Full text of "Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick"

See other formats

BULLETIN

OF THE

Natural History Society

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXll.

Volume V.

Part II.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

SAINT JOHN, N. B., CANADA :

Barnes &: Co., Printers, 84 Prince William Street.

1904.

CONTENTS

Page.

ARTICLE I. — Nczv Bninszvick Caves, 155-169

ARTICLE II. — Notes on Oliver’s Cave, 171-174

ARTICLE III. — Upon Aboriginal Pictographs reported from

Nezv Brnnszi'ick, 175-178

ARTICLE IV. — Notes on the Natural History and Physiography

of Nezv Brunszvick, 1 79-241

ARTICLE V. — Recent Earthqimkes in Nezv Brunszvick, 243-245

ARTICLE VI. — Notes on the Genus Hyloptus of Daivson, 247-252

ARTICLE VII. — Physical Aspects of the Cambrian Rocks in
Eastern Canada, zvith a Catalogue of the Organic Remains
found in them, 253-278

Observations of Plants, 279-282

APPENDIX—

Report of Council, 283-291

Donations to Museum, 291

Donations to Library, 292

Officers and Committees, 293

List of Members, 294-296

Meferological Table, 297

BULLETIN

1 1 1' . ■

( ' Oli' THE' ' * ' ’ ' '

Nature History Society

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXIL

Volume V. Part II.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

SAINT JOHN, N. B., CANADA :

Barnes Co., Printers, 84 Prince William Street.

1904.

('■u ui:

Zoology

OCT 22 1940

i/8R AR

PLATE. Ill

SEA-SCULPTURE AT HOPEWELL CAPE

ARTICLE I.

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

By L. W. Bailey, LL. D., F. R. S. C.

(Read December ist, 1903 *

The literature of New Brunswick, scientific or otherwise,
contains but few references to caves as occurring* within its
borders, a circumstance from which the inference might naturally
be drawn that they do not exist. Nor is the geological structure
of the country very favorable to their development; for while
considerable areas are occupied by limestones, the material in
which caverns in other parts of the world are most extensively
developed, and the Province possesses an extended coast line
open to the undermining action of the sea, the limestones lack
that horizontality which is almost as important as their chemical
nature in the determination of extensive underground water-
courses, while a considerable portion of the coast is composed of
metamorphic rocks, which are not only highly tilted, but of such
a nature as to be but little affected by the attacks made upon them.
As a matter of fact, therefore, the Province does not contain any
caves or caverns at all comparable with those met with in some
other countries. Yet we are not wholly without subterranean
cavities, and some of these are by no means devoid of interest.
It is the purpose of this paper to bring together, as is being done
by Dr. Ganong in relation to other physiographic features of the
Province, such authentic facts relating to this subject as the
writer has been able to obtain.

Sea Caves.

Two sides of New Brunswick front the sea, one, the southern,
fronting the Bay of Fundy, being about 250 miles in length, while

*Read previously before the Fredericton Natural History Society.

156

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the other, commonly known as the North Shore, facing the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, is in the form of a crescentic curve, which is
somewhat longer. On the north the border is also a water one,
that of the Bay Chaleur and Restigouche river, but is of minor
importance in the present connection. The total coast line is
about 600 miles in length.

On the southern coast the shore is bold, the water deep, and
the action of waves, tides and currents powerful. But as a rule
the rocks forming this coast are either compact and crystalline,
giving to these agencies but little chance to act, or they are com-
posed of schists dipping at high angles towards the sea and form-
ing steeply sloping walls, from which the waves are turned back
with little excavating effect. Hence, though the coast line is
somewhat broken, and in places picturesque, it seldom shows
much undermining, or the formation of any recesses, which can
fairly be designated as caverns. An exception to this general
statement is, however, to be found along certain portions of the
shore, where the old pre-Cambrian schists have still resting upon
them, or sloping off from them, strata of more recent age. This
is to some extent true along the shores of Lepreau Basin and
about Point Lepreau, and again in the vicinity of Ouaco, especi-
ally about ^lelvin's beach, both localities being in rocks of the
Lower Carboniferous system ; but the most remarkable illustra-
tions by far are those which occur in connection with the rocks
of the same formation about the head of the Bay of Fundy, ac
Hopewell Cape. Here a series of coarse conglomerates, dipping
landward at a high angle, and broken by numerous faults, skirt
the shore for half a mile or more, in a series of bluffs one hundred
feet or more in height, and owing partly to their exposed posi-
tion, just where the accumulated energies of the bay have their
maximum of power, and partly to their own nature (the loosened
pebbles of the rock adding enormously to the eroding action of
the water), have been carved and undermined to a degree not
often equalled. Certainly no point on the Atlantic seaboard of
America can show more curious or more impressive exhibitions
of sea-sculpture than are to be found here. The accompanying

PLATE IV

NATURAL ARCH IN SANDSTONE AT MIRAMICHI.

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

157

illustration will convey some idea of their character, though not
exhibiting special features of caves. (See frontispiece). Of these,
some are evidently the result of simple undermining ; others are
apparently due to the displacement and fall of large sections of
rock now found piled against the more solid face-wall, but with
considerable irregular empty spaces between ; while in still other
instances it is possible to work one’s way for several hundred
yards through passages shut in by rock on either side, and dark,
except where at times some open space, a hundred feet or more
above one’s head, admits a feeble light to guide the steps. At
high water and during storms the waves must be driven with
great force through some of these passages, and it is probable that
‘‘ spouting horns ” are sometimes found, though none of these
have as yet been reported.

Another tract in which sea-sculpture has produced somewhat
similar results, though upon a scale of much less grandeur, is
that of Miramichi Bay. Here the rocks are the grey sandstones
and grits of the coal formation, and their attitude is horizontal,
conditions which have elsewhere shown themselves to be favor-
able to cave-production; and it is no uncommon thing along the
coast to find localities exhibiting overhung recesses, some of
which are quite noteworthy. At times also here, as on the Bay
of Fundy shore, the partial falling in of roofs of cavities, or it
may be the battering action of the waves on either side of narrow
promontories, has determined the formation of arches or natural
bridges. One of these, occurring on Miramichi Bay, some fif-
teen miles from Chatham, is shown in an accompanying plate.

River Caves.

Under this designation may be included the cave-like excava-
tions found in such proximity to surface streams as to indicate
that they, in part at least, owe their origin to the action of the
latter. Here, again, the most numerous and marked examples
of such wear are to be found in connection with the coarse sand-
stones and grits of the coal formation. Thus on the Miramichi

158

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

river, between Chatham and Bnshville, are several places in which
the borderino- vertical banks of rock have been carved out into
cave-like forms ; but the most remarkable instances of such exca--
vation, apparently, are some to be found upon the northwest
branch of this stream. Of one of these the late iNI. H. Perley
gave the following account in a letter to the N. B. Gleaner, Octo-
ber 4, 1845. for a copy of which I am indebted to Prof.
Ganong. He says :

" \Miile at the Indian Reserve, near the Big Hole on the
North \\'est, I lived in a very curious and romantic cave, which
has been known to the Indians for centuries, but of which I never
heard until I was shown into it. The Micmacs call the place
Condean-ii’eegan'' — the ''Stone Wigwam.” Its only entrance
is from the water, under a lofty overhanging cliff. The floor
of the cave is (by measurement) ten feet above the level of the
water, the height of the uppermost overhanging ledge is seven-
teen feet above the floor of the cave ; and the width of the entrance
seventy feet. Above the side of the cave a clear and very cold
spring bubbles up continually, and an aperture in the roof
(whether natural or artificial, I cannot say,) permits the smoke
to escape freely. The rocks at this place are all sandstones of
coarse grit, thickly studded with angular pebbles of milky and
rose-colored quartz, and the exceeding abundance of these crystals
give the place the appearance of an artificial grotto. The river
rushes swiftly past the entrance, standing in which some verv
fine trout were caught. The Indians spear many salmon at this
place, and they have hollowed out a basin at the spring, in which
they place the salmon. The coldness of the water keeps them
fresh for two or three days.”

The above account is so circumstantial, including definite
measurements, that one hesitates not to accept it in its entirety ;
but considering the fact that the locality has been for years a
well known and favorite fishing ground, it seems strange that
there should exist at the present time so much uncertainty regard-
ing it. Thus in connection with some enquiries made by me of

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

159

the late Col. Robert Call, Sheriff of Northumberland county, the
latter says that, although some thirty years ago he “ went for
fishing very often to the Big Hole, he did not remember of hear-
ing anything about a cave ’’ in that vicinity. He adds, however,
that upon enquiry, he learned that there is a cave there, and that
in it, it is said, a squaw gave birth to a child in the night of the
great fire in October, 1825. Again Mr. George Brown, a resi-
dent of Chatham, and the present owner of the land and fishing
privileges on the northwesterly side of the Big Hole, while say-
ing to Col. Call that he knew where the cave is, and had been in
it, felt confident, though without particular examination, that it
was small compared with the description given by Perley, adding
that he did not think it to be more than fifteen feet wide and six
or seven feet in height, extending inwards quite a distance, and
narrowing off to a point. Mr. Brown also says that he knows
of another cave at the Square Forks of the Sevogle, about ten
miles above the Big Hole, that the fishermen have converted into
a smoke house, but this is -much smaller than that at the Big
Hole. Finally Dr. Nicholson, of Chatham, in a letter to Prof.
Ganong, referring to the latter cave, says that it is known there,
and that Perley’s description is accurate.

Caves Resulting from Subterranean Drainage.

In the case of all the excavations noticed above, the results
have been due almost exclusively to mechanical action, the wear
of waves, tides, or river currents, and only in rare instances are
the holes shut out from the light of day. We may now consider
some cases which are truly subterranean, and which owe their
origination not wholly, or even principally, to mechanical wear,
but largely to the solvent power of water.

The materials capable of being acted upon by water in the
way of solution to an extent sufficient to produce noticeable
cavities are limited to three or four, viz., salt, gypsum, limestone
and dolomite.

Where beds of rock-salt occur, their removal, whether the
result of natural or artificial agencies, necessarily tends to pro-

160

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

(luce cavities correspondino- to the material removed ; but thoup^h
saline spring-s are found at a number of places in New Brunswick
(mainly in the Lower Carboniferous system of Kings county, as
near Sussex and Salt Spring Brook), no actual beds of rock-salt
are known to exist, and the land in their vicinity gives no indica-
tion of the existence of considerable cavities.

In the vicinity of gypsum beds the case is dififerent. Large
deposits of the latter occur near Hillsborough, in Albert county,
in the parish of I'pham. in Kings county, and on the Tobique
river, in \ ictoria c(3unty ; and in each of these cases the district
immediately surrounding the deposits is remarkable for the evi-
dences of removal. These are usually in the form of pits or sink
holes, though subterranean passages also exist. Near the plaster
beds of Hillsborough the ground is honeycombed with these
vertical holes, so closely aggregated in places and with such nar-
row intervening walls as to make passage across both difficult
and dangerous.

i\Ir. C. J. Osman, H. V. P., manager of the Albert IManufac-
turing Company, informs me that he has seen them fully forty
or fifty feet deep, while in places, where they are covered with
surface deposits, they are sometimes very large, extending in
^diameter fully one hundred feet, with a depth of forty to fifty feet.
He adds that the ])laster lands are covered with such depressions,
and they are, without question, the result of the percolation of
water through seams and fissures in the rock. These waters are
sometimes seen issuing as springs of considerable volume below
bluffs of gypsum rock, but as a rule the outlets are on the surface
of the lower lying lands at the foot of the plaster hills. Even
here iMr. Osman has found evidence of subsidence in what might
be taken to be the extreme low level for drainage, and showing
that there are still deeper subterranean passages. At wbat is
known as the “ Sayre quarry," where a good deal of underground
work has been done. iMr. Osman has found evidences of old
water-courses, which, as he thinks, must be at least sixty or
seventv feet below the original water level of the little lake which

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

161-

is one of the peculiarities of that quarry ; the water having been
formerly discharged by outlets through the underlying limestone
and thence to the bed of the river.

It is in connection with these gypsum deposits that the ice
pits and the subterranean lake referred to by Prof. Ganong in
Bulletin XXI occur, both of which have been visited by the
writer, and in one of which he found several feet of snow in the
latter part of July. Of the underground lake, so called, on
Demoiselle creek, Mr. Osman has kindly furn:’shed me with the
following description :

“ The gypsum deposit in which the depression occurs pre-
sents a high front, probably 90 or 100 feet high, of anhydrite,
containing some seams of hydrous gypsum, to a very limited
extent, and at the base of this wall of hard rock the little
Demoiselle brook ripples peacefully along. At the back of this
wall of anhydrite, more or less hydrous gypsum has been found,
but not to any large extent, as immediately to the back of it red
marl-like limestone and conglomerate has been exposed after
limited operations ; but a certain wash has taken place, or per-
haps solution of the soft rock, which eventually resulted in find-
ing an outlet for the water collected in the pocket so created
through one of the seams of soft gypsum in the anhydrite wall,
and eventually emptied into the Demoiselle brook, wearing away
as it went more or less of the soft gypsum, and making this
underground cavern probably about forty feet in width and about
200 feet in length. Without taking anv levels, I think the level
of the water running through this cavern is pretty nearly the
same as the water in the brook, as at the point where it is deepest
it is very still, although there is some current in it. Therefore,
I surmise that the present source of this little basin of water is
from up the brook, and that it flows in at the upper end and out
to the brook again at the lower end.

“ As near as I can estimate, it is perhaps fifty or sixty feet
from 'the level of the plaster heads at the back of the hard face
and down to the surface of the water in the little lake, and in

162

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

reaching- it the climb from the level of the brook is about the
same. The whole roof of the cavern is anhydrite, and very little
soft gypsum has apparently been exposed by the action of the
water. Heretofore its chief interest has been its picturesque
surroundings. I'hese have been more or less destroyed bv cut-
ting of trees, and permitting the earth dumps made in quarrving
plaster to run down the slope near to the little lake.”

The third material favoring removal by the combined mechani-
cal and solvent action of water is limestone or dolomite. It is in
rocks of this nature, as in Mrginia and Kentucky, that the most
extensive and remarkable caverns of the world are to be found.
In Xew Brunswick, limestones and dolomites, intimately asso-
ciated, form extensive deposits in St. John and Charlotte coun-
ties, and have been largely removed from the time of the first
settlement of the country, while in other parts of the Province,
limestones, usually less pure, are met with alike in the Silurian,
Devonian and Lower Carboniferous systems. In each of these,
but especially the latter, caves and subterranean passages are to
be met with.

Of the caves connected with the Lower Carboniferous lime-
stones, the most remarkable known to me are found about the
tributaries of Hammond River, in Kings county. One of these
was partially explored by the writer, many years ago, in company
with the late Prof. C. F. Hart, but beyond the fact that we pene-
trated several hundred feet, I am unable now to recall anything
definite. Another cave, in similar limestones, was also visited by
us near the Coverdale river, in Albert county, and may be
specially noticed as containing bones apparently of the deer or
moose, the only relics of this kind, so far as known to the writer,
thus found in Xew Brunswick. It may be that in this same for-
mation occurs the cave referred to in the following letter from
Dr. B. S. Thorne to Prof. Ganong :

“ About one and a half miles from Havelock Corner there is
a stream which runs underground for about one mile, and forms
^ ice caves.’ i\Iy son. Dr. Van B. Thorne, a number of yea’-s

- ■' ' I^EW BRUNSWlCk CAVES/ ’ ' 163

ago, took* a line • and light and ' went in about 300 yards, and
brought out a large lump of ice in July.” He does not state the
nature of the rock in which the excavation occurs.

In connection with the subject of caves in the Lower Carboni-
ferous rocks, the mode of occurrence of the manganese deposits
in Kings county, especially about Markhamville, is interesting
and suggestive. Desiring some reliable data upon the subject,
I applied to Col. Alfred Markham, former manager of the
Markhamville manganese mines, and from him have learned the
following particulars :

( 1 ) “I have found caverns at Markhamville and at Dutch
Valley, in King’s county. Those explored by me were very
irregular in size and shape. They had all more or less water
running through them, some of them opening to the surface on
the sides of ravines having small entrances and opening out into
irregular chambers ten to fifty feet wide and six to twenty feet
high, narrowing again into small passages, while some of them
showed manganese in small irregular patches imbedded in the
rock at sides, top and bottom.”

(2) “ Other caves were closed by earth from the outside,
and were opened by my workmen in driving drifts into them in
search of manganese.”

(3 'M do not think that the deposits of manganese came by
filling caves previously formed, because in most cases the rock
surrounding pockets of manganese is impregnated with ore so
intimately mixed that they must have been deposited at the same
time. Yet, on the other hand, I have taken small nodules of
high-class ore (pyrolusite) like taking a nut out of its shell.”

(4) “ 1 have not found any evidence to warrant the state-

ment that manganese was deposited from an aqueous solution.
I should add that the manganese oxide is not found exclusively
in rock formation. I have taken hundreds of tons out of the
alluvium, sometimes under more than ten feet of earth.”

Regarding temperature in the caves. Col. Markham adds :
In some of the caves which I have examined, I have found ice

164

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

in the month of Tnly, and one immediately in rear of my house
at ]\larkhamville, which is a narrow slit in the rock, into which
a boy can crawl fifty feet or more, delivers a small stream of pure
ice-cold water all the year round, the volume of which is not
much affected by heavy rains. The hill above it rises probably
200 feet in 500 yards.”

This is not the place in which to discuss at length the origin
of manganese beds, but the observations of Col. Alarkham seem
to point strongly to the conclusion that they are residual deposits,
not conveyed to their present site by the action of solvent waters,
thus filling up pre-existing caverns, but left in a concentrated
condition by the removal, through solution, of the limestone beds
originally containing them, a process similar to that by which
large beds of ferriferous dolomite have in some parts of the world
become replaced by extensive deposits of limonite.

I am not aware of the existence of any noticeable caves or
cavities in the limestones of the Silurian system. The fact,
however, observed at Grand Falls, that a stream of considerable
volume discharges into the gorge from the face of the cliff, only
a few yards below the face of the cataract, indicates that, where
circumstances are favorable to their production, subterranean
channels exist.

In the pre-Cambrian limestones and dolomites of St. John
and Charlotte counties, cavities of small size have been frecpiently
laid open in the course of quarrying operations. At other points
indications of subterranean cavities are to be found in the hollow
sound beneath the tread of the feet, or the fact, illustrated in some
of the limestone hills about Trookville, that holes exist in which,
if stones l:e introduced, these may be found, as indicated by the
sound, to drop for considerable distance before striking bottom.
Prof. Ganong informs me that, as a boy. he was acquainted with
a good cave in the rear of Lily Lake, near St. John, the dimensions
of which he cannot now recall. P)Ut probably the most interest-
ing excavation occurring in these limestones is that of Oliver’s
cave, so-called on the Sandy Point road, about two miles from

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

16f>

St. John. It is evidently an old underground water course, now
left dry by the drainage passing in another direction, and is of
considerable size, but as it is fully described elsewhere in this
Bulletin, it will not be necessary to further refer to it here.

In concluding this branch of the subject, a mere reference may
be made to the pot-holes found in several of our rivers, especially
in the vicinity of the falls, and which, though hardly falling under
the designation of caves, are of related origin. .By far the finest
are to be seen in the gorge of the river below the Grand Falls of
the St. John, where they are of all sizes, the largest attaining a
depth of thirty feet, with a diameter of sixteen feet at the top,
widening at the bottom. The latter is usually occupied by
rounded pebbles of hard rocks, the whirling of which by the
tumultuous waters has been the main agent in their formation.
On the Nepisiguit river vertical pot-holes, large enough to conceal
a man, are found below the Pabineau falls, where the rock is a
hard granite. On the Pollet River, near Elgin, in Albert county^
the Gordon Falls have below them numerous pot-holes in Lower
Carboniferous conglomerate, and evidences of subterranean cur-
rents are very noticeable.

In none of the instances of cave-formation alluded to above
has any reference been made to the occurrence of statactites.
Nor are these known to occur. But at certain points along the
border of the Tobicpie river, in \’ictoria county, are somewhat
extensive deposits of loosely branching coralloidal or statactitic
limestone, of Lower Carboniferous age, while the hollow sound
produced by walking over them would indicate the existence of
cavities beneath. In the same vicinity are remarkable examples
of fossil tree trunks, evidently petrified by the agency of calcare-
ous solutions.

Caves or Cavities of Uncertain Origin.

Under this head I would include a number of instances in
which caves or cave-like spaces occur, and which are not obviouslv
due to the agencies heretofore described, and some of which can-
not be thus explained.

166,

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Among- these I may first refer to a series of so-called caves
occurring along the course of Corbett's brook, a small tributary
of the St. John river just below Fredericton. At the point
where they occur the brook occupies a well-marked and narrow
valley, both sides of which are somewhat abrupt, while that to
the north is for a quarter of a mile, or more, bordered by a series
of blutts, which here and there show steep or nearly vertical
masses of rocks. These are the grey sandstones and conglomer-
ates of the coal formation, probably representing its lower mem-
ber, the millstone grit. They are of course well stratified, and
their attitude horizontal, a feature made conspicuous in places bv
the extent to which certain beds are made to project, sometimes
as much as ten or fifteen feet from the general face of the rock
wall. In other places large blocks of rock are confusedly piled
against the same wall, as though they had been dislodged from
the latter by some powerful agency. Thus a variety of cavernous
spaces have been produced, now the abode of numerous porcu-
pines, the excreta of which cover their floors. In one instance
a cavity of this kind, having a small entrance, is sufficiently large
within to accommodate not less than fifteen persons. Others are
remarkable for their narrow cleft-like character and for their
parallelism with the general face of the bluffs.

It might at first seem probable that the conditions above de-
scribed would find a ready explanation in the wearing action of
water, and would be comparable with those already described as
due to this agency along the sea-coast. But apart from the fact
that Corbett’s brook is altogether too insignificant, at least in its
present state, to determine much mechanical wear, it is to be
noted that the site of the caves is removed several rods from the
present course of the stream, besides being twenty or thirty feet
above its level. The direction, also, of many of the rifts and
cavities, running in for considerable distances from the face of
the rock, and at right angles to the latter, is opposed to the view
that running water alone has been concerned in their production.
Finally it is to be noticed that at several places in the uplands

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES.

167

to the north of the brook, and in some instances several rods
distant from the latter, the ground shows narrow vertical rents
or rifts, similar in character and direction to those near the brook,
from one to two feet in width, and of unknown depth, but cer-
tainly twenty feet or more. 'When seen by the writer, in early
June, they were partially filled with snow.

Reviewing these facts, it would seem probable that the pro-
jection of rock-roofs and consequent formation of grottoes, or
miniature caves, to which reference has been made, may best be
explained as the result of rock decay in soft, easily disintegrated
strata overlaid by more massive and enduring beds, the agency
of disintegration being mainly that of frost. The same explana-
tion would account for the resting of large blocks at various
angles against the rock face, they being merely masses which
have fallen as their support has been removed. But for the rift-
like fissures, some other explanation is required, and none seems
so probable as that they are due to differential movements
and possibly to earthquake shocks. As to their time of origin,
it would seem improbable that they are pre-Glacial, as otherwise
they would naturally be completely filled with drift — a view which
is strengthened by the overhanging projections above the caves,
which, under the weight of a superincumbent heavy weight of
ice, would certainly have been broken off.

As connected with this subject, it is interesting to notice the
evidences elsewhere observed of differential movements in the
rocks of the millstone grit formation, and of extensive under-
ground drainage as associated with the latter. For not only do
faults abound, but in connection with boring operations under-
taken for the discovery of coal, evidence has repeatedly been
found of cavities or fissures, of considerable size many feet below
the surface. Thus at Newcastle, Queens county, the diamond
drill, at a depth between one hundred and two hundred feet,
suddenly dropped several feet, and upon withdrawal was follow-
ed by a fountain of water, several feet high, which continued to
play for many months, and similar phenomena have been observed

168

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

elsewhere. It has also been stated that in the vicinity of the
Penniac stream, a branch of the Xashwaak, in York county,
vertical holes in the Carboniferous sandstone exist of such a
character as to permit of a man beings lowered into them to a
depth of fifty feet or more. In the Corbett's brook region, near
Fredericton, but at a considerable distance from the caves de-
scribed above, is a remarkable depression, the origin of which
is problematical. It is said to be in the general shape of a square,
with vertical rock walls or faces, each about fourteen feet wide
and about fourteen feet deep. The bottom of the depression is
filled with earth, on which small trees are growing.

In the fissured or cavernous-like character presented by the
millstone grit formation of XTew Brunswick, this recalls that of
the same formation in portions of Kentucky, \"irginia and
Tenessee, where similar holes abound in the escarpments of
stream valleys, and are known as “ rock-houses.” There is no
evidence of their having been employed in X"ew Brunswick for
human occupation, unless it be in the case of the big cave on the
Northwest Miramichi already described.

I have been informed that in a deposit of apparently recent
origin on the northern side of Swan Creek lake, in Sunbury
county, there occur several curious holes. The bluff is about
forty feet high, and is composed of a hard clay, filled with a great
variety of pebbles. The holes run in horizontally at least eight
or ten feet, the openings being about two feet wide. In front of
these openings is a narrow ledge, or path. It is said that these
holes are the homes of raccoons, and, by their appearance, they
being quite round and smooth, it looks as if they had been
actually hollowed out by these animals.

To the above notes may be added the following, kindly fur-
nished by Prof. Ganong, and which may at least suggest points
for further exploration :

From Mr. IF. E. S. FlcwcUing, Waterford, Kings Co.

“ A noted ice cave near the village of Waterford, where ice
keeps all summer. Eight deep holes or bottomless pits two or
three miles from village.”

NKW BRUNSWICK CAVES

169

From the Postmaster at Lynnheld, Charlotte Co., N. B.

“ Goat Brook is an underground stream for some distance.”

From George Draper, Postmaster, Campbell Settlement,
York Co.

“ There is a place in Water ville that is very good limestone,
and in one place there is a hole that if one throws a stone into it,
they can hear it rattle down as if it went from one to two hund-
red feet.” [The limestones of Waterville are Silurian limestones,
containing remains of encrinites. The writer has examined
them several times, but heard nothing of the hole referred to.]

From Mr. W. R. McMillan, Jacquet River, Gloucester Co.

“ There is supposed to be an underground lake or deep stream
in Archibald Settlement. A number of years ago a man was
digging a well, and at the depth of about eighteen feet the bottom
fell out, leaving him standing on a ledge of rock. He tried a
pole around, and could not reach any sides or bottom to the
water. Two or three years ago, when boring for water on
higher ground, about 300 yards away, a pond of water was struck
at what was supposed to be the same level as the other.”

From Mrs. Noble Beatty, of French Village, Kings Co.

“ On the top of a mountain facing French Village there is a
cave, locally known as ‘ Adam’s Oven.’ It can be entered by an
opening on its side, and egress may be made by a somewhat
similar opening in the top. About three miles from here, on
Charles Darling’s property, there is a very similar cave. It has
a square entrance. The cave itself is very long, and has certainly
been formed by nature.”

PIRATE

NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES

169

From the Postmaster at Lynnheld, Charlotte Co., N. B.

“ Goat Brook is an underground stream for some distance.”

From George Draper, Postmaster, Campbell Settlement,
York Co.

“ There is a place in Waterville that is very good limestone,
and in one place there is a hole that if one throws a stone into Y.
they can hear it rattle down as if it went from one to two hund-
red feet.” [The limestones of Waterville are Silurian limestones,
containing remains of encrinites. The wndter has examined
them several times, but heard nothing of the hole referred to.]

From Mr. W. R. McMillan, Jacquet River, Gloucester Co.

‘‘ There is supposed to be an underground lake or deep stream
in Archibald Settlement. A number of years ago a man was
digging a well, and at the depth of about eighteen feet the bottom
fell out, leaving him standing on a ledge of rock. He tried a
pole around, and could not reach any sides or bottom to the
water. Two or three years ago, when boring for water on
higher ground, about 300 yards away, a pond of water was struck
at what was supposed to be the same level as the other.”

From Mrs. Noble Beatty, of French Village, Kings Co.

PLATE

NOTE ON OLIVERS CAVE.

171

article 11.

NOTE ON OLIVER’S CAVE.

By G. F. Matthew, LL. D., F. R. S. C.

Somewhere in the “ sixties ” the finding of a cave on Howe’s
(now called Sandy Point) road was announced in St. John, the
discovery having been made by a man named Oliver, living in
the parish of Portland (now incorporated with St. John).

At that time the Natural History Society of New Brunswick
was but recently formed, and two of its zealous young members,
Messrs. I. Allen Jack and Robert Matthew, undertook to explore
the cave. The former of these gentlemen is now dead, and the
latter, still a life member of the Society, is in Cuba. Robert
Matthew, or the two, collectively, wrote an article on the cave,
which was deposited with the Society (but which cannot now
be found). 'With this article he filed a section of the cave, a
reduced copy of which is furnished with this note.

In later years the entrance of this cave has been blocked up,
but as the writer of this note made a visit to it soon after its
discovery in company with its first explorers, he is able to de-
scribe the section, and say something about the features of the
cave.

Description of the Cave.

The entrance is in the form of a low arch, which may be
noticed in the side of a low limestone ridge, that separates a shal-
low valley leading up to Dark lake, from the valley of Simond’s
brook, a small stream that discharges into the St. John river at
Indiantown. This brook crosses the Sandy Point road a short
distance below the site of the cave.

172 HULLl-yriN of the natural history society.

Descending into the cave from the entrance is a slope (A)
large enough for a man to pass easily, and at the foot of the slope
is a landing with a floor composed of fragments of rock that
have fallen from the sides of the slope. Beyond this is a low
passage (B) that gives access to an ante-chamber of the main
cavern. This ante-chamber (C) has a flat floor, partly of loam
and partly of rock-fragments, which have fallen from the roof
of the cave.

The main chamber of the cave (D) is about sixty feet long
and ten feet or more in height at the highest part. The floor of
this chamber is not level, but slopes to the eastward and south-
ward. This is the most interesting part of the cave, not only
because of its size, but because of the bats which, when the cave
was discovered, hung in large numbers suspended by their claws
from the roof.* Another peculiarity of this chamber was the
slender filaments of the roots of trees that hungfrom the crevices
of the roof, and which were attributed to the trees which then
grew in a thick wood on the limestone hill above the cave. The
section prepared by ]\Ir. Robert ]\Iatthew gives a thickness of
from fifteen to twenty feet of limestone above this part of the
cave, but I do not know whether the outline of the surface shown
in the plan is from actual survey, or only approximated. In this
chamber and elsewhere in this cave, we found stalactites and sta-
lagmites, but these were not remarkable for their size or beauty.
However, a number were collected and placed in the museum of
the Society.

Beyond the main chamber is a short descent to a small chamber
(E) at a lower level; the roof is hardly separated from the main
chamber, and the floor is flat and covered with loam or clay.
From this depressed level there extends a low and difficult pas-
sage (F), much obstructed by fragments of limestone that have
fallen from the roof. Crawling through here one comes to a
small inner chamber (G) that terminates in a sloping passage
(H), somewhat similar to the entrance passage, but smaller and
shorter.

*The species is Vesferiilio stibnlatus, the Little Brown Bat.

NOTE ON OLIVEU’S (!AVE.

173

The lower end of this sloping passage is filled with water
(I), which bars any further progress in the cave. This sloping
well of water was sounded with a pole, but no bottom was found.
The water in the well was found to stand at the level of the
alluvial deposit which fills the valley of Simond’s brook at this
point, and in the alluvium opposite the site of the cave is a weak
spring, supposed to mark the discharge of the cave drainage.

Though there are several small passages leading out from the
sides of the cave, none of these were large enough for exploration,
and they seem to mark points where contributory streams may
have entered the cave.

A partial examination was made of the loam which occurs at
two points on the floor of the cave, for remains of man or of
animal occupancy. Nothing was discovered to show that
aboriginal man had ever used this cave for residence or sepulture.
Nor does it seem to have been much resorted to by beasts of
prey ; some bones of a lamb were found, whose presence
in the cave may have been due to this cause; and the thigh bone
of a porcupine (Hystrix dorsata) was also met with. Had a
skeleton of this animal been found, it would not have been sur-
prising, as this creature is in the habit of resorting to caves and
clefts of the rocks.

Origin of the Cave.

The origin of this cave goes back to an early period of Geo-
logical history, since the topography of the neighborhood has
been greatly changed since the cave was formed. The cave is
evidently an old water passage, worn by a strong current. That
it is an old water-course is specially shown by the tunnel and
well at its lower end. But now, except for this well, the cave
is quite dry, and no water from a distant source flows through it.

A shallow valley coming westward from the direction of Dark
lake (a small pond a few hundred yards away) runs by the
mouth of the cave, but this valley is also dry, and it is necessary
to postulate a barrier in this valley west of the cave’s mouth, to

174

nULLKTlN OF TIIK NATUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

turn into the cave any stream which mi^ht have come down this
valley in former times.

That the cave is pre-Glacial in its origin is very evident since
the outlet is now choked with Glacial deposits ; how much older,
it would be difficult to say ; but at least this may be said, that the
topography of the district where the cave is situated, has been
greatly changed since the cave was formed.

Winter Curtain of the Cave.

Occasionally in mid-winter a striking spectacle may be seen
at the mouth of the cave. The warm air flowing out of the
cave condenses its moisture on the roof in a deposit of hoar-frost,
that in still weather hangs pendent like a curtain from the roof at
the entrance. To see this canopy in all its beauty, one needs to
go inside the sloping descent into the cave and look out through
the entrance on a bright sunny afternoon ; the western sun then
lights up this curtain so that it becomes a mass of brilliant silver
spangles, which, as the sun goes down, become varied with rain-
bow tints. Thus cold weather, still air and a western sun, give
an added winter beauty to Oliver’s cave.

The following are the lengths of dififerent parts of the cave

(A) Slope at the entrance, 32 feet

Landing at the bottom of the slope, 8

(B) Passage to antechamber, 16

(D) Main chamber of the cave, 60

(E) Small chamber at a lower level with loam floor, 16

(F) Low passage to inner chamber, 12

( G) Inner chamber of cave, 24

(H) Slope to the well at end of cave, 20

(I) Well sloping southward, depth unknown,

Measured length of cave, 212

These measurements are based on the plan of the cave made by Mr. Robert Matthew,
whicli was on a scale of H feet to an inch.

AHOUICINAL PICTOGUAPHS.

175

ARTICLE 111

UPON ABORIGINAL PICTOGRAPHS REPORTED
FROM NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

Read October 6, 1903.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, there have been re-
ported from New Brunswick only four aboriginal pictographs,*
real or supposed, as follows :

(1) The pictures upon wood indicating a portage-path and
a dangerous fall, described by Gesner in his New Brunswick,
page 1 12. These have, of course, disappeared, and no others of
the kind are known.

(2) The well-known carved stone medallion found near St.
George in 1863, and now in the museum of this Society. Its
origin is doubtful, and the probability is that it is not of Indian
workmanship.**

* Excluding carvings, such as that described by Dr. (i. F. Matthew in the Smithsonian

Ref>ort, for 1881, p. 672-673, with cut.

** A bibliography of this interesting relic is as follows

.-\non. Indian Sculpture found near Lake Utopia, Charlotte County New Brunswick.
London Illustrated Ne-ws, Vol. 45, July 16, 1864, page 78, 79, with a cut of the stone.
The information is given largely on the authority of Mr. C C Ward, of St. John
and the stone is said to have been discovered in November, 1863.

Jack, I. Allen. A sculptured stone found in St. George, New Brunswick. Smithy
sonian Report for i88i, pp. 665-671, map and cut. This article is reprinted with
slight alterations, and a good photograph of the stone, in Acadiensis, II. 2b‘j-2’]5.
It is also given in synopsis in the Canadian Indian, /. i8gi, 265-267.

Adams, A. Leith. Field and Forest Rambles, 1873. An account of the stone is on
page 34. and a cut on page i.

Other cuts of this stone are given in Scribner's Alonthly, Vol. 15, 465. 1878 ; and (the
same) in Mayer, A. M. (editor), Sport with Gun and Rod (Century Co. 1883) 181. A
photograph of a cast ot the stone is in the Report of the U. S. National Museum,
1896, 485.

17G

15ULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

(3) A large marked boulder found on an old aboriginal
camp-site at Passamaquoddy, and now in the museum of the
Lniversity of Xew Brunswick. It was discovered and presented
to the museum by myself, under the impression that it was a
genuine Indian relic, and an account of it, with illustrations, was
published by me in the University Monthly for ]^Iarch, 1885.
But I am now perfectly convinced that the markings are of
glacial origin, for they are precisely of the character shown by
many glacial boulders.

(4) A carved sandstone boulder on the Oromocto river re-
ported by Mr. C. Ah Beckwith, as recorded in the Transactions
of the Royal Society of Canada, V, 1889, section ii, 228. It was
described as situated about a mile above the mouth of Lyons
stream, and as having cut upon its surface “ a plan or map,
apparently answering to the forks of the Oromocto River, with
curious hgures ; some that appeared to indicate men and arrows

pointing in different directions There were no letters,

and it did not appear to have been made by a civilized being, but
looked to me like some old Indian landmark.’* He adds details
as to its location and appearance. In July last, while descending
the Oromocto in company with Dr. Hay, we made careful search
for this stone, examining every large boulder along the river
from near Otter Brook to Lyons Stream. In about the position
described by i\Ir. Beckwith we found a boulder, or, rather, a
portion of semi-detached ledge, answering in some respects to his
description, but it bore no markings. About one-third of a mile
lower down, however, we found another boulder answering even
more closely to his description, except that it was some distance
out from the bank, and upon this were markings of the character
described by him. They were, however, so faint that we missed
them upon a first search, and only found them on the almost
microscopic search of a second visit. The markings, however,
are true glacial or ice scratches, readily resolvable by fancy into
arrows and other figures. One of the lines, no doubt that taken
by i\Ir. Beckwith for the Oromocto, is somewhat sinuous, rather

PLATE VI.

