Sarasa ase te =eaasetees
i.
hi
& | OR THE PEOPLE
Wy R,EDVCATION
|
(EOR'SCIENCE
7
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
y
h ANY
t
U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
—————
Department Bulletins
Nos. 651-675,
WITH CONTENTS
AND INDEX.
Prepared in the Division of Publications.
Zi
\ CT. Ss
is
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.
1920.
ANGE
CONTENTS.
DEPARTMENT BubuEetTiIn No. 651.—A FARM-MANAGEMENT STuDY IN ANDER-
son Country, SouTH CAROLINA:
iniiROCMNCHOMsY ses SS SAE remem 5 ee pT ISR Pant epee Saath sia
SIUDAENATA YS Sees cag aS OOS TO EIS OTM ls cn aN oN eae ei ee
Deserimuionnoiinerares sus 0os t.ho... 2. AR ee cae ea eee
mG eneralecharacheristieston tiaevrakin Ss: | _ aeweeee er oye sees leer ea
Weresiper work animal andisize/of farmgaaeees--.-. see. 5- 5. ee es ee
ConmoimationvOn enterprises ssn! 22... | Sepa e es eT eel NE eee a onal
Choo ROURNMOMS oHeebeercocdasaune Lg CURRIE ie UE en YN seat aa eo [Ue el
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 652.—TuHr Wer LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA
AND THEIR DRAINAGE:
NeTGUEAlaGraTmMAg ey CONGICIONS: so. . : waMemINS On oases he ets oe See
DWEscnipiToncorreclamationyGistiiCts: .. sexys. 2 eee see eee. oe oe
Wallis woodeplamtatiomsen ss saci... See CAS ale ook Sis eS
Nene Onleanshiakeshore land Co. tractess.2 0232560 on ee eee ee ee
lmbentormcnteh systematic)... . Spee eR Sa ue ee
JP yaa Oriaee ERE es Se eM . Sse es ee Du Aarne Eins teers Ue
Oitilnizaritomvotelom dees eee ose emMeT i one Thy fe cs a Be ee
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 653.—LEssons ON CorN FoR RuRAL ELEMENTARY
ScHOOLS:
Need roigstudsy, of corns: schools: : . - eee sea esa es oe
Heescomule KEIM sOm Comms we... Sempra LN rend See ate
Lesson II.—Judging corn.....: SRE BRE REA ata leet lal ga A eaten
Wexsonsiilk=— Seed Cornea. f a. 2. . . as Se ee
Wessongiaye—hestine Seed: CORMS:.... . Aeon ts eee ene fone eet ges ne
ihessoum\e——Placeofcorn mnicrop rotationsess... 2. 6-222. ie See 5 ee:
Gessone Vle——Preparation of the seed bedee:s2 <2. ..55 2224 822s ee:
Lesson VII.—Fertilizers and how to apply them.................--------
Lesson VIII.—When and how to plant field corn................--.------
Teessoun exe. — Nhe cultivatiomol COM. ‘epeee teen cee eee
Hecsone Ne —- Corny diseasesiand' pests. . meee s son ne eho ee oe eee
esson axel — The: tood\ vale ol corn. . Besse. 2 use 2 Sees ee oe oe
iessonm cll —The- botamy-ol corm: . . . ae Des ei ye
PACA Lamon von COMMA UMit ya eetens. \.. abner tee te A ee a ee
BU scrolerextsiand relerencesun so... . ee nets ees se ee si
Wsecromillustratyermatertales (0.0... Hse ne ge
ODSeruino conmid aye sta MM One ue ee oy eee in ee.
SHOCesbine COME A tIONStsee tet... sae et ea te ee Rae rg
19319—20 3
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Department Butietin No. 654.—FarM ORGANIZATION IN THE IRRIGATED
VALLEYS OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA:
Object obinvestivationss: -.--.. 5 fh ere Se ica ale
Summary of results...) 4! 2 £00, AER See etree ole wo tete tt eer
General description of localities... ..- 4 -pssesesp ee sci wml «o's oe oe
Method of investipation! .2<2*- <5... Tt ee Sore eee
Standards used in this bulletin for measuring success.............-.-.-...
Sy pes OF TATMIND. - so os - - = = meters erates = ole) oleae ke oe eee
The adaptation of the farm enterprises to the size of the farm.............
The relation of capital invested and size of farm to farm income and labor
MICOMNO. . oo nia ss oe wen ee eo | ete eel Mine o/s pa ar
DeprpaRTMENT Buxuietin No. 655.—INFLUENCE ON LINSEED O11 OF THE GEO-
GRAPHICAL SOURCE AND VARIETY OF FLAX:
Introduction? oc. 6. ook ss... ee oe eee eee
WETIOUOR Olas. ac cares tees x ‘Looe eon oe Soca daes oes one eee
Factors which influence the composition of the oil..................---.--
Plan of comparison of the oils.:......38eess--- +6 -33- oe
Yield and physical properties of the ole. 2... - 22-25. -. 02s meee
Relation of the oils to the: source of seed@ese425-)-.-- oe ee eee eee
Conclusions: 2.2 .5.2.206.2' iss cac ss ee ERR Ree Oe beeen eee eee
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 656.—CoNncorD GRAPE JUICE: MANUFACTURE AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
ca
Gum CR CO RO
Seope of the investigation...........]sapemen so) see -eeee Se eee
Character of fruit: used:.....=........ Goseepeees+ = | cseeio ee eee eee
Manufacture of commercial Concord grapejuice............-..------e+---
Chemical composition of grape juice. 2 ..---ce.<+----.+---6-) aeaeeeeeeee
SUMMA. oS ss 5. ese sees os sss... Oe eee eee eae eee
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 657.—A WHEATLESS RATION FOR THE RAPID
INCREASE OF FLESH ON YOUNG CHICKENS:
Composition of rations used...-.... ss2-22:. 20... =e eee
Character of birds fed... .......... . Beep atecdecncke cesses eee
Total gains in weight......--....... "ggepe-2 es. oases eee
Quantity of feed reqilired........... Spee sos. oe eee
Rate of Gain... . 2. ccs cee cece ss - ee ann eae ee ee eee
Loss in weight due to killing and chillig®-%2--. -. 2. ee - eee
Relation of initial weight to final caintieee. 2... -....- = eee eee
Composition of broiling chickens before and after fleshing. ..............-
Economic advantage of fleshing broilers at the packing house............
Summary. .f525.50s. 2.0... -...... Sa ee
DEPARTMENT BuLieTIN No. 658.—Foresr DisEASE SURVEYS:
Introduction. ;.2.2.2...0............ Spee se econ ee ae
Object of forest disease surveys. .... Sige sss. sce cc sess 5. ose
Disease-surveyimethods: <.:.:.~..<.. Meee ee ce ees o ese oes eee
Pathological maps...2.2...-........ /geeeeeek sect boas Joleen
SUMMALTY... 555. sence eee ee eee ee. ee ee eee
DEPARTMENT Buiietin No. 659.—A Farm ManaGeMEnT Stupy or Corron
Farms or Exvuis County, Texas:
Definitions and explanation of terms. |... .......-...--+-.e0--seseuneee
ATeas BUTVEYed... .. oc... c nee... ee ee eee
AC I
Type of farm... ..............--.... eee bee ee
Size of business: : /. 2.2... et. ee
Quality of farming
Farm organization
Cost of production
ey
7 wee ee
le ee ee ae)
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 660.—HicHway Cost KEEPING:
Part I.—Cost keeping in general:
The fundamentals of cost keeping
Cost elements
Fixed charges.................. Be SS eee
Highway cost analysis
Units of measurement
ee a
te
ey
i ee ee)
LS)
OornNr
MOD OID Om WL
io
i
HOooNn~
CONTENTS: i)
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 660—Hiauway Cost Krepina—Continued.
Part I1.—Cost keeping for highway work: Page.
