angle of the base of
attachment. It is figured by Lehmann and Heynemann. The marginals are
long and slender, without bifurcation even on those on the extreme edge of the
membrane. Fig. 105 of p. 63 of L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I., probably was drawn
from a specimen of this species, certainly not from one of Jlavxis.
Goldfuss (1. c. PI. V. Fig. 4) omits the cutting points from his figure.
The genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, are figured by Leidy (Vol. I.
PI. II. Figs. 7-9). The genital bladder (7) is short, narrowly elongate cvate,
with blunt apex and short duct. The penis sac (4) is peculiar; it is short and
stout, narrowing towards its apex, where it is extended into a short, trifurcate
gland (3) ; the retractor muscle (5) is attached on the side of the penis sac,
below this gland.
Limax campestris, Binney.
Vol. IE. PI. LXIV. Fig. 3.
Color usually of various shades of amber, without spots or markings, some-
times blackish ; head and eye-peduncles smoky ; body cylindrical, elongated,
terminating in a very short carina at its posterior extremity ; mantle oval,
fleshy, but little prominent, with fine concentrical lines ; back covered with
prominent elongated tubercles and furrows ; foot narrow, whitish; respiratory
foramen on the posterior dextral margin of the mantle ; body covered with a
thin, watery mucus. Length, about 25 mill.
Limax campestris, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1841, 52 ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,
IV. 169 (1842); Terr. Moll., II. 41, PI. LXIV. Fig. 3. — Adams, Shells of
Vermont, 163 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 23 (1843). — Leidy, T. M.
U. S., I. 250, PI. II. Figs. 5, 6(1851), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
III. 315 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., I. 66 (1869). — Gould
and Binney, Inv. of Mass., 409 (1870).
Limax campestris, var. octidentalis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.
1872, 146, PI. III. Fig. C.
Inhabits all the New England, Middle, and Western States, and is probably
widely diffused through the Northern and Interior Regions. Found also at
Aiken, S. C. It has also been quoted from the Pacific Region as var. occi-
dentalis. (See next page.)
The resemblances between some of the species of this genus are so great
that it is difficult to provide them with distinctive characters, and it is only by
close comparison that their differences can be seen. The present species,
although considerably smaller, is nearly allied to Limax agrestis. Its differen-
tial characters are as follows : It is always much smaller, and at all ages pos-
sesses a peculiarly gelatinous or semi-transparent consistency. The tuberosities
of the surface are more prominent in proportion to their size, are not flattened
150 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
or plate-like, and are not separated by darker-colored anastomosing lines, the
intervening furrows being of the same color as the general surface. It does not
secrete a milky mucus at every part of the surface when touched. Like that
species, it is active in its motions, and suspends itself by a thread of mucus.
In its genitalia it differs widely in wanting the curious trifurcate gland to the
penis sac found in agreslis, and in the shape of the genital bladder and length
of its duct.
This species appears to be common to all the northern parts of the United
States. It is found under decaying wood in the forests and in open pastures,
and under stones at roadsides. From its wide distribution it would seem to
be indigenous.
Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in proportion to the small size
of the animal.
Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 245) suggests the iden-
tity of campestris with Icevis, Mull., a European species. Lehmann's figure of
the genitalia and dentition of that species show that there is no foundation for
any such theory.
Jaw as usual in the genus. Ends pointed, recurved ; centre with a trans-
verse, strong line of reinforcement ; median projection sharp.
Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. I). One specimen has 40 — 1 — 40 teeth, with
18 perfect laterals. Another gives 36 — 1 — 36, with 11 perfect laterals. The
centrals and laterals are of the same type as described above in L. agrestis,
excepting that there is no peculiar inner side cutting point to the first laterals.
About half of the marginals are bifid. I find great difficulty, however, in de-
tecting any bifurcation on the extreme marginals.
As stated above, Heynemann's figure of the dentition of L. Weinlandi could
not have been drawn from this species. I have no information in regard to L.
Weinlandi other than what I find in Malak. Blatt. X. 212, PI. III. Fig. 1.
Judging from the dentition alone, I should hardly consider it distinct from
agrestis, excepting in its wanting the peculiar inner side cutting point to its
first laterals.
The California form noticed by Dr. Cooper as var. occidentalis is known to
me by a single specimen received living from him. In external appearance,
genitalia, and jaw it cannot be distinguished from the Eastern form. Its lin-
gual membrane (PI. I. Fig. L) has 35 — 1 — 35 teeth, of which 13 are laterals.
The inner as well as outer laterals show occasionally the side spur, thus more
nearly resembling those of inontanus than campestris. I am inclined to believe
future study will prove all three forms identical, notwithstanding these slight
differences in detail of dentition.
Liraax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper.
Similar to L. Sowerbii (of England), the back being strongly carinate even
when fully extended, and higher than the front of the body ; mantle granulate-
LIMAX. 151
rugose, and with a groove, subelliptic in outline, above the level of the res-
piratory orifice, which is just behind the middle ; color blackish-brown or deep
black above, the sides paler, the base of foot whitish. Length, 2^ inches or
less, height of body twice the width of foot.
Internal plate oblong-oval, £ inch long. Gardens in San Francisco.
Limax Hewstoni.
In the remarkable groove on the mantle it differs from others described.
This does not coincide with the outline of the attached portion of the mantle,
or with the internal plate. It is sometimes scarcely visible. (Cooper.)
Limax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1872, 147, PL III. Fig.
B, 1 - 5.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. J) : the centrals and laterals are of the same
type as in the last species, with this important difference, that there is a well-
developed cutting point of the usual form (not the peculiar form, as in L.
agrestis) to the inner subobsolete cusp of the laterals, and the inner lower lat-
eral expansion of the base of attachment of the laterals is not suppressed as
usual to make the laterals asymmetrical. From this it follows that the cen-
tral teeth are with difficulty distinguished from the laterals, until the outer ones
are reached, when the inner cutting point and inner lower lateral expansion of
the base of attachment are suppressed, as in the other species of Limax. The
marginal teeth are not bifid. Teeth 30 — 1 — 30, with 14 perfect laterals. Fig.
c represents the very last marginal. As in the membranes of almost all spe-
cies of land shells, there is considerable difference in the marginals on different
portions of the same membrane. Those figured are the least slender. The
specimens examined are from the State collection of California, presented by
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
This species, by the presence of the inner cutting point of the laterals and
non-bifurcation of the marginals, resembles Limax (Amalia) gagates, as figured
by Semper (Phil. Archip., PI. XL), and Amalia marginata, as figured by Heyne-
mann (1. c. PI. III. Fig. 7). Goldfuss also (1. c. 1856, PI. IV. Fig. 3) figures
the dentition of L. marginatus as the same.
Dr. Cooper suggests its having been introduced from China or elsewhere, as
he found it only in the city of San Francisco.
So far as outward appearance goes, the species somewhat resembles Amalia
marginata, Drap., as figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken. PI. V. Fig.
B). It is, however, by no means certain that it was introduced into San Fran-
cisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of an Amalia from Los An-
geles. His species had about 48 teeth in each row, 16 being laterals, the
152 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
balance marginals ; a difference of arrangement which may fairly be considered
to show a specific difference between his specimens and the San Francisco form,
though his discovery leads us to consider Amalia as native to California.
The oviduct is long and greatly convoluted. The prostate is well developed.
The vagina is very short; the very short duct of the genital bladder enters at
about its middle. The last-named organ is large, globular. The penis sac is
small, short, cylindrical, expanded, and bulbous at its apex, where the vas def-
erens enters. I could detect no accessory organs in the single specimen imper-
fectly examined (PI. XI. Fig. F).
The genitalia arc somewhat of the same type as those of L. jlavus, but the
dentition of the latter is quite distinct (see above). There is a still stronger
resemblance to the genitalia of Amalia gagates as figured by Semper (Phil.
Archip., PI. XI. Fig. 9), so far as the penis and genital bladder are concerned.
Limax montanus, Ingersoll.
Color bluish-gray. Form stout, with blunt posterior extremity. Length ex-
ceeding one inch. Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado.
Limax montanus, Ingersoll, Bull. IT. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Terri-
tories, No. 2. second series, 132 (1875) ; ed. 2 (1876), p. 394, Figs.
Limax caslancus, Ingersoll, 1. c., ed. 2, p. 396.
The above is Ingersoll's description. Specimens received from him furnish
the anatomical details here given.
It is a species of the Central Province.
Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth
50 — 1 — 50, with 16 perfect laterals. Centrals with base of attachment slightly
longer than wide; inferior lateral angles not much produced, lower margin in-
curved; reflection slightly shorter than one half the base of attachment; tri-
cuspid, the outer cusps short, stout, bearing short, stout cutting points ; the
median cusp stout, reaching almost to the lower edge of the base- of attach-
ment, beyond which projects the cutting point ; laterals like the centrals, but
asymmetrical, as usual, by the suppression of the inner cusp with its cutting
point and inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment. There are
16 perfect laterals, beyond which are several teeth forming the usual gradual
transition to the marginals. These latter are aculeate, the cutting points bear-
ing at about the centre of their lower edge a blunt spur, which is a modified
form of the bifurcation of the marginal teeth often found in Limax. The mar-
ginal teeth have the usual characteristic arrangement in oblique rows, and the
separate teeth, as they pass outward, have at first the rapid increase for a short
distance, and thence gradual decrease in size, usual in Zonites.
In the genital system (PI. XIT. Fig. B) there are no accessory organs. The
penis sac is as long as the vagina, with a constriction near its commencement,
and tapers above to a point, below which it receives the vas deferens. The
LIMAX. 153
genital bladder is oval, with a very short duct entering the vagina above the
penis sac. The arrangement is very nearly that of L. campestris.
This species is referred to by me as L. IngersoUi in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.
Phila. 1S75, and in Ann. Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., X. 169.
Limax castaneus is a variety of this species.
Jaw as usual; lingual dentition as in the other form, hut differing in having
only 34 — 1 — 34 teeth, with 12 perfect laterals (PL I. Fig. K). This important
difference is such as to warrant the belief that the form may prove a distinct
species. Genitalia not examined. Blue River Valley, Colorado.
It is described thus by Ingersoll : Small and slender ; length less than one
inch ; color, a lively brown, with a darker spot over the shield ; head, tenta-
cles, and eye-stalks black. Bottom of foot white.
Spurious Species of Limax, etc.
Limax marmorahis, DeKay. See Tebennophoncs Carolinicnsis.
Limax Columbianns, Goi'LD and Tryon, I have referred to Ariolimax.
Limax fuliginosus, Gould, and
Limax olivaccus, Gould, are erroneously referred to America by Grateloup (Distr.
Geog. Lim. p. 30).
Limax Wcinlandi (see p. 150).
Limax lineatus, DeKay (see Terr. Moll., II. 33), is mentioned by name only,
without description.
To Vol. I. p. 48 ct scqq. and Vol. IV. p. 32, I refer for information regarding the
following species of Bafinesque. Some of them are mentioned by FErussac,
Gkay, Geateloup, etc., but no additional information is given by them : —
Limax gracilis (Dcroccras). See also DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 22 ; Guay and
Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat,
Eumelus lividus.
Eumclits lubulosus.
Rafinesque also mentions — by name only, though not from America, no lo-
cality being given — Zilotca, Urcinella, and Tcstacina (Analyse de la Nature ;
see Binney and Tryon's edition of Rafinesque, 17).
C. HOLOG-NATHA HELICEA.
Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth quadrate.
In grouping the genera of this section, I have placed (1) those whose jaw is
ribless ; (2) those whose jaw has decided ribs; (3) those whose jaw has deli-
cate, distant ribs, giving the appearance of dividing the jaw into plates, the ribs
usually running obliqu ' . towards the centre of the jaw. These divisions are,
however, adopted only provisionally. Even now they seem to be in many
cases unreliable. I am led to believe that these modifications will eventually
be proved of not even generic value. See my remarks on the jaw of Dentel-
laria.
(1) Jaw without decided ribs on its anterior surface.
154
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
PATULA, IIald.
Fig. 59.
Animal of Patula solila
Animal heliciform ; body elongated, semi-cylindrical, tapering to a point
posteriorly, convex above, plane beneath; mantle simple, central, not extend-
ing beyond, and accurately fitting to the peristome of the shell, into which
the whole animal may retire ; head obtuse ; eyes at the end of long, cylindrical,
retractile peduncles; tentacles short, retractile ; generative orifice on the side
of the head, behind the right eye-peduncle; respiratory orifice in the collar, at
the angle of the aperture of the shell, anal orifice immediately adjoining; no
caudal mucus pore, no locomotive disk.
Shell widely umbilicatcd, depressed, diseoidal, turbinate, rugose, or eostu-
lately striate; whorls 4-6, equal or gradually increasing; aperture lunately
rounded ; peristome simple, straight, acute.
As there appears considerable confusion in regard to the limits of the genus,
I think it best to make no reference to any species foreign to Korth America.
Here it ranges over both the Central and Eastern Provinces.
In none of the American species of this genus have I found a jaw with dis-
tinct well-formed ribs as in Helix. In several species, however, such as slrigosa
Fig. CO.
Fig. 61.
.law of Patula asteriscus (Morse).
Patula striatella (Morse
and Cooperi, there are distinct traces of subobsolete ribs near the cutting mar-
gin, and still more so in incruitala. In astei'iscus there arc coarse wrinkles,
resembling subobsolete ribs. In perspectiva, striatella, and Idahoensis there are
such wrinkles, and also coarse vertical striae. I have not found the stria? as
oblique as shown in Fig. 61. In solitaria, alleniata, and Hempltilli there are no
traces of cither ribs, wrinkles, or stria?. In all these species there is a tendency
to a median projection to thy cutting edge. This is greatly developed in soli-
taria, alternata, Cumberland iana (with perpendicular stria?), and especially in
Hemphilli. The last two species have also a much more arcuate jaw than the
other !. I have not seen the jaw of Horni or pauper.
PATULA. 10D
Fig. 62 shows the general arrangement of the teeth on the membrane. The
characters of the individual teeth are better shown on PI. IV.
P. Cumberlaniliana.
There is a considerable difference in the lingual dentition of the species I
have grouped in this genus as to the development of the side cusps to the cen-
tral and lateral teeth, and the presence of distinct cutting points upon these
cusps. Such cusps and points arc present in solitaria, alternata, perspeclica,
slriatella, HempTiilli, Idahoensis, astcriscus. I do not detect these cusps in
/'. strigosa, Cooperi, probably the same species, or Cumbcrlandiana, excepting
on the outer laterals.
The central and lateral teeth of all the species examined by me are, in otber
respects, as usual in the Helicea. It will be noticed that tbe base of attach-
ment is subquadrate, the reflected portion large (except in asteriscus), the cusps
short, the cutting points sho '.
All the outlines of the teeth are less graceful than in Zonites. The lateral
teeth are made asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower angle of
the base of attachment, and the less development, if not suppression, of the
inner cusp, which loses the cutting point also. The marginal teeth are quite
different from those of Zonites, Limux, Vitrina, Macroci/clis, and Glandina in
not being aculeate. They are more crowded than in those genera. They
have a quadrate base of attachment, not sole-like, shortened on its inner lower
side, but produced at its outer lower margin. The reflected portion is as wide
as the base of attachment, is more produced than in the central and lateral
teeth, retains its width throughout, and bears two oblique, blunt cutting points,
the inner one always much the larger and longer, and the outer one of which,
in most of the species, has a tendency to bifurcation. There is considerable
variation in these cutting points even in the same lingual membrane, but as a
general thing it may be said that the marginal teeth are but a modification of
the form of the laterals. They decrease in size greatly at the outer edge of the
lingual membrane.
It must be borne in mind that the cutting points vary in development on
different portions of any one lingual membrane. I have in each case chosen
for drawing such individual teeth as appear best to illustrate the general char-
acter of the dentition.
It will be seen that Patula differs from all the preceding genera by the
presence of quadrate, not aculeate, marginal teeth, a character shared by all
the succeeding genera. There docs not appear any very essential character
156 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
in the dentition by which to distinguish it from many of the othd- American
genera of disintegrated Ilelix, as will be seen below. It will be noticed that
one species, asteriscus, has marginal teeth like those of Pupa and Vertigo.
Patula solitaria, Say.
Vol. III. PL XXIV.
Shell broadly umbilicated, globosely depressed, coarse, solid, diaphanous, ob-
liquely and erowdedly wrinkled, from white to dark reddish horn-color with
from two to three brownish revolving bands ; whorls 6, convex ; suture deep ;
aperture roundedly lunate, pearly white and banded within ; peristome simple,
acute, its ends joined by a thin transparent callus, that of the columella dilated,
subreflected. Greater diameter 25, lesser 22 mill.; height, 15 mill.
Helix solitaria, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 15? (1821); Binney's ed. 19.—
Df.Kay, N. Y. Moll. 43, PI. III. Fig. 41 (1843). — Binney, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., III. 426, PL XXII. (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 208, PI. XXIV.—
Chemnitz, 2d ed., 1. ISO, PL XXIV. Figs. 5, 6.— Pfeiffer, Symbol*., II.
39; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 102. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 662(1S52). — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 96. — Leipy, T. M. U. S., I. 254, PL VIII. Figs. 7-10
(1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 71, Fig. 119 (1869).
Anguispira solitaria, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (1866).
Microscopic revolving lines have been detected on some specimens. There
is a form of a dark reddish-brown color, with one white band at the periphery,
and the same color at the base around the umbilicus. Al-
F'g- 63. bino forms are also found (see Fig. 63).
The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversed
specimen.
A Post-pleiocene species now very common in the Inte-
rior Region, especially in the parts north of the Ohio River.
I have never received it south of Missouri. It has ranged
Var. Albino. <=>
widely westward, having been found in the Cceur d'Alene
Mountains in Idaho, associating with strigosa. Thus it is the only species
of the Interior Region which has crossed the barrier of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It has even passed the Cascade Mountains into the Pacific Region, hav-
ing been found living at the " Dalles," and on u Government Island" in the
Columbia River, within twelve miles of Fort Vancouver, by Mr. O. B. Johnson,
who has sent specimens to the Smithsonian Institution, which I have myself
seen.
Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated; anterior surface
striate, but without ribs. A median projection to the cutting margin.
The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. K) has 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 14 per-
fect laterals. The transition to marginals is very gradual.
The anatomy of this species is figured by Leidy (1. e.). The genitalia pre-
PATULA. 157
sent several peculiar features. The penis sac (5) is short, stout, receiving near
its apex the retractor muscle (G), above which it rapidly decreases in size, and
at its apex receives the vas deferens (2); the last-named organ is very peculiar
in being greatly convoluted before entering the penis sac ; the genital bladder
(9) is small, globular, on a long duct, which becomes swollen at its lower end ;
the epididymis (2) is convoluted in its entire course.
Patula strigosa, Gould.
Vol. III. PL XXVI. a.
Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicular, slightly and about equally convex
above and beneath, surface irregular, and roughened above by indentations
and coarse lines of/ growth, and by occasional fine revolving lines ; smoother
and shining beneath ; color ashy-gray, somewhat mottled with dusky or alto-
gether rusty brown above, with, usually, a single, faint, revolving band on the
middle of each whorl, and often with numerous bands, unequal in size and dis-
tance, beneath ; whorls 5, moderately convex, the last one carinated at its
commencement, and defiexed ; aperture very oblique, circular ; peristome sim-
ple, acute, almost continuous, terminations approaching, joined by thick callus,
that of the columella subreflected. Greater diameter 21, lesser 18 mill.; height,
10 mill.
Helix strigosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 166 (1846); Expl. Exped.
Moll. 36, Fig. 41 (1S52) ; Terr. Moll., II. 210, PL XXVI. a. — Pfeifff.r,
Mon. He!. Viv., I. 121 ; IV. 91 ; Mai. Bl. 1857, 321. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 23 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 72 (1S69).
Avguispira strigosa, Tkyon, Am. Jouni. Conch., II. 261 (1866).
Helix Cooperi, W. G. BlKNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Thila. 1858, 118 ; Terr.
Moll., IV. 97, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 11; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 78, Figs. 132-137
(1869). — Pfeifff.r, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 6.
Anguispira Cooperi, Tkyox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (1866).
Helix Hay deni, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., V. 24, PI. VIII. Fig. 1 (1869).
This species seems to inhabit all of the Central Province from New Mexico
on the Rio Piedro to the British Possessions. It is also found in the moun-
tainous country east of the Rocky Mountains in the Eastern Province, at least
as far east as long. 108°. It has also penetrated the Pacific Province, bavins
been found in Eastern Oregon.
The species is viviparous. Seventeen embryonic shells were found in one
individual, of which the largest had three whorls.
A large specimen in my cabinet has a larger diameter -of 26 mill.
It will be seen from the above synonymy that I have become convinced of
the identity of strigosa and Cooperi. PI. XXVI. a, of Vol. III. represents the
former, while the following figures give various forms of the latter. I repeat
the description of the typical Cooperi: —
158
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Shell umbilicated ; elevated, globose ; solid, coarse and rough with oblique
incremental strias intersected with delicate spiral lines ; color white, variously
marked with a single narrow band, or broader longitudinal and spiral patches
Fig 64.
Fig. C5.
Helix Cooperi
of reddish-brown, sometimes uniformly red; suture impressed; spire elevated ;
whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, very decidedly deflected at the aperture ;
umbilicus moderate, pervious, one fifth the greater diameter of the shell; aper-
ture very oblique, circular ; peristome simple, thickened, with its extremities
very nearly approached, and joined by a heavy white callus, that of the colu-
mella reflected. Greater diameter 20, lesser 16 mill; height, 13 mill.
The species varies greatly in shape, as seen in the figures given of various
forms. It is sometimes strongly carinated, and the peristome is sometimes
continuous by the heavy, raised callus connecting its extremities. (Fig. 66.)
Mr. Ingersoll remarks : " This well-known Helix, the largest
of any collected, was not uncommon in Middle Park and
North Park, Colorado, where great numbers of dead shells
would be found in isolated spots ; only a few live ones being
found in wet places in the vicinity. In the Blue River Valley
we crossed a belt a hundred yards or so wide, and apparently
miles in length, where the surface was thickly strewn with
bleached shells, as though an army of these mollusks had been
overtaken on the march by universal destruction."
Jaw (slrigosa) long, low, slightly arcuate ; anterior surface
smooth excepting near the lower margin, where there are num-
erous, crowded, subobsolete ribs, or coarse strias, crenellating
the cutting edge. There is a very strong muscular attachment to the upper
margin. The jaw of extreme forms of Cooperi is the same.
The lingual dentitition of each form is alike, but I figure that of each.
In P. strirjosa (PI. IV. Fig. H) there are 50—1 — 50 teeth, with 15 perfect
laterals ; c is an extreme marginal.
/'. Cooperi has (PL IV. Fig. G) 29—1—29 teeth, with 11 perfect laterals.
Helix Cooperi.
TATULA.
159
PL XI. Fig. A represents the genitalia of a Salmon kRiver specimen of the
typical strigosa. The testicle, as usual, was in the summit of the upper lobe of
the liver. The epididymis is long, convoluted in its half nearer the testicle.
The accessory gland is composed of several long, black cceca. The oviduct is
sac-like, not convoluted, containing eight embryonic shells. The genital blad-
der is small, with a long, narrow duct entering the upper part of the vagina,
near which it is swollen. The vagina is short and swollen. The penis sac is
long, stout, blunt at apex, where the retractor muscle is inserted. The vas
deferens becomes greatly swollen before it enters the sac of the penis, which it
does above the insertion of the retractor muscle.
As the shells of some forms of this species are difficult to distinguish from
some forms of Patula solitaria, it is interesting to state that the genitalia of a
specimen of the latter from the same locality offer very distinct specific char-
acteristics, agreeing with Dr. Leidy's figure in Vol. I.
Since the above was written, I have received from Mr. Henry Hemphill
specimens of H. Haydeni with the animal, and so variable that I am con-
vinced of its being a variety of slrigosa. The revolving lines are not always
present, and vary greatly in development. The young shells have erect coarse
hairs on the revolving lines.
The discovery is an interesting one, as the species was
formerly considered extinct. One of the original lot of speci- .'
mens is here figured. Mr. Hemphill found several curious va-
rieties.
The jaw of Haydeni (PL XVI. Fig. G), as well as its geni-
talia and viviparous habit, is the same as in strigosa. Its lin-
gual dentition I figure on PL XVI. Fig. B. There are
33 — 1 — 33 teeth. The eleventh tooth has the side cusp and
cutting point.
Another curious form of this protean species was also found by Mr. Hemp-
hill in the same locality, a spur of the Wahsatch Range forming the western
boundary of the valley in which Salt Lake City lies. This
form is here figured. Its dentition is given on PL XVI.
Fig. A. There are 27 — 1 — 2 7 teeth, the tenth having the
side cusp and cutting point. The jaw and genitalia are as
in strigosa. Small specimens of this curious form resemble
P. Idahocnsis. The latter, however, as well as P. Hc7>i/jJii/li,
has side cusps and cutting points to central and all the
lateral teeth of the lingual membrane.
Patula Hemphilli, Newcomb.
Shell widely umbilicated, sublenticular, rough, with incremental wrinkles,
and minute revolving stria?, bearing separated, short, stout bristles ; dirty white,
with a revolving reddish band ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4,
Fig. 68.
1G0
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the last strongly carinated and deeply excavated towards the suture, scarcely
Fie C9 descending; aperture oblique, handed within; peristome thin,
acute, angular, its terminations approached ; umbilicus very wide,
showing all the volutions. Greater diameter 12, lesser 10 mill.;
P. HtmphiUi. height, 4 mill.
Helix Ilanphilli, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., V. 1G5, PL XVII. Fig. 4
(1869-70).
A species of the Central Province, having been found in the White Pine
mining-district, Nevada; Manitou, Williams Canon, Colorado.
Jaw thick, very much arched, of almost uniform breadth throughout; striate
transversely and vertically; ends not attenuated, squarely truncated ; cutting
edge with a blunt, prominent, median projection. A stout upper muscular
attachment.
P. Hempldlli (PI. IV. Fig. J) has 20—1—20 teeth on its lingual membrane,
with 7 perfect laterals. The first laterals are distinctly bicuspid.
The species is viviparous. Genitalia not otherwise observed.
Patula Idahoensis, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, globosely elevated, thick, white, rough, with stout, distant,
oblique, curving, blunt ribs, of which 28 are upon the last whorl ; suture im-
pressed ; spire highly elevated ; apex waxen, smoother, obtuse ;
whorls 5, convex, the last equally globose above and below,
hardly falling before; umbilicus moderate, one sixth the lesser
diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, almost circular; peri-
stome simple, made almost continuous by a heavy parietal callus
connecting its approximating ends, that of the columella slightly
expanded and reflected over a portion of the umbilicus. Greater
diameter 13, lesser 11 mill.; height, 7 mill.
Helix Idahoensis, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 1, PL I. Figs.
1-3(1866).— W.G.Binn., L.k Fr.-W. Sh., 1.79, Fig. 138 (1869).
Anguispira Idahoensis, Tilyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (I860').
Idaho Territory, between Idaho City and Coeur d'Alene mining-district, in
the Central Province.
The shell figured was received from Dr. Newcomb. The species in texture
and form resembles somewhat a small elevated Cooperi.
The jaw very much resembles in form and in its crenellated cutting edge
that of Patula slriatella. Its anterior surface has coarse perpendicular stria; or
obsolete wrinkles, not well-formed ribs. There is a stout membranous attach-
ment to the upper margin.
/'. Idahoensis (PL IV. Pig., I) has 33 — 1 — 33 teeth on its lingual membrane,
with 14 perfect laterals. The transition from the laterals to the marginals,
however, i< very gradual. This species and Hemphilli have side cusps and cut-
ting points on the central and first laterals, while strigosa does not.
Genitalia not examined.
P. IJalioensis.
PATULA. 161
Patula alternata, Say.
Vol. III. PL XXV.
Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, thin, smoky horn-color
varied with red, interrupted, obliquely arranged patches and spots, roughened
by crowded, elevated rib-like striae, smoother below; whorls 5|, flattened, the
last sometimes obtusely carinated at its periphery ; umbilicus large, pervious;
aperture very oblique, lunately rounded, banded within ; peristome simple,
acute, its terminations joined by a very thin, transparent callus, that of the
columella subreflected. Greater diameter 21, lesser 19 mill. ; height, 10 mill.
Helix alternata, Say, Nich. Encycl., PI. I. Fig. 2 (1817 - 19) ; Journ. Philad.
Acad., II. 161 (1821); Binney'.s ed. 6, 21, PI. LXIX. Fig. 2. — Eaton,
Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 428, PI.
XXV. (1840) ; Terr. Moll, II. 212, PI. XXV. — Gouxd, Invert, 177, Fig. 114
(1341). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., 1. 253, PL VII. Figs. 2-5(1851), anat. —
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 29, PL II. Fig. 9 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca,
162, Fig. (1842). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ; Hist., PL LXXIX. Figs. 8-10.
— Potiez and Michaud, Galerie, 104. —Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 181, Tab. XXIV.
Figs. 17, 18. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 102. — Deshayes in Fer. Hist.,
I. 89. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 670 (1852). — Billings, Canad. Nat., II. 99, Figs.
4, 5 (1857). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 98. — Bland, Ann. N. Y.
Lye, VII. — Mouse, Amer. Nat., I. 187, Figs. 17, 18 (1867). — W. G. Binney,
L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 73 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2,
412 (1S70).
Anguispira alternata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 11, Fig. 15 ; PI. IV. Fig. 16
(1864). — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 261 (1866).
Helix scabra, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., VI. part 2, 88. — Deshayes, Encycl.
Meth., II. 219 (1830); in LAMARCK, VIII. 66; ed. 3, III. 292. — Chenv,
111., PI. VI. Fig. 11.
Helix infecta., Parreyss MS., Pfeiffer, Mai. Bl. 1857, 86 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.,
IV. 91, non Reeve.
Helix strongyhdes, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV.
91. — Peeve, Con. Icon., No. 1296 (1854).— FidcV'. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 8.
Helix irwrdax, Shuttlewouth, Bern. Mitt. 1853, 195. — Goild in Terr. Moll.,
III. 19. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
III. 635. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. (and var. Fergusoni).
Helix duhia, Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, I. 194. — McCtTLLOCH
(where 0, teste Binney, Terr. Moll., I. 192.
It is commonly found in the Post-pleiocene.of the Mississippi Valley, retain-
ing some of the color of the red flame-like patches. It now extends over the
whole of the Eastern Province as far north as Labrador.
Animal : head and eye-peduncles light slate-color, back brown, remainder of
upper surface brownish-orange, eyes black, base of foot grayish-white, collar
saffron. Eye-peduncles one third of an inch long, blackish at the extremities.
VOL. IV. 1 1
162
TERRESTRIAL AIR-RREATIIING MOLLUSKS.
Foot not much exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, and terminating
in a broad, obtuse, and flat extremity. A light marginal line runs along the
edge of the font from the head to the posterior part, those of the two sides
meeting in an acute angle.
Variety: head and neck blackish-brown, eye-peduncles blackish, foot brown-
ish, base dirty white. In a single instance the whole animal was entirely black.
The animal of the ribbed form of alternata found at University Place,
Franklin County, Tennessee, by Bishop Elliott, resembles in length, etc., Cum-
berlandiana ; it is dark slate-color on top of head and eye-peduncles; dirty
white on bottom of foot; remainder dark orange.
The variation of color ranges from pale straw to dark
reddish-brown, in each extreme being sometimes uniform.
In outline the variation ranges from depressed
to very globose. In sculpturing it varies greatly.
A comparatively smooth variety, with a shin-
ing, somewhat translucent epidermis, has been
noticed in New York, by Mr. Bland, under the
name of var. Fergusoni. A form with stronger
striae and well-developed carina is figured in
Fie. 71. The coarsely striated form, which
I presume to be //. mordax, is figured also
(Fig. 72). This is considered by Mr. Bland
to be a variety of Cumberlandiana. I have
received it from Eastern Tennessee and Vir-
ginia. I have also given a figure (Fig. 73)
carinated. 0f tj10 magnified surface of a strongly ribbed
form from North Carolina, and a view (Fig. 74) of a strongly ribbed form
from the Post-pleiocene.
Fi ... 73 In New England this is perhaps the most common species of
the genus. It abounds in the forests, and is not uncommon in
the open country in moist situations, where it can find shelter
under logs and stumps. It seems to be more gregarious than
other species ; at any rate, numbers are more frequently found
in the same retreat. It does not bear a change from a moist
to a dry situation so well as many other species. In captivity
it remains buried a great part of the time under the moist
earth, with the body half protruded. If removed to the sur-
face, it withdraws within the shell, protects its orifice by three
or four coverings, and soon dies unless supplied with moisture.
The foot of the animal is smaller and the eye-peduncles
shorter than in either of the other species possessing so huge
a shell; it is also flatter and thinner. The mantle is deeply tinged with the
coloring matter which ornaments the shell, and which is sometimes secreted
P alternata,
var. mordax ?
Surface of
P. alternala.
PATULA. 103
in such profusion as to give a saffron tinge to the trace which it leaves on
objects over which it crawls. It is distributed over the animal, and arranged
in minute points, which are most thickly clustered on the margin and on the
glandular tubercles of the surface.
There is a reversed specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge.
The jaw of alternata, figured by Morse, is arcuate, equally
broad in its whole length, with square ends ; anterior sur-
face strongly striate both transversely and vertically ; con-
cave margin not strongly crenulated, but having no median
projection. A specimen examined by me was much more
arched, with attenuated ends, strong median projection, and
smooth anterior surface.
Lingual membrane (PL IV. Fig. E) : one membrane Las 121 rows of
34 — 1 — -34 teeth, 10 of which are perfect laterals. The variety mordar,
Fig. F, agrees with it in dentition, except the number of teeth. I counted
20 — 1 — 20, with 8 perfect laterals. The change from laterals to marginals is
very gradual.
The anatomy is given by Lcidy, 1. c. The genital bladder (15) is small,
elongate oval, on a long, delicate duct; the penis sac (11) is short, stout,
cylindrical, receiving the retractor muscle (12) and the vas deferens at its
apex. I have found a similar genital system in the heavily ribbed form and
in the var. mordax.
Patula Cumberlandiana, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. XXVI.
Shell broadly umbilicated, lenticular, acutely carinated, rather thin, sculp-
tured with coarse, acute rib-striae, of a pale yellowish or sometimes ash color,
irregularly checked with radiating, waved brown blotches; spire depressed, of
about 5 whorls, very slightly convex, but excavated towards the margin, which
is acute, and with a marginal, impressed line on both sides of the edge; be-
neath, somewhat less convex, but the stria? less prominent, and its centre ex-
cavated by a deep, broad umbilicus, one third the diameter of the base, and
exhibiting all the whorls to the apex ; aperture rather wider than high, rendered
somewhat rhomboidal by the acute carina ; peristome simple, acute, its columel-
lar extremity somewhat dilated and reflected. Greater diameter 15, lesser 13
mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Carocolla Cumberlandiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VIII. 229, PL VI. Fig.
61 ; Obs., III. 67 ; Proc, I. 289. — Troschel, Arch, fur Nat. 1843, II. 124. —
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1S43).
Helix Cumberlandiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 125; III. 114. — Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 216, PL XXVI. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 701 (1852). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 76 (1869).
Anguispira Cumberlandiana, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1S66).
164 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee ; Jasper, Marion County,
Tennessee : a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Animal dirty white, darker towards the tail, the top of the head and eye-
peduncles, which last are dark slate-colored ; foot about the length of the
lesser diameter of the shell, with a darker submarginal line as in alternata, and
terminating in a flattened, broad, spade-like extremity like the Zonites. When
in motion none of the animal protrudes beyond the shell behind (looking from
above), before, there is but little visible, about as long as the diameter of the
last whorl ; the breadth of the animal before the shell is about one half the
same diameter.
Found at University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee, now Sewanee, on
the Cumberland Mountain table-land by Bishop Elliott (1860). It is limited
at that place to a very small space on one of the " benches " of the mountains.
In habit, they resemble Cylindrella and Cyclostoma, living in the crevices of
precipitous rocks, over the faces of which they may be found walking after
rains. Helicina orhiculata and a few ribbed alternata found with them. Mr.
Lea's locality is Jasper, Marion County.
Jaw arched, high ; ends blunt ; anterior surface with coarse, perpendicular
stria? ; cutting margin with decided median projection.
Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. D) long and narrow. Teeth of same type
as in P. solitaria, alternata, etc. The centrals and laterals have, however, a
much shorter median cusp. Side cusps subobsolete, and side cutting points
wanting on the centrals and first two laterals, the third lateral beginning to show
them ; the outer laterals, as the seventh lateral, etc., have them well developed.
The transition to marginals is very gradual, and is not formed by the bifurca-
tion of the inner cutting point, which remains simple to the extreme outer edge.
The smaller, outer cutting point is sometimes bifid in the outer marginals.
These last are usually but a simple modification of the laterals, as shown (see
plate) in the 20th and 30th teeth. There arc 30—1—30 teeth, with hardly
13 laterals, and certainly not so many absolutely perfect ones.
In P. alternata there are decided prominent side cusps and cutting points to
centrals and first laterals. The shape of the centrals and first laterals also in
alternata is quite different from those of this species.
The genitalia agree with those of P. alternata figured by Dr. Leidy, in Vol. I.
PI. VII. Fig. 2, excepting, perhaps, that in Cumbcrlandiana the genital bladder
is smaller, and its duct longer and narrower.
Patula perspectiva, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXX. Fig. 1.
Shell broadly and perspectivcly umbilicated, orbicular, scarcely convex above,
excavated below, thin, reddish horn-color, regularly ribbed; whorls 6i-, gradu-
ally increasing ; aperture small, lunatcly subcircular, within furnished with a
PATULA. 1G5
single subprominent tooth on the base of the shell ; peristome simple, acute,
its extremities separated widely. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7h mill. ; height,
3 mill.
Helix perspective Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. 18 (1817) ; Nich. Encycl., IV. ed
3(1819); Binney's ed. 9. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, III. 430, PI
XXI. Fig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 256, PI. XXX. Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y
Moll., 42, PL III. Fig. 38 (1843). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ; Hist. Nat. des
Moll., PI. LXXIX. Fig. 7. — Deshayes in Lam., VIII. 130 ; 3d ed., III. 315
in Fer., I. 81. — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 114, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 30-32
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., 1.103; III. 99 (excl. H. filiola). — Reeve, Con
Icon., 695.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I
453, PI. VII. Figs. 4-7 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I
79, Fig. 139 (1869).
Helix patula, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 217 (1830).
Anguispira perspectiva, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1866).
A Post-pleiocene species ; north of Maryland it is not now found east of the
Appalachian chain, but elsewhere is probably found over the whole of the
Eastern Province.
Animal : head and eye-peduncles bluish-black; margin and posterior part of
foot white. Foot transparent, narrow, less in length than twice the diameter
of the shell, terminating acutely.
The jaw and lingual membrane are quite like those of P. striatella. The
ends of the jaw, however, are more squarely truncated, and the striaj are not
converging.
Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. A) ; 15 — 1 — 15 teeth, 7 perfect laterals.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PI. VII. Figs. 4 - 7). The same
general arrangement is found as in allernata, but all the organs are more elon-
gated ; the duct of the genital bladder is very long and thread-like.
Patula striatella, Anthony.
Vol. III. PL XXX. Fig. 2.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, thin, orownish horn-color, with crowded
ribs ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last inflated below, rather wide ; umbilicus
large, pervious; aperture subcircular ; peristome simple, acute, its terminations
approached. Greater diameter 6, lesser 5h mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix stricdella, Anthony, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 278, PL III. Fig. 2
(1840). —Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 432, PL XXI. Fig. 5 (1S40) ;
Terr. Moll., II. 217, PL XXX. Fig. 2. —Gould, Invert. 178, Fig. 112 (1841).
— Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 43, PL III.
Fig. 40 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 115, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 36-38.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 104. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 727 (1853). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 545, Fig. 40 (1867). —
1C6 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 80, Fig. 140 (1869). — Gould and
Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 413 (1870).
Helix ruderata, Adams, Sill. Journ. [i], 40, 408, not Studer.
Helix Oronkheiti, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat, Sci., III. 180 (1865).
Patula striatella, Mouse, Journ. Port! Soc, I. 21, Fig. 48, PI. II. Fig. 6; Pi.
VIII. Fig. 49 (1S64).
Anguispira striatella, Thyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1866).
Patula Oronkheiti, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263 (1866).
This is a species of the Northern Region, being found through British
America, at Great Slave Lake, etc., Canada, New England, and extends to
Virginia and Kansas. It has also been found in Arizona, Hell Gate River,
Idaho, in the Central Province, and has been quoted from the Pacific Province.
It may therefore prove to be universally distributed.
Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated ; anterior surface with converging stria?; con-
cave margin irregularly notched, no median projection (p. 154, Fig. 61).
Lingual membrane with 100 rows of 16 — 1 — 16 teeth (Morse). The lingual
examined by me (PI. IV. Fig. B) has 20—1—20 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals.
Animal : head, neck, and eye-peduncles dusky ; foot white.
Genitalia unobserved.
As regards P. Cronkheiti, I am not able to decide about its specific distinc-
tion from striatella. Specimens have been sent me under this name from Ouna-
laska, from Klamath Lake, and various localities in the Pacific and Central
Provinces, one of which is here figured.
This species bears a very strong resemblance, in general aspect,
JjLJJ' to perspectiva, with the immature shells of which it is very com-
monly confounded. It needs some attention to separate the two ;
but when the present species is once noticed, it cannot fail to be
considered very distinct. Its discriminative characters, as com-
pared with the former species, are as follows : The mature shell
, . . is smaller, and has generally rather less, and never more than 4
whorls ; and in shells of the same size the number of volutions is
less. It is thinner and more delicate; its color is lighter; its stria? of increase
are more numerous, more oblique, much finer, and less prominent ; its suture
is less deeply impressed ; its spire is more convex, and its umbilicus less ex-
panded. The character of the epidermis is the same in both. The lustre of
the epidermis resembles that of satin.
Whiteaves (Can. Nat., VIII. 56) says it has been suggested that striatella is
identical with 11. omphalos, Searles Wood, an Eocene fossil of Ileadon Hill, Isle
of Wight.
Patula pauper, Gould.
Shell small, discoidal, reddish horn-colored, with incremental ribs, below
chalky; whorls 4^, rather convex ; suture deep ; aperture very oblique, falling
forward. Diameter, ^; axis, -J poll. (Gould.)
PATULA.
167
P. Horni.
Hyalina pauper, Gould, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., VI. 423 ; Otia,
102.
An Asiatic species, found also in Alaska, if I am right in
referring to it the Ounalaska specimens called ruderata by Dr.
Cooper (Am. Journ. Conch. , V. 202).
The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Dall at Petro-
paulauski.
1 P. pauper.
Patula Horni, Gabb.
Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, thin, coarse, reddish horn-color, under
the epidermis obliquely striate, hirsute ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last in-
Fig. 78 flated below ; umbilicus pervious, showing the whorls to the apex ;
aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome simple, acute, its ends
hardly approaching, that of the columella not widened, nor re-
flected. Greater diameter, 4, lesser, 3^ mill. ; height, 1 mill.
Helix Hornii, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 330, PI. XXI. Fig. 5
(1866). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 81, Fig. 143 (1869).
Hyalina Hornii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 163 (1867).
Fort Grant, Arizona, at the junction of the Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers,
in the Central Province.
My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.
Animal not examined.
Patula asteriscus, Morse.
Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light brown, decussated
by delicate incremental and revolving striae and with from 25 to 30 delicate,
thin, transparent, prominent ribs, with waving edges and
inclined backwards, more like the epidermis than the tex-
ture of the shell ; whorls 4, the upper ones flattened, the
last globose ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture subcircu-
lar ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity sub-
reflected. Greater diameter, 1^ mill.; height, \ mill.
Helix asteriscus, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc., VI. 128 (1857).
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 103, PI. LXXVII.
Fig. 9 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 82, Fig. 145 (1869). — Bland,
Ami. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 163, Fig. 8. — Morse, Amer. Nat.,
I. 546, Fig. 43 (1867). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass.,
ed. 2, 415 (1870).
Planoyyra asteriscus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 24, Figs. 50-52, PI. II.
Fig. 5 ; PI. VIII. Fig. 53 (1864). —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263(1866).
From Gaspe to the north of Lake Superior, and through New England ; it
may therefore be considered a species of the Northern Region.
Fig. 79.
168 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The animal is described by Morse as bluish-while, with head, neck, and
eye-peduncles mottled by streaks and dots of bluish-black ; disk yellowish-
white.
Jaw but slightly arcuate, of uniform width throughout. Ion"-, narrow,
ends blunt; anterior surface with coarse stria?, not modifying the con-
cave margin, which has an obtuse, wide, slight median projection (p. 154
Fig. 61).
Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. C). Morse gives 77 rows of 13 — 1 — 13
teeth; 6 perfect laterals. I counted 11 — 1 — 11, with 5 perfect laterals. The
reflected portion of the central teeth is quite small. The marginal teeth are
like those of Pupa.
Genitalia not examined.
Doubtful Species of Patula.
Patula Mazatlanica. I do not believe this species can really exist at Lone Moun-
tain, San Francisco County, California, as asserted. See L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 82.
Patula incrustata is a Microphysa (q. v.), as is also
Patula vortex (q. v.).
Helix tenuislriata, Binney, is also a Patula. It is an unknown species. The
following description is copied from manuscript of Dr. Binney : —
Shell flattened, the upper surface acutely carinated ; epidermis light horn-color ;
whorls 7, narrow, increasing in width very gradually from the apex to the aper-
ture ; striated with fine, prominent, distinctly separated, curved lines ; aper-
ture angular, depressed, contracted ; peristome above the carina acute, below
a little reflected ; base subconvex, smooth ; umbilicus open, moderate in size,
exhibiting 2 or 3 volutions. Greatest transverse diameter about \ an inch.
Found hitherto only in the eastern part of Tennessee, whence a single specimen
was brought by Mr. Haldeman. This pretty species is described with some
reluctance from a single specimen, as it may be considered doubtful, until
another be found, whether it may not be a foreign shell introduced by mis-
take among Tennessean shells. It is quite flat on the upper surface, rising
a little towards the apex ; the whorls, which are distinctly marked, are beauti-
fully striated with delicate prominent curved lines, which are crowded towards
the apex, and separated by a distinct interval on the outer whorl ; they termi-
nate on the edge of the carina, which is a little plaited by them, the base be-
low being smooth. The aperture is narrow, and marked by an angle at the
carina. The lip below the carina has a distinct, though narrow reflection.
The umbilicus is moderate, conical, and rather deep, exhibiting about three
volutions. In Lamarck's arrangement it would be a Carocolla.
Helix temtistriata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, IV. Part I. cover,
p. 3. — Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 432. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
118; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 77 (1869).
Helix vortex, teste Gould (non Pfeiffer), Terr. Moll., III. 34.
Helix limitaris, G. M. Dawson. — Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, collected
MICROPHYSA. 169
during the' summers of 1873, 1874, in the vicinity of the 49th parallel. Lake
of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains ; British North American Boundary
Commission; Report on 'the Geology, etc. Montreal: 1875. pp. 347-350. I
have seen young individuals ^kindly sent me hy Mr. Dawson, and suspect them
to be immature individuals of some variety of P. strigosa. The original descrip-
tion here follows : —
Shell conspicuously umbilieated, globosely depressed, solid, coarse ; whorls
carinate at the periphery and subcarinate near the umbilicus, giving the mouth
a distinctly rhomboidal form in young specimens ; peripheral carination almost
obsolete on the last half whorl ; aperture roundedly lunate, very oblique, slightly
reflexed at the umbilicus, so as to interfere somewhat with its circular outline ;
peristome acute, thickened within ; callus delicate, transparent ; whorls 5^ ;
suture slightly impressed, becoming more distinct in the last half whorl ; sur-
face marked with coarse transverse wrinkles and faint revolving lines, the latter
scarcely perceptible on the outer whorl ; color, dull yellowish, with four brown-
ish revolving bands, two of which appear pretty constant, and are situated on
each side of the peripheral carina, which is generally whitish ; the two remain-
ing bands near the suture and umbilicus respectively, fainter and less constant.
Animal resembles If. solitaria in general form, pale, with brownish spots.
Greatest diameter 17 mill.; least diameter 14 mill.; height 11 mill. Young
specimens only 4 mill, in diameter are very strongly carinated, and flattened
above ; semi-transparent, brownish-tawny in color ; delicately marked with
close revolving and transverse lines.
This shell is closely allied to Helix solitaria, but is smaller, darker-colored and
rougher, more distinctly carinated, especially in young specimens ; the shell is
also somewhat thicker, the umbilicus is narrower, and the lip encroaches slightly
on its circular outline. Loc. Waterton Lake. Rocky Mountains.
MICROPHYSA, Albers.
Animal as in Palula.
Shell umbilieated, depressed, thin, delicately striate, scarcely shining; spire
flattened ; suture distinct ; whorls 4-5, rather convex, gradually increasing,
the last not descending ; aperture roundly lunate ; peristome thin, perfectly
simple, its extremities converging.
A West-Indian genus. Two of its species have been introduced into the
Southern Region. One indigenous species has, however, been found in the
Central Province and one in the Pacific Province.
The jaw was supposed to be ribless, and hence the position of the genus in
the systems ; I retain it here, though I have found that it has numerous, flat,
broad, crowded ribs. In M. turbini/ormis (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X.
79, PI. II. Fig. 2) the ribs seem to be of the character common in Bulimulus,
Cylindrella, etc. (See p. 44.)
Lingual membrane of vortex, turbiniformh, incrustafa, Lansingi, and Ingersolli
only known. The base of attachment of the centrals and laterals is peculiarly
quadrate ; both have decided side cusps and cutting points. The change into
170 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the marginals is made in Ingersolli and incrustata without the splitting of the
inner cutting point, but it is otherwise in vortex and iurbiniformis. The margi-
nals are low, wide, the inner cutting point is long, blunt, simple in Ingersolli
and incrustata, bifid in the other species. The outer cutting points of all are
short, varying in number from 1 to 3.
Thus in this genus, as in most of the others, we find a certain range of varia-
tion in the dentition and jaw.
From the above comparisons I have omitted ]\I. Lansingi, whose puzzLng
combination of jaw and marginal teeth is described below.
Microphysa incrustata, Poey.
Vol. HI. PL XXIX. a, Fig. 4.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, horn-colored, usually incrusted with
dirt, with crowded stria? ; spire slightly elevated, composed of 4 or 5 well-
rounded whorls separated by a deeply impressed suture ; beneath with a broad
umbilicus, one third the diameter of the shell, exhibiting all the whorls within ;
aperture circular, being but slightly impinged upon by the penult whorl, its ex-
tremities joined by a slightly appressed scale of enamel, rendering the peri-
stome continuous; peristome slightly reflexed, so as to render the aperture
somewhat campanulate. Greater diameter 4 J, lesser 4 mill. ; height, 2 null.
Helix incrustata, Poey, Memorias, I. 208, 212, PI. XII. Figs. 11-16. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 632. — W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., IV. 68, L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 70, Fig. 117 (1869).
Helix saxicola, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 174, Fl. XXIX. a, Fig. 4, not
Pfeiffer.
Helix incrassata, Reeve, Con. Icon., 972.
Pscuddhyalina incrustata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 265 (1866).
Galveston and Corpus Christi, Texas. Also near Havana, Cuba. It must be
considered a species of the Southern Region.
Its circular, campanulate aperture, almost disconnected with the preceding
whorl, is one of its most striking peculiarities.
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior
surface with numerous crowded ribs, bluntly denticulating the lower mar-
gin.
Lingual membrane with 13 — 1 — 13 teeth, of which 5 are perfect laterals.
Centrals quadrate, tricuspid ; laterals like centrals, but bicuspid ; marginals
low, wide, with one inner long, blunt, and several short, side, blunt cutting
points (PI. III. Fig. S).
I formerly placed this species in Patula, but, having recently examined the
jaw of a dried specimen in my cabinet (collected over thirty years ago at Gal-
veston), I am led to believe that Von Martens is right in placing it in Micro-
physa.
MICROPHYSA. 171
Microphysa vortex, Pfr.
Vol. III. PI. XL VIII. Fig. 2.
Shell umbilieated, depressed, pale bluish-white, pearly, very thin, transpar-
ent; whorls 5, prominent, with exceedingly minute, oblique striae of increase;
suture deeply impressed ; base somewhat convex ; axis open, umbilicus infun-
dibuliform; aperture flattened-transverse ; peristome thin, acute, not reflected.
Greater diameter 6, lesser b\ mill. ; height, 2| mill.
Helix vortex, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Xat. 1839, II. 351 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 95. —
Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 110, PI. LXXXVIII. Figs. 7 - 9. — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
644(1852). — Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 34. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
117; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
Helix selenina, Gould, Bost. Proc, III. 38 (1S48) ; in Terr. Moll., II. 240, PI.
XXIX. a, Fig. 2 ; PI. XLVII1. Fig. 2.- Reeve, Con. Icon., 716 (1862).
Hyalina vortex, Thyox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 252 (1866).
Florida Subregion ; Southern Florida and the adjacent islands, introduced
from the West-Indian fauna.
The species is apparently viviparous, Fig. 116 of Land and Fresh- Water
Shells, I., representing an embryonic shell taken from an adult by Mr. Morse.
This small species does not exceed Zoniles arhoreus in size. Its transpar-
ency is greater than that of any other of our species. The general character
of its upper surface is that of depression ; but though the whorls revolve in
nearly the same plane, the suture is so deeply impressed that each whorl is
rendered convex or- tumid. The umbilicus is of small diameter, but well de-
fined and deep. The aperture is transverse, and flattened in its vertical diam-
eter ; the peristome is thin, sharp, and not turned outwards. The convexity of
the base being greater than that of the upper surface, ail obtuse angle is some-
times produced on the periphery of the shell at the line of their junction, which
is more or less prominent in different specimens.
Jaw not observed.
Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. T) : 18—1—18 teeth, with 8 laterals. The
sixteenth marginal tooth is shown.
Microphysa Lansingi, Bland.
Shell1 imperforate, orbicular-depressed, shining, dark horn-colored, smooth
above, at the base substriate ; suture impressed ; whorls 5 1, rather convex, the
last not descending, obsoletely angular at the periphery, more convex at the
base, excavated around the umbilical region; aperture narrow, lunate; peri-
stome acute, the right margin thickened within by an obsoletely denticulated
1 T. inrperforata, orbiculato-depressa, fusco-cornea, superne laevigata, basi substriatula;
sutura impressa; anfr. [>}, convexiusculi, ultimusnon descendens, ad peripheriam obsolete
angulatus, subtus convexior, circa regionem umbilicarem excavatus; apertura anguste
lunaris; peristomate aeuto, margine dextro lamella obsolete serrata intus incrassato, colu-
mellari vix retiexiusculo.
172
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 80.
lamella, columellar margin scarcely reflected. Greater
diameter scarcely 3, lesser 2h mill. ; height, 1 1 mill. (Bland.)
Zonitcs Lansingi, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
XI. 74, Fig. 1. 2 (1875).
In damp moist places, among leaves. Astoria, Oregon,
in the Oregonian Region.
The aspect of the upper surface of the shell is very like
that of Z. mullklentatus (Binney).
Mr. Bland places the species in Zonites, hut, owing to
the character of the jaw, I am inclined to consider it a Mi-
crophysa.
One specimen of Lansingi, appearing to have the ani-
,-. mal within it, was crushed between two glass slides, en-
Microphysa Lansingi- abling me, without the use of potash, satisfactorily to
observe the jaw and teeth remaining uninjured in the
tissues of the animal.
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate ; ends scarcely attenuated, blunt ; cutting
maro-in without median projection ; anterior surface with 14 broad, unequal,
Fig. 81.
Jaw and teeth of M Lansingi.
crowded, flat ribs, slightly denticulating either margin. The first impression
given by the jaw is that it bears narrow, separated ribs, as in Bulimulus, Cylin-
drella, etc. A more careful study of it, however, shows the ribs to be very
broad, crowded, flat, with narrow interstices between them.
Lingual membrane with 17—1—17 teeth; G laterals. Centrals (Fig. B)
with the base of attachment longer than wide, the lower lateral angles ex-
panded ; upper margin broadly reflected ; reflection very short, tricuspid ; side
cusps decidedly developed, short, bearing distinct cutting points; median cusp
long, slender, bulging at sides, reaching nearly to the lower edge of the base of
MICROPHYSA. 173
attachment, beyond which projects slightly the long, distinct cutting point.
Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner
lower angle of the base of attachment, and inner side cusp and cutting point.
Marginals (C) aculeate, their bases of attachment less sole-like than in Zotntes,
but more circular in outline. Fig. C shows these bases of attachment. Fig.
D gives one marginal tooth in profile.
This is the first known instance of a species with ribs on its jaw having
aculeate marginal teeth, or of a species furnished with a Zonites-Yike shell hav-
ing decided ribs upon the jaw. It will be difficult to find a place for the species
under any description of genus or subfamily. The shell is that of Zonites, but
that genus has a ribless jaw with median projection. It will be seen that its
ribbed jaw and aculeate marginal teeth do not sustain my assertion (p. 47)
that for the larger divisions these organs may be relied on as systematic char-
acters. The result of my examination of this species was as unexpected as it
is puzzling.
Microphysa Ingersolli, Bland.
Shell1 umbilicated, discoidal, thin, transludd, nearly smooth, white; spire
flat, summit subimmersed; suture impressed ; whorls 5|, rather convex, slowly
increasing, the last not descending, more convex below „. g„
the periphery ; breadth of umbilicus nearly 1 mill. ;
aperture subvertical, higher than broad, lunate ; peri-
stome simple, acute, margins remote, columellar margin
slightly reflexed, basal margin subsinuate. Greater
diameter 4, lesser 3| mill.; height, 2 ^ mill. (Bland.)
Helix Ingcrsollii, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
XI. 151, Fig. (1874). — Ingersoll, Special Rep. on
Recent Moll, of Colorado, ed. 2, 1870, p. 397.
A species of the Central Province. Howardsville,
Baker's Park, 9,300 feet above, the sea, abundant in wet
places on the mountains ; not uncommon at Cunningham .
1 ° Microphysa Ingersolli,
Gulch, near the former locality, clinging to the almost enlarged,
vertical face of a trachyte cliff", at an elevation of about 11,000 feet; the finest
specimens came from this spot; found also on .the southern slope of the Sa-
guache Mountains, in the Las Animas and La Plata Valleys, in the same sta-
tions as affected by Succinea. All the localities mentioned are in the south-
western corner of Colorado.
1 T. umbilicata, discoidea, tenuis, translncida, sublevis, alba; spira plana, vertice sub-
immersa ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 5£, convexiusculi, lente acrescentes, ultimus non descen-
dens, infra peripheriam convexior ; umbilicus fere 1 mill, latus ; apertura subverticalis,
altior quam lata, lunaris ; perist. simplex, acutum, marginibiis_remotis, columellari bre-
vissime patente, basali subsinuato.
174 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
This species was discovered by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, Naturalist of the
United States Geological Survey of the Territories, under Professor Hayden.
It can scarcely be compared with any known North American species.
At first sight I was disposed to consider the species a Zonites, but examina-
tion of the animal proved it to belong to the Helicea.
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated ; whole anterior sur-
face with about 22 broad, flat, slightly separated ribs, whose ends denticulate
either margin.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 16 — 1 — 16. Centrals as
usual in the Helicea (PI. III. Fig. V). The side cusps and cutting points are
well developed, the base of attachment longer than wide. Laterals of same
type, but asymmetrical, and consequently only bicuspid. The change from
laterals to marginals (8th and 9th teeth of figure) is very gradual, there being
no splitting of the inner cutting point. Marginals (16th tooth of figure) very
low, wide, with one inner, long, blunt cutting point, and one outer, small,
blunt. The low, wide marginal teeth of this species are peculiar.
Spurious Species of Microphysa.
Microphysa minuscula of Von Martens (Alb., ed. 2) is a Zonites (q. v.).
HEMITROCHUS, Swainson.
Animal heliciform (of H. various), stout, anteriorly blunt, posteriorly long,
acutely terminating; mantle central, thin, simple, protected by a shell; no dis-
tinct locomotive disk ; no caudal mucus pore ;
respiratory and anal orifices subcentral, on the
right side of the mantle, under the peristome
of the shell ; generative orifice not observed,
probably behind the right eye-peduncle.
Shell external, with the perforation open
Animal of H. variant. or ciosed, globose, shining ; spire short ; whorls
4-5, the last large, deflexed at the aperture ; columella dilated at the base;
aperture contracted, subvertical, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, obtuse, la-
biate within, its margins distant.
A West-Indian genus;., one species has been introduced into the Florida
Subregion.
In Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 341, I have, in connection with my friend
Mr. Bland, shown the necessity of using this name in preference to 1'ohjmita.
I will here simply repeat that the type of the latter genus is muscarum, Lea,
from which the other species formerly associated with it differ generically
in dentition. They will therefore be known by the first published name,
Hemitrochus.
HEMITROCHUS. 175
The jaw is strongly arched with acuminated ends, smooth anterior surface,
and decided median prominence to cutting margin. Fig. 84 represents the jaw
of varians. The other West-Indian species examined by me
1 J Fig. 84.
have the same type of jaw.
The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. L) has about 33—1—33
teeth; another specimen gave 43 — 1 — 43 teeth, with 17 perfect
laterals. The central tooth has a long, narrow base of attach-
ment with lower, outer angular expansions and incurved lower
margin. The reflected portion is only about one half the length of the base
of attachment, is short, and bears one short, stout cusp with an equally short,
stout cutting point ; the side cusps and cutting points are obsolete. The lat-
erals are the same as the centrals, but asymmetrical. The outer laterals, com-
mencing at the 11th, have a side cusp and cutting point; the inner cutting
point is bifid on the 16th tooth; after this the change into the marginals is
rapid. The marginals are low, wide, and have one broad, long, oblique,
bluntly bifid cutting point, the inner division the smaller, and a very much
shorter side cutting point. This side cutting point is also sometimes bluntly
bifid in the extreme marginal teeth.
The dentition of the other species of this genus, extralimital to North
America, examined by me, agrees with that of this species. (See Pr. Phila.
Ac. Nat. Sc. 1874, 56.)
Hemitrochus varians, Menke.
Vol. III. Pis. XLVI., XL VII.
Shell subim perforate, of medium size, solid, conic-globose, delicately striate,
but leaving the surface smooth and shining ; the ground-»color is variable, beinc
white, dusky, greenish or reddish, and either plain or variously encircled by
dark bands ; the apex and the peristome, especially the columellar portion, is
always rose-red, and generally, likewise, the throat ; the spire is elevated, com-
posed of about 5j convex whorls, the outermost broadly rounded at the periph-
ery ; the base is moderately convex and perforated by a minute umbilicus,
nearly covered by the expanded and flattened peristome ; aperture small, ap-
proaching two thirds of a circle ; peristome acute, thickened within, a little
everted, becoming more so towards its inner junction. Greater diameter 19,
lesser 17 mill.; axis, 15 mill.
Helix varians, Menke, teste Pfeiffer. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 238 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 221, PI. CIX. Figs. 1-5. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 51, PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 22. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 184 (1869).
Helix carnicolor, Pfeiffek, Symb., I. 37. — Deshayes in Fer., I. 205, PI.
XXIX. A, Figs. 14-17. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 283 (1852).
Helix Pisana, Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, IX. Part 2, 139, t. CXXXII. Fig. 1186,
1187. — Ferussac, Hist. 1. c. ? — Not of Muller.
176 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix submeris, Mighels, Bost. Proc, I. 187 (1844). ■ — Ffeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., III. 183.
Helix rhodocheila, Binney (formerly), Terr. Moll., I.
Hemitrochus hecmastomus, Swainson, Malac. 165, Fig. 19?
Helix polychroa, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 123, Pis. XLVI., XLVII.
Polymita varians, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 321 (1866).
A species of the West-Indian fauna, common on New Providence; found also
in the Florida Subregion on the Keys, Key West, Key Biscay ne, Cape Florida.
Animal (see Vol. IV. Pi. LXXV1II. Fig. 22) : body of a delicate white
color, very finely granulated ; eye-peduncles rather long ; a dark line arising
between the eye-peduncles and along the back passes under the shell ; a fainter
line is found along each side of the neck.
Among the varieties the following may be enumerated : —
a. Elevated, white with a median black band on the outer whorl, which is
sutural on the spire margined with pale citron.
/3. The same, with two approximate black basal bands.
y. Elevated, white with two narrow bands on the outer whorls, one of which
is median, the other sutural on the spire, the latter interrupted.
8. The same, with a broad basal fascia.
t. Yellowish, with numerous bands partially blended by dusky lines in the
direction of the increment.
f. Fuliginous, with a single white peripheral fascia and white umbilical area.
(This variety was described by Dr. Mighels under the name of H. submeris.)
t]. Depressed, ashy-olive, with a white peripheral band.
6. Elevated, uniform yellowish green.
i. Uniform pale reddish.
For jaw and dentition, see above, p. 174.
Genitalia not examined.
HOLOSPIRA, Mart. & Alb.
Animal unknown.
Shell rimate, turreted or fusiform, apex conical, not truncated ; whorls
11 - 14, the last not at all or but slightly protracted, carinated at base; colu-
mella plicate; aperture quadrangular; peristome free, expanded.
A Mexican genus, extending into the Texan Subregion.
It was formerly considered a subgenus of Cylindrella, but now is known to
widely differ in jaw and dentition.
There are two species of this genus found within our limits, H. Gohlfussi and
Roemcri. I have not been able to examine the lingual membrane of H. Roe-
me?i, but, thanks to Mr. Bland, I have examined and figured (PI. IV. Fig. N)
that of H. Gohlfussi. There are 26—1—26 teeth, with about 9 laterals. The
cusps of the marginals are quite widely separated. The general characters of
the teeth are as described below. I can refer also to Messrs. Fischer and
HOLOSPIRA. 177
Crosse for information regarding the jaw and dentition (Journ. de Conch.,
XVIII. 13, 1870, PL V., and Moll. Mex. et Guat., 320, PI. XVI.).
The lingual membrane in //. Tryoni and P/eifferi, examined and figured by
those authors, is of the same type. The centrals and laterals have a single
short cusp, bearing a short, blunt cutting point, both side cusps and side cutting
points being absent; marginal teeth a simple modification of the laterals, which
pass very gradually into them, quadrate, wide, low, with one long, inner, obtuse
cutting point, and one outer, side, short, blunt cutting point.
The jaw is arcuate, with slightly acuminated, blunt ends, thin, anterior sur-
face ribless ; cutting edge simple ; transversely and vertically striated.
Holospira Roemeri, Pfr.
Shell scarcely rimate, subcylindrical, with an obtusely conic non-truncated
spire, substriate, light flesh-colored; whorls 14, narrow, rather flattened, the
last carinated at base, separated from the shell and twisted ; aper-
. ' Fig 85
ture vertical, oblong, circular, within narrowed by a fold on its right
margin ; peristome continuous, equally and briefly expanded. Length
13-14, diameter 4^ mill. ; ap. 3 mill, long, 2\ broad.
/3. Smaller, more ventricose above; whorls 12, the last more
briefly loosened. Length, 11 mill.; diameter above the middle, 4 mill.
Cylindrella Roemeri, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 383 ; in Roe-
mer's Texas, 456 ; in Chemn., ed. 2, No. 81, PL VII. Figs. 4-6. ^)
— W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 150; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 24, Fig.
,„,, . H Roemtri.
18 (1869).
Holospira Roemeri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 312 (1868).
New Braunfels and Howard Springs, Texas. It has not been noticed outside
the Texan Subregion.
Holospira Goldfussi, Menkk.
Shell umbilicated, elongated, more ventricose at the middle, Fig. 86.
apex conic, not truncated, thin, diaphanous, light horn-color, marked &
with numerous light, subarcuate stria?; whorls 12, scarcely convex, Kj
narrow, the last slightly extended beyond the body of the shell, Wi
carinated, its right side somewhat furrowed, rounded at base ;
aperture subvertical, obliquely and subtriangularly pear-shaped ; m^
peristome slightly expanded at its entire circumference, its right
termination flexuose. Axis with revolving lamella, and also with a
curious one on the under side of the septum of the third whorl from the base.
Length, 11 mill.; diameter, 4 J mill.
Cylindrella Goldfussi, Menke, in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1847, III. 2. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 383. — Philliiti, Icon., III. '6, Tab. III. 9 (1847).—
VOL. IV. 12
178 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 151, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 33 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 24,
Fig. 19 (1869).
Holospira Goldfussi, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. Fl. XV. Fig. 31
(1869).
Texas, on the Blanco; a species of the Texas Subregion.
In the penultimate whorl of Goldfussi there are 4 lamellae : one strongly de-
veloped, situated on the under side of the upper septum, and in length about
equal to one half of the circumference of the whorl ; another on the upper sur-
face of the lower septum, immediately beneath and opposite to the above-men-
tioned lamella, and of about equal length, but not so much developed ; a third
lamella on the middle of the lower half of, and revolving on, the axis; the
fourth on the inner side of the outer wall of the shell (opposite the axial
lamella), and visible from the exterior.
For lingual membrane and jaw, see p. 176.
ONCHIDELLA, Gray.
Animal limaciform; body oblong or oval; mantle covering the whole body
and reflected under the body, smooth or granular, without tufts or radiating
processes on the dorsal surface ; foot
lg' " broad, simple posteriorly ; oral append-
ages lobate, simple, undivided ; tentacles
none ; eyes at the end of long, club-
shaped retractile peduncles. Respira-
tory orifice posterior, at the right side.
Anal orifice separate, posterior ; male
organ under the right eye-peduncle, fe-
O boreaii* male orifice at the posterior extremity of
the body. No caudal mucus pore. No
distinct locomotive disk, though the reflection of the mantle on either side
of the foot gives a tripartite appearance to the under surface of the body.
Shell none.
In three specimens of 0. borealis examined I found a jaw (Fig. 88),
low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated, blunt, anterior surface
ribless.
Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. B) long and wide. Teeth about 61 — 1 — 61,
Fig. 88. arranged strongly en chevron. The central tooth is large,
longer than wide, truncated above, expanded below its mid-
dle, and incurved at the. basal margin. Tin; reflection is
Jaw of O. borealis. .
large, tricuspid, each cusp bearing a decided cutting point.
The side teeth have a long, narrow base of attachment, a small part of its
upper portion thrown outwards, the balance curving inwards, giving an irregu-
lar bow-shape to the whole base of attachment, — whose upper and lower edges
are abruptly truncated. The reflection is near the base, and consists of a very
TERENNOPHORUS. 179
small, inner cusp, bearing a small conical cutting point, and another, outer,
larger cusp, bearing an extraordinarily developed, wide, expanding, bluntly
truncated cutting point. As the teeth pass outwards towards the outer margin
of the membrane, they at first increase and then decrease in size, but retain
the same shape quite to the edge.
The dentition of several Eastern species has also been published.
The OnchidiidcE are described as agnathous, but I am confident of having
observed the jaw figured. I found none in Onchidium Schrammi (see Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X. 339).
Onchidella borealis, Dall.
Animal small, black, with dots and streaks of yellowish white, foot light
colored, also muzzle and tentacles. Back regularly rounded, but a little
pointed in the middle; smooth or very finely granulose, tough, and coriaceous.
Eyes globular, blue, on very short constricted tentacles. Muzzle short,
rounded-transverse. Head not produced beyond the anterior edge of the
mantle. Sexual appendages on the right side, near the head. Foot ovate,
narrow, rather roundly pointed behind. Lon., .3 in. Hab. Sitka, Alaska Ter-
ritory, on the rocks near tide-marks, especially on the small islets in the
Bay. (Dall.)
Onchidella borealis, Dai.l, August, 1866, Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 135.
Found from Prince William's Sound to Vancouver's Island, by Mr.
Dall, to whom I am indebted for specimens, one of which is figured on
p. 178.
For jaw and lingual membrane see above.
TEBENNOPHORUS, Finn.
Animal limaciform. Body somewhat flattened, terminating obtusely, or in a
somewhat truncated form, obtuse anteriorly. Back convex, more flat when
fully extended. Integuments with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing
with each other, and having a general longitudinal direction. Mantle covering
the whole body. Foot expanded at its margin, and visible beyond the sides of
the mantle ; no locomotive disk. Respiratory orifice near the head, some way
to the rear of the right eye-peduncle. Anal orifice contiguous Fj
to, and a little above and in advance of the pulmonary orifice.
Orifice of organs of generation behind and below the right
eye-peduncle. Without terminal mucus pore. No external or
internal shed. ng^™.
Jaw horn-colored, arcuate, with irregular concave margin, Carolmiensis.
bearing a blunt, slightly projecting beak ; terminations blunt ; the anterior sur-
face convex, without a decided median carina, and strongly striate.
The genus is not peculiarly American, as it is also found in Asia. In North
180 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
America it ranges over the whole Eastern Province, in Mexico and into Central
America.
The internal rudimentary, nail-like shell described by Dr. Gray has not been
noticed by any American author.
The habits of the genus are similar to those of the native species of
Limax.
This genus was first described, in 1842, by Dr. Binney (Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist, IV. 163), under the name of 1'ebennophorus. No other descriptions of it
had then been published. The species of it have been referred by various
authors to other genera, such as Limax, which differs in having a small shield-
like mantle, a different shaped jaw, etc. ; and to Philomycus, a genus distin-
guished by the absence of a mantle. The latter genus probably existed only
in the fertile imagination of Rafinesque, the same "habitat" where flourished
Tremesia and Deroceras}
Ferussac repeats (1823) the description of Rafinesque, but never had seen
an individual of the genus. He suggests that Limax Caroliniensis, Bosc, may
Belong to it, judging from the figure alone. Gray, H. and A. Adams, and
Morch adopt the name of Philomycus, on the supposition that Rafinesque had
before him a Tebennophorus when describing Philomycus (in 1820). It may be
he had, but as he did not make it so appear, I have preferred adopting the first
name evidently applying to it.
Meghimatium, or Incillaiia, an Asiatic genus, is identical with Tebenno-
phorus.
One species only is known to exist within our limit3, T. Caroliniensis. It
has an arched jaw (Fig. 89), with blunt, scarcely attenuated ends, ribless ante-
rior surface, and decided blunt median projection to the cutting edge. The
jaw is thick, coarse, with vertical and parallel transverse lines of reinforcement,
but has no appearance of ribs. I have verified this fact by examining numer-
ous specimens of all ages from various parts of the country. My observations
have been confirmed by Morse also (Journ. Portland Soc Nat. Hist. 1864, 7).
I am therefore inclined to doubt the identity of the specimen which Heyne-
mann (Mai. Blatt. 1S62, PI. III. Fig. 12) describes with a ribbed jaw. Bergh
(Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Wien, XX. 833) suggests that Heynemann may have
had Pallifcra dorsalis before him. Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1865, suggests
that it may have been Veronicella Floridana. At all events I do not believe it
could have been the species now under consideration. I suspect it to have been
Pall if era Wetherbyi.
The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. O) is arranged as usual in the Helicea.
Morse counted 115rowsof 56 — 1 — 56 teeth; another membrane gave 49 — 1 — 49
teeth, with 22 perfect laterals ; I have myself counted 56 — 1 — 56 teeth, with 11
1 See descriptions of these singular animals in the new edition of Rafinesque's Com-
plete Conchological Writings. Bailliere, New York, 1864. See also Terr. Moll. I,
51, 52.
TEBEKXOrHORUS. 181
perfect laterals. The central teeth have a very long narrow hase of attachment
widening towards the lower margin, which is excavated. There is a line of re-
inforcement running parallel to the lower edge, and for a short distance along
the sides. The reflected portion equals only one fourth of the length of the
base of attachment. It is stout, and bears a short, stout, median cusp, having a
short, blunt cutting point. There are no side cusps or cutting pointa.
The laterals are like the centrals, but asymmetrical ; their reflected por-
tion is also longer. The outer laterals b have an outer side cusp.
The marginals c are a simple modification of the laterals, being quadrate,
longer than wide, with one inner broad, long, oblique, bluntly pointed cutting
point, bearing an inner, side, short, acute cutting point. These cutting points
on the extreme marginals d are simply short and bluntly rounded.
Some membranes examined by me seemed to have an extension to the base
of attachment beyond the upper margin of the reflected portion, to which it was
parallel
This membrane is peculiar in the long, narrow base of attachment and short
reflected portion of the central and first lateral teeth.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Bosc.
Vol. III. PI. LXIII. Figs. 1, 2.
Color of upper surface whitish, or yellowish-white, v?riegated with clouds
and spots of brownish and blackish, so arranged as to form three ill-defined
longitudinal bands, one on the centre of the back, and one on each flank, ex-
tending from the head to the posterior extremity, anastomosing more or less
with each other, and having smaller spots of the sanje color between them ;
inferior margin white, or yellowish; foot whitish. Mouth surrounded with a
circular row of papillae. Body elongated, subcylindricaL flattened towards its
posterior extremity, which is obtuse ; eye-peduncles \ of an inch long, brownish
or blackish, stout, terminating in a bulb; ocular points on the superior part of
the bulb ; tentacles immediately below the eye-peduncles, white, very short,
nearly conical. Mantle fleshy, covering the whole body, its anterior edge
tinged with brownish, and falling in a slight curve between the two eye-pedun-
cles, reaching on the sides to the margin of the foot; posterior extremity
rounded ; cuticle covered with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing with
each other, and having a general tendency to a longitudinal direction, with
shallow furrows between, lubricated witli a watery mucus, and susceptible of
contractions which produce a slow, undulatory motion, like the flowing of water,
over the whole surface. Foot whitish, extending a little beyond the mantle
posteriorly, showing a whitish flattened border. Orifice of the organs of gen-
eration on the right side, at a little distance behind and below the eye-pedun-
cles. Respiratory orifice large, on the right side, \ of an inch behind the
origin of the eye-peduncle; anal orifice in close contact, a little above and in
182 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
front of it; above the respiratory orifice, on the back, is a deep curved furrow,
running upwards and backwards. Locomotive band not distinguished from the
lower surface of the foot. Greatest length, when fully extended, 100 mill.;
ordinary length, 75 mill.
Limax Garoliniensis, Bosc, "Vers de Buffon de Deterville, 80, PI. III. Fig. 1.
— Ferussac, Hist., 77, PI. VI. Fig. 3. — Deshayes, in Lam., 2d ed., VII. 719
(1836): ed. 3, III. 264 (1839). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An.
Limax Carolinianus, De Roissy, Buffon de SONNINI, V. p. 185 (An XIII).
Limax togata, Gould, Inverteb. Mass. 3 (1841).
Pkylomicus Carolinensis, Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 15. — Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat.,
158.— H. & A. Adams, Gen., II. 220. — Che.nu, Man. de Conch., I. 469, Fig.
3479 (1859). — Keferstein (anat), Zeit. fur Wiss. Zool., Bd. XVI. I. 183,
PL IX. (1866). — Bergh in Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. in Wein. XX. p. 833, an-
atomy (1870). — Heynemann, Mai. Blatt. 1863, p. 212, t. III. Fig. 12,
anat. (?)
Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 171 (1842) ;
Terr. Moll., II. 20, PI. LXIII. Figs. 1, 2. —Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163
(1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 24, PI. III. Fig. 1 (1843). — Wyman, Bost
Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 410, PI. XXII. (1844), anat. — Lei dy, T. M. U. S. , I.
250, PI. III. (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 3 ; L. & Fr.-AV.
Sh., I. 297 (1869). —Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 7, Fig. 3; PI. III. Fig. 4
(1864). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 457, Figs. 715, 716 (1870).
— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 310(1868).
Limax marmbratus, DeKay, Cat. N. Y. An., 31, no descr. (1839). — Linsley,
Shells of Conn., Sill. Journ. [i], XLVIII. 279, no descr.
From Canada to Texas and Florida ; a species of the Eastern Province.
In this species the head never projects beyond the mantle. The tentacles
and eye-peduncles are contractile and retractile, as in the other slugs. When
handled it secretes from the skin a thick, milky, adhesive mucus. Small
individuals Buspend themselves by a thread. We have noticed its posterior
extremity curved upwards when the animal was in motion; at other times
flattened and expanded, and again very much corrugated, and apparently trun-
cated ; sometimes there appear to be one or more mucous glands at this part,
and the secretion of mucus from it is more plentiful than from other parts of
the body. The mantle is not cleft from the respiratory foramen to the margin,
as in most of the slugs, but is provided with a deep furrow or canal running
from the orifice to the edge of the mantle below it.
It is very inactive and sluggish in its motions. It inhabits forests, under the
bark, and in the interior of the decayed trunks of fallen trees, among which it
is particularly partial to the Basswood (Tilia Americana).
The variations from the common coloring are numerous. We have already
observed the following varieties : —
a. Whitish, without clouded spots, tending to grayish.
b. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally.
TEBENNOPHORUS. 183
c. Irregularly clouded with brownish, without any tendency to longitudinal
arrangement.
d. With three distinct rows of large clouded spots.
e. With great numbers of fine black spots.
f. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each side.
g. Blackish-gray, with black lines along each side, and an indistinct line
down the middle of the back.
The appearance of the surface of the mantle is constantly changing, from the
play of light on its lubricated eye-peduncles, tentacles, and furrows, which are
in almost ceaseless motion.
There can be no doubt that this is the animal originally described by Bosc
under the name of Limax Caroliniensis, though his description is so imperfect
that it can only be recognized by the arrangement of colors which belongs to
it. His original drawing, engraved in Ferussac's work, is a tolerably accurate
representation of one of its varieties. He makes no mention of the mantle,
and it does not appear in the figure.
An individual of this species kept in confinement deposited about 30 eggs,
June 20, 1843 ; on the 10th of July the young made their way out of the shell.
The eggs were semi-transparent, oval, about \ of an inch in the greatest diam-
eter. The young when excluded were more than a fourth of a inch long, semi-
transparent and gelatinous ; eye-peduncles and tentacles bluish-black at base,
black at tip, the latter very minute and hardly, visible. Body broad ; back
whitish, with two distinct rows of minute black dots down the middle, and
other scattering spots on the sides. No perceptible furrow between the mantle
and body. They increased very rapidly in size, and in a few days were four
times as large as when hatched.
Of the synonymes I have quoted, Limax togata is said by Gould (Otia, 182)
to be identical ; and Limax marmoratus, of DeKay, I have ascertained to be the
same from the correspondence of my father with Dr. Newcomb.
For jaw and lingual dentition see p. 180.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy, 1. c. The testicle lies upon the right
side, partly concealed by the liver; it is round and lobulated. The epididymis
is tortuous. The vas deferens is very long, tortuous, and muscular. It
joins the penis sac at its summit, and has the retractor muscle inserted into
it the length of the penis above the latter. The penis sac is irregularly cylin-
droid, bent at its summit. The ovary is exceedingly lobulated. The oviduct
is tortuous, wide, and very much sacculated. The prostate gland is longer
than in Limax or Arion. The generative bladder is large, globular, or nearly
so. Its duct is rathir less than half the length of the oviduct. At its junction
with the neck of the latter an oval muscular organ exists, the dart sac. With-
in the latter, at the bottom, is a hemispherical papilla, upon the summit of which
is placed a white, calcareous, calcarate dart. At the junction of the vagina,
common to the neck of the oviduct, duct of the generative bladder, and the
184
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
dart sac, with the penis, there are two short rt tractor muscles inserted. The
cloaca is narrow and cylindrical, and has surrounding two thirds of its middle
a thick glandular organ. Interiorly, the penis sac, cloaca, etc., have a longitu-
dinal rugose surface.
Spurious Species of Tebennophorus, etc.
Tebennopkorus bilineatus, Cart., United States, of Grateloup (Dist. Geog. p.
30), is unknown to me.
Philomycus quadrilus, fuscus, oryrus, and flcxuolnris of Rafinesque (see Vol.
I. p. 51 and 52), and Philomycus (Eumelus) Hindus and nebulosus are placed
in the same genus as Tebennophorus Carolinmsis by Gray and Pfeiffer,
Brit. Mus. Cat. They are unknown to me.
Tebennophorus dorsalis : see Pallifera.
HELICODISCUS, Morse.
Animal heliciform : mantle posterior, thin, simple, protected by a shell ; other
characters as in P alula.
Shell discoidal, widely umbilicatcd, not shining; spire
concave ; whorls 4, equally visible above and below,
the last scarcely larger than the rest, not deflected ;
aperture rounded, vertical ; several pairs of tubercles
at intervals within, on the inner surface of the outer
whorl ; peristome simple, straight, its margins distant.
Jaw, according to Morse, of the only known spe-
cies, H. lineatus, low, wide, crescentic, ends much at-
FiG. 91 tenuated, acute ; cutting margin with a median,
beak-like projection ; anterior surface without
ribs, but covered with striae converging ob-
jaw of H. lineatus. ljquely towards the beak -like prominence.
Fi^. 92 shows the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual mem-
brane. The characters of the separate teeth are better shown in Plate IV.
Fig. 92.
Fig. 90.
\
V-
Animal of H lineatus,
enlarged (Morse).
Lingual dentition of if. lineatus (Morse).
Fi<'. M. Morse gives 77 rows of 12 — 1 — 12 teeth, each with 4 perfect laterals.
Leidy, in Vol. II. 262, Fig., gives 13—1—13 teeth, with 5 perfect laterals.
The membrane examined by me has 12—1—12 teeth, with 4 perfect laterals.
The central teeth have a base of attachment very small, longer than wide, with
expanded lower angles, and reflected upper margin. Reflection very small,
HELICODISCUS. 185
with a stout, short, median cusp, and very short, blunt side cusps, all the cusps
with short cutting points. The lateral teeth have a base of attachment three
times as wide, and somewhat longer than the centrals, and asymmetrical by
the suppression of the inner, lower lateral expansion; the upper margin is
broadly reflected ; the reflection is short but symmetrical, having two equally
developed short, stout side cusps, bearing short cutting points ; the median
cusp is stout, long, extending nearly to the lower edge of the base of attach-
ment, beyond which projects slightly the short cutting point.
The marginals are low and wide, the reflection as broad as the base of at-
tachment, reaching nearly to its lower edge, and furnished with one inner,
long, bluntly bifid, stout, oblique cutting point, and two or more short outer cut-
ting points. The same form of marginal is found in Pupa.
The membrane is very peculiar in the lateral teeth, not only from their large
size, but also from their symmetrical, tricuspid reflection, quite like the usual
arrangement of central teeth in the Helicea. Similar lateral teeth are found
in Zonites Gundlachi.
Helicodiscus lineatus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XLYIII. Fig. 1.
Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal ; epidermis greenish ; whorls about 4,
visible on the base of the shell as well as above, with numerous equidistant,
parallel, raised lines revolving upon them ; suture much impressed ; aperture
remote from the axis, semi-lunate, narrow, not expanding ; peristome acute,
thin ; umbilicus wride, forming a concave depression of the base, each volution
visible to the apex ; within the aperture, on the external circumference, are
placed from 1 to 3 pairs of minute, conical, white teeth, the first pair in sigh',
when looking into the aperture, the others more remote. Greater diameter 3i,
lesser 3 mill.; height, lijr mill.
Helix lincata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. IS (1817); II. 273 (1S24) ; Nich.
Encycl., 3d ed., IV. (1819) ; Binney's ed. 7, 24. —Binney, Host. Journ. Nat.
Hist., III. 436, PL XXII. Fig. 6(1840); Terr. Moll., II. 261, PL XLYIII.
Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 44 (1S43). — Gould, Invert., 179, Fig. 10:5
(1841). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ;
Hist,, PL LXXIX. Fig. 1. — Deshayes in Fer., I. SO. — Chemnitz, 2d ed.,
II. 203, tab. CI. Figs. 13- 15. — Pfeiffer, Mon. ILL Viv., I. 184. — Reeve,
Con. Icon., 724 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 123. — Morse,
Amer. Nat., I. 546, Fig. 44 (1867).
Planarbis parallclus, Say (?), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. 164 (1821); ed. Binney,
63.
Hyalina ? Uneata, W. G. Binney, I, fc Fr.-W. Sh., I. 52 (1869). — Goeld ami
Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (187").
Helicodiscus lincata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Sue, I. 25, Figs. 61, 62, PI. II. Fig.
3; PI. VIII. Fig. 63 (1S64). — Tuyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866).
186 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Inhabits all of the Eastern, Central, and Pacific Provinces, having been found
from Gaspe to Texas ; on the Rio Chaiua, New Mexico ; in Idaho ; in Oakland,
California.
Jaw : see p. 184.
Lingual membrane : see p. 184.
Animal (see p. 184) nearly white or rather translucent, mottled with small
white blotches; body long and narrow; upper posterior portion of foot con-
spicuously furrowed. In motion the shell lies perfectly flat on the extreme
posterior portion of body, the eye-peduncles standing nearly perpendicularly,
and the head with tentacles thrust out some way beyond the base of eye-
peduncles ; eyes scarcely visible ; animal very short posteriorly.
This peculiar shell is distinguished by its discoidal form, greenish color, the
fine revolving lines upon its whorls, and the singular teeth which are placed in
the interior of the outer whorl. These teeth are arranged in pairs, on the ex-
ternal side of the parietes of the cavity, one of each pair being on the superior
and one on the inferior part of the whorl. They are prominent, white, and
conical, and may be discovered through the semi-transparent shell. One pair
is so near the aperture as easily to be seen, on looking into it; the other is dis-
tant nearly one half a volution from the peristome, and is of course invisible
except through the shell. At least one pair will be found to exist in every
specimen, when carefully sought for ; in one instance, I noticed a third pair
still further within the whorl.
Noticed under the bark, or in the interstices of wet and decaying wood, and
under layers of wet leaves and stones, in damp places, in forests.
FERUSSACIA, Risso.
Animal heliciform, as in Palula, obtuse before, pointed behind ; mantle sub-
central, thin, simple, protected by a shell ; anal and respiratory orifices on the
right of mantle, under the peristome of the shell ; gen-
F'g 93- erative orifice behind the right eye-peduncle ; no loco-
motive disk ; no caudal mucus pore.
Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth, pellucid,
glistening, dark horn-colored ; whorls rather convex ;
aperture less than one half the shell's length, ovate ;
Animal of Ferics.\acia .
(Reeve) columella more or less truncated ; peristome blunt, its
margins joined by callus.
The genus seems most developed around the Mediterranean Sea, but it is
found also in Madeira and Australia. Our only species is circumpolar.
The jaw is low, slightly arcuate, wide, with but slightly attenuated, blunt
ends; cutting edge with a slightly produced, wide, median projection; anterior
surface without ribs, but with fine vertical striae. There is a strong muscular
attachment on its upper margin. (See Fig. 94.)
FERUSSACIA. 187
Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicca. PI. IV. Fig. R, as well as that
of the jaw, I drew from a Maine specimen, furnished by Mr. Anson Allen.
There were 24 — 1 — 24 teeth, with 8 perfect Fie 94
laterals. The central teeth are small and
narrow in proportion to the laterals, with a
long, narrow base of attachment, expanding
at its lower angles. The reflected portion is Jaw of F "*»to*i*
very small, tricuspid ; the central cusp stout, short ; the side cusps small, blunt ;
all the cusps bear short cutting points.
The lateral teeth are about as wide as high in their base of attachment,
which is subrectangular. The whole upper edge is squarely reflected. The
reflection is very short, and bears a stout, blunt, long, inner cusp, reaching al-
most to the lower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing a long, blunt
cutting point, which reaches beyond the lower edge. The outer side cusp of
the reflection is widely separated from the inner cusp, is very short, bluntly
rounded, and bears a short, blunt cutting point. The first marginals (Fig. b)
are but a modification of these laterals, by the greater development of the re-
flection, and shortening of the inner cusp. The outer marginals (Fig. c) be-
come wide, low, irregular in shape ; the upper edge broadly reflected, the
reflection reaching the lower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing along
its whole length numerous (6 or 8 in some teeth) short subequal denticles, some
bluntly rounded, others longer and sharp, giving a pectinate appearance.
Ferussacia subcylindrica, Lixn.
Vol. III. PI. LII. Fig. 4.
Shell small, thin, transparent, oblong-oval ; epidermis smoky horn-color,
smooth, very bright and shining ; whorls 5 or 6, somewhat rounded, the last
equalling two fifths the shell's length, rounded at base ; apex obtuse ; suture
somewhat impressed ; aperture lateral, oval, its plane nearly parallel with the
axis of the shell; peristome simple, thickened, often slightly rufous; umbilicus
imperforate ; columella obsoletely truncated at base. Length, 6 mill.; diameter,
2.V mill.; aperture, 2^ mill, long, | mill, wide-
Helix subcylindrica, Linn., Syst. ed. XII., II. 1248 (1767). —Not Mont.
Helix lubrica, MttLLER, Verm. Hist., I. 104 (1774).