PICTOGRAPH (?) FROM FRENCH LAKE.

AHORKilNAL PICTOGRAPIIS.

177

an unusual feature in glacial scratches, but there can be no doubt
as to the entirely natural origin of them all.

Curiously enough, it was upon this same journey that we
discovered certain rock-markings which may represent a genuine
aboriginal pictograph. While endeavoring to locate the site, of
the old French settlement on French lake (of Oromocto), we.
were told of two smooth boulders near by bearing figures carved
by Indians. One of them has been built into the chimney of the
neighboring mill, and cannot be seen; but the other was pointed
out to us upon the shore of the lake, and we made a careful
examination and photographs of it. It lies on the south beach
of the lake, about 200 yards to the eastward of the ruins of
Hilliard’s mill, and somewhat above the summer water-level.
It is of fine-grained sandstone, with a smooth, slightly rounded,
surface, some two by three feet in area. Cut into this surface
are three distinct figures, which I went over carefully with chalk,
and then photographed, with results shown by the accompanying
figure. At first glance we were inclined to reject the local
theory that these were Indian carvings, or indeed had any arti-
ficial origin at all; but the more we studied them the more pos-
sible did it seem that they may be of Indian origin. If so, they
would appear to represent Indian totem or tribal signs, carved,
perhaps, by Indian youths in moments of leisure, just as our
young people carve their names upon prominent places, where
the rock is soft enough to allow it. Upon the whole, however,
I am inclined to doubt their artificial origin. Despite the remark-
able resemblance of one of the figures to a human form, and of
another to a stretched beaver skin,* I think it possible, or even
probable, they are but a natural freak in the weathering of the
rock. If a carving, the work must have been done with a very
hard-pointed instrument struck by a heavy mallet, for the figures

* In this connection, it is interesting to note tlie following passage in Levinge’s
Echoes from the Backivoods, (London, 1846) I. 104. ‘The totem of the Milicete is the
beaver, and a member of the tribe who wished to designate himself would first sketch
the figure of the beaver, and then place beneath it his own peculiar totem or crest, such
as the hawk, or pigeon, the mink, eel or salmon.”

178

nULLETIN OK THK NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

are composed of deep pittings, and are not smoothly rubbed in.
Again, although these are the only areas of the pittings of any
size upon the stone, there are some scattered pittings of the same
character, which is to be expected if they are natural, but not if
they are artificial. I commend the stone to the study of those
learned in such matters. It would not be difficult to secure its
transport to a museum.

ARTICLE IV.

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OE NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

70. — On the Physiographic History of the Upsalquitch

River.

Read December 2, 1902; re-written March, 1904,

In August, 1902, in company with Mr. M. I. Furbish, I de-
scended the Upsalquitch River from its head in Upsalquitch
Lake to its mouth, and made some observation npon its physio-
graphy, as recorded below.

First we note the development of our knowledge of the river.
On the maps of the French Period only its mouth is shown ; its
upper waters appear as crude sketches on maps by DesBarres
(1780), Bouchette (1815), and others, down to 1820 (or 1821),
in which year it was surveyed from its mouth to near the lake by
Deputy Surveyor McDonald, whose plan is the original of all
later maps to the present. The lake and a few miles of the river
were sketched by Berton in 1837, and this sketch was pieced to
McDonald’s plan to give the representation of the entire river
upon the maps of Saunders, 1842, Wilkinson, 1859, and others,
which, however, place the lake too far east. This was corrected
by the County Line survey of 1872, which gave another sketch
of the lake, but the latter was only surveyed for the first time in
1902, as recorded in Note 65. Turning to scientific knowledge
of the river, there is little to note. In 1839, Wightman, determin-
ing elevations with mercurial barometers for use of the Boundary
Commission, descended the river to opposite the head of Jacquet
River, to which he portaged, returning apparently by the Teta-
gouche, but unfortunately few of the localities measured by him
can be identified. In 1864 Hind descended the river, making the

(179)

180

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

notes upon its geology recorded in his well-known Report of
1865. It was next studied by Ells in 1879, ^vhose observations,
in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1879-1880, gave us our
present knowledge of the geology of that region. It was ascend-
ed by i\Ir. Chalmers in 1884, for the study of the surface geology
of the region, and his observations are in the Report of the Geo-
logical Survey for 1885. In 1900 a collection of mammals was
made at Grog Brook Lake by Thaddeus Surber for the Field
Columbian IMuseum of Chicago, as described in Publication 54,
1901, of the museum. Our knowledge of the elevations along
the river is given in Note 62. Its economic history is very brief.
It is a rich lumbering river, and much lumbering has been done
upon it for more than a century, but it is settled only for some
ten miles above its mouth. Sportsmen have visited it frequently,
but the only published account of a trip along it that I have found
is the very brief one by Dashwood ( Chiploquorgan, 40), who
ascended it in 1863, and portaged from the west branch to
Tobique. The same route was followed by IMr. W. H. Venning
on one of his trips, as he relates in Forest and Stream, January
loth, 1903.

The Upsalquitch River* heads in the charming Upsalquitch
Fake, which I have described in Note 65. In that and an earlier
note (No. 33) I have expressed the belief that Upsalquitch Lake
represents only a recent (perhaps post-glacial) head of this river,
and that its morphological head, that which it had originally,
was in the Main South Branch of Nepisiguit. This implies that
the Nepisiguit River from Silver Brook downwards, and from
somewhere near ]\Iount Denys upward, originally formed
branches of this ancient river, which we may call the U psalqiiitch-

* Corrupted from the Micmac Abseiqueich, said to mean a small river in contrast
with the Restigouche, much as we commonly use Little River). It first appeared on \ an
Velden’s map as Upsalquitch, which was copied upon Purdy’s map of 1814 in its present
form, apparently by a simple misprint of the / for a But this form persisted upon all
maps, apparently without exception, to the present, and has determined the present literary
(school, tourist, and other map-using public) pronunciation. Locally, however, by Indians ^
lumbermen and others, the / is rarely, if ever, heard, the river being Apstegouche,

Absequish, etc. The names of the various branches are mostly for the various lumbermen
who first operated upon them, except Popelogan, which is said by the Indians not to be
Micmac, and which was perhaps given by some early American lumbermen for one of the
, places of that name in Maine, or southern New Brunswick.

on oU(*'

:’ :>t!:.. i’X.1

'.V ;>!•.•; > I iia^ 5*‘ ?#•> ‘tH' ^5 ••** ,

ri>c;n! e>si,;u

.-:rv

:crJi i <K‘itiJip6 p-.'^v' ■ ^
l?cAcl, ihat

. :. yr.^ncb oi uaplir^?) jMi

l! ;f ■ \ ^ ♦ V r B y (><]k ^

/■ Y

. .^v

^ .J >!! J.v,',, ;: forrrif!'!

UhditHwh-

~^' ■irO'^'^..„f,■:■<^V i.1 wM'as!

. f '‘^^

V. ':':(r- V>y)

'-:» • . ■ -or»V"-- ’

ri;iT^,

u>j.%y^'n

f.rij'jc!,

^ j^l' -

' •-£‘\ ,vV'-w * '#-’V-fT'. ft";

jfu aO-, C?'-^ jA

..f.r,-> ' ,. • .*-•: ^,

^‘ . t;i" •'f A

•-• r.,W-' ■;; ■, '. r ” /'"

‘ ^< ^ •''- /(c

V _.( * .- .• - 0 „•■' , . • .

!ind iii.‘^

; , * . C'c. ,^-■

..»,>aj<at«..r

■li-.,'.;,*ja>Ciii /i.;; —

-• '. •. ', • 1 --■^4.'

■ *Y-' ■ Vj^iiiVjT ^K>

rtifUBJT

tnt\i

UJMVHUv>'*\ ■<V \>i '

' V>’t\.A«*1\

§ -fl

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

181

ian River. This conclusion is fully sustained by the studies of
1903, described in a later note (No. 77), but with a modification
there indicated, namely, it was not originally the entire South
Branch which formed the head of this river, but the part of it
from its mouth to near Paradise Pond, together with the con-
tinuation of that valley southward, the latter part being now occu-
pied by the head of the Northwest Miramichi. The upper part of
the present South Branch seems originally to have formed the head
of a distinct river, the Nictorian River (Note 77), though it early
became united with the present South Branch. These relations
are shown by the shaded bands on the accompanying map. There
are still two points to be determined in this connection ; first, as
to the location of the head of the easterly branch, which was
possibly in the narrow-walled valley a little above Mount Denys,
(or perhaps nearer Indian Falls), and second, the period at which
these waters were turned down the Nepisiguit, whether in glacial
or pre-glacial times. So low is the drift barrier separating Por-
tage Brook from Upsalquitch Lake (Portage Brook could now
be turned into Upsalquitch by an excavation of only a few feet),
that I am inclined to think these upper Nepisiguit waters must
have flowed into the Upsalquitch up to the glacial period, and
that it was some form of glacial action which produced the
change.*

The present Upsalquitch is the only considerable river of the
Province having a northerly flow, a phenomenon with a well-
known glacial explanation (viz., the tendency of the southward
advancing, and of the northward retreating, ice-sheet to dam up
northerly flowing rivers and send their waters in southerly direc-
tions). It issues from the deep valley of Upsalquitch Lake over
a typical drift dam. Immediately, the valley opens out greatly,
and the river, here very small, wanders about with a gentle cur-

*The change could not have been simply due to the damming of the Portage Broolc-
Upsalquitch Valley by glacial drift, for this would necessitate a post-glacial outlet to the
eastward, which does not exist. The change appears rather to have been of an “inter-
glacial ” character, such as is being found to account for the peculiarities of valleys in New
York State. Another possibility is that the advancing ice-sheet coming from the north, at
the opening of the Glacial period, blocked and dammed the Portage Brook valley, sending
the upper waters over the lowest outlet, which happened to be at the eastward, and that
those waters kept that direction as a sub-glacial and inter-glacial river, thus cutting out a
■valley much larger and riper than a post-glacial valley could be.

182

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

rent over drift in a flat country, at times almost smothered in
alders, for some six miles. Then, for some two miles it is more
rapid, its bed is rougher, with some ledges, nntil, eight miles from
the lake, it ])limges into a typical, post-glacial gorge two miles in
length, in which the water, by a series of falls and rocky rapids^
drops some 150 feet."*" In the gorge are two sets of beautiful
falls, one near the head of the gorge, of some three or four ir-
regular pitches, in all about forty feet, and another, a quarter of
a mile lower down, also of some three or four pitches, an upper
nearly vertical of twenty feet, and a lower, also vertical, of ten
feet. The walls are here very steep and close together, and with
their summit of forest present a wild and beautiful aspect.
Altogether the gorge and falls deserve to rank among the finer
of the Province, although, owing to the small size of the river,
they are surpassed in magnitude by several others. The pre-
glacial channel appears to have been on the west bank, perhaps
into the present Ramsay Brook.

The river issues from this gorge just above Ramsay Brook,
but not as above into open country. On the contrary, it runs
over a very rough bed in a deep, winding, narrow valley, cut 30a
or 400 feet into a plateau country, to a mile or more below Meadow
Brook, where the valley, at the place marked as Devonian on the
Geological map, abruptly opens out. This part of the valley just
described is much like parts of the Nepisiguit, the Little South-
west and the Northwest Miramichi, though somiewhat less extreme
in its characters, and without doubt the same explanation, what-
ever it may be, applies to the origin of them all.

After issuing from the deep valley a mile below Meadow
Brook, the river, now rapidly increasing in size, winds about with
a smoother current through a wider valley, and develops a con-
siderable flood-plain, including many fine, though small, inter-
vales. The hills, evidently the cut edge of a plateau, are back
from the river and more rounded and less lofty than above, and •

*Hind (Geological Report, 1865, 129') refers to the gorge and falls, and makes the river
fall 420 feet, while Ells (Geological Report, 1879-80, 3 D) makes it 130 feet. I did not measure
it, but think it must be greater than Ells makes it, because I made the lake 864 and Ramsay
Brook 527 feet respectively above the sea, while the drop from the lake to the gorge is not
very great.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 183

this character continues to the Falls, two miles above the Forks.
Here the river drops over a symmetrical stair-like fall of some
four or five steps, navigable with some difficulty for a canoe.
Just to the westward of the Falls rises Caribou Mountain, a pro-
minent bare mountain, some 750 feet above the river, and i,ioj
feet above the sea, from which a grand view of all the surround-
ing country can be obtained. On ascending it, one finds that h
is but part of a marked and lengthened range running almost
exactly southwest (true) with many abrupt rounded summits,
presenting all the aspects of a typical intrusive ridge. Moreover,
the same range can be traced to the northeast across the river,
where it is equally lofty, though less abrupt.* Now this moun-
tain is composed of felsite, and it is a part of it which here forms
the fall in the river. In this prominent range, accordingly, we
appear to have a great ridge or immense dyke of intrusive felsite,
forming so marked a feature of the topography of this region,
and a band showing this formation should be inserted upon the
Geological map.

This range in its far westward extension is the same abrupt
range of rounded summits, I believe, as can be seen from the top
of Sagamook, off some eight or ten miles a little to the west of
North (true), and it may even continue somewhat beyond, and
form a part of the watershed between the Little Tobique and the
Northwest Branch of Upsalquitch. From Caribou Mountain
there can also be seen off to the southward, some four or five
miles away, another parallel and similar range of hills, evidently
the so-called pre-Cambrian band marked on the Geological map ;
this range extends northeastward into some very lofty hills, and
southwestward into a general mass of elevated country, with some
marked peaks, continuous, I believe, with the range ending in
Mount Gordon or Nictor Lake, and perhaps extending beyond
along the Geologists’ Range. Between these two ranges, the
country marked on the map as Silurian is much below their level
and somewhat flat. Furthermore, off to the northward, some
five or six miles away, rises a lofty smooth-topped ridge, which

*Ells (Geological Report, 1879-80, D, 37) refers to this mountain, but he did not ascend
dt, and he considered the felsite area as detached and of small extent.

184 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

falls away on the westward before reaching the river, and this,,
although much more regular in outline than the Caribou Moun-
tain range, is, I think, probably also another parallel felsite range.
It appears to cross the river half way between Popelogan and
Boland's Brooks, and to form in its southward extension the
divide between the West Branch and Boland’s Brook, and the
course of the West Branch is apparently determined by erosion
of the softer rocks between these two parallel ridges. Felsite
dikes cross the river at several points lower down the Upsalquitch
at places marked on the Geological map, and again at three dif-
ferent points not marked on the map, below the Great Falls. Alt
of these dikes have a general northeast and southwest direction,
indicating an extensive series of these parallel bands of felsite, and
erosion between them has probably determined the dirction of the
branches of the river. From the top of the mountain one can
follow the valley of the Upsalquitch far to the northward, where
it appears as a broad, shallow trough ^narrowing where crossed
by the felsite dikes), into the centre of which the river is cutting
a deeper channel. It is plain that the Upsalquitch river must be
very old, not only because of the breadth of this trough-like vallev,
but also because of the way it cuts across the felsite ridges ; it
must have been formed before the country was carved down

* There is a lofty rounrl-summited intrusive looking ridge, which is very probably of
this same character, running northeast from Mount Peters, which may be continuous with
Naturalists group near Upsalquitch Lake in that direction, and with Teneriffe, or the Green
Range, Winslow, and possibly even with Matthew and Bald Head, to the southwest. The
presence of this series of northeast and southwest parallel ridges, with Silurian rocks, in
part, at least, between them, is quite in harmony with, if it does not actually substantiate.
Professor Bailey’s views as to the geology of the Tobique-Nepisiguit region. (See his
“ Notes on the Highlands of Northern New Brunswick” in this Bulletin, V. 83). The ridges
might be of late or post-Silurian intrusive felsite forced up among, and in some case forced
over, the Silurian strata. The fact that Silurian rocks occur between the ridges farther
north, makes it the more likely that the same is true in the Tobique-Nepisiguit country.

It is possible this system of parallel ranges may be traced a little farther. One may find
some evidence for one of them in the line of Missionaries Range, LaTour, Wightman, Feld-
spar Mountain, and Mount Edward, and perhaps another in Mount Denys, Cartier, Ray.
mond, DesBarres, and perhaps Nalaisk, but it must be admitted that they are not very
distinct, and their existence is perhaps doubtful. An attractive feature about this extension
of the ranges is the clear explanation it gives of the origin of the Nepisiguit above and
below Portage Brook, foi it would make these parts strictly liomologous with the branches-
of the Upsalquitch farther north, such as Ramsay Brook and Hutchinson Brook, etc. But;
this subject needs more study.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

185

between the dikes, viz., when both hard dikes and softer rocks alt
stood at one level above the present ridges, which is precisely
what the peneplain theory requires. Then in course of time the
softer Silurian rocks would be carved out between the harder
ranges, determining the courses of the larger branches, and lead-
ing to the present condition.

Resuming our course down the river, the valley continues of
the open-flood-plained type, and the river swift, but smooth, for
two miles to the junction with the Northwest Branch. We did
not ascend this branch, which looks alluring enough at its mouth,.
Tut we have been told by those familiar with it that it is the finest
in all respects of the two branches, being easy of navigation for
a great distance, and very charming in scenery.* Indeed, from
the descriptions, I would infer that there is very much the same
difference between it and the much more broken east branch, that
there is between the Little Tobique and the Right Hand Branch
of Tobique. This resemblance is not accidental, but in a sense
genetic, for the west branch of Upsalquitch flows in the same
kind of Silurian rocks, and is probably of the same age as the
Little Tobique, while the east branch of Upsalquitch and the Right
Hand Branch of Tobique flow across bands of older and harder
rocks, and are likewise probably of the same age.

Below the Forks the Upsalquitch is a large and very
charming river, of grand scenery, swift and abundant clear water
affording ideal canoeing, extensive intervales, and all the beauties
characteristic of the best of our New Brunswick rivers. As to
its size, this surprised us from far up in its course ; it is a far
larger river than the maps give any idea of, and than its appear-
ance at its entrance into the Restigouche implies. The valley
continues broad and open for a few miles, to below Popelogart
Stream, and then it appears to narrow somewhat, and low banks
appear nearer the stream. This character becomes more marked'
in descending until the river comes to run in a deepening and

* An old portage route is said to have existed from this branch to the Nictor [Tobique,]
which it apparently reached a few miles below the lake at the big bend. [Dashwood,.
Chiploquorgan, 41, and Venning in Forest and Stream, Jan. 10, 1903, page 32 ] The portage
from the lake to Portage Brook is described in Note 65,

18G

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

rather steep-banked, though still somewhat mature, valley, closely
resembling the valley of the main Restigouche. This is, I think,
without doubt, due to a fact suggested by the appearance of the
valley from Caribou Mounta’n, namely, the modern river is cutting
down below the bottom of its old trough-formed valley. The
fact that this river, so closely resembling the Restigouche, is doing
this, suggests that the Restigouche itself is in reality a rejuvenated
stream at the bottom of a wide trough valley, a subject needing
farther study. The river continues of this general character to
the Great Falls, below which it opens out again into a broader
valley. The Great Falls, an irregular rapid easily run in canoes,
is clearly post-glacial with the pre-glacial valley cutting across
the bend on the right bank. Below this, three dikes of felsite
are passed, high terraces appear, and the uppermost settlements
are met with ; finally the country opens out, estuary-like, and at
length the Upsalquitch, by a narrow mouth, joins the Restigouche.

\dewing now the probable physiographic origin of the river
as a whole, we have an origin and history. I believe, in general
much like that of the Tobique (Note 45). The true head of the
river lies south of the Nepisiguit, in the crystalline rocks form-
ing the central watershed, and must have been formed at the
same time with the Nictor and Right Hand Branch rivers, on the
surface of the oldest of the two peneplains, into which, I believe.
New Brunswick was formerly carved. It then followed the gen-
eral slope of the great peneplain northward along approximately
its present course, and probably originally flowed into the St.
Lawrence by the course either of the Metapedia, or, more pro-
bably, by the Patapedia. 'When the country was elevated and
stood at the level determining the second peneplain (the bound-
ary between the two lying a little north of the lake) it kept its
course, but carved its way down into the plain, (the Restigouche
forming at this time and turning it into Bay Chaleur), reaching
the harder felsite ridges and cutting into them, and carving out
the softer rocks between ; this continued until the soft rocks were
carved to near the present general level of the Silurian plateau, and
the rivers ran in broad, shallow troughs. Then came the eleva-

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

187

tion which permitted the rejuvenation of the streams and their
-cutting below the trough of the older valleys, which process is
still in progress. Finally came the glacial period, which beheaded
the Upsalquitch, and turned it out of its course in places, as we
find it at present.

71. — On Some Peculiar Tree Forms Found in New
Brunswick.

Read April 7. 1903.

In earlier notes in this series (Nos. 22 and 27), I have called
attention to some remarkable tree forms, with their causes, noticed
in New Brunswick, and to these the three following may be
added. The illustrations are in every case traced carefully from
photographs, and hence are approximately accurate.

The first of the three figures represents an apple tree, ten feet
high, standing near the shore of Rougie Bay, near Waterside, in
Albert County. A low
V a 1 1 e y extends thence
through Shepody, and
through this valley the
southwest winds, sweeping
up the Bay of Fundy, rush
with great force for most
of the summer. The winds
in this region are strong,
for very much the same
reason the tides are high, namely, the Bay of Fundy is funnel-
shaped, causing a concentration of both water and air currents,
with an intensification of both. The tree here figured is not only
bent mechanically to leeward, i. e., the northeast, but it is also
aborted (by hindrance to growth and death of branches through
excessive transpiration) on the windward side, and it is to a com-
bination of these causes that such tree-forms are due. This is
the 'most extreme example of wind-effects that I have myself seen,
nor have I found any better described in the literature of the
subject.

The second figure represents a spruce, which I photographed
:some years ago on White Head Island, Grand Manan. The

188

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

bank here is rapidly washing away (no doubt because of a pro-
gressive sinking of the coast),
and this had evidently deprived

the tree of support when very
young. It has accordingly sunk
down, at the same time bending
geotropically upward, until it
now rests against the bottom of
the bank, while the main root
ascends vertically upward for
some six feet (the tree itself
being about that height), and
then bends over horizontally into-
the soil at the top of the bank, the present approximate outline of
which is shown by the curved line. Whether or not the tree has
taken root also in the bank at the base, my notes unfortunately
omit to state. This case shows two interesting facts ; first, that
the washing away of the banks must be at times very rapid,
(though apparently intermittently), and second, it shows that
woody plants must retain their powers of geotropic bending much
later than is commonly supposed, and than the nature of the tis-
sues would lead us to expect.

The third figure represents a form of spruce very common on
the elevated open barren plateaus just east of the valley connect-
ing the Xepisiguit and Upsalquitch. All such trees, which grow
only to about ten feet in height, show a lower very dense part
extending up a foot or two from the ground,
a living pyramidal rather close top, and a
branchless bare trunk between. This form
is due, I think, to the following causes.
Growing as these trees do in the crevices of
the rocks of windy bare plateaus, they mu?t
at times, especially on the bright, warm,
windy spring days, be subjected to an intense-
transpiration when the water supply is very
limited, or, in the early spring, still frozen,
and hence unavailable. At this time the
lower branches are protected from excessive
transpiration by the snow covering, and in.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

189-

part by their proximity to the ground, and hence are preserved.
The new branches at the top, while very short and compact, are'
able to obtain a sufficiency from the stem, but as they grow longer
they obtain their supply with more and more difficulty until they
finally perish, thus producing the advancing bare area behind the
young tip. The result is probably purely a physical result of the
attendant conditions, with nothing in it of adaptation.

72. — The Location of the Highest Land in New Brunswick.

Read October 6, 1903.

Every New Brunswicker must have a desire to know where in.
the Province lies the highest point above sea-level ; and the sub-
jest is one also of considerable topographical and physiographic
importance. Yet up to the present time it has been impossible
for anyone to say where that point is. Such study as has been,
given to the matter has seemed to show, as recorded in earlier
notes of this series (Nos. 5, 19, 25, 34), that Big Bald Mountain,
on the South Branch of Nepisiguit and Mount Carleton, three
miles south of Nictor Lake, are the two highest mountains of the
Province ; but it has been uncertain which of the two is the higher,,
though the evidence seemed to favor the former. Now, how-
ever, as the result of measurements made during a recent visit to=
Big Bald in company with my friend. Professor A. H. Pierce, I
am able to definitely settle the question as to their relative heights.

Before presenting the new facts, however, we should note the-
evidence for the published heights of these two mountains. The
height of 2,675 recently given for Carleton rests upon aneroid'
measurements made by myself in 1899 igo2 (Notes 25, 34,

62). The height of 2,700 feet commonly assigned to Big Bald,
was first attached to it upon the Geological map, published in
1887 (or 1888). Now this map for the Big Bald region is based'
solely upon the observations of Dr. R. W. Ells, who was there in
1880, but it is a curious fact that in his report he gives the height
of the mountain, presumably as the result of a single anero'd'
measurement, as 2,330 to 2,430 feet in one place (Report 1879-80,
32D), and 2,500 in another (35D), but nowhere as 2,700 feet.
In answer to my question, as to the cause of the discrepancy be-

190

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

tween report and map, Dr. Ells, as earlier noted (Note 5), dis-
claimed responsibility for the greater height given on the map.
Later, however. Dr. Chalmers wrote me that he had made the
mountain over 2,700 feet, as a result of the re-calculation of Ells’
data (Note 25), whence I conclude that Dr. Chalmers is author-
ity for this height on the map.

Our measurements of Big Bald were made on August 22, 23
and 24, 1903, and consisted of six independent observations made
exactly synchronously with the regular barometric readings at
Fredericton and Chatham. The instruments were the two excel-
lent aneroids, used with precisely the same precautions as to
correction for index error, temperature and weather, as pre-
viously described (Note No. 53), and the results were calculated
in the same manner from the same tables. One of the readings
was rejected because of a thunder storm prevailing at the time,
and the other five corrected from the Eredericton base gave 2,373,
2,341, 2,364, 2,331, and 2,345, averaging 2,351 feet above sea level.
The five corrected from Chatham gave 2,272, 2,292, 2,250, 2,235,
and 2,250, averaging 2,259. The cause of the discrepancy in the
results calculated from the two bases will be noted later (Note
76), as will the reasons why greater weight must be given to the
Chatham than to the Eredericton results. The height must,
therefore, fall in the vicinity of 2,300 feet, and under rather than
'Over that figure. Thus Big Bald is proven to be very much lower
than Carleton.

So unexpected and altogether surprising is this result that it
will naturally be questioned. It may be argued that my figures
are somewhere in error ; but not only were they all made with a
care commensurate with the interest and importance of the pro-
blem, but they are all consistent with one another, and could
hardly all be in error in the same degree. Again, it may be
assumed that my instruments are out of order ; but not only
were they carefully compared with the standard mercurial baro-
meters at Fredericton and St. John, both before and after the
journey, and the index errors taken into account, but also
they are the same instruments used in precisely the same manner
as for the determination of the height of Mount Carleton, so that

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

191

they are at least conclusive as to the relative heights of these two-
mountains. Further, certain measurements which I made this
year of the surface of Nictor Lake gave results in close agreement
with those of previous years. Allowing, however, the greatest
possible error under the circumstances, it could not bring Big
Bald up to 2,400, nor Carleton down to 2,600, so that Carleton
still is to be ranked as much the higher.

There is, furthermore, other evidence confirmatory of this
height. Big Bald rises from the bed of the South Branch, on its
south side, less than 600 feet, according to our direct measure-
ments. Now, we found the South Branch some four miles north
of the mountain to be, as a mean of two measurements, just under
1,600 feet in elevation. The current of the river between the two
places is very gentle, largely Stillwater, and it cannot fall 100
feet. On a liberal estimate, therefore, the height of the mountain
would not exceed i,6oo+6oo-|- 100=2,300 feet. That the moun-
tain does not really rise more than to this height above the river
is evident at a glance to anyone accustomed to the measurement
of elevations. While very conspicuous from parts of the sur-
rounding region, because of the contrast of its bold, bare sum-
mit with the wooded hills in the vicinity, it is, so far as height is
concerned, a very disappointing mountain to visit, and it is cer-
tainly somewhat surpassed in height by other wooded hills in the
vicinity. That it has come to be accepted as the highest in the
Province is due, of course, first of all to the error of the Geolo-
gical map, but this has been aided by a common psychological
phenomenon, namely, the tendency in the minds of men to attri-
bute remarkable properties to that which is remote and of diffi-
cult access. Big Bald is in the very heart of the New Brunswick
highlands, and there is no spot in the Province more difficult to
reach ; hence it is easy to imagine it is also the highest place.

Mount Carleton is, therefore, the highest land in New Bruns-
wick which has been measured. The Province is now sufficiently
well explored to make it seem certain that in none of the less
known parts can any mountain exist equalling it in height. The
highest point of land in New Brunswick may, therefore, be ac-
cepted as the summit of Mount Carleton.

.192

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

73. — Th5 Physiographic History of the Oromocto River.

Read November 3, 1903.

One of the most remarkable of New Brunswick rivers, both
in its own features and in its relations to neighboring waters, is
the Oromocto. In July last, in company with Dr. G. U. Hay, I
visited the Northwest Oromocto Lake and descended the Oromoc-
to River to its mouth in the St. John. The observations I was
able to make, together with certain conclusions drawn from them,
are presented below.

The development of our knowledge of the river may be briefly
traced. As it formed a part of an important ancient Indian por-
tage route from the St. John to Passamaquoddy and the Penob-
scot, it was early know and markedon the maps. It is indi-
cated, as Ramouctoii, crudely on the Franquelin-de Meulles map
of 1686, and is given with remarkable accuracy on the still un-
published de Rozier map of 1699, which, with many others later,
call it the Medocta.^ Its modern representation begins with a
fair sketch on Sproule’s map of the southwest part of the Pro-
vince, of 1 786, in which the lake is probably represented from
a sketch by Lieutenant Lambton, who crossed it in his winter trio
from Fredericton to St. Andrews in 1785, while the lower part
up to the Forks is laid down from surveys made in connection
with Loyalist land grants. The Northwest Lake was carefully
surveyed in 1831 by O’Connor, whose very detailed map is the
original of all down to the present, including that accompanying
the present paper, the topography of which is photographically
reproduced from an exact tracing of his original manuscript.* ** ***

* An error of which the origin is explained in Trans. Royal Soc, Canada, II, 1896, ii, 250;
III, 1897, ii, 372.

** Published in Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VII, 1901, ii, 412.

r!;^***The Magaguadavic on this map is reduced photographically from the very detailed
and accurate map made in 1797 for the International Boundary Commission, of which the
original Ms. Field-book is nowin possession of Rev. Dr. Raymond, of St.John, to whom I
am indebted for its use. The old Indian portage path, now apparently unknown locally, is
marked at two ends very accurately on these two maps [O’Connor’s and the Survey of 1797,]
and its intermediate course may be inferred from the fact that itmusthave followed the low
place in the ridge a little north of a direct line between the two ends. It is of interest to
note that by far the finest camping place on the lake is at White Sand Cove, near the
Oromocto end of this portage. For other facts about it, consult Trans. Royal Soc. Canada.
V, 1899, ii, 241. A reported Indian carving from this river was found by us not to be genuine,

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 193

The Northwest River from the Forks to Lyons Stream was sur-
veyed in connection with land grants prior to i8io, but the part
from Lyons Stream to the lake has not hitherto been surveyed
at all, and I had the pleasure of making a traverse survey of it
during our trip, the results of which are given on the accompany-
ing map. The South Branch and Back Creek were surveyed
prior to 1800 in connection with land grants, and the south
Oromocto Lake and stream were sketched somewhat later.

The river was settled from its mouth to the Forks by Loyalists
in 1784-86; by their descendants up the South Branch to Back
Creek, and up the Northwest towards Lyons Stream prior to 1810;
the western shore of the Northwest Lake was settled by an ex-
pansion from Harvey settlement after 1837, and later immigrants
after 1840 have settled between Back Creek and the South Branch,
and a few settlers live near the South Lake. The remainder of
the river, including the east and south sides of the Northwest
Lake and the river to Lyons Stream, and most of the South Lake,
with the South Branch from near Back Creek, are still unsettled
forest. Much lumbering was formerly done on the lakes and
river, especially in the years from 1830 to 1865, but it has now
ceased.

Turning now to scientific knowledge, we find that the geology
of the basin, which is of carboniferous conglomerates and sand-
stones, and comparatively simple, was first observed, and was
known in general to Gesner, who mentions it briefly in two of his
Reports. The geology of the vicinity of the Northwest Lake was

Consult an article “ Upon Aboriginal Pictographs Reported from New Brunswick ” in this
Bulletin.

The local pronunciation of the name of the river is Erramucia, which must be an old
form, since it is found practically thus, Erramouciau, on Allen’s map of 1786 (Trans. Royal
Soc. Canada, VII, 1901, ii, 264). Of other names, Kelly and Bedford [Tracey] are said to be
for early lumbermen, as doubtless others are also. The names on the maps are those com-
monly in use by those who know the river, while certain of O’Connor’s names not now in
common use I have put in brackets, hidian Point is explained by a local legend, to the
effect that an Indian having stolen a girl on the St. John was fleeing by the portage route
to Penobscot when he was overtaken and shot by her relatives on this point; but another
tradition derives it simply from an Indian camping place in the cove near by.

For very much local information about the lake and river I am greatly indebted to Mr.
Thos McFarland, of South Tweedside, as well as to Mr. C. L. Tracy, of Tracy Station, and
to Mr. William Clark, of Flume Ridge. I have obtained from them much more information
than I have used in this article, but which will appear later in another connection.

194

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

first studied with some care and descri1:>ed by Charles Robb in
1868. (Report of the Geological Survey for 1866-69). Studies
of other parts of the basin have been made by Bailey, Matthev/
and Ells. (Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1870-
71, 1872-73, and 1878-79D). The surface geology of the lake
has been described from a visit in 1883 by Chalmers (Report of
the Geological Survey of Canada, GG, 1882-84) who gives also
an appreciative account of the scenery, especially towards the
north. No studies of any kind upon the natural history of the
basin appear to have been made prior to our trip. I understand
from Dr. Hay that his observations of the plants along the river
showed only the common plants of New Brunswick, with none
especially noteworthy.

Our study of the river shows that it falls naturally into six
sections, which I shall consider separately.

I. The Norf Invest Lake. — The Northwest Oromocto Lake,
some eight miles long* and 2^ in extreme breadth, lies in a north-
and-south valley with high ridges (some 200 feet over the lake),
on the west between it and the Magaguadavic, and a low country
to the east and south. It empties from the eastern side. Its shores
are nearly everywhere rocky, for the most part of middling-sized
boulders, often pushed up into marked ice-dykes, sometimes pave-
ment-like, and including many morainic points of small boulders,
extending often as shoals far out into the lake. In many places,
notably at Ship Island, Kelly Island** and the northeast coast,
the shores are conglomerate ledges, often worn by the water
into caves. Elsewhere, especially at AVhite Sand Cove and on the
southeast shores, are some fine sand beaches. The three islands at
the southern end of the lake are of glacial drift and their axes
have, with the moranic points, the usual northwest and southeast
direction. The depths of the lake are extremely irregular, and in
many places it is very shoal, both near the shores and also
upon certain island-like shoals, apparentlv ledges, which come
nearly to the surface, especially between Ship Island and Green
Point and between Kelly’s Island and the western shore. On the

* Locally it is insisted that this lake is nine miles long, but O’Connor’s map, made with
much care and checked by mumerous intersections, makes it less than eight miles.

** fact worth mention about this island is its use locally as a kind of large game trap.
Deer and other animals cross to it from the shore by the bar of gravel and sand, indicating
their presence by their tracks on the sand ; they are then driven from the woods of the
island by hunters, to fall before the guns of others stationed at the bar.

M.a-p oj the.

Kort'k West Oromocto Lake
and surrovndinjs
compthd hi) W.F.Qanon^
Karch. Ho if

■»- ca.m.p\n^ plcicesi o ^prinys
S.shoal;-fi‘)i'i'^^ depths (feet)

1 A

1 '

yA f \

f •'■5

I '^a^hipr. L^ Low

1 1 /
V /

: a ■

« '■' {

/V /■

}4f

/ ( y . :

t )■•.::::

11 ■, )

J,a 1

rnLan /

^e//ysi

Rovm

Cove

' - • 1 *• , ...
f % /• ■

'S.

• S V/

O' f

1:4 our
Coun try

Sccile I UuK ~ Z niUes

JLour iovlder-
StreuTYi Country

\J)Cdroyu
iLaTlt

jy.FQlkj.

Oromocto Krircr

1*t.

cjM'ji oir'^i' ' ( 1* *.\j*i '»•?'' V L •' ^*. '- ‘ *'s- .’t\*.'v>-' -»v

' IC TOV 'v • • '

'• ?' 6^VV as^K"’

A V ■ '■».,■ ■,•• I,.';

%«* -* .

