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ARNOLD ARBORETU]V[^^=r=^
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~ ^ DEC 8- 1938
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
SERIES 4 VOLUME VI
1938
PUBLISHED BY THE
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS
•v
■’O'
INDEX TO SERIES 4
VOLUME VI
Synonyms are in italic; illustrations in bold face type.
Acer Buertyerianum, 32
— palmatum, 32
- multifidum, 32
— rubrum, 6
- - columnare, 64,
Plate XIII, 67
— saccharum monumentale,64
Plate XII, 6.5
Albizzia, 50
Alternate bearing of crabapples,
18
Alternate bearing of lilacs, 20
Amelanchier, 15
— Bartramiana, 46
Arnold Arboretum, Airplane
view of
Plate IV, 25
— , Butler Estate, 52
■ — Cooperative botanical-
horticultural exploration, 54
— , Current activities of general
interest, 51-57
— , Hedge plantings, 55,56
Plate XVI, 82,83
— , Herbarium exchanges, 54
— , Larz Anderson collection of
Japanese dwarf trees, 3 1-41,
56
Plate VI, 33
Plate VII, 35
Plate VIII, 37
— , Lantern slides and moving
pictures in natural color, 56
— , Library of, 54,55
— , Maria Moors Cabot Founda¬
tion for Botanical Research, 52
— , New detail maps of, 23-26,
56
— , Plants new to the
collections, 55
— , Proposed innovations of, 56,
57
— , Public relations, 51, 52
— , Publications of, 53,54
— , Special grants, 52,53
Bart ram, John, 46
Beadle,C.D., 7
Beech, 16
Berberis Thunbergii, 16,44
^^Bon-sai,” the art of training
dwarf trees, 32,34
Broom, 59-62
— , Dwarf, 62
Buddie, Adam (Rev.), 50
Buddleia Davidii, 50
Calluna vulgaris, 2
Carles, William Richard, 44
Centaurea cyanus, 2
Chamaecyparis obtusa, 32
— pisifera squarrosa, 32
“Cherries, The Oriental
Flowering”, 27
“Cherries of Japan”, 27
Cherry, Amanogawa, 28
— , Arike, 28
— , Banriko, 28
— , Botan-zakura, 30
— , Collection at Washington,
D.C., 19
— , A fragrant double flowering
Japanese
Plate V, 29
- — Gozanoma-nioi, 27
— , Habutai, 27
— , Higurashi, 30
— , Hitoye-zakura, 28
— , Hosokawa, 28
— , Ise-zakura, 30
— , Jo-nioi, 28
— , Kirigaya, 28
— , Kunrinjo-shirotae, 28
— , Mina-kami, 28
— , Miyako, 28
— , Oshima, 27
— , Senriko, 28
— , ShiixDtae, 28
— , Sumizome, 28
— , Suragadai-nioi , 28
— , Takasago, 30
— , Taki-nioi, 27
— , Washino-o, 28
— , Yae-akebono, 30
— , Yaye-oshima, 28
— , Yoshino, 30
Chrysanthemum frutescens, 2
Cornus florida, 22
Crabapple, 15,16,18
— , Alternate bearing, 18
Crayton, Frank M., 7
Cryptomeria japonica, 32
Cytisus Ardoinii, 62
austriacus, 62
— Beanii, 62
— decumbens, 62
— nigricans, 60
P,late XI, 61
— praecox, 60
— purgans, 62
— purpureus, 62
- albus, 62
— ratisbonensis, 62
— scoparius, 59,60
- albus, 60
- - Andreanus, 60
- pendulus, 60
Cytisus for New England, 59-62
Daphne Mezereum, 6
David, Armand (Pere), 49,50
Davidia involucrata, 49
Deutz, Johann van der, 48
Deutzia, 48
— Lemoinei, 48
— Sieboldiana, 48
Diervilla, 48
Dierville, a French surgeon, 48
Douglas, David, (Dr.), 50
Durazzini, Antonio (Dr.), 50
Dutch elm disease. Comments
on, 78
— in Connecticut, New York
and New Jersey, Present
status of, 75,76
— , Disabilities that should be
removed, 77,78
— situation in the United States
at the close of 1938, 75-78
Dwarf trees. Bibliography of,
40,41
— , Pruning, repotting, and
watering of, 36,38
— , Training of, 34,36
— , Winter protection for, 38, 39
Elliottia racemosa. Description
of, 7,8
— Description of flower, 7
— Erroneous statements
concerning, 12,13
— Growth of, 9
— Immediate plant associates
of, 10
— a rare American shrub, 7- 13
Plate I, 11
[88]
— , Reproduction of, 8,10
— -, Soil condition suitable for,
9,18
— , Specimens of, 12
— , Transplanting of, 13
Elm, American,
Plate XV, 77
Epigaea repens, 4
Evonymus, 16
— Fortune! radicans, 32
Fagus sylvatica, 3
Fleur de Lis, 2
Forsyth, William, 44
Forsythia, 6
— • SLispensa Fortune!, 44
Fortune, Robert, 44
Plate IX, 45
Fothergill, John (Dr.), 22,44
Fothergilla, 22,44
— Garden!, 22
— major, 22
— monticola, 22
Franklin, Benjamin, 50
Franklinia alatamaha, 50
Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb, 49
Growing season at Arnold
Arboretum, 62
Hales, Stephen (Rev.), 46
Halesia, 46
Hall, George R. (Dr.), 44
Hayden, Richard J., 4
Hedge Demonstration Plot,
Diagram of
Plate XVI, 82,83
Hedge demonstration plot at the
Arnold Arboretum, 79-86
Helianthus, 4
Henry, Augustine, 48,49
Plate X, 47
Hurricane damage at the Arn¬
old Arboretum, 71-74
Plate XIV, 73
Hybridizing work at Arboretum,
81
International Geographical Con¬
gress, Amsterdam, 1938, 69
Kaempfer, Englbrecht, 46
Kalm, Pehr, 50
Kalmia latifolia, 50
Knight, William A., 13
Koelreuter, Joseph G., 50
Koelreuteria paniculata, 50
Kolkwitz, Richard, 49
Kolkwitzia, 49
Larix leptolepis, 32
Larz Anderson Collection of
Japanese dwarf trees, 31-41
Leitner, E.F. (Dr.), 44
Leitneria, 44
Lemoine, Victor, 48
Leontopodium alpinum, 4
Lewis, Clarence McK., 30
Lilac alternate bearing, 20
Lilac collections. Two of great¬
est in world, 19,20
Lilac path at A. A.
Plate III, 21
Lilac Sunday at A. A., 19,20
Linnaea borealis, 2,3
Lonicera Henryi, 48,49
Magnol, Pierre, 44
Magnolia denudata, 16
— kobus, 16
- borealis, 15
— Soulangeana, 16,44
— stellata, 6,15,16
Mahonia, 46
Malus arnoldiana, 20
— atrosanguinea, 20
— - baccata, 20
— baccata mandshurica, 16
Plate H, 17
— floribunda, 20
— Halliana Parkmanii, 44
— hupehensis, 20
— ioensis plena, 20
— Lemoinei, 1 8
— purpurea, 20
— Sargenti, 20
[89]
— spectabilis, 20
Maple, Japanese, 16
— , Norway, 64
— , Schwedler, 16
Mappingthe Arnold Arboretum,
23-26
— , Instruments used in, 24
— -, Method used, 24,25
Maps of the Arnold Arboretum,
Uses for, 26
Meyer, Frank L. , 46
M ’Mahon, Bernard, 46
Narrow upright trees in the
Arnold Arboretum, 63-67
— , List of, 64,66
National flowers, 1-4
Onopordum acanthium, 4
Parkman, Francis, 44
Photinia villosa laevis, 32
Plant breeding, 18
Plant records at the Arnold
Arboretum, 23
Plants and the men whose names
they commemorate, 43-50
Poplar, Lombardy, 63
Prinsepia sinensis, 6,16
Prunus incisa, 15
— munie, 32
— Sargentii, 15,43
— Sieboldii, 30
— subhirtella, 15,32
- autumnalis, 15
— triloba, 15
— yedoensis, 15,30
Rehder, Alfred, 69
— , A tribute to an eminent
botanist, 14
Rhododendron calendulaceum,
22
— mucronulatum, 6,20
— obtusum Kaempferi, 20,46
— Schlippenbachi, 20
— Vaseyi, 22
— yedoense poukhanense, 20
Robin, Jean, 49
Robinia, 49
Russell, Paul, 27
Ruta graveolens, 3
Sargent, C.S., 43
Siebold, Philipp Franz von, 48
Sinowilsonia, 44
Solidago, 4
Spiraea Douglasii, 50
— Thunbergii, 48
— Vanhouttei, 48
— Wilsonii, 48
Spring at the Arnold Arbore¬
tum, 15-18
— - foliage, 16
Standardized Plant Names, 56
State Flowers, Official, 5
Stewartia, 49,50
Stuart, John (3rd Earl of Bute) ,
49,50
Syringa Meyeri, 46
— oblata dilatata, 19
— vulgaris hybrids, 19
Thujopsis dolobrata variegata,
32
Thunberg, Carl Pehr, 44,45,48
Torch azalea, 20
Ti 'ees lost. Approximate num¬
bers of, 74
Trifolium minus ^ 3
Trifolium repens, 3
Ulmus americana
Plate XV, 77
van Houtte, Louis, 48
Viburnum Carlesii, 44
— fragrans, 6
Viburnum Lentago, 16
Warminster broom, 60
Weigel, Christian Ehrenfried,
46,48
Weigela, 46,48
Wilson, E.H., 27,44,48
Wistar, Caspar (Dr.), 46
Yunnan seed collection imported
by Arnold Arboretum, 66,68
Zelkova serrata, 32
[90]
ILLUSTRATIONS
Elliotia racemosa, a rare American shrub, indigenous to a restricted
area in eastern and southern Georgia, Plate I, p. 11
Malus baccata mandshurica, now in full bloom, is first of the Asiatic
crabapples to flower, Plate II, p. 17
The lilac path at the Arnold Arboretum, Plate III, p, 21
An airplane view of the Arnold Arboretum, Plate IV, p. 25
A fragrant double flowering Japanese cherry at the Arnold Arboretum,
Plate V, p. 29
The new shade house containing the Larz Anderson Collection of
dwarf trees, Plate VI, p. 33
The Larz Anderson Collection of dwarf trees now on exhibit by the
Arnold Arboretum, Plate VII, p, 35
Chamaecyparis obtusa, 150 years old (Larz Anderson Collection),
Plate VIII, p. 31
Robert Fortune (18IS-I88O), Plate IX, p. 45
Augustine Henry (l857-19S0), Plate X, p, 47
Cytisus nigricans, the spike broom, Plate XI, p, 61
Acer saccharum monumentale, sentry maple, Plate XII, p. 65
Acer rubrum columnare, Plate XIII, p. 67
Views of hurricane damage in Arboretum, 1938, Plate XIV, p. 72
A stately American elm, Plate XV, p. 77
Hedge Demonstration Plot at the Arnold Arboretum, Plate XVI,
pp. 82,83
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ARNOLD A RBORETUMj;:;:~^
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol, VI APRIL 1, 1938 Number l
NATIONAL FLOWERS
From time to time we hear of the ^^lational” Howers of various
European countries, but it is surprising to find that there are none
of these ^‘national’' flowers officially accepted by the national govern¬
ments. There have been various methods used for selecting ‘^national”
flowers, so that hoped for official recognition would lend considerable
weight to such selections, but unfortunately this is lacking in most
cases. Consequently we must rely on various polls and other selective
methods for information, and there are many interesting stories con¬
nected with certain flowers which have been popularly chosen.
For instance, the rose has been greatly admired by the people of
England since the reign of Edward IV (1461-1483) when it made
its first appearance upon the great seal of England. Shakespeare told
of a quarrel in the old temple garden between the Duke of York and
the Earl of Somerset. Finding that their followers were becoming
very excited, the Duke suggested that they ^^shall in dumb signifi¬
cance” proclaim their thoughts, adding:
^^Let him who is a true born gentlemen.
And stands upon the honor of his birth,
) If he supposes I have pleaded truth.
From off this briar pluck a white rose with me.”
To which the Earl replied :
‘‘Let him who is no coward nor no flatterer,
But dares maintain the party of the truth.
Pluck a red rose flower from this briar with me.”
This quarrel lasted thirty years and is referred to now as the War
of the Roses. At the end of this thirty-year period a Princess of York
[1]
APR 81938
T APR 9
married a Prince of Lancaster, and so the roses were united. One of
the roses used in gardens today was named to commemorate this great
occasion. It is called the Rose of York and Lancaster, for its flowers
are partly red and partly white. Legend has it that this rose origi¬
nated at the end of the bloody War of the Roses.
Mention is often made of the cornflower ( Centaur e a cyanus) as the
national flower of Germany. In German history it is associated with
the beautiful Louise of Prussia, who was the mother of William, the
first Emperor of Germany (l87l-1888). It is said that during the
battle of Jena and Auerstadt, Queen Louise was forced to make her
escape from Berlin with her two sons, the older of whom was about
nine years old. On the way to Koenigsberg their carriage broke down,
and they were obliged to alight and wait by the roadside until the
damage was repaired. The Queen mother put her arms about each
small boy and endeavored to divert them by calling their attention to
the great number of beautiful ^ ^Kornblumen’ ^ that were growing
nearby. ^^Go,’^ she said, ^‘and gather some of these flowers, and I
shall make a wreath and crown you king.” Forgetting their troubles,
the little fellows ran off and soon picked many blossoms. The Queen
then made a wreath from the flowers and placed it on the head of her
oldest son. Little William, not to be outdone by his older brother,
begged his mother to make one for him, which she did. In placing
this wreath on her son’s head, she said, ^ ^Crowns mean very little
sometimes. ” Before the close of the century that little boy was crowned
Emperor of United Germany. Needless to say, he always loved the
* ^Kornbluraen, ” because they reminded him of that pleasant time
with his mother when he was a child.
The Fleur de Lis (Fleur de Louis), the white iris, was historically
the national flower of France since the time of Philippe le Bel, and
King Saint Louis ( 12 14-1270) wanted it to be the emblem of purity.
But the flower was the emblem of monarchy for it had appeared on
the crest of the royal family, and so could not be used by the Republic.
Although the Italian legislative assembly has never chosen a flower
to represent their country, the people have selected the marguerite
( Chrysanthemum frutescens), because it bears the name of the first Queen
of Italy, Margherita di Savoia.
In Norway the ‘ Roslyng” ( Calluna vulgaris) has been generally
considered the national flower. It is not only of value for its lovely
summer blossoms, but it is able to withstand the very poor soil con¬
ditions and at the same time be perfectly hardy.
The flower most dear to Swedish hearts is Linnaea borealis, for it is
[2]
named in honor of the world famous Swedish botanist, Linnaeus.
Another flower which is very popular in that country is Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum (in Swedish “prastkrage”) , and the Swedish people use
it a great deal in their home decorations. This is the oxeye daisy, a
native of Europe, which has become a weed in certain parts of the
eastern United States, The bright yellow centers of these daisies make
them excellent for use in combination with blue flowers on patriotic
occasions, for blue and yellow are the Swedish national colors.
In Denmark the clover is considered the most characteristic flower,
and the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) the most frequently mentioned
in Danish poetry.
The common rue ( Ruta graveolens), a symbol of virginity and purity,
has often been considered the Lithuanian national flower. The Lith¬
uanian vestal virgins who guarded ‘^the eternal sacred fire” always
wore wreaths of rue upon their heads.
The tulip is generally accepted as being the most representative of
the Netherlands, since it is highly probable that proportionately more
tulips are grown in the Netherlands than in any other country in the
world.
The shamrock is considered the world over as the popular represent¬
ative of Ireland. The interest in Trifolium repens (or T. minus) centers
around the early days of the mission of the great Saint Patrick (about
432). One day he was preaching in the neighborhood of the County
of Meath in an attempt to explain the doctrine of Trinity to a group
who found it most difficult to understand. ^^How,” asked one of the
chiefs, ‘*can there be three in one.”
Saint Patrick stooped and picked from the sod at his feet a clover
leaf. Holding it before them, he said, *^Behold, in this trifoliate leaf
how three persons in the God-head can exist and yet be one.” The
generic name of the clover is Trifolium, meaning one leaf in three
parts. The illustration was so forcible and yet so familiar that the
Chief and his whole clan accepted the Christian faith. From this tradi¬
tion, in all probability, came the adoption in later years of the sham¬
rock as the national emblem of Ireland.
In Scotland the thistle has been traced to the reign of Alexander
III and the battle of Largs. In the year 1263 there was a great battle
between the Danes and the Scots. The northern invaders under King
Haakon succeeded in landing unobserved on the coast of Scotland
near the mouth of the Clyde, not far from where Alexander’s army
was encamped. Under the protection of the night the Danish soldiers
crept stealthily toward the Scottish camp, hoping to conquer the Scots
[3]
by this surprise attack. Victory seem within their grasp when one of
the barefooted Danish soldiers trod upon a thistle. His sharp cry of
pain was sufficient to arouse the Scottish soldiers, who in turn fought
with such bravery and skill that the Danish invaders were driven from
the Scottish shore. Since that time the Scotch thistle, Onopordum
acanthium, has been considered the national flower of Scotland.
The Welsh people wear the leek on the first day of March in com¬
memoration of Saint David, the patron saint of Wales. White and
green, the hues of the leek, are the Cambrian colors.
In Switzerland the edelweiss ( Leontopodium alpinum) is considered
of importance because its natural habitat is in the Alps. Greece claims
the violet as its national flower, because it has been mentioned so often
by Homer and other writers of the classics. It blooms abundantly in
the Isles of the Mediterranean and is constantly seen in the Athenean
flower markets. The sunflower, one of the many species oi Helianthus,
is the national flower of Russia, not only because it grows so well but
because it is also of great economic importance.
As far as the United States is concerned, a pamphlet was published
several years ago by Louis Prang of Boston in which he set forth the
respective merits of goldenrod (SolidagoJ and arbutus ( Epigaea repens)
as competitors for the place of honor. He asked for an expression of
opinion from the public at that time, and the response was overwhelm¬
ingly in favor of the goldenrod. Personally, the writer feels that the
goldenrod is very well suited for a national flower not only because
of its wide distribution in this country, but also by reason of its sci¬
entific name — Solidago — which means to make whole or to join. The
name alone almost qualifies it as an emblem of our great republic.
Richard J. Hayden
Superintendent of Parks & Cemeteries
Boston, Massachusetts
Note: Mr. Richard J. Hayden, Superintendent of the Boston Parks,
has been interested in this subject of national flowers for many years.
At one time he contemplated making a garden in which would be
represented the national flowers of each country. In order to get offi¬
cial information he wrote to many of the European Consuls and also
to several of the European governments for definite information and
was very much suprised to find that no government had passed leg¬
islation recognizing one as their national flower. The notes contained
in this Bulletin are the result of Mr. Hayden’s correspondence and are
published here for the interest of the gardening public.