Bulimus lubricus, Dkaparnaud, Moll., 75, PI. IV. 24. — Gofi.d, Invertebrata,
193, Fig. 124 (1841). —Adams, Shells of Vermont, 157 (1842). — DeKay, N.
Y. Moll., 55, PI. III. Fig. 43 (1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 283, PI. LII.
Fig. 4.
Achatina lubrica, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 272. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll, IV. 138.
Zua lubrica, Leach, Moll., p. 114. — Gray, Man., 188. —Reeve, Brit. L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., 93 (1863).
Cionclla lubrica, Jeffreys, Linn. Trans., XVI. 327.
188 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHIXG MOLLUSKS.
Zua subajlindrica, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 299 (1868).
Cionclla subajlindrica, W. G. BlNNEY, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 224 (1SG9). — Gould
and BlNNEY, Inv., 431, Fig. 690 (1870).
Ferussacia lubrica, Pfii., Mon., VI. 245 (1868).
Bulimics lubricoidcs, Stimpson, Sh. ofN. E., 54.
Bulimus subcylindricus, Moquin-Tandox, Moll. Fr., II. 304, Fl. XXII. Figs.
15-19.
Zua lubricoidea, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 30, Figs. 79, 81, 84; PL X. Fig.
82 (1S64) ; Amer. Nat., I. 607, Fig. 49 (1868).
From Canada to the Red River of the North, andjEnglish River ; in Ne-
braska ; in New England and the States bordering the great lakes. Thus it
belongs to the Northern Region of the Eastern Province. In the Central Prov-
ince it has been found in Colorado, at Fort Wingate in New Mexico. In the
Pacific Province in California and in Alaska. It is a eircumpolar species,
common to the three continents. In Europe it is found in Spain, Italy, and
Illyria, as well as the extreme northern countries. Pfeiffer also quotes it from
Madeira.
Animal : head, back, and eye-peduncles blue-black, foot paler, shorter than
the shell; tentacles short. (See Fig. 93, p. 180.)
This little species, which is hardly larger than a grain of wheat, is certainly
identical with the European shell. It is distributed over a vast expanse of
country, and exists in immense numbers in certain favorable localities. Its
usual place of abode is under leaves and the bark of decaying trees, in forests
and groves. Its surface has a peculiarly brilliant reflection, which excels tin.
of any other of our shells; and hence it has been known in France as "la bril-
lante." There is a slight sinuosity at the union of the peristome with the
columella, rendering the aperture a little effuse at this point, and approximat-
ing the shell to the genus Achatina. This, and its other departures from the
typical Bulimuli, have caused it, in several instances, to receive a generic
distinction. Dr. Leach first indicated it as a separate genus, under the name
Zua.
My study of the membrane confirms my belief of the identity of the species
with the European form (sec p. 187). I have carefully compared the dentition
of our form with that described and figured by Lehinann (Lebenden Schnec-
ken, 132, PI. XIII. Fig. 44), and find them to agree. I must, therefore, disa-
gree with the decision of Morse (Journ. Portl. Soc). I have also examined
the genitalia of our species, and found it to agree with Lehmann's figure (1. c),
expecially in the existence of the very peculiar flagellum to the penis sac.
This, however, cannot be. considered as a most reliable specific character pecu-
liar to this species, as it exists also in Coecilianella acicula.
I am very confident of the presence of well-developed side cusps to the
central teeth, which Morse (1. c.) docs not figure, though they are figured by
Thomson, Ann. Mag. N. H., VII., PI. IV. Fig. 8. They appear to me also to
bear the short cutting points which I have figured.
CCECILIANELLA. 189
The genitalia are peculiar : the penis sac is short, stout, with the retractor
muscle near its base ; the vas deferens enters at its apex, and near its entrance
into the vagina it receives a curious flagellate appendage, swollen below, nar-
row above, as long as the whole system, with a large narrowly ovate bulb at
its end ; the genital bladder is large, ovate, on a long, narrow duct.
CCECILIANELLA, Bourg.
Animal as in Ferussacia (q. v.), Blind.
Shell elongate, imperforate, polished, vitreous, white, apex rather obtuse ;
aperture equalling about one half the shell's length, Fig 95
oblong ; columella subarcuate, distinctly truncated ;
peristome simple, acute.
Within our limits it has only been accidentally in-
troduced. It is common amon<* the West Indian
° Animal of t. ancula.
Islands, in Europe, South America, etc. (Reeve.)
I have not been able to examine the jaw or dentition of C. acicula, the only
species found in our limits. They are both well known, however, from the
descriptions and figures of Moquin-Tandon, Thomson, Sordelli,1 and Lehmann.
The jaw is low, wide, arcuate, with delicate vertical stria;. The lingual mem-
brane (Lehmann, Lebenden Schnecken, p. 128, PI. XIII. Fig. 43) has 120 rows
of 11 — 1 — 11 teeth each. The centrals are small, tricuspid (Sordelli), the later-
als, 6 in number, are larger, and have a more highly developed reflection, and
are also distinctly tricuspid. Marginals subquadrate, with a broad reflection,
bearing delicate denticles.
I have examined the jaw and lingual dentition of C. Gundlachi, which for
the sake of comparison, I repeat here : —
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated ; whole surface covered
with about 22 crowded, broad, flat ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 18 — 1 — 18, with 4 perfect later-
als. Centrals with their base of attachment long, narrow, their reflected portion
about one half the length of the base of attachment, tricuspid; the middle cusp
stout, with a short blunt cutting point; side cusps subobsolete. but with small
distinct cutting points. Lateral teeth with their base of attachment subquadrate,
much longer, and very much broader than that of the centrals, the reflected
portion short, stout, tricuspid, the middle cusp very stout and long, reaching
the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects the short,
stout cutting point; side cusps subobsolete, but bearing distinct, though small
cutting points. There are 4 perfect laterals, the fifth tooth being a transition
to the marginals, by the base of attachment being lower, wider, not exceeding
the reflected portion, with one inner large cusp bearing one outer large cutting
l Sordelli (Atti della Soc. Italiana <li Sc. Nat., XIII., fasc. 1, p. 50, PI. I. Fig. 25) describes
the ribs to be not straight, but curving, with a median point projecting toward the end of
the jaw, so that each rib resembles quite exactly the sign called " brace " by printers.
190 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
point representing the outer cutting point of the first four lateral teeth and one
inner, still larger cutting point, representing the middle cutting point of the
first four laterals, and one smaller outer cusp, bearing one small, sharp, bifid
cutting point, representing the outer side cutting point of the first four laterals.
The sixth tooth has the largest cutting point bifid. The balance of the teeth
are true marginals. They are very low, wide, with two low wide cusps, bearing
each several irregular blunt cutting points.
The dentition of this species is, as would be anticipated, of the same type as
the allied Ccecilianella acicula as figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken
Stettins, p. 128, PI. XIII. Fig. 43, and Sordelli, 1. c. Fig. 2G). The jaw, how-
ever, has no appearance of the " brace " like ribs described in that species by
Sordelli (Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., XIII. 18 70, 4 9, PL I. Fig. 25). The ribs are
quite like those figured of Microphysa Lansingi (p. 172. Fig. 81), although they
are narrower.
Ccecilianella acicula, Mui.ler.
Shell cylindrically fusiform, needle-like, attenuated towards the obtuse apex,
glassy, polished, white ; suture narrowly margined; whorls 6 to 7, flattened, the
last equalling two fifths of the shell's length ; columella arcuate,
Fig 96- narrowly and abruptly truncated at its base; aperture narrow,
lanceolate; peristome simple, straight, acute. Length, 4| mill.;
diameter, l|mill.: of aperture, length, 2 null.; breadth, | mill.
Buccinum acicula, Mui.lek, Verm. Hist., II. l'50 (1774).
Bulimus acicula, Bruguiere, etc., Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr.,
II. 309, H. XXII. Figs. 32, 34.
C arirula
enlarged. Achatina acicula, Lamarck, etc., Ffeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II.
274. — Reeve, Brit. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 97, Fig.
Buccinum tcrrcstrc, Montagu, etc., etc. For further syn. see Pfeiffer.
Acicula acicula, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 300 (1869).
Cionella acicula, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 227, p. 387 (1S69).
The shell figured is from Florida (Bartlett ! in coll. A. Binney). It agrees
well with English specimens, so that I have no doubt of its being the species
to which I have referred it. It is not like ^4. iota, of Jamaica, or A. Gund-
lachi of Cuba, or any West Indian species.
Pfeiffer gives Europe and Madeira as the habitat of A. acicula. It is said
by Moquin-Tandon to live in the crevices of rocks and under moss and dead
leaves.
Specimens have lately been found at Princeton, New Jersey, doubtless im-
ported on plants.
Jaw and lingual membrane : see p. 188.
Genitalia as in Ferussacia subcylindrica, excepting that the flagcllum is
shorter, and enters the penis sac at its apex (Lehmann).
STENOGYRA. 191
STENOGYRA, Shuttl.
Animal : see under Rumina.
Shell turreted, sometimes truncated, hyaline or white, with a delicate horn-
eolored, sometimes reddish epidermis ; whorls straight, numerous, 7-13, gradu-
ally enlarging ; apex obtuse ; aperture semioval or ovate-oblong ; peristome
straight, generally simple ; columella usually truncated.
For further details, see under each subgenus.
I have not been able to examine the jaw or lingual dentition of S. octonoidcs
(S. subula of L. & Fr.-W. Shells, I.) or S. gracillima, but only 5. decollata,
Lin., from Charleston, South Carolina, a species introduced from Europe by
commerce, and the true S. subula found near Mobile, Alabama. Of extra-
limital species I have examined S. octona, gonostoma, and hasta. Semper has
examined S. Panaycnsis.
The jaw (see Fig. 9 7 for that of S. subula) is low, wide, with attenuated,
blunt ends, and a wide, slightly produced median projection. There are dis-
tinct vertical stria; on that of 5. decollata.
The lingual membrane is long and narrow. The cen-
tral tooth has a very small, high, narrow base of attach- lg '
ment, the lower outer angles generally somewhat ex-
panded. The reflected portion is very small, and bears
a short, stout, median cusp, and two very small side jaw 0f s. subula.
cusps ; all the cusps bear distinct cutting points. The
lateral teeth are very much larger than the centrals. The base of attachment
is about as high as wide, its inner lower lateral expansion suppressed as
usual. The upper edge is squarely reflected. The reflection is very large,
and bears one stout median cusp, extending almost to the lower edge of
the base of attachment; there is also an outer, much smaller side cusp, and a
less developed, sometimes subobsolete inner side cusp ; all the cusps have dis-
tinct cutting points, proportioned to their size ; that on the central cusp bein^
greatly developed. In S. decollata (PI. IV. Fig. Q) the inner cutting point is
also much developed, and joined to the central cutting point. The marginal
teeth in S. decollata (b) are but a modification of the laterals, with the suppres-
sion of the inner cusp and cutting point; the extreme marginals (c) differ in
the greater development of the reflected portion and equalization with it of the
cutting points, of which there are but two. In S. subula (PI. IV. Fig. P) the
marginal teeth (b) have more numerous cutting points, formed by the bifurca-
tion of the inner and outer cutting point. The second denticle from the inner
side is the. largest. It will be noticed that in S. decollata both the side cutting
points of the laterals are quite thorn-shaped.
Surgknus RUMINA, Risso.
Animal hcliciform, blunt before, pointed behind ; mantle posterior, thin, pro-
tected by a shell; respiratory and anal orifices on the right of the mantle under
192 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the peristome of the shell; generative orifice behind the right eye-peduncle;
no locomotive disk ; no caudal mucus pore.
Fig 98. Shell obsoletely rimate, calcareous, nor-
mally truncated, cylindrically elongate ; re-
maining whorls 4-6, the upper truncated
ones 8-10, the upper one globular; aperture
semioval; peristome straight, thickened with-
Animal of Stenogyra decollata,
in, its margins connected with callus, the
columellar twice as short as the external one ; columella not truncated.
Jaw and lingual membrane: see p. 191.
A single species is known, which inhabits Europe. It has been introduced
by commerce into Charleston, South Carolina.
Stenogyra decollata, Linn.
Vol. III. PI. I. Fig. 1.
Shell rather thick, long, cylindrical, turreted ; epidermis shining, whitish,
with a slight tint of brownish or yellowish ; apex obtuse ; spire gradually en-
larging from the apex to the aperture, commonly abruptly truncated between
the third and fifth whorls next the aperture; whorls remaining 3 to 5, flat, a
little wrinkled, and in the last two or three slightly crenate, or plaited below
the suture ; suture not impressed ; aperture lateral, oval, angulated superiorly,
its plane very nearly parallel with the axis of the shell; peristome simple,
thickened within, its columellar portion reflected. Axis of the truncated shell
usually about 25 mill. ; diameter of the largest whorl less than 12 mill.
Helix decollata, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. 1247, etc.
Bulimus dccollatus, Draparnaud, 7(3, PI. IV. Fig. 27, etc. — Pfeiffek, Mon.
Hel. Yiv., IV. 4f-6. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 280, PI. I. Fig. 1. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 131. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 259, PI. XV. Figs. 5,
6 (1851), anat.
Bulimus multilatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 373; ed. Binney,
25 (err. typ. for mutilat us).
Bulimus mutilatus, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 5G (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 153; III. 397. — Reeve, Con. Icon., Fig. 331.
Rumina decollata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 300 (1S6S).
Stenogyra decollata, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 228 (1S69).
An European species, introduced at Charleston, South Carolina, where it has
increased very rapidly, and has retained its position for more than fifty years.
It has also been introduced in Cuba and Brazil.
Animal (see Fig. 98) : body short, extending but little behind the aperture,
blackish or bluish-black on the head and back, with decidedly green reflections
in certain lights, the sides and posterior extremity olivaceous; surface finely
granulated ; eye-peduncles slender and rather short ; ocular points very small ;
tentacles very short. The shell is carried nearly horizontallv when in motion.
STENOGYRA. 193
It is very voracious in its habits. I kept a number of individuals received from
Charleston a long time as scavengers, to clean the shells of other snails. As
soon as a living Helix was placed in the box with them, one would attack it,
introduce itself into the inner whorls, and completely remove the animal.
Leaving a number of Succinea oralis, Old., with them one da; , the former dis-
appeared entirely in a short time. The Stenogyra had eaten shell as well as
animal.1
The young shell is thin, transparent, and fragile; the old is opaque and
rather thick. It is very peculiar in respect to the manner of breaking off and
abandoning successive portions of the spire. According to the plan upon which
the shell is projected, it would, when it reaches the full size which it attains in
this country, possess ten or more full volutions, if it retained all of them from
the apex downward. But as fast as the growth of the animal compels it to in-
crease (he number and volume of the whorls, it releases its connection with the
superior whorls, creates a new attachment lower down, forms a new apex or
spiral calcareous septum, which separates it from the abandoned part, and, in
some manner which is not understood, breaks and throws off those whorls
which are no longer of use.2 This commences at a very early period ; the
original apex being thrown off when the shell has acquired 5 or 6 whorls.
They differ in this particular from most of land shells, and especially from the
Helices, which always, so far as I know, retain their original attachment to the
apex of the shell. It has been thought that the breaking of the spire, after
being left by the animal, and becoming dry and brittle, is accidental ; but I
conceive that the effect is much too constant to be accounted for in that way.
I have never been able to find a mature specimen with the apex. And in all
the various countries which it inhabits, including the whole southern part of
Europe, the northern part of Africa, the islands of the Mediterranean, the Ca-
naries, Madeira, etc., the same peculiarity attends it. If it were only an acci-
dent, some few in this wide extent might escape. I doubt not, therefore, that
it is effected by the action of the animal itself. It may be that the calcareous
matter of the shell is absorbed at the point of division, previous to the forma-
tion of the new septum.
Mr. Say made out his description from an immature specimen.
The epiphragm is white, pearly, and opaque ; it fills up the aperture, and
when pushed out by the animal, generally falls entire. It may be jeen in num-
bers about their winter-quarters. Its outline is represented in Vol. III. PI. 1.
Jaw and lingual membrane: see p. 191.
Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. Q, b is one of the first marginals, c extreme
1 I find no notice of any such carnivorous habits mentioned by Moquin-Tandon. It
may be the species prefers vegetable food, but being deprived of that was forced by hunger
to devour animal food.
Moquin-Tandon says (on the authority of Gassies) that the animal breaks off the
upper whorls by jerking round its shell against some hard object.
VOL. IV. 13
194 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLfSKS.
marginal), — a Charleston specimen. There are 38 — 1 — 38 teeth, with 11 per-
fect laterals.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PL XV. Figs. 5, 6). The geni-
tal bladder (6) is small, globular, with a short, narrow duct entering the vagina
near its upper end : the penis sac (3) is short, stout, cylindrical, with a median
constriction ; it receives the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its apex.
Subgenus OPEAS, Albers.
Animal not observed.
Shell minutely perforated or rimate, thin, striated, slightly or moderately
smooth ; whorls 6-8, rather convex, the last usually compressed ; aperture
ovate-oblong, equalling one third to one fourth of the shell's length ; peristome
simple, acute, its eolumcllar margin reflected. Size moderate or small.
East Indies, West Indies, Africa, South America. In our country it has only
been introduced into the Southern Region.
Jaw and lingual dentition : see above, p. 191.
Stenogyra octonoides, D'Orbigny.
Vol. III. PL LIII. Fig. 4.
Shell small, elongated, turreted, transparent, with delicate, longitudinal
striae, sometimes of a spermaceti white, and sometimes wax-yellow ; whorls
about 8, convexly rounded, revolving more closely at apex than elsewhere, so
as to form a somewhat obtuse summit, the last whorl less than one third the
length of the shell; suture deeply impressed ; columella nearly straight; aper-
ture elongated, narrow, rhomboid-elliptical; peristome simple, its right margin
straight, its columellar margin slightly reflexed, protecting a minute umbilical
perforation. Length of axis, 13 mill. ; diameter, about 3 mill.
Bulimics octonoides, D'Orb., Moll. Cub., I. 177, tab. XI. Figs. 23, 24; PL XI.
bis, Figs. 22 - 24. — Pfeiffer.
Bulimus subula, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 285, PL LIII. Fig. 4. -W. G. Bix-
ney, Terr. Moll., IV. 134. —Not of Adams.
Found in the Florida Subregion, at Fort Dallas, Florida, and in several of
the West India Islands, Cuba, St. Thomas, Jamaica, Porto Rico. It has also
been found in Charleston, South Carolina.
This species belongs to a somewhat numerous group found in the tropics,
wherever the banana and other Musacece flourish ; some of which have the
columella truncated, and were formerly arranged tinder the genus Acl^atina,
like S. octona, though by their natural affinities they are clearly associated.
The banana and plantain have, by transplantation, become naturalized through-
out the tropics ; and it is highly probable that many shells found with them,
which have received different names merely because they have been found in
localities far remote from each other, are reallv identical. This shell is consid-
STENOGYBA. 195
erably smaller and more rapidly tapering than S. octona, which has its colu-
mella somewhat truncated, and has not as yet been found on this continent.
This, according to Mr. Bland, is not the true S. subula (q. v).
Stenogyra subula, Pfr.
Shell subperforate, subulately turreted, delicately striated, shining, transpar-
ent waxen ; whorls 8, rather convex, the last about equalling two sevenths of the
length ; columella straight ; aperture oval-oblong ; peristome sim-
o > 6 > r o ' f Fig 99
pie, acute, its right extremity straight, its columellar extremity very
slightly reflected, appressed. Length, lH mill. ; width, 3 mill.:
of aperture, length, 3 mill. ; width, 3^ null. (Pfeiffer.)
Stenogyra subula, Pfeiffer, Mon., II. 158, not of Binney, etc.
A West Indian species introduced into the Southern Region at
Mobile.
For jaw and dentition see ante, p. 191, Fig. 97. (PL IV. Fig.
P., b is an extreme marginal.) There are 24 — 1 — 24 teeth, with
6 perfect laterals.
There were eggs in the oviduct of the Mobile individuals examined by me.
It must be borne in mind that this is not the shell described and figured un-
der this name in Vol. II., and Land and Fresh- Water Shells, I., which is S. octo-
noides, D'Orb. (See above.)
Subgenus MELANIELLA, Pfr.
Animal not observed.
Shell imperforate, ribbed, usually decussated, sculptured, brownish horn-col-
ored, rather solid; whorls 9, rather convex, graduated, the three or four upper
ones without ribs ; aperture effuse at base, ovate ; columella constricted ; peri-
stome simple, subcontinuous.
A West Indian subgenus. One species has been introduced into the Flor-
ida Subregion.
Stenogyra gracillima, Pfr.
Vol. III. PL LIII. Fig. 3.
Shell imperforate, minute, elongated, very slender, thin, of a drab-white
color, ornamented with elevated, compressed, sharp, rather distant, longitudinal
ribs, of which there are from 20 to 30 on each Avhorl, the interstices sculptured
by very crowded lines ; spire obtuse at the apex, and composed of about 8
flattish whorls, the last of which is about one fourth the length of the shell, and
somewhat angular below the middle; suture deeply impressed; aperture small,
elongated, rhomboidal-ovate ; peristome sharp, and somewhat pressed inward,
so as to be parallel to the axis ; the columella is straight, and joins the peri-
stome at an angle, so as almost to form a notch at the base of the aperture.
Length, 7 mill.; diameter, If mill.; aperture, 2 mill, long, 1 wide.
196 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Achatina gracillima, Pfeiffer in Wiegm. Arch., 1839, I. 352. — Binney, Terr.
Moll., II. 293, PI. LI II. Fig. 3.
Bulimus gracillimus, Pfeiffeu, Symb., III. 54; Mon. Hel. Vir., II. 1G0. —
Keeve, Con. Icon., 594. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 134.
Achatina striato-costata, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub., I. 176, PI. XL Figs. 19-21 ?
Melaniella gracillima, Teyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. p. 301 (1868).
Stenogyra gracillima, W. G. Bixx., L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 232 (1869).
Cuba, St. Thomas ; also Bahamas ; introduced into the Florida Subregion,
having been found on the Keys, and on the mainland near the Miami River.
Animal not observed.
ExTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF StEXOGYR\.
Stenogyra (Subulina) octona, Chemnitz, has been found in greenhouses, having
been introduced on plants.
PUPA, Dr.
Animal heliciform (Vol. III. PI. LXXII. Fig. 1), blunt before, tapering be-
hind ; mantle posterior, thin, protected by a shell ; respiratory and anal orifices
on the right side of the mantle, under the peristome of the shell; generative
orifice behind the right eye-peduncle ; no caudal mucus pore or locomotive disk.
Shell cylindrical, ovate or buliform, rimate or perforate ; last whorl propor-
tionally small ; aperture semioval or subrotund, generally furnished with enter-
ing, fold-like denticles ; peristome expanded or subsimple, margins equal, sub-
parallel, distant, usually connected with a callous lamina.
The genus is widely distributed.
Most of the species are so small that it requires much care and no little skill
to find them. Some are found in forests, under decaying leaves or fragments
of dead branches, lying on the ground, or in the crevices of bark, or about de-
caying stumps and logs ; some are found in plats of moss, others under stones,
sticks, etc., in the open fields; and many at the margins of brooks, pools, and
ponds, under chips, or crawling up the stems of plants, and seem to be incapa-
ble of existing unless abundantly supplied with moisture, seeming to be aquatic
rather than terrestrial in their habits. They feed on decaying vegetable mat-
ter, keeping themselves in the shade, and adhering closely to the objects on
which they rest when in repose. In the winter they bury themselves under the
leaves or in the earth.
Animal small, about twice as long as broad, wide and square in front, slightly
tapering and obtusely rounded posteriorly ; beneath, the head is separated
from the foot by a transverse line ; the cephalic portion is transverse, more or
less lobed in front ; the base of foot is long-oval, truncate in front. Tentacles
short and sometimes reduced to a minute tubercle. The viscera are remark-
able for their great length
I have personally examined the jaw and lingual membrane in only two
species, P.fallax (PI. IV. Fig. T) and P. rupicola (PL IV. Fig. S). For in-
PUPA.
197
Fig. 100.
Jaw of Pupa badia (Morse).
formation about the other species I am indebted to Mr. Morse, whose figures
are copied below.
The jaw is low, wide, arcuate (in P. rupicola,
strongly arched) ; ends but little attenuated in mus-
corum, pentodou, fallax, rupicola, acutely pointed
in corticaria ; a more or less developed, broad,
blunt median projection to the cutting edge ; an-
terior surface without ribs, but generally with vertical stria?.
PI. IV. Figs. S and T show more correctly the characters of the individual
teeth of the genus, the general arrangement being as in Patula. The mem-
brane is long and narrow, the teeth are as in the genus Vertigo described be-
low; excepting that in Pupa the central tooth is quite small in proportion to
the laterals. The marginal teeth are irregularly denticulated, the inner den-
ticle the largest.
Subgenus PUPILLA, Leach.
Animal, as in the genus, small, short; tail short, pointed ; eye-peduncles long;
tentacles stout, xvvx short.
Shell deeply rimate or perforate, cylindrically shortened, apex extended
into an obtuse cone : horn-colored, smooth ; whorls 5 - 9 ; aperture rounded
with few or no folds; peristome somewhat expanded.
Pupa muscorum, LlN.
Vol. III. PL LXX. Fig. 3.
Shell perforate, cylindrical, subfusiform, obtuse at both extremities; epider-
mis dark chestnut-color or bay; whorls 6 to 7, rounded, the anterior 4 of
about equal diameter ; suture deep; aperture lateral, nearly circular, small, its
diameter equal to two thirds of the diameter of the last whorl, a thin, testa-
ceous deposit forming a thickened margin internally, sometimes bearing an ob-
tuse tubercle; upon the parietal wall is a single tubercle; transverse margin
subreflected ; peristome slightly reflected. Length, 4 mill.; breadth, lh mill.
Pupa badia, Adams, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 331, PL III. Fig. 18 ; Shells of
Vermont, 157. — Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 404; IV. 360. — DeKay,
N. V. Moll., 49, PL IV. Fig. 45.— Chemnitz, ed. 2, 117, PL XV. Figs. -25-29.
— Binney, Terr. Moll., 823, PL LXX. Fig. 3. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 142.
Pupa muscoruvi, LlNNiEUS, part, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 66G, etc. — W.
G. Binn., L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 234 (18G9). —Gould and Binn., Invert of Mass.,
ed. 2, 433 (1870).
Pupilla badia, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 37, Figs-. 89, 91, PI. X. Fig. 92
(1864) ; Amer. Nat., I. 609, Fig. 52 (1868). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
302 (186S).
A circumpolar species, in our limits found in the Northern Region, on the
islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in Maine, Vermont, and New York ;
198
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
in the Central Province, in Nevada and Colorado. Its range in Europe is very
great, being found from Siberia to Sicily, England, Iceland, etc.
The shell is often met with an edentulate aperture. Such is the specimen
figured in the second edition of Chemnitz.
Jaw of American specimen slightly arched, concave edge waving ; anterior
surface striate. (See Fig. 100.)
P. muscorum has 90 rows of 14 — 1 — 14 teeth, with 6 perfect laterals on its
lingual membrane. (See Morse.) The figure and description of Lehmann of
the European P. muscorum confirm my belief in the identity of the two forms.
Fig. 101.
Pupa blandi, Morse.
Shell rimate, ovate-cylindrical, delicately striated, opaque, light brown ; apex
obtuse, nucleus with microscopic granulations ; suture well defined ; whorls G,
subconvex, the last ascending at the aperture, rap-
idly expanding, with an external whitish callus,
between which and the peristome there is a deep
constriction ; aperture small, nearly circular, with 3
obtuse teeth of about equal size, one on the pa-
rietal margin, one on the columellar margin, and
the third far within and at the base of aperture ;
peristome subreflected, the margins joined by a
thin callus. Length, .13 inch, breadth, .06 inch.
(Morse.)
Pupilla Blandi, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 211,
Fig. 8 (Nov., 1865). — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch.
III. 303 (1868).
Pupa Blandi, W. G. Binney, Expl. in Nebraska,
Ex. Doc. 25th Congress, 2d Sess., II. part 2, p.
725(1850), no descr. ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 235,
Fig. 402 (1869).
In drift on Missouri River, near Fort Rerthold, and
in Dakota and Colorado. It is evidently a species
of the Northern Region, but extending into the
Central Province on the mountain-ranges.
Animal unknown.
Pupa Hoppii, Moller.
Shell subperforate, cylindrieally ovate, thin, very delicately striated, horn-
colored, shining, pellucid ; spire terminating in an obtuse cone ; whorls 5, rather
convex, the last scarcely equalling two fifths the shell's length, ascending above,
somewhat narrowed towards the base; columella deeply subplicate, parietal
wall of the aperture furnished with one tooth-like callus; aperture vertical,
subsemicircular ; peristome thin, scarcely expanded, its right termination quite
arched. Length, 2| mill.; diameter, 1 mill.
pupa. 199
Pupa Hoppii, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842). — Troschel, Arch. f. Nat.,
1843, II. 1*26. —Chemnitz, ed. 2, 163, PI. XIX. Figs. 29, 30. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv.. II. 328 ; III. 536 ; IV. 666. — W. G. Binney,
' Fig. 102.
Terr. Moll., IV. 147. — MbRCH, Amer. Journ. Conch., IV. 30,
PL III. Figs. 6-9 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
235 (1869).
Pupa Stecnbuchii, Beck, teste Moncii, Nat. Bidrag af Gr. 75.
Pupilla Hoppii, Tuyon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. PI. 4, p. 303.
Inhabits G reenland, and has also been found at Anticosti Island.
It is therefore a species of the Northern Region.
The description given above is translated from Pfeiffer. The
specimen figured, which I refer to this species, has another denticle on the col-
umella, and a lamina-like process within the aperture at the base of the last
whorl.
Full information on the species is given by Mdrch, 1. c. He describes the
animal as grayish, foot bluish-gray; head, eye-peduncles, and mantle margin
black ; eye-peduncles rather long ; tentacles none or nearly none ; the foot a
little shorter than the shell. He refers also to an albino variety, destitute of
epidermis.
Jaw, dentition, and genitalia unknown.
Pupa variolosa, Gould.
Vol. HI. PI. LXXII. Fig. 3.
Shell minute, ovate-conical, with a pointed apex, of a yellowish-green color,
apparently smooth, but when examined by a considerable magnifying power, is
found to be thickly pitted with dots of unequal size and irregularly disposed ;
there are 4 or 5 narrow, tumid whorls, separated by a profound suture ; the aper-
ture is obliquely semi-oval, and has a posterior lamellar tooth winding within the
shell, a tooth on the columella, and another a little to the right of the basal
apex ; a small umbilical opening is covered by the reflected columellar margin
of the peristome, and the other margin is slightly everted. Length, 2 mill. ;
diameter, 1 mill.
Pupa variolosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III. 40 ; Terr. Moll., II, 331,
PI. LXXII. Fig. 3. —Pfeiffer, Mon., Hel. Viv., III. 556. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Mull., IV. 146 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 236 (1869). — Tryon, Amer. Journ.
Conch., III. 303 (1868).
Florida Subregion, on the extremity of the peninsula.
This species is our smallest, and is most readily distinguished by its short,
conical form. The five specimens examined all presented the crowded, thim-
ble-like impressions, under a magnifying power of twenty diameters. It is the
only American species which has a tooth revolving within the shell, on the
penultimate whorl.
Animal unobserved.
200
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pupa pentodon, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXXTI. Fig.
1.
Fig. 103.
Pupa pentodon.
Shell subperforate, of an elongated ovate form, minutely striated, and of a
spermaceti or whitish horn-color; whorls about 5, well rounded, and separated
by a deep suture; apex rather acute ;
aperture oblique, nearly semicircular; per-
istome sharp, and somewhat expanded,
but not refiexed; the submargin of the
throat is thickened by a ridge of white
callus, on which the denticles are situated ;
one of these, and sometimes two, is on
the parietal wall, two on the columellar portion of the peristome, and two con-
stantly, and from one to five others occasionally, on the other portion of the
peristome; of these, that near the middle of the parietal wall is largest, that at
the upper part of the columella is next, and_one opposite the first, on base of
the aperture, is the third in size. Length, 2 mill.; diameter, 1 mill.; of aper-
ture, length, | mill.
Vertigo pentodon, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II. 470(1822); ed. BlX-
NEY, 27.
Pupa pcntothm, Gould, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 353, PI. XVI. Figs. 10, 11
(1843). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 50, PL IV. Fig. 48; PI. XXXV. Fig. 337
(1843). — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viw, II. 359; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 125, PL
XVI. Figs. 24-26. —Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 328, PL LXXII. Fig. 1. —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 143 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 238 (1869). - -Gould
and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 404 (1870).
Pupa curvidens, Gould, Invertebrata, 189, Fig. 120 (1841).
Pupa Tappaniaiia, Adams, Silliman's Journ., [i] XL. Suppl. ; Shells of Vermont.
158 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Symbolse, II. 55.
Leucochila pentodon, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 30, Fig. 85 ; PL X. Fig. 86
(1804) ; Amer. Nat., 607, Fig. 50 (1868).
Pupilla pentodon, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 303 (1868).
Northern and Interior Regions, having been found from Georgia and Mis-
sissippi to the most northern portions of the Union. It is usually found at
the foot of trees and under leaves.
Animal blackish above, light gray below; foot moderately lone, the trans-
verse fissure very distinct, the anterior portion having the mouth in the centre,
and bilobate in front. Tentacles about one third as long as the eye-peduncles.
Very sluttish in its movements, and carries the shell nearly horizontally, or
very slightly elevated.
Jaw slightly arcuate, of uniform breadth, anterior surface longitudinally
striate, concave margin minutely notched.
PUPA. 201
Lingual membrane with 64 rows of 21 (10 — 1 — 10) teeth; centrals with
three subequal, very small cusps; laterals bicuspid, marginals serrate, the inner
point much developed.
This is a very variable species. The ordinary specimens vary chiefly in the
armature of the aperture, the marginal, internal rim of calcareous matter thick-
ening with age, and developing more numerous denticles. The Ohio speci-
mens are of more than ordinary size, clean
Fig. 104. . _ J
and shining, and were the form designated
by Professor Adams as P. Tappaniana.
Those found in Massachusetts are consider-
ably smaller covered with a well-developed
epidermis, and often, if not always, have the
Lingual dentition of Pupa jientodon. . . ,
aperture decidedly modified in form, being
more triangular, and the denticles more or less curved. To these was applied
the name curvidens ; and the modifications are so constant as to incline us still to
regard them as constituting a distinct species. With all its variations, it has an
aspect which enables us readily to separate it from all other species. The form
of the shell itself, and its semicircular aperture, are sufficiently peculiar. A
more careful examination of the animal shows decidedly that it does not be-
long to Vertigo, as supposed by Mr. Say.
Pupa decora, Gould.
Vol. III. PL LXXI. Fig. 3.
Shell minute, cylindrical, rounded at apex, thin, shining, translucent, of a
wine-yellow color, regularly striated by lines of growth ; spire of 5 or 6 closely
revolving, rounded whorls, deeply separated at the sutures ; aperture nearly
round or se.vni-oval, obliquely limited by the penultimate whorl, armed with 4
slender denticles, the largest of them on the parietal wall, 1 on the columellar
portion of the peristome, and 2 on the outer portion, all disposed so as to form
the arms of a cross; the peristome is slightly renexed, and indented opposite
the base of the two labial denticles ; at the columella it rises against a distinct
umbilical perforation. Length, 2\ mill.; diameter, 1| mill.
Pupa decora, Gould, Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 263 (Dec, 1847), with a
woodcut; in Terr. Moll., II. 327, PI. LXXI. Fig. 3. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., III. 555. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 143; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
238 (1868). — Goui.d and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 435 (1870).
Piqrilla decora, Thyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 304 (1868).
Near Lake Superior. Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. It thus appears
to be a species of the X ». .hern Region.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa corpulenta, Morse.
Shell rimate perforate, elongate ovate, finely striated, polished, translucent,
dark olive-brown ; apex round, obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, tumid, wider at the
202
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 105.
Pupa corpulenta,
enlarged.
base ; aperture large, subcircular, with 4 obtuse
teeth, 1 on the parietal margin, 1 on the columellar
margin, and 2 on the labrum ; peristome slightly
thickened and reflected. Length, .10 inch; breadth,
.06 inch. (Morse.)
Islhmia corpulenta, Morsk, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII.
210, Fig. 7 (Nov. 1865).
Pupa corpulenta, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I.
238 (1869).
Pupilla corpulenta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
309 (1868).
Little Valley, Washoe Co., Nevada ; on east slope
of Sierra Nevada, 6,500 feet above the sea ; Colora-
do; thus far not noticed outside the Central Province.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa Rowelli, Newcomb.
Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, dark horn-colored, shining, translucent, finely
striated; apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex; aperture truncately ovate, armed
with 4 teeth, 1 prominent and plicate on the columella, 3 deeply
seated within the aperture, 1 on the columella, 2 within the peri- Fig- 106.
stome; peristome slightly reflected. Length, 2 mill.; breadth,
1 mill.
- Bland,
Binney,
Pupa Rowellii, Newcomb, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 146. -
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 166, Fig. 11 (1865). — W. G.
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 238, Fig. 412 (1869).
Pupilla Rowellii, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 304 (1868).
A species of the California Region ; California, near Oakland,
Monterey, San Bernardino, El Dorado County.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa Californica, Rowell.
Shell rimately subperforate, elongate-ovate, thin, dark horn-colored; with
oblique rib-like striae ; apex obtuse ; deep suture ; with 5 to 6 convex whorls,
the last a little compressed at the aperture ; aperture oblique, sub-
orbicular, armed with 4 white denticles ; one lamelliform, strongly
developed, slightly twisted, on the parietal wall, one on the colu-
mella, and two deeply seated within or near the base of the aper-
ture ; peristome slightly expanded, columellar margin somewhat
reflected. Longitude, 2| mill.; diameter, 1 mill.
Pupa Californica, Newcomb, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 287. —
Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 166, Fig. 12(1865). — W. G.
Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 239, Fig. 413 (1869).
Fig. 107.
pupa. 203
Pupilla Californica, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 304 (1868).
San Francisco, California, and at Catalina Island, in the California Region.
It is also quoted from Colorado by Ingersoll, but I am not sure of the identity
of his specimens.
Animal unobserved.
Subgenus LEUCOCHILA, Alb. & Mart.
Animal as in Pupilla.
Shell rimate, cylindrically ovate, apex rather obtuse ; rather smooth, shin-
ing, pellucid ; whorls 6-7, rather convex, aperture semi-oval, edentulate or
narrowed by folds, among which the parietal is the strongest ; peristome thick-
ened, reflected, its external margin decidedly arcuate.
Pupa fallax, Say.
Vol. III. PL LII. Fig. 1.
Shell fusiform, regularly diminishing in volume from the body-whorl to the
apex, smooth ; epidermis brownish horn-color ; whorls 6, very convex, stria? of
growth hardly apparent ; suture well impressed ; aperture lateral, rounded
oval ; peristome white, rather broadly reflected, lined within with white callus,
its right termination strongly curved ; umbilicus perforated. Length, b\, diam-
eter, 2-2| mill.; aperture, lj mill. long.
Cyclostoma marginata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II. 172(1821); BiN-
ney's ed., 22.
Bulimus marginatus, Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., II. 94; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 414.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 136.
Bulimus fallax, Gould, in Terr. Moll., II. 28S, PL LII. .Fig. 1.
Pupa fallax, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., V. 121 (1825); Binney's
ed., 28. — Gould, Invertebrata, 192, Fig. 123 (1841), excl. syn. placida; Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 357, PL XVI. Fig. 15 (1843). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll.,
51, PL XXXV. Fig. 331 (1843). —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II 309; III.
333; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 58, PL XII. Figs. 20, 21 (1844). — W. G. Binney,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 239 (1869).
Leucochila marginata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 305 (1868).
Leucochila fallax, Tryon, 1. c.
Pupa Parraiana, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, 181, PL XII. Figs. 9-11 (1853).
Pupa albilabris, Adams, Vermont Mollusca, p. 158 (1842) ; Silliman's Journ. [i],
XL. 271.
Pupilla fallax, Morse, Amer. Nat., 609, Fig. 53 (1868).
Paludina turrita, Menke ? Syn. Meth., 40.
From Nebraska to Texas and from New England to South Carolina. It may
therefore be considered to range over all of the Eastern Province.1 In several
of the West India Islands, also.
i Referred to ccenopictus and pacifica by Jickeli, Verb.. L. C. Akad., XXXIII., 97, PI.
V. Fig. 1, radula, II. 1.
204 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Head, neck, and eye-peduncles black, posterior and lower parts lighter; eye-
peduncles long and slender, tentacles very short.
Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated.
Lingual membrane (PL IV. Fig. T) as usual in the genus. Teeth about
15—1 — -15, with about 7 perfect laterals. Centrals quite narrow, the reflected
portion very small, tricuspid. Laterals quite broad, bicuspid. Marginals quad-
rate, low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, blunt denticle, and several outer,
small, irregular, blunt denticles. The outer lower edges of the centrals and
laterals have the projecting or short reinforcements shown in the figures referred
to above.
Though we retain the species in the genus Pupa, it must be remembered that
as treated by Pfeiffer it would be placed in Buliminns of Albers and Martens.
In general form of shell it certainly approaches Buliminus montanus, Drap.
Pupa modica, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LI I. Fig. 2.
Shell small, delicate, elongated, ovate-conic, whitish or pale horn-colored, im-
perforate; whorls 5, convex, the apex of the spire acute; aperture expanded,
peristome revolute, but not flattened, its right margin strongly curved above ;
throat destitute of teeth. Length, 2h mill. ; diameter, If mill.
Pupa modica, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 111. 40 (1848) ; Terr. Moll.,
II. 318, PL LII. Fig. 2. — W. ('.. P.innkv, Terr. Moll., IV. 142 ; L. & Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 240 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. ILL Viv., III. 533.
Bulimus modicus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 414.
Pupilht modica, Tiiyon, Ainer. Journ. Conch., III. 306(1868).
Southern Region, in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.
The form and other characters of this shell are almost precisely those of
Pupa fallax, except that it is only about half as large, and has about two whorls
less to the spire. The aperture is somewhat more bell-shaped ; and the peri-
stome is thin and revolute instead of being thick and flattened.
Pupa Arizonensis, Gabb.
Shell rimate, oblong-fusiform, thin, delicately wrinkled, pellucid, horn-color;
spire elongated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last equalling one half the
shell's length ; aperture oblique, oval ; peristome thickened, white,
continuously slightly reflected, its ends approximating, joined by
a light callus, that of the columella straight, dilated. Length, 4i,
diameter, 2 mill.; aperture, lh long, 1 mill. wide.
Pupa {Modicclla) Arizonensis, Gabb, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 331,
PL XXI. Fig. 6 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
240, Fig. 416 (1869).
Lcucochila Arizonensis, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 305
(1868).
pupa. 205
Arizona, at Fort Grant, junction of Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers; Nevada
at White Pine : it thus appears to be a species of the Central Province.
The description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen. The
species is less elongated, more blunt, and has more convex whorls than Pupa
fallax.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa hordeacea, Gabb.
Shell rimate, cylindrical, thin, scarcely striate, pellucid, horn-color; spire
elongated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last equalling one third the
shell's length ; aperture truncate-ovate ; peristome thickened, white,
reflected, not continuous ; one twisted, tooth-like, entering, promi-
nent fold upon the parietal wall of the aperture, and one prominent
upright tooth within the aperture at its base. Length, 2h mill. ;
diameter, l mill.
Pupa horduccti, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 331, PI. XXI. Fig. 7
(1866).
Pupa hordeacea, W. 0. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 241, Fig. 417 (1869).
Leucochila hordacea, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 300 (1868).
Arizona, at Fort Grant, junction of Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers; in the
Central Province.
My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa armifeua, Say.
Vol. III. PL LXX. Fig. 4.
Shell cylindrical, subfusiform, smooth; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the three next
the aperture of about equal diameter, the posterior three diminishing and form-
ing a rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed ; peristome white, thin, subreflected,
forming the whole outline of the aperture, except a small portion of the body-
whorl, where a thin, testaceous deposit connects its two extremities; aperture
lateral, nearly oval, deep, cup-shaped, and narrowing towards the throat, which
is almost filled up by projecting teeth, white within ; teeth commonly 4,, one
of which, affixed to the body-whorl, commences at the superior margin of the
aperture, near the junction of the peristome and ultimate whorl, and runs back-
ward and downward into the aperture, — it is prominent, lamelliform, irregular,
has one or more sharp, projecting points, and is sometimes bifid ; another, thick
and massive, is situated deep in the throat, and marks internally the place of
the umbilicus ; and two others, projecting and tooth-like, are placed on the
peristome at the base of the aperture, and point towards the centre of the aper-
ture ; base of the shell, from the umbilicus to the edge of the aperture, com-
pressed, fonc'iig a short and obtuse keel ; umbilicus a little expanded, and
slightly perforate. Length, 4|, diameter, 2§ mill.; length of aperture, 1| mill.
206
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pupa armifera, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II. 162 (1821) ; Binney's ed.
21. — Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 400, PL III. Fig. 10(1840); IV.
359 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 157 (1842); Silliman's Journ., [i]
XL. 271. — Pfeiffek, Symbol*, II. 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 357. — DeKay,
N. Y. Moll, 52 (1S43). — Bixxey, Terr. Moll., II. 320, PL LXX. Fig. 4. —
Ku'ster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 57, PL VII. Figs. 17- 19. — "W. G. Bixney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 142; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 241 (1869). — Gould and Binxey, Inv.
of Mass., (2), 437 (1870).
Pupa rupicola, Pfeiffek, Symbolse, II. 55, teste Pfeiffer, in Mon.
Leucochila armifera, Mouse, Amer. Nat., 6G7, Fig. 55 (1868). — Tryon, Am.
Journ. Conch., III. 306 (1868).
Pupa armicjera, Potiez et Miohaud, Galerie, I. 159, PL XVI. Figs. 1, 2.
Probably inhabits every State east of the Rocky Mountains ; thus belongs to
the Eastern Province.
Animal black ; eye-peduncles long and slender ; tentacles conical and promi-
nent. Respiratory orifice very visible at the angle formed by the junction of
the peristome with the body whorl.
The normal number of teeth, or that number which is most commonly ob-
served in adult individuals, is certainly 4 ; but, in addition to those described,
there is sometimes a small tubercle, or diminutive tooth, very near the junction
of the peristome and body whorl, and more rarely another of the same descrip-
tion, at the base of the aperture, near the umbilical tooth. If those only are to
be considered fully mature which possess all the teeth, then the species may be
characterized as having 6 teeth in the aperture ; but as one of them is nearly
always, and another generally, wanting, the description here given is correct.
The margin of the peristome is sometimes continuous entirely around the
aperture.
Fig. 110.
Pupa armifera.
pupa. 207
Pupa contracta, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXX. Fig. 2.
Shell subcorneal; epidermis whitish horn-color; whorls between 5 and 6,
very convex, diminishing regularly from the last whorl, which is somewhat ven-
Fig. 111.
Pupa contracta.
tricose, to the apex ; suture well impressed ; peristome white, thickened, some-
what reflected, its extremities connected by a raised, testaceous fold, making
the margin of the aperture entire ; aperture lateral, rather triangular or trilo-
bate, more than half as wide as the body-whorl, expanded above and diminish-
ing regularly into a very narrow throat, with 4 teeth, one upon the columella,
large, coarse, and irregular, projecting into and very much filling up the aper-
ture, and having a concavity on the side towards the peristome ; another tuber-
culous, not large, more or less near the margin of the peristome ; and two
others, massive and prominent, deep seated in the throat, one being in the base
behind the columellar tooth, and the other on the side of the umbilicus and
apparently produced by the umbilical fold ; umbilicus with a minute perfora-
tion ; base of the shell with a sharp keel between the umbilicus and margin ;
last whorl impressed behind the peristome. Length, 3, diameter, If mill. ; of
aperture, length, 1 mill.
Pupa contracta, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 374 (1S22) ; Binney's
ed. 25 (Carrjchium?). —Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 399, PI. III. Fig.
22 (1840); IV. 359 (1843); Invertebrata, 186, Fig. 117 (1841). — DeKay,
N. Y. Moll., 49, PI. IV. Fig. 47 (1843). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 157. —
Pfeiffer, Symbols;, II. 54; Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 356. — KL'ster, in Chem-
nitz, 2d ed. 96, tab. XIII. Figs. 16 - 18. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 324, PI.
LXX. Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 143; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 242
(1869). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 438 (1870).
Pupa corticaria, Pfeiffer, Symbols, II. 54 (an var. £ ? Pfeiffer, 1. c.).
Pupa del tostoma, Charpentier, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 181, PI. XXI. Figs. 17-
19. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 683.
Lcucochila contracta, Morse, Amer. Nat., 666, Fig. 54 (1868). — Tryon, Am.
Journ. Conch., III. 307(1868).
Inhabits the whole of the Eastern Province.
Animal blackish above, foot light gray. Eye-peduncles long and slender,
208
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
slightly curving ; tentacles prominent and conical, pellucid at tips. Respira-
tory foramen visible in the external angle of aperture.
This is a well-defined species, always known by its subconical shape and tri-
angular aperture, nearly filled up by the coarse, projecting, columellar tooth.
The description here given applies to the most common form of the mature
shell, as ascertained from the examination of more than one hundred speci-
mens from different localities. Among a number of specimens there will of
course be different degrees of development and consequent variation from the
normal form. Specimens from particular localities seem always to be more
delicate, and never to attain that coarseness of parts in the aperture which is
common. There is sometimes a slight thickening of the left peristome near its
extremity. Mature specimens vary considerably in size. The aperture is
beautifully white within.
Genitalia, jaw, and dentition unknown.
Pupa rupicola, Say. '
Vol. III. PI. LXX. Fig. 1.
Shell cylindrical, elongated; epidermis brownish horn-color ; whorls 6, con-
vex, the three anterior ones of nearly equal diameter, the three posterior dimin-
ishing very slightly, and forming an obtuse apex ; suture deep ; peristome
brownish, thickened within, widely reflected ; aperture lateral, semicircular,
truncated above by the body-whorl ; teeth 5, one on the middle of the colu-
mella prominent, compressed, emarginate in the middle, and often bicuspid ;
Fig. 112.
Pupa rupicola, enlarged.
another at the termination of the axis, marking internally the situation of the
umbilicus, conical, and often composed of two or more tubercles ; a third in the
base of the aperture, a fourth upon the peristome, and a fifth, often massive
and prominent, deep in the fauces behind the columellar tooth;' umbilicus
minute. Length, 2 .V mill. ; diameter, 1 mill.
Pupa rupicola, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., II. 163 (1S21) ; Binney's ed.,
22 (Cari/chium ?). —Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 355, PI. XVI. Fig.
13 (1843). — Pfkiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 35S ; III. 557, nee Symboke, II.
55; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 123, PI. XVI. Figs. 17 - 19. — DeKay, N. Y.
pupa. 209
Moll., 52(1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 341, PI. LXX. Fig. 1. — W. G.
Binney, TVrr. Moll., IV. 145 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 243 (1868).
Pupa, procera, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 401, PI. III. Fig. 12 (1840).
— Kuster, in Chemnitz, 58, PI. VII. Figs. 20, 21. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 360.
Pupa carinata, Gould (olim), 1842, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 1, cover, p. 3 ;
see also IV. 359 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 359 ; III. 557.
Pupa gibbosa, Kuster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 123, PI. XVI. Figs. 13-16.
Pupa minuta (Say), Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 356 ; III. 555 ; Symb.,
II. 54.
Vertigo rupicola, BlNNEY', I. c.
Lcucochila riqricola, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 307 (1868).
From Key West to Arkansas and New England ; Louisiana ; Texas. It may,
therefore, be said to inhabit all of the Eastern Province.
Mr. Say noticed the resemblance between this species and P. cortiearia ;
future observations will, I believe, prove them to be identical. That procera
and rupicola are synonymous is fully shewn by the comparison of numerous spe-
cimens. The length of the spiral cylinder varies considerably. The charac-
ters of the aperture are constant ; but the teeth, except those on the transverse
margin and at the extremity of the axis, are frequently wanting; its outline is
well rounded, and the peristome broadly expanded. There is often an abrupt
curve of the outer peristome between the tooth of that side and its junction
with the body-whorl. The upper boundary of the aperture is distinctly marked
by the body-whorl, which makes a horizontal truncature of the superior part of
the oval. The teeth, except the two constant ones, are deeply seated in the
throat, and cannot always be seen without considerable attention.
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate ; ends but little attenuated, blunt ; no median
projection to cutting edge.
Lingual membrane as usual in the genus (see PL IV. Fig. S). The cusps on
the laterals, however, are very much stouter. There are 5 perfect laterals ;
teeth, 11—1 — 11.
Genitalia not observed.
Pupa cortiearia, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXXII. Fig. 9.
Shell whitish, shining, cylindrical, obtuse at the apex; whorls rather more
than 5, convex ; suture well impressed ; aperture lateral, two thirds as wide as
the last whorl, suborbicular, with a single tooth (sometimes two) on the parie-
tal wall, near the centre, and a tooth-like enlargement near the umbilical ter-
mination of the peristome, which is white, reflected; umbilicus very minutely
perforated. Length, 2h mill. ; diameter, 1 mill.
Odostomia cortiearia, Ray, Nich. Encycl., IV. PI. IV. Fig. 5 ; ed. 1 (1817) ; ed.
2 (1818) ; Binney's ed. 7, PL LXXM. Fig. 5.
VOL. IV. 14
210
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pupa corticaria, Say, Nich. Encycl., IV. ed. 3, 1819, PI. IV. Fig. 5. — Gould,
Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 397, PI. HI. Fig. 19 (1840) ; IV. 358 (1843). -
DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 50, PI. IV. Fig. 49 (1843). — Kustek, in Chemnitz,
2d ed., p. 27, Tab. XIII. Figs. 19-20. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 328.
— Binnky, Terr. Moll., II. 339, PI. LXX1I. Fig. 4. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 146 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 244 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Invert,
of Mass. [2], 439 (1870).
Carychium corticaria, Ferussac, Prodr., No. 3 (no descr.).
Leucochila corticaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 36, Fig. 87 ; PI. X. Fig. 88
(1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 307 (1868).
From Maine and Wisconsin to South Carolina and Mississippi. I believe,
therefore, that it will prove to be found over all the Eastern Province.
Animal whitish, darker upon the head and eye-peduncles ; the latter are long
and club-shaped ; tentacles short, thick.
This is a very thin and delicate shell, and has a peculiar transparency,
resembling spermaceti. The aperture is somewhat circular, the upper part
Tig. 113.
Pupa corticaria.
being interrupted by the last whorl, and the extremities of the peristome not
being connected. The smaller tooth is often wanting, and sometimes both. In
the number and position of the teeth it somewhat resembles Carychium exiguum ;
but it is less fusiform, and more cylindrical. In general outline, and in the
shape of the aperture, it very much resembles P. rupicola, but the parts within
the aperture are very different. It is, however, just what the immature shell
of that species might be supposed to be, when the dentiform deposits were only
commenced, and the peristome thin and unfinished. I am much inclined to
believe that it is only a young shell. In the great number of specimens which
I possess, the teeth are only rudimentary.
Jaw slightly arcuate, tapering towards the pointed ends, the centre of the
anterior surface marked with longitudinal striae ; concave margin with a slight,
broad, median projection.
PUPA. 211
Lingual membrane with 25 teeth ( 1 2 — 1 — 1 2) in each row. Central teeth very
small, tricuspid ; laterals bicuspid, modified into serrated marginals. (Fig. 14.)
Genitalia unobserved.
Fig. 114.
Lingual dentition of Pupa corticaria.
Pupa pellucida, Pfr.
Shell subperforate, cylindrical, thin, pellucid, shining, pale yellow, spire
somewhat attenuated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last flatter than the
penultimate; aperture semi-oval, with 5 teeth; single strong
teeth on columella and parietal wall of aperture, two moderate
ones on right side, a fifth small basal one within the aper-
ture ; peristome simple, its right end expanded, its columellar
end reflected. Length, 2 mill. ; diameter, scarcely 1 mill. ;
aperture, scarcely § mill. long.
Pupa pellucida, Pfeiffer, Symbolce, I. 46 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., II, pupa pellucida.
360; in R'mer's Texas, 456. — Kuster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2.
89, PI. XII. Figs. 24, 25. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 147; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 246 (1869).
Pupa scrvilis, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 356, PI. XVI. Fig. 14. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 360.
Pupa Rilsei, Pfeiffer, olim, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 532. — Kuster, in Chem-
nitz, ed. 2, 176, PI. XXI. Figs. 13, 14.
Leucochila pellucida, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., IV. (1868b
A West Indian species quoted by Pfeiffer from Texas, but not elsewhere
noticed ; it is probably confined to the Texan Subregion. I have seen no
specimens of it. Fig. 115 is a fac-simile of that of P. servilis.
Animal unobserved.
Pupa borealis, Morelet.
Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, shining, diaphanous, reddish horn-color, with
miscroscopic revolving stria? ; whorls 6, rather convex, the last compressed be-
low, forming a medium-sized excavation ; aperture somewhat rounded-oval,
moderate, four-toothed, one deep, foldlike, on the parietal wall, one columellar,
the rest smaller, palatal ; peristome simple, straight, its columellar extremity
slightly dilated above. Length, 3 mill.; width, \\ mill. (Morelet.)
Pupa borealis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch., VII. 9 (1858).
An Asiatic species, said also to be found in Alaska.
Animal unknown.
212 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pupa alticola, Ingersoll.
Shell perforate, straight, two and one half times as long as broad, densely
striate, subtranshicent, chestnut-brown, apex obtuse ; whorls 6 or 7, convex,
the middle three of the spire equal, causing a parallelism in
the" sides of the shell, the last noticeably greater, expanding
toward the aperture, not closely appressed to the body-wborl •
suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, oblique, subtriangu-
lar, margins connected by a thin deposit, without internal pro-
I cesses ; peristome simple, somewhat reflected over the umbilicus.
Cunningham Gulch, Colorado; Rio La Plata.
It will not be difficult to recognize this species by its parallel
sides, base-like expansion»of the last whorl, coarse incremental
lines, and edentate aperture. It seems to be an essentially
Pupa alticola.
alpine species, none having been found at an elevation less
'than 8,000 to 9,000 feet. It was plenty in the localities mentioned above.
(Ingersoll.)
Animal not observed.
Pupilla alticola, Ingersoll, Bulletin U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. of the Terr., No.
2, p. 128 (1875) ; ed. 2 (1876), p. 391, Fig.
A species of the Central Region.
Figure 116 is drawn from an authentic specimen.
Doubtful and Spurious Species of PurA.
Papa placida, Say, is probably an accidentally introduced specimen of Buliminus
obscurus, Muller (see Boston Proa, I. 105). The original description here
follows : —
Shell dextral, cylindric-conic, paie yellowish horn-color ; apex whitish, obtuse ;
whorls 6i, somewhat wrinkled ; suture moderately impressed ; aperture unarmed,
longitudinally oval, truncate a little obliquely above by the penultimate volu-
tion ; columella so recurved as almo'st to conceal the umbilicus ; labruni, with
the exception of the superior portion, appearing a little recurved when viewed in
front, but when viewed in profile, this recurvature is hardly perceptible ; um-
bilicus very narrow.
Length over three tenths of an inch. Inhabits Massachusetts.
For this shell I am indebted to Dr. T. W. Harris, of Milton, from whom I have
received many interesting species of our more northern regions. At first view
it might be mistaken for the P. marginata, Nob., but it is quadruple the size,
and the lafimm is not reflected anti thickened. (Say.)
Pupa placida, Say, New Harmony Diss., II. 230 (1829) ; Descr. 24 (1840) ;
BiNNEY'sed., 39. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 145.
Pupafallax, DeKay, N. V. Moll, 51.— Gould, Invert., 192.
Pupa fall ax, (3, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 309.
Bulimus hordcanus? DeKay, 1. c. — Binney, Bost. Proa, I. 105.
Bulimus obscurus, Gould, Mon. Pupa, p. 17. — Pfeiffer, III. 350, on De-
Kay's authority.
VERTIGO. 213
Pupa costulata, Mighels, is the same as Acanthinula harpa.
Pupa exigua, Say, etc., is the same as Carychium exiguum. (See Vol. IV.)
Pupa Gouldii, Binney, etc., is the same as Vertigo Gouldi.
Pupa milium, Gould, is the same as Vertigo milium.
Pupa modesla, Say, etc., is the same as Vertigo ovata.
Pupa ovata, Gould, etc., is the same as Vertigo ovata.
Pupa ovulum., Pfeiffer, is the same as Vertigo ovata.
Pupa simplex, Gould, etc., is the same as Vertigo simplex.
Pupa incana, = Strophia.
Pupa unicarinata, Binney, Terr. Moll., I., is the same as Macroceramus Kicneri.
Pupa Nebrascana, of Warren's Report of Surveys, etc., Ex. Doc, II. Pt. 2, 35th
Cong., 1859, p. 725, may perhaps be P. contracta.
P. marginata, Drap., credited to North America by Prestwich, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, XXVII. 493.
Fossil Species of Pupa.
Pupa helicoides, Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,VIII. 118.
Pupa vetusta, Dawson, Geol. Soc. Proc, 1852, IX. 60, PI. IV. {Dcndrojnipa,
Owen).
Pupa Vermil ionensis, coal of Illinois, see Silliman's Amer. Joum. of Science for
Aug., 1872.
VERTIGO, MtiLL.
Animal as in Pupa, but tentacles wanting.
Shell deeply rimate, ovate, apex acuminate obtuse ; whorls 5-6, the last
rounded ; aperture semi-oval, with four to seven folds ; peristome scarcely ex-
panded, white-lipped.
The distribution of the genus is world-wide.
Jaw more or less arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface
with delicate vertical striae ; cutting margin with a more or less developed
median projection.
I have given Fig. 117 copied from that of Morse. In the
6 ° r Fig. 117.
L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I., will be found other figures of ^cTT-
jaws showing the variations in outline found in the genus.
I have personally examined the jaw in none of our species.
(Morse).
Jaw of Vertigo ovata
For the characters of the lingual dentition 1 am also en-
tirely dependent on Morse.
Fig: 113 shows the general arrangement of the teeth on the membrane.
The membrane is long and narrow. The central teeth have a base of attach.
Fig. 118.
Lingual dentition of Vertigo ovata (Morse)
214 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
raent higher than wide, subrectangular. The whole upper margin is broadly
reflected. The reflection is very short, and bears three short stout cusps, the
central the longest, each cusp bearing (I presume) a distinct cutting point.
The central tooth, in those species whose dentition is known to me, is as large
as the laterals, and not smaller, as seems to be the rule in our species of Pupa.
The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but asymmetrical. The reflected
portion is small, tricuspid, or bicuspid. The marginals are wide, low, with a
broad, irregular denticulated reflection.
Subgenus ISTHMIA, Gray.
Shell dextral.
Vertigo Gouldi, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. LXXI. Fig. 2.
Shell light chestnut, cylindrical ovate ; whorls rather more than 4, ventri-
cose, the last occupying nearly one half the length of the axis; aperture lateral,
composed of two unequal curves meeting in the centre of the peristome, with
five prominent, white teeth, namely, one upon the transverse margin, two upon
the umbilical margin, and two upon the labial margin ; peristome thickened,
not reflected; umbilicus a little open. Length, 2 mill.; diameter, 1 mill.; aper-
ture, § mill. long.
Pupa Gouldii, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., I. 105 (1843); Terr. Moll.,
II. 332, PI. LXXI. Fig. 2. —Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, IV. 352, PI.
XVI. Fig. 9 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 358 ; Kuster in Chem-
nitz, ed. 2, 124, PI. XVI. Figs. 20-23.
Vertigo Gouldii, Stimpson, Shells of N. E., 53 (nodescr.). — "W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 148; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 250 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ.
Coneh., III. 309 (1868). —Gould and Binney, Inv., 440, Fig. 701 (1870). —
Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 669, Fig. 60 (1868).
Isthmia Gouldii, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 38, Fig. 95, PI. X. Fig. 96 (1864).
From Maryland through New England. It therefore belongs to the Northern
Region, extending along the Appalachians into the Interior Region.
Animal with no tentacles ; black above, foot gray, tapering posteriorly, and
rounded at the extremity ; carries the shell at an angle of about forty-five
degrees.
Fig. 119. Jaw scarcely arcuate, of equal size
throughout, ends rounded, anterior sur-
face with longitudinal lines and trans-
verse stria? ; concave margin simple, no
median projection.
Lingual membrane with 75 rows, each
Lingual dentition of Vertigo Gouldi (Morse). TOW containing 23(11 — 1 — 11) short
and stout teeth, 7 perfect laterals. Cen-
trals tricuspid ; laterals bicuspid ; marginals serrated.
It has been referred to V. Alpestris, Aid. by Gwyn Jeffreys, 1872, p. 246,
An. Mag. Nat. Hist.
VERTIGO.
215
Vertigo Bollesiana, Mouse.
Shell minutely perforate, cylindrical-ovate, delicately striated, subtranslucent ;
apex obtuse; suture well defined; whorls 4, subconvex; aperture suborbicular,
somewhat flattened on its outer edge ; with 5
teeth, one prominent and rather curved on the pari- Fi8- 12°-
etal margin, two similar in form, the lower one the
smaller, on the columellar margin, and two slightly
elevated lamelliform teeth within and at the base ;
peristome subreflected and thickened. Length,
.065 inch ; breadth, .035 inch. (Morse.)
Isthmia Bollesiana, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VIII. Vertigo Bollesiana.
209, Figs. 4-6 (Nov. 1865).
Vertigo Bollesiana, Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 669, Figs. 63- 64 (1868). — AV. G.
Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 250 (1869). —Gould and Binxky, Inv., 442,
Fig. 703 (1870). — Tryox, Am. Jouin. Conch., III. Ft. 4, p. 308, PL XV. Fig.
25 (1868).
New England ; New York ; Virginia. Distribution, therefore, like the last
species.
Animal unobserved.
Jaw of the same width throughout, slightly rounded at the ends ; cutting
edge without projections, finely striated.
Lingual membrane with 88 rows of (12 — 1 — 12) teeth; base of attachment
notched at outer posterior corners ; square, widening posteriorly, armed with
three minute denticles, central one largest ; laterals having two minute den-
ticles apart, outer denticle nearly obsolete ; marginals scarcely notched.
A comparison of this description and figure
of dentition with that of Lehmann (PL XIV.
Fig. 53) will prove that this species cannot be
identical with P. pygmcea of Europe, as has
been suggested by Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann.
Mag. Nat, Hist., 1872, 246).
Fig. 121.
Lingual membrane of Vertigo Bollesi-
ana (Morse).
Vertigo milium, Gould.
Vol. III. PL LXXI. Fig. 1.
Shell very minute, subcylindrical, diminishing equally to both extremities;
epidermis dark-amber, or chestnut-color ; whorls 5, rounded, very minutely
striated, decreasing slightly to the apex, which is obtuse ; suture deep ; peri-
stome white, slightly reflected ; aperture lateral, half the width of the last
whorl, within brownish, general shape semicircular, truncated abruptly and
directly by the last whorl,a testaceous deposit upon which forms the transverse
margin, and connects the two extremities of the peristome ; circumference made
up of two curves of different radius uniting in the peristome, where the junc-
216 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
tion causes an angle projecting inwards, the smaller curve comprising about
one fourth part, and forming the superior portion of the peristome ; teeth 6,
two on the transverse margin, sharp, projecting, and tooth-like; one in the
angle between the columellar and transverse margins, broad, massive, and prom-
inent, with occasionally one or more tubercles about its base ; one on the
lower part of the columellar margin ; two on the peristome, in the base of the
aperture, and at the junction of the two curves ; umbilicus rather wide. Length,
| mill. ; diameter, f mill.
Pupa milium, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 402, PI. III. Fig. 23(1840);
IV. 359 (1843); Invertebrata, 187, Fig. 118 (1841). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll.,
48, PL IV. Fig. 44 (1843). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 157 (1842). — Pfeif-
fee, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 362. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 337, PI. LXXI. Fig.
1. — Kuster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 119, PL XV. Fig. 39-42.
Vertigo milium, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 148. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I.
669, Figs. 65, 66 (1868).
From New England to Texas. A species of the Eastern Province.
Animal very light gray, darkest above ; foot thick, broadest behind the mid-
dle, tapering suddenly to a point. Eye-peduncles somewhat globular at tips,
in the centre of which are the eye-spots ; no tentacles.
The most minute of our species, but though the eye cannot, without the aid
of the microscope, detect its characters, they are very strongly denned. The
parts about the aperture are particularly well-developed, the teeth being long,
compressed, and sharp, and the transverse margin distinctly bounded. Pro-
fessor Adams mentions that twelve mature specimens weighed less than a six-
teenth of a grain. It is found under or among dead leaves. It is gregarious
in its habits ; when one is found, many others may be quite certainly found
near it.
Vertigo ovata, Say.
Vol. III. PL LXXI. Fig. 4.
Shell minute, ovate-conic, ventricose, dark amber-colored ; whorls 5, very
convex, the last much inflated, diminishing rather rapidly to a somewhat acute
apex, with an indentation towards the aperture ; suture rather deep ; peristome
thin, somewhat expanded, with a groove behind and a thickening within ; aper-
ture in general outline semicircular, the curve consisting of segments of two
different-sized, but well-defined circles, the smaller on the right at the junction
of the peristome and body-whorl, comprising about one fourth of the whole con-
tour, and forming an angle at their junction ; teeth generally 6, two on the
transverse margin, two on the columellar margin, the upper of which is mas-
sive, the lower pointed, and two on the peristome, in the base and at the junc-
tion of the two curves, sharp and prominent ; umbilicus expanded. Length, 3
mill. ; diameter, 1 \ mill. ; aperture, 1 mill. long.
jrertigo ovata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 375 (1822) ; ed.. Binney,
26. —Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 334, PI. LXXI. Fig. 4. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
VERTIGO. 217
Moll., IV. 148; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 253 (1869). — Morse, Amer. Nat,, I.
668, Figs. 57, 58 (1868). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 310, 22 (1868).
— Gould and Binney, Inv., 442, Fig. 704 (1870). — Fischer and Crosse,
Moll. Mex. et Guat., 310 (1870).
Vertigo tridentata, Wolf, Am. Journ. Conch., V. 198, PI. XVII. Fig. 1.
Pupa ovata, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 350, PI. XVI. Figs. 7, 8 (1843).
— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 50, PI. IV. Fig. 50 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mol-
lusca, 157 (1842); Silliman's Journal [i], XL. 271. — Kuster, in Chemnitz,
ed. 2, 118, PI. XIV. Figs. 1, 2; XV. Figs. 35, 38. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel!
Viv., II. 360; Symbols, II. 54.
Pupa modcsta, Say, Long's Exped., II. 25, PI. XV. Fig. 5 (1824); ed. Binney,
32, PI. LXXIV. Fig. 5. — Gould, Invertebrata, 188, Fig. 119 (1841).
Pupa ovulum, Pfeiffer, olim, Symbolae, I. 46.
Isthmia ovata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 38, Fig. 93 ; PI. X. Fig. 94 (1864).
Over all the Eastern Province, having been found from Maine to Texas.
Also in the Central Province in Arizona. For its presence in Europe, see
Jensen, Bidr. til Kristianiafjorden Moll., 68, 80. Also quoted from Mexico
and Cuba.
Jaw arcuate, of uniform breadth, ends square and horizontal ; anterior
surface with longitudinal wrinkles •, concave margin simple, with a median
projection.
Fig. 122.
Vertigo ovata.
Lingual membrane with 90 rows of 29 teeth (14 — 1 — 14), 9 perfect laterals;
centrals and laterals triscuspid, marginals serrated. (Fig. 118, p. 213.)
Head and back deep cherry-red, posterior part of foot bluish, base whitish.
Eye-peduncles larger towards the extremities, or remarkably club-shaped; ocular
points distinct. The anterior extremity of the foot is dilated and trilobate, the
middle lobe minute, lateral lobes rounded. Length rather greater than that of
the axis of the shell.
Of forty specimens of this shell examined witli the aid of a microscope, one
218 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
had a single tooth, two had three teeth, and twenty-eight had two teeth, upon
the transverse margin, the one nearest the centre being always largest and
most prominent ; and all of them had the bilobate, or double curved aperture,
and the irregular indentation upon the outer whorl, near the peristome. A sin-
gle specimen had three teeth upon the peristome, and three upon the trans-
verse margin, making, with two upon the columellar margin, eight in all. The
semicircular mouth is abruptly truncated by the last whorl, which forms a dis-
tinct and nearly transverse limit. The peristome is thin and a little turned
outwards, its edge is often whitish, but within it is brownish, and often thick-
ened. The indentation of the last whorl, terminating at the angle of the
peristome, is a prominent character. The teeth of the peristome are often
curved towards the centre of the aperture.
The motion of the animal, when in progress, is rapid, but awkward. The
proboscis, which is long and projectile, seems to be thrust forward, and attached,
and the rest of the foot drawn up to it, reminding one of the motion of a cater-
pillar, the shell at the same time rolling from side to side. The adherent forces
of the animal evidently lie in the anterior part of the foot.
This is one of the more aquatic species, and is found under dead leaves and
sticks, and on the stems of plants, at the margin of rivulets and ponds.
The species has been referred to P. antivertigo, but the figure of the dentition
of that species given by Lehmann (PL XIV. Fig. 52) does not sustain the
theory of identity.
Vertigo ventricosa, Morse.
Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, smooth, polished ; apex obtuse; suture deep;
whorls 4, convex ; aperture semicircular, with 5 teeth, one prominent on
the parietal margin, two smaller on the colu-
Flg- *23- mellar margin, and two prominent within, con-
tracting the aperture at the base ; peristome
widely reflected, the right margin flexuose,
within thickened and colored. Length, .07 inch,
breadth, .045 inch. (Morse.)
Isthmia ventricosa, Moksk, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
VIII. 1, Figs. 1-3 (Nov. 1865).
Vertigo ventricosa. Vertigo ventricosa, Mouse, Amer. Nat., I. 669,
Figs. 61, 62 (186S). — W. G. Binney, L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 253 (1869). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 310 (1868).
— Gould and Binney, Inv., 443, Fig. 705 (18/0).
Maine, New Hampshire, and New York ; a species of the Northern Region.
I have not seen this species. Mr. Morse says it has been confounded with
V. ovata, but is one fourth smaller, has one whorl less, and a more circular
columellar margin to the aperture.
Jaw wide, narrow, without median projection, but slightly curving at ends;
cutting edge regularly waved.
STROPHIA. 219
Lingual formula 98 (13—1—13), with 6 perfect laterals; central and lateral
bases of attachment notched at outer lower corners; central square, having
three small denticles : indented at upper mar-
... Fig. 124.
gin ; laterals tricuspid, inner denticle largest ; c=:<="=
marginals minutely serrate. v^^fi^f^
Referred to V. Moulinsiana, Dupuy, by (K> -* -0 ^ "
Lingual membrane of Vertigo venlricosa
Gwyn, Jeffreys (I. c), 246. (Morse).
Vertigo simplex, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LXXII. Fig. 3.
Shell minute, cylindrical, obtuse at apex, smooth, chestnut-color; whorls 5,
well rounded, separated by a deep suture ; aperture circular, the peristome
nearly continuous, simple or scarcely everted, except at its columellar margin,
where it partially conceals a small umbilicus ; no trace of a tooth has been
detected in any specimen. Length, If mill.; breadth half as great.
Puro simpler, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., TIT. 403, PL III. Fig. 21 (1840);
IV. 359 (1843); Invertebrata, 190, Fig. 121 (1841). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 302. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 52, PL XXXVI. Fig. 347 (1843). —
BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., IT. 343, PL LXXII. Fig. 3.
Vertigo simplex, Stimpson, .Shells of New England, 53 (no descr.). — W. G. BiN-
NEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 148: L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 254 (1869). —Morse, Amer.
Nat., I. 670, Figs. 67, 68 (1868). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 310
(1868). — Gould and BiNNEY, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 444 (1870).
Canada and New England, a species of the Northern Region.
Animal dark gray above, light gray and pellucid below ; foot moderately
long, trilobate anteriorly, the middle lobe minute. Eye-peduncles usually
clavate, sometimes very decidedly. No tentacles. Shell carried perpendicu-
larlv, or even inclined forwards. Active in movement.
Referred to V. edentula, Drap., by Gwyn Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1872, 246.
Spurious Species of Vertigo.
Vertigo contractu, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., is the same as Pupa contractu.
Vertigo decora, Adams, Gen. Bee. Moll., is the same as Pupa decora.
Vertigo minuter, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., is the same as Pupa rupicola.
Vertigo pentodon, Say, is the same as Pupa pentodon.
Vertigo rupicola, BlNNF.Y, is the same as Pupa rupicola.
Vertigo cortienria, BiNNEY, is the same as Pupa corticaria.
STROPHIA, Albers.
Animal hcliciform, blunt before, pointed behind ; mantle posterior, pro-
tected by a shell ; respiratory and anal orifices on the right of the mantle,
220 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
under the peristome of the shell ; generative orifice behind the right eye-
pedunele ; no caudal mucus pore or locomotive disk.
Shell rimate, cylindrical or oblong-ovate, perpendicularly costulate or ribbed,
solid, white, often variegated -with red ; whorls 9-12, the last narrowed to-
wards the base, often ascending ; aperture semi-oval, usually bluish-brown
within ; columella with a dentiform fold, parietal wall furnished with an in-
ternal denticle ; peristome thickened, retlexed, its margins connected by a
somewhat heavy callus.
A West-Indian genus, found also in the Florida Subregion.
But one species, S. incana, Binn., is found within our limits. I have found
it to agree in the characters of its jaw and lingual membrane with the ex-
tralimital species which I have examined, S. iosloma, mumia,
and decumana. Semper, however (Phil. Arch. 128), describes
the jaw of S. uva as being without median projection to its
cutting edge ; that character, therefore, cannot be considered
Jaw of S. incana.
generic.
Jaw of S. incana (Fig. 125) arcuate, thick, coarse, of about equal height to
its bluntly truncated ends ; cutting edge with a slightly produced median pro-
jection. Anterior surface without ribs.
Lingual membrane arranged as in Patula (see PI. V. Fig. A) with 27 — 1 — 27
teeth. The change from laterals to marginals is as shown in the ninth and
tenth tooth. There is the usual splitting of the inner cutting point beyond the
ninth tooth. The extreme marginals are low, wide, with one inner, long,
bluntly bifid cutting point and one outer, short. All the changes from centrals
to extreme marginals are shown in the figures.
The splitting of the inner cutting point of the marginals was not detected by
me before in S. iostoma and mumia. I have, however, lately found it in those
species.
Strophia incana, Binney.
Vol. III. PL LXVIII.
Shell deeply rimate, cylindrically oblong, solid, smooth or delicately striate,
shining, chalky ; spire elongate, gradually attenuated into a rather acute cone ;
suture light, margined; whorls 11, flat, very gradually increasing, the last
scarcely equalling or shorter than the length, wrinkled anteriorly, more or less
arcuately ascending, at base subcompressed ; aperture small, roundly lunate,
light flesh-color within, furnished with a moderate deeply seated parietal tooth
and an obsolete columella!' fold ; peristome somewhat thickened, shortly re-
flected all round, its terminations joined by a thin callus, that of the columella
dilated and arched above. Length, 26 mill.; diameter, 10 mill.; of aperture,
length, 8-1) mill.; diameter, 7-8 mill.
A variety has irregular longitudinal streaks of reddish-brown. (Fig. 12G.)
STROPHIA. 221
Pupa incana, Binney, Terr. Moll., I. 109 ; III. PI. LXVIII. — Leidy, T. M. U.
S., 1. PL XV. Figs. 2-4, anat.— Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., II. 13; Mon. Hel.
Viv., IV. 657. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 140, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 17 ;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 247, Fig. 430 (1869). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III.
308(1868).
P21pa.rn.umia, Potiez and Michaud, Gal., I. 169, PI. XVII. Figs. 1 -2 (teste
Pfr.).
Pupa viarilima, y, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 539. — Gould, in Terr. Moll.
II. 316.
Pupa detrita, Shuttleworth, MS., Pfeiffer, in Mai. Blatt., I. 158 (1853); I.
205 (1854), PI. III. Figs. 9, 10.
A Cuban and Bahamas species, found in the Florida Subregion, both on the
southern part of the mainland, and on the Keys, from Cape Florida to Key West.
Animal whitish, brownish, smoky, or nearly black, darker on the back and
upper part of head. Body finely granulated, the granules arranged in regular
lines longitudinally, making the surface look as if minutely and longitudinally
furrowed. Eye-peduncles rather short, slender, bulbous at the extremities ;
tentacles very short.
This species is found plentifully at Key West, where it inhabits low grounds
near salt-water ponds. It attaches itself to saline plants, a few inches from the
soil. At other times it retreats under stones. It is probably confined to the
vicinity of the ocean. It has also been found on other neighboring Keys, and
on the mainland from Key West to Cape Florida. The animal varies much in
color ; it is shy when kept in confinement. In winter it forms a membranous
epiphragm.
The general appearance of this shell is cylindrical, with both extremities ob-
tuse. The width of the central whorls is nearly uniform ; the upper only be-
come gradually narrower to the apex. The number of whorls is usually about
9, but sometimes 12 ; and the progressive increase of the width of the whorl,
in revolving from the apex to the aperture, though regular in each specimen,
differs so much in different specimens, that some shells are very short and
robust, while others are long and fusiform. The whorls are nearly flat, the
surface shining, and marked with numerous angular stria?, which,
° ° Fig 126.
on the back and last whorl, attain sometimes the prominence of
wrinkles. The peristome is often very thick ; it is not added until
the shell has acquired at least seven or eight full volutions. The
outline of the external aperture is an oval, whose greatest diameter
is parallel with the axis of the shell, truncated obliquely by the
columellar margin ; internally it is modified by a lamellar tooth or
fold on its superior parietes, and another marking the depression
of the axis ; when these are prominent, the outline of the throat of
the aperture is somewhat trilobate. One or both of the teeth are sometimes
wanting. The apex of the spire is corneous. Its color is chalky or horny
white, with frequently a livid brown tint beneath.
222 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
A variety with longitudinal rufous bands is also figured above.
Jaw : see p. 220.
Lingual membrane with 129 rows of 24 — 1 — 24 teeth each. .See p. 220.
The complete anatomy, including genitalia, is figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PI.
XV. Figs. 2-4). The penis sac is short, narrow, and cylindrical. The vaa
deferens is of a very great length when compared with what it is usually in
the other genera. Its lower part, about the length of the penis, is dilated to
the size of the latter organ, is strongly muscular, and terminates at the base of
the penis sac. The retractor muscle is inserted into the summit of the latter.
The lining membrane of the penis sac presents a single, longitudinal fold. At
the base of the penis sac is a short, muscular sac, or protuberance, probably a
dart sac, although the individual dissected possessed no such instrument. The
genital bladder is oval; its duct is as long as the oviduct, and midway receives
a long, narrow duct, derived from a granular, glandular organ combined with
the testicle in the posterior lobe of the liver.
(2) Jaw with decided vertical ribs to its anterior surface.
ARION, F^russac.
Animal limaciform (see Vol. III. PI. LXIV. Fig. 1). Posterior termination
of body obtuse. Integuments crowded with elongated tuberosities on the back,
and on the sides with elongated tubercular plates having furrows between.
Mantle anterior, oval, small, covered with granulations, free at the front and
on the sides, attached posteriorly, containing in its posterior part numerous
fine calcareous sandy grains. Locomotive disk not expanded at the margin,
when the animal is fully extended very narrow, having in some species a nar-
row median band, and in others not. Respiratory orifice at the anterior mar-
gin of the mantle, small. Anal orifice contiguous to the former. Orifice of
organs of generation under the two last. On the upper part of the posterior
extremity of the body is a triangular pore or sinus, with the point directed
forwards, a process or projection of the integument serving as a cover to the
sinus.
The genus is not indigenous to North America, the only known species here
having been introduced by commerce.
The genus Avion was separated from Limax by Fe'russac, to contain those
species of the latter genus having a terminal pore or sinus. It is universally
recognized, and has been fortunate in escaping any confusion of synonymy.
The habits of the North American species have been given on p. 11.
I have not been able to give any information regarding two of the species
found" within our limits, A. Andersoni (see below, p. 239), and .4. foliolatus.
Indeed- there seems so much uncertainty in regard to them, that I doubt their
belonging to this genus. For fuller information, see below. This leaves only
one species, A. hortensis, Fer., described and figured in Vols. II. and III., and
in L & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A , I., referred to A.fuscus, Mull.
The species was introduced by commerce into Boston many years ago. It
ARION. 223
still exists there,1 specimens having been found by me in 1871, from one of
which I extracted the jaw and lingual membrane here described. I have com-
pared the figures of the genitalia of A. hortensis given by Lehmann and A.
Schmidt2 with those given by Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S. There is a differ-
ence in the position of the retractor muscle of the penis. Leidy places it at
the base of the penis sac, Lehmann at the top, Schmidt omitting it entirely.
The last two authors figure a retractor to the duet of the genital bladder, and
so does Leidy (though in the description of the plates he refers it to the vagina).
Lehmann figures a retractor also to the genital bladder itself. Lehmann's
figure of the genitalia of A. fuscus (PI. VI. Fig. 2) agrees more closely with
Leidy's figure in all respects, indeed, but the position of the retractor penis,
which Lehmann places at the top of the. penis sae. His figure of the dentition
of fuscus is nearer mine of the Boston specimens than is his of hortensis, though
the transverse count of teeth is larger. Goldfuss's figure of the dentition of A.
hortensis also (1. c. PL V. Fig. 0) differs from my figure in the same way, i. e.
by the presence of an inner side cusp and cutting point to the lateral teeth.
Thus I find it impossible to decide from the genitalia whether to refer our
species to fuscus or hortensis, though I incline to the former. From the denti-
tion I should assuredly adopt the former name also.
The jaw of the Boston specimen (Fig. 12 7) is thick, arcuate, ends but little atten-
uated ; no median projection to the cutting edge; anterior surface with 8 stout,
separated, unequal ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. C) long and narrow. Fig. 127
Teeth about 31 — 1 — 31, with about 10 perfect laterals.
Centrals with the base of attachment longer than wide:
reflection half as long as the base of attachment, bearing
one long, stout cusp extending to the lower margin of Jaw of A.fuscus.
the base of attachment, beyond which projects the stout
cutting point; side cusps distinct, but small, with distinct, small, stout, cutting
points. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of
the inner, lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachment, and the inner
side cusp and cutting point. The marginals are low, wide, with one long,
bluntly pointed, oblique cutting point, bearing a subobsolete smaller point low
down upon its outer side. This subobsolete side cutting point is on some of the
marginals much more developed.
From the above remarks it will be seen that in this genus, as in Limax,
Zonites, and others, the lateral teeth are either bicuspid or tricuspid. The
number of cusps does not seem a generic character.
The internal calcareous grains which represent the shell are in some species
isolated, in others aggregated into a nearer resemblance to the internal plate
of Limax. On this distinction arc based the subgenera Lochea and Prolepis.
1 Specimens ran readily he found in gardens between Chestnut and Mt. Vernon Streets
above Willow Street, as well as elsewhere.
2 Uer Geschleehtsapparat der Stylommatoplioren, 1855.
224 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Subgenus PROLEPIS, Moq.-Tand.
Shield covering an imperfect, rugose, shell-like plate, formed by the aggre-
gation of a certain number of calcareous granulations.
Arion fuscus, Muller.
Vol. III. PI. LXIV. Fig. 1.
Color whitish or light-ashy, sometimes with a tinge of brown, or dark gray-
ish ; an obscure, ill-defined dark-colored line or band rises where the mantle
meets the base of the eye-peduncles on both sides, and, extending along the whole
length of the mantle to its posterior extremity, converges towards the line of
the opposite side ; another band, proceeding from under the posterior edge of
the mantle, not quite continuous with the above-described line, runs along the
sides of the body to its extremity. Body cylindrical, narrow, when extended
very much elongated, expanding a little towards its extremity, and ending in a
flat and rounded termination ; its upper surface is covered with narrow, oblong,
prominent glands, appearing sometimes as if carinated, and arranged in parallel
rows, the flanks with elongated tuberculated plates and finer granulations.
Head darker than the body, projecting very little beyond the mantle. Eye-
peduncles blackish, one eighth the length of the bod}', stout; bulbs translucent;
ocular spot at the superior part, black. Tentacles immediately under the eye-
peduncles, very short, conical. Mantle small, oval, narrow, commencing just
behind tin1 insertion of the eye-peduncles, less than one third of the length of
animal; covered with granulations tending to a vermiform shape. Disk of the
foot whitish, without a separate locomotive band, the marginal boundary be-
tween it and the body marked by a furrow, projecting beyond the body poste-
riorly. Respiratory foramen small, with a cleft to the margin of the mantle.
Between the eye-peduncles is a tubercular ridge with furrows on each side.
The triangular mucus pore is on the upper surface of the posterior extremity,
is very apparent, and has a process of the skin which seems to cover it, and
sometimes to project above it. When fully grown, the extreme length is more
than 50 mill., the usual length about 25 mill. Internal granulations coarsely
united or aggregated into a somewhat ovular, semi-transparent, very granular
plate.
Limax fuscus, Muller, Hist. Term., II. 11 (1774).
Arion hortensis, Ferussac, Hist., G5, PI. II. Figs. 4, 6; Suppl., p. 96, a (1819).
— Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 170 (1842); Terr. Moll., II. 27, PI.
LXIV. Fig. 1; LXV. Fig. 2 (1851). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 249, Fl. II.
Figs. 1-4 (1851), anat.— UeKay, N. V. .Mull., 23 (1S43). — Reeve, Brit. L.
& Fr.-W. Moll., 11, Fig.
Arion fuscus, Moquin-Tanpon (which see for further foreign synonymes). — W.
G. Binney, L. >t Fr.-W. Sh., I. 275 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
316 (1868). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 451 (1870).
Found in the city of Boston. It is an introduced species common over the
ARION. 225
whole of Europe. Has also been introduced into Greenland (see Morch, Am.
Journ. Conch., IV. 37).
When the animal is fully extended, the mantle occupies less than a fourth
part of its whole length, and the dark lines on the mantle and back are con-
tinuous with each other. The head only projects from the mantle, the neck
not being visible. Its surface is constantly covered with a watery mucus, and
it suspends itself with a thread of mucus like the other species. The mucoii9
secretion from the terminal pore is transparent and very viscid. It is not dis-
tinguished by any considerable variety of color or markings. It occurs in small
numbers in the city of Boston and vicinity under stones, at roadsides, in com-
pany with Limax agrestis, and more plentifully in gardens within the city. In
the remarks on this species, formerly published by Dr. Binney, he hesitated
in considering it to be identical with the foreign species of the same name.
Having later found it somewhat numerous in a locality in Boston, he procured
specimens agreeing very well with foreign descriptions and figures, especially
with that variety described by Ferussac as griseus, unicolor, fasciis nigins, and
had no longer any doubt on the subject. The specimens found in gardens are,
however, much larger than the size indicated by the descriptions. It is called
a small species by both Ferussac and Lamarck, and so it is, as it exists in the
country ; but in the city it is sometimes two inches in length, when not fully
extended, and of a corresponding bulk. The dark lines are most strongly
marked in the 'large variety. The small variety is more delicate in its mark-
ings, and has a tinge of yellow on the foot. It is still restricted in its distribu-
tion, so far as known, to the neighborhood of Boston alone.
For jaw and dentition see p. 223.
The generative system (figured by Leidy, 1. c.) resembles more that of
Limax variegatus than the other species. The penis sac is cylindrical, dilated
at base, and has its retractor muscle inserted into the latter point. The genital
bladder is large, oval, pointed at summit, and has a very short but muscular
duct, joined midway by the vagina. At the latter junction is inserted a second
retractor muscle. The cloaca is long and dilated in the middle.
Spurious and Doubtful Species of Arion.
Arum (Lochea) empiricorum is quoted without authority or description from the
Western States by Grateloup (Distr. Geogr. de la Famille des Limaciens).
Ario,i foHolafus, Qovld (Vol. III. PI. LXVI. Fig. 2). Color a reddish-fawn,
coarsely and obliquely reticulated with slate-colored lines forming areolre, which
are indented at the sides, when viewed by a magnifier, so as to resemble leaf-
lets ; the mantle is concentrically mottled with slate-color, and the j'rojecting
border of the foot is also obliquely lineated. The body is rather depressed,
nearly uniform throughout, and somewhat truncated at the tip, exhibiting a
conspicuous pit, which was probably occupied by a mucus gland. The mantle is
very long, smooth, and has the respiratory orifice very small, situated a little in
front of the middle. The eye-pedunclea are small and short. Length, 85 mill.