HWASemMtl al Sonarcostisy Stems. is) 5.). le Mepis cic lcjaretevata oya/are ele ateee atovel ete! spel 2 13
Classiticationonexpenditiines|s a.) - Memes) seiy\s elven sereeye loiter oe 13
OMerAironeCOde wa Teas... . pple crete ec Os ere ce ce dine tae 16
Method of obtaining class and operation number from code.....-... Y/
(Wseroicodenmuoperationss.f:/S.).:. /aepeiesracie ee clea oeeta ee ee eicle eee 18
Detail of cost accounts and necessary codes........-.-.------------- 19
VEC ORG ROTTS i ssenc ey Men saps e AUR Src Ms) a ads Ea satin are 23
Ihmmaediatewuserolicostidata: 2)... . Game ee aoe ee este ieee lere 3
inalecispositlonkor costidatae.,. . lemeenres oon ceeee. sateeeec neces 3
Wenmilonsotoperatwoneterms. >. . Meee vesse +22 +e scce cerlesce oe oe 3
AND OR MGDI L/S CASE ete aL MR cg A gp ALY Ca 42
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 661.—THE MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN FROM But-
TERMILK OR SkIM MILK:
Importance of casein manufacture to creameries........-...------------- 1
The manufacture of casein from buttermilk. ..................--+-------- 2
Directions for manufacturing casein from buttermilk................-.- 4
Naeldvotsbuttermilk casein... .. eens sick oo eee ee ine See teeeeee 8
COSTE. GUE THO DLC DHS ye I ie Bee eS eae ee 8
quapmentimequired ect -=\ 2 PRMRU I eed nee oa Sy See 9
Hactorsaniuencine quality <-): . Sees ce Sek eas See ee uy
Rhemanutacturevotskaim=milk'caseln. eyes ee esses Sees ene eee 22
Sullonpmmvo-encl meal. - ssoaboeeeosadasesoousedoacEeneuccsoccauses 22
Beleressed=CUnGuMe LOG eee sc :c\cce 5 5 Bere cere esis so eee er 23
Cookedecundhnive th oceiin pei) pay es te Doe Ly Oi eles ee iy aans 23
pecionpmme tina ey Nes se) Re let neu NB RANA ne Ee eeta 2
Comparison of the different methods of making skim-milk casein. .... 25
Naeldgoiskaim-milk caseim. 3... © --+Se erase nol ib oe wire] ease 26
Requirementsiornroodicaseine 4a. je oe ee eens See aeeiece 26
Methods of determining quality of casein. .................---.---.----- 28
WNalvesiveronstrencth testra. 3... Sage OG es NO ee 30
Sollivlor bh ay THES) His ee ee eI. cc i De core eae re eae 31
Casempmarketsand:-pricess as... .-. seeps ne ove uc been eee eens 31
DEPARTMENT BuLuETIN No. 662.—VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HorsES AND
CATTLE:
Histonvgandscharacteristices ayes... . .Umepetis som okd Gace alee meters cee ae
Bit Ol Oasys cic ea Socs Sa o> « ORES ccaraisia ei stcilocia s Saitoh eines
Symp tomsjancdelesions i Vs... << >.< /- S oe) le es Dic citar oninieee suse
(Wont aeTONS Mesa eee URN acces... MRM acc pedatl ar eee UMN aS
Ditkerent Ale GIAO MOSIS es ca shcys oa =. «REN ess ois ev eres cs cose woe ow Setele =
RSE EDITORS SSE SAO A eel A SMR 57 ca Renee ca eae tare = AUP a res Ree
ON Orem 1
DEPARTMENT BuuetTiIn. No. 663.—THE INSTALLATION. AND EQUIPMENT OF
AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT:
RuGposcromtheunvestigations...2.....- .seemece cian. saa osc eee eee e enn 1
Construction and arrangement of rooms:..................-2-0-0----200: 2
Equipment of breaking and sterilizing rooms...............---.---------- 7
Womelusionsee ee eae Ce Ci te ce yi t te Mei enlii toe te) GINS Meas gees 5 24
DEPARTMENT BuLLETIN No. 664.—THE PREVENTION OF BREAKAGE OF Eaes
In. TRANSIT WHEN SHIPPED IN CARLOTS:
FeasonMortheinvestigations..... - -~- eeeeeins neces soca e sees cee aenees
Amount of damage to eggs during marketing.................-.-.---- 2
~ Progress of the investigation:
Gerneralaplanncs seme ine ccc s ~ I rata itera © eee ats ete aie te rere 3
Conditions/at poimtoforigin =>. . WSmerens scree ee ce loess 3
Lowa eethe load sapien ees sie, .. SMe die) ernment serene Sep MINE G Lo, 5
neyrallroad hays eer ce. . oie mone ney ha nun mty eete ca 9
10
Results of the investigation:
Factors contributing to transit damage.............-.....------------ 12
SUI Ay pe vere rey genni oe) MRRP eps ly ane NAR tere at ongegeee Es 30
ns — a
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651—675,
DEPARTMENT BuLLetin No. 665.—SrTarus oF FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO
GRANDE IRRIGATED District or TEXAS:
Dascriphion:ot area. .c..3- =... ... . sae eee eee eee neg ene
Farm Rts sewn einen See wdc wie aioe oo » 0 cps eat ee eee a ae
Dependability of enterprises... . . . sem eee eee ee nie ers
Staplity of types of farming... -... sees sees: PR I Sec he inl
Farm: business illustrated............ eee s) eee eee eee
General conditions... :..........: .. . . epee ane oe ae ee ee eee
Goncltisions. 2.6... 5 052. o5.02.. 2. - . eee Sc oer
DEPARTMENT BuLLETIN No. 666.—TuE Errect or ALKALI TREATMENT IN
COcOAS:
Purpose of the investigation........ eRe cs see-,.05.2-...55se ee a5
Description of investigational samples#e-.---. 22... -.---- 4 eee
Analyses of untreated and treated cocoas. ........-.2.0..-----sc--ceeues
Water-soluble matter in untreated and treated cocoas............--..-.---
Composition of the water-soluble matter in untreated and treated cocoas. .
Ash ratios in untreated and. treated cogeas! 22... 42). 2 eee
Action of various alkalies'on cocoas. . Sse. 8-5: 4955.4 see eee
Appearance of the cocoas:2.:...-:.---agyape see se ete eee
Gonclusions:<.. cae. es... eee . os Se eee
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 667.—CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1916:
Explanatory statement: ......:.....- Reese o-oo ee ee
Total shipments by States.......... . RS eess: . [S28 ce eee .
Index of shipping stations with key to index.~.......-..-....-..--e-e-e-
Tables of shipments of—
Deciduous fruits.:...<.. 2-2... - BSR SS ie ce ee
Dried fruits../--.20i2....-.-.. . Re ee ee
Citrus fruits... -.05-00----....- Be cc cen oe
Subtropical fruits.......-....... BBS yee se: hs Se
Berries... .05- 022. c nee... ee oe celine ea 2
Cucurbitousicrops.....:........ Ree eer es...) oc ee
Solanaceous crops................BBeee sees «2 ose ss ee
Tuber crops?...2.2-025---....... Bee ase ee ee
Root crops... . 22: sasec--.5:... Se sone eee
BYassicas.. = 2.5.2 scsscsecs..... eee oon eee
Salad crops.25-ccccciecs.:..... Se eee eee eee ee
Perennials. -..2..00c..22,........ Seppe sane- ooo
Dry pulse crops: ................ epee. oe ee
Miscellaneous crops..:.......... Sapper]: seen
-
DePpaARTMENT Buiitetin No. 668.—Nurse Puantina SeLEct Corron SEED:
he waste of select cotton seed ....... :Weeeeeen-+.5-28 eo. cs eee
Planting distinct types of cotton ..... epee. sa22 se. - +2 see
Planting cotton seed with beans or peaSkew.-..2......-.---.-. demeanor
Rate of combining cotton with other seeds
Delinting cotton seed for nurse planting
Method of planting in hills.
Method of planting in drills.:......... Selo 2 ee
Advantages in nurse planting
Summary ;
ee ee anand
DEPARTMENT BuLLETIN No. 669.—THE MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND
CREAM CHEESE IN THE Factory:
Important factors in successful production
@he manufacturing process........... Babee ee: es eae
Metnods of packing. ................. Me ee ee
Yield of cheese per hundred pounds of milk..............-..---.--2+----
Experimental work on the manufacturing process.....:...-----------+----
Experimental work on keeping qualities of the cheese.:............------
Summary
CONTENTS.., 7
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 670.—THE Resutts or Puysicat Tests or Roap-
BUILDING Rock 1n 1916 anv 1917: Page.
Crushing strength or compression test................... Pete ees aS REN a 1
itiexpretation ol results of physical tests. gate. = .2.20.c-+2-c0c-secneen se -- 2
Table I.—Results of physical tests of road-building rock in 1916 and 1917. . 3
Table II.—Results of compression tests of rock made prior to January 1,
IDIGS socoeS See eee Bee ee eee EIEN, eum aie iile is Dh niente tei 24
Table I1I.—Geographical distribution of rock samples tested to January 1,
OTS MEE ca eRe os... Me ee Ces Le oe 82
Table IV.—General limiting test values for broken stone...........-.-- 29
DEPARTMENT BuLueTIN No. 671.—THEr DracGnosis or Ber DISEASES BY
LABORATORY METHODS:
Hara RO CINCOM ra nts CRORE oo | | SMR rab ee oon oben loin Slee s Geyareieave i
WO OLA LO myMC CM OUS sii nastotic cis: ees. « « MMP Cr= a1 </sts\ayen lava) =) sielels'e cic o14/elere overs 2
IDIGEATAS 10) love, ChieveNOR CS Soaaseeo SERS qo Some soonEeaee dea eeSsoesaarS 4
BIO WEAMeLOWlOLOOU Aas wiceee Were) i ee es 4
ie ntcameroullbrOoOdhns wate wees... URMMMNBEMe oro Napa aes Lia ce i te er 8
Sen@lomayoval 5 ese SM i ie ae a 1) SUR IN oINU ed CS IReea N eleay H 10
Other abnormal conditions of the brood 11
IN@ESENA, CHSC RIES AS ee a oc, ene ee a ie sein ee 13
Sati erRa VHT gs SOS NS ee RES Scr Pea ae TN Ce 14
DEPARTMENT BuuuEeTIN No. 672.—THE Duck SIcKNESS IN UTAH:
NANEROCIUNGHTOTIM er ya ieee ech... 5 5, MeO att aE Sa are ela ]
FEMS Go Taya ibe ners wc ep. MM ete ia oo 2) batalla 2;
IveMOnismmomyOunerTeSlOMSss 0... 2 cs. ee Oe eS i ee 5
@uiclamerotaneldawonkeiee i 2 eo RS een CN ane eae ule er 6
Ange) GAUGE Sri ela aes She HK eS 2, IA a reg pe BN ee 7
Symptoms and description 7
Nreasnuinenessiclaibindsianrentoumd). -'lpgeeets 2 cose ee eee) ee ae 11
SDEGIESPUMe CLediy sue eeaentR,. _pememesta eaves Seat kes 2 Oh eee sha ee 11
Wimitenableetheorlesys sweet mre nl. MMe cia ate bo ii eee y we se aes 13
Drainage of affected areas
Cievonsiekebinds i) caccpes os: . . . MBps. nec deta ne nce Sl on 20
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 673.—PRopuUcTION oF LUMBER, LATH, AND
SHINGLES IN 1916:
JGRTRO COMO cis Wie eee NaN ean a eller A EL ee So a
MocaelummperprocduUctiOneso:2 625... <. Ame los 8 Woe cite nec vaso sce cls
Lumber production by classes of mills
Cut and capacity of reporting mills
Lumber production by States
1
2
3
8
8
ihumiber production by-kinds of wood. . 265. --.2. 2 sss... 222 otek esse 13
14
35
36
eres eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee et ee
Lumber production by species
Lath
Shingles
Mum Derm alwess jccw Joss Mos Geeta: 5. - Be eee ce soars eee eee es 37
ei i an een ae eee)
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 674.—HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA:
GATE Test Sei eee ae Saree cx, « SR seer ele ee US ee nas
LBUGIOINY 3 3d) solo Bae eerie Sci Cia! = 2c 8 oe age me ed elec
SAMO NOMS) SER eae Rc ees eam <ich A eRe snp UR ng ae
Anatomical changes
IDE CONC STE a Se SRG ica ee a OEE BRO ele tons ease ey eS
Prevention
i i i i i ee ee ee ee es
wOUwonMmAnoownre
8
DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 675.—RANGE PRESERVATION AND Its RELATION
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
ro Erosion Controt oN WESTERN GRAzING LANDs: ww 8°.