[4]
OFFICIAL STATE FLOWERS
List compiled by the Wild Flower Preservation Society
Washington, D. C.
Alabama
Goldenrod
Solidago sp.
Legis.
1917
Arizona
Giant Cactus
Cereus giganteus
Legis.
1933
Arkansas
Apple Blossom
Malus sp.
Legis.
1901
California
California Poppy
Eschscholtzia californica
Legis.
1903
Colorado
Colorado Columbine
Aquilegia caerulea
Legis.
1899
Connecticut
Mountain-laurel
Kalmia latifolia
Legis.
1907
Delaware
Peach Blossom
Prunus Persica
Legis.
1895
Florida
Orange Blossom
Citrus sinensis
Legis.
1909
Georgia
Cherokee Rose
Rose laevigata
Legis.
1916
Idaho
Lewis Mockorange
Philadelphus Lewisi
Legis.
1931
Illinois
Native Wood Violet
Viola sp.
Legis.
1908
Indiana
Zinnia
Zinnia elegans
I.egis.
1931
Iowa
Wild Rose
Rosa pratincola
Legis.
1897
Kansas
Sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Legis.
1903
Kentucky
Goldenrod
Solidago sp.
Legis.
1926
Louisiana
Southern Magnolia
Magnolia grandiflora
Legis.
1900
Maine
Pine cone & tassel
Pinus Strobus
Legis.
1895
Maryland
Black-eyed Susan
Rudbeckia hirta
Legis.
1918
Massachusetts
Trailing Arbutus
Epigaea repens
Legis.
1925
Michigan
Apple Blossom
Malus sp.
Legis.
1897
Minnesota
Showy Ladyslipper
Cypripedium spectabile
Legis.
1,902
Mississippi
Southern Magnolia
Magnolia grandiflora
Schools
—
Missouri
Downy Hawthorn
Crataegus mollis
Legis.
1923
Montana
Bitterroot
Lewisia rediviva
Legis.
1895
Nebraska
November Goldenrod
Solidago serotina
Legis.
1895
Nevada
Sagebush
Artemisia tridentata
Common consent
New Hampshire Purple Lilac
Syringa vulgaris
Legis.
1918
New Jersey
Violet
Viola sp.
Legis.
1913
New Mexico
Yucca
Yucca sp.
Schools
—
New York
Rose
Rosa sp.
Schools
1891
North Carolina
Oxeye Daisy
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Common consent
North Dakota
Prairie Rose
Rosa arkansana
Legis.
1907
Ohio
Scarlet Carnation
Dianthus Caryophyllus
Legis.
1904
Oklahoma
Mistletoe
Phoradendron flavescens
Legis.
1893
Oregon
Oregon Hollygrape
Mahonia Aquifolium
Legis.
1899
Pennsylvania
Mountain-laurel
Kalmia latifolia
Legis.
1,933
Rhode Island
Violet
Viola sp.
Schools
1897
South Carolina
Carolina Jessamine
Gelsemium sempervirens
Legis.
1,924
South Dakota
American Pasqueflower
Pulsatilla hirsutissima
Legis.
1919
Tennessee
Iris
Iris sp.
Legis.
1,9.33
Texas
Texas Bluebonnet
Lupinus subcarnosus
Legis.
1901
Utah
Sego-lily
Calochortus Nuttallii
Legis.
1911
Vermont
Red Clover
Trifolium pratense
Legis.
1894
V irginia
Flowering Dogwood
Cornus florida
Legis.
1918
Washington
Coast Rhododendron
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Legis.
1893
West Virginia
Great Rhododendron
Rhododendron maximum
Legis.
1903
Wisconsin
Native Violet
Viola sp.
Schools
1909
Wyoming
Indian Paintbrush
Castilleja coccinea
Legis.
1917
Hawaii
Hibiscus
Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis
Legis.
1923
Alaska
Forget-me-not
Myosotis sp.
Legis.
1917
[5]
Notes: As this goes to press, there are many plants in the Arbore¬
tum which are already showing signs of active growth. During the last
of March there were many unusually warm days which started early
growth in several types of plants. The warm spell was immediately
followed by cold rainy days that, fortunately, held things back a bit.
The leaf buds of many honeysuckles, barberries, and currants are as
far advanced as are those of Prinsepia sinensis, which ordinarily is the
first of all to start growth in the spring. Some of the willows as seen
from the Administration Building are yellowish or reddish-green, sure
signs that warm weather must soon come to stay. Magnolia stellata is
not yet in bloom, and though many of the flower buds have started
to split open, they are still sufficiently tight to withstand any cold
weather during the next few days. Rhododendron mucronulatum is just
starting to bloom, while Viburnum fragrans has been out for several
days, its flower buds being uninjured by the mild winter, Corylopsis,
Forsythia, and Benzoin are just ready to open, while Erica ca.rnea, pro¬
tected by a mulch of straw all winter is now in full bloom. Daphne
Mezereum, Acer ruhrum, and Acer dasycarpum have been in bloom for
several days. It is safe to say that there has been practically no winter
injury to the trees and shrubs in the Arboretum this winter. If the
unusually warm weather of the past week continues, there may be
danger from late frosts, but otherwise most of the plants in the Ar¬
boretum came through last winter in splendid condition.
Subscription renewals for 1938 are now due. Those who have not
resubscribed, please send the subscription price of $1.00 to the
Bulletin of Popular Information, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain,
Massachusetts, at your earliest convenience.
[6]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSIT *
APR 2€ D3^
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol, VI APRIL 22, 1938 Number 2
A RARE AMERICAN SHRUB
ELLIOTTIA RACEMOSA is a rare American shrub or small tree
indigenous to a restricted area in eastern and southern Georgia.
Because of its rarity, the reference literature is rather meager. Un¬
fortunately, in the little which has been published there appear some
misstatements concerning its normal habitat and method of reproduc¬
tion. The purpose of these notes is to clarify these points. During the
past several years the author has had the species under observation at
a number of stations. In the course of this study, he has been accom¬
panied on many of his trips by Frank M. Crayton, a nurseryman and
plant collector of Biltmore, North Carolina, who is entitled to share
any credit that may accrue from these investigations. Acknowledge¬
ments are also due Mr. C. D. Beadle of Biltmore, who was a member
of a recent expedition and with whose assistance a more thorough
study of the plant’s method of reproduction was made than had been
undertaken up to that time.
Elliottia racemosa is an attractive plant even when not in flower and
when in bloom, few native American shrubs can approach it in beauty.
Its flowers are pure white, usually with four linear-elliptic petals that
are markedly recurved. The racemes, which are always terminal on
leafy, fastigiate branches, are rather long, averaging well over six
inches. There are several illustrations in the literature but few of
these do the plant justice.
The line drawing in Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Horticulture is good enough
in so far as the structure of the flower is concerned, but it fails to give
a true picture of the plant in blossom. The petals are actually much
more recurved and the racemes much more densely flowered than this
illustration indicates. Plants of average size, up to six feet or more in
[7]
APR
25 1936
height, bear from three to more than twenty racemes and one of the
profusely flowered specimens presents an impressive sight indeed. If
it were hardy in the north and were readily propagated, Elliottia would
undoubtedly be one of our most popular shrubs. Unfortunately, its
hardiness is questionable and its rarity would make general trans¬
planting out of the question even if it were hardy. It cannot readily
be transplanted even in the area where is is native. This is evidenced
by the fact that of four specimens that were transplanted from a large
station to gardens within two miles during the past three years two
promptly died and the remaining two are not thriving well.
While Elliottia is one of our rarest shrubs, there is a general im¬
pression that it is either nearly extinct or promises soon to become so.
This impression can be attributed, in some measure at least, to pub¬
lished statements that are somewhat at variance with the facts.
Investigations indicate that while the plant unquestionably is rare
and seems to have disappeared from some areas where it was formerly
known to occur there is no occasion to consider it to be in danger of
extinction. Also at some stations it appears that there has been no
reproduction for many years. However, there are stations where it is
propagating itself by seed so that it is definitely not sterile to its own
pollen.
At various times during the past several years the author has taken
up a number of plants in eastern Georgia. In each case the roots were
followed to their very ends and no evidence was found to show that
the plant multiplies from its rootstock. In common with many other
ericaceous plants, it has shallow horizontal roots that are long and
heavy, but, except for rather young plants, they are usually notice¬
ably free from the small fibrous rootlets that are so abundant on the
roots of many plants in this family. It does reproduce itself by seed,
but to what extent it produces viable seed and whether some such
seed is produced annually or only during occasional years is not yet
determined. During the past several years it has flowered profusely,
but, while the flowers seem to be setting seed as they pass maturity,
the vast majority of the fruits abort.
In the fall of 1986 a check of one plant which bore twenty-three
flower racemes that averaged over forty flowers each (a total of ap¬
proximately 1000 individual flowers) showed only eight capsules and
not one of these contained a viable seed ! Most of the plants that year
failed to produce a single fruit. The racemes average fully forty flow¬
ers each (more than 80 have been counted on some of them), yet in
1936 a total of only twenty-eight seed capsules were produced by ap-
[8]
proximately four hundred racemes ; and no seed germination has been
reported from any of the material distributed. Seeds were sent to
Kew, the Arnold Arboretum, and several individuals in the United
States. At several stations no very young plants are in evidence, but
in two places at least a fair number of small seedlings less than eight
inches high were observed, proof that the plant has produced viable
seed within the past few years. Several of these small specimens were
lifted, the soil sifted from about their roots, showing no connection
with other plants.
Elliottia seems normally to grow with a single trunk, similar to a
small tree. However, the area in which it is native is subject to period¬
ical burnings, and if a plant is killed by fire a cluster of sprouts usu¬
ally arises from the base of the stump. At several stations, as a con¬
sequence of this burning, there are whole groups of plants that are of
a bushy character. At one large station the plants are mostly of this
type, the single-stemmed ones being largely confined to the outer and
wetter edges of the area where fire never reaches them. At another
station the plants occur at scattering intervals for several hundred
yards along the edge of a swamp. Fire seldom, if ever, reaches them,
and here they are almost entirely of the ‘^tree” type.
There are several stations in one county in eastern Georgia. All of
them that have been investigated are in soil known as Norfolk sand.
A survey of the area made by the Bureau of soils, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, gives the following information :
‘^The surface soil of Norfolk sand, to a depth of 6 or 8 inches, con¬
sists of loose sand of light gray to dark gray color, changing to light
yellowish, the surface being darkened for a few inches by the accum¬
ulation of a small amount of organic matter. — The subsoil is of ma¬
terial similar to the soil, in fact there is practically no line of demar¬
cation between soil and subsoil. The subsoil extends to a depth of
over S6 inches. — Generally (it) is several feet in depth, in places
being as much as 20 feet or more. — The particles forming the sand
are subangular grains of quartz, no other material seeming to enter
into its formation.’^
A mechanical analysis given in this survey is as follows :
Fine gravel
2.2%
Coarse sand
19.5%
Medium sand
20.8%
Fine sand
89.9%
Very fine sand
8.6%
Silt
6.0%
Clay
2.5%
[9]
Samples of soil taken from about the roots of Elliottia at the largest
station show a definite acid reaction ranging from pH 5. 1 to pH 5.42.
Of the five stations in this neighborhood, three of them, including
the largest one just mentioned, are all rather low. At the large one
the immediate plant associates include the following:
Cyrilla racemiflora
Cliftonia monophylla
Kalmia hirsuta
Fothergilla sp.
Azalea 8 sp.
Hypericum fasciculatum
Vaccinium sp.
Liquidambar Styracifiua
Osmanthus americanus
Stewartia malacodendron (S. virginica)
Magnolia virginiana
Baccharis halimifolia
Wisteria frutescens
Symplocos tinctoria
Lyonia nitida (Pieris nitida)
Persea Borbonia
While some of the above species are occasionally found on higher
and dryer land, most of them (with the exception of Symplocos) usu¬
ally grow only in damp soil. Immediately adjacent to this station is
a small area of perhaps half an acre, that is covered by a solid growth
of Hypericum fasciculatum. Here the water table is practically at the
ground level. At no time during the past three or four years has the
author ever seen this area without some water showing at the surface.
Where the Elliottia grows nearby, the ground level is at no point more
than five feet higher than it is at this stand of Hypericum^ and most
of it is not more than three or four feet higher.
At this station is found the best evidence that the plant actually
does reproduce itself by seed. Here there are many hundreds of plants
ranging in size from seedlings seven or eight inches high, to mature
plants up to eleven feet tall. Here also occurs the most profuse flower¬
ing seen during these investigations. Formerly there was a scattering
growth of pines over this station but these were cut off some years ago
and now the whole area is in open sunlight. This fact probably ac¬
counts for the profuse flowering. The station covers an irregular area
ranging from 80 yards to almost 200 yards in width by a quarter of a
mile in length.
Across a small stream from this station and about 200 yards away
more plants are found. Most of them are scattered through a heavy
growth of other shrubs and here are found the largest known speci¬
mens. There are three trees, all of which are above 20 feet in height,
one of them being more than 80 feet tall and measuring five inches
in trunk diameter, three feet from the ground. These trees are in
ground that is fully as low-lying as that at the large station across the
creek. Several smaller plants, some up to seven feet tall, grow on ris¬
ing ground close by, but none of them under the typical ^^sand ridge”
PLATE I
Elliottia racemosa, a rare American shrub, indigenous to a restricted area
in eastern and southern Georgia.
conditions specified as the habitat for this plant by some botanists.
In south central Georgia and some 80 miles southwest of the large
station the plant occurs again. Here it grows near the foot of a slop¬
ing sandy ridge, adjoining the swampy area along a small creek. The
surface soil seems to be much the same as found at the other stations.
While this station is higher and dryer than those in the eastern part
of the state, nevertheless the soil must contain considerable moisture
as the immediate plant associates include thrifty specimens of both
Cllftonia monophylla and Cyrilla racemijlora. Typical plants of black¬
jack oak are found nearby, but all of them grow higher up the slope
than does the Elliottia. There are hardly more than a dozen plants at
this station. They range in height from about three to eight feet. There
are no small plants and there is no evidence of reproduction.
In the National Herbarium at Washington are deposited specimens
of Elliottia collected by R.M. Harper on September 22, 1903 bearing
the notation "^Very dry pine barrens north of Douglas, Coffee County,
Georgia.” Dr. Harper has informed the writer that he located this
station many years ago and could hardly direct anyone to it now as
the present roads probably do not follow the cart tracks of that time.
As a consequence there has been no opportunity to check this station,
for Dr. Harper is too reliable a collector for his information to be ques¬
tioned, but it seems that while this plant is adapted to exclusively
sandy soil it is somewhat indifferent as to moisture. However, the
only stations where there is any evidence of reproduction itself are the
lowest and dampest of them all.
In all the published descriptions of Elliottia that the author has seen
which have appeared since Elliott’s ‘‘A Sketch of Botany of South
Carolina and Georgia” published in 1821, there occur some state¬
ments which are apparently erroneous. Most of the description given
by Rehder in Bailey’s Cyclopedia is correct, but he makes two state¬
ments to which the present writer cannot subscribe. He states ‘‘pro¬
pagation by suckers, which appear only occasionally.” Exception is
taken to this for the reasons given above. Again he states “racemes —
often branched at the base.” The author has seen literally thousands
of racemes, but he has yet to see one that branched either at the base
or elsewhere.* If there exists any herbarium specimen with a branch-
^'The description of the racemes as “often branched at the base” may be easily
misunderstood, and therefore I have changed it in my Manual of Trees and
Shrubs (p. 678) to “pedicels slender, 6-12 mm. long, the lower ones sometimes
branched,” which is more correct since it is not the axis of the raceme itself
but the lower pedicels which are branched, so that the raceme becomes a pan¬
icle. It may be added that it would be more accurate to replace “sometimes
branched” by “often branched” or even “usually branched.” Alfred Rehder
[12]
ing raceme, this description should read “occasionally” instead of
“often.”
Small, in his Manual states “flowers- — in short panicles.” A better
description would read “elongated” instead of “short,” for the rea¬
son given earlier in this article. Again he states “calyx-lobes or 4.”
In the several years this plant has been under observation neither a
three-parted flower nor a three-parted capsule has been seen. A pref¬
erable statement would be “perianth segments usually four but fre¬
quently five.” Until this year the author would have written “occa¬
sionally” instead of “frequently”, but in June, 1987, several hours
were spent in photographing the plants in flower, and while engaged
in this a number of plants were noted on which many of the flowers
had their parts in fives. While collecting seed in the fall, a fairly large
group of plants was noted on which a majority of the seed capsules
were five-parted.
There is a Government Weather Bureau station not far from the
largest Elliottia station, the altitude at both places being slightly
under 200 feet above sea level. The station records cover the past
thirty-nine years and show an average annual minimum temperature
of 54.7 degrees Fahrenheit, the average minimum for the three win¬
ter months being 39.6 degrees. Record “lows” during the 39 years
were December (8° above zero) ; January (]2° above zero); and Feb¬
ruary (2° above zero). Precipitation averaged 49.04 inches annually.
Efforts to transplant Elliottia at Biltmore, North Carolina, have not
been entirely successful. About four years ago six plants were brought
in, four of which are still living. One succumbed in 1936, possibly as
a result of the heavy freeze in March of that year, and another died
the same year, but as it had some protection the heavy soil in which
it was planted probably was the cause of its death rather than the low
temperature. The other four plants are still living and appear to be a
little thriftier as each year passes. One of them has even developed
an occasional flower. It is hoped that they will eventually become
acclimated and thrive. Evidently the plant will withstand fairly low
temperatures if given proper soil conditions, a very sandy loam with
a definite acid reaction.
William A. Knight
Biltmore Forest
Biltmore, N.C.
[13]
A Tribute to an Eminent Botanist
Forty years ago this month the Arnold Arboretum welcomed from
Germany, Alfred Rehder, a man who is today one of the foremost
botanists of America. In 1883 Professor Alfred Rehder began writing
articles on dendrological subjects for German periodicals, in 1895 be¬
coming associate editor of Mollers Deutsche gartner-zeitung. In 1898,
wishing to visit the Arnold Arboretum, whose fame was well known
in Europe. Professor Rehder made arrangements with Professor C.S.
Sargent, then Director, for one-half year as student-worker for $1.00
a day while at the same time carrying on his editorial work for the
German periodical.
It was not long before his accurate knowledge and painstaking care
were recognized and when Dr. L. H. Bailey, who was compiling the
Cyclopedia of Horticulture, asked Mr. C. E. Faxon, Assistant Director
of the Arnold Arboretum, to make drawings for this work, Mr. Faxon
not wishing to undertake it recommended Mr. Rehder. Mr. Rehder
did a few drawings, then sent an article on Aesculus, telling Dr. Bailey
that drawing was not his forte but that he would be willing to write
on dendrological subjects. Whereupon Dr. Bailey engaged him to
write all the dendrological articles for the Cyclopedia, a work of sev¬
eral years.