VOL. IV. 15
226 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Arion foliolatus, Gould, Moll. U. S. Exped., 2, Fig. 2, n, b (1852). — Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 30, PI. LXVI. Fig. 2 (1S51). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 6 ; copied also by Tryon and W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 377.
Jaw — ?
Lingual membrane — ?
Found at Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound.1
This species is still unknown otherwise than by the original description and
figure.
Avion Andcrsoni (see p. 235, footnote, and 236, 239).
ARIOLIMAX, M6rch.s
Animal limaciform (Vol. III. PI. LXVI. Fig. 1), blunt in front, pointed be-
hind. Mantle anterior, small, bluntly truncated before and behind, free around
its edges, containing a well-defined, solid, testaceous plate. A longitudinal fur-
row along the sides above the foot. A distinct locomotive disk. t Respiratory
orifice at the posterior third of the mantle, with a cleft to its right margin.
Anal orifice contiguous to the last, slightly below and behind it. Orifices of
1 It is erroneously quoted from Boston, by Grateloup, Distr. Geog. des Limaciens, p. 8.
2 Animal limaciforme, postice acuminatum. Pallium antice situm, parvum, obtusum,
marginihus liberis, testam simplicem hand spiralem, solidam includens. Margo infera
animalis sulco longitudinali supra pedem posito munita. Discus gressorius distinctus.
Apertura respiratoria ad marginem dextram pallii in parte posteriore posita ; apertura
analis vicina, sed postice et infra posita. Apertura genitalis ad latus dextrum corporis,
sub parte anteriore libera pallii posita (in A. Californico duobus orificiis distinctis mu-
nita). Porus mucosus caudalis triangularis erectus supra apicem pedis.
Maxilla leviter arcuata, costis numerosis (VIII -XX), validis, confertis munita ; mar-
ginihus denticulatis.
Lamina lingualis ut in Helice constituta. Dentes medianae tricuspidatse ; laterales bi-
cuspidata? ; marginales quadratae, irregulariter cuspidata?, cuspide interna producta, ex-
terna saepissime subobsoleta.
Habitat in regionibus Pacificis Statuorum Unitorum, inter Oceanum et montes " Cas-
cade" et "Sierra Nevada" dictas, de lat. 34° usque ad 49°.
Genus a cl. Morch primo descriptum, Mai. Blatt., VI. 110, Oct., 1859 ; postquam a W.
G. Binney, Amer. Journ. Conch., I. 48, PL VI. Pig. 11-13, 1865; delude, W. G. Bin-
ney et T. Bland, L. k Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I. 278, Fig. 496-498, 1869. Ceteris auctoribus
ad Linuicem refertur : Gould in Terr. Moll. U. S., II. 1851 ; VV. G. Binney ante, Ter.
Moll., IV. 1859 ; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315, 1868.
Genus Limaci, Arinni et Prophysaonti affine, sed facile distinguendum. Limaci affine
est testa interna, positione apertura; respiratoria?, et disco gressorio distincto ; sed differt
poro mucoso caudali, maxilla costata, dentibus marginalibus quadratis laminae lingualis,
et positione apertura; genitalis. Arioni simile poro mucoso caudali, disco gressorio dis-
tincto, maxilla costata, lamina linguali, positione apertura? genitalis ; sed differt positione
apertura? respiratoriae, et testa interna. Prophysaonti simile testa interna, maxilla cos-
tata, lamina linguali ; sed differt positione aperturarum, respiratoria? et genitalis, disco
gressorio distincto, et poro mucoso caudali.
Ab ceteris generibus Americanis limaciformibus aut sublimaciformibus, Veronicella,
Binneia, Hemphilliu, Tebennophoro et PalU/era sat distinctum est.
ARIOLIMAX. 227
generation on the right of the body, below the anterior, free part of the mantle,
distinct but contiguous (in A. Californicus, certainly), that of the male organ
anterior. Tail furnished with a perpendicular, triangular mucus pore, with a
horizontal mucus slit to the end of the tail.
Testaceous plate flat, thick, calcareous, simple, not spiral ; longer than wide,
hexagonal.
Inhabits the Pacific Province, on the Pacific Coast of the United States, at
least from latitude 34° to 49°, apparently not eastward of the Sierra Nevada
and Cascade Ranges'.
The species on which the genus was founded has been known for many years
as a Lbnax (see Gould in Terr. Moll. U. S., II., III. and Ex. Ex. Mollusca,
where an additional figure is given), but it was not until 1859 that Morch (Mai.
Bliitt. VI. 110) recognized it to be distinct from Limax and proposed a generic
name, Ariolimax. In 1865, W. G. Binney (Amer. Journ. Conch., I. p. 48, PI.
VI. Figs. 11-13) gave a more detailed generic description, adding figures of
jaw and lingual dentition. These were also given in Land and Fresh-Water
Shells N. A., I. p. 278, Figs. 496-498 (1869). As late as 1868 the species is
still retained in Lbnax by Tryon (Amer. Journ. Conch. III. 315), who gives a
copy of one of Gould's figures from the Terrestrial Mollusks.
The genus has affinities with, but is readily distinguished from Limax, Anon,
and Prophysaon. It agrees with Limax in having an internal shelly plate, in
the position of its respiratory orifice and its distinct locomotive disk ; but it
differs in having a caudal mucus pore, a ribbed jaw, quadrate (not aculeate)
marginal teeth on the lingual membrane, and in the position of its genital ori-
fice. With Arion it agrees in having a mucus pore, a distinct locomotive disk,
a ribbed jaw, in its lingual membrane, and position of the genital orifice ; but
it differs in the position of its respiratory orifice and its internal shell. With
Prophysaon it agrees in having an internal shell, a ribbed jaw, in its lingual
membrane ; but differs in the position of the genital and respiratory orifices, in
its distinct locomotive disk and caudal mucus pore.
From the other sluglike, or semi-sluglike American genera, Tebennophorus,
Pallifera, Binneya, Ilemphillia, Veronicella, it is most readily distinguished.
Jaw thick, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; low, wide; an-
terior surface with numerous stout ribs, denticulating either margin. The
number of ribs varies in the several species, and in
different individuals of the same species. Fig. 128,
drawn from the true northern A. Colutnbianus, has 18
ribs ; another specimen, supposed to be the same spe-
cies, has about 12. (See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Jaw of Ar,ni,max
1874, PL II. Fig. 11.) A. Californicus has given 13 Columbians.
and 14 ribs. A. niger has been described by Dr. Cooper
with 20, but I found only 8 in one specimen which I refer to that species. In
A. Hemphilli there are from 8 to 12 ; in H. Andersoni? there are 13 ribs.
228 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 498 of p. 279, Land and Fresh-Water Shells N. A., L, gives the
general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual membrane. It is drawn
from the true northern A. Columbianus. Its general arrangement is as in
Patula. On PI. V. Fig. E, I have given more detailed figures of the denti-
tion of a specimen of this species. It will be seen that the central teeth have
a base of attachment longer than wide, with expanded lower angles and in-
curved lower margin ; the upper margin is reflected ; the reflection is large,
broad, and has a short, stout median cusp, bearing a long, stout cutting point ;
the side cusps of the reflection are subobsolete, but there are well-developed
triangular cutting points. The laterals are like the centrals, but asymmet-
rical by the suppression of the inner lower lateral expansion to the base of
attachment, and the inner side cutting point, the inner side cusps being still
subobsolete. The change from lateral to marginal teeth is shown in b and c,
the inner cusps and cutting point being greatly developed, and the base of at-
tachment is still narrower than in the first laterals. The marginals are shown
in d and e. They are about as high as wide, the reflection equals the base of
attachment and bears an extremely long, blunt, stout, oblique cutting point,
with a side spur upon the last, in the extreme marginals developed into a short,
stout, side cutting point. The cutting point of the marginals by its great devel-
opment forms the chief characteristic of the membrane ; it is well shown in
profile.1 There were 22 perfect laterals in this specimen. The figure referred
to above shows only 12 laterals, with 113 rows of 56 — 1 — 56 teeth each.
I have examined one specimen of ArioUmax niger, J. G. Cooper, preserved in
spirit, belonging to the State collection of California, labelled and presented by
Dr. Cooper, and in all respects an authentic type. Agreeing with this type I
have other specimens from various Califomian localities, so that I believe the
species to be Well established and generally distributed along the coast of
California.
From the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mr. Anthony has
sent me a specimen, long preserved in alcohol, marked from San Mateo, Cali-
fornia. For reasons given below, I am inclined to consider this the form
described by Dr. Cooper as A. Californicus. I have had the opportunity of
examining another specimen of this form, received from Mr. Stearns, who col-
lected it near San Francisco. And recently I have examined specimens re-
ceived from Dr. Cooper.
From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received a specimen from San Mateo
County, California, which presents most decided specific differences from the
last-mentioned form, especially in its genitalia. Having considered the last-
mentioned form as A. Californicus, I was forced to consider this as A. Colum-
bianus, the only remaining described species. I had not at that time compared
1 In only one instance have I seen marginal teeth as in my figure (of PI. V. Fig. F, d).
In all other specimens examined the marginals are as figured in PI. V. Fig. E, e, with one
long cusp and one obsolete side cusp.
ARIOLIMAX. 229
it with specimens from more northern regions, whence the species was origi-
nally described, but I have now verified the identity of this form, having received
it from the original locality.
In treating these various forms,1 I have abstained from giving any descrip-
tion of their exterior markings. Such description would be unreliable, as the
specimens have been long preserved in alcohol,5 and are evidently in various
degrees of contraction. I will say, however, that I found in all the blind sac
under the mouth (well marked, though not very deep), which is suspected by
Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the olfactory nerve.
I can also here refer to several external characters not affected or obliterated
by contraction in alcohol. All the specimens have a distinct locomotive disk
to the foot. In all, the orifice of respiration is decidedly posterior to the
middle of the right margin of the mantle. The position of the anus I found in
A. Columbianus to be posterior and inferior to the respiratory orifice, with a
gutter-like groove to the edge of the mantle. The position of the orifice of the
generative organs is not so easily decided in alcoholic specimens. I have no
doubt, however, that in the living animal it is under the mantle, not close be-
hind the right tentacle. In one form, Ariolimax Californicus, there are beyond
doubt two distinct orifices; that of the male being smaller and anterior. In
Dr. Cooper's figure of A. Californicus (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873,
PI. III. Fig. D, 3) the two orifices are plainly shown, and suggested to me
the identity of my specimens with his species, especially as the external mark-
ings also agreed with his description. In A. Columbianus also there is no
common duct or cloaca, as Dr. Leidy calls it, to the genitalia, though I could
not detect more than one exterior orifice. In A. niger there can be but one
common orifice, judging from the penis entering into the common cloaca, as
shown in Fig. F of PI. XII. The same maybe said of A. Hemphilli and
A. Andersonit
The mantle is free on its margin in its whole circumference, especially in
front and on its sides as far back as the respiratory orifice. I could detect no
concentric lines or other markings on the mantle. The mantle was greatly
produced and swollen on its margins in Mr. Steam's specimen of A. Cali-
fornicus. In that and all the specimens examined I found an internal shell,
varying somewhat in thickness, but always well marked, calcareous, sub-hex-
agonal, longer than wide. In the specimen of A. Columbianus there were
decided concentric lines of groAvth on the shell, as will be seen below in my
figures, also in Andersoni and Hemphilli.
The caudal mucus pore was plainly visible in all the specimens of A. niger
which I have examined. In Fig. 133 I have figured the pore of this species. It
seems to be in two portions, one erect, triangular, at the end of the body of the
1 I have also examined A. Hemphilli and A. Andersonit Thus I have had opportuni-
ties of examining authentic specimens of all our species.
2 Since the above was written, I have received all the species alive.
230 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
animal, with another running at right angles with it in a gutter-like excavation
towards the extreme end of the tail. In A. Columbianus and A. Andersoni
the pore was quite different from this, as seen in Fig. 130. In this the erect
portion of the pore is entirely wanting, the carinated body being arched regu-
larly down to, and overhanging the foot. The longitudinal gutter-like pore is,
however, plainly visible. In numerous specimens of A. Californicus, the body
is also arched down to, and overhangs the foot. On the tail, corresponding
to the gutter-like pore of the last-mentioned form, there was no sign of any
pore, but in its place the flesh was sponge-like, without the markings which
are found on the neighboring portions of the foot. It may be, therefore,
that in these specimens the mucus pore was contracted or closed. No doubt
it exists in the living animal, and lately I have had the opportunity of seeing
it there.
Of the internal anatomy I have examined the nervous system in both A.
Californicus and A. Columbianus. The ganglia present the usual three sets,
all globular in form, and so crowded together in the subcesophageal and
superuesophageal as almost to form a continuous chain around the buccal
mass.
In these same two forms, also, I have examined the circulatory and respira-
tory organs. Within the respiratory cavity is a large, spongy, ear-shaped
organ, attached only at one point to the roof of the chamber. This I suppose
to be the renal organ, surrounding, and indeed enclosing, the heart, though it is
not so arranged in any of the genera described by Dr. Leidy. In Arion hor-
tensis he describes the nearest approach to such an arrangement.
I have, examined the digestive system of all the forms, and figured (1. c.)
that of both A. Californicus and Columbianus. In the latter (PI. II. Fig. D, F,
referred to) the buccal mass (1) is large and round, the salivary glands (4) short
and broad; the stomach (5) long and large, with a decided constriction at its
middle, and the usual cul-de-sac (6) at its extremity, at which point the biliary
ducts (7, 7) enter; from this the stomach passes into the intestine (8), which
proceeds first forward almost to the oesophagus, thence proceeds backward to
the extreme rear of the general cavity of the body, and again forward to below
the respiratory cavity, into which it penetrates upwards as the rectum (9), and
through which it passes to the anus, whose position is described above. The
intestine in its whole course winds among, and is imbedded in, the various
lobes of the liver, which latter organ is arranged as usual in Limax, Arion,
etc.
In A. Californicus (PI. XI. Fig. E, 1. c.) there is a difference in the arrange-
ment of the stomach. P>efore reaching the cul-de-sac (6), the stomach is
greatly constricted, and the eul-de-sac runs at right angles with the stomach in
an erect position, not lying on its side as I have represented it, in order to
show the connection between it and the anterior portion of the stomach, which
connection was entirely concealed by the cul-de-sac in its upright position.
ARIOLIMAX. 231
The extreme length of the digestive system is three times that of the whole
body of the animal, at least in its contracted state.
The jaw in all the forms of Ariolimax is quite thick, dark horn-colored,
arcuate; ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior surface with stout ribs,
denticulating either margin. I have figured (1. c.) the jaw of A. Colum-
bianus, which has about 12 ribs (on p. 227 another specimen with 18). In
A. Californicus, from Mr. Anthony, there were 13 ribs to the jaw; 14 in Mr.
Hemphill's specimen of the same. In A. niger Dr. Cooper describes about
20, but in one specimen I found but 8. In A. Hemphilli, I found 8-12 ribs;
in A. Andersoni, 13 ribs.
The pouch of the lingual membrane is shown in PI. II. Fig. D, 5 (1. c.) The
membrane is as usual in the Helicidaz, with tricuspid central, bicuspid lateral,
and quadrate marginal teeth, showing simply a modification of the laterals. In
Land and Fresh- Water Shells, I. p. 280, I have figured the lingual membrane
of the true northern A. Columbianus, which has the general arrangement of
Patula. See also PI. V. Fig. E. The marginal teeth are shown to have one long
denticle and a small, subobsolete side denticle. This form of marginal teeth
I have found also in one of Dr. Cooper's types of A. niger (PI. V. Fig. D), and
in A. Californicus (PI. V. Fig. F), also in A. Andersoni ? (Fig. G) and A. Hem-
philli (Fig. H). This form of marginal tooth may therefore be considered char-
acteristic of the genus, though in one specimen, supposed to be A. niger, I no-
ticed marginal teeth with the outer cusp much more developed and bifid, and
figure them in Fig. D, f, of PI. V. The gradual change from the first lateral
tooth to the last marginal tooth is well shown in Fig. H of PI. V., which repre-
sents the teeth of .A. Hemphilli.
There is no retractor muscle to the buccal mass in A. Californicus and A.
Columhianus, but a very stout, broad one to the whole head, attached to the
outer integument below the buccal mass, and running along some distance on
the floor of the general visceral cavity, to which finally it becomes attached.
Ariolimax Columbianus, Gould.
Vol. III. PL LXVI. Fig. 1.
Color a dark, dirty, greenish-yellow, either uniform or in some varieties
clouded with large purplish-black, irregular blotches. The body is large and
corpulent, the anterior portion elevated, with the back rounded, and the pos-
terior portion strongly carinated ; at the posterior tip there is a mucus pore.
The margin of the foot extends beyond the mantle and forms a ruffle around
the animal, with transversely oblique markings. The surface is tessellated with
coarse elongated papillae arranged longitudinally. The mantle is broad, truncated
in front, minutely granulated, with the respiratory orifice at the posterior third.
Face vertically wrinkled ; eye-peduncles rather short, thickened at base, colored
like the body and finely granulated ; tentacles long and slender. Length, 5£
inches.
232
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Internal plate of
A. Columbianus.
Limax Columbianus, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 43, PI. LXVI. Fig. 1 (1851) ;
U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., 3, Fig. 1, a, & (1852). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
Fig. 129. HI. 315 (1868).
Ariolimax Columbianus, MoRCH, Mai. Blatt, VI. 110. — W. G.
Binney, Am. Journ. Conch., I. 48, PL VI. Figs. 11-13;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. p. 279, Fig. 499 (1869).
Internal shell longer than broad, hexagonal, ends pointed.
Specimens referred to this species have been found in Wash-
ington Territory, Oregon, and California (Straits of Fuca to
Santa Barbara, Cooper). It therefore inhabits the Pacific Region.
In form, marking, and coloring it may be compared to
Arion empiricorum of Europe.
Dr. Cooper remarks : —
" This large slug abounds in the dense damp forests near the Pacific Coast,
and was not observed by me in the dry region east of the Cascade Mountains.
It is to be found every month of the year in Washington Territory, being even
more abundant in the rainy winter than in warmer seasons ; its activity being
checked only by extreme cold, while it cannot bear continued drought. It not
unfrequently drops from the trees, etc. This slug grows to the length of six
inches, but shrinks to a third of that size in alcohol. Its surface is smooth, not
rugose, when alive, as represented in Dr. Binney's plate, and its color is a pale
yellowish-olive, usually more or less blotched with black." (Pac. R. R. Rep.
p. 377.)
Jaw narrow, arcuate, dark horn or reddish ; anterior surface with more than
15 coarse, crowded ribs, denticulating the concave margin (Fig. 128).
Lingual membrane (see p. 231).
On PL XII. Fig. C, I have figured the genitalia of A. Columbianus, which has
a very large ovary against which the testicle lies, as in the following species.
The ovary is so large as to take up one half of the entire visceral cavity, ex-
tending completely across the body, resting on the floor of the
cavity, its ends recurved upwards so as to rest upon the liver
on the upper surface of the viscera. The body of the animal
externally is swollen by the large size of the ovary. The
oviduct is narrow, long, greatly convoluted, ending in an ex-
tremely long, convoluted vagina. The genital bladder is oval,
large, with a short, stout duct. The vas deferens, unlike that
of the following form, is as usual in the land shells. It enters
the penis at its summit, opposite the retractor muscle. The sac of the penis
is very stout, long, cylindrical. The external orifice is described above.
The caudal mucus pore described on p. 230 is here figured.
Fig. 130.
Caudal pore of
A. Columbianus.
Ariolimax Californicus, J. G. Cooper.
External characters resembling very nearly those of A. Columbianus, but
differing in the genitalia.
ARIOLIMAX.
233
Ariolimax Calif amicus, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. of Phila., 1872, 146,
PL III. Fig. D, 1-3.
In the California Province, around San Francisco, and in the Sierra Nevada
(latitude 39°) of the elevation of 3,500 feet.
Fig. 131.
A. Californicus, contracted in spirits.
Jaw (see p. 227).
The lingual membrane (PL V. Fig. F) has the same type of dentition as in
A. Columbianus, but the bases of attachment are more developed, and are pro-
duced beyond the reflection at their upper margin. There are 80 — 1 — 80 teeth,
with 9 perfect laterals.
The genital system of A. Californicus is figured in D of PL XII. The
testicle does not lie far away, imbedded in, or resting on, the upper lobes of
the liver, but lies close against the ovary, in the semicircle formed by the
recurving of the apex of the ovary upon itself. In this respect, the posi-
tion of the testicle is different from that of most slugs, and affords an ex-
cellent specific character. The testicle is kidney-shaped, as it is covered
by its investing membrane. It appears to consist of closely bound fasciculi of
short, white, tubular, not aciniform caeca. The epididymis is short, and still
more shortened by its excessive convolution. The accessory gland is partially
imbedded in the ovary. The ovary is large and distinctly lobulated. The ovi-
duct is narrow, very long, greatly convoluted. The genital bladder is oval, large,
with a short, stout duct. The penis is enclosed in a long tapering sac, termi-
nating in a decided flagellum, in which I detected no capreolus. On the end
of the flagellum is a large, globular bulb. The retractor muscle of the penis is
attached to the roof of the general visceral cavity, below the pulmonary cham-
ber. It joins the penis at the commencement of the flagellum. The vas
deferens is peculiar. It leaves the prostate gland as usual, runs
alongside of the vagina to the base of the penis, thence runs up-
wards, swelling to an enormous extent, so as to equal the breadth
of the penis, then again becomes gradually reduced to its former
size, until, as the most delicate thread, it enters the penis at the
end of the flagellum below the bulb. The penis sac did not appear
in the animal extended as drawn in the plate, but was twice
recurved upon itself. There is also a vaginal prostate, large,
ear-shaped, close to the exterior orifice of the female organs,
which, with that of the male, is described above (p. 229).
For other anatomical details, see p. 229 et seq. The internal shelly plate
there described is here figured.
Kg. 133.
234 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Ariolimax niger, J. G. Cooper.
Body long and narrow, blunt before, but little attenuated, and bluntly trun-
cated behind, with the termination of the body not arched down to the tail as
in Columbianus and Cali/ornicus, but rather erect, giving the
Fig. 133., appearance of being cleft, and showing much more plainly
the caudal gland. Mantle quite small, bluntly rounded before
and behind. Color leaden below, blackish above. Length
contacted in spirits about 30 mill. Dr. Cooper gives 2h inches
as the length of the living animal.
Ariolimax niger, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1872, 147, PI. III. Fig. B, 1-4.
Found in the California Region. I have received specimens from Oakland,
Bolinas, Santa Rosa, Healdsburg, Sonoma County. They all agree in their
genitalia, as well as in outward form.
This species preserved in alcohol is most readily distinguished by its smaller
size, dark color, subcylindrical body, and especially by its bluntly truncated
posterior termination, which is decidedly cleft at the mucus pore. The nature
of the pore is described above (p. 229).
Jaw (see p. 227).
Ariolimax niger, also (PI. V. Fig. D), has the same type of dentition as A.
Columbianus ; the side cusps of the centrals are, however, more developed. On
one specimen I found marginal teeth with one inner stout, short, rounded cut-
ting point, and two shorter, rounded, side cutting points (see Fig. F), instead
of the usual long cutting point. This is the only variation in the dentition of
the genus which I have noticed. There are about 48 — 1 — 48 teeth.
On opening the body of A. niger (PI. XII. Fig. F), the genitalia are found
in the usual place, the testicle lying quite at the rear of the visceral cavity near
the extreme point of the upper lobes of the liver, hardly imbedded in it, con-
nected with the ovary by a long epididymis. The testicle is globular in form,
composed of black, aciniform caeca. It contrasts in color with the dirty white
of the liver. Color, however, I have not found constant in the internal organs
of land shells preserved in spirits. The above-described arrangement of the
testicle is as usual in Limax, Avion, and other slugs. It forms an excellent
specific character for A. niger, the position of the testicle being quite different
in A. Cali/ornicus and A. Columbianus, as will be seen above. The epididymis
is long, convoluted at the end nearer the ovary. The accessory gland is small.
The ovary is large, yellowish. The oviduct and prostate show no unusual char-
acters. The genital bladder is large, oval, with a short duct. The penis is in
a short, stout sac, which has a bulb-like swelling at its upper extremity, where
the vas deferens enters. The latter organ has nothing of peculiar interest. A
vaginal prostate, or perhaps dart sac, is shown in p, g. The external orifice is
described above,
ARIOLIMAX.
235
A. Hemphilli, contracted in spirits.
Ariolimax Hemphilli.
From 25 to 31 mill, long, of a transparent flesh-color, much more slender
than the other known species, with a much more pointed tail. The mantle
is also longer. These characters, even in
specimens preserved in alcohol, readily dis-
tinguish the species. On dissecting the
specimens, I also found distinguishing spe-
cific characters in the genitalia (PI. XII.
Fig. G). The testicle, imbedded in the liver, is brown, composed of thickly-
packed fasciculi of long, blunt caeca; the mass formed by them is cuneiform.
The ovary is narrow and pointed. The genital bladder is small, oval, with a
short, narrow duct, which becomes much more swollen at its junction with the
vagina. The penis sac is extremely short, globular, receiving the vas deferens
at its upper posterior portion, and the retractor muscle at its farther end.
Opposite the mouth of the penis sac the vagina is greatly swollen.
Ariolimax Hemphilli, W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XI.
181, PI. XII. Fig. 7 (1875).
A comparison with my [figures of the genitalia of A. Andersoni, ColumlAanus,
Californicus, and niger will show how widely they differ from those of the
present species.
The jaw is thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated ; an-
terior surface with 8-12 decided ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. H) as usual in the genus. Teeth, 31 — 1 — 31.
A species of the Californian Province, found at Niles Station, Alameda
County, California.
From the fact of the reticula-
Fig. 135.
Ariolimax Andersoni, J. G. Cooper.
From Mr. L. G. Yates I have received specimens of an Ariolimax found in
the mountains of Alameda County, California,
tions of the surface of the animal having the
foliated appearance noticed in Arion folio-
latus, Gld., Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bl. &
Binn., and Arion Andersoni, J. G. C, I am
inclined to refer the specimens to one of
those species. I am entirely unacquainted
with the first (see Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H.,
X. 297), the second is generally distinct, the latter may be identical.1 The
specimens have all the characters of Ariolimax. They are about 35 mill. long.
1 I have lately received from Dr. Cooper, under the name of Arion Andersoni, speci-
mens agreeing perfectly with the form of Prophysaon referred to as probably undescribed
on p. 296, and PI. XIII. Fig. 5, of Ann. of Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., Vol. X. Should Dr.
Cooper's Arion Andersoni prove, therefore, to be a Prophysaon, it will retain its specific
name, while the slug before us may also retain the specific name Andersoni. See p. 239.
A- Andersoni, contracted in spirits.
236 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The jaw is as usual in the genu?, wide, low, with about thirteen broad, sep-
arated ribs, denticulating either margin. The lingual membrane is as usual.
Teeth, 48 — 1 — 48, The characters of the teeth are sufficiently shown in my
Fig. G, of PI. V. The change from laterals to marginals is very gradual, the
latter being but a simple modification of the former.
The genitalia (PI. XII. Fig. E) are very much like those of A. niger, espe-
cially in the shape of the penis sac, and the peculiar accessory organ (p, g)}
probably a vaginal prostate. The genital bladder differs some-
Fig. 136. what in shape, and also the testicle.
The rudimentary shell has decided concentric layers. The
caudal mucus pore is as in A. Columbianus.
Ariolimax Andersoni ? see W. G. Binney, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist,
of N. Y., XI. 182, PL XII. Fig. 9 (1875).
Should this not prove the species described as Arion Andersoni
by Dr. J. G. Cooper, it must receive a new name. It is a true Ariolimax,
most nearly related to A. niger. The latter species wants the foliated reticu-
lations, and has its posterior termination more blunt, with a decided lateral
cleft at the mucus pore.
PROPHYSAON.1
Animal limaciform, attenuated behind. Mantle anterior, small, obtuse be-
fore and behind, its margins free as far back as the cleft for the respiratory
Fig. 137.
Prophysaon Hemphilli.
orifice, enclosing a simple, not spiral, subhexagonal shell, which is longer than
wide. A longitudinal line around the animal just above the edge of foot, No
l Animal limaeiforme, postice acuminatum. Pallium antice positum, parvum, obtusum,
marginibus anterioribus liberis, testam simplicem, haud spiralem includens. Margo in-
fer* aninialis sulco longitudinali supra pedem posito instructs. Discus distinctus gres-
sorius nullus, Apertura respiratoria et analis ad inarginem dextrani pallii paululum
anteriorem positae. Apertura genitalis ad latus dextrum, pone et infra tentaculum
ocujigerum. Porus mucosus caudalis nullus. ,
Testa interna longa, subhexagonalis.
Maxilla leviter arcuata, costis numerosls validis (in specie unica circa XV), confertis
mijnita ; marginibus dantioulatis.
Lamina lingiulis ut in Helice ccnstituta. Dentes medians tricuspidatse, laterales bi-
cuapidataa, marginales quadratae, irregulariter cuspidat®.
Habitat in Oregon et in California. Specimina plurima collegit H, Hemphill de Astoria
u»que ad San Francisco.
PROPHYSAON. 237
distinct locomotive disk to foot, but crowded, oblique furrows running from
centre to edge. Respiratory and anal orifices on the right margin of mantle,
slightly in advance of its centre, with the usual cleft to the edge. Genital
orifice behind and below, but quite near to the right eye-peduncle. No caudal
mucus pore.
Jaw of the single species known, P. Hemphill^ thick, low, wide, slightly
arcuate, with but little attenuated ends, cutting margin without median pro-
jection ; anterior surface with 1 5 stout, irregu-
larly developed, separated ribs, denticulating Tig. 138.
either margin (see Fig. 138).
Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. I) long and
narrow. Teeth about 40 — 1 — 40, with 16 per-
fect laterals. Centrals with a base of attach-
ment longer than wide, reflection extending less >" jaw of P. Hemphilli.
than one half the length of the base, with a very
stout, short median cusp, bearing a stout, short, blunt cutting point, and on
either side a subobsolete cusp bearing a stout, bluntly rounded, short cutting
point. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical, as usual, by the suppres-
sion of the inner side cutting point and inner lower, lateral expansion of the
base of attachment. Marginals (i) low, wide, with one inner, stout, oblique
cutting point and two outer, smaller, blunt cutting points.
As in all lingual membranes, there is a difference in the development of the
cusps and cutting points on various parts. The teeth figured are the least
graceful in their outlines.
Found in the Pacific Province, in Oregon and California. Mr. Henry
Hemphill has collected specimens from Astoria to San Francisco Bay.
This genus agrees with Limax by having an internal shell, and by the posi-
tion of the genital orifice. It differs by its ribbed jaw, by the subquadrate
marginal teeth of the lingual membrane, and by the anterior position of its
respiratory orifice. The genus is allied to Avion by its ribbed jaw, its quadrate
marginal teeth of the Ungual membrane, and by the anterior position of its
Genus Limaci, Arioni et Ariolimaci affine, sed facile distinguendum. Limaci affine
est testa interna, et positione aperturae genitalis ; sed differt maxilla costata, dentibus
lingualibus marginalibus subquadratis, et positione aperturoe respirationis. Arioni simile
est genus maxilla costata, dentibus lingualibus marginalibus et positione aperturae respira-
torins ; sed differt testa interna, positione aperturae genitalis, et poro mucoso carente.
Ariolimaci affine est maxilla costata, dentibus marginalibus quadratis lingualibus, et
testa interna ; sed differt positione aperturarum, respiratoriae et genitalis, et poro mucoso
carente. De omnibus generibus supra comparatis differt etiam nostrum genus carente
disco gressorio distincto.
De genere Hibernieo Ge.omalaco differt carentibus poro mucoso caudali, disco distincto
gressorio, et positione pallii et aperturae respiratoriae (in Geomalaco valde anteriore) ;
affine est testa interna, dentibus quadratis marginalibus lingualibus, maxilla.
Ab ceteris generibus Americanis sat distinctum est.
238 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
respiratory orifice; it differs in having an internal shell, in the position of its
generative orifice, and by the want of a caudal mucus pore. The genus is also
allied to Ariolimax in having a ribbed jaw, quadrate marginal teeth to its
lingual membrane, and an internal shell ; it differs in the position of both
genital and respiratory orifices, and by the want of a caudal mucus pore. The
absence of a distinct locomotive disk to the foot distinguishes our genus also
from Avion, Limax, and Ariolimax. It is not readily confounded with any other
known American genus. The Irish genus Geomalacus is somewhat allied,
having an anterior respiratory orifice and an internal shell, and quadrate
marginal teeth. Geomalacus, however, differs from Prophysaon in having an
extremely anterior mantle and orifice of respiration close behind the right
tentacle. It also has a locomotive disk and caudal mucus pore.
Prophysaon Hemphilli.
Body blunt anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly, rounded and high on the back.
Mantle granulated, whitish with a circular ring of smoke-color above the res-
piratory orifice. Body obliquely reticulated with bluish lines, the reticulations
larger (about twelve) below each side [of the mantle, more numerous and
smaller on the posterior extremity of the body. These reticulations are sub-
divided by irregularly disposed, rounded tuberosities, with colorless interstices.
Above the foot, from the longitudinal line running around the animal to the
edge of the foot, are perpendicular lines or furrows, also bluish in color. The
foot has crowded wrinkles, running obliquely backwards from its centre to its
margins. Length of an alcoholic specimen, 40 mill. (See Fig. 13 7.)
Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bland and W. G. Binnet, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of
N. Y., X. 293, PI. XIII. Fig. 8 (1S73).
Forest Grove and Astoria, Oregon ; the variety at Oakland and Mendocino
County, California ; thus it is found in the Pacific Province.
The internal shell (Fig. 139) differs in thickness, but is always well marked,
sometimes suboval, sometimes subhexagonal, always longer than wide.
The jaw and lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. I) have been de-
Fig. 139. scribed above.
/ ^| The genitalia are figured on PI. XII. Fig. II. The testicle is
composed of black aciniform ca?ca ; it is almost completely buried
in the upper lobes of the liver, the epididymis completely so, lying
\__/ on the floor of the cavity formed by the spiral winding of the
nternal Upper l0bes. It appears to pass through one of the lower lobes to
P.HanjMUi. join the oviduct, before reaching which it is greatly convoluted.
The accessory gland of the epididymis appears to be composed of
several aciniform caeca of unequal size. The prostate gland is large. The
vas deferens is extremely long, ten times as long as the penis, and equals the
length of the whole genital system. It is attached to the side of the vagina
VERONICELLA. 239
quite to the penis sac, where it becomes free, and is spirally wound. It is
largest about half-way from the vagina to the apex of the penis sac. It enters
the penis sac at the centre of its truncated apex. The penis sac is very
short and stout, cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout. It has no re-
tractor muscle. The cloaca is very short. On the vagina, just above the
penis sac, appears on some specimens an extremely small, sac-like organ, not
figured in the plate, as I am not entirely satisfied as to its presence. It is
perhaps a r art sac, or a prostate. The ovary has the usual tongue-shaped
form. The oviduct is not much convoluted. The vagina is long, and ex-
tremely broad, several times convoluted. The genital bladder is oval, small,
with a short, stout duct entering the vagina at its upper extremity, bv the side
of the terminus of the oviduct.
This peculiarly stout, cylindrical penis sac and broad vagina were constant
in eight specimens examined, all from Astoria. In several other specimens
from Mendocino County, easily detected exteriorly by a more slender, taper-
ing body, and smaller, more rounded mantle, the penis sac was found more
elongated, the vagina less broad, the genital bladder larger, with a more deli-
cate duct. In these specimens, also, the testicle was very much larger, and was
not concealed in the liver, but only slightly entangled in it at one point, against
which it lay. The epididymis in these specimens was also free from the liver.
The genitalia of this form differ enough from those of the Astoria specimens
to warrant our belief in the existence of a second species of Prophysaon. We
have, therefore figured, also (Fig. I. of PI. XII.), the genital system of the
Mendocino County specimens. The question of specific identity is also diffi-
cult in living specimens. The digestive system of the same form is figured on
PI. XIII. Fig. 3, of Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1. c. It quite resembles that of Arion
hortensis as figured by Leidy in Vol. I. It is much moVe simple than that of
Ariolimax. The salivary glands are very broad and very arborescent, and
form a broad collar around the oesophagus and commencement of the stomach.
The last-named organ is very broad. This variety has been received by me
from Dr. Cooper under the name of Arion Andersoni. If it really be that
species, it may retain its specific name, but must be considered still a true Pro-
physaon. Cooper's description of A. Andersoni does not agree with this slug,
especially as to the presence of a caudal mucus pore.
VERONICELLA, Blainville.
Animal limaciform (Vol. III. PI. LXVII). Body oblong-oval when con-
tracted, more or less linear when extended ; mantle covering the whole
body ; foot narrow, wrinkled transversely as if composed of numerous rings,
simple posteriorly; head distinct, and capable of being retracted under the
mantle; buccal mass with a jaw and with papilla? arranged around the mouth ;
tentacles two, bifid, unequal, contractile ; eye-peduncles long and slender, an-
nulated, obtuse and oculiferous at tip. Pulmonary cavity on the right side, at
240 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
about two fifths the length of the animal, and opening, by means of a tube
running along the side, at the posterior extremity, between the mantle and the
free point of the foot, in company with the anal opening. Organs of genera-
tion separate and distant, the male organ protruding at the base of the right
tentacle ; the female opening about the middle of the right side. Mucus pore
none. No distinct locomotive disk, though by the wide overlapping of the
mantle the whole base of the animal is tripartite.
Shell none.
There are but few known species of this genus, found in South America, the
Philippines, South Africa, and the West Indies and Mexico (whence it ranges
into Southern California). Our single Florida species belongs rather to the
fauna of tropical than North America.
The name Vaginula, sometimes used^for the genus, was published several
years after Veronicella ; it is now applied to an agnathous genus resembling
outwardly Veronicella (Stolicska, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, n. s. xlii.
Part II., pp. 88-37).
The anatomy of Veronicella is given in Vol. I. PI. IV.
The contractility of the animal is very great. When extended it is very
long and slender, and smooth or faintly reticulated, three or four times as long
las when contracted; in which latter state it has an oblong form, equally
rounded at both ends, and its surface is coarsely wrinkled, granular or tuber-
culated. The tentacles are generally bifurcate at tip, or rather there is a sup-
plementary tentacle or spur, which can be protruded just short of the point of
the tentacle ; sometimes the tips are said to be even palmate. In the plate
the tentacles are simple (see below, p. 241).
It lives in families under stones and trunks of trees, and sometimes buried in
the earth. It is capable of retiring from damp places, and sometimes inhabits
very dry localities. It issues forth in the night and on wet days, when it may
be found upon trees. Its movements are very rapid ; no slimy traces are left
behind them as in the case of the Limaces.
The eggs are large and oval, ten or fifteen being joined together in a neck-
lace-like gelatinous thread, which is coiled and more or less covered with
mucas.
Jaw (Fig. 140) low, wide, thick, slightly arcuate ; ends but little attenuated,
blunt ; cutting margin without median projection ; anterior surface with numer-
ous, stout, crowded ribs, denticulating either margin, 24 in V.
J^L Floridana.
$Jj**^""^k Lingual membrane very broad, arranged as usual in the Heli-
Jaw of cvn<e, the transverse rows being, however, almost horizontal. By
Slrito™ Fi8- P of PL V' representing V. Floridana, it will be seen that
the teeth are of a very peculiar type.
The lingual membrane is long and very broad, comprising (hi the Florida
species) about 60 — 1 — 60 teeth. The centrals have their base of attachment
VERONICELLA. 241
quite small, long and narrow, attenuated to a point above, gradually enlarging
towards the base, above which are lateral, bluntly pointed, wing-like expan-
sions ; the lower margin is broad, and has a deep, rounded excavation ; in some
cases the lateral expansions are so produced as to give an almost cruciform ap-
pearance to the base of attachment; below the centre of the base of attach-
ment, on its anterior surface, is a stout, blunt, short, simple cusp, ending in a
short, stout cutting point.
The lateral teeth are very irregular in shape, but retain the bicuspid char-
acter peculiar to the Geophila ; they are longer and much wider than the
centrals ; the bases of attachment are very irregular in shape, very asym-
metrical, subquadrate or irregularly excavated above, thence curve outwards
and downwards, until at their lower extremity they exhibit the lateral expan-
sions and basal excavation of the central tooth, but both these characters are
much more developed than in the centrals, and from the want of symmetry in
the teeth are found only on the outer side of each tooth ; the upper edge is
squarely reflected, the reflection is very large, extends half-way to the lower
edge of the base of attachment, and is produced beyond that into a blunt, stout
cusp bearing a stout cutting point ; the side cusps are almost obsolete, the inner
one is much larger than the outer one, neither with distinct cutting point.
The marginal teeth are a simple modification of the laterals, being reduced to
a subquadrate shape, with the cutting point of the cusp much more produced.
I give on PI. V. Fig. P, a group of central and laterals in a, a marginal
in b.
I have not been able to examine V. olivacea, the only other species found
within our limits.
For genitalia see below, under V. Floridana.
Veronicella Floridana, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII.
Animal (contracted in alcohol) elongated-oval, about four times as long as
broad, the sides very slightly curved, and the extremities circularly rounded ;
back convex, regularly arched in every direction ; surface very slightly wrin-
kled ; color dark ashy-gray, mottled with black, with a median whitish line, on
each side of which, at about one third the distance towards the margin, is an
ill-defined stripe of black ; beneatli drab-colored ; foot occupying about one
third the width ; eye-peduncles short, annulated, the tentacles not very dis-
tinctly bifurcate. Length, 56 mill.; breadth, 18 mill.
Vaginulus Floridanus, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 17, PI. LXVII. (1851). — Leidy,
T. M. U. S., I. 251, PL IV. anat.
Veronicella Floridana, Chenu, Man. de Conch., I. 472, Figs. 3501, 3502 (1859).
— W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 305 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ.
Conch., III. p. 317 (1868).
VOL. IV. 16
242 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLI,USKS.
Jaw arcuate, narrow, ends rounded, anterior surface with 24 ribs, crenulat-
ing the concave margin. (Fig. 140.)
Lingual membrane: see pp. 240, 241. (PI. V. Fig. P.)
Has been found at a single locality, namely, at Charlotte Harbor on the west
coast of Florida.1
The above description is obviously very imperfect, inasmuch as it is drawn
from a dead and greatly contracted specimen, and as no notes of the animal
have been found excepting as to its locality. The characters, however, are
sufficiently marked to distinguish the species. From its slight reticulation, in
its contracted state, it must have been quite smooth when extended. Its colors
are similar to those of Tcbennophorus Caroliniensis, and similarly distributed.
The tentacles are not very conspicuously spurred, but the puncture for the
protrusion of a spur is manifest.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c.) A remarkable peculiarity of this
genus is the removal of the male and female portions of the sexual apparatus
from each other. The former, except the testicle and prostate gland, occupies
the usual position, but opens externally between the mouth and olfactory ori-
fice ; the latter is placed in the middle inferior part of the visceral cavity, and
opens exteriorly on the right side, inferiorly just posterior to the middle of
the body.
The testicle is situated between the posterior part of the stomach and the
liver, on the right side. It is not tabulated, but has the same aciniform ar-
rangement as in other limaciform genera. The epididymis is moderately tor-
tuous, and becomes the vas deferens at the junction of the ovary with the
oviduct. The vas deferens takes a remarkable course to get to the penis. It
is at first attached for a short distance to the commencement of the oviduct,
which it leaves, and then winds around its lower extremity, where it is joined
by a comparatively very small prostatic gland. It continues its attachment to
the lower part of the oviduct to the junction of the latter with the duct of the
generative bladder, where it receives a small duct from the duct of the latter
organ, and then passes nearly to the external female orifice, where it turns
abruptly forwards between the muscular peritoneum and the right edge of the
podal disk, and continues this course to the head. It now turns abruptly back-
wards to the right, and again appears within the visceral cavity, and passes to
the base of the penis sac.
The penis is a conico-cylindroid, contorted organ, contained within a thin,
muscular sheath. Its apex presents a small, round papilla, or glans; and into
its base is inserted the retractor muscle, which arises just anterior to the pul-
monary cavity. The lower part of the preputial sheath of the penis is joined
by the common duct of a highly developed, multifid vesicle. This latter organ
consists of twenty-five long, narrow, cylindrical, blind tubes, contorted at their
termination, and opening separately into a common tube, containing, in the
1 Stearns refers it also to Nicaragua, I but doubt its being so widely distributed.
VERONICELLA. 243
specimen examined, attached to its bottom, a narrow, cylindroid organ, which
probably may have been an uncalcified dart.
The tube formed by the prepuce and the duct of the multifid vesicle, as
previously mentioned, opens exteriorly immediately beneath the mouth. The
ovary is small and unusually lobulated. The oviduct is a narrow, cylindrical
tube, which winds forwards and then back again so as to form a double spiral,
after which it makes a curve downwards, and is joined by the duct of the
generative bladder. The latter organ is globular ; its duct is short, gradually
increases in breadth, and is spirally twisted. From the duct, as previously
mentioned, passes a small offset to the vas deferens. The common duct of the
bladder and oviduct, or vagina, is cylindrical, and just before terminating, is
joined by a short, wide tube, derived from a large, oval sac, which is filled with
a delicate, reticulated substance. This sac is peculiar to Veronicella ; its use
is problematical.
The position of the female orifice of generation has been already stated.
Veronicella olivacea, Stearns.
Animal elongated-oval, slug-shaped, sides moderately curved, ends obtusely
rounded ; substance (in alcohol) coriaceous, back convex and granulously
rugose ; color olive beneath, darker olive above ; length of body nearly four
times its width ; foot linear, not quite as long as, and one third the width of,
the body ; eye-peduncles short, annulated, with rather obscure stumpy (bifur-
cate ?) tentacles below.
Length of largest specimen, 1.74 inches. Breadth of largest specimen, .51
inch.
Habitat: Nicaragua (Occidental department), where several specimens were
collected by Mr. J. A. McNiel. This species is found also in the Upper Cali-
fornian Province, a specimen having been collected by me near Lobitos, in the
year 1866.
My collection contains three specimens, and the Museum of the Peabody
Academy of Science, at Salem, Massachusetts, numerous examples of this
species. In connection with the above measurements, it should be borne in
mind that the contraction caused by the alcohol materially affects the propor-
tions ; the animal, when alive, is undoubtedly very much longer, and somewhat
broader, than above stated.
The few species known inhabit tropical or semi-tropical climates ; the form
above described is quite distinct from V. Floridana, which is also found in
Nicaragua (Eastern department), where it was collected " under stones, Javate,
Chontales; probably the same species, but twice the size of Toro Rapids."
Vide paper " On the Land and Fresh-Water Shells of Nicaragua, by Ralph
Tate," in American Journal of Conchology, Vol. V. pp. 151 - 162. The
" Toro Rapids " specimens of Mr. Tate's collection possibly belong to the
species herein described, but it is hardly probable that the well-marked differ-
ences between the latter and V. Floridana could have escaped detection.
244 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The above is the original description from Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
Spurious Species of Veronicella.
The following species are catalogued by Grateloup among the American Vaginuli
(Dist. Geog. des Limaciens, 22). They were all described by Rafinesque, and
by him placed in his genus Philomycus (see Binney and Tryon, reprint). From
the general inaccuracy of that author, as well as the deficiency of the descrip-
tions, I think they should be excluded from this or any genus : —
Vaginulus flexuolaris, Vaginulus oxyurus,
Vaginulus fuscus, Vaginulus quailrilus.
B. notabilis, partially extended, en-
larged.
BINNEY A, J. G. Cooper.1
Animal heliciform, obtuse before, rapidly acuminated behind ; mantle sub-
central, extending anteriorly beyond the shell ; a distinct locomotive disk ; no
caudal mucus pore ; respiratory orifice poste-
rior, on the right edge of the mantle ; anal
orifice contiguous to last ; genital orifice behind
the right eye-peduncle.
Shell entirely external, ear-shaped, nearly
flat, about one third as long as the animal,
which it does not half cover when retracted.
Spire flattened, forming two horizontal volu-
tions, last whorl enormously expanded and
slightly arched. Columella distinct, entire, hiding the interior of the convo-
lutions ; peristome simple, acute. In estivation the part of the animal ex-
cluded from the shell is protected by a thick,
white, parchment-like epiphragm.
A genus of the Mexican fauna, whence it
has been introduced on Guadelupe Island
off the west coast of Mexico, and Santa
Barbara Island, coast of California.
The jaw is thick, slightly arcuate, ends
blunt ; anterior surface with six well-developed ribs, denticulating either mar-
gin, situated on the central third of the jaw, and as many subobsolete ribs on
each outer third; no median projection. (Fig. 142.)
i Animal heliciforme, antice obtusum, postice rapide acuminatum. Pallium subcen-
trale, extra testam antrorsum prolongatum. Discus gressorius distinetus. Porus mucosus
caudal is nullus. Apertura respiratoria et analis ad dextram sita, in parte posteriore niar-
ginia pallii. Apertura genitalis post tentaculani dextram oculig^ram.
Testa externa, paucispira, haliotoidea, animal non includens. Pars exclusa in hibernis
epiphragmate albido, duro, membraneo protecta.
Maxilla arcuata, costis validis exarata. Dentes linguales quadratw, centrales tricuspi-
datoe, laterales et margiuales bicuspidatse.
Fig 142.
Jaw of B. notabilii.
BINNEYA. 245
Lingual membrane, as usual in the Helicea (PI. V. Fig. K),long and narrow.
Teeth 31 — 1 — 31, with about 15 laterals, but the change into marginals is very
gradual, the latter being a simple modification of the former. My figures give
a central with the first, sixteenth, and thirty-first teeth.
See remarks under Binneya notabilis.
Binneya notabilis, J. G. Cooper.
Shell imperforate, depressed orbicular, ear-shaped, opaque, thin, light horn-
color, striated; spire scarcely elevated ; apex obtuse; suture deeply impressed ;
1^ whorls, the first half with about thirty revolving, separated, Fj 14g
prominent, abruptly ending rib-like striae, the last comprising
almost the whole shell, depressed above, very rapidly increasing ;
aperture sub-horizontal, transversely oval, very large ; peristome „ otab'ui*
thin, acute, simple ; columella arcuate, with a thin deposit of
transparent callus ; apex visible from below. Greater diameter 7, lesser,
3^ mill.; height, \\ mill.; greatest transverse diameter of aperture, 7. Of a
larger specimen, 14 mill, greater diam.
Binneya notabilis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. ScL, III. 62 (1863),
figures. — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 244 (1866). —W. G. Binney, t,. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 68, Fig. 112 (1869).
Santa Barbara Island, California ; also Guadelupe Island off the coast of
Mexico ; probably a species of the Mexican fauna.
For views of the animal, jaw, and lingual dentition, see above.
Mr. Hemphill, who has contributed so largely to our knowledge of the land
shells of the Pacific Coast, has lately visited the island of Santa Barbara.
Among the species found by him is Binneya notabilis, winch was originally
described from thence by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Mr. Hemphill has kindly sent me
living specimens, as well as others preserved in spirits. I am, therefore, able
to give a full generic description, with a figure of the animal as it appears
when half extended. I did not succeed in inducing it to protrude itself fully.
When received, the living examples were furnished with the peculiar epi-
phragm described by Dr. Cooper. On becoming again active, this epiphragm
was left entire, still adhering to the surface on which the animal had formed it.
In one individual I observed a second, inner epiphragm, simple, without the
perpendicular walls.
The Mexican genus Xanthonyx is no doubt identical with Binneya, but it
does not appear from the figures of alcoholic specimens given by Messrs. Fischer
and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Guat.) that the mantle of Xanthonyx is extended
anteriorly, and the position given by them of the respiratory orifice is different.
Should future study of the living animal prove my opinion correct, Xanthonyx
will be considered as a synonyme.
Dr. Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. Viv., VII. 4) suggests the identity of Bimieya with
Daudebardia, ignoring entirely the distinction of the first divisions now recog
246 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
nized among the Geophila of presence or absence of a jaw, or of aculeate or
quadrate teeth. By the modern arrangement these two genera are most widely
separated.
The surface of the animal is dirty white, with about seventeen vertical rows,
on each side, of dark blue or slate blotches, interrupted by the longitudinal
reticulations running parallel to the foot, but again commencing and extending
to the edge of the foot. These blotches diverge in all directions from under
the shell and mantle, running almost perpendicularly on the side of the animal,
but very obliquely in front and behind. The tail is quite keeled with oblique
blotches. These blotches also run obliquely from a median line on the fore-
part of the extended animal. Tentacles, eye-peduncles, and front of head slate-
color. Lips developed and kept constantly in motion as tentacles. The reticu-
lations of the surface are large and few.
In specimens preserved in alcohol there appears a locomotive disk. There
is no caudal pore. The respiratory and anal orifices are far behind the centre
of the mantle edge on the right of the animal. The genital orifice appears
somewhat behind the right eye-peduncle. The mantle is scarcely reflected upon
the shell, even in front. When the animal is fully extended, Dr. Cooper says
the mantle equals one fourth of its length. The mantle exudes mucus freely.
It seems fixed to the shell, not changing its position with the movement of the
animal.
One of the shells collected by Mr. Hemphill is twice as large as that whose
measurements are given by Mr. Bland and myself.
The jaw is thick, slightly arcuate, ends blunt ; anterior surface with six well-
developed ribs denticulating either margin, situated on the central third of the
jaw, and as many subobsolete ribs on each outer third ; no median projection
(Fig. 142).
Lingual membrane (PL V. Fig. K) long and narrow. Teeth 31 — 1 — 31, with
about 15 laterals, but the change into marginals is very gradual, the latter
being a simple modification of the former. My figures give a central with the
first, sixteenth, and thirty-first teeth.
The nervous ganglia and the digestive system present no peculiar features.
The genitalia are figured on PI. XI. Fig. B. The penis4sac is long, narrow,
tapering to its apex, where it receives the vas deferens ; the retractor muscle is
inserted below the entrance of the latter. The genital bladder is oval, on a
long, narrow duct. There is a small, sac-like, accessory organ, probably a dart
sac (dy s).
HEMPHELLIA.1
Animal limaciform, small, blunt in front, tapering behind. Mantle sub-
central, large, oval, greatly produced in front, free around its margin and
1 Animal limaciforme, parvum, antice obtusum, postice attenuatum. Pallium sub-
centrale, magnum, ovatum, antice valde productum, marginibus liberis. Discus gressorius
HEMPHILLIA.
247
Fig. 144.
H. glandulosa, contracted
in spirits.
Fig. 146.
Jaw of
H. glandulosa.
slightly reflected over the edges of the shell. No distinct locomotive disk to
foot. Lines of furrows run near and parallel to edge of foot, rising above the
extremity and apparently uniting over a transverse
mucus slit, overhanging which is a greatly produced horn-
shaped process. Respiratory orifice at right edge of
mantle, near its centre. Generative orifice at right
side of neck, near right eye-peduncle.
Shell external, not spiral, its edges imbedded lightly
in the mantle, very thin, unguiform, almost as large
as the mantle (in specimens preserved in alcohol).
Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate ; ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior
surface with numerous ribs denticulating either margin (Fig. 146).
Lingual membrane described below under
H. glandulosa.
Oregon Region, at Astoria.
This curious slug, by its general outline
and by the form and position of^its shell,
may be compared to Omalonyx unguis
H. glan- D'Orb, an(l the species known formerly as
Succinea appendiculata Pfr., but now usually referred to Amphibulima.
The former has, however, a jaw with the supplementary extension as in Suc-
cinea, the latter has the jaw usual in Bulimulus and Cylindrella, while neither
of them has the prolongation of the mantle. Both of those genera'also are
readily distinguished by their shell being more developed and approaching a
spiral form.
Hyalimax is distinguished from Hemphillia by its Succinea-like jaw. Other-
wise, it resembles our genus in its general outward appearance, and by its non-
spiral shell. This shell, however, in Hyalimax is almost, if not completely,
internal, while the shell of Hemphillia is entirely exposed.
Binneya, in its prolonged mantle and costate jaw, resembles Hemphillia, but
its shell is much more developed, spiral, striate and almost capable of protect-
ing, though not absolutely including, the animal when contracted.
Xanthonyx and Simpulopsis are both described with costate jaw, but they
have both highly developed, decidedly spiral shells.
Finally, from all the above-mentioned genera, and from all known sublimaci-
form genera, our genus is at once distinguished by the peculiar hump-like
distinctus nullus. Porus uiucosns transversus in apice pedis, processu coniforme valido
protectus. Apertura respiratoria ad dextram, in medio marginis inferioris pallii, genitalis
ad basin tentaculi dextri oculigeri.
Testa externa, unguiformis, subquadrata, replicatura pallii niarginorum breviter
inclusa.
Maxilla et lamina lingualis ut in Arimie constituta, dentes centrales tricuspidatae,
laterales bicuspidatse, marginales quadrats, bicuspidatae, papillis intends valde produc-
es, externis subobsoletis.
248 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
process on the tail, reminding one of the caudal process in some of tbe genera
of disintegrated Nanina.1
Hemphillia glandulosa.
Animal from 1 2 to 30 millimetres long (preserved in alcohol) ; color smoky
white, mottled with longitudinal, dark brown blotches, running obliquely from
the edge of the mantle to the foot, uniformly with the coarse granulations, of
which there are about twenty-five on either side of the animal. Caudal process
very large, triangular in profile, dark brown, with a few coarse granulations.
Shell unguiform, slightly convex, light horn-color, very thin, its edges almost
membranous, with prominent concentric lines of growth ; 5 mill, long, 3 mill,
wide in a specimen of twelve mill, length (Fig. 145).
Hemphillia glandulosa, Bland and W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N.
Y., X. 209, PI. IX. Figs. 1, 3 (1872).
Astoria, Oregon, in the Oregonian Region.
The description is drawn from specimens preserved in alcohol, due allow-
ance for which fact must be made. They were collected at Astoria, Oregon,
oy Mr. Henry Hemphill, to whom Mr. Bland and myself dedicated the genus
in return for most valuable addition to our knowledge of the land shells of the
Pacific Coast.
Jaw thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt ; cutting margin
without median projection; anterior surface with about'14 crowded, stout,
irregularly developed ribs, denticulating either margin (Fig. 146).
Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. J) long and narrow. Teeth 23 — 1 — 23,
with 11 perfect laterals. Centrals with a quadrangular base of attachment,
higher than wide. Reflection about half as long as this base, with a long,
narrow median cusp reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment,
beyond which projects slightly the short cutting point; side cusps but little
developed, but bearing short, stout triangular cutting points. Laterals like the
centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral
ano-le of the base of attachment, and the inner side cutting point. First mar-
ginal (b) with a square base of attachment, broadly reflected into a stout
cusp, bearing an inner, stout, very long, bluntly ending, oblique cutting point,
and a small outer cutting point. Outer marginals (c) low, wide, the reflection
broad, reaching the lower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing one
inner, long, oblique, blunt cutting point, and a small outer cutting point.
The genitalia are figured (PI. XU. Figs. J, K). The testicle is composed
of a large globular mass of aciniform casca. It lies loosely upon, not imbedded
in, the upper lobes of the liver. The ovary and oviduct are as usual. The
l Mr. Hemphill informs me that in the living animal this hump-like process is less
conspicuous than in specimens preserved in alcohol. The shell is central, and much
broader than the animal when in motion.
PALLIFERA.
249
genital bladder is globular, very large, on a short stout duct, entering the
vagina near its base. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, larger towards its
apex, where both the retractor muscle and vas deferens enter. In several speci-
mens examined, the penis sac appeared somewhat different. It had a large
globular bulb at its apex. The vas deferens entered beyond the middle of the
length of the sac ; it was greatly swollen before entering the sac, for a distance
equalling about one half of the length of the sac. At the commencement of
this swelling the retractor muscle was inserted. This form of penis sac is
figured in Fig. K.
The balance of the anatomy of Hemphillia seems to be as in the other slugs.
PALLIFERA, Morse.
Generic characters as in Tebennophorus with the exception of the ribs on the
jaw. This is an instance of the arbitrary separation of generally allied species
on account of the difference of one single character. This is the more unsatis-
factory, because the presence or absence of ribs on the jaw may not prove a
reliable generic character. It certainly is not so in Dentellaria (see p. 45).
Confined to the Northern Interior Regions.
Jaw stout, arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface with
stout separated ribs, 9 in P. dorsalii (Fig. 147), over 15 in P. Wetherbyi. The
jaw of the latter is arched, and has a blunt me-
dian projection, broken by the ends of the ribs.
These last are more irregularly developed also.
The arrangement of the teeth on the mem-
brane in P. dorsalis is as usual in the Helicea.
See Fig. 148. Separate teeth of the same spe-
cies are more correctly drawn on PI. V. Fig. L.
Mr. Morse gives 115 rows of 56 — 1 — 56 teeth each, with perfect laterals. In
the specimen examined by me I found 29 — 1 — 29 teeth, with 14 perfect lat-
Fig. 14"
Jaw of P- dorsalis.
Fig. 148.
Lingual dentition\>f Palli/era dorsalis.
erals, a difference sufficiently great to raise a doubt of the specific identity of the
two specimens. The central teeth have a base of attachment longer than wide,
with short lines of reinforcement running parallel to the outer edges at the
250 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
lower margin. The upper margin is reflected. The reflection extends about
one third of the length of the base of attachment ; it bears a central, stout,
well-developed cusp, and one small, little-developed, rounded cusp at each side ;
all three cusps have stout cutting points. The lateral teeth are like the cen-
trals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner cusp and cutting point,
and inner, lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachment. The marginal
teeth are low, wide, broadly reflected, the reflection equalling the length of
the base of attachment, and very irregularly denticulated, there being usually
one long, blunt, oblique, inner, bifid cutting point, the outer division much the
shorter, and several short, blunt, outer cutting points.
Pallifera dorsalis, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. LXIU. Fig. 3.
Color of upper surface ashy, with a shade of blue, an interrupted black line
extending down the centre of the back ; eye-peduncles black, about one eighth
of the length of the body ; tentacles blackish, very short. Body cylindrical
and narrow, terminating posteriorly in an acute point ; base of foot white, very
narrow, its separation from the body not well defined. Upper surface covered
with elongated and slightly prominent glandular projections, the furrows be-
tween indistinct. Respiratory orifice very minute, situated on^the right side,
about one eighth of an inch behind the insertion of the eye-peduncle. The
mantle is closely connected with the body. Length, 1,8 mill.
Philomycus dorsalis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 174 (1842) ; Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1841, 52. — Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163 (1842). —
Gray k Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat, 159. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
317 (1868).
Limax dorsalis, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 22 (1843).
Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 24, PL LXIII. Fig. 3 (1851). —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 31 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 301 (1869). — Gould
and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 460 (1870).
Pallifera dorsalis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 8, Fig. 5 ; PI. III. Fig. 6 (1864).
Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, thus appearing a species of the North-
ern Region. From Kentucky I have received specimens of this or an allied
species ; it may therefore extend into the Interior Region.
This animal is found in woods and forests, in the soil under decaying trunks
and logs. It is lubricated by a watery mucus which is not secreted in quantity
sufficient to preserve its life when removed from its native haunts and exposed
to the air. It is even difficult to preserve it long enough for examination, as
it becomes dry, diminishes in bulk more than one half, and dies. We have
seen many specimens. They were very active in their movements, and one of
them suspended itself by a thread of mucus, in the manner of the Limaces. It
sometimes climbs trees. Our specimens were found in Vermont. Dr. Gould
has recognized this or a similar species near Boston.
PALLIFERA. 251
It is quite possible that this is one of the species described by Rafinesque ;
but from the poverty of his descriptions, we are unable to identify it with either
of them.
When Dr. Binney for the first time procured this animal, not being able to
distinguish the separation of the margin of the mantle from the edge of the
foot, he felt assured that it must be a species of Rafinesque's genus Philomycus,
and he accordingly described it as such. Having an opportunity since that
time of examining several of them, he noticed, on throwing some of them into
alcohol for preservation, that the contraction caused by the liquor revealed
and detached the mantle from its adhesion. Its characters, therefore, corre-
spond with those of the present genus.
For jaw and dentition, see above and PI. V. Fig. L.
Pallifera Wetherbyi.
From near the mouth of Laurel River, Whitley County, Kentucky, Mr. A. G.
Wetherby collected many specimens of what appeared to be a small species
of Tebennophorus. It was readily distinguished from the numerous young of
T. Caroliniensis found in the vicinity by the arrangement of the blotches of
color, they being in irregular, interrupted, transverse bands, instead of running
longitudinally as in that species. The anterior portion of the body seemed also
to be more swollen, and the posterior extremity to taper more rapidly than in
Caroliniensis. On examining the jaw I found it to be ribbed, a character pla-
cing the slug in the genus Pallifera. The presence of ribs was verified in four
individuals. Small specimens of T. Caroliniensis from the same locality had
the usual ribless jaw of Tebennophorus. It appears, therefore, that the slug
must be considered a new species of Pallifera. I have named it after its dis-
coverer. It is difficult to draw more satisfactory specific characters from speci-
mens preserved in alcohol. One of them in its contracted state measures 12
millimetres in length. Subsequently, I received specimens in which the blotches
run longitudinally.
Pallifera Wetherbyi, W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XI. 31,
PI. II. Fig. 12 (1874).
Jaw arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior surface with decided,
separated, unequal ribs, denticulating either margin, about 15 on one specimen,
those at the ends being less developed than on the balance of the jaw ; cutting
edge with a decided, short, blunt, median projection. (See plate referred to.)
The lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. M) has 35 — 1 — 35 teeth, with 13 perfect
laterals. The teeth are different from those of P. dorsalis, and nearer those of
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. The side cusps of the centrals and laterals are
subobsolete, and have no distinct cutting points; the median cusp is much more
produced, stouter, and bears a stout, blunt, cutting point. The marginal teeth
are not so wide, they are less irregularly denticulated, having usually one long,
stout, blunt, oblique, inner cutting point, and one shorter side cutting point.
252 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
HELIX, Lin.
In common with all who have studied the Pfeifferian genus Helix, I am con-
vinced of the necessity of recognizing among its species numerous distinct
genera. I have, however, up to this time eliminated those species only whose
jaw has no distinct ribs upon its anterior surface. The balance of the species
I retained grouped as subgenera only. Before recognizing these groups as
distinct genera, I desired to wait until we can ascertain whether generic char-
acters can be found in the jaws and lingual dentition as well as in the shells.
Convinced that characters cannot be found in these organs or in the genitalia,
I now adopt the dismemberment of the genus so much demanded by the num-
ber of its species, founding the distinction on the shell alone. I shall discuss
the constancy of the jaw and lingual dentition under each group, as far as our
material will allow. In this place I will merely mention that in general terms
it may be said that Po?natia, Tachea, Euparypha, Arionta, and Aglaja have
few, separated ribs, usually grouped near the centre of the jaw, leaving both
extremities without ribs. Mesodon, Triodopsis, and Polygyra have numerous,
separated ribs spread over the whole of the jaw. Stenotrema has numerous
stout, crowded ribs also spread over the whole surface of the jaw. The ribs
are also numerous, crowded, and similarly disposed in Strobila, Gonostoma,
Dorcasia, and Fruticicola, but they do not so deeply denticulate both margins
as in the genera mentioned above. All the above have a high jaw. The fol-
lowing have a much lower jaw ; Vallonia, with numerous crowded ribs slightly
denticulating the margins, especially the lower one; Acanthinida, with similar
ribs, but quite arched ; Glyptostoma, with still more numerous, separated ribs,
deeply denticulating either margin ; and Polygyrella, with more numerous ribs,
and proportionally much wider to its height than in any of the other North
American subgenera. Thus there seems to be some distinctive subgeneric
character to the jaw. It must, however, be borne in mind that there are
exceptions in some of the subgenera where the species are numerous ; thus, in
Arionta I found numerous ribs in ruficincta, though the other species have but
few. The number, disposition, and size of the ribs vary within certain limits
in different individuals of the same species. I have repeatedly found this to be
the case.
In regard to the generic value of the type of lingual dentition, I can only say
in general terms that within certain limits it may prove reliable. Here again,
however, we find the type of dentition inconstant when many species are
known. Thus in Arionta we find Townsendiana quite differing from the other
known species (see below). In Mesodon, also, I find two quite distinct types
of dentition, and under each genus I have pointed out the variation observed.
I am convinced that the presence or absence of side cusps to central and lateral
teeth is not a reliable subgeneric character. The same may be said of the side
cutting points. The marginal teeth offer more reliable characters. They are
HELIX. 253
very peculiar in Vallonia and Strobila, in being very low and wide, and having
numerous cutting points, quite resembling those of Pupa. In Mesodon, Trio-
dopsis, and Arionla, the marginals are longer than wide, with only two, some-
times bifid cutting points. In Stenotrema and Polygyra they are rather wider
than long, also with two more bluntly bifid cutting points. It must be borne in
mind, however, that my observations have not led me to believe these charac-
ters sufficiently constant to be of generic value. There is also some variation
in the mode of passing from lateral to marginal teeth, even in the same genus ;
in some cases the transition being made simply by a gradual modification of
form, in others by the splitting of the inner cutting point. These points will
be treated more fully under each genus.
Descriptions of the genitalia of each species observed are given below. A
few general remarks are here added on the general arrangement of the organs
in the group of genera formerly known as Helix, including even the Zonites,
for the purpose of more convenient comparison.
The testicle, very unlike that of slugs, is imbedded or commingled with the
parenchyma of the posterior or superior lobe of the liver; and, instead of hav-
ing an aciniform appearance, it is composed of fasciculi of short caeca. It is
usually of a lighter color than the liver. The epididymis is long, and generally
very much convoluted, and contains a white, silky, tenacious substance, often
distending the tube to a considerable degree, composed of spermatozoa. At
its junction with the prostate gland, it always receives the duct of a small acces-
sory gland, composed in different species of Helix, of from three to nine acini.
The prostate gland is generally larger than in the Limaces.
The vas deferens generally corresponds in length with the curve passing
from the termination of the prostate gland downwards to the cloaca, and thence
to the summit of the penis. Generally, it is a white, narrow, cylindrical, fre-
quently undulated tube. Sometimes it is distinctly and strongly muscular. In
some species at its commencement it presents a dilated and glandular appear-
ance. In Patula solitaria it is much dilated, annulated, and glandular at its
termination. In most instances it joins the summit of the penis sac ; in some,
however, it joins the penis sac at the side, very near the summit.
The penis sac varies very much in form and size ; most usually it partakes
of a conico-cylindroid form. In some species it is very large and long, cylin-
drical, collapsed, and flaccid. In others it is long, clavate, and bipartite at the
summit, or it is short, stout, and clavate. In many species it has a thick, pre-
putial membrane, originating around its base, and rising upwards so as to
envelop it for one or two thirds of its extent. In M. profunda the base of the
penis protrudes into a sheath joining the cloaca, in the form of a cone with its
apex bent upon itself. In Z. suppressus, it is wholly enveloped in a sheath
derived from a tubular offset from the duet of the generative bladder.
The muscular tunic of the penis is thick and strong. The internal lining
mucous membrane usually presents a number of large rugae, longitudinal and
254 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
oblique ; frequently there is but a single, large, longitudinal fold. At the point
of entrance of the vas deferens there is generally one or two pendant, valve-
like folds of the lining membrane.
In some species the surface of the membrane is everywhere distinctly papil-
lated ; in the others it is smooth.
The retractor muscle is, in almost all cases, inserted into the summit of the
penis, or into the vas deferens near its termination in the latter. In the ex-
cepted cases it is inserted into the side of the penis, above its middle. In
multilineata there are some accessory fibres passing from the latter to the
prepuce ; in profunda to the base of the penis ; in albolabris, tridentata, etc.,
from the vas deferens to the prepuce. The penis joins at its base the cloaca.
The ovary has the same general form and color as in slugs, but rarely pre-
sents anything more than a trace of lobuli, usually having a uniform, homo-
geneous appearance. The oviduct does not differ from that of the slugs. Its
neck is usually narrow, and of variable length, and is joined at the lower part
by the duct of the genital bladder, to form the vagina. In multilineata, the neck
is long, dilated at its lower part, and strongly muscular, and its internal surface
presents a number of longitudinal rugae. In profunda and fuliginosus, it is long,
cylindrical, and strongly muscular.
The genital bladder, constantly existing, presents considerable variation in
the form, size, and length of the duct. It is generally subrotund, oval, or
pyriform in shape, and large. The duct is sometimes wide, as long as the ovi-
duct, and dilated at its lower part. In other cases it is as long as the oviduct,
and narrow, or it is rather more than half the length of the oviduct. In the
remaining cases, generally, the bladder reclines upon the lower part of the
prostate gland, and its duct is about the length of the neck of the oviduct. In
some it does not reach the prostate gland, and so gradually passes into its duct
as to be a mere long, ca?cal tube. In others the duct of the bladder is as short
as that of Arion. Usually, the surface of the bladder is smooth; in profunda
and exoleta it is transversely folded ; in fuliginosus it is regularly, longitudi-
nally folded. In midtilineata the duct of the bladder at its termination dilates,
and is strongly muscular. In solitaria the lower third is dilated. In fullffinosus
and profunda it is strongly muscular, the greater part of its extent. In albo-
labris, palliata, tridentata, etc., it is dilated to the size of the bladder, is strongly
muscular, and internally presents a number of regular, longitudinal folds, some-
times undulated at the sides, extending to the lining of the bladder in the form
of line-like plicae. In ligerus, intertextus, gularis, and suppressus, an offset from
the duct of the bladder passes down, and encloses the penis, dart sac, and cloaca.
The vagina, or common duct of the oviduct and duct of the genital bladder,
holds no correspondence with the length of the penis; it is always shorter,
usually not more than one third the length, and is also narrower. In fullglnosus
it is surrounded by a thick, glandulous body.
In ligerus, intertextus, gularis, and suppressus there exists, opening into the
cloaca, a curved, cylindrical, strongly muscular dart sac, longer and narrower
HELIX. 255
than the penis. The bottom of the tube, for one fourth the length of the
latter, is occupied by the papilla from which arises the dart. The muscular
layer, for more than half the length of the tube, at the middle of the latter
closely envelops the dart, and terminates abruptly below in a sort of papilla,
from which the point of the dart projects into the lower part of the tube. The
dart is usually a very long, narrow, curved, cylindrical, tubular, flexible, calca-
reous spiculum, terminating in a sharp spear-point. At the base of the dart
there opens into the dart sac, in ligerus and suppressus, a single, short, pyriform
follicle, the simplest homologue of the multifid vesicle. In intertextus and gularis
there is a pair of such follicles. Those organs, the dart sac and multifid vesicles,
so common in European species, are very rare in American species excepting
Arionta, which also usually has the flagellate form of penis. A rudiment, or
simplest condition of the multifid vesicles, only exists in intertextus and
gularis, in which there is a single pair of follicles, and ligerus and sup-
pressus, in which there is but one short follicle. The dart sac exists cer-
tainly in the four latter species, probably in Berlanderiana. In the species
of the West Coast now referred to Arionta, the dart sac is very common, and
also various complications of vaginal prostates described under each species ;
the duct of the genital bladder has often a long, accessory duct.
The above summary, however imperfect, will serve to show how very vari-
able are the genital organs. They cannot be relied on as generic characters,
but are often of great value in distinguishing species.
Doubtful, Spurious, Extralimital Species of Helix.
The following list does not contain the names of our species of dismembered
Helix : —
Helix (Sheppard, Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, I. 194). — Shell thin,
conoidal, perforated ; spire very flat ; margin of lip reflected.
Common in the same place as the above (H. hortcnsis, Plains of Abraham,
Quebec) ; it is a much less shell, with a brown epidermis ; the penultimate
whorl has an elevated white ridge near the aperture, which appears to be some
remains of the last year's lip. (Sheppard.) [= //. rufescens ?]
Helix Sagraiana, D'Orbigny, a Cuban species, is erroneously attributed to Cali-
fornia (on the authority of Sowerby) by Pfeiffer (Mon. I. 325) and Car-
penter (Report, p. 214).
Helix Sandiegoensis, Lea, is mentioned by name only by Gould, Pac. R. R. Rep.,
V. 331.
Helix attenuate, Lake Superior, etc., is given without description by J. de C.
Sowerby, in Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana (III. 315), together with
Helix gularis,
Hili.r rudis, and
Helix paludosus (= H. minuta).
Helix angulata, Sheppard, is quoted as a synonyme of Planorbis campanulatus,
by J. de C. Sowerby, in Fauna Boreali-Americana, III. 315.
Helix pallida, Budgin, Virginia, is quoted as a synonyme of an unnamed Helicella
ly G. B. Sowerby (Tankervdle Coll., 37), and
256 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix corrugata, Budgin, is quoted by the same (p. 42) as a synonyme of Limncea
corrugata, and
Helix viridata, Budgin, Virginia, is quoted by the same (p. 43) as a synonyme of
Paludina viridis, and
Helix imperfecta, Budgin, is quoted by the same (p. ix. of Appendix) as a syno-
nyme of Melania inermis.
Helix minuta, True (Proc. Essex Inst., II. Pt. 2, p. 193, Salem, Mass., I860).—
Shell minute, rounded conical, smooth, apex obtuse ; epidermis of a uniform
reddish horn-color ; whorls 4, rounded above and below, with a well-defined
suture ; aperture rounded, lip simple and thin, umbilicus broad and deep. Diam-
eter about one-twentieth inch.
Helix peregrina (Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Coq., IV. 57, 1830). — Ovale, imperforee ;
les tours de spire ecartes, decroissants egalement, l'ouverture ovale.
Schwet. Einl. in Conch., II. Tab. IV. Fig. 11. Se trouve dans les iles de la
cote ouest de l'Amerique. (Bosc).
Helix Rowelli, Newcomb (see L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 185), has been accredited to
Arizona, but not on undoubted authority. I have not included here the Lower
California species, for which see pp. 20, 21.
Helix radiata, Lister (Europe and Virginia), of Bosc, Hist., IV. 32, appears to
be H. altcrnata, as reference is given to Lister's figure of that species.
Helix trivolvis, Eaton (Zool. Text-Book, p. 194) = Planorbis.
Helix bicarinatus (id. 194) = Planorbis.
Helix parvus (id. 195) = Planorbis.
Helix catascopius (id. 195) = Limncea.
Helix htterostrophus (id. 195) = Physa.
Helix subcarinatus (id. 195) = lAoplax.
Helix Virginica (id. 195) = Melania.
Helix vivipara (id. 196) = Vivipara contectoides.
Helix decisa (id. 196) = Melantho.
Helix Cumberlandicus, Lea, of Wheatley's Cat. II. S. p. 18, is the same, I pre-
sume, as Patula Cumberlandiana.
Helix immitissima, Lea, of the same, p. 19 = H. minutissima ?
Helix pallida, Say, of same = H. palliata ?
Helix depicta, Grateloup, Soc. Lin. Bordeaux, XI. 399, PI. I. Fig. 12(1839). —
Shell subglobose, conic, imperforate, thin, white, very delicately striate, orna-
mented with varied lines and interrupted bands ; lip simple, acute.
This pretty shell has some points of resemblance with Helix pisana, 'Mull.,
but is smaller and not umbilicated. The internal edge of the right lip is white
instead of rose. The upper surface is covered with numerous yellowish-brown
bands, more or less deep, interrupted by oblique lines of same color. Five
whorls. Height, 11 mill.; diameter, 15 mill.
Island of St. Thomas ; New Orleans. (See L. & Fr.-VT. Sh. I. p. 187, Fig. 327.)
Helix Pisana, MuLLER, United States. — Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. 119. — Gkay,
Turton's Manual. Forces, Brit. Ass. Rep., 1840, 145. See Bost. Journ.,
III. 4S9. This species is not known to exist in America at the present day
(1878).
HELIX. 257
Helix Trumbulli, Linslet, Shells of Conn. (Sill. Journ. [i], XLVIII. 280), =
Skenca scrpuloides. See Vol. IV. 125.
Helix pelt lucida, Fabricius = Vitrina Angelica.
Helix arbustorum. See Vol. IV. 124, and Adams, Cat. Cabinet, 32. Does not
inhabit America.
Helix hieroglyphica, Beck, Ind. Am. Sept. ? See Vol. IV. 124.
Helix dornestica, Strom. See Vitrina Angelicas.
Helix dealbata, Say = Bulimulus.
Helix corpuloides. See Vol. IV. 124.
Helix Bonplandi, Lamarck. See Vol. IV. 124. Jay, Cat., ed. 2, 33. Ten-
nessee.
Helix haliotoides, Fabricius, Fauna Grbenl., 390 (1780) = Sigaretus.
Helix heligmoidea, D'Orb. (Ophiogyra), is said to have been found by Mr. H.
Moores in 1849, in the Zoot Hills of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, about
five miles south of Coloma, and about a quarter of a mile south of Weber Creek,
under an old log ; a single old specimen.
The species is described from Guyaquil, Columbia, South America,
Helix virginea, Wood, Ind. Suppl., p. 21, Fig. 19 = Mela.nia Virginica.
Helix urceus, Muller, Dillwyn, Cat., II. 918 = Ampullaria.
Helix fuscata, Born, Mus. Vind., 1780, 390, PI. XVI. Fig. 17. Virginia.
Helix irrorata, Say — H. lactea, Muller. See VoL IV. 124. Does not now
exist in America.
Helix rastellum, Beck, Ind., 8. Am. s.
Helix pcrsonata, Lamarck, Ohio. Jay, Cat., ed. 2, 36, 1836, and Villa, Disp.,
14, 1841.
Helix punctata, Dillwyn, Cat., II. 899, is from Martinique, not Virginia.
Helix rudcrata, Studer, Anthony, Ohio Cat., No. 31 = striatella?
Helix variabilis, Drap., North America. See Forbes, Brit. Ass. Rep., 1840,
145; see also Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 489 ; Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 48.
Helix {Eurycratcra) lineolata, Lam., is erroneously quoted from North America by
Beck (Index, 45).
Helix Stecnstrupii, Morch. Greenland. I can find no description of it. Vide
Vol. IV. 117.
Helix subcarinata, Wood (Index, Suppl., PI. VII. Fig. 13) = Leptoxis.
Helix dissimil is, Wood (Index, Suppl., PI. VII. Fig. 18) = Melantho decisa.
Helix decisa, Wood (Index, Suppl., PI. VII. Fig. 19) = Lioplax subcarinata.
Helix bidentifera, Phillips (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., I. 27, 1841), North
Carolina = H. barbula, Charp., of Portugal (1. c. p. 133).
Helix palustris, Rackett = Limncea palustris.
Helix angulata, Rackett = Planorbis bicarinatus.
Helix albella, Dillwyn, Cat., II. 890. Virginia.
Fossil Species of Helix.
Dr. Meek furnishes the following list of fossil species : —
Helix Leidyi, Hall & Meek, Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., Boston, V. 394, new ser.
Helix amplexus, Meek & Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861, 431.
= Planorbis amplexus, M. & H., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1857, 135.
VOL. IV. 17
258
Terrestrial air-breathing mollusks.
Helix spatiosa, M. & H. (Macrocycli^ proc, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861,
446.
Helix vilrina, M. & H . (Macrocyclis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861, 447.
Helix Ncbraseensis, M. & H. (Macrocijclis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861,
431. = H occidentalis, M. & H. 1. c. 1857, 135 (non Recluz, 1845).
Helix vctusta (nom. trans, ob. H. v. Mor. & Dr., 1857, J. C. (2), II. 153), M. &
H., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1860, 431 = //. vitrinoidcs, M. & H., 1. c,
1857, 135 (non Deshayes, 1830).
Helix Evcmsi, M. & H., 1. c, 1860, 175.
Helix obliqua, M. & H., 1. c, 1857, 134.
Helix Strang 'ulata, Adams. See Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1877, 273.
.in adopting as generic the groups formerly considered as subgeneric only,
the synonymy of the species is in many cases affected. Thus the name
diodonta, preoccupied in Helix, has precedence as a Mesodon. I have, however,
thought it best to retain the well-established specific name in all cases, to avoid
future confusion.
The external generic characters of the animal of the various groups now
recognized as genera do not differ. I refer therefore for them to Patula, the
first >^enus of dismembered Helix included in this work.
Fig. 149.
STROBILA, Morse.'
Animal as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated, globose conic or depressed, obliquely and coarsely striated,
smoother below ; whorls 5 or 6, the last globose ; aperture Innately rounded ;
peristome thickened, reflected ; the parietal wall and base
of the last whorl each with two or more entering revolv-
ing laminae.
An American genus; one of its species, however, is also
found in Jamaica.
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenu-
ated, blunt ; cutting margin without median projection ;
anterior surface with (over twelve in labyrinthica, numer-
AnimalofS. labyrinthica ous jn Hubbardi) crowded ribs, denticulating either mar-
(Morse). . ., , , . , . .
gin, and more developed on the centre or the jaw.
Lingual membrane of labyrinthica as usual in Hclicea, long and narrow, with
78 rows of 13 — 1 — 13 teeth each, with 5 per-
fect laterals. Morse figures 6 laterals. Cen-
trals with a base of attachment about square,
upper edge broadly reflected ; reflection very
short, bearing a long, slender, median cusp
reaching the lower edge of the base of attach-
ment, with a short cutting point extending
slightly beyond it ; side cusps very small, each bearing a short cutting point.
Fig. 150
Jaw of S. labyrinthica.
i Journal Portland Society Nat. Hist., 7. 26 (1864).
STROBILA. 259
Lateral teeth like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the
inner lQwer angle of the base of attachment, and the inner side cusp and side
cutting point. Outer laterals gradually changing into the marginals, which are
low, wide, with a reflection equalling the base of attachment, and furnished
with numerous (about five) subequal, short cutting points, the inner one longest
and bifid (PI. V. Fig. O).
Morse mentions no ribs on the anterior surface of the jaw, but they are well
developed on the specimen examined by me.
3. Hubbardi, a specimen from Bonaventure Cemetery near Savannah, kindly
opened by Mr. Bland, furnished a jaw and lingual membrane. Jaw long, low,
slightly arcuate, ends acuminated; no median projection to cutting edge; ante-
rior surface with numerous crowded ribs, denticulating either margin. Lingual
membrane with 14 — 1 — 14 teeth, 5 laterals. All the teeth like those of 5. laby-
rinthica (PI. V. Fig. N).
There are no known species foreign to North America, with winch to com-
pare the dentition and jaw of labyrinthica and Hubbardi.
Strobila labyrinthica, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XVII. Fig. 3.
Shell umbilicated, globose-conic, brownish horn-color, with stout ribs above,
and below lighter with arborescent wrinkles ; spire obtuse ; umbilicus narrow,
pervious ; aperture scarcely oblique, lunately rounded ; peristome briefly re-
flected, thickened ; parietal wall with three revolving, deeply entering, parallel
lamina?, the central further within the aperture and less developed, and around
the axis one stout lamella-like rib not reaching the columella ; on the base of
the outer whorl are two short, deeply seated internal revolving rib-like lamina?.
Greater diameter, 2\ mill.; height, If mill.
Helix labyrinthica, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. 124 (1817) ; Nich. Encycl., ed.
3, IV. (1819); ed. BlNNEY, 10. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, III. 393,
PI. XXVI. Fig. 1 (1837); Terr. Moll., II. 202, PI. XVII. Fig. 3. — Gould,
Invertebrata, 184, Fig. 106 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, ICO (1842). —
Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38; Hist., PI. LI. B, Fig. 1. — Pfeiffek, Symbols,
11. 31; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 416. — Chemnitz, 2d ed. I. 382, t. LXVI. Figs.
17-20. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 728;(1852). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 39, PI.
III. Fig. 31 (1842). — Deshayes in FEk., I. 210. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 95; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 84 (1869). — Morse, Amer. Nat., 1. 545,
Figs. 41, 42 (1867). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 415 (1870).
Strobila labyrinthica, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., I. 26, Figs. 64-67, PI. II. Fig.
12, a, b ; PL VIII. Fig. 68 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 259 (1866).
A post-Pleiocene1 species, now found over all of the Eastern Province. It
1 Woodward (Man. 384) refers an extinct English Eocene Helix to this species. I have
seen no specimens of it. Mr. Bland writes me that he has received from France a fossil
shell under the name of //. labyrinthicula, apparently identical with our species.
Whiteaves (Can. Nat., VIII. 56) says //. labyrinthica has been found in Upper Eocene
at Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, and in the Paris basin.
260
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig 151.
may perhaps, also, have been noticed in Mexico under the name of H. Slrebeli,
Pfr. (see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat.).
Mr. Morse has lately given the following description of the internal laminae
which characterize this species : —
" The shell has been described as having one revolving tooth within the
aperture, and sometimes a second one terminating farther within the aperture.
I have always found this second one constant,
and also a third one, but slightly raised between
these two. At the base of the shell and far
within the aperture are two more revolving ribs,
running about a third of one volution. These
are plainly visible through the substance of the
shell. A heavy columellar tooth or rib extends
from a slight distance within the aperture, nearly
one volution back. This columellar tooth thick-
ens the substance of the shell in the umbilical
region, and causes a distinct fold without the shell. A most singular feature is
revealed in the structure of the parietal laminae.
ing power, small swellings are seen at
S. labyrinlhica, enlarged.
With an ordinary magnify-
Fir- 152.
Parietal laminae of 5. labyrinthica.
close intervals along these laminas,
which, when magnified four hundred
diameters, are seen to be surmounted
with from five to ten sharp spines
pointing towards the aperture. These
swellings appear to coincide in num-
ber and position with the raised ribs
without the shell, though they are
not formed at the same time ; for as
these laminae approach the aperture
they become attenuated and disappear. The surface upon which these laminae
rest is granulated, and not smooth, as is generally the case with the interior of
shells. It is difficult to imagine the use of these spiny projections, unless they
may act in some way as points of resistance to the animal for the support of a
very heavy shell."
Jaw (see p. 258).
Lingual membrane with 78 rows of 13 — 1 — 13 teeth each; centrals tricus-
pid, central cusp very long ; laterals of same shape, but bicuspid ; marginals
low, broad, serrated. (PI. V. Fig. O.)
Strobila Hubbardi, Brown.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, obliquely striated above, smooth below,
reddish horn-color ; whorls A\ - 5, convex, regularly increasing, the last but
sbVhtly descending ; umbilicus wide ; aperture quite oblique, subcircular ;
GONOSTOMA.
261
Fig. 153.
peristome thickened, somewhat reflected, white, not covering the umbilicus ;
internal laminae four, two upon the parietal wall of the aperture, of which
the upper one is much more developed than the lower; the two remaining
ones placed deep within the last whorl on its base. Greater diameter, 2h mill.;
height, l£ mill.
Helix Hubbardi, A. D. Bkown, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1S61,
333. _\v~. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 86 (1869).
Strobila Hubbardi, Teyox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 259 (1866).
Helix Vendrijesiana, Gloyxe, Journ. de Conch., XI. 333, 1871.
Found near Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas, Bonaventure
Cemetery, near Savannah, Georgia. It thus must have a wide
range over the Southern Region. It was subsequently discovered
at Bellevue, in the Parish of St. Andrew, Island of Jamaica, and
described as H. Vendryesiana. Gloyne mentions the parietal
lamella only, but there are others as described by Brown. The species is, in
fact, allied to .S'. labyrinthica, Say, and not to Polygyra paludosa, to which group
it is referred by Gloyne.
The distribution of S. Hubbardi is certainly curious, but it may be observed
that S. Strebeli, Pfr., which is extremely like, if not identical with, labyrinthica,
belongs to the Mexican fauna.
For jaw and lingual dentition (PI. V. Fig. N), see p. 258.
Genitalia not observed.
GONOSTOMA, Held.
Animal as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, arctispiral, often lightly hirsute ;
whorls 5-7, gradually increasing, the last angular or acutely carinated above ;
aperture oblique, narrow, lunate, quite often sinuous ; peristome reflected,
thickened, often heavy ; parietal wall without tooth-like processes.
A European and Mediterranean genus, found also in the Canaries and at
TenerifFe. In North America it is only represented in the California Region,
and by one species only.
Von Martens describes the jaw of Gonostoma as having distinct ribs. Moquin-
Tandon so figures that of obvolula, Mull., lenticula, Fe'r., and Rangiana, Fer ; and
Gassies (Journ. de Conch., XV. 186 7, 15) so de-
scribes that of //. constricta, B. Our single spe-
cies has a jaw (Fig. 154) low, wide, slightly arcu-
ate, ends scarcely attenuated, blunt ; cutting margin
without median projection ; anterior surface with a
strong transverse, line of reinforcement, and numer-
ous (about twelve) wide, crowded ribs de.nticulating either margin.