¥■'

’ A' \ . ■ f:>!--’ ■

•■■( ■ /‘^■^ 7' kA

yV^rf'ifc'i "'iJfti

'V1^\

• *''■ ' ^jf ' 'i'-" -

W« V r-»v^r

r^ixz^- -i''^

S‘ *rx? ' V-'^'.^iJ,. •>,. :■ '-.- C' ■•>*^.' ;

t\fc, -^iT- y\4 r.^"'-;

‘«va.‘ir . '■• ^ n>»yV->c(jA

, , <•»"' • •„ ^ 'r

Ljf»i‘^::f«VV

r:i. ■.- r.- .• ^v:-;.A ' ^.>Vi4^';

■ ¥rMv)m}

\ ^ • . 1 . 1

tl ;:." '' Ul ^‘ '.■'■•

\\ft _„. .

;^ X. !■ T.i''. ■y""^'-'-.- ■-- ■ •• ' "■^'*^S^V'*r* A' Jr

1 iVT t'5 • ■ • - *

^sv.avJ - i-.t'Jet^

- /«is .« • «^»».*'.; A- ■■■ ■ <

' v.:rf\„

i- *1 - ".

J. .v>:>*i„‘iau’

■:.i>ung

► fj i"

, *i •:■
<

v*f

' C-i «■;>' '

AMkM

Oromocto Kn'er

' *rtL

L_ -

>■. N.

JT'

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 195

shoals west of Kelly’s Island, the boulders have been pushed,
apparently by ice action, into a cnrions kind of atoll, (evidently
homologus with the ice-dikes of the shores) such as I have not
elsewhere noticed. The moderate depths found by us near the
shores are marked on the map ; O’Connor states on his map, how-
ever, that the “ fine open bay ” formed by the southern expansion
of the lake was found by him to be 72 feet deep by soundings,
which is in conformity with the rule for these glacial lakes which
are usually deepest towards their southeastern ends. The eleva-
tion of the lake above sea-level is in the vicinity of 400 feet,* and
it undoubtedly is, as locally stated, higher than the Magaguadavic
to the west.

Turning now to the interesting question as to the origin of this
lake, which lies directly across the direction of the river to which
it now belongs, I think there is no doubt that Mr. Chalmers’
opinion that in pre-glacial times its valley emptied southward
through the low drift-filled valley to the Kedron and thence into
the Magaguadavic, is perfectly correct. It lies therefore in an
old valley parallel with the Magaguadavic, and emptying south-
ward and does not belong morphologically to the Oromocto at alL
Mr. Chalmers also calls attention to an apparent pre-glacial valley
between the lake and Cranberry lake basin, which I also noticed.
But it appears to me this valley is rather a continuation of Dead-
water Brook, and I believe it can be traced farther, — east of Mag
aguadavic Ridge to Little Magaguadavic Lake and beyond. This
would make a continuous valley parallel to that of the Magagua-
davic and separated from it mostly by high ridges, an arrange-
ment perfectly in conformity with the river structure of this region
as discussed in a later note,** (No. 75).

2. The Northwest Oromocto from the Lake to Lyons'
Stream. — Leaving the lake on its easterly side the river flows with
a gentle current, makingeasy canoeing, through longreedy dead-

* Robb, Report, 179, gives it as 370 feet, without mentioning the source of the information.
This was perhaps from a preliminary survey for the Western Extension Railway which was
made a few years earlier, and passed close to this lake. Chalmers, Report, 18, gives it as
417 feet, of course from aneroid measurements. I made it, as the mean of ten very careful
measurements with aneroid, synchronous with and checked from the barometic station at
St. John (for lists of readings from which I am indebted to the Director, Mr. D. L. Hutchin-
son), as 394 feet. It will doubtless prove, when exactly levelled, not to exceed 400 feet.
Indeed it Is difficult for me to see where it manages to make that much drop between the
lake and the Forks, the latter lying practically at sea level. Other heights measured by us
along the river gave these results; Little Lake, 357; Mouth of Otter Brook, 314: Mouth
of Lyon Stream, 282.

**It seems to me very likely that the Magaguadavic itself had a pre-glacial, or some
yet earlier, course into the Kedron by way of the low ground of Brook of Sticks and Swans
Brook; and it may even have had a very early or original course across the dip in the ridge
west of the lake to Little Kedron and Piskahegan. See Note75.

196 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

waters and stillwaters separated by occasional bouldery rips of
little fall, in a flat wooded country showing occasionally morainic
knolls, down to Little Lake, a very pretty lake, connected with the
river by a short stream of little fall. (Compare the map). Below
this, for a mile, the river forms a series of long quiet pools, broken
by occasional small rips, with a heavy border of over-hanging
vegetation; a charming canoe stream. This is followed by shal-
lows and rips, and some deadwaters, down to Musquash Brook,
where the river bed becomes rougher and of greater fall ; the

banks begin to rise in rocky ledges, and presently, at North Branch
Falls, occurs a typical post-glacial low fall, or bad rapid, below |

which the banks are still higher, rising to cliffs 50 to 80 feet high, ]

and the valley is typically post-glacial. Below Hartt’s Island the 1

banks become lower and the valley opens out, while the river flows *

swiftly and roughly through an open country with much drop over
a bed partly of boulders and partly of flat ledge rock, between ;

banks mostly low but rising at times into morainic hills ; and this !

continues to Otter Brook. Just above this brook, on the same side ;

of the Oromocto, in open burnt country, are two of the most per- i

' ; •. ‘V*. ' • ' V

. ^ T »-:

ir C,-. j. ’ ,

l:Sfr

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 197

feet drumlins, one of them conical, that I have seen in New Bruns-
wick. Below this the river continues very rough with much fall
and many ledges for nearly two miles, where again the banks rise
into rocky ledges, and at Lyon Stream the junction of river and
stream is in a rocky post-glacial valley, some 30 feet deep. Below
this the banks again fall off and the country gradually opens out ;
the river has much fall and flows for the most part over a flat con-
glomerate-ledged bottom. Gradually it broadens and develops
some intervales and low terraces, but below Hardwood Creek the
banks again rise and the valley is once more post-glacial, with
banks often of vertical rock some forty or fifty feet high ; then
these fall off and the river reaches a wide valley in which the
Yoho unites with the Oromocto.

Reviewing now this part of the river it seems plain that from
the lake to Yoho stream, this valley is all post-glacial, and that it
cuts directly across three, and perhaps four, low ridges* and their
intermediate shallow valleys, which in pre-glacial times drained
from northwest to southeast, probably into the present Piskahegan
and Shin Creek. There is probably a low ridge just east of the
lake, forming the eastern boundary of the old valley now occupied
by the lake, and east of that lies the shallow valley across which
the river now wanders. It is very likely that this valley drained
through Little and Peltoma lakes into the Piskahegan and Mag-
aguadavic (compare the map) in pre-glacial times. The next
ridge to the eastward would be that extending from Roach Settle-
ment, crossing the river at North-Branch Falls and extending
between Shin Creek and the Piskahegan. East of that comes
another valley in which probably Lyon Stream belongs, the pre-
glacial position of which must have been either farther east or
farther west, doubtless the latter; and it is likely that this stream,
( formerly extending through the gap at Harvey to Cranberry
Lake), flowed in pre-glacial times through the present Otter
Brook valley into Shin Creek, while earlier than that, there is
good reason to believe, it flowed across the southern highlands
into the Lepreau (as discussed in Note 75). East of this lies
another ridge and then a small unimportant valley occupied only
by Hardwood Creek, also doubtless emptying pre-glacially into
Shin Creek, and east of that another ridge bounding the Yoho
Stream. If we ask now why this part of the river took this direc-
tion across the ridges, the answer would seem to be this, that these
shallow valleys in the glacial period were filled with drift, and the
new stream, turned by a glacial dam from its old course into

* The rocks of these ridges are nearly horizontal, showing they are ridges of erosion and
not anticlines.

198

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.”

Kedron, found its lowest outlet to the eastward, where it naturally
followed the direction of the general slope of the country, which
is here to the northeast. It has since cut to the rock bottoms of
the two eastern valleys, as well as through their intervening
ridges, but not to the bottom of the western valley, where it still
runs over the drift.*

3. The Northwest River from the Y oho to the Forks. — At its
junction with the Yoho the character of the Oromocto changes
completely. The valley is broad, open, mature ; the river, still shoal
and swift, though less so than above, winds extensively among
wide intervales and fine terraces (all well-settled) over a drift bot-
tom showing ledges only rarely and on one side. This character
continues but with lessening drop to Tracy, where there is a small
post-glacial fall at a bend of the river (the old valley being to the
south) and beyond with still gentler current to Fredericton Junc-
tion, where the river turns abruptly to the northward, forming a
series of post-glacial falls and rapids. The pre-glacial valley is
doubtless here on the right bank, though I did not trace it. Below
this the river runs into intervales and winds about among them to
the Forks.

It is perfectly plain that this part of the river occupies
an ancient, mature and extensive valley, the post-glacial falls
at Tracy and Fredericton Junction representing only local devia-
tions from the general course. Moreover this character extends
continuously up the valley of the Yoho as far as can be seen from
their junction ; and since, as the maps show, the Yoho is the direct
continuation in direction of this part of the valley I think there is
no doubt that, morphologically, this part of the river and the Yoho
occupy the same ancient valley, of which the Oromocto above the
Yoho is sim])ly a post-glacial branch.

4. South Oromocto Lake and the South Branch. — This part
of the river I have not visited and know nothing of. Noting the
direction of the lake, however, its relation to Mahood’s Lake, to
the small lakes northwest of it and to the head of Shin Creek, I
think it is extremely probable that all of these occupy one very
ancient valley, which in former times ran across the southern high-
lands, giving a continuous river from the Lepreau to Cranberry
Lake by I.yon Stream. (Se:e the map and that with Note 75).
This connection, however, is probably long pre-glacial, and Shin
Creek probably took the drainage of Lyon Stream in immediatelv
pre-glacial times. I have seen the junction of the South Branch
with Back Creek, and it enters the latter by a rather narrow valley

* Of course it is possible that tliere is a pre-glacial valley in this same general direc-
tion, but this seems wholly unlikely.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OP NEW BRUNSWICK.

199

at an abrupt angle, showing it to be morphologically a branch of
the broad ancient valley of Back Creek, and not the main stream.

5. Back Creek and the lower part of the South Branch. — The
.South Branch from the Forks to Back Creek, and Back Creek
itself wind about in a continuous single, broad, mature, intervaled
and terraced, obviously ancient, valley. This valley narrows
towards its head, but merges gradually, without a break, into the
valley of the Nerepis, which continues its direction without devi-
ation to its junction with the St. John and beyond that through
the Short Reach, Grand Bay, and South Bay. There can be no
doubt, I believe, that this Back Creek — Nerepis Valley, is morpho-
logically a single one. The question now at once arises as to its
original direction of flow. This is easily answered, and in two
ways. First, certain streams near the head of Back Creek have a
re-entrant or southward direction,* (compare the map), and sec-
ond, the general river directions of this entire region necessitate
a southerly direction. This raises the question as to the original
head of the valley, and here again I think the answer is fairly clear.
This same valley extends up the northwest Oromocto, (cutting
across the Forks near the low hills on the south) and up the
Yoho River to its head. But it did not end here, for it extended,
I believe, through a gap in the hills to the flat country at the
source of Gardner’s Creek, through Lake George and the Pokiok,
and into the St. John, and this ancient and important valley we
may well call from its modern remnant The Nerepisian Valley, the
further extension and relations of which to other neighboring
rivers will be found discussed in a later note (No. 75).

6. The Main Oromocto from Forks to Mouth. — This part of
the river has at present a very uniform character. It is a dead-
water creek, winding in a very broad valley through extensive
intervales. In only one place, namely, just above French Lake,
does it come in contact with rock-formed upland.** In conse-

* There is, however, another explanation for these re-entrant streams, namely, that in
immediately pre glacial times the Nerepis headed farther west, and these were branches of
it, and not of Back Creek, a point still to be investigated. For some distance north of the
present divide between the two rivers, the Back Creek flows over a ledge-rock bottom, as
may well be seen from the railway train. This implies that its course here is post-glacial;
but this is not necessarily the case, for either a pre-glacial channel may exist on one side
or the other of the present channel, or this may represent the pre-glacial summit of the
Tocky divide between Back Creek and Nerepis.

**This, the only case in which the river actually now touches the rocky upland, is on
the right bank. In general, this river seems to keep nearer to the upland on the right than
on the left, a supposition confirmed by the representation of the intervale upon the surface
geology map. This tendency to keep to the right is very likely due to the well-known
tendency of rivers in the northern hemisphere to erode their right faster than their left
■banks, due to the effect upon the moving water exerted by the earth’s rotation

200

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

quence one can make out little of the geographical relations of the
river from the stream itself, but an inspection of the general maps
brings out some important facts. First, the streams flowing into
the upper part of this section, namely, Three-Tree Creek, Merse-
reau Creek, Brizley Creek, are all markedly re-entrant in their
main courses, indicating that at one time this part of the river
flowed south, and suggesting that it was at one time a small branch
of the Nerepisian River. Second, it has a large branch, the Rusa-
gonis, entering at right angles, parallel with the St. John and in a
line with Kelly’s Creek and the Upper Reach of the St, John,
while its direction is continued across the Oromocto by French
Lake and Rockwell Stream. Though I have not been able to
study this problem I think it very probable, for reasons which will
be given in a later note ( No. 75), that the Rusagonis and Rockwell
streams persist in an ancient valley, of which the Upper Reach and
part of Nacawic are parts, and which joined the present St. John
at Little River in Flampstead. In this case the present Lower
Oromocto was at first a small branch of the St. John, which in
very early times extended back capturing the Rusagonis, and later,
cutting through the divide, the remnant of which is the ridge south
of French Lake, captured the branch of the Nerepisian River, and
thus the main part of the river, turning it northward into its pres-
ent course. The condition which allowed this extensive alteration
was no doubt, as later more fully discussed, the ease of erosion in
the soft sand-stones of this region, combined, perhaps, with some
synclinal folding or other favoring local conditions.

The conclusions drawn from the facts here stated are of course
largely tentative. I regard them as in the highest degree pro-
bable, but much study is still needed before they can be either
fully confirmed or definitely disproved.

74. — Notes on the Physiographic Orighn of the Keswick

River.

Read November 3, 1903.

For some years past I have been making such observations upon
the physiographic character of the Keswick valley as may bc-
accomplished from railway trains. The method is not ideal, but
the trains in that valley do not move at a rate to render such study
quite impossible, especially when several trips are made to supple-
ment one another in conjunction with the use of the best maps.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 201

Some interesting possibilities are thus suggested, which are as
follows.

The Keswick valley enters the St. John valley as a direct con-
tinuation of the latter, the two together forming a single broad,
flood-plained, terrace-bordered, gentle-sloped, matured valley,
while the Upper St. John enters this combined valley at an abrupt
angle, in a much narrower steeper-walled and obviously newer
valley. This suggests that morphologically the Keswick and the
St. John valley below it are one, and that the Keswick is the mor-
phological head of the St. John below it. Ascending, the Keswick
valley retains much of its width and all of its ancient and matured
appearance, the present stream, winding about amidst intervales
and terraces, being obviously much smaller than that which form-
ed it. At Jones Fork comes in a broad branch from the north ; at
Zealand one comes from the west ; at Stone Ridge is another from
the north; and another also from the north appears to come in at
Upper Keswick. All the way up, the river maintains its matured
appearance, though narrowing somewhat, and seemingly narrowed
much more than it really is by the remarkable great terraces. At
Upper Keswick the railway climbs by very steep grades (265 feet
within three miles by the railway levels) out of this valley over a
water-shed into the valley of the Nacawic. But as the railroad
ascends, one can see finely displayed the ripe old valley of the
Keswick continuing off to the northwest. Beyond this point I
have not seen it, but in an earlier note (No. 50) I have suggested
the probability that the north and south parts of both the Nash-
waak and the Miramichi, both of which lie in a direct line north
from its present source, formerly flowed through this valley, and
certainly its great size strongly sustains this conclusion. I believe
that these three rivers lie in a single ancient valley, with large and
important branches, forming the original head of all the St. John
below it, and this we may call from its modern remnant. The Kes-
zvian Valley. It is probable that in its lower part it had another
branch, for the course of the Mactaquac on our maps strongly
suggests that it formerly flowed by a small brook into the present
Keswick near its mouth. Tracing now the Mactaquac valley
upward, as represented on the maps, we find it lying in a line with

202

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

a branch of the Nacawic and of the Becaguimec (compare map
with the next note), and even with the Presquile beyond the St.
John, and it is possible that all of these lie in a single ancient
valley. Certainly the curious course of the Becaguimec, which at
present folds back so remarkably on itself, is in harmony with
some such explanation as this, even though the present explana-
tion may not be precisely correct in detail. If now we trace this
Keswian river downward, it must have followed the present St.
John valley to Jemseg, and possibly followed it to the Long
Reach. There is, however, another possibility, suggested by the
parallelism of this system of rivers (discussed in the next note),
namely, that it originally continued from Jemseg across to Lewis
Cove on the Washademoak, thence by Southwest Brook and
Spraggs Brook to the Belleisle, thence across to Paticake Brook,
Hammond River, Porter Brook and Quaco River to the sea at
Quaco. If it really had this course, it would have been turned
in very early times into its present course by the easterly erosion
of branches from the lower Nerepisian and Rusiagonian valleys,
as described in the preceding and in the following notes.*

75. — The Origin of the Fundian System of Rivers.

Read November 3, 1903.

The rivers of New Brunswick belong to three great natural
systems, — one sloping southeastward into the Bay of Fundy,
another sloping northeastward into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and
the third sloping northward and eastward into Bay Chaleur.
Upon the first of these, which we may designate the Fundian
system, I wish here to record some observations, looking to an
explanation of the origin of its remarkable features.**

* Dr. Chalmers, in his latest Geological Report, has suggested that the St. John may
once have flowed through the Nacawic and Keswick, but his explanation of the possible
method differs much from that here given.

** There are many references to peculiar features, and their explanation, in the rivers of
this system in the writings of the geologists who have investigated New Brunswick geology,
notably those of Bailey, Matthew, Ells and Chalmers. But no attempt has hitherto been
made, so far as I know, to explain the features of these rivers collectively. All physio-
graphic study must rest upon topographical and geological data, and such studies as those
here attempted are only made possible by the previous labors of these geologists who have
made accurately known in its outlines and in many of its details, the structural geology of
New Brunswick.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

203

There are two very striking facts about this system, of which
the explanation is not obvious. First, the courses of the rivers
are in large part independent of the geological formations, for
many of them, especially the westernmost, run directly across the
formations, hard and soft alike. Second, the principal river of
this system, the St. John, has a curious zig-zag form, with some
of its parts in the prevailing southeasterly course, but others at
right angles to it, and its course as a whole forms almost a semi-
circle around rivers west of it. All of these phenomena, I
think, can now be explained, and the key to their interpretation
is found in the probable physiographic history of the Oromocto,
supplemented by that of the Keswick, outlined in the two preced-
ing notes.

The general lack of correspondence between river-courses and
the underlying formations can have, it would appear, but one
meaning. The river valleys must be much older than the present
■exposure of those formations, and must have originated on a
general uniform southeasterly slope which could have been formed
in either one of two ways. First, this entire country was covered
by level homogeneous deposits, such as the Carboniferous sand-
stones form in the eastern part of the Province at the present day ;
these became elevated from the sea with a southeasterly slope on
which the rivers formed and gradually eroded their valleys down
into the underlying deposits. Second, all of the formations were
planed off uniformly, either by sea or river action, to a great pene-
plain, which, on its elevation, sloped southeast, thus establishing
the parallel southeasterly valleys. Which of these two explana-
tions is correct is not, from our present point of view, important.
The great crucial point is this, that by one or the other (or possibly
by some other) method, the rivers of this region were given, after
all the formations were deposited, a general southeasterly course,
and this they have largely retained down to the present day.
Where they have deviated from the arrangement, as they have
very often, it is because of the influence of the underlying forma-
tions, as will be shown later in this paper.

So far as I have been able to work out the original valleys of
this system, they are as given below. The descriptions can be

204 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.' •'

followed in general upon the accompanying small-scaled map, but
they will be much plainer if read in comparison with the maps of
the Geological Survey, which show also the courses of the for-
mations.

1. The Machian Valley. — To the westward of the New Bruns-
wick series lie lines of valleys strongly suggestive of a continua-
tion of the svstem. The westernmost of these heads in the East
Branch of Penobscot (outside the limits of the rccompanying
map, but very plain on Wilkinson’s map), follows the Penobscot a
short distance to the re-entrant Matakeunk, which it follows
through the westernmost Scoodic lakes to the Machias.

Possibly another occurs east of this, heading in the Molum-
kaus, crossing through Matagoodus, Scoodic Lakes and East
Alachias.

2. The Scoodian Valley. — This is the least distinct of the val-
leys of the region, but it appears to be traceable from the Baska-
hegan along the streams to the Grand Ealls of St. Croix, thence
following the present river (the ancient Scoodic) to near Meddy-,
bemps Lake, whence it probably runs through the Penamaquaiii,
Valley into Cobscook. But my evidence as to this valley is almost
wholly cartographical, and I can offer little more than a sugges
tion. A minor valley seems to be east of this, including Mohannes
Stream, Magurrewock and Boyden’s Lakes.

3. The Chepednian Valley. — This appears to head in Mata-
wamkeag River, or Skitticook Branch, (if not farther north in
Aroostook waters), and extending through Grand Lake and its,
Great South Bay, Lambert Lake, Scott’s Brook, the Chiputneti-
cook ( St. Croix ) to Canoose, runs thence across to Denys River,
and by this to the St. Croix below St. Stephen, which it follows
to near the Narrows, when it passes behind the Devil’s Head to
reacli the lower St. Croix near Red Beach.

4. The Passaniaquodicin Valley. — This valley appears to head
in the south branch of iMeduxnekeag (and perhaps farther north),
extends thence to Lower iMonument Brook, thence across the head
of Pirate Brook to IMusquash Brook, thence directly through to
the St. Croix, which it leaves at Mud Lake, whence it extends
across the heads of Canoose and Denys streams. Gallop Stream,
and thus into Oak Bay and the Lower St. Croix (both of which it
formed) ; it continues through Passamaquoddy near the Maine
sliOre, passes between Deer Island and Moose Island, and crosses
Campobello to empty through Herring Cove. A large river hav-
ing this general course explains perfectly the Origin of the
remarkable Oak Bay-St. Croix estuary, which otherwise stands,
much in need of interpretation.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

205

There is perhaps a minor valley east of this, including possibly
some of the west branch Digdeguash and Upper Waweig, which
emptied through Bocabec Bay and Letite Passage, forming the
latter.

5. The Digdeguasian Valley. — This appears to arise as far
north as Bull’s Creek (perhaps even in branches of Mednuxna-
keag), includes the Upper Eel River, the three Eel River lakes.
La Coote Lake, the Digdeguash lakes (or possibly as on the dotted
line of the map), thence to the Digdeguash itself, whose course it
follows with perhaps a branch from Bolton Brook to near its
present mouth, where it may have emptied by Letite Passage, or it
may have crossed in part by the small streams shown on the maps,,
to Letang, forming the deep entrance to that harbor.

6. The Magadavian Valley. — The lower course of this river
is fairly clear, but tw'o possible branches may be traced at its head
with two others lower down. One branch may have originated
north of Eel River, in Pokomoonshine Brook, following Eel River
to Pocowagamis Brook, Skiff Lake, Grassy Lake and Upper
Cranberry Brook to Upper Trout Brook and the Magaguadavic.
A second branch seems to have included Eel River below Benton*
(and possibly the brook through Spearville and even Bull’s
Creek above Debec) through Pine Swamp Brook to Sheogomoc
waters, (following the railroad at Canterbury), through second
Sheogomoc Lake, Big Duck Lake, Duck Brook across Magagua-
davic Lake and along the present Magaguadavic (or a stream
west of it to Davis Brook) and by the present Magaguadavic to
near Brook of Sticks, where it may have crossed through the low
ground into Kedron, and by Kedron Brook to the Magaguadavic.
(Compare Note 73, and its map of Oromocto Lake) Or it may
even have crossed through the small gap in the ridge west of Oro-
mocto Lake, across the lake to Kedron waters, as shown by the
dotted line on the map. The third branch probably originated in
Charlie Lake (and perhaps farther north in a part of the St, John
and Bull’s Creek), thence running to first Sheogomoc Lake, thence
to Little Magaguadavic Lake, thence through the gap between
Blaney and Magaguadavic Ridges, through Deadwater .Brook into
the head of Oromocto Lake, through that lake into Kedron and
thence into the Magaguadavic. A fourth, and very minor, branch
perhaps originated northeast of Oromocto Lake, flowed southeast
through Little Lake and Peltoma thence into Piskehegan and the
Magaguadavic. The deviation of the two latter branches to the

* It seems possible that Eel River had a former, perhaps immediately pre-glacial, outlet
from Benton eastward along the general course of the present highway and the old Indiani
portage.

206

BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

westward is of course caused by the great granite mass of Mount
Pleasant, rising 1200 feet, which as this deviation of the rivers
would show, stood out as a inonadnock from the plain on which
the rivers formed. The lower Magaguadavic below Pis-
kahegan appears to run in its ancient valley to Red
Rock, whence it pretty certainly continues through Red
Rock, Sparks and Clear lakes to Forked Lake (between the two
latter lakes there is a remarkable valley that I have myself seen),
thence into Popelogan and Popelogan Harbor. The Magagua-
davic below Red Rock appears to belong to Bonny River and
'Clarence Brook.*

7. The Lcproian Valley. — As mentioned in Note 73 it appears
possible that a valley originated in the Cranberry Lake basin, flow-
ed through the gap at Harvey into Lyon Stream, thence by Otter
Brook, the head of Shin Creek and its south branch, to South
Oromocto Lake, Mahood’s Lake and into the Lepreau, which
probably emptied on the coast at or near Little Dipper Harbor, or
else at Musquash. This country is now so elevated, the lake sur-
faces lying nearly 600 feet above sea-level, that this river must
been turned from its course at a comparatively early time, and
Shin Creek would appear to be the modern successor of the early
stream which took this direction.

8. The Nerepisian Valley. — As described in Note 73 I have
traced this ancient valley on the ground through much of its
'Course. Its source is uncertain, but most probably, I think, is in
the Meduxnekeag, whence it crossed in a line through the heads
of several small streams to the Pokiok, (although it may have
followed the present upper St. John). From the Pokiok it extends
southward across the head of Gardens Stream to the Yoho, the
(Jromocto, Back Creek, the Nerepis, the Short Reach, Grand Bay,
and to the sea in or near St. John harbor. At this early period
the upper St. John, above the central watershed, either did not
exist or else flowed to Bay Chaleur, a subject later to be con-
sidered.**

9. The Rnsagonian Valley. — As suggested in Note 73, this
ap])ears to represent another of the parallel valleys. It headed in
some branch of Nacawic, and very likely in the Little Presquile
beyond the St. John, (the Little Presquile would seem, from the

* Or possibly the Didijeguash flowed through Digdeguash Lake, and by its lower end
to the Magaguadavic, the Canal, Lake Utopia, head of Letang and Beaver Harbor, as
shown by dotted line on the map.

** All physiographic evidence, of which I have collected much, later to be presented,
tends to show that this present central watershed separating the Tobique from the Mira-
michi is also the ancient one. This is in marked contrast with the eastern water-shed,
which has shifted from its ancient position and moved farther to the eastward.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

207’

maps, to have had an earlier outlet, in the line of its general direc-
tion, through a little brook now flowing southeast into the St.
John) ; and followed the Upper Reach, Kelly’s Creek, the Rusa-
gonis, and Rockwell Stream. Beyond this I have found no direct
evidence of its course, but the general parallelism with other rivers
would lead us to expect that it crossed to near Little River in'
Hampstead and followed the St. John to the Belleisle (originat-
ing this part of the St. John). It ran thence through Kingston
Creek, Forester’s Cove, and a line of brooks to Loch Lomond,
Black River and the sea west of McCoy’s Head. Such a course
explains perfectly several otherwise puzzling geographical fea-
tures, such as the course of the St. John from Long Island to the
Belleisle, and Kingston Creek. The deviation fromparallelism at
Little River is of course explained by the presence of the great
Bald (or Champlain) mountain mass, which would thus be shown
to have stood up like Mount Pleasant, as a monadnock from the
general plain on which the rivers were forming.

lo. The Keswian Valley. — As described in the preceding note,
this river probably headed in the Miramichi, flowed through the
Upper Nashwaak (with a branch from the source of the Mirami-
chi and a part of Becaguimec, and possibly from the upper St.
John), the present Keswick and the St. John to Fredericton re-
ceiving an important branch from the Nacawic, Upper Becagui-
mec (and perhaps the Presquile) ; thence its course was probably
along the present Portobello under the intervale to Major’s Island
and the present river to Jemseg.* From this point it seems
possible that we can trace it also across country to the sea through
Lewis’ Cove, Spragg’s Brook, Paticake Brook, part of Hammond
River, and Quaco River, to the sea in Quaco Bay.

It is possible that even another of these parallel valleys existed'
east of the Keswian along the course of the dotted line on the map.
If so, it arose in the Nashwaak above the Udenack (perhaps even
in Miramichi Lake and north of the Miramichi), passed through
Udenack and McKenzie Brook (or as on the map) across the
head of Little River, over Grand Lake to Young’s Cove, over
Washademoak to Long’s Creek, thence to a branch of Studholm
Mill Stream, to Sussex Vale, and by Trout Creek and Quiddy

* Below Fredericton there begins an extensive intervale basin which soon opens to
include Portobello, French Lake and Maquapit ; and it is noteworthy that the St. John for
the most part keeps close to the upland on the southwest. It is possible that this is a
result of the tendency in rivers of the northern hemisphere to erode their right banks, a
consequence of the influence of the earth’s rotation on the movingwater. Something of the
same kind appears to be true of the Lower Oromocto, (Note 73.)

208 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

River, or else by Wards Creek and Big Salmon River to the sea.
Such a river should be named from its only important existant
part the A^ashwian River. But I have no evidence for it other
than cartographical.

Somewhere east of this river, and parallel with it, must have
come the ancient water-shed between this Fundian System and
the St, Lawrence System. This water-shed I believe we can still
trace in its remnants, constituting the elevated land near Point
Wolfe, extending thence to the lofty hills of Sussex and across
the Washademoak to ]\Iarrs Settlement hill, across the head of
Grand Lake, Emigrant Settlement hill, between Salmon Creek
and Newcastle Creek, thence to the water-shed between the
Taxes and the Nashwaak, and beyond to cross the Miramichi,
as shown on the map. There is evidence to show, which will later
be presented, that originally all waters west of this line were
branches of the Keswian (or Nashwian) while all east of it
flowed into the St. Lawrence.*

One important fact about all of these rivers remains to be
mentioned, namely, it is possible that at the time of their formation
the Bay of Fundy was rock-filled, and these rivers flowed across
Nova Scotia into the sea (just as those of the St. Lawrence system
flowed over Prince Edward Island, and those of our northern
system flowed across the Restigouche valley into the St. Law-
rence), thus originating the valleys which cross that Province
from northwest to southeast. It may even prove possible to
identify the corresponding valleys in the two Provinces (thus
determining, for instance, which valley formed Annapolis Gut,
which emptied through Mahone Bay, etc.), although on the
Fundy slope the Nova Scotia rivers are much modified.

Such appears to me to have been the original arrangement of
river valleys in this region. I have no doubt that further re-
search will modify the conclusions in many details,- but the general
principles I believe are correct and will stand.

We must consider now the causes of the profound modifica-
tions of the original arrangement which have given us the very
different conditions of the present. According to our theory.

* As I have pointed out in an earlier note, No. 49, footnote.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 209

these valleys originated on a southeasterly sloping surface as it
arose from the sea. Had the underlying rocks been uniform in
texture and hardness, those rivers would doubtless have kept
those courses to the present day. But the rocks were not of equal
hardness, but on the contrary consisted of bands of harder and
softer rocks running for the most part directly across the courses
of these rivers. In the process of erosion these softer bands were
cut down rapidly, forming large right-angled branches to the
older valleys. Ultimately these branches were able to cut back
into neighboring valleys and frequently to capture their head
waters. It is in this erosion by branches of the main valleys along
the softer rocks crossing from valley to valley that we have the
explanation of the changes which have altered the original
arrangement to the conditions that we find at the present day, for
all of the river courses of this system seem to lie either in the
ancient northwest and southeast valleys across the rock bands, or
in northeast and southwest valleys following the general direction
of the softer rocks.

Turning to these cross valleys, we note that by far the most
important of them is the Oromocto, which lies near the middle
of the broadest of the bands of the soft Carboniferous sandstones.
Starting as a small branch of the Keswian River (which itself,
running across a greater extent of soft rocks that any of the rivers
to the westward, cut its channel more rapidly than they, thus be-
coming a sort of trunk river), it cut backward into the Rusagon-
ian valley, capturing its upper part. It is precisely because this
valley was the first thus to be captured that it is now the least
distinct of them all (especially east of its captor). The Oromocto
then extended farther back capturing a branch of the Nerepisian
valley. Similarly, but somewhat later, a branch of the Nerepis-
ian, eroding backward (along the present Shin Creek), captured
the Upper Leproian, but the final capture of two branches of the
Magadavian was only effected (as Note 73 shows) by aid of the
glacial period. Meanwhile, and very early in this series of
changes, certain bands of soft rocks occupying the present Belle-
isle-Long Reach and Kennebecasis valleys (their presence there be-
ing due to earlier geological causes worked out by our geologists)

210

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

were gradually cut out by backwardly extending branches from
the lower Nerepisian, which thus very early captured the lower
Rusagonian, and soon after the lower Keswian (whence the lower
courses of these rivers have had time to be much altered by minor
later changes), while a branch of the lower Rusagonian early
extended back and captured the Keswian, forming the present St.
John from the foot of Long Island to Jemseg. It was no
doubt a similar erosion which formed the great Hammond River-
Loch Lomond-Little River valley, and another of analogous
character which formed the northeasterly part of the Nerepis
River.

In the meantime, also, a branch parallel with the Oromocto
was eroded back from the Keswian near the mouth of the present
Keswick, to capture the Rusagonian at Kelly’s Creek.* It is
true this part of the river does not now run in the softer Carboni-
ferous rocks, but remnants of those rocks exist, showing that it
formerly did so. The erosion of this band did not stop here,
however, but extended along upper Gardens Creek. It was very
probably a similar erosion starting in bands of soft rocks now
removed which formed the northeast branch of Nacawic and the
St. John thence to Pokiok, thus capturing upper Nerepisian
waters. Something of the same kind would explain the north-
east and southwest parts of Eel River (and even the course of the
main iMatawamkeg beyond). During this time also the great
branches of the Keswian were eroding eastward, originating the
Washademoak, Grand Lake, Little River and the Nashwaak, a
regular radiating series, capturing in early times for the great
Keswian the old Nashwian, if that really existed. We can trace
also similar effects on the other rivers. Thus it was probably a
similar erosion which formed the Magaguadavic northeast of
Trout Brook, turning one branch of this valley into another.
Such an erosion northeast from the Chepednian valley also pro-
bably formed the St. Croix from iMud Lake to Scott’s Brook (and
Trout Brook beyond), thus early capturing the upper Passama-

*Professor Bailey gives evidence to show that this part of the river occupies a channel
dating back to pre-Carboniferous times, which makes its explanation all the simpler. (On
the Physical and Geological History of the St. John River, New Brunswick. Trans. Royal
Soc. Canada, I, 1883, iv, 283).

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 211

quodiaii. Another similar erosion from the Scoodian at Grand
Falls formed the St Croix east to the Canoose (and that river),
capturing the Chepednian, while to the westward it formed the
Scoodic Lake valley. Changes of a similar general character
seemed to have turned the lower Scoodian and the lower Che-
pednian into the lower Passamaquodian, while others turned the
Magadavian into the valley of Bonny River and formed the lower
Lake Utopia and lower Magaguadavic, the Latang and its
extension between Deer Island and Campobello, Lepreau harbor
with its extension northwest of the Wolves and between Campo-
ello and Grand Manan. Of course these erosions may have been
and doubtless were, aided by other causes, such as earth move-
ments ( synclinal ) , fault lines, etc., and some of the minor ones
may even be of glacial origin only, but all of these influences are
really more or less connected, and lateral erosion seems to have
been without doubt the leading factor.

The zig-zag form of the present St. John (and of the St.
Croix, though much less in degree,) is thus in great part explain-
ed. Its semi-circular course around the other rivers (shared in
much lesser degree and in the opposite direction by the St. Croix)
is due in a broad way to a combination of the tendencies of the
waters to continue on their direct courses with the tendency to
more rapid erosion in the softer rocks, which together carry the
rivers around the margin, as it were, of the hardest and
hence more elevated region occupied by the enclosed rivers.
Thus gradually was a condition approximating that of the
present brought about. The final details were added first, by the
glacial period, which produced many minor modifications (includ-
ing perhaps the turning of some streams to the southward), and
second, by an extensive subsidence which has carried the lower
courses of these valleys beneath the sea. The course of events
here related is largely independent of any theories of peneplains,
etc., but the facts in general are in harmony with the theory of
the two peneplains, earlier discussed (Note No. 49), of which
New Brunswick appears to be made up. There is here opened
up a most attractive field of investigation in the working out of
the subject in detail.

212

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

76. — On New Aneroid Measurements in New Brunswick

IN 1903.

Read December i, 1903

During July, August and September, 1903, I made a number
of aneroid measurements of the heights of places in the Province,
mostly hitherto unmeasured, with the results below. The instru-
ments and methods were identical with those earlier employed,
as recorded in Notes Nos. 53 and 62. I may repeat the opinion
earlier expressed, that the results thus obtained are as accurate
as can possibly be secured with aneroid barometers under New
Brunswick conditions. A few measurements made on the
Oromocto are recorded in my note on that river (No. 73) ; I shall
here consider only those made in the Tobique-Nepisiguit region.