Meanwhile in 1900 an extensive work had been undertaken by the
Arboretum, the Bradley Bibliography , a guide to the literature of the
woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twen¬
tieth century. This work was not progressing satisfactorily and in 1901
it was entrusted to Mr. Rehder who spent seventeen years of exact¬
ing and concientious labor upon it, traveling in this country and in
Europe visiting the important libraries, examing untold masses of
material and gleaning for his Bibliography 100,000 titles.
Upon the return of E. H. Wilson from China, Mr. Rehder coop¬
erated extensively in the preparation of Vlantae Wilsoniae, edited by
Professor Sargent. Of inestimable value to horticulturists, botanists
and even to amateurs interested in growing plants is Mr. Rehder’s
Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in North America.
And so the half-year has lengthened to forty years of fruitful labor
in his adopted land, and best wishes for the benefit of his continued
service and helpful companionship are extended to this modest gen¬
tleman.
[14]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSITY^"
^ mz jS8
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI
APRIL 29, 1938
Number 3
THIS SPRING AT THE ARBORETUAI
Unusually warm weather this year has forced many trees and
shrubs into very early flower. The Japanese cherries bloomed
approximately ten days early, and the crabapples will be in bloom
nearer the first of May rather than the middle of May as is usually the
case. Weather is always an unknown quantity, and if all the days were
as cold and dreary as the one on which this is being written the Jap¬
anese cherries might well remain in bloom for sometime.
Considerable interest has been shown by the public this year in the
cherries, and newspaper reporters estimated that about 35,000 people
visited the Arboretum on Sunday, April 24, when they were at their
best. This shows an unusually early interest in the collections at the
Arboretum. Because of the warm weather, Pruims Sargentii lasted a-
bout three or four days, but P.subhirtella, P.subhirtella autumnalis, and
P.yedoensis all lasted a full week. Prunus bicisa was particularly well
flowered this season, and the plants of the double-flowered P. triloba
are still in splendid condition.
Amelanchiers of various species have been in full bloom for several
days this week. Professor Sargent placed many at outstanding points
of interest so that their conspicuous white blossoms are seen every¬
where and impress upon visitors the fact that spring has come to stay.
Although they do not hold their flowers more than a few days in warm
weather, they are true harbingers of spring.
Magnolias
The magnolias have been in excellent condition, particularly the
early flowering Magnolia stellata which was in good shape for over a
week, while M.kobus borealis also did very well. One large specimen
of this interesting, tall-growing tree (it is the tallest growing of all
the Asiatic magnolias) close to the Administration Building has been
observed by several people who ask why it does not flower well. This
year it had only a few scattered flowers, as it did last year and the
year before that. Unfortunately, because of this some think that the
variety does not bear flowers well until it is considerably older.
[15]
However, a dose examination of this particular tree will show that
it has been o-irdled for over three-fourths of the way around the base
of the trunk, apparently by mice or rabbits. No tree can be expected
to have good blossoms under such circumstances. There is a tree of
the same variety, between the Administration Building and the wall
along the Arborway, that is only about eight feet tall, but is literally
covered with blossoms, showing that the variety does bear early flow¬
ers providing it is in good health and the soil conditions are favorable.
Magnolia denudata and M.Soulangeana flower buds were somewhat in¬
jured by a late cold snap early in April. It is of interest to note again
the hardiness of the flower buds of M.stellata and M.kobus and its va¬
riety, which, though they were considerably farther advanced than
the flower buds of M. Soulangeana, were not injured in the least by
this cold spell.
New Foliage Appearing
Right now the Arboretum is clothed in a mantle of many shades.
The new foliage of certain plants varies considerably in color when it
first appears. Some, like the early Prinsepia sinensis and Berheris Thnn-
bergii^ show a bright green. Others, like Vibaronmi Lentago^ and cer¬
tain species of Betula and Evony nius , are bronze and blend splendidly
with the other shades. On the other hand, the Japanese maples and
some of the Ribes species have young foliage which at first is bright
red. The Schwedler’s maple and CercidiphijUum also possess a fine
reddish-bronze color early in the season, though the color of the
former may last for a considerable period, finally changing to a dark
green by the end of the summer.
Many people fail to appreciate the beauty of the early spring foli¬
age. This is only natural, since spring usually comes with a rush and
there are so many conspicuous flowers to draw our attention that we
do not take the opportunity to admire all the different kinds of leaves.
However, from the top of Bussey Hill or Peter’s Hill, there is now,
a splendid view of this early foliage, it is interesting to stand on such
a high point either in the Arboretum or anywhere else where there
are a number of trees and try to identify the various trees and shrubs
from a distance simply by this early foliage color. A larch will be
easily spotted because of its bright green color and definitely pyra¬
midal growth habit. Beeches will be noticed because of their gray bark
and delicately hazy green leaf-color. The oaks can be readily deter¬
mined by the late appearance of their young leaves which vary in color
from a deep yellow to a good bronze or gray-green. A careful obser¬
vance of these plant characteristics at this time will lead to a greater
appreciation of the beauty of the spring as it gradually unfurls, chang¬
ing color from day to day.
d’he crabapples are fast approaching their blooming season — ahead
of time. From the appearance of the large number of flower buds on
the trees it looks as if the flower display in this collection will be un-
usuallv good. Malas baccata inandshurica is in bloom now, and other
[16]
Alal'us haceata mandskurica, now in full bloom,
is the first of the Asiatic crabapples to flower.
species and varieties will be coming-out during the week. These plants
are all subjected to that phenomenon of nature — alternate bearing.
They have good crops of fruit one year and poor the next. In fact
there is one tree in the older crabapple collection at the base of
Peters’ Hill which has a line of demarkation that can be easily seen
almost every year. Half the tree blooms and fruits well one year,
while the other half does not. The next year this is reversed. By a
complicated system of fertilizing over a period of years, orchardists
are able to control this to some extent. Experimentally the alternate
bearing of one half of a tree has been obtained by special fertilizing.
Normally, however, there is little that the average home owner can
do about this interesting phenomenon. If the trees are well taken
care of and in splendid growing condition, fertilized each year, the
alternate bearing may not be so pronounced as it is in starved trees.
Particular attention should be given to Malus Leynoinei this season.
Last year one small plant had the darkest flowers of any of the Malus
group. If any Bulletin readers have this tree, please send in notes on
the color of its flowers, since it apparently has good possibilities as an
ornamental flowering tree.
Plant Breeding
Those visiting the Arboretum this spring will undoubtedly see many
cellophane bags on trees and shrubs everywhere. This is evidence of
a considerable amount of plant hybridizing now being done on the
grounds by staff members, under the supervision of Dr. Karl Sax of the
Arboretum staff. There are several reasons for this activity. In the
first place, the Maria Moors Cabot Foundation for Botanical Research
was established on a long-range research program for increasing the
production of cellulose by plant breeding, particularly tree breeding.
Part of this work is being done in the Arboretum, particularly that
part dealing with the hybridization of trees by artificial pollination in
order to evolve more rapidly growing strains. Although this is only a
small part of the work, it is the part which an Arboretum visitor no¬
tices.
Other hybridization is being done with the ornamental plants in or¬
der to study them more carefully from a genetical point of view and
also with the chance that new hybrids may be obtained of ornamental
value. Those who read a recent article in the Saturday Evening Post
on the breeding work with marigolds may realize the tremendous num¬
bers of individuals which should be grown. In any such breeding work
the more individuals grown, the better the chances for variation.
Woody plants are slow in reaching maturity and often it is ten to
twenty years before they flower. Consequently such a program nec¬
essarily must be carried out over a long period of years, particularly
when the number of individuals grown is as severely limited, as it is
in the Arboretum where space is at a premium. Hundreds of crosses
are being made among outstanding ornamentals in the hope that some
may yield new or interesting garden plants,
[18]
H 3' ^
ARNOLD
HARVARD UNIVERSITY/.
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI
MAY 10, 1988
Number 4
SPRING RUSHES ON!
WHEN we read in the papers that the Japanese cherry trees
were blooming in Washington, D.C., the latter part of March-
ten days ahead of time— we were not particularly interested. But that
was the forerunner of an unusually early spring season which has blank¬
eted the eastern part of the country at least from South Carolina to
Maine. All types of plants are blooming unusually early. Even orni¬
thologists tell of bird migrations being noted the earliest in years.
Still the warm weather prevails. Those who have visited the Arbore¬
tum this spring have seen many plants blooming a week or ten days
earlier than in previous years. This bulletin is written to inform our
readers of the situation, so that they may not miss certain displays
which normally come later at the Arboretum.
Lilacs
Lilacs are in full bloom now. If the weather is cool during the next
week, the plants will probably remain in fairly good condition, but if
the days are very warm the flowers will fade rapidly. Sunday, May
fifteenth, will be Lilac Sunday, a day on which the largest crowds of
the year visit the Arboretum. Some of the early flowering lilacs started
to bloom the week of April twenty-fifth, and at the time this bulletin
is being written Syringa oblata dilatata is at the height of its beauty.
A very few of the S. vulgaris hybrids flowered last week in the Arbo¬
retum collection, and here and there in gardens around Boston, where
in a warm sunny location, individual lilac bushes were in full bloom.
The two greatest collections of lilacs in the world are in the United
States. The collection at the Arboretum contains 417 named species
and varieties, while that at Rochester, New York, contains 890. It is
interesting to note that the flowering of the collection at Rochester
[19]
is also considerably advanced so that Lilac Sunday there will probably
be May fifteenth. Normally, both this excellent collection and that
at the Arnold Arboretum are at their best about a week later.
The blossoms on the plants this year are not as profuse as last year.
Lilacs, like many other ornamental woody plants, are subject to al¬
ternate bearing, the good flowers of one year being followed by poor
blossoms the next. In large collections, however, there are sufficient
bushes flowering well each year to make a visit worthwhile even for
the most casual observer.
Crabapples
Although such gorgeous crabapples as Mai us Jioribunda, M.arnold-
iana^ M.baccata, M.hupehe?isis, M. atrosan guinea , M. purpurea, and M.
spectabilis have already faded, several of the crabapples are in full
bloom now. One is the Sargent crab, ( M.Sargeidi) the lowest grow¬
ing of all, the pure white flowers of which make it most conspicuous.
The double-flowered Bechtel crab ( M.ioensis plena) and several others
can be seen in the collection at the base of Peter’s Hill. The crab-
apple bloom this year was good, but because of the warm weather the
flowers opened so quickly that there was not the mass of color in the
collection which has made such a vivid display in previous years.
Other Plants in Bloom
Azaleas have been outstanding for several days. Earlier in the sea¬
son Bhododendron mucronulatum was severely injured by a late freeze,
but R. Schlippenhachi was in full bloom on May first, and R. yedoense
poukhanense was in full bloom a few days later. The torch azalea R.
obtusum Kaempferi is now at its best. This plant was considered by
Professor Sargent as the most brilliant of the Arboretum’s introduc¬
tions from Japan. There are literally thousands of them planted around
the Arboretum grounds, and every spot graced by their vivid color is
now a place of beauty. Some have been planted in the woods by the
pond adjacent to the shrub collection. A thousand were planted sev¬
eral years ago in the woods next to the old Bussey mansion on South
Street. These shrubs will increase in size and beauty with the years.
By far the best collection of the torch azalea is on the top of Bus¬
sey Hill, where there is a mass planting of splendid specimens six
feet tall. Every year these plants, growing under the century old
pines on the top of the hill, are admired by thousands. Another
colorful planting is a little below this on the same hill. The torch
azalea is best planted in the partial shade of the woods, since its deli¬
cate flowers are easily injured by too much bright sun. Several of the
[20]
PLATE III
The lilac path at the Arboretum.
other Asiatic azaleas thrive under the same sheltered conditions. Our
native R.calendulaceum, which usually blooms about the first of June,
can withstand a great deal of sun and does not fade nearly so soon as
the Asiatic species.
Although the entire countryside is particularly beautiful at this
time of year, the Arboretum is an even more gorgeous spectacle, for
it is enhanced by the artistic plantings of thousands of exotic trees
and shrubs. Many other plants should not be overlooked at this time.
Rhododendron V aseiji can be seen at its best along the edge of the
pond near the shrub collection and also along the road bordering the
horsechestnuts. A few of the *^Ghent” and ‘^Mollis” hybrids are be¬
ginning to flower now, as well as Rhododendron carolinianum and a few
other early rhododendrons in the collection at the base of Hemlock
Hill. In fact, the entire Rhododendron collection will probably be in
bloom either the last week in May or the first of June, provided this
warm weather continues.
The flowering dogwood, Cornus Jlorida, is blooming profusely again
this year. Last year its blossoms and bright colored fruits were more
numerous than in many years, not only in the collections at the Ar¬
boretum, but also in many other parts of the East.
The three species of Fothergilla are in full flower. Although native to
the southeastern United States, the Fothergilla was first cultivated in
English gardens more than a century ago and only recently appeared
in American gardens. The genus is named after Dr. John Fothergill,
who in the eighteenth century cultivated in his gardens what was then
one ofjthe most complete collections of American plants. The three
members of this genus are closely allied to the witch-hazels, as sug¬
gested by their similar leaves. The peculiar ^^bottle-brush” flowers
are^conspicuous because of their long white stamens.
Fothergilla Gardeni is the lowest growing of the three, being only
about 3 feet tall; F.monticola grows about 6 feet tall, and F. major
about 9 feet. There is a splendid specimen of F. major by the pond at
the base of the Philadelplms collection. One of the most outstanding
characteristics of the Fothergilla is its autumn color, for if it is planted
where it is exposed to the full, late afternoon sun of September the fol¬
iage turns to a gorgeous orange and red. One of the plants in the shrub
collection is of interest every year, for on the side facing the Arbor¬
way (east) the leaves are never anything more than a brownish yellow
in the fall, while on the side where the foliage gets the direct sun of
late afternoon in September the leaves turn brilliant orange and red.
Donald Wyman
[22]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM "
HARVARD UNI VERSnjY I'MY 801938
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI MAY 16, 1938 Number 5
MAPPING THE ARBORETUM
AS THE number of living plants has increased in the Arboretum,
the problem of locating individual species naturally has become
more and more difficult. Many thousands of individual trees and
shrubs representing over 7000 named species and varieties from the
north temperate zone of both hemispheres are growing in the glades
and on the hills within the Arboretum boundaries. A handy record
is essential to locate them when access to a particular species or va¬
riety is needed for horticultural or botanical purposes.
The basic plant records of the Arboretum are kept in card index
form. The data on the cards give the history of the plant, including
its name, origin, date of acquisition, number and the general collec¬
tion (e.g. maples, lindens, etc.) in which it is to be found. Such a
record was adequate for its purpose as long as the collections were
comparatively small and each staff member could have a thorough
knowledge of the grounds. Experience eventually taught that a sup¬
plementary graphic record is absolutely necessary. Thousands of
plants spread over 265 acres of widely diversified grounds cannot be
exactly located by means of approximate references and brief de¬
scriptions.
One of the important projects recently initiated at the Arnold Ar¬
boretum has been the actual mapping of the positions of all the trees
and shrubs in its extensive living collections. Prior to this time par¬
tial surveys had been made, and maps covering certain sections had
been prepared which unfortunately were not kept up to date. The
new and complete survey will involve between seventy and eighty
maps, each measuring 2 by 2i feet. The progress made in the last
seven months indicates that the work will probably be finished by
the end of the present calendar year.
[23]
Two scales are being used: l" '.‘tO' and l" :10\ i.e. one inch to ^0
feet and one inch to 10 feet. The maps are designed to show
in detail the positions of all small plants or shrubs cultivated in con¬
gested areas, thus supplementing the standard ones. The scale :20''
is the standard adopted for the general maps where for the most part
tree species are involved.
The instruments used in our work would not satisfy the require¬
ments of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. They are essentially those
which were available to George Washington in the days of his youth,
that is, the magnetic compass, the alidade, and the chain. In their
modern form these instruments are available in the standard K. & E.
Traverse Table and in the usual 50 and 100 foot tapes. 1 he alidade
is the device that establishes a line of sight between two points. It
has a fore slit, a back vertical thread, and a side ruler that is scaled,
in our case to one inch for 40 feet. By putting the point to be “spot¬
ted” in line between the slit and the thread and scaling off its dis¬
tance on the table, one determines its position and its distance from
a station at which the instrument is set up. The distance between the
station and the plant is actually measured, or, if it is inaccessible, de¬
termined by sighting the point from two or more different stations.
The intersection of the lines of sight gives the location sought.
Crude as these instruments are, they are surprisingly accurate if
the user has a definite understanding of their limitations. The normal
rate of error is about one foot in one hundred, which is more than
satisfactory for a survey of the type in which we are interested. Suf¬
ficient accuracy in the long range is assured by so called traverse lines
that connect landmarks within property limits. The partial surveys
are integrated on these traverse lines. Each partial survey shows the
positions of three or more trees in each adjacent area. Thus it is pos¬
sible to overlap the surveys on known points, singly and as a whole.
The disadvantages inherent to this manner of field work are apparent
to the professional surveyor. Its advantages for our particular work,
however, are simplicity of operation and availability of record with a
minimum amount of time and with limited personnel. About 180
acres were covered in sufficient detail to outline the main features of
the maps and to locate the majority of trees in about ten weeks of
actual operation. The use of precise instruments yields precise results,
but involves exacting requirements. It is debatable as to whether or
not the record secured by a regular survey would be more serviceable,
cost considered, than that secured by use of the traverse table.
The field record taken at the scale of EG 40' is assembled and re¬
duced to the scale of l": 20', or l": 10'. Each map covering an area
[24]
PLATE IV
All airplane view of the Arnold Arboretum
400 by 600 feet is drawn on tracing cloth at the scale of i20'. From
this master map a black and white print is made. This print is care¬
fully checked in the field, the necessary revisions, corrections, and
additions being then made. The changes are eventually transferred
to the master tracing cloth map. When the field check is finished and
the data all transferred, each master map is then divided by four in¬
tersecting lines that determine sections, or quadrants A, B, C, D.
Lastly, the exact position of each plant is recorded on the index cards,
references being added to the map number and to the quadrant. The
card entry, Acer negundo 6 | B, for example, indicates that the corres¬
ponding plant is located on map 6, quadrant B. This establishes its
position within a definitely located tract measuring only 200 by 300
feet.
Revisions of the master map will be made as changes in the plant¬
ings occur; that is as plants are moved, removed, or added. The nec¬
essary corrections will be entered on the prints in the field in connec¬
tion with all future operations. Since each revision will be dated, the
corrections will be transferred from the prints to the master maps only
once or twice a year. Thus at a glance the record will tell whether or
not the master map is up to date. If it is not, the print must be con¬
sulted. In either case, the necessary data are readily available.