The lingual membrane of obuoluta is described by Goldfuss (1. c. 45) with a
type of central teeth differing from that I have shown in Yalesi. This last hag
Fig. 154.
Jaw of G. Yatesi.
262
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
its lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. Q) long and narrow ; teeth 24 — 1 — 24, with
6 perfect laterals. Centrals with the base of attachment longer than wide, with
expanding lower lateral angles, and squarely reflected upper margin ; reflection
large, stout, bearing small but distinct side cusps, with short, blunt cutting
points, and a long, stout median cusp reaching the lower edge of the base of
attachment, beyond which projects the long, acute cutting point. Laterals like
the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral
angle of the base of attachment, and the distinct inner side cusp and cutting
point. Marginals subquadrate (b), a simple modification of the laterals, the re-
flection being more developed, and bearing one inner, oblique, long, blunt cut-
ting point, and one smaller side cutting point ; the extreme marginals (c) are
rather wider than high, and the cutting points are bluntly rounded.
Fig. 155.
Gonostoma Yate3i, J. G. Cooper.
Shell globosely planulate, equally depressed above and below, widely umbil-
icated, thick, smooth, scarcely marked with incremental stria?, horn-colored ;
spire sunken, apex obtuse ; whorls Qh, slightly convex, each
one raised above the preceding one, the last tumid, obsoletely
carinated, descending at the aperture ; aperture, oblique, lat-
eral ; peristome thickened, white, its extremities far removed,
scarcely reflected, above deflected and sinuous ; umbilicus very
wide, showing all the whorls. Greater diameter 9, lesser 7
mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Ammonitdla Yatesii, J. G. Cooper, Am. Journ. Conch., IV.
209, PI. XVIII. Fig. 1-14, figure reversed (1869).
G. Yatesi.
In the California Region, in Calaveras County, California,
at Cave City.
Jaw and lingual membrane: see above p. 261 (PI. V. Fig. Q).
Genitalia unobserved.
POLYGYRA, Say.
Animal heliciform ; mantle posterior ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated or perforated, orbicularly flattened, obliquely and costu-
lately striate ; whorls 5- 7^, gradually increasing, the last anteriorly constricted,
briefly deflected, inflated below, devious, the penultimate
whorl plainly conspicuous, very often constricting the
rimate umbilicus; aperture subreniform, or irregularly
sinuate ; peristome narrowly reflected, heavy, its mar-
gins usually dentate and joined by a triangular, denti-
form callus, obliquely entering on the parietal wall of the aperture.
Interior and Southern Region, especially the latter in North America. It
is also represented in the West Indian Islands, in Mexico and Yucatan, and
one species is found in Bolivia.
Fig. 15G.
Animal of P. septemvolva.
POLYGYRA.
263
Fig 157.
Jaw of
S. ventrosula.
Jaw high, arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated, blunt, cutting edge without
median projection ; anterior surface with numerous stout, separated ribs, den-
ticulating either margin. I have counted 8 ribs in P. venlrosula; 14 in pus-
tula; 10 in auriculata; 12 in Postelliana ; 12 in Carpcnteriana ;
10 in pusluloides ; 12 in avara ; over 14 in cereolus ; 10 in espi-
loca; 13 in uvulifera ; 10 in Texasiana and Iriodontoides : 12 in
Troostiana; 11 mleporina; 15 in Mooreana ; 20 in fastigans ;
7 in septemvolva; 10 in Febigeri; in Hazardi and auriformis
they are also numerous. I have had no opportunity of examin-
ing the jaw in the other species found within our limits Hindsi, tholus,
hippocrepis, oppilala, Dorfeuilliana, Ariadnce,
By the character of its jaw, Polygyra can be compared only io Triodopsis
and Mesodon among the other North American subgenera of Helix. No foreign
species has yet been examined.
Fig. 158 shows the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual mem-
brane, the characters of the individual teeth being better shown in my PI. VI.
Fig. 158.
Lingual dentition of P. auriformis? (Leidy).
The teeth do not differ from what I have described under Stenotrema (see
below). As in all the subgenera, there is considerable difference in the length of
the base of attachment on the central and lateral teeth in the several species.
I find considerable difference between the various species in the manner in
which the lateral teeth pass into the marginals. In auriformis, Postelliana,
espiloca, and Hazardi, the change is made simply by the greater development
of the inner cutting point, not by its bifurcation (see PI. VI. Fig. N). In these
species it is only the extreme outer marginals that have their inner cutting
point bifid; in auriformis a very few extreme marginals have a bifid cutting
point. This species has very long inner cutting points to its marginal teeth.
In the other species examined by me the first marginals have their inner 'cut-
ting po'nt bifid, the transition from laterals to marginals being thus very dis-
tinctly marked (see PI. VI. Fig. K). With these exceptions, the dentition of
our species of Polygyra is very like that of Stenotrema (q. v.).
The dentition of no foreign species is known with which to compare our
species.
Polygyra auriculata, Say.
Shell rimately perforated, flattened above, inflated below, with rib-like striae,
reddish horn-color or brownish ; whorls 5|, narrow, the last deflected at the
aperture, disjoined, constricted and scrobiculated below ; umbilicus level, show-
264 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
ing only the penultimate whorl ; aperture sub-horizontal, ear-shaped, riugent,
almost closed ; peristome continuous, its terminations joined by an oblong, en-
tering, excavated fold, the right margin furnished within
Fig. 159. wjtjj a deep lamellar fold, and forming a subacute angle
with the basal margin, on which is one broad tubercle.
Greater diameter 16, lesser 13 mill. ; height, 7 J mill.
Pohjgyra auriculata, Say, Nich. Encycl., 3d Am. ed. (1819) ;
Journ. Phil. Acad., I. 277 (1818) ; Binnky's ed., 10.
.""77. , A Helix auriculata, Ferussac, Hist., PI. L. Fig. 4 (1822). —
P. aunculatct, enlarged. ' ' ° v
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 384 (ex parte), PI.
XIX. Fig. 1 (1840), excl. syn.; Terr. Moll., II. 186, PI. XL. Fig. 1 (left hand).
— Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 255, PI. IX. Figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat. — DeKay,
N. Y. Moll., 47, PI. III. Fig. 28 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 417 ;
IV. 318, excl. var. (1853). — Chemnitz, ed. II. 371, t. lxv. Figs. 3, 4. —
Deshayes in Fer. Hist., 76 (excl. var.), PI. I. Fig. 4 ; in Lam., VIII. 112 ;
ed. 3, III. 308. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 700, excl. Fife. (1852). — Blan7'
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 26, Fig. (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
73 ; L. & Fr. W. Sh., I. 87 (1869).
DxdalocMla auriculata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 157 (1867).
St. Augustine, Enterprise, Lake George, and Indian River, Florida. It is
confined to the Florida Subregion.
Animal longer than the breadth of the shell, acute behind, above granulated
and blackish, beneath and each side white ; eye-peduncles long, slender, and
tapering ; tentacles short, and of nearly equal diameter. Shell carried as in
P. septemvolva.
P. auriculata may be distinguished from the allied species by its larger
size, the neater development of the several parts of its curious aperture, and
especially by the sudden outward deflexure of the central part of the labrum,
which has a deep scrobiculation behind it, corresponding with the upper tooth
within the aperture. The portion' of the labium extending from the inferior
angle of the parietal intruded tooth is erect, and more elevated than in any
other of the species.
Jaw as usual in the subgenus; ten ribs. There are 26 — 1 — 26 teeth on the
lingual membrane. The inner cutting point of the thirteenth tooth is bifid, so
that there are 12 laterals. PI. VI. Fig. A.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c). The St. ^ gustine form examined
by me has a similar arrangement of the organs. I do\ it not, therefore, that
Leidy's figure was drawn from the 'true auriculata. The penis sac is long, taper-
inc above, where it receives both vas deferens and retractor muscle ; the genital
bladder is elongate ovate, on a short, narrow duct.
Polygyra uvulifera, Shuttleworth.
Shell rimately perforated, flat above, inflated below, striated, reddish horn-
color or brownish, rather solid, shining ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, narrow,
POLYGYRA. 265
the last abruptly deflected at the aperture, devious below, constricted and scro-
biculated ; aperture very oblique, ear-shaped, ringent, very much narrowed ;
peristome acute, patulously reflected, its terminations joined
by an oblong, tongue-shaped, deeply entering, excavated fold, Fis- 16°-
its right margin with a deeply seated lamella terminating in
a reflected, filiform uvula-like point, the basal margin with an
oblique, sinuous, tooth-like tubercle. Greater diameter 12,
lesser 1 1 mill. ; height, 7 mill.
Helix uvulifera, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mitt., 1852, 199. —
Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 420, PL CXLVIII. Figs. 19, 20 (1853).
— Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 20. — W. G. B.xxey, Terr. Moll., IV. 75 ; L. k
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 87 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Yiv., III. 267. — Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., VII. 34, Fig. 13 (1858).
Helix florid if era, Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 699 (Aug. 1852).
Helix aurieulata, minor, F£russac, Hist., PL I. Fig. 3? (teste Pfeiffer)-
Dcedalochila uvulifera, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 157 (1867).
Found plentifully on the Florida Keys, Key West, Little Sarazota Bay, Long
Key, Florida, Dallas, and at Cape Sable. As I also have specimens from
Corpus Christi, it probably inhabits the whole Gulf coast of the Southern
Region.
P. uvulifera may be distinguished from P. aurieulata by the character of the
peristome, which is equally produced from the superior angle of the parietal
process, to the base of the inferior tooth or fold, where it
Fig. 161. js reflected, sometimes appressed to the last whorl. The
lower angle of the parietal process is connected with the
inner termination of the peristome by a flat, more or less
developed callus. The umbilical region is less open, and
>f P. uvulifera. there is no groove within it on the last whorl.
Jaw low, arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with about
13 ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. VI. Fig. B) with 23—1—23 teeth. There are about
8 perfect laterals.
Genitalia as in P. aurieulata.
Polygyra auriformis, Bland.
Shell rimately perforate, above depressed, with rib-like striae, beneath in-
flated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral lines ; white, or
brown horn-color, thin ; spire very short ; whorls 5| - 6, rather flat, the last de-
flected, and shortly turned outwards from the preceding whorl, constricted,
scarcely scrobiculate ; aperture sub-horizontal, ear-shaped, contracted ; peri-
stome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a short linguiform fold, entering
within the aperture ; the right margin with an obtuse submarginal lamella, and
the base with an oblique, sinuous, tooth-like fold. Greater diameter \l\, lesser
10 mill.; height, 6 mill.
266 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix Piriformis, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 37, Fig. (1858). — W. G. Bin-
ney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 88 (1869).
Helix auriculata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, (ex parte),
Fig_162. p1# XIX Fig 2 (1840) . Tem Mdl ( u lg6 (ex parte)> pi
XL. Fig. 1 (right hand), 2. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 700.—
Deshayes in Fer., Hist., var. minor, PI. L. Fig. 3.
Helix avara, Chemnitz, ed. 2, 370 (ex parte), T. LXV. Figs.
1-2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 418. —Reeve, Con.
enlarged. '
Icon. 720.
? Helix Sayii, Wood, Ind. SuppL, PI. VII. Fig. 34 ; ed. Hanley, 228, Fig. 34.
— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47.
Deeded ochila auriformis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 155 (1867).
Inhabits the Southern Region. From Texas to Georgia it is an extremely
common species. Immense beds of semi-fossil specimens are found in middle
Alabama.
This species is common in American cabinets, and usually labelled P. avara,
or var. of P. auriculata, but it appears entirely distinct. It is most nearly allied
to the former, but is larger, not hirsute, and has the groove in the last whorl
within the umbilical region like the latter. The parietal fold is somewhat
similar to, but does not descend so far into the aperture as that of P. Postelliana,
but the teeth on the labrum are in form and position, though more developed,
rather like those of P. avara. They are separated by the same deep sinus, but
the upper one generally without the sharp rerlexed hook at its termination.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; ribs numerous.
The lingual membrane (PI. VI. Fig. R) has 26—1—26 teeth, with 8 laterals.
Fig. c shows the proportional greater development of the cutting point in the
outer laterals. The change from laterals to marginals is not formed by the
splitting of the inner cutting point, which remains simple to the extreme outer
margin. This peculiarity is shared by Postelliana, espiloca, and Hazardi.
Genitalia unobserved.
Polygyra Postelliana, Bland.
Shell rimately perforate, above slightly convex, with rib-like stria; wider
apart and more prominent behind the aperture ; beneath inflated, convex,
almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral lines ; brown horn- „ lgg
color, thin, shining, subpellucid ; whorls 5, gradually increasing,
rather convex, the last deflected and turned outwards from the
preceding one, scrobiculate, constricted, grooved within the um-
bilical region ; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, ear-shaped,
contracted ; peristome white, acute, continuous, the margins
joined by a tongue-shaped fold, excavated above, entering into the aperture,
the right margin having a deeply seated lamella, which terminates in a re-
flexed hook, the base with an erect lamelliform, scarcely oblique tooth, pro-
duced into and recurved within the aperture. Greater diameter 9|, lesser
8^ mill. ; height, 5 mill.
POLYGYRA 267
Helix Postelliana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VTI. 35, Fig. (1858). — W. G
Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 89 (1869).
Da?daloehila Postelliana, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 156 (1867).
Georgia, in Wayne County, and on the sea islands of Georgia and South
Carolina; Baldwin, Florida. Not noticed out of the Southern Region, and
probably a species of the Florida Subregion.
It is smaller than auriculata, and the rib-like stria? which cover the whole of
that shell are scarcely developed at the base. The form of the parietal pro-
cess is very like that of uvulifera, but the continuation of its inferior angle to
the inner termination of the peristome is not prostrate, as in that species, but
erect, as in auriculata. The position and form of the upper tooth on the peri-
stome is much the same as in that species and in uvulifera, but the lower one
is entirely different. In those it is an oblique, strongly developed, convex, sin-
uous fold on the margin of the peristome, not descending into the aperture,
there being within a slight thickening only, corresponding with the lower exte-
rior apertural depression. In Pustelliana there is at the base of the peristome
a thin, erect, oblong, lamelliform tooth, rather oblique, but more closely margi-
nal than the fold in the other species. The exterior of this tooth is convex,
within concave; it is 1 mill, in height, and \\ in length, and descends rapidly
into the aperture, where it is recurved, and terminates obtusely opposite to the
lower end of the superior tooth, there being a very distinct and tortuous sinus
between the two. In opening specimens from different localities, these char-
acters are found to be constant.
Jaw, as usual in the genus, with over 12 ribs.
Lingual membrane with 21 — 1 — 21 teeth. The marginals, as in auriformis
(q. v.), have their inner cutting point simple, not bifid, even the very last at
the outer edge. (PI. VI. Fig. N.)
Genitalia as in P. auriculata.
Polygyra espiloca, Ravenel.
Shell rimately perforate, above slightly convex, beneath convex, rfriated,
reddish horn-color, thin, with very short hairs ; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls
5, rather convex, the last deflected and turned outwards from the
Fin- i(34
preceding one, scrobiculate, constricted, grooved within the um-
bilical region; aperture very oblique, subreniform, contracted; peri-
stome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a lamella, excavated
above, and produced into a tongue-shaped tooth ; the right margin
having a broad hooked Amelia, and the base an erect lamelliform
tooth produced into and recurved within the aperture. Greater
diameter 9, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Helix espiloca, Ravenel, MS., Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 115,
J ' 'P. espiloca.
PI. IV. Figs. 1, 2. — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., II. 91 (1869).
Dxdalochila espiloca, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 156 (1867).
2G8 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Sullivan's Island, South Carolina; St. Simon's Island, Georgia ; Indiano'a,
Texas ; New Orleans. It seems, therefore, to range over the Southern
Region.
In the form of the parietal process it is intermediate between P. Postelliana
and P. avara, but most like the latter ; the teeth on the peristome are very similar
to those in the former, but beneath it is less inflated, the umbilical region is
wider, showing more of the penultimate whorl, and it is hirsute.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 10 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VI. Fig. P) with 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 11 laterals.
The inner cutting point of the marginals is simple, not bifid.
Genitalia not observed.
Polygyra avara, Say.
Shell rimately umbilicated, depressed-convex above, convex below, striated,
especially near the aperture, horn-colored, thin, covered with numerous short,
robust hairs ; spire convex, not much elevated ; whorls 4, rounded,
Fig. 166-1 t|ie jast more convex, constricted .behind the peristome, not
grooved within the moderate umbilicus ; aperture very oblique,
subreniform, contracted ; peristome white, acute, elevated, con-
tinuous, its terminations connected by an elevated, oblique angu-
p. avara, iar f0ld ; the columellar margin furnished with two projecting,
obtuse, curved teeth, separated by a deep sinus. Greater diam-
eter 7, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Polygyra avara, Say, Nich. Encycl., 3d Am. ed (1819); Journ. Phila. Acad., I.
277 (1818), ed. Binney, 11. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843).
Helix avara, Ferussac, Hist, PI. L. Fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, var. /3 minor, Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 418 (ex parte). — Deshayes in Fer. Hist, II. 78, PI. L. Fig. 2.—
Chemnitz, ed. II. 370 (ex parte), excl. Fig. — Reeve, Con. Icon (ex parte),
No. 720, excl. Fig. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 30, Fig (1858). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 74 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 91 (1869).
Dazdalochila avara, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 155 (1867).
St. John's River, Florida, " in Mr. Fatio's orange-grove " (Say). The lo-
cality is near Remington Landing.
P. avara, Say, may be readily distinguished by its smaller size, more delicate
texture, and less globose form ; it has from 4 to 4| whorls, and is the only
species of the group which is hirsute, except P. espiloca. The superior tooth
on the peristome is armed with a hook, as in the other species, but is narrower,
less deeply seated, and more erect ; the inferior one is rather a distinct tooth
than a lamellar fold. The parietal process differs entirely from that of P. au-
riculata, as plainly shown in the figure. P. avara is without the groove on the
l The slria^m Fig. 165 are incorrectly represented : they should have been shown only
at the termination of the last whorl, over a small space immediately behind the peristome.
POLYGYRA. 269
last whorl, which prevails in auriculala, and the forms represented by Dr. Bin-
ney as varieties of it. It is very rare in collections : I know of but two speci-
mens of it.
Jaw with over 12 ribs.
Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; teeth 17 — 1 — 17, with 8 laterals.
(PL XV. Fig. L.)
Polygyra ventrosula, Pfeiffer.
Shell rimately perforated, globosely depressed, thin and shining, pellucid,
delicately striated, horn-colored ; spire slightly raised ; whorls 5, but little con-
vex, the last one subangulated above, falling suddenly towards
the aperture, inflated below, anteriorly gibbous and contracted ; lg
aperture very oblique, ringent ; peristome acute, broadly reflected,
its terminations scarcely approaching each other, but joined by
two white, elevated laminae, which are placed at acute angles on J ' ,
r ° P. ventrosula.
the parietal wall; the basal margin is also furnished with two
white acute denticles ; on the right margin is placed a white sub-perpendicular,
extended lamina. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11 mill. ; height, 1\ mill.
Helix ventrosula, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, 131 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 417 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 373 (1846), PL LXV. Figs. 5, 6 (1849). —Reeve, Con.
Icon., No. 687 (1852). —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 73, PL LXXVII.
Fig. 14; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 92, Fig. 164 (1869). —Crosse and Fischer,
Moll. Mex. et Guat. 274 (1870).
Dcedalochila ventrosula, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 63 (1867).
A Mexican species, found also in the Texas Subregion.
Jaw strongly arcuate, of uniform width, ends blunt, anterior surface with 8
broad ribs, crenulating both margins (see Fig. 157, p. 263).
Lingual membrane with 93 rows of 24 — 1 — 24 teeth each, 9 laterals; cen-
trals tricuspid, the side cusps very small ; laterals of same shape, but bicuspid ;
Fig. 167.
Lingual dentition of P. ventrosula.
marginals with one inner, oblique, bluntly bifid cutting point, and one smaller
outer cutting point.
Polygyra Hindsi, Pfeiffer.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, delicately striate, brownish horn-
color, diaphanous, thin, sinning ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls 5, flattened,
the last deflected at the aperture, more convex and constricted below ; umbili-
270 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLXJSKS.
cus pervious ; aperture very oblique, lunate, ringent ; peristome slightly re-
flected, its terminations converging, joined by a triangular, tooth-like, two-forked
callus, the right-hand margin with one subvertical lamina, the
F2iiJ£8' columellar margin with two acute denticles. Greater diameter 8,
lesser 7 mill. ; height, 4^ mill.
Helix Hindsi, Pfeiffer, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, 132 ; Mon. Hel.
P. Hindsi. Viv., I. 416 ; in Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 373, Tab. LXV. Figs. 7, 8.
— Reeve, Con. Icon., 712 (1852). —Gould, in Terr. Moll., III.
17. _W. G. BlNNEY, Ter. Moll., IV. 92, PI. LXXV1II. Figs. 5, 6, 8. — L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., 93, Fig. 167 (1869). —Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat.,
273 (1876).
Dcedalochila Hindsi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 63 (1867).
In the Texan Subregion in Texas and Mexico.
Animal not observed.
Polygyra Texasiana, Moricand.
Vol. III. PI. XLV Fig. 1.
Shell rimately perforated, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, of a pale horn-
color, sometimes with a revolving rufous band, with crowded rib-striaj above,
smooth, or faintly striated, and shining beneath ; spire nearly flat, of 5 whorls
separated by a well-marked suture, the outer one obtusely angular at periphery,
nearly at the plane of the spire, and somewhat deflected near the aperture ;
beneath convexly rounded, with a somewhat distorted appearance in conse-
quence of the whorl becoming narrower, rather than broader, towards the aper-
ture, leaving a minute umbilical perforation ; aperture very oblique, narrow
lunate, the peristome forming about two thirds of a circle, reflected, white, with
a constriction behind it, and armed with two denticles at its inner margin, one
near the centre, the other at the middle of the basal portion ; the extremities
of the peristome connected by a callus across the columella, of an acutely angu-
lar form, pointing to the middle of the portion of the peristome above the
upper denticle, the lower ramus of the angle being longest and largest, and a
little concave inwardly. Greater diameter 10, lesser 8^ mill.; height, 5 mill.
Helix Texasiana, Moricand, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. de Geneve, VI. 538,
PI. I. Fig. 2 (1833). — Deshayes in Lamarck, VIII. 133 ; ed. 3, III. 316 ; in
Fer. I. 74, PI. 1. c (excl. syn.). — Ferussac, Hist, des Moll., PL LXIX. D.
Fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 418, excl. syn. and var. /3 ; Vol. IV.
318. — Chemnitz, ed. 2 (1846), I. 85, excl. var. and figure. — Reeve, Con.
Icon., No. 707. — Binney, Terr. Moll, II. 191, PI. XLV. Fig. 1. — W. G. BlN-
NEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 79. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 93 (1869). — Fischer and
Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 279 (1870).
Helix auriculata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III." 387.
Helix Tamaulipascnsis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 102 ; Journ. — ;
Obs. XI. 139, PI. XXIV. Fig. 113.
Dwdalochila Texasiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 62 (1S67).
POLYGYRA. 271
la the Texan Subregion in Texas and the neighboring Mexican State of
Taraaulipas.
Animal brownish, or dingy white ; eye-peduncles darker, sheaths visible by
a dark line, much enlarged at tip.
There is a variety larger, with 6 whorls, and with a brown band revolving
above the periphery.
Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, with 10 decided ribs, denticulat-
ing either margin.
Lingual membrane, as usual in the genus. Teeth 26 — 1 — 26, with 11 lat-
erals. (PL VI. Fig. G.j
Polygyra triodontoides, Bland.
Shell umbilicated, globose-depressed, thin, subpellucid, pale horn-colored,
with partially obsolete rib-like striae above ; base convex, smooth ; spire short ;
whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last plicately ribbed near the aper-
ture, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture roundly lunate, oblique, con-
tracted ; peristome reflected, callous, the margins joined by a sharp
linguiform triangular tooth, the right with a tooth on the margin of
the callus, basal with an oblique tooth, both teeth small and far P.triodon-
apart. Greater diameter 9^, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix triodontoides, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 424, PL IV. Figs. 11, 12
(1861). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 94 (1869).
Helix Texasiana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 79, PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 18.
Dcedalochila triodontoides, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 62 (1867).
Corpus Christi and De Witt County, Texas, belonging, therefore, to the
Texan Subregion ; but I have traced it northward into the Indian Territory
(Choctaw Nation).
P. triodontoides is a more delicate shell than P. Texasiana, and does not
attain the same size. It is not as distinctly ribbed, is somewhat more elevated,
and the aperture more round. The last whorl is less devious at its termination
beneath, the peristome teeth are smaller and wide apart. In P. Texasiana
they are close together, and the space between them has much resemblance to
the notch in Stenotrema hirsutum. In that respect, as well as in the form of the
aperture, Moricand's shell is more closely allied to P. Mooreana, YV. G. Binn.
Lingual membrane as in fastigans, cereolus, etc.
Polygyra Mooreana, W. G. Binn.
Shell umbilicated, orbicular, globose, white, subcarinated ; spire more or less
depressed, obtusely rounded ; whorls 6, distinctly striated, hardly convex ;
suture impressed ; below the carina the body-whorl is not rounded, but slants
down to the base, which is parallel with the suture ; below, the stria? are less
distinct; at the umbilical region only one and a quarter whorl is visible, the
272 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
outer one strongly carinated so as to conceal a portion of the umbilicus ana a,
great part of the remaining whorl ; the umbilicus is very small, but perforates
the shell to the apex, showing all the volutions with the aid
Fig. 170. of a lens ; aperture rounded, contracted by three teeth ;
peristome heavy, broad, white, hardly reflected, near the
basal extremity, quite on the edge, armed with two short,
incurving teeth, separated by a small, rounded sinus ; on
the columella there is a tooth-like fold, square, projecting
P. Mooreana, , . . , .,
enlarged. across the aperture, its extremities joining those ot the
peristome ; an internal transverse tubercle on the base of
the shell. Greater diameter 8J, lesser 7 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix Mooreana, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 184 ; Terr.
Moll., IV. 80, PL LXXVIII. Fig. 24 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 95 (1869). —Fischer
and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 275 (1870).— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 52.
Doedalochila Mooreana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 64 (1867).
Helix thohcs, W. G. Binney, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 186 ; Terr.
Moll., IV. 81, PL LXXVII. Fig. 21 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. c. 95. —Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 351.
Dcedalochila tholus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 64 (1867).
Texan Subregion, Washington and Bosque County, Texas; also in the
neighboring Mexican States.
The specimens from which the descriptions of Mooreana and tholus were
drawn are widely different, but a study of a large suite of individuals leads one
to doubt their specific distinction. Although I now refer P. tholus to Mooreana,
I here repeat the original description "and figure.
Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed-globose, rather solid, white, shining,
ribbed above, smoother below ; spire obtuse, little elevated, rounded ; whorls 7,
convex, the upper ones more flattened, the last bluntly
Fig. 171.
carinated; carina not reaching the peristome; base parallel
to the suture ; umbilicus broad, half the larger diameter of
the shell, showing two and a half deeply grooved whorls
plainly, the others rapidly retreating towards the apex ; aper-
ture very oblique, semicircular, removed from the axis of the
shell, bordered with a scarcely reflected, white, heavy peri-
stome, grooved behind, and armed with two stout teeth near
the basal extremity, broadly reflected at the junction with
the body whorl ; on the parietal wall of the aperture is a
white fold, hardly connecting the extremities of the peri-
stome, and projecting across the aperture into an acute point ;
an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter 11,
lesser 9 mill. ; height, 4 mill.
The aperture of this curious shell (tholus) resembles that of P. fatigiata, Say.
It is readily distinguished from that and all other described species by the urn-
POLYGYRA. 273
bilicus, broad at the commencement, and rapidly narrowing beyond the second
whorl with the peculiar groove visible in all the whorls of the umbilicus, of the
same character as that noticed by Say in auriculata, though deeper.
The name tholux is derived from the resemblance of the slightly raised,
rounded spire to a low dome.
Jaw with about 15, adjoining, broad ribs, denticulating either margin.
The lingual membrane of Mooreana (PI. VI. Fig. Q) has 20 — 1 — 20 teeth,
with 8 laterals. There are two transition teeth with simple inner cutting
point.
Genitalia not examined.
Polygyra hippocrepis, Pfeiffer.
Shell rimately perforated, depressed, rather heavy, closely striated, opaque,
smoky; spire flattened; suture- impressed; whorls b\, narrow, scarcely con-
vex, the last subcarinated above, more convex below, fall-
ing abruptly at the aperture, and behind it very much con-
tracted and with a prominent isolated bulge ; umbilicus at
first expanded and grooved, but rapidly terminating in a mi-
nute perforation ; aperture almost horizontal, ear-shaped, rin-
gent, complicated with teeth ; peristome white, thickened, its
extremities joined by an elevated, sharp, angular ridge, from
which protrude far within the aperture two laminae (the upper
one sharper and more prominent), the connecting terminations
of which within the shell resemble a horseshoe ; the upper por-
tion of the peristome is slightly reflected and furnished with
an oblique entering angle, and the basal portion is callous and reflected ; an
internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter 12,
lesser 10 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix hippocrepis, Pfeiffer in Roemer's Texas, 455 (1849) ; in Zeitsch. fur
Mai., 1848, 119 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 267 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 333, PL
CXXXI. Figs. 4 - 6. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1238 (1854). — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 77, PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 19 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh. I. 96, Fig. 172
(1869).
Dcedalochila (?) hippocrepis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 68 (1867).
Texan Subregion, at New Braunfels, Texas.
Animal not observed.
Polygyra fastigans, L. W. Say.
Shell rimately perforated, plane above, inflated below, with fold-like
striae above, smoother below, somewhat shining, of a russet horn-color, hir-
sute; spire flattened; whorls 6£, flattened, the last acutely carinated above,
very abruptly deflected at the aperture, scrobiculated, constricted, convex
below ; aperture very oblique, subreniform, very much contracted, triden-
VOL. IV. 18
Fijr. 173.
274 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
tate ; within the base of the last whorl is a small, detached, erect, rounded
tubercle ; peristome white, reflected, its terminations joined by
a stout, subtriangular, excavated, deeply entering tooth, the
right-hand margin with a stout, deeply seated tooth, the colu-
mellar margin with a submarginal smaller tooth. Greater diam-
eter 10, lesser 9 mill.; height, about 4 mill.
Polygyra fatigiata, Say,1 N. Harm. Diss., II. 229 (1829) ; ed. Bin-
ney, 37.
Helix fatigiata, Binney, in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.," III. 388
(1840), ex parte (excl. syn. et Fig.) ; Terr. Moll., II. 193 (pars),
PL XXXIX. Fig. 4 (excl. syn.). — Shuttlewortii, Bern. Mitt.,
D 7 1852, 197. — Bland, N. Y. Lye, VI. 283, PI. IX. Figs. 17-
P. fastigans. ' J ' °
20 (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 82; L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 97, Fig. 173 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 318.
Helix Tcxasiana, j3, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 418 ; III. 2fi7 ; in Chemnitz,
ed. 2, I. 86, exed. descr., syn., et fig. — Deshayes in Feb., I. 74, excl. descr.,
syn., et fig.
Helix Dorfeuilliana, Deshayes in Fer., I. 73 (excl. syn.), PI. LXIX. D, Fig. 3,
not of Lea.
Helicina fastigiata, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 82 (1843).
Helix fastigans, L. W. Say, MS. in Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 140.
Dazdalochila fastigans, Tryon, Am. Journ. Coneh., III. 67 (1867).
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, found in Tennessee at Clarkeville
and Nashville and in Franklin County, in Kentucky in Henry County.
P. fastigans is larger than Troostiana, Hazardi, and Dorfeuilliana ; it is most
nearly allied to the first, and though it is connected with the second, is wholly
distinct from the last. The parietal tooth is more rectangular than that of
Troostiana, in which it is slightly emarginate near the tip, but much more so
in Hazardi, while the parietal tooth in Dorfeuilliana is rather quadrate. The
teeth on the peristome in fastigans and Troostiana are much alike, as regards
form, size, and position, the superior one being the largest ; both are larger
and transverse in Dorfeuilliana and in Hazardi, the inferior one being the
largest in the latter. Behind the peristome there are two small pits, showing
the situation of the teeth in fastigans and Troostiana, while there is scarcely
more than a deep, well-marked constriction in Dorfeuilliana. H. Troostiana
has a slight groove on the inner side of the last whorl, the absence of which in
.fastigans is noticed by Say; but I scarcely consider that a good specific charac-
ter. Fresh specimens of fastigans are, I believe, covered with a very thin epi-
dermis, on which hairs are sparingly scattered, — the scars of the hairs may be
detected, especially on the last whorl, in denuded shells.
P. fastigans has, at a short distance within the aperture on the base of the
last whorl, a small, detached, erect, rounded tubercle, answering probably the
1 This name, or rather fastigiata, for which it was intended, is not preoccupied in
Polygyra.
POLYGYRA.
275
Fig. 174.
same purpose in the economy of the animal, as the " fulcrum "originally noticed
by Mr. Lea (Observations, Vol. V. p. 80) in Strenotrema spinosum, though of a
different construction.
Jaw slightly arcuate, long, low, with about 20 ribs on the anterior surface,
crenulating either margin.
P. fastigans (PI. VI. Fig. H) has 21—1—21 teeth, with 8 laterals on the
lingual membrane.
Polygyra Jacksoni, Bland.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, shining, dark or pale horn-colored,
little elevated above, striated, convex beneath, with finer almost obsolete stria? ;
whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last sud-
denly deflected, contracted and above gibbously inflated behind
the aperture ; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, lunate-
circular, with 3 teeth; peristome thickened, brownish-red,
shortly reflected, with the scarcely approaching margins joined
by a white, linguiform, bicrural, deeply entering tooth, the
basal margin with a strong, oblique, sinuous fold, the right
with a deeply seated tooth. Greater diameter 7, lesser 6
mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Helix Jacksoni, Bland, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 371, PI. XXI. Fig. 8 (1866). —
W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 98, Fig. 174 (1869).
Docdalochila Jacksoni, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 67 (1867).
Fort Gibson, Indian (Cherokee) Territory; Springfield, Mo. I am inclined
to rank it among the species of the Texan Subregion.
This species belongs to the same group as, and is most nearly allied to, P.
Hazardi, Bland (P. plicata, Say), from which, however, it may be readily dis-
tinguished by the very different character of the parietal and basal teeth.
This species has no internal tubercle.
Animal not observed.
P. Jacksoni.
Fig. 175.
Polygyra Troostiana, Lea.
Shell rimately umbilicated, discoidal, slightly convex above, flat-
tened below, obtusely carinated, with separated strong rib-like
striae throughout,1 hirsute, russet horn-color; spire not much ele-
vated ; whorls 5^, flattened, the last more convex, descending at
the aperture, grooved behind the peristome, with a smoother
bulge, below plane, widely rimated, and ending in a small umbili-
cus ; aperture oblique, subreniform, very much contracted, far
Q^^ within on the base of the outer whorl with a small, detached,
P. Troostiana, erect, rounded tubercle ; peristome white, thickened, continuous,
enlarged. ends approached, joined by an excavated, emarginate, somewhat
1 Some of the striae extend over the carina on to the base of the shell without being car
ried into the umbilicus.
276 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
flexuose, slightly entering, tongue-like, heavy callus, the basal margin -with
a submarginal obtuse stout denticle, right margin with a more deeply seated,
broader denticle. Greater diameter 9, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Polygyra Troostiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI. 107, PI. XXIV. Fig. 119 ;
Obs., II. 107 (1839). — Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, III. 222.
Helix Troostiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 419, excl. syn. et var. ; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 376, PI. LXV. Figs. 21-24. —Deshayes in Fer., I. 75,
PI. LXIX. d, Fig. 4? — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 706 (1852). — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 88, PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 11. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 98, Fig. 175
(1869). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 288, PI. IX. Figs. 21-23 (1858).
Helix fatigiata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 388, PI. XIX. Fig. 3,
part, excl. syn. ; in Terr. Moll., part, II. 193, PI. XXXIX. Fig. 2.
Helix plicata, Binney (not of Say), Terr. Moll., PI. XXXIX. Fig. 2, not text.
D&dalochila Troostiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 67 (1867).
Murfreesboro', and Franklin County, Tennessee ; Kentucky. A species of
the Cumberland Subregion.
P. Troostiana is very closely allied to P. fastigans, from which'I separate it
■with some hesitation. In its fresh state it has a thin, sparingly hirsute epider-
mis. I have, moreover, two specimens in my cabinet (both hirsute), which are
as acutely carinated as fastigans, with the stria? as prominent below as above
(in one more numerous), but both having the parietal tooth of Troostiana.
I am not altogether satisfied with the validity of Shuttleworth's remark, that
the superior tooth in fastigans is larger and more conspicuous than in Troosti-
ana.
This species has the same tubercle within the last whorl as fastigans.
Jaw as usual in the subgenus Polygyra, with about 10, broad, crowded ribs,
denticulating either margin.
P. Troostiana (PI. VI. Fig. D) has 25—1—25 teeth, with 8 laterals on its
lingual membrane.
Genital system (PI. XV. Fig. I) long and slender, especially the ovary and
oviduct ; vagina long, receiving the duct of the genital bladder below its
middle, and the sac of the penis still lower down ; penis sac long, tubular, of
about same width as the vagina, with a prominent bulb at its apex, into the end
of which is inserted the vas deferens and at the side of which the retractor
muscle is attached ; genital bladder moderate, oval, on a duct of about equal
length and size as the vagina.
Polygyra Hazardi, Bland.
Shell rimately umbilicated, discoidal, depressed above, convex below, light
horn-color, sparingly hirsute, with separated rib-like striae ; spire planulate ;
whorls 5 ; gradually increasing, the upper ones rounded, smoother, the last con-
vex, plane below, scrobiculated and with an insulated, smooth, prominent bulge
behind the peristome, deflected at the aperture ; rimation level, at first grooved,
POLYGYRA. 277
showing lj whorls, and ending in a narrow umbilicus; aperture subreniform,
very oblique, contracted ; peristome white, thickened, not reflected, continuous,'
its terminations approached, joined by a prominent, excavated,
heavy, somewhat flexuose, emarginate, tongue-like callus, pro-
jecting almost across the aperture ; within the columellar mar-
gin of the peristome is an erect, blunt, stout denticle (its inner*
end continued back within the aperture into an erect lamella
joining the inner wall) somewhat overlapping and thus partially P. Hazardi,
concealing from view a smaller, more deeply seated, erect, ob-
tuse, stout denticle on the right margin of the peristome ; an internal trans-
verse tubercle on the base of the shelL Greater diameter 7, lesser 6 mill. ;
height, 3 mill.
Polygyra plicata,1 Say, Journ. Acad. Phila., II. 161 (1821) ; ed. Binney, 21.
Helix fatigiata, Binney in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 388 (1840), part (excl.
syn. and fig.); in Terr. MolL part (excl. syn. and fig.).
Helix Texasiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 418 (excl. syn. and descr.); in
Chemnitz, \. 85 (excl. syn., descr., and fig.).
Helix Dorfeuilliana, Deshayes in Fer., I. 73 (excl. descr., syn., a.jd fig.).
Helix Troostiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 318, part.
Helix Hazardi, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 291, PI. IX. Figs. 27-30 (1858).
— Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., 1859, 34. — W. G. Binney, Terr. MolL, IV. 84, PL
LXXVIII. Fig. 13. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 99 (1869).
Helix Jinitima, Deshayes in Fer. ?
Helicina plicata, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 82 (1843).
Dadalochila Hazardi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 68 (1867).
Alabama (Tuscumbia), Kentucky (near Frankfort), Georgia, and Tennes-
see (Cumberland Mountains). A species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Animal small, smoky-white ; head and eye-peduncles 'dark blue.
This shell may be distinguished from fastigans and Troostiana, independently
of the absence of the carina, by its smaller size, and more particularly by the
different form, relative size, and position of the teeth. In those species the
superior tooth on the peristome is transverse, compressed, and larger than the
inferior one, from which it is separated by a "remarkable sinus," distinctly
visible on looking into the aperture ; the inferior tooth is obtuse. Immedi-
ately behind the peristome, the position of the teeth is marked by small shal-
low pits, giving the character to the last whorl designated by Shuttleworth
" scrobiculatoconstrictus" and the strise run over the whorl up to the peristome.
In Hazardi the two teeth within the peristome are of the same character as
the superior one in fastigans and Troostiana ; the inferior tooth is, however,
the larger, and so partially conceals the lower margin of the superior one as
to obstruct the view into the aperture, and give no appearance of separation
" by a remarkable sinus." Both the teeth are more deeply seated than in the
other species. The nature of the scrobiculation behind the peristome in Ha~
i By the strict laws of priority this name should be used, not being preoccupied in
Polygyra.
278 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLTJSKS.
zardi alone sufficiently distinguishes it from its allies. The space behind the
peristome, and between it and the curved pit, showing the seat of the superior
tooth, is convex and smooth, the stria? not extending over it.
This species has, in common with fasligans and Troosliana, a thin, brown,
but more sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have noticed the tubercle within the
last whorl, near the aperture, in fastigans and Troostiana, but no such process
exists in the species now under consideration. In Hazardi the inferior tooth
of the peristome, at its inner end, is continued back within the aperture, form-
ing a white erect lamella on the floor of the whorl, parallel with, and leaving a
narrow sinus between it and the inner wall, to which it is joined at its extrem-
ity, about two and a half millimetres from the edge of the peristome. The
position of this lamella can be seen through the shell.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; ribs numerous.
Lingual membrane (PI. VI. Fig. O) has 16 — 1—16 teeth, with 8 laterals.
At least three of the transition teeth, or first marginals, have no bifurcation to
the inner cutting point. Beyond these, the marginals have the point bifid.
Genitalia unobserved.
Polygyra oppilata, Moricand.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, delicately striate, subpellueid, light horn-color
or white ; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls 5, rather convex, gradually increas-
F) -__ ing, the last deflected at the aperture, inflated below, constricted
behind the peristome ; umbilicus at first widened, then narrow,
pervious ; aperture diagonal, lunately circular, ringent ; peristome
briefly reflected, its terminations joined by a tongue-shaped, enter-
" °PPllata- ing, two-forked callus, the right margin subequally bidentate.
Greater diameter 7, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix oppilata, Moricand, Test. Noviss., I. 8. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III.
264; IV. 314. — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 101, Fig. 177 (1869).—
Fischer and Crosse; Moll. Mex. et Guat., 287 (1870).
The specimen figured is from Yucatan ; Pfeiffer on Shuttleworth's authority
refers to Florida a var. ft with a somewhat more elevated spire, 5^ whorls,
and 8| mill, in the greater diameter. The specimen dissected by me is from
Cedar Keys.
The above figure is referred to implicata, Beck, by Crosse and Fischer, 1. c.
Lingual membrane (PI. XVI. Fig. D) as usual in the genus. The inner
marginals have simple cutting points.
Polygyra Dorfeuilliana, Lea.
Shell rimately umbilicated, discoidal, slightly convex above, flattened below,
light horn-colored, striated, below smoother and with minute revolving lines ;
spire not much elevated; whorls 6, flattened, gradually increasing, the last
POLYGYRA. 279
more convex, inflated below, constricted behind the peristome, descending at
the aperture, below with a grooved rimation of 1^ whorls, ending in a very
small umbilicus ; aperture oblique, subreniform, contracted, far within fur-
nished with a deeply seated, erect tubercle on the base of the last whorl ;
peristome white, very much thickened, not reflected, contin-
uous, its terminations but slightly approached, joined by a Fig. 178.
heavy, excavated, subquadrate callus projecting across the
aperture, the columellar margin with a deeply seated, trans-
verse, somewhat pointed denticle, distinctly separated from
a broader, equally deeply seated obtuse denticle on the right
margin. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7 mill.: height, 3^ mill. <.-^»-
Polygi/ra Dorfeuilliana, Lea, Trans. Am. Philo. Soc, VI. 107, P. Dorfeuilliana,
PI. XXIV. Fig. 118 ; Obs. II. 107 (1839) ; Troschel's Arch. enlarged.
f. Nat,, 1839, II. 222.
Helix Dorfeuilliana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. (1858), VI. 294, PL IX. Figs.
24-26. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 86, PI. LXXVIII. Figs. 2, 14; L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 101, not of Pfeiffer, Deshayes, Chemnitz, Reeve.
Helix fatigiata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 388 (1840); Terr. Moll.,
II. 193 (excl. descr., syn., and fig.).
Helix Troostiana, var. ? Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 318, no descr.
Dccdalochila Dorfeuilliana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 66 (1867).
"Washington County, Texas ; Washita Springs, Arkansas ; Coosa River, Ala-
bama ; Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati. It thus appears much more widely
distributed than the allied species, perhaps enough so to be considered a spe-
cies of the Interior Region.
Mr. J. G. Anthony obtained from Mr. Dorfeuille some facts concerning the
original discovery of this species, which prove beyond all doubt that it was
accidentally brought from Kentucky. It is not an inhabitant of Ohio.
P. Dorfeuilliana differs materially in its characters from the allied species ;
the stria? on the upper surface are not so well defined as in Troostiana, but more
so than in Hazardi, while the base is more smooth than in either of them, hav-
ing only very delicate stria?, with microscopic impressed spiral lines. The pa-
rietal tooth is quadrate — the two teeth on the peristome are more nearly of the
same size and form than in fastirjans and Troostiana. In this species the in-
ferior tooth is transverse, and in some specimens broader than the superior
one, but has a somewhat pointed apex ; both are very nearly equally deeply
seated, but so far apart as to allow a view between them into the aperture,
leaving, as Mr. Lea expresses it, " to appearance three nearly square apertures."
Say would have described the two teeth as " separated by a remarkable sinus."
The peristome of this is more thickened and less reflected than in the other
species ; behind it is deeply constricted, without any appearance of pits show-
ing the position of the teeth within.
There is a form of Dorfeuilliana which differs from the type in that the
280 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
superior tooth on the peristome is larger and more deeply seated than the in-
ferior one, and that the latter, though more developed, is much of the same
form as the inferior tooth in fastigans and Troostiana. The parietal tooth par-
takes of the general character of that in Lea's type of Dorfeuilliana, but its
lower and terminal margins project more perpendicularly from the parietal
wall. The umbilical perforation is also larger, and the base of the shell is more
smooth. The following are the measurements of a large specimen : Greater
diameter 9, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 4 mill. I am much inclined to consider this
a distinct species, but remark upon it, as I believe it is more commonly found
in cabinets under the name of Dorfeuilliana, than the shell described by Lea.
P. Dorfeuilliana, and also the shell last considered, have a tubercle within
the aperture very similar to that in fastigans and Troostiana.
Jaw not observed.
Lingual membrane with 20 — 1 — 20 teeth, the tenth having its inner cutting
point split. Marginals as usual in the genus. PI. VI. Fig. I.
Genitalia unobserved.
Polygyra Ariadnse, Pfr.
Shell with an arcuate riraation, terminating in a minute oblique perforation,
depressed, subdiscoidal, rather solid, nearly transparent, bluish-white, with
scarcely perceptible wrinkles on the upper surface ; spire flat-
tened ; whorls 5, separated by a distinct suture, flattened, the
la6t one suddenly falling towards the aperture, very much con-
tracted and pinched behind the peristome, more convex and
smoother below ; there is a deeply chiselled, arcuated, umbilical
rimation, the umbilical region is also channelled ; aperture small,
extremely complicated with teeth, very oblique, lunately cir-
cular, ringent ; peristome white, slightly reflected, its termina-
P Ariadiuz tions approaching each other and joined by two flexuose,
elevated, acute lamina?, converging to a point far within the
aperture ; the basal margin of the peristome is also furnished with two stout,
entering, converging marginal folds ; the right margin of the peristome has a
more delicate, deeply seated, elongated lamina, running almost parallel with
the peristome. Greater diameter 12, lesser 10 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Eclix Ariadnce, Pfeiffer in Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1848, 120 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., III.
266 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 372, PI. LXV. Figs. 19-21 (1846). — W. G. Bin-
ney, Terr. Moll., IV. 76, PL LXXVIII. Figs. 1, 3, 4 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
104, Fig. 180 (1869). —Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 287, PI.
XII. Fig. 8 (1870).
Helix Couchiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 102 ; Journ. — ; Obs.,
XI. 139, PI. XXIV. Fig. 112.
Dcedalochila Ariadnce, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 66 (1867).
POLYGYRA. 281
In the region of the Rio Grande, both in Texas and Tamaulipas. A species
of the Texan Subregion.
Animal not observed.
Polygyra septemvolva, Say.
Shell broadly umbilicated, subcarinated, discoidal, Fig. i8o.
russet horn-color, with stout striae above, smooth be-
low; plane above, with 7 (sometimes 8h) or less flat-
tened whorls; equally plane below, with 3J- full, more
convex whorls on a level, then ending in a deep, per-
vious umbilicus, the penultimate somewhat overlapped
by the last, the antepenultimate much the largest;
aperture very oblique, remote from the axis, subreni-
form, constricted behind the peristome; peristome
thickened, bluntly reflected, continuous, its termina- enlarged.
tions joined by an elevated, heavy, tooth-like triangular
fold. Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mill.; height, 4 mill.
Polygyra septemvolva, Say, Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 278 (1818) ; Nich.
Encycl., 3d ed. (1819); Binney's ed. 11.— Tryon, Am. Joum. Conch., III.
159 (1867).
Helix septemvolva, BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. II. S., II. 196 (part), PI. XXXVIII. outer
Figs. ; P*l. XXIX. Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843). — Bland, Ann.
N. Y. Lye, VII. 131, Fig. on p. 136. — W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., IV. 89,
part ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 104 (1869). — Pfeiffer, V. 419 (1868).
? Helix volvoxis, Pfeiffer, see below.
St. Augustine, Florida. Confined to the Florida Subregion.
Animal (see p. 262) brownish, eye-peduncles darker, very long and slender,
eyes black ; foot narrow, thin, semi-transparent, receiving its color, in some de-
gree, from the substance on which it is placed, not projecting behind the shell
when in motion ; length less than twice the breadth of the shell, which it car-
ries nearly horizontal.
The shell described and figured above, which is, no doubt, the form called
septemvolva by Say, is only found, to my knowledge, at St. Augustine, Flor-
ida.1 There are, however, associating with it there, and also found at many
other points on the Georgia, Florida, and Alabama coasts, other forms which
appear to be varieties of it. It may be said, therefore, that it varies in being
occasionally a little convex, more or less carinate, and in exhibiting a greater
or less number of full volutions on the base. The lower surface is sometimes
marked with the alternate white and brown flammules which characterize P.
Carpenteriana.
The reflected peristome in this shell seems to be formed at various periods
l Recently specimens have been received from Key West.
282 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
of growth, thus creating a greater diversity of size in the apparently mature
shell than exists in any other species. From the nucleus until the accomplish-
ment of five full whorls, each whorl on the base is curved a little lower than
that which precedes it; and up to this time, consequently, the umbilicus is
deep and gradually expanding, exhibiting, when carefully examined, all the
volutions. Up to this period, also, the spire is almost always prominent.
After five whorls are completed, the succeeding ones usually fellow in the same
horizontal plane, and give a discoidal character to the shell. It is manifest,
therefore, that specimens in each of these stages must present considerable dif-
ferences ; and, accordingly, the small, delicate shell, having a slightly convex
spire of five whorls, a deep umbilicus, and a transverse diameter of only one
eighth of an inch, forms a beautiful variety, and has been thought to be a dis-
tinct species.
The form known as volvoxis is found on the Atlantic coast of Florida and
Georgia. It is thus described by Pfeiffer. The synonymy is also given in
full. I believe it to be a variety of septemvolva : —
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, thin, reddish horn-colored, pellucid,
with regular rib-like stria? ; spire very short, convex ; whorls 7, convex, regu-
larly increasing, the last larger above than the rest, angular, below the angle
inflated, striated, and shining ; umbilicus large, regular, in which the whorls
regularly decrease, excepting the last, which is very broad ; aperture rather
large, kidney-shaped ; peristome thickened within, reflected, its terminations
joined by a short, triangular, tooth-like callus. Greater diameter 9, lesser
8 mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Helix volvoxis, Parreyss in Pfeiffer, Symb., III. 80 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 409 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 379(1846), PL LXVI. Figs. 4-6 (1849). — Reeve,
Con. Icon., No. 1237 (1854). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S., IV. 92, PL
LXXVIII. Fig. 17. — BLANI>, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 135.
Polygyra volvoxis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 159, PL XL Fig. 25 (1867).
Jaw long, narrow, slightly arched ; ends attenuated, bluntly rounded ; ante-
rior surface with 7 stout, distant ribs, crenulating the cutting edge.
There are 28 — 1 — 28 teeth, with 9 laterals on the lingual membrane of the
large form (PI. VI. Fig. L). The small form with 5 whorls differs only in
having somewhat fewer teeth. The form known as volvoxis does not differ
excepting in having fewer marginals ; Jacksonville, Florida, specimens have
20—1—20 teeth.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge has a reversed speci-
men of P. septemvolva.
Plate XV. Fig. H represents the genital system of the large form of this
species. It is characterized by its extreme length, as would be expected from
the form of the shell. The vagina is extremely long and narrow. The genital
bladder is elongated oval, on a short, slender duct. The penis sac is very
long, attenuated to a point above, where the retractor muscle is inserted.
POLYGYRA.
283
Fig 181.
1 ' The digestive system is also very much elongated. The oesophagus especially
is excessively long, as are also the ducts to the salivary glands.
This species is extremely common all over St. Augustine and its vicinity.
The large form I found almost restricted to the moat of the old fort, especially
at the foot of the main western wall.
Polygyra cereolus, Muhlfeldt.
Shell broadly umbilieated, subcarinated, diseoidal, white, scarcely convex,
and with rib-like striae above, smooth and plane below ; whorls 7 or 8, gradu-
ally increasing, the last subcarinated, briefly deflected at
the aperture, constricted behind the peristome ; below
three full whorls revolving on the same plane, the bal-
ance visible in the broad, pervious umbilicus, the penul-
timate somewhat lapped over by the last, the antepenul-
timate the most swollen ; aperture remote from the axis,
subreniform ; peristome white, thickened, acutely re-
flected, somewhat angular at the carination of the last
whorl, continuous, its terminations joined by triangular,
elevated, acutely pointed callus ; on the parietal side of
the inner fourth of the last, and running round rather
obliquely within from two thirds to three fourths of the
penultimate whorl, thus revolving nearly once round the
shell, is a thread-like, elevated, white internal lamina.
Greater diameter 14, lesser, 12| mill.; height, 3i mill.
A large specimen, 20 greater diameter.
Helix cereolus, Muhlfeldt, Berlin Mus., VIII. (1816), 41, PL II. Fig. 18.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 408 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 378, PI. LXVI.
Figs. 1-3. — ? Reeve, Con. Icon., 698. —Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII.
136, Fig. 2. — W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., IV. 80, part, PL LXXVII. Fig.
23 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 106, Fig. 182 (1869).
Helix septemvolva, ? Ferussac, Hist., PL LI. Fig. 6.—? Wood, Index Test.
SuppL, VII. Fig. 14; ed. Haxley, 226, Fig. 14. — ?Sowerby, Conch. Man.,
ed. 2, Fig. 275. — Binxey, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 391, PL XIX. Fig. 4
(1840); Terr. Moll., II. 196, PL XXXVIII. central line. — Deshayes in Fer.
Hist., 5.
Helix planorbula, Lamarck? An. s. Vert., VI. 89. — ? Deshayes in Lam., VIII.
67; Encycl. Meth., II. 208 (1830). — ?Delessert, Rec, PL XXVI. Fig. 3
(1841). — ?Chexu, Illust. Conch., PL XII. Fig. 3.
Helix cereolus, var. laminifcra, W. G. Binxey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858,
200, no descr.
Polygyra cereolus, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 158, PL XL Figs. 19-21
(1867).
Indian River, Indian Key, Key West, Egmont Key, Florida. It is a species
of the Florida Subregion.
284
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The umbilical opening, in specimens of about equal size, is only half the
width of that in septemvolva ; the last whorl is wider, especially towards its ter-
mination at the aperture, more inflated, and rather less acutely carinat^l. The
aperture is more orbicular, more contracted, and the peristome more expanded
and acutely reflected, and at its junction below with its pillar lip more closely
appressed to the last whorl.
Fig. 181 represents a specimen broken, so as to show the internal lamina.
Jaw as usual; 14 ribs.
There are 22 — 1 — 22 teeth, with 9 laterals on the lingual membrane, the
inner cutting point of the tenth tooth being bifid. Marginals with base of
attachment low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid cutting point, and one
short bluntly bifid, small, outer cutting point (PI. VI. Fig. K), all of same type
as in septemvolva.
Genitalia as in P. septemvolva.
Polygyra Carpenteriana, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, orbicular, horn-colored or pale rufous, above flat, obliquely
and acutely ribbed, beneath convex, slightly striated, shining,
often ornamented with indistinct white spots ; suture deeply
impressed; whorls 5| to 6^, the last subangular at the periph-
ery, shortly but suddenly deflected at the aperture, gibbous'
scrobiculate, constricted, tumid behind the aperture, and
ribbed, base dilated, with a white internal thread-like lamina1
on the columellar wall near the point of attachment of the
aperture; aperture very oblique, lunate; peristome callous
within, thickened, little reflected, the margins joined by a
triangular dentiform lamella. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9
mill. ; height, 4 mill.
Fig. 182.
P. Carpenteriana,
enlarged.
Helix microdonta, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., 499, ex parte ?
(1848). — W. G. BlNNEY, Terr. Moll, IV. 91, PI. LXXV1II.
Fig. 28, excl. fig.
Helix Carpenteriana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 137. — W. G. BlNNEY, L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 107, Fig. 183 (1869).
Polygyra Carpenteriana, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 159, PI. XI. Fig. 24,
not 23 (1867).
In the Florida Subregion on the mainland of the extreme southern part of
the peninsula and on the Keys from Little Sarazota Bay to Key Biscay ne. I
have received fossil specimens, imbedded in limestone rock.
This species has been hitherto named microdonta in American cabinets. It
is readily distinguished from all the other species of the group by its strong
acute rib-like stria?, and the peculiarity of the outer whorl. About the last
third of it, behind the aperture, is ribbed and tumid ; the whorl is then rather
i As in //. cereolus, see Fig. 1S1 , p. 2S3.
POLYGYRA. 285
abruptly contracted, becoming narrower above, and flattened and slightly stri-
ated beneath, but again, as it passes towards and beneath the aperture, dilated
and convex. This change of form gives to the last whorl a distorted appear-
ance. The internal lamina is on the columellar wall of the contracted and
flattened portion of the last whorl, and runs obliquely, in the direction of the
aperture, attaining a length in a large specimen of about 6 mill. The charac-
ter of the aperture is most like that of cereolus, but in that species the last
whorl has none of the peculiarities above described. The internal lamina is
found in a majority of specimens, but not in all; it can generally be seen
through the outer wall of the shell.
The upper figure is engraved directly from a photograph on wood.
Jaw as usual in the genus; over 12 ribs. One jaw examined has a decided
median projection.
Lingual membrane with 22 — 1 — 22 teeth, of which 9 are laterals, the tenth
tooth having its inner cutting point bifid (PI. VI. Fig. M).
I can now state that cereolus, Carpenleriana, septemvolva, volvoxis, and Febi-
geri have the same dentition. In all, the splitting of the inner cutting point
commences at the tenth tooth. The species also agree in their genitalia.
Genitalia as in P. septemvolva.
Polygyra Febigeri, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, orbicular, flat, thin, shining, pale or reddish horn-colored,
with rather distant rib-like striae above, finely striated beneath; spire almost
level; suture deep; whorls 5^ to 6, rather convex, regularly increasing, the
last angular at the periphery, inflated below ; umbilicus funnel-shaped ; aper-
ture oblique, kidney-shaped ; peristome thickened, little reflected, the margins
joined by a strong triangular callus. Greater diameter 8|, lesser 7£ mill. ;
height, 3£ mill.
Helix Febigeri, Bland, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 373, PI. XXI. Fig. 10 (1866). —
W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 108, Fig. 184 (1869).
Polygyra Febigeri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 160 (1867). Fig. 183.
New Orleans ; Mobile. A species of the Southern Region.
This species certainly differs from P. cereolus, Muhl., septem-
volva, Say, volvoxis, Parr., and Carpenteriana, Bid., the four
species of the same group hitherto found on the North Ameri-
can continent. Compared with paludosa, Pfr., of Cuba, the
rib-like striae are more regular and prominent, it is more de-
cidedly angular at the periphery, and the form and armature of P. Febigeri.
the aperture are different. In Febigeri there is no such exca-
vation below the angle of the periphery as prevails, more or less, in the other
above-named continental species. In this respect, and in the form of the
aperture, Febigeri appears to be most nearly allied to microdonta, Desh., of
28G
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Bermuda and New Providence, but it is more coarsely striated, and the last
whorl is more inflated below.
Jaw as usual ; 10 ribs.
P. Febigeri (PI. VI. Fig. J) has 17 — 1 — 17 teeth on the lingual membrane,
with 9 laterals, the tenth tooth having a bifid inner cutting point.
Genitalia as in P. septemvolva, cereulus, and Carpenteriana.
Polygyra pustula, F]£r.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, minutely striated, reddish or pale
horn-color, hirsute; spire scarcely elevated; whorls 4i, flattened, gradually in-
Fia 184. creasing, the last more convex below, deflected at the aper-
ture, constricted behind the peristome; umbilicus broad, pervi-
ous, with a deep groove marked within the shell by an internal,
revolving, ridge-like lamella, branching from a stout, transverse,
internal tubercle ; aperture very oblique, narrow, sinuously
lunate; peristome sinuous, white, thickened, acute, somewhat
reflected, its terminations joined by a two-forked, elevated,
acutely pointed lamina, the basal margin with two approxi-
mated acute denticles, the columellar termination entering and
somewhat covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4 mill.; height,
2J mill.
Helix pustula, Ferussac, Hist, PI. 1. Fig. 1. — Deshayes in Ffirt. I. 78, t. 1.
Fig. I.— Pfeiffer, Symb., III. 81; Mon., I. 42-2; IV. 268, excl. /3 ; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 376, PI. LXV. Figs. 18-20 (184(5). — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
721 (1852). —Bland, Aim. N. Y. Lye, VI. 346, Fig. 1 (1858). — W. G. Bin-
KEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 94, PI. LXXV1I. Fig. 12; L. k Fi.-W. Sh., I. 109
(1869). — Not of Binnky.
DcedalochUa pustula, TilYON, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 62 (1867).
A species of the whole Southern Region, having been received from Texas,
Cedar Keys, St. Augustine, South Carolina, and Lee County, Georgia.
The. groove within the umbilicus is a very marked feature in Ferussac 's spe-
cies, and though not referred to in his description, is distinctly shown in one of
the figures; it is entirely wanting in leporina, and also in pusfufoides. This
groove is not only an external character, but its presence modifies the internal
struc u e of the sbell On opening the base of the last whorl immediately be-
hind llit" aperture, a strongly developed transverse tubercle is seen within, from
which a strong ridge-like lamella inns round the umbilical opening, correspond-
ing in extent with the groove. This tubercle, and the extension of it, are en-
tbeU disconnected by a sinus or channel from the floor of the penult whorl.
The hirsute character of this species is not generally alluded to by authors.
The outer edge of the peristome in specimens from St. Augustine is of a deep
rose-color.
POLYGYRA. 287
Jaw as usual; 14 crowded ribs.
P. pustula (PI. VI. Fig. E) has 17 — 1 — 17 teeth on its lingual membrane,
with 8 laterals.
Polygyra pustuloides, Bland.
Shell widely umbilicate, planorboid, thin, rufous or pale horn-colored, deli-
cately striated, with thin, sparingly hirsute epidermis; spire scarcely elevated;
whorls 4 to 4i, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the
last subangular at the periphery, at the aperture gibbous, F'g' 185
constricted, suddenly deflected, beneath devious; suture
rather deeply impressed ; umbilicus wide, erpial to one-third
of the larger diameter of the shell, showing all, but espe-
cially the penult whorl; aperture with an internal, fulcrum-
like process on the base of the shell, oblique, crescentic,
with an erect, oblique, white, parietal lamelliform tooth,
joined to the upper angle of the aperture by a slightly arcu- p pu!itui0icieSm
ate, filiform callus ; peristome reflected, with margins ap-
proaching, and having two dentiform lobes separated by a deep fissure.
Greater diameter 5|, lesser]4| mill.; height, 2\ mill.
Helix pustula, Binney, Terr. Moll, II. 201, PL XXXIX. Fig. 3, not of Ferus-
SAC.
Helix pustuloides, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 350, Fig. 3 (1858). — W. G.
BlNNEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 93 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 110 (1869).
Dcedalochila pustuloides, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 61 (1867).
Georgia and Alabama. A species of the Southern Region.
P. pustuloides is intermediate in size between pustula and leporina, — is less
globose than the former, and more sparingly hirsute. It differs widely from
both in the character of the umbilicus; the aperture is much like that of jnis-
tula, but more narrow than that of leporina. The inferior tooth on the peri-
stome is more developed laterally than in pustula, — indeed, it has a somewhat
bifid appearance, in which respect it is more allied to leporina.
The fulcrum in pustuloides is of the same nature as that in leporina, but less
developed, and with the outer edge entire.
As to the. station of the species, I copy the following from one of Dr. Wil-
son's interesting letters from Darien, Georgia : —
" The place has an eastern exposure to the sea, high tides rising to the base
of the low bluff where they exist. The growth of trees, which consists mostly
of live oak and Celtis occide?ilalis, has never been cleared off; the Palmetto ser-
rulata flourishes as an undergrowth. The soil is covered for a few inches in
depth with oyster-shells thrown there by the Indians, anil decayed leaves and
fragments of branches are of course over all these, under which, and among the
superficial oyster-shells, the He/ices live. P. pustula is nowhere near, or at
least a rigid search did not reveal any. Macrocyclis concava (dead) occurs in
small numbers, Triodopsis injlccta abundantly."
288 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; over 10 ribs.
Lingual membrane with 17 — 1 — 17 teeth, 8 laterals, the ninth tooth having
bifid inner cutting point (PL VI. Fig. C).
Genitalia unobserved.
Polygyra leporina, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. XL. a, Fig. 1.
Shell with a partially covered umbilicus, depressed, orbicular, thin, reddish
horn-color, delicately striated, and, when fresh, having a delicate down on its
surface ; spire depressed, composed of 5 slightly convex whorls, the last of
which is obtusely angular at its upper portion ; base convex, excavated at the
umbilical region, with a minute, partially covered umbilicus ; aperture oblique
lunate ; peristome incumbent, rose-colored, reflexed, bearing on its dilated
basal edge two expanded teeth separated by a deep, narrow fissure, its termi-
nations joined by a quadrate, erect, oblique lamella, whose upper edge is joined
to the upper angle of the aperture by a thread-like callus ; an internal, fulcrum-
like tubercle, with uneven outer edge, on the base of the shell. Greater diam-
eter 6, lesser 5£ mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix leporina, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, III. 39 (1848) ; in Terr. Moll., II. 199,
PI. XL. a, Fig. 1. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 722 (1852). — Bland, Ann. N. Y.
Lye, VI. 348 (1858). — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 92; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
Ill (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 320, no descr.
Helix pustula, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 70, descr. : var. j3 ; III. 268, not of
Ferussac.
Docdalochila leporiiia, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 61 (1867).
Indiana, Illinois, Arkansas, Mississippi, Marengo County, Alabama, Georgia,
Texas. A species of the Southern Region, ranging quite into the Interior
Region.
P. leporina is larger than pustula, less elevated, the whorls are less convex,
the incremental stria3 less numerous and distinct, and the aperture is wider.
The umbilicus is more nearly covered by the peristome, and is without the
groove which prevails in pustula. Within and near the aperture there is what
may be called the fulcrum, extending from the floor of the last to that of the
penultimate whorl, and approaching in character to, but less strongly devel-
oped, than that in Stenolrcma monodon. The outer edge of this fulcrum is
uneven, — in one specimen somewhat denticulated.
Genitalia not observed.
Jaw as usual; over 11 stout, separated ribs. A strong upper muscular
attachment.
Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus (PI. VI. Fig. F). Teeth
18—1—18, with 8 laterals.
POLYGYRELLA.
289
Fig. 186.
Jaw of. P. polygyrella .
POLYGYRELLA, Bland.
Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal,
ribbed above, smoother below; whorls 7-8,
gradually increasing, the last deflected
above, furnished within with two rows of
three teeth ; base flattened, umbilicus of
equal size to the apex ; aperture subver-
tical, oblique, lunate-oval ; peristome white,
simple, much thickened within, margins joined by a white, pliciform, elevated,
triangular tooth.
Central Province ; a single species known.
Jaw of the only known species, P. polygyrella, very low, wide, very slightly
arcuate, ends very gradually attenuated : cutting margin without median pro-
jection : anterior surface with numerous (even 26), broad, slightly separated
ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. A) long and narrow. Teeth 27 — 1 — 27,
with 5 perfect laterals. Centrals subquadrate, the lower lateral angles but
little expanded ; the upper margin broadly reflected : reflection large, wide,
with distinct, but small, rounded side cusps bearing short conical cutting points,
and a very stout median cusp reaching the lower margin of the base of attach-
ment, beyond which projects the short, stout, conical cutting point. Laterals
like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower
angle of the base of attachment, and the inner side cusp and cutting point.
First marginals a simple modification of the laterals by the lesser development
of the cutting point (b). Outer marginals (c) low, wide, the reflection equal-
ling the base of attachment and bearing one inner, short, stout, oblique cutting
point, and two shorter outer blunt cutting points.
Polygyrella is quite distinct from all the other American genera by the form
of its jaw and the large number of ribs upon its anterior surface.
Fig. 187.
Polygyrella polygyrella, Bland.
Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, flat, shining, translucent, yellowish horn-
colored, ribbed above, the ribs obsolete near the aperture, base rather smooth ;
spire scarcely elevated ; whorls 7 to 8, somewhat convex, gradu-
ally increasing, the last slightly deflexed above, armed within
with two rows of three teeth, seen through the outer wall ; um-
bilicus pervious, of equal size to the apex ; aperture subvertical,
oblique, lunate-oval ; peristome depressed above, white, simple,
much thickened within, the margins joined by a white, pliciform,
elevated, triangular tooth. Greater diameter ll£, lesser 10£
mill. ; height, 5 mill.
VOL. IV. 19
P. polygyrella.
290 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix polygyrella, Bland & Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 365, PI. IV. Figs.
13-15 (1861). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 112 (1869).
Polygyra polygyrella, Tryon", Am. Journ. Conch., III. 160 (1867).
Central Province. Common on the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, especially on
their eastern slope, in spruce forests.
Jaw and lingual membrane (see p. 289).
Genitalia unknown.
STENOTREMA, Raf.
Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell with the perforation covered, lenticular or globosely depressed, hairy ;
whorls 4^-6, the last anteriorly gibbous, shortly deflexed, tumid below; spire
somewhat elevated ; peristome with a white, thickened margin, briefly reflexed
above, somewhat constricted in its basal portion, usually sinuous and dentate,
furnished with an internal transverse tubercle on the floor of the base of the
last whorl.
A North American genus, meeting its greatest development in the Cumber-
land Subregion.
Jaw thick, high, arched; ends but little acuminated, blunt ; cutting margin
without median projection ; anterior surface with stout, broad, crowded ribs,
denticulating either margin. There are about 8 in
Fig. 188. stenntremnm, 11 in germanum,1 7 in monodon, 8 in hir-
sutum, 13 in Edvardsi, 12 in barbigerum, 8 in .spino-
sum, 12 in labrosum.
^^ I have had no opportunity of examining Edgarianarn
Jaw of S. monodon
(Morse). °r maxiuatum.
The subgenus is restricted to North America as far
as known. It differs from our other subgenera in having its ribs much
broader and much more closely crowded.
Lingual membrane arranged as in Patula. Centrals with a base of attach-
ment longer than wide, the lower lateral angles but little expanded, the lower
margin incurved, the upper margin squarely reflected ; reflection large, wide,
with small, in some species almost obsolete, side cusps, always bearing distinct,
well-developed cutting points ; and a very stout median cusp, bearing a stout
cutting point which usually projects beyond the lower edge of the base of
attachment. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression
of the inner lateral angle of the lower edge of the base of attachment and the
inner side cusp and cutting point. The transition from laterals to marginals is
shown in PI. VII. Fig. B (S. spinosum). It is, as usual, produced by the com-
parative lesser development of the inner cusp and greater development of its
cutting point. This cutting point becomes bifid, the reflection becomes
^ ! See Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., X. PI. XIV. Fig. 4. Perhaps a Mesodon.
STENOTREMA. 291
shorter, the cutting points more produced, and thus gradually the form of the
marginal teeth is reached. They are low, wide, the reflection equalling the
base of attachment, the cutting points long, oblique, usually two in number,
the inner one generally, and the outer one rarely, bluntly bifid : the outer
bifurcation of each is more produced than the inner. There is great varia-
tion in the denticulation of the marginal teeth even on the same lingual mem-
brane. A transition from laterals to marginals similar to that of 5. spinosum is
found in S. barbigerum, labrosum, Eduardsi, stenotremum, hirsutum, germanum,
and monodon.
There seems no difference in the characters of the teeth of the different
species examined by me, excepting the slight one of the greater or lesser devel-
opment of the side cusps of centrals or laterals, especially the former; whether
this is constant can only be proved by a careful examination of every portion
of each lingual. In »S'. hirsutum I found these cusps more developed than in
the other species.
Stenotrema spinosum, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. XLIV. Fig. 1.
Shell imperforate, lenticular, with the upper surface much flattened, acutely
carinated ; epidermis dark chestnut-color, with minute, hair-like processes lying
flat upon the whorls in the direction of their lines of growth,
striate ; whorls 6, of nearly uniform width, and decreasing very riS- 189-
gradually from the aperture to the spire ; suture distinct, slightly
raised ; aperture very narrow ; peristome yellowish- white, near
its junction with the body-whorl thickened, angulated, and slightly
reflected, with a median cleft : parietal wall with a long, yel-
' ' r °' J S. spinosum.
lowish, narrow, projecting tooth, extending from the umbilical
axis to the angle of the peristome, and parallel with its thickened edge ; base
convex, with the umbilical region slightly indented ; within the shell, springing
from the axis, is a transverse, curved, white tubercle. Greatest diameter 14,
lesser 13 mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Caracolla spinosa, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., IV. 104, PI. XV. Fig. 35 ; Obs., I. 114
(1834).
Helix spinosa, Bijjnev, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 367, PI. XI. Fig. 2 (1840);
Terr. Moll., II. 153, PI. XLIV. Fig. 1, excl. syn. — Ffeiffer, Mod, Hel.
Viv., I. 421 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 375, PI. LXV. Figs. 15-17 (1849). —De-
Kay, N. Y. Moll., 47, PI. V. Fig. 114 (1843). — Reeve, Con. Icon., 685
(1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 65 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 113, Figs.
189, 190 (1869).
Slcnotrema spinosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 58 (1867).
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, common in East Tennessee, ranging
into Alabama and Georgia.
292 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 189 shows the internal tubercle.
Animal light-colored, head and eye-peduncles darker ; foot narrow, trans-
lucent, length little more than the diameter of the shell, pointed at the end.
Eyes black, eye-peduncles 6 mill. long. Shell carried horizontally on the back.
Jaw, as usual, with 8 ribs.
Lingual membrane (Plate VII. Fig. B) with 27—1 — 27 teeth; 9 perfect
laterals ; the eleventh tooth has a bifid inner cutting point.
Plate XIV. Fig. H represents the genital system of this species. The penis
sac is very long, attenuated at either end, greatly swollen at the median third
of its length. The genital bladder is oval, on a short duct.
Stenotrema labrosum, Bland.
Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, the carina somewhat obsolete behind
the aperture, solid, with curved striae, dark-brown colored beneath the epider-
mis ; epidermis thin, with prostrate hairs ; spire convex-
Fig. 190. conoid, obtuse ; whorls 5^, rather convex, the last deflexed,
constricted, the base inflated, and sculptured beneath the
epidermis with numerous impressed spiral lines ; the aper-
ture very oblique, narrowly ear-shaped, contracted by a
strong linguiform tooth extending along the entire parietal
wall ; peristome callous, somewhat reflected, the margin
„ , , "" , . joined by a sinuous callus, the basal margin thickened, in-
S. labrosum, enlarged. « » ' ° '
wardly much dilated, with a deep and wide notch in the
middle ; with an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater
diameter \2\, lesser 10 mill.; height, 6| mill.
Helix labrosa, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 430, PI. IV. Fig. 19 (1861). — W.
G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 113 (1869).
Stenotrema labrosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 59 (1867).
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, ranging southerly into Alabama,
southwesterly into Arkansas.
The thickened and reflected peristome, and deep wide notch, sufficiently
distinguish labrosum from Edgarianum. The notch in the latter, situated
in the centre of the aperture as in stenotremum, is, in a measure, obsolete, but
in labrosum it is strongly developed, and nearer to the outer edge of the peri-
stome, as in hirsutum. The form of the parietal tooth of this species is like
that of hirsutum, while Edgarianum is in that particular more like stenotre-
mum. Edgarianum, in fact, connects stenotremum with spinosum, but labro-
sum is rather allied to hirsutum, and in the character of the peristome to
maxillatum.
Jaw with 12 ribs. Lingual membrane with 35—1 — 35 teeth, 12 of which
are laterals. (PI. XVI. Fig. T.)
Genitalia as in monodon.
STENOTREMA. 293
Stenotrema Edgarianum, Lea.
Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, solid, areuately striate, under the
epidermis yellowish flesh-color, with distant, short, prostrate hairs ; spire con-
vex-conoid, rather obtuse; whorls 5, flattened, the last ante-
riorly deflected, subconstricted ; aperture very oblique, most lg' '
narrowly ear-shaped, narrowed by a stout, tongue-shaped,
areuately entering tooth on the full length of the parietal wall ;
peristome subcontinuous, its upper margin subsimple, its
basal margin much dilated inwardly, with a slight median cleft ;
far within on the base of the shell is a stout, transverse tuber- s. Erfgarianum,
cle. Greater diameter 9, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 5 mill. enlarged.
Caracolla Edgariana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IX. 2 ; Obs., IV. 2 (1843) ;
Proc, II. 31 (1841) ; in Troschel's Arch. f. Nat., 1843, II. 124.
Helix Edgariana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 425. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II.
155, PI. XLIV. Fig. 2. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 703. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 65 ; L. & Fr.-W., Sh., I. 114 (1869). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
VII. 428, PI. IV. Fig. 18.
Stenotrema Edgariana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 59 (1867).
Distribution like S. labrosum.
S. Edgarianum differs from spinosum in the following particulars : it is smaller,
more elevated, and more convex beneath. In form the parietal tooth is most
like that of stenotremum, while that of spinosum is more nearly allied to that
usually prevailing in hirsutum. The whorls of spinosum are flattened and ex-
eerted, the carinated edges of all being seen, but in Edgarianum the upper whorls
are rather convex, and defined by a well-marked suture. Traces of hairs rarely
exist at the base of spinosum, and no scars indicating their presence are visible
on dead or denuded shells, whereas in Edgarianum there are distant, short,
prostrate hairs, with strongly marked scars on the shell. Fresh or young speci-
mens have, no doubt, the cilia, as in spinosum.
Animal not observed.
Stenotrema Edvardsi, Bland.
Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinate, the carina obsolete near the aperture,
rather thin, beneath the epidermis pale brown ; the epidermis dark chestnut-
color, with numerous minute curved hair-like processes lyinu: flat
Fig. 192. I J a
upon, and attached to, the epidermidal surface of the upper whorls
in the direction of the incremental stria5, the epidermis at the base
covered with acute, raised, transverse tubercles, most numerous,
and having erect bristles near the aperture; spire convex-conoid;
whorls 5, flattened, gradually increasing, the last gibbous above,
6 Edvani suddenly but slightly deflected; apex minutely granulate; base
convex, little indented in the umbilical region, and with impressed
294 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
spiral lines beneath the epidermis; suture deeply impressed; aperture oblique,
transverse, auriform, narrowed by a slender, slightly arcuate, lamelliform
parietal tooth extending across from the umbilical axis, and terminating with
a short angular deflection within the aperture ; upper margin of tbe peristome
acute, scarcely reflected, and partially appressed to the body-whorl, with a
tooth-like callus within, having an almost obsolete notch in the centre ; with
an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter 9,
lesser 8 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix Edvardsi, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 277, PI. IX. Figs. 14-16 (1858).
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 63, PI. LXXIX. Figs. 7-9 ; L. & Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 115 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mai. Piatt., 1859, 13.
Stenotrcma Edwardsi, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 59 (1867).
Mountains of Fayette or Green Brier County, Virginia ; Laurel and Wbitly
County, Kentucky. A species of the Cumberland Subregion.
This species is allied to, or rather intermediate between, barbigerum and hir-
sutum, Say, — tbe former connecting spinosum with fraternum. It is smaller,
more elevated, less acutely carinated, and readily distinguished from S. barbige-
rum by tbe partially appressed, notched peristome, and tbe different character
of the epidermis. In barbigerum the attached hair-like epidermidal processes
are produced, at the sutures and carina, into cilia, which are entirely wanting
in this species. The same processes, though less numerous, and sometimes
almost obsolete, are observable at the base of the former, while in the latter
the basal epidermis approaches in character to that of Mesodon palliata. The
deep characteristic notch in >S'. hirsutum is considerably less developed in S.
Edvardsi, and the callus which connects the parietal tooth with the upper mar-
gin of the peristome in the former does not exist in the latter. In the general
character of the peristome the species under consideration resembles S. hirs^i-
tiun, while barbigerum is in that particular more appropriately compared with
fralernum, Say.
Jaw, as usual, with 13 broad, crowded ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig D) with 20—1—20 teeth; 9 perfect lat-
erals ; the eleventh tooth has its inner cutting point bifid.
Genitalia not observed.
Stenotrema barbigerum, Redfield.
Shell imperforate, sharply carinate, rather thin, dark horn-colored or brown ;
tbe upper surface has the epidermis raised into acute striae, which at the suture
and carina are produced into short cilia or bristles; these epidermidal striae
are sometimes seen beneath, 'but less distinctly, being often obsolete in the
mature shell; basal surface convex, but indented in the umbilical region; spire
slightly convex ; whorls 5k, rather flat, last one suddenly but slightly deflected;
ai» "i, e very obliuue, transverse, ear-shaped, narrowed by a rather slender,
STENOTREMA. 295
tongue-shaped tooth, which extends nearly across the whole width of the aper-
ture ; peristome callous, margins slightly but distinctly re-
flected, and thickened within ; basal margin slightly arcuate,
but entire ; with an internal transverse tubercle at the base of
the shell. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9 mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Helix barbigera, Redfield, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 171, PI. IX-
Figs. 4, 5, 7 (1856). — Gould in Terr. Moll., III. 21.— s. barb,gerum,
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 63, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 2; enlarsed-
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 116 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 343.
Stenotrema barbigera, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 60 (1867).
A species of the Cumberland Subregion, ranging into North Carolina, Geor-
gia (Habersham County), and Alabama.
Smaller and more delicate than 5. spinosum ; stria? more numerous, thickly
set with fine cilia, which project at the periphery in a fine fringe, and not like
short triangular aculei, as in spinosum. The umbilical region is less depressed,
the parietal tooth much more delicate, and does not overlap the peristome
which stands off from the shell, and is not appressed to it. S. Edgarianurn is
much more solid and elevated, has the parietal tooth more developed, the peri-
stome notched, as in .S'. hirsutum, but has about the same diameter.
Jaw, as usual, with 1 2 crowded ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. ATI. Fig. C) has 21—1—21 teeth; 8 perfect lat-
erals ; but even the third has its inner cutting point greatly produced.
Genitalia as in <S. stenotremum.
Stenotrema stenotremum, F£k.
Vol. III. PI. XLII. Fig. 4.
Shell imperforate, globose, diaphanous, reddish, hirsute, convex above, in-
flated below ; spire elevated ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last anteriorly
gibbous, angularly deflected ; aperture irregularly transversely lunar, almost
linear, contracted by a long, stout, elevated, lamelliform tooth along the whole
length of the parietal wall, furnished far within on the base of the last whorl
with a transverse, tubercle, springing from the axis ; peristome scarcely ex-
panded above, thickened by a heavy, regularly curving callus, its basal margin
with a small notch. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9 mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Helix stenotrema, Ferussac in Mus. teste Pfeiffer, Synib., II. 39, excl. j^u^ula.
— Reeve, Con. Icon., 702. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 61 ; L. k Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 117 (1869). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 327.
Helix hirsuta, var. a, Ferussac, Hist. , PI. L. a, Fig. 3. — /3. Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., I. 421 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 376 (1846), PI. LXV. Figs. 12-14
(1849), var. stenotrema. — Var. Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 151, PI. XLII. Fig.
4. — Deshayes in Fer., I. 140.
Stenotrema convcxa, Rafinesque, Enum. and Ace, 3 (1831) ; Binney and Tryon
ed., 28.
Stenotrema stenotrema, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 56 (1S67).
296 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
A post-Plelocene species, now ranging over both Interior and Southern
Regions.
In stenotremum the notch is invariably small, and more central than in hirsu-
tum; the parietal tooth is more produced over the aperture, and its lower edge
is a regular curve, not somewhat sinuous, as in the latter and spinosum ; it is
also curved downwards at its outer extremity, not terminating abruptly, as
usual in those species. The form of the parietal tooth, however, varies in
Mrsittum, from which this species can chiefly, if indeed not alone, be distin-
guished by the size and position of the notch.
Jaw, as usual, with 8 stout, crowded ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. E) has 20—1—20 teeth; 10 laterals; the
eleventh tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.
Genitalia as in S. hirsutum, with great development of prostate, penis sac,
testicle, and epididymis ; the last not convoluted.
Stenotrema hirsutum, Say.
Vol. IH. PI. XLII. Fig. 3.
Shell imperforate, subglobose ; epidermis brownish or chestnut, covered with
numerous, sharp, rigid hairs; whorls 5, rounded; suture distinct; aperture
contracted, very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelliform tooth, situ-
ated on the parietal wall, and extending from the centre of the base, within
the junction of the peristome with the outer whorl, into the edge of the aper-
ture ; peristome narrow, very much depressed, and reflected against the outer
whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure near the centre of the basal margin ; umbili-
cus wholly covered ; base convex ; far within the base of the shell is a trans-
verse tubercle, starting from the axis. Greater diameter, 7^, lesser 7 mill. ;
height, 4 | mill.
Helix hirsuta, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. 17 (1817) ; II. 161 ; ed. Binney, 8.
— Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 365, PI. X. Fig. 3(1840); Terr.
Moll., II. 150, PI. XLII. Fig. 3, excl. stenotrema. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll.,
36, PI. III. Fig. 27. — Gould, Invertebrata, 175, Fig. 116 (1S41). — Ferus-
sac, Tab. Syst., 38 ; Hist., PI. L. a, Fig. 1. — Deshayes in Lam., VIII. 113 ;
ed. III. 308 ; Encyl. Meth., II. 253 (1830); in Fer., I. 140. — Mrs. Gray,
Fig. of Moll. An., PI. CXCIII. Fig. 8, ex Bost. Journ. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., excl. var., /3, I. 421 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, exel. var., I. 374 (1846), PI.
LXV. Figs. 9-11 (1849). —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 714 (1852). — Leidy, T.
M. U. S., I. 257, PI. XI. Figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 62 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 118 (1869). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 327.
— Morse, Am. Nat. I. 151, Figs. 14, 15 (1867). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of
Mass. (2), 417 (1870).
Helix sinuata, y, Gmelin (teste Pfeiffer).
Helix isognomostomos, y, Gmelin (teste Ffeiffer).
STENOTREMA. 297
Triodopsis hirsuta, Woodward, Man., PL XII. Pig. 7, no desc.
Helix fraterna, Wood, Index, Suppl. 21, PL VIII. Fig. 16 (1828) ; ed. Hanley,
126, Fig. 16.
? Helix porcina, Say, Long's Exped. (1824), II. 257, PL XV. Fig. 2 (young) ;
Binney's ed., 30, PL LXXIV. Fig. 2. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843).—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 97. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 344,
with fig. (1858).
Stenotrema hirsuta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 57 (1867).
Animal whitish; head, eye-peduncles, and tentacles slate-color; foot slender,
semi-transparent; length less than twice the diameter of the shell, terminating
acutely. Cavity of the eye-peduncles apparent, when they are retracted, by
two dark lines with a white space between.
A post-Pleiocene species, now found over the Northern and Interior regions
as far as Kansas and Virginia, and even into Alabama.
The last whorl in front of the aperture, especially in the larger forms, is more
or less angulated, but never carinated. The position of.the parietal tooth is
often rather oblique, but usually nearly parallel with the peristome, and is more
or less distant from it. The nature of the epidermis varies ; in some forms the
hairs are very numerous, in others comparatively few. Spiral impressed lines
sometimes occur beneath the epidermis, at the base of the shell.
Jaw as usual ; 8 crowded, broad ribs.
Lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. F) has 22—1 — 22 teeth; 10 perfect
laterals.
Anatomy figured by Leidy (1. c). Genitalia (Fig. 5). Penis sac long, cylin-
drical, blunt above, where it receives retractor muscle and vas deferens ; geni-
tal bladder narrow, elongate-ovate, on a short, narrow duct ; the convolution in
the epididymis commences near the testicle.
Stenotrema maxillatum, Gould.
Vol. III. PL XL. a, Fig. 2.
Shell imperforate, globose-conic, rather solid, completely covered with short
hairs, chestnut-colored ; spire convex-conoid, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, rather
convex, gradually increasing, the last anteriorly deflected, constricted, subin-
flated below; aperture oblique, linear, almost closed by a broad, jaw-shaped
denticle within the peristome ; peristome thickened, its terminations joined by
a stout, erect parietal callus, the right margin subrectilinear, arched, angularly
merging into the very heavy basal margin ; within the base of the shell is a
transverse tubercle. Greater diameter 7, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix maxillata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, III. 38 ; in Terr. Moll., II. 157, PL
XL. a, Fig. 2. —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 126 ; IV. 164. — W. G. Bin.
key, Terr. Moll., IV. 65 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 119 (1869).
Stenotrema maxillata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 57 (1867).
298 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia (near Columbus). A species of the Cumber-
land Subregion.
This is another interesting example of the gradual transition, by almost im-
perceptible modifications, from one species to another, and of the many changes
which are wrought by the varied combination of a few characters signalizing a
group. However great its general resemblance to S. hirsutum may be, this
species is decidedly characterized by the singular jaw-like plate within the
fauces.
Animal unobserved.
Stenotrema monodon, Rackett.
Vol. III. PI. XLI.
Shell imperforate or umbilicated, globose-depressed, diaphanous, reddish
horn-colored, covered with short hairs ; spire rather convex ; whorls 5h, the
upper ones flattened, the two last convex, the last anteriorly gibbous, con-
stricted at the aperture, ; umbilicus more or less opened, or completely closed ;
aperture widely lunar, somewhat narrowed by a lamelliform tooth on the parie-
tal wall ; peristome acute, reflected, thickened with white callus within ; a
transverse internal tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter 11,
lesser 10 mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Helix monodon, Rackett, Linn. Trans., XIII. 42, PI. V. Fig. 2 (1822) ; ed.
Chenit, 269, PI. XXVII. Fig. 5. — Wood, Ind. Supplem., PI. VII. Fig. 15
(1828); ed. Hanley, 226, Fig. 15. — Binney, Bost. Joum. Nat. Hist., III.
360, PI. X. Fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr. Moll, II. 147, PL XLI. lower Figs. * — Gould,
Invertebrata, 174, Fig. 113 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159(1842). —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 60 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 120 (1869). — Gould
& Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 419 (1870). — DkKay, N. Y. Moll., 35, part,
excl. syn., PI. III. Fig. 19, not Fig. 21, a, b (1843). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll.
An., PI. CXCIII. Fig. 11 (ex. Bost. Joum., no desc). — Billings, Cana-
dian Nat, II. 100 Fig. 6 (1857). —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 151, Figs. 12, 13
(1867). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 320.
Helix convexa, Chemnitz, part (excl. syn., et tab. LXVI. Figs. 24, 27), PI. X.
17, 18. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 268 (excl. j3 et 7). — Deshayes in
Lam., VIII. 112 ; 3d ed., III. 308 ; Encycl. Meth., II. 253 (1830) ; in Fek.
1. c, I. 144. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 696 (1852), excl. syn. ; No. 717 (1854).
Helicodonta hirsuta, o, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 101, no desc.