Purpose of the study...---......----qesene peepee «(eee qi
Damage caused. by Grosion.......-. 2 sea vies sla = mas oe cle le ee 2
Factors determining the amount of erratic run-off and erosion............ j-2
Relation of erosion and soil depletion to vegetative growth.............. 18
Relation of erosion and soil depletion to revegetation..................-. i} 22
Influence of grazing on erosion and stream flow..............------------ 24
Preventive and remedial measures. -ce ons. eee se ee 27
(Cort ite BSS, SORES ae Seiebip<<\<is2 «3s 3o 2 ae ee ee aha 34
INDEX.
Abies balsamea. See Fir, balsam.
Abies spp. See Fir.
Accounts, cost, in highway operation, details and codes. ....-......
Acer spp. See Maple.
Alabama— .
fruits, shipments by car lots and by stations, 1916 .............
road apuatdinesrock tests, L9AG;amd 1917 . Seeks es. ei ee
vegetables, shipments by car lots and by stations, 1916. ........
Asin H. C., and Others, bulletin on the ‘‘The prevention of break-
age of eggs in transit when shipped in carlots”
Alcohol, occurrence in grape juice, causes... ..---..-----.--------
Alfalfa—
production in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas.............-
seed, growing in southern Arizona, acreage, income, etc........
VAlUeRMAcoObLonearminesDexase. 2... Meee ook a,
Alkali—
salts, cause of duck sickness in Utah.
treatment, effect on cocoas, bulletin by Eugene Bloomberg.....-
MIKES AC OMeOr War! OUS KaimdS\OMsCOCOAS. Saeete ee. 5 sce. See.
Ammonium carbonate, use in treatment of cocoas-
Amphibolite, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917. ..............
Andesite, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917..................-..
Animals—
~ diseases of, publications of Department, list..................
work, efficiency in crop, acres per animal......_...........-.
See also Buffaloes; Cattle; Chickens; Ducks; Hogs; Horses;
Mules; Sheep.
Anthrax, diagnosis, differentiation from hemorrhagic septicemia. . . .
Aphthea, sporadic. See Stomatitis, vesicular.
Apples, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................--
Apricots, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..............-.
MESO On cnMetM OTADS JUICE: o.-- os... 2. Ae eh kk
Arizona—
Canal, description and destruction.....,-..-..-.-.-.-.-------:
farm organization i in irrigated valleys, bulletin by R. W. Clothier.
farming Ingpeswacreace:- income: etc. . eee. se 5
fruits—
shipmentsiin carlotsiby istations, NMG wie 2o22 2 a5.
weretables, cram, and forage cropSsee. ---42--<25-c2-25-
Gila Valley, description, clim: ate, an diGhowsee ees see
irrigated valleys, descriptions, climate, crops, etc............-
road- building rock tests, 1916 and 19] eg ae
19319—20 2
3ulle-
tin No.
Page.
660 19-23
6-10, 51,
van |74, 94, 98,
667) 102, 113-
114, 194
670 3
10-13, 15,
110, 113.
114, 125
S| 153. 159
667) 167,170,
183, 185,
186, 188,
| 190, 194
664 1-31
656 18
665 9
anf 2) 25-26,
CG ea
659 3.
G72). 15418
666 1-20
666. 18-20
666. 1.3.6.8
670 5,7, 11, 13
670 3) 19
Gide 10k
651 3,4, 17-22
674 7
6,7, DIK
667)’ 70, 91
667 6,7, 71,91
656 3
654 5
654 1-59
654. «21-42
6-10, 15
Seawes
667) 99 94° 97.
107, 114
654. 8-9, 12
654 13-15,16
654 4-15
670 3
1
L$.
ry ;
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Bulle-
Arizona—Continued. tin No. _— Page.
Salt River Valley, description, irrigation systems, and crops. -... 654 4-11, 15
southern, farms, areas, capital, expenses, Incomes, etc.......... 654 47-58
10-11, 15,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667 oe a
180, 188
Yuma Valley, description, climate, irrigation, and crops.....-- 654 11-13, 15
Arkansas—
6-10, 15,
51, 72, 74,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, LONG) 2... 3..)2 eae eee 667 ane
107, 114,
194
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917....../................. 670 3, 24
10-13, 15,
107, 114,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............. 667 one
167, 169,
171, 194
Artichokes, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..-........... 667 12, 182
Ash, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value........... 673 30
value for specified years; 1899=1916 2a eee eee eee 673 37
Asparagus, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............-. 667 12, 182
Bacilli, bipolar ovoid, occurrence and nature. .....-...:---------- 674 4
Bacillus—
bipolaris—
septicus—
cause of hemorrhagic septicemia...............------- 674 3-4
cause of swine plague - ...-Sepeee eee en eee eee 674 42,9
vitulisepticus, cause of septic pleuropneumonia of calves.... 674 5
larvae, cause of American foulbrood --25.--.----.--+------+---- 671 8
necrophorus, cause of necrotic stomatitis. ..........--....-..-- 662 9
pluton, cause of European foulbrood 3222. -..5-..--.---22eees 671 4
Bacterins, use in treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia.......--...-- 674 2,3,8-9
Balsam fir. See Fir balsam.
Bananas, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............- 667 8, 98-99
Basalt tests for road building 1916 and 19]7...................f.... 670 4,8, 14
Basswood, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value..........--- 673 28-29
value for specified years 1899-1916. Seeeeee... 2ep--- ee 673 37
Beans— .
dry, shipments by States and by stations, 1916... .........-.- 667{ Fey ae
Lima, green, shipments by States and by stations, 1916....... 667 13, 183
planting with cotton seed as nurse crop...-...---.---+---++--- 668 3-6
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, note. ......-------- 665 8
string, shipment by States and by stations, 1916........-..... 667{ Tagine
tepary, value as nurse crop with select cotton seed............. 668
see diseases, comb samples, taking and examination.............. 671 2-4
Seech, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value............- 673 27
value for specified years, 1899-1916. ._............2.-esceeee- 673 37
Bees, diseases—
diagnosis hy laboratory methods, bulletin by Arthur H. McCray
m0aG. FP. White. cc.0..... SSS ee 671 1-15
examination of samples, etc... .. .. _SRReraee ee e 671 2-4
Beets, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............--- 667 11, 165
stock, production in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas....... 665 10
sugar, Arizona, replacement by sugar cane, experiments........ 654
Berries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............---- 667 9, 99-107
INDEX. _
Betula spp. See Birch. Bulle-
Birch, lumber production— tin No.
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value.........-.-... 673
value for specified years, 1899-1916...............--- senine ieee 673
Black lands, Texas, occurrence, nature and value..........-------- 659
Blackberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916........... 667
Blackleg, differentiation from hemorrhagic septicemia.............- 674
BioomBere, Eucene, bulletin on ‘‘The effect of alkali on cocoas’’. 666
“Blue tongue.’’ See Stomatitis, vesicular.
Board measure, various widths and thicknesses, table.............. 660
‘Bog shoes,’’ use on horses in cultivation of wet lands, note......-. 652
Bookkeeping, distinction from cost keeping................------ 660
Boulimeyerape juice, and sterilizing..........5-20.---2s220+---2- 656
Brassicas, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667
Breccia, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917..............'...-... 670
Broccoli, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667
Brood diseases, bees, differential features in diagnosis, table........ 671
Broomett, A. W., and Others, bulletin on ‘‘A wheatless ration for
the rapid increase of flesh on young chickens’’................. 657
Brown-rot, stringy, characteristics and trees attacked.............- 658
Brussels sprouts, shipments by States and by stations, 1916......... 667
Buffaloes, hemorrhagic septicemia, outbreaks, and treatment...... 674
Buildings, egg-breaking plant, construction and equipment......... 663
Burl, injury to forest trees, nature and cause...-..........------- 658
MEL ROLS tOrestubnees+ (CAUSES... 22.050... 2. Hey tos gece ecle cele 658
Buttermilk—
fatrcomtentwettect on casein quality. ...22tnis+-22 concn eee: 661
manufacture of casein from, and fromskim milk, bulletin by
Aanollél Oy 1D ilaill oy iain a air, SeeMS? | = S AURreae pape taba 661
Cabbage, production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, yield and
TOROS 5 o SS boo deo ee OO BE AOC EEE sc cae te ener een 665
Cabbages, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667{
California—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................. 667
lakesmiduekssickniess,/reports........... seme. ose dees cot. oe 672
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917........................ 670
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667
Cammack, F. R., and K. J. Marueson, bulletin on ‘‘The manu-
facture of Neufchatel and cream cheese in the factory’’.........- 669
Canada, road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917...... ARS La hy Tabet 670
Page.