The method that we have selected answers our problem. Its low
cost, simplicity, and the time element involved commend it in this
particular case. Directors of small botanical gardens have, at times,
found it convenient to prepare diagrammatic sketches of plant groups
as to the location of individual plants in a loose-leaf book. The method
is excellent where large maps are not needed, but is inadequate in an
area as large as the Arnold Arboretum.
These maps of the Arboretum will become a most important part
of its records. They will be very useful to the visitor and to the stu¬
dent who wishes to consult either a few or many plants in any partic¬
ular group. They will be able to locate what they are looking for
with a minimum amount of walking. They will be of even greater use
and value to the staff members concerned with the care, study, and
amplification of the very extensive living collections. Comprising as
they will the exact location of every planted tree and most of the in¬
dividual shrubs within an area of 265 acres, representing somewhat
in excess of 7000 named species and varieties, they will help make
the Arboretum collections more and more a source of inspiration to
the lovers of fine plants.
Leon Croizat
[•26]
7 73
. W 5
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSIT
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI
MAY 20, 1938
Number 6
ORIENTAL FLOWERING CHERRIES
The Oriental flowering cherries, when in bloom, present such a
picture of beauty to the eye that there is frequently a feeling of
disappointment when it is found that these flowers are often without
fragrance.
The question may then be asked, which, if any, of these cherries
have attractive fragrance, and if the quality of fragrance is desired,
can a selection be made that will embody this quality as well as being
otherwise satisfactory? To help answer this question, the following
compilation has been made, based chiefly on the description of these
cherries in the late Dr. Wilson’s book ^*The Cherries of Japan”, and
in '^^The Oriental Flowering Cherries” by Paul Russell of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. The critical comments, where they appear,
are Dr. Wilson’s, than whom there could hardly be a more competent
or experienced observer.
FLOWERS PREDOMINANTLY WHITE.
Oshima Cherry ( Prunus Lannesiana f. alhida). A small flowered
wild mountain type, usually short-lived. Flowers single, white,
and only faintly fragrant.
Habutai, Th is is listed in some Japanese catalogues as having large
white flowers with a silky sheen as being very fragrant. Wil¬
son’s comment, however, is that ^^it has little horticultural
value”.
Gozanoma-nioi. (Another name for this is Ozu-mako). Flowers
single, white, and very fragrant.
Taki-nioi. (in Japanese this name means Fragrant Cascade”).
Flowers single, white, and very fragrant.
[ 27 ]
Washino-o. (This name is also spelled as Wasinowo). Flowers sin¬
gle, fragrant.
Mina-kami. Flowers single, or nearly so, white, very fragrant.
Sumizome. Flowers single, or nearly so, white flushed with pink,
very large. Fragrant. Wilson’s comment is that it is “one of
the most beautiful of all Japanese cherries”.
Hosokawa. Flowers single, or semi-double (some Japanese cata¬
logues list this as having semi-double to double flowers and as
being ae/-?/ fragrant) . Pure white, fragrant. Wilson’s comment
is that “it is a pleasing form”.
Jo-nioi. (This name in Japanese means “Supreme Fragrance”).
Flowers single, or semi-double, of remarkable pure whiteness.
Very fragrant. Wilson’s comment is “a lovely plant, the most
fragrant of all the forms”.
Kunrinjo-shirotae. (Also sometimes spelled Kurinjo-shirotae) .
Flowers semi-double, white, fragrant .
Senriko. Flowers semi-double, very large, pale pink passing to
white. Fragrant. Wilson’s comment is “one of the most beau¬
tiful of its class”.
Suragadai-nioi. Flowers semi-double, pink fading to nearly white,
pendulous on long slender pedicles. Late flowering form. Fra¬
grant .
Shirotae. (This name is sometimes spelled Sirotae, and it is also
at times designated as Mount Fuji). Flowers double or semi¬
double, large, pure white. Fragrant. Wilson’s comment is that
“this is the finest of all the double flowering white cherries”.
Miyako. Flowers double, white flushed pink. Fragrant. Wilson’s
comment is that “it is one of the best of the late flowering forms”.
Yaye-oshima (or Yae-zakura). Flowers double, white, fragrant.
FLOWERS PREDOMINANTLY PINK.
Banriko. Flowers single, large, pale washy pink. Some Japanese
catalogues list it as being very fragrant, but Wilson’s comment
is that it is “a form of very little horticultural value”.
Hitoye-zakura. (This is the type form of Prunus Lannesiana) . A
cultivated form with single, pink flowers. Fragrant.
Kirigaya. Flowers single, pale fiuk, fragrant.
Ariake. Flowers single or semi-double, very large, pale pinh, fra¬
grant. Wilson’s comment is that it is “a very striking form”.
Amanogawa. (This name in Japanese means “Milky Way”). A
tree of fastigiate habit. Flowers semi-double, pale pink, fra-
[28]
A fragrant double flowering Japanese cherry at the Arnold Arboretum.
grant. Wilson’s comment is that ‘‘it is a beautiful form, very
distinct in its habit of growth”.
Botan-zakura. (This name means “Paeony Cherry”). Flowers
semi-double, pale pink, very largQ, fragrant. Wilson’s comment
is that it is one of the very best forms”.
Higurashi. Flowers double to semi-double, pale pink, slightly fra¬
grant. Wilson’s comment is that it is “a good form”.
Ise-zakura. Flowers semi-double, rose pink, fragrant.
Yae-akebono. (This name is also spelled Yaye-akebono) . Flowers
semi-double, very large, soft pink, fragrant, Wilson’s com¬
ment is that it is “a very beautiful form”.
All of the foregoing varieties are classed as forms of Prmius Lanne-
siana.* In addition, the following are also listed as being more or
less fragTant.
Prueus Sieboldii, Takasago Cherry. (Other names for this cherry
are Naden and Musha-zakura) . Flowers are semi-double or
occasionally single, delicate pink or sometimes nearly white.
Wilson does not specifically refer to this species as having any
fragrance, but Russell describes it as having fragrant flowers.
Prunus yedoeesis, Yoshino Cherry. Flowers vary from white to
pink and are slightly fragrant. Wilson’s comment is that it is
“one of the most floriferous and beautiful of the oriental flow¬
ering cherries”.
Clarence McK. Lewis
“Skylands”
Sterlington, New York
*A group of Japanese cherries mostly garden forms which differ little
from P. serrulata and are now generally included in that species.
[30]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM '«
HARVARD UNIVERSITY . JuN ^0 v
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI MAY 27, 1938 Number 7
THE LARZ ANDERSON COLLECTION
OF JAPANESE DWARF TREES
^*The Larz Anderson collection of Japanese dwarf trees presented
to the Arnold Arboretum as a memorial to his friend, Charles Sprague
Sargent,” is an explanatory statement quoted from the carved inscip-
tion displayed with these intriguing plants. J’his group of dwarf trees
is unique in this country and was received at the Arboretum last fall.
The plants have just been placed on public display in a newly erected
shade house. Brought to this country at a time when strict plant
quarantines were not in force, these plants were imported with soil
around the roots in their orginal Japanese containers. The Arboretum
welcomes the opportunity of being able to display fhese striking ex¬
amples of Japanese horticulture to its visitors.
The Honorable Larz Anderson became interested in Japanese hor¬
ticulture as early as 1907 and built a particularly attractive Japanese
garden on his estate in Brookline, Massachusetts. Somewhat later he
became interested in dwarf trees and in 1913 he brought back from
Japan a splendid collection of them, which he acquired while serving
as Ambassador Extraordinary from the United States to Japan (l912-
1913). These he^laced on display in his own garden where they were
carefully tended for twenty-five years by different Japanese gardeners.
The collection has been displayed at several exhibitions in Boston
where it invariably won high honors.
This unique collection has just been placed on display at the Arnold
Arboretum in a new shade house erected for this purpose with funds
provided by Mrs. Anderson. This is situated between the old Bussey
Institution building and the greenhouses, fairly close to the hedge
collection. Around the shade house have been planted a few shrubs
[31]
31 1^
and trees native to Japan, and during the next few years it is planned
to augment this planting. The collection now installed in the shade
house consists of 29 specimens, all imported in 19 IJ. They are well
labelled, but for those unable to visit the collection (the house is open
from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. each day except Saturday, Sunday,
and holidays) the names of the individual plants and their respective
ages are given below.
Name of plant Age
Chamaecyparis obtusa
200 years
150
££
135
44
105
4 4
6 4, 4 4
75
44
€4 €&
50
44
Acer Buergerianum
85
44
‘‘ palmatum
50
44
44 4 4
50
44
44 44
45
44
64 4 4
45
44
4 4 4 4
40
44
4 4 44
40
44
6 4 6 4
40
4 4
64 6 4
35
44
multifidum
50
44
Cryptomeria Japonica
35
4 4
Larix leptolepis
125
4 4
Photinia villosa laevis
55
44
Prunus mume
85
4 4
4 4 4 4
75
4 4
subhirtella
85
4 4
75
44
4 4 44
65
44
Thujopsis dolobrata variegata
30
44
44 44 44
30
44
Zelkova serrata
75
4 4
Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosa ]
50
)
“
Cryptomeria japonica
Evonymus fortunei radicans
. 30
4 4
“Bon-sai’% the art of training dwarf trees
Century old customs have been handed down by the Japanese re¬
garding the training of the interesting dwarf trees so characteristic of
the gardens and homes of that country. There are several reasons for
their existence. In the first place, Japanese and Chinese gardens are
[32]
The new shade house containing the Larz Anderson Collection of dwarf trees.
usually small, for space is at a premium. This is particularly true in
Japan where the art of making gardens on a very small scale is cen¬
turies old. Then, too, the oriental’s well known appreciation of the
aesthetic value of living plants has been a prime factor in their culti¬
vation. It often takes fifty to one hundred years to grow a worthy
specimen dwarf tree, yet it is possible by twisting the trunk and re¬
straining the growth of tops and roots to give a comparatively young-
plant the appearance of great age. This treatment requires a thorough
knowledge of horticulture as well as painstaking patience, but many
Japanese are fascinated with ^^Bon-sai” and practice it as a pastime.
Training
Most woody plants can be dwarfed if given the proper training. If
the branches and roots of growing plants are vigorously restrained
from developing rapidly, the individuals soon become dwarfed and
this is the principle underlying all training. Then, too, great care is
given to the training of the trunk, the spread of the branches and
their shape, and the spread of the roots, since each can be so trained
as to give the impression of great age. Many methods have been de¬
vised through the centuries for attaining these ends. Maples, bam¬
boos, cherries, pines, hollies, oaks, azaleas, junipers, and many other
plants have been used. They are grown in comparatively small con¬
tainers, kept pot bound throughout their existence, and carefully and
judiciously pruned to maintain the desired type of growth.
Whenever possible, the Japanese start with plants that have al¬
ready been dwarfed by nature. These are searched for in the high
mountains, in regions often unfamiliar to the ordinary traveller. Such
plants are frequently found growing in high rocky crevices, just barely
existing for lack of sufficient nourishment. If these are dug immedi¬
ately and removed, they might succumb at once for the delicate bal¬
ance between the amount of root system and bare existence is easily
upset. The plant hunter may locate such plants several years before
he will venture to remove them from their rocky dwelling. At first
he will root prune a small portion of the plant and leave it in place
for a year; then he will return and root prune another small portion,
repeating this process until it is safe to move the plant. In this way
splendid specimens are obtained that have already been trained with
the assistance of mother nature herself.
If dwarf plants are to be trained from the seedling stage, the small¬
est and weakest seedlings are selected. Conifers are considerably easier
to train, for they do not form adventitious buds as readily as do the
broad leaved plants. The seedling is placed in a very small pot. If
[34]
PLATE VII
The Larz Anderson Collection of dwarf trees now exhibited by the Arnold Arboretum.
there is a tap root, it is pruned considerably, and if a central leader
is present, it too is cut back. In order to obtain the desired effect,
only certain branches are allowed to develop. As an example, Cham-
aecyparis obtusa is ordinarily a very bushy plant, yet the illustration
(Plate VIII) shows only a few picturesque branches. These few
branches have been carefully selected and trained, while the others
have been entirely removed; If one of these branches should die,
eventually a new bud would be allowed to develop a branch to suffi¬
cient size to take the place of the deceased one.
To give the correct appearance of wind-contorted shape, the main
stem is often twisted around an upright, and after a formative period
the upright is removed. This twisting in itself is a dwarfing process,
since frequently it breaks a large number of the conducting vessels
in the stem. Branches are twisted in like manner. They may all be
trained on one side of the plant, or arranged to droop on one side of
the pot, or trained in any one of a dozen different ways. The Japan¬
ese gardener usually has a model in mind when he trains his plant,
some wind-twisted tree which he is trying to reproduce in miniature
form, and it is surprising to the uninitiated to observe how accurate
these reproductions can be.
Often in nature one observes old gnarled trees the larger roots of
which are exposed, especially when growing in rocky places where
there is still soil. This effect is reproduced by the “Bon-sai” artist
by growing his seedling in charcoal and moss for a period sufficiently
long to induce long roots. When the plant is removed to its perma¬
nent container, a part of these roots are left to develop above the soil
level, eventually aiding materially in giving the plant the appearance
of great age.
Pruning, Repotting, and Watering
Not all branches are entirely removed. Some of these century old
plants have numerous picturesque stubs, certain gardeners believing
that these add to the beauty of the plant. Any diseased tissue on
such stubs is carefully scraped, disinfected, and painted. Sometimes
in order to gain the appearance of stubby old age rapidly, taller plants
that have been growing normally are used. The basal branches are
cut back to give the stubby appearance. The top is entirely cut off.
The plant is dug and after many of the roots have been removed it is
placed in a small pot. Then certain of the adventitious buds are al¬
lowed to develop, or else scions are grafted at the desired places.
Grafting is also resorted to when certain shoots die. If a very im¬
portant branch has died, it may take many years for a new one to
[36 ]
PLATE VIII
Chamaecy parts obtusa, loO years old, (Larz Anderson Collection)
grow to a sufficient size from an adventitious bud, so that grafting is
often resorted to. The Japanese are particularly adept at this and
take great pains in training an individual branch by pinching the buds
back here, or twisting the branch there, and so forcing the latter to
grow in the desired fashion. The pruning and pinching operations are
done during the active growing period, since the development of
branches from adventitious buds is then more frequent.
Dwarf trees are repotted every four or five years for two reasons.
In the first place it is necessary to remove some of the newly developed
fibrous roots so that the tree will remain dwarfed. Secondly, it is neces¬
sary to mix a small amount of fertilizer with the soil, since as these
trees are forced to grow in very small containers, there is not suffi¬
cient room for enough soil to allow new root development unless the
plant be artificially stimulated with nutrients.
It is also advisable to keep a fresh layer of green moss on the sur¬
face of the soil. This not only adds the impression of age, but keeps
the soil from drying out. The containers are usually provided with a
hole in the base for proper drainage. In the hot summer days there
is some danger of the soil becoming too dry, and at such times the
plants need special attention. Spraying the foliage with water once
or twice a day during the hottest spells of summer is advisable in order
to keep the plant in good condition.
Dwarf trees cannot be considered primarily as indoor plants. They
may be used indoors for short periods, but must be grown in the open
a greater part of the time. Because of their very small root system,
and the small containers in which they are grown, these dwarf trees
cannot lose much water through transpiration and still survive. Con¬
sequently they must be grown in a shaded location. The shade house
in which this location is being maintained at the Arboretum was de¬
signed and erected especially for this purpose. Constructed of cypress
wood, the top and sides of the house are covered with strips 1 J inches
wide with similar spaces left between each strip. This supplies plenty
of shade and at the same time keeps the atmosphere considerably
cooler and reasonably moist.
Winter Protection
Although many of these trees are hardy, they cannot survive our
northern winters because of their shallow root system, unless given
some winter protection. A Japanese maple, for instance, growing nor¬
mally in the ground may survive a winter during which the temper¬
ature goes to 20° below zero although the top of the plant may be
killed to the ground. However, in these small pots the roots of dwarf
[38]
trees would be subjected to temperatures almost as low as those of the
surrounding atmosphere, and consequently the whole plant would be
killed. During the winter in the north, they are best put in cold frames
or pits which are well protected with glass and even with boards and
mats during the most severe weather. In our pit where these plants
were stored last winter the temperature did not go below freezing,
although the temperatures outside the pit dropped to zero on several
occasions. Another danger from freezing temperatures is that with the
expansion of freezing soil the containers may break. Although these
are seldom ornate, since the Japanese believe that the plant itself
should be the point of interest, nevertheless their simplicity alone is
beautiful and makes them important adjuncts to any such collection
and thus worthy of full protection.
Thus with an exacting knowledge of the numerous rigid require¬
ments of the art of ‘^Bon-sai” the painstaking Japanese gardener is
able to reproduce dwarf trees that are exact replicas in everything but
size, of century old specimens as they occur in nature. The Japanese
have developed other forms of dish gardening, but to the American
horticulturist perhaps none is so interesting as “Bon-sai”.
Donald Wyman
[39]
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772. 1846.
Izawa, Henry. Dwarfing plants in Japan. Gard. & For. 6: 878. 1898.
Lindley, J. Dwarfed plants. Bot. Reg. 31: Misc. 45-48. 1845.
Livingstone, J. Account of the method of dwarfing trees and shrubs,
as practised by the Chinese, including their plan of propagating
from branches. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 4: 224-281. 1821.
Matsuki, B. Japanese potted trees (Hachinoki). Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Rec. 20: 279-289./. 1-11. 1981. Reprinted in Nat. Hort. Mag.
11: 283-295. 11. f. 1982.
Maumene, A. Les arbres nains Japonais. Leur formation au Japon.
Leur utilization et leur traitement en Europe. 1 -59./.i-id. 1 902.
Maury, P. Sur les precedes employees par les Japonais pour obtenir
des arbres nains. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 290-294./ i-^. 1889.
McClure, F.A. Methods and materials of Chinese table plant culture.
Lingnan Sci. Jour. 12: Suppl. 1 19-149. p/. 1988.
[40]
Morren, C. Sur les plantes naines, a propos de la Flora Japonica de
MM. von Siebold et Succharini [Zuccarini]. Ann. Soc. Agr. Bot.
Gand 1: 109-112. 1845.
Quin, C.W. The horticultural comprachicos of Japan at the Paris ex¬
hibition. Gard. 14: 174-175./*. 1-6. 1878.
Roberts, W. Dwarfed Japanese trees. Gard. Chron. III. 26: 84. 1899.
Tsumura, T. Dwarf trees. Trans. Japan Soc. London 6: 2-14. j?/. 1-7 .
/. 1. 1903.
Vallot, J. Causes physiologiques qui produisent le rabougrissement
des arbres des cultures japonaises. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36:
284-289. 1889.