Stenotrema monodon, Morse, Joum. Portl. Soc, I. 10, Fig. 13, PI. II. Fig. 2;
PI. IV. Fig. 14 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 56 (1867).
VAR. FRATERNA.
Helix fraternr , Say, Long's Exp., II. 257, PI. XV. Fig. 3; Binney's, ed. 30,
PI. LXXIV. Fig. 3. —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PI. CXCIII. Fig. 5, no
l The specimen figured is abnormal in not having a parietal tooth.
STENOTREMA. 299
descr. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 363, PI. X. Fig. 2, not of
Wood.
Helix monodon, DeKat, N. Y. Moll. 1. c, ex parte, PI. III. Fig. 21, a, b
(1843). — Wood, Ind. Suppl., PL VII. Fig. 15.
Helix convexa, Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 86, ex parte. — Var. Reeve, Con. Icon. 1. c.
— /3, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Yiv., I. 420.
Helix monodon, §, Pfeiffer, 1. c., IV. 320.
VAR. LEAH.
Helix convexa, y, Pfeiffer, 1. c. — Var. Chemnitz, 1. c, PI. LXVI. Figs. 24, 25.
Helix monodon, y, Pfeiffer, IV. 320. —Part Binney, Terr. Moll, PL XLI.
central figures.
Helix Leaii, Ward, MS. teste Binney.
■ Lister, Syn. Conch., PI. XCIII. Fig. 94.
In the post-Pleioeene of the Mississippi Valley ; now found in Canada and
all the Eastern Province to Texas.
Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head, neck, eye-peduncles, and ten-
tacles. Foot narrow, cylindrical, one and a half times as long as the diameter
of the shell, terminating in a point. Eye-peduncles one fourth of an inch long.
Eyes black. Some individuals much darker than others (see B. J. N. H., I.
PL X).
The varieties of this shell present remarkable differences in size and color-
ing, and in the form of the umbilicus. The transverse diameter varies from
one sixth to three sixths of an inch, and the form from subglobular in small
specimens to a very flattened shape in the larger. The coloring exhibits every
shade, from light amber to dark chestnut, sometimes with a revolving band,
and then known as var. cincta.1 The whorls of some reVolve about the axis at
such a distance as to leave a deep and wide umbilicus {monodon) ; while in
others they are in such near approximation as to permit only a small perfora-
tion, which the narrow, reflected peristome is sufficiently wide to cover (fra-
ternum). The hairy projections of the epidermis are most distinct upon the
young shells, but are often wanting at every stage of growth. The oblique
stria? are so fine as hardly to be visible, and in some instances the shell ap-
pears to be glabrous. Very beautiful specimens, about one fourth of an inch
in diameter, with a dark, shining epidermis and open umbilicus, occur in Ohio,
Indiana, Iowa, and Michigan. They are more convex, and as the same num-
ber of volutions is contained in half the space, they appear to have more whorls
than the common variety. Some persons have considered these to form a dis-
tinct species (H. Leaii, Ward, MS.) ; but I do not see that they n"n, with
propriety, be separated.
In the Western States this species is generally found in the forests. In
»New Hampshire and Vermont it is also found in forests with other species, but
l Hayeaville, North Caroliua. See Lewis^roc. Phila. A. N. S., 1874, p. 162.
300 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
more commonly in hillside pastures, under flat stones, a situation where other
species rarely occur. Two individuals are commonly found together.
Fig. 194 is drawn from a curious pathological specimen. The peristome
having been broken after the animal's arrival at maturity, a new peristome has
been formed somewhat in the rear of the first, and a new parietal
Pig^l94. tooth added. The base of the shell was purposely broken to show
the position of the internal tubercle.
The jaw of S. monodon is slightly arcuate, stout, bluntly rounded
s.lnonodon. at en(ls > anterior surface with broad, stout ribs denticulating each
margin (Fig. 188).
H. monodon (PI. VII. Fig. H) has 21 — 1 — 21 teeth on its lingual membrane;
10 perfect laterals ; the thirteenth tooth has a bifid inner cutting point. Morse
gives 28—1—28 teeth.
The characteristic feature of the genitalia is the penis sac. It is unpropor-
tionally long, club-shaped, and greatly enlarged above, where it receives both
vas deferens and retractor muscle. The genital bladder is small, elongate-
oval, on a short, delicate duct. The epididymis is convoluted in its whole
length (PI. XI. Fig. L).
Stenotrema germanum, Gould.
Vol. HI. PI. XL. a, Fig. 3.
Shell imperforate, solid, depressed, low-conical above, convex beneath,
slightly angular at periphery, covered with a scabrous rusty horn-colored epi-
dermis, beset with scattered hairs ; whorls b\, closely revolving, separated by a
well-impressed suture ; aperture lunate, the basal portion being but slightly
curved, and turning upward at a rather sharp angle; peristome incumbent,
with a deep stricture behind it, moderately reflexed, roseate ; on the parietal
wall of the aperture is a distinct, oblong, erect, white tooth, not connected with
either extremity of the peristome. Greater diameter, 7^ mill. ; height, 5 mill.
Helix germana, Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. (1852), 70, Fig. 40, a, b, c ;
Terr. Moll., II. 156, PI. XL. a, Fig. 3. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Yiv., III. 269.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S., IV. 11 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,.I. 120 (1869).
Stenotrema germana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 58 (1867).
Oregonian region at Astoria.
Jaw more resembling the type usual in the subgenus Stenotrema than Meso-
don, the ribs, 11 in number, ' being broad and crowded. There are forms
of germana closely connecting the species with Mesodon Columbianum, Lea. I
have, while treating the latter species (see below), pointed out the decided spe-
cific differences shown in the jaw and genitalia; at the same time I have stated
that by the want of the internal tubercle, germanum is more nearly allied to
Mesodon than to Stenotrema.
S. germanum (PI. VII. Fig. G) has 28—1—28 teeth; 12 perfect laterals.
The left-hand figure shows one of the few marginals which have the outer
cusp bifid.
TRIODOPSIS. 301
TRIODOPSIS, Raf.
Animal heliciform, mantle posterior, other characters as in Patula, q. v.
Shell imperforate or umbilicated, orbicularly depressed or subglobose ; more
or less obliquely striated ; whorls
lg' ' 5 - 7, the last somewhat deflexed in
front; aperture sinuously coarctate,
subtriangular ; peristome white,
thickened, broadly and angularly
reflexed, usually dentate ; parietal
wall of the aperture with a strong,
Animal of T. paiiiata. obliquely entering denticle.
The subgenus inhabits almost
exclusively North America, especially the Eastern Province. Two Central
American species have, however, been described, and one European species,
personata, Lam. This last is said by Moquin-Tandon to have 3-5 separated
ribs upon its jaw, while our American species, as shown above,
have numerous ribs. Fig. 196.
Jaw stout, arcuate, low, wide, ends but little attenuated, blunt ;
cutting margin without median projection ; anterior surface with
numerous decided, separated ribs, denticulating either margin.
There are about 15 in paiiiata; 10 in obstricta ; 15 in appressa ;
14 in inflecta; 10 in Jiugeli ; 14 in fallax ; over 10 in Hopeto-
nensis ; 17 in Van Nostrandi ; 14 in introferens ; over 12 in Harfordiana vultu-
osa; 11 in loricata;1 over 10 in tridentata. I have not examined //. Mullani?
Triodopsis does not differ from Mesodon or Polygyra in the character of its
jaw. Stenotrema, on the other hand, is readily distinguished by having the
ribs broader and more crowded on its jaw.
The general arrangement of the teeth on the lingual membrane is as in
Patula. The characters of the individual teeth are given on Plate VII. I have
selected appressa (PI. VII. Fig. Q) to show these characters, comparing the
dentition of the other species with it. The centrals are longer than wide ; the
base of attachment has its outer, lower, lateral expansion but little developed,
its lower margin incurved, its upper margin squarely reflected ; the reflection
is stout, with subobsolete side cusps, but well-developed side cutting points, and
a stout, short median cusp, bearing a cutting point which does not reach the
lower margin of the base of attachment. The laterals are like the centrals,
but, as usual, asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral ex-
pansion of the base of attachment and the inner side cusp with its cutting
point. The transition teeth are characterized by the gradual lesser propor-
tional development of the reflection, and greater development of the inner cut-
ting point ; as the teeth pass outward, this point becomes bifid, the reflection
1 The ribs are more crowded in this species.
a Probably identical wit devia.
302 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
becomes gradually shorter, until the true marginals are reached. These last
are low, wide, the reflection equalling the base of attachment, the inner cutting
point being greatly developed, long, oblique, bluntly bifid, and the inner bifur-
cation the shorter of the two ; the outer cusp is very short, blunt, sometimes also
bifid. In this species the tenth is the first lateral showing decided modification ;
the fourteenth tooth has its inner point bifid ; the seventeenth tooth is a decided
marginal. The transition from laterals to marginals is so gradual that it is
often difficult to give the number of perfect laterals. I n many cases, therefore,
the number given by me must be considered as only approximately correct.
There is great variation in the denticulation of the marginal teeth.
The general character of the dentition of the other species is about the same
as in appressa. I found great difficulty in detecting the side cutting points in
several species, especially tridentata and palliata. In some species I did not
find the transition teeth or inner marginals with bifid cutting point. Helix per-
sonata is the only European species of this subgenus, but no figure of its den-
tition has been published to compare with that of our species. The same is
true of the two Central American species known.
Triodopsis palliata, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XIV.
Shell with the umbilicus closed, thin, depressed ; epidermis dark brown or
chestnut-color and rough with minute, acute projections and stiff hairs ; whorls
5, flattened above and rounded below, with numerous very fine, oblique striae ;
aperture three-lobed, much contracted by the peristome and teeth ; peristome
white, sometimes edged with brown, widely reflected, with two projecting teeth
on the "inner margin, the one near its junction with the body-whorl acute and
prominent, the other, on the basal portion, long, lamellar, and but little promi-
nent; parietal wall with a very prominent, Avhite, curved tooth, projecting
nearly perpendicularly from the shell, and forming one boundary of the aper-
ture; umbilicus covered with a white callus, the continuation of the reflected
peristome; base convex. Greater diameter 21, lesser 18 mill.; height,
10 mill.
Helix palliata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 152(1821); Bixney's ed. 10.—
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 353, PL VII. (1340); Terr. Moll., II.
136, part, PI. XIV. —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842). — Leiby, T. M.
LT. S., I. 253, PI. VII. Fig. 8 (1851), anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 33, PL III.
Fig. 36 (excl. a, b) (1843), excl. syn. pars. — Pfeiffei;, Mon. Hel. Viv., I.
316 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 359, PL LXII. Figs. 15, 16 (1849). —Mrs. Gray,
Fig. Moll. An., PL CXCIII. Fig. 8, ex Bost. Journ. (no descr.). — Deshayes
in Fer., I. 144 (excl. var.). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 678. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 56; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 124 (1869). — Bland, Ann. N. Y.
Lye, VII. 441.-Moii.se, Amer. Nat., I. 150, Figs. 10, 11 (1867). — Gould
and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 420 (1870).
triodopsis. 303
Helix denotata, Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38 (1822), no descr. ; Hist., PI. XL. a, Fig.
5 ; PL L. a, Fig. 7. — Deshayes in Lam., VIII. 115 ; ed. 3, III. 309.
Helix notata, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 224 (1830).
Xolotrcrna palliata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 49 (1867).
A post-Pleiocene species, now found in the Northern and Interior Regions ;
from Canada to Georgia, and Louisiana.
Animal of a uniform, blackish slate-color over the whole upper surface ; foot
narrow, in length double the diameter of the shell, and terminating in an acute
point ; eye-peduncles one third of an inch long ; eyes not distinguishable from
the general color (see p. 301).
The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only constant specific
characters which distinguish palliata from obstricta. In the former the epider-
mis has " numerous minute tuberculous acute prominences " ; the striae are close
together, and somewhat irregular in development. In the typical form the
whorls are convex, with a well-impressed suture ; the last whorl is obtusely an-
gulated in front of, but not behind the aperture.
The species varies in the form of the whorls and extent of the angulation of
the periphery, as follows : —
Var. /3. — Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last more sharply
angulated in front of the aperture, with the stria?, especially behind the aper-
ture, more distinctly defined. Greater diameter 22, lesser 19| mill. ; height,
8^ mill. (5 whorls.) Kentucky and Tennessee.
Var. y. — Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to show the carinated
edges of all excepting the apicial whorls, the last whorl with an acute project-
ing carina continued to the back of the aperture; the umbilicus not always
entirely covered by the reflected lip. Greater diameter 21^, lesser 18| mill.;
height, 7 mill. (5 whorls.) Tennessee.
The lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. O) has 34—1—34 teeth; 12 perfect
laterals; another specimen had 14 laterals. Morse counted 115 rows of teeth.
The inner cutting point of the transition teeth in this species is very large, as
shown in c.
Jaw as usual, with more than 15 ribs.
Genitalia figured by Leidy, 1. c. The genital bladder is very elongate-ovate,
on a duct of about equal length, swelling to equal size as it approaches the
vagina; the penis sac is short, cylindrical, with a constriction at its upper part,
beyond which it tapers slightly, and receives the vas deferens at its apex ; the
retractor muscle is inserted in the vas deferens near its junction with the penis
sac ; the vas deferens near the prostate gland is swollen into a small bulb-like
expansion ; the same is seen in T. obstricta.
Triodopsis obstricta, Say.
Vol. ILL PL XV.
Shell with the umbilicus closed, depressed, with heavy, rib-like stria?, and in-
terstitial, minute, revolving lines, reddish horn-color ; spire flattened ; whorls 5,
304 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
depressed, the last convex below, with a prominent, acute carina above ; aper-
ture oblique, subtriangular, narrowed by a tongue-shaped, arcuately entering
tooth on the parietal wall ; peristome thin, broadly expanded, its inner edge
with a heavy thickening of white callus, its right portion with a stout, erect
denticle, its basal portion straight, dilated, reflected, with a long, lamellar, less
prominent denticle. Greater diameter 26, lesser 22 mill.; height, 11 mill.
Helix obstricta, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 154(1821); Binnet's ed. 17. —
Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., I. 317. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 683(1852).—
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 57 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 125 (1869). — Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 446.
Helix palliata, var. a, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 152; Binney' s ed. 16. —
Var. a, b, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 33, PI. II. Fig. 16 (1843). — Var. Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 137, PL XV.
Helix appressa, var. Deshayes in Fer. (in plate, not in text).
Helicodonta denotata, var., Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38; Hist., PL L. A, Fig. 7, no
descr.
Caracolla helicoides, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IV. 103, PL XV. Fig. 34 ; Obs.
I. 113 (1834).
Helix Caroliniensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IV. 108, PL XV. Fig. 33 ; Obs.
I. 112 (1834).
Xolotrema obstricta Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 49 (1867).
A post-Pleiocene species (Natchez Bluff), now found in the Interior Region,
in Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina.
T. obstricta differs from T. palliata in the following particulars : the epi-
dermis is free from " tuberculous prominences," but has raised spiral lines be-
tween the costae, on the upper and lower surface of the shell. It bas elevated
rigid, distant costae, the whorls are subexserted and acutely carinated, the
carina of the upper whorls compressed, and overlapping the sutures, as in
Patula Cumberlandiana. The umbilicus, as in the most carinated form of T.
palliata, is not always entirely covered by the reflected peristome.
Var. J3. — Whorls subexserted, carina less acute and prominent, partially
obsolete behind the aperture, not covering the sutures. Greater diameter 24,
lesser 19 mill.; height, 8 mill. (5 whorls.) Columbus, Georgia. This variety
connects T. Caroliniensis with T. obstricta, and is generally found in cabinets
under the former name.
Var. y. — Whorls more convex, the last obtusely angulated in front of, but
very little behind the aperture. Greater diameter 21, lesser 17 mill.; height,
1\ mill. (5 whorls.) South Carolina. This is the typical T. Caroliniensis, hold-
ing precisely the same relation to obstricta as palliata to palliata var. y. Also
found in Tennessee and Georgia-
Jaw as usual; over 10 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. P) has 33—1—33 teeth; 10 perfect later-
als ; very like T. palliata. My figures are drawn from that part of the lingual
TRIODOPSIS. 305
membrane which has the cutting points of its teeth quite blunt. Other por-
tions of the membrane would furnish much more sharply pointed teeth.
The genital system resembles exactly that of T. palliata, Say, as figured by
Dr. Leidy, Vol. I. PL VII. Fig. 8. (See above.)
Triodopsia appressa, Say.
Vol. HI. PL XIII.
Shell with the umbilicus covered, orbicularly depressed, pellucid, with rib-
like stria? and minute revolving lines, reddish horn-colored ; spire flattened ;
whorls 5, flattened above, the last obtusely angular (the angle obsolete anteri-
orly) ; aperture oblique, compressed, subtriangular ; peristome angularly
broadly reflected, thickened within, its terminations joined by a thin callus, on
which is an obliquely entering, erect, curved, tongue-shaped tooth, the basal
margin with a lamellar-like, long denticle, the right margin sometimes with an
erect tooth-like callus. Greater diameter 18, lesser 15 mill. ; height, 8 mill.
Helix appressa, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 151 (1821) ; ed. Binney, 15. —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 356, PL VIII (1840); Terr. Moll., II.
140, PL XIII. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 27, PL II. Fig. 11 (1843). — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 317 ; in Chemnitz, Conch., 2d ed., I. 361, t. LXIII. Figs.
17, 18. —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 689. — Deshates in Fer., Hist., I. 141. —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 59 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 126, Fig. 211 (1869).
— Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 432.
Helix linquifera, Lamakck, An. s. Vert., VI. 90(1822). — Feeussac, Prodr.,'95;
Hist., PL XLIX. a, Fig. 3. — Desiiayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 224 (1830); in
Lam., VIII. 70; ed. 3, III. 293. —Pfeiffer, Symb. ad Hist. Hel., 19 (no
descr.). — Chenu, 111. Conch., PL XII. Fig. V; PL VII. Fig. 6.— Deles-
sert, Eecueil, PL XXVI. Fig. 5 (1841).
Xolotrema a])pressa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 50 (1867).
In Pennsylvania and New York it is not found east of the Appalachian
Chain. From thence it ranges to Arkansas, and from Georgia to Illinois. It
may thus be considered a species of the Interior
Region. It is best developed in Tennessee and _^m_
Georgia.
Animal resembling, externally, T. palliata.
Fig. 197 represents a smaller, more angular form.
Fig. 198 represents the var. a of Say, which has two well-
developed teeth on the peristome. I have received it from Vir-
ginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
The jaw is very strongly arcuate, of uniform width throughout; anterior
surface with 15 ribs, denticulating both margins.
Lingual membrane with 105 rows of 40 — 1 — 40 teeth each; another mem-
brane (PL VII. Fig. Q) had 33—1—33 teeth; about 12 perfect laterals.
Tbe fourteenth tooth has a bifid inner cutting point.
VOL. iv. 20
306 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
I have in my cabinet a reversed individual, of var. a, found in my garden in
Burlington, New Jersey. It is a descendant of some Illinois specimens, sent
me many years ago by the lamented Kennicott. The adaptation
Fig. 199. of the species to colonization is also proved by its having re-
cently been found by Mr. J. Matthew Jones in the island of
Bermuda, no doubt imported on plants.
The genitalia are figured on PI. XI. Fig. K. The ovary is
long and narrow. The epididymis is very long, convoluted at
the end nearer the oviduct. The last-named organ is not much
convoluted. The prostate is scalloped along its edges. The genital bladder
is globular, small, with a long, small duct. The sac of the penis is extremely
long, ribbon-like, one and one half times as long as the oviduct. The vas
deferens enters its apex.
The long ribbon-like sac of the penis resembles that figured by Dr. Leidy
of Mesodon Sayii. There is but little resemblance to the genitalia of T. palli-
ata, so nearly allied by its shell.
Triodopsis inflecta, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XLV. Figs. 2, 3.
Shell with the umbilicus closed, depressed ; epidermis brownish horn-color,
with very fine, hair-like projections; whorls 5, with very minute transverse
stria?; suture not much impressed; aperture three-lobed, very
much contracted ; peristome white, narrow, reflected, with a FlP- 2f)0-
deep groove or indentation behind the reflection, contracting
the opening so that the outer edge of the peristome does not
project beyond the surface of the whorl ; on the inner margin
of the peristome are two acute teeth, with the points directed
inwards, one near the base, the other midway between that and T. inflecta.
the junction of the peristome with the body-whorl, with a circular
sinus between them, forming one of the lobes of the aperture ; parietal wall
with a long, arcuated, white tooth ; umbilicus covered, its place considerably
impressed. Greater diameter 12, lesser 11 mill. ; height, 6| mill.
Helix inflecta, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 153 (1821); ed. BlNNEY, 16. — Bin-
ney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 358, PL IX. Fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II.
143, PI. XLV. Figs. 2, 3. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843). — Mrs. Gray,
Fig. Moll. An., PI. CXOIII. Fig. 7 (ex Bost. Journ., no descr.). — W. G. Bin-
key, Terr. Moll., IV. 59 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 128, Fig. 216 (1869). — Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 425. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 319.
Helix clausa, Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38, No. 104; Hist., PI. LI. Fig. 2. — De-
shayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 252 (1830); in Lamarck, VIII. 114; ed. 3, 111.
309; in Fer., I. 143. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 420 ; in Chemnitz, 2d
ed., I. 368, t. LXIV. Figs. 25, 26. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 704 (1852).
TRIODOPSIS. 307
Xolotrcma clausa, Rafinesque, Enumeration, &c, 3 (1831) ; ed. Binney and
Tkyo.v, 68.
Isoejnomostoma inflccta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 54 (1867).
A Post-pleioeene species, now found in the Interior Region, from Texas to
the Appalachian Chain in Pennsylvania and New York ; from Sea Islands of
Georgia through the Northwestern States.
The large specimen figured on p. 306 is from University Place, Tennessee,
where the species seems most developed.
Animal dark bluish slate-color ; head, eye-peduncles, and tentacles almost
black ; eye-peduncles long and slender ; foot narrow, in length more than twice
the diameter of the shell, terminating in an acute angle (see Bost. Journ.
N. H., I. PI. IX.).
Jaw thick, short, broad, arched, of almost uniform width quite to the blunt
ends; with 14 stout, crowded ribs, visible on both anterior and posterior sur-
face and denticulating either margin.
T. infiecta (PI. VII. Fig. S) has 22—1—22 teeth on its lingual membrane;
7 perfect laterals. This and the following species have inner marginal teeth,
with simple, not bifid, cutting points (c). It was bifid in the twenty-first tooth
of one specimen examined, simple in the twenty-second, and bifid in the twenty-
third, and all beyond. There were over 23 — 1 — 23 teeth on this membrane.
Genitalia as in T. Rugeli.
Triodopsis Rugeli, Shuttleworth.
Shell imperforate, orbicularly convex, with granulate striations and few hairs,
waxen horn-color ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 5|, rather convex, the last sud-
denly falling in front, and strongly contracted at the aper-
ture; aperture depressed, narrowed by a tongue-shaped,
flexuose, strong, parietal denticle ; peristome reflected, within
thickened, its right termination with a large, obtuse, very
deeply seated tooth (whose position is marked on the exterior
of the shell by a groove or pit), the basal terminus furnished
with a smaller, transverse, submarginal denticle. Greater
diameter 13, lesser 11^ mill. ; height, 6| mill. t. Rugeli, enlarged.
Helix Rugeli, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mittheil., 1852, 198. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., III. 26S. —Gould in Terr. Moll., III. 18.— W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 60, PL LXXVIII. Fig. 15; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 129 (1869).—
Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 426.
Isognomostoma Rugeli, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 55 (1867).
Tennessee, North Carolina, Whitley County, Kentucky. A species of the
Cumberland Subregion.
It is in most respects similar to the preceding species, and would be mistaken
for it unless the aperture be examined. The position of the upper tooth of the
30$ TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
peristome far within the aperture at once distinguishes it. The size is not?
however, any criterion, as I have individuals of Rugeli only 10 millimetres in
diameter, while some of my specimens of injlecta are full 13 millimetres.
The figure shows an enlarged view of the aperture.
Animal externally resembling that of T. injlecta.
Jaw as usual ; about 1 0 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. K) has 21 — 1 — 21 teeth; 6 perfect later-
als. The inner laterals (eighth to tenth tooth) have a simple inner cutting
point ; beyond this it is bifid.
Genitalia (PI. XV. Fig. E) generally resembling those of tridentata, but dis-
tinguished by the genital .bladder, which is small, globular, on a duct of equal
width throughout its course, not swelling as it approaches the vagina.
Triodopsis tridentata, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXVH.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, with crowded rib-like stria?, light-
horn or chestnut colored ; spire very short ; whorls 5^, rather convex, the last
scarcely deflected in front ; aperture lunar, subtriangular ; peristome white,
reflected, its outer contour rounded, thickened within, its terminations con-
verging, joined hv a light deposition of callus bearing a tongue-like, erect,
entering tooth, both the right and basal portions bearing on the inner margin
a stout, acute denticle. Greater diameter 16, lesser 14 mill. ; height, 8 mill.
Helix tridentata, Sat, Nich. Encycl., PL II. Fig. 1 (1817-1819); Binney's
ed., 6, PL LXX. Fig. 1. — Eaton, Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Ferus-
sac, Tab. Syst, 38; Hist., PL LI. Fig. 3. —Wood, Ind. Supplem., 21,
PL VII. Fig. 2 (1828); ed. Hanley, 226, Fig. 11. — Deshayes, Encycl.
Meth., II. 213 (1S30); in Lam., VIII. 115 ; ed. 3, 309 ; in Fer. 1. c, I. 72. —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, III. 382, PL XVII (1840), part; in Terr.
Moll., II. 183, PL XXVII. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 28, PL II. Fig. 7 (1843).
Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 160(1842). — Gould, Invertebrata, 173, Fig. 115
(1841). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 412; in Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 84, PL
X. Figs. 7, 8. — Potiez et Michaud, Gal., I. 114. —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll.
An., PL CCXCI. Fig. 3 (ex Bost. Journ., nodescr.). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No.
690 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 70; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 129
(1869). —Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 423. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 150.
Figs. 8, 9 (1867). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 422 (1870).
Triodopsis lunula, PiAfinesque, En. and Ace, 3 ; ed. Binney and Tryon, 68.
Triodopsis tridentata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 50 (1867).
Lister, PL XCII. Fig. 92.
From Canada through all Eastern North America. A species of the Eastern
Province.
A curious pathological specimen, with a double peristome, is figured on p. 309
Animal dark bluish slate-color, deeper on the head, eye-peduncles, and ten
TRIODOPSIS. 309
tacles ; length of eye-peduncles about a quarter of an inch ; foot narrow, equal
in length to nearly twice the diameter of the shell, terminating in an acute
angle (see B. J. N. H., I. PL XVII.) .
Jaw as usual ; over 10 ribs. Fl^_
The lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. M) has 25—1—25
teeth ; 1 0 laterals. Tbe inner cutting point is bifid after the
tenth tooth.
Genitalia (PL XV. Fig. D). The penis sac is long, cylindri-
cal, receiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its sum-
mit ; genital bladder small, globular, with a long duct, which is narrow above,
but below its middle gradually enlarges to greater than the width of the
bladder. The details of the size of the genital bladder and its duct seem to
offer an excellent specific character to the members of this group of Triodopsis
Triodopsia Harfordiana, J. G. Coopek.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, thin, surface scarcely broken by incre-
mental wrinkles, horn-colored; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4,
convex, suture impressed, the last globose below ; aperture
oblique, lunate, trilobed, one tooth on the parietal wall, and two
on the reflected peristome ; peristome white, broad, reflected, with
a toothlike process near either termination. Greater diameter
9, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 3 mill.
Helix Harfordiana, J. G. Cooper, Amer. Joum. Conch., V. 196,
PL XVII. Fig. 3 (1870).
In the Californian province, in Fresno County, " Big Trees,"
latitude 37°, 6,500 feet altitude. In the Central Province at Sal-
mon River, Idaho.
Jaw as usual ; ribs over 1 2.
Lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. R) as usual in the genus. Teeth 26 — 1 — 26,
with 12 laterals. The side cutting points to central and lateral teeth are well
developed.
Triodopsis fallax, Say.
Vol. in. PL XXVIII.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, with rib-like striae, reddish horn-colored;
spire convex ; whorls 6, rather convex, the last deflected anteriorly, constricted;
aperture trilobed, contracted by a large, oblique, tongue-shaped, arcuately en-
tering tooth on the parietal wall ; peristome reflected, thickened within, white,
with 2 teeth, the upper one bending inward not on the edge, the other sub-
basal. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11 mill.; height, 1\ mill.
Helix fallax, Say, Joum. Phila. Acad., V. 119 (1825) ; Binney's ed., 27. —De-
Kay, N. Y. Moll., 28, PI. III. Fig. 23 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. HeL Viv., I.
310 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
412; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 364, PI. LXIV. Figs. 7-9. — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 686 (1852). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 131 (1869).
Helix tridentata, BlNNEY, Pt. Post. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 382, PI. XVIII. Fig.
3 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 183, PL XXVIII. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 72.
Triodopsis fallax, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 51 (1867).
From Canada to Texas and Florida, all over the Eastern Province.
Nearly allied to T. tridentata, but in this the spire is more elevated, and
sometimes has 6 full volutions. There is a deep groove behind the peristome,
contracting the aperture ; the peristome is widely reflected, and directed in-
wards, forming a basin-shaped mouth ; the upper tooth on the peristome is
broader, sometimes bifid, and even trifid, and very much inflected ; the parietal
tooth extends quite to the base of the shell, and unites with the extremity of
the peristome ; the aperture is nearly filled up by the teeth and the contraction
of the peristome.
Animal as in T. tridentata (see B. J. N. H., I. PL XYIIL).
Jaw as usual in the genus; 14 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PL VII. Fig. L) has about 40 — 1 — 40 teeth ; 12 perfect
laterals. This (not tridentata) had no bifurcation to the inner cutting point of
the transition teeth (thirteenth and fourteenth teeth), at least on the portion
of the membrane examined by me.
Genitalia (PL XV. Fig. B) as in tridentata, but the duct of the genital blad-
der is of equal size throughout its length, — an unimportant, even if constant
difference.
Triodopsis introferens, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, globose, depressed, thin, with rib-like strife, yellowish horn-
colored ; spire convex ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last scarcely descend-
ing, much constricted at the aperture, with two exterior pits, sub-
r^'r04' angular at the periphery, convex beneath, grooved within the
umbilicus ; aperture oblique, lunate, with a well-developed, arcu-
ate parietal tooth ; peristome white, thickened within, reflected ;
on the right margin an obtuse inflected tooth, at the base a sub-
T. introferens. marginal lamelliform tooth, with transverse tubercle in the cen-
tre; the basal lamella continued within the aperture, where it
forms a strong white tubercle. Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mill. ; height, 7
mill.
Helix introferens, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 117, PL IV. Figs. 3, 4 (1860).
— W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 132 (1869).
Triodopsis introferens, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 51 (1867).
Gaston County, North Carolina; Salem, North Carolina. Valley of the
Holston, Tennessee ; Fanning County, Georgia ; Aiken, South Carolina ;
Georgetown, District of Columbia. A species of the Cumberland Subregion.
TRIODOPSIS. 311
This shell is closely allied to vultuosa and also to fallax. It differs from the
latter in the narrower umbilicus, which only shows the penultimate whorl ; in
the groove in the last whorl within the umbilical opening, the character of the
basal tooth, and the internal tubercle, which does not prevail in fallax and its
immediate allies tridentata and Hopetonensis. In introferens the upper tooth is
less deeply seated and less inflected, and the basal one is broader and more
elevated than in vultuosa, the parietal tooth is more arcuate, bein : indee I
angular, but is without the indication, noticeable in vultuosa, of a callus extend
ing from its lower termination towards the upper angle of the peristome. T
vultuosa is even smaller than the var. minor of this species, whicl is only 11
mill, in diameter.
Jaw as usual in the genus; over 14 ribs*
Lingual membrane (PI. XVI. Fig. C).
Triodopsis Hopetonensis, Shuttle-worth.
Shell with a narrow, scarcely pervious umbilicus, depressed-globose, with
numerous rib-like stria;, olive horn-eolor; spire obtuse, convex; whorls 5i, rather
convex, the last scarcely deflected in front, constricted
at the aperture ; aperture lunar, tridentate ; a mod-
erate, tongue-shaped, slightly entering parietal denti-
cle ; peristome reflected, within thickened with a white,
light callus, lis right margin with a small, somewhat
o » o T. Hopetonensis.
anterior denticle, its basal terminus with a marginal
denticle. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11 mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Helix Hopetonensis, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mitt., 1852, 198. — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 709 (1852). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 263 ; in Chemnitz, ed. II.
420, PI. CXLVIII. Figs. 17, 18 (PL LXIV. Figs. 7 - 9 ?) . — Gould, Terr.
Moll, III. 17. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 72, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 16;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 132, Fig. 224 (1869).
Helix tridentata, var., BiNNEY in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 382, PI. XVIII.
Fig. 2. — Feeussac, Hist., PI. LI. Fig. 3, small figure on the left.
Helix tridentata, var., ephabus, Say, of Ravenel's Cat., 9 (1834), no descr.
iodops ' isis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 52
A species of the Florida Subregion, ranging as far north as Charles on.
South Carolina, as far south as Fort George, St. John's River.
It differs from T. fallax in its smaller, scarcely pervious umbilicus, its deeper
color, lighter peristome, and denticles being more widely separated.
Jaw as usual in the genus; over 10 ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. N) has 27—1—27 teeth, as far as I can
judge from an imperfect membrane. There are 7 laterals, the eighth tooth
having its inner cutting point bifid.
Genitalia (PI. XV. Fig. A) readily distinguished from those of fallax, triden-
tata, and others of the group by the length and cylindrical form of the genital
312 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
bladder, and by the size of the duct of the same, which for a small portion of
its course is considerably smaller than the bladder, and then suddenly enlarges
and gradually expands until it reaches the vagina ; in this particular the spe-
cies is more bike tridentata than fallax.
""riodopsis Van Nostrandi, Bland.
This species is in form and character of the aperture very nearly allied to
introferens, but is more decidedly costate, more convex at the base, -with smaller
umbilicus, and without the internal tubercle. It connects intro-
Fig. 206.
ferens and vultuosa with, but is quite distinct from, fallax.
The measurements of a specimen with &\ whorls are : greater
diameter 12^, lesser 11 mill.; height, 7 mill. Of a specimen
with 6 whorls, greater diameter 10, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 5 mill.
(Bland.)
Eelix Van Nostrandi, Bland, Ann. of Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XI. 200
(1875).
Probably a species of the Cumberland Subregion, though thus far only
noticed at Aiken, South Carolina, and Augusta, Georgia.
Animal long, tail pointed ; dirty white, darker on head, eye-peduncles, and
tentacles.
Jaw as usual in Triodoj)sis ; ribs 1 7.
Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. I) long and narrow. Teeth 24 — 1 — 24,
with 10 laterals The centrals have no distinct side cusps or cutting points,
but the latter are replaced by decided bulgings on the median cutting point.
The figure gives the central, with the first, tenth, eleventh, nineteenth, and
twenty-fourth teeth ; the last two are marginals.
Genitalia (PI. XV. Fig. G) differing from those of tridentata, fallax, and
Hopetonensis by the swollen, elongated, oval genital bladder, and by its duct
equally swollen, excepting at the base of the bladder, where it is narrow. The
bladder with its duct appears like one long, swollen organ, with a median con-
struction. SLx individuals have these characters constant, but the difference is
slight as a specific character.
Triodopsis vultuosa, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. XL. a, Fig. 4.
Shell umbilicated, orbicular, depressed, about equally convex on both sides,
rather solid, dark horn-color, delicately striated ; spire a low dome, composed
of about 5j whorls, which are moderately convex, and separated by a well-
defined suture, the exterior one somewhat angular at periphery ; beneath, well
rounded, and perforated by a deep umbilicus, about one fourth as broad as the
base ; aperture rather large, lunate ; peristome moderately reflexed, tortuous,
white, having at the base a small tooth, and at the centre a deeply seated, more
TRIODOPSIS. 313
expanded, reflexed tooth ; the parietal wall bears a stout, elevated, arcuated,
oblique lamella, joined to the lower extremity of the peristome only ; on the
base of the shell is a transverse internal tubercle. Greater diameter 10, lesser
9 mill. ; height, 5| mill.
Helix vultuosa, Gould, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, III. 39 (1848) ; in Terr. Moll.,
II. 189, PI. XL. a, Fig. 4. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 711 (1852). — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 263 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, III. 305, PI. CXXVII. Figs.
10-12. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 75; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 133
(1869). —Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VII. 439, PI. IV. Fig. 21.
Triodopsis vultuosa,, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 53 (1867).
Arkansas and Texas ; a species of the Texas Subregion.
Jaw with 1 2 ribs.
Lingual membrane as in the genus : 20 — 1 — 20 teeth, with 11 laterals.
TliV form of this species described and figured by Bland (1. c.) has recently
been called Triodopsis Henriettas by Mazyck, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1877, 297. I hardly consider it distinct.
Triodopsis loricata, Gould.
Vol. IE. PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 1.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, spire less convex than the base, thin, of a yel-
lowish-green color, having the surface everywhere ornamented with small, cres-
cent-formed scales of the epidermis, in relief, arranged along the lines of growth,
and in quincunx ; whorls 5^, slightly convex, separated by a deeply impressed
suture, and forming a low, conical spire; the periphery of the last whorl is
slightly angular near its posterior portion ; the base is rounded, tending rapidly
to a deep, umbilical depression, with a small perforation ; aperture small, very
oblique, crescentic, having a small, acute tooth on the right margin of the peris-
tome, a transversely oblong one at basal margin, and a prominent, compressed,
curved, nearly horizontal one on the parietal wall, thus giving a three-lobed
outline to the aperture ; peristome white, slightly reflected, having a very pro-
found constriction of the whorl directly behind it ; on the base of the shell is
an internal, transverse tubercle. Greater diameter, 6 mill. ; height, 3 £ mill.
Helix loricata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 165 (1846) ; Moll. Expl.
Exped., 68, Fig. 39, a, b, c. ; T. M. U. S., II. 145, PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 1. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 416. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 11 ; L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 134 (1869).
Helix Lecontii, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, X. 303, PI. XXX. Fig. 13 ; Obs., V.
59 (1853). — Pfeiffer, formerly, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 265.
Triodopsis loricata, Tryon, J .a. Journ. Conch., III. 54 (1867).
California, near San Francisco and Eldorado County, to Klamath County.
A species of the California Region.
Its general form and its aperture are very much like T. inflccta, Say, though
it is a much smaller shell, and the teeth of the aperture arc less developed.
314 rERRESTRIAI MR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
i -ii. sui'i . :, L'esemi ing a s< u) coat ui luail, \. en i Iosei examined, is
high) , i raetei istic.
Jaw ■ og, • o ,i, shgLti) areiit 1, ends blunt but .. I ittenuated ; witb
road, it, • ded .: is ,. ibie on botli aaterioi and posterior surface,
and erenu g ithei margin.
oricata i , VII. Fig J) h ovei >— 1 — 20 teeth on its lingual mein-
brane ; i erf I la I
Genitalia not observed.
MESODON, Raf.
Animal as in Patula (q. v.) ; mantle subcentral.
Shell umbilicated, or with the umbilicus closed, subglobose or orbicularly de-
pressed, thin, delicately striate, sometimes decussatedly sculptured ; whorls 5 -
6, regular ; aperture rotundly lunar, sometimes narrowed by a small denticle on
the parietal wall ; peristome thickened with white, expansively reflexed, its
basal margin sometimes unidentate.
A genus strictly North American, widely distributed over the Eastern Prov-
ince, scarcely represented in the Central or Pacific Provinces. It has come
down from Post-pleiocene days.
Jaw stout, high, arcuate, wide, ends but little attenuated, blunt; no median
projection to the cutting margin ; anterior surface with numerous, separated,
decided ribs, denticulating either margin. I have counted 13 in M. major ; 10
in albolabris ; 10 mmult'dineata; 11 in Pennsylvania ; 12 in Mitchelliana ; 12 in
elevata; 13 in Clarki; 13 in exoleta; 18 in Wetherbyi ; 14 in dentifera; 7 in RoU-
meri; 13 in thyroides; 10 in clausa; 8 in Columbiana ;x 7 in devia ; 10 in pro-
funda; 15 in Sayii ; 10 in Mobiliana ; over 10 in Downieana ; 10 in Chrislyi
and divesta.
I have had no opportunity of examining M.
Wheutleyi, and jejuna.
Nothing has been published regarding the
jaw and lingual dentition of the subgenus from
species foreign to North America, as it is ex-
law of M. Sayu (Morse). •>
clusively confined to this country.
The jaw of Mesodon does not essentially differ from that of Triodopsis and
P ' lira, but may readily be distinguished from that of the other American
■ era.
The lingual membrane is long and narrow. The general arrangement of the
teeth is as in Patula. The characters of the individual teeth are shown on my
plate YIIT. It will be seen that there arc two distinct types of dentition among
the specie? of the subgenus. The first form of dentition is found in albolabris,
Roemeri, Wetherbyi, Downieana, Sayii, exoleta, Pennsylvania, Mitchelliana, ele-
vata, Columbiana, Mobiliana, devia, profunda, multilineata, dentifera, Chi'islyi,
l See Aim. X. Y. Lye. of X. H., X. PL XIV. Fig. 2.
MESODON. 3 id
divesta, Clarki. Even among these species there are some important raria
Thus I have failed to detect any side cutting points on the subobsolete side cusps
of the central and first lateral teeiii of Roemeri, Wetherbyi, Downieana, Sayii,
exoletu, Pennsylvanica, and Mitchelliana. All these species have their side cusp
less developed than in the other species mentioned above. The presence of
the cutting point may be detected by better manipulation than I am able to
give, but as far as my powers go, I cannot find it. The large median cutting
point, however, has a decided lateral bulging, which is readily mistaken for a
distinct side cutting point, and indeed replaces it.1 The outer laterals, how-
ever, in most of the species have a much more developed side cusp than the
inner laterals, bearing a well-developed cutting point (Fig. A, Fig. 16), but
not all the species, as some have no well-developed side cusp and cutting point
on their outer laterals, nor does it appear except on the decided marginals. It
is thus in M. SayiL
I find also variation in the manner of passing from the lateral to the mar-
ginal teeth among the species of this first group of Mesodon. In M. exoleta the
cutting point remains the same, and also in Sayii, profunda, Wetherbyi, and
Mitchelliana, but in elevata the transition teeth are characterized by the bifur-
cation of the large cutting point ; the same occurs in albolabris, multilineata,
Roemeri) Columbiana, and devia, and the rest of the group.
The general character of the teeth in this section of Mesodon is about the
same as I have described above for Triodopsis. It will be noticed, however,
that the marginals (as in M. exoleta and Wetherbyi) do not always have their
cutting points bifid.
The other type of dentition in the subgenus Mesodon is shared by M. thy-
roides, clausa, and Wheatleyi. The centrals and first laterals have subobsolete
side cusps without cutting points, the outer laterals have no side cusp, but
retain the type of the first laterals, they are much longer, narrower, and have
one extremely long, oblique, stout, bluntly pointed cutting point, reaching far
beyond the lower margin of the base of attachment. These outer laterals pass
gradually into the marginals, which retain their general form, but have a less
developed reflection, and much more proportionally developed cutting point,
sometimes bifid in the extreme marginals, and usually with a small side cut-
ting point.
As in all the genera of disintegrated Helix, the marginal teeth of Mesodon
show great variation in their denticulation, even in most cases on the same
membrane.
The study of the dentition of Mesodon shows that we must be prepared to
find considerable variation in the character of the teeth of any genus. The
peculiar outer lateral teeth and marginals of 31. thyroides, for instance, would
1 I regret my inability to review the membranes of all our species to ascertain the re-
lations of this bulging to the side cutting point. Those who in future study the subject
must pay especial attention to this point. The figures of Semper (Phil. Archip.) are the
most satisfactory ever published.
316 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
hardly have been expected, so utterly different are they from those of albolabris.
Again, Ave should hardly have expected to find such a difference in the same
genus as the presence and absence of side cutting points on the central and
first lateral teeth.
Mesodon major, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. I.
Shell imperforate, conoidly subglobose, solid, with crowded, fold-like striae,
and a few interstitial microscopic revolving lines ; reddish horn-color or chest-
nut ; spire conoid, the apical point small ; whorls G, convex, the last ventricose,
scarcely descending in front ; aperture diagonal, roundly lunate, whitish with-
in ; peristome with a white thickening, its terminations joined by a thin callus,
the right and basal portions rather broadly expanding and reflected, the colu-
mellar portion subdentate, dilated, subexcavated, adhering. Greater diameter
37|, lesser 31 mill.; height, 26 mill.
Helix major, BlNNET, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 473, PI. XII. (1837); Terr.
Moll., II. 96, PI. I. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843). —Mrs. Gray, Fig. of
Moll. An., PI. CCXCI. Fig. 1, from Bost. Journ., no descr. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 43; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 135 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., IV. 320.
Helix albolabris, var., Ferussac, Hist., PI. XLIII. Fig. 4; PI. XLVI. a, Fig. 7.
— Deshayes in Fer., part. — Pfeiffer, Symbohe, II. 22; Mon. Hel. Viv.,
I. 290; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 81. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 656. — Bland, N.
Y. Lye., VI. 359.
Mesodon major, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Coneh., III. 43 (1867).
This form seems to inhabit a narrow strip of territory east of the mountains
from Abbeville, South Carolina, to the Gulf of Mexico. At Aiken, South Car-
olina, it is well marked, more so at Macon, Columbus, and Butler, Georgia.
Dr. Binney found it in West Florida. It is common in the City Cemetery of
Macon, Georgia.
It is much more globose than albolabris, of a coarser and more solid texture,
and the stria? of increase are much more raised and prominent, so much so,
indeed, as to leave distinct grooves between them. The revolving stria?, so
distinct on that shell, are either wanting or very indistinct. The aperture is
smaller in proportion to the size of the shell, less flattened towards the plane of
the base, and more rounded. The parietal wall and umbilicus are in many in-
stances covered with a smooth and shining, semi-transparent, testaceous callus,
and in one specimen in my cabinet bears a well-developed tooth. The margin
of the peristome is thickened, the peristome itself is narrower, less abruptly
reflected, and not so much flattened, and there is often a tooth-like process on
the inner and upper side of the margin near the umbilicus. The color of the.
epidermis is generally much darker. The only considerable variation in the
characters of the shell is caused by the depression of the spire in some individ-
MESODON. 317
uals, and indeed in all specimens from certain localities. In its most perfect
condition it is often subconical. It is subject to some irregularities in the form
of the aperture, and there is sometimes an indication of pale bands in the epi-
dermis of the body-whorl.
A large individual had the greater diameter 48, lesser 40 mill. ; height,
30 mill.
Animal : head, upper part of neck, tentacles, and eye-peduncles, ferruginous ;
eyes black ; foot rusty, the sides more or less shaded with blue by the fluids of
the animal, which are visible through its semi-transparent substance. Eye-
peduncles short, in proportion to the size of the animal, and robust, their situ-
ation, when retracted, marked by brown lines. Foot large and thick. Genital
orifice indicated by a slight prominence. Superficial glands large and distinct.
On the centre of the back is a line of them, of an oblong narrow shape, with a
furrow on each side ; those on the sides and posterior part of the foot, when
examined by a microscope, exhibit numerous subcutaneous white dots, or
points, arranged in clusters. Length equalling twice the diameter of the shell
(see Bost. Journ. N. H., I. PI. 1).
Jaw and lingual membrane as in albolabris. PI. VIII. Fig. G, shows the
latter.
Genitalia also same as in albolabris (see Proc Phila. Ac. Nat. Soc, 1876,
189, PI. VI. Fig. 1).
I still retain as a distinct species the form known as major, though the study
of the limits of variation in the shells of our species has led me strongly to
doubt its specific value. I am inclined to consider it as a greatly developed
form of albolabris, caused by certain peculiarly favorable local causes in a cer-
tain portion of the Southern Region.
Mesodon albolabris, Say.
Vol. in. PI. II.
Shell imperforate, convex ; epidermis immaculate, of a uniform yellowish-
brown, russet, or light chestnut-color ; whorls 5-6, with fine parallel stria?
running obliquely across them, and spirally striated with very minute and deli-
cate, but distinct, wavy, impressed lines, which are most apparent on the back
of the reflected peristome ; suture well marked and distinct ; aperture con-
tracted by the peristome ; peristome white, flattened in the plane of the mouth,
abruptly and very widely reflected ; umbilicus of the mature shell covered by
the reflected peristome, which is continued to the base of the shell. Greater
diameter 30, lesser 26 mill. ; height, 1 7 mill.
Helix albolabris, Say, Nich. Encycl., PI. I. Fig. 1 (1817-1819); Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila,, II. 161 (1821); American Conch., No. 2, PI. XIII. (1831);
Binney's ed., 21, PI. LXIX. Fig. 1. — Chenu, Bibl. Conch., III. 21, PL
III. Fig. 3, a. — Adams in Thompson's Vermont, I. 158, with wood-cut. —
Eaton, Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 36 ; Hist., PL
318 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
XLIII. Figs. 1, 2, 8. — Bikkbt, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 475, PI. XIII.
(1837) ; Terr. Moll., II. 99, PI. II. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 26, PI. II. Fig. 12
(1843). — Gould, Invert., 170, Fig. 101(1841); ed. 2, 423 (1870). — Leidy,
T. M., I. 252, PI. VI. (1851!, anat. — Pfeiffek, Symb., II. 22, excl. y and 5 ;
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 290, excl. /3 and y ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 81, PI. XV.
Figs. 7, S (1847), excl. var. C and D, PI. X. Figs. 4, 5. — Potiez et Michaud,
d. I. 69. —Reeve, Con, Icon., No. 624. — Deshayes in Fer., I. 137, PI.
XLIII. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5. —Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., 1857, II. 98,
Figs. 2, 3. — Blank, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VI. 358 (185S). — W. G. Linney, Terr.
Moll, IV. 43; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 136, Figs. 229, 230 (1SG9). —Mouse,
Ainer. Nat., I. 6, PI. I. Figs. 1 -11 ; 96, Fig. 2 (1867).
Helix rufa, DeKay? N. Y. Moll., 44, PL III. Fig. 30 (1S43).
Mesodcm albolabris, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe., I. 8, Fig. 7, PI. III. Fig. S (1864).
— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 39, 44 (1867).
A species of the Eastern Province. Canada to Arkansas, Georgia to Minne-
sota. Also in the Fost-pleiocenc of the Mississippi Valley.
Specimens of M. albolabris are sometimes found
bearing a well-developed parietal tooth. Such are
very plenty in the Alleghany Mountains in Pennsyl-
vania. One is here figured (Fig. 208).
The genitalia and lingual dentition of this form is
the same as in the typical form.
Pfeiffer's var. y and 8 of the Symbolas are respec-
tively ma/or and exoleta. In the Monograph his ;3
is perhaps the former, and his y certainly is. In
M. albolabris, var. ' ' r J
Chemnitz ed. nov. he figures exoleta as var. D, and
places major as C. In Vol. VII. of the Monographia the synonymy of the
group is correctly given.
Deshayes in Ferussac's History erroneously gives Guadeloupe as the habi-
tat. From his reference to Ferussac's plates he seems to confound major with
albolabris.
Petiver mentions this species in Phil. Trans., 1698, p. 395.
I have this species from fourteen States. The series presents very remark-
able variation in the height of the spire and in the form of the aperture. From
Illinois I have a few of a large variety (greater diameter. 35 mill.), furnished
with a strong, tooth-like prominence on the peristome, near its columella extrem-
ity. There is a variety, quite common among the Pennsylvania Mountains,
characterized by a strong parietal denticle. It might readily be confounded
with exoleta, but wants the more ventricose body whorl of the latter, and differs
widely in its genitalia.
It occurs fossil in the Post-pleiocene. From Natchez Bluff I haVe speci-
mens with a remarkably flattened spire.
A reversed individual has been noticed.
Animal varying from pure white and cream-color, through various shades of
MESODON. 319
gray to blackish ; upper part of head and neck slightly brownish : extremities
of eye-peduncles smoky; eyes black. Eye-peduncles more than 12 mill, in
length when fully extended, sender and cylindrical. Foot with a slightly ex-
panded margin terminating posteriorly in an acute angle. Glandular tuber-
cles very distinct and prominent, on the back arranged longitudinally, on the
eye-peduncles long and narrow. Extreme length, 62 mill. (See Vol. III. PI. II.)
The animal deposits about fifty eggs at each laying, which is repeated one or
more times during the season. The eggs are three sixteenths of an inch in
their greatest diameter, and covered with minute points. The last laying is
often delayed to so late a period of the year that the earth is covered with snow
before they are hatched. The development of the embryo is then suspended
until the next spring. When newly excluded from the egg the shell consists
of one whorl and a half, the length of its column or axis being about one eighth
of an inch, and its breadth somewhat less. No umbilicus is then discernible.
I have not been able to determine how much time i: I to complete its
growth, but I am induced to believe that the peristome, the evidence of
maturity, is added in the second year.
The jaw is arcuate, of uniform breadth throughout ; ends blunt, smooth on
their anterior surface, the balance of the jaw with 10 stout ribs, denticulating
either margin.
Outer laterals of the lingual membrane have distinct side cusps as well as
cutting points. Teeth 44— 1—44, with about 12 laterals. (PL VIII. Fig. K.)
Genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, figured by Leidy, 1. c. The penis
sac is stout, rather short, cylindrical, with a median prepuce (/>) ; it receives
the vas deferens at its summit; the retractor muscle is inserted on the vas
deferens near its junction with the penis sac; the genital bladder is long, stout,
blunt at its summit, its duct is very narrow at its entrance into the bladder for
a short portion of its course, then becomes suddenly expanded into very much
the shape and still greater size of the bladder. This peculiar arrangement of
the genital bladder and its duct forms a good specific character, distinguishing
albolahris from exoleta and other species. I have found its characters constant
in the numerous individuals I have examined. As it is wanting in the figure
given by Semper (Phil. Archip., PI. XIV. Fig. 16), I am inclined to doubt
the identity of his specimen. Lehmann (Mai. Blatt,, XL PI. I. Fig. 1, 1864)
no doubt drew his figure from a true albolabris.
The figure of the jaw given by Leidy represents it imbedded in the tissues
of the head above.
Mesodon divesta, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. XIII. a, Fig. 2.
Shell imperforate, depressed, somewhat discoidal, of medium thickness and
a dingy horn-color, sculptured with coarse oblique furrows ; spire slightly con-
vex, whorls about 6, a little convex, and separated by a well-impressed suture ;
320 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the outer whorl is a little angular at its periphery ; beneath, it is more smooth,
moderately convex, with the central region excavated, and covered with a glaz-
ing of white callus ; the aperture is lunate, and very oblique ; the peristome is
white, broadly reflected, its basal portion horizontal, and its outer portion flex-
uous. Greater diameter 20, lesser 15 mill.; height, 8 mill.
Helix dejecta, Gould, Terr. Moll., II. 91. Not preocc. in inesodon.
Helix abjecta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, III. 40 (Oct., 1848) ; Terr.
Moll., II. 122, PI. XIII. a, Fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 270.
Helix divesta, Gould, Terr. Moll., II. 357. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
51 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 13S (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 322.
Mesodon divesta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 45 (1867).
Washita Springs, Arkansas ; Vernon County, Mississippi. It may prove to
be a species of the Texan Subregion.
Jaw with 10 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. XVI. Fig. V) as in albolabris : teeth 46 — 1 — 46,
with 16 laterals.
The genitalia are as usual in the genus : the penis sac is very long, cylin-
drical, stout, tapering at the top ; the vas deferens enters at its apex ; the
retractor muscle is attached to the vas deferens ; the genital bladder is short,
oval, stout, on a short, stout duct.
Mesodon multilineata, Say.
Vol. III. PI. III.
Shell imperforate, depressed-subglobose ; spire convex, rather thin ; epider-
mis yellowish brown, or russet-color, with numerous reddish-brown, finely undu-
lated, revolving lines and bands; whorls between 5 and 6, convex, with delicate,
parallel, oblique striae, the last ventricose ; suture distinctly marked ; aperture
lunate, slightly contracted by the peristome ; peristome white, not much ex-
panded, reflected, rather thin ; umbilical region impressed. Greater diameter
23, lesser 20 mill. ; height, 14 mill.
Helix multilineata, Say, Journ. Acad. Phila., II. 150 (1821) ; ed. BlNNEY, 15. —
Ferussac, Hist., PI. XLVI. a, Fig. 3. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I.
4S0, PI. XIV. (1837). —Terr. Moll., II. 103, PI. III.— Leidy, Terr. Moll. IT.
S., I. 254, PI. VIII. Figs. 1-6(1851), anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 41, PI.
III. Fig. 34 (1843). —Pfeiffer, Symb. ad Hist. Hel., I. 41 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.,
I. 290 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 41, PI. LXXI. Figs. 17-19 (1849). — Reeve,
Con. Icon., No. 691 (1852). — Desuayes in Fer., I. 113. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV.
Mesodon multilineata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 45 (1867).
In the States bordering on the Ohio River, from New York to Minnesota.
It is a species of the Interior Region.
Animal blackish, granulated ; granules whitish with darker interstices ; foot,
beneath, black.
MESODON. 321
The specimens figured show how variable the species is in size. In color it
is also very variable ; sometimes it is found of a uniform red, at others albino.
The varieties mentioned by Pfeiffer and Deshayes are distinguished merely
by the revolving bands. In a large suite of specimens it is rare to find two on
which these bands and lines are similarly arranged. Some have a parietal tooth.
It would appear from the statement made by Dr. Kirtland that its habits are
somewhat peculiar. " Wet marshes are its principal resort, where, during
summer, it may be seen climbing about on weeds and blades of grass, appar-
ently endeavoring to avoid the water collected beneath it. At the approach
of winter it retreats to the tops of the carex-bogs, where several dozen may be
found collected together in a torpid state, with the mouths of their shells closed
with an epipbragm. They usually form a shallow excavation on the bog, con-
cealed beneath the tufts of dead grass." The numbers collected in these
retreats are sometimes " agglutinated into one mass." This habit of attaching
themselves to each other in numbers, during their hibernation, I have not wit-
nessed in any other of our species, but I believe it is common in some European
species.
Jaw arcuate, of uniform width ; ends blunt ; anterior surface with numerous,
crowded ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. VIIL Fig. L) with 42 — 1 — 42 teeth; 17 perfect
laterals.
Genitalia (see Vol. I., 1. c.). Penis sac long, stout, with a very highly devel-
oped prepuce on the greater part of its course, then tapering to its summit,
where it receives the vas deferens and retractor muscle ; genital bladder long,
subcylindrical, its duct but slightly smaller, short, swollen at its entrance into
the vagina ; oviduct greatly convoluted.
Mesodon Pennsylvanica, Green.
Vol. in. pi. vn.
Shell imperforate, convex, elevated ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, or rus-
set ; whorls 6, convex, with crowded, elevated, oblique stria? ; suture distinctly
marked ; aperture subtriangular, contracted by the peristome ; peristome white,
narrow, reflected, not flattened, with sometimes a slight thickening on the inner
side near the base; umbilical region indented. Greater diameter 17, lesser
15 mill.; height, 11 mill.
Helix Pennsylvanica, Green, Contributions to Macl. Lye, Nos. 1, 8. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 483, PI. XVI. (1837) ; Terr. Moll., II. 105, PI.
VII. — Pfeiffer, Symbolse, II. 36 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 291 (excl. H. clausa) ;
IV. 321 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 51, t. LXXIII. Figs. 4, 5 (excl. E. clausa).
— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 41, PI. III. Fig. 35 (1843). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll.
An., PI. CCXCI. Fig. 5, from Bost. Journ., no descr. — Keeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 676 (excl. syn.). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 299 (1858). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 45 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 140 (1869).
VOL. IV. 21
322 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix Mitchelliaina, Deshayes in Fer., I. 137, PI. XCVII. Figs. 4-7, not 13-
16.
Mesodon Pennsylvanica, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 44 (1867).
Western part of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Munroe County,
Virginia. It thus appears a species of the Interior Region.
Animal : upper surface of a dull, uniform lead-color, lower surface of the foot
lighter; about twice as long as the transverse diameter of the shell (see B. J.
N. H , I. PL V).
This species may be readily distinguished from clausa and Milchelliana by
its somewhat triangular aperture, which is more like that of elevata ; it is
more elevated, has usually 6 whorls, more convex, and with deeper suture than
in clausa. In mature shells the inner margin of the peristome, near the colu-
mella, has a tooth-like callus, very similar to that often prevailing in forms of
exoleta, thyroides, and albolabris. The umbilicus is invariably more or less open
in clausa, but closed in Pennsylvanica and Mitchelliana.
Green described this species in 1827, and deposited three specimens of it in
the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, where they are still preserved. In
1837 another dfscription and an excellent figure were published by Binney in
a well-known and widely circulating Journal. It is, therefore, surprising that
so manv authors and collectors have confounded it with il/. clausa, quite a
distinct species. Such, however, has been the case, as a reference to the above
synonymy will show. It is, however, well known under its correct name
by means of the published by Binney, Reeve, and Chemnitz, ed. 2.
Deshayes is the only one who has figured it under a wrong name.
Bland has cai'efully and correctly arranged the synonymy in his valuable
li Notes," 1. c.
Pi'eifTer adds doubtfully to the synonymy H. thyi-oides var. edentula of Beck,
Ind. p. 23.
Jaw very arcuate, of uniform width; ends blunt; anterior surface with 11
stout, crowded ribs, dei ; "r margin.
Lingual membrane (PL VIII. Fig. E) with 40—1—40 teeth; 13 perfect
laterals. Morse counted 120 rows of 39—1 — 39 teeth. The outer laterals have
the side cusp decidedly developed.
The upper portions of the genital system (PI. XV. Fig. G) not observed. The
penis sac is long and slender, with the vas deferens and retractor muscle enter-
ing its apex, and its orifice entering the vagina near its base. The genital
bladder is long, stout, cylindrical, with a median contraction ; its duct is hardly
distinct from it, with an entrance opposite that of the penis sac. The prostate
y large.
The animal of this, and many other species, is often overrun with great num-
bers of Acari, resembling Acarus limacum of Europe. There appears to be at
least two species of them. The} are very minute, flesh-colored, and move with
great rapidity, often entering and coming out of the respiratory foramen. Their
MESODON. 323
presence does not seem to cause any uneasiness, nor even to be felt by the
snail.1
Mesodon Mitchelliana, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. IV. outline figs.
Shell imperforate, depressed conoid-globose, thin, with crowded stria?, and
very crowded decussating microscopic lines, pellucid, horn-color, polished ; spire
briefly conoid ; whorls 5, moderately convex, gradually increasing, the last ven-
tricose, subconstricted and briefly deflected anteriorly; aperture diagonal, lunate,
sub-pearleaceous within ; peristome white, thickened, its terminations slightly
converging, subequally reflected, that of the columella narrow, adherent, or
subdilated and spreading. Greater diameter 16|, lesser 14| mill.; height,
10 mill.
Helix Mitchelliana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., VI. 87, PI. XXIII. Fig. 71 ; Obs.,
II. 87 (1839); Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, II. 221. — DeKay, N. Y.
Moll., 45 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 291 ; IV. 322. — Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 339 (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 47 ; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 141 (1869).
Helix clausa, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 109 ; in Vol. III. PI. IV., outline figures.
Mesodon Mitchelliana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 45 (1867).
Kentucky and Ohio, along the Ohio River; Munroe County, Virginia;
Cherokee Count; , North Carolina. A species of the Interior Region.
In M. clausa the umbilical region is more widely excavated, and tie groove
behind the reflec ed peristome producing the contraction of the aperture, is
continued at die ba.se of the shell, becoming wider as it joins the umbilical
'ma the groove is almost obliterated at the point of
reflection i ' -tome over the umbilicus, by the more tumid character of
the last wl
Jaw arcuate, of uniform width throughout; ends blunt: anterior surface with
12 cro . ril ., <■ .'■ ul ting either margin.
Lingua! membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. H) with 49 — 1 — 49 teeth; 18 lai
Outer laterals 1 i cusp ing points.
The genital system is long and narrow. The oviduct ii g ,.
The penis sac ;s Ions st »ut ylindrical, with a bulb-like « pansi
at which point both i I rens and retractor musch a insei
genitn.' bla Ider i I rate, not much larger than its ict, . tch s
short, and enter the I niddle of its length (PI. XL Fig. '
' ■■• > ■ •''!:' i ■ I nearly colorless or ' yj '.
'- ■ des imp ised 7 ji 0.4 millin *' M* ***«»
Differs in outline from which it respmliles in
i appearance, m de of life, and in the large pair of projecting
setae anteriorly a orly. A colored line lias been ob-
served.
324 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Mesodon elevata, Say.
Vol. III. PI. IX.
Shell imperforate, very convex, elevated, almost conical ; epidermis yellow-
ish horn-color ; whorls nearly 7, rounded, with fine, oblique, transverse striae,
the last ventricose ; suture distinct ; aperture contracted by the peristome,
somewhat triangular ; peristome white, thickened, reflected, its basal portion
with an obsolete, lamellar denticle ; parietal wall with a large, white, robust,
obliquely curved tooth ; umbilicus covered. Greater diameter 25, lesser 20
mill. ; height, 7 mill.
Helix elevata, Sat, Journ. Acad. Phila., II. 154 (1821) ; American Conchology,
No. 4, PI. XXXVII. Fig. 2 (1832) ; Binney's ed. 27, PI. XXXVII. Fig. 2 ;
ed. Chenu, Bibl. Conch., III. 48, PI. XIII. Fig. 2, a. — Binney, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., I. 490, PI. XIX.'(1837); Terr. Moll., II. 126, PI. IV.— Leidy,
T. M. U. S., I. 256, PI. X. Figs. 4, 5 (1851), anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 36,
PI. III. Fig. 20 (1843). —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PI. CXCI. Fig. 7, no
descr. — Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Hel., II. 27; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 317; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 56, PI. VII. Figs. 11, 12 (1846). —Reeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 681 (1852). — Deshayes in F£r., I. 329.
Helix Tennesseensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IX. 1 ; Obs., IV. 1 (1844) ;
Proc, II. 31 (1841) ; Troschel's Arch. f. Nat., 1837, II. 124.
Helix Knoxvilliana, Ferussac, Hist., PI. XLIX. Figs. 5, 6.
Xolotrema elevata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 48 (1867).
A Post-pleiocene species, now found in the Interior Region from Georgia
(on the banks of the Tennessee River) to Wisconsin ; from New York to
Missouri ; not east of the Alleghanies.
Animal : ashy brown on the upper surface, lighter on the posterior extremity
and sides ; mantle grayish-white ; glands prominent and distinct. (See Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., I. PI. VIH.^
There is a form furnished with a brownish, revolving band upon the body-
whorl ; found in Eastern Tennessee.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; over 12 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PL VIII. Fig. M), with about 45 — 1 — 45 teeth, 17 lat-
erals ; the eighteenth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.
Genitalia (see Vol. I., 1. c). Penis sac long, stout, cylindrical, receiving re-
tractor muscle and vas deferens at its summit ; genital bladder long, rounded,
stout, gradually and obtusely attenuated above, with a short duct.
Mesodon Clarki, Lea.
Shell imperforate, globosely rounded, regularly and finely striated, reddish
horn-color ; spire obtusely conic ; whorls 7, convex, with delicate incremental
striae, the last one very globose and rounded below ; aperture lunate ; peris-
tome white, thickened, reflected, its basal termination quite heavy and cover-
MESODON.
325
Fig. 209.
M. Clarki.
ing the umbilicus entirely ; one elongated, white denticle on the parietal wall
of the aperture. Greater diameter 14, lesser 13 mill.-, height, 9 mill.
Helix Clarkii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1858,
41; Journ. — ; Obs., XI.-138, PI. XXIV. Fig. 111.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 53, PI. LXXVII.
Fig. 10 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 143 (1869).
Xolotrema Clarkii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 48
(1867).
Cherokee County, North Carolina; also in Georgia
and Eastern Tennessee. It is a species of the Cumber-
land Subregion.
The lower figure was photographed on to the wood.
Jaw as usual, arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt ; an-
terior surface with about 14 stout, separated ribs, den-
ticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 35 — 1 — 35. Centrals
with a stout, short, median cusp, bearing a very short, blunt cutting point, the
outer cusps subobsolete. Laterals 15, like the centrals, but asymmetrical.
Marginals wide, low, with one inner, short, broad, sharply bifurcated cutting
point, and one shorter, outer, bifurcated cutting point ; those figured are very
bluntly denticulated ; on other portions of the same membrane the cutting
points are much more developed and more acute (PI. VIII. Fig. I).
The genital system (PI. XI. Fig. G) is peculiar in several respects. The
ovary is very slender, and equals about one half the length of the oviduct.
The epididymis is highly developed, greatly convoluted, stout, four times the
length of the ovary. The oviduct is convoluted. The prostate is greatly de-
veloped. The penis sac is short, cylindrical, entering the vagina near its base,
and receiving both vas deferens and retractor muscle at its apex. The genital
bladder is small, oval, with a short duct entering the vagina about the middle
of its length. The vas deferens is swollen on leaving the prostate. Testicle
not observed.
Mesodon Christyi, Bland.
Shell imperforate, depressed, rather solid, with numerous oblique rib-like
stria?, dark horn-colored ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 4^, rather
convex, the last descending at the aperture, slightly angular at
the periphery, constricted, above gibbous ; base convex, exca-
vated in the middle ; aperture depressed, with a strong, oblique,
lamelliform parietal tooth; peristome reflected, with a white caHus
within. Greater diameter 10, lesser 8 mill.; height, 4i mill.
Helix Christyi, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 117, PI. IV. Figs. 5,
6 (1860). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 141 (1869).
Mesodon Christyi, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., 111. 40 (1867).
Fig. 210.
JW. Christyi.
326 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Mountains in Cherokee County, North Carolina : a species of the Cumber-
land Subregion ; also in Rutherford County, North Carolina.
Jaw as usual in the genus : 1 0 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. XVI. Fig. E) with 40—1—40 teeth.
Mesodon exoleta, Binney.
Vol. HI. PI. X.
Shell imperforate, convex, somewhat ventricose ; epidermis of a uniform yel-
lowish-horn,'or russet-color; whorls between 5 and 6, with fine, parallel stria?
crossing them obliquely; body- whorl large and ventricose; suture well marked
and distinct; aperture rounded, contracted by the peristome, the plane of the
aperture making a considerable angle with the plane of the base; peristome
thickened, white, reflected, its basal portion subdentate; parietal ivall with a
prominent, white, oblique tooth; umbilicus covered Greater diameter 28,
lesser 23 mill. ; height, 1 7 mill.
Eel r ...,:/, Binney, Terr. Moil., II. 131, PL X. — Leidy, j\ M U.S., 256
PL X Figs. I 3, anat. — DeKay, N. . . M L, 27, I. II. Fig. - - kV. <
Binney, i IV. 54 ; L. & Fr.-"V7. Sh., I. U4 (1869).
Helix zal. Iff, Binney, B irn. • I ,. . .
Fig. Moll. An... PL CXCI, Fig. 9, from i , cram., no descr. — Pfeiffer,
Moil He). Viv., I. 316. — Deshayes in Fer. , I. 139. — Eeeye, CY,,. toon.,
No. '
Helix alb. ' ' ar., Ferussac, PL XT.VI. a, Fig. 6. — Pfeiffer, Syrnb., II,
22 (no descr.) ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2. I. 81, PL X. Figs. 19, 20.
Mesod Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 39 (1867).
A Post-pleiocene species, now found in the Interior Region. From Western
New York and Pennsylvania to Missouri ; from Georgia and Alabama to
Illinois.
Animal orayish-brown or blackish above, paler on the posterior extremity
and base; eye-peduncles black, long, and slender; glands very prominent;
length, when fully extended, including the eye-peduncles, equal to thrice the
breadth of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. PL IX.)
Though resembling M. albolabris in many respects, it differs in general
aspects, and in many very observable particulars. It is smaller, more convex,
and the body-whorl is more ventricose than in that species. The peristome is
less flat and broad, and is sometimes a little grooved. The aperture is more
round, and the plane of the mouth, instead of being flattened in the direction
of the plane of the base, is much more upright, making a considerable angle
with thi . J the shell. Attention to these differences will enable one to
distinguish the shell, even before the tooth is added. In those individuals
where the tooth is wanting, there : - a slight deposition of testaceous
matter m its place, not distinguishabl vithoul dose observation. In its geni-
talia it has decided specific distim tion (see p. 319).
MESODON. 327
The color of the animal varies in being more or less dark ; but I have never
seen an individual which approached the white, pearly, or cream-color, which
is so common in the animal of M. albolabris. The eggs are white, one eighth of
an inch in diameter, and are laid in the earth as deep as the body of the animal
will extend, in clusters of about twenty.
There is certainly a strong resemblance between many of our species, which,
with M. albolabris as their type, form a well-marked division. But as their
differences are as constant as their resemblances, it cannot be proper to unite
them into one.
When Dr. Binney published the first description of this shell, in 1837, he
adopted, without examination, the name zaleta, which he found applied to it in
some cabinets, and which he then supposed had been applied by Mr. Say.
Finding no description of it, he subsequently applied the correct name exoleta,
originally suggested, no doubt, by the idea that the species is an old or super-
annuated form of albolabris.
Jaw narrow, slightly arcuate, somewhat attenuated towards the ends; an-
terior surface with 13 ribs; both margins denticulated.
Lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. A) with 60—1—60 teeth; 11 perfect
laterals, but even the eighth tooth shows a decided modification in form.
I have already referred to the peculiarity of this species in having sometimes
and sometimes wanting side cutting points to the outer lateral teeth, and a
bifurcation to the inner cutting point of the marginals (see Proc. Phila. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1875, 243). I here figure teeth from a lingual membrane differing
in this respect from that figured by me before (1. c. PI. XI. Fig. 7). The
cutting points of the central and first lateral teeth have a lateral bulging
which represents the side point. This point appears about the eleventh
tooth.
Fig. a represents an inner marginal tooth from another membrane, agreeing
with my former figure in having a simple, not bifid, inner cutting point.
I am sure of the identity of each individual examined, having verified it by
the peculiar genital bladder and penis sac.
Genitalia figured by Leidy, Vol. I., 1. c. The penis sac is very stout, long,
cylindrical, receiving the retractor muscle and vas deferens at its summit; gepital
bladder subconical, on a 6hort, small duct ;% the vas deferens is convoluted as it
leaves the prostate. As already stated, these organs are specifically different
from those of albolabris, whose shell is so nearly allied to that of exoleta.
Mesodon Wheatleyi, Bland.
Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid-globose, thin, reddish horn-colored, with
numerous rib-like stria?, and microscopic granulations with very short hairs ;
spire shortly conoid ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 5^, rather convex, the
last rounded, slightly depressed at the aperture, constricted ; base convex, ex-
cavated in the umbilical region ; aperture oblique, lunate, with a small parietal
328 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
tooth-like tubercle ; peristome acute, rose-colored, equally angularly reflected,
appressed at the columella. Greater diameter 14, lesser 12 mill. ;
Fig. 211. height> 7 miU
Helix Wheatleyi, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 118, PI. IV. Fig.
19 (1860). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 145 (1869).
Mesodon Wheatleyi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 40 (1867).
Mountains in Cherokee County and at Hayesville, North Caro-
lina. It may prove a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Jaw as usual in the genus, with about 12 ribs.
M. Wheatleyi. Lingual membrane long. Teeth about 67 — 1 — 67, with over
12 laterals. Centrals and laterals as usual in the genus. Mar-
ginals high, narrow, with one very long cutting point to the single cusp. Outer
marginals about as high as wide, with one long inner, obtusely pointed, cutting
point, and one shorter, outer cutting point. The first marginal teeth resemble
those of thyroides in the single, greatly produced cutting point. The extreme
marginals, however, are bifid. (PI. VIII. Fig. R.)
The genital system in the specimens received was too decayed to allow of
complete examination. The penis sac, however, was in perfect condition. It
forms the peculiar feature of the system on account of its enormous develop-
ment. It is short, cylindrical, with blunt ends, very stout, three or four times
as large as the oviduct, with retractor muscle and vas deferens at its apex.
Mesodon dentifera, Binney.
Vol. in. PI. XII.
Shell imperforate, flattened-convex on the upper surface, convex below ;
epidermis yellowish horn-color, immaculate ; spire depressed ; whorls 5, with
delicate, parallel, oblique stria? ; suture distinct, not deeply impressed ; aper-
ture contracted by the peristome, flattened towards the plane of the base ;
peristome thickened, white, broadly and abruptly reflected ; parietal wall with
a prominent, white, tooth-like process nearly parallel with the lower margin of
the aperture, not projecting towards the umbilicus; base convex. Greater
diameter 23, lesser 18 mill.; height, 10 mill.
Helix dentifera, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 494, PI. XXI. (1840) ; Terr.
Moll., II. 134, PI. XII. — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842). — Pfeiffer,
Mod Hel. Viv., I. 317. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 55 ; L. k Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 145(1869). — DeK ay, N. Y. Moll., 34, PI. II. Fig. 17 (1843). — Mrs.
Gray, Fig. of Moll. Ann., PI. CXCI. Fig. 11, no descr. (from Bost. Journ.). —
Morse, Amer. Nat, I. 99, Figs. 6, 7 (1867). — Gould and Binney, lav. of
Mass., ed. 2, 424 (1870). — Pfeiffer, Mon., V. 429 (1868). — Not of Pfeiffer,
Vol. III. — Not of Chemnitz, ed. 2 (= Ro'emcri).
From Maine to Virginia and to Ohio. It prefers mountainous country. It
may be considered a species of the Northern Region, ranging into the Interior
Region, especially along the Appalachian chain.
MESODON. 329
Readily distinguished from the allied species by the very angular and broad
reflection of the peristome.
Animal grayish on the sides and posterior extremity, brownish on the
upper parts, darker on the head and neck ; foot long and narrow ; eye-
peduncles long and slender; eyes black. (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,
I. PI. X.)
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 1 4 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. J) with 32—1—32 teeth, with 15 laterals.
Mesodon Roemeri, Pfeiffer.
Shell with a narrow, or partially covered umbilicus, sometimes imperforate,
depressed, rather thin, closely striated, rather transparent and smooth, horn-
colored ; spire slightly elevated ; suture lightly impressed ;
whorls 5, rather convex, increasing slowly, the last one Kg 2i2.
subcarinaje at its periphery, scarcely descending; aper-
ture lunar, oblique, generally slightly contracted by a
parietal denticle which obliquely enters the mouth of the
shell ; peristome white, thickened, the upper portion hardly
expanded, reflected below, and at the columellar junction
spreading into a thin, partial covering to the umbilicus.
Greater diameter 21, lesser 18 mill. ; height, 10 mill.
Helix Roemeri, Pfeiffer in Roemer's Texas, 455 (1849) ;
Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, 117. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No.
680. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 55; L. & Fr.- M. Roemeri.
"W. Sh., I. 146, Fig. 250 (1869).
Helix dcntifera, part, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 260 ; in Chemnitz, ed. II.
331, PI. CXXXI. Figs. 1-3, not of Binney.
Mesodon Roemeri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 43 (1867).
Near New Braunfels, Texas ; Washington County, Williamson County,
Bosque County, and Colorado River, Texas. A species of the Texas Subregion.
This species was formerly confounded by Pfeiffer with dentifera, an authen-
tic specimen of which he had not seen. It is quite a distinct species, and in-
habits a distinct geographical region. It may be distinguished from dentifera
most readily by attention to the following particulars : Its umbilicus is gen-
erally but partially covered, while dentifera is always imperforate ; its color is
lighter, its surface smoother, and, above all, its peristome is not so broadly
reflected ; it is also distinctly subcarinate at the periphery.
Jaw as usual ; 7 ribs on one, 9 on another specimen examined.
The lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. C) has 35—1—35 teeth, with 12 lat-
erals. A few of the last laterals may have Bide cusps and cutting points.
The genitalia are figured on PI. XI. Fig. J. The oviduct is scarcely convo-
luted. The genital bladder is large, oval, with a long, large duct. The penis
sac is short, stout, of about equal breadth throughout, ending in a stout oval
330 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
bulb, into which the vas deferens enters. The retractor muscle is inserted
above the entrance of the vas deferens.
Mesodon Wetherbyi, Bland.
Shell with umbilicus covered, orbicular-depressed, thin, granulately striate,
pale horn-colored ; epidermis dark, covered with oblique, prostrate hairs ; spire
somewhat conoidal, suture impressed, apex obtuse ; whorls 5,
Fig. 213. slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last suddenly de-
flected, rather gibbous, constricted, beneath convex, subangu-
late at the periphery; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, with
a white, erect, oblique, tongue-shaped parietal tooth ; peri-
stome thickened, angularly reflected, the upper margin ex-
panded, the columellar margin dilated, covering the umbilical
perforation. Greater diameter 17, lesser 15 mill.; altitude,
8 mill.
M. Wetherbyi. Helix Wetherbyi, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. 361,
1873.
At the base of sandstone cliffs, mouth of Laurel Kiver, Whitley County,
Kentucky. Probably a species of the Cumberland Subregion.
This species belongs to the same group as dentifera, Binney, and Roemeri,
Pfeiffer, but is of smaller size, somewhat more elevated, and readily distin-
guished from them by the sculpture and epidermis. It differs from M. divesta,
Gould, in having a parietal tooth, and, although in general appearance like a
small form of M. appressa^ Say, is without the lamina on the basal margin of
the peristome. (Bland.)
Jaw as usual in the genus, about 18 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. D) with 35- la erals.
It will be seen in the figure that the marginal teeth ha imple, not bifid,
inner cutting point, a peculiarity shared by only a few oth r speci
Genitalia unobserved.
Mesodon thyroi&es, Say.
Vol. HI. PI. XL
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose; spire coi pldermis of
a uniform yellowish-bro'ivn or russet color; whorls 5, with rallel striae,
running obliquely across them ; spire more or less elevated ; suture distinctly
impressed; aperture lunate, contracted by the peristome, the plane of the aper-
ture making a considerable angle with the plane of the base of the shell ; pari-
etal wall with a prominent, white, tooth-like process placed obliquely to the axis
of the shell; peristome white, thickened, widely reflected, and sometimes grooved
on its face, its exterior yellowish; umbilicus exhibiting only ^>ne volution, par-
MESODON. 331
tially covered by the reflected peristome where it unites with the base of the
shell. Greater diameter 22, lesser 19i mill.; height, 13 mill.
Helix thyroidus, Say, Nich. Encycl. (Amer. ed.), 1817, 1818, 1819 ; Journ. Phil.
Acad., 1. 123 (1817) ; American Conchology (1831), No. 2, PI. XIII ; ed. Binney,
33, PI. XIII ; ed. Chenu, Bibl., 3, 22, PI. III. Fig. 3. — Eaton, Zool. Text-
Book, 193 (1826). — Ferussac, Hist., PI. XLIX. a, Fig. 4 ; PI. L. a, Fig. 6? —
Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 230 (1830) ; in Lam. An. sans Vert., VIII. 114 ;
ed. 3, III. 309; in Fer., I. 209. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 488,
PI. XVIII. (1837) ; Terr. Moll., II. 129, PI. XL — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 257,
PI. XL Figs. 7-9 (1851), anat. — DeKay, N. Y.Moll., 29, PI. II. Fig. 8. —
Gould, Invertebrata, 171, Fig. 108 (1841); ed. 2, 425 (1870). — Adams, Ver-
mont Mollusca, 159 (1842). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PL CCXCI. Fig. 6,
from Bost. Journ., no descr.
Helix thyroides, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 345 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 331,
PI. LVIII. Figs. 8, 9 (1850). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 677. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 53 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 147, Fig. 251 (1869). —Morse, Amer.
Nat., I. 98, Fig. 3 (1867).
Anchistoma thyroides, H. & A. Adams, Gen. PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 3, no descr.
Mesodon thyroides, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 41 (1867).
Helix bucculenta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III. 40 (1848) ; Terr. Moll.
III. 9, PI. XL a. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 271 ; IV. 323. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 54 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 148, Fig. 254 (1869).
Helix thyroides, /3, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 345. — Var. Ferussac, Hist,
PI. L. a, Fig. 7.
Mesodon bucculenta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 41 (1867).
Animal : color a dirty yellowish-white, with a grayish hue in some indi-
viduals, eye-peduncles darker, eyes black, base of foot dirty white ; foot rather
narrow, terminated posteriorly in an acute angle. Length equai to twice the
breadth of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. N. H., I. PI. VU.)
A Post-pleiocene species now found over all the Eastern Province. The
variation in size of the species is great. The smaller form (from near Phila-
delphia) is often found imperforate and toothless.
A reversed specimen was found by me at Graniteville, South Carolina.
Jaw long, narrow, slightly arcuate, with 13 stout ribs on both anterior and
posterior surface, denticulating either margin.
The lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. S) has 60—1—60 teeth, with 11 lat-
erals. This species is peculiar in having extremely long cutting points to the
single cusp of its marginal teeth : the very extreme marginals have this cutting
point bifid, and also have a small side cutting point. A similar dentition is
found in clausa and Wheatleyi.
The genital system is figured by Leidy (1. c.). The penis sac is short, stout,
cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its summit ; the
genital bladder is small, elongated, bluntly tapering at its apex, on a short,
narrow duct ; the oviduct is greatly convoluted.
332
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 214.
In the Southern and Southwestern States from North Carolina to Texas,
the species assumes Often, not in all localities, the form de-
scribed as bucculenta. I repeat the description and figure's of
the typical form, and a small variety from Alabama (Fig. 214).
This last often wants the parietal tooth : this form has same
jaw, lingual membrane, and genitalia as typical thyroides.
Shell usually perforate, globose-conic, more or less elevated,
rather thin, shining, pale yellowish-green, surface regularly and
delicately furrowed by the striae of growth ; whorls 5 or a little
more, rounded, and separated by a well-impressed suture ; base
convex ; aperture rounded ; peristome forming nearly two
thirds of a circle, rather broadly reflected, white, somewhat flesh-colored
behind, not completely covering a small umbilical perforation, sometimes en-
Fig. 215.
M. bucculenta.
M. bucculenta.
tirely covering it ; parietal wall sometimes bears a small white tooth at the
middle, but of tener not. Greater diameter 18^, lesser 15^ mill.; height, 10£
mill. (Vol. HI. PL XI. a.)
Mesodon clausa, Sat.
Vol. III. PL IV., central figures.
Shell subimperforate, conoidly semiglobose, rather solid, with crowded rib-
like stria?, yellowish horn-color ; spire subregularly conoid ; whorls 5^, rather
convex, gradually increasing, the penultimate subangular, the last rounded, an-
teriorly subconstricted and briefly deflected ; umbilicus narrow, almost covered
by the reflected peristome ; aperture diagonal, subregularly lunate ; peristome
with a heavy, white thickening, uniformly subangularly reflected, its columel-
lar portion subdilated. Greater diameter 18|, lesser 16 mill.; height, ll£
milL
Helix clausa, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 154 (1821) ; American Conch. <1832),
No. 4, PL XXXVII. Fig. 1 ; Binney's ed., 17, PL XXXVII. Fig. 1 ; ed.
Chentj, Bibl. Conch., III. 50, PL XIII. Fig. 2. — BinneY, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., I. 482, PL XV. (1837); Terr. Moll., II. 107 (excl. syn.), PI. IV. (ex-
cepting the outline figures). — DeKay, N. Y.-MolL, 31, PL III. Fig. 13 (1843).
— Reeve, Con. Icon., Fig. 694. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye.-, VI. 336. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 321. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 46 ;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 149 (1869).
Helix Fennsylvanica, Pfeiffer, ex parte, Symt. ad. Hist. Hel., II. 36 ; Mon.
MESODON. 333
Hel. Viv., I. 291 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 51, ex parte. — Reeve, ex parte,
Con. Icon., No. 676 ; not of Green.
Helix Mitchelliana, Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, 1. c. I. 332, PI. LVI. Figs. 6-8.
Mesodon clausa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 47 (1867).
A Post-pleiocene species now found in the Interior Region, in the States bor-
dering on the Ohio River, and in Wisconsin, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi,
and Alabama.
Animal blackish.
In M. clausa the umbilical region is more widely excavated, and the groove
behind the reflected peristome, producing the contraction of the aperture, is
continued at the base of the shell, becoming wider as it joins the umbilical
opening. In M. Mitchelliana the groove is almost obliterated at the point of
reflection of the peristome over the umbilicus, by the more tumid character of
the last whorl.
H. Ingallsiana, Shuttleworth (Jugallsiana of Albers ed. 2), is a small form
of clausa. I give a figure copied trom an unpublished plate of
Shuttleworth. F*- 216-
Jaw as usual in the genus ; about 10 stout ribs.
Lingual membrane as in M. thyroides (PI. VII. Fig. T) ; it has
41 — 1 — 41 teeth, with about 11 perfect laterals. I can detect
no side cusps, even on the extreme outer marginals. (Shuttleworth)
The genitalia are figured on PI. XIV. Fig. G. The penis sac
is the conspicuous feature of the system : it is longer than the oviduct, and
almost as stout, of about equal size throughout ; it has the entrance of the
vas deferens and retractor muscle at its blunt apex. The genital bladder is
small, lengthened oval, with along, slender duct. The prostate is narrow, stout,
prominent, cordlike. The vas deferens is large. The other organs present no
peculiar features.
Mesodon Columbiana, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. V.
Shell umbilieated, subdepressed-globose ; epidermis with short, rigid hairs,
corneous, thin ; whorls 6, slightly rounded, very minutely striated, rising grad-
ually, but regularly, one above the other to an acuminated apex ; sufure
strongly impressed ; aperture roundly lunate, a little contracted and thickened
by a testaceous deposit or border, at the angle of reflection of the peristome ;
peristome thickened, whitish, or brownish white, reflected but not flattened,
rather grooved on its face, the basal margin horizontal in its direction, with a
slight thickening or projection before it reaches the base of the shell ; umbili-
cus open, partially hidden by the reflected peristome at its junction with the
base; base a little flattened. Greater diameter 17, lesser 14 mill.; height, 11
mill.
Helix Columbiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Soc. Trans., VI. 89, PI. XXIII. Fig. 75 ; Obs.,
II. 89 (1839); in Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, II. 221. — DeKay, N. Y.
334 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Moll., 46 (1843). — Pfeiffeb, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 343; in Chemnitz, ed. 2,
I. 332, PI. LVIII. Figs. 10-12 (1846). —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 692 (1852).
— Binney, Terr. Moll, II. 169, PI. V. — W: G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
16 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 150 (1869).
Helix labiosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 165 (1846) ; U. S. Expl.
Exped. Moll., 67, Fig. 35 (1852) ; Terr. Moll., II. 170, PI. XIII. a, Fig. 1.—
Pfeiffeb, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 343 (included in Columbiana in Vol. V.).
Mesvdon Columbiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 46 (1867).
A species of the Pacific province ranging from Sitka and Fort Simpson (lat.
54° 40') to Santa Cruz in California (lat, 37° 20').
Animal slender, eye-peduncles and tentacles much elongated. Color pale
ferruginous, with a lilac tint, darker on the neck. Whole surface, even the
eye-peduncles, marked with coarse, elliptical granules, in longitudinal series ;
no marginal border.
There is a variety with a well-developed parietal tooth.
I formerly had difficulty in separating certain forms of Mesodon Columbiana,
Lea, and Stenotrema germanum, Gould, but have recently received, through the
kindness of Mr. Henry Hemphill, specimens of both species, preserved in alco-
hol, from several distinct localities. An examination of their soft parts has
proved that in the jaw and genital system there exists a specific difference
readily detected. This difference appears to be constant, as I have observed
it in one specimen, with parietal lamina and quite depressed, of Columbiana,
from San Leandro, California, and three from another locality. In germanum,
I also have found" the characters constant, having examined four specimens,
one from Astoria, the other three from a separate locality.
In the jaw the distinction is in its general outline and in the size and fre-
quency of the ribs on the anterior surface. In germanum the jaw is slightly
arcuate ; the ribs are about 1 1 in number, broad, crowded, with narrow inter-
stices only, generally resembling the jaw found in Stenotrema. In Columbiana
the jaw is more arched, the ribs are less numerous, about 8, narrower, much
more separated, and more decidedly produced on either margin, as usual in
Mesodon. For figures of the jaw of each see Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. X.
PI. XIV.
In the genitalia the difference lies in the genital bladder. This organ in
Columbiana (PL XI. Fig. I) is clavate, short, with a short, stout duct, but in
germanum (Fig. M) it is globular, and has a long, narrow duct.
In both species the retractor muscle of the penis is attached to the vas def-
erens a short distance before the latter organ enters the penis sac, which it
does at the apex of the latter.