25-26
37
5-7
9, 99-100
If
1-20
47
30
9
12-13, 17
7,14
12,
170-177
6-10,
16, 51, 71,
72, 75, 81,
85-88,
90-94,
96-99,
102-103,
106-107,
114, 194
5
3
10-13,
16, 51,
107, 110,
113-114,
121-122,
126, 155,
159, 166,
169, 170,
177-180,
182-183,
185-186,
188-189,
191, 194
1-28
23
.
oe
Sock 4 Tae alate.
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Canals Bulle-
Arizona— tin No. Page.
location of ancient irrigated area, etc..................-- 654 5
modern development and distribution. ...........-.-.... 654 5-6
24,
reservoir, Louisiana wet lands. : - -Seeeseeeteme eee eke eee 652; 27-28, 32,
“is 35, 43-45
Cankers, pine, caused by Cronartium, sp., description .......-.---- 658 17, 21, 22
Cantaloupes— y é
growing in Arizona, speculative nature of industry...........-- 654 3, 41-42
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, note. -...--...----- 655 8
shipments by States and by stations, 1916. ..................- 667{ 107-109
Carpon, P. V., bulletin on ‘‘ Nurse planting select cotton seed’’. ..
Car lots, shipments, fruits and vegetables in the United States,
bulletin by Paul Froehlich’... .:-. ... RRR RSs eeee eee ee
Carrots, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................
Casabas, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..........--.-.-
Casein—
adhesivetest.. .. 253227) 2... pede Soles See ae ee
buttermilk—
factors influencing quality... . - SaReeeene= ase eee
yield, cost, equipment requirement, etc............-.-.-.-
high-grade, requirements, fat content, etc.....------...-...-.-
manufacture
commercial importance to creameries.......------.-------
from buttermilk: method! .> Saas e oe ee ee
markets.and prices....: -. 5... .. . ... Sees See ee ee
quality determination, methods. . » Qyeee=. 2 ee. nee ee: eee
skim-milk, manufacturing methods, and comparisons.........-
solubility test. 455. eso oo... ee ee eae
Castanea dentata. See Chestnut.
Cattle—
raising in southern Arizona, acreage, income, etc.....---.-.---
septicemia, symptoms, diagnosis, and control..............--.-
vesicular stomatitis (and of horses), bulletin by John R. Mohler.
Cauliflower, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............
Cedar, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value............-.
value for specified years, 1899-1916... -. 2.22.22... 22 eek
Celery, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................--
Chamecy paris spp. Sce Cedar.
Cheese—
cream and Neufchatel, manufacture in the factory, bulletin by
K; J. Matheson and F. R. Camma@kie=. 2-0 22-2 oe
ne qualities, experiments with Neufchatel and cream
COGCBCS -)o oo cen en cise eelce cs Qe ee 2 eee
Neuichatel and cream, manufacture in the factory, bulletin by
K. J. Matheson and F. R. Cammageereee oes ee eee
yield per hundred. pounds of milk! By se eee
Cherries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.........-...---
Chert, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917.
Chestnut, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value......-.....-
value for specified years, 1899-1916 -
Chickens—
broiling, composition before and after fleshing.............---
fattening, pains in weight, etc... . Geena eee
feeding experiments, fe®&l consumed, rate of gain, etc.........-
loss in weight due to killing and chilling..............--------
wheatless ration for rapid fattening, bulletin by M. E. Penning-
ton, HW. A. McAlteer, A. D. Greenlee, A. W. Broomell, L. E.
Marker and H. L.Shrader... .... See eee
young, fleshing at packing house, advantages. ..........-....-
668 «1-12
G67 4 Sea-156
i,
667{ 166-167
667 10, 110
661 30-31
661 ‘17-22
661 8-17
661 26-28
661 1-2
661 2-29
661 31-32
661 28-31
661 22-26, 27
661 31
654 3, 32-33
674 1,5, 7-9
662 1-11
12,
667{ 177-178
678) 26-27
673 37
12,
667{ 178-180
669 1-28
669 21-27
669 1-28
669 12
667 6, 71-72
670 7,21
673 24
673 37
657 9-10
657 3-5, 12
657 «57,12
657 78
657 1-12
657 10-11, 12
INDEX. - * 5
Bulle-
Cholera— = tin No. Page.
chicken identity sh Sepiicemia Ol tows. eee ee iciclia oo oe 674 1,2
hog, differentiati® from hemorrhagic septicemia.........------- 674 6, 7-8
Cinimnst use ton mxime broken eggs: ..-.-- ----aejse = eis n eee nes oe 663 17-19
Citrus. See Grapefruit; Lemons; Limes; Oranges; Tangerines.
Clearing land, lower Rio Grande irrigated district, practices, cost,
WUC e scis'ow od Ge Bin GN Bee eC R RN ells nM le es ga en ea Sn 665 4
CroruierR, R. W., bulletin on ‘‘Farm organization in the irrigated
len SROMSOUUMEROMATIZONA : cle cei ..c.- . - eee eee es a wan 654 1-59
Cocoa, effect of alkali treatment, bulletin by Eugene Bloomberg... 660 1-20
Cocoas—
alkali-treated and untreated, analyses, tables............-..-.-
analyses, comparison with ‘‘dutched” samples..........------
“dutched ?—
analyses, comparison with untreated samples.........-----
ellecmolgvariousialikalies:® Giicc. .. . . MaRS ieee
Colorado—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..........-- Se
road-puLldime, rock tests, 1916 and 1917.2852e.50.5...-22--.-%
; vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........---
Connecticut—
iratashipmentsin car lots by stations, 190622. ...--...-.-..=--
Lozd-piuldimerock tests; L91G and 1917... s88aee.o2 -2 505. - le ack
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......-..-.-.
Cocpiattenine; chickens, experiments........25..2:.----.-.--<-----
Cormn—
cost of growing, relation to yield on cotton farms.............--
day, program for schools, invitation to parents, etc-.........---
diseases and insect pests, school studies, exercises, references. .
green, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............
growing in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost of produc-
HIGH, GiGi Spee est ae eR --s s e ieee
lessons for rural elementary schools, bulletin by C. H. Lane....
production—
in Ellis County, Texas, and acreage, 1850-1910. ear iNe
Rio Grande irrigated district. Texas geen 20 eae ee
surveys for various school communities, school studies... ..
school studies, on farm and in classrooms, use of illustrative
TOOUGH RST SRN IE A a cS Trae cane
5, 6, 8, 10,
666411, 13-16,
17
666 3-18
666 3-18
666 18--19
6-10, 18,
MER Al
hoy thay fell
667/86, 88, 93,
| 102-103,
106, 107,
114, 194
670 3
1O=13; 186
107, 104,
192. =
Dis Altay
159, 166-
‘ 169,
3
=i, SOK
LOS
=
lor)
O~
9. 12,
6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675,
Bulle-
Corn—Continued. » tinNo. Page
varieties, school studies, exercises, references........-.-..- beaty | s}a)3! 1-2
we fend2: 18
yield, relation to production cost.. seers bess. ous ss eae ei 16-17
Cost keeping—
for‘hichway work secs- etn. : .'. Sees nk eee ee See 660 13-41
highway work, principles and fundamental elements........-... 660 112
Cotton—
cost—
value of lint and seed, Texas, Ellis County...............- 659 54
of production, relation to tenure, labor, and yield........ 659 16, 35-37
: of production, Texas, Ellis € ‘ounty, and other crops. ..---- 659 46-54
armine—
in southern Arizona, acreage, and i NNCOMe. fs. bees ee ee 654 3.38-39
: size and investment, relations fosMeCome.. osc. -. e eee 659 25-31, 37
arms—
enterprises suitable for Belton Area, South Carolina........ 641 25-26
management in Belton Area, South Carolina... 22.2.5 en 651 2-32
percentage of other farm products - AUBE Sy ciate seat ee ee 659 23-24
Texas, Ellis County, farm management study, bulletin by
Rex Be Willard is eee ace. 5 3 +a. ho Cae eee 659 1-54
erowing—
Wows lle
in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost of vaso 651 13, 14, 15,
CLC Ses Seis ele ees oiaie wreww w fapeee 2s SPATE, cao ater ate CIO ET 1G}, ADs 2.
24, 26, 32
securing a stand, method....... ES Se PES EISS, « 668 3-12
Mebane’s ‘Triumph, advantages... Sa. accis- ses = see ee 659 37-38
planting methods for raising select seed.....-...-......------- 668 7-10
production—
in Ellis County, Tex., and acreage, 1850-1910............ 659 10
in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas................-.- 665 10
per work animal, relation to farm returns. ...............- 651 27
tillage, relation to cost, Texas, Ellis County.................. 659 51-52
types, mixtures for nurse planting select seed... 2: sauna 668 3
yields—
relation to tenure, size of farm, income, and cost.......... 6594 26, 34, 35
3, 4, 11,
return on investment, production cost, etc....-.....-.-.-. 651 Se
15-
Cotton seed—
delintine for nurse \plantimo*. J... 2a : Te 668 6-7
nurge planting) advantaces.--. .. ices. oseee soot es eee 668 10
select, nurse planting, bulletin’ by B-aV., Cardon=es--.-- seen 668 1-12
Cottonwood—
lumber prod uction—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value......... 673 30-31
value for specified years, 1899-1916. .................---- 673 37
Cover crops, utilization on Texas cotton farms....-..........-.---- 659 39
Cranberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............ 667 9, 100
Cream cheese—
manufacture in the factory (and Neufchatel), bulletin by K. J.