- Les arbres nains du Japon et les precedes employees pour
les obtenir. Jour. Soc. Hort. France III. 11: 466-469. 1889.
Watanabe, Hadjime. Die Anzucht von Zwangsformen in Japan. Gart-
enfl. 40: 120-123. /. J^O. 1891.
William, W. P. Dwarf trees. For. Leaves 3: 70-71. l.pl. 1891.
Yokohama Nursery Co. How the Japanese grow the dwarfed trees in
jardinieres. Gard. Chron. III. 26: 466. 1899.
[41]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI
JUNE 3, 1938
Number 8
PLANTS AND THE MEN WHOSE NAMES
THEY COMMEMORATE
**To him who in the love of Nature
Holds communion with her visible forms
She speaks a various language.”
From time immemorial Nature has spoken her language to the
souls of men and held their minds enthralled ; like an enchantress
she has lured them over land and sea, to the far corners of the earth to
search out her secrets and her hidden beauties. Many of our well-known
trees and shrubs record the results of these journeys in the names they
bear, perpetuating the names of men who have risked their lives to
bring beauty from the wilds to brighten the gardens of the civilized
world, while others honor the memory of some botanist working quietly
in laboratory or garden. Research on the origin of these names opens a
fascinating study in biography, history and romance. Thus for strictly
herbaceous groups such familiar names as fuchsia, dahlia and lobelia
perpetuate the names of men. The practice of selecting such names
to commemorate individuals was commenced by Hippocrates and
Theophrastus in the 4th and 5th centuries B.C., continued during
the classical period, persisted through the Middle Ages, and thus fol¬
lowing the Renaissance was adopted by European botanists and then
transmitted to modern times.
From the many thousands of plants so perpetuating the memory of
men, a few of the more common ones may be selected from tlie large
number one notes in passing through the Arboretum. These are listed
in the order oPTheir blooming from early spring to late autumn.
Prunus Sargenti. One of the earliest and most showy of the flow¬
ering trees, this Japanese cherry is a beautiful and graceful memorial
to Professor C.S. Sargent, for more than fifty-three years the Arbore¬
tum’s devoted and able Director.
[43]
Forsythia suspense Fortune!. The forsythia, as is so well known,
was named for William Forsyth (l737-1804), a prominent English
horticulturist who was trained under Philip Miller and in 1784 became
Royal gardener at Kensington and St. James’ Palaces. The variety
Fortunei received its name from Robert Fortune (l 812-1880), a British
traveler and horticulturist in China. He introduced the tea industry
into India, and wrote a number of books on China and tea culture,
the interest and value of which are very great. He was one of the
first who opened the treasures of Chinese gardens to European horti¬
culture.
Magnolia Soulangeana. Pierre Magnol ( 1638-1 7 15), Professor of
medicine and Director of the Botanic garden at Montpellier, and
Etienne Soulange-Bodin (1774-1846), a French horticulturist and
writer, are commemorated in the name of this magnificent tree.
Viburnum Carlesii. Hemsley named this attractive little shrub,
valued for its delightful fragrance and handsome early flowers, for
William Richard Carles of the British Consular Service. Carles was
appointed a student interpreter in China in 1867, and in 1883 was
sent by his Government to Corea, where, among other plants, he col¬
lected Viburnum Carlesii^ which bears his name.
Malus Halliana Parkmanii. Hall’s flowering apple, often called
the Parkman crab, reveals an interesting history. Dr. George R.
Hall of Bristol, R. I., after graduating from the Harvard Medical
School in 1846, embarked for China, and in 1855 made a voyage to
Japan. From Japan, in about 1863, he sent to this country by F.
Gordon Dexter of Boston, a plant of the Japanese crab, which found
a home in the garden of Francis Parkman in Jamaica Plain. It is
probably true that the double-flowered Japanese apple was thus intro¬
duced into America before it reached Europe, and is named for the
two men responsible for its introduction into cultivation.
Leitneria, The name of this plant is derived from that of Dr.E.F.
Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in Florida during the Seminole
war.
Fothergilla, bottle-brush, perpetuates the name of John Fothergill
(1712-1780), an eminent English physician, who introduced and cul¬
tivated many new plants.
Sinowilsonia. As the fame of E.H. Wilson rest chiefly on his tra¬
vels in China and his investigations of the Chinese flora, Sino’ ’ mean¬
ing Chinese, is very appropriately bestowed upon this botanically ex¬
tremely interesting genus, discovered by him in China and introduced
into cultivation by him.
Berberis Thunbergii, a Japanese barberry with dainty yellowish
flowers, introduced into cultivation about 1864, and named b}^ De
Candolle for Carl Pehr Thunberg ( 1743-1822) , the celebrated Swedish
ROBERT FORTUNE (1813-1880)
botanist. Thunberg was an explorer of the flora of Japan, and subse¬
quently Professor of botany at Upsala, succeeding the younger Linn¬
aeus. His “Flora japonica” (l784) is an important contribution to
the flora of that country.
Mahonia. A member of the barberry family, this genus was named
by Thomas Nuttall for Bernard M’Mahon (l775-1816), a prominent
American horticulturist.
Rhododendron obtusum Kaempferi. A flaming beauty, the torch
azalea, is indebted for its specific name to Engelbrecht Kaempfer
(1651-1716), an eminent German botanist and traveler. Like many
another of the early botanists, he studied medicine and the languages.
In 1683 he accompanied the Swedish ambassador to Persia. Having
passed into the service of the Dutch East India Company as surgeon,
he visited Bengal, Java, Sumatra and Japan. On his return to Europe
in 1693, he published an important work entitled Amoenitates exo-
ticae” (1712), which contains the results of his researches in Persia
and the other countries visited.
Amelanchier Bartramiana. This shrub’s chief claim to distinction
is in its specific name, which was given in honor of one of the Bar-
trams, father and son, famous travelers and explorers of the southern
United States and whose garden, the first botanical garden in America,
founded in Philadelphia in 1728, is still in existence.
Halesia. The halesia or silver-bell, a handsome tree covered in
spring with a cloud of delicate, shimmering white flowers, honors the
memory of the Rev. Stephen Hales ( 1677-1761 ), an eminent English
philosopher. He made important discoveries in vegetable physiology
and in 1727 published a work entitled “Vegetable statics.”
Syringa Meyeri. 'Phis small shrub bears the name of Frank L.
Meyer, successful collector for the United States Department of Agri¬
culture. He was born in Holland in 1875 and lost his life in the
Yangtze River in 1918.
Wisteria, also spelled Wistaria. This charmingly graceful vine, tlve
most beautiful of all climbers hardy in temperate regions, was named
by the distinguished American botanist, Thomas Nuttall, in 1818 for
Caspar Wistar ( 1761-1818). Dr. Wistar was Professor of anatomy in
the University of Pennsylvania. Although there are inconspicuous
North American species of Wisteria, the commonly known and cul¬
tivated species are the Chinese and Japanese wisterias ( W. sinensis
and W.Jloribunda) of which the former was listed in the 1828 Cat¬
alogue of William Prince of Flushing, Long Island.
Weigela, also spelled Weigelia. This shrub with its clusters of beau¬
tiful pink flowers was named for Christian Ehrenfried von Weigel, a
German physician and naturalist (l 748-1 831 ). He wrote Observa-
AUGUSTINE HENRY (lS57-198o)
tiones botanicae,” and other works. Weigela often has been referred
to the following genus :
Diervilla. Weigela. Named for Dierville, or Diereville, a French
surgeon who traveled in Canada, 1699-1700, and introduced Dier¬
villa Lonicera into Europe.
Spiraea Thunbergii. A graceful early-flowering shrub, native to
Japan and China, and introduced into cultivation about 1863 is an¬
other of the many plants named in honor of the Swedish botanist,
Thunberg.
Spiraea Vanhouttei. One of the handsomest of the spring-flowering
spireas and extensively planted, this shrub honors the memory of
Louis van Houtte, an eminent Belgian horticulturist, who was born
in 1810 and died in 1876. He traveled extensively in South America
and introduced many new plants. In 1845 he founded Flore des serres,
an important horticultural publication, which ran until 1883. In 1872
he established the famous nurseries at Ghent, which are perhaps the
largest in the world, and for which he is best known.
Spiraea Wilsonii. Spiraea Wilsonii is given its specific name in
honor of the intrepid traveler E. H. Wilson who made expeditions to
China from 1899 to 1905 for the Veitch Nurseries in London. Later
expeditions to China, Japan and various other eastern countries were
made between the years 1906 and 1919 in the interest of the Arnold
Arboretum, for which institution he collected many rare and valuable
ornamental plants, many of which have been widely distributed in
cultivation in Europe and America.
Deutzia. Among the most popular early flowering shrubs are the
deutzias. They were named in honor of Johann van der Deutz, aider-
man of Amsterdam, by the distinguished Swedish botanist Carl Pehr
Thunberg, whose friend and patron he was.
Deutzia Lemoinei. This dainty shrub has the added distinction of
bearing the name also of Victor Lemoine, the wonderful French nurse¬
ryman (1823-191 1), who in his world famous nurseries at Nancy
worked incessantly in the hybridizing of garden and greenhouse
plants, and to such purpose, that there is not a garden today in which
the products of the master genius are not familiar friends.
Deutzia Sieboldiana. Philipp Franz von Siebold, for whom this
species was named, was a celebrated German naturalist who accom¬
panied the Dutch embassy to Japan as physician and naturalist in
1823, and spent about seven years in scientific researches in that
country. After his return he published a number of valuable works,
that of most interest to the botanical world being his ‘‘Flora japoni-
ca”, 2 vols. 1835-1870. Many other species have been named for this
noted man.
Lonicera Henryi. Lonicera., commonly called honeysuckle, derives
[ 48]
its name from Adam Lonicer, or Lonitzer, (1528-1586), a German
physician and naturalist. Lonitzer obtained in 1554 the position of
official physician of Frankfort, which he occupied thirty-two years.
He published several treatises on medicine, and a Latin work on plants,
animals and minerals called ‘‘Naturalis historiae opus novum” (l551-
1555), which was often reprinted. The specific name Henryi honors
Augustine Henry ( 1857-1930), who in his younger days collected ex¬
tensively in Hupeh and Yunnan, provinces of China, demonstrating
the richness of the flora of an area hitherto little known to botanists.
Later in life he was associated with Henry J. Elwes in their great
work, ^^The trees of Great Britain and Ireland.”
Gleditsia. This genus, popularly called the honey-locust, bearing
greenish inconspicuous flowers in early summer and large ornamental
pods in the autumn, was named for Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (l7l4-
1786), Director of the Botanic garden at Berlin. It is sometimes
spelled Gleditschia.
Davidia involucrata. The davidia, a rare tree, appropriately called
the dove tree” because of the large white bracts which surround a
globose cluster of tiny flowers, and flutter in the breeze like a dove,
has an interesting history. Pere Armand David, for whom it is named,
was a distinguished missionary and naturalist, who botanized in China
from 1862 to 1873. He was one of tlie pioneer explorers of western
China, and contributed largely to our knowledge of the natural his¬
tory of that country. He entered the congregation of the Lazarists in
1848, was ordained to the priesthood in 1851 and in 1862 was at¬
tached to the mission of the Lazarists at Peking, where he soon began
to apply himself zealously to the natural history of that country. It
was for the purpose of securing seeds of the davidia that E.H. Wilson
made his first trip to China.
Robinia. The genus Robinia was named in honor of Jean Robin
(1550-1629), a French botanist, who was patronized by Henry IV,
and planted a garden which was the finest in Paris. He published a
work on plants which grow near Paris, Catalogus stirpium tarn in-
digenarum quam exoticarum, ” etc. 1601. His son, Vespasien Robin,
also a botanist, succeeded his father in the title of arboriste du roi, and
lectured on botany at the Jardin Royal.
Kolkwitzia. This genus was named by Paul Graebner in honor of
Richard Kolkwitz, a professor of botany in Berlin, who died in 1873.
Its most charming and popular species is Kolkwitzia amabilis, a grace¬
ful ornamental shrub, very handsome in spring with its profusely pro¬
duced pink flowers.
Stewartia, also spelled Stuart ia. This very desirable ornamental
shrub with its large, showy white flowers was named in honor of John
Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (l7 13-1792), who took an extremely active
[49]
part in developin<r Kew gardens. He had been “Lord of the bed¬
chamber to the Prince of Wales, and on his death, became groom of
the stole to his son, afterwards George III.” In 1761 Lord Bute was
made Secretary of State, and from 1762 served as Prime Minister.
Kalmia latifolia. The mountain laurel, the most beautiful of ever¬
green shrubs native to eastern North America, bears the name of the
distinguished Swedish botanist, Pehr Kalm (1715-1779), who in 1748
sailed for America, where he spent three years engaged in the study
of natural history. On his return to Sweden, he published an account
of his travels under the title En rese til Norra America,” in three
volumes, 1753-1761. This is one of the most important accounts of
early voyages to America and was translated into several languages.
Albizzia. Closely related to the genus Acacia^ Alhizzia was dedi¬
cated to an old and illustrious Italian family, the Albizzi, since a
member of that family was one of the first to introduce it into Tuscany.
The founder of the genus was Doctor Antonio Durazzini, a Florentine
who lived and wrote in the latter half of the 18th century.
Spiraea Douglasii. This spirea honors the memory of Dr. David
Douglas, an eminent Scottish botanist, employed as a botanical ex¬
plorer for the London Horticultural Society. He arrived in California
on his second trip to America in 1830. In 1 834 he visited the Hawaiian
Islands, where he was found killed in a wild-bull pit, under strong
suspicion of foul play. Pseudotsuga taxifolia is commonly known as
the Douglas fir.
Buddleia Davidii honors the memory of two members of the clergy,
the English botanist, the Rev. Adam Buddie (l660-l7l5), who wrote
Methodus nova stirpium britann,” and Pere Armand David, the
French missionary.
Koelreuteria paniculata, or varnish -tree, received its name in com¬
pliment to Joseph G. Koelreuter (1733-1806), Professor of natural
history at Karlsruhe. It is a native of northern China and was intro¬
duced into Petrograd from the neighborhood of Peking some time
between 1740 and 1756. In midsummer it is a conspicuous tree,
covered with a shower of golden yellow panicles.
Franklinia alatamaha. This exquisite, fall-flowering tree was brought
in 1777 from the banks of the Altamaha River in Georgia to Bartram’s
garden at Philadelphia, and was named by John Bartram in honor of
his lifelong friend, Benjamin Franklin. It was later transferred to the
genus Gordonia^ but later still, was found to differ by constant char¬
acters so that today Franklinia is the generally accepted name. This
very attractive plant is now known only from cultivated specimens,
no longer occurring in the South as a wild species.
As early botany was closely connected with the study of medicine,
the herbals being our earliest works on the subject, it is only natural
that a large number of plants should have been dedicated to the mem¬
ory of physicians.
[50]
Fthelyn M. Tucker
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI JUNE 10, 1938 Number 9
CURRENT ARBORETUM ACTIVITIES
OF GENERAL INTEREST
INTEREST is constantly being shown in the work of the Arnold
Arboretum by the gardening public. In order to record for Bulle¬
tin readers some of the little known lines of activity, as well as some
of the more popularly known, the following condensed statements
have been taken from a report made by Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director of
the Arboretum, to the Visiting Committee on May 10, 1938. This re¬
port covers in general the work accomplished during the last two
years and is of interest because it records a few of the many activities
that are now in progress.
Public Relations
Our relationships with other institutions, with Harvard University
of which the Arboretum is a part, with the several separately endowed
institutions of the University, with the City officials and with the gen¬
eral public are excellent. We enjoy the cooperation of the Park De¬
partment officials, as well as those of the Police Department and the
Fire Department. Two of our regular employees have recently been
appointed as special policemen, with power to act within the grounds,
for there is some vandalism although it is not alarming or excessive.
As an example, virtually all of the narcissus flowers were taken on
two successive Sundays from the field near the Administration Build¬
ing, yet there were no signs of broken branches or flower clusters on
the many thousands of shrubs and trees in full flower although police
estimates give the number of visitors on a single Sunday as high as
35,000; and last year on Lilac Sunday there were actually more than
40,000 pedestrians in the grounds on that one day. Inspection of the
grounds the next morning showed no sign of this flood of visitors ex-
cept the trampling of the grass in the vicinity of attractive plantings ;
there were no broken plants, no evidence that flowering branches had
been taken, and no discarded newspapers or rubbish that one often
sees in public parks. The conclusion that one draws is highly compli¬
mentary to the Boston public, and especially to the many thousands
of individuals who visit and appreciate the Arboretum for what it is
— a great living collection of ornamental shrubs and trees.
Last year and the year before we were overwhelmed by bicyclists.
Acting on the suggestion of the Police Department, an appeal was
made to the Boston Park Commission to prohibit bicycling in the Ar¬
boretum. Action was promptly taken and this nuisance was immed¬
iately eliminated.
Butler Estate
The Isabel Butler estate was bequeathed to the Arboretum in the
early part of 1936, and the property was taken over in May of that
year. It consists of approximately two acres of land, an eleven-room,
well-constructed residence built about eighty years ago, and a com¬
modious barn. On the acquisition of the property, the Butler place
was designated by the University authorities as the official residence
of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. It is admirably located for
this purpose, as the grounds adjoin the Arboretum almost immediate¬
ly back of the Administration Building on the Centre Street side,
between the Adams-Nervine property and the convent of the Poor
Clares.
The Maria Moors Cabot Foundation for Botanical Research
This new foundation was established in June, 1937, through the
gift of Dr. Godfrey L. Cabot of Boston. It forms the ninth separately
endowed unit of Harvard University in the botanical field, but is most
fortunately in the form of a foundation rather than as an institution.
The result is that the income from this new fund can be used to sup¬
port research in the field specified by Dr. Cabot, by providing assis¬
tance to individuals employed by other botanical units, such as the
Harvard Forest, the Biological Laboratory, the Arnold Arboretum,
and Bussey Institution. The project is essentially a tree breeding one,
and one of its objectives is the study of methods whereby a more rapid
increase in cellulose production may be devised. The Arboretum is a
cooperating agency in the hybridization field, and much work has al¬
ready been initiated.
Special Grants
Supplementing the regular Arboretum budget very numerous small
and large gifts have been received during the year, the combined a-
[52]
mount enabling the institution to initiate work in several importanh.
fields where budgetary limitations forbade expansion. Besides num¬
erous unrestricted gifts, several special ones are worthy of note.
Through grants from the Harv^ard-Yenching Institute and the Smith¬
sonian Institution, supplemented by a generous gift from an anony¬
mous friend of the Arboretum, the printing of the very large and
important Asiatic bibliography was made possible. Other gifts have
been made for the care of conifers, special construction, and for lichen
research; the latter really finances a research project at the Farlow
Reference Library and Herbarium. Dr. Raup of the Arboretum staff
has just received a grant from the Milton fund of Harvard University
to finance further botanical field work in northwestern Canada in the
summer of 1939. The Director of the Arnold Arboretum received in
1936-37 a grant from the same source to initiate work on a critical
study of the Bornean species of Eugenia, and this year he received a
supplementary contribution from the American Philosophical Society
to complete the task.