Jaw (see above).
Lingual membrane (PL VIII. Fig. P) with 33—1—33 teeth; 15 laterals, the
sixteenth tooth having a bifid cutting point. There are decided side cusps and
cutting points to the central and lateral teeth.
MESODON.
335
Mesodon Downieana, Bland.
Shell umbilicate, umbilicus nearly covered, subglobose, thin, subpellucid,
•with obsolete rib-like striae, decussated with crowded microscopic spiral lines,
greenish horn-colored ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the
last tumid, anteriorly somewhat gibbous, scarcely descending,
constricted ; aperture oblique, lunate oval ; peristome white, labi-
ate, reflected, right margin expanded, columellar margin angu-
larly dilated, nearly covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter
10£, lesser 9| mill. ; height, 6 mill.
Fig. 217.
Helix Doitmieana, Bi.and, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 420, PI. IV. Figs.
23, 24 (1861). — W. G. BlNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 151 (1869).
Mesodon Doivnieana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 47 (1867).
M. Doivnieana.
Fig. 218.
Munroe County ; University Place, Franklin County ; Tennessee, Whitley
County, Kentucky. A species of the Cumberland Subregion.
Animal with the usual characters of the genus.
Jaw as usual ; over 1 0 ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. F) has 35—1—35 teeth, with 12
laterals. The side cusps and cutting points are visible on the second lateral
tooth.
Mesodon Lawi, Lewis.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose, surface hardly broken by delicate in-
cremental striae, horn-colored ; spire elevated, apex obtuse .
whorls 4, convex, suture impressed, the last globose, descending,
deeply constricted behind the peristome ; aperture oblique, lu-
nate, narrow, with a linguiform tooth on tJie parietal wall ; peri-
stome white, thickened, reflected, its terminations approached
slightly, that of the columellar somewhat concealing the very
narrow umbilicus. Greater diameter 6, lesser 5 mill. ; height, 3
mill.
M. Lawi. Helix Lawi, Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1874, 118
(Fig.).
Probably a species of the Cumberland Subregion. Thus far only found at
Hayesvillu, Clay County, North Carolina, in a field, at the roots of Strawberry
plants, by Miss Annie M. Law.
Animal unobserved.
Mesodon jejuna, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XLIL Fig. 2.
Shell umbilicated, subglobose ; epidermis corneous, nearly smooth ; spire
rather prominent ; suture impressed; whorls rather more than 5, the last am-
ple ; striae of increase hardly visible ; peristome white, very narrow, reflected,
336 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
a deep groove behind it ; aperture well rounded, semicircular, considerably
contracted by the impressed groove behind the peristome, and a corresponding
testaceous deposit, or rib, within ; umbilicus small, round, not expanded ; um-
bilical region not impressed ; base convex. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7 mill. ;
height i\ mill.
Helix jejuna, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 158 (1821) ; Binney's ed., 9. — De
Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 147. — Bland, Ann.
N. Y. Lye, VI. 341 (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 67.
Hygromia jejuna, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 308 (1866).
A species of the Florida Subregion, found originally near Jacksonville, Flor-
ida,1 received by me from Indian River and St. Augustine, Florida, and noticed
as far north as Savannah, Georgia.
Animal dirty white, neck darker, eye-peduncles black, — not quite twice the
breadth of the shell, — foot pointed.
Nearly allied to M. Mobiliana (q. v.), with which it is confounded in "Vol. II.
Jaw, lingual dentition, and genitalia unknown.
Mesodon Mobiliana, Lea.
Shell globose, perforated, thin, smooth, with very delicate incremental striae,
horn-colored ; whorls 6, convex ; suture impressed, last whorl tumid below, glo-
bose, slightly descending, deeply constricted behind the peri-
stome, umbilical region scarcely excavated ; apex obtuse ; spire
elevated; aperture oblique, rounded; peristome thickened, white,
reflected, its terminations distant, that of the columellar some-
what concealing the perforation. Greater diameter 8£, lesser 6
M. Mobiliana. m]\i ? height, 5 mill.
Helix Mobiliana, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, II. 82 (1841) ; Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc, IX. 17 ; Obs., IV. 17 (1844) ; in Troschel, Arch. f. Nat. 1843, II. 124.
— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 323; IV. 122. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II.
172, PI. XLII. Fig. 2, part.
A species of the Southern Region, received from near Mobile, and from
Baldwin, Florida.
It has heretofore been confounded with M. jejuna (q. v.). It must be
borne in mind that the figures in Terr. Moll., PI. XLII. Fig. 2, and Land
and Fresh-water Shells, Fig. 258, are of jejuna, and do not represent Lea's
species.
In M. Mobiliana there are 6 whorls ; the last whorl is remarkably constricted
and gibbous at the aperture, more tumid at the base and with smaller umbilicus
than in jejuna. The microscopic spiral lines on the embryonic whorls of the
latter are absent in the former. The peristome at its junction with the penul-
1 The Cow Ford (not Cowfort) of the St. John's River, given by Mr. Say as the original
locality.
MESODON. 337
timate whorl is sharp, not reflected nor thickened, but elsewhere reflected,
thickened by a whitish callus within, the edge of which forms a distinct portion
of the peristome, and has an obsolete tooth-like development near the columella.
The aperture is more lunate than in jejuna.
M. Mobiliana may be compared, so far as regards the tumid base, small um-
bilicus, constricted aperture, and gibbous character of the superior part of the
last whorl behind the aperture, with a Texan form in my cabinet of Dorcasia
Berlandieriana.
The measurements of my largest specimen (G whorls) of M. Mobiliana, from
Baldwin, are as follows: Greater diameter 10, lesser 7 mill.; height, 6
mill.
Jaw as usual; 10 ribs.
Lingual membrane of the true species, from Baldwin County, Alabama, has
25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 10 perfect laterals. There, are decided side cusps and
cutting points to centrals and laterals ; the transition to the marginals is made
as usual, the inner cutting point becoming bifid. PI. VIII. Fig. N.
Genitalia unobserved.
Mesodon devia, Gould.
Shell umbilieated, solid, depressed-globose, pale yellowish horn-color, or
brown, with fine lines of growth ; whorls 6, convex, suture well defined ; be-
neath slightly convex, and perforated by a moderate-sized umbilicus, which
appears to have an obtuse channel revolving on the
whorls within it ; periphery rounded ; aperture trans- Fig. 220.
verse, obliquely lunate ; peristome thickened, white, or
sometimes rufous, rather broadly reflected, horizontal at
base, the upper edge sometimes bearing a tooth-like pro-
cess, the inner edge dilated into an elongated, lamellar,
white, tooth-like process, and abruptly turning up to M. devia.
form a short columella, where it dilates, and partly sur-
rounds the umbilicus ; near the upper margin, and on the parietal wall,
is a white trigonal tooth. Greater diameter 24, lesser 19 mill.; height,
14 mill.
Helix devia, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 165 (1846) ; Terr. Moll.,
III. 11 ; Moll, of Expl. Exped., 69, Fig. 74, Addenda, "501 (1852). — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 383. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 17, PI. LXXIX.
Fig. 13 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 152 (1869).
Helix Baskervillei, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1849 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 230,
in V. referred to devia. — Reeve, Con. Icon., Fig. 684.
Mesodon devia, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 42 (1867).
Hellv Mullani, Bland and Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 363, PI. IV. Figs.
16, 17 (1861).— W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 130 (1869).
Triodopsis Mullani, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 52 (1867).
vol. iv. 22
338 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
An Oregonian Region species, ranging from 46° to 49° latitude. It also ha3
crossed the Cascade Mountains, ranging southeasterly into the
Central Province as far as the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, and
Salmon River, Idaho. At the latter localities it is smaller and
much less globose, and has its aperture decidedly tridentate.
This form is figured here. It was also described by Mr. Bland
as H. Mullani, his type being more globose. I am convinced of the identity
of the two forms, but repeat his description and his figures.
Helix Mullani, Bland. — Shell with umbilicus partially covered, globose-de-
pressed, dark horn-colored, irregularly striated, having a thin epidermis with
microscopic spiral lines, and tubercles (the latter with hairs ?) ;
beneath the epidermis shining ; spire short ; whorls 5J to 6, con- Flg' 2-~'
vex, the last gibbous above, scarcely descending, the base rather
smooth, much constricted at the aperture ; aperture subtriangular,
oblique, with a short, white, linguiform, parietal tooth ; peristome
white, or reddish horn-colored, thickened, expanded, and roundly
reflected, with 2 teeth on the margin of the callus, the lower one
lamelliform, the other small, often obsolete, the columella!- margin partially
covering the middle-sized, pervious umbilicus. Greater diameter 13£, lesser 11
mill. ; height, 7 mill.
Jaw (of the Salmon River form) as usual in the genus, with 7 stout ribs.
The lingual membrane of the same (PI. VIII. Fig. O) has 23—1—23 teeth,
with 16 perfect laterals.
Genitalia and lingual dentition of the typical form (see Appendix).
Mesodon profunda, Say.
Vol. III. PI. XXII.
Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed ; epidermis yellowish horn-
color, with reddish-brown, revolving lines and bands, sometimes uniformly
brown or albino ; whorls from 5 to 6, convex, obliquely striated with delicate
and regular raised striae ; suture distinct ; aperture almost circular, a little con-
tracted by the peristome, flattened towards the plane of the base ; peristome
white, thickened, reflected, with a slightly prominent callus, or obtuse tooth, on
the inner edge near the base; umbilicus rather large and profound, exhibiting
all the volutions to the apex ; base convex, with the stria? converging into the
umbilicus. Greater diameter 29, lesser 24 mill.; height, 14 mill.
Helix profunda, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 160 (1821) ; American Conchology,
No. 4, PI. XXXVII. Fig. 3; ed. Binney, 20, 36, PL XXXVII. Fig. 3; ed.
Chenu, III. 51, PI. XIII. Fig. 2, b, 2, c. — DeEay, N. Y. Moll., 42, PI. III.
Fig. 3. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 255, PI. IX. Figs. 1-3, anat. — Binney,
Bost, Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 377, PL XV; Terr. Moll.; II. 177, PL XXII.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 382 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 63, PL LXXVII.
Figs. 14-16. — Deshayes in Fee., I. 69. —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PL
ilESODON. 339
CXC1 , Con. L on., iS2. ...... err. Moll,
.... - 152 (1869).
- ■ 1 5t., PI. LXX. three lower figs. —
.- A.n. s. Vert., VI. 72. — Deshayes, EncycL Meth., II. 212; in Lam.,
VIII 40; ed. 3, III. 283. — Chenu, 111. Conch., PL XII. Fig. 13. — Deles-
sert, Rec. des Coq., PI. XXVI. Fig. 7.
Junior? Helix bulbina, Deshayes in Fer. Hist., I. 108, PL LXXXV. Figs.
14-18. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 201.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 116, PL LXXIX. Fig. 10.
Ulostomaprofunda, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 37 (1867).
A Post-pleiocene species, now found in the Interior Region ; from Western
New York to Minnesota, Virginia to Kansas.
Animal light brown, darker on the head, neck, eye-peduncles, and tentacles,
and pale on the posterior extremity ; foot rather thick, in length less than
twice the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely. (See Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., I. PL XV.)
Jaw arcuate, of uniform width, ends blunt; anterior surface crowded with 10
stout ribs, denticulating either margin.
The lingual membrane (PL VIII. Fig. Q) has 40 — 1 — 40 teeth, with about
14 perfect laterals, but the change from laterals to marginals is very gradual,
being made without splitting of the inner cutting point, which is simple on the
extreme marginals even.
Genitalia figured by Leidy (1. c.). The penis sac is not very stout, long,
receiving the retractor muscle at about the middle of its length, and taperino-
very gradually towards its summit into the vas deferens; genital bladder laro-e,
globose-oval, on a long, narrow duct. The penis sac is very different from
that of M. Sayii.
Mesodon Sayii, Binney.1
Vol. III. PL xxm.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, thin ; epidermis light russet, shin-
ing; whorls between 5 and 6, with numerous fine, oblique stria?; suture im-
pressed ; aperture lunately subcircular, not dilated ; peristome white, narrow,
thickened, reflected, with a slightly projecting tooth on the inner edge of the
basal portion near the umbilicus; parietal wall with a sub-prominent, white
tooth ; umbilicus open, deep, not wide, exhibiting all the volutions, slif htlv
contracted by the reflected peristome ; base rounded, with the striae distinct,
converging into the umbilicus. Greater diameter 2 7,2 lesser 23 mill.; height,
17 mill.
1 The name diodonta, which has not precedence in the genus Helix, may be adopted in
Mesodon by those who follow the strict laws of nomenclature ; I doubt myself the pro-
priety of changing the long-established name in any of the genera formed from disinte-
grated Helix.
2 One specimen measured 41 mill.
340 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix diodonta, Say, Long's Exped., II. 257, PL XV. Fig. 4 (1824) ; ed. Binney,
39, PL LXXIV. Fig. 4. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 34, PL II. Fig. 18. — Deshayes
in Fer., PI. LXIX. 1, Fig. 2.
Helix Sayi, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 379, PL XVI. (1840) ; Terr.
Moll., II. 180, PL XXIII. —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 160 (1842). — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 70 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 153 (1869). — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 382 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, III. 419, Tab. CXLVIII. Figs.
13, 14. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 256, PI. XL Figs. 1 - 4 (1851), anat. — Mrs.
Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PI. CXCIII. Fig. 10, from Bost. Joum., no descr. —
Deshayes in Fer., I. 79. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 679 (1852). — Mopse,
Amer. Nat, I. 98, Figs. 4, 5 (1867). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed.
2, 426 (1870). — Lewis, Am. Joum. Conch., VI. 191, PI. XIII. Figs. 5-7
(1871).
Mesodon Sayii, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 9, Fig. 9, PI. IV. Fig. 10 (1864).
ijlostoma Sayii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 38 (1867).
Northern and Interior Regions. From Canada East to Michigan, Maryland,
Kentucky, and Tennessee, — in the last locality greatly developed, a specimen
figured by Lewis (1. c), measuring 1.40 inches.1
Animal light reddish-brown, eye-peduncles and tentacles smoky, eyes black ;
head and neck cylindrical, foot narrow, terminating in an acute point; length
about twice the diameter of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I.
PI. XVI.)
On the 3d day of July, 1836, Dr. Binney discovered an individual of this
species in the act of laying its eggs in a damp place under a log. He trans-
ferred them with the animal to a tin box filled with wet moss. The eggs were
not much more than half as large as those of M. albolabris, Say ; they were
white, adhering together very slightly, flaccid, and apparently not entirely fllled
with fluid. During the succeeding night the number had increased to about
fifty, and in a few hours they became. full and distended. As the snail now
began to devour the eggs, he was obliged to remove it. On the 29th of July
all the eggs were hatched ; the young snails had 1^ whorls; the umbilicus was
open ; the head, eye-peduncles, and tentacles were bluish-black, and the other
parts whitish and semi-transparent. They immediately began to feed, and made
their first repast of the pellicle of the eggs from which they had just emerged.
They grew rapidly, and before the middle of October, when they went into
winter-quarters, they had increased their bulk four or five times beyond its
original measurement.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 15 ribs. (See next page.)
The lingual membrane (PI. VIII. Fig. B) has 42—1—42 teeth, with about
l " H. Chilhoweensis differs from typical Sayii in having a cubic capacity more than five
times as great, smaller or more rudimentary teeth, a wider development of the reflected
lip on the base, and in several other less important details. The greatest diameter of the
mo^t perfect shell before me is about 1.40 inches." — Lewis. See also Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phi'a., 1875, 334.
ACANTHINULA.
341
Fig. 223.
15 perfect laterals; the change from laterals to marginals is made without
the splitting of the inner cutting point The
centrals and first laterals have no distinct side
cusps and cutting points.
Genital system (see Leidy, 1. c.) very remark-
able for the enormous development of the penis
sac ; it is stout, cylindrical, as long as the whole
genital system, receiving both retractor muscle
and vas deferens at its summit ; genital bladder large, elongate ovate, on a very
short duct.
Jaw of M. Sayii (Morse).
ACANTHINULA, Beck.
Animal heliciform ; mantle posterior ; other characters as in Patula (see be-
low, Fig. 226).
Shell perforated, globosely turbinated, with a brownish plicately ribbed or
aculeate epidermis ; whorls 4 - 5 ; aperture rounded ; peristome thin, some-
what expanded, its terminations approached.
In Europe this genus is found at the north, but one species ranges as far
south as Palermo. Our single species is probably circumpolar, common to the
three continents.
We have but one species within our limits, A. harpa, whose jaw and lingual
dentition have been described and figured by Morse. Judging from his figure
(Fig. 224) and text, the anterior surface of the jaw seems to
have subobsolete ribs which mark the lower margin ; it is
low, wide, strongly arched, with blunt, scarcely attenuated
ends ; cutting edge with a wide and ,very slightly produced,
broad median projection ; transversely and longitudinally
striate.
Lingual membrane long and narrow, 120 rows of 17 — 1 — 17 teeth, with 6
Fig. 224.
Jaw of A. harpa
(Morse).
Fig. 226.
Lingual dentition of A. harpa (Morse).
perfect laterals. The centrals have a square base of attachment, the upper
margin squarely reflected ; the reflection is very small, tricuspid, the side cusps
very small, blunt, the median cusps very long and narrow, not reaching the
lower edge of the base of attachment, not even with its short cutting point ;
342 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
side cusps also, I presume, with cutting points, though none are shown in
Morse's figure. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression
of the inner side cusps and cutting points. Marginals low, wide, the broad re-
flection equalling the base of attachment and irregularly denticulated, as in
Pupa.
There are two European species of this genus, A. aculeata and lamellata,
whose jaw is described by Lehmann as rather striated than ribbed. Their
lingual dentition presents no generic differences from that of harpa, though the
cusps of the centrals are described as simply conical.
Acanthinula harpa, Say.
Vol. III. PL LII. Fig. 3.
Shell subperforate, ovately conic, transparent, very thin, with coarse, irreg-
ular lines of growth, pellucid, light horn-color ; spire conical, rather obtuse ;
whorls 4, convex, the upper ones smooth, the two last with prominent, distant,
thin, colorless, fold-like ribs, slightly inclined backwards, the last whorl rounded,
somewhat longer than the spire ; columella subreceding ; aperture lunately
oval ; peristome simple, straight, its columellar termination briefly reflected
above. Greater diameter, 2 mill.; length, 3^ mill.; aperture, 1| mill, long, 1^
mill. wide.
Helix harpa, Say, Long's Exped., II. 256, Pi. XV. Fig. 1 (1S24) ; Binney's ed.,
29, PL LXXIV. Fig. 1. — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 156 (1869). —
Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 427 (1870).
Pupa costulata, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., I. 187 (1844).
Bulimus harpa, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, 147 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., II.
150 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, No. 305, PL LX. Figs. 17-19. —Reeve, Con. Icon.,
No. 596 (1849). —Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 290, PL LII. Fig. 3. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 135.
Zoogenties harpa, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., I. 32, PL I. Figs. 1-14 (1864);
Anier. Nat., I. 608, Figs. 50, 51 (1868). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
311 (1868).
Helix Amurcnsis, Gerstf., teste Morch.
A circumpolar species, in cur country found in the Northern Region — Gaspe ;
Maine ; New Hampshire. Originally found by Say on the expedition to St.
Peter's River, etc. In British America, English River, and James' Bay ; in
Europe, Sweden (Mai. Bl'att. 1867, p. 200), Norway, Lapland, etc. ; in Asia,
Petropaulouski in Kamtschatka.
Animal small, compared to the size of the shell ; body and head slate-color,
eye-peduncles darker, short, thick, bulbous ; eyes large, distinct ; foot but two
thirds length of shell, whitish; the body, disk, and mantle are marked with white
dots, iLe edge of the mantle is of the same color as the head and eye-peduncles.
The disk is rounded posteriorly, and broad and truncated anteriorly ; the lateral
borders are deeply crenulated. The head is separate from the disk, as in the
VALLONIA. 343
Pupa, bearing two minutely erenulated lappets, which hang down on either
side of the mouth like a visor, reminding one of the oblique folds on the
head of Glandina truncata, which we believe to be homolo-
Fig. 226.
gous to them. A longitudinal furrow extends from the
mouth downward. The body is so translucent that when
extended the ganglionic centres can be plainly seen. In
motion it is exceedingly graceful, at times poising its
beautiful shell high above its body, and twirling it around,
not unlike the Physa, again hugging its pretty harp close
to its body ; the shell, when in this last position, continually oscillates, as
if the animal could not balance it ; it rarely ever moves in a straight line,
but is always turning and whisking about, and this is done at times very
quickly and abruptly. (Morse.)
Jaw and lingual membrane (see above).
The species is said by Mr. Morse to be viviparous.
VALLONIA, Risso.
Animal heliciform (see Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. PI. IX. Fig. 2) ; other
characters as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, diaphanous, whorls 3|-4; aperture oblique,
subcircular ; peristome white, thickened, reflected, its margins contiguous or
converging.
The single known species is circumpolar, common to the three continents.
In North America its range is shown below (p. 344) ; in Europe it is found
everywhere, reaching indeed Northern Africa, the Azores, Madeira, etc. ; in
Asia it occurs in Siberia, Thibet. This wide distribution, so unusual in the
land shells, suggests great antiquity for the species. It is said to have been
found in the Red and Norwich Crag (see Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc, XXVII. 493).
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; cutting
margin without median projection ; anterior sur-
face with numerous crowded, broad ribs, den-
^-Z—— _ _^r--^ nice wim numerous crowueu, uroau ni
X^SElillMl/^^X ticulating the lower margin (Fig. 227).
-^^ ■^<Z> Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. U) long
Jaw of V. pulchella (Morse). , ° , . _ ~, .
and narrow, arranged as in Patula. Morse gives
73 rows of 11 — 1 — 11 teeth, with 3 perfect laterals. I counted 10 — 1 — 10, with
3 perfect laterals. Centrals with the base of attachment long and narrow, ex-
panded and notched at the outer lower angles, narrowed above and reflected ;
reflection very small, tricuspid, all the cusps bearing very short cutting points,
the central one, as usual, longest. Laterals with the base of attachment twice
as broad as in the centrals, the inner lower angle suppressed, notched at the
outer angle, broadly reflected above ; reflection larger than in the centrals,
with one inner, long, slender cusp, reaching nearly the lower edge of the base
344 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
of attachment, its cutting point quite reaching it, and one small outer side
cusp, also bearing a distinct cutting point. Marginals low, wide, the reflec-
tion equalling the base of attachment and irregularly denticulated along its
edge, the inner cusp the longest and bifid. The dentition is quite that of
Pupa.
The above description is drawn from a specimen from Maine. The Euro-
pean form is figured by Moquin-Tandon with a median projection to the cut-
ting edge of its jaw. Lehmann also figures a wide, slight projection to the
cutting edge. A comparison of the description and figure of the dentition of
the European specimens given by Thomson and Lehmann shows no specific
difference. It will be noticed that Lehmann's figure of the centrals shows a
more developed reflection and cusp and no side cusps. I believe, however, that
careful comparison will show no variation in this or other particulars.
Vallonia pulchella, Muller.
Vol. III. PI. IX. Fig. 2.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, slightly convex above, thin and trans-
parent ; epidermis colorless ; whorls 4, very minutely striated, the last large, and
spreading at the aperture like a trumpet ; aperture orbicular, a little dilated ;
peristome much thickened, white, reflected, making nearly a continuous circle,
ends approaching ; umbilicus large, exhibiting all the volutions. Greater diam-
eter 3, lesser 2| mill. ; height, 1^ mill.
Helix pulchella, Muller, Venn., 30. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 365. — Bin-
ney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, III. 375, PI. IX. Fig. 2 (1840); Terr. Moll., II.
175, PL XVII. Fig. 1. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 256, PI. IX. Figs. 7-9(1851),
anat. — Gould, Invertebrata, 176, Fig. 102 (1841), ed. 2, 429 (1870). —Adams,
Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 157
(1869).
Helix minuta, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., I. 123 (1817) ; Nich. Encycl., ed. 3
(1819) ; Binney's ed., 3. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 40, PI. III. Fig. 33 (1843).
— Morse, Am. Nat., I. 544, Fig. 39 (1867).
Helix costata, Muller, vid. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 366.
Vallonia minuta, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 21, Figs. 54-56, PI. VIII. Fig.
57 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 36 (1867).
A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. From Canada East
to Nebraska and Florida in the Eastern Province, to New Mexico in the Cen-
tral Province, as well as in Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Colorado. For its
range in Europe and Asia see p. 343.
The strongly ribbed variety (V. costata) has been found in large numbers in
Kansas, and at Cincinnati and Philadelphia, and in Nevada.
Jaw and lingual membrane described above.
Genitalia figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, PI. XI. Fig. 30).
FRUTICICOLA. 345
Penis sac cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its
apex ; genital bladder globose, large, on a long narrow duct ; opposite the en-
trance of the latter into the vagina is a small sac-like receptacle for a dart.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversed individual.
FRUTICICOLA, Held.
Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated or perforated ; depressed-globose, sometimes pilose ; whorls
5-7, rather convex ; aperture broadly lunate or lunate-rounded, peristome
acute, very briefly expanded, labiate within, its basal margin reflexed.
A European genus, of which two species have been introduced within our
limits by commerce.
The two species of this subgenus found within our limits, rufescens and his-
pida, are purely local, having been introduced by commerce at Quebec and
Halifax, respectively. I have not had an opportunity of ex-
amining the latter. The jaw of the subgenus is described as Ig'
arcuate with blunt ends ; anterior surface with broad, crowded /f[LlJLuJjj\
ribs (see figure of that of hispida copied from Moquin-Tandon) ; , ....
Lehmann (1. c, PI. XII. Fig. 57) figures the lingual membrane
of hispida with centrals having a long narrow base of attachment, a stout, pear-
shaped, unicuspid reflection ; laterals bicuspid, marginals a simple modification
of the laterals. I do not find it so in rufescens (see below). Other species are
also figured by Lehmann.
Fruticicola hispida, Linn.
Shell openly umbilicated, suborbiculately depressed, horn-color, shining, with
short hairs ; spire convex ; whorls 5 to 6, rather convex, narrow ;
Fig 229
aj:>erture broadly lunate ; peristome spreading, thickened with
white within, its basal terminus more narrow, prominent, and acute.
Greater diameter 10, lesser 9 mill. ; height, 5| mill.
Helix hispida, Linnaeus, Syst., 675, etc., etc. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Yiv., I. 148.
Hygromia hispida, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 308, PI. V.
Fig. 2 (1866).
F. hispida.
This is a European species, which has been found at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, probably accidentally introduced from England on plants.
Moquin-Tandon figures the jaw of a French specimen as slightly arcuate ;
ends rounded, somewhat attenuated; anterior surface with numerous ribs, den-
ticulating the concave margin.
For dentition see above. I have not myself had an opportunity of examin-
ing the dentition.
The genitalia are figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, PI. XH. Fig.
346 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
35). The penis sac is cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens at its summit, the
retractor muscle at mid-length ; the genital bladder is large, globular, on a long,
narrow duct ; at its entrance into the vagina there is at each side a group of
long, stout cylindrical ca?ca, the " vesica multifida," and also a dart sac ; ' the
sac is double, always consisting of one upper small, and one lower wider,
division, making the whole system of sacs quadripartite ; in each of these lower
divisions is a small, conical dart with apex slightly recurved.
H. plebeium, var. of hispida, has been credited to North America by Prest-
wich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, XXVII. 493.
Fruticicola rufescens, Pennant.
Shell umbilicated, ' subglobose-depressed, subcarinate, striate, pale reddish;
spire moderately elevated ; whorls 6, rather convex, the last
Fig. 230. banded with white, not deflected anteriorly ; aperture ovate-lunar ;
peristome spreading, thickened with white at some distance within,
the columellar margin somewhat reflected. Greater diameter 11,
lesser 10 mill.; height, 6 mill.
Helix rufescens, Pennant, etc., etc. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
I. 14L— W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 159, Fig. 275
(1869).
F. rufescens. Hygromia rufescens, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 301, PI. V.
Fig. 1 (1866).
Germany, England, and other European countries. Also found at Quebec,
probably introduced from England. It is also said by Tryon (1. c.) to have
been found in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts, but I have many
doubts of its actually having been found at those points.
Jaw as described above (Lehmann, 1. c).
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. A) with 26 — 1 — 26 teeth. The central
teeth have decided side cutting points, but not decided side cusps. These last
are developed on the laterals. The change into marginals is gradual, and is
not formed by the splitting of the inner cutting point. My figure does not in
all respects agree with that of Lehmann, 1. c.
Lehmann, in Mai. Blatt., XVI. p. 197, figures the genital system to be as in
hispida (q. v.).
DORCASIA, Gray.
Animal heliciform, as in Patula.
Shell moderately umbilicated, globose-conoid or depressed-globose, roughly
striate ; whorls 4£ - 5, the last large, globose, more or less deflected anteriorly ;
aperture lunate-ovate ; peristome thickened, reflected, its columellar margin
dilated and reflected.
I hesitate to place our two species, Berlandieriana and griseola, in this genus
on account of the geographical range of its species being Australian, Indian,
DORCASIA. 347
etc. I will, however, temporarily leave them here. I do not believe they prop-
erly belong to Fruticicola.
I have not examined D. Berlandieriana. The other species, griseola, has a
jaw slightly arcuate, high, ends scarcely attenu-
ated, blunt ; cutting margin without median pro-
jection ; anterior surface entirely covered with
numerous, about 12, broad, crowded ribs, denticu-
lating either margin.
° ° Jaw of D. griseola.
Lingual membrane (PI. VII. Fig. V) long and
narrow. Teeth about 27 — 1 — 27, with 12 perfect laterals. Centrals with the
base of attachment long and rather narrow, the outer lower angles but little
expanded, the upper margin broadly reflected; reflection large, with a very
stout, long median cusp, bearing a long, stout cutting point extending below
the lower edge of the base of attachment ; side cusps obsolete, but side cutting
points present, large, triangular, acute. Laterals like the centrals, but asym-
metrical by the suppression of the inner, lower lateral angle of the base of
attachment and inner side cutting point. Marginals low, wide, the reflec-
tion broad, equalling the base of attachment and bearing one inner, broad,
long, oblique, bifid cutting point, the inner division the smaller, and two outer,
smaller, stout, sharp, side cutting points.
Dorcasia Berlandieriana, Moricand.
Vol. III. PI. XLIX. Fig. 1.
Shell perforated, globose, thin, and translucid, scarcely striated, shining, and
with a somewhat silken or opaline lustre, pale yellowish-green, sometimes
nearly colorless and generally having a faint, narrow, brownish band around
the posterior third of the last whorl ; spire consisting of 5 well-rounded whorls,
separated by a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl broadly rounded at the
periphery ; contracted at the aperture, which is small, crescentic, with a white,
polished, roundly reflexed peristome, presenting a sharp, inner edge to the in-
terior ; the peristome is somewhat angular near its posterior junction, and at
this part the shell is thickened within with callus, and is opaque white ; base
rounded, and perforated by a minute umbilicus. Greater diameter 13, lesser
10 mill.; height, 8 mill.
Helix Berlandieriana, Moricand, Mem. de S. Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve,
VI. 537, PI. I. Fig. 1 (1833). — Deshates in Lam. An. sans Vert., VIII. 133 ;
ed. 3, III. 316. — LEliiY, T. M. U. S., I. 255, PI. VIII. Fig. 11 (1851), anat.
— Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 109, PI. XLIX. Fig. 1. — W. G. Bixney, Terr.
Moll., IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 22 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 159 (1869). — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 227 (not I.); in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II, 275, PI. CXXIII.
Figs. 15-18. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 708 (1852). —Fischer and Crosse,
Moll. Mex. et Guat, 256 (1870).
348 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix pachyloma, Menke in Pfeiffer, 1. c, I. 323; Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1847,
IV. 32.
Helix virginalis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 132 ; I. 165 as Berlandieriana ;
IV. 140 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 260, PI. XXXVIII. Figs. 18, 19.
Hygromia Berlandieriana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 309 (1867).
A species of the Texan Subregion, found in Arkansas, Texas, and the neigh-
boring portions of Mexico.
Animal quite transparent, yellowish-white, immaculate ; eye-peduncles and
tentacles darker, with a dark line running back from the former quite under
the shell ; eyes black.
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c). The genital bladder is stout,
oval, on a very short duct ; the penis sac is narrow, long, tapering to the apex,
where it receives the vas deferens, and one part of the double retractor muscle,
the other being attached at about mid-length ; near the base of the penis sac is
a long cylindrical organ, probably a dart sac.
Lingual membrane as in griseola.
Dorcasia griseola, Pfr.
Vol. III. PI. XLIX. Fig. 2.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, obliquely striate, shining, grayish,
banded with red, white-margined stripes ; spire short ; whorls 4 to 4i, rather
convex ; umbilicus very narrow ; aperture lunar ; peristome simple, white, re-
flected somewhat, its columellar end rather expanded. Greater diameter 10,.
lesser 8| mill.; height, 6 mill.
Helix griseola, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist, Hel., I. 41 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 337 ; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 342, PI. LX. Figs. 17, 18. —Peeve, Con. Icon., No. 327
(1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 50, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 20; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 160 (1869). — Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 257
(1870).
Helix cieercula, Ferussac in Mus., teste Pfeiffer.
Helix splendidula, Anton, Verz., 36, no descr., teste Pfeiffer.
Helix albocincta, Binney, Terr. Moll., I. 128.
Helix albozonata, Binney in Tab., XLIX. Fig. 2.
Helix Berlandieriana, Goulp, part,' in Terr. Moll., II. 109.
Helix albolineata, Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 34.
Hygromia griseola, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 309 (1867).
A species of the Texan Subprovince, found at Indianola, and in Bosque
County, Texas. In Mexico its range is wide, extending, indeed, into Guate-
mala and Nicaragua.
Jaw with about 10 broad, crowded ribs, denticulating the cutting margin ;
upper margin with membranous attachment. The jaw is somewhat of the type
figured by Moquin-Tandon for that of Helix hispida (see p. 347).
Lingual membrane (see p. 34 7).
Genitalia unknown.
TURRICULA. 349
TURRICULA, Beck.
Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated or perforated, conical ; often obliquely costulate, banded
with chalky-white or of a uniform tawny color ; whorls 5-10, rather flat-
tened, sometimes turreted, more or less angular or carinated ; aperture lunate,
narrow, peristome straight, its extremities thickened within.
Jaw described with from 8 to 10 ribs. That of several French species is
figured by Moquin-Tandon. T. terrestris has
over 18 broad, flat, crowded ribs, slightly den- ^-J^J^ZL
ticulating either margin ; the jaw is low, wide,
slightly arcuate, ends but little acuminated,
blunt.
Lingual membrane (of T. terrestris, from
Charleston, South Carolina) with 20—1—20
' / Jaw of T. terrestris.
teeth, the ninth tooth having its inner cutting
point bifid, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals low, wide, with one
inner, long, oblique, bluntly bifid cutting point, and one outer, smaller, sharply
bifid (see PI. XV. Fig. M).
A genus of the circa-Mediterranean fauna, one species of which, T. terrestris,
has been introduced by commerce within our limits.
Turricula terrestris, Chemnitz.
Shell umbilicated, conic-roof shaped, white, above with delicate striae, and
hardly unifasciate, flattened below ; whorls 6, flat, somewhat tur-
lg- reted. narrowly carinated ; umbilicus very narrow, pervious ; aper-
ture axe-shaped ; peristome straight, acute, within thickened with
white. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9 mill. ; height, 6^ mill.
T. terrestris, _ , , , . _
enlarged. Trochus terrestris, Chemnitz.
Helix terrestris, Pfeiffer, Mon., I. 179.
Found in Italy, Sicily, and South of France. I have lately received living
specimens collected by Mr. W. G. Mazyck in St. Peter's Churchyard, Charles-
ton, South Carolina, no doubt imported on plants. These specimens resemble
Moquin-Tandon's (PI. XX. Figs. 10, 11).
Jaw arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anterior surface with 18 stout,
crowded, flat ribs. (See Fig. 232.)
Lingual membrane (see above).
Genital system, as figured by Moquin-Tandon, has a penis sac short, stout,
with a very long flagellate extension, on the middle of which enters the vas
deferens; the retractor muscle is inserted at the commencement of the flagel-
lum ; the genital bladder is small, suboval, with a duct three times its length
and very stout ; at the entrance of this duct into the vagina there are, on both
sides, a bundle of (four) multifid vesicles ; quite near the common orifice there
is a small, globular sac, enclosing in place of the usual dart a small body
fringed or digitated by four or five unequal obtuse lobes.
350 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
AGLAIA, Albers.
Animal heliciform, as in Patula ; mantle snbcentral.
Shell umbilicate, orbicularly convex, striatulate, banded ; whorls 4^ - 6, the
last deeply deflexed in front ; aperture lunate-ovate, very oblique ; peristome
thickened, expansively reflexed, white, its margins approaching, that of the
columellar dilated, reflexed, free, partially covering the umbilicus.
Within our limits this genus is found only in the Pacific Region. A few
Mexican and South American species are also known.
Jaw thick, high, arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; cutting edge with-
out median projection ; anterior surface with stout, separated
^" ribs, denticulating either margin, from 5 to 9 in A. infumata
(Fig. 234), about 6 in Jidelis. The other American species, 77.
Hillebrandi, I have not examined.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. That of Hillebrandi
not examined, those of infumata and fidelis agreeing in their
general characters. The centrals have a base of attachment
longer than wide, with incurved lower margin and expanded lower lateral
angles ;' upper margin broadly reflected ; reflection short, stout, with no side
cusps or cutting points, but a very stout, short median cusp, bearing a short
cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the base of
attachment wanting the inner, lower lateral expansion ; it is, however, unusu-
ally developed on its inner side margin : first marginals differing from the
laterals by the equalling of the reflection and base of attachment, the lesser
development of the cusp, and greater development of the cutting point,
which is bluntly bifid, the inner division the smaller. On some of the first
marginals of infumata there is a small side cutting point. Marginals low,
wide, the reflection equalling the base of attachment, and bearing one long,
oblique, wide, bifid cutting point, the inner division the smaller, and one or
two short, sharp, side cutting points. There is great variation in the cutting
points.
A comparison of the two figures will show a longer base of attachment in
fi delis, with a line of reinforcement or duplication to its upper margin. As
with all species, there is much variation in the length of the cutting point, in
centrals and laterals, and their arrangement and development in the marginals.
Of the dentition of the other species of Aglaia foreign to our limits but little
is known. A. Ghiesbreghti (see Moll. Mex. et Gnat.) has very dissimilar teeth,
especially the marginals. A. semiclausa (Malk. Bl'att. XV. PI. IV. Fig. 4)
also differs in its dentition. The jaws of these species agree with those of
infumata and fi delis.
Aglaia fidelis, Gray.
Vol. III. PI. XII.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly subconoid; epidermis light-yellow or brownish
on the upper surface, with a black or chestnut-colored revolving baud visible
AGLAIA. 351
on the four outer whorls, the lower surface dark chestnut, sometimes uniformly
black; suture distinct, impressed; whorls 7, rounded, spirally striate, with
minute, delicate, impressed lines, the stria? of increase very distinct; peristome
reflected below, simple above, thickened ; aperture ovate, banded within ; um-
bilicus open, a little contracted by the reflection of the peristome ; base flat-
tened-convex. Greater diameter 34, lesser 30 mill. ; height, 20 mill.
Helix fidelis, Gray, Proc. Zodl. Soc, July, 1834, 67. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel,
Viv., I. 338 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 321, PI. LVII. Figs. 12, 13. — Mullet,,
Syn. Test., anno 1834 promulg., 8 (1836). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 6f>7
(1852). — W. G. BlNNEY, Pac. R. R. Rep., VI. Ill (1857) ; Terr. Moll., IY.
14 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 161 (1S69).
Helix Nuttalliana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., YI. 88, PI. XXIII. Fig. 74 ; Obs.,
II. 88 (1839) ; Trosciikl, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, II. 229. — Binney, Bost. Joum.
Nat. Hist., III. 369, PI. XII. (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 159, PI. XVIII. —
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843). —Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., 66,
Fig. 38 (1852).
Aglaja fidelis, Try-on, Am. Joum. Conch., II. 311, 8 (1866).
A species of the Oregonian Region, found from Humboldt Bay, California,
to Vancouver's Island, and westward to the Cascade Mountains From Mt.
Shasta the specimens are half as large as usual.
Animal : color dull ochre, slaty towards the tail ; coarsely granular upon the
neck, but from a line running from the dorsal line, where it issues from the
shell, to the mouth, the granules diminish, and are succeeded by coarse, undu-
lating, interrupted ridges, radiating in every direction from the aperture, and
terminating in a line nearly marginal ; edge simple.
This species varies in coloring. The form figured has its upper surface
dirty white, with oblique, longitudinal, dark blotches and a revolving dark
band, below uniformly dark chestnut. Another form is like this, excepting
that the dirty white is replaced with light chestnut or with dark chestnut.
There are also forms where the dark chestnut prevails over the whole shell,
the band being sometimes obsolete, and where the chestnut is sometimes re-
placed by uniform black. The upper surface is, however, usually lighter than
the lower ; the band when present is usually edged with white. The peri-
stome is always light-colored. The uniform dark form can hardly be distin-
guished from A. infumala, sharing also the peculiar sculpturing of that species.
Indeed, there are grave reasons for suspecting that fidelis and infumala will
prove one and the same species.
Jaw (see above).
The lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. C) has 48 — 1 — 48 teeth, with 15 later-
als, the sixteenth tooth having a split inner cutting point. The first marginal
is shown as also an outer marginal.
The genitalia of fidelis and infumala are almost ^exactly similar. In both the
penis sac is extended into a decided flagellum. The vas deferens enters below
the flagellate extension. The retractor muscle is attached on the opposite side
352 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
and still lower down. There is a well-marked prepuce. Opposite the en-
trance of the penis, on the other side of the vagina, which is here considerably
swollen, is a sac-like organ (PI. XV. Fig. E, pr. g), ending in a smoothly
rounded dart sac (d s), with a short dart within it. Just below this dart sac
opens the duct of another very variable organ (a g), cylindrical, hollow, of a
reticulated appearance, irregular in size and bearing a globular apex; it is
much longer than the penis with its flagellum, and stouter, as in Fig. E, or
much less developed, and without the bulb as in F. No dart was noticed within
this organ. It is, no doubt, a form of vaginal prostate, as described by
Moquin-Tandon. The genital bladder is globular. Its duct is long, free in
the upper half of its course. The oviduct, ovary, genital bladder, testicle, etc.,
of infumata (Fig. F) are not figured by me. They are as in fidelis (Fig. E).
This comparison of the genitalia strengthens the belief of the identity of the
two forms.
Aglaia infumata, Gould.
Shell umbilicated, large, discoidal, biconvex, obtusely carinated at the pe-
riphery, widely umbilicated, smoky above,
roughened with minute, oblique, rasp-like
irregularities which bear very short, soft
hairs in the fresh state, below very black,
shining and minutely granulated ; whorls
6^, convex ; aperture rhomboidal ; peristome
reddish, somewhat reflected at base ; throat
silky-lilac, near the peristome smoky. Di-
A. infumata. ametev, 37 mill. ; height, 20 mill.
Helix infumata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, V. 127 (1855) ; Terr. Moll., III. 13. —
W. G. Binney, Pac. R. R. Rep., VI. 112 (1857); Terr. Moll., IV. 15, PI.
LXXIX. Fig. 2 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 161 (1869). — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
IV. 351.
Aglaja infumata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 310 (1867).
Californian Region from Humboldt's Bay to San Pablo Bay, especially in
Marin, Alameda, Mendocino Counties.
The species has a thick, white, membranous epiphragm. I have already
(p. 351) expressed my belief of its being identical with fidelis.
Jaw very arcuate, of uniform width throughout; ends square; anterior sur-
face with 5-9 crowded, stout ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. B) has 45—1—45 teeth, with 16 laterals,
the seventeenth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid. There are no side
cusps or cutting points on centrals and first laterals.
Genitalia (see above).
Aglaia Hillebrandi, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, biconvex, orbicularly depressed, carinated; yellowish
horn-color, with a chestnut band within two white ones, showing only in the
ARIONTA.
353
aperture, granulated, finely striate and hirsute; spire subpyramidal ; whorls 6,
slightly convex, the last carinated at its middle, inflated
below, slightly descending; aperture oblique, lunate, sub- Fig. 236.
angulate, white and banded within ; peristome white,
thickened, reflected, partially concealing the open um-
bilicus, ends approached. Greater diameter 25, lesser 19
mill.; height, 10 mill.
Helix Hillcbrandi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
III. 115, 181 (1864). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 163, Fig. 281 (1869).
Aglaja Hillcbrandi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 310,
PI. V. Fig. 7 (1866).
Tulumne County, California Region; also near Mariposa. a. HUUbrandL
The specimen figured is from Dr. Newcomb.
Animal unobserved.
Fig. 237.
ARIONTA, Leach.
Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula. Pro-
vided with a thick, white epiphragm.
Shell umbilicately perforate, conic- or depressed-globose, thin; whorls 5-6,
the last gradually descending; aperture lunate-rotund; peristome broadly labi-
ate, its margins parallel, the basal dilated, often covering the umbilicus.
The genus is almost exclusively confined to the California Region of our
limits. There is, however, one Mexican species, one African, and one Euro-
pean, A. arbustorum. The jaw of the last agrees with that of our species.
Jaw thick, high, arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; cutting margin
without median projection ; anterior surface with a few, separated, stout ribs,
deeply denticulating either margin, and so disposed as
to leave each end of the jaw free from ribs. I have
counted 6 ribs on the jaw of arrosa; 9 in Townsendi-
ana ; 6 in tudicnlata ; 4 in Dupetuhouarsi ; 6 in Nickli-
niana; 6 in redimita; 6 in exarata ; 5 in Diabloensis;
about 7 in Carpenteri ; 3 in ramentosa; 5 in Ayresiana ;
5 in Californiensis ; 4-6 in sequoicola ; 8 in Traski; 8 in facta; 6 in Kelletti ;
7 in Carpenteri ; 9 of unequal size in Stearnsiana. The jaw of ruficincta differs
in having over 10 ribs covering its whole surface, and in being only slightly
arcuate.
I have not examined intercisa.
The lingual membrane is long and narrow, arranged as in Patula. The
characters of the individual teeth are shown in my plates. In Fig. O, P,
R, S, and U, the gradual change from central through laterals to the extreme
marginals is shown. The central teeth have a base of attachment much longer
vol. iv. 23
Jaw of A. arrosa.
354 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
than wide, with incurved lower margin and expanded lower lateral angles ;
the upper margin broadly reflected; reflection short, stout, with subobsolete
side cusps bearing no cutting points, and a stout, long median cusp bearing a
short, blunt cutting point, which does not reach the lower margin of the
base of attachment ; the reflection with the median cusp is pear-shaped ; in
many species there is a duplicate line of reinforcement parallel to the upper
margin of the base of attachment. The lateral teeth are of similar type to the
centrals, but are asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral
angle of the base of attachment. The outer laterals have a side cusp and cut-
ting point. The transition from laterals to marginals is formed by the greater
proportional development of the cutting point, the lesser development of the
cusp ; the cutting point then becomes bifid, the reflection becomes more nearly
the same size as the base of attachment, and thus the true marginals are grad-
ually reached. These last are longer than wide, have a base of attachment
smaller than the reflection and cut away on its lower inner angle ; the reflec-
tion is produced into one long, sharp, oblique, bifid cutting point, the inner
division the smaller, and one outer, much shorter, sharp, rarely bifid cutting
point.
Most of the species examined agree in dentition with Stearnsiana. Some
have more blunt cutting points to their marginals, as sequoicola (PI. IX. Fig. J),
but even on various parts of the same membrane the marginals vary in this
respect. In Kellelti, Stearnsiana, tudiculata, arrosa, Traski, sequoicola, Ayresi-
ana, redimita, Nickliniana, ramentosa, exarata, Diabloensis, facta, Carpenieri, I
have failed to detect any side cutting points to the central and inner lateral
teeth. I found the points, however, in A. rujicincta (PI. IX. Fig. N). A.
Townsendiana (PI. IX. Fig. Q) has these cutting points and side cusps on cen-
tral and all the lateral teeth ; its centrals and laterals are not of the same shape
as described above, but resemble those of Polygyra, Stenotrema, and Triodopsis.
Thus in this as in other genera we find the type of dentition not constant
'n all the species.
The long, narrow base of attachment and pyriform reflection of most of the
species of Arionta agree with those of Hemitrochus more nearly than any other
of our genera, but that genus has quite different marginal teeth.
The dentition of A. arbustorum is alone known of the species foreign to
America, and that by a figure of Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, PI. XI. Fig.
29) too unsatisfactory to be of value for the purpose of comparison.
Arionta arrosa, Gottld.
Shell globose-conic, thick, umbilicated, indented, and minutely granulated ;
color reddish-olive, varied with yellow, and with a fuscous revolving band;
whorls 7, convex; aperture roundly ovate; peristome reflected, flesh-colored;
throat bluish. Diameter, 40 mill.; height, 18 mill.
ARIONTA. 355
Helix aeruginosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. 'voc, V. 127 (1855) ; Terr. Moll., III. 12.
— W. G. Binney, Pac. R. R. Rep., VI. 113 (1857) ; preoc. in Helix.
Helix arrosa, Gould, in litt. ; Otia, 215. — W. G.
Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, Fig. 238.
185 ; Terr. Moll., IV. 15, PI. LXXVI. Fig. 4 ;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 163 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., IV. 350.
Aglaja arrosa, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 311
(1867).
In the Californian Region, Santa Cruz to Men-
docino County, two hundred miles along the coast,
only twenty-five miles inland. (Cooper.)
I have in my cabinet an albino form, and specimens very much smaller than
that figured.
The epiphragm is white, thick, membranous.
Jaw arcuate, of uniform breadth throughout ; ends blunt ; anterior surface
with a few (6) rather distant, stout ribs crenulating both margins (see
Fig. 237).
The lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. D) has 54 — 1 — 54 teeth, 17 laterals,
180 rows. Teeth of the type usual in the genus.
The genitalia (PI. XIII. Fig. I) are as in A. Nickliniana. The penis sac is
extremely long and gradually tapers into a flagellum. It receives the retractor
muscle beyond the middle of its length, and the vas deferens at three quarters
of its length from the vagina. The genital bladder is very small, oval, on a
very long duct, which has a very long, stouter accessory duct (a d). The
vaginal prostate with its bifurcate flagellum was not present in an individual
whose genital system was formerly described and figured by me. I have
recently observed it in numerous specimens, and it is figured by Semper (Phil.
Arch., PI. XV. Fig. 13). d s is a dart sac. The dart is short, stout, acumi-
nated, on a broad flat base.
Arionta Townsendiana, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. XIX.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose ; epidermis yellowish and brownish
horn-color, more or less intermixed ; suture distinct ; whorls 5£, with minute,
impressed, longitudinal striae, which can scarcely be traced by the eye, and
coarse, oblique wrinkles and striae ; body-whorl large, voluminous, rough, and
corrugated ; aperture rather large, somewhat rounded ; peristome white, fully
reflected at the base, and but partially so towards its superior part, thickened,
and a little projecting internally in the base of the aperture ; umbilicus open,
deep, a little contracted by the reflection of the peristome; base convex and
turgid. Greater diameter 29, lesser 24 mill. ; height, 16 mill.
356 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix Townsendiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VI. 99, PL XXIII. Fig. 80
(1840) ; Obs., II. 99 (1839) ; in Troschel's Arch. f. Nat, 1839, II. 221. —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 371, PI. XIII. ; Terr. Moll., II. 161, PL
XIX. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 341 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 323, PL LVII. Figs. 10, 11 (1846). — Reeve, Con.
Icon., 625 (1852). — Gould, U. S. Expl. Exp. Moll., 66, Fig. 36 (1852).—
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 15 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 164 (1869). — Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 362.
Mesodon Toivnsendiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 46, PL VIII. Fig. 8,
var. Fig. 6.
Helix pedestris, Gould formerly. See Otia, 243.
Helix ruida, Gould formerly.
Helix ptychophora, A. D. Brown, Journ. de Conch., 3d series, X. 392, Oct.*
1876.
A species of the Oregonian Region, traced thus far from Crescent City, Cali-
fornia, to the Straits of de Fuca ; it also passes the Cascade Mountains, into
the Interior Province, and along the mountains extends southeasterly into
Idaho and Montana.1
Animal corpulent, gradually tapering. Color pale yellowish-green ; surface
with rather sparse, feebly developed, elliptical granules, not seeming to have
any regular arrangement. Margin of disk rather broad, granulated, but regu-
larly marked with radiating furrows.
A small variety (17 mill, diameter) is found, more strongly and coarsely
wrinkled, called 77. ptychophora (see above).
This is the most abundant species, especially along the coast, where, unlike
most of our American forest snails, it frequents open prairies among the fern.
It is particularly abundant on low sandy bars just above high tide, which are
covered with a deep, rich deposit of shell marl, and have been formerly favor-
ite camping-grounds of the Indians. These places, being very productive, are
much cultivated by the whites ; and immense numbers of this animal's shells
are found when the grass and bushes are first burnt off. They continue to live
in potato fields in the same places. The bare face of Cape Disappointment,
fronting the ocean, is also a locality. I did not find this species about Puget
Sound. (Dr. J. G. Cooper, P. R. R. Rep., p. 376.)
Jaw as usual ; 9 ribs.
The lingual membrane (PL IX. Fig. Q) has 60—1—60 teeth. Another
membrane had 40—1—40 teeth. The variety ptychophora (PL XV. Fig. N)
has similar dentition.
It is peculiar in having decided side cutting points to central and lateral
teeth, and side cusps to the laterals.
The genitalia are figured (PI. XIV. Fig. A). The accessory gland of the epi-
didymis is composed of several acini of different sizes. The genital bladder is
lengthened, oval, having a very short, stout duct. At the opening of the penis
1 Recently found also in Umatilla County, Oregon.
ARIONTA. 357
sac there is a decided enlargement, perhaps of the nature of a prepuce, or pros-
tate. The vas deferens enters the penis sac below its apex. The retractor
muscle is at the apex of the penis sac. There seems no accessory organ, the
genitalia being reduced to their simplest type, and thus widely differing from
the allied species.
Arionta tudiculata, Binney.
Vol. III. PI. XVI.
Shell subumbilicated, orbiculate-convex ; epidermis olivaceous ; spire a de-
pressed cone ; whorls between 5 and 6, slightly convex ; body-whorl volumi-
nous, expanding somewhat towards the aperture ; aperture transverse, rather
circular; peristome whitish, thin, expanded, slightly reflected at the basal por-
tion, at the columella dilated, reflected, and almost closing the umbilicus ; base
convex ; a well-defined, rather wide, dark chestnut band, margined with a light
color above and below, revolves near the centre of the body-whorl, and is more
or less visible above the suture on the two whorls preceding the last; surface
of the outer whorl covered with somewhat regular impressions or indentations
with ridges between, causing it to look as if covered with scales ; when these
are not apparent, it is marked with oblique wrinkles. Greater diameter 33,
lesser 26 mill. ; height, 19 mill.
Helix tudiculata, Binney, Bost. Joum. Nat. Hist., IV. 360, PI. XX. (1843) ;
Terr. Moll., II. 118, PL XVI. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 283 ; IV. 270.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 7 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 165 (1869).
Aglaja tudiculata, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 313 (1867).
A species of the California Region, traced from Washington Territory to
San Diego, and even to Todos Santos Bay in Lower
California. _"
I have lately received this species under the name of
" H. cypreophila, Newc, Copperopolis, Cal.," from Dr.
Newcomb, one of whose specimens is here figured.
Jaw thick, long, narrow, slightly arched ; ends but
slightly attenuated, blunt; anterior and posterior sur-
face equally showing 6 stout, broad ribs, denticulating H. cypreophila.
either margin.
The lingual membrane (PL IX. Fig. E), has 50—1—50 teeth, with 26 per-
fect laterals ; all of the type usual in the genus. The dentition and geni-
talia of cypreophila is similar to those of the typical form.
Genitalia as in A. Nickliniana.
Arionta Nickliniana, Lea.
Vol. IH. PL VI. a.
Shell subumbilicated, conic-globose, rather thin, the surface lightly marked
by the lines of growth, faintly indented and delicately shagreened with fine
358 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
microscopic granules arranged in quincunx ; pale horn-color or sometimes cine-
reous, girdled with a single narrow chestnut bronze zone, paler at its edges ;
the whole covered with a thin, yellowish-brown epidermis ; spire elevated,
whorls 6, moderately convex, the outer one ventricose, with some approach to
an angular periphery ; base tumid, depressed at centre, and perforated by a
very small umbilicus ; aperture rounded, forming two thirds of a circle, banded
within ; peristome white, slightly reflected above, more so below, until at the
umbilicus it is quite re volute, and mostly covers the opening. Greater diame-
ter 28, lesser 23 mill.; height, 19 mill.
Helix Nkkliniana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VI. 100, PI. XXIII. Fig. 84 ;
Obs., II. 100 (1839) ; Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, II. 221. — Binney (part),
Terr.Moll., II. 119, PI. VI. a. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 7 ; L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 269.
Helix Californiensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 339 ; III. 229 ; in Chem-
nitz, ed. 2, 332, PI. LVII. Figs. 14, 15, excl. var. 2 (1846). —Reeve, Con.
Icon., No. 661. — Not of Lea.
Helix arborciorum, Valenciennes, Voy. de la Venus, Moll., PI. I. Fig. 3 (see
Terr. Moll., IV. PL LXXVI. Fig. 13).
Helix ncmorivaga, Valenciennes, 1. c. Fig. 1 (see Terr. Moll., Vol. IV. PL
LXXIX. Fig. 11).
Helix anachoreta, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 185 ;
Terr. Moll., IV. 11, PL LXXVI. Fig. 5. —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV.
349.
Aglaja NicMiniana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 312 (1867).
Aglaja anachoreta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 311 (1867).
California Region, from Santa Cruz to Mendocino County. (Cooper.)
The animal has a uniform dark lead-color over the body, darker on head
and eye-peduncles; base of foot dirty white. Tail almost carinated, pointed.
The epiphragm is as usual in the genus.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; over 6 ribs.
Lino-ual membrane (PL IX. Fig. F) as usual; teeth 44 — 1 — 44, with 16
laterals, the seventeenth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.
The genitalia are figured on PI. XIII. Fig. C. The ovary is yellow, long,
narrow, concave on one side, convex and carinated on the other. The acces-
sory gland of the epididymis is composed of long white caeca. The oviduct is
extremely long, narrow, convoluted. The genital bladder is globular, small,
with an extremely long duct, to which is added an accessory duct or branch,
almost as long as the oviduct. This branch joins .the duct near its end. It is
thicker than the duct. The duct enters the vagina at its upper part. The
penis sac is long, cylindrical, small, almost equalling in length the oviduct and
ovary united. The retractor muscle is inserted at about the middle of its
length, it is attached to the diaphragm ; the vas deferens enters about three
fourths of its length ; beyond the vas deferens is a flagellate extension. The
vagina is long and narrow ; near its base, opposite the entrance of the sac of
ARIONTA. 359
the penis is a stout, cylindrical, long, hollow, vaginal prostate, gradually taper-
ing at its apex, and extended into a delicate tube, which soon becomes divided
into two long flagella. Just beyond the division, on each flagelluni, is a stout
bulb-like enlargement.
Arionta Ayersiana, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, globosely convex, rather thick, of a dead white with a
narrow revolving brownish band, with rough oblique incre-
mental stria? deeply cut by coarse revolving lines ; whorls 7, lg'
rather convex, the last globose, descending in front ; spire
elevated ; umbilicus small ; aperture oblique, subcircular,
banded within ; peristome simple, its ends joined by a light
callus, that of the columella widened, reflected over and
half concealing the umbilicus. Greater diameter 21, lesser
19 mill.; height, lH mill.
Helix Ayersiana, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
II. 103 (1861). —W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 72,
Fig. 120 (1869).
Aglaja Ayersiana, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 312 (1866),
III. (1867).
A. Ayersiana.
Santa Cruz Island ; San Miguel Island ; Santa Rosa
Island in the California Region ; not in Oregon, as erroneously stated.
Animal long and slender, smoky white, covered with white coarse granula-
tions running longitudinally down the back, one line of granulations very prom-
inent and central, bordered on either side with a deep furrow. Also oblique
lines of granulations running down the sides of the foot. Foot dirty white be-
low. Tail short, broad, pointed. Some individuals are darker, with a purplish
tinge.
The usual color of the shell is a light chestnut, but from San Miguel Island
I have a large individual (30 mill.) of a very dark hue. The shell is sometimes
bandless.
The epiphragm is white, thick, membranous.
My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.
Jaw as usual ; 5 ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. H) has 50 — 1 — 50 teeth, with 15 per-
fect laterals. The outer laterals have a long inner cutting point, but no side
cutting point.
Genitalia as in A. Tra.ski. The flagellate extensions of the vaginal prostate
beyond the bulbs in this species are, however, much shorter and stouter.
Arionta redimita, W. G. BiNN.
Vol. III. PI. VI. Fig. 1, except middle fig.
Shell imperforate, globose-conic, rather thin, wrinkled, covered with minute
and crowded granulations ; color reddish-brown ; apex free from granules,
360 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
rather blunt ; spire elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last
quite large and rounded, falling towards the aperture, and banded with reddish-
brown above the middle ; aperture rather large in proportion to the size of the
shell, very oblique, transversely rounded, within showing the band ; peristome
simple, reddish ash-color, thickened, reflected slightly at the base, ends ap-
proached ; umbilicus entirely covered with a white callus. Greater diameter
81, lesser 17 mill. ; height, 12 mill.
Helix redimita, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 183 ; Ten*.
Moll., IV. 10 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 167 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
IV. 349.
Helix Nickliniana, var., Binney, Terr. Moll., III. PI. VI. Fig. 1 (except middle
figure).
Polymita redemita, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 320 (1867).
San Clemente Island, California, in the California Region.
This will probably prove a less developed form of the protean ramentosa. I
retain it therefore with great doubt as a distinct species.
Jaw stout, strongly arched, transversely striate in parts; ends blunt, scarcely
attenuated ; with 6 prominent, sharp ribs, equally visible on both anterior and
posterior surface, their ends strongly pectinating both margins.
The lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. G) has 43 — 1 — 43 teeth. The seven-
teenth tooth has its inner cutting point split. I can detect no side cusps to
outer laterals.
Genitalia unobserved.
Arionta intercisa, W. G. Binn.
Vol. III. PL VI. Fig. 1, middle fig.
Shell globose-conic, with 5 slightly rounded whorls ; spire little elevated ;
suture distinct ; upon the body-whorl a dark revolving band, hardly discern-
ible ; aperture very oblique, shape ;of a horseshoe ; peristome thickened,
heavy, dirty white, slightly reflected at the umbilicus, which it entirely con-
ceals, near its junction with the columella furnished with a tooth-like process,
the extremities connected by a heavy ash-colored callus, which is spread more
lightly over the whole parietal wall ; epidermis grayish-yellow, apex rufous ;
the striae of growth are very numerous and distinct, crossed by numerous,
regular, revolving lines, so deeply impressed as to entirely separate them into
small sections ; thus the whole surface of the shell is divided into minute, raised
parallelograms, separated by the deep longitudinal and horizontal furrows.
Greatest diameter 22, lesser 19 mill. ; height, 15 mill.
Helix intercisa, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 18 ; Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 156 (1857) ; Terr. Moll., IV. 8 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 167 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 349.
Helix Nickliniana, var., Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 120 ; III. PI. VI. Fig. 1 (mid-
dle figure).
ARIONTA.
361
Helix crebristriata, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 116.
Polymita intercisa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 319 (1867).
Arionta crebristriata, Tryon, 1. c, II. 317 (1867).
This species of the California Region, until quite recently known only by
the single specimen in Dr. Binney's collection, supposed
to be from Oregon, has recently been described from San F'K- 24L
Clemente Island, and Santa Cruz Island, California, under
the name of //. crebristriata, by Newcomb, one of whose
specimens is here figured. An apparently semi-fossil form
occurs, with thick shell, heavy, rough growth beyond the
peristome, which is made continuous by its ends being
joined by a very solid, raised callus.
Animal unobserved.
Arionta Kelletti, Forbes.
A- crebristriata.
Fig. 242.
A. Kelletti.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-globose, thin, wrinkled, granulated,
fulvous ; spire subturbinated, with dirty reddish
blotches and one red revolving band; whorls 6,
rather convex, the last with a white band at its pe-
riphery, and inflated on its under surface; aperture
roundly lunate, light red and banded within ; peri-
stome somewhat reflected, its columellar portion di-
lated, reflected, covering the umbilicus. Greater diam-
eter 22, lesser 19 mill. ; height, 19 mill. (Forbes.)
Helix Kelletti, Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, 55, PI. IX. Fig. 2, a, b.
— Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 665 (1852). — Pfeiffer, Man. Hel. Viv., III. 183 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 467, PI. CLVI. Figs. 19, 20 (1853). — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 17, PL LXXXVI. Fig. 12 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 176, Fig. 309
(1869).
Arionta Kelletti, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 317 (1866).
San Diego; Catalina Island, San Nicolas Island? California; in the Cali-
fornia Region.
Animal bluish slate-color.
The specimen figured is from Catalina Island, California. I am positive that
it is correctly referred to Kelletti. The umbilicus is entirely closed in mature
specimens. There are traces on different parts of each shell of three different
series of sculpturing ; the wrinkles of growth, revolving impressed lines, and a
series of minute granulations running obliquely, sometimes almost perpendicu-
larly, to the incremental wrinkles.
Forbes's original figure of H. Kelletti is copied in Volume IV.
For comparison with A. Stearnsiana, see that species.
Jaw as usual ; 6 ribs.
The lingual membrane (PL IX. Fig. I) has 57 — 1 — 57 teeth; the sixteenth
3#2 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
has a side cutting point; the twentieth tooth has its inner cutting point split;
the outer cutting point of the marginals is very rarely bifid.
The genitalia of a Catalina Island specimen is figured (PI. XIII. Fig. D).
The ovary is light yellow. The oviduct is white. The genital bladder is
light yellow. The prostate is large and yellow. The whole genital system is
long and narrow. The genital bladder is small, globular, on an extremely long
and delicate duct which enters the vagina at its upper end. The duct just be-
low the bladder receives a branch duct, very long, flagellate, three times the
diameter of the duct itself. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, tapering
towards its apex and prolonged into a very long delicate flagellum. The vas
deferens enters at the point where the flagellum commences. The retractor
muscle is inserted half-way between the vagina and the entrance of the vas
deferens. Opposite the mouth of the penis sac is a small sac-like organ, prob-
ably a dart sac or vaginal prostate.
As stated* below, this arrangement of the genitalia differs somewhat from
that of Stearnsiana.
Arionta Stearnsiana, Gabb.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, subglobose, solid, of a dirty white color, irregularly
mottled with crowded ashy blotches, grouped into re-
*,g 243, volving series below, with a decided wide, brownish
revolving band above ; with delicate oblique incre-
mental striae, unequally cut by revolving lines; spire
elevated ; whorls 5, rather convex ; aperture oblique,
semicircular ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar
termination white, expanded, reflected over the half-
concealed umbilicus. Greater diameter 22, lesser 17
mill.; height, 12 mill.
Helix Stearnsiana, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 235,
PI. XVI. Fig. 1 (1867). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 177, Fig. 310 (1869). —Fischer and Crosse,
Moll. Mex. et Guat., 248, PI. XI. Fig. 5, 5a (1870).
A. stearnsiana. A. species of the Mexican fauna, common in Lower
California, from San Tomas River, Todos Santos Bay,
Coronado Island, Todos Santos Island ; admitted here, because it is found
plentifully within the limits of the California Region around San Diego.
The shell figured and described was received from Dr. Newcomb. It is en-
tirely mature.
The genitalia (PI. XIII. Fig. B) resemble very nearly those of Kelletti. A
comparison of the figures, however, will show considerable difference, especially
in the dart sac (13). In the species before me there is a long thread-like duct
leading from the base of the dart sac to a large globular organ, (13d) whose
character is unknown to me. Opposite the entrance of this duct a correspond-
ARIONTA. 363
ing duct (13c) branches out, but instead of ending in a globular organ, it be-
comes much enlarged in size, and ends in enveloping the prepuce (p p). The
dart sac contained a small dart of the form figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S.,
I.) for Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. The oviduct was closely and spirally
wound around the duct of the genital bladder. The testicle and ovary are
yellow.
The jaw is thick, arched, ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior surface
with 6 stout, separated ribs denticulating either margin, and several less devel-
oped, interstitial ribs.
The lingual membrane is long and narrow with about 50 — 1 — 50 teeth. The
centrals are of the form usual to the genus. The cusp with its cutting point is
very short, reaching only about half-way to the lower edge of the base of at-
tachment. Laterals of same type ; the second has a side cutting point. Mar-
ginals low, wide, very variable in the denticles, but usually with one long,
broad, sharply bifid inner denticle (the inner point much the smaller), and one
short, sharp, rarely bifid outer denticle. There are 24 laterals. The twenty-
second tooth has the side cutting point ; on another membrane, the twentieth
(PI. IX. Fig. L).
Arionta exarata, Pfeiffkr.
Shell umbilicated, depressed-conic, rather solid, malleated and wrinkled, yel-
lowish, with one chestnut band ; spire rather acute, conic :
whorls 7, equally convex, gradually increasing, the last
broader, rounded, scarcely falling in front, narrowed
around the open, moderate umbilicus; aperture oblique,
broadly lunate ; peristome with a light white thickening,
the terminations scarcely converging, the right slightly
expanded, the columellar triangularly dilated above and
widening. Greater diameter 30, lesser 25 mill. ; height, 16 mill.
Helix, exarata, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, 108 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 268.
— W. G. Binney, TeiT. Moll., IV. 12 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 168, Fig. 292
(1869).
Aglaja exarata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 312 (1867).
Californian Region, from near San Francisco to Santa Cruz or Marin
County, only a range of eighty miles.
The largest individual I have seen has a greater diameter of 40 mill. There
is an albino form.
Jaw as usual ; 6 riba.
The lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. O) has 54 — 1 — 54 teeth, 19 perfect
laterals ; the twenty-first tooth has its inner cutting point split ; the nineteenth
tooth is the first with side cusp and cutting point.
Genitalia as in Nickliniana.
364
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Helix reticulata (Pfeiffer).
Arionta ramentosa, Gould.
Shell umbilicate, depressed-globose, solid, obliquely striated, and marked
Fi 245. with oblong, somewhat regular granulations
formed by striae descending towards the an-
terior part ; yellowish with one revolving
reddish band ; spire shortly conic ; whorls 5h,
somewhat convex, the last broad, rounded,
not falling in front ; umbilicus narrow, not
pervious ; aperture diagonal, roundly lunate ;
peristome wbite, thickened, its ends not converging, the right scarcely ex-
panded, the columellar sloping, dilated above and reflected. Greater diam-
eter 22, lesser 18 mill. ; height, 11| mill.
Helix ramentosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 11 (1845) ; Terr. Moll.
U. S., III. 12. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 349.— W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 13.
Aglaja ramentosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 314 (1862).
Helix Parkeri, Tryon, 1. c, III. 105.
Helix reticulata, Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., 1857, 87 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 270 ;
Nov. Conch., I. 120, PI. XXXIV. Fig. 47. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
12 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh. I. 169, Fig. 294 (1869).
Helix Bridgesii, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. FiK- 246.
91 (1861).
Aglaja Bridgesii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., II. 313
(1866).
Napa County, to Santa Clara County, California, in the
California Region.
Fig. 245 is a fac-simile of one of Pfeiffer's.
Specimens of Helix Bridgesi received from Dr. New-
comb resemble forms of A. ramentosa so closely that I be-
lieve the two to be identical. An authentic specimen,
loaned by Dr. Newcomb, is figured here. The name
Parkeri was suggested, as Bridgesi was preoccupied in
the genus Helix. mix ^goi.
The above description is of the form known as reticu-
lata. The original description of ramentosa here follows. There can be no
doubt of the identity of the two forms.
Shell perforate, suborbicular, depressed, thin, reddish, with a smoky, white-
margined band revolving at the periphery ; granulated with incremental lines
and equally oblique, decussating furrows ; whorls 5^, rather convex, the last
obtusely angulated ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture obliquely oblong-ovate ;
peritreme acute behind, white, decidedly reflected towards the umbilicus ; throat
reddish. Greater diameter, 20 mill.; height, 12 mill.
Jaw stout, strongly arcuate, dark horn-color, transversely striate ; ends but
ARIONTA. 365
slightly attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface with 3 stout, widely separated ribs,
on the central third of the jaw, their ends projecting beyond either margin.
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. K) with 60—1—60 teeth, with 20 perfect
laterals. The eighteenth tooth has the side cutting point, the twenty-first has
a split inner cutting point.
Genitalia as in Nickliniana. It is figured in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874,
PI. HI. Fig. H. The ovary is brownish below, yellowish above. The epididy-
mis and testicle are salmon-colored. The oviduct is white, the prostate sal-
mon. The genital bladder is small, oval, with an extremely long duct, which
has a flagellate branch. The duct enters at the lower end of the vagina. The
penis sac is narrow, cylindrical, extremely long, with a flagellate extension.
The retractor muscle is inserted beyond the middle of the length of the penis
sac, the vas deferens at the commencement of the flagellum. There is a stout,
long, cylindrical vaginal prostate, whose apex is extended into a flagellum,
which shortly becomes bifurcate, there being a bulb-like expansion on each
branch just beyond the bifurcation. In some individuals the bulb-like expan-
sions are still larger and stouter than in the figure. The cylindrical extension
of the vaginal prostate is abruptly truncated, the two flagella entering near ihi
eud, not at the extreme terminus.
Arionta Californiensis, Lea.
Vol. III. PL VI. Fig. 2.
Shell subperforate, ventricose, subglobular, thin and transparent, shining,
delicately indented and granulated, faintly but regularly striate, of a pale yel-
lowish horn-color, minutely flecked with pale spots and girded by a narrow
brown band, paler at its edges ; spire elevated, whorls 5, convexly rounded,
the last very broad, vesicular ; base ventricose ; aperture subcircular, silky and
banded within ; the peristome slightly reflected, thickened within, more everted
towards its columellar margin, where it is roundly reflected, nearly covering a
very small umbilical perforation. Greater diameter 19, lesser 16 milL ; height,
15 mill.
Helix Californiensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VI. 99, PL XXIII. Fig. 79 ;
Obs., II. 99 (1839) ; Troschel in Weigm. Arch., 1839, II. 221. — Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 121, PL VI. Fig. 2. -V. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 13 ;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh. I. 170 (1869). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843), not of
Pfeiffer, (?) Chemnitz, Reeve.
Helix vincta, Valenciennes, Voy. de la Venus, Moll., PL I. Fig. 2, no descr. —
Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 660. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 183 ; IV. 269 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 487, Tab. CLX. Fig. 2 (1854).
Arionta Californiensis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 317 (1866).
A species of the California Region, near Monterey. I have a specimen with
simply a broad white band. Readily distinguished by its thin, delicate shell
and globose form.
Jaw arcuate, of uniform width throughout ; ends blunt ; anterior surface
with 4-5 distant, stout ribs, crenulating either margin.
306 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
One lingual membrane had 1 76 rows of 56 — 1 — 56 teeth each. Another
membrane (PI. IX. Fig. S) had 53 — 1 — 53 teeth. All the teeth are as usual
in the genus. The central anc1 first laterals have no distinct side cusps or cut-
ting points, though the latter are represented by lateral bulgings on the large
cutting point. The side cutting points and cusps are distinctly developed on
the ninth tooth. There are about 24 laterals, the inner cutting point of the
twenty-fifth tooth being bifid. The thirty-ninth and fifty-third (and last) teeth
shown in the plate are true marginals.
The genitalia are as in A. Nickliniana.
Arionta Carpenteri, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, roundly conical, apex obtuse," obscurely marked with
one brown band, well striated, under the lens numerous
" Fig. 247. very minute spiral striations; whorls 5^, rounded; suture
well marked ; aperture circular, with terminations approxi-
mating ; peristome moderately expanded, at the columella
broadly so, but not adherent. Greater diameter, 23 mill. ;
height, 16| mill. (Newcomb.)
Helix Carpenteri, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
(March, 1861), II. 103.
Aglaja Carpenteri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 313 (1866).
Helix Remondi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863,
281, PI. II. Fig. 1.
A. Carpenteri. Arionta Remondi, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 318, PL V.
Fig. 18 (1866).
Cinaloa ; Trinidad ; Coronado Island, Lower California ; San Diego and
Tulare Valley in the California Region. (Newcomb.)
The shell figured was received from Dr. Newcomb.
Jaw as usual ; over 7 ribs.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 48 — 1 — 48, with 20 laterals.
(See PI. IX. Fig. U.) It will be seen that the central and first lateral teeth
have no side cusps or cutting points ; they appear first on the eighth tooth. The
change from laterals to marginals is formed as usual, the inner cutting point
of the twenty-first tooth being bifid. A marginal is shown in the thirty-fourth
tooth.
Genitalia as in A. Nickliniana. The flagellate ends of the vaginal prostate
are shorter in this species.
Arionta Mormonum, Pfeiffer.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, with arching stria?, light red; spire
scarcely elevated-conic ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the
last convex above and below, rather swollen before, scarcely falling, ornamented
above the middle with a chestnut band doubly edged with white, convex be-
ARIONTA. 367
low ; umbilicus moderate, conical ; aperture very oblique, ear-shaped, lunate ;
peristome with a white thickening, its ends converging, the right very much
arched, expanded, the columellar curved and slop-
. Fiff 248
ing. reflected, expanded above. Greater diameter
29, lesser 24 J mill.; height, 12| mill.
Helix Mormonum,1 Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1857,
109; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 276. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 16, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 21 ; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 171 (1869). — Fischer and Crosse,
Moll. Mex. et Guat, 251 (1870).
Aglaja Mormonum, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II.
314 (1867).
In the California Region ; Mormon Island, Califor-
nia ; San Joaquin Valley, north to Mount Shasta ; A ^jormonum
Fresno County to Klamath Lake. It is also said to
have been found at the Dalles, Oregon, which would give it a much wider
northern range. I doubt its existence in Sonora, from which it is also
quoted.
The specimens lately received from California, which appear to be referable
to this species, are singularly granulated on the first one and a half apical
whorls, and the epidermis of the next two or three whorls is sparingly orna-
mented with small but very distinct raised lines or points, something like pros-
trate hairs, being part of and same color as the epidermis.
Animal uniform leaden-color, darker and with a lilac tint on head and ten-
tacles.
Jaw as usual; 8 ribs. (Cooper.)
Lingual membrane (PI. XV. Fig. P) as usual in the genus ; teeth 50 — 1 — 50,
with 15 laterals, the sixteenth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.
Epiphragm as usual in the genus.
Genitalia (P!. XIII. Fig. E). The general appearance is that of A.fidelis,
as formerly described by me, but there is an additional accessory organ (a p g)
of use unknown to me. The organ (r) is a dart sac. The dart is short, stout,
straight, swollen at its base, and with an enlarged acutely pointed apex (PI.
XIII. Fig. F). Upon the vagina, above the insertion of the penis sac, is a
ridge-like process (x), containing in three individuals examined one round and
one oblong calcareous nodule (PI. XIII. Fig. G).
Arionta sequoicola, J. G. Cooper.
Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, rather thick, of a light chestnut-color,
lighter below, with a band of darker color revolving above the middle of the
l Newcomb says (Proc. Cal. Acad., III. 119) that H. cultellata, Thompson, is identical
with this species. It does not even belong to the same genus.
368
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 249.
aequoicola.
body-whorl, between two equal bands of white ; surface but slightly ruughened
by coarse, irregular wrinkles of growth, often decussated with coar.<? indented
revolving lines, the upper whorls with prominent,
crowded, minute, isolated granulations, running in
ridges or series in an oblique direction to the wrin-
kles of growth ; spire obtusely conic ; whorls 6, but
slightly convex, the last more globose, slightly de-
scending before ; umbilicus moderate, conical ; aper-
ture very oblique, subcircular ; peristome white, thick-
ened, ends approaching, its columellar portion wi-
dened and reflected, partially covering the umbilicus.
Greater diameter 27, lesser 21 mill. ; height, 12 mill.
Helix sequoicola, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad., III.
259 (1866). — W. G. Binnet, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
172, Fig. 300 (1869).
Aglaja sequoicola, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III.
160, PI. XI. Fig. 27 (1867).
In the California Region, from Santa Cruz County, California, twenty miles
north.
Animal dark bluish-slate. Epiphragm as usual in the genus.
In form and coloring much allied to Mormonum, but readily distinguished by
its peculiar sculpturing. It may be hirsute when in a perfect condition.
The shell described and figured was received from Dr. Cooper.
Jaw as usual ; 4 to 6 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. J) with 46 — 1 — 46 teeth; 18 laterals, the
nineteenth tooth having a split inner cutting point. I can detect no outer cusp
and cutting point on any of the laterals.
The genital system (PI. XIII. Fig. A) has the same general arrangement as
in Arionta Nickliniana, excepting that in the present species there is at the
end of the vaginal prostate a bujb-like process (x). In A. Traski, also, there is
a similar process, but attached to the flagellate extension at the middle of its
length before reaching the bifurcation.
The extreme length of the genital system is eighty-seven millimetres. The
lower part of the oviduct is greatly convoluted.
Arionta Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper.
Shell depressed-globose, umbilicated, thin, roughened with incremental wrin-
kles, and regularly malleated ; reddish horn-color, the last whorl with a white-
margined revolving band of red ; spire but little elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls
6, convex, the last not descending, globose ; aperture oblique, banded within ;
peristome thickened, white, the columellar extremity reflected, partially cov-
ering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 22, lesser 1 7 mill. ; height, 9 mill.
ARIONTA.
369
Fig. 250.
A. Diablotnsis.
Helix Diablocnsis, J. G. Cooper, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 221, no descr. ; Cal.
Proa, III. 260, descr. without name.
Lysinoe Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1872, p. 150, PI. III. Tigs. G, 1 - 4.
Californian Region, Mt. Diablo near San Francisco.
Jaw, as usual ; 5 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. T) as usual in the genus.
The central and first lateral teeth have no side cusps or
cutting points ; these appear on the thirteenth. The eighteenth tooth lias its
inner cusp bifid; there may, therefore, be said to be 17 laterals. The mar-
ginals are low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid cutting point, and
one outer small cutting point. There are 37 — 1 — 37 teeth.
Genitalia as in A. exarata.
Dr. Cooper remarks: It is remarkable for having 7 whorls, while A. sequoi-
cola and A. Mormonum of the same size have but 6 ; it is also less com-
pressed than the latter, and the umbilicus is less covered. The color where
remaining is shining gamboge-yellow (faded), with a single very narrow band
above the middle, not showing the pale band on either side of it, which is so
marked in others of the genus. The sculpture seems to have been very slightly
indented, and with the faint lines of growth cut by smooth depressed waved
grooves transversely, and thus obliquely to the sutures (while those of A.
Traski are parallel). Greater diameter, 0.95 mill. ; height, 0.40 inch. Mt.
Diablo range.
Arionta Traski, Newcomb.
Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, very thin, translucent, dark horn-
colored, with a revolving chestnut band, doubly edged with
white ; with delicate oblique striae and crowded micro-
scopic revolving lines ; spire hardly elevated, apex flat-
tened ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the
last rather plane above, inflated below, not falling before,
banded above the middle ; umbilicus moderate, conical ;
aperture very oblique, lunately semicircular, banded with-
in ; peristome with a white thickening, regularly round-
ing, its terminations joined by a light transparent callus,
that of the columellar widened, subreflected, but not at
all covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 21, lesser
16 mill. ; height, 9 mill.
Helix TrasHi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. 91 (1861).
Aglaja Traskii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 314, PI. V. Fig. 16 (1866).
Los Angeles, California, in the Californian Region.
The specimen figured was received from Dr. Newcomb. It may not be en-
tirely mature.
vol. iv. 24
Fig. 251.
A. Traski.
370 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The epipbragm is thick, white, parchment-like.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 8 ribs.
Lingual membrane (PL IX. Fig. M) has 36— 1—36 teeth; the thirteenth
tooth has the side cutting point ; 1 6 laterals.
The genital system resembles very nearly that of Nickliniana. The duct of
the genital bladder in this species is, however, very much longer, its accessory
duct shorter in proportion, the flagellum of the penis sac longer. There is also
a peculiar feature ;n the genitalia of Traski, a globular organ (probably a dart
sac) of about equal diameter with the vaginal prostate, attached laterally to
the flagellum of the latter, before it becomes bifurcated. The bulbous expan-
sions on the two branches of the flagellum are also much larger in Traski. It
is figured in PI. XIH. Fig. H.
Arionta Dupetithouarsi, Deshayes.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, smooth or substriate, dark chestnut,
lighter above, with a dark red, white-margined band ;
Fig. 252. ° .it
spire obtusely conoid ; whorls 7 to 8, narrow, rather
convex, the last inflated ; aperture ovate semilunar,
white, and banded within ; peristome simple, nar-
rowly reflected, its columellar end arched, dilated
and arched above, not covering the moderate um-
bilicus. Greater diameter 29, lesser 25 mill. ; height,
A. Dupetithouarsi. 1 7 mill.
Helix Dwpctithouursii, Deshayes, Eev. ZooL, 1839, 360 ; in Guerin, Mag. 1841,
Tab. XXX ; in FEr., I. 169, PI. XCVII. Figs. 8-10. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., I. 338, excl. var. ; III. 229 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 328, PI. LVIII.
Figs. 6-7 (not PL LVI. Figs. 3-5). — Keeve, Con. Icon., 659. — Gould,
Terr. Moll., III. 14. — W. G. Binnft, Terr. Moll., IV. 15, PL LXXVI. Fig.
9 ; Pac. R. R. Rep., VI. 114 (1857) ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 174 (1869).
Helix Oregonensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philo. Soc, VI. 100 (1839) ; Obs., II. 100,
PL XXVIII. Fig. 9; Troschel, Arch. f. Nat, 1839, II. 221. — DeKay, N.
Y. Moll., 46. — Pfeiffer, formerly, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 428.
Aglaja Dupetithouarsi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 315 (1866).
Puget Sound to San Diego, according to the list of the Smithsonian Collec-
tion ; but Dr. Cooper says it is only found at Monterey, California.
Animal light slate-color or dirty white.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 4 ribs.
Lingual dentition (PL IX. Fig. R) as usual. Teeth 50—1—50. The cen-
trals and first laterals have no decided side cusps, and no decided side cutting
points, but the latter is represented by a lateral bulging on the large cutting
point; the distinct side cusp and cutting point appear on the ninth tooth.
There are about 19 laterals, the twentieth tooth having its inner cutting point
bifid. The marginals are as usual in the genus.
ARIONTA. 371
The genitalia are like those of sequoicola. The penis sac is, however, more
slender. There does not appear any retractor muscle of the penis sac. The
oviduct is greatly convoluted.
Arionta ruficincta, Newcomb.
Shell depressed-globose, umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, surface scarcely
broken by incremental striae, with occasional revolving lines,
horn-color, with a median, revolving dark brown band, mar- __J^
gined with white ; spire little elevated ; whorls 5 to 6, scarcely
convex, the last flattened-globose, descending at the aperture,
convex below; aperture banded within, oblique, roundly lunate ;
peristome white, thickened, its inner margin obtusely rounded,
the right portion straight, basal and columellar portions reflected, partially
concealing the umbilicus. Greater diameter 17, lesser 14 mill.; height, 9
mill.
Helix ru/ocincta, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 117(1864). — W.
G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 174, Fig. 303 (1869).
Aglaja ru/ocincta, Trton, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 315, PL VI. Fig. 20 (1866).
San Diego and Catalina Island, California, in the Californian Region.
There is a form from Santa Barbara Island with thick shell and closed um-
bilicus. Greater diameter, 31 mill.
Jaw more like the type common in Mesodon than in Arionta, that is, arcuate
rather than arched, margins rather pectinated than scalloped by the ends of
the ribs, which are about 10 in number.
Lingual membrane (PI. IX. Fig. N) as usual in the subgenus, with 35 — 1 —
35 teeth, and 18 laterals, the nineteenth tooth having the inner cutting point
split. Another membrane has a side cutting point on all the laterals.
I have examined two individuals, whose genital systems vary considerably.
That figured on PI. XIV. Fig. B has a dart sac, but none of the other peculiar
accessory organs of Arionta. That figured PI. XV. Fig. O (from Catalina
Island) has from one 6ide of the base of the dart sac (z) a thread-like connec-
tion (z) with the base of the penis sac, and on the other side of the base of the
dart sac the peculiar accessory organ y. These accessories to the dart sac are
somewhat like those found in Slearnsiana.
Arionta Gabbi, Newcomb.
Shell subperforate, depressed-globose, thin, smooth, very delicately striated,
dirty white, darker above, with a median revolving, white-margined brown
band ; spire little elevated ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last flattened-globose,
descending at the aperture; aperture lunately rounded, oblique; peristome
white, thickened, somewhat reflected, the columellar portion almost covering
the umbilicus. Greater diameter 10, lesser 8 mill.; height, 5 mill.
372
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 254.
Helix Gabbii, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 117 (1864). — W. G.
Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 175, Figs. 304, 305 (1869). .
Aglaja Gabbii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 315, PI. VI. Fig.
19 (1866) ; III. PI. XI. Fig. 31 (1867).
Helix facta, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. £ci., III. 118 (1864).
— W. G. Binney, 1. c, Fig. 306.
Aglaja facta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 162, PI. XI. Fig. 32
(1867).
A. Gabbi.
Fig. 255.
A.
lenuistriala.
Fig. 256.
A. facta.
San Clemente Island, California.
Under the name of H. tenuistriata (certainly not of Binney) I
have received a shell from Catalina Island, apparently a less de-
veloped form of H. Gabbi. It is here figured. (Fig. 255.)
Although I am convinced of the identity of facta with Gabbi, I
repeat below the description of the former, with a figure of an
authentic specimen.
Shell imperforate or subperforate, globose or depressed-globose,
smooth, shining, surface hardly broken by delicate incremental
striae and revolving lines, light fawn-color above, below lighter,
with a median, white-margined, revolving band of a darker-col-
ored hue ; spire elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 5 to 6, rather con-
vex, the last slightly descending, globose ; aperture oblique, banded
within ; peristome thickened, brownish, shining, its inner margin
rounded, reflected, the columellar portion dilated, appressed, par-
tially or entirely covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 14,
lesser 12 mill.; height, 8 mill.
Santa Barbara Island, California. On this and San Nicholas
Island is found a larger, heavier, extinct variety. South end of Catalina Island.
The species has the stout, white, parchment-like epiphragm characteristic of
Arionta.
Jaw arcuate, of equal breadth throughout; anterior surface with distant,
stout ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane long and narrow (PI. IX. Fig. P). Teeth 26 — 1 — 26,
as usual in Arionta. Morse counted 114 rows of 29 — 1 — 29. The fourth has
a decided side cusp and cutting point, which on the central and first three laterals
were replaced by a prominent bulging of the large cutting point. The thir-
teenth tooth has its inner cutting point bifid. My figures give the central with
the first, fourth, twelfth, thirteenth, seventeenth, and twenty-sixth teeth, the
last two being marginals.
Genitalia (PI. XVII. Fig. 9 of Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., Vol. XI.)
without the accessory duct of the genital bladder, and with a dart sac. They
resemble nearly those of ruficincta (see above), differing chiefly in the length of
the duct of the genital bladder. At the base of the dart sac there appear two
simple, thread-like organs, reminding me of those of Slearnsiana, but without
GLYPTOSTOMA. 373
their terminal complications. I have not figured them, being uncertain whether
they should be considered as a part of the genital system. Tbey may be the
same as figured on PI. XV. Fig. Q, or the individual furnishing the genitalia
there figured may thus show the near relation of facta and ruficincta.
GLYPTOSTOMA.1
Animal as in Patula.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, with wrinkle-like striae, solid ; whorls
6, the last depressed-globose, not falling at the aperture ; aperture oblique,
subcircular; peristome simple, acute, thickened within, its extremities ap-
proached, that of the columellar short, scarcely reflected.1
Inhabits the Californian Region at San Diego.
One species only is thus far known, Newberryanum. Its jaw is low, wide,
slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated,
Fig. 257. . .
blunt ; cuttiug margin without median pro-
jection; anterior surface with numerous
(about 16), stout, separated ribs, deeply
denticulating either margin.