Matheson and /B, Ha@amimack.....2Javac cutee ee cen nee eee 669 1-28
See also Cheese, cream.
Cronartium coleosporioides, cause of galls and cankers in trees, in-
FUTLOS a. home oo Ses ls eee ER ciao NORE cs cloewe Le Cee eee 658 17, 21, 22
Crop—
rotation, place of corn, school studies, exercises, references. - 653 4
yields, relation to cost of production and farm efliciency, Belton
Area, South: Carolina aap seek: See eee 651 11-17
Cropping, double, importance in farm profits, Rio Grande district,
TOXAB sec eon lo Lite pee des: Le eee eee 665 6, 7, 13, 23
Crops—
rotations, 5-year period, Belton Area, South Carolina.......... 651 32
Texas, acreage, needs, and profits on ‘cotton farms.............. 659 40-45
INDEX.
Cucumbers, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............
Cucurbits, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.........
Cultivation, corn, school studies, exercises, references..............
Curd—
CAScinmmalkinommanacement st: - 02... 2... vee as scecie sees se
iueelS MN CABELL CROMCASCIM.. <0). c/.0.).. 2. AAS) onic = hee eis cle
Currants, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............
Cypress, lumber prod uction—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value.............
Waluenonspeciiedivears: 1899=19160. . eee yee eee ee
DanuBerG, ARNoLD QO., bulletin on ‘“‘The manufacture of casein
Hieoven lonmtineraoonllke Ove (shanan, mie SO Aas os soe Need ee daeaoo ee
Dartey, F. X., and Others, bulletin on ‘‘The prevention of breakage
omecssimetransit when shipped in car lots”:2!.........-/...0:22-
Dairy—
TARmMINe ATI Zona, acreage, Income, etc..2225--.24--5--.2--42-c8
products, contribution to farmers’ living, various State®........
Dairying, practicability in Rio Grande district, Texas..............
Dates, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................-
Deer, susceptibility to hemorrhagic septicemia................--.-
Delaware—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................
nord uilldinc socks tests lGilG;and 1917: MRR ess oo ec
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..+..........
Delinting, cottonseed for nurse planting.....................-----
Dewberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............
“Ne
Diabase, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917....................
Disease, duck-sickness, Utah, bulletin by Alexander Wetmore. ....
Diseases—
entod, publications of Department, list..--...............--
ee—
diagnosis by laboratory methods, bulletin by Arthur H.
Mc CraygandnGusHeoNVinite: a=... . sae ssh ee soc ae
MiStptonctaemOsingy < selec .\2 REMC a lho a Suey, es
forest—
determination, table sates). jo... :. . IeBPeee ee ane serearciers
surveys, bulletin by James R. Weir and Ernest R. Hubert.
horses and cattle, Department publications, lists.............-
See also Anthrax; Blackleg; Brood diseases; Cholera; Foot-
and-Mouth; Foul brood; Hemorrhagic septicemia; Pseudo
Foot-and-mouth; Sacbrood; Stomatitis; Swine plague.
Disinfection, hemorrhagic septicemia, premises infected .........-.-
eure of Columbia, fruits, shipments in car lots from Washington,
1G) ech wi Bicsclie se Ecce eats ae Tm MRO Mp ERG LG re OSES
Ditches—
drainage, reclamation of Louisiana wet lands..... ch Ps alas coer Sea es
Bulle-
tin No. Page.
667{ i es
667{ (omeio0
653 6
661 4-8
61 Lae
667 9, 107
673. «21-22
673 37
661 1-3
664 1-31
{ 1-2,
6541 26-32,
| 35, 42-47
654 19
6p 1013
667 7,93
674 9
6, 9,10,
19, 52, 72,
6674 75, 81, 88
99, 103,
107, 114
670 4
10-11, 13,
19, 107,
110, 114
667) 199) 197°
155, 183,
185, 188
668 6-7
667. 9, 101
4, 10-15,
6704 17-18, 20,
93, 25, 2
672 126
ile al
671 1215
671 4-11
65g CEI
658 1-23
662 li
674 9
667 6, 19,52
24-95, 28,
65213233, 36,
49-43
8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651—675.
: Bulle-
Ditches—Continued. tin No. Page.
irrigation, cost of construction and maintenance, Rio Grande
Gistict; Lexas: see OSdae saab: 2-2 Jos shS Us oseeee sass. - 665 4—h
systems, southern Louisiana, wet lands......-.............-- 652 42-44
8-9,13,15,
Dolomites, tests for road building, 1916, 1917..................... 670 Hos
Le 24-26, 28
Drag, terrace, description, and use on eroded lands............-.-- 675 32-33
Drainage, wet lands of Louisiana, and location, soil, etc., bulletin by
Charles WeOkey:-s sere ee ks OR ee 652 1-67
Duck sickness, Utah, symptoms, cause and control .....-...-.------ 672 2-26
Ducks—
poisoning by alkali, symptoms and treatment.........-.--..--
species aifected with alkali sickness, list. - -
treatment for alkalapowoning: |)! See. ee ee
wild—
mortality from alkali sickness in Utah...-.-......-.------
sickness in Utah, bulletin by Alexander Wetmore .
“Dutching”’ cocoa, practices and effect, bulletin by Eugene “Bloom-
DOT Qiao Se a ae eee ca eRe sac. ties i Seen See eee
Echinodoniium tinctornun—
description and trees SMbACKeG. <<.) 2 eee ta ee a
Edema, malignant, diagnosis differentiation from septicemia. -..--
Education, benefit of study OMCOrnS Es eee e 3 setae eS ieee ee
Ege-breaking plant—
installation and equipment, bulletin by M. K. Jenkins and M.
BPOR enmiam ch OMe as eee rete c pe Rae 75 an
utensils, descriptions, and care.
eplant, shipments by States and by Stations) 91 Ge== === =e
breakage in transit, prevention when shipped in car lots, bulletin
by M. E. Pennineton, H. A. McAleer, A. D. Greenlee, F. X.
Dailey, and H. C. Abin ieee aiuaanlie eae
breaking plant, installation and equipment, bulletin by M. K.
Jenidnsiand: Me shy. sPenmimeton=.- a eeessteceess oe: eee See
cases and fillers, strength of various materials, analyses......--
damage—
ININCATS IKE LOM OOTs OA GT oa.) 3 meeeNREys es oo ee
in transit, factors contributing to. . -
handling at railroad terminals, results:.-......-....-:...------
loading on cars, details, methods and instructions............--
refrigeration in transit, relation to kind of bufling used........
shipping in car lots, prevention of breakage, bulletin by M. E.
pea H. A. McAleer, A. D. Greenlee, F. X. Dailey and
ACs Allain epee cater cc. o's. ER nurs ee
value in contribution to farmers’ living, various States......-..
Elm—
lumber production, by States, 1916—
mills reporting and lumber value......-..-.....--.-------
value for specified years, 1899-1916. ................+.--:
‘Elm thicket” land, nature and occurrence in Texas. ........-.-.-
ee tests for road peer fey LOTG amend? “5.8 SPR 8 eee
pete) on western grazing lands, relation to range presen ation,
etc., bulletin by ‘Arthur W. Sampson and Leon H. Weyl.....
damages to grazing lands on western ranges.........-.-..----
relation to vegetative prowth..-......8 2028.02 ee
western range lands, factors. wees: Se ae
western range lands, preventive measures...........-.-------
Exhibits, corn day, selection and arrangement . eee ee mee
672 7-11,18-24
672 11-12
672 20-24
672 1-5
672 1-26
666 1-20
658 16
674 ct
653 ]
663 1-26
663 7-25
667-10, 120
664 1-31
663 1-26
664 16-18, 30
664 20-26
aos{ 12,29
30-31
10-12,
66ay 98-38
664 5-9, 20-28
664 22-26
664 1-31
664 13-14, 30
o64f mae
30-31
654 19
673 39
673 o7
659 i
670 20
660 50-52
675 1-35
675 2-6
675 18-22
675 6-18
675 31-34
653 (As;
INDEX. ~ 9
Bulle-
tin No. Page.
Factories, cheese, manufacture of Neufchatel aud cream cheese,
bulletin by K. J. Matheson and F. R. Cammack......-...------- 669 1-28
Fagus atropunicea. See Beech.
-Farm—
cro
production cost, Anderson County, South Carolina, com-
Bigwiuanwvith dari Values. :_. .... eee 2—-- oa 651 3,4,8-10
South Carolina, Anderson County, description and value,
Wisit.i22: 3855 o pee oe eee = Se seg eta 651 31
special and staple, dependability in Rio Grande district,
NMI. oto tt... eee ee eee es 665 9-11,17-18
enterprises—
Belion Area, South Carolina, suggestions....-.----+.------ 651 25-26
dependability in Rio Grande district, Texas studies. ...-.. 655 7-13
management—
cotton farmsin Ellis County, Texas, study, bulletin by Rex
ert tid so ee - - - ee es ee 659 1-54
study in Anderson County, South Carolina, bulletin by
3\. (GAS i? ee ee 651 1-32
organization—
and Pe eement, publications, liste 2 se aaa 654 59
irrigated valleys oi southern Arizona, puiletin by R. W.