Publications
Through its publications the Arboretum makes itself known to the
botanical and horticultural public in all parts of the world. Because of
the wise actions of its first director. Dr. Charles Sprague Sargent, who
developed it not only as a magnificent planting of hardy trees and
shrubs, unequalled in its field anywhere in the world, but also as a
research and publishing institution, it has become one of the most
widely and favorably known units of Harvard University. It is this
combination of factors, and the high grade of its published results
that have made the Arboretum great in its several fields.
The Bulletin of Popular Information has been issued regularly, and
the mailing list now approximates 1500 in comparison to the subscrip¬
tion list of about 600 in 1935. Each year four numbers of the tech¬
nical Journal of the Arnold Arboretum have been issued, this being
maintained on a strictly subscription and exchange basis. Exchanges
received form an important part of our library accessions, and these
come from all parts of the world. One number of the Contributions,
another technical series, has been issued. Just off the press is the
Merrill-Walker ‘^Bibliography of Eastern Asiatic Botany”, a quarto
volume containing nearly 22,000 author entries in practically all the
languages of Europe and covers the period from the beginning of
printing, not only in Europe but also in China, as far as the botanical-
horticultural fields are concerned ; the oldest publication recorded was
issued in China in the third century B.C. The area covered extends
[53]
from Tibet and Central Asia to Saghalien, Japan, and Formosa. In
the press is Mrs. McKelvey’s “Yuccas of the southwestern United
States”, to the preparation of which she has devoted many years of
work and has travelled many thousands of miles. Besides these pub¬
lications actually sponsored by the Arboretum itself, staff members
have published thirty-eight technical and semi-technical papers in
periodical literature. In all, sixty-six technical papers were published
by staff members in 1937. Non-officially Professor Rehder is indust¬
riously working on a complete revision of his standard ‘‘ Manual of
Cultivated Trees and Shrubs,” and Dr. Wyman has written a standard
reference work entitled “Hedges, Windbreaks, and Screens for Every
Purpose”, to be published late in the summer.
Cooperative Botanical-Horticultural Exploration
Our needs are twofold ; seeds and living plants to increase our liv¬
ing collections, and additional botanical material to increase our her¬
barium reference collections. The economical method of accomplishing
field work in certain foreign countries, and in our own for that matter,
is to make small grants to individuals who are strategically located
and who are trained in methods of field work. Within the past two
years numerous small grants have been made ; four institutions in
India, four in China, and one each in Japan, Burma, the Malay Pen¬
insula, Java, Philippines, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Congo,
New Guinea, Idaho, North Carolina, Louisiana, and British Columbia
have received grants to be expended to cover the expenses of coopera¬
tive field work. In addition to extensive and valuable botanical col¬
lections acquired through this plan we have actually received in ex¬
cess of 2000 packets of seeds from China and Japan alone. These will
be distributed to various institutions in Europe and in America in the
near future.
Herbarium Exchanges
These cooperative expeditions, maintained at a minimum cost, give
us not only a study set of all material collected for our herbarium,
but also vast quantities of duplicates for exchange purposes. With this
material in hand we have recently developed some most important
exchanges with such institutions as the botanical gardens and museums
in Leningrad, Geneva, Vienna, London, Prague, Stockholm, and
Copenhagen.
Library
The library today is the largest and most important in its field in
America, and is one of the great botanical libraries of the world. In
tlie past two years 942 bound volumes were received and accessioned,
[54]
and since July 1^ 19S7, many additional ones have been acquired.
Plants New to the Arboretum Collections
Beginning in 1936 a concerted effort has been made to acquire
hardy or presumably hardy species and varieties of woody plants not
represented in our living collections. In 1936-37, 171 accessions were
procured from Europe and 187 from the United States. In 1937-38,
373 additional species and varieties were obtained from Europe and
493 from the United States. The foreign material was imported under
special permits from the Federal Horticultural Board. Most of the
American material was received from nurserymen, institutions with
which we have exchange relations, and as gifts; Mr. Dexter, a mem¬
ber of our visiting Committee, presented us with a number of fine
Rhododendrons new to our collections which we have placed in the
more sheltered and warmer parts of the grounds. Mr. Childs Frick,
another member of the Visiting Committee, very kindly purchased for
the Arboretum a number of fine conifers that were available in Eu¬
ropean institutions. Two very large shipments were received from
Holland and England in April. The grand total is 1224 species and
varieties, all new to our living collections; this is by far the largest
accession acquired in recent years. All this material is ^^lined out”
in our expanded nursery near the Bussey Institution. It will be dis¬
tributed among the living collections next tailor in the spring of 1939.
We have already located some 500 more species in European nurseries
and botanical gardens that we shall make a serious attempt to obtain
during the next few years.
To meet our space requirements for this new stock we have greatly
expanded the nursery area near the Bussey Institution and are pre¬
paring a considerable area in the Walter Street tract to be used as an
overflow nursery, in which plants will be lined out and grown until
we can decide whether or not they are worthy of inclusion in the
permanent Arboretum collections. Here we shall also grow some
thousands of hybrids and chance seedlings taken from the Arboretum
grounds.
Hedge Plantings
A year ago a series of plantings were made in the open space in
front of the Bussey Institution building to be developed as clipped
hedges with the purpose of demonstrating in a graphic manner a series
of hardy evergreen and deciduous species and varieties adaptable to
this purpose. In this planting 115 different species and varieties are
represented, and as the plants reach the proper size the actual clip¬
ping will be started. All of the plants necessary for this installation
[55]
were presented by several of the larger nurseries in the northeastern
part of the United States.
The Larz Anderson Collection of Dwarf Japanese Trees
In October, 1937, Mrs. Larz Anderson presented to the Arboretum
a collection of 34 dwarf Japanese trees, obtained in 1913 by the
Honorable Larz Anderson, then the United States Ambassador to
Japan. This gift was made under the condition that the collection be
known as ^^The Larz Anderson collection of Japanese dwarf trees,
presented to the Arnold Arboretum as a memorial to his friend, Charles
Sprague Sargent. ” Mrs. Anderson generously provided the funds for
the erection of a shade house in which this valuable group of plants
is exhibited. (See Bulletin of Popular Information No. 7, 1938).
New Detail Maps
Beginning in 1937 a complete new survey of the Arboretum was
made, and detailed maps showing the exact location of each planted
tree or shrub will be finished during the present season. (This map¬
ping project was fully described in the Bulletin of Popular Informa¬
tion No. 5, 1938).
Lantern Slides and Moving Pictures in Natural Color
During the past two years the Arboretum has made a very fine set
of about 650 slides in natural color and some 2400 feet of 16 mm.
moving picture film in natural color, showing the attractive features
of the Arboretum at all seasons of the year. Many of the outstanding
introductions of the Arboretum are carefully photographed in flower
and again fruit and autumn color to illustrate their ornamental char¬
acteristics at different times of the year.
Standardized Plant Names
The Arboretum, through Professor Rehder and Dr. Wyman, has
cooperated extensively with the American Joint Committee on Hort¬
icultural Nomenclature on the preparation of the second edition of
this standard work, Dr. Wyman being a member of the Editing Com¬
mittee. One of the objectives of this committee is to bring horticul¬
tural nomenclature closer to botanical usage by the adoption of the
International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. When once available,
this work should go a long way toward the unification of nomencla¬
ture of cultivated plants both as to their scientific and their common
names.
Proposed Innovations
Suggestions were made appertaining to the possible development
of a lily pond to occupy a part of what is now a swampy meadow in
[56]
front of the Administration Building. In this area, which can scarcely
be drained without involving a major and very expensive operation,
the water table is so high that no woody plants can be grown. An¬
other idea presented was the possible cooperation with an interested
group in New York with the objective of installing a planting of trees
and shrubs as a part of the horticultural exhibit planned as a feature
of the New York World’s Fair in 1939. Such a planting, if developed,
would include only specimens of those species actually introduced in¬
to the United States or into cultivation by the Arnold Arboretum. A
suggestion was also made appertaining to the possible desirability of
organizing the supporters of the Arboretum with an informal group
to be known perhaps as ^‘The Friends of the Arnold Arboretum.”
To quote from the concluding paragraph of Dr. Merrill’s report,
“For what has been accomplished in the past two years I make no
personal claims. Some of the ideas were my own, but much of the
execution has been the work of others. To a loyal, interested and
efficient staff the institution owes much. Contributions received from
over 800 individuals from all over the United States and Canada have
enabled the staff to initiate many lines of work that could not be devel¬
oped and supported by budgetary funds alone. Lastly I wish to ex¬
tend to the members of this committee my keen appreciation of the
support that its various members have extended to the Arboretum,
for after all it is “the father of them all” in Arboretum circles, not
only in the United States, but in all other countries as well, in spite
of the fact that it is now only sixty-six years old.”
[57]
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ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSITY. '
BULLETIN
six
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI
JULY 15, 19S8
Number 10
CYTISUS FOR NEW ENGLAND
Among the species of Cytisus are many plants that are only semi-
hardy in New England, yet they are so colorful that they should
always be considered when there is any possibilit.v of their coming
through the winter in good condition. In the first place, they are val¬
uable assets to gardens because of their bright yellow flowers, although
there are several with white, purple, or pale lemon-j ellow flowers.
Secondly, they add interest because their stems remain green all win¬
ter. Finally, they are of value because they are legumes and the ni¬
trogen bearing nodules which form on their roots enrich the soil.
They are not difficult to grow, and many may be raised readily
from seed. However they cannot be expected to survive every winter,
and even in protected situations in the Arboretum some are killed to
the ground during the very severe winters. A little south of Boston,
on Cape Cod, they prove much hardier and splendid sjiecimens may
be seen. Even some of the beautiful flowering hybrids, so common in
England, are seen here and there in Cape Cod and Newport gardens.
In New England there are some species of particular'interest, and a
few of the better ones are listed below.
Cytisus scoparius. This is the most common broom native of Europe
and is the only one native to the British Isles. It is said to have been
brought to this country as early as Captain John Smith’s time by one
of the early Virginia settlers, and it is well adapted to the eastern
United States where it has escaped cultivation in several places, being
particularly abundant in Nantucket. The Scotch broom is a bushy
shrub which may grow 5 to 6 feet tall, although in the east it is con¬
siderably smaller because it is so often killed back by severe winters.
The large pea-like flowers are colored a deep golden yellow and ap¬
pear in May. The twigs are upright and green all winter. The name
broom” comes from the fact that there are so many upright twigs
[ 59 ]
that it is a comparatively simple matter to cut them off in large bunch¬
es, tie them together, and use them as a rough broom. There are sev¬
eral varieties growing in the Arboretum and many more in Europe.
Among the most outstanding is var. Andreanus which is similar to the
species in every way, except that the wing-petals and the standard
petal are a rich brownish-crimson, adding considerably to the beauty
of the dower.
There is also a double-dowered variety, as well as one {vb-y. pendu-
lus) with graceful pendulous branches, and one (var. albus) with pale
yellow or nearly white dowers. These varieties are best propagated
asexually, either by grafting on Laburnum stock or by cuttings taken
in late August.
Cytisus nigricans. This species is a native of central and southeast¬
ern Europe and is in bloom at present in the Arboretum. It was highly
recommended by Professor Sargent and E.H. Wilson because it never
fails to bloom ; each year it is covered with long terminal spikes of
bright yellow Howers. Iti fact, it is easily recognized by these spikes
when in bloom, for it is the only broom that blossoms during July and
August that lias these conspicuous dower spikes. Because it dowers on
the growth made during the current year, any necessary pruning
should always be done before growth starts in the early spring. When
the blooming has ceased, the dower stalks might be removed to pre¬
vent seeding and so conserve the energy of the plant for vegetative
growth. Because the dowers of this particular species turn black when
dried, Linnaeus gave it the specidc name nigricans. It has been grow¬
ing in the Arboretum since 1906 and consistently has produced large
numbers of dower spikes in the early summer. Wherever summer
bloom is desired, this splendid ornamental should have its place.
Cytisus praecox. During the past two years the Warminster broom
has been conspicuous in the collection on the top of Bussey Hill where
many dne specimens are growing. In the spring this plant is the most
conspicuous in the entire Cytisus collection and has proved to be one
of the most popular with Arboretum visitors. The bushes are covered
with very pale, lemon-yellow dowers, an easy reminder to even the
casual observer that there are few woody plants blessed with this un¬
usual shade of yellow. The species is a hybrid between C. multijlorus
and C.purgans and is called the Warminster broom, for it first appeared
in the nursery of Wheeler of Warminster in England about 1867. To¬
day it is available from one or two nurseries in this country. Because
it does not come true from seed, it should be propagated by cuttings
taken in August.
Its very dense habit of growth and slender, erect branches appear
very graceful even in the slightest breeze. In the Arboretum the
plants are about 3 feet tall, and when covered with pale yellow dow¬
ers they are a most pleasing spectacle.
[ «« ]
PLATE XI
Cytisns nigricans, the spike broom.
Cytisus purpureus. This procumbent shrub seldom grows over 1^
feet tall and in May it is highly valued for its purple flowers which
are borne on the growth made the previous year. The branches often
arch gracefully from the base of the plant, making a dense, slightly
rounded mass of purple flowers. Unusual among the brooms because
of its purple flowers, this species is one of the best of the low brooms.
A white flowered variety (alba) is another valued ornamental.
Other hardy species of note are C. ratisbonensis with yellow flowers
borne along its arching branches (a native of Europe, particularly
abundant in Hungary and the Balkans where it occasionally grows as
tall as 6 feet), one of the hardiest of the brooms in the collection at
the Arboretum, C. aiistriacus with its flowers in heads at the end of
upright branches, and C.albus which is similar but has white flowers.
Dwarf Brooms. For planting on sunny banks or on top of exposed
rocks Cytisus purgans, C,Ardoiuii , C. Beauii, and C. decumhens are ad¬
mirably suited. All are prostrate with numerous, slender radiating
branches which form masses of color near the ground. The best is C.
Beanii, a chance hybrid between C.Ardniuii find C.purgam, with large
deep golden-yellow flowers borne singly or in pairs from each joint of
the previous year’s growth. This plant blossoms so freely that the
twigs and leaves are frequently hidden by the wealth of flowers. It is
quite hardy in the Arboretum even though one of its parents, C. Ar-
doiuii, is not. Cytisus decumbens ^ with its bright yellow flowers in clus¬
ters along the shoots, is perhaps the most prostrate of all.
The growing season this year has been very long due to the abun¬
dant rains and comparatively cool weather. Most of the shrubs and
trees show splendid growth and many a vigorous secondary growth.
The moist weather has caused leaf and twig blight disease on the plane
trees, and unfortunately this same disease had made headway on a
few of the white oaks. Another year a definite attempt will be made
to control this disease by spraying with Bordeaux mixture during the
growing season. Although the winter was mild, considerable winter
injury was noted in the shrub collection, where many plants, even
Kolkxmtzia amabilis^ were killed to the ground, whereas on higher
ground other plants of the same species and varieties remained unin¬
jured. The exact cause of such injury is difficult to explain, but prob¬
ably was due to the sudden cold spells during early March, particularly
on nights when there was little wind.
Cumulative index of the Bulletin of Popular Information. It has
been suggested that a cumulative index of the Bulletin be published
for the years 1916-38 inclusive. This would help readers who consult
back numbers. The publication of such an index would take consid¬
erable time, but if Bulletin readers would like to have it, it can in all
probability be done. Please write to the Bulletin of Popular Informa¬
tion expressing your views on this subject.
Donald Wyman
^ ^ ■*~^ %■ T^ T^ T^ T^ ^~r^ T T 'E t
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI SEPTEMBER 23, 1938 Number ll
NARROW UPRIGHT TREES IN THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
The Lombardy poplar has earned a bad name for itself among
plantsmen in general, and in many localities ordinances have been
passed restricting its use. However, because it is a rapid grower and
is available from almost every nursery, it will continue to be used in
certain locations. What are some of the possible substitutes for it? It
is extremely interesting to note that there are at least 43 different
species and varieties of trees actually growing in the Arnold Arboretum
now which might be used in its place, and these do not exhaust the
list of possibilities by any means. There are many others which, if
noted, would make this list surprisingly long.
It is an easy task to make note of unusual trees growing at various
places over a wide area, but with specimen trees in one particular
place and others several miles distant, it is rather difficult to make
direct comparisons. For the purposes of this Bulletin it has been con¬
sidered advisable to publish the list of those species and varieties with
narrow erect crowns actually growing in the Arboretum, for this list
alone is sufficiently large to be impressive. The Arboretum will be
glad to know of other forms and will appreciate receiving information
and photographs of other unusual varieties representing these unusual
growth forms so that a fairly comprehensive list with accurate nota¬
tions can be assembled.
Unfortunately, there is not a sufficient demand on the part of the
public to make it profitable for nurserymen to grow these plants in
large numbers ; that is why some are almost unobtainable in the trade.
All the trees in the list are not of outstanding value. Some are far
superior to others, as for instance the upright form of the European
[63]
beech which is a distinctly more valued ornamental than is the up¬
right form of the American linden.
There are interesting stories connected with the origin of many of
these special forms. The beech came from the Scottish estate of F. R. S.
Balfour; the Norway maple originated in Rochester, New York, and
is now being propagated there for use as a street tree. The sentry
maple C Acer snccharuvi monumeniale ) came from a Boston suburb over
fifty years ago. The others originated in widely separated parts of this
country and Europe.
Each plant has its own peculiarity. Acer sacchariim monurnentale is a
very narrow and upright tree, while A.ruhrum columnare has a con¬
siderably wider crown, although it can be classed as upright. Then,
too, these trees vary in their growth rate. The sugar maples are slow
in growth, the red maple a little faster, and the poplars, of course,
are the fastest. Some, like the hornbeams make splendid lawn speci¬
mens, but the maples soon outgrow their usefulness unless the lawn
is very large. Because of their clearly defined shape, all might be con¬
sidered as possibilities for use in formal plantings.
Unfortunately, the nomenclature is somewhat confused, and as a
result we have received duplicate plants under several different names,
time and time again. The following plants now growing in the Ar¬
boretum are listed according to their accepted scientific names:
1 Narrow upright trees in the Arnold Arboretum : ^ ,
Abies alba pyramidalis ( A. pectiuata pyramidalis) -
Acer platanoides columnare J
Acer platanoides erectum ^
Acer rubrurn columnare ii fje:. .. ri i; j, _
Acer saccharinum pytamidale / j
Acer saccharum monurnentale ( A. saccliaVum columnar e\ A.saccharum
pyramidale) ' . ' / -ti / i . ^ ;
Aesculus Hippocastanum pyramidalis ^ ^
Betula pendula fastigiata (Betula alha fastigiatn )' ^ ^ .