, .„ Ar , "v,/ Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. A)
Jaw of G. Newberryanum. ° v o /
long and narrow. Teeth 47 — 1 — 47, with
17 perfect laterals. Centrals with the base of attachment long and nar-
row, with greatly expanded lower, lateral angles, the upper margin rounded,
broadly reflected ; reflection large, stout, with obsolete side cusps, but with
decided, triangular side cutting points ; median cusp very stout, short, with a
long, acute cutting point reaching beyond the lower edge of the base of attach-
ment. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of
inner, lower, lateral angle of the base of attachment and inner side cutting
point. The transition from laterals to marginals is marked by the lesser pro-
portional development of the cusp and greater development of the cutting
point. Marginals low, wide, the reflection equalling the base of attachment
and bearing one inner, short, stout, pblique, blunt cutting point, and one outer,
shorter, blunt cutting point.
This species, like all others, has great variation in the development of the
cutting points on different parts of the same membrane.
1 The name is suggested by the sculptured parietal wall of the aperture in young speci-
mens of the only species known, q. v.
2 Testa late umbilicata, depressa, ruguloso-striata, solida, anfractus 6, ultimus
depresso-globosus, antice non descendens ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis ; peristoma
simplex, acutum, intus incrassatum, marginibus approximatis, columellari brevi, vix
reflexiusculo.
Maxilla arcuata, costis validis distantibus (circa 16) exarata ; margines valdo dentati.
Lamina lingualis ut in Helice videtur ; dentes marginales subquadrati.
374 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Glyptostoma Newberryanum, W. G. Binney.
Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, solid, lightly decussated by
incremental striae, and numerous fine spiral lines; color black or reddish-brown,
under the epidermis white and shining ; suture
Fig. 268. . , .
deeply impressed; spire depressed; whorls 6,
regularly increasing, the upper ones flattened,
the last convex, rounded below, and slightly
deflected at the aperture ; umbilicus broad, show-
ing all the volutions clearly ; aperture oblique,
G. Newberryanum. ° / ' r 1 >
transversely lunar ; in young specimens the de-
cussated sculpturing of the shell on the parietal wall of the aperture is covered
with a light callus as the animal grows, and elegantly marked with numerous
fine, crowded, spiral lines ; in mature specimens this beautiful marking is
entirely obliterated by the deposition of callus, but on breaking the shell,
the lines will be found to exist within; peristome simple, acute, thickened
within, ends slightly approximated, joined by a white callus. Greater diam-
eter 37, lesser 20 mill. ; height, 13 mill.
Helix Newberryana, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, 115 ;
Terr. Moll., IV. 20, PL LXXVI. Fig. 7. — Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., 1S59, 7;
Mom, V. 161 (1868).
Macrocyclis Newberryana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 244, 5 (1866).
Zonites Newberryana, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 282 (1869).
Los Angeles, California, to Todos Santos Bay, in Lower California ; a spe-
cies of the California Region. Very common around San Diego, on southerly
exposed hillsides, under piles of detached rocks.
My largest specimen has a greater diameter of 47 milL
Animal bluish slate-color.
The jaw (see Fig. 257) is long, low, slightly arcuate; ends blunt; anterior
surface with about 16 stout, separated ribs, scalloping either margin. The jaw
is lower, less arcuate, and longer than in Arionta. Its ribs resemble those of
that genus in projecting far beyond and scalloping the margins of the jaw,
but they are much more numerous.
This description applies only to the more perfect form of the jaw (Fig. 257),
noticed only in one individual. In several other individuals the ribs on the
jaw were much more narrow and less projecting at the upper and lower mar-
gins. There is more difference between these than is usually found in differ-
ent individuals of the same species.
Lingual membrane (see last page).
Genitalia figured on PL XIV. Fig D. The epididymis is very long, convo-
luted in the lower half of its length, straight above. It runs free for a long
distance outside the membrane which covers the oviduct, before entering into
the liver, where it joins the testicle. The latter is imbedded in the liver, near
EUPARYPHA. 375
its upper extremity. It is composed of several, apparently 6, separated fas-
ciculi of blind tubes. The vas deferens enters the penis sac about its middle,
not at its end. The penis sac is small, cylindrical. It terminates in a small
bulb. There is no trace of lobuli in the ovary, but its under, concave surface
is reticulated. The genital bladder is oval, its duct is long, free only for a
short distance, then attached to the oviduct the whole length of the latter ; at
its base it becomes again free, and enters the vagina below the terminus of the
oviduct. At about the same point, the vagina receives the mouth of a long,
broad, rounded organ. This organ is hollow. Its use is unknown to me ; it may
be a dart sac or a prostate gland. The vagina is very long, the penis enters
it at its lower extremity near the exterior opening of the genitalia.
EUPARYPHA, Hartm.
Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell usually perforate, depressed-globose, corneo-calcareous, banded ; whorls
5, the upper ones flattened, carinate, the last inflated ; aperture dilate-lunar,
often labiate within, its columellar margin reflexed.
Inhabits the countries around the Mediterranean, Canaries, Madeira, etc.
In North America it is represented in Lower California, one species being
actually found in the California Region.
Jaw high, arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; cutting margin without
median projection ; anterior surface with a few (about 5 in Tryoni) stout, sepa-
rated, unequal ribs, deeply denticulating either margin.
As usual in most of the species of Helix, etc., examined by me, the number,
size, and disposition of the ribs vary in different individ-
Fie 259
uals of the only species of Euparypha I have examined,
E. Tryoni. In L. and Fr.-W. Shells N. A., I. 179, six
jaws are figured, all differing as to the ribs. (See also
next page.)
I have had no opportunity of examining areolata, the
only other species found within our limits. Among the
species of the genus foreign to the United States, pisana, Mull., alone has
been examined, the jaw being figured by Moquin-Tandon with 2-3 ribs only,
and the number of the teeth being given by Thomson.
Lingual membrane as in Arionta.
Euparypha Tryoni, Newcomb.
Shell imperforate, globose-conic, solid, with distant, deep, strong revolving
lines cutting through the striae of increase, of a bluish ash-color above, mottled
with irregular oblique patches of brown, and with a median revolving line of
dark brown, below dirty white ; spire conic ; apex obtuse, smooth, shining, light
376
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 260.
E. Tryoni.
horn-color ; whorls 5 to 6, scarcely convex, the last globose, descending towards
the aperture, inflated below ; aperture oblique, subcircular, small, witbin dark
above, lighter below ; peristome thickened, dirty white, its
terminations somewhat converging, joined by a light cal-
lus, right margin slightly expanded, not reflected, that of
the columella dilated, scarcely reflected, appressed, ob-
tusely subdentate. Greater diameter 24, lesser 20 mill. ;
height, 14 mill.
Helix Tryoni, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III.
116 (1864). — W. G. Binney, Am. Journ. Conch., I. 47,
PI. VI. Figs. 1-10 (1865) ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 178 (1869).
Polymita Tryoni, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., II. 319 (1866).
California Region, on Santa Barbara Island and San Nicholas Island, Califor-
nia, both recent and fossil, the latter form very large and thick ; not on San
Clemente.
The species varies in the greater or lesser development of the spire, and in
coloring. The form figured differs from that described in having the under as
well as upper surface mottled, not a dead white ; an albino form is also found ;
also a fourth variety of a uniform cream-color, showing, however, slight traces
of the revolving band.
The animal is black. It has a thick, white, parchment-like epiphragm.
Jaw arcuate, of uniform width throughout, ends blunt ; anterior surface with
stout ribs, denticulating either margin. Figures of the jaws of nine mature in-
dividuals are given, showing that the number and arrangement of the ribs is
not constant ; a fact noticed in other species.
Fig. 261.
Jaws of E- Tryoni.
TACHEA. 377
Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. B) long and narrow, quite as in Arionta.
Teeth 42—1—42. Another membrane had 190 rows of 43 — 1—43 teeth. The
eleventh lateral has a decided side cusp and cutting point. The fourteenth has
its inner cutting point bifid. The characters of the individual teeth are shown
in the figure, which gives the central, the first, eleventh, fourteenth, thirty-
seventh, and forty-second teeth.
Genitalia (PI. XIV. Fig. C) as usual in Arionta, especially in A. Stearnsi-
ana, but with this important difference, that from the base of the dart sac (2)
one thread-like organ (3) alone proceeds, the other being replaced by a sponge-
like process (1), evidently a form of vaginal prostate.
EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF EUPARYPHA.
E. levis, Pfeiffer (see L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 180), a species of the Lower Cali-
fornia fauna, has erroneously been quoted from Columbia River and Southern
California.
TACHEA, Leach.
Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral; other characters as in Patula. (See
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. PI. VIII.)
Shell imperforate, globose or subdepressed, white or yellow, ornamented
with distinct bands ; whorls 5, the last convex, tumid, descending at the aper-
ture ; aperture broadly lunate, obsoletely angular ; peristome thickened, re-
flexed, its columellar margin constricted, callous.
A genus of Middle and Southern Europe, one species also common to Amer-
ica, perhaps imported by commerce.
Our single species, T. hortensis, found only along the northeastern coast, and
there usually restricted to the islands, agrees in its jaw
with the other known species of the subgenus. It is
stout, arched, with blunt, unattenuated ends ; anterior
surface with stout, few, separated ribs, denticulating
either margin.
The lingual membrane has 116 rows of 32—1—32 J<™ ot Tachea hortensis
teeth each. The centrals have a subtriangular base of
attachment, so greatly are the lower lateral angles expanded ; upper margin
reflected ; reflection pear-shaped, without developed side cusps, but a single
6tout middle cusp, half as long as the base of attachment, and bearing a short,
conical cutting point, reaching only about one half the distance to the lower
edge of the base of attachment ; this cutting point has lateral bulgings. First
laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the irregular cutting away of
the lower inner angle of the base of attachment ; outer laterals with a more
developed cutting point and a decided side cusp and cutting point; the change
from the laterals to the marginals is shown in the sixteenth tooth in Morse's
figure in L. & Fr.-W, Sh., L, in the eleventh in the membrane figured by me,
378 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
■where the base of attachment is wider, the reflection stouter, and the inner
cutting point becomes bifid. The marginals are low, wide, the reflection
equalling the base of attachment, the inner cutting point short, bluntly bifid,
the outer shorter and blunt, often bifid (PL X. Fig. C).
Tachea hortensis, Muller.
Vol. III. PI. VIII.
Shell imperforate, subglobose ; epidermis shining, smooth, oblivaeeous-yel-
low, and often variously ornamented with rufous horizontal
bands or lines ; whorls 5, convex ; spire somewhat elevated ;
suture, at the extremity of the last whorl, curved towards
the aperture ; peristome slightly reflected, white, obsolete
on the base, with the margin thickened internally ; aperture
rounded, slightly contracted at the base by the thickening
T. hortensis. and indentation of the peristome ; umbilicus covered, in-
dented ; base convex. Greater diameter 20, lesser 1 7
mill.; height, 12 mill.
Helix hortensis, Muller, etc. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 195. — Mrs.
Sheppard, Tt. Lit. Hist. Soc, Quebec, I. 193 (1829). — Gould, Invert., 172,
ed. 2, 429 (1870). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. Ill, PI. VIII. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 51 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 181 (1869). — Morse, Amer. Nat,
I. 186, Fig. 16 (1867).
Helix subglobosa, Binney (formerly), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. 485, PL XVI.
(1837). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 33, PI. II. Fig. 14 ; PL III. Fig. 39.
Tachea hortensis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., I. 10, Fig. 11 ; PL IV. Fig. 12
(1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 321 (1866).
An European species, introduced by commerce (?) to the northeastern por-
tion of North America. It is found on islands along the coast from Newfound-
land to Cape Cod, and on the mainland plentifully in Gaspe-, C. E. ; also along
the St. Lawrence ; Vermont (?), Connecticut (?), etc. It also inhabits Green-
land and Iceland (see Mdrch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 45). *
Animal : head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge of brown ; eye-pedun-
cles and tentacles smoky ; eyes black ; base of foot inky, posterior extremity
dirty flesh-color. Foot rather slender, terminating acutely. Respiratory fora-
men surrounded1 with a blackish circle. Genital orifice indicated by a black-
ish spot a little behind the right eye-peduncle. Length about twice the breadth
of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I. PI. VIII.)
Having kept a large number of this species in confinement, Dr. Binney had
frequently an opportunity of noticing the manner in which the epiphragm is
formed, a process which seems not to have been heretofore correctly described.
The aperture of the shell being upwards, and the collar of the animal having
been brought to a level with it, a quantity of gelatinous matter is thrown out,
TACHEA. 379
•which covers it. The pulmonary orifice is then opened, and a portion of the
air within suddenly ejected, with such force as to separate the viscid matter
from the collar and to project it, like a bubble of air, from the aperture. The
apimal then quickly withdraws further into the shell, and the pressure of the
external air forces back the vesicle to a level with the aperture, when it hardens
and forms the epiphragm. In some of the European species in which the
gelatinous secretion contains more carbonate of lime than ours, solidification
seems to take place at the moment when the air is expelled, and the epiphragm
in these is strongly convex.
The T. nemoralis of Europe, distinguished readily from F. hortensis by its
black peristome, but by many considered
identical, does not appear to have been Fls- 264-
introduced from Europe into the New
England States or British Provinces.
In 1857 I imported some hundred living
specimens from near Sheffield, England,
and freed them in my garden, in Bur- r# nemoratis.
lington, New Jersey. They have thriven
well, and increased with great rapidity, so that now (1878) the whole town is
full of them. They retain the habit of the species of climbing hedges and
trees, not remaining concealed under decaying leaves, logs, etc., like the Amer-
ican snails. Fig. 264 is drawn from Burlington specimens. The experiment
of introducing the T. nemoralis is interesting, as showing the adaptability of
the species to a new climate. Other species, among them Campylcea lapicida
from England, and Stenogyra decollata from Charleston, South Carolina, placed
in my garden at the same time, disappeared at once.
The jaw of a Burlington specimen is very strongly arched, with 4 stout ribs
on its anterior surface, denticulating each margin.
For lingual membrane (see above, p. 377).
The genitalia of the European T. hortensis is figured by Schmidt (Ge-
shlechts. der Stylomm., PI. 111. Fig. 15). The genital bladder is small, glob-
ular, on a very long and delicate duct, to which is a short accessory duct.
The penis sac is long, cylindrical, tapering above the insertion of the retractor
muscle to the point where the vas deferens enters, beyond which it has a long
flagellate extension. About half-way between the end of the duct of the genital
bladder and the common orifice is an elongate-ovate dart sac, from the base of
which, on either side, is a bundle of greatly developed multifid vesicles, each
composed in ihe speciim-n figured of four long casca.
POMATIA, (Leach) Beck.
Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.
Shell imperforate or subim perforate, globose, striate, horny-calcareous,
erally banded ; whorls 4 - G, convex, the last large, ventricose, descending ;
380 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
aperture lunate-orbicular, peristome patulous or straight, within labiate with
callus, the eolumellar margin reflected, generally callous.
Found around the Mediterranean Sea ; a few species found elsewhere,
Mexico, Japan, etc. One species only introduced by commerce within our
limits.
Jaw of our only species, P. aspersa, introduced by commerce at Charleston,
South Carolina (where it is still common), high, thick, arcuate; ends but little
attenuated, blunt ; cutting margin without median projection ; anterior surface
with 6 stout, separated ribs, deeply denticulating either margin (see Fig. 265).
Lingual membrane of the same species (PI. X. Fig. D) long and narrow.
Teeth 50 — 1 — 50, with 15 perfect laterals. Centrals with base of attachment
longer than wide, the lower lateral angles but slightly
Fig. 265. ° n r> J
produced, the lower margin in some cases with a
quadrate excavation or thinning as usually found in
Succinea; the upper margin broadly reflected, re-
flection very large, with a very stout, short median
cusp, bearing a short, stout cutting point reaching
the lower edge of the base of attachment ; side
Jaw of P. aspersa. .
cusps obsolete, but bearing well-developed, snort
side cutting points. Laterals like centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppres-
sion of the inner, lower, lateral angle of the base of attachment, and the inner
side cutting point. Transition teeth from the laterals to the marginals with
a more developed reflection, a shorter inner cusp bearing a greatly developed
bifid cutting point. Marginals low, wide, the reflection equalling the base
of attachment, and bearing one inner, long, oblique, acutely bifid cutting point,
and one shorter, outer, sometimes bifid, side cutting point.
The only other Pomatia whose dentition has been figured is pomatia, which
shows the same type of teeth (Goldfuss, 1. c. PI. IV. Fig. 6), and Sieboldtiana,
Pfr. (see Proc. Am. Nat. Soc. Phila., 1875, PI. XXI. Fig. 8), which differs in
detail. The jaw of these and of numerous European species is known, and of
the same type as in aspersa.
Pomatia aspersa, Muller.
Shell imperforate, subglobose, rather thin, the surface rather coarsely and
irregularly striate, and finely wrinkled and indented ; the ground-color is yel-
lowish or grayish, with chestnut-colored bands of various width, across which
are narrow undulating flammules of yellowish ; the spire is rather obtuse, com-
posed of 4 or 5 moderately convex whorls, the principal one being very large
and ventricose ; the aperture is large, a little oblique, rounded lunate ; the
peristome white, sharp, turned slightly outward, and in the region of the um-
bilicus turning over the columella in a broad appressed callus, which is con-
tinued to the upper junction of the peristome. Greatest diameter, 32 mill. ;
height, 22 mill.
CYLINDRELLA. 381
Helix aspersa, Mulleb, Verm., II. 59. — Pfeiffeb, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 241. —
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 117, not in plate.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 51, PI.
LXXVII. Fig. 4 ; L. & F.-W. Sh., I. 183, Fig- 266-
(1869).
Pomatia aspersa, Tbyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II.
322, 16 (1866).
In gardens in Charleston, South Carolina, and
vicinity, where it has existed for fifty years ; I
found it plentifully in St. Michael's churchyard
in 1875 ; also has been found at New Orleans
and Baton Rouge ; Portland, Maine ; Nova Sco-
tia ; Santa Barbara, California ; Hayti ; St. p a,persa.
Iago, Chili, etc. It is a European species, ac-
cidentally introduced into this country, or rather by commerce as an article
of food. It evidently is a species peculiarly adapted to colonization.
Jaw and lingual membrane (see above).
Genitalia figured by Schmidt (Geschlechts. der Styl., PI. I. Fig. 5). The
genital bladder is small, globular, or a long narrow duct, which has a long ac-
cessory duct also. The sac is small, globular, on a long duct, which has at
about the middle of its length a much longer and stouter accessory duct. The
penis sac is long, cylindrical, greatly swollen at its junction with the vagina ;
the retractor muscle is inserted above this swelling, the vas deferens enters at
the apex, beyond which is an excessively long, thread-like flagellum. Opposite
the entrance to the penis sac is a very long, stout dart sac, above which are
two bundles of numerous, short, closely packed multifid vesicles.
EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF POMATIA.
Pomatia Buffoniana, Pfeiffeb, a Mexican species, has been erroneously quoted
from Alameda County, California. It is figured on PI. LXIII. of Vol. III.
(3) Jaw with delicate, distant ribs to its anterior surface, usually running
obliquely to the median line.
CYLINDRELLA, Pfeiffer.
Animal heliciform, blunt and short before, rapidly attenuated behind ; mantle
slightly posterior, simple, thin, protected by an external shell ; respiratory, anal,
and genital orifices as in Patula ; no caudal pore, no distinct locomotive disk.
Shell cylindrical or pupaeform, multispiral, generally truncated ; with re-
markable differences in the form of the axis, often furnished with revolving
laminae or other curious processes ; aperture subcircular, edentulate ; peristome
expanded, continuous.
A West-Indian genus, represented only in the Florida Subregion within our
limits.
382 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Jaw as in Macroceramus, described below.
The dentition of the genus is very peculiar and constant in the various
groups or subgenera. The lingual membrane is exceedingly long and narrow.
The base of attachment of the centrals is small, long, narrow, with the upper
margin broadly reflected into a blunt, rounded, and expanded, gouge-shaped
cutting point ; the laterals have a long, subquadrangular base of attachment,
bearing, below, a large, bluntly rounded, greatly expanded, palmate cusp and
cutting point, representing the inner and central cusps of the laterals ; and,
above, a long, slender, graceful extension, representing the external cusp of the
other Helicidce. This last is bluntly truncated, or bears a recurved cusp smaller
but of same shape as that below ; or it has a laterally extended, small blunt
point. In some species the laterals extend to the margin of the lingual mem-
brane ; in others there are distinct marginal teeth, long, narrow, laminar, with
bluntly recurved apices. A full description and figures of these various forms
of teeth will be found in Journal de Conchyliologie, January, 1870.
Subgenus GOXGYLOSTOMA, Albers.
Animal small and short compared with the shell, in general like that of
Patula; eye-peduncles of medium length, the tentacles quite short. Motions
sluggish ; the shell drags horizontally, nearly in the line of motion.
Shell cylindrically fusiform or conic-turreted, apex attenuated, costellately
striate ; whorls 9 - 20, the last mOre or less protracted, terete, sometimes obso-
letely angulated ; aperture circular, peristome expanded in every part.
The lingual membrane of three species only is known : C. elegans, C. ornata,
and C. Poeyana. They all agree in their characters. On the laterals the inner
cutting palmate cusp (it can hardly be called a cutting edge or point) is sur-
mounted by a simple, long, squarely truncated extension ; the outer palmate
cusp is on a long pedicle ; the change from lateral to marginal teeth is very
gradual ; the last become very small, wider than high, with one inner, large,
and one outer, small palmate cusp ; the two pedicles are quite wanting.
Cylindrella Poeyana, D'Orbigny.
Vol. III. PI. LXIX. Fig. 2.
Shell very long, thin, horn-colored or whitish, longitudinally strongly striated ;
spire very long, inflated, acuminate behind, truncated; whorls 11, rather con-
vex, the last carinated before ; aperture round ; peristome acute and continu-
ous, in contact with the preceding whorl. Axis simple. Length, 15 mill.;
breadth, 4 mill.
Pupa Poeyana, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, I. 185, PI. XII. Figs. 24-26.
Cylindrella Poeyana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 380. — Chemnitz, ed. 2, 20,
PI. III. Figs. 29-31. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 149 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I.
22 (1869).
CYLINDRELLA. 383
Cylindrella lactaria, Gould in T. M., PI. LXIX. Fig. 2, not in text.
Gongylostoma Poeyana, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 311 (1868).
A Cuban species, found also in the Florida Subregion, both on the mainland
in the Miami Country, and on Key West and other Keys.
Animal white, with a dark line along the back of each eye-peduncle, one
along the median line, and a very delicate one along each cheek ; ocular points
large and black.
The description in the Terrestrial Mollusks is drawn from C lactaria, Gould,
which is identical with variegata, Pfeiffer, and is characterized by ftexuose, milk-
white lines and more delicate striae.
The apicial nucleus of the shell is a small globule ; this is succeeded by a
large number of closely revolving whorls of still smaller diameter, which
scarcely augment in length ; and then there is a rapid dilatation to the full
size of the shell. At this part, either by fracture, or more probably by ab-
sorption, the slender tip is thrown off, so that we have only the truncated lower
portion left.
The animal is very small compared with the shell, being less than one fourth
the length of the shell, which it carries with its axis nearly horizontal, and in
the line of motion, with apparent difficulty. The snout is thrown forward, and
firmly attached at every undulation, simultaneously with the contraction of the
posterior extremity. When the curve flowing along the sides of the foot reaches
the head, the attachment of the snout is released, and it is again thrown for-
ward and fixed as before.
Jaw as usual in the genus, with about 40 delicate ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. R) as described above ; teeth 14 — 1 — 14.
Genitalia not examined.
Cylindrella jejuna, Gould.
Vol. III. PL LXIX. Fig. 3.
Shell rather small, fusiform, truncated at apex, quite solid, of a pale horn-
color, longitudinally striped with delicate, white lines ; spire composed of about
9 whorls, though when entire the whole number would be about twice as many ;
they are convex, and separated by a well-marked suture ; the last whorl has a
delicate carina, and extends in a short neck ; the aperture is bell-shaped, the
peristome white, continuous, and not in contact with the preceding whorl.
Axis simple. Length, 10 mill.; breadth about 1\ mill.
Cylindrella jejuna, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III. 41, June, 1848 ; Terr.
Moll., II. 310, PI. LXIX. Fig. 3. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 150 ; L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 23 (1869).
Cylindrella variegata, Pfeiffer, part, Mai. Blatt., II. 13.
Gongylostoma jejuna, Teyon, Am. Journ. Conoh., III., 312 (1868).
Found abundantly in the Florida Subregion, near the mouth of the Miami
River.
384 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Spurious Species, etc., of Cylindrella.
Cylindrella pontifica, Gould, is Macroceramus Kieneri, Pfr.
Cylindrella Ooldfussi and Roemeri are species of Holospira.
Cylindrella campanulata of Terr. Moll. U.S., I. 109, is unknown to me.
MACROCERAMUS, Guild.
Animal as in Cylindrella (q. v.) See also below under M. Kieneri.
Shell turreted or lengthened-conic, rimate; whorls 9-15, gradually increas-
ing, the last often angular ; aperture round, short, columella usually plicate ;
peristome expanded, its margins subequal, subparallel, not continuous, the ex-
ternal arched, the columellar dilated, reflected.
Jaw thin, almost membranous, semi-transparent, light horn-colored, strongly
arched, ends acuminated; cutting margin without median
Flg projection; anterior surface with numerous delicate, sepa-
rated ribs, denticulating both margins; these ribs run
obliquely towards the median line of the jaw, so that the
central ribs meet before reaching the lower margin of the
jaw, forming an upper median triangular space between
the ribs.
It was formerly considered that this jaw was actually
in separate pieces, whose overlapping margins formed the
ribs upon the anterior surface (see Fig. 267). More careful
examination, however, has proved the jaw to be in one sin-
gle piece, with delicate ribs upon its surface.
Jaw of There are over 50 ribs on the jaw of the only one of
M. signatus (Bland). J . .
our species I have examined, M. Gossei. I give a copy
of Mr. Bland's figure of the jaw of M, signatus, which is similar.
The lingual membrane of Macroceramus was supposed to be the same as in
Cylindrella described above, as that of M. signatus was so found by Mr. Bland
(Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII. 162), and Crosse and Fischer (Journ. de
Conch., 1870, PI. Ill Figs. 14-16). It was, therefore, with surprise that I
found an entirely different type of dentition in M. Gossei. I can in this place
only note the difference, and leave to future study the question of its bearing
on the generic position of the species.
M. Gossei (PI. X. Fig. Q) has a membrane very long and narrow ; teeth
about 40 — 1 — 40, in scarcely oblique transverse rows, decidedly not en chevron.
Centrals with a long, narrow base of attachment with somewhat expanded
lower lateral angles, its upper margin squarely reflected. The reflected por-
tion is very small, and bears- three short, blunt cusps, the median the largest,
all three with distinct cutting points. The base of attachment of the laterals
is long and narrow, its outer lower angle irregularly cut away ; the upper
margin broadly and obliquely reflected, the reflected portion thrown off ob-
MACROCERAMUS. 383
liquely towards the margin of the lingual membrane, very short and bearing
two stout, blunt, short cusps, the inner the larger, also thrown obliquely to-
wards the outer margin of the membrane ; both of the cusps bear distinct cut-
ting points, the outer one small, the inner one narrow, blunt, almost as long as
the base of attachment. There are no distinct marginals, the laterals decreas-
ing in size as they pass off laterally, those at the edge of the membrane hav-
ing one large inner cutting point, and several outer irregular smaller ones. I
have given a group of centrals and laterals, a group of laterals, and an extreme
lateral or marginal.1
I have had no opportunity of examining M. Kieneri.
Macroceraraus Kieneri, Pfeiffer.
Vol. III. PL LXIX. Fig. 1.
Shell fusiform, attenuated-cylindrical, whitish, or grayish clouded and mar-
bled with brown; spire acuminate; whorls from 9 to 13, rounded, with.numer-
ous oblique, prominent striae or ribs ; suture impressed, crenulated by the ex-
tension of the alternate ribs across it ; aperture rounded, oblique ; peristome
thin, somewhat reflected ; axis impressed, not truly perforate ; on the last
whorl a colored line revolves ; this is sometimes raised a little from the sur-
face, and sometimes is sharp like a delicate carina. Length, 18 mill.; diameter
of antepenultimate whorl, 6 mill. ; of aperture, length 4^, breadth 4^ mill.
Pupa unicarinata, Binney, Terr. Moll., I. — Not Lamarck.
Bulimiis Kieneri, Pfeiffek, Proc. Zobl. Soc, 1846, 40 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 79 ;
in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 131, PL XLII. Figs. 23, 24. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 463.
Cylindrella pontifica, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III. 40 (1848) ; Terr.
Moll., II. 306, PL LXIX. Fig. 1. — Chenu, Man. de Conch., I. 446, Figs. 3305,
3306 (1859).
Macroccramus pontificics , W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 137.
Macroceramus Kieneri, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 689, not of Vol. VI. ■ —
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 301 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. & F.-W.
Sh., I. 221 (1869).
In the Florida Subregion, both on the mainland from the Miami Country to
Tampa Bay and on the islands from Key West to Key Biscayne. The true
M. Kieneri has also been found in Mexico, in Cuba and Jamaica.
Animal whitish, translucent, a little darker above the head ; body very short,
terminating in a blunt extremity, eye-peduncles of moderate length, of nearly
equal diameter throughout, terminating in a rounded bulb; tentacles very short,
nearly rudimentary ; ocular points large and black.
When in motion, the axis of the shell is parallel with the line of progress,
and lies almost horizontally. The rapidity with which the animal moves is
1 Similar dentition is found in M. turricula, Pfr., of Cuba. See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., 1875, PL XX. Fig. 9.
VOL. IV. 25
386 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
quite surprising. The advance seems to be effected in this way : The posterior
point of the disk of the foot, being detached from the object on which it rests,
is carried forward by muscular contraction, and again fixed, leaving a curve
between the attached point and the next anterior part of the disk, which is not
yet detached. This operation is continued throughout the whole disk, every
part of which becomes successively detached, curved upward, and again at-
tached, from the extremity to the snout, exhibiting in action a curved or wavy
motion, or undulation, commencing at the extremity, proceeding rapidly for-
ward, and terminating at the head. But before one muscular wave is ex-
hausted at the head, another has begun to flow, so that two series of undula-
tions are visible at one time. With this double alternation of action the body
is propelled with a rapidity greater than can be attained by the more common
gliding motion of the Helices. During motion the eye-peduncles are extended,
and remain steadily in one position.
They are found in woods, on the ground, under leaves, but are not very plen-
tiful. The most northern point where they have hitherto been noticed is
Tampa. On the eastern shore of the peninsula they occur at Cape Florida
and Key Biscayne.
There is considerable confusion regarding the identity of this species.
Pfeiffer (in Vol. VI), and Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Guat.), consider
pontificus as distinct from Kieneri
Jaw and lingual membrane and genitalia not observed.
Macroceramus Gossei, Pfeiffer.
Shell rimate, turrito-cylindrical, obliquely ribbed, white, opaque, with semi-
lunar blotches and pellucid, horn-colored spots; spire cylindraceous, apex
attenuated and acute; suture crenulated ; whorls 11, convex, the last about
one fourth the length of the shell, rounded, subangulate at base ; aperture sub-
circular ; peristome briefly expanded, with approaching termini, the columellar
expansively reflected. Length, 1 1 mill. ; diameter, 3§ mill. ; aperture, Z\ mill,
long, 3\ mill, broad.
Bulimus Gossei, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1845, 137 ; Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 81 ; in Roemer's Texas, 456. — Reeve, etc. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 135.
Cylindrella Hydcana, concisa, etc., see Pfeiffer.
Macroceramus Gossei, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 689. — Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., III. 302 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 222 (1869).
Var. |3. Somewhat smaller, the spots and blotches more obsolete.
A West Indian species, found also in the. Texan Subregion and in the Florida
Subregion at Little Sarazota Bay, near Charlotte Harbor, Florida.
Jaw and lingual dentition (see p. 384).
r
BULIMULUS. 387
BXJLIMTJLUS, Leach.
Animal helicifonn ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula, etc.
Shell oblong; aperture longitudinal, edentulate; peristome thin ; margins un-
equal ; columella integral.
In the present state of our knowledge I think it best to leave our species
simply under the above generic name, without attempting to group them into
subgenera. As suggested by von Martens, Bulimulus must eventually be re-
stricted to those species whose dentition is like that of B. Guadelupensis, the
type of the genus. All of ours whose dentition is now known agree with that
species in this respect, except B. Dormani.
Jaw thin, arcuate, ends but little attenuated ; no median projection to the
cutting edge ; anterior surface with numerous, separated, deli-
cate ribs, denticulating either margin, sometimes the upper Fig. 269.
median ones running obliquely towards the median line, or
even arranged en chevron as in Macroceramus, with an upper
median triangular compartment.
° r Jaw of
The jaw of B. dealbalus is here figured. It is quite arched. B. deaibatus.
That of B. Marielinus, Sckiedeanus, and alternatus is of the
same type. I have given on PI. XVI. Fig. 12 of Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1875, a more enlarged view of one end of the jaw of B. sufflatus, to show more
accurately the character of the ribs.
The lingual membrane of the genus as now received varies too much to allow
of a general description. It can only be said that the marginal teeth are
quadrate, not aculeate. I have below described the membrane of the only
ones of our species of which I have examined the lingual membrane.
The general arrangement of the teeth on the membrane of B. deaibatus is
as in Patula, the characters of the individual teeth being shown in PI. X.
Fig. E. There are 94 rows of 25 — 1 — 25 teeth in one specimen examined.
Another had 20 — 1 — 20 teeth, with 14 perfect laterals. The central tooth
has a base of attachment longer than wide, with but little expanded lower lat-
eral angles, its lower margin incurved, its upper margin broadly reflected.
The reflection is large, and has subobsolete side cusps, bearing well-developed
cutting points, and a short, stout median cusp, bearing a short, stout cutting
point not quite reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment. The
laterals are of the same general form as the centrals, but are larger, broader in
proportion, and are rendered asymmetrical by the suppression of the lower
inner angle of the base of attachment, and inner side cusp and cutting point.
The marginal teeth are but a simple modification of the laterals, formed by the
proportionally greater development of the reflection in comparison with that
of the base of attachment, and the greater development of the cutting points.
On the extreme marginals the cutting points are shorter and much blunter.
The dentition of Bulimulus alternatus is figured on p. 203 of L. & Fr.-W.
388 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Sh., I. I have preserved no specimen from which I can more accurately draw
the individual teeth. It has 75 rows of 37 — 1 — 37 teeth, all apparently of the
same character as in B. dealbatus, as is also the case in B. Schiedeanus.
I have not examined B. multilineatus, Marielinus, Floridanus, patriarcha.
That of B. Dormani is very different from alternatus, Schiedeanus, and deal-
batus. It will be described below, under B. Dormani.
Bulimulus patriarcha, W. G. Binney.
Shell perforate, ovate, heavy, white, and wrinkled ; whorls 6, convex, the
last ventricose, equalling in length five sevenths of the shell ;
' ' ' aperture ovate ; peristome simple, thickened within, the ex-
tremities joined by a heavy white callus, the columellar
extremity slightly reflected, so as partially to conceal the
umbilicus. Length 35, diameter 19 mill.; aperture, length
19, diameter 12 mill.
Bulimus patriarcha, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., 1858, 116 ; Terr. Moll., IV. 130, PI. LXXX. Fig.
13 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 200 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mai.
Blatt., 1859, 48.
Thaumastus patriarcha, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 171
B. patriarcha. , „„_.
(1867).
Mexico, at Buena Vista (Berlandiere) ; also in the Texan Subregion,
Named from its greater size and more antiquated appearance, as compared
with the allied species, but the young individuals are as readily distinguished
as the most mature from any other. It is most nearly related to B. Schiede-
anus, but differs from that species in having a shorter, more rapidly acuminated
spire, longer and much more globose body-whorl, more lengthened and nar-
rower aperture, and rougher surface.
Animal not observed.
Bulimulus alternatus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LI. a, upper and lower Fig., LI. b.
Ovate-conic, with alternate gray and brownish longitudinal vittae. Inhabits
Mexico. Shell umbilicated, ovate-conic, with longitudinal lines, subequal, gray
and light brownish vittae ; the brown is paler, almost approaching in some in-
stances a drab ; the white vittae consist of more or less confluent, transverse,
irregular lines, and small spots ; whorls about 6, a little convex ; suture not
profoundly impressed ; labrum (in some specimens) with a thickened line or
rib on the inner submargin, within white, with a perlaceous tinge. Length, l£
of an inch ; greatest breadth, T7¥. This species appears to be not uncommon
BULIMULUS.
389
Fig. 271.
B. alternatus (Say).
in Mexico, as many specimens were sent me by Mr. Maclure ; but from what
particular locality I know not. (Say.)
Bulimus alternatus, Say, New Harmony Diss., Dec. 30,
1830; Descr., 25; ed. Binney, 39. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., II. 221. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
126, PI. LXXX. Figs. 1, 3, 18 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 200
(1869).
Bulimus dealbatus, Binney, part, Terr. Moll., II. 276, PI.
LI. a, upper and lower fig., PI. LI. b. — Not Say.
Bulimus Marian, Albers, Heliceen, 162. — Pfeiffer, Proc.
Zobl. Soc, 1858, 23; Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 350; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, 157, PI. XLVIII. Figs. 7, 8. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 128.
Bulimus Binncyanus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 128.
— Not Pfeiffer.
Thaumastus alternatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 171, PI. XIII. Fig. 16
(1867).
Thaumastus Maria:, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 172, PI. XIV. (1867).
Texan Subregion. From Louisiana through Texas into Mexico. It belongs
rather to the fauna of Mexico, extending into the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.1
Found in great numbers upon bushes, the ground below them being often cov-
ered with dead shells.
This species is readily distinguished from the allied forms by its greater
solidity, its highly polished surface, its more
elongated form, its dark-colored aperture, bor-
dered with the white internal margin of the
peritreme, and the tooth-like callus upon the
upper portion of the columella. It varies con-
siderably in form, being sometimes quite slender,
at others quite globose. In color it shows every
variation from uniform brownish to pure white.
The aperture, however, is always dark, and has
a white, thickened rim within the peristome. It
is most attractive when ornamented with alter-
nate white and brown longitudinal blotches.
There can, I believe, be no doubt that the shell under consideration is what
Mr. Say described as alternatus. His description is given above, and a copy
(Fig. 271) of a colored drawing by Mrs. Say, under which is written, in Mr.
Say's hand, " Bulimus alternatus, Mexico, Wm. Maclure."
The species was known to Dr. Binney and figured in the Terrestrial Mol-
lusks, but as a variety of B. dealbatus. Plate LI. b, and the upper and lower
figures of Plate LI. a, certainly represent the species. The central figures of
i Forbes (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, 54) mentions a Bulimus alternatus from Panama.
Fig. 272.
B. alternatus.
390 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Plate LI. a, represent a variety of B. dealbatus (q. v.), as does also, I should
judge, Fig. 2 of Plate LI.,1 though the last may be B. Schiedeanus.
In Vol. IV. of Terrestrial Mollusks I took the same view of Bui. alternatus
as at present, having the original figure of Mr. Say to assist in determining the
species (PI. LXXX. Fig. 3). I figured (PI. LXXX. Fig. 1) a specimen on
which a dark brown color is but slightly broken by white upon the upper
whorls. Fig. 15 of the same plate should be also referred to B. alternatus. On
account of the lesser development of the columellar fold I erroneously referred
it to JB. Schiedeanus. On p. 128 I repeated Pfeiffer's description of Bulhnus
Marice. I had seen no specimen, and admitted the species only temporarily,
observing that it must be nearly allied, if not identical, with B. alternatus.
Since that time I have received authentic specimens, and have learnt that Bui.
Maria; was described from specimens similar to those I have considered as Bid.
alternatus. While preparing the fourth volume of the Terrestrial Mollusks for
publication, I sent to Dr. Pfeiffer for identification specimens like those figured
on Plate LI. b. He returned them with the name B. Binneyanus. This will
account for the use of that name on p. 128. I have subsequently learnt that,
deciding the specimens sent to be a variety of B. Marke, he applied the name
B. Binneyanus to quite another species (Proc. Zobl. Soc, 1858, PI. XLII.
Fig. 4).
Pfeiffer gives Say's description of B. alternatus as a species unknown to him.
It is not mentioned by other authors.
Bulimus Maria, Albers, is referred to alternatus from the descriptio.., given
below, of Albers and Pfeiffer,8 from the figure in the second edition of Chem-
nitz, and from authentic specimens in my collection.
Bulimus Marice. Shell perforate, ovate-pyramidal, striatu-
lg' ' ' late, shining, white, varied irregularly with diaphanous bands
and spaced blotches; whorls 6h, convex, joined by a deep
suture, the last a little shorter than the spire ; columella some-
what constricted, strongly tuberculate above; aperture oblong-
oval, smoky within ; peristome whitely labiate within, broadly
expanded, its columellar margin reflexed, patent. Length 30,
diameter 12 mill.; of aperture, length 12, interior breadth 7
mill. (Albers.)
Fig. 273 represents a common form of Bulimus Maria;.3
Dr. Pfeiffer's description of B. Maria is as follows : —
Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-conic, solid, rather smooth, white, often
i In the explanation of the plates in Vol. III. Dr. Gould refers Plate LI. b, to Bu
Schiedeanus, PI. LI. a, to lactarius, and Fig. 2 of LI. to alternatus.
2 Plate LI. b, of Terr. Moll, is referred by Pfeiffer to a form of B. Marice, PI. LI. a, t.o
lactarius, which he says may be alternatus, and PI. LI. Fig. 2, to Schiedeanus.
8 The figure being in outline is unshaded in the aperture, which in the original is dark
brown.
BULIMULUS.
391
Fig. 274.
marked with spots and obsolete blotches of horn-color; spire conic, acute;
whorls 6|, rather convex, the last about as long as the spire, hardly attenuated
at base ; columella with a small dentiform fold ; aperture scarcely oblique,
acuminately oblong, brownish within; peristome straight, its
right margin somewhat arched, its columellar margin broad-
ened above, spreading. Length 33, diameter 14-15 mill.; of
aperture, length 16-17, breadth 1\ mill.
One of the uniformly white forms of the species is figured
in Fig. 274, and two of the same from the table-land west of
Fort Clark, figured in Fig. 272, show the variation in breadth
of which the species is capable.
Jaw as usual in the genus ; nu-
merous delicate ribs ; a strong upper
muscular attachment.
There are about 76 rows of teeth on the lingual
membrane of B. alternatus, each consisting of 75
(37 — 1 — 37.) teeth. Central teeth long, unicuspid,
bluntly pointed, the laterals bicuspid, modified as
they pass off laterally into the marginals.
Genitalia not observed.
Fig. 275.
B. cdternatus.
Lingual dentition of
B. alternalus.
B. Schiedeanus.
Bulimulua Schiedeanus, Pfeiffer.
Shell perforated, ovate-acute, calcareous, white, with irregular longitudinal
wrinkle-like striae ; whorls 64, rather .
' z Fig. 276.
convex, the last as long as the spire ;
aperture oval-oblong, brownish within ;
columella obsoletely folded ; peristome
simple, acute, its margins joined with
a shining callus, the columellar one
broadly reflected, white and shining.
Length 31, diameter 17 mill.; length
of aperture 1 7, breadth 9 mill.
Bulimus Schiedeanus, Pfeiffer, Symb. ad Hel. Hist., I. 43 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.,1
II. 187 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, No. 216, PI. XLVI. Figs. 3, 4 (1854). — Phi-
lippi, Icon., I. 3, p. 56, PI. I. Fig. 12 (1843). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 361.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 129 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 204 (1869).
Bulimus alter italics, Binney, Terr. Moll., PI. LI. Fig. 2. — Not of Say.
Thaumastus Schiedeanus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 172 (1867).
Texas and the neighboring part of Mexico. Very common in Washin°i;on
County, Texas.
From Bulimulus cdternatus this species is distinguished by a rougher surface,
i Pfeiffer quotes also as synonymes the manuscript names B. xanthostomus, Wiegm.,
and B. candidissimus, Nyst.
392
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
a light-colored aperture, a shorter and more pyramidal spire, and by the want
of the highly developed tooth-like fold upon the columella. It is of a dead
white color, not variegated with brown blotches. The aperture is shorter and
wider, and there is no strong internal white thickening to the peritreme. Like
all the species of the group it has a highly polished, very light waxen apex.
There are sometimes light delicate waxen vittaR upon the first two whorls.
No description of this species was given by Dr. Binney, nor was it figured
unless in PI. LI. Fig. 2, as B. dealbatus, var. On p. 278 of Vol. II. Dr. Gould
erroneously refers to it PI. LI. b.
There is a great difference in the comparative globoseness of the various
specimens.
The shell figured as a variety of B. Schiedeanus with a dark-colored aper-
ture in the fourth volume of the Terrestrial Mollusks (PI. LXXX. Fig. 15) is
rather a specimen of Bui. alternalus, in which the columellar fold is not as
strongly developed as usual. Fig. 8 of the same plate I describe below as vari-
ety Mooreanus.
Lingual membrane as in dealbatus. Jaw with 13 ribs.
Variety Mooreanus.
Shell perforated, ovate-conic, thin, white, with a dark lead-colored apex, and
below the middle of the body-whorl of a light coffee-
Fig. 277. ... ?
color ; smooth, with microscopic revolving lines ;
whorls 7, convex, the last equalling about two thirds
the shell's length ; aperture ovate, light within ; colu-
mella straight; peristoriie acute, very thin, with
an internal delicate white rim, its margins uncon-
nected with callus, that of the columella broad,
white, slightly reflected. Length, 25 mill. ; breadth,
12 mill.
Bulimus Schiedeanus, var., W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 129, PI. LXXX.
Fig. 8.
Bulimus Mooreanus, Pfeiffer, Mon., VI. 143 (1868).
Found in large numbers in Washington and DeWitt Counties, Texas, by
Fig. 279. Dr. F. W. Moore, and at Leon by Fig 278
Lieutenant Beale.
It is a more fragile, highly polished
shell than B. Schiedeanus, and is pe-
culiar in having the dark apex and
the body-whorl light coffee-colored
below the upper margin of the aper-
ture. In one case only have I ob-
served the whole shell of this color; it was then
of a darker hue. There is an extremely light,
transparent callus on the parietal wall of the aperture.
B. Mooreanus.
B. Mooreanus.
B. Mooreanus.
BULIMULUS. 393
To this variety also are to be referred specimens having delicate longitudinal
light wax-colored patches. (Fig. 279.)
Animal not observed.
Bulimulus dealbatus, Say.
Vol. HI. PL LI. Fig. 1 ; Fig. LI. a, except upper and lower Figs.
Shell umbilicated, ovate-conical, or rather ventricose, thin, white, with longi-
tudinal lines and blotches of ash ; suture impressed ; whorls 6 to 7, ventricose,
acuminate, the last equalling the spire ; aperture oval ; peristome acute, rarely
a little thickened within, somewhat reflected at its columellar portion, and
partially hiding the umbilicus. Length of axis, 18 mill. ; diameter, 12 mill.
Helix dealbata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 159 (1821) ; ed. Binney, 20.
Bulimus dealbatus, Potiez & Michaud, Galerie, I. 139, PI. XIII. Figs. 3, 4. —
Philippi, Icon., I. p. 158, PI. II. Fig. 6 (1844). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 187 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 55. — Reeve, Con. Icon., Fig. 455. —
Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 276, PL LI. Fig. 1 ; PL LI. a, excepting upper and
lower Fig. ? — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 130, PL LXXX." Figs. 6, 7;
L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 208 (1869).
Bulimus confinis, Reeve, Con. Icon., 643 (1850). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
III. 341.
Bulimus liquabilis, Reeve, Con. Icon., 387.
Bulimus lactarius, Menke in Pfeiffer,1 Mon., II. 187. — Reeve, Con. Icon.,
217. —Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 35.
Scutalus dealbatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 173 (1867).
A species of the Interior and Southern Regions, found from North Caro-
lina to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, also Henry and Lawrence Counties,
Kentucky. Very common in Central Alabama, where immense beds of semi-
fossilized shells are found, several feet below the surface.
This species, when found in Northern Alabama, is about three fourths of an
inch in length, is quite thin, almost transparent, with a thin peristome. In
more southern localities its size is greater, its shell thicker, its coloring richer,
and within the aperture the peritreme is margined with a broad white callus.
Under such circumstances it bears considerable resemblance to B. alternatus,
but the interior of the aperture never has the dark coloring of that species, nor
is the columella furnished with the tooth-like fold. It is especially in Texas
that it is found in 6uch perfection. I have no doubt that the specimens figured
on PI. LI. a, of the Terrestrial Mollusks came from that State.
It is this last-descrilic 1 form of the species which has been called Bulimus
lactarius. I have seen no authentic specimen, but from Pfeiffer's description
(see Terr. Moll., IV. 1 28), and his reference to all but the lower figure of PL
LI. a (Mon., TV. 476), there remains no doubt of the identity of the two.
1 Pfeiffer quotes as synonyme the unpublished name of Bulimus Oakottii, Ntst.
394 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
The variation in the globoseness of the whorls, and consequent outline of the
shell, may be judged from the following measurements of two specimens :
diameter 18, length 25 mill.; diameter 7, length 19 mill.
Of Bulimus Uquabilis and confinis I have given the original description and a
fac-simile of the original figures in the fourth volume of the Terrestrial Mol-
lusks.
The jaw of Bulimulus dealbatus \s narrow, strongly arched, with distant, very
delicate anterior ribs, denticulating the concave margin. (See above, Fig. 269.)
The lingual membrane consists of 94 rows of teeth, 25 — 1 — 25 teeth. (See
above, p. 387.)
The anatomy is figured by Leidy (1. a). The penis sac is very long; its
upper portion is narrow and very tortuous, and flagellate in appearance ;
although the true flagellum, or the free portion of the summit of the penis
beyond the insertion of the retractor muscle, is very short. The lower third of
the penis is dilated, and presents an annular constriction ; at its base it is
enveloped by a short prepuce. The vas deferens follows the course of the
penis nearly to its summit. The genital bladder is oval ; its duct as long as the
oviduct.
Bulimulus serperastrus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. L. Fig. 2.
Shell elongate, ovate, even fusiform, thin, with delicate lines of increment,
yellowish-white, with about 6 unecpial, interrupted, sometimes coalescent,
bluish-black bands on the large whorl, three of which are continued on the
upper whorls ; whorls 6 or 7, slightly convex, with a fine, well-marked suture ;
aperture less than half the length of the shell, lunate, one half longer than
wide, rather acute at base ; peristome sharp, expanded, its columellar portion
widening upwards, and protecting a moderate-sized umbilical opening ; colu-
mellar margin straight ; the bands of the exterior reappear, in still deeper
colors, in the fauces, but terminate at some distance short of the peristome,
which is white, or tinted more or less rose-color. Length 31, diameter 13 mill. ;
aperture 15 mill, long, 8 wide.
Bulimus serperastrus, Say, New Harmony Diss., Dec. 30, 1830; Binney's ed.,
39. _ Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 102 ; III. 341 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 82,
PI. XXX. Fig. 122; PI. XXXIX. Fig. 5 (1854). — Philippi, Icon., III. 23, p.
43, Tab. IX. Fig. 6 (1850). —Reeve, Con. 'Icon., No. 252. — Binney, Terr.
Moll., II. 274, PI. L. Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 126; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 192 (1869).
Bulimus Liebmanni, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 106.
Bulimus Zicbmanni, Reeve, Con. Icon., 506.
Bulimus nitelinus, Reeve, Con. Icon., 398.
Drymceus serperastrus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 167 (1867).
This species belongs more to the fauna of Mexico and Central America than
BULIMULUS. 395
to that of the United States, but is admitted here because it has actually been
found in Texas. It cannot, however, be considered a species of the Texan
Subregion.
More slender and elongated individuals have been described under the
names of B. Liebmani and Ziebmanni. The former name is withdrawn in the
third volume of Pfeiffer's Monograph. An imperfect smaller specimen is de-
scribed as nitelinus. I do not agree with Dr. Gould in also placing B. lilacinus,
Rve., in the synonymy.
The specimen figured above is from Dr. Binney's collection. Fig. 835 of
L. & Fr.-W. Shells, I., is copied from a drawing by Mrs. Say, under which is writ-
ten in Mr. Say's handwriting, " Bulimus serperastrus, Mexico, Mr. McClure."
This places the identity of the species beyond any doubt.
In the collection of Mr. Bland is a uniformly white specimen.
Animal not observed.
Bulimulus multilineatus, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LVIII.
Shell subperforate, thin and strong, elongated, ovate-acuminate, smooth and
shining, of a bright yellowish-white color, variegated with longitudinal stripes
and spiral zones of dark chestnut, of various widths, none of which are constant,
except a subsutural line, continued to the apex, which is also black ; whorls
about 7, a little convex ; suture delicate ; aperture rounded-ovate, a little more
than one third the length of the shell ; peristome acute ; columella straight,
widening upwards, and protecting a minute umbilical opening. Length, 25
mill.; diameter, 10 mill.
Bulimus multilineatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V. 120 (1825) ; ed
Binnky, 28. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 132 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 197 (1869). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II.
204.
Bulimus Menkei, Gruner, Wiegm. Archiv., 1841, I. 277, PI. XI. Fig. 2. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 176.
Bulimus venosus, Reeve, Con. Icon., PL XLV. Fig. 285 (1848).
Bulimus virgulatus, Binney, not Ferussac, Terr. Moll., II. 278, PI. LVIII. —
Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 259, PL XV. Figs. 7-8 (1851), anat. — Pfeiffer,
1. c, IV.
Mesembrinus multilineatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 169 (1867).
Key West and Lower Matacumba Key, in the Florida Subregion ; St.
Martha, Magdalena, and Bambo Bay, New Grenada ; Maracaibo and Porto
Cabello, Venezuela (cabinet of Mr. Swift). It evidently belongs to the fauna of
New Grenada, and it is difficult to account for its presence in ihe Florida Sub-
region. (See p. 37.)
There is considerable confusion regarding the synonymy of this shell. An
immature specimen from Florida was first described by Mr. Say as Bulimus
396 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
multilineaius. It was not again met with until Dr. Binney received specimens
from his collector in Florida. From these shells it was described and figured in
the Terrestrial Mollusks. Its identity with Mr. Say's species was there recog-
nized, but as B. multilineatus was considered a eynonyme of the West Indian
Bulimus virgulalus,1 our shell was placed under that name. In the fourth vol-
ume of the Terrestrial Mollusks I restored to the species the original name
of multilineatus. Among European authors the name is mentioned only by
Pfeiffer (Mon., II. 204) as a species unknown to him, and later (IV. 482) as a
eynonyme of Bui. elongatus. The last quotation was probably influenced by
the treatment of the species in the Terrestrial Mollusks, as he also quotes in
the same synonymy the description and figure of that work. It appears to me
that Dr. Pfeiffer has described the species from specimens from the Orinoco,
under the name of Bulimus Menkei. While criticising the plates of the Ter-
restrial Mollusks (Mai. Blatt., 1859, p. 29) he notices the resemblance of the
upper- figure to Bui. Menkei in color.
The name Bulimus venosus of Reeve was suggested for the specimens from
the banks of the Orinoco, on account of Bulimus Menkeanus of Fe"russac pre-
venting the use of the name Bui. Menkei.
Specimens resembling those from Florida have been received from Vene-
zuela by Mr. Swift. There can be no doubt of the species having several times
been found in Florida as well as in South America.
I add below the descriptions of Say and Pfeiffer.
Bulimics multilineatus. — Shell conic, not very obviously wrinkled ; whorls not
very convex, yellowish-white, with transverse entire reddish-brown lines ; a
blackish subsutuial revolving line ; suture not deeply indented, lineolar ; apex
blackish ; umbilicus small, surrounded by a broad blackish line ; -columella
whitish ; labrum simple, blackish. Length less than seven tenths of an inch ;
greatest breadth less than seven twentieths of an inch. This species was found
by Mr. Titian Peale on the southern part of East Florida. (Say. )
Bulimus Menkei. — Shell subperforated, oblong-acute, thin, smooth, white, with
three bands (two confluent, one sutural) and streaks of chestnut ; whorls 7,
rather convex, the last about equalling two fifths the shell's length ; columella
obliquely receding ; aperture oval-oblong ; peristome simple, acute, black, its
columellar termination dilated, arcuately reflected, appressed. Length, 21 mill. ;
diameter, 9. mill. ; aperture, 9 mill, long, 4^ wide. Near Orinoco, Venezuela.
(Pfeiffer.)
A study of these descriptions will, I believe, convince one of the identity of
the Florida and Orinoco shells with Bulimus multilineatus. There can be no
doubt that the well-known Bui. elongatus is quite a distinct species.
Jaw and lingual dentition unknown.
Genitalia (see Leidy, 1. c.). The penis sac is long, irregularly cylindroid,
l This is low recognized as a synonynie of B. elongatus, Bolt.
BULIMULUS. 397
and has its base enclosed in a short prepuce ; the vas deferens terminates in,
and the retractor muscle is inserted into, its summit ; the genital bladder is
oval, its duct is not more than one third the length of the oviduct, and dilates
as it passes downwards.
Bulimulus Dormani, W. 6. Binney.
Shell perforated, thin, transparent, shining, elongated-conic, of a very light
waxen color, with several regular revolving series of interrupted,
perpendicular, reddish-brown patches ; suture distinctly marked ; Fi&- 280-
apex punctured ; whorls 6, rather convex, marked with numer-
ous very fine revolving lines ; upper whorls striate, last whorl
full, with a hardly perceptible obtuse carina at the upper ex-
tremity of the peristome. Length, 29 mill.; diameter, 12 mill.
Bulimus Dormani, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad.,
1857, 188; Terr. Moll., IV. 132, PL LXXX. Fig. 10; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. — Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., 1859, 45.
Liostracus Dormani, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 169 (1867). B Vormani.
Florida Subregion. Found at several points, among them Hanson's, near
St. Augustine, Florida, by O. M. Dorman ; also at General Hernandez's plan-
tation on the Matanzas River; Port Orange, Halifax River; from between
Cedar Keys and Suwanee.
Judging from the description and figure given by Reeve, Bulimus maculatus,
Lea, of Carthagena, New Grenada, must be nearly related to this species.
The original specimen from which my former description was drawn was
thickened and of a chalky white, probably having been burned. I have re-
cently received from Mr. Dorman fresh specimens which are very thin and of
a waxen hue.
Animal of a dirty white ; mantle banded as the shell. Usually found adher-
ing to the under side of the leaves of palmetto, high above the ground.
Jaw as usual in the subgenus, thin, transparent, slightly arcuate, wide, ends
attenuated, blunt; anterior surface with about 54 distant, plait-like ribs, those
of the upper median portion decidedly converging.
Lingual membrane (PL X. Fig. F) with about 79 — 1 — 79 teeth, of the form
already noticed in Bui. laticinctus, Bahamensis, aurisleporis, papyraceus, Jonasi,
viembranaceus, etc., etc., but hitherto unnoticed in any North American species.
The centrals have a base of attachment longer than wide, a stout, short, tri-
cuspid reflection, each cusp bearing a distinct cutting point. Laterals with
equilateral base of attachment, large irregularly tricuspid reflection ; the cut-
ting point is extremely wide, oblique, tricuspid, the central division the largest.
The marginals differ only in smaller size, more elongated reflection, and instead
of the single outer cutting point there are three or four, giving a serrated ap-
pearance. The lingual membrane is broad.
398
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Genitalia (PL XV. Fig. J) without accessory organs. The penis sac is long,
cylindrical, tapering into a flagellum above, and receiving the vas deferens
near its lower termination. The genital bladder is ovate on a long duct.
Fig. 281.
Bulimulus Marielinus, Poey.
Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, very minutely substriate, somewhat shin-
ing, pellucid, white, varied above the middle by numerous sub-
interrupted, reddish-chestnut bands ; spire conic, somewhat acute ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last about equalling the spire, sub-
attenuated at buje ; aperture scarcely oblique, subelliptical, nar-
rowed at base ; peristome simple, straight, its columellar termina-
tion subreflected above, appressed. Length 16, diameter 8 mill.;
of aperture, length 9, breadth in its centre 5 mill.
Bulimics Marielinus, Poey, Memorias, I. 212, 447 ; II. PL XII.
Figs. 32, 33 (young). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 407.—
W. G'. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 193 (1869).
Buli?nus (Lcptomerus) Marielinus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 174 (1867).
A Cuban species, specimens of which were found by Dr. J. G. Cooper in
the Florida Subregion in Southern Florida; one of them is drawn in Fig. 281.
I have also received it from near the Miami River.
The shell is very thin. It may readily be distinguished from B. Dormani.
It is more cylindrical in outline, its bands of color are revolving, not longitu-
dinal.
Jaw short, broad, strongly arched above, moderately so below ; ends attenu-
ated, blunt ; anterior surface with coarse longitudinal striae, and with rib-like
processes, scarcely elevated, but denticulating the cutting edge.
Lingual membrane not observed.
Genitalia not observed.
Fig. 282.
Bulimulus Floridanus, Pfeiffer.
Shell narrowly perforated, ovate-elongate, rather smooth, grayish-green, vari-
egated with white opaque streaks and spots ; spire elon-
gate-conic, somewhat acute ; whorls 6|, rather convex,
the upper ones banded with interrupted brown, the last
about three sevenths the length of the shell, subangulated
below the middle, attenuated at the base ; columella
somewhat twisted, receding ; aperture slightly oblique,
oval ; peristome thin, its right termination narrowly ex-
panded, the columellar termination dilated, reflected,
hardly touching the shell. Length 15|-17, diameter
7^ mill. ; length of aperture 1\, diameter 4| mill.
Bulimus Floridanus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, 330; Mon. Hel. Viv.,
B Floridanus.
BULIMULUS. 399
IV. 406. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 134, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 3 ; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 194, Fig. 338 (1869), not of Conrad.
Liostracus Floridanus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 168 (1867).
Florida, in the Florida Subregion.
The specific name must not be confounded with that proposed by Conrad for
a fossil species (Sill. Am. Jour. [2], II. 399).
I have not seen this species. Fig. 282 is copied from drawings of the origi-
nal specimen in Mr. Cuming's collection.
Animal not observed.
Spurious Species of Bulimulus, etc.
Bulimus radialus, Lamarck, is attributed to the Western prairies in Wheatley's
Catalogue of U. S. Shells, 21.
Bulimus negleclus, Pfr., has been erroneously referred to Texas (Mart, k Alb.,
Helic, 188). — Pfeiffer, II. 113, says Brazil ; in VI. 55, he says Texas on au-
thority of Alb., ed. 2.
Bulimus acutus, Muller, is quoted, without description, from N. A. by Forbes,
(Br. Ass. Rep., 1840, 145). See also Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 409.
Bulimus octona, Brug. , has been found in greenhouses and gardens, where it has
been introduced on plants. It is a Stcnogyra.
Bulimus cxiguus, Binn., is the same as C'arychium cxiguum.
Bulimics fascial us, Binn., is the same as Liguus fasciatus.
Bulimus Gossei, Pfr., vid. Macroceramus.
Bulimus Kiencri, Pfr., vid. Macroceramus Kieneri.
Bulimus lubricus, Ad., etc., is the same as Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Bulimus obscurus, Dr., vid. Pupa placida, Say.
Bulimtcs striatus, Brug., is the same as Glandina trunctita.
Bulimus vcxillum, Brug., is the same as Liguus fasciatus.
Bulimus vcrmctus, Anthony, is unknown to me. He thus describes it (Cover of
Haldeman's Monograph, No. 3, July, 1841) : Shell turriculated, livid brown ;
whorls 5, striated longitudinally ; suture deeply indented ; apex entire ; body
whorl a little more than equal to the spire ; spire two and a half times the length
of the aperture ; length 3, width \\ lines ; aperture obliquely ovate ; length of
the aperture equal to the width of the body whorl. Ohio, near Cincinnati.
Distinguished by its peculiar mouth, which is curved in a regular curve from
right to left, contracted at the upper angle, and spreading below ; the whorls
are also very deeply indented, and twisted as they are in Succinea vermeta.
Bulimus Mexicanus, Lamarck, and
Bulimus Humboldti, Reeve, have been doubtfully referred to Mazatlan.
Bulimus Laurcntii, Sowerby, Sitka, is, I presume, from Sitcha, San Salvador,
not from the northwest coast (see Terr. Moll. U. S., IV. 25).
Bulimus acicula, Mull., T. M., IV. 137, vide Cazcilianella acicula.
Bulimus marginatus, W. G. Binn., = Pupafallax.
Bulimus modicus, W. G. Binn., = Pupa modica.
Bulimus chordatus, Pfr., = Pupa chordata.
400 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Bulimus decollates and B. mutilatus, Say, = Stenogyra decollate.
Bulimus subulus, W. G. Binn., = Stenogyra oclonoides.
Bulimics gracillimus, W. G. Binn., = Stenogyra gracillima.
Bulimus harpa, Binn., = Acanthinula harpa.
Bulimus carinatus, Bruo., Encycl. Meth., I. 301 (1792); Bosc, IV. 89 (Buc-
cinuni, Lister & Petiver), is an exotic Melanian, not inhabiting Virginia.
Bulimus urceus, Brug., Encycl. Meth.. 1. 298 (1792), from Mississippi River, =
Ampullaria.
Melania striata, Perry, Conch., PI XXIX. Fig. 5, "New California," is Buli-
mus melania, Ferussac.
Bulimics Bcrlandierianus, Binn., hi Am. Journ. Conch., 1865. Amer. bor., Pfr.,
Mon., VI. 153 (1868), probably confounding the Limmean Bulinus.
Bulimulus Cali/ornicus, Reeve. Shell somewhat acuminately ovate, rather thin,
scarcely umbilicated ; whorls 6 in number, smooth ; columella reflected, lip
simple ; cream-color, encircled with interrupted transverse blue-black zones
(Reeve, Con. Icon., 378). Is not a California species, but probably Mexican.
See L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 199.
Columna Californica, Pfeiffer. Shell subulate, thin, with very crowded, ob-
lique stria or wrinkles, waxen white ; whorls 12 to 13, the upper convex, the
last three or four flat, the last exceeding slightly one sixth the shell's length,
sharply carinated at base, below the carina somewhat hollowed out ; columella
arched, thickened, subtruncated, reaching the base ; aperture somewhat four-
sided ; peristome simple, acute. Length 23, diameter 3^ mill. ; aperture, 4
mill, long, 2£ wide.
Achatina Californica, Pfeiffer, Symb. ad. Hist. Hel., III. 89; Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 267. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 115. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 26, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 19 ; L. & Fr. W. Sh., I. 190. —Bland, Ann. N.
Y. Lye, VIII. 166, Fig. 10 (1865).
Columna Californica, Chenp, Man. de Conch., I. 431, Fig. 3172.
Referred to Monterey, California, but certainly not found there. I have given a
copy of Reeve's figure, and a figure of a specimen from Bogota, New Grenada,
which seems identical with it in L. k Fr.-W. Shells, I. The species is a
Khodea.
Fossil Species of Columna.
Columna? teres, Meek k Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philad., 1860, 431 (=
Bui? teres), Clausilia? M. k H., 1. c, 1856, 117.
Columna? vermiculus (Clausilia?) Meek k Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL
Philad., 1860, 431 (= Bui ? vermiculus), M. k H., 1. c, 1856, 118.
Fossil Species of Bulimulus, etc.
Bulimus limneiformis, Meek k Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860,
431 = B. Nebrascensis, 1. c.
Bulimus Floridanus, Conrad, Sill. Am. Journ. Sc. [2], II. 399.
Bulimus perversus, Mkkk k Hayden, = Clausilia contraria, M. k H.
LIGUUS. 401
Doubtful Species of Achatina.
Liguus Virgineus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., II. 423, Louisiana. {A. Virgineus,
Jay, Wheatley. Bulimus vexillum, DeKay.) The species is from Haiti.
Acliatina lubrica, Binney. See Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Achatina bullata, Pfr. See Glandina.
Achatina truncata, Pfr. See Glandina.
Achatina Vanuxemensis, Lea. See Glandina.
Achatina rosea, Deshayes. See Glandina truncata.
Achatina striata, DeKay, is Glandina truncata. See Terr. Moll., IV. 139.
Achatina subula, Pfr. See Stenogyra.
Achatina Texasiana, Pfr. See Glandina.
Acliatina australis, Villa, N. Am., Disp., 19. Unknown to me.
Achatina pcllucida, Pfr. See Blauneria. See Vol. IV.
Achatina gracillima, Pfr. See Stenogyra.
Achatina flammigcra, Say (ed. Binney, 29) = Orthalicus undatus.
Achatina flammigera, Ferussac. See Vol. IV. 138.
Achatina mucronata, etc. , etc., Maine, Ravenel's Cat.,' 1874, 44, is a typograph-
ical error for Achatintlla mucronata of Maui.
Achatina , Baffin's Bay. See Morch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 38.
D. GONIOGNATHA.
Jaw in separate pieces, the upper median one usually triangular ; marginal
teeth quadrate.
LIGUUS, Montf.
Animal heliciform, obtuse before, long and pointed behind ; mautle subcen-
tral, protected by a shell ; other characters as in Orthalicus, q. v.
Shell imperforate, solid, elongate-conic, apex acuminated, variously fas-
ciated; whorls 7-8, the last equalling about one third the shell's length.;
columella constricted, distinctly truncate in adult individuals ; aperture lunate-
oval, subangulated ; peristome straight, acute, its margins joined by an enter-
ing callus.
But very few species of this genus are known, restricted to Cuba and Haiti.
One of them has, however, been quoted from Guiana, and another has become
naturalized in our Florida Subregion, having been introduced into the south-
ern extremity of the peninsula.
Jaw thick, arcuate, ends rapidly attenuated, pointed; composite, being in
numerous, separate, free, imbricated, triangular pieces,
with sutures inclined obliquely'to the centre of the jaw,
so as to leave an upper median, angular piece ; other
pieces are soldered together above. Cutting edge with
no median projection, serrated by the lower angles of jawofZ. virginew
the oblique pieces. For more detailed description see
below, under Orthalicus, which has a similar jaw. I am not able to give a
figure of the jaw of the only species found within our limits, L. fascialus. I
vol. iv. 26
<=»
402 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
is, however, figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PI. V. Fig. 4, a, b). It is similar to that
of the allied species L. virgineus, which is figured here on last page.
The only species found within our limits, L. fasciatus, has about 69 — 1 — 69
teeth, judging from a lingual membrane examined by me. That figured in L.
and Fr.-W. Sh., I. p. 214, has 94 rows of 55 — 1 — 55 teeth each. As elsewhere
stated, there is often a difference in the number of transverse teeth in almost
all species, and indeed upon different parts of the same membrane. The mem-
brane is shaped like that of Orthalicus. (See PI. XVI. Fig. M.)
The central tooth (PI. X. Fig. G) ha3 a base of attachment long and nar-
row, with strongly incurved sides, widely expanded, excurved and fringed
lower margin, and upper margin less expanded, rounded, and broadly reflected.
The reflection is stout, and very rapidly narrows, without any appearance of
side cusps, into a very broad, long, bluntly rounded median cusp, bearing a still
broader, short, bluntly truncated cutting edge (as such a blunt organ cannot be
called a point) reaching nearly to the lower edge of the base of attachment.
It may be that I have here incorrectly considered the upper margin of the base
of attachment as reflected and extended into the cusp. As in the case of the
side teeth, I should, perhaps, rather say that the upper margin is not reflected,
but that just below the middle of the base of attachment there springs up from
its surface a broad, gouge-shaped cusp, bearing a still broader cutting edge (see
d, where the form of the cusp of the side teeth is shown by the profile). The
side teeth run rapidly and obliquely backward from the central tooth, thus
givincr a chevron-like arrangement to the membrane. The teeth are crowded
together both longitudinally and transversely, excepting as they approach the
outer edges of the membrane, where they are much more separated.
I have used the term side teeth instead of lateral and marginal teeth, because
it is difficult to decide which of these types they properly are. Taking into
consideration the fact of there being distinct lateral teeth in the allied species,
L. virgineus, and that the marginals of that species resemble the side teeth of
L. fasciatus, I am inclined to believe we should consider all the side teeth of
fasciatus as marginals. In this case we must consider that the lateral teeth are
entirely suppressed. The marginals, as I have decided to call them, are of the
same type as the centrals. The base of attachment is, however, asymmetrical
by the suppression of both upper and lower inner lateral expansion; the upper
margin is simply squarely truncated. Above the centre of the base of attach-
ment springs from its surface the gouge-shaped, rounded, gradually expanding
cusp, reaching nearly the lower margin of the base of attachment, and produced
into a still more expanded, bluntly truncated cutting edge (one cannot call it a
cutting point), which projects far beyond the lower margin of the base of
attachment on to the teeth of the next transverse row, and is also greatly ex-
panded on the outer side, so as to overlap the adjoining tooth. This cutting
edge is slightly incurved at its centre. There is one point of difference be-
LIGUUS. 403
tween the central and adjoining marginal teeth which is very marked ; in the
centrals the lower margin of the base of attachment is more expanded than the
cutting edge, the reverse of which is found in the marginals.
The marginals retain this general form to the extreme edge of the mem-
brane, but they decrease greatly in size upon the edge. The outer marginals
have to their cusps a small side spur, gouge-shaped as the cusp itself ; the ex-
treme marginals have such a spur at either side. In both cases the cutting
edge springs from the outer side of this side spur, which must be considered as
representing the side cusps of the usual Helicea type of dentition. I have
elsewhere (Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., XI. 39) shown that this type of tooth is
but a modification of the usual type brought about by the expansion, bluntly
rounding and shortening of the cusps, and the still greater expansion, bluntly
rounding and shortening of the cutting points, which are quite changed into
wide cutting edges.
I have given on PI. X. Fig. G, a group of central and marginal teeth in a,
an outer marginal in c, a marginal in profile in d.
The allied species L. virgineus differs from fascialus in having a long blunt
cutting point to its central tooth, and by.the presence of several true lateral
teeth with long cutting points, also in the presence of several teeth showing a
gradual change from the laterals to the marginals. A full description and de-
tailed figures of its dentition are given by me in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
XI. 41, PI. III.
Liguus is nearly allied in its lingual dentition to Orthalicus, but in that genus
also I have found one species with true lateral teeth, as will be shown below.
Liguus fasciatus, Muller.
Vol. III. Pis. LV., LVL, LVII.
Shell imperforate, conical, rather thick, smooth, shining, minutely striated ;
whorls 7 to 8, convex, decreasing in diameter gradually and regularly from the
body- whorl to the apex ; suture impressed ; apex obtuse, commonly white,
sometimes rosy ; aperture suboval, purely white internally, sometimes with a
thickened ridge within, and parallel to the peristome ; peristome acute, some-
times crenate ; columellar margin with a thin callus, sometimes rosy ; columella
subtruncate in the young, entire in the mature shell, imperforate; surface
beautifully variegated with broad, entire or interrupted bands, lines, and spots
of brown, with bands and lines of green and yellow, and with lines of rufous,
revolving upon the whorls from the apex to the aperture, but more distinct
upon the outer whorls ; a single system of coloring prevails in some shells,
while in others there is a mingling of all of them upon the same specimen.
Extreme length, 53 mill. ; diameter, 23 mill.
Buccinum fasciatum, Muller, Verm., II. 145 (1774).
Bulla fusciata, Chemnitz, Conch., IX. Tab. CVII. Figs. 1004-1006.
404 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Bulimus vexillum, Bruguieres, Encycl. Meth., No. 107.
Helix vexillum, Ferussac, Hist, PI. CXXI.
Achatina vexillum, Lamarck, An. 3. Vert., 2d ed., VIII. 298. — Not of DeKay.
Acliatina erenata, Swainson, Illust., PI. LVIII.
Achatina pallida, Swainson, 111., PI. XLI.
Achatina fa/tciata, Swainson, 111., PI. CLXII. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. II., Fig.
12. — D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub., I. 172, PI. VI. Figs. 1-7. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv., II. 245. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 138 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 213 (1869).
Achatina solida, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., V. 122 (1825); ed. Binney, 29.—
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 246.
Agatina variegata, Rafinesque, Enum. and Ace, 3 (1831); ed. Binney and
Tryon, 68.
Bulimics fasciatus, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 266, PI. LV., LVL, LVII. — Leidy,
T. M. U. S., I. 252, PI. V. (1851), anat.
Liguus fasciata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 165 (1867).
Liguus picta, Tryon, 1. c, 165, 4 (1867).
Lister, Icon., 1. c, Tab. XII. Fig. 7. — Gualt, 1. c, Tab. VI. Figs. C, D. —
D'Argenvii.le, 1. c, PI. XL Fig. M.
Miami River, southern part of Florida and islands and keys adjacent to
the coast ; Key West to Key Biscayne. Probably introduced from Cuba.
Animal dark brown or chocolate color over the whole body ; surface very
prominently granulated; eye-peduncles very long when extended, thick at
their base, ocular points black and small; tentacles long, conical, rounded at
the extremities ; collar lead-color ; extremity of foot usually rounded ; when in
motion, the whole foot glides smoothly forward, without any perceptible alter-
nate motion of the margins ; no distinct locomotive disk.
This species inhabits trees, upon the branches of which it is found. In
winter it hibernates by attaching its aperture very strongly to the bark of the
tree, by means of a thick, viscid, opaque secretion, which hardens to the con-
sistency of glue. In tearing it away, the bark or the shell is fractured sooner
than this secretion. At other times, when the animal withdraws into the shell,
it secretes only a thin, transparent epiphragm.
This is one of the species evidently due to the geographical proximity of their
locality to the island of Cuba. It occupies only the extreme end of the penin-
sula, and the nearest islands, whose shores are washed by the Gulf Stream, which
has already swept by the northern coast of Cuba. Many of the varieties of color-
ing and marking common to Cuban specimens may be noticed among the Florida
shells; but there is one well-defined variety, which, so far as we know, is pe-
culiar to Florida. This variety is longer and less ventricose than the others,
and its aperture is less ample. Upon a ground of pure white it is marked
;jpon the body-whorl, and above and below the sutures, with broad, ill-defined,
pale yellow bands. The apex and aperture are always white. The yellow
bands are sometimes confluent or nearly so, and the jellow color appears to be
LIGUUS. 405
diffused over the whole surface ; more rarely the shell is entirely white. The
columella is only slightly folded, and the lip is not crenate. The shell is some-
what thick. The variety is constant; and Mr. Say, supposing it to be a dis-
tinct species, called it Achatina solida, from the last-named character. (PI. LV.)
There are two other varieties, existing also in Cuban specimens, which are
well marked. The first (PI. LVII.) is distinguished by grass-green lines, more
or less numerous, and of greater or less diameter, and by narrow bands of the
same color, revolving upon a white ground. They are more numerous and
more distinct upon the body-whorl, and become almost obliterated on the pos-
terior whorls ; they are often undulating, and differ in the intensity of the color.
The peristome, at the points where the lines terminate, is crenate or notched,
which peculiarity has suggested one of the synonymes of the species. The
axis is usually shorter than in the preceding variety ; and, consequently, the
body-whorl and apert'^e are larger in proportion to the whole magnitude of
the shell ; the columella is also more folded and thickened. The aperture is
white. The other variety is marked by broad, entire or interrupted bands or
blotches of deep brown. (PL LVI.) These oometimes cover nearly the whole
surface ; at other times they are broken into irregular spots, which are arranged
above and below the sutures. The apex and the columellar margin are rosy ;
and so closely connected are these two characters with the presence of the
brown color on the surface, that if a single spot or line of it is seen externally,
the columellar margin will be pretty certainly found to be rosy. The colu-
mella is more prominently folded and thickened than in either of the other
varieties.
Well-characterized specimens of these three varieties differ so much from
each other that they might well be considered to be specifically distinct ; but
the passage from one to the other may be readily detected in some specimens.
We see some retaining the wide yellow bands, amidst which are numerous,
fine, green lines ; this shows the connection of the two first-named varieties,
but such specimens are comparatively rare. On the other hand, specimens
are much more common exhibiting the broad brown bands or blotches upon
the superior part of the spire, while the last, and perhaps the penultimate,
whorls are marked with green lines alone.
The columella is sometimes prominently plaited and thickened ; and the
peristome joins it at an obtuse angle, but it-is never truly truncated. In young
shells there is a more near approach to a truncation ; and a distinct apgle or
carina may be noticed on the body-whorl.
Jaw and lingual dentition (see p. 401, 402).
The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c). The penis sac is long, cylindri-
cal, and strongly muscular ; the vas deferens joins it near the summit, and the
retractor muscle, which is very long, is inserted into the latter ; the oviduct is
long, and its central part presents the peculiarity of being colored brown ; the
genital bladder is ovate, situated near the ovaij, and its duct is narrow,
406 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
and as long as the oviduct; the vagina is broad and muscular; at the base of
the penis there opens a short, cylindrical duct, derived from a single multifid
vesicle, which presents six or seven rounded or ovate divisions ; there is no
dart sac.
ORTHALICTTS, Beck.
Animal (see below).
Shell imperforate, ovate or oblong, ornamented with often articulated fillets ;
apex obtuse, last whorl inflated ; columella uniformly thickened, sometimes
callous, arcuate, obliquely subtruncate at base ; aperture longitudinal, oval.
The genus Orthalicus does not properly belong to the fauna of North Amer-
ica, but rather to that of tropical America, from whence specimens have been
introduced to the Florida mainland and Jteys, and Jamaica. In what manner
it was introduced it is difficult to say (see p. 36).
Subgenus ORTHALICUS, Beck, b. str.
Animal heliciform, large, scarcely included in the shell, long and obtuse
before, rapidly attenuated behind ; mantle posterior, slightly overlapping the
Fig. 284.
Animal of O. unda'.us.
peristome of the shell, and bilobed ; respiratory and anal orifices under the
peristome ; orifice of generative organs behind the right eye-peduncle ; no
caudal mucus pore, no locomotive disk.
Shell imperforate, ovate or oblong-conic, thin, striated, decussated with curl-
ing lines, and ornamented with usually articulated fillets and oblique swaths ;
whorls 6-8, the last inflated ; columella filiform, loosely arcuated-intorted,
obliquely subtruncated at base ; aperture oval ; peristome straight, its margins
connected by a light callus.
The jaw of the only species within our limits, O.undatu.t, Brug. (see Fig. 285)
is of the type usual in this genus and Liguus (see Fig. 283), but up to the pres-
ent time never observed in any other genus. It is composite, its separate pieces
being apparently soldered firmly at their upper portions, where, indeed, they
seem collectively to form a jaw in a single piece, as in Patula, etc., but at their
ORTHALICUS. 407
lower portion positively detached and free, imbricated one upon another. The
jaw may in one sense be said to be in a single piece, as argued recently by Messrs.
Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Guat.),
but with equal correctness it may surely lg
be said to be composite, as the amalga-
mation of the upper portion is produced
by the joining of absolutely separate
pieces. There are seventeen of these
plates in the jaw figured, though the
number varies, the upper central one
' i Jaw of O. undatus.
apparently lying upon the adjoining ones,
which are broad and extend from the upper to the lower margin of the jaw.
The jaw is strongly arched, with attenuated, blunt ends. There are well-
marked perpendicular grooves upon the anterior surface of many of the plates.
The upper central plate is triangular, from which fact the name Goniognatha
has been applied to the section. Cylindrella, Macroceramus, Pineria, Partula,
and some species of Bulimulus also have an upper median triangular compart-
ment to their jaw, but in their case the jaw is in one single piece, with
distant, delicate ribs, running obliquely to the central line, some of the upper
ones meeting before reaching the lower margin of the jaw, thus leaving a
triangular space not a separate piece.
I have myself figured the jaw of 0. melanochilus, Val., under the name of
0. zebra (L. and Fr.-W. Shells N. A., I. p. 215, Fig. 367), of gallina-sultana
(Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist, XI. PI. IV. Fig. E). The last-named has also been
figured by Troschel (Arch, fur Nat., !849, PI. IV. Fig. 3) ; the jaw of 0. iosto-
mus is figure by Crosse and Fischer (Moll. Mex. et. Guat., PI. XIX. Fig. 8),
and O. longus by the same authors (I. c, PI. XIX. Fig. 1). I have also exam-
ined the jaw of O. obductus, Shuttl. (Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., XI. p. 37).
All these species have the same composite type of jaw.
The lingual dentition of Orthalicus undatus is so nearly similar to that of
Liguus fasciatus, that I merely compare it with the description given above of
that species. The membrane is broad (see PI. XVI. Fig. M). In 0. undatus
the central tooth (PI. X. Fig. H) is broader in proportion to its length ; the
base of attachment is less expanded at the upper margin, and very much
less so at its lower margin, and the sides are not incurved ; the cusp is stouter,
longer, reaching the lower edge of the base of attachment, and it has subobso-
lete but distinctly marked side cusps ; the cutting edge is much more ex-
panded, overlapping the next row of teeth. The first marginals difTer from
those of L. fasciatus in having a less developed cutting edge, the outer mar-
ginals have the side spurs to their cusps much more developed, and even the
cutting edge is trilobed. The extreme marginals are not so small. There are
about 53 — r — 53 teeth on one part of one membrane ; a wide part of another
membrane had 106 — 1 — 106.
408 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
All the species of Orthalicus enumerated above whose dentition is known
have the same type of teeth as O. undatus, excepting O. gallina-sultana. This
last (see Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., XI. 38, PI. IV. Fig. A) is peculiar in hav-
ing a long, stout cutting point with subobsolete side points to its central tooth,
and three lateral teeth of same form but asymmetrical. Thus in both Liguus
and Orthalicus we find the usual type of dentition is not constant excepting as
to the marginal teeth.
I have also examined the form figured in Vol. IV. PI. LXXVIII. Fig.
12, and copied in L. and Fr.-W. Shells N. A., I. p. 216, Fig. 370 (not Fig.
371, which is referred by Fischer and Crosse to O. melanochilus, Val.). It
is probably a variety of undatus, not O. zebra, as I at first believed. The jaw
has 7 — 1 — 7 separate pieces. The lingual membrane has 126 — 1 — 126 teeth.
The teeth are of same type as in O. undatus, but the cutting edge of the cen-
trals and first laterals is shorter than the base of attachment.
Orthalicus undatus, P/rug.
Vol. III. PI. LIV.
Shell imperforate, subconical, rather thick, smooth ; incremental striae fine,
whitish, with longitudinal, irregular, undulating or somewhat zigzag, dark
brown bands and clouds, intersected by straight, revolving lines of the same
color; the body-whorl often with one or more straight, brown lines, at irregu-
lar intervals, indicating the former margins of the aperture ; spire conic, apex
obtuse; whorls 6 to 7, diminishing in diameter rapidly ; body-whorl capacious,
occupying two thirds of the whole length of the shell ; aperture ample, ovate,
showing the external colors within ; peristome simple, acute, bordered with
dark brown, or black, both internally and externally ; parietal wall with a thin,
shining, brownish, entering callus ; columella slightly thickened, not reflected,
nor truncate, making a continuous curve with the peristome. Common length
of axis about 50 mill.; diameter of large whorl rather more than 25 mill.
{Bulla) Zebra Mullen, Chemnitz, IX. Pt. 2, p. 24, PI. CXVII1. Figs. 1815, 1816.
Helix (Cochlostyla) undata, Ferussac, Tab. Syst., p. 32, No. 337 ; Hist., PL
CXV. Figs. 1, 4 ; PI. CXIV. Figs. 5, 6.
Bulimus (0.) undatus, D'Orbigny, Cuba, I. 174, PI. VI. Figs. 9, 10.
Bulimus zebra, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 271, PI. LIV. (= Ferussaci, Mart, teste,
Fischer and Crosse). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig.
13? — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 143.
Orthalicus undatus, Shuttleworth, Not., 63, PI. III. Figs. 4, 5. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 589. — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 166? — W.
G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 217 (1869).
Bulimus zebra, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. PL LXXVIII. Fig. 12. -Var.
Reeve, Con. Icon., PL XXVII. Fig. 90 b ?
Orthalims zebra, Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 441, PL XVIII.
Figs. 8, 8 a.
ORTHALICUS. 409
Bulimus reses, Say, New Harm. Diss., Dec. 30, 1830 ; Binney's ed., p. 39.
Agatina fuscata, Rafinesque, Enum. and Ace, p. 3 (1831) ; Binney's and
Tryon's complete edition, 68.
Animal thick and massive, dirty or yellowish white, darker on the middle
of the back ; surface rugose, with prominent, oblong glands, and deep furrows.
Whole length, exclusive of eye-peduncles, three inches. Eye-peduncles, when
fully extended, one inch long, bulbous, with small, black, ocular points ; tenta-
cles one fifth of an inch long, slender. Ori6ce of generation behind the eye-
peduncle on the right side. Mantle somewhat bilobed, protruding beyond the
aperture, and slightly reflected. Posterior extremity rounded, sides corru-
gated, lower surface smooth, squalid. Eggs moderate, oblong-subrotund, with
a granulately roughened, thick, calcareous covering.
Found in Jamaica and Cuba, and at Key West ; also in Mexico. The speci-
mens figured in the Terrestrial Mollusks were received from the southern part
of the peninsula of Florida, in the Miami country, and from Key West to Key
Biscayne. It has been referred also to Louisiana and Texas, but I have never
heard of its presence there being well authenticated. It is difficult to explain
its distribution except by supposing it to have been a widely distributed species
of some extinct fauna which has survived at various points around the Gulf
of Mexico.
This species inhabits trees. It attaches itself to the tree during hibernation,
and covers its aperture by an opaque, inspissated, glutinous secretion, which,
though exposed to wind and rain, forms a perfect adhesion and protection to
the animal, and only yields to its own solvent powers on the approach of
spring. It exists in great numbers ; and the dead shells are a favorite habita-
tion of a species of hermit crab.
The figure of the animal of Orlhalicus, given on p. 406, is reduced from a
drawing prepared for the Terrestrial Mollusks, but not there figured. On
PI. LXXVIL, Fig. 13, of Vol. IV. I have given another view of the same
shell, also prepared for publication in the Terrestrial Mollusks. I am not
certain from what locality the shell was received, but from the fact of Dr.
Binney describing in his work no shells but what he knew to exist in the
United States, I am inclined to believe he received it from Florida. His col-
lector would be more likely to furnish him with a living specimen from that
point, than he to receive it from some Mexican or South American locality.
I do not know to which species it may be referred, but presume it to be B.
undatus. He thus describes it : —
" The most beautiful form of the species is that figured in PI. LIV. a. It
is quite thick and ponderous ; its general color is deep brownish, variegated
with undulating intervals of white on the spire, and others more obscure on the
columellar side of the body-whorl. On the side opposite to the aperture, the
brown color is relieved only by three indistinct and ill-defined dark bands,
and by the black line showing the margin of a former peristome. The colu-
410
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Fig. 286.
Fig. 287
mella is considerably thickened and folded, the columellar margin is cov-
ered by a black callus, and the peristome is broadly margined internally with
black ; further in, the aperture is purely white."
Mr. Say no doubt referred to O. undatus under the name of Achatin% flam-
migera, Fer. (ed. Binney, p. 29). He mentions also the manuscript name of
reses, which he had intended to give to a shell found on trees at the southern
extremity of East Florida, but which he afterwards found to be Bullmus unda-
tus, Brug.
Rafinesque's description of Agatina fuscala will be found on p. 50 of Vol I.
The locality (Louisiana) is doubtful.
The specimen figured (Fig. 286) was collected at Key Biscayne, Florida.
It is also found at Key West. Formerly I was in-
clined to refer it to 0. zebra, and considered it as
identical with specimens
from the Sierra Mad re, Mex-
ico, which Messrs. Fischer
and Crosse consider O. mela-
norJulus, Val. (I figure one
of this species in Fig. 287),
but am now persuaded that
it is simply a variety of 0.
undatus. Its genitalia agrees
with those of O. undatus, as
well as its jaw and lingual
dentition (see ante, p. ).
For jaw and lingual denti-
tion see above, pp.407, 408 ; Fig. 285 and PI. X.'Fig. H.
It will be interesting, in connection with my com-
parison of Orthalicus and Llguus, to state that, having
had an opportunity of dissecting six specimens of this species from Jamaica, I
found the genitalia constantly atrreein;; with Lehmann's figure in Malak. Blatt.,
1864, PI. I. Fig. 4. There is no multifid vesicle on the penis, as in the species
of Orthalicus figured by Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex.). With this excep-
tion, the genitalia are cpute like those figured by Leidy for Llguus fasclatus
(Vol. I. PI. V.).
It will be seen (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XL 38) that Orthalicus gal-
Una- sultana is also characterized by the want of the multifid vesicle. This
organ cannot, therefore, be considered a generic characteristic.
O. Undatus, var.
O. melanochilus.
PUNCTUM, McmsE.
Animal heliciform, as in Pa-tula, etc.