Bla piipreise es ee 654 1-59
panties nonso: department, list: .. 23805. 5. 22-22. 2-22- 654 59
ownership, desirability in cotton regions, discussion -_.--...---- 659f 17-20
size, relation io yield, labor efficiency, and income..----------- 659 425-31, 37
Farming—
Arizona, ‘adaptation of undertaking io size of farm..____-..--- 654 42-47
Belion Area, South Carolina, practices, costs, yields, etc....2... 651 6-32
ose
diversified, southern Arizona, leading enterprises, etc... -.----.- 654 ener
Rio Grande irrigation district, Texas, types and stability—---_- 665 13-14
South Carolina, Belton Area, changes in type, 1840 to 1910.___- 651 23-24
_ standards oi success. Arvonaiarms. Mes 654 4417-21
success m, methods of measuring. .---...--.------------------ 651 1@-11
Texas—
Ellis County, cost of production, various crops.-......------ 659 16-54
status in lower Rio Grande irrigated district, bulletin by
= exeh eyyillard (222022: Se ees 665 1-24
types in southern Arizona, description, acreage, income, eic.... 654 21-2
Farms— - :
Arizona, acreage, capital, expenses, incomes, etc__.__-.------- 654 47-58
contribution to farmers’ living, Arizona irrigated farms._._----- 654 is—21
é incomes in irrigated valley farms in southern Arizona.-._...-.-- e5a{ ee =
irrigated, incomes in Rio Grande irrigation district, Texas_______ 665 6-7
receipis from different sources, Ellis County, Texas-....------- §59 24
Rio Grande irrigation district, size, investment, management,
CURTIN: (2 FC ee 2. 1? ee ee 665 35D
size, relations io enterprises and capital invested, Arizona____- 654 42-55
Texas, Rio Grande district, facis and enterprises_-_-.....--.---- 665 3-13
Fat, buttermilk content, effect on casein strength..______._.____.- 661 17-19
Fattening chickens for market, exporimentmemees. 222 e ct tet 657 1-12
| Feed, per anima! unit, value on cotton farms, Texas............_.-- 659 44
4 Fertilizer, relation of cost to yield of cotton, corn, oats, hay, and
‘ eed semen mas eee oe oa ee, fc) eR heehee 2 a os 2 ae 651 12-15
_ Fertilizers, corn, application methods, school studies, exercises, -
; UDEEOBIItT: See ae. =) pean ee 633 5)
fies —
] dried, shipmenis by States and by stations, 1916__.......-...__- 667 7, 92
i fresh, shipments by States and by stations, 1916 jpeg Ae tie pane = 667 &, $3
10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Fir—
balsam— .
lumber production by States, 1916, mills reporting and
lumber -vallies 5-2. Sees eta. eee ele ae ae aie ame
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916... .
Douglas—
lumber production by States, 1916, mills reporting and
lumber valves. csv e oo: .. . ers See See eee
lumber production, value for specified vears, 1899-1916..
IN| UTLeS, Dyst UN COs MO UReE see =i = eee te eee ee
white—
lumber production, 1916, by States, mills reporting and
lumber valers joe... - ses d Sa atcha Otis ee
i" lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916... .
‘ax—
geographical source and variety, influence on linseed oil, bulle-
fin bya Hirani iva baker 2. <li e
Flaxseed, relation of source to oil yields.....-........-------------
varieties, stations and soils in oil-yield experiments........-..-.
Florida—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916...........-..---
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917..............--....--..
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..........-...-
Fomes spp., descriptions, trees attacked, and characteristics. ..-..-
Foot-and-mouth disease, pseudo. See Stomatitis, vesicular.
Forest, maps pathological, description, value, and use..............
Forests—
disease surveys, bulletin by James R. Weir and Ernest E.
LUD Orta oe 5 ase ere eee ee ie fi cee ce Wb. unas sone eee ee
National, progress toward self-support........--...---..------
Foulbrood—
American, diagnosis, characteristics, cultures, etc.......---..--
European, diagnosis, characteristics, cultures, etc...........-..
Fowl cholera, identity with septicemia of fowls...............-----
Fraxinus spp. See Ash.
Hreight, handling at: railway terminals: 2.20... ae ee eee
Froewicu, Pavut, bulletin on ‘‘Car-lot shipments of fruits and vege-
tables inthe Unitedistatesiam ONG 7.5 2. seeee see seer eee
Fruit—
and vegetables, mixed shipments by States and by stations,
1916
farming in Arizona, acreage, and income.................----.-
Fruits—
citrus, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............-.
deciduous, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..........
dried, shipments by States and by stations, 1916........-..-.-..
mixed, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..........-..-.
BULS. 651—675,
Bulle-
tin No. Pago
675 33
673 37
673. «16-17
673 37
5,7, 15,
658 16, 17, 18
673 31
673 37
655 1-16
655 14-15, 16
655
6, &-10,
19-20, 75,
6674 88, 94-95,
97-99,108,
107, 115
Lami a
20, 107,
BPM), ire
115, 120-
122, 127—
6672 128, 155,
159, 171,
178-180,
183, 185,
186, 189,
191
Noelia
6584 14, 15,17
5 2, 5-6,
65{ 9, 19-28
658 1-23
658 1
671 8-10
671 4-8
674 1-2
10-12,
664{ 28-99
667 +«*1-196
654 AC
667 8, 94-98
667 6,51-90
667 7, 90-93
6,
667{ 87-90, 93
INDEX. 11
Bulle-
Fruits—Continued. tin No. Page.
shipments by car lots in United States, 1916 (and vegetables),
biletmnpoyabauleroehlich: |.:.0...-. eerie \jee a <2 a 2 667 1-196
subtropical, shipments by States and by stations, 1916......... 667 8, 98-99
See also Apples; Bananas; Cherries; Grapes; Grapefruit;
Lemons; Taxes: Oranges; Peaches; Pears; Pineapples;
Plums; Pomegranates; Prunes; Quinces; Small fruits;
Tangerines.
Fungi, forest tree, descriptions, trees attacked, and characteristics... 658 3-22
Fungus, velvet top, description, trees attacked, and characteristics. 658 6,7,8,16
Gabbro. tests for road building, 1916 and 1917-2........:.---.--..- 670 11, 26
CAllemeronanmmm™ CeEscriptlOnis...-...----- gaeuciecs es - seep ees oer 658 17, 21,22
Gardening, Arizona, difficulties and incomes.....-.-.--.....---.--- 654 4]
Gardens, value in contribution to farmers’ living, various States.... 654 iy
Garlic, shipments by States and by stations, 1916........-....--...- 667 11, 159
Georgia— ay
20-21, 52,
72, 75-76,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................--. 667 4 81, 88, 93,
95, 108,
115-116,
194
roAd-puildime rock tests, 1916 and 1917 i2222-225...2-2.-2.2.--- 670 4-7
10-13,
20-21,
107-108, |
115, 116, |
121, 122, |
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.......-..-.-- 677, 128, 155—
156, 159,
167, 169,
171, 183,
185, 186,
191, 194
Germination, seed-corn testing, school studies, exercises, references.. 653 4
Gila Valley, Arizona, soils and crops, irrigation, etc............... 654 13-15
GILLETTE, HALBERT P., review of bulletin on ‘‘ Highway cost keep-
1 EES eS maak a. < cx «+ 2 RAMI ore wise win Steele ante sions 660 1
Gneiss, tests for road building, results, 1916, 1917.......-.-.-..-.---- 670 2-28
Coutaphemorrnacte septicemia. 71... .. .. Sek een oon. s ce ease 674 | 3
Gooseberries, shipment by States and by stations, 1916.......-...-- 667 9>101
Grain, farming, in southern Arizona, acreage, methods, and income. . 6544 3, ape
See also Corn; Oats; Wheat.
cenite, tests for road building, results, 1916, 1917..............--.- 670 2-28
rape—
Clinton, description, value for grape juice, etc................- 656 2
juice—
chemical composition, analysis methods, and determina-
(HOTA ss ee ee. <-ee ane 656 aa
Concord, manufacture and composition, bulletin by B. G.
antmann and! Is; M. Tolman .. eases. 26022 eee os 656 1-27
manufacture from Concord grapes, details.............---- 656 4-20
storage, effect on chemical composition...............--.-- 655 15-17
Grapefruit, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............-- 667 8, 97-98
Grapes— é
Concord—
TLCOMOMCON TEN tes ee astro. «= - SO ras cee ee 656 4
juice from, manufacture and composition, bulletin by B. G.
arimanneand iy. Mey holmiamn epee 2:1 tes oe ees 656 1-27
crushing, stemming, heating, and pressing for juice.-.......... 656 6-12
PHplicatousiof Departmentelist...- ese. ec ee ook ee ee 656 27
shipments by States and by stations, 1916...................... 667 6,72-74
iiass, turi-formine, value as soil’ binder. -/22.............:...----- 75 29
12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Bulle-
Grazing— tin No. Page.
effect on erosion and stream flow, western ranges.....-....----- 675 24-27
lands, western, relation of erosion control to range preservation,
etc., bulletin by Arthur W. Sampson and Leon H. Weyl....- 675 1-35
management of live stock on western range lands-..........-... 675 25-30
western: Tanpelandsien eee: |. . See eaters eter Siena 675 24-37
Grebes, liability to duck sickness caused by alkali..............-... 672 5, 12
Green corn, shipments in car lots by States and by stations, 1916... 667{ ech
GREENLEE, A. D. and Others, bulletin on—
‘‘A wheatless ration for the rapid increase of flesh on young
chickens?) seeps eee ek vcs < sen eee Ue 1 cE 657 1-12
““The prevention of breakage of eggs in transit when shipped in
CAL Ota os. Fee ete on ai. eee Se eee 664 1-31
Gulf coast, wet lands and their drainage in southern Louisiana...... 652 2-67
Gum, red—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value..-..-..-.- 673 23
value for specified years, 1899-1916................-.------ 673 37
Harxer, L. E., and Others, bulletin on ‘‘A wheatless ration for the
rapid increase of flesh on young chickens”................-.---- 657 1-12
HARTMANN, B. G., and L. M. Totman, bulletin on ‘‘Concord grape
i juice: Manufacture and chemical composition”........-..-.-.-.-- 656 1-27
ay—
pas sen Me ened : see 2, 21-25,
arming in southern Arizona, description, acreage, Income, etc. 654) ~ 42-47
production in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost, etc... 651 7, 9, 20, 26
sorghum, production in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas.... 665 10
Health, conditions in Louisiana wet Lam ds shee cee (es a ee 652 4-5
Hemlock—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value........... 673 19-20
value for specified years, 1899-1916.........-..-...-----/-- 673 37
Hickory—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value........... 673 32
value ion speciic years 1899-19] Gees sen seen sear eee 673 37
Hicoria spp. See Hickory.