Carpinus Betulus fastigiata (Carplmis Bet ulus pyramidalis) ' •
Crataegus' monogyna stricta ( C.oxyacantha stricta)' ' ^ ’ 5' -ii;
Crataegus Phaenopyrum fastigiata . i - j:'
Fagus sylvatica fastigiata YE’. Daieyckii) ^ Ji:'. ; j .
Ginkgo bilobaTastigiata ’ ” ' ' '
Juniperus chinensis^ maY ^ ' ' ' " ^
Juniperus comiiiunis hibernica i rj l; .. 2 > « j ^
Juniperus communis suecica r ^ : 1 .
[ 64]
PLATE XII
Acer saccharum mouMmentale, sentry maple
Juniperus virginiana fastigiata
Juniperus virginiana pyramidalis
Liriodendron Tulipifera pyramidale ( L.TulipiJera fast'igiaium)
Morns alba pyramidalis ( M. alba fastigiata)
Picea Engelmanni fastigiata
Finns cembra
Finns Strobns fastigiata
Finns sylvestris fastigiata
Fopnlns alba pyramidalis ( P.alba Bolleaua)
Fopnlns nigra italica
Fopnlns nigra plantierensis
Fopnlns nigra thevestina
Fopnlns Simonii fastigiata
Qnercns robnr fastigiata
Robinia Fsendoaeacia erecta
Taxns media Hicksii ( T.cuspidala Hicksii)
Thnja oceidentalis Donglasii pyramidalis
Tilia americana colnmnaris ( T. glabra columnaris)
Tilia platyphyllos fastigiata ( T.platyphyllos pyramidalis)
Ulmns americana aseendens
Ulmns americana colnmnaris
Ulmns americana ^‘Moline Elm”
Ulmns carpinifolia eornnbiensis ( U foliacea stricta)
Ulmns carpinifolia Dampieri ( U. foliacea Dampieri)
Ulmns carpinifolia sarinensis ( U foliacea Wheat leyi)
Ulmns glabra exoniensis ( U.montana fastigiata)
Ulmns hollandica “ivlemmer”
Donald Wyman
Large seed collection imported by Arboretum during summer
In Febrnary 1937, the Arnold Arboretum made a small grant to
the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping, China, to help finance
a horticnltnral-botanical expedition to Ynnnan Province. This expedi¬
tion was in part snpported by a grant from the Royal Botanic Gar¬
den, Edinbnrgh. The fieldwork was done by Mr. Te-Tsnn Yii, the
resnlts, as to qnantity and qnality of the material secured, being
surprisingly good. The Arnold Arboretum’s share of the seeds collect¬
ed approximate !2000 numbers. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
received a similar shipment, as the seeds secured under each number
were divided between the two institutions. Sir William Wright Smith,
Director of the Edinburgh institution, states that he doubts whether
PLATE XIII
Acer ruhrnm columnare
any similar collections so ample in quantity and of such fine quality
have ever been secured before in China by any single expedition.
As far as the Arnold Arboretum is concerned, it is fully realized
that none of the species represented in this enormous Yunnan collec¬
tion will withstand the rigors of the Boston climate. The institution,
however, has from the beginning of its career sponsored the introduc¬
tion of exotic species into the United States, and has given its intro¬
duction wide distribution.
In accordance with this principle, this great Yunnan seed collection
has been divided into sets, approximating 12,000 seed packets. These
have been distributed to strategically located institutions in the United
States, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Germany and Italy ; in¬
stitutions so situated that it is hoped that these Yunnan species, once
established within their grounds, may thrive. Excess stock in very
considerable quantities has been turned over to the Seed and Plant
Introduction Division of the United States Department of Agriculture,
and herbaceous material to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
for distribution to its membership.
The nine large parcel post packages containing these seeds were
forwarded to the Arnold Arboretum in three separate shipments from
Yunnan-sen. A set of corresponding botanical specimens has also been
received.
This is an excellent example of cooperative fieldwork that has re¬
cently been developed at the Arnold Arboretum, whereby from un¬
restricted special funds received from its friends and supporters small
grants are made to strategically located institutions and individuals
to cover the actual cost of field work. Thus for less than it would have
cost the Arnold Arboretum to send a staff member half way around
the world, provide for his salary, travel and field expenses, it has been
possible to finance, in the past two years, through these small grants,
about twenty-five parties for work in China, Japan, India, Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, Java, the Philippines, New Guinea, Colombia, Brit¬
ish Columbia, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, North Carolina, Louisiana,
Washington, and Oregon. In some countries grants have been made
to several different institutions. The amount of material now being
received will tax the efforts of the limited staff of the Arnold Arbore¬
tum to the utmost, to give it proper attention, to complete the neces¬
sary identifications, and to publish the results. The essential reference
collections of the Arnold Arboretum are being rapidly increased with
a great quantity of most desirable material, and at a remarkably low
cost.
[ «« ]
Notes
Professor Alfred Rehder celebrated his 75th birthday on September
4, 1938. In appreciation of his conspicuous services over a period of
40 years to the Arnold Arboretum, to horticulture, dendrology, sys¬
tematic botany and'botanical bibliography, the staff tendered a dinner
to him and to Mrs. Rehder on the evening of September first. This
was attended by thirty-one individuals. During the course of the
dinner. Professor Rehder was presented with a substantial purse pro¬
vided by members of the committee appointed b}" the Corporation of
Harvard University to visit the Arnold Arboretum, and his associates.
It is worthy of note that Professor Rehder’s original appointment on
the staff of the Arboretum in 1898 was at the rate of $1.00 per day
as what was then called a ^Nvorking student”, and his first task was
to eliminate the weeds in the then newly established shrub collection
by the vigorous use of a hoe. One unique feature of the dinner was
the table decorations which were all sprays of plants actually named
and described by Professor Rehder.
At the opening ceremon}^ of the fifteenth International Geograph¬
ical Congress, Amsterdam, July 18, 1938, Dr. D. Merrill, Director
of the Arnold Arboretum, was elected an honorary member of the-
Royal Dutch Geographical Society for his investigations in plant geo¬
graphy. The other American scientist so honored was Dr. C.O. Sauer,
Professor of Geography, University of California.
e . , / . . . ■
... li ■ ■
[69]
Preliminary report on the storm damage to the Arboretum on
September twenty-first
In the late afternoon and early evening of September twenty-first,
the Boston area experienced its worst wind storm since weather rec¬
ords have been maintained. This was a West Indiai# tffrricane that
preceded northward along the New England coast,,''*^The rainfall was
relatively slight in Boston, but the wind velocities at times reached
approximately (87 miles actually reported) 90 miles per hour. The
undersigned spent twenty-two years in the Philippines, a region noted
for its numerous destructive typhoons, yet in this entire period he
actually experienced higher wind velocities only two or three times.
Naturally tremendous property damage resulted, and literally hun¬
dreds of thousands of trees were uprooted or so badly damaged that
they will have to be removed and replaced. The Arboretum suffered
severely.
The storm was intense at 5 :00 p.m. and gradually increased in vio¬
lence. The worst damage was done in the Arboretum between about
5 :80 p.m. and 6 :30 p.m. A tour of the grounds at 5 :S0 p.m. revealed
relatively slight damage; for example there were only three or four
trees in the extensive pine grove back of the Administration Building
that were down or showed signs of weakening at that time ; an hour
later nearly ail the trees in the entire planting were prostrate. The
sound of rustling leaves, breaking branches, and creaking trunks was at
times almost deafening. The worst of the storm was over by 8 :00 p.m.
A hurried survey made early the next morning shows that approx¬
imately 1500 trees were either uprooted, broken off, or their tops so
badly damaged that they will have to be removed. Many others were
injured, but can be saved by judicious pruning. The losses include
some of the oldest and largest trees in the Arboretum, as well as some
of the rarest ones. Some of the roads were impassable, and all paths
and roads were strewn with debris, broken branches, and fallen
trunks. Damage was particularly serious in certain exposed areas,
notably on the slopes back of the Administration Building, on the
southeast or exposed side of hemlock hill, where scores of century old
native hemlocks fell, in the southern part of the pinetum, where many
of the largest pines, firs, and spruces are prostrate, and along the
southeast side of the Peters hill area, particularly in the collections of
poplars and oaks.
This is the greatest single catastrophe that has happened to the
plantings in the Arboretum since its establishment in 1872. It will
take many years to repair the damage, for in many cases old mature
trees must be replaced by young ones. It is planned to publish a more
comprehensive report on the storm damage at a later date.
E.D. Merrill
[70]
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
HARVARD UNIVERSITY^^OWi^N
^ . OCT 12 1938
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI OCTOBER 7, 1938 Number 12
HURRICANE DAMAGE AT THE ARBORETUM
Rain had been falling rather consistently for four days when on September
twenty-first, over large areas in New England, the downpour assumed the
proportions of a deluge. Rivers in western Massachusetts were at Hood stage, and
everywhere the ground was soggy from excessive rain. By late afternoon the rain
slackened and the wind increased to a gale. At 4:50 p.m. when the lights went
out in the Administration Building staff members expected a ^Tlow”,but certainly
did not anticipate the hurricane which caused frightful damage throughout New
England. The Arboretum lost approximately 1500 trees, and a recent newspaper
estimate of the number of trees lost in Massachusetts^ — only one of the New Eng¬
land states touched by the storm^ — reached the appalling figure of 100,000,000.
There is no way of checking such an estimate, but with definite information con¬
cerning the number of trees destroyed in a few Boston suburbs, this figure seems
possible.
This ruinous hurricane originated in the Caribbean Sea, a veritable hotbed
for such storms. Ordinarily, such a malignant manifestation of Nature’s power
spends itself before reaching the North Atlantic States or else passes out to sea.
For some reason, this particular storm chose to follow an unusual course. The
U. S. Weather Bureau first reported it a few hundred miles northeast of Puerto
Rico. At that time it was moving at the rate of about 17 miles an hour in the
direction of the Bahamas and Florida where preparations were being made for its
arrival. Strangely enough, it did not touch Florida, but took an unexpected turn
to the northeast, aiming its fury at some point off the Carolina coast.
On Wednesday morning the storm was charted off Cape Hatteras, and mete¬
orologists believed that it would continue its curve out to sea where it would spend
itself harmlessly as most hurricanes fortunately do. Instead the storm changed
its course a second time, and with increasing velocity headed directly up the At¬
lantic coast. This second turn might have been reported except for one ironic
fact. Governmental agencies had done a thorough piece of work in sending out
warnings to ships so that there was no vessel in its path to report this most recent
[71]
Qgf Ig 1938
deviation from the storm^s expected course. All ships had either sailed far out to
sea or else stayed in port. Consequently when the storm travelling at the rate of
60 miles an hour, struck the coast off Atlantic City, no ships were in its path to
report the change of direction.
'Idle Blue Hills Observatory of Harvard University is approximately 5^ miles
south of the Arboretum, Because of its situation on a high hill, gusts of wind were
measured at the observatory during the height of the storm blowing in excess
of 150 miles an hour. Wind velocities of 1 11 miles an hour were measured there
in three five-minute periods, 6:05 p.m., 6:^0 p.m., and 7:12 p.m. The wind
averaged above 60 miles an hour shortly after 4 ;00 p.m. and remained above that
figure until 7 :45 p.m. 'Che official high for wind velocity in the Boston area during
this storm was given by tlie U. S. Weather Bureau as 87 miles an hour at 5 :28
p.m. 'I'he much higher figures at the Blue Hills Observatory were due apparently
to the Hill’s so obstructing the free flow of wind that it has to flow over the top
at a higher rate.” It is safe to assume that wind velocities probably in excess of
100 miles an hour were experienced in certain exposed portions of the Arboretum.
Hemlock Hill in the Arboretum is one of the higher points between Boston
and the Blue Hills. With wind velocities at times approximating 125 miles an
hour it is understandable that great damage was done to the particular plantings
on the southern or exposed side and top of that hill. To the older friends of the
Arboretum, this damage will seem the most serious. Part of the old stand of native
hemlock is absolutely flattened, the trees now forming a mass of broken timber
that will take months to clean away. Fortunately, most of the hemlocks on the
lee side of the hill are still standing, particularly those at the rear of the rhodo¬
dendron collection, so that they will still form a good background for the erica-
ceous plants when the latter are in bloom.
'Phe beautiful collection of evergreen trees and some of the magnolias at the
rear of the Administration Building are almost complete wrecks. The older pop¬
lar collection, between Peter’s Hill and the railroad has been practically leveled,
and the charming plantation of red and white pine on the southeast slope of
Bussey Hill is a mass of fallen timber.
Several hundred-year old specimen trees crashed to the ground during the
height of the storm, but fortunately there is still a bright side to all this devas¬
tation. By actual count, there are only a dozen plants which have been uprooted
that are not duplicated elsewhere in the collections. Most of our highly prized
specimen trees are still in perfect condition. Of approximately 1500 trees blown
down or very badly wrecked, a few have been pulled back into position, since it
was usually the larger trees which were blown over. By far the majority of in¬
jured or destroyed trees were native in the Arboretum, trees which added materi¬
ally to the natural beauty of the plantings, but which were not prominent in the
collections.
Many of the trees which blew over would probably have remained firmly in the
ground if it had not been for the heavy rains preceding the storm, but in such a
case, breakage might have been greater.
[72]
1
PLATE XIV
Views of hurricane damage in Arboretum 1938
L The old poplar collection. 2. In the conifer collection.
3. At rear of Administration Building, -f. Hemlock Hill. 5. Remains of a stately pine.
6. At rear of Administration Building. 7. A fallen pin oak. 8. A century old tulip poplar.
Approximate numbers of trees lost.
Hemlocks, oaks, etc. on Hemlock Hill . . . 400
Pines, poplars, magnolias, etc. at rear of Administration Building .... 200
Conifers in conifer collection . . 130
Red and white pines between the Overlook and South Street ...... 100
Poplars and oaks on Peter’s Hill .................. 60
Miscellaneous trees on Peter’s Hill . . . 200
Pyrus, Malus, etc. at Forest Hills gate . . . 50
Miscellaneous trees elsewhere in the Arboretum ........... 350
This was not Boston’s first hurricane. The last one occurred 123 years ago
on September 23, 1815* and from various newspaper reports at the time was
almost as devastating as the recent one. Many Boston buildings were ^ Vnroofed”
or ‘^unslated”, and the Common suffered almost as much as it did this time.
Twenty trees on the Common were ^^torn up by the roots and prostrated” carry¬
ing fences with them. Five thousand fruit and forest trees in Dorchester alone
were ruined. As with the present hurricane, the damage in and around Boston
was nothing compared to what it was in Providence where $5,000,000 worth of
damage was done, which in those days represented very much higher values.
The Arboretum has suffered and suffered badly. It will take months to clear
away the wreckage, and many years to grow plants to take the places of the ma¬
ture ones lost. Nevertheless, the damage might have been much worse. After
all, striking damage is limited to a few exposed areas. Individuals intimately ac¬
quainted with the Arboretum plantings will note trees lacking here and there in
the grounds. Those who occasionally visit the institution, after the winter clean¬
up is completed will notice few changes. The conspicuously beautiful landscape
features for the most part remain essentially unchanged.
The Arboretum staff is industriously engaged in a general rehabilitation plan,
and work will be continued throughout the winter. The extra expense involved
has been covered by an authorized withdrawal of funds from the institution’s
fortunately good credit balance. It is, however, practically impossible for us to
continue the normal seasonal work of planting, pruning, fertilizing, etc. when
we are faced with the immediate problem of removing the remains of between
1400 and 1500 trees.
Notes
By the will of the late Miss Grace M. Edwards of Beacon Street, Boston,
$25,000 was bequeathed the President and Fellows of Harvard University for
the benefit of the Arnold Arboretum, this sum to be added to its endowment.
Home owners who have suffered the loss of trees due to the recent hurricane
can claim such losses in their next income tax returns, according to expert legal
advice on the subject. Although many an old specimen tree that fell during the
storm is irreplaceable in dollars and cents, nevertheless the claiming of such a
loss in the next income tax report might help compensate in a very small way.
Donald Wyman
Farrar, John. An account of a violent storm of the 23d of September, 1815. American
Acad, of Arts ^ Sciences (First Series) Vol.IV; 92, 1818.
[74]
-
ARNOLD ARBORETU^^—
: HARVARD UNIVERSIT^Js*®^
^ Ir OCT 2 4 1938 ""4
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI OCTOBER 14, 1938 Number 13
THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES
AT THE CLOSE OF 1938
SINCE the discovery of the Dutch elm disease in the United States in 1929,
small infected spots have been found in Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, Virginia,
Pennsylvania and eastern Connecticut, and a large infected area 50 to 60 miles
in radius out from and including New York City. Eradication of the disease has
been accomplished or is proceeding satisfactorily in all except the New York
area. There the work is dragging. This is disturbing, because on the outcome of
that part of the undertaking depends the future of America’s elms. In order to
get an independent, close-up view of the situation a visit was made to the New
York area, September 15-17, 1938, by myself and Dr. J.S. Boyce, Professor of
Forest Pathology, Yale University. We examined the maps and records of the
Dutch Elm Disease Eradication Offices, interviewed Federal and State officials
in charge and looked over a few critical parts of the field. Important findings are
summarized below.
I. Present status of the Dutch Elm Disease in Connecticut, New York and New
Jersey.
In the southwestern part of CONNECTICUT where the disease has been
severe, there now appears to be some reduction as a result of intensive eradica¬
tion and sanitation. Elsewhere there is no significant extension; but there are
new scattered cases, in many instances miles removed from one another. The
explanation of these cases is not clear, but they may be accounted for in part by
the chance flight of Scolytus beetles, and in part by the local transfer of affected
elm wood. It would seem that State restrictions governing the maintenance of
wood piles containing elm logs and the transportation of unpeeled elm wood
could be improved ; or existing restrictions more rigorously enforced. It is incon¬
gruous that we should exclude foreign wood tor fear of infection and, at the same
time, not restrict local transportation.
In a considerable part of the infected region in NEW YORK STATE out¬
standing progress has been made in the eradication of the Dutch elm disease.
[75]
Oct 11
This applies particularly to Westchester County and the area to the south. For
example, in Greater New York City, where there were 1264 cases in 1933-84,
only 55 cases were found in 1938. There was a reduction of more tlian 25% in
the area from White Plains southward in 1937, and there will be a further drop
of about 35% in 1938 as compared with 1937. The success in New York State
is in part explained by the efficient cooperation extended by the State. Thus, the
State scouts give a normal week's work; the personnel is fairly continuous from
year to year; each group of scouts operates in its own district year after year ;
these scouts have become fully acquainted with the sections in which they work ;
moreover, they are picked men.
One disturbing feature in New York State is the discovery during the past
summer of the disease in Dutchess County. This will mean an extension of effort
but probably not to such an extent as to threaten the success of the eradication
program.