In Note No, 62, I called attention to the fact that all heights
cliecked from the Chatham base averaged lower than when check-
ed from the Fredericton base, and that the figures show an aver-
age difference between the two stations of about thirty-two feet,
which ought not to exist. As I had found reason to consider the
Fredericton station as without sensible error, I attributed the
discrepancy to some peculiarity in the methods or instruments of
the Chatham station. I find the same difference this year, though
larger in amount, reaching thirty-eight feet, but I have also dis-
covered the explanation in part. comparison of certain figures
shown me by Mr. D. L. Hutchinson with the daily weather maps,
suggested that there was a real difference in the average prevail-
ing barometric pressure, independent of elevation, of the two
stations, and this is confirmed by the pressure maps published in
the latest Report of the Chief of the United States Weather
Bureau, which show that the average barometric sea-level pressure
through the year is less at Chatham than at Fredericton. The
average difference, however, in August, according to the latter
map, is not over .0125 of an inch, which answers to about ten
feet, leaving a discrepancy of about twenty-five feet to be account-
ed for in some other way, a subject which deserves investigation.
The practical question now arises as to the value to be given the
readings of the two stations respectively, in determining the alti-
tudes. Since all of the more important measurements were made

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 213

on the South Branch Nepisiguit, which is north of Chatham, and
since the lines of equal pressure in August run east and west, it
would seem to be fair to give full value to those of Chatham, and
ignore those of Fredericton; but since it seems clear that there
is still a discrepancy not accounted for by the average pressure-
difference of the two stations, and since I have cause to think,
for reasons given in Note 62, that the Fredericton station is free
from this discrepancy, I think it will be fair to give to the control
from the Chatham station twice the value of that from Frederic-
ton, and this has accordingly been done in all the following
measurements. All figures in italic are heights above mean sea
level, and all of the various places in the vicinity of the South
Branch are shown on the map accompanying Note 77.

Mount Bailey (Nictor Lake). Adopted height of the lake
850; northwest peak 600 feet above lake, hence 1430; south peak,
1125 feet over the lake, hence 19/5', ^^st peak, 920 feet over lake,
and hence I'/'/O feet above the sea.

Paradise Pond. (See Note 77 and map). Mean of nine good
measurements checked from Fredericton 1251, from Chatham
1221 ; hence by the above rule the height is about 1250.

Chief’s Mountain. 960 feet over Paradise Pond; hence 2190
feet above the sea. Two measurements checked from Fredericton
gave 2236 feet, and from Chatham 2181 ; these would give, by the
rule above, 2199. Averaging this with the direct measurement of
2190, we may accept 2195.

Scudon Mountain. 830 feet over Paradise Pond, and hence
2060.

Acquin Mountain. 70 feet under Chief’s, and hence 2125.

Hannay Mountain. 909 feet over Paradise Pond; and hence

2T39.

Fisher Mountain. 895 feet over Paradise Pond; hence 2125.

Raymond Mountain. 985 feet over Paradise Pond; hence
2215. One measurement compared with Fredericton gave 2184,
with Chatham 2181 ; hence 2182. Averaging this with the direct
measurement we have 2198.

First Forks river surface. One measurement from Frederic-
ton, 1396, from Chatham, 1347; hence by the rule 1363.

Elizabeth Mountain. 790 feet above the First Forks, and hence
2153 feet. One measurement checked from Fredericton, 2174;
from Chatham, 2140; hence by the rule, 2151. Averaging this
with the direct measurement, 2152.

214

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Bald, or Kagoot ^loiintain (near source of South

Branch ; fully discussed in Note 72). Mean of five good measure-
ments checked from Fredericton, 2351 feet; from Chatham, 2259;* **
hence by the rule, 2290.

^Middle Mountain. 120 feet lower ; hence 2770.

Caribou ^Mountain. 220 feet lower than Big ^ Bald; hence
2070.

South Branch Nepisiguit, immediately south of Big Bald. 585
feet below Big Bald ; hence 7705.

South Branch Nepisiguit, just south of the Notch. Two

measurements checked from Fredericton, 1640; from Chatham,
1575; hence by the rule 7597. The deadwater just west of Big
Bald is probably about 7675.

Source of the Northwest Miramichi. (See Note 77). One
measurement checked from Fredericton gave 1351; from Chat-
ham, 1331 ; hence by the rule 1338.

Northwest Miramichi just south of Mount Cartier. Two
measurements checked from Fredericton, 1164 feet; from Chat-
ham, 1167 (sic); hence 1163.

IMount Cartier, or Little Bald. 960 feet over the Northwest
south of it; hence 2125 feet. Two measurements checked from
Chatham, 2226; from Fredericton, 2174 (sic) ; hence by the rule,
2212. Averaging this with the direct measurement, 2168. This
mountain, however, is apparently higher than Chief’s and any
others in the vicinity, and I am inclined to think there is some
error in my measurements and that it really is considerably over
2200 feet.^"^

* The great difference between these figures suggests some error in my figuring, but
comparison of the readings of Fredericton and Chatham at those times shows that the
difference really exists in the readings of the two stations.

** Nothing, however, can possibly be more deceptive than the apparent heights of moun*
tains viewed from others at a distance, for the eye invariably judges the height according
to the distance it rises above its neighbors. Hence a mountain really not very high may
seem of great elevation when isolated among lower hills ; and this is the case with Little
Bald or Cartier. Again, a mountain really of great height, if rising little above its neigh 4
bors, may be thought not to be so; this is the case with Carleton, highest in the Province.
There is one thing which makes me think Cartier may really be little or no higher than
Chiefs, despite its much greater apparent height, namely, in a photograph of it from Chiefs
it stands up very little above the horizon beyond. As the land to the eastward is certainly
of lower elevation, this implies that Cartier cannot greatly surpass Chiefs in height.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 215

77. — On the Physiography of the South Branch
Nepisiguit.

Read December i, 1903.

One of the least known of all the wilderness parts of New
Brunswick is that drained by the South Branch Nepisiguit. This
is because that stream is practically not navigable for canoes from
its mouth, while it is extremely difficult of access from any other
direction. In August last (1903), in company with my friend,
Professor A. H. Pierce, I traversed this stream from its mouth
to beyond Bald Mountain near its source. The observations, and
some surveys then made, are recorded upon the accompanying
map and in the notes below.

The development of knowledge of the river may be briefly
traced. It appears first upon the remarkable Franquelin-de
Meulles map of 1686, with the name Attououik.^ It then vanishes
from all records, until its mouth is located upon Peters’ Plan of
the Nepisiguit of 1832, and in 1837 it was surveyed for some fif-
teen miles by Berton, whose plan, with the addition of a few in-
correctly located mountains, was first u^ed on a printed map by
Wilkinson in 1859. This was followed by Loggie in 1884, with
the addition of Bald and some
neighboring mountains, taken
from an incorrect plan of 1882
by Freeze, who approached it
from the south while surveying
timber lines. A great improve-
ment over this map was made
in the Geological Survey map of
1887 (or 1888), which embodied
the observations of Ells, who was
in this region in 1880, and despite
its fanciful and erroneous hash-
ure topography, this map has
remained the best down to the
present.

*This map is in Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1897, ii, 364. On this map the Little
South Branch appears as Kagout, or Kagoot. But as the Micmacs of to-day call the Main
or Lower South Kagikqu, or as Rev. Father Pacifique writes me Gagigo ; as Rand

would write it, and the Little South Branch, Paatkunok, as Father Pacifique

gives it Patganog; Paatkunok, as Rand would write it, I infer that deMeulles has accident-
ally transposed these name«. Since the Micmac name of this river ought to be preserved,
and since the very numerous Bald Mountains of the Province ought to be given at least
alternative names. I propose that the Micmac name of the South Branch, in its ancient and
simple form used by deMeulles, Kagoot, be applied to this mountain.

216

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

It is reproduced, though somewhat crudely, in the accompany-
ing cut, which is one-half the size of the original, and which
covers the same area as our larger new map illustrating this note.
A later sketch of the river in Whitehead’s sportsman’s map, 1902,
adds* some lakes at the heads of its western branches.

References to the basin in scientific or other literature appear
to be extremely few. The earliest I have found is the mention
in Dashwood’s “ Chiploquorgan,” (1871), of a hunting journey
he made on foot in 1863 from the mouth of this branch to the head
of the Sevogle, apparently along the stream, and he appears to
have ascended Bald Mountain and to have gone thence to Kewadu
Lake. The next record of a visit is by Ells, in his Geological
Report, 1879-80, who gives an account of the geology, and some
description of the topography of the region. His report does not
made it clear by what route he traversed the country, but he has
been so kind as to write me that he went on foot with a hunter
from Forty-two Mile Brook via the Northwest Miramichi and
Kewadu Lake to Bald Mountain, and thence along the South
Branch to its mouth, whence he returned to the head of the Nor-
west, and thence by Little Bald (Cartier) to Nepisiguit. The
only published references to the region since that time appear to
consist in a mention in the University Monthly for November,
1898, of a visit of some surveyors to Bald Mountain, and an
account of the killing of a big caribou on Bald (our Kagoot)
Mountain by James Turnbull, in Recreation for March, 1899. ^

number of sportsmen have visited the Bald Mountain district,
guided by j\Ir. A. Pringle, who has a hunting camp at the foot
of this mountain (the only human work in the South Branch
basin), and a trail thence, as shown on the accompanying map,
to the Northwest Miramichi. I can learn of no one who has
ascended the lower course of the South Branch by canoe, and it
is probable that our canoe trip up its lower ten miles last August
was one of the first ascents of it made by white men, and doubt-
less it was the first by amateurs without guides.* Very little

* We drajf^jed our canoe and load up for some ten miles ^a mile or two above the Second
Forks) and went the remainder of the distance on foot; afterwards we carried over from
near Paradise Pond into the source of the Northwest, and descended that river to New-
castle.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 21 T

lumbering on the river has been done, though some twelve years
ago some lumber was driven down it by Lovell Bros., of Bathurst.

The South Branch Nepisiguit is remarkable for three things ;
its curiously gradual transition from a deadwater near its source
to the roughest river of the Province near its mouth ; its remark-
able hills; and its surprising relations to other rivers. These we
shall consider in order.

The river rises in three heads on the northern margin of the
great central watershed, one branch coming from the west, another
from the south, and another from the east. These streams unite
in a great open basin west of Bald Mountain and wander for some
two miles through headwaters and small ponds in bogs and alder
swamps. Flowing northward the river then begins, to fall, at
first gently, and then more swiftly, forming one of the most
charming of New Brunswick streams, winding over gravel be-
tween wooded banks, much as does the Little Tobique or Upper
Nepisiguit. Farther north the basin narrows rapidly by the
approach of the forested hills, until the river runs in a narrow
winding notch between steep forested hills, with an increasingly
swift current over cobbles and small boulders. Issuing from the
Notch it flows more swiftly* over boulders between lofty naked
hills, and it receives two streams from the westward, after which
it makes a big bend to the eastward. It now becomes so swift
and broken by rapids and falls among boulders that for the next
two miles it is navigable for canoes only with very great difficulty.
Near the end of this easterly stretch lies a large pool or pond
(Paradise Pond), with charming surroundings, the only quiet
waters on the whole lower river, and in this pond are trout of so

*The accompanying- map, unfortunately, does not show this winding character of the
valley through the Notch, and it fails also to show the similar winding of the rocky valley
below Paradise Pond This is because I depended upon Berton's plan for the river to south
of the Notch, and I did not discover until too late to make surveys that the map is seriously
inaccurate in both of these parts, representing as it does the general course of the stream
as straight when it is very winding. I liave preferred to follow his plan on this map rather
than to attempt to put in the wdnding from memory.

Ells’ description of the stream above the Forks is not strictly correct, or at 'east is
misleading. He says (Report 2) : “ From the frequency of its falls and rapids, it lower
part for about six miles is difficult for canoes, but above this point no such obstacles exist
again, (34) “ above which [the forks, 7 miles from the mouth J the stream for some fourteen
miles winds through a low and sw'ampy hollow betw'een high mountain ranges.” As a
matter of fact the canoeing is difficult for some miles above the Forks, though steadily
improving as one ascends, and it only becomes really easy south of the Notch.

218

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

wondrous size, beauty, number and voracity that a man doth
danger his name for truth if he but tell the fact concerning them.
Below Paradise Pond the river again swings to the north, and
cuts its narrow valley still deeper (about a thousand feet), between
tlie great bare rocky hills, and from this point to its mouth it is
little better than a bouldery torrent, almost unnavigable for
canoes, and the swiftest river in New Brunswick. In places the
valley becomes so narrow, and its walls so steep, that great masses
of granite have fallen into the stream, making falls and rapids of
the roughest character, necessitating many portages by the
voyager. Finally it enters the valley of the Nepisiguit, which it
joins quietly in a great basin. The scenery of this part of the river
has been well described by Ells, though with some exaggeration
as to the vertical bluffs : “ immense mountains, whose white
weathering bald sides, often terminating in vertical bluffs of
several hundreds of feet, flanked by huge heaps of debris, present
prominent features of the landscape. The scenery is among the
grandest in the province. Huge hills extend as far as the eye
can reach. These are often burnt completely bare, and the
mountain rock is entirely denuded of soil ; at others small clumps
of green woods break the sterile aspect of the country, and indi-
cate the course of some small stream.” (Report 33 D).
Whether hills are seen from the valley, or the valley
from the hills, the aspect is the grandest and roughest to
be seen in New Brunswick. The view along this deep rocky
valley from Hannay Mountain towards the Nepisiguit, with the
basin of that river in the distance, comes the nearest to a genuine
mountain view that I ^ave seen anywhere in this Province. So
rough is the river that its roar can be heard far back upon the
hills, where it forms the most characteristic sound of the region.

The great descent of the river is made more apparent from
the levels taken by us with the aneroid at several points. The
sources of the river must lie at about 1.800 feet above the sea,
for we found the elevation of the river in the vicinity of Bald
(Kagoot) Mountain to be 1,705 feet (Note 75). Just south of
the Notch we found it to be 1,597 feet, while at the Forks, near
Pierce Mountain, it was 1,363 feet. At Paradise Pond it is 1,230
feet; hence the drop in the two miles from the Forks to Paradise

NATURAL HISTORY .AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 219

Pond was sixty-one feet a mile. Now the mouth of the river is
about 860 feet above the sea (for I estimate it is about fifteen feet
below the mouth of Portage Brook,* two miles above), and hence
the drop in the lower five miles is seventy-four feet per mile (in
some of the miles much more), a greater drop than any other five
miles of river in New Brunswick possesses, exclusive, of course,
of the vertical drop of lofty falls.

A very notable fact about the river throughout its course is
this, that it invariably runs over drift. Ledges in places form
the valley walls, and the river washes against them, but not once
in its entire course is the valley bottomed by ledges, and the falls
are invariably over and among boulders. Moreover, in most
places along the river there are distinct boulder terraces, and these
are very well marked even in the narrowest part of the lower
valley. These facts show conclusively that no part of this river
is post-glacial, but that it all flows throughout its course in a
pre-glacial valley.

' We consider now the mountains of the South Branch, and
first note those about its source. Those from among which the
three heads of the river descend are somewhat over 2,000 feet
above the sea, of gentle contours, and forested. They form a
part of the great central watershed of the Province, a remnant of
an ancient peneplain which extends both southwest and northeast,
as will presently be described. By far the most conspicuous one
among them is Bald (also called Big Bald, our Kagoot), hitherto
supposed, but erroneously (as I have shown in a previous note.
No. 72) to be the highest in New Brunswick, which owes its
prominence not to its height, which is 2,290 feet, and but little
greater than that of its neighbors, nor even to its elevation above
the basin of the South Branch, for it is only about 600 feet above
the river at its base, but to a combination of complete and striking
bareness, with partial isolation and a bold outline. The view
from its summit is fine, but is neither so extensive nor so striking
as that from several other mountains in the Province. To the
east and south the country is a great featureless plateau, as it is
also, though with a little more irregularity, to the southwest and
west. To the northwest in (he distance the country is much broken.

*875 feet. Note 62.

220

BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

for here are seen those irregular hills carved from the original
peneplain by the numerous streams about the sources of the
Xepisiguit and Tobique. To the north one sees the great open
valley of the South Branch narrowing to its notch in the north-
ward, and east of that the great wooded dome (higher than
Kagoot) which connects this mountain with Raymond and the
neighboring mountains to the northward, all of them together
forming a single great plateau. To the northeast are the broken
hills of the source of the XTrthwest, and nearer lie the two lakes.
Spruce and Kewadu, apparently in ancient north and south de-
pressions. Immediately to the southward extends an outlier of
this mountain (Middle Mountain) also bald, and beyond that,
across the stream, is another bald summit (Caribou Mountain)
some 220 feet lower than Bald.

The summit of Bald Mountain is of granite, which has
weathered into several curious boulder-like masses, of which two
are very prominent on the summit. Its slopes are covered with
a close growth of heath bushes and lichens, mostly very easy to
travel over, and intersected everywhere by caribou trails.* Imme-
diately south of the mountain, in the valley of the South Branch,
occurs one of the most interesting and attractive associations of
vegetation I have seen anywhere in New Brunswick. Very
symmetrical, completely cone-shaped black spruces grow scatter-
ed in a park-like fashion over a close vari-colored carpet of
reindeer moss, dwarf blueberries, mayflowers, and other
small heaths, while the park-like aspect is increased by the numer-
ous caribou paths winding here and there among the trees.

Northward of Bald Mountain to beyond the Notch all of the
mountains are heavily forested, but about the Second Forks the
open burnt country begins and continues to the Nepisiguit. This
country, very probably the most extensive open tract in the Pro-
vince, must have been burnt a long time ago, for all traces of fire,
except the bareness, have vanished. The country is very slowly
reforesting itself, forming first the usual barren vegetation of
lichens and heaths, and upon the turf thus formed there comes in

* On the s-lopes of tliese mountains, and also on the open plateaus, occurs an abund-
ance.of the Dwarf Birch, Bettila glandiilosa, a plant which appears not to have been
reported hitherto from the Province.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 221

the Scrub (or Gray or Banksian) pine (Pinus Banksiana),
which is now the most characteristic tree of this open country.
Their openness makes these hills very easy to climb and travel,
over, while they afford suberb views, most charming in themselves
and illuminating as to the topography of the region. For the most
part, the hills are not isolated, but form summits, more or less
distinct, of great plateaus, separated from one another by deep
valleys. Of these plateaus, four are distinctly recognizable north
of the Notch. First, there is a great wooded plateau (the Des-
Barres Plateau) west of the Forks, the culminating points of
which are the conical Mount DesBarres (named by me in 1898,
Note 30), and a gently rising somewhat higher dome south of it.
But this group I have not studied, and hence I have not brought
it within the limits of the accompanying map. The somewhat
isolated Pierce Mountain, west of the First Forks, is an outlying
part of it. North of this, however, comes a fine great plateau,
Marie Plateau, partially wooded, bounded by the South Branch,
by the Main Nepisiguit, and by the fine Nictorian valley, to be
described below (see the map). The culminating point of this
plateau is the great ridge, the northern end of which I have
earlier named Mount Marie (Note 30). East of Mount Marie
this plateau exhibits some seven distinct peaks, of which one,
Mount Elizabeth, (2,152 feet) immediately north of the First
Forks, is by far the most important, for it is so elevated and so
fortunate in situation that it commands one of the best views in
all New Brunswick. From its summit all the important moun-
tains of North Central New Brunswick (as the view-circle on
the map but imperfectly indicates), can be seen, and it gives also
an admirable view of the topography of this part of the country.

The third great plateau is that named on the map the His-
torians Plateau. It is perfectly continuous with Bald Mountain,
and is bounded by the South Branch on the south, west and north,
and on the east by the Upsalquitchian valley and the head of the
Northwest Miramichi, and by what appears to be a very anc'ent
but shallow valley extending thence southward, and including
Spruce Lake.* At its northern end rises the extremely rugged
rocky bare summit, Hannay Mountain (2,139 feet) ; south of it

* Kewadu appears to lie in another shallow parallel valley more to the eastward.

222

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

comes another of less prominence, Fisher (2,125 feet), and south
of that a well-rounded summit, less conspicuous than Hannay,
.but really loftier and of wider outlook, Raymond Mountain,
(2,198 feet). On the eastern flank of this range, and partially
detached, is a lower hill, Murdoch Mountain. Beyond that the
plateau appears to rise still higher in several rounded wooded
summits, to be named for students of the future, and of which
the highest should bear the name Historians Mountain.

The fourth plateau. Chiefs Plateau, is the most striking and
important of them all. It is bounded by the South Branch, the
Upsalquitchian valley, and the head of the Northwest on the west,
by the Nepisiguit on the north, by Emery’s Gulch and a line
south to the Northwest on the east, and by the Northwest on the
south. Two of its summits I had named earlier for Indian Chiefs
prominent in early days in the Province, Halion and Wine-
mowet;* hence I propose to name this the Chiefs Plateau, and
its summits (excepting Mount Cartier, earlier named by me.
Note 30), for other chiefs whose names deserve to be held in
recollection. Its highest summit. Chiefs Mountain (2,195 feet),
(readily recognized by the huge squarish granite boulder on its
bare summit), is separated by a small valley from Halion and
Winemowet, but to the southward it extends away as a distinct
ridge, sloping very gradually in a series of progressively lower
and more distinct summits, around the southernmost of which the
Northwest swings to the northward. To the eastward the plateau
is partially cut by two streams, branches of the Northwest, and
shows several partially isolated bare mountains, of which the most
important by far is Mount Cartier, which I shall later describe
in connection with the Northwest. The Chiefs Plateau** is the
barest and most attractive of all the plateaus, and upon its nearly
level summit from Chiefs jMountain to Scudon (this latter sum-
mit commanding a fine view up the South Branch above Paradise
Pond), we measured our base line from which we triangulated
the mountains of the vicinity. The granite ledges of this plateau

* I have since discovered that the .^eijrniors Ridge described by me in an earlier not®
(Note 30) is simply another view of Winemowet and others south of it.

** I think this fine plateau could most readily be reached by leaving a canoe at the mouth
of the South Branch, following the stream on foot to near the foot of Acquin Mountain and
■climbing the latter to the plateau.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 223

are glaciated to remarkable smoothness (even smoother than,
typical roches moutonees), and they are so nearly bare of vege-
tation that the view is unobstructed in every direction, while one
may travel over them as conveniently as across cultivated fields
or along good roads. It is indeed one of the purest joys of life
to stride in full-pulsing health on glorious summer days over such,
elevated places as this, where the eye may revel in the spacious
distances, the spirit may come into sympathetic touch with all
benignant nature, and the mind finds satisfaction in the pride of
accomplishment as it solves the problems of the construction of
this ancient land.

An important question now arises as to the relation of these
great plateaus to the great central peneplain or plateau, which I
have described in earlier notes as extending from, south of the
Negoot Lakes (Notes 55, 56, 64) to Patchel Brook, and beyond,
that to the northeastward of Thunder Mountain. That the
plateau in which the South Branch heads is an extension of this
same plateau, there is, I think, no doubt. Since the country falls
away to the eastward, as the river courses show, it must be that
the axis of this old watershed is now represented by the Bald-
Mountain-Historians Range, whence it extends across the Upsal-
quitchi'an valley to the Chiefs Plateau, after which it extends
across the Nepisiguit (this being the only considerable river which
anywhere crosses it), and thence away to the northeastward to
reach the sea, I believe, in the vicinity of Belledune. In this
region it is cut across by three valleys, partially by that of the
South Branch south of Bald, by the Upsalquitchian valley and by
the Nepisiguit, and here this important watershed is at its narrow-
est existent part.

We consider finally the remarkable relations which exist be-
tween the valley of the South Branch and of other neighboring
valleys. In two earlier notes (Nos. 33, 70), I have expressed the
belief that the South Branch is the morphological and ancient
head of the Upsalquitch, and this view I find fully sustained by
these later studies, though the South Branch proves to be more
complicated and interesting than I had thought.

The first striking feature of the valley is the remarkable basin
of its upper course, which narrows regularly northward, and, as^

224

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

seen from Bald Alountain, seems to slope and empty not north-
ward, but southward. So marked is this appearance that, in
1882, as a plan in the Crown Land Office shows, it seems to have
deceived the surveyor Freeze into believing that it did actually
flow south, and formed the head of the Northwest ^Miramichi.
This all suggests that morphologically this was a southward flow-
ing valley heading near the Notch, and possibly this may be the
case. But I was entirely unable to detect any considerable notch
to the southward, through which it may have flowed, though
possibly such might exist. It seems to me much more probable
that this is a basin of erosion of softer rocks, in which connection
it is interesting to note that the granite of Bald ^Mountain appears
to be very soft, for it has weathered rem.arkably around the bare
bosses on the summit.*

The second curious relation of this valley to others consists in
the existence of a very remarkable valley extending from the First
Forks northwest towards the southern extremity of iMount iMarie
(and for this distance occupied by ]\Iinto Stream), whence it
swings somewhat more to the west and extends as a very distinct
valley, clearly visible from the summit of iNIount Elizabeth, all the
way to Sagamook and Bernardin, between which it seems to pass.
The presence of this remarkable valley is one of the most striking
features in the view from Elizabeth ^Mountain. I have not my-
self traced this valley except from the mountain, but I recall two
other references to it. In 1863 Professor Bailey, in examining
Feldspar iMountain, came upon what he describes as a great
chasm to the southward of it. Again in a manuscript map kindly
sent me by 'Sir. J. W. Hoyt, showing his timber-surveys in that
region, there is marked just south of and parallel with the Nepisi-
guit east of Little South Branch a “ deep dry ravine.” Apparent-
ly, then, we are here concerned with a single old valley running
from the present head of the South Branch through by way of
this valley to the mouth of the Little South Branch, including
here, perhaps, a little of the Nepisiguit valley, and thence by
the valley between Teneriffe and Cooney, by the Nepisiguit lakes,

* Not only on this mountain, but on Chiefs and Historians Plateaus as well, there are
remarkable “ pot holes,” a foot or two in diameter and up to a foot deep, evidently the
result of aerial erosion, perhaps aided by fire eifects.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 225

the portage valley and Nictor Lake. But, traced so far, it can
be traced beyond this in the upper course of the Little Tobique
as far as the right-angled bend of that river. This upper South
Branch valley represents, I believe, the old head of the Nepisiguit-
Lake-portage valley-Nictor Lake valley of which I spoke in earlier
notes (Note No. 33, 45), and the entire valley represents the prim-
tive course of a river which arose in the Central Highlands and
flowed into Bay Chaleur waters when all the northern Silurian
Basin drained that way, if it did not run by an earlier course clear
across that Silurian Plateau into the present St. Lawrence river.
This valley should be named for the river and lake still occupying
a part of its ancient course, the Nictorian. We are not without
evidence as to the causes which have fragmented this valley as
we find it at present, but this subject I expect to treat in a future
note.

The third remarkable relation of the South Branch to other
valleys is found in the striking valley which lies between the His-
torians Plateau and the Chiefs Plateau, and which is a perfectly
direct continuation of the part of the South Branch valley lying
north of Paradise Pond. This valley is as distinct, deep and as
old as its northward continuation in which the South Branch now
runs. It is, happily for the physiographer (and the canoe por-
tager) mostly open burnt country, so that all its characters may
be clearly seen. It is bottomed, and clearly at its northern end
dammed, with glacial drift, and less than a mile from the North
Branch, and some 100 feet above it, lies a swamp from which one
brook runs northward into the South Branch, and another runs
southward and forms the present head of the Northwest Mirami-
chi. This latter stream has a gentle slope southward, as will
later be described (Note 78). All the evidence seems to show
not only that this valley is an old head of the South Branch, but
that it emptied into it in immediately pre-glacial times. Its
extreme head I was unfortunately not able to trace, but I have
little doubt from the appearance of the country from the neigh-
boring hills, that its head is to be found in a southerly continua-
tion of the valley, very probably in the vicinity of Spruce Lake,
if not farther southward. The true morphological head of the
South Branch, therefore, and hence of the LFpsalquitch, was on
the east, and not the west, of the Historians range, and it was

226

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

later, though still very ancient, changes which turned the upper
courses of the Nictorian river into this U psalquitchian valley by
the short easterly reach between the First Forks and Paradise
Pond.

Finally we notice the possible economic future of this region.
It is absolutely impossible for agriculture, and almost valueless for
timber, for it will require generations to reforest the region (if
it can ever be done), and such little lumber as exists is mostly
too expensive to bring out. No minerals are known to occur
there, and the nature of the formations does not promise wealth
of this kind. It is, however, a great game country, especially for
caribou, which find on these barrens their congenial home. This
suggests its only apparent economic future, which is as a hunting
ground, and the only question is how the Province may best
realize the greatest advantage therefrom.

Place-Nomenclature. — Following is the origin of names used
on the map. Some of them were given previously to this year, as
noted earlier in this paper : — Denys for Nicolas Denys, early
French Governor of all the North Shore ; Cartier for Jacques
Cartier, the explorer ; Winemowet and Halion, for Indian chiefs,
early prominent in the province; Marie, for Marie ( Madame) de la
Tour ; DesBarres, for a prominent early surveyor of our coasts ;
Emery’s Gulch is probably for some early hunter or lumberman ;
Minto Brook, of course for the present Governor General of Can-
ada, is from a plan, showing its head, by W. B. Hoyt. Of the new
names, Elizabeth is for Louise Elizabeth Joibert, born at St. John
in 1673, wife of one Governor General of Canada and mother of
another ; Kagoot is the Indian name of the South Branch ; Scudon
is a simplified form of Chkoudun, Indian chief at St. John in
1606 ; Ambroise, for Ambroise St. Aubin, an “august and noble”"
chief on the St. John in 1777; Julian, for a family of Micmacs
friendly to the whites ; Francis, for a chief at Miramichi in 1761 ;
Acquin, for Gabe Acquin, a well-known chief and hunter, who
died at St. Marys a few years ago ; Neptune, for Louis Neptune,
prominent chief of the Passamaquoddies ; Chiefs, simply for
Indian chiefs and to answer to Acadians and Missionaries
Ranges near by ; Micmac and Maliseet, for the two Indian tribes
of New Brunswick ; Notch is descriptive ; Hannay, Raymond,
Fisher, and Murdoch are the names of the principal historians who
have written on New Brunswick ; Pierce is for my companion of
the voyage ; and Paradise Pond is in memory of a place at our

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 227

home in Northampton, Mass., and of the happy time we had there ;
Dashzvood, for the man who first published an account of this
region; Venning, for Mr. W. H. Venning of Sussex, a veteran
sportsman, wdio as a young man fished on the Northwest and has
seen much service for the province; Bill Gray, for Mr. Ells’ guide
in these parts.

The names of various places supplied to me by Mr.
Pringle: Middle, Caribou, Crooked, Canoe, Portage, Spruce, Big,
are obviously descriptive, while Riordans, Nash, Slacks, Bemis,
Colonels and the camps Goodwin and Waite, are for sports-
men who have visited them on hunting expeditions in recent
years. The latter names represent a new and not especially wel-
come element now being introduced into New Brunswick place-
nomenclature. Each year the guides push farther into the wilder-
ness in search of new hunting grounds and the sportsman, nearly
always an American, who happens to be with them when the first
moose or caribou is killed, has his name attached to that lake or
hill, and these names will undoubtedly persist. Indeed one or two
such names have already been applied by one guide at least to
some of the places I have re-named. These names, however, are *
not yet fixed and are used only by one guide, I believe, and, more-
over, as I have since found, some of the places are known to lum-
bermen by entirely different names. I think it quite proper under
these circumstances to re-name them, although, as a rule, I prefer
to adopt on my maps the names in local use. Batemans is a lum-
berman’s name. Kezvadu is said to be an Indian name, Micmac
for Indian devil.

78. — On the PhysiogRxAphy of the Basin of the Northwest

Miramichi.

Read January 5, 1904.

One of the least known, though in many ways one of the most
interesting, of our rivers is the Northwest Miramichi. In early
September last, in company with Professor A. H. Pierce, I de-
scended it in a canoe from its extreme source to its mouth, and
made the observations which, with some related matters, here
follow.

We first note the development of our knowledge of the river.
Its lower course appears imperfectly and without name on French
maps by Jumeau in 1685, and by Franquelin-deMeulles in 1686;
it is first given the name M inaqua (the Micmac M ool-mun-ak-un,
still used) on a French map of, 1754, which name was followed on

228

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

many other maps, though the river to which it becomes applied
on most of them is the Little Southwest, and not the Northwest.
On modern maps its lower course below Portage Brook is first
shown, from a sketch, on Bonnor, 1820, but it is first laid down
from survey on Lockwood's map of 1826. Above Portage River
to near the South Branch it was first surveyed (and the country
laid off in five-mile timber blocks) by Peters in 1836, and his plan
is followed on Saunders’ map of 1842, with some extension at the
headwaters on Wilkinson of 1859, and with further additions at
the headwaters on Loggie of 1884. Loggie’s map was followed
with but very slight changes by the Geological Survey map of
1888, and this has remained the best down to the present. Parts
of its branches, and many of the old timber lines have been re-
surveyed in recent years by Hanson. No ‘map whatsoever up to
the present has correctly represented the position of its source
and the curious course of its upper valley, and these appear with
approximate correctness for the first time on the map accompany-
ing an earlier note, No. 77.

The lower course of the river was early settled by the de-
scendants of the Loyalist and Scotch settlers of the Miramichi, to
whom some later immigrants have been added, and settlement has
gradually extended up to the mouth of Portage River, and some-
what above. Above that the river is, except for some five or six
fishing and hunting camps, and a few lumber camps, an entire
wilderness, abounding in all kinds of big game, while the river
itself is one of the finest of salmon streams. Except at its head
it flows through forested country, which has yielded great quan-
tities of lumber, and lumbering is still actively carried on every
year.

Of literature, scientific or other, relating to the river, there is
very little. Hardy’s “ Forest Life in Acadie,” (1869, page 240),
refers to the excellent salmon fishing on it, and refers to a portage
to the Nepisiguit, doubtless that by Portage River. Dashwood’s
Chiploquorgan (1871, 60), seems to show that in 1863 he portaged
from Kewadu Lake to this river, and descended it in part to New-
castle. The geology of the river was studied by Ells, who in
1880 (Note 77) crossed its headwaters, and the same year studied
the lower river below the Winigut Lake Branch. His results are

VfS/iftitliV' . .--.o

i, J f-- r,K\Uf, ‘T l''\-.<';

< if I <>.

»»’» • ■ - - * >Vf -•»>■ -,■ ,n '^ • ' ■'■ ^‘■■•>;■''^-*ll^^■'^^^;V■>^■®^■*‘'

... ■-.. .'-j,-<ri . . »-.

- • c-v J >^- = f ., '. .

^3rA\ ,s\yjVj *A ' • "

..x,«n== .1^ ■ .' :if.i-& V

V c,*.rs

1 *, W^lv»\Vv..rt ->

.... : .:-

:.»x!

■ r'..^ j?tiid..vC: i'*
— !< -? nud ,; • .'m

:»u'i

r .■• V.'''

'. "V

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 229

recorded in his Report for i88i, and upon the Geological Survey
maps. Later, in 1886, the surface geology of the lower river from
Tomogonops River downwards was studied by Chalmers, whose
comments upon it are contained in his Report for 1888, and upon
his surface geology map. Many sportsmen have visited the river
in recent years, for salmon, or for moose and caribou, but, aside
from scattered notes in sporting journals, none of them appear to
have published any accounts of their adventures.

In its physiographic characteristics the river falls into five
sections, which I shall now describe and discuss separately.

First Section. From the source to Cartier {Little Bald)
Mountain. — The Northwest rises in a wooded swamp lying in the
deep valley which is an extension of that in which runs the lower
course of the South Branch Nepisiguit (see map accompanying
note No. 77). This swamp is but little over a mile from the
South Branch, into which it sends also a small brook. The Nor-
west flows east of South through a series of short open boggy
deadwaters and alder-grown abandoned beaver ponds, separated
by short stretches, mostly through woods, of little fall through
boulders, until, somewhat over two miles from the source, it unites
with another stream of nearly equal size, coming in part from
behind Murdoch Mountain, and apparently in part from farther
south. This upper two miles is to some extent navigable for
canoes in fair water, though with more portaging than floating;
the portaging, however, is very easy because of the open barren
character of the country. Below the Upper Forks the stream
swings somewhat west of South for nearly a mile and a half
farther, and is readily navigable for canoes. At first there are some
obstructions from shoals, and, after entering the woods, from
deadfalls, but gradually it becomes an open, easy and very charm-
ing canoe stream, with little fall, gravel and boulder bottom, clear
water, and pleasant wooded banks. Finally it makes a great
bend to the eastward, receiving here a considerable stream from
the south, and flows northeast, entering the remarkable region of
steep, conical, perfectly bare, rocky hills amidst which it winds
in a very deep sinuous valley down to Mount Cartier, receiving
two important branches from the north on the way. This part
of the river, as well as the part above to its source, is everywhere

230

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

drift-bottomed, but the fall steadily increases, though the stream
is without obstructions, so that with its swift clear current, gravel
bottom, winding course and superb hill views, this part of the
Northwest is one of the most charming pieces of canoe water that
I have seen anywhere in New Brunsivick.