Highway work
eost—
data. units ofimessunementss: ....eeeere sae oes ees 660 42-52
Elements een seen. , WE oe! son ae 660 2-9
keepimne for; planta Operagion . .. semen. Sere eee 660 3-7
keepino system sessemtialsie Li, . ./.eeew as). sy eee eee ree ee 660 13
expenditures. classincailonests =... .>-ausere see ee 660 13-16
materials, cost keeping and classification...-......-..--------- 660 3
Operailonicodemiseiamammeeden ==... Uae ne tere eee rere 660 16-41
Highways—
cost—
Py ai hysyls |e ote. 5 ne - = ewe Me i Se sual: & 660 10
keeping, bulletin by James J. Tobin and A. R. Losh.. 660 1-52
See also Roads.
Hog, farming in Arizona, acreage, income, etc.............-.------ 654 33-34
ozs—
breeds, production, care, and profits, Rio Grande irrigation dis- } 665{11, —12, 13-
trict; Mexas Studies taee Terr Me. ee oS e ee ee eee 14, 15-16
septicemia, sy ‘mpton 1S) FCIAC OSS. Van (COMUCOlee 22 2. eee 674 ‘1,6, 7-9
Honeycomb, sampling for disease, diractionsiaee.. 0.20 671 2-3
Hone, labor efficiency, relation toiize of tankers... .2.0) ces 659 26-29
orses—
tio Grande district, Texas, number, cost and value, comparison
wath: moles 2. Loe ee eS. eye eee ela aCe 665 6
susceptibility to hemorrhagic septicemia..........--.---.------ 674 3,4
vesicular stomatatis (and of cattle) bulletin by John R. Mohler. 662 1-11
INDEX. ., WS
Bulle-
tin No. Page.
HussBarp, Prevost, and Franx H. Jackson, Jr., bulletin on ‘‘The
results of physical tests of road-building rock in 1916 and 1917”.... 670 1-30
Hupert, Ernest E., and James R. Weir, bulletin on ‘‘ Forest dis-
GAS SUVS ee a eee Se ie ee 658 1-2
Huckleberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.......... 667 9,10)
Idaho—
6, 10, 21,
52, 71, 76,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................... 667
81, 88, 116
8
Sa
noad-pulldinesrock tests, 19l6 and L917/Miees so. t,o 3 ee 670
O11,
21, 116,
: £00 ‘ : 122, 128,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............. 667: 160° 17 ite
| 179, 186,
188, 191
Tllinois—
fruits, Shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................- 667:
road=puulaimeomock tests 1916 and L9L/Seee so-so fo. 8, 24
113, 116,
120, 122°
128-129,
156, 160,
165-167,
169, 171—
172, 179-
180, 182—
186, 189-
191, 194
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......-....---
Indiana—
103, 108,
Toad-puildime-rock tests, 1916 and 1917e2--.-.- 2... 25... 2...
108, 110,
112- 113,
116-117,
122- 123,
129, 156,
160, 166"
167, 169,
172, 179,
183, 185,
189, 191.
194-195
6- Gi oes 10,
= 22 oF 54,
; ‘ 76, a 8s.
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.......-.-.-......- 667 90, 99 102,
vegetables, shipments in car lots, by stations, 1916...........- t
lowa—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................- ;
14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651—675.
Iowa—Continued tin No. Pago.
road-bulldinorockstests; 1Ol6)and 19lmeod. see oes cel aise erence 670 9, 24
: 10-13, 23-
24, 108,
Liz, 123,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............. 667 as ay
172, 180,
185, 189,
191, 195
Irrigation—
Arizona, southern farm organization, etc., bulletin by R. W.
Clothier’: 5 ees eee ees ein. See eee cine me koe oe oe 654 1-59
farming, status in lower Rio Grande district, Texas, bulletin
Vue ES Wall aidleeee pee acc) as, .:5. Gee eke eter roe 665 1-24
Texas, Rio Grande district, companies organized, cost per acre,
ClO aiosi rete cin scis's!-'s s'eabeieiee POs Say eres © 665 20-21
JACKSON, F’ranxk H., Jr., and Prevost Hupesarp, bulletin on
“Yhe results of physical tests of road-building rock in 1916 and
TF aes aS ys oa oe a EE cS oa A PY ee ne 670 1-30
JENKINS, M. K., and M. E. PeEnninNeron, bulletin on ‘‘The instal-
lation and e juipment of an ego-breaking plant i264 oe. jsar ee see 663 1-26
Juglans nigra. See Walnut.
Juice, grape. See Grape juice.
Juniper. See Cedar.
Juniperus spp. See Cedar.
Kale, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.................... 667 12, 178
Kansas— 6,9, 10,
24, 55, 73,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................---. 6674 76, 82, 88,
99, 103,
106, 117
road-buildine rock tests, W9lGand 191 7es0 22 sees eee 670 9
10-13, 24,
106, 117,
123, 130-
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.......-.. ace pe OGi\ Solel,
160-161,
167, 169,
172, 191
Kentucky— oa oe
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........---....--- 667) ~ 99 102.
? ’
117, 195
TOZd- DUI din oe tockwests mol Grand 19 /merers see c eee eee 670 10, 24
10-13, 24,
71235
131, 156,
161, 165,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............-. 667) 166, 168,
169, 172,
184-185,
189, 191,
195
Knife, egg-breaking, description and use................--.------: 663 12, 16
Labor—
Anderson County, South Carolina, wages.....,.-.......-------- 651 6
cost, on cotton farms, Texas, Ellis County, man and horse..... 659 46, 48-49
highway work, cost keeping and classification................-- 660 2-3
Rio Grande irrigation district, Texas, nationality, cost, and
SUWPOEN VISION! A225 Se ee ee PE eee eo aes 665 22-23
wages and income in southern Arizona, irrigated farms......... 654 ae
Laguna Dam, irrigation in southern Arizona.............-.-.---..-- 664 13
INDEX.
“s
Lands, black, of Texas, occurrence, nature and value.......-...-.--
Lane, C. H., bulletin on ‘‘Lessons on corn for rural elementary
SChOO” socjo co THROES Ce Cae EEE 6S C ncaa Mey eens Sree
Larch—
HOT ULCA MOV AUMOOUS TOUS Hee slec-\ic2-,-.. see es sd- cee Se
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value. .-....--
value for specified years, 1899-1916..............-.---.----
Larix spp. See Larch.
Lath—
production in 1916 (and lumber and shingles), bulletin by
Franklin H. Smith and Albert Hl. Pierson.-...........--..-.-
in 1912, 1915-1916, by States, mills reporting and lath value... -
Legumes, growing on cotton lands for green manure....-. RPE IES ieee
Lemons, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............-----
Lettuce—
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, yield and profits... --
shipments by States and by stations, 1916.-...........-.-..---
Levees, Louisiane) yew lena ka oe a Se eee oe eeor
Lihocedrus decurrens. See Cedar.
Limes, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..........----.----
Limestones, tests for road building, results, 1916, 1917. ...-...--.---
Linseed oil—
influence of source and variety of flax, bulletin by Frank Rabak.
Sce also Oil, linseed.
Liquidambar styraciflua.
Liriodendron tulipifera.
Live stock—
See Gum, red.
See Poplar, vellow.
Ellis County, Texas, numbers of different kinds, 1850-1910. - - --
hemorrhagic septicemia, occurrence, symptoms and control
[MON TUMAS s6 oes EA a a 2 aie ga ea ieee
number of animals per acre, Anderson County, South Carolina,
TESTO 0 ee eles eh ES RE Ne
South Carolina, numbers and status, January 1, 1915.........--.
vesicular stomatitis of horses and cattle, bulletin by John R.
Mohilerwss2 2 Ue ora. co. UUM SNe sir ao
Loading, eggs on cars, methods and instructions.............--- cae
Lodgepole pine. See Pine, lodgepole.
Loganberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.........-.
Losu, A. R., and James J. Toxrn, bulletin on ‘Highway cost
RGSS” «2 55 Geer et aa a eam). > AN
Louisiana—
coast region, overflow area, and their drainage........ ea eh cae
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917............... WA teeta nee
southernohealth conditions... ...... sees. sss o-n esse
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916........ Bose
15
Bulle-
tin No.
Page.