Shell bearing the usual characters of Zoniles (see p. 98), from which it is
generically separated by the nature of the jaw and lingual dentition. For
geographical distribution see below, p. 412.
PUNCTUM.
411
Jaw of P. pygmcEinn (Morse).
But one species of this genus has been described, P. pggmceum, Dr., hitherto
known in America as Helix minutissima, Lea. A full account of its history,
with all published information relat-
ing to it, has been given by Mr. Bland
and myself in Ann. of Lye. Nat. His.
of N. Y., X. 306. The jaw is low,
wide, slightly arcuate, with blunt,
squarely truncated ends ; it is com-
posed of sixteen separate pieces, each
higher than wide, with slightly overlapping edges ; these pieces do not run
obliquely towards the middle of the jaw; there is, therefore, no appearance
of an upper median triangular piece, as in Orthalicus and Liguus.
The lingual membrane is long and narrow. There are 54 rows of 13 — 1 — 13
teeth each. The centrals have a base of at-
tachment much longer than wide, expanded
below and squarely truncated, very much
narrowed above, reflected. The reflection
is very small, and has, according to Morse,
one single cusp, but Schacko (Malak. Bl'att.,
1872, 178) describes the reflection in some
European specimens as tricuspid. Laterals
of same form as centrals, but with wider base
of attachment in the first ones and biscuspid ; outer laterals much narrower.
There are no distinct marginals. All the teeth are decidedly separated.
I have not examined the jaw or lingual membrane of this species, but am
entirely dependent on Morse for the descriptions and figures of the American
form given above. While treating of the identity of the American and Euro-
pean forms in the paper referred to above, we have pointed out the differences
in the jaw and membrane of the two forms, which, however, do not appear to
be of specific value.
Punctum pygmaeum, Drap.
Shell umbilicated, subglobose, reddish horn-color, shining, marked with
strong transverse striae and microscopic revolving lines, both most prominent
near the umbilicus ; whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing, the last broadly
umbilicated ; aperture subcircular, oblique ; peristome simple, acute, its colu-
mellar extremity subreflected. Greater diameter, \\ mill; height, 1 mill.
Helix pygmcca, Drap., etc.
Helix minutissima, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IX. 17 ; Proe., II. 82 (1841) ;
Obs., IV. 17 (1844); Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1843, II. 124. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 87. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 100, PI. LXXVII.
Figs. 6, 7. — Morse, Am. Nat., I. 546, Fig. 45 (1867).
Helix minuscula, teste Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 221.
Lingual dentition of P. pygmtrum
(Morse).
412 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Pundum mimdissimum, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 27, Figs. 69, 70, PI. VIII.
Fig. 71 (1864). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 222 (1869).
Fi<, 290 ^onulus minutissima, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 257
(1866).
Hyalina minutissima, Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass.,
(2), 403 (1870).
Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Bosque Co.,
Texas, in the Eastern Province ; San Francisco, Lone
Mountains, California, in Pacific Province. Probably will
be found over all the continent. In Northern and Cen-
tral Europe it has also an extensive range.
P. pygmczum. °
I repeat below the complete history of the species as
given by Bland (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X. 306).
This species was described as Helix minutissima by Dr. Lea, in 1 84 1 . Its proper
generic position was unknown, however, prior to 1864, when Professor Morse
published figures of the jaw and lingual dentition (Journ. Portland Soc, I. p.
27, Fig. 70, PI. VIII. Fig. 71).
He thus described the jaw : —
The buccal plate is made up of sixteen long, slender, corneous laminse, recurved
at their cutting edges, these plates partially lapping over each other.
Morse remarked on the similarity between Lea's species and H. pygnuea
Drap., of Europe, adding, " and it seems singular that it has never been re-
ferred to that species," but after examination of the jaw of the latter, as figured
by Moquin-Tandon, Morse considered it generically distinct.
The following is Moquin-Tandon's description of the jaw of H. pygmcea
(Moll, de France, II. p. 103, PI. X. Fig. 2, 1855) : —
" Mdchoire large de 0.25mm, peu arquee, mince, a peine cornee, transparente, assez
facile a etudier a cause de la transparence des teguments ; extremites amincies ; partie
moyenne du hord libre un peu surbaissee ; cotes verticales nombreuses, fines, ser-
rees ; crenelures tres petites."
In W. G. Binney's Synopsis (Smith. Inst. Coll., p. 4, Dec., 1863), Hyalina
(Conulus) minutissima, Lea, is enumerated, and Tryon (Amer. Journ. Conch.,
II. p. 257, 1866) placed the species in Conulus, while quoting the particulars
given by Morse of the jaw.
In 1868, Lindstrbm (Gotlands Nut. Moll., taf. III. Fig. 12) published fig-
ures, but without description, of the jaw of H. pygmcea. On comparison of
this with Morse's figure of minutissima, the identity of the two species could
scarcely be inferred.
In our Land and Fresh-water Shells (Part I. p. 221, 1869) we adopt Punctum,
Morse, as the generic name of Lea's species, treating that genus as belonging
to Orthalicime, by reason of the structure of the jaw.
W. G. Binney (Invert. Mass., 2d ed., p. 403, Fig. 665, 1870) has Hyalina
PUNCTUM. 413
minutissima as occurring in Massachusetts, adding in a note " the character of
the jaw would place the species in the subfamily Ortkalicince, as a distinct
genus for which Morse's name Punctum might be retained, otherwise the
species would be placed in Hyalina."
Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. &. Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872) refers to
Hyalina minutissima as being identical with Helix pygmcea, Drap.
Dr. G. Schacko (Malak. Blatt, p. 178, 1872) has recently described both jaw
and lingual teeth of //. pygmcea, showing that both have the same characters
as ascribed by Morse to Punctum minulissimum.
The following is a translation of Schacko's description of the jaw of //.
pygmcea : —
The jaw consists of nineteen plates, which are grouped in the form of a horse-
shoe. They lie together like the tiles of a roof, and partially cover one another.
The plates are connected by a fine transparent membrane. The middle plate, which
is the largest, and perfectly straight at the top, lies entirely alone, so that a space is
visible between it and the two next side-plates. These are smaller and of the same
length, while the top is slightly curved. The plates have the same form as regards
their length, but the curve increases towards the end plates. The third plate from
the middle begins to cover the second, the fifth covers half of the fourth, and the
succeeding plates always more, until the last covers two thirds of the preceding
one.
The formula of the lingual membrane is given by Schacko as being 114 rows
of 19 — 1 — 19 ; by Morse of Lea's species, 51 rows of 13 — 1 — 13.
The centrals of //. pygmcea are said by Schacko to be tricuspid ; the two
side cusps so small, and scarcely recognizable, that they entirely disappeared
in one specimen ; the laterals bicuspid. He remarks that every tooth of the
radula lies alone, so that even the cutting points do not cover or disturb the
basal surfaces of the overlying rows.
Schacko refers to the near alliance, in form of jaw especially, of H. pygmcea
with H. minutissima of the genus Punctum of Morse.
Looking at the descriptions and figures of the jaws of pygmcea and minutis-
sima, we notice, with striking general similarity of characters, some differ-
ences ; on the other hand the lingual teeth of the two forms appear to be the
same, and the shells without variation of specific value. The description of
jaw and lingual dentition of the species is given above.
The facts regarding the distribution of H. pygmcea, which may be treated as
one of the circumpolar species, favor the opinion, which we are disposed to
adopt, that Lea's specific name must be placed in the synonymy of Punctum
pygmceum.
Moquin-Tandon describes the genitalia of the European form to have neither
dart nor multifid vesicles.
414 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
E. ELASMOGNATHA.
Jaw in a single piece, with an accessory, quadrate plate above. Marginal teeth
quadrate.
SUCCINEA, Dr.
Animal hcliciform, thick and blunt before, short and pointed behind; mantle
central, simple, protected by a shell which does not conceal the whole retracted
animal ; resj:>iratory and anal orifices on the right of
the mantle edge, under the peristome ; generative ori-
fice behind the right eye-peduncle ; no caudal mucus
pore ; locomotive disk (?).
Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblonp: ; aperture
Animal of S. rusticana. l ° ' l
large, obliquely oval ; columella simple, acute ; peri-
stome simple, straight.
The genus is world-wide in its distribution.
The habits of the animal do not vary much from those of Helix. They are
described in many works as being amphibious, which means that they possess
the power of living in the water as well as upon the land. Such appears to
have been the opinion of Lamarck. They are not, however, in any proper
sense amphibious, as they live upon the land exclusively, and breathe air ;
and some of them occupy situations very distant from bodies of water. It is
not difficult, however, to account for this general belief. Some of the species
inhabit wet localities at the borders of swamps and ponds, and are even found
attached to the leaves of plants growing out of the water. They resemble also,
in external characters, certain species of Limncea, which live in the water
itself. The two have, therefore, been confounded in popular belief.
It is also stated very generally, that they cannot withdraw their bodies en-
tirely into their shells. This is certainly an error as regards the American
species, anil probably as to all others. They all retire into their shells on the
approach of winter, and during seasons of drought; every part of the body is
then retracted within the plane of the aperture, and over it is extended a mem-
branous epiphragm, like that of our Helices. They cannot, however, retract
the body much beyond the plane of the mouth, and the foot is never wholly
drawn into the aperture of the mantle and concealed by it, as in Helix ; the
posterior extremity of the locomotive disk being always visible, on a level with
the mantle or collar.
The epiphragm sometimes possesses considerable thickness and consistence.
Jaw with an upper, quadrangular, accessory plate. The jaw is strongly
arched, the ends acuminated in S. avara (Fig. 293), blunt in obliqua, ovalis,
Tolteniana (Fig. 292), campestr is, lineata, and effusa ; there is a median pro-
jection to the cutting margin, sometimes broken by the ends of ribs. These
ribs are found in S. Totteniana (3) (see Fig. 292); S. obliqua (3-7); ovalis
(over 7) ; I detected no ribs on that of S. avara, lineata, campeslris, Nuttalli-
ana, Sillimani, Haydeni, or effusa.
SUCCINEA.
415
The general arrangement of the lingual membrane is as in Patula. The
characters of the separate teeth are seen in PI. X. Fig. K. The peculiar char-
acter of the dentition is the cutting away or thinning of the middle portion of
the lower edge of the base of attachment in the central teeth, and the inner
lower lateral angle of the base of attachment in the laterals and still more in
Fig. 292. Fig. 293.
Jaw of S. Totlcniana (Morse).
Jaw of S. avara.
the marginals. The marginal teeth are also often peculiar in the denticulation
of their reflected cusps. They have usually two small outer side cusps, the
inner the smaller, each bearing cutting points proportioned to their size. The
reflection of the teeth is also small in proportion to the base of attachment.
In other respects the dentition of the genus is very much like that of the
Helicece.
The genital system in the species examined by me presents one peculiarity
which may prove a generic character; the testicle is not separated into distinct
fasciculi by the parenchyma of the liver, but forms a single mass. The pros-
tate gland, also, is very much swollen, and extends only about the half of the
length of the oviduct.
Fig. 294.
Succinea Haydeni, W. G. Binney.
Shell elongate-oval, thin, shining, amber-colored; spire short, acute; whorls
3, convex, the last marked with the wrinkles of growth,
and irregular, heavy, spiral furrows ; suture moderate ;
columella covered lightly with callus, and allowing all
the interior whorls to be seen from below to the apex ;
aperture oblique, oval, five sevenths the length of the
shell, the lower portion of its margin considerably ex-
panded. Length, 21 mill. ; diameter, 9 mill.
S. Haydeni. Succinea Haydeni, "W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., X. 114 (May, 1853); Terr. Moll., IV. 40, PI.
LXXIX. Fig. 1. — Pfeiffee, Mai. Blatt., 1859, 52. — Bland, Ann. N. Y.
Lye, VIII. 168, Fig. 14 (1865). — Tiiyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 236 (1866).
— W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 256 (I860).
A species of the Northern and Interior Regions. Nebraska, between the
rivers Loup Fork and L'Eau qui Court.
416 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Var. minor. Length, 15 mill. Found by Mr. Robert Kennieott near the
Red River of the North, and at Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake.
Animal of a uniform amber-color, judging from the specimens preserved in
spirits in the collection of the Smithsonian Institute.
This is the largest known American Succinea.
Mr. Say describes >S. ovalis as showing the interior apex from the base of the
shell ; in other respects his description does not apply to this shell. Its aper-
ture is nearer that of S. ovalis, Gould not Say, but the peristome is much more
flexuose, and the upper third of the shell becomes gradually attenuated, so as
to give a sharp pointed appearance, though the spire itself is short. The re-
volving lines are sometimes continuous over the whole body-whorl, but gener-
ally interrupted, or confined to the interstices of the incremental stria; or
wrinkles. It shares this peculiarity with S. concordialis, Gould, and S, lineata.
Named in honor of Dr. F. V. Hayden, the discoverer of the species.
Jaw without anterior ribs ; lingual membrane as usual (PI. XVI. Fig. R) ;
teeth 35—1—35.
Succinea retusa, Lea.
Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, pellucid, yellowish; spire short; whorls 3;
aperture below dilate and drawn back. Diameter .3, length .7
lg' inch. Ohio, near Cincinnati.
A single specimen only of this species has come into my posses-
sion. It differs so much from any of the described species in the
dilatation arid retraction of the inferior part of the aperture, that
I have not hesitated to consider it new. (Lea.)
s. retusa. Succinea retusa, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, V. 117, PI. XIX. Fig.
86 (1837); Obs., I. 229. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 55 (1843).—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 525. — Binney, Terr. Moll., III. 65, 66. — W.
G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 37, PL LXXIX. Fig. 7 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 256
(1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 238 (1866).
Succinea campestris, Anthony, Ohio Cat., no descr., part (1843), No. 95.
Interior Region, near Cincinnati.
Mr. Lea's original description and figure are copied above.
Jaw, lingual membrane, and genitalia not observed.
Succinea Sillimani, Bland.
Shell oblong-ovate, thin, coarsely striate, shining, whitish (?) ; spire short
acute ; whorls 3, convex ; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, elongate-oval,
angular above, effuse at the base ; columella slightly
arcuate, with a thread-like thickening above. Length
20, diameter 8| mill.; aperture 13 mill, long, 6 broad
in middle.
Succinea Sillimani, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 167,
Fig. 13 (1865). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 236
(1866). 5 Sillimani.
SUCCINEA. 417
Humboldt Lake, Nevada, in Central Province ; in the Pacific Province at
Stockton, Antioch, Mount Diablo, and in San Benito County, in California.
The original description and figure are given above.
Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. I) has 24 — 1 — 24 teeth, of the type
usual to the genus.
Succinea ovalia, Gould, not Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 3.
Shell ovate, somewhat conic, very thin, pellucid, watery horn-color, some-
times tinted roseate ; periostraca shining, very minutely striate ; whorls 3, the
last compressed and elongate when viewed above ; spire short but acute ; suture
impressed ; aperture produced by a deep truncation of the shell, elongated,
more than three fourths the length of the shell, patulous, expanding anteriorly,
exhibiting the interior of the volutions ; when viewed on the side of the aper-
ture, the conical shape of the shell appears, the broadest part of the cone is
below the centre of the aperture, and it tapers gradually to the apex. Extreme
length 15 mill., of aperture 10 mill.
Succinea ovalis, Gould, Invertebrata, 194, Fig. 125 (1841), ed. 2, 445 (1870). —
Adams, Shells of Vermont, 270. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 78, PI. LXVII. a,
Fig. 3. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 37. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
IV. 814. —Morse, Journ. Porth Soc, I. 30, Fig. 77 ; PI. IX. Fig. 78 (1864) ;
Amer. Nat., I. 607, Fig. 48 (1868). — Tiiyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 237
(1866). — Not of Say.
Succinea Decampii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 237, PL II. Fig. 23 (1866).
Canada and the Northern and Middle States, thus belonging to both North-
ern and Interior Regions.
Animal a little longer than the shell, whitish or amber-colored, and translu-
cent, with minute black dots, scattered and in clusters of dots upon the surface,
most frequent upon the head and upper part of neck. Foot free from dots.
A black line running from the ocular points of the eye-peduncles through their
length, and along the sides of the neck to the shell, marking the sheath of the
eye-peduncles, which are rather short, thick at base, attenuated towards the
end, bulb distinct ; tentacles short, small, and rather conical. Respiratory cleft
near the peristome of the shell, about midway between its centre and its junc-
tion with the last whorl.
It appears to prefer the margins of water on wet and marshy ground, espe-
cially where there are fragments of wood saturated with water. We are not
aware of its having been found in any other situation. It is also frequently
taken on the leaves of flags (Iris versicolor), on the stems of Pontederia and
other aquatic plants,
It deposits its eggs, to the number of about twenty, enveloped in a mass of
thin transparent gelatine, at the foot of aquatic plants. These gelatinous
vol. iv. 27
418 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
masses are very numerous in the latitude of Boston, in the warm days of June.
The eggs are oval and transparent.
This is not the S. ovalis of Say. That shell having been found identical
with S. obliqua, Dr. Gould proposes retaining the name ovalis for this species.
Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys refers the species to S. elegans, Riss3 (Ann. and Mag.
N. H., 1872, 246).
Jaw (according to Morse) arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface with strong
vertical furrows, which modify the concave raargin.
A specimen examined by me had a jaw with a smooth anterior surface and
well-developed median projection.
Mr. Morse gives 80 rows of 40 — 1 — 40 teeth on the lingual membrane. A
membrane examined by me (PI. X. Fig. M) had over 60 — 1 — 60 teeth.
Succinea Higginsi, Bland.
Shell depressed-oval, thin, obliquely striated, pellucid, somewhat shining,
pale horn-colored ; spire short, obtuse ; suture deep ; whorls
lg' 3, convex, the last rather depressed ; the columella scarcely
arched, above conspicuously plicate ; aperture angularly oval,
frequently armed with a small, oblique, white tooth on the
parietal wall ; peristome simple, regularly arcuate. Length
1 5, diameter 7 mill. ; aperture, 1 1 mill. long.
S. Higginsi.
Succinea Higginsi, Bland, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 373, PI.
XVII. Fig. 24 (1866). — Tryon, Am. Joum. Conch., II. 237 (1866). —W. G.
Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 258 (1869).
Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie; a species of the Northern Region.
Animal not observed.
This species is allied to S. Salleana, Pfr., S. Haydeni, Binn., and especially to
S. ovalis, Gould, not Say. Compared with the latter, the last whorl is less
convex, the aperture is more angular above, the columella less arcuate, and
more distinctly plicate.
The measurements given are of one of the largest specimens. This is the
only North American species in which I have noticed the parietal tooth men-
tioned in the description. Three of my specimens have this tooth, — it is
lamelliform, about 1 mill, in length at the base, the pointed apex having an ele-
vation of about \ milL (Bland.)
Succinea Concordialis, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 2.
Shell obliquely ovate, elongate, reflexed, apex acute, thin but firm, transpar-
ent, shining, feebly striated lengthwise and spirally, color pale honey-yellow,
with the tip ruddy ; whorls 3 and somewhat more, very oblique, the two upper-
most very small, outer whorl somewhat compressed above the middle ; suture
SUCCINEA. 419
well marked ; aperture ample, not less than two thirds the length of the shell,
well rounded at base ; columella regula/ly arcuated, more so than the peristome,
simple, but its upper portion is reflexed and raised so as to form a marginal
wall to the aperture, as it enters the shell, and produces a slight fold where it
disappears within the spire ; a broad, thin callus covers the left margin, which
is slightly detached anteriorly, so as to form the rudiment of an umbilicus.
Length 14 mill., of aperture 9 mill
Succinea Concordialis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III. 37 (June, 1848) ;
in Terr. Moll., II. 82, PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III.
16. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 41 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 260 (1869). —
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 239 (1866).
Succinea munita, Binney, Terr. Moll., I. in tables.
Lake Concordia, in Texas ; a species of the Texan Subregion.
Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus.
Succinea luteola, Gould.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. c, Fig. 1.
Shell of a conical, turreted form, sometimes rather corpulent, and again quite
slender, the last whorl being much less ventricose in proportion than the upper
ones, rather thick in substance ; color, when young, pale yellowish-green or
drab, becoming bleached or gray with age, the interior, however, sometimes
having the bright yellow of yolk of egg, and always more or less tinted thus
when living, becoming at last dead white ; surface irregularly and loosely
wrinkled ; whorls 4, forming a well-proportioned spire, the upper ones well
rounded, and separated by a deep suture, the apex acute, colored yellow ; last
whorl conical at its upper third; aperture ovate, rather more than half the
length of shell, the columellar extremity of the peristome somewhat incumbent ;
eofumella without a fold, rounded, its edge above being seen winding far within
the spire. Length, 12| mill. ; breadth, 6 mill.
Succinea luteola, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1848, III. 37 ; Terr.
Moll., II. 75, PL LXVII. c, Fig. 1 (1851). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV.
41 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 261 (1869). — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 239, PL
II. Fig. 30 (1866). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 16.
Succinea Texasiana, Pfeiffer, olim, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 526 ; in Roemer's
Texas, 456 (1849) ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 42, PL IV. Figs. 21 - 23 (1854).
Succinea citrina, Shuttleworth, undescribed, teste Pfr.
Florida and Texas ; thus belonging to the Southern Region.
Animal not observed.
This species is very variable in its proportions, but is easily distinguished
from our other species by its small aperture, elongated spire, and its color ; its
golden interior in fresh specimens, instead of the usual silvery lustre, being its
principal characteristic. Its characters agree pretty well with a Mexican spe-
cies described by Mr. Say under the name of S. undulata ; and if any of our
species were in view in that description, it must have been this one. In form
420 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
it most resembles S. avara, but it differs in size and color. The shortest speci-
mens resemble S. campestris, but there is no fold of the columella.
Succinea lineata, W. G. Binney.
Shell oblong-ovate, with three very convex whorls ; spire elevated, acute ;
surface marked with irregular wrinkles of growth, between which
Fig. 298. ° -
are coarse parallel revolving lines, somewhat removed from each
other ; aperture large, about as long as one half of the whole length
of the shell, oval; columella folded; a deposition of callus on the
parietal wall of the aperture. Greatest diameter, 6 mill. ; altitude,
6-Uneata- 12 mill.
Succinea lineata, "W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 19 ; Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 155 (April, 1857); Terr. Moll., IV. 38, PI. LXXX.
Fig. 5 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 262 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 235
(1866).
Fort Union, Nebraska Territory ; also in New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora,
Mexico ; thus it belongs to both the Interior Region of the Eastern Province
and to the Central Province.
The specimens collected being dead and eroded, it is impossible to say what
is the color of the shell when fresh. It is probably ashy-white, resembling
the true S. campestris of the Southern States. The revolving lines which dis-
tinguish it are most apparent on the middle of the body-whorl. These are
quite coarse, and placed at irregular intervals, — on some specimens scarcely
liscernible. The aperture is unlike that of any other of our species ; being
correctly egg-shaped, it is nearest in form to that of S. campestris, but is less
expanded. The parietal wall of the aperture is unusually horizontal.
In general aspect it resembles somewhat S. vermeta, but is distinguished
from that shell by its more oval shape and the greater convexity of the whorls.
It is the heaviest American species.
This species must not be confounded with S. lineata, DeKay.
Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. L) has 26—1—26 teeth, with 4 perfect
laterals, but the transition to marginals is very gradual. The teeth have a
very broad base of attachment, and very slender, sharp cutting points.
Succinea avara, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. c, Fig. 4.
Shell rather small, very thin and fragile, straw-colored, rosy, amber-colored
or greenish ; periostraca shining, or presenting minute hairy processes in the
young ; whorls 3, very convex, separated by a deep suture ; last whorl rather
large, not much expanded ; spire very prominent, acute ; aperture ovate,
rounded at both extremities, about half as long as the shell. Extreme length,
about 6 mill.
SUCCINEA. 421
Succinea avara, Say, Long's Exped., II. 260, PI. XV. Fig. 6 (1822); Binney's
ed. 32, PI. LXXIV. Fig. 6. — Gould, Invertebrata, 196, Fig. 127 (1841). —
Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 54, PI. IV.
Fig. 55 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Symbolae, II. 56; Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 525; in
Chemnitz, ed. 2, 51, PI. V. Figs. 18 - 20 (1854). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II.
74, PI. LXVII. c, Fig. 4. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 35 ; L. & Fr.-W.
Sh., I. 262 (1869). —Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 29, Fig. 75; PI. IX. Fig.
76 (1864) ; An .: Nat., I. 607, Fig. 47 (1868). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
II. 233 (1866).
Succinea Wardiana, Lea, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1841, II. 31 ; Trans., IX. 3 ;
Obs!, IV. 3 (1844). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 525.
Succinea vermeta, Say, teste Gould (see doubtful species, p. 430). — Tryon, Am.
Journ. Conch., II. 233, PI. II. Fig. 10 (1866).
From Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River, to the Gulf of Mexico ; over all
the Eastern Province ; also in Colorado and New Mexico, of the Central
Province.
Head dark ; foot flesh-colored, narrow.
A larger form is also found.
This shell at first sight appears to be the young of some of the larger species,
but it has as many whorls as any of them, though not attaining more than one
fourth part their size. It differs from all others in having a long and pointed
spire, and in its shorter aperture, which is only half as long as the shell. The
whorls do not expand so fast from the apex towards the aperture, and the last
whorl consequently forms a much smaller part of the whole volume of the shell.
One of its characters, but not entirely peculiar to it, is the loose manner in
which the whorls are united, the suture being in some instances so deep as
nearly to separate tbem. This variety was considered by Mr. Say to be a dis-
tinct species, and described by him under the name of Succinea vermeta. We
have carefully compared Succinea Wardiana, Lea, with the present species, but
cannot detect any difference.
In the young shells the spire is not so prominent, and the periostraca is cov-
ered with numerous fine, hairy processes, as in some Helices, which accumulate
particles of dirt, which in this way sometimes coat over its entire surface.
The apex of the spire is often rosy.
Found under stones and fragments of wood in moist places, and often on hill-
sides and other positions far removed from water.
Allied to S. putris, var. ochracea, according to Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys (Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, 246).
Jaw strongly arcuate, ends curved and pointed ; anterior surface smooth ;
concave margin simple, with a well-developed, acute median projection ; con-
vex margin waving.
Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. K) with 21—1—21 teeth, with about 8 per-
fect laterals. Morse counted 19 — 1 — 19 teeth.
422 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Succinea Stretchiana, Bland.
Shell globose-conic, thin, pellucid, shining, striatulate, greenish horn-colored;
spire short, rather obtuse ; suture deep ; whorls 3, convex, the
lg' ' last roundly inflated ; columella arcuate, slightly thickened,
receding ; aperture oblique, roundly oval ; peristome simple,
with the margins joined by a thin callus. Length, 6L mill.
S. stretchiana. diameter} 5 miU- . aperture, 5 mill. long.
Succinea Stretchiana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 168, Fig. 16 (1865). —
TKYON, Amer. Joum. Conch., II. 231, PL II. Fig. 5 (1866). — W. G. Binney,
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 264(1869).
In both Central Province and Californian Region ; Little Valley, Washoe
County, Nevada, on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, 6,500 feet above
the sea ; Mariposa County, California.
The original description and figure are given above.
Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.
The lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. J) has 16 — 1 — 16 teeth and 8 laterals.
Succinea Verrilli, Bland.
Shell ovate-conic, thin, striate, subpelhicid, orange-yellow colored ; spire
elevated, obtuse, with globose apex, of a reddish tinge ; whorls 3,
very convex; suture deep; aperture oblique, roundly oval; colu-
mella, arcuate, with a slight callus ; peristome simple, the margins
joined with a very thin callus. Length, 7 mill. ; diameter, 3^ mill. ;
J J , ° ' ' ' 2 ' S. Verrilli. |
aperture, 4 mill, long, 3 wide.
Succinea Verrilli, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 169, Fig. 17 (1865). — Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., II. 234 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 254
(1869).
Salt Lake, Anticosti Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, is the only locality thus
far known ; it must thus be counted among the species of the Northern Region.
Animal (in alcohol) black.
The original description and figure are given above.
Jaw abruptly arched, with one prominent central projection.
Lingual membrane with about 80 rows (31 — 1 — 31); base of attachment
notched at its outer posterior edge, longer than wide ; central tooth with three
minute denticles, the middle one being largest ; lateral teeth bidentate, the
outer denticle minute ; marginal teeth irregularly dentate or notched. (Morse.)
Succinea aurea, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. LXVLL c, Fig. 2.
Shell very symmetrical in form, elongated-oval, the texture very thin and
lucid, and of a clear amber-color ; whorls 3, the suture deeply impressed, and
SUCCINEA. 423
the whorls a little tabulated posteriorly; aperture narrow-ovate, acute poste-
riorly ; the columella has an indistinct fold. Length, 7^ mill. ; breadth, 3 mill.
Succinea a.urea, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., IX. 4 ; Obs., IV. 4 (1844) ;
Proc, 1841, II. 32. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 325. — Binney, Kb- 301'
Terr. Moll., II. 76, PI. LXVII. c, Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr.
Moll., IV. 37. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 264 (1869). — Tryon, Am.
Journ. Conch., II. 241 (1866).
Succinea ovalis, var., Anthony, Shells of Ohio (1843), No. 45, no descr.
A species of the Interior Region, but restricted as far as yet known
to Ohio.
Animal not observed.
This small species is about the size of S. avara, but it is less ventricose in
form, and of a more vitreous structure, and more yellow cast of color. The
aperture, especially, is far less rounded ; indeed, it is more narrow than in any
other American species.
Succinea Grcenlandica, Beck.
Shell elongated, rather heavy, lightly wrinkled, of a light horn-color mixed with
white; spire scalariform, bulbous; whorls 4, the penultimate quite
Fig. 302. convex, the last equalling two thirds the length of the shell ; colu-
mella receding and narrowed, covered with a white callus ; aper-
ture oval ; peristome simple, the right margin covered. Greatest
length, 8 mill. ; breadth, 5^ mill. ; length of aperture, 5h, breadth*
3L mill.
S. Granlandica.
Succinea Grcenlandica, Beck, Ind. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
II. 529. — Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842). — "W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,
IV. 38, PI. LXXX. Fig. 4 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 265 (1869). —Tryon, Am.
Journ. Conch., II. 234, PI. II. Fig. 13 (1866). — Morch, Am. Journ. of
Conch., IV. 31, PI. III. Fig. 10 (1868).
Greenland and Iceland, and perhaps Denmark (Morch., 1. c.). I must treat
it as one of the circumpolar species of the Northern Region.
Animal not observed.
This species is easily distinguished by its bulbous, turreted spire, and by its
light horn-color, broken by longitudinal white vittae. When the epidermis is
removed, the shell is of a dead white. The specimen figured is in Mr. Bland'e
collection.
The jaw is said by Morch to have lateral denticles as in S. amphibia.
Succinea obliqua, Say.
Vol. in. PI. LXVII. b Fig. 3.
Shell ovate, pale green, yellowish-green, amber-colored, or cinereous, very
thin and fragile, pellucid, sometimes roseate at apex ; periostraca shining, mi-
424 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
nutely wrinkled or striated ; whorls rather more than three, the last very
large, and much expanded, and more or less oblique ; spire very small, not
prominent nor pointed ; suture distinct, impressed ; aperture oval, large, and
expanded, more or less oblique; columellar margin with a slight testaceous
glazing ; columella thin, sharp, narrowed ; peristome thin, its edge blunted by
the reflection of the periostraca. Greatest length, 25 mill. ; ordinary length,
18 mill.
Succinea obliqua, Say, Long's Exped., II. 260, PL XV. Fig. 7 (1824) ; Binney's
ed. 32, PL LXXIV. Fig. 7. — Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156, with fig. (1842).
— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 53, PL IV. Fig. 53 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.
Viv., III. 15; in Chemnitz,' ed. 2, 47, PL V. Figs. 1, 2 (1854). — Binney,
Terr. Moll., II. 69, PL LXVII. b, Fig. 3, excl. syn., Totteniana. — W. G.
Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 35 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 265 (1869). — Leidy, T. M.
U. S., I. 258, PL XIII. Figs. 1-3 (1851), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
II. 232 (1866). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 447 (1870).
Succinea ovalis, Say, Journ. Acad., Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 15 (1817) ; Nich. EncycL,
3d ed. (1819); Binney's ed. 8. —Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156 (1842). —
Deshayes, in EncycL Meth., II. 20 (1830) ; Fer., Hist., 1. c, II. 139 (excl.
syn., Gould); in Lam., ed. 2, VIII. 319. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II.
524 ; III. 15 (excl. syn. Gould) ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 48, PL V. Figs. 3, 4.
Succinea lineata, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 53, PL IV. Fig. 51 (olim), 1843.
Succinea c'ampestris of all American authors except Say. —Gould, Invert., 195,
Fig. 126 (1841).. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 54, PL IV. Fig. 54 (1843).
Succinea Greerii, Tryon, Am. Jo"rn. Conch . II. 232, PL II. Fig. 8 (1866).
A Post-pleiocene species, now tbund in the Northern and Interior Regions
from Gaspe" to Georgia, and from the Red River of the North to Arkansas.
\nimal with eye-peduncles blackish, their base large and conical ; tentacles
under the last, white, very small. Head and neck finely mottled with black,
mantle grayish, foot light saffron-color, a saffron border around the respiratory
foramen. A deep furrow running from under the anterior part of the mantle, on
each side, downward and forward, terminating behind the tentacle. Length
of the animal somewhat more than that of the shell.
Like the other species, it prefers moist situation*, but it is also spread
abroad upon the hillsides, as in Vermont, at considerable distances from
water.
When the shell is oval, the last whorl very ample and expanded, forming
nine tenths of the whole volume, and but little oblique, the spire being at the
same time very small and not prominent, and the aperture oval and well
rounded at both extremities, it is the form described as Succinea ovalis by Mr.
Say. The variation to which it is most subject is a lengthening and narrow-
ing of all its parts. The spire becomes more produced, and its convolutions less
close ; the last whorl is compressed at the sides, and more oblique. The aper-
ture by this process becomes elongated and narrow, and its posterior margin
more angulated. In this condition it is Succinea oblique, Say. The extremes
SUCCINEA. 425
of the two varieties differ much from each other, yet they are blended together
by almost inappreciable degrees of variation, and we have never met with
specimens in the Northern States which could not be referred to one or the
other of these varieties.
Jaw of shape usual in the genus, with the quadrate accessory plate. Cut-
ting edge with a prominent median projection. Anterior surface with decided
stout ribs denticulating the cutting edge ; one specimen had three broad and
:wo intervening narrow ribs ; another specimen has seven ribs.
Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. P) long and narrow. Teeth about 43 — 1 —
43. Centrals subquadrate, tricuspid, the middle cusp long and stout. Lat-
erals about 10, longer than wide, bicuspid, the third inner cusp being only ru-
dimentary. Marginals a modification^of the laterals, with one long, slender
inner cusp, and two short, slender outer cusps. The cusps of all the teeth
bear sharp cutting points.
In Vol. I. PI. XIII. Fig. 3, a jaw is figured as that ot Succinea ovalis. It
no doubt represents rather that of the true obliqua, Say, than that of Succ.
ovalis, Gld. not Say. The jaw of the latter is figured in L. & Fr.-W. Shells of
N. A., I. p. 258. The figure of genitalia given by Dr. Leidy on the plate re-
ferred to correctly represents that of S. obliqua.
The genital system is figured (under the name of S. ovalii) by Leidy, 1. c.
The testicle is not separated into distinct fasciculi by the parenchyma of (he
liver as in Helix, but forms a single mass ; the epididymis is very much convo-
luted, and appears always to be distended with spermatic matter; the prostate
gland is usually short, occupying the upper half only of the length of the ovi-
duct, and is thick, clavate, and more or less colored by pigmentum nigrum cells
upon the surface ; the penis sac is long, cylindroid, curved downward at its
upper part, and is joined at its summit by the vas deferens; the retractor mus-
cle is inserted into the penis sac a short distance below its summit ; the genital
bladder is large and globular, its duct is nearly as long as the oviduct, and is
narrow; the vagina is moderately long and muscular; the cloaca is short.
It will be interesting to study the genitalA of other species o^* the genus in
order to ascertain whether the peculiarities of the testicle being free and the
prostate gland short are generic characters. In S. campestris the same arrange-
ment is found.
Succinea Totteniana, Lea.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. b, Fig. 2.
Shell obliquely ovate, of a greenish color, thin, shining, somewhat diapha-
nous, obsoletely striated ; whorls 3, convex, the last very large and globose ;
spire very short ; suture impressed ; aperture large, oval, oblique ; peristome
thin, acute. Greatest length, 16 mill.
Succinea Totteniana, Lea, Proc. Phil. Soc, II. 32 (1841) ; Trans. Amer. PhiL
Soc, IX. 4 (1844); Obs., IV. 4.— Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., II. 526; III.
426
TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
15. —Gould, in Terr. Moll., II. 65, 72, PI. LXVII. b, Fig. 2. — W. G. Bin-
ney, Terr.. Moll., IV. 35 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 266 (1869). —Morse, Journ.
Portl. Soc, I. 29, Fig. 73; PI. IX. Fig. 74 (1864); Amer. Nat., I. 606, Fig.
46 (1868). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 230 (1866). —Gould and Bin-
ney, Inv. of Mass. (2), 448 (1870).
Sicccinea obliqua, teste Binney, 1. c.
New England and New York ; in Interior and Northern Regions.
Generally considered a variety of S. obliqua. It is a thinner and more
fragile shell, proportionally more ventricose in form, with a shorter spire and
Fig. 303.
Lingual membrane of .5. Totteniana (Morse).
larger aperture ; it has a decided green color, almost unshaded with yellow,
while in S. obliqua the amber yellow predominates.
By Gwynn Jeffreys referred to S. putris var. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872).
Jaw arcuate, ends blunt ; anterior surface with three heavy ribs, modifying
the concave and convex margins. (See p. 415.)
The lingual membrane is said by Morse, whose figure is given above, to
have 100 rows of 33 — 1 — 33 teeth. The bases of attachment are very narrow,
and have a peculiar expansion at their lower inner angles.
Succinea campestris, Say.
Vol. III. PI. LXVII. b, Fig. 1.
Shell yellowish-white, or yellowish horn-color, rounded-ovate ; periostraca
shining, wrinkled ; whorls 3, not oblique, the last whorl large and ventricose,
the other two constituting the spire ; spire short, with acute apex ; aperture
ample, not much elongated, rounded anteriorly ; peristome thin and sharp.
Length 15, of aperture 10 mill.
Succinea campestris, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 281 (1817) ; Nich
Encycl., 3d ed. (1819); Binney's ed., 12. — Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 31, PI
XI. Fig. 12. — Pfeiffer, Symboke, II. 56 (excl. syn. Gould) ; Mon. Hel.
Viv., II. 524 (excl. do.) ; III. 15 (excl. syn. DeKay) j in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 48
PI. V. Figs. 5, 6 (1854). — Deshayes, in Fer., II. 139. —Binney, Terr. Moll.
II. 67, PI. LXVII. b, Fig. 1. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 32 ; L. & Fr.
W. Sh., I. 266 (1869). — TryoN, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 231 (1866), not of
DeKay, Adams, Linsley, Anthony, Prescott ( no desc.;.
SUCCINEA. 427
Succinea inflata, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IX. 5 ; Obs., IV. 5 (1844) ; Proc,
II. 31 (1841). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 526; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 49,
PL" V. Figs. 9-11 (1854). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 34, PI. LXXX.
Fig. 11. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 230 (1866).
Succinea unicolor, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 230, PL II. Fig. 3 (1866).
It is a strictly Southern Region species, observed as yet only in Florida and
Georgia.
Whitish; eyes, tentacula, and a line passing from the eyes disappearing
under the shell, black ; a gamboge-colored vitta is visible through that part of
the shell which is opposed to the mouth. At St. Augustine I found specimens
copulating in December.
Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.
The lingual membrane (PL X. Fig. O) has 18—1—18 teeth, with about 10
perfect laterals. Morse gives 50 rows of 30 — 1 — 30 teeth. The central tooth
has a peculiarly narrow base of attachment, and a very greatly developed me-
dian cusp, the side cusps being subobsolete.
Genitalia as in S. obliqua (q. v.).
Succinea Hawkiusi, Baird.
Shell elongate-obovate, thin, pellucid, shining, undulately striated, pinkish,
within pearly; spire acute; whorls 4, convex, the last
equalling two thirds the shell's length ; suture impressed ; Fig. 304.
aperture oval, effuse below. Length f , lat. ^ inch.
Hab. Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. (Brit. Mus.)
This shell is of an elegant form, and of a pinkish color,
with the interior of a pearly lustre. It is smooth and
shining, but marked with waved stria; of lines of growth.
It resembles very much in figure the Succinea Pfeifferi of
Europe, but is of a still more elegant shape and of a
brighter hue.
I have named it after L'eutenant-Colonel Hawkins, R. E., Commissioner of
the British North American Boundary Commission, (Baird.)
Succinea Hawkinsii, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, 68, in Lord's Nat. in Van-
couver's Island, II. 362 (1866). — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 168, Fig. 16
(1865). — Tryon, Amer. Joum. Conch., II. 240 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 268 (1869).
A species of the Northern Region, confined to British Columbia, as far as
now known.
• Animal unknown.
Fig. 304 is copied from the original figure.
Succinea rusticana, Gould.
Shell elongate, ovate-conical, rather large, thin, and fragile, pale greenish
horn-color, surface rude and without lustre^ coarsely and irregularly marked by
428 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
the lines of growth ; spire acute, of 3 or more moderately convex whorls, sepa-
rated by a well-impressed suture, the last whorl large and long, narrowing
towards the base ; body portion of the face of the shell
Fig. 306. J r
moderately large ; aperture ovate, three fourths the length
of the shell ; fold of the columella distinct. Length of axis
12 \, breadth 6£ mill.
Succinea rusticana, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II.
187 (Dec. 1846) ; Mollusca of Expl. Exped., 28, Fig. 29
(1852). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 523. — W. G. Bin-
ney, Terr. Moll., IV. 6, PL LXXIX. Fig. 14 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 269 (1869).
— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263,(1866).
Oregon to Tulare Valley, California ; White Pine, Nevada, thus belonging
to both Central and Pacific Provinces.
For a figure of the animal, see p. 414
Jaw, lingual dentition, and genitalia unknown.
Succinea Nuttalliana, Lea.
Vol. III. PL LXVII. a, Fig. 4.
Shell lanceolate-ovate, thin, and fragile, of a dull horn-color, somewhat rudely
undulated by the lines of growth ; composed of about 3 tumid whorls, forming
a conical spire, the last whorl constituting nearly the whole shell ; suture well-
marked ; aperture nearly two thirds the length of the shell ; ovate, broadly
rounded in front, the posterior angle being also somewhat rounded by the
abrupt curvature of the peristome; columella very gently curved, the region
being somewhat gibbous ; no fold on the columella, but in the region of the
spire it is slightly sinuous. Length 1 3, of aperture 1 0 mill.
Succinea Nuttalliana, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, II. 32(1841); Trans., IX. 4
Obs., IV. 4 (1844). —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 523. — Binnet, Terr.
Moll., II. 81, PL LXVII. a, Fig. 4.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 6 ; L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 269 (1869). —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 236 (1866).
Oregon and California, in the Pacific Province.
Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.
The lingual membrane has 19—1—19 teeth (PL XVI. Fig. R). Another
lingual membrane had 50 rows of 30 — 1 — 30 teeth ; centrals obtusely tri-
cuspid ; laterals bicuspid ; marginals tridentate, the inner tooth much the
largest.
Succinea Oregonensis, Lea.
Vol. III. PL LXVII. c, Fig. 3.
Shell elongated-ovate, thin, of a somewhat saffron-yellow color, rather
coarsely, though obtusely and distantly striated transversely; spire with 2£
. or 3 well-rounded whorls, separated by a distinct suture, the last whorl seven
SUCC1NEA. 429
eighths the length of the shell; aperture two thirds the length of the shell,
strictly ovate, one third longer than broad ; columella arcuate, but not folded,
a thiu white callus of considerable extent covering it. Length, 6j mill. ; great-
est lateral diameter 3£, least 2\ mill.
Succiiiea Oreyonensis, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, II. 32 (1841) ; Trans., IX. 5 ;
Obs., IV. 5 (1844). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 523. — Binney, Terr.
Moll., II. 77, PI. LXVII. Fig. 2. — W. G. Binnet, Terr. Moll., IV. 6 ; L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., I. 270 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 235 (1866).
Succinea Oabbii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 234, PI. II. Fig. 14 (1866).
Oregon and California, i^ the Pacific Province.
Animal unknown.
Compared with S. aurea, it is much smaller, and combines red in its colora-
tion ; the aperture is more rounded at base, so as to be more broadly ovate ;
the whorls are also more rounded. Grains of sand adhere to its surface, much
as in the young of S. avara, but no epidermal hairs have been noticed.
Succinea effusa, Shuttleworth.
Shell depressed-oval, very thin, transparent, and shining, lightly striated,
grayish horn-colored ; spire remarkably short, acute ; whorls 2|, the
last one very much the largest, depressed, equalling five sixths the
length of the shell; columella scarcely rounded and hardly receding;
aperture very large, oblique, and oval ; peristome simple, regularly
rounding. Length 12, diameter 7 mill. ; length of the aperture 10,
breadth 6 mill. s tffusa
Succinea effusa, Shuttleworth, MSS. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,
III. 17 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 42, PI. IV. Figs. 18-20(1854). — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll., IV. 41, PI. LXXX. Fig. 12 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 270 (1869).--
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 231 (1866).
East Florida ; Spring Garden, Lake Florida : in the Florida Subregion.
It is readily distinguished from the other American species by the propor-
tionally short spire, the very large body-whorl, and expanded aperture.
Jaw strongly arched ; ends blunt, attenuated ; cutting edge deeply copcave
and furnished with a prominent pointed beak ; anterior surface with vertical
and horizontal stria?, but no grooves or rib-like processes; accessory plate
large, subquadrate.
Lingual membrane (PI. X. Fig. N) has 15 — 1 — 15 teeth, with 10 perfect
laterals
Succinea Salleana, Pfeiffer.
Shell depressed-ovate, very thin, delicately striated, irregularly marked with
impressed spiral lines, pellucid, shining, whitish horn-colored ; spire very short,
subtuberculous ; whorls 2\, the penultimate convex, the last exceeding three
fourths the length of the shell ; columella with a slight callus, strictly receding ;
430 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
aperture subparallel to the axis, angularly oval; peristome subthickened, its
right end scarcely arched. Length, 19 mill.; diameter, 10 mill.;
height, 17 mill.; length of aperture, 16 mill.; breadth below mid-
dle, 9 mill.
Fig. 307.'
Succinea Salleana, Pfeiffek, Proc. Zool. Soc, Nov., 1849, 133;
Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 16; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 49, PI. V. Figs. 7, 8.
— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 42, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 18 ; L.
& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 270 (1869). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II.
240 (1866).
Near New Orleans ; belonging, perhaps, to the Texas Subregion.
Animal not observed.
Doubtful and Spurious Species of Succinea.
Succinea putris, Lin. (Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., 21; DeKay, 1839, 31; Feeus-
sac, Tabl. Syst., 9), and
Succinea amphibia, Drap. (Forbes, Brit. Ass., 1837, 144 ; Ferussac, Tabl.
Syst. ; Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 159 ; Mrs. Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc.
Quebec, 1829, I. 194), have been quoted from America. Having never seen a
well-authenticated specimen of either, I omit them.
Succinea vermeta, Say, New Harm., Diss., II. 230 (1829); Desc. 23 (1840);
ed. Binney, 38 (S. venusta, \V. G. B., err. typ.). Gould quotes this in the
synonymy of & avara. See Terr. Moll., II. 64, 73, and above, p. 421.
Succinea aperta, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philo. Soc, VI. 101, PI. XXIII. Fig. 101 ;
Obs., II. 107 (1839), is said by Gould (Terr. Moll., II. 67) to be
identical with S. rotundata, of Sandwich Islands. *lg- 30°"
Succinea pcllucida, Lea (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 109 ;
Journ. of same; Obs., XL 134, PI. XXIV. Fig. 106), appears to
me to be Limncca columella. A figure of an authentic specimen,
received from Mr. Lea, is here given.
Succinea oblonga and putris, credited to North America by Prest- s peuutida,
wich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, XXVII. 493.
Succinea Haleana, Lea. — Shell obliquely ovate, shining, somewhat transparent,
thin, golden color ; spire short ; sutures impressed ; whorls 3, con-
vex ; aperture large, broadly oval ; outer lip regularly expanded ;
columella incurved. Diameter, .17 mill. ; length, .23 inch. Alexan-
dria, Louisiana. (Lea.)
Succinea Haleana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109. —
S. Haleana. _
Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 241 (1866).
Succinea Halei, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. ; Obs., XL 136, PI.
XXIV. Fig. 110.
Mr. Lea's original description is here given. Fig. 309 is drawn from a speci-
men received from him. See, also, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., I. 259, 1869.
Succinea Mooresiana, Lea. Shell obliquely oval, minutely striate, opaque, whit-
ish, somewhat thin ; spire exserted ; sutures impressed ; whorls 3, a little
convex; aperture nearly round; outer lip expanded; columella incurved and
SUCCINEA.
431
Diameter .24, length .39 inch. Court House Rock on Platte River.
Fig. 310.
S. Mooresiana.
Fig. 311.
twisted.
(Lea.)
Succinea Mooresiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864,
109 ; Journ. of the same, PI. XXIV. Fig. 109 ; Obs., XI. 136,
PI. XXIV. Fig. 109. —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 235
(1866).
The above is Mr. Lea's original description. Fig. 310 is
drawn from a specimen furnished by him. See also L. & Fr.-
W. Sh., I. 259 (1869).
Succinea Grosvenorii, Lea. Shell obliquely ovate, striate, somewhat transparent,
straw-yellow, and thin ; spire exserted ; sutures very much im-
pressed ; whorls 4, convex ; aperture nearly round, and rather large ;
outer lip expanded ; columella bent in and twisted. Diameter .32,
length, .51 inch. Santa Rita Valiey, Kansas? and Alexandria,
Louisiana.
Succinea Grosvenorii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864,
S. Grosvenorii. 109 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., PI. XXIV. Fig. 108 ; Obs.
XI. 135, PI. XXIV. Fig. 108. —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
II. 232 (1866).
Succinea Forsheyi, Lea, Proc. 'Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109 ; Journ. of
same; Obs., XI. 134, PI. XXIV. Fig. 107. —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,
II. 239, PI. II. Fig. 28 (1866).
The original description of this species is given above, and a figure of an
authentic specimen. The same is given below of S. Forsheyi, which
appears to me identical.
Succinea Forsheyi. Shell obliquely elongate, smooth, polished, semi-
transparent, pale golden color, very thin ; spire exserted, pointed ;
sutures impressed ; whorls 3, a little convex ; aperture large,
wide, ovate ; outer lip somewhat expanded ; columella thin, in-
curved and twisted. Diameter, .23, length, .46 inch. Rutersville,
Texas. (Lea.) See also L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 259 (1869).
Succinea Wilsoni, Lea. Shell obliquely elongate, very much striate, transparent,
deep golden color, and somewhat large, ovate ; outer lip somewhat
expanded; columella thin, incurved and twisted. Diameter .30
length .66 inch. Darien, Georgia. (Lea.)
Succinea Wilsoni, Lea, Proc. Acad. |Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109 ■
Journ. of same; Obs., XL 133, PI. XXIV. Fig. 105. —Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., II. 239 (1866).
I have not seen this species. The original description and a fac-
simile of the original figure are given here. See also L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,
I. 260 (1869).
Fig. 312.
S. Forsheyi.
Fig. 313.
S. Wilsoni.
Spurious Species of HELiciDiE.
Bulimus {Partula) Batavice, var. /3. minor. United States, Grateloup (Soc.
Lin. de Bord., XL 165).
Partula Otaheitana, Fer. United States (Grateloup, 1. c. p. 426).
432 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS.
Agatina fuscata, Rafinesque, is probably not found in the United States. ;See
Terr. Moll., I. 50.) See also ante, p. 410.
To the Terrestrial Mollusks, I. p. 348, ct scq., and IV. p. 152,1 I refer for in-
formation regarding the following species of Rafinesque : —
Zolotrema, Raf. Omphalina cuprea, Raf.
Hemilfftiia ovata, Raf. Stcnostoma convexa, Raf.
Menomphis, Raf. Slenotrema amvexa, Raf.
Aplodon nodosum, Raf. Toxostoma glob^laris, Raf.
Chimotrema planiuscula, Raf. Toxotrcma globular is, Raf.
Hemiloma avara, Raf. Toxotrcma complanata, Raf.
Mesodon maculcda, Raf. Triodopsis lunula, Raf.
Mesomphix, Raf. Trophodon, Raf.
Odomphium, Raf. Xolotrema lunula, Raf.
Odotropis, Raf. Xolotrema triodopsis, Raf.
Omphalina, Raf.
Oxyurus quadrilus, Raf., is a typographical error of my own in my "Notes,"
No. 4. No such name was proposed by him.
Fossil Helicid^e.
Anomphalus Meekii, Bradley. Coal of Illinois. See Am. Journ. of Science,
August, 1872.
Cmlocentrum irregulare, Gabb. (see L. & Fr. -W. Sh., I. 23), and Berendtia Tay-
lori, Pfr. (see same, 189). Lower California species are said to have been
found fossil at Carson Valley, Nevada, latitude 39°, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, Am.
Journ. Conch., IV. 217.
VIII. SUPPLEMENT.
Zonites Whitneyi. (See p. 113.) There are 24—1—24 teeth on the
lingual membrane, all of the usual type ; four of them are laterals.
Mesodon devia. (See p. 337.) The typical form has the same type of
dentition as the Salmon River variety. It is figured on PI. XVI. Fig. S. There
are 28 — 1 — 28 teeth. The thirteenth lateral has its inner cutting cusp split.
The jaw has fourteen ribs. The genital system has a small, globular genital
bladder on a long stout duct, which tapers greatly towards the bladder. The
penis 6ac is stout, long, cylindrical, with both vas deferens and retractor muscle
entering its apex; the ovary is long and narrow. There are no accessory
organs.
I am indebted to Mr. Henry Hemphill for the opportunity of examining th«-
above species.
l See also Binney's and Tryon's ed. of Rafinesque's Complete Writings.
INDEX
433
IX. INDEX.
N. B. — When there are only a few species in a genus, the generic name alone U given below.
Acanthinula, 341. See Helix.
\chatina acieula, 190.
australis, 401.
bullata, 87.
Californica, 400.
crenata, 404.
decussata, 86.
fasciata, 404.
flammigera, 401.
gracillima, 196.
lubrica, 187.
mucronata, 401.
pallida, 404.
pellucida, 401.
rosea, 84.
solida, 404.
striata, 84.
Texasiana, 87.
truncata, 84. ,
Vanuxemensis, 15.
vexillum, 404.
Agatina fuscata, 409.
variegata, 404.
Aglaia, 350. See Helix.
Agnatha, 21.
Ammonitella Yatesi, 262.
Anguispira. See Helix.
Anompnalus Meekii, 432.
Aplodon nodosum, 432.
Ariolimax, 226.
Ariolimax Andersoni, 235.
Californicus, 232.
Columbianus, 231.
Hemphilli, 235.
niger, 234.
Arion, 222.
Arion Andersoni, 226.
empiricorum, 225.
foliolatus, 225.
fuscus, 224.
hortensis, 224.
Arionta, 353. See Helix.
Binneya, 244.
Binneya notabilis, 245.
Bulimulus, 387.
Bulimulus alternatus, 388.
artemisia, 20.
Californicus, 21.
dealbatus, 393.
Dormani, 397.
excelsus, 20.
VOL. IV. 28
Bulimulus Floridanus, 398.
inscendens, 20.
Marielinus, 398.
Mooreanus, 392.
multilineatus, 395.
pallidior, 20.
patriarcha, 388.
pilula, 20.
proteus, 20.
Schiedeanus, 391.
serperastrus, 394.
sufflatus, 20.
Xantusi, 20.
Ziegleri, 21.
Bulimus. (For species see also Bulimulus.)
acutus, 399.
Bataviae (Par tula), 431.
Berlandierianus, 400.
Binneyanus, 399.
candidissimus, 391.
carinatus, 400.
chordatus = Pupa,
confinis, 393.
decollatus, 192.
elatus, 20.
excelsus, 20.
fallax, 203.
fasciatus, 399.
Floridanus, 400.
Gabbi, 20.
Galeotti, 393.
Gossei, 386.
gracillimus, 196.
barpa. See Helix
hordeanus? 212.
Humboldti, 399.
Kieneri, 385.
lactarius, 393.
Laurentii, 399.
Liebmanni, 394.
limneiformis, 400.
liquabilis, 393.
lubricoides, 188.
lubricus, 187.
marginatus, 203.
Manae, 399.
melania, 400.
Menkei, 395.
Mexicanus, 399.
modicus, 204.
multilatus, 192.
mutilatus, 192.
434
INDEX.
Bulimus Nebrascensis, 400.
neglectus, 399.
nitelinus, 394.
obscurus, 212.
octona, 399.
octonoitles, 194.
pallidior, 20.
perversus, 400.
radiatus, 399.
reses, 409.
spirifer, 20.
striatus, «4.
subeylindricus, 188.
subula, 194.
teres, 400.
undatus, 408.
urceus, 410.
vegetus = pallidior, 20.
venosus, 395.
vermetus, 399.
vermieulus, 400.
vesicalis = sufBatns.
vexillum, 404.
virgulatus, 395.
Xanthostoraus, 391.
zebra, 408.
Ziebmanni, 394.
Bulla truncata, 84.
Carocolla. See Helix.
Chimotrema plauiuseula, 432.
Cionella acicula, 190.
subcylindrica, 188.
Clausilia contraria, 400.
Taylori (Balea),= Berendtia, 20,
432.
Cochlicopa rosea, 84.
Coecilianella acicula, 190.
Ccelocentxum irregulare, 432.
Columna Californica, 400.
teres, 400.
vermieulus, 400.
Conulus, 124.
Cylindrella, 381.
Cylindrella campanulata, 384.
concisa, 385.
Goldfussi, 177.
Hydeana, 385.
irregularis, 20.
jejuna, 383.
lactaria, 383
Newcombiana, = Berendtia,
383.
Poeyana, 382.
Sontifica = Macroceramus.
lemondi, 21.
Roemeri, 177.
Taylori, 20.
Dendropupa, 213.
Deroceras, 153.
Dorcasia, 346. See Helix.
Elasmognatha, 414.
Eucalodium Newcombianum =
Taylori.
Eumelus, 153.
Euparypha, 375. See Helix.
Ferussacia subcylindrica, 187.
Fruticicola, 345. See Helix.
Gastrodonta. .See Helix.
Geophila, 21.
Glandina, 21.
Glandina Albersi, 21.
bullata, 86.
corneola, 86.
decussata, 86.
Marminii, 87.
parallela, 85.
Texasiana, 84, 87.
truncata, 84.
turris, 21.
Vanuxemensis, 83.
Glyptostoma, 373.
Goniognatha, 401.
Gonostoma, 261.
Helicodiscus, 184. See Helix.
Helix, 252.
Helix abjecta, 320.
acerrus, 104.
acutedentata, 21.
aeruginosa, 355.
albella, 257.
albocincta, 348.
albolabris, 317.
albolineata, 348.
albozonata, 348.
alliarius, 135.
alternata, 161.
amplexus, 257.
Araurensis, 342.
anachoreta, 358.
angulata, 255, 257.
anilis, 21.
annulata, 122.
apex, 118.
appressa, 305.
arborea, 114.
arboretorum, 358.
arbustorum, 257.
areola ta, 20.
Ariadna;, 280.
arrosa, 354.
aspersa, 380.
asteriscus, 167.
attenuata, 255.
auriculata, 263.
aurifonnis, 265.
avara, 268.
Ayersiana, 359.
barbigera, 294.
Baskervillei, 337.
bicarinatus, 256.
Berendtia
INDEX.
435
Helix Behrii, 21.
Berlandieriana, 347.
bicostata, 129.
bidentifera, 257.
Binneyana, 120.
Bonplandi, 257.
Breweri, 114.
Bridgesii, 364.
bucculenta, 331.
Buffoniana, 381.
bulbina, 339.
caduca, 102.
Califomiensis, 365.
capillacea, 100.
capnodes, 98.
capsella, 123.
carnicolor, 175.
Caroliniensis, 304.
Carpenteri, 21, 366.
Carpenteriana, 284.
catascopius, 256.
cellaria, 112.
cereolus, 283.
cerinoidea, 111.
chersina, 125.
chersinella, 123.
Chilowensis, 340.
Christyi, 325.
cicercula, 348.
Clarki, 324.
clausa, 306, 332.
Columbiana, 333.
concava, 92.
conspecta, 121.
convexa, 295.
Cooperi, 157.
corpuloides, 257.
corrugata, 256.
costata, 344.
Couchiana, 280.
crebristriata, 360.
Cronkheitei, 166.
cultellata, 135.
Curaberlandiana, 163.
Cumberlandicus, 163.
cypreophila, 357.
Damascenes = Pandoras,
dealbata, 257.
decisa, 257.
dejecta, 320.
demissa, 104.
denotata, 303.
dentifera, 328.
depicta, 250.
devia, 337, 432.
Diabloensis, 368.
diodonta, 340.
dissidens, 92.
dissimilis, 257.
divesta, 319.
domestica, 138, 257.
Dorfeuilliana, 278.
Helix Downieana, 335.
dubia, 161.
Dupetithouarsi, 370.
Duranti, 94.
Edgariana, 293.
EdVardsi, 293.
egena, 125, 127.
electrina, 115.
elevata, 324.
Elliotti, 110.
ephabus, 311.
espiloca, 267.
Evansi, 258.
exarata, 363.
exigua, 122.
exoleta, 326.
Fabricii, 126.
facta, 372.
fallax, 309.
fastigans, 273.
fatigiata, 274.
Febigeri, 285.
Fergusoni, 162.
ferrea, 121.
fidelis, 350.
florulifera, 265.
finitima, 277.
fraterna, 298.
friabilis, 100.
fuliginosa, 100.
fulva, 125.
fuscata, 257.
Gabbi, 371.
germana, 300.
glaphyra, 108, 112.
griseola, 348.
gularis, 129, 255.
Gundlachi, 127.
haemastomus, 176.
haliotoides, 257.
Hammonis, 127.
Harfordiana, 309.
harpa, 342.
Haydeni, 157.
Hazardi, 276.
helicoides, 304.
heligmoidea, 257.
Hemphilli, 159.
Henrietta?, 313.
heterostrophus, 256.
hieroglyphica, 257.
Hillebrandi, 353.
Hindsi, 269.
hippocrepis, 273.
hirsuta, 296.
hispida, 345.
Hopetonensis, 311.
Horni, 167.
hortensis, 379.
Hubbardi, 261.
hydrophila, 113.
Idahoensis, 159.
436
INDEX.
Helix immitissima, 256.
imperfecta, 256
incrassata, 170.
mcrustata, 170.
indentata, 116.
infecta, 161.
inflecta, 306.
infumata, 352.
Ingallsiana, 333.
Ingersolli, 173.
inornata, 108.
intercisa, 360.
interna, 132.
mtertexta, 106.
introferens, 310.
irrorata, 257.
isognomostomos, 296.
Jacksonii, 275.
janns, 115.
jejuna, 336.
Kelletti, 361.
Knoxyillina, 324.
kopnodes. See capnottes.
labiosa, 334.
labrosa, 292, 334.
labyrinthica, 259.
labyrinthicula, 259.
laevigata, 100.
laminifera, 257.
Lansingi, 171.
lasmodon, 131.
Lavelleana, 118.
Lawi, 335.
Leaii, 299.
Lecontii, 313.
Leidyi, 257.
leporina, 2S3j
levis, 20, 377.
ligera, 105*.
limatula, 117.
limitaris, 168.
lineata, 185.
lineolata, 257.
linguifera, 305.
Lohrii, 20.
Loisa = acutedentata.
loricata, 313.
lucida, 113.
lncubrata, 101, 102.
maeilenta, 131.
major, 316.
marginicola, 134.
Mauriniana, 118.
maxillata, 297.
Mazatlanica, 21, 168.
milium, 119.
minuscnla, 118.
minuta, 344.'
minutalis, 118.
minutissima, 411.
Mitchelliana, 323.
Mobiliana, 336.
Helix monodon, 298.
Mooreana, 271.
mordax, 161.
Mormonum, 366.
Morsei, 121.
Mullani, 337.
multidentata, 133.
multilineata, 320.
Nebrascensis, 258.
nemoralis, 379.
nemorivaga, 358.
Newberryana, 374.
Nickliniana, 357.
nitida, 113, 127.
notata, 303.
Nuttalliana, 351.
obliqua, 258.
obstricta, 303.
occidentalis, 258.
oppilata, 278.
Oregonensis, 370.
Ottonis, 114.
paehyloma, 348.
palliata, 302.
pallida, 255,, 256.
paludosus, 255.
palustris, 257.
Pandora?, 20.
Parkeri, 364.
parvus, 256.
patula, 164.
pauper, 166.
pedestris, 356.
pellucida, 133, 257.
Pennsylvanica, 321.
jeregrina, 256.
personata, 257.
perspectiva, 164.
Pisana, 175, 256.
placentula, 124.
planorboides, 92.
planorbula, 283.
plebeium, 346.
plicata, 278.
polychroa, 176.
polygyrella, 289.
pomum-adami, 132.
porcina, 297.
Postelliana, 266.
priscus, 134.
profunda, 338.
ptycophora, 356.
pulchella, 344.
punctata, 257.
pura, 115.
pusilla, 127.
pustula, 286.
pustuloides, 287.
pygmaea, 411.
radiata, 256.
radiatulus, 115.
Rafinesquea, 105.
IKDEX.
437
Helix raroentosa, 364.
rastellum, 257.
redimita, 359.
Remondi, 366.
reticulata, 364.
rhodocheila, 176.
Richardi, 339.
Roemeri, 329.
rotula, 123.
Rowelli, 20, 256.
ruderata, 166, 256, 257.
rudis, 255.
rufa, 318.
rufescens ? 346.
ruficincta, 371.
Rugeli, 307.
ruida, 356.
Sagraiana, 255.
Sandiegoensis, 255.
Sayii, 339.
saxicola, 170.
scabra, 161.
sculp tilis, 109.
selenina, 171.
septemvolva, 281.
sequoicola, 367.
significans, 132.
sinuata, 296.
solitaria, 156.
spatiosa, 258,
spinosa, 291.
splendidula, 348.
sportella, 91.
Stearnsi, 128.
Stearnsiana, 362.
Steenstrupii, 257.
stenotrema, 295.
strangulata, 258.
striatella, 164.
striatula, 115.
strigosa, 157.
strongy lodes, 161.
subcarinatus, 257.
subglobosa, 378.
submeris, 176.
subplana, 107.
suppressa, 130.
Tamaulipasensis, 270.
Tennesseensis, 324.
tenuistriata, 168, 372.
Texasiana, 270.
tholus, 272.
thyroides, 330.
Townsendiana, 355.
Traskii, 369.
tridentata, 308.
triodontoides, 271.
trivolvis, 256.
Troostiana, 275.
Trumbulli, 257.
Tryoni, 375.
tudiculata, 357.
Helix urceus, 257.
uvulifera, 265.
Vancouverensis, 90.
Van Nostrandi, 312.
variabilis, 257.
varians, 175.
Veitchi, 20.
vellicata, 90.
ventrosula, 269.
vetusta, 258.
vincta, 365.
virginalis, 348.
virginea, 257.
virginica, 256.
viridata, 256.
viridula, 115.
vitrina, 258.
vitrinoides, 258.
vivipara, 256.
volvoxis, 282.
vortex, 171.
Voyana, 93.
vultuosa, 312.
Wardiana, 105.
Wetherbyi, 330.
Wheatleyi, 327.
Whitney i, 113, 432.
zaleta, 326.
Hemiloma avara, 432.
ovata, 432.
Hemitrochus, 174. See Helix\
Hemphillia, 246.
Hemphillia glandulosa, 248.
Holognatha Helicea, 153.
VitriDea, 87.
Holospira, 176. See Cvlindrella.
Hyalina, 111. See Helix.
Isthmia, 214.
Leucochila, 203.
Liguus, 401.
Limax, 139.
Limax agrestis, 146.
antiquorutn, 143.
campestris, 149.
Carolinensis, 182.
Carolinianus, 182.
castaneus, 152.
Columbian us, 163.
flavus, 144.
fuliginosus, 153.
Hewstoni, 160.
gracilis, 153.
lineatus, 153.
marmoratus, 153, 182.
maximus, 143.
montanus, 152.
occiden talis, 149.
olivaceus, 153.
togata, 182.
tunicata, 147.
438
INDEX.
Limax variegatus, 145.
Weinlandi, 153.
Macroceramus, 384.
Macroccramus Gossei, 386.
Kieneri, 385.
pontificus, 385.
Macrocyolis, 88.
Macrocyclis concava, 92.
Duranti, 94.
Elliotti, 94.
Newberryana, 374.
sportella, 91.
Vancouverensis, 90.
Voyana, 93.
Melaniella, 195.
Menomphis, 432.
Mesodon, 314. See Helix.
Mesodon maculata, 432.
Mesomphix, 98, 432.
Microphysa, 169. See Helix.
Odomphium, 432.
Odostomia corticaria, 209.
Odotropis, 432.
Oleacina. -See Glandina.
Omphalina, 432.
Oraphalina cuprea, 100, 432.
Onchidella, 178.
Onchidella borealis, 179.
Onchidium Carpenteri, 20.
Opeas, 194.
Orthalicus, 406.
Orthalicus undatus, 408.
zebra, 408.
Oxyurus quadrilus, 432.
Pallifera, 249.
Pallifera dorsalis, 250.
Wetherbyi, 251.
Paludina turrita, 203.
Partula Otaheitana, 431.
Patula, 154. See Helix.
Philorayctis Caroliniensis, 182.
dorsalis, 184.
flexuolaris, 184.
fuscus, 184.
lividns, 184.
nebulosus, 184.
oxyrus, 184.
quadrilus, 184.
Planorbis glans, 85.
parallelus, 185.
Planogyra. See Helix.
Polygyra, 262. See Helix.
Polygyrella, 289.
Polyphemus glans, 84.
Pomatia, 379.
Prophysaon, 236.
Prophysaon Hempbilli, 238.
Pseudohyalina, 119.
Pulmonata, 1.
Punctum, 410.
Punctum minutissimum, 412.
pygmseum, 410.
Pupa, 1 96.
Pupa albilabris, 203.
alticola, 212.
Arizonensis, 204.
armifera, 205.
armigera, 206.
badia, 197.
Blandi, 198.
borealis, 211.
Californica, 202.
carinata, 209.
chordata, 21.
contracta, 207.
corpulenta, 201.
corticaria, 209.
costulata, 213.
curvidens, 200.
decora, 201.
deltostoma, 207.
detrita, 221.
exigua, 213.
fallax, 203.
gibbosa, 219.
Gouldii, 213.
helicoides, 213.
Hoppii, 198.
hordeacea, 205.
incana, 213.
marginatus, 203, 213.
maritima, 221.
milium, 213.
minuta, 209.
modesta, 213.
modica, 204.
mumia, 221.
muscorum, 197.
Nebrascana, 213.
ovata, 213.
ovulum, 213.
pellucida, 211.
pentodon, 200.
placida, 212.
procera, 209.
Rowellii, 202.
rupicola, 208.
Riisei, 211.
servilis, 211.
simplex, 213.
Steenbuchii, 199.
Tappaniana, 200.
turrita, 203.
unicarinata, 213, 385.
variolosa, 199.
Vermilionensis, 213.
vetusta, 213.
Pupilla, 197.
Pupilla Blandi, 235.
Rumina, 191.
INDEX.
439
Stenogyra, 191.
Stenogyra decollata, 192.
gracillima, 195.
octona, 196.
octonoides, 194.
subula, 195.
Stenostoma convexa, 432.
Stenotrema, 290. See Helix.
Stenotrcma coiivexa, 432.
Striatum, 119.
Strobila, 258.
Strophia, 219.
Strophia ineana, 220.
Succinca, 414.
Succinea amphibia, 430.
aperta, 430.
aurea, 422.
avara, 420.
campestris, 426.
cingulata, 21.
citrina, 419.
Concordialis, 418.
Decampii, 417.
effusa, 429.
Eorsheyi, 431.
Gabbii, 429.
Greerii, 424.
Grcenlandica, 423.
Grosvenorii, 431.
Haleana, 430.
Halei, 430.
Hawkinsii, 427.
Haydeni, 415.
Higginsi, 418.
inflata, 427.
lineata, 420, 424.
luteola, 419.
Mooresiana, 430.
munita, 419.
Nuttalliana, 428.
obliqua, 423.
oblonga, 430.
Oregonensis, 428.
ovalis, 417.
pellacida, 430.
putris, 430.
retusa, 416.
rusticana, 427.
Salleana, 429.
Sillimani, 416.
Stretcbiana, 422.
Texasiana, 419.
Totteniana, 425.
unicolor, 427.
vermeta, 421, 430.
Verrilli, 422.
Wardiana, 421.
Succinea Wilsoni, 431.
Tachea, 377.
Tebennophorus, 179.
Tebennophorus bilincatus, 184.
Caroliniensis, 181.
dorsalis, 184.
Testacella , 87.
haliotoidea, 87.
Testaeina, 153.
Toxostoma globularis, 432.
Toxotrema com{)lanata, 432.
globularis, 432.
Triodopsis, 301. See Helix.
Triodopsis lunula, 308, 432.
Trophodon, 432.
Turricula, 349.
Urcinella, 153.
Vaginulus flexuolaris, 244.
floridanus, 241.
fuscus, 244.
oxyurus, 244.
quadrilus, 244.
Vallonia, 343. See Helix.
Veronicella, 240.
Veronicella Floridana, 241.
olivacea, 243.
Vertigo, 213.
Vertigo Bollesiana, 215.
Gouldii, 214.
milium, 214.
ovata, 216.
pentodon, 200.
rupicola, 208.
simplex, 219.
tridentata, 217.
ventricosa, 218.
Vitrina, 135.
Vitrina Americana, 137.
Angelicas, 137.
exilis, 138.
latissima, 136.
limpida, 1.36.
obliqua, 139.
pellucida, 136.
pfeifferi, 138.
Xolotrema elausa, 307.
lunula, 432.
triodopsis, 432.
Zilotea, 153.
Zolotrcma, 432.
Zonites, 94. *SVe Helix.
BULLETIN
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE
VOL. IV.
PLATES.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
1878.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
at Harvard College, CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
Vol. IV.
THE TERRESTRIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLTJSKS
UNITED STATES AND THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES
OF NORTH AMERICA
DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED
By W. G. BINNEY.
VOL. V.
PLATES.
CAMBEIDGE:
PRINTED BY WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY,
university press.
July, 1878.
X. EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. III.
For the Uttering of the plaits of Vol. HI. the following it to be substituted.
Plate I.
Mesodon major.
n.
albolabris.
in.
multilineata.
IV.
clausa (middle line).
Mitcbelliana (outline figures).
V.
Columbiana.
VL
Arionta ratercisa (central figure).
Californiensis (outer figures).
redimita (upper and lower figures)
VI.
a. Nickliniana.
VII.
Mesodon Pennsylvania.
VTII.
Tachea hortensis.
IX.
Mesodon elevata.
X.
exoleta.
XI.
tbyroides.
XL
a. " var. bucculenta.
XII.
dentifera.
XIII.
Triodopsis appressa.
XIII.
a. Mesodon Columbiana (labiosa) Fig. 1.
di vesta (Fig. 2)
XIV.
Triodopsis palliata.
XV.
obstricta.
XVI.
Arionta tudiculata.
XVII.
Fig. 1. Vallonia pulchella.
2. Zonites minusculus.
3. Strobila labyriu thica.
4. Zonites fulvus
xvni.
Aglaja fidelis.
XIX.
Arionta Townsendiana.
XX.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis.
XXI.
concava.
XXII.
Mesodon profunda.
XXIL
a. Fig. 1 . Macrocyclis sportella.
Fig. 2. Zonites nitidus.
Fig. 3. Gundlacbi.
XXIII.
Mesodon Sayii.
XXIV.
Patula solitaria.
442 EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. III.
XXV. Patula alternata.
XXVI. Cumberlandiana.
XXVI. a. strigosa.
XXVII. Triodopsis tridentata.
XXVIII.
fall ax.
XXIX
• Fig. 1.
Zonites viridulus.
Fig. 2.
indentatus.
Fig. 3.
arboreus.
Fig. 4.
cellarius.
XXIX
, a. There are two plates of this. That engraved by Delarue is as fol-
lows : —
Fig. 1.
Triodopsis loricata.
Fig. 2.
Zonites capsella.
Fig. 3.
Ottonis (= arboreus).
Fig. 4.
Microphysa incrustata.
The other, engraved by Duthie, has
Fig. 1.
Zonites capsella.
Fig. 2.
Microphysa vortex. Other figures as in the Delarue plate.
XXX.
Fig. 1.
Patula perspectiva.
Fig. 2.
striatella.
Fig. 3.
Zonites limatulus.
Fig. 4.
internus.
XXXI.
Zonites fuliginosus.
XXXII.
laevigatas.
XXXIII.
subplanus.
XXXIV.
inornatus.
XXXV.
ligerus.
XXXVI.
intertextus.
XXXVII.
Fig. 1.
Zonites suppressus.
Fig. 2.
lasmodon.
Fig. 3, 4
gularis.
XXXVIII.
Polygyra septemvolva. The outer figures are var. volvoxis.
XXXIX.
Fig. 1.
Polygyra septemvolva, var. volvoxis.
Fig. 2.
Troostiana.
Fig. 3.
pustula.
Fig. 4.
fastigans.
XL
.Fig. 1.
Left hand, Polygyra auriculata.
Right hand, auriforrais.
Fig. 2.
Polygyra auriformis.
XL
. a, Fig.
1. Polygyra leporina.
Fig.
2. Stenotrema maxillatum. N. B.
The enlarged view of tiie
aperture is misplaced with Fig.
3 on the plate engraved by
Delarue. It is correctly placed <
on that engraved by Duthie,
there being two plates of XL. a
Fig.
3. Stenotrema germanum.
Fig.
4. Polygyra vultuosa.
XLL Stenotrema monodon. The upper transverse line represents th<j variety
FRA.TERNA, the two central transverse lines the var. Leah.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. III.
443
XLII. Fig. 1. Zonites demissus.
Fig. 2. Mesodon jejuna.
Fig. 3. Stenotrema hirsutum.
Fig. 4. stenotrema.
XLIII. Pomatia Buffoniana : a Mexican species omitted from this volume.
Vol. II.
XLIV. Fig. 1. Stenotrema spinosum.
Fig. 2. Edgarianum.
XLV. Fig. 1. Polygyra Texasiana.
Fig. 2, 3. Triodopsis inflecta.
XLVI. Hemitrochus varians, var. f, 17, 6. u
See
XL VII.
«, ft y, 6, c.
XL VIII. Fig. 1.
Helicodiscus lineatus.
Fig. 2.
Zonites vortex.
Fig. 3.
multidentatus.
XLIX. Fig. 1.
Dorcasia Berlandieriana.
Fig. 2.
griseola.
L. Fig. 1.
Stenogyra decollata.
Fig. 2.
Bulimulus serperastua.
LI. Fig. 1.
dealbatus.
Fig. 2.
Schiedeanus.
LI. a.
alternatus, upper and lower figures.
dealbatus, middle transverse line of figures.
LLb.
alternatus.
LII. Fig. I.
Pupa fallax.
Fig. 2.
modica.
Fig. 3.
Acantinula harpa.
Fig. 4.
Ferussacia subcylindrica.
LIII. Fig. 1.
Carychium exiguum, a species of Limnophila, omitted from this
volume. See Vol. IV.
Fig. 2.
Blauneria pellucida. See Vol. IV.
Fig. 3.
Stenogyra gracillima.
Fig. 4.
octonoides.
LIV. Orthalicus undatus.
LV. Liguus fasciatus.
LVI.
a
LVII.
it
LVIII. Bulimulus multilineatus.
LIX. Glandina truncata.
LX.
"
LXI. Fig. 1.
Glandina decussata.
Fig. 2.
truncata var.
LXII. Fig. 1.
Vanuxemensis.
Fig. 2.
truncata var.
LXII. a.
bullata.
LXIII. Fig. 1,
2. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
Fig. 3.
Pallifera dorsalis.
LXIV. Fig. 1.
Arion fuscus.
444 EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. IH.
Fig. 2.
Limax agrestis.
Fig. 3.
campestris.
LXV. Fig. 1.
flavus — with eggs.
Fig. 2.
Arion fuscus.
LXVL Fig. 1.
Ariolimax Columbianus, with the internal plate, head, and
mantle.
Fig. 2.
Arion foliolatus with the surface enlarged. Not an Arion. See
p. 225.
LXVTL Veronicella Floridana.
LXVII. a. Fig.
1. Vitrina limpida.
Fig.
2. Succinea Concordiah's.
Fig.
3. ovalis, Gld., not of Say.
Fig.
4. Nuttal liana.
LXVII. b. Fig.
1 . Succinea campestris.
Fig.
2. Totteniana.
Fig.
3. obliqua.
LXVII. c. Fig.
1. luteola.
Fig.
2. aurea.
Fig.
3. Oregonensis.
Fig.
4. avara.
LXVTII. Strophia incana.
LXIX. Fig. I.
MacroceramuB Kieneri : the outline natural size.
Fig. 2.
Cylindrella Poeyana, with enlarged view of aperture and apicial
whorls.
Fig. 3.
Cylindrella jejuna.
LXX. Fig. 1.
Pupa rupicola.
Fig. 2.
contracts.
Fig. 3.
muscorum.
Fig. 4.
armifera.
LXXI. Fig. 1.
Vertigo milium.
Fig 2.
Gouldi.
Fig. 3.
Pupa decora.
Fig. 4.
Vertigo modesta = ovata.
LXXII. Fig. 1.
Pupa pentodon.
Fig. 2.
variolosa.
Fig. 3.
Vertigo simplex.
Fig. 4.
Pupa corticaria.
LXXII. a. Chondropoma dentatum. A pectinate species not included in this
volume. See Vol. IV.
LXXIII. Helicina orbiculata: the lower line is Hel. tropica. See PL LXXII. a.
LXXIV. Fig. 1.
Helicina occulta (recent). See PI. LXXII. a.
Fig. 2.
(fossil).
Fig. 3.
orbiculata.
Fig. 4.
chryosocheila.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES OP VOL. V.
445
XI. EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. V.
Plate I.
Lingual dentition of
A.
' Glandina trancata.
G.
Limax flavus.
B.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis.
H.
agrestis.
C.
concaTa.
I.
campestris.
D.
Voyana.
J.
Hewstoni.
E.
Duranti.
X.
montanus, var. castaneus,
F.
Limax maximus.
b. inner marginals.
c. outer marginals.
L.
occiden talis (see p. 149).
"Plats IT.
Central,
lateral, and marginal
teeth of
A.
Vitrina Pfeifferi.
I.
Zonites fuliginosus.
B.
exilis.
J.
friabilis.
C.
limpida.
K.
capnodes.
D.
Zonites Gundlachi.
L.
intertextus.
E.
fulvus.
M.
ligerus.
F.
laevigatas.
K.
limatulus.
G.
cellarius.
0.
demissus.
H.
inornatus.
P.
sculptilis.
Plate III.
Lingual
dentition of
A.
Zonites nitidns.
L.
Zonites placentula.
B.
cerinoideos.
M.
milium.
C.
Elliotti.
N.
multidentatus.
D.
exiguus.
0.
lasmodon.
E.
viridulus.
P.
ferreus.
F.
arborens.
Q.
internus.
G.
indentatus.
R.
significans.
H.
minusculns.
S.
Microphysa incrustata.
I.
Binneyanus.,
T.
vortex.
J.
suppressus.
V.
Ingersolli.
K.
gularis.
Plate IV.
Lingual
dentition of
A.
Patula perspectiva.
C.
Patula asteriscus.
B.
striatella.
D.
Cumberlandiana.
44<
3 EXPLANATION OF
PLATES OF VOL. V.
E.
Patula alternata.
M.
Helicodiscus lineatus.
F.
mordax.
N.
Holospira Goldfussi.
G.
Cooperi.
0.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
H.
strigosa.
P.
Stenogyra subula.
I.
Idahoensis.
Q.
decollata.
J.
Hemphilli.
R.
Ferussacia subcylindrica.
K.
solitaria.
S.
Papa rupicola.
L.
Hemitrochus varians.
T.
fallax.
Plate V.
Lingual
denti
lion of
A.
Strophia incana.
J.
Hemphillia glandnlosa.
B.
Onchidella borealis.
K.
Binneya notabilis.
C.
Arior fuscus.
L.
Pallifera dorsalis.
D.
Ariolimax niger.
M.
Wetherbyi.
E.
Columbianu3.
N.
Acanthinula Hubbardi.
F.
Califonricus.
0.
labyrinthica.
G.
Andersoni.
P.
Veronicella Floridana.
H.
Hemphilli.
Q.
Gonostoma Yatesi.
I.
Prophysaon Hemphilli.
Plate VI.
Lingual
dentition of
A.
Polygyra auricnlata.
J.
Polygyra Febigeri.
B.
uvulifera.
K.
cereolus.
C.
pustuloides.
L.
septemvolva.
D.
Troostiana.
M.
Carpenteriana.
E.
pustula.
N.
Postelliana.
F.
leporina.
0.
Hazardi.
G.
Texasiana.
P.
espiloca.
H.
fastigans.
Q-
Mooreana.
I.
Dorfeuilliana.
R.
auriformis.
Plate VII.
Lingual
dent,
it ion of
A.
Polygyrella polygyrella.
L.
Triodopsis fallax.
B.
Stenotrema spinosum.
M.
tridentata.
C.
barbigerum.
N.
Hopetonensis.
D.
Edvardsi.
0.
palliata.
E.
stenotremum.
P.
obstricta.
F.
hirsutum.
Q-
appressa.
G.
germanum.
R.
Harfordiana.
H.
monodon.
S.
inflecta.
I.
Triodopsis Van Nostrandi.
T.
Turricula terrestris.
J.
loricata.
U.
Vallonia pulchella.
K.
Rugeli.
V.
Dorcasia griseola.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. V.
447
Plate VIII.
Lingual
dentition
of
A.
Mesodon exoleta.
K.
Mesodon albolabris.
15.
Sayii.
L.
multilineata.
c.
Roemeri.
M.
elevata.
1).
Wetherbyi.
N.
Mobiliana.
E.
Pennsylvanica.
0.
devia, from Salmon River.
F.
Downieana.
P.
Columbiana.
G.
major.
Q-
profunda.
II.
Mitchelliana.
R.
Wheatleyi.
I.
Clarki.
S.
thyroides.
J.
dentifera.
T.
clausa.
Plate IX.
Lingual
dentition
of
A.
Fruticicola rufescens.
L.
Arionta Stearnsiana.
15.
Aglaja infumata.
M.
Traski.
C
fidelis.
N.
ruficincta.
I).
Arionta arrosa.
0.
exarata.
E.
tudiculata.
P.
facta.
F.
Nickliniana.
Q-
Townsendiana.
G.
redimita.
R.
DupetithouarM.
11.
Ayresiana.
s.
Californiensis.
I.
Kelletti.
T.
Diabloensis.
J.
sequoicola.
U.
Carpenteri.
K.
ramentosa.
Plate
X.
Lingual
dentition
of
A.
Glyptostoma Newberryanum.
J.
Succinea Stretchiana.
15.
Euparypha Tryoni.
K.
avara.
c.
Tachea hortensis.
L.
lineata.
1).
Pomatia aspersa.
M.
ovalis.
E.
Bulimulus dealbatus.
N.
effusa.
F.
Dormani.
0.
campestris.
G.
Liguus fasciatus.
P.
obliqua.
II.
Orthalicus undatus.
Q-
Macroceramus Gossei.
I.
Succiaea Sillimani.
R.
Cylindrella Poeyana.
Plate XI.
In all the figures of genitalia, the penis sac (p. s.) is represented in its natural posi-
tion to the left ; the genital bladder (g. b.) with its duct (d. g. b.) to the right of the
system. They can readily be distinguished without being indicated by lettering. The
same may be said of the testicle (t.), epididymis (ep.), accessory gland, (a. g.) prostate
(p.), vas deferens (v. d.), retractor of penis sac (r.), ovary (o.), oviduct (ov.), vagina
448
EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. V.
(v.), external orifice (or.). These are, however, all indicated by their initial letters jn
Fig. A. The accessory organs when present are all indicated by their initial letters,
accessory duct (a. d.), prostate gland (pr. g.), dart sac (d. s.), prepuce (pp.), flagellum
(fl.), accessory gland (a. g ).
Genitalia of
Fig. A.
Patula strigosa.
Fig. H.
Mesodon Mitchelliana.
Fig. B.
Binneya notabilis.
Fig. I.
Columbiana.
Fig. C.
Zonites morn at us.
Fig. J.
Boemeri.
Fig. D.
friabilis.
Fig. K.
Triodopsis appressa.
Fig. E.
laevigatas.
Fig. L.
Stenotrema monodon.
Fig. F.
Li max Hewstoni.
Fig. M.
germanum.
Fig. G.
Mesodon Clarki.
PLATE XII.
Genitalia of (
see
description c
f Plate XI.)
Fig. A.
Limax maximus.
Fig. G.
Ariolimax Hemphilli.
Fig. B.
montanus.
Fig.H.
Prophysaon Hemphilli.
Fig. C.
Ariolimax Columbianus.
Fig. I.
var.
Fig. D.
Californicus.
Fig.J-
K. Hemphillia glandulosa.
Fig. E.
Andersoni.
X (see description p. 249).
Fig. F.
niger.
Fig. L.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis.
Plate XIIL
Genitalia of (
see
description of Plate XI.)
Fig. A.
Arionta sequoicola.
Fig. F.
Same : dart.
X (6ee description, p. 368),
Fig. G.
Same ■ concretions (see p. 867.)
Fig. B.
Arionta Stearnsiana.
Fig. H.
Arionta Traski.
Fig. C.
Nickliniana.
Vaginal prostate: Xi Dm^ of
Fig. D.
Fie. E.
Kelletti.
Monnonum.
Fig. I.
same.
Arionta arrosa.
Fig. A.
Fig. B.
Fig. C.
Fig. D.
7, dart sac.
a. pr. g., accessory prostate gland.
X (see description, p. 367).
Plate XIV.
Genitalia of (see description of Plate XI t)
\rionta Townsendiana. Fig. E. Aglaja fidelis
ruficincta. Fig. F.
Euparypha Tryoni. Fig. G
1,2,3 (see description, p. 377). Fig. H
Glypto8toma Newberryanum.
infumata
Mesodon clausa.
Stenotrema spinosum.
Plate XV.
Genitalia of (see description of Plate XI.)
Fig. A. Triodopsis Hopetonensis. Fig. C. Triodopsis "Van Nostrandi.
Fig. B. fallax. Fig. D. tridentata.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES OF VOL. V.
449
Fig. E. Triodopsis Kugeli.
Fig. F. inflecta.
Fig. O. Mesodon Pennsy] vanica.
Fig. K. Macrocyclis sportella.
Fig. L. Polygyra avara.
Genitalia of
Fig. 0. Arionta ruficincta.
Fig. H. Polygyra septemvolva.
Fig. I. Polygyra Troostian*.
Fig. J. Buliraalus Dormani.
Dentition of
Fig. M. Turricula terrestris.
Fig. N. Arionta ptychophora.
Dentition of
Fig. P. A. Mormonum.
Platb XVI.
Central, lateral, transition, and marginal teeth of
Tig. A. Patula Hemphilli.
B. P. Haydeni.
C. Triodopsis introferens,
and profile.
G. Patula Haydeni.
D. Polygyra oppilata.
E. Mesodon Cbristyi.
F. Succinea Nuttaliana.
Jaw of
II. Vitrina limpida.
Lingual membrane greatly enlarged, with a line to show transverse row of teeth; the upper
margin in the figure corresponding with the posterior margin of the membrane of
I. Holospira Goldfussi.
J. Glandina truncata.
K. Macrocyclis sportella.
L. Cylindrella Poeyana.
M. Orthalicus undatns
It. Succinea Haydeni.
S. Mesodon devia.
N. Onchidella borealis.
O. Macroceramus Gossei.
P. Veronicella Floridana.
Q. Mesodon albolabris.
Lingual dentition of
T. Stenotrema labrosum.
U. Mesodon divesta.
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Harvard MCZ Libra
3 2044 066 303 199
Date Due
J
S«^H99&
SEP 3 0 1997
II
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