There has been no significant spread of the disease in NEW JERSEY in
1938 as compared with 1937. Control of further spread in New Jersey will be
facilitated by the fact that the infected area is now bounded by natural barriers.
In some parts there has been a considerable reduction in the amount of the dis¬
ease as a result of eradication and sanitation. The large increase reported for
New Jersey this year is related to silvicide operations. In certain regions half a
million elms were recently killed by a silvicide process applied for the purpose
of eliminating areas in which scouting is difficult and the elms of little value. The
resulting dead trees have unexpectedly served as breeding places for Scotytiis. It
is around these areas that the increase in the disease has occurred. For example,
adjacent to a silvicide area in the town of Clinton the number of diseased elms
this year is 225 as compared with 4 in 1937 ; in Montgomery, 75 as compared
with one in 1937 ; in Hopewell to Hillsborough, 2160 as compared with 23 in
1937. These occurrences, while distressing, are probably not alarming. The silvi¬
cide areas will now be out of the picture. The further breeding of Scoli/lus in them
will cease. The number of affected elms adjacent to them will drop oil' sharply.
II. Disabilities that should be removed.
1. Funds have not been available early enough in the year nor with sufficient
continuity. The result this year has been that systematic scouting was not possi¬
ble before July 9. June is the best month for scouting and it should be begun
in the latter part of May.
2. As a result of irregularity and uncertainty with respect to the availability
of funds, the field forces have again and again been demoralized at critical periods.
3. The quality of the field forces, welfare recipients, has been distinctly in¬
ferior for scouting purposes. This applies to a considerable proportion of the fore¬
men and a large percentage of the men under them.
4. Under the present system the scouting forces have had to be continually
reorganized ; hence much efibrt has been sacrificed because of the loss of experi¬
enced men and the necessity of giving time during the season to instruction of
their replacements.
[76]
PLATE XV
A stately American elm
5. As business improves the quality of available men drawn from welfare
agencies and assigned to the eradication project has been and will be continu¬
ously on the down grade.
6. Under the present set-up there are complications with respect to the trans¬
fer of men from one town to another. In other words, it is sometimes impossible
either to secure or place men where they are needed.
7. The work hours are too short at present ; men on welfare are working
about 113 hours a month instead of about the 190 hours which would prevail
under normal conditions of employment.
8. Most of the men now employed are city men. They generally dislike the
work and many of them are afraid and helpless in wooded tracts.
9. Many estate owners have become disgusted with the kind of men that are
being sent in to scout and work on their properties and do not want them on
their grounds.
10. These disabilities react on the spirit of the responsible officers and, in
consequence, they feel that, if continued, the possibility of eradication is threat¬
ened or at least indefinitely postponed.
IlL Comments.
1. Scouting should be organized and carried on without relation to welfare
work.
2. The employment of W.P.A. workers should be restricted mainly to the
sanitation part of the program.
3. Special attention should be given to the outer limits of the Dutch elm
disease area in the states of New York and Connecticut so as to prevent the spread
of the disease into contiguous regions in which the elm population is dense and
important. A much further spread will spell doom to America’s elms.
4. In formulating the program for 1939, the damage done to elms within the
infected areas by the hurricane of September 21 will have to be taken into con¬
sideration.
As a result of the fear aroused by the Dutch elm disease situation in America,
some people have come to question the advisability of planting elms. The answer,
especially for the eastern part of the country, is reached through an appraisal of
the prospect that the disease will be eliminated. In my judgment we can safely
continue to plant elms. It is unthinkable, in view of the demonstrated possibilities
of success in eradication, that the American people will abandon efforts to save
one of the finest gifts of Nature. Given the opportunity, I still think we can pre¬
serve our elms. But provision for that opportunity rests immediately on Federal
and State governments, and primarily on the insistence brought to bear by the
public on those who represent them in those governments. The cost to try to
save our elms is relatively small. On the other hand, if we let them go, the costs
will be greater to this generation, and a noble heritage will no longer be ours to
pass onto succeeding generations. Everyone can help at the moment by urgent
spoken or written words, and now is the critical time for action.
[78]
J. H. Faull
ARNOLD ARBORETUM _
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.^^VS®’*'^'''
BULLETIN
OF POPULAR INFORMATION
Series 4. Vol. VI DECEMBER 2, 1938 Number 14
THE HEDGE DEMONSTRATION PLOT AT THE
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
IN THE fall of 1936 an extensive plot of experimental hedges was
planted at the Arboretum. Because of the necessary formality of
the planting, it was not laid out near any of the lovely informal plant¬
ings so enjoyed by the public. Instead it was set off from the rest of
the Arboretum on ground formerly belonging to the Bussey Institu¬
tion. At present there are 1 12 different kinds of hedges, and two more
will be added next spring.
In a new book just published* (Hedges, Screens, and Windbreaks,
their uses, selection, and care), 250 plants are listed as suitable for
different types of hedges. Not all are perfectly adaptable to this use,
but a large number of them are. It is of considerable value to study
such a large number of hedges when they are growing within close
proximity under the same general conditions. The foliage of certain
ones is rather coarse in texture; while the foliage of others is com¬
paratively fine. Some grow vigorously and should be used only for tall
hedges and screens, while others can be easily restrained to form ex¬
cellent low and even dwarf hedges.
The oldest hedge experiments in the western hemisphere are those
at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, where some of
the plantings are over fifty years old. In the United States, the Mor¬
ton Arboretum and Cornell University have the only other extensive
experimental plots. Fortunately, some of the state experiment stations
have realized the value of hedge demonstrations and some have already
planted a number of excellent hedges.
* Wyman, Donald, Hedges, screens and windbreaks; their uses, selection and
care. New York; Lond. 1938. 8°. pp. xviii, 249. Map plates. (McGraw-Hill
Book Co.)
PEC - 8 19^
[T9]
Each hedge at the Arnold Arboretum is 25 feet long. They are
arranged in a semi-circular plot of ground in front of the old Bussey
Building with sufficient distance between each hedge to allow ample
room for growth. The taller growing hedges have been given more
space than the lower growing ones. Many other shrubs might also
have been included in this planting, but because of insufficient land
available for this purpose they have been omitted. In a few places two
hedges have been planted in the same twenty-five-foot row. For in¬
stance, the red-leaved Japanese barberry is similar to the typical form
of that species in every respect but the color of the foliage. Conse¬
quently 12^ feet of one hedge is made up of Japanese barberry, and
the other 12^ feet made up of its red-leaved variety.
In the fall of 1936, when these hedges were planted, most of the
deciduous plants were approximately 3 feet high. The evergreens
were even smaller. Plants of this size are much easier to transplant
than larger ones, and what is even more important, young plants are
easily trained into a dense, bushy habit. In the taller growing hedges
only seven plants of each variety were used ; in the lower growing ones
ten plants were used.
All the deciduous plants were cut down to about six inches from
the ground as soon as they were transplanted. This is necessary in
any young hedge to force the plants to develop a bushy habit and
to branch from the base. No pruning was given these hedges during
the first year of growth. In the second year all the hedges were care¬
fully inspected and the over-vigorous shoots were cut back, while a
small amount of pinching was done on the sides to give the plants a
uniform appearance. During the growing season of 1939, many of
these hedges will require regular pruning, but for the first few years
the object is to keep all hedges as small as possible in order to pro¬
mote dense, bushy growth from the base.
The evergreen shrubs have not been cut to the ground after plant¬
ing, but have been inspected several times and occasionally clipped
in order to promote a dense growth. Evergreen hedges, being slower
growing than deciduous hedges, are considerably more easily cared
for, but with both it is equally important to take every opportunity
in promoting a dense habit of growth from the beginning.
All the plants (except a few rare ones grown on our grounds) have
been given to the Arnold Arboretum for the purpose of growing in a
hedge demonstration plot. The following nurseries have very gener¬
ously contributed this material.
Wyman’s Framingham Nurseries, Framingham, Mass.
Bay State Nurseries, North Abington, Mass.
Kelsey-Highlands Nursery, E. Boxford, Mass.
Princeton Nurseries, Princeton, N.J.
[80]
Henry Kohankie & Son, Painesville, Ohio
Cole Nursery Company, Painesville, Ohio
Cherry Hill Nurseries, West Newbury, Mass.
Littlefield-Wyman Nurseries, North Abington, Mass.
The Arboretum takes this opportunity of publicly expressing its
appreciation of these gifts. It would have required many years and
considerable trouble to propagate and grow these many plants. The
generous gift of this material has rendered this experimental plot use¬
ful to the public, to nurserymen, and landscape architects in a com¬
paratively short time.
Notes
The Arboretum has done a great deal of hybridizing during the
past spring and summer. Approximately 20,000 hand pollinations
have been made. These have been distributed among 23 genera in¬
cluding Magnolia, Malus, Prunus, Rhododendron, Viburnum, Salix,
Fraxinus, Betula, Pinus, Picea, Abies, and several others. Although
it is one thing to pollinate flowers and another to collect the ripened
fruit, nevertheless, inspite of hungry birds and the hurricane, quite
a few were collected. In addition, a large number of open pollinated
seeds were collected from trees and shrubs of particular ornamental
value. This work is under the general supervision of Dr. Karl Sax of
the Arnold Arboretum. A good proportion of the seed collected this
fall will be germinated and later grown in the nurseries where it will
be carefully watched and variations in the plants observed and noted.
An increased amount of available nursery space will insure its being
carried on for a number of years. With approximately 7000 species
and varieties of ornamental woody plants growing on its 265 acres,
the Arnold Arboretum is unusually well equipped to carry out such
a breeding program.
It is particularly pleasing to acknowledge the hundreds of letters
which have poured in from all over the country offering assistance or
gifts of plants to replace those lost in the Arboretum during the hur¬
ricane of September twenty-first. These letters have come from private
individuals, institutions, and many nurserymen who have generously
offered plants of our own choice. The staff of the Arboretum appre¬
ciates the courtesy and interest shown by these people. I'he work of
cleaning the wreckage in the Arboretum is progressing as rapidly as
can be expected under the circumstances. There is a certain amount
of routine fall work which cannot be neglected. Those areas in which
the damage is the most conspicuous from the roads are being cleared
as fast as possible. The tedious, time-consuming task of pruning broken
branches from otherwise uninjured trees will probably not be started
until late in the winter. However, much progress has already been
made, and with some assistance from outside the hurricane area we
hope to make a splendid showing by spring.
RWWW'VWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWVWA-W^'WVWWTWWW^'^WWWWWVWWWTW
/J Yellow
Wood
Betub .
popuHFoUa
Mdcjurs
pomitero
Crcitac^u3^
cru5-^3lfi
Cornu5 mas
Acer cjinnaia
pyrjnia
Josifiaea
Ulmu3 pumila
Crataegus
phaenopyrum
Cra(ac^5
monody na
Forpythk intermedia
Cornus
racemosa
Clethra
alnifom
Cara^ana
arborescena
AcQr
platanoides
Syrln^a
chmens/s
Viburnum
pruniFohurn
Lonicera
Cdrpmus
Mulus
carojiniana
Prin3epia C
un/flora
Glink^o . .
buoba fasti^igta
}»uiiiiiiiiiuiii/i r , T ■ - -
Garpinud C
Viburnum
dentatum
Loniccra
tatarica
mysocarpus
opuUfoUua
Prunus
tomeniosa
Lonkera Korol kown
tionbunda
PbUadelphus
coronanus
Rhdmnus
cdtharticd
Bpiraca
mpponica
Spiraea ..
ThunberAu
Wdamnus
fran^ula
Sympnoncarpus
albas laeviAatus
Spiraea .
Vanhouttei
Spiraea.
pruniroha
Hippophae rhamnoides
Tamar Ik pentandra
Posa ruAosa
Li ^u strum
ioohum
L liusirum
amurense
Li just rum
ovaliFolium
L/Austrum
obzusifotium
Re^elianum
Berberis
vul^oris
Li^ustrum
Berbens..^^^^^^^
Thunberjii
Hedje
DemonsfraPon
Plot
Arnold Arboretum
Deutzia gracilis
Hypericum densifhrum
Viburnum Opulus nanum
Bwuldaris 37 ^
. atropurpurea atropurpurca
Berbens , Berberis
mentorensis Tpunbergu minor
Bprbgrjs
Thunber^n erecta
Philadelphus coronanus purn'ilus
Taxus .
canadensis stncia
Nov. i<tje
PLATE XVI
CercidiphyUum
japonicum
(^leditsia
tnacanthos
Pfatanas
acerifoha
Tilia cordata
Fa^us sylvaiica
FdAus drandiFolia
Prmsepia
smen^/s
Populus alba
pyramidalis
Fopujus .
mdra italica
Quercus pahstris
Quercus
robur Tast/diuta
Quercus imbricaria
5a hx
purpurea
Salix
pentandra
Abies concolor
Abies Fraser/
PsQudofswia
taxifolia
Juniperua
communis
Pinas Strobus
Pinas sylvestris
pinus nidea
Juniperus
Mirdiniana Lj
Tsu^a canadensis
Tsu^a caroliniana
Thuja ph'caia
Chamaecyparis
pisiPera ptumosa
Picee hb'iQS
Chgm&ecvpdns
pisiFqra TihFera
Thujg occidentahs
Wa^nerians
Picea
pun^ens ^lauca
ChdmaQcypans
pisiPQra aquarrosa
Pibes alpinum
Picea Omorikd
Pinui> Mudo
Taxus cusp/daia
ocadentahs
Thuja
occidental is
spiralb
Jf&Us
robuata
Pinus Nu^o
mujjhua
Thuja occidentalis
Woodward//
Thuja occidentalis
diobosa
Fvo/rymus
a/afa compacta
Acanihopanax
5iebo/o/anu5
c„ - — -
capfiata
Buxu3 microphylla
koreana
^ B. rri. kor eana hybriS^
Taxus cuspidata nana
Taxua media
HatFi'eldii
Thuja occidental is
uftle dem"
Taxu3 media
Hichaii
Jaxus media
hed^e Torrrf
HEDGE DEMONSTRATION PLOT
Arnold Arboretum
November, 1938
Deciduous
Acanthopanax Sieboldianus
Acer campestre
Ginnala
platanoides
Berberis mentorensis
Thunbergii
atropurpurea
“ erecta
i C i 6
minor
vulgaris
atropurpurea
Betula populifolia
Caragana arborescens
frutex
Carpinus Betulus
caroliniana
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Chaenomeles lagenaria
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus mas
racemosa
Crataegus crus-galli
monogyna
phaenopyrum
Deutzia gracilis
Elaeagnus angustifolia
umbellata
Evonymus alata compacta
Fagus grandifolia
sylvatica
Forsythia intermedia
Ginkgo biloba fastigiata
Gleditsia triacanthos
Hippophae rhamnoides
Hypericum densiflorura
Fiveleaf Aralia
Hedge Maple
Amur Maple
Norway Maple
Mentor Barberry
Japanese Barberry
Red-leaved Japanese Barberry
Truehedge Columnberry
Box Barberry
European Barberry
Purple Barberry
Gray Birch
Siberian Pea-tree
Russian Pea-shrub
European Hornbeam
American Hornbeam
Katsura-tree
Flowering Quince
Summersweet
Cornelian-cherry
Gray Dogwood
Cockspur Thorn
English Hawthorn
Washington Hawthorn
Slender Deutzia
Russian-olive
Autumn Elaeagnus
Dwarf Winged Evonymus
American Beech
European Beech
Border Forsythia
Upright Ginkgo
Common Honeylocust
Common Sea-buckthorn
[84]
Ligustrum amiirense
‘‘ ibolium
“ obtusifolium Regelianum
ovalifoliam
vulgare
Lonicera fragrantissima
Korolkowii floribunda
tatarica
Madura pomifera
Philadelphus coronarius
( ( ( ( .1
pumilus
Physocarpus opulifolius
Platanus acerifolia
Populus alba pyramidalis
“ nigra italica
Prinsepia sinensis
uniflora
Prunus tomentosa
Quercus imbricaria
palustris
robur fastigiata
Rliarnnus cathartica
Frangula
Ribes alpinum
Rosa rugosa
virginiana
Salix pentandra
purpurea
Spiraea nipponica
pr unifolia
Thunbergii
Vanhouttei
Symplioricarpus albus laevigatus
Syringa chinensis
Josikaea
vulgaris
Tamarix pentandra
Tilia cordata
Ulmus pumila
Viburnum dentatum
Lantana
Viburnum Opulus nanum
“ prunifolium
Amur Privet
Ibolium Privet
Regel Privet
California Privet
European Privet
Winter Honeysuckle
Broad Blueleaf Honeysuckle
Tatarian Honeysuckle
Osage-orange
Sweet Mockorange
Dwarf Sweet Mockorange
Ninebark
London Planetree
Bolleana Poplar
Lombardy Poplar
Cherry Prinsepia
White Prinsepia
Nanking Cherry
Shingle Oak
Pin Oak
Pyramidal English Oak
Common Buckthorn
Glossy Buckthorn
Mountain Currant
Rugosa Rose
Virginia Rose
Laurel Willow
Purple Osier
Nippon Spirea
Bridalwreath
Thunberg Spirea
Vanhoutte Spirea
Common Snowberry
Chinese Lilac
Hungarian Lilac
Common Lilac
Fivestamen Tamarix
Littleleaf European Linden
Dwarf Asiatic Elm
Arrowwood
Wayfaring-tree
Dwarf Cranberrybush
Blackhaw
[85]
Evergreen
Abies concolor
White Fir
** Fraseri
Fraser Fir
Buxus microphylla koreana
Korean Box
“ “ “ hybrid
Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera
Thread Retinospora
( ( a 1
plumosa
Plume Retinospora
squarrosa
Moss Retinospora
Juniperus communis
Common Juniper
virginiana
Redcedar
Picea Abies
Norway Spruce
** Omorika
Serbian Spruce
orientalis
Oriental Spruce
pungens glauca
Blue Colorado Spruce
Pinus Mugo
Swiss Mountain Pine
( ( ( ( j
mughus
Mugho Pine
( i
nigra
Austrian Pine
Strobus
White Pine
sylvestris
Scotch Pine
Pseudotsuga taxifolia
Douglas-fir
Taxus canadensis stricta
Dwarf Hedge Yew
cuspidata
Japanese Yew
“ “ capitata
6 4 6 6
nana
media (hedge form)
“ “ Hicksii
Hicks Yew
“ “ Hatfieldii
Hatfield Yew
Thuja occidentalis
American Arborvitae
** globosa
American Globe Arbo
“ “ “Little Gem”
Little Gem Arborvitae
“ “ robusta
Ware’s Arborvitae
i( ■ 1 •
spiralis
“ “ Wag'neriana
“ “ Woodwardii
Woodward Arborvitae
plicata
Giant Arborvitae
Tsuga canadensis
Canada Hemlock
“ caroliniana
Carolina Hemlock
[86]
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