W'e consider now the probable physiographic origin of this
interesting part of the river. I have already pointed out (Notes
70, 77) that the source and upper four miles of the river lie in a
valley which is a continuation of, and morphologically the head of,
the valley of the South Branch Nepisiguit, which in turn formerly
emptied by Portage Brook through the Upsalquitch, the entire
valley being properly called the Upsalquitchian valley. IMore-
over, the presence of the very obvious glacial dam between the
source of the river and the South Branch Nepisiguit shows that
this valley doubtless emptied into the South Branch in immediately
pre-glacial times. The remainder of the river down to Cartier is
very much of a puzzle, and its history is intimately associated with
the causes which have formed the remarkable, nearly isolated,
conical hills here prevailing. That these have been carved by
numerous streams (perhaps anciently flowing southeast) from the
great central peneplain seems most probable, but the particular
method awaits more detailed study than I could give the problem.
It is very probable that Beaver Brook, the stream flowing from
the Chiefs Plateau east of the Chiefs Ridge, is the true morpholo-
gical head of the Northwest, and that the part thence to the
Upsalquitchian valley is an old branch of it. All this part of the
valley throughout is typically pre-glacial, the river flowing
entirely over drift in a valley which, while deep and narrow, is
obviously by no means new, and may be very ancient. An import-
ant question now arises as to the place and nature of the pre-
glacial connection between this and the Upsalquitchian valley. We
would expect that a post-glacial gorge or valley would be found
just where the southward flowing upper course turns to the east-
ward, but in fact no such post-glacial portion appears, and I can
only surmise that the quantity of drift thrown down in both these
valleys was sufficient to completely bury the pre-glacial rock-
boundary between them.

A notable feature of this part of the river consists in the

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 231

remarkable hills already mentioned, all of those near the river
being burnt completely bare. They have been hitherto unnamed,
and I have given some of them names for reasons stated in Note
77. Among them one stands out with especial prominence, the
one I named in 1898 Mount Cartier, and known to the guides and
others as Little Bald. It has a bald, squarish top, almost like a
“ table-mountain,” which, with its superiority in height over all
others in its vioinity, makes it conspicuous from every direction,
and causes it to seem to stand up higher than it really does.* The
view from its summit is certainly one of the best in the Province,
for it embraces all of the principal mountains of north central
New Brunswick, and a wonderful expanse of typical north-
ern wilderness, with boundless forests, interspersed here and there
with anciently burnt barrens, which, with their occasional oases
of vegetation, curiously simulate cultivated, and even park-like,
landscapes.

Section 2. From Cartier [Little Bald) Mountain to near
Glory Hole Brook. — Below Cartier the river swings to the south
and later to the southeast, and down to the entrance of the South or
Spruce Lake Branch it continues an ideal canoe stream, winding
swiftly, but mostly smoothly, over gravel and amid alders and
woods in a deep valley amid fine hills. In this part of the river
are some beautiful pools filled with small salmon, which spawn
here. At the entrance of the Spruce Lake Branch (much smaller
than the main river) , which enters in a large open basin, the char-
acter of the river begins to change, and it becomes broader and
shoaler, and flows more swiftly over small cobbles and with some
boulders. The valley also is now not so deep, and the hills, all
heavily forested, begin to assume the flat-topped and continuous
-character distinctive of plateau or peneplain country. These
characters become more and more marked in descending, the
valleys become broader and riper, the hills lower and more plateau-
like, and the river bed broader, shoaler, and with more drop.
Finally after passing the bend above Glory Hole Brook the first
ledges extending clear across the river are met with, and a new
section of the river is reached.

The physiographic history of this part of the river seems

* It is not much, if any, over 2,200 feet. Compare Note 76.

232

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

sufficiently plain. It is the original valley of an ancient river
flowing out of the central watershed, one of that radiating series
established on the first elevation of the central watershed. It is
possible that its present course past Cartier may not be the original
one, but that it may have run across more directly to the present
head of the river.

Section 3. From above Glory Hole Brook to below Stony
Brook. — We now approach the most remarkable part of this most
interesting river. At the bend above Glory Hole Brook, ledges
extending across the stream are first met with, and below they
become more frequent. The river has more fall, and becomes
gradually rougher, making canoe navigation difficult, until finally,
two miles below Glory Hole Brook, is a vertical ledge fall of some
eight feet. Below this the river becomes still rougher, with inces-
sant rocky rapids and low falls down to Mountain Brook, and a
mile or more beyond, when it plunges over falls through a fine
irregular post-glacial gorge (with a portage of a quarter-mile on
the right bank). This is one of the wildest and roughest river
gorges in New Brunswick, and its impressiveness is increased by
the fact that one can view its entire length, with all its falls and
irregular cliffs, from a single view-point, at a bend midway of its
length. Below this the river continues rough for half a mile,
when it plunges into another irregular gorge with fine falls and
pools, in some ways wilder, though smaller, than the one above.
There is here a portage of 160 yards on the right bank past a
salmon club-house. This house, like the others above and below
it, is reached by portage roads, cutting directly across country
from the settlements to the southeast. A short distance below
this gorge comes another, with typical vertical walls, but straighter
and with smaller falls, so that a canoe can be worked through it
with one short portage, though it would be easier to portage
around it. Below this the river continues rough for a mile or
more, when suddenly there loom up the great cliffs at the head
of the finest gorge on the river, and in many ways the finest in
the Province. The river here cuts across an elevated ridge or
hill range, and above the vertical cliffs can be seen the lofty wood-
ed hills extending off on both sides of the river. The walls of
this gorge are almost perfectly vertical, and rise higher than any

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 233

other cliffs I have seen in New Brunswick, nearly, I should say,
200 feet, and much higher than those of the Grand Falls of the St.
John. The view from the top of these cliffs into the narrow gorge
is one of the wildest I have seen in New Brunswick. The falls
are insignificant, however, and possibly a canoe could be worked
through it at low water ; there is a portage of 500 yards over the
hill on the left bank. Below the gorge the river continues some-
what rough, and for half a mile further the fine great cliffs con-
tinue on one side of the river or the other, though the river here
does not fill the valley, and has not the typical post-glacial char-
acter. When these grand cliffs end the valley begins to open out,
and continues to broaden, and the river becomes less rough, down
to Stony Brook, where a new section of the river begins.

Considering now the physiographic origin of this section of
the river, it is obvious that it is all very recent and mostly post-
glacial. It seems to me plain, therefore, that the entire river from
the bend above Glory Brook to Stony Creek is not in its ancient
valley, and that either ( i ) there is a pre-glacial channel from
that bend to Stony Creek along the south of the river and parallel
with it, or else (2) the upper course of the Northwest flowed
in pre-glacial times ‘by some valley now drift-filled from the Glory
Hole Brook Bend into the Sevogle to the south, in which case the
present valley probably is that of Mountain Brook, into which the
river was turned by the damming of its southern outlet. It is
quite possible also that we are concerned not only with a post-
glacial, but with an “ interglacial ” course of the river, for the
remarkable cliffs below the gorge are certainly not in a typical
post-glacial valley, and yet they certainly do not belong to an
ancient river valley, for, except for the greater width of the valley
here, they seem as new as the post-glacial cliffs of the gorge
itself.

Section 4. From Stony Brook to Portage River. — Below
Stony Brook the river flows over gravel and boulders instead of
ledges ; it is broader, shoaler and with less fall, making canoe
navigation easy when the water is of fair height. The country
becomes much lower, and finally quite flat, and seemingly little
above the river level. In the upper part of this section there are
occasional cliffs on one side or the other of the stream, and about

1234

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

a mile below Stony Brook the river passes through an interesting-
gorge, which appears not to be post-glacial, but probably belongs
to the type described elsewhere as “ inter-glacial,” for, while it
has vertical cliffs on both sides, the stream hows through it over
drift, and its bed does not fill the gorge. Finally as the river
nears the junction with Little River it is fiowing over a broad
shoal bed with low banks, rising to occasional cliffs on one side
or the other, through a country showing no hills above the vege-
•tation of the banks. It now bears a remarkable resemblance to
the part of the Xepisiguit between the Narrows and the Grand
Falls, and probably has had a similar origin and history. This
•character is preserved to the Tomogonops, a dark-colored stream
from the northwest, or approaching which fertile intervales with
some signs of cultivation begin to appear.* Here the river
swings into what is obviously the Tomogonops valley, which it
follows to Portage River, through a charming level country be-
tween intervales and terraces.

This part of the river is certainly puzzling physiographically.
Its swing to the northeast when the general direction of the val-
leys of this region would lead us to expect a southeast course,
suggests that the part below Little River at least should be post-
glacial. but it obviously is not. Its course from Little River to
Tomogonops suggests that it may have had a pre-glacial outlet
into the Xepisiguit by way of Portage River, and this may have
been the case, unlikely as it seems. An objection to this is that
the same explanation would seem to have to be given for the
■direction of the South Branch Sevogle just above the Square
Forks, and this is hardly at all probable. On the other hand this
curious northeasterly turn is characteristic not only of this river
and the South Branch Sevogle, already mentioned, but of other
Tranches of the Miramichi, Dungarvon, Renous, Little Southwest,
•etc. ( see map with Note 50), and of the Xepisiguit above Grand
Falls, so that this change of direction of them all would seem to
be due to a common cause. The Geological maps show th?t in
general this common change of direction occurs just west of the
line of Lower Carboniferous rocks, and hence it may in some way

* The arranjjement of the rivers on the map suijgests that Little River may at one time
have followed the brook emptying near Tomogonops.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 235

be connected with their presence. It may be that it represents
the general line at which these many rivers, flowing radially out
of the great central watershed, met the eastern Carboniferous
plain, which had a general northeasterly slope. Another possible
explanation of the part of the river under consideration is that
while not post-glacial, it may be “ inter-glacial,” and hence not
older than the glacial period. In this case a pre-glacial channel
ought to exist running southeast to near Chaplins island. As
confirmatory of the “ inter-glacial ” character of much of this
valley, I may mention one striking fact. At the “ inter-glacial ”
gorge a mile below Stony Brook, the river cuts through a lofty
ridge, probably nearly 200 feet high. Now just west of this
ridge, and parallel with it, is a deep, broad valley running nearly
north and south, seeming to show that the original drainage was
south or southeast, not east, as at present. And I fancied else-
where that I detected evidence of a similar north and south
drainage between ridges having that direction. But my visit was
too hasty to allow me to obtain other evidence upon this interest-
ing question.

• In an earlier note (No. 33) on the physiographic historv of
the Nepisiguit River, I made the suggestion that some of the
features of its course below Indian Falls are best explained by
supposing that it is a composite river, parts of which formerly
(of course in times long pre-glacial) flowed into the Miramichi
system. I have no new evidence at present to offer, but all facts
available seem to me in harmony with this view. In this case it
is likely that Tomogonops headed in the main Nepisiguit near
Indian Falls, and Forty-four Mile Brook was the head of that
part of Nepisiguit below it, while Little River headed in Copper
Forty-two Mile Brook, and the valleys in which its source-lakes
lie.

Section 5. From Portage River to Red Bank. — At Portage
River the Northwest turns to the south and keeps that general
direction to Red Bank. For the most part the river flows with
a strong current over gravel, and occasionally among boulders,
but there are frequent long stillwaters and pools, and in one
place at least its course is over ledges and through a small post-
glacial gorge. The banks are mostly intervales and terraces, all

236

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

well settled, but occasionally there are low cliffs on one or the
other side of the river. Altogether it is a charming river, bring-
ing ease to the canoeman fresh from the labors of rapids and
portages on the river above.

The origin of this part of the river has been traced in an
earlier note (No. 50). Its morphological head was no doubt.
Portage River, and the valley in which they lie is part of an anti-
clinal trough containing also the Lower Nepisiguit, and the
curious right-angled bends in the Main Southwest Miramichi.
No doubt this great trough has been formed by an uplift of the
country to the eastward. Many details, however, remain to be
worked out in this region, and it is one of the most attractive
physiographically in the Province. The post-glacial bed and
gorge below Trout Brook probably indicate nothing more than
a slight change in the course of the river, and some search would
no doubt reveal the pre-glacial channel of the river either to the
east or the west, though if it should prove that the Northwest
emptied pre-glacially into the Nepisiguit, this gorge would pro-
bably mark the position of the pre-glacial divide.

Section 6. From Red Bank to the Main Southwest. — This
part of the river belongs morphologically to the Little Southwest,
though it bears the name of the Northwest, this custom having
originated, without doubt, in the desirability of making a clear
distinction between it and the Main Southwest. Its physiographic
history as the lower part of the Little Southwest is sufficiently
plain. It is tidal, and a typical drowned valley.

79. — On Additional Natural Curiosities said to occur in
New Brunswick.

Read February 2, 1904.

In an earlier note (No. 57), I mentioned a number of curious
natural objects or places reported from various parts of the Pro-
vince, all of which seem deserving of investigation. It is worth
while to ascertain the truth or falsity of such reports, and besides
one may thus be led to some discovery of genuine scientific inter-
est. Some others which have lately come to my notice are now
to be described.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 237

The Rumbling Mountain and Burning Mountain of Tobique.

In the former note (No. 57), I mentioned the statement made
by residents on the Tobique that there is a spot on Blue Mountain
which is much warmer than the surroundings ; and also that there
exists on the Wapsky a mountain from which strange rumblings
are heard. During the last summer I was told by one of the best
guides on Tobique, in all sincerity, that the mountain with the
warm spot and the rumbling mountain are one and the same, that
it is on the Odell, eight miles up on the southwest side of the
portage road, and that it is commonly known both as the “ Rumb-
ling Mountain ” and the “ Burning Mountain.”

The noise is heard only occasionally, and is said to resemble
thunder, and persons new to the region are said to be much
astonished when they heard what they take to be thunder from a
clear sky. The ground is described as so warm that snow never
lies long upon it. and leaves, etc., soon dry up. There is probably
some exaggeration in these statements, but I believe they have
some basis, which should be scientifically tested.

Abnormal Magnetic Variations.

Magnetic variation in New Brunswick is referred to in Note
58, but no cases of abnormal variation are there mentioned. Mr.
W. B. Hoyt, deputy surveyor, of Andover, writes me that, as a
result of studies he has made upon old surveys by H. M. G. Gar-
den, he has found a certain variation in a part of the survey of
Green River, which, I am satisfied, ind’cates a small area of
magnetic depression, and may be connected with an erratic move-
ment on Green Mountain, which is founded, I think, probably on
the existence of iron ore in that neighborhood.”

Another and much more striking case is recorded upon Play-
ford’s “ Plan of the Survey of the North Line of the New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia Land Company Purchase,” 1833, (in the
Crown Land Office), which, at a spot not far southwest of
Miramichi Lake, has this legend : “ Find the magnet attracted
from four to ten degrees.”

238

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The Poison Spring of Lake Stream.

A valued correspondent, Mr. l\ H. Welch, of Fulton Brook,
Queens County, writes me that at the head of the Lake Branch
of Salmon River are two lakes (which, by the way, are not mark-
ed on any existent map of the Province), at the head of the upper
of which is a spring, “ the \vaters of which appear to be poisonous
to fish. Perhaps a half ton or more will be found dead where
they come from under the ice to drink the spring water. This
occurs mostly in winter.”

The publication of this note in the Daily Telegraph for Febru-
ary 13, 1904, brought me a communication from Mr. I. T.
Hetherington, of Johnston, Queens County, who says: “ The fact
that thousands, in some seasons tons, of suckers, chubs, horned
pouts and pickerel die annually in this lake, seems to be a fact
patent to all lumbermen and hunters who frequent these lakes in
the last part of February and March. The cause thereof has been
much discussed by them. Some contend, as does Air. Welch, that
the spring poisoned them. But I am informed by our most ex-
perienced guides that the water in both summer and winter is a
fine drinking water, cool in summer, and so warm in winter that
it never freezes over. As the dead fish always are in greatest
•quantities when the snow is heaviest, it seems to me not impro-
bable that when it becomes darkest under the ice on account of
heavy snowC the fish press to the light, and as the open space is
then so small as not to allow room for movement to the great
numbers that congregate there in such quantities, those coming
in under the others naturally lift the top tier above water and
they freeze. This is as Fish-warden Curry explained it to me,
and in my opinion it is the correct view, h^or the lumbermen use
the fish as food, and if they had been poisoned they would cer-
tainly leave some bad effects on those who eat them.” Dr.
Hetherington also adds : “ It is also said there are horned pout in
those lakes weighing five to eight ])ounds, also a species of sucker
or carp, also weighing seven to eight pounds.”

I do not guarantee any of these statements, but I have no
doubt they have a substantial basis in fact. Here is a grand
opportunity for some of our young naturalists, who should survey
those still unsurveyed lakes and their surroundings, investigate

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 239

the fish life of those waters, study the vegetation in contact with
the spring water, and bring out an ample supply of the latter for
chemical analysis.

The Coal Creek Salt Springs.

Mr. Welch has also given the following description of the
Coal Creek Salt Springs, which appear to be entirely undescribed
in our scientific literature : “ They rise out of a gravel bed or bar
about a foot or more above low water, and are covered in high
spring freshets. They are about ten feet across either way,
and about a foot deep, and they taste quite salty. They are on
the right bank ascending the stream, and about thirteen miles from
its n c uth.” He also adds that they are the greatest resort for
moose in New Brunswick. The study of these springs may yield
some botanical results of interest, although the high freshets may
prevent the occurrence there of a typical halophytic flora, such as
the Sussex springs possess. (Note No. 7).

The Boulder Hill on Coy Brook.

Mr. Welch has also given me a description of another natural
curiosity, in substance as follows : There is a curious rock forma-
tion on Coy Brook, a branch of Lake Stream. It occurs on the
right bank as one ascends, five miles from Lake Stream, and half
a mile above the forks of the brook. On the top of a high ridge,
on the highest part, there is a heap of loose boulders (many would
weigh 400 tons), piled up like a pyramid without any clay be-
tween them. Some are split, the parts lying ten feet apart, show-
ing their fracture, with other rocks lying between them. One
can go in through them, so loosely do they lie. The pile is per-
haps thirty feet high, and the base covers nearly one-fourth of an
acre. A lot of loose stones have rolled down and away from the
pile for perhaps fifty feet. From the pile there runs a ravine
which looks as if it has been a brook, but it is now dry.

Caves, Underground Waters, Etc.

A number of additional cases of those interesting phenomena
have been cited by Professor Bailey in his paper read before this
Society recently, and published in the present Bulletin.

Can any of my hearers give any further information about
these places ?

•240

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

8o. — The Walrus in New Brunswick.

Read April 5, 1904,

It is generally known that the Walrus or Sea-cow (Trichechus
rosmarus) formerly occurred along the north coast of New
Brunswick, but the evidence for its occurrence is not readily
accessible. Cooney, (Northern New Brunswick and Gaspe, 1832,
page 30), speaks of its former (traditional) occurrence on Por-
tage Island, Miramichi; and Perley, (Reports on the Sea and
River Fisheries of New Brunswick, 1852, page 33), speaks of
the former prosperous fishery for these animals at Point Miscou,
and tells us that on his visit to Grande Plaine, near Point Miscou,
in 1850, —

The bones of the Walrus which had formerly been slain there,
were found imbedded in the sand in large quantities, and in good
preservation, some of the skeletons being quite complete.

So far as I can find, these two are the only positive original
references to its presence in New Brunswick waters in the
accessible New Brunswick literature.* Very much more exact
and very satisfactory information on the subject, however, occurs
in the very rare and little known book, “ Narrative of an Extra-
ordinary Escape out of the Hands of the Indians in the Gulph
of St. Lawrence,” by Gamaliel Smethurst, published in London
in 1774. In the course of the description of his journey, in
October to December, 1761, from Nepisiguit along the coast to
Bale Verte, the author has the following references to the Walrus :

November 20. The Erenchman where I lodged, and most
of the village [on the site of the present Neguac Village] set off
this morning for Point Miscou, to hunt sea-cows for their oil,
which they make use of in winter instead of butter. (Page 18).

December 9. Came to a large river, called Chedaick
[Shediac] .... A sea-cow lifted its head out of the water, and
came swimming after the canoe — the Erenchmen soon shot it —
it had 2 large teeth out of water in the upper jaw pointing down-
wards— these serve for defence, to climb rocks with, &c. — a full
grown sea-cow will make two barrels of oil in autumn, when they
are fattest — they are easily killed with a ball — very unwieldy —

♦Adams’ Field and F'orest Rambles, 39, and Gilpin, Trans. Nova Scotia Institute of
Nat. Science, II, 126, also refer to the subject, but with no new facts.

An interestinj^ account of the Sea-cow fishery in Prince Edward Island is given by
A. B. Warburton in “ Acadiensis,” III, 116-119.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 241

much like Anson’s sea-lions* — I believe of the same species —
this was larger than an ox — The French use the oil of these
creatures to their meat — it is to me as rank as seal oil — The most
noted places for their present resort, are the islands of Magdelines,
and Point Miscou ; but the sea-cows, wild fowl, Indians, and
beaver, will leave us as we settle in the country, and go to places
less frequented. (Page 24).

This is the only recorded observation of a living Walrus in
New Brunswick waters known to me, and very satisfactory it is.

Two years later, in 1763, Smethurst, as he tells us in his book,
was shipwrecked near Pictou, Nova Scotia, and made his way,
in December, along the coast to Baie Verte. Near Tatamagouche
Harbour, —

We passed by a great many rocky points, on one of which
was a young sea-cow asleep — I went softly up to it before it
awoke — exceedingly like Anson’s sea-lions ; only this had no
snout, but a long brizly beard — we had no gun with us — upon
Mr. Richardson’s advancing, it started and slid down the rock
into the sea — it was not quite the size of an ox. (Page 32).

Again, when near Tidnish, and nearly famished, —

saw some sea-cows upon the rocks — Mr. Richardson inter-
cepted two calves, and easily killed them — they were very fat like
seals — Stopt and made a fire — dressed some of the sea-veal, which
we eat greedily — it would at another time have tasted very strong ;
but now we thought it very delicate.

It would be interesting to know when this animal became ex-
tinct upon our shores. It is very probable that the relentless
onslaughts upon it as the country gathered population after 1767
soon drove it from these shores. It does not now occur nearer
than Labrador.

* He refers here to the sea-elephant, formerly called scientifically Morunga ansonii, a
huge seal of the Southern hemisphere.

242

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

NOTE BY THE EDITOR.

Relating to the Life of Dr. A. Gesner^ the Geologist.

In Bulletin XIV of this Society will be found a life of
Dr. Abraham Gesner, who made the first geological survey
of this province. Many interesting incidents of Dr. Gesner’s
career are given in this biography, and it led to the writing of a
letter from a grandson of the geologist to the secretary of this
Society, giving additional details of Dr. Gesner’s lineage, and a
correction on one point :

“Arthur T. Gesner, Assistant Rector of the Shattuck Military
School, Farebault, IMinn., the writer of this letter, says that the
founder of the family in America was John Gesner, of Old Tap-
pan on the Hudson. His son, John Gesner (Jr.), born 1724 * *
and his wife were buried in the old graveyard at Old Tappan.
Of their eight children, six sons and two daughters, Henry was
the ancestor of the Nova Scotian branch; he married Sarah
Pineo, May 4, 1786. Of their twelve children, Abraham (the
sixth) was born May 2, 1797, at Halifax, lies buried in the Camp
Hill cemetery in that city.” This was the geologist.

Mr. Gesner also claims that the story that Major Andre was
executed on the property of the Gesner family is a “ tradition,”
and not substantiated.

RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

243

ARTICLE V.

RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

By Samuel W. Kain.

In an earlier Bulletin of this Society (No. XVI, pp. 16-22,
1898), I gave a short account of earthquake shocks felt in this
province of which a record was obtainable.

Since the publication of that article some shocks have been
felt, and it may be of interest to briefly record them. The time
given in all cases is Atlantic Standard (60th meridian).

1898. August 14; 3 a. m.

Shock on St. John river between Torryburn and Oak Point; felt most
severely in vicinity of Oak Point. Not felt in city of St. John.

1903. December 17 ; lO p. m.

A shock felt in Upper Keswick and part of the Tobique valley, and also
at Bathurst. A Fredericton despatch to one of the St. John papers
thus refers to it : “ Residents of Upper Keswick who were in the city
to-day report that a distinct shock of earthquake was felt in their
locality at 10 o’clock last night. It rattled dishes and window panes,
but did no damage.”

Mr. Craig C. Williams, of Maple Veiw, Tobique, in a letter to Professor
W. F. Ganong, written some days after, thus refers to this shock ;
“ One night last week there was a shock of an earthquake, or a
rumbling, shaking noise heard in all the camps on the right hand
branch of Tobique. In some camps the men got up and went out to
see what was the matter. It was heard in six camps, one quite close
to Bald Peak. It was not heard on any other part of Tobique.”

In a letter to the writer, dated at Bathurst Village, April 13th, 1904,
Dr. G. M. Duncan, one of our corresponding members, says ; “ Before
New Year’s a light quake felt here.” This probably refers to the
shock of December 17th.

1904. February 27 ; lip. m.

The same observer says: “There was a very slight tremor about ii
o'clock Saturday night, February 27th.

244

BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

1904 February 28 ; 8.37 a. ra.

This earthquake was of considerable violence, and was felt in parts of
northern New Brunswick, more particularly in the region about
Bathurst Dr, G. M. Duncan wrote me thus about it: “This shcck
was preceded by, or announced by, a noise like a gunshot, lOud and
sharp, giving the impression of rending a large rock. It was followed
at once by the sound that seems to introduce all quakes — a sound
like the blowing of a high wind. Then came the noise of a grinding
and the sound of grinding with the tremor of the earth and build
ings. Rev, IMr. Read thought the sound was a gunshot on the roof
of the manse.”

1904. 31arch 21; 2.04 a.m.

This earthquake was markedly felt in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and
New England, and naturally excited much interest throughout the
region where it was felt. The daily newspapers gave very full
accounts of the shock as felt in New Brunswick, and I have also
secured some additional facts by correspondence with observers out-
side of St. John. The shock was undoubtedly one of the most
violent felt here, but was not quite so severe as that of October 22,
1869. At the time of writing I have not seen any careful accounts
of the shock observed outside of this province. From what evidence
I have been able to get, it would appear that the shock was more
violent in and about St. Stephen than elsewhere. I gather also that
the motion was from southwest to northeast. There is very consider-
able difference of opinion as to the interval between the two shocks.
Some observers say two minutes, some three, some four. IMr. H. E.
Gould, of Sussex, who was awake reading at the time, tells me that
the first shock took place at 2.04 a. m., lasting about fifteen seconds,
and that after an interval of four seconds a second shock was felt
lasting about ten seconds. Mr. C. F. Tilley made a like estimate of
the time. I was not awake at the time, and so knew nothing of the
matter till this morning. I will now give a few notes on the effe 4
experienced at different places in the province.

St. John. — Many people were aroused by the shaking of houses and
beds. In some parts of the city dishes and doors rattled. The shock
was felt most severely in buildings erected on clay and gravel areas.
The most marked result of the shock was a crack sixteen feet long
in wall in Jones’ brewery. This building is built on a deposit' of
gravel, sand and clay. Plaster was cracked in a house on the corner
of Broad and Carmarthen streets. Mr. Charles F. Tilley, of the
customs, informs me that at his house on the west side of the harbor,
at the corner of Ludlow and Water streets, the shock wrs very pro-
nounced, throwing a large silver dish from a marble top sideboard

RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

245

to the floor. A number of glasses and cruet stands on the same side-
board were overturned. Mr. Tilley’s house is built on a deposit of
clay and gravel.

Mr. D. L. Hutchinson went to the Observatory before daylight and
found the standard clock going and in good order. He took a set of
star observations for time correction and found that the clock was
correct.

Bathurst. — Dr. G. M. Duncan says : “ It lasted about twenty seconds.
Judging by the position of my bed, and the wave-like motion of my
bed, I concluded that the shock was from southwest to northeast.
This was followed in about five minutes by a slight tremor quite dis-
tinct. It was less distinct in Youghal, fifty miles off.”

St. Stephen. — It would seem as if the shock was felt at St. Stephen
more severely than in any other part of the province. Several
chimney tops were thrown to the ground, some bricks were loosened
from the walls of the Methodist church, and a number of panes of
glass were broken in the Chipman Memorial Hospital. A locomotive
in the C. P. R. roundhouse started forward and had to be stopped by
the driver in charge. One correspondent, in a letter to Prof. W. F.
Ganong, says ; “ The pictures were hanging cornerwise the next
morning.” A number of people reported a third shock at six in the
morning.

St. Andrews. — The shock was well marked in this town and vicinity.
In some cases dishes were thrown to the floor and ornaments rolled
over. On Minister’s Island a crack was made in the corner of the
stone wall of a house on the VanHorn farm.

Grand Manan. — One of our corresponding members, Mr. D. I. W.
McLaughlin, of Grand Harbor, sent me very full notes on the effev''t
of the shock there. It was not so violent as at St. Stephen.

246

BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

NOTES ON CAMBRIAN FAUNAS, NO. 9.

In the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, the writer
has from time to time offered additions to the Cambrian faunas
under the title of “Studies, or Notes on Cambrian Faunas.’' The
following may be considered a continuation of those notes :

Protolenus.

This genus is represented at a later time in Europe in Anomo-
care of Angelin, found in the Upper Paradoxides beds of Sweden.
This genus like Protolenus was characterized by an elongated eye-
lobe, and usually by a cylinderical glabella ; the species also in
most cases had a broad anterior limb to the moveable cheek.
This latter feature is not clear for A, loeve from Angelin’s
figure,* but it is more evident from Gronwall’s represtation.**
This character seems to have been overlooked by authors who
haye referred to Anomoacre species with shorteyelobes, perhaps
depending on Angelin’s figure of the type species.

But while Protolenus has a rather broad anterior limb to the
fixed cheek, it has not the exaggerated expansion found in most of
the Swedish species of Anomocare ; neither has it the small lobes
found on the fixed cheeks near the glabella in most spiecies of this
genus ; the variety bituberculatus of P. paradoxoides, however, has
a small swelling near the base of the glabella, corresponding nearly
to that seen in A. aadeatiim ( = difformc). It is probable that the
])ygidium was more feebly developed in Protolenus than in Ano-
mocare, and at least one species of the former (P. (P.) articepha-
liis) had one more joint in the thorax than Angelin represents for
any species of Anomocare. Nevertheless there may have been a
relationship of descent between the two genera, Angelin’s being
the later.

* Pal Scandinav; 'I'ab. xviii, i.

**Bornholms Fanidoxldeslai'.Tab. 4 li^r.

NOTE ON THE GENUS HYLOPUS OF DAWSON.

247

ARTICLE VI.

NOTE ON THE GENUS HYLOPUS OF DAW^SON.
By G. F. Matthew, LL.D., F.R.S.C.

Read November 3, 1903.

Sir Wm. J. Dawson describes the several footprints of quad-
rupeds of the Carboniferous age obtained from the Joggins.
Parrsboro, Horton and Sydney, Nova Scotia, under the two
genera, Sauropus and Hylopus.

The latter genus being Daw^son’s own, it behooves us to ex-
amine the types and learn what its characters are. He defined
the genus Hylopus as follows : “ Smaller footprints [than Sauro-
pus, Lea] digitigrade, and made by animals having a long stride,
and hind and fore feet nearly equal. Five toes. Probably foot-
prints of Microsauria, and possibly of Dendrerpeton.”^

This genus was based upon three species described in Sir
William’s “ Air-breathers of the Coal Period,”* ** and figured in
the same essay, but not then named ; in the later essay they have
names given them, and an additional species is described. There
is so much variation in the form of these footprints that they
cannot all be contained in the genus Hylopus, and it becomes
necessary to select a type or types to represent the genus. There
are two forms which appear to come nearer the ideal of Dawson’s
genus than the others, these are H. Logani and H. Hardingi.

It would appear from the figures given in the ‘‘ Airbreathers”
that both of these species were described from qasts, one of which,
H. Logani^ is in the Redpath Museum, Montreal, the other, H.
Hardingi, in that of King’s College, Windsor, N. S. Both
species are of Lower Carboniferous age, and come from measures
underlying the Carboniferous limestone. The author has been
favored with an opportunity to examine both of these casts, and

* Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. XXII, Sec. iv, p. 77, 1894.

**■ Air breathers of the Coal period of Nova Scotia, Montreal, 1863.

248

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

SO has seen the objects on which Sir William has based the genus
Hylopus.

The series of footmarks which are the type of H. Logani, are
supposed by Sir William to have been made in soft mud by an
animal partly water-borne, and they are decidedly ‘‘ digitigrade,”
in some cases only the long middle toes scrape the surface of the

A B

Fig. 5.— Hylopus Hardingi, Dawson. A— Print of the hind and
fore fopt, B— series of footprints, one-fourth of the
natural size.

mud, and were not impressed upon it, and in the most distinct
only the toe-marks are preserved, hence the track is truly digiti-
grade. But this is not the case with any of the other species ;
all of them have the print of the sole of the foot preserved.

The imperfection and irregularity of the track in H. Logani,
which by Sir Wm. Dawson himself is said probably to be that of

NOTE ON THE GENUS HYLOPUS OF DAWSON.

249

an animal partly water-borne, prevents one from using this as the
type of the genus ; we therefore fall back on the second species
as the one which can be taken as a generic type. This species is
H. Hardingi.

The first reference we have to this fossil is in Lyell’s Elements
of Geology (New York, 1866, p. 510), where the author says:
Footprints of two reptiles of different sizes had previously been
observed by Dr. Harding and Dr. Gesner on ripple-marked slabs
of the lower coal-measures in Nova Scotia, evidently made by
quadrupeds walking on the ancient beach, or out of the water,
just as the recent Menopoma is sometimes observed to do.”

The footprints are again referred to in Dawson’s Acadian
Geology (London, 1868, p. 356), with figures). Here Sir Wil-
liam says (p. 356) that Dr. Harding, of Windsor, when examin-
ing a cargo of sandstone from Parrsboro, N. S., found on one
of the slabs a very distinct series of footprints, each with four
toes, and a trace of a fifth. Dr. Harding’s specimen is now in
the museum of King’s College, Windsor. Its impressions are
more distinct, but not very different otherwise from those found
at Horton Bluff [H. 'Logani.]

According to “ Airbreathers,” (p. 9, Explanation of Plates,
Fig. 2), the figure of Hylopus Hardingi is from a rubbing taken
by Professor How, of Windsor College, and was evidently taken
from the cast of the fossil. Prof. How apparently failed to
perceive and to indicate the impression of the sole, or “ heel,”
and so the drawing appears to be taken from a digitate print,
whereas the imprint shows plainly that the animal rested on the
sole of the foot as well as on the toes, in walking. There is
therefore no species of Hylopus in which the impression of the
sole is entirely wanting, except that of H. Logani, whose peculiar
impressions we have noted above.

There is a marked advantage in the regularity as well as in
the distinctness of the tracks of H. Hardingi to the observer who
wishes to learn what the characteristics of the genus Hylopus are,
for they show distinctly the sole of the foot, and so approach a
type of footmark common in the Carboniferous system.
Hylopus, therefore, was made by an animal which did not walk

250

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

on the toes alone, but also pressed the sole of the foot to the
ground.

Hylopiis (as represented in the species H. Hardingi ) , clearly
had five toes to the hind foot, but the fifth toe of the forefoot is
mistakenly shown. In his “ Airbreathers,” Sir William Dawson
says (p. 7): “One pair of feet [the hind feet?] appears to

have had four claws ; the other pair may have had three or four.’’
So that the number of toe prints is variable in H. Hardingi,
but it better represents the type of the genus than H. Logani.

Sir William’s description of H. Hardingi is as follows (“Air-
breathers,” p. 8) : “ Dr. Harding found on one of these slabs a
very distinct series of footprints, each with four toes and a trace
of the fifth.”

As the stride in H. Hardingi was five and a half inches, the
track was probably that of an animal more than twice this length,
i. e., more than a foot long. The width of the track was two and
a half inches.

In this species the print of the inner pair of toes was faint,
indeed as regards the fore foot there was not any print
of the first digit. There were, especially as regards the fore
foot, three master toes, which always made a strong impression ;
in the hind foot this preponderance of the three central digits is
not so marked, but still it is observable. The absorption, or
weakening of the side toes, was thus in progress in these early
forms. This process, if continued mainly in the forefoot, would
in time give a species which would have the characters of
Asperipes, in which the forefoot shows only three toe marks, but
the hind retains five, and a form of footprint, not unlike that of the
hind foot of Hylopns Hardingi.

The tendency to this absence of the print of the outer toes 's '
seen in the more advanced footmarks in the typical series of
foot])rints of H. Hardingi, where only three toe marks can be
observed in the print of the fore foot.

In examining the track of this animal in detail, it will be seen
that the creature had the habit of placing the hind foot directly
behind the fore foot in walking, so that the two prints made by
these feet were just clear of each other. An exception is seen

NOTE ON THE GENUS HYLOPUS OF DAWSON.

251

in the first track of the series where the print of the hind foot
overlaps that of the fore foot; and a partial exception is seen in
the second pair of footprints where the third digit is flexed,
apparently by coming in contact with the fore foot before that
had been removed to make another step. In the succeeding
footsteps of the series it will be observed that the toes are not
bent, for in these cases the two feet did not interfere.

The reduction in the number of the toe marks of the hind foot
in such ungulate forms of moderate size as Hylopus cannot be
traced to forms with fewer toes, for though there are several
genera that possess five toes on the hind foot, I know of no genus
hitherto described with four, except the blunt-toed genus Nanopus.
But in species of a smaller size, Ornithoides presents us with a
form in which the three master toes of each foot, only, are repre-
sented in the foot mark. Further than this the reduction in the
number of digits seems not to have gone ; at least the author is
unacquainted with any Carboniferous species having a smaller
number of toe prints than three.

In offering conjectures about the known animals which might
be represented by these footmarks. Sir William Dawson, in his
Airbreathers,” compares H. Logani to Dendrerpeton, but in
his latter work, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of
Canada, he favors the view that the Microsauria, notably Hyler-
peton and Hylonomus, are the creatures which most likely left
these footmarks. These Sir William separates from the Labv-
rinthodonts, as their teeth do not have the involved foldings of
the enamel which Labyrinthodonts possessed. Other writers
uoiisider the Microsauria as a section of this order. In any case
the footprints of Hylopus conform more to those of Amphibia
than to those of Reptiles.

Since writing the above, I have received a letter from Prof.
Geo. T. Kennedy, of King’s College, Windsor, N. S., who has ex-
amined the original of Hylopus Hardingi in the museum of that
college; and he states positively that there is no basis for a fifth
toe in the print of the fore foot. The slight protuberence in the
cast of that foot in one of the figures, he says merely represents
one of numerous little projections scattered over the stone, and

25 2 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

is not actually related to the footprint alongside of which it
occurs. This finally disposes of a possible fifth toe in the impres-
sion of the fore foot of Hylopus, as in neither H. Logani nor
H. Hardingi can it be said to exist.

It is true that there is a fifth toe to the footprint of Hylopiis
minor, Dawson, but the heavy print of the sole in this marking
does not conform to the ideal of Dawson’s genus. On the
whole, we conclude that five toemarks of the hind foot and four
of the fore is the typical number for Hylopus.

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN EASTERN CANADA. 253

ARTICLE VII.

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN
EASTERN CANADA, WITH A CATALOGUE OF
THE ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN
THEM

Observed and described by G. F. Matthew, LL. D., F. R. S. G.

Read April 5, 1904.

About twelve years ago the writer contributed to this Society
a “ List of the Fossils found in the Cambrian rocks in and near
St. John.” Prefixed to this list was a synoptical view of the
groups of Cambrian strata in this district, with statements of
their approximate thickness ; four sections were given. See
Bulletin X, page xv.

These sections form the basis of the estimates of the thick-
ness of the Cambrian rocks in the St. John basin, and of the
nature of the sediments of which the Cambrian system here is
composed. Other sections, showing further details of the strata
and comparing them with Cambrian rocks in other countries, will
be ‘found in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,
Vol. VIII, Sec. iv, pp. 123-130, and Vol. VII, Sec. iv, p. 142.

The range of the several species of animals that are found in
the Cambrian of this district is shown in the same Transactions,
Vol. V, Sec. iv, p. 161 ; Vol. X, Sec. iv, p. 16, and a full table of
the species in Vol. XI, Sec. iv, pp. 113-119.

Since the list first above referred to was published, many
additions have been made to the Cambrian faunas of this region,
and studies have been extended over a wider field, and the time has
now come when a more general review of the Cambrian deposits
can be profitably made. The Atlantic seaboard of America has in
the meantime been the field of study of a number of noted geolo-
gists, both those connected with governmental geological surveys,
and of those who are students from universities, as well as of

254

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Others who are amateurs. Tn this way a considerable fund of
knowledge has been accuinnlated, which helps to a better under-
standing of the problems involved in the study of the Cambrian
rocks.

For a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast of North
America the Cambrian sediments show a remarkable uniformity,
both in the composition of the materials that form the strata, and
in the similarity of the succession of members of which these
stratified deposits are composed.

The same physical causes appear to have operated with much
uniformity throughout Cambrian time along this coast from
^Massachusetts to Newfoundland, giving rise to a parallel series
of strata in all the undoubted Cambrian districts.

As the following remarks are based on the conditions in ex-
plored Cambrian areas, it may be said that these are five in
number, viz., Eastern Massachusetts, Southern New Brunswick,
the Southeastern side of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, and
the peninsula of Avalon, in Newfoundland.'*'

( )f the Cambrian age of portions of the rocks that have been
referred to this system in Nova Scotia, some doubt may be express-
ed, for though large areas in that province have been referred to
the Cambrian, and have been closely studied by capable geolo-
gists, no distinctively Cambrian fossils have been found. And
the enormous thickness claimed for the quartzites would seem to
imply that their base would have come within the region of
severe metamorphism, if not of fusion, since their deposition.
It is far in excess of the known thickness of strata in the undoubt-
ed Cambrian areas to northwest and northeast of them. Also no
beds similar to the Basal Cambrian as known in the areas to the
northwest and northeast, have been found at the base of the Cam-
brian in the peninsula of Nova Scotia. It seems, therefore, not
impossible that this Nova Scotia Cambrian may include a part or
the whole of some more ancient system.

Confining our attention to the areas where Cambrian fossils
have actually been found, we note throughout this North Atlantic

* There is another area in northwestern New Brunswick, but neither the succession of
members nor the faunas can be fully paralleled with those above named; it is therefore not
considered in this account.

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN EASTERN CANADA. 255

region the prevalence of volcanic deposits, or of red and green
mud beds, in the initial period of Cambrian time. If the former
are not actual lava flows, or the cores of old volcanic cones and
ridges, they are the compacted ashes, mud and stones from such
a source.

Resting on these volcanic deposits, though sometimes inter-
calated with them, are beds of sand and mud that easily show
their relation to such a source as the volcano, by the fact that
this sand consists largely of feldsphatic particles, while the mud
beds are pale green, or red accumulations of volcanic dust, that
have fallen into or been swept into the sea. Hence it would
appear that while the first volcanic eruptions occurred over land
surfaces, the land soon sank, and the later ones were thrown
into the sea. It is in the levigated volcanic material thus thrown
into the sea, or swept into it by rivers, that we meet with the
earliest organic remains of the Cambrian time. These levigated
deposits are chiefly in the Etcheminian terrane, and contain
a very ancient group of Cambrian organisms. They also
exhibit a cycle of deposits corresponding to that of the St. John
terrane above them, for they have in the middle coarse sandy
sediments, that separate two groups consisting largely of mud-
beds ; of these the lower has conglomerates and sandstones inter-
calated, while the upper are found to contain flaggy sandstones.

The principal sandstones, however, are in the middle member,
which is comparatively barren of fossils, but contains much dif-
fused hematite, giving the rock a markedly red color. These
beds also, like those of the corresponding stage of the St. John
terrane, frequently show ripple-marked layers replete with worm
burrows, worm trails, and other marks of a shallow-water origin.

The oscillations of land and sea jn this earlier part of Cam-
brian time in the areas of Southern New Brunswick and Cape
Breton exhibit the following succession of conditions :

ist. — An emerged region that became loaded with volcanic deposits — lava,
ashes and scoria.

-2nd. — A sinking of the earth’s crust, so that later ejections were cast into
the sea, and the wash from the still emerged surfaces added to
the accumulating deposit.

253

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

— A moderate elevation of the crust bringing tlie affected area near
the sea level.

4th. — Renewal of the subsidence, with prevalence of more tranquil con-
ditions than in the second stage, and a longer continuance of these
conditions.

This period closes Etcheminian time, and there is a break,,
more or less distinctly marked between it and the later Cambrian.
In Xew Brunswick there is a sandstone or a quartzite at the
beginning of the latter, with a decided change in the color and
aspect of the sediments, and in Cape Breton a conglomerate
marks the transition to the later terrane. In Newfoundland the
conglomerate base is more faintly marked in the west (Smith
Sound), but sufficiently distinct in the east (Conception Bay).
The reverse conditions of surface distribution prevail in Massa-
chusetts, where fine sediments are found in the eastern part
( Boston ) but conglomerates are found on the west side of the
area ( Attleboro’, ) As previously remarked, the Etcheminian
terrane has not been found on the mainland of Nova Scotia,,
where gray quartzites appear to be the oldest sediments

In the outer areas of the Cambrian rocks of the Atlantic
coast the Etcheminian terrane is easily traced by the prevailing
red color, as well as by its fossils. In this outer-zone fine slates
prevail, and there are beds of limestone as may be seen in the
Massachusetts and Newfoundland areas. In the inner zone
(New Brunswick and Cape Breton) the sediments are coarser
and limestones are wanting; it is in this inner zone that a middle
member of sandstones and flags is most distinctly marked.

The organic remains of this middle member are similar to
those of the lower sediments, so that the Etcheminian rocks have
only two faunas, an upper and a lower. The volcanic rocks
beneath them have yield a scanty fauna, which may not be more
than a sub-fauna of the Lower Etcheminian. i\Iore material is
required to determine the importance of this fauna.

So far as the St. John terrane is concerned, it is clear that the
basins we have now are but fragments of deposits that have been
spread over large areas of the Atlantic coast, and there may be
extensive tracts occupied by slates and flags so far metamorphosed
that Cambrian fossils cannot be recognized. The materials which

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN EASTERN CANADA. 257-

make up the Hags and slates of the Johannian division (see be-
low) glisten with water-born particles of mica, the sands are of
uniform texture, and there are no traces of shore lines, though
shallow water beds abound.

Also the Bretonian division, with its fine grained dark gray
mud beds holding graptolites, and the perfect preservation of its
delicate organisms, indicate the presence of a water-cushion of con-
siderable depth above its muds, when these were being deposited, a
cushion which we can hardly think was less than i,ooo feet deep.
But a sea of this depth would have covered a wide area along
the Atlantic coast, and we therefore infer that the known basins
of Cambrian rock are but small fragments of the wide spread
mantle of sediments that covered this region at the beginning of
Ordovician Time.

The group of organic remains of the outer zone of the
Etcheminian rocks appears to differ widely from that of the
inner. This may be because they do not come from the same
time-horizon ; but it seems more likely to be due to some physical
cause, either difference in the depth of the sea in the two zones,
or paucity or abundance of sediment in the waters, or difference
of temperature of the sea water in the two zones. Whatever the
cause, Olenelloid trilobites have not been recognized in the strata
of the inner zone, while they are characteristic of the faunas of
the outer zone.

In the following catalogue the several districts where the
fossils described in it were found are indicated by letters in the
fourth column, viz. :

A is eastern Massachusetts (Boston to Attleboro’). No fossils from
this are mentioned, because the author’s work did not extend there.
B is southern New Brunswick. The numbers following indicate the
basin of this area where the fossil was found, numbered from N. W.
to S. E. These basins once united, have been separated by crustal
movements and great denudation.

C is the peninsula of Nova Scotia. No characteristic fossils are known
from this area.

D IS Cape Breton. The basins of Cambrian rocks are indicated as those
of New Brunswick by numbers.

E is the area of Avalon in Newfoundland. The more important basins
are indicated by numbers.

258

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

N is the St. Lawrence valley area, from which a few fossils are named.
\V is the Cambrian area of Mt. Stephen, in the Canadian Rocky Mountains.

The date of publication of the several species and varieties
is indicated in the first column.

In order to make this catalogue more useful for reference, and
so that it may serve as an index to the author’s papers, the nanies
of the species, etc., are arranged alphabetically in the several
classes, and the place of publication is shown in brief, thus :

K. S.= Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.

S. R.= Report on the Cambrian Rocks of Cape Breton, Geological Survey
of Canada, 1903.

N B.= Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick.

N. Y.= Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences.

C. R.= Canadian Record of Science, Montreal.

A:ad. Geol.= Acadian Geology, Sir J. W. Dawson.

Pal. Foss.= Palaeozoic Fossils of E. Billings.

A. J. S.= American Journal of Science and Arts.

Pal. N. Y.= Palaeontology of New York, Jas. Hall.

•Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc.= Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of
London.

Geol. Mag.= Geological Magazine, London.

U. S. Geol. Survey = Bulletin of the U. States Geological Survey.

U. S. Nat. Mus.=-- Bulletin of U. States National Museum.

Can. Nat.= Canadian NaUiralist, Montreal.

Geol. Verm.-^^ Report on Geological Survey of Vermont, Adams.

Am. Geol.= American Geologist, Minneapolis.

Pakeon. Scan.^ Palseontologica Scandinavica, N. A'ngelin.

The last column of the list shows the faunas and sub-faunas
that have been recognized in the Cambrian terranes in the Mari-
time Provinces of Canada, beginning with the oldest. The fol-
lowing symbols are used :

Co. — CoLDBROOK Terrane. Tliis consists mostly, sometimes entirely of
volcanic flows and ejectamenta, though in Cape Breton there are
some shales and conglomerates.

E. — Etcheminian d'ERRANE. ( Basal Cambrian).

E. I. — Lower Etcheminian red and gray shales, etc.

E. 2. — Lower Etcheminian red sandstones. This and E. i contain the
Lozuer Etcheminian Fauna (Holasaphus Fauna).

E. 3. — Upper Etcheminian red and gray shales, etc. This has the Upper
Etcheminian Fauna (Holmia Fauna).

C. — The St. John Terrane. (Mostly Cambrian, but the uppermost beds
are Ordovician).

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN EASTERN Ci\.NADA. 259*

C I. — The Acadian Division, has two faunas.

C. la. — A white-gray quartzite (no fossils).

C. lb. — Greenish gray shales and sandstones (Protolenus Fauna).

C. I Cl. — Gray shales (Paradoxides lamellatus sub-fauna).

C. I C2. — Gray shales (P. eteminicus sub- fauna).

C. id. — Dark gray shales (P. ahenacus sub-fauna).

C. I d2. — Dark gray shales and limestone lentiles (Dorypyge sub-fauna).
C. 2. — Johannian Division, has one or more faunas.

C. 2a & b. — Gray quartzites, flags and slates (Upper Paradoxides Fauna).
C. 2C. — Gray flags and slates (Place of Olenus Fauna).

C. 3. — Bretonian Division, has four faunas.

C. 3a. — Dark gray slates, some flags (Parabolina Fauna).

C. 3b. — Dark gray slates, limestone lentiles and seams (Peltura Fauna).
C. 3c. — Dark gray and black slates (Dictyonema Fauna).

C. 3d. — Dark gray and black slates (Tetragraptus Fauna).

C. 3e. — Gray flaggy sandstones (Fauna of small brachiopods, not dis-
tinctive) .

It should be explained that the relative position of one of these '
assises is determined by the palaeontology and not supported by
the stratigraphy. In the St. John basin (R3 of the locality Column).
Paradoxides aberiaais is clearly subordinate to ( underlies ) P.
eteminicus. But in Sweden the position of the representative
species is reversed, for P.Tessini there is below P. exsulens. In
the Kennebecasis basin (B2) at Hastings’ Cove, the P . eteininiciis
fauna is wanting and the P. ahenacus rests on an assise having a
peculiar grouping of species ( Dorypyge sub-fauna ), which con--
tains genera of a higher range in Sweden and North America than
P. T essini and P. ahenacus. . The latter form of trilobite is usually
found in dark gray or black shales, and it seems likely that habitat
has much to do with its perplexing relation to other species and
genera. It lived in deep and quiet waters, while the exsulens-
eteminicus type preferred shallower water in which species with
calcareous tests and shells were common. ,

The Dorypyge sub-fauna, also preferred shore or shallow-
water conditions. These prevailed on the border of the Kenne-
bacasis basin ( B2 ) until a sinking of the land brought in a
purely P. abenactis fauna. This fauna is included under the sym -
bol of Cid2 given above, while Cid is the P. ahenacus fauna of
the St. John basin.

Another fauna of doubtful position is that marked C3e, which
is placed as the highest fauna, because both at the east and west
end of the St. John basin it is in the highest visible beds of the St.
John terrane ; hence it is thought that this fauna is of later origin 1
than the others.

:260

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

•Catalogue of Species, and varieties of Organic remains found in the Cambrian
terranes of the Atlantic provinces of Canada, &c., described in the
writer’s publications, alphabetically arranged.

Vcai

Generic and Speciflc Name

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

Algae.

Bythotrephis, Hall.

B. antiqua, Brong....

. R. S. VII, 144, V, 1-3,

B.3

E. I.

Hydrocytinm.

H, (?) siculnm,

. R. S. VII, 146, VI. 2,

B.3

C. lb.

Microphyciis, genus, . . .
M. catenatus,

. R. S. VII, 146,

. R. S. VII, 146, V, 6a, b,

B.3

C. lb.

Oldhamia, Forbes,

0. sp.,

. Can. Rec., . . .... . .

B. 1.3

C. I, b,

Palaeochorda, McCoy.

P. setacea,

. R. S. VII, 145, VI, la-g.

b.3

E. I.

Phycoidella, gen.,

P. stichidifera,

.R. S. VII, 144,

. R. S. VII, 144, V, sa-d.

b.3

E. I.

Protozoa,

Globigerina, d’Orb.

G. cambrica,

. N. Y. XIV, III, I, 5a-c,

b.3

C. 1&2.

G. didyma,

G. grandis,

G. (?) turrita,

. “ “ " b.

. “ “ “ 6,

. “ “ “ 8a, b.

b.3

Monadites, gen.,

M. glob 111 os us,

.R. S. VII, 147,

.R. S. VII, 147, VII, la-b
. “ “ “ 2a-b,

B. I

E. I.

M. pyriformis,

B. I

M. urceiformis,

(( (( ^

•

B. I

Radiolarites, gen.,

R. ovalis,

. R. S. VII, 148,

. R. S. VII, 148, VIII, 4,

B. I

E. I.

Orbulina, d’Orb.

0. (?) ingens,

.N. Y. XIV, no, I, 4,..

b.3

C. ib2.

0. intermedia,

.N. Y. XIV, no, I, 3, ..

b.3

C. ib2.

0. (?) ovalis,

. “ “ “ 2, . .

b.3

0. c f. universa, Lam.,

N. Y. XIV, 109, I, I, . .

b.3

Spongida.

Archseocyathus, Billings.
A. (?) pavonoides, ...

. R. S. Ill, 29, V, la-d,

b.3

C. ici.

Astrocladia, Zittel.

A. ( ?) elegans,

. R. S. VII, 149, VII, 7,

B. I

C. lb.

A. (?) elongata. .. .

.R. S. VII, 149, VII, 6,

B. I

A. (?) virguloides, ...

.R.S. VII, 149, VII, 8a-c

B.3

Dichoplectella, gen.,

D. irregularis,

.R. S. VII, 149,

. R. S. VII, 149, VII, ga-b

B. I

E. I

C.ib.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

261

Year Generic and Specific Name

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

Hyalostelia, Zittel.

H. minima,

, R. S. VII, 150, VII, 10,

B. I

E. I.

Plococyphia, Reuss,

P. (?) perantiqna, ....

. R. S. VII, 148, VII, sa-b

B. I

E. I.

Protospongia, Salter.

P. (?) minor,

. R. S. HI, 30, V, 2

B.3

C. ic.

P. (?) V. distans, .. ..

.R. S. HI, 30, V, 3,....

B.3

C. id.

P. (?) sp.,

, N. Y. XIV, 1 13,

B.3

C. ib2.

Hydrozoa.

Bryograptns, Lapworth.

R lentil*:

. N.Y. XIV, 270, XLVHH

2a, h, . . . .

. R. S. IX, 39; R. S. 10,

b.3

C. 3C.

1,92

B. patens,

95, VII, la-d,

b.3

C. 3b.

95)

B. (?) retroflexus.

Brogg?

. N. Y. XIV, 271,

b.3

c. 3b.

B. spinosns,

Callograptiis, Hall.

. R. S. X, 97, VII, 2a, b,

b.3

C.3b, c.

C. sp.,

Clonograptus, Hall.

. N. Y. XIV, 271, 2a-b,

b.3

C.3C.

92)

C. flexilis. Hall, . . .

. R. S. X, 97,

b.3

C. 3d.

C. proximatus, . . ...

. N.Y. XIV, 26s, XL VIII,

la-d,

b.3

C. 3G

Dendrograptus, Hall, . .

D. primordealis, . . .

.‘r.S.HL 3LV,5, 5a, b.

b.3

C.id.

Dichograptus, Salter,

92) D. Logani, Hall,..

Dictyonema, Hall.

.92) D. delicatulu-m, Dii.

D. flabelli forme, Eich..

91 V, Acadiciim,

V. confertum, Brogg. .
V. Norvegicum, Kjer.. .
92) D. quadrangulare, Hall

Didymograptns, McCoy,

>92) D. indentus. Hall,. .

“ D. nitidus. Hall, . .

D. patulus. Hall, . .

D. narrow, threadlil

D. (?) sp. very narro'

85 Protograptus, gen., . . . .

85 P. alatns,

Retiograptus, Hall.

.R.

s. X, 97, ..

B. 3.

C. 3d.

S. X, 96,

b.3

C. 3d.

!r.

S. IX, 34, III, I, 2,

3a, b,

b.3

C. 3^.

' “ 36,

b.3

C. 3b, c.

' “ 37,

b.3

C. 3C.

‘ X, 96,

b.3

C. 3d.

!r.

s. X, 99,

b.3

.R.

S. X, 98,

b.3

.R.

S. X, 98,

b.3

S. X 98,

b.3

s. x; 98,

b.3

.R.

S. Ill, 31.

S. HI, 32, V, 6, ... .

b.3

C. id.

, R.

S. X, too,

b.3

C. 3d.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

26‘J

Yaer Generic and Specific Xaiue Place of rublication Locality Horizon

Tctragniptiis, Salter.

(92) r. quadribranchiatus.

Hall. . .R. S. X, 98,

EC HI NODERM AT A.

B. 3 c. 3d.

93 Crinoid? R. S. XI, 87, XVI, i, . . B.3

Eocystites, Billings.

68 E. primaevus, Bill, .... Acad. Geol.., 643, f. 220, B. 3

Platysolenites, Pander.

(89) P. antiqnissimns, Eich. R. S. VII, 150, VII, iia-c B.3

(98) Trochocystites, Barr?.. ..R. S. 2nd, IV, 128, .... B.3

Brachiopoda.

C. ib2.

C. ici, 2,

E. 3a.
C.ib3

Acrothele, Linnarsson.

A.-

abavia,

..N. B., IV, 398, XVa-d.

100. IV, 3a, c/, 4a, b,.

D. I

E. 3a-e.

A.-

avia,

..N. B. IV, 202, Ul.,ia-h,

396, XVI, la-f, 2a, b.

D. I

E. 3d-e.

m. puteis,

. . . N. B. IV, 398, XV, 5a, b,

100, IV, Sa,b, . . . .

D. I

E. 3d.

A.-

Matthewi, Hartt, ,

. . Acad. Geol., 644, f. 221,

R. S. Ill, 39, V, IS, IS«.

D. I

C. 1C, d.

m. costata, . . . .

..N. Y. XIV, 128, V, 9.

b.3

C. 1^2-5.

m. lata,

. .R. S. Ill, V, 17. 17a. . .

b.3

C. lb.

m. mnlticostata,. .

..R. S. 2nd, III, 168,

B. 2

C. id.

m. prima,

,. .R. S. Ill, 41, V 16, i6a.

b.3

C. lb.

A.-

proles,

..N. B. IV, 400, XVI, 3a-e

D. I

E. 3f-

Acrothyra, gen., . . . .

..N. B. IV, 303, A 1-5,

A.-

(?) inflata, .. ..

. .R. S. Ill, 33, V, 7, 7a,. .

D. I

C. id.

V. oval is,

..R. S. 2nd, IV, 127, V,

4a-c,

D. I

C. ibi,

A.-

— proavia,

..N. B. IV, 386, XIV,

2a-g, 3a-f

D. I

E. 3d, e..

m. crassa,

. .N. B. IV, 389, XIV,

D. I

E. 3e.

m. prima

. .N. B. IV, 389, XIV, 4a-f

D. I

E. 3a.

A.-

— signata,

. .N. B. IV, 381, XIII, 2a-a

D. I

E. lb.

m. orta,

. . N. B. IV, 385, XIII, 4a-f

D. I

E. 2C.

m. prima,

..N. B. IV, 382, XIII, la-g

D. I

Co.

m. sera,

..N. B. IV, 383, XIII, 3a-f

D. I

E. 1C.

m. tarda,

. .N. B. IV, 384, XVI, m-d

D. I

E. 1C, d.

Acrotreta, Knlorga.

A.-

— Baileyi,

. .R. S. Ill, 36, V, 13, I3a-c

B. I

C. IC2.

A.-

— bisecta

..N. B. IV, 2TB, V, sci-g;

b.3

C. 3c.

394. S. R.XVl,2a-^, ..

D. I

C. 3c.

(95)

A.-

gemma, Bill?..

..Pal. Foss. I, 216, 201, a-f,

N. Y. XIV, 126

b.3

C. i^^i.

A.-

— gemmula,

. .R. S. XI, 87, XVI, 2a-d.

b.3

C. ib2, 3.

A.-

— papillata,

. . N. B. IV, 390, XV, 2a-f.

D. I

E. id.

V. lata,

. .N. B. IV, 391, XV, 3a-c.

D. I

E. id.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

263

Year

Generic and Specifle Name

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

m. prima,

.N. B. IV, 391, XV, la-c.

D. I

Co.

A. proavia,

.N. B. IV, 203, HI, za-f.

D. I

E. 30.

A. sipo,

.N. B. IV, 406, XVIII
I, 2,

D. I

C. 3d.

A. cf. socialis, v. Seeb

.N. B. 'IV, 392, XV, sa-k

D.2

C. 2C.

“

A. sp.,

.N. B. IV, 394.

D. I

E. za.

Billingsella, Hall.

B. retroflexa,

D. I

E.2(o?)

S. R. 148, X, za-e,. . . .

Botsfordia, s. gen.,

.R. S. IX, 63,

B. pulchra,

S. VII, 151, VHI,

la-m, za-c,

B. I

C. lb.

R. S. XI, 90, XVI, sa-b.

Camarella, Billings.

C. parva, Bill?

Dalmanella, see Orthis.

.R. S. X, 103, VII, ga,b.

B.3

C. 3a.

Discinopsis, gen.,

R S. XI, 1 14.

D. Gnlielmi,

.R. S. HI, 37, V, 14, 140-6-

B.3

C. Id.

Eoobolus, s. gen.,

.R. S. 135.

E. equipiiteis,

.R. S. 139. VHI, za-e,..

D. I

E.2(o?)

E. discus,

.R. S. is8, VHI, 30-6/,..

D. I

E. le.

E. triparilis,

Heterorthis, see Orthis.
Kutorgina, Billings.

.R. S. 136, VHI, la-e;

) XI, ia,b,

D. I

E. lb, c.

K. graniilata

.N. B. IV, 189, I, za-d.

E. I

E.3.

K. Latourensis,

.R. S. HI, 42, V, 18, i8a-c

b.3

C. IC2.

K. (?) pterineoides. ..

R. S. HI, 43, V, 19,

b.3

C. ICI.

K. (?) sp.,

.R. S. 2nd, IV, 136,

B.2

C. 3«-

Leptobolus, Hall, note on

. S. R. 105.

L. atavns,

.N. B. IV, 200, II, la-f.

D. I

E. 3d, e.

m. tritavns,

. S. R. 109, VI, 50-0, ....

D. I

E.z(a?)

L. collicia,

. N. B. IV, 200, I, T,a-e,. .
. S. R. 189, XI, ya-f, ....

D. I

E. 3c, e, f.

L. flumenis,

D.2

C. zc.

L. gemmulus,

.R. S. IX, 41, XII, 8a-c.
.R. S. HI, 34. V, 8, 8a, b.

b.3

C 3c.

L. linguloides

b.3

C. id.

cf. linguloides,

. S. R. 192,

D. I

C. 3d.

L. grandis,

.R. S. XI, 91, XVI, ya-c.

b.3

C. 3<?. .

L. (?) cf. LingU'lella

granvillensis. Wale.,. . .
Lingulella, Salter.

L. Billingsiana, Whit.,

. R. S. 2nd, IV, 128, ....

b.3

C. lb.

(93)

R. S. IV, 151,

E.3

C. zb.

L. cf. Billingsiana, . .

• R. S. XI, 93, XVI, 6a, b.

b.3

C. zc.

(95)

L. (?) c^lata, Hall,.

.Pal. N.Y. I,29oLXXIX,

ga-c,

b.3

D. I

C. HI.

L. concinna,

.N. B. IV, 273, V, sa-h.

C. 30.

L. cf. Davidis, McCoy.

.N. B. IV, 407.

D. I

C. 2 C. 3d.

L. Dawsoni,

• R. S. HI, 31, V, ga-d...

B-3

C. ic, d.

•264

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Year

Generic and Speeitic Name Place of Piiblieation

Locality

Horizon

L. Howlevi,

• R. S. 2nd, I, 2^9, I, 3a, h.

E.3

C. 2C.

L. la?vis,

.R. S. IX, 39, XII, 4a, 6.

B.3

c. 3«-

L. lens

.N. B. IV, 274, V, 2a, h.

D. I

C. 30.

L. lepis,

.N. B. IV, 408.

D. I

E. ir, c.

L. longovalis,

. S. R. 123, VII, T,a-f, ..

D. I

Co.

cf. longovalis, . . .

.R. S. 7S, VII, 2,

D. I

C. 3a-d,

(93)

L. Nicholsoni, Call?

Qnar. Jour. Geol. Soc.

xxxiii, 657,

R. S. XI, ns,

B.3

C. 3^'-

L. radula

.R. S. VIII, 147, XV,

L. Sehvviii,

S. R. VII, la-c, ....

D. I

E.2(o?)

L. tiimicla,

. N. B. IV, 200, I, 2a-c,. .

D. I

E. 3c.

70. b, 8tf-c

b.3

C. 2C.

L. sp

.R. S. 2nd, IV, 136, ....

B. 2

C. 3«-

Lingnlepis, Hall.

L. ciineata,

.R. S. XI, 92, XVI, ^a,h.

b.3

C. lb.

L. Gregwa,

.N. B. IV, 199, I, la-f

D. I

E. ib-d.

V. robusta,

.S. R. 131,

D. I

E. id.

L. longinervis,

. S. R. 133, VII, 6a-g,

D. I

E. 2b.

L. ■Martinensis,

.R. S. VII, IS5, VIII, 4.

b.3

C. lb.

L. pumila,

.S. R. 75, VI I, 5a Vl ..

D. I

Co.

L. Roberti,

.R. S. 2nd, I, 256, I, 20, h.

D. I

E.2(o?)

L.- Starri,

.R. S. VIII, 146, XV,

50 -t', 6a -b

b.3

C. 2b.

m. exigua,

. S. R. 197, XIV, 3o-(/, . .

D. 2

C. 20.

V. minor,

.R. S. IX, .s8, XII, sa,b.

B. 2

C.2(b?)

L van,

. S. R. 193, XIV, 2a-c, . .

D. 2

C. 2b.

Lingulobolus, gen.,

. R. S. 2nd, I, 260, . . . .

(94)

L. affinis. Bill,

. R. S. 2nd, I, 261, I, 40,/;.

E.3

C. 2C.

V. cuneata,

E.3

C. 2C.

Linnarssonia, Walcott.

(91)

L. Belti, Dav.,

.R. S. IX, 42, XII, 7a-c;

S. R. 209, XVI, 30-c.

b.3

C. 3^'-

in. magna,

,R.S. 2nd, III, 169, 1, 'a,

B. 2

C. id.

<85)

L. misera. Bill., . . . .

,R. S. Ill, 35, V, 12,

I20-C

b.3

C. id.

L. transversa, Hartt,. .

Acad. Geol., 644

R. S. Ill, 35, V, IT, ua-c

b.3

C. ic.

X. Y. XI V; 125, V, la-c.

b.3

C. lbs.

Monobolina, Salter.

i\r. refnlgens,

R. S. IX, 44, XII, 6a-d.

b.3

C. sc.

Obolella Billings

<99)

0. atlantica. Wale., . .

R. S. 2nd V, 70, . . . .

E. I

C. ibi.

0. cf. chromatica. Bill.

N. B. IV, 189, I. I, ..

E. I

e.3-

0. gemmnla, see

Leptobolns,

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

265

Year Generic and Speciflc Name Place of Publication Locality

(95) O. nitida, Ford? .. ..A. J. S. 3rd, V, 213;

N. Y. XIV, 125, II

^a,b, B. 3

97 O. sp., R. S. 2nd, III, 170 B. 2

98 O. sp, R. S. 2nd, IV, 136, . . B. 2

Obolns, Eichwald.

89 O. (?) major, R. S. VII, 155, VIII, 3, B. 3

95 O. pristinus, N. Y. XIV, 121, IV, \a-c B. 3

O. pulcher, see

Botsfordia.

03 O. torrentis, S. R. 76, VIII, i, . . . . D. i

O. refulgens, see

Monobolina.

03 O. sp, S. R. 209, D. I

Orthis, Dalman.

(92) O. Caransii, Hicks?. . R. S. X, 102, VII, 7a,h. B. 3

O, (Dalmanella?) Electra

Bill., .

92 V. l?evis, R. S. X, 100, B. 3

92 V. major, R. S. X, 100, VII, 30-c. B. 3

“ O. Euryone, Bill? ....R, S. X, loi, VII, 5,.. B. 3

O. lenticularis, Wahl., B. 3

91 V. atrypoides, .. . . R. S. IX, 48, XII, iia,b. B. 3

“ V. lyncioides, . . . . R. S. IX, 49, XII, loa-c. B. 3

“ /. strophomenoides, R. S. IX, 49, XII, 12a, b. B. 3

O. ( Heterorthis ? )

Menapire, Hicks.

92 V. Acadica, R. S. X, loi, VII, 6a, b. B. 3

'(92) O. orthambonites, Pand.R. S. X, loi, VII, 4,.. B. 3

95 O. .sp., N. Y. XIV, 128. V, 10. B.3

Orthisina, d’Orbigny.

91 O. Johannensis, . . . . R. S. IX, 49, XII, 130-c. B. 3

99 Palteobolus, s. cen., .. . . N. B. IV, 201.

99 P. Bretonei/ois, . . . . N. B. IV, 202, II, 2a-i. D. i

03 P, lens, S. R. 144, X, la-f, .... D. i

“ V. longus, S. R. 146, VII, j[a,b,.. D. i

Protorthis, Hall & Clarke.

68 P. Billingsi, Hartt, ..Acad. Geol., 644 (^.223;

R. S. HI, 43, B.3

85 P. Qnacoeiisis, R. S. HI, 43, V, 20, 2oa-c B.3

96 Protosiphon, gen. describedGeol. Alag., 4th, IV, 68,

1-4.

R. S. 2nd, HI, 170, ....

<98) P. Kempamim, . . . .R. S. 2nd, IV, 129, I, a-f. B. 2

Schizambon, Walcott.

00 S. prisons, N. B. IV, 227, V, j,a-d. B. 3

S. R. 187, XI, 6a-d, . . D. I

Sph^erobolns, gen., R. S. 2nd, I, 263.

Horizon

C. lb.

C. id.

C. 3a.

E. 2a, b.
C. ib2.

Co.

C. 2b.

C. 3«-

C. 2>d.
C. ?,d.
C. I.
C. 3^.
C. ^b.
C. 3d.

C. 3d.
C. 3d.
C. ibi.

C. 3a.

E. 7,d.
E. sb. c.
E. 3c.

C. ic. d.
C. ir.

C. lb 3-4.
C. 3G

•266

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Year Generic and Specific Xaine Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

(95)

S. spissus

.Pal. Foss. II, pt. I, 66,

36a-c,

R. S. 2nd, I, 263, I, 5a-c.

E.3

C. 2C.

Strophomena. Hal).

S. atava

.R. S. X, 102, VII, Sa-f.

B.3

C. 3a.

Trematobolus, gen

. C. R. Jan. ’93. 276, la-d.

T. insign is

Westonia, s. gen., Wale.,

.R. S. XI, 88, XVI, 4a-d.

B.3

c. lb 3-4.

W. Escasoni,

.N. B. IV, 270, V, I a-/.

D. I

C. 3b.

Lamellibranchtata.

Modiolopsis, Hall.

i\L cf. solvensis, Hicks, N. B. IV, 408,

D. I

C. 3C2,

M. thecoides,

.N. B. IV, 191, I, ya-c.

E. I

E.3.

Pteropoda.

Creseis, Rank.

C. corrugata

.R. S. X, 105, VII, i2a-b.

b.3

C. 3d.

C. minuta,

Styliola LeSnenr.

.R. S. X, 105, VII, iia-c.
.R. S. X, 104, VII, 10a, b.

b.3

c. 3d.

S. prim?eva

b.3

C. 3d.

Gasteropoda.

Bellerophon, Montfort.

B. Bretonensis, . .

.N. B. IV, 409, XVIII,

4a-d,

D. I

C. 3C2.

B. insnlse,

.N. B. IV, 409, XVIII, 3

D, I

B. semiscnlptns, . . .

.N. B. IV, 410, XVIII, 5

D. I

Harttia, Walcott.

H. iMatthewi, Wale.,.

.U. S. Geol. Snrv. Bnk,

19, I, 6,

b.3

C. ic.

Parmophorella, s. gen.,...

.R. S. HI, =i9

b.3

P. Acadica, Hartt,

.Acad. Geoi. 644, f. 222.

C. ifi, 2

(^)

P. panpera. Bill. sp...

Platyceras, Conrad.

.X. B. IV, 190

E. I

e.3.

P. apertnm,

.R. S. VIII, 132, XI.

C. iH.

4a-d, :

*B.3

P. cvmbula

N. B .IV, 191, I, 6a-b.

E. I

e.3

P. radiatum,

.N". B. IV, 19T, I, <^a,b.

E. I

E. 3.

P. transversum, . . .

.N. B. IV, 191, I, 4a, b.

E. I

E. 3.

Pelagiella, gen.,

.X. V. XIV, m, .. ..

P. atlantoides,

.R. S. XI, 9A XVI, 8a, b.
X. Y. XIV, 13T, VI, 6a-c

b.3

C. lb, 2,

Randomia, gen..

.X. B. IV, 190.

D. I

e.3.

R. Anrorse

.X. B. IV, 190, I, 3a-c

Rapliistoma, Hall,

R. (?) Kelliensis, .. .

.R. S. 2nd, V, 70, HI,

C. 2b.

4a, b.

D.3

CATALOGUE OF

CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

267

Y eai

Generic and Speeillc Name

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

Scenella, Billings.

S. cf. reticulata, Bill .

N. B. IV, 190,

E. I

E. 3.

S. cf. retusa, Foord, .

N. B. IV, 190,

E. I

E. 3.

Cephalopoda.

Orthoceras, Breyn.

0. cf. Priamus, Bill.,.

R. S. X, 106, VII, 13a, h.

B.3

C. 3d.

0. cf. Catulns, Bill., .

R. S. X, 106, VII, i4a-(f.

B.3

C. 3d.

Annelida.

Byronia, gen.,

. R. S. 2nd, V, 41.

B. annnlata,

.R. S. 2nd, V, 42, I, 2,..

C.3b.

Coleoides, Walcott.

C. typicalis. Wale.? .

.U. S. Nat. Mns., XII, 37

E. I

E. 3.

Hyolithellus, Bill.

(99)

H. (?) flexuosus, Walc.JM. B, IV, 192, I, 9, ..

E. I

E. 3.

(95)

H. micans. Bill.? ...

Hyolithes, Eichwald,
(Camarotheca Diplo-
. theca included).

.R. S. XI, 94

b.3

C. ib2.

H (D) Acadica, . . .

.R. S. Ill, 54, VI, 6, 6a.

b.3

C. id.

V. crassa,

.R. S. Ill, 55, VI, 9, ..

b.3

C. ib2.

(72)

H. Americanns, Bill. .

.Can. Nat. 2nd, VI, 215,

C. ib3.

H (C) caudatus, . . .

.R. S. Ill, 53, VII, 5, 5^.

b.3

C. id.

H. carinatus,

H (C.) Danianus,. . .

.R. S. 2nd, V, 42, I, 5a, h.
.R. S. Ill, 49, VI, iia-c.

C. 3b.

b.3

C. ic, 2d.

H. decipiens,

. R. S. XI, 96, XVI,

iia-c^,

b.3

E. I

C. ib2.

(99)

H. excellens, Bill., .

.N. B. IV, 194. Ill, 2>a>b.

E. 3.

H (C) gracilior, . . .

.N. Y, XIV, 130, VI, ^a,h

b.3

C. ib3.

H (C) gracilis,

. R. S. Ill, 50, VI, 2, 2a-c.

b.3

C. id.

ni. gracillinius, . . .

.R. S. 2nd, VII, 109,

f. 2>a, d,

b.3

C. IC.

H. Hathewayi,

.R. S. 2nd, V, 73, HI,

5^~^>

E.3

C. lb.

H (D) Hyattiana,. . .

H. cf. obesus. Holm .

.R. S. Ill, 52, VI, 4, 4a.

b.3

C. ib3.

.R. S. XI, 96,

.Geol. Verm., II, 955,

b.3

C. id.

H. cf. obtnsa. Bill.,...

N. Y. XIV, 130, . r. .. .

b.3

C. ib3.

H. obtusata,

.R. S. Ill, 55,^ VI, 8, . .

b.3

C. IC.

H. cf. princeps. Bill.,.

.Can. Nat. 2nd, VI, 216,

4a, b, N. Y. XIV, 129,

b.3

C. ib3.

H. rugosns,

.N. B. IV, 194, ni, 4a, b.

E. I

E. 3.

H. sericea,

.R. S. Ill, 55, VI, 7,7a,b

b.3

C. id.

H. cf. tenuistriata, Lnrs.S. R. 83, IX, 4a, . . .

D. I

E. 2(a?

Helenia, Walcott.

H. granulata,

Orthotheca, Novak.

.N. B. IV, 192, II, 7a-e.

E. I

E.3.

0. bayonet,

.N. B. IV, 193, III, la-f.

E. I

E. 3.

0. corrngata,

.R. S.2nd, V, 42, I, 3, . .

W. I

C. 3b.

268

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Yea r Generic and Specific Name

! Place of Publication

Locality

0. cf. deGeeri, Holm.

.R. S. XI, 95, XVI, ga-d.

B.3

0. cf. Emmonsi, Ford

.R. S. XI, 95, XVI, 10,

B.3

0. micmac,

.R. S. Ill, 51, VI, 3,3«.

B.3

0. pngio,

.N. B. IV, 193, II, 4a-d.

E. I

0. sica,

. N. B. IV, 193, II, sa-c.

E. I

mut.,

.X. B. IV, 193, II, 6a-b.

E. I

0. sp.,

.S. R. 83,

D. I

Urotheca, gen.,

. R. S. 2nd, V, 40.

U. flagellum,

. R. S. 2nd, V, 40, I, I...

\\h

U. parva,

.R. S. 2nd, V, 41, VII, 2,

U. pervetus,

X. B. IV, 192, I, 8, ....

E. I

U. sp.,

\'olborihella, Sshmidt, '88,
(Orthotheca probably be
longs here ) .

.X. B. IV, 41 1, XVII, 6,

D. I

\h tenuis,

OSTRACODA.

R. S. VII, 156, VIII,
Sa-d,

. B. I

Aluta, gen.,

. N. Y. XV, 198.

A. flexilis,

Beyrichia, McCoy.

. N. Y. XV, 198, XV. 4,

b.3

B. — (?) primseva,

R. S. 2nd, IV, 133, I,
2a-c

B.3

B.- triceps,

, S. R. 219, XVI, 4a-c,..

D. 2

Beyrichona, gen.,

,R. S. Ill, 65.

B. papilio, ,

,R. S. Ill, 65, VI, 20,
20a, b,

b.3

B. rotundata.

.X. Y. XIV, 136, VII, 2,

B.3

B. tinea,

.R. S. Ill, 66, VI, 21,
2ia,b; XI, 97, .. ..

B.3

B. triangula,

.X. Y. XIV, 13:;, VII, 5,

Bradoria, gen.,

, X". B. IV, 204.

B. (?) Acadica, .. .

.R. S. Ill, 66, VI, 22,
22a, b

b.3

B. aurora,

B. oculata,

,R. S. XI, 98, XVII, sa-c

b.3

,X. Y. XIV, 136, VIII,
2a, b

b.3

B. (?) ornata,

Can. Rec. 456, II, 4a-c,

D. I

B. rugulosa

,X. B. IV, 205, III, 3a-d,

D. I

mut

S. R. 166,

D. I

B. scrutator,

X. B. IV, 204, IV'’, la-c.

D. I

B. vigilans,

R. S. XI, 205, XVII, 2a-c

D. I

m. obesa,

Can. Rec. Sci., 4^ = . ..

D. I

mut.,

Can. Rec. Sci., 435. . .

D. I

Bradorona, gen. described

Can. Rec. 444.

B. observator,

Can. Rec. 448, I, I5a-c,

D. I

V. benepuncta

Can. Rec. 449, I, 16, . .

D. I

Horizon

E-3.

E. 3.

C. ic-d.
E. 3.

E. 3.

'Eia-d, 2b.

C. 3b.
C 3b.
E. 3.

C. 3C2.

E.3 C. lb

C. ici.

C. lb 3-4.
C. 2b.

C. 1^4.

C. 1^2.

C. I&4.

C. 1/7 2-3,

C. ici.
C. ibi.

C. ib3.
E. If.
E. id.
E. ic.
E. 3^’-
E. 3^’-
E. lb.
E. id.

E. id.
E. id.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

269

Year Generic and Specific Xanie Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

“

m. lasvis

. . Can. Rec. 450,

D. I

E. lb, 2C.

m. ligata,

..Can. Rec. 451, I, 17, ..

D. I

E. 3^.

B. perspicator,

. . Can. Rec. 444, I, Sa-d,

D. I

E. id.

m .magna,

..Can. Rec. 446, I, 11a, b.

D. I

E. 2b.

m. maxima,

. . Can. Rec. 445, I, ga, h,

D. I

E. ic.

“

m. major,

. . Can. Rec. 446, I, loa, b,

D. I

E. 3f-

B. spectator,

.Can. Rec. 447, I, iza-d,

D. I

E. lb, d.

“

acuta,

.Can. Rec. 447,

D. I

E. lb.

m. spinosa,

.Can. Rec. 448, I, 13a,

D. I

E. IC.

m. sequata,

.Can. Rec. 448, I, 4a. b,

D. I

E. y,d.

“

Escasona, gen. described.

. Can. Rec. 457.

“

E. ?? ingens,

.Can. Rec. 459, II, yc-c,

D. I

Co.

E. ovata,

. N. Y. XIV, 135, VII, 8,

D. I

C. 162.

E. rutellum,

.Can. Rec. 458, II, ^a-c.

D. 1

E. 3^

E. (?) vetus,

.Can. Rec. 4^8, II, 6a-b,

D. I

E. 3d-

Hipponicharion, gen., . . .

.R. S. Ill, 64.

H. cavatum,

.R. S. XI. 99. XVII, ^a,b

B.3

C. ibi.

H. eos.,

.R. S. Ill, 64, VI, 19,

19a, b

B.3

C. ibi.

H. minus

.R. S. XI, 99, XVII,

4a, b

B.3

C. lbs.

Indiana, gen. described. .

. Can. Rec. VIII, 460.

I. fusiformis

.N. Y. XIV, 137, VIII,

b.3

C. lbs.

I. lippa,

.Can. Rec. 463, II, loa-d,

D. I

E. 3f-

I. ovalis,

.Can. Rec. 461, I, 8a-r. .

D. I

E. IC.

I. pyriformis, . . . . .

.R. S. 2nd, IV, 132, I,

3o-c>

B.2

C. lb 3, 4.

I. robusta,

.R. S. 2nd, IV, m2, I,

40-c

B. 2

C. lbs, 4

I. secunda,

.N. Y. XIV, 136, II,

iia.

B. 2 & 3

C. lb 3,

Isochilina, T, R. Jones.

I. (?) Steadi,

.R. S. VII, 160. VII,

b.3

C. lb.

I. (?) ventricosa, .. .

.R. S. VII, 159, VII,

i2a-d

b.3

C. lb.

Leperditia, Rauoult.

L. (?) miner,

.N. Y. XIV, 138, VIII,

4a. b

b.3

C. lbs.

L. (?) primaeva, .. .

. N. Y. XIV, 138, VIII,

6a, b

b.3

C. lbs.

L. (??) rugosa,

. Cm. Rec. 443, I, ya-c,. .

D. I

E. sf-

Schmidtella, Ulrich, note on, Can. Rec. 463

S. (?) acuta,

. N. B. IV, 205, IV. 4G-C,

D. I

E. 3C f.

S. (?) Cambrica, . .

N. Y. XIV, 137, VII,

loa, b

b.3

C. lbs.

S. (?) pervetus,

N. B. IV, 206, IV, 3a-r.

D. I

E. 3C.

m. concinna,

. Can. Rec, 464,

D. I

E. \d.

•270

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISSORY SOCIETY.

Year (ieneric and Speeirtc Name Place of Publication Locality Horizon

Phyllopoda.

Aptychopsis. Barrande.

99 A. terranovicus X. B. IV, 194, III, 5,.. E. i E. 3.

m. arctiata, X. B. IV, 195, III, 6,.. E. i E. 3.

85 Lepiditta, gen. described, .. R. S. Ill, 61,

85 L. alata, R. S. Ill, 61, VI, 16, i6a, B. 3 C. IC2.

93 L. aurictilata, R. S. XI, 99, XVII, 2a, b, B. 3 C. id.

85 L. curta, R. S. Ill, 62, VI, 17, .. B. 3 C. 1&3.

93 L. sigillata, R. S. XI, 98, X, VII, i,

Stenotheca, Salter.

85 S. concentrica, R. S. Ill, 57, VI, ii;

VIII, 133 B. 3 C.

85 V. radiata, R. S. Ill, 57, VI, 12;

VIII, 133 B. 3 C.ic,d.

85 S. Hicksiana, R. S. Ill, VI, 14, ... . B. 3 “

S. nastita, R. S. Ill, 58, VI, 13, .. B. 3 C. IC2.

“ S. triangularis, R. S. Ill, 58, VI, 15, 15a;

VIII, 134, B. 3 C. IC2, d.

Trilobita.

98 Acaiitholonus, s. gen., .. . .R. S. 2nd, IV, 142, ....

98 A. spiniger, R. S. 2nd, IV, 142, II,

B. 2 C. 3^?.

Agnostus, Brongniart,. . ..X. Y. XV, 207, .... ..

68 A. Acadicus, Acad. Geol. 665, f. 229. B. ^ C. IC2.

R. S. Ill, 70, VII, 5(2, b,

85 V. declivis, R. S. Ill, 70, VII, 6a, b, B. 3 C. i(fl.

03 cf. V. declivis, . . . . S. R. 223, D. 2 C. 3b.

91 A. bisectus, R. S. IX, 50, XIII, 2a, b, D. i “

03 A. cf. cvclopvge. TtilL.S. R. 222, D. i “

(96) A. Davidis, Salt.,.. . . X. Y. XV, 225, XVI, 6, E. 2 C. id2.

(96) A. fallax, Linrs., .. . . X. \ . XV, 214,

85 V. concinna, R. S. Ill, 70, VII, 40-0, B. 3 C. id'^.

X. Y. 15, 216, XV, ya-c,

8a, b, B. 3 “ . .

96 V. trilobata, X. Y. XV, 216, XV, 9, B. 3 C. icl.

85 V. vir., R. S. Ill, 69, VII, 3, .. B.3 C.icK

(96) A. fissus, Lundg., .. ..X. Y. XV, 230, XVI,

ga,b, B. 3 C. i(/l.

96 V. trifissus X. Y. XV, 231, XVI, 10, B. 3

(96) A. gibbtis, Linrs,.. ..X. Y. XV, 226, B.3 C. icl.

85 V. acutiloba, R. S. Ill, 73, VII, 10,.. B.3 C.

85 V. partita, R. S. Ill, 68, VII, 2,

2a, b, B.3

96 var., X. Y. X\", 228, B. 3

(96) A.. laevigatus, Dalm.

“ V. ciceroides, X. Y. X\% 234, XVII,

2a, b, E. 2

“ V. mamilla, X. Y. XV, 234, XVXI,

3c, b, E. 2 C. i(/l.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

271

Year Generic and Specitic Xaiiie Place of Publication Locality Horizon

95 van. R. S. 2nd, 111, 173, I, 7, B. 2 C. id2.

96 V. terranovicus, . . . . N. Y. XV, 233, XVII,

irt, E. 2 C. id2.

99 A. mentis, R. S. 2nd, V, 43, I, 6,.. W. C.^b.

(96) A. Eiathorsti, Brogg., N. Y. XV, 229, B. 3 C. irfE

96 V. contiuens, N. Y. XV, 230, XVI,

9«. ^ B. 3

97 mut., R. S. 2nd, III, 171, I, 2, B. 2 C. id2.

(96) A. nudns, Beyr., .. . . N. Y. XV, 235, E. 2 C. idi.

85 A. obtusilobus, R. S. Ill, 72, VII, 9, .. B. 3 “

(96) A. parvifrons, Linrs., N. Y. XV, 220; 132,

XVI, 4a, & B. 3 C.id,i, :

A. cf. nepos, Brogg, . . R. S. 2nd, III, 172, I, 5, B. 3 C. id2.

85 V. tessella, R. S. Ill, 71, VII, ja-c, B. 3

96 V. truncata, N. Y. XV, 222, B. 3 “

(93) A. pisiformis, L., var. a, R. S. XI, 59, XIII, ia,b,

98 R. S. 2nd, IV, 136, II,

la-c, B. 2 C. 3a.

“ m. riigulosa, R. S. 2nd, IV, 137, II, 2, B. 2 “

“ m. affinis, R. S. 2nd, IV, 137, II, 3, B. 2 “

“ m. valida, R. S. 2nd, IV, 137, .... B. 2

(96) A. pnnetnosus, Aug.,..N. Y. XV, 232, XVI, II, E. 2 C. id2.

95 R. S. 2nd, lil, 172, I, 3, B. 2

85 A. regulus, R. S. Ill, 67, VII, la-c, B. 3 C. icE

A. rex., Barr.,

96 V. transsectus, . . . . N. Y. XV, 214, XVI, 2, B. 3 C. 102.

A. trisectus. Salt,.. ..

00 in. germanus, . . . . N. B. IV, 279, D. i C. 3/L

m. ponepunctus, N. B. IV, 278, V, Sa-c, D. i

85 A. umbo, R. S. Ill, 71, VII, 8a, b, B. 3 C. jdK •

96 mut., N. Y. XV, 173, XVI,

6a, b, B. 2 C. ifl?2.

Aorraulos, Corda.

86 A. affinis. Bill., R. S. IV, 153, 2, 2b,.... E. 2 C. i.

A. ceticephalus, Barr.,

85 V. carinatus, R. S. Ill, 176, II, 2a, b, B. 2 C. i(/2.

87 A. Halliana, R. S. V, 132, I, 2a-m,. . B. 3 C. IC2.

90 A. (?) holocephalus, . . R. S. VIII,"n8, XI, 5a-(/, B. 2

'97 A. (?) nanus, R. S. 2nd, III, 178, II,

Sa,b, B. 2 “

A. (?) pusilltis, R. S. 2nd, III, 178, II,

6a, b, B. 2 “

“ A. Robert!, R. S. 2nd, III, 177, II,

4a, & B. 2 “

86 A. socialis. Bill, .. ..R. S. IV, 151, i, ia,b,.. E. 2 C. i.

■90 A. (?) Whitfieldiana, . . R. S. V, 130 II \a-f

R. S. VIII, ’138, XI,’

6a-d (^?) B. 3 C.icb

V. compressa, .. . . R. S. V, 131, I, ig-i, .. B. 3

•99 Anadoxides, sub-gen., . . . . XI B. IV, 142.

02 Angelina, sp., N. B. IV, 413, XVIII, 8, D. i C. 3C2.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

272

Year (ieneric and Specific Xainc

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

Anoniocare, Angelin.

A. inagnnm, Brogg., var. R. S. 2nd, III, 184, III,

5«-H . • •

B.2

C. \d2.

(97)

A. tucer, Bill,

, Geol. Verm. II, 951,/.

R. S. 2nd, 111, 198, IV, 8,

E. 3.

Asaphellns, Callawav,. . .

,N. B. IV,

A. Homfrayi, Salt.,

var.,

,N. B. IV, 4n, XVIII,

D. I

C. }>C2.

loa-c

A. planus

,N. B. IV, 419, XVIII, II,

D. I

Atops, Emmons, a sub-gen.

R. S. 2nd, V, 88.

(99)

A. trilineatus, Emm.,

R. S. 2nd, V, 89, IV, 8,

E.3

Ci(d?

Avalonia, Walcott.

A. plana,

,R. S. 2nd, V. 81, IV, 7.

1.3

Bathvuriscus, Meek.

(99)

B. Howelli, Wale., .

,R. S. V, so

E-3

B. pupa

,R. S. V, 51, II, 5, .. ..

c. zb.

(97)

B. senectus. Bill.,. . .

,R. S. Ill, 196, IV, 4,..

E. 3.

Bergeronia, s. gen.,

,N. Y. XIV, 146,

B. Acadica,

. N. Y. XIV, 140, IX, s,

B.3

C. ibz..

B. articephala,

,R. S. HI, 6s, VII, 14a, h,

N. Y. XIV, 147, X, sa.&,

B.3

B. elegans, W. D.

N. B. Bull. 10, 2S, f. I,. .

IMatthew

,N. Y. XIV, 147, XI,3o-c.

B. 3

((

Catadoxides, s. gen., . . . ,

. N. B. IV, 142.

Conocephalites, Barrande,

C. cf. (Conaspis),

perseus, Hall, . . . ,

.R. S. 2nd, V, 46, II, 4...

c. zb.

C. contiguus

,R. S. IX, 58, XIII, 14a. b

b.3

C. zb.

(97)

C. miser, Bill.

, R. S. 2nd, 111, 200, IV,

7, 70

E. 3.

C. sp.,

,R. S. XI, no, XVII,

i=,a,b, .

b.3

C. 3a.

Conocoryphe, Corda.

C. Baileyi, Hartt, . . . .

, R. S. II, Tii, I, '22-27;

VHI, 135, XI, 10, ....

B. I, 3

C. IC2.

V. arcuata,

, R. S. II, 113,1, 23,23)7,

b.3

“

C. elegans, Hartt,. . . .

, R. S. II, IIS, I, 28-33,..

B-3

“

V. granulata

.R. S. II, 116, 1, 34

b.3

C. pustulcsa

R. S. 2nd, HI, 174, I,

80, /?,

B. 2

C. id.

C. Walcctti

R. S. 11, 1 19, I, 36, 36b;

VHI, 134, XI, ya-c,..

b.3

C. in.

Corynexochus, Angelin.

C. Rfemingeri,

R. S. 2nd, V, 47, IT, 3,

C. zb.

Ctenocephalus, Corda.

C. Matthewi, Hartt, . .

R. S. IT, 103, I, 6-21, . .

b.3

C. IC.

V. geminispinosus.

Hartt (sp.)

R. S. 11, 106, I, 21

b.3

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES. 273

Year Generic and Specific Xame Place of Publication Locality Horizon i

“ V. hispidus R. S. II, io6, I, 7, . . . . B. 3 C. ic2.

“ V. perhispidus, . . . . R. S. II, 107, I, 12, ... . B. 3 C. ic'l.

Ctenopyge, Linnarsson.

91 C. Acadica, R. S. IX, 57, XIII, 13a, b

XI, 109, XVII, isa-c, B. 3 C. 3b.

“ C. flagillifer, Ang., ..R. S. IX, 56, XIII,

12a, b, B. 3

“ C. pecten. Salt., R. S. IX, 58; S. R. 229,

XVII, B.3, C. I “

Cyclognathus, s. g., Linrs.,

92 C. rotundifrons, R. S. X, 107, VII, i6a,b, B.3 C.3d.

Dolichometopiis, Angelin.

97 D. Acadicus, R. S. 2nd, III, 185, III,

6a-d, B. 2 C. id.

99 D. occidentalis, .. . . R. S. 2nd, V, 49, II, 2.. W. C. 3b.

Dorypyge, Dames.

99 D. Dawsoni. R. S. 2nd, V, 56, III, i, W. C. 3b.

97 D. horrida, R. S. 2nd, III, 190, IV,

3a, b B. 2 C. id.

(97) D. parvula. Bill., .. . . R. S. 2nd, III, 197, IV,

5. 5« N. E. 3.

D. quadriceps, H. & W.

V. valida, R. S. 2nd, III, 189, IV,

2a, b, B. 2 C. id.

D. Wasatchensis,

H. & W.,

97 V. Acadica, R. S. 2nd, III, 188, IV, i, B. 2 “

Ellipsocephalus, Zenker, . .

“ E. galeatus, R. S. XI, 103, XVII, 7a-c B.3 C.ib3.

“ E. grandis, R. S. XI, 105, XVII, 60-c B.3 C. ib2.

87. E. cf. polymetopus,

Linrs., R. S. V, 129, II, Sa-c, .. B.3 C. ilA.

Erinnys, Salter.

(99) E. breviceps, Ang.. . . R. S. 2nd, V, 91, IV, 9, E. 3 C. i(d?>‘

Euloma, Anarelin. R. S. X, 108, C. id.

Eurycare, Angelin.

93 E. spinosnm, R. S. XI, 106, XVII,

. 14^’-^’. B. 3 C. 3b.

E. cf. angnstatiim, Ang B.3 “

95 Holasaphus, gen., R. S. 2nd, I, 268; S. R.

174, • • -

H. centropyge, R. S. 2nd, I, 268, II,

S.R. 174, X,3a-c, D. 3 E.2(a?)

Leptoplastus, Angelin.

91 L. latus, R. S. IX, 54, XIII, loa-c, B. 3 C. 3b.

van, R. S. IX, 55, XIII, ii,. . B.3 ‘‘

^274

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Year

Generic ami Speeitie Xanie

Place of Publication Locality Horizon

Liostracus, Angelin.

L. Ouangondianus,

Hartt sp.,

. R. S. V, 138, I, 4a,l-q,

C. IC2, d2,

II, 7a-f,

B.3

V. aurora ( sp. Hartt) R. S. V, 139, II, ya-f,. .

B.3

C. ic.

V. gibba,

. R. S. V, 140, I, 4.h-k,. .

B.3

C.iH.

V. immarginata, . .

R. S. V, 139, I, 4b-d, . .

b.3

C. ic.

V. plana

. R. S. V, 140, 4c-g, ....

b.3

C.iH.

L. tener, Hartt sp., .

. R. S. V, 137, I, 3a-c . .

b.3

‘‘

V. acuminata

.R. S. XI, 118,

B-3

C. IC2.

V. laevis,

b.3

C. id.

L. validus,

.R. S. 2nd, HI, 179, II,

Metadoxides, Bornemann.

7a, b,

B.2

C. lb.

M. magnificus,

.X. B. IV, 137, HI

E.3

Microdiscus, Emmons.

sub-sections of . . .

. X. Y. XV, 235-237.

M. bellimarginatus.

S. and F.

m. insularis, . . .

. R. S. 2nd, V, 75, . . . .

D.3

E. 3.^

M. Dawsoni, Hartt. .

• Acad. Geol. 564, /. 228.,

b.3

C. iH.

M. precursor,

.R. S. HI, 75. VII, 13,..

b.3

C. IC2.

(96)

M. pulchellus, Hartt,.

• R. S. 2nd, HI, 74, VII,

12G-C,

X. Y. XV, 242, XVII,

8a-f,

b.3

C. id.

•(96)

iM. punctatus, Salt., .

. X. Y. XV, 244,

E.3

C. id2.

M. Schucherti,

.Am. Geol. July, '96, no

fig..

X. Y. XV, 238, XVII,
4a, b,

E. 3.

Micmacca, gen.,

. X. Y. XIV, 141.

M. angimargo,

.R. S. 2nd. V, 80, IV, 6,

e.3

E. 3.

iM. Mattbevi,

.X. Y. XIV, 141, X, ia,h,

b.3

C. lbs.

M. (?) plana,

.X. Y. XIV, 143, XI,

2a, ^b,

b.3

M. recurva,

.X. Y. XIV, 142, X, 2a, b.

b.3

iM. Vaningeni,

.X. Y. XIV, 142, Xl,va,b,

B. 2, 3

C. 1&3.

M. Walcotti

. R. S. 2nd, V, 79, IV, sa-d

e.3

e.3.

Xeolenus, gen.,

.R. S. 2nd, V, =;2.

'(99)

N. serratus, RoemingerR. S. 2nd, V, • • • •

C.3b.

X. granulatus,

. R. S. 2nd, V, 55, II, la-c,

Ogygia Brongn.

(Ogygopsis) (Walcott).

(99)

0. Klotzi. Roemin.

R. S. 2nd, V, 58, . . . .

C. 3b.

Oryctocephahis, Walcott.

O. Walkcri, R. S. 2nd, V, 6o, III, 2,

W. C. 3^.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES.

275

Year Generic and Specific Xanie

Place of Publication

Locality

Horizon

Parabolina, Salter.

P. Dawsoni

.N. B. IV, 282, V, 6a-f,..

D. I

C36.

P. grandis

.R. S. IX, 52, XIII, 7,

B.3

P. heres, Brogg., . . . ,

V. lata,

.R. S. IX, 51, XIII, 6a-f,

B-3

c. 3b.

(91)

P. spiniilosa, Wahl.,. ,

.R. S. IX, 51, XIII, sa-d,

B.3

C. 3a.

Parabolinella, s. gen., Br5gg.

P. cf. limitis, Brogg.,. .

, N. B. IV, 412,

D. I

C. 3C2.

P. posthuma,

. R. S. X, 107, VII, 15a, b,

b.3

C. 3d.

P. qnadrata,

,N. B. IV, 411, XVIII, 7,

D. I

C. 3C2.

Paradoxides, Brongniart.

P. Abenaciis,

,R. S. Ill, 78,

b.3

C. id.

mut.,

R. S. 2nd, III, 175, I,

ga-c,

B.2

C. id.

form 2,

R. S. 2nd, III, 175, II.

la-d,

B. 2

“

P. Acadicns,

R. S. I, 103,

b.3

C. IC2.

V. suricus,

R. S. Ill, 77,

b.3

P. Eteminicus,

R. S. I, 92,

b.3

V. breviatiis

R. S. I, 99,

b.3

V. malicitus

R. S. I, loi,

b.3

V. quacoensis, . . . .

R. S. I, 102,

b.3

V. snricoides,

R. S. I, 97,

b.3

P. Forchhammeri, Ang. Palaeon. Scan. p. 2, pi. II,

N.B. IV, 379; S.R. pp.

47, 48,

D.3

C. 2b.

P. lamellatns, Hartt, . .

Acad. Geol. 656,

R. S. I, 105; VIII, 135.

XI, 9,

B. 3

C. I cl.

V. loricatns, . . . .

..R. S. I, 106, IX, 19, ..

b.3

C. ic.

P. micmac

...R. S. Ill, 80,

B. I, 3,

V. pontificalis, . .

. . R. S. I, 102, IX, IS. i^a,

b.3

C. IC2.

R. S. VIII, is6, XI, ^8,

b.3

C. I cl.

P. Regina,

...R. S. V, 115, III, ....

b.3

• C. IC.

Paradoxidoid trilobite,..

..S.R. I76, XI, la-e,.. ..

D. I

E. 2(a?

Peltura, M. Edwards.

P. scarabeoides, Wahl.S. R. 230, .

Protagraidos, gen., N. Y. XIV

P. prisciis.

(03) P.

95
95

138.

P. acanthera, Ang.

91 V. tetracanthura,.

Ptychoparia, Corda.

P. Adamsi, Bill., . ,

van,

narrow form, . .

B. 2 C. I C. 3b.

.N. Y. XIV, 139, IX, I,

b.3

C. lb 3.

.R. S. IX, 53, XIII, 8a-c,

b.3

C. 3b.

. R. S. 2nd, III, 199, IV, 9,

E. 3.

.R. S. 2nd, III, 189, IV, 9,
.R. S. 2nd, III, 182,111,

B.2

C. id.

2a, b,

B.2

“

.R. S. V, 147, II, 2a-f,..

b.3

C. id.

87 P.

alata, . . .

276

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Year Generic and Specific Name Place of Publication Locality Horizon

•(99)

P. cordillerfe, Roeming.R. S. 2nd, V, 44, I, 7, , .

C. 3E

P. limbata,

.R. S. 2nd, III, 180, III,

la-d,

B.2

C. id.

P. Linnarssoni, Brogg., R. S. V, 143, II, la-m,

B.3

C. id.

Solenoplenra, Angelin.

S. Acadica, Whiteav.,

R. S. Ill, s6, VII, 15;

V, 157, II, 5a,

B.3

V. elongata,

. R. S. V, 159, II, 6, ....

B.3

S. arenosa, Bill, sp., .

.R, S. 2nd, III, 182, IV, 10

R. S. 2nd, III, 199, IV. 9,

e.3.

V. angilimbata, . . .

.R. S. 2nd, III, 183, III,

'^a,b,

B.2

C. id.

S. bombi Irons,

.R. S. IV. is6, f. s, 50,

E.3

e.3.

S. Bretonensis,

. S. R. 176, XI, ^a-c, ....

D. I

E.2(a?).

S. communis. Bill., .

.R. S. IV, y.4, Aa,h,

E.3

C. id.

S. Robbii, Hartt sp., .

. R. S. V, 153, II, 3a,

and 40-c,

b.3

C. IC2.

V. Orestes,

. R. S. V, IS4. II, 4a-c.. .

b.3

m. parva,

.R. S. 2nd, III, 183. III.

40,1?,

b.2

C. id.

Spb3?ropbthalmus, Angelin.

(03)

S. alatus, Boeck, . . .

. S. R. 228,

b.3

C. 2 C. 3&.

S. Fletcheri,

. X. B. IV, 280, V, ya-f,. .

D. I

Strenuellc, s. gen.,

.R. S. 2nd, V, 75.

S. attleborenis, S. & F

m. vigilans,

'r.S. 2nd, V, 78, IV,4a-c

e.3

E.p.

S. strenua. Bill, sp., .

. R. S. 2nd, V, 76, . . . .

e.3

m. rcbusta,

. R. S. 2nd, V, 76. IV, 3,

e.3

“

Triarthrus, Green.

T. Belli,

, N. B. IV, 412, XVHI, 8,

D. I

C. 2,C2.

Zacanthoides, Wslcott,

(99)

Z. spinosa. Wale, . . . .

\\b

C. 3^.

CiRRIPEDA.

'(96)

Plumulites, Barrande, note, N. Y. XV, ico

P. Manuelensis

N. Y. XIV, 200, XIV, 7,

b.3

C. 1^2.

Cirripodites, gen.,

N. Y. XIV, 205.

C. •, types A to G, . . . .

N. Y. XIV, 206, XIV,

a-n,

• b.3

C. IC.‘

Eurynterid Crustacean, . . .

S. R. 177, XI, 3, .. ..

D. I

E.2(a?)

Trails, Tracks and Burrows.

Arenicolites, Salter.

(99)

A. antiquatus. Bill, . .

R. S. 2nd, V, 7, I, IV,

\a,b

e.3

C. 2h.

A. brevis,

R. S. VIII, IS9, XI, na-c

b.3

C. 2C.

R. S. 2nd, V, 72, . . . .

D.3

C. 2b.

A. Lyelli, Torrel,

V. minor,

R. S. VII, 159, IX,

b.3

E. 2.

CATALOGUE OF CAMBRIAN SPECIES,

277

Year Generic and Specific Name Place of Piiblication Locality Horizon

Ctenichnites, n, gen., . , . .

R. S. VIII, 151.

C. bisiilcatus,

S. R. 239,

. D. I

C. 2a.

C. ingens,

R. S. VIII, 151, XIV,

1-12,

B.3

C. 2C.

R. S. 2nd, V, 72, . . . .

C. 2h.

Eoichnites, gen.,

E. Linnaeanns, Torrell,.

R. S. VIII, 148, XIII,

2-6,

B.3

C. 2C.

Fraena Ranault, ramosa, . .

R. S. VIII, 157, XI, II,

b.3

C. 2C.

F. Goniadichnites gen..

trichiformis, . . . .

S. R. VIII, 160, XI, 12,

B. I

C. 2a.

Medusichnites (and

Taonichnites) , . .

R. S. VIII, 143. XII,
1-3, ^a-d ; XIII, I, . .

B. I

C. 2a.

Monocraterion, Torrell (69)

-90

magnificnm,

R. S. VIII, 161, XVI, I,

ia,b,

b.3

C. 2C.

Psammichnites, Torrell,

P- gigas,

R. S. VII, 157, IX, la-k;

VIII, 157,

b.3

E. 2.

■85

Eocoryne, gen

R. S. Ill, 31. V.

E. geminum

Lepiditta, gen.,

VIII, 130, XI, la-c,..

b.3

C. I<T2.

L. anomala.

R. S. Ill, 62, VI, 18, iSj;

VIII, 130, XI, 2, ....

b.3

C. TC2.

SUMMARY.

Algte,

Protozoa, 4

Spongida, 6

Hydrozoa, 10

Echinodermata, 3

Brachiopoda, 24

Lamellibraiichiata, . . i

Petropoda, 2

Gasteropoda, 8

■Cephalopoda, i

,'Vnnelida, 7

Ostracoda, ii

Phyllopoda, 3

Trilobita, 35

Tracks., Traik and Burrows, 9

Muta-

Genera

Sub-genera

Species

tions

5+1= 6

8+1= 9

18+1 = 19

84+7=91

34+2=36

120+2=122

1 30 13

41 68

Vari-

eties

380

278

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The precedino" summary g'ives a “bird’s-eye view’^ of the rela-
tion in mimliers of the several classes and orders of Cambrian
animals and plants found in the eastern provinces of Canada,
and serves to emphasize the prevalence of certain types and
the absence of all the higher orders as well as some of the
lower ones that are common at the present day. No verte-
brates and none of the higher Crustacea appear. True corals
and the Bryozoa are absent.

The Echinoderms are represented by a few Cystids. The ex-
treme weakness in number of the Lamellibranchs or Pelycepods
is notable, for though regarded as one of the lower classes of
Molluscs, they do not show as much strength as some of the
higher.

The removal of Ilyolithidm (which are to be regarded as Ben-
thos rather than Plankton), greatly weakens the Pteropoda ; there
remains in this division only two genera of small species of pel-
agic habit which are thought to have relations with this group
rather than with the worms.

The Gasteropoda show a number of varied and ancient types,,
but the Cephalo])oda would not appear in this list if there were
not an Ordovician fauna in the uppermost part of the St. John
terrane which otherwise is Cambrian.

The large number of species included in the Annelida is due to
the fact that we have included here the Hyolithidm which by the
great Barrande and many subsecjnent writers were included in the
Pteropoda. The arguments for this have been shown in some of
the papers referred to in this catalogue and need not be repeated
here. It will jirobably be found that Orthotheca should be includ-
ed in Volborthella; the writer cannot distinguish the latter from
a small decollated Orthotheca. A study of the cpiestion bv some
Russian author with larger material in hand is desirable.

It will easily be seen that Brachiopoda and Trilobita are the
dominating types of Cambrian animals.

OBSERVATIONS OF PLANTS, 1902.

279

OBSERVATIONS OF PLANTS, 1902.

By G. U. Hay.

The winter of 1902 was remarkably open. Snow and sleigh-
ing disappeared the last week in February. A snow storm at the
end of the first week in March renewed the sleighing, but only
for a few dayfs. Weather cold during March, but there were
many bright, warm days, followed by cold rains in late March
and early April. The St. John river was clear of ice on the 27th
of March, the earliest on record. Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot)
in bloom in the open places in St. John, April 8; in St. Stephen,
April;. (J. V.)

Wild Garden at Ingleside (12 miles from St. John).

April 5. — Frost out of the ground in the clearings. A few
mayflowers in bloom on the barrens near by. Alder catkins des-
charging pollen when shaken. Willow and poplar catkins out.

April 19. — Not much advance in vegetation the past fortnight.
Fine days, followed by hard frost at night, keeping the ground
frozen. Flower buds of red maple becoming red and showing
signs of bursting. The catkins of populus tremuloides shedding
pollen. Ma}'^flowers in full bloom on the barrens; but just open-
ing in the Garden.

April 25. — White violets and wild strawberries beginning to
bloom. Dirca palustris in bloom. Dog-tooth violet showing-
leaves above ground, and leaf buds swelling on deciduous trees.
Red maples in full bloom. Mayflowers in Garden in full bloom.

May I -5. — Last three day's of April fine and tolerably warm,
followed by cold winds in early May. Nights continue cold with
frost, and but little rain. White violets in full bloom, and a few
blue violets appearing. Painted trillium beginning to bloom.
Wind anemone in leaf and bud. Blood-root, dog-tooth violet,
and hepatica in bloom. The red maple trees a mass of bloom.
Mountain fly-honeysuckle in leaf and flower.

May 16. — Weather very cold from May ii to 19. Frost

280

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

nearly every night, sometimes severe enough to’ freeze the ground
and form ice in shallow pools. Cold north winds every day and
no rain. Caltha palustris, dandelion, wind anemone in bloom;
iivularia, amelanchier, bluets, gold thread in sunny places begin-
ning to bloom. \dburnum lantanoides expanding its floral in-
volucre. Red cherry trees putting forth leaves and flower buds.
The osmunda ferns unfolding their fronds, and the woodsias on
rockeries fully expanded. The long catkins of the mountain
alder pendulous and discharging pollen. The spring flowers of
nearly ever)1 species are few in number, shrivelled in appearance,
and lacking size and freshness. The weary waiting for genial
skies and grateful showers and the prevalence of March winds
in ^lay have retarded vegetation. An exception is the red maple,
which still continues to bloom, its masses of crimson flowers
forming a beautiful contrast to the delicate green of myriads of
unfolding leaves. The pure white blossoms of the amelanchier
mingling with the soft purple-brown of the fresh-opening leaves,
followed a week later by the bloom of the red cherry, makes up
a picture that is unequalled in beauty in our northern woodlands.

May 22. — In bloom: viola pubescens, caltha palustris, trienta-
lis americana,trillium grandiflorum (not native), trillium erectum,
trillium cernuum (in bud), veronica serpyillifolia, claytonia,
virginica, sambucus pubens. Rock maple, poplar, white and red
maples, birches, rowan tree, all in leaf, except betula populifolia.

June 24. — A bright, pleasant day, but with cool breeze. The
weather which has been cold, with chilly winds, is now warm and
summerlike. Lilacs, rowan tree and honeysuckle coming into
bloom, and ampelopsis and acacia bursting into leaf. Stemless
lady’s slipper and pinguicula in bloom ( June 4).

October 31. — A wet season, with mushrooms and toadstools
in every color in greatest profusion, especially in the evergreen
woods. About 150 species collected and named. Material all
too abundant during the season, which lasted until the frosts of
early November. The weather in September and October was
more changeable than usual, and toward the last of the latter
month strong gales prevailed. Light frosts occurred in late
September and early October. The night of October 9 was very
cold, with frost sufficient to make ice, with a snow storm early the

OBSERVATIONS OF PLANTS, 1902.

281

following day. Some severe weather with northwest gales be-
tween the 20th and last of month, alternating with milder weather,
southwest winds and rain. The deciduous trees have not shown
this season their usual variety and beauty of coloring in their
foliage, and there has been apparently no Indian summer up to
date (October 31). ,

Observations of Plants in Wild Garden, Ingleside, 1903.

May 9. — The weather dry and variable, with cold nights. The
spring opened earl}^>, as in the previous season, but cold winds,
absence of rain and occasional frosts have retarded vegetation.
White violets and dog-tooth violet in full bloom, with a few of the
following : Dandelion, viburnum lantanoides, blue violets, lonicera
cdiata, strawberry. Going out of bloom: Mayflowers (in
Garden), dirca palustris, red maple.

May 16. — Weather cold, with northwest winds for the past
few days. Heavy frosts at night and ice forming in places. In
bloom : Painted and purple trilliums, gold thread, bluets, vibur-
num lantanoides, wind flower, caltha palustris, uvularia; amelan-
chier and white trillium unfolding. White birch, red maple,
amelanchier, trembling poplar, horse chestnut, black cherry, red
cherry, lilac just coming into leaf.

May 25. — Cold, with northwest winds for the past three days.
Weather bright and sunny. Rain needed. Red oak, elm and
populus grandidentata just coming into leaf. In flower: trillium
cernuum, dewberry, rhodora, blueberry, actsea alba, bog bean,
cornus canadensis.

May 31. — Plants in bloom: Trientalis americana, clintonia
borealis, nemopanthes canadensis, viola pubescens, cypripedium
acaule, red cherry.

June 8. — Frost first few nights in June, but not heavy enough
to do damage. No rain, except a few scattered showers since
April 29. Everything very dry, and forest fires raging for the
past fortnight doing much damage to the timber lands, and de-
stroying buildings in the Inglewood, Musquash and other districts
west of the St. John river. Nothing growing in the parched and
smoke-laden atmosphere.

*282

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

June 15. — The copious showers of the past week are quench-
ing forest hres and bringing relief to fire-threatened districts.
Belated plants have sprung from the ground as if by magic, the
foliage has freshened, and the grass promises an abundant crop.
East winds prevail, and there has been no warm weather yet,
except an occasional day.

June 30. — Rahis and fine weather prevailed alternately during
the last half of June. Cold at times. Little warm weather yet,
but a fine growing time.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

283

APPENDIX.

FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OP" THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The Council of the Natural History Society of New Bruns-
wick submits the following report for the year ending December
31st.

Membership.

During the year the membership has been increased by the
admission of five ordinary and fourteen associate members, one
corresponding and one junior member. Three ordinary members
have died, one has removed from the city — Mr. Geoffrey Stead,
who has been elected a corresponding member. The names of
the deceased members are : Franklin Stetson, John MacKinnon,
E. G. Scovil.

The following shows the numbers, classes and total enrolled
membership :

Honorary, 4

Life, 5

Corresponding, 24

Ordlinary, 54

Associate, 84

Junior, 2

Total, . . . .

173

284

bullp:tin of the natural history society.

Treasurer's Report.

Income —

Balance from 1901-2, jg

Interest on investments, 56 25

Bulletins sold, 10 63

Government grant, 200 00

Membership fees, 215 00

Fredericton N. H. S. for publishing report, 27 50

Dividend Botsford estate, 10 00

Donation to improve the Botanical Collection by add-
ing specimens of native woods, preserving the
plants from the ravages of insects and otherwise

adding to its usefulness and educational value, .. 40 00

$1,000 56

Expenditure —

Maintenance of Museum, $ 33 56

Library, books and binding, 41 25

Printing and distributing Bulletin XXI, 204 37

Sundries, 143 74

Balance, 577 64

$1,000 56

Of the above balance $33.00 is held in trust for the Ladies’ Association.

The Society owns besides a $1,500.00 mortgage, $1,000.00 special
deposit Bank of Xova Scotia; ($11.84) $ii-86 special deposit Bank of
Montreal (Building Fund).

Special attention is directed to the Building Fund, as it will be noticed
that the $io.oo donated in December, 1897, has not been increased by any
additions except the interest which it has earned.

The mortgage is protected by insurance.

The collections in the IMtiseum are protected by an insurance of $2,500.

A. Gordon Leavitt,

January 19th, 1904. Treasurer.

Library.

A rough list has been made by the assistant curator of the
books and pamphlets in the library, preparatory to a re-catalogu-
ing and re-arrangement, so that the library may be made more
useful to the members. This book the librarian and library com-
mittee hope to have completed during the present year, and the
Council has appropriated a sum not exceeding fifty dollars for
the purpose of defraying the expenses.

REPORT OP COUNCIL.

285

Publications.

Bulletin XXI has been published during the year, containing
152 pages, comprising many useful articles, illustrating the pro-
gress of scientific work and discovery in New Brunswick. Other
papers of more popular interest have been published in the local
papers.

Lectures.

Ten regular meetings, including the annual meeting, were
held, and two special meetings. The following are the dates of
the meetings and the titles of papers read :

1903.

Jan. 6 (a) On the reported appearance of the Panther (Felis concol-

or) in New Brunswick, by Prof. W. F. Ganong.

(b) The Parasite, by Geo. G. Melvin, M. D.

Jan. 20. Annual Meeting. President’s Address. Election of Officers.

Feb. 3, (a) Notes on the Natural History and Physiography of N. B.,

by Prof. W. F. Ganong.

(b) Notes on New Brunswick Fishes, by Chas. F. B. Rowe.

Mar. 3. (a) The Forestry situation in New Brunswick, by Prof. \V. F.

Ganong.

(b) Notes on the Violets; “Wintering;” by J. Vroom.

April 7. (a) The structure of the Common House Fly, by W. H.

Mowatt.

(b) Some remarkable Tree Forms in New Brunswick, by W.

F. Ganong.

May 5. (a) Birds and their Structure, by A. Gordon Leavitt.

(b) Birds and their Nests, by J. W. Banks.

June 2. Report of the Royal Society Meeting at Ottawa, by Dr.

G. F. Matthew.

Oct. 6. (a) Notes on New Brunswick Mushrooms, by G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

(b) The Highest Land in New Brunswick, by W. F. Ganong,
Ph. D.

Nov. 3. (i) Fossil Foot Prints; (2) Genus Hyloptis — Dawson; by G. F.

Matthew, D. Sc.

Two papers on the Physiography and Natural History of New
Brunswick (read by title), W. F. Ganong.

Dec. I. Caverns, Caves and Cavities, by Professor L. W. Bailey, Ph. D.
Papers by Dr. Ganong (read by title).

286

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

December 30 a special meeting was called, which was address-
ed by Mr. i\l. L. Fernald on the distribution of certain plants on
the Gulf of St. Lawrence shores.

A special meeting was also held on the evening of February
loth to hear the address of Hon. H. A. iMcKeown on “ The
Border Land between Insanity and Crime.'’

An elementary course of lectures was given on the Tuesday
evenings not occupied by the regular meetings during the months
of January, February, and a part of March. The following pro-
gramme was carried out : Dr. G. F. Matthew gave two lectures :
January 13, “ Volcanoes, their (Jrigin and Effects.” January 2y,
'‘Water as an agent in modifying the Earth’s Surface.”

Dr. G. U. Hay gave two lectures on Eerns, their mode of
growth, reproduction, habits and uses — February 17 and 24.

i\Ir. A. Gordon Leavitt gave one of the course of elementary
lectures, on Bird Structure, and another was given on Exotic
Ferns by Mr. Wm. McIntosh.

'Ladie.s' As.sociation.

The following course of lectures, carried out on Thursda>
afternoons during the winter by the Ladies' Association, was in
marked agreement with the objects of our Society:

Jan. 15. 'I'horeau. Mrs. E. S. Fiske.

22. Reminiscences of the American Museum. Mrs. G. F. Matthew.

29. Children’s Day —

A d'alk on Insects. Mr. Wm. McIntosh.

Feb. 5. Wordsworth: A Nature Poet. Airs. G. A. Hamilton.

12. Color in Nature. Aliss A. Jack.

19. A Pre-historic Alound in Ontario. Aliss A. L. Hunt.

26. Children’s Day —

A Talk on Birds. Air. A. Gordon Leavitt.

Mar 5. The Scientific Basis of Art. (Illustrated). Miss M. Barry Smith.

12. A Ramble in Switzerland. Miss Christine Matthew.

19. Nature Study in the Public Schools. Miss G. Murphy.

26. Reunion of Members.

There are eighty-four names on our associate membership
roll, a slight increa.se over the previous year. The organization
continues to be a very active one, and the ladies have shown
themselves at all times desirous to assist heartily in the work and

RKPORT OF COUNCIL.

287

objects of our Society. Unfortunately our rooms, difficult of
access and cramped in space, do not afiford the opportunity of
carrying out some work that we might attempt in the wav ot a
better arrangement and display of our archaeological, botanical
and other natural history specimens, and fitting up a more
attractive library room.

Library and Museum.

The library and museum have been open to visitors three
afternoons of each week — Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday.
Ihe assistant curator. Miss Florence A. Hoyt, has attended very
promptly and faithfully to her duties.

The number of visitors during the year has been seventy-eigh:
adults and 357 children.

Additions have been made to the collections in the museum
during the year, the most valuable being that of specimens of
insects, representing the beetles, by Mr. Win. McIntosh.

Changes are now being made in two of the principal rooms of
the museum, — adding to the cases, cleaning the walls, renovating
the specimens and displaying them to greater advantage. These
changes will be greatly appreciated by members and visitors.

Archaeology.

During the year this subject of archaeology has received
attention from Dr. A. C. Smith, of Tracadie. He has for many
years been an energetic member of our Society, and has made a
number of valuable contributions to our museum. He has carried
on researches in the vicinity of Tracadie which have shed much
• light on the life and early history of that part of the province.

At our January meeting he presented, through Dr. iMatthew,
a note on ancient modes of sepulture observed by him in an old
graveyard near Tracadie. Accompanying his note were several
illustrative specimens. He has received our hearty thanks for
the excellent work he has done.

S. W. Kain has published two short papers during the year :

(1) An Old Religious Medal, Acadicnsis, Yol. HI, pp. 96-97,

1903.

(2) Trade Pipes, Acadicnsis, Vol. HI, pp. 255-258, 1903.

•288

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Geology.

The following note on a new locality for post-pleioscene shells
may be taken as the report of the geological committee for the
past year :

In December last Mr. J. P. Clayton, the superintendent of
Fernhill cemetery, brought to this Society a lump of clay which
he had dug up in making a catch-basin for one of the drains in
the cemetery grounds.

In digging for this basin he stated that he had first passed
through about a foot and a half of gravel and sand, then through
six feet of red clay, and finally had struck the layer of black clay
or mud of which the sample consisted.

The notable feature about this black clay is that it abounds in
shells of the common mussel. These shells are in an excellent
state of preservation ; some of them with valves applied to each
other as in life, and all having the color and nacre of the shell
perfectly preserved.

In the same bed, but at a somewhat higher level, were a few
sea-urchins, which must have been recently living or dead when
they were entombed, as the plates of the skeleton were applied to
each other, and the spines were in juxtaposition to the bosses
on the plates to which they had been attached.

A few colonies of bryozoans also were observed and plates that
may have belonged to barnacles.

Remains of strap-like and confervoid seaweeds are abundant
in the upper layers of the bed, the black color of which seems-
largely due to the decomposed organic matter of these seaweeds
and the animal fossils. «

It is‘ evident that the bed of shell-bearing clay, which is a
few inches thick, was deposited in water of some depth, as the
remains are in such perfect condition and show no evidence of
having been subjected to the wash of the waves, nor does the
deposit contain any strictly littoral shells.

It is interesting to compare the height of this bed above the
present sea level with those of other localities where sea-shells
have been found. A well known level of this kind, where the

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

2^9

remains of shell fish were found, was at the east end of Lawlor’s-
Lake, where, at the level of about sixty feet above the sea, there
is a bed of clay and sea-sand containing shells of the common
clam, the sea-urchin, the rock barnacle, and other species.

Another place where marine shells have been found is at the*
gravel bank north of the dam of the reservoir of the city water
works on Little River, where the late Gilbert Murdock, Esq,,
found clam shells in situ. This place is about i6o feet above high
tide mark.

Mr. William Murdock, the superintendent of the city water-
supply, informs me that the locality, where the clay bed with shehs.
found by Mr. Clayton is situated, is ninety-five feet above higli
tide mark. The Leda clay (brick clay) has been found as high as
200 feet above the present sea level in this district ; so this mussel
bed must have been some scores of feet below the sea level when
the Leda clay sea was at its greatest depth over the district around.
St. John.

Entomology.

The most important work in this department is the prepara-
tion of a list of the lepidoptera.

Botany.

Late in December Mr. M. L. Fernald, of the Gray Herbarium,
Cambridge, Mass., paid a visit to St. John, and spent some time-
in examining the plants of our collection. He found here several
rare species of flowering plants, the discovery of which adds
the knowledge of the distribution of our plants.

An examination of the plants in our herbarium reveals the
presence of insects which must be removed if we hope to save
the collection. This should be done at once, as the plants, repre-
senting our field work for nearly forty years past, are of great
value from a historical and from other points of view to the
students of our flora.

We need more space than our rooms afford to make a display
of plants for educational purposes and to illustrate their economic
uses. We need especially at the present time a collection of the
native woods of the province and facilities in our museum to

2^0

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

show them to advantage. Our plants at present are only useful
for reference. Little opportunity is given to the student for
examination and study, especially of the shrubs and trees, the
most important section of our flora.

The botanical committee is keeping in view the early publica-
tion of a revised up-to-date list of the plants of the province.

Professor \\\ ¥. Ganong made an important study of the
salt marshes under the title of “ The \Tgetation of the Bay of
}"undy Salt and Diked iNIarshes : an Ecological Study." It was
published in the Botanical Gazette, \o\. XXX\G, pp. 161-186,
280-302, 349-367, 429-445, September to December, 1903.

Additions have been made to the list of fungi published in last
year’s Bulletin. These additions representing some rare species
of our larger fungi will be published in the next Bulletin.

Field Work.

The field work of the Society, as a whole, was confined to a
series of Saturday excursions in the month of June. These were
conducted by different members of the Society for the purpose
of studying the geology, plants and animals of the park and other
places near the city. An effort should be made to carry out these
field meetings in future seasons on a more extensive scale, and
especially to get as large a number of young people as possible
interested in nature-study. If these become interested in sum-
mer, they will be desirous of crowding into our lecture-room and
museum in the winter months.

If our members could devote a little more time and enthusiasm
to field meetings, and to the holding of a summer camp, which
has been a great source of interest and advantage to us in years
past, it would be a great benefit to the Society.

General.

The grateful acknowledgments of the Society are tendered
to those gentlemen who have prepared papers for the meetings
and for publication in the Bulletin, especially to Professor W. F.
Ganong, who has done so much in his papers on physiography
.and natural history to make us acquainted with the wild and

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

29 r

little-known regions of the interior of the province. Our thanks
are also due to the press for the free publication of notices and
reports.

In planning the elementary course of lectures for the current
year, the committee has sought to make them available for pupils
in the higher grades of the schools ; and there is evidence that
many will avail themselves of the advantages of these lectures.

In the proposed Ter-centenary of the discovery of St. John
by de Monts and Champlain, our Society has felt from the first
that it would be desirable to have the Royal Society meet in St.
John on the occasion. Accordingly an invitation from this Society,
and from the Historical and Loyalist societies, was extended
to the Royal Society at its meeting in Ottawa in May last to meet
in St. John about the 24th of June, 1904. The invitation was
favorably considered, but action was left to the Council, which
meets in Ottawa early in February. It is the feeling among
members of this Society, that should the Royal Society accept
the invitations and honor the city by its presence, this Society
will do everything possible to make the meeting a pleasant one.

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 190T

Date.

Donor’s Name and Descrirtion of Gift.

Feb.,

Dr. Geo. A. Hetherington. Garter snake.

Stanley Thompson. Pluinhago and can.— Sinter.

March,

Inglis C. CT-aig, M.A. Specimens of copper ore.

May,

Dr. G. F. Matthew. Two specimens of serpentine rock.
Miss B. Bowman. Specimens of Continental money.

June,

Master Lynch. Piece of root with stone embedded. '

Dr. G. U. Hay. Specimens of fungi.

Miss G. Ross. New Testament in different languages.

Oct.,

Mrs. Hendershot. Specimens of minerals and rocks from Yellowstone
National Park.

Nov.,

S. W. Kain. Collection of pipes.

Win. McIntosh. Three cases of beetles.

Dr. G. F. Matthew. Cast of largest footmarks found in Canada.

Dec

Duncan London. Stone knife and ornaments (Indian.

Dr. A. C. Smipi. Iron knife, scrapers, ochre fish hook, harpoons, etc.,
dug from Indian grave at Tracadie, N. B.; also a “flint and steel.”

-292

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 1903.

Donor's Name.

Residence,

Works.

Aoademv of Natural Science,

Philadelphia

Proceedings

Bulletins

St. PeteT'sbnrg, ....

Americal Entomological Societv,

Philadelphia,

C'irculars

American Museiim of Natural History

New York

Bulletins

Sydney, N. S. W

Reports

Bulletins

Amherst, Alass

Boston Societv of Natural History

Boston

Boston Free Public Librai’V Reports

Boston,

Report

Bulletins

Buffalo Societv of Natural Science,

Buffalo

Bureau of Ethnology,

Washington

Transactions

California Academy of Science,

San Francisco,

Proceedings

Transactions

Toronto,

Cincinnati Societv of Natural History

Cincinnati

Bulletins

Colox'ado Scientific Society,

Denver,

Ti*ansactions

New Haven,

Bulletins

St Petei’sburg

Report

Proceedings

Bulletins

Ithaca, N. Y.,

Davenport,

Kew, G. B

Department Inland Revenue

Ottawa,

Report

.Journal

Entomological Society,

London, Ont

Feuille des.Jeunes Naturalistes, . . .

Paris,

.Journal

Field Naturalist Club,

Ottawa

Geological Sxirvev

Perth, W, Austral. . .

] Annual Rep’rt

Geological Society

London,

1 Report
Report

Geological Survey

Ottawa

Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, . .
Iowa Geological Survey

Winnipeg,.

Bulletin

DesAIoines

Iteport

Proceedings

Circulars

Indiana Geological Survey

Indianapolis

.Johns Hojxkins University.

Baltimore,

Linntean Society

New South Wales,..

I Report

Liverjxool Biological Society,

Liverpool

i Proceedings
! Report
: Proceedings
1 Bulletins

T.lnvfl’s ATuseuni.

Cincinnati

^lancbester's Geological Society

Alanchester

Minnesota Academy of Natui'al Sci(>nce. '

Alinneapolis

Alinister of Alines

Sydney, N. S. W

.Journal

AUssniiT'i B<itanieal Garrleiis

St. T.niiis.

1 Bulletins

Alarvland Geological Survey..

Baltimore,

j Report
1 Report
j Proceedings
Report
I Report
1 Report
Report
1 Proceedings
! Proceedings
1 .Journal

National Museum Library

Washington,

Natural Science Association, .

New Brighton

New York Academy of Science

New A’ork

New York Public Library

New York,

Philadelnbia Aluscum,

Philadelphia,

Public Museum of Alilwaukee

Alilwaukee,

Rochester Academy of Science,

Rochester,

Royal Academy of Science

Stockholm

Royal Colonial Institute,

London

Royal Geograjxbical Society,

London,

1 Proceedings
1 Proceedings
I Proceedings
; Reports
j Reports

Royal Society

London,

Royal Society of Canada,

( )tta wa

Smithsonian Institutioji,

Washington

South Dakota School of Mines,

Rapid City

Te.xas Acadeim' of Science,

1 Proceedings
Reiiort

University of Toronto,

Toronto

University of California

Berkley,

Bulletin

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

Washington,

Report

Circulars

p-. ,S. F^isb Commissioner,

Washington

U. .S. Cornmissio!iers of Agriculture,

Washington,

U. .S. Geological Survey,

Washington,

Report

Wisconsin ,\cademy of S< ience and Art,

Aladison

Bulletins

^\-iscf)nsin Natural History Society,

Alilwaukee,

Proceedings

Report

New York State Aluseum,

Albany,

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

293

OFFICERS^ AND COMMEFTEES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY FOR 1904.

Patron.

His Honor the Lieutenant Governor, Honorable J. B, Snowball.

Council for 1904.

President — Hon. J. V. Ellis, LL. D.

Vice-Presidents — G. F. Matthew, G. U. Hay.

Treasurer — A. G. Leavitt.

Secretary — ^W. L. McDiarmid.

Librarian — W. L. Ellis.

Curators — S. W. Kain, Wm. McIntosh, J. W. Banks.

Additional Members — H, G. Addy, M. D., J. Roy Campbell, James A.
Estey.

Associate Members’ Branch.

President — Mrs. G. F. Matthew.

Vice-Presidents — Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. H. G. Addy.

Secretary-Treasurer — Miss Edith McBeath.

Standing Committee.

Archaeology — S. W. Kain, Dr. A. C. Smith, Miss Jack.

Botany — G. U. Hay, Prof. W. F. Ganong, John Brittain, James Vroom.
Entomology — Wm. McIntosh, A. G. Leavitt.

Finance — A. G. Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hatheway.

Geology — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Prof. L. W. Bailey.

Lectures — ^Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. H. G. Addy, Dr. G. F. Matthew.

Library — Dr. G. U. Hay, Wm. McIntosh, Dr. W. L. Ellis, Mrs. G. U.

Hay, Mrs. W. F. Hatheway, Miss McBeath.

Microscopes — Dr. W. L. Ellis, Dr. G. G. Melvin, W. H. Mowatt.
Ornithology — A. G. Leavitt, Wm. White, J. W. Banks, Mrs. G. U. Hay.
Press — Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Wm. McIntosh, W. L. McDiarmid.
Publicdtions — Dr. G. F. Matthew, S. W. Kain, G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt,
W. L. McDiarmid.

Rooms — Dr. H. G. Addy, Mrs. G. F. Matthew, Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. W.
S. Hall.

N. B. — Members having a copy of Bulletin XXI that they can spare
will confer a favor on the Publications Committee by giving, it to the
Assistant Librarian.

294

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Patron.

The Lieutenant Governor, Hon. Jabez Bunting Snowball, LL. D.

Honorary Members.

Bailey, Professor Loring W University of N. B., Fredericton.

Ganong, Professor \V, F Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Lafiamme, Mgr. J. C. K Laval University, Quebec

Marr, Professor John E St. John’s College, Cambridge, G. B.

Life Members.

Chamberlain, M

Hay, Dr. Geo. U

Hegan, Jas. B

Matthew, Dr. Geo. F

IMatthew, Robt

Kain, S. \V

Boston, Mass,

St. John, N. B.

Charlottetown, P. E. I.

St. John, N. B.

Cienfuegos, Cuba.

St. John, N. B.

Corresponding Members.

Baxter, Dr. John

Brittain, John

Butler, W. S

Chalmers, Robert

Cox, Dr. Philip

Duncan, Dr. G. M

Duff, Professor A. W

Forer, Henry

Fowler, Rev. Professor James

Gilmour, Dr

Gesner, G. W

Kirkland, Dr. R. J

London, Duncan

MacKay, Dr. A. H

McLaughlin, D. J. W

Matthew, Rev. C. R

Moser, John

Perkins, Henry F., Ph. B

Smith, Dr. A. C

Trueman, G. J

Vroom, James

Walker, Byron E

Wilson, W. J

Stead, Geoffrey

Chatham, N. B.

Woodstock, N. B.

Butler’s, Queens Co., N. B.

Ottawa, Ont.

Chatham, N. B.

Bathurst, N. B.

Worcester, Mass,

Liege, Belgium.

Kingston, Ont.

Quaco, N. B,

New York.

Grand Rapids, Mich.

Lakeville Corner, N. B.

Halifax, N. S.

Grand Manan, N. B.

Kingsville, Ont.

Butternut Ridge, N. B.

Hartland, N. B.

Tracadie, N. B.

Sackville, N. B.

St. Stephen, N. B.

Toronto, Ont.

Ottawa, Ont.

Chatham, N. B.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

295

Ordinary Members.

Addy, H. Geo., M. D.
Barnhill, Geo. E.

Burditt, W. F.

Banks, J. W.

Gampbell, J. Roy
Clarke, C. P.

Caritte, Roy

Ellis, Hon. J. V., LL. D.
Estey, James A.

Ellis, W. L., M. D.
Fairvveather, G. Ernest
Fisher, W. S.
Fotheringham, Rev. T. F.
Frink, j, H., V. S.
Gilmour, A. B.

Hall, Percy G.

Piatheway, W. F.

Howe, J. D.

Hall, Gilbert M.
Hanington, T. B.

Inches, P. R., M. D.
Jones, Fred. Caverhill
Jones, R. Keltie
Kingdon, Right Rev. Dr.
Leavitt, A. Gordon
Lord. J. Simpson
Markham, Alfred

Alelvin, Geo. G., M. D.

Mo watt, \\ . H.

Mowatt, James
Murdock, Wm., C. E.
Morrison, W. S., M. D.
McIntosh, W.

Paddock, M. V. <
Philips, Wm.

Reynolds, James
Rowe, Chas. F. B.
Scammel, J. H., AI. D.
Scammel, J. R., C. E.
Seely, Alfred
Shewan, E. d'. P„ C. E.
Skinner, Hon. C. N.
Starr, F. P.

Stothart, Thomas
Simms, T. S.

Scott, Walter
'fhompson. Enoch
\ room, Wm. E.

Walker, James, M. D.
Wctmore, H. C, D. D. S.
Wilson, J. E.

White, W. W., M. D.
White, Wm.

Adam, Miss Helen
Abbot, Airs. E. N.

Addy, Mrs. H. Geo.
Bullock, Mrs. T. H.

Bustin. Aliss Anna
Barker, AHss Helen
Bartlett, Miss Katharine R.
Caritte. Mrs. deB.

Cotter, Miss K. A. M.
Calhoun, Mrs. J. R.

Associate Members.

McBeath, Miss Edith
McKean, Mrs. Geo.
Morrow, Miss May I.
Alurphy, Miss Grace
Alurray, Mrs. Geo.
AIcTnlosh, Mrs. J. R.
Nannary, Miss Mary
Olive, Miss Katherine
Purves, Miss Louise
Pidgeon, Aliss Emily G.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

29()

Associate Members. — Continued.

Deforest, Mrs. H. W.
Dawson, Miss J. C.

Ellis, Mrs. J. V.

Eiske, Mrs. Emma
Fisher, Mrs. G. S.

Gerow, l\lrs. G. W.

Gibson, Miss Maude
Gorham, Mrs. F. C.

Hall, Mrs. \V. S.
Hamilton, Miss Alice
Hatheway, Mrs. W. F.
Hay, Mrs. G. U.

Hea, Miss Annie M.
Holman, Mrs. W. F.
Holman, Mrs. A. L.

Hunt, Miss Ariana L.
Hoyt, Miss Mary E.
Hanington, Miss G. F.
Jack, Miss A. D.

Johnson, Miss Annie E.
Landry, Mrs, I. J. D.
Lawrence, Mrs. J. M.
Lawlor, Miss Katherine E.
Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.
Longmaid, Miss Sophia
Lee, Mrs. T. Carleton
Matthew, Mrs. Geo. F.
Matthew, Mrs. R.

Price, Mrs. G. P.

Prichard, Miss Helen
Payson, Miss Estella
Rankin, Miss Mrs. Thos. A.
Rising, Miss Alice
Robinson, Miss Eleanor
Robertson, Mrs. Geo. F.
Robb, Miss Annie D.

Rowan, Miss Jean
Salter, Miss Laura
Sharp, Miss M. C.

Schofield, Miss John K.
Shefiield, Mrs. Morton
Smith, Miss M. Barry
Starr, Mrs. R. P.

Stetson, Mrs. F.

Stockton, Mrs. A. A.
Sutherland, Miss J. K.
Stead, Miss Frances M.
Simms, Mrs. T. S.

Turner, Miss Kate E.

Titus, Mrs. F. R.
Thompson, Mrs. Mary
Wade, Mrs. John
Wardroper, Mrs. H. E.
Warner, Mrs. James
Miiitney, Mrs. Jas.

Wright, Miss

MKTEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT FOR 1904.

297

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

Meteorological Abstract for 1903.
Latitude 45.17 N. Longitude 66.4 W.

Month.

JiAROMETER

Thermometer

Cloudiness :

0 = Clear

10 = Wholly Clouded

Precipitation :
Rain & Melted Snow

Thunder Storms

Mean

Highest

Lowest

Mean

Min.

Jauuary, . . .

29.82

30.69

29.04

21.8

47.0

—12.5

3.49

February,. .

29.87

30.45

28.86

22.6

49.3

— 4.7

3.57

March,

30.23

30.78

29.33

34.8

49.8

4.0

7.37

April,.. .

29.89

30.43

29.34

40.4

72.3

16.8

5.76

May, . . .

30.14

30.56

29.64

48.9

72.

28.3

3.13

June,

30.03

30.44

29.72

57.3

75.

41.8

3.12

July,

29.84

30.12

29.38

60.9

80.

48.2

2.31

August, ....

30.00

30.37

29.39

60.3

74.2

48.

1.55

September,.

30.07

30.59

29.67

58.2

82.5

39.

2.17

October, . . .

30,01

30.45

29.20

47.3

63.

27.5

4,06

November, .

29.92

30.74

29.34

36.7

61.8

12.

4.67

December,..

29.89

30.45

29.13

22.

51.5

— 5.5

3.99

i 0

The mean height of the barometer was 29.98. The highest reading was
30.78, and the lowest 28.86. The mean temperature for the year was 42.6,
being 0.7 warmer than the average. Maximum temperature 82.5 on Sep-
tember 14; minimum — 12.5 on January 19. The total precipitation was 46.95
inches, which is +0.13 different from average.

First frost occurred on the 22nd of October, and the last on the 14th of May.

Aurora was observed on the 5th of April, 21st of August, 31st of October
and 13th of December. A meteor of exceptional brilliancy was observed at
8.15 o’clock (60th Meridian time) on the night of the 13th November. For a
second or more the city was as brightly lighted as at^mid-day. The meteor
moved from east to west, followed by a trait of light visible for several seconds.

D. LEAVITT HUTCHINSON,

Director, St. John Observatoty.

NOTICE.

The Bulletin^ of the Society contain the following articles, among others:

PmcE.

Bulletin VI. — Relics of the Stone Age in New Brunswick, by Loring
W. Bailey; Marine Mollusca of New Brunswick, by W.

F. Ganong,

Bulletin VII. — Historical Sketch of the Natural History Society,
by LeB. Botsford ; Echinodermata of New Brunswick, by

W. F. Ganong,

Bulletin VIII. — Economic Mollusca of New Brunswick, by W. F.

Ganong,

Bulletin IX. — Sketch of Prof. C. F. Hartt ; Arclijeozoon Acadiense

— Laurentian Sponges, by Geo. F. Matthew,

Bulletin X. — Discoveries at a Village of the Stone Age at Bocabec,
N. B. ; Fossilferous Horizons of the Cambrian Rocks at

St. John, N. B., by Geo. F. Matthew,

Bulletin XL — The Climate of Acadia in the Earliest Times, by Geo.
F. Matthew; Observations on some New Brunswick Fishes,

by Philip Cox,

Bulletin XII.— An Outline of Phytobiology, by W. F. Ganong,
Crystalline Rocks near St. John, by W. D. Matthew;

Outlets of the St. John River, by G. F. Matthew,

Bulletin XIII. — An Outline of Phytobiology, by W. F. Ganong,
Ichthyology of New Brunswick, by Dr. Cox; Volcanic

Rocks of Maritime Provinces, by W. D. Matthew,

Bulletin XIV. — Sketch of Dr. Gesner; Flora of the Restigouche,
by G. U. Hay; Remarkable Sounds in the Bay of Fundy,
by W. F. Ganong; Two Shrews new to New Brunswick,

by Dr. Philip Cox,

Bulletin XV. — Abraham Gesner, a review of his scientific work;

An Extinct Palaeozoic insect, G. F. Matthew; Intrusive
rocks near St. John, W. D. Matthew; Tidal Phenomena

of St. John, A. W. Duff,

Bulletin XVI. — Life of Dr. Jas. Robb, L. W. Bailey; Earthquakes
in New Brunswick, S. W. Kain ; List of Mosses, J. Moser;
Recent Discoveries in the St. John Group, G. F. Matthew ;
Natural History and Physiography of New Brunswick,
W. F. Ganong. (This is continued in the four next
Bulletins).

Bulletin XVH. — Marsh and Lake region. Chignecto Bay, G. I.

Trueman; “Dip” of Magnetic Needle in N. B., A. W.
Duff; Notes on a Wild Garden, G. U. Hay; Butterflies of
New Brunswick (List), Wm. McIntosh; A new Cambrian
Trilobite, G. F. Matthew; (Papers on Cambrian Palaeon-
tology by the same author in the three following bulletins) ;
Artesian and Fissure Wells in New Brunswick, G. F. Mat-
thew and S. W. Kain; A Wilderness Journey, G. U. Hay,
Bulletin XVHL— Noctuidse and Buutterflies of New Brunswick,

$0 50

Wm. McIntosh, ••••*/

Bulletin XIX.— Notes on the Archaeology of New Brunswick, S. W.

Kain; Some Relics of the French Period in New Bruns-
wick, S. W. Kain and C. F. B. Rowe; List of New Bruns-
wick Fungi, G. U. Hay,

Bulletin XX.— The South Tobique Lakes, G. U. Hay,

Vol. L— (Bulletin I - V) Bound and Indexed, 5 00

(Only a few copies of this volume on hand).

Vols I - IV (Bulletins I - XX). Bound and Indexed (price of

" set), FI 00

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick"

See other formats