665 21-23
659 ai
653 1-19
snof 8,9, 10,
698) 16,17, 20
673 25
673 37
673 1-43
673 35-36
659 32-35
667 8, 96-97
665 8, 14
667
aK { 180-181
ery OR Ah Olle
652{ 34, 39-42
667 8, 98
670 2-28
655 1-16
659 10
674 2-11
651 24, 27-80
651 27-30
662 1-11
664 5-9, 20-28
667 9,101
660 152
652 9-66
6-10, 24—
ss. tay, VA},
16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Louisiana—Continued.
wet lands—
and their drainage, bulletin by Charles W. Okey......-..-
description, climate) and) soils-aeeese. see. 22. ose eeeeee
Lumber—
prod uction—
by classes of mills, 1909, 1912-1914, and total cut, 1904—
LOI by: States: sees AU oa ee apie es 2
in 1916 (and lath and shingles), bulletin by Franklin H.
Smith and = Allbentilles Rrersomnseeee secre 5 eae ee
in 1899-1916, mills reporting and amount reported, by
States 2 soe A ee 5 eles ee pit oe
mills reporting and total cut, 1899-1916...................
quantity by kinds, 1899-1910, and production, 1915-1916,
Diy States: soo 0 yo Oe eee olor ee ae a
Macadam, cubic yards per 100 feet of road, various widths. ........
Ma chiunenya cotton fanmibinulexas COSb== sae ss ae ae eee
Maine—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......-.--........-
road-puildino rocks tests, L9G and V9 ies 2 =. oe ee
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916. ....-.-...---
Maple—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value.-......-
value‘for specified years, 1899=1916.............-.--.----.<-
Maps, pathological, in forest survey, description, value, and use....
Marble, for road building tests, 1916 and’ 1917.......-....--........-
Marketing, eggs, damages, Importance and investigations. - :
Markets, Rio. Grande Valley, Texas, transportation. to, facilities, etc.
Marshlands—
FOLIATION. WO UISTET ee aes rah Gao ct enka eee
southern Louisiana, and their drainage, bulletin by Charles W.
Maryland—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................-
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917........ Berle aos 2c -
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........--..
Massachusetts—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..................-
BULS. 651-675
Bulle-
tin No.
652
652
673
673
673
673
673
673
660
659 49-50, 52
666) a3; 6, 8
6, 25-26,
667{ 55° 56, 195
670 10-11, 25
10-13,
25-26,
-| 131-132,
66/9" 1166; lem
172, 189,
195
673 22
673 37
inl @] —6, 9
658{ “1998
3, 5,7,
10-12, 142
67045, 17-19,
25-28
664 2-3
665-2223
652 528
G52 1-67
6-10, 26,
56, 71, 73,
77, 82, 85,
86, 88, 90,
667592, 95, 96,
98, 99,
101-104,
106, 108,
117
670 11, 25
667 10-13
6, 8-10,
27, 56-57,
73, 77, 82,
667188, 95, 96,
98, 100,
104, 108,
117, 195
INDEX» * iy
~ Bulle-
Massachusetts—Continued. tin No. Page.
Toadepuuldimo rock tests, TONG and, 1917 . Somer io. o clere cle cl ele «le 670 Te
108, 110,
ney es
123, 133,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916....-....-.... 667) 161,165,
166, 169,
172, 181.
182, 184,
190, 195
Marueson, K. J., and F. R. Cammack, bulletin on ‘The manu-
facture of Neufchatel and cream cheese in the HAC LOLs mates siteeyasic 669 1-28
McAteer, H. A., and Others, bulletin on—
‘“\ wheatless ration for the rapid increase of flesh on young
CMW OK GIS eames seca Spree. |. . Seen ae ce oe See 657 1-12
“The prevention of breakage of eggs in transit when shipped in
CAO 2 Se Sc Be Meee Se oC) RE aaa 664 | 1-31
McCray, Arruur H., and G. F. Wurst, bulletin on ‘‘The diagnosis
of bee diseases by laboratory methods” ...............----------- 671 1-15
Meats, value in contribution to farmers’ living, various States....... 654 19
Mebane’s EriEMphycotton-ad vantages... .. weer. 2s... 2e ee ers 659 37-38
Melons. See Cantaloupes; Watermelons.
Michigan—
‘e 6-7, 9-10,
Dike. By.
ale TB Tu
82, 85, 86,
fruit, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 .................- 667 88, 90,
100-102,
104, 106,
108, 117,
195
road-buildinparock tests, 1916 and 1917..cee........225.---c20e 670 3425
10-13,
= 27-28,
: 108, 117,
128, 133-
: 134, 161,
166, 168,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............. 667{ 169, 172-
173, 179,
181, 182,
184, 186-
187, 188-
189, 192,
195
Milk—
cheeseryieldsper hundred pounds......-ceeaeessc «s-< os essence 669 12
pasteurizing and standardizing for cheese making............... 6694 ee
Rand acdsoMmcheese MAkINe.wc. cc... . -semeeiie soc ese gle wes 669 4
Minnesota—
6-7, 9-10,
29-30, 58,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................... 6672/1, ue a
| 104, 108,
ELIS
ToT bull dina rock tests, 1OLGjand 1917: Ue occ k e ce 670 13, 25
19319—20—3
igs DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
ot Bulle-
Minnesota—Continued. tin No. Page.
(10-13, 29-
30, 112,
147,123.
135-136,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............. " 161-162,
166, 168,
169, 173,
181. 187,
19> 195
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................. 667; 31, 58, 77,
Toad -pulldine rock tests,1006 and 19Ngeee.: Die. Slee ee 670 13
‘
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............. 667
Missouri—
82, 88,
90, 93,
100, 104,
108, 117—
6-9, 10,
59-60,
58-60,
73.77,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916..............-.- 667
ee 118, 195
road-puildine rock tests, 9167and. 19 lees se - = see eee G10 lon 2d
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.....-...... 667
Mistletoe burls, trees attacked, injuries.........--....------------ 658 17,19
Mouter, Joun R., bulletin on ‘‘ Vesicular stomatitis of horses and
Pern lk tak a mae el AN a 4 the I I eae eel iS 662 J-11
Montana—
6, 32, 60,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 ..........-...-.- 677 (Ages
Lake Bowdoin, duck Sickness reports: 2). < 05 -n)s le ele see 672 5-6
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667 173, 189,
Mules—
Rio Grande irrigated district, number, cost and value, compari-
Soni With: DOTSES st sean eee ee ee seen CA he See oe 665 6
See also Horses.
Nebraska—
fruits, shipments ia car lots by stations, 1916 ................. “yi 83. 88
Ee
INDEX), 19
Bulle-
Nebraska—Continued. tin No. Page.
Hoste pualoimesrock tests, L916 amd, 1917... eevee cl cites ao ele) ere 670 14
10, 33-
34, 108,
75 19
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667: ; aa
173, 179,
189, 192
Neufchatel cheese— ;
manufacture in the factory (and cream cheese), bulletin by K. J.
IMoTMeR Ones Gaby whys; Cammack:.)./-.'. ....eppdaeicis cielo sists ere etate 210 669 1-28
See also Cheese; Neufchatel.
Nevada—
cantaloupes, shipments in car lots, 1916 ..222------..------5-- 667 10, 3: a 108
0,11,
ome 3 B
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......-....- al 108, 118,
139, 162,
192, 195
watermelons, shipments in car lots. ..........-- AeA Paes ote 667 10, 33, 118
New Hampshire—
apples, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916...........-..-- 667{ ee
rord-budlomme rock tests, 191G/and 1917. . sees. 2.2245... 670 14, 26
ills 1)
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916. ........-.-- or 33, 139-
140, 192
New Jersey—
6-10,
34, 61, 71,
73, 78, 82—
| 83, 92, 97,
: .: : : 98 100-
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................. 667) 409 104
=f) ?
106, 108—
109, 111,
112-118,
118, 195
road-puildinesrock tests, 1916rand 1917:.2282e-......22522..52- 670 14
10-13,
34, 108,
112-113
118, 121,
124. 140,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916........-..- 667) 457’ 169
169, 173,
179, 181=
185, 187-
190, 192,
195
New Mexico— s
6,10,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........-.....-- 667 34, 61,
83, 109
Ss road-puilding rock tests, 1916 and 1917... 2eeee.. 22.522... 2.2. 670 14
10-13, 34,
109, 124,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........-.. 667. 140, 157,
162, 178,
187, 192
20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
= Bulle-
New York— tin No. Page.
6-10,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............---- 66 92-93. 95
grape juice manufacture at five factories, studies............... 656 18-20
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917...............-...----- 670 15, 25
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667 165-166,
6-10, 38-
North Carolina— 39, 64, 74,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................. 667
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917....................---- 670 15, 26
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 667
North Dakota—
apples, shipment in car lots by stations, 1916................- 667.
vegetables, shipment in car lots by stations, 1916-............. 66!
‘‘Northers,’”’ nature and occurrence in Texas............--.--. ene 659
Nosema disease, of bees, description, examination, identification,
cit CE eee LO Sty enna LI, Se. ee ort 671 13-14
crops, cotton, planting with cotton seed, bulletin by P.V.Cardon 668 1-12
planting, select cotton seed, bulletin by P. V. Cardon......... 668 1-12
Nyssa spp. See Tupelo.
Oak—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value....-..-.. 673 17-18
value for specified years, 1899-1916..........-.........-- 673 37
INDEX. ”
®
Oats—
growing—
and pasturing, Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas.......
in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost of production,
CUO x Se GS SA Ae OEE ic 6 CSIC REN ace Re iene EE
production in Ellis County, Texas, and acreage, 1850-1910... .
Ohio—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......-........--
grape juice manufacture in Lake Erie district, method..........
road- Inuildimerock) tests, 1916 and 1917. -aapecsce---s-- 0: 2 --
vegetables, shipments in car lots, by stations, 1916 ............
Oil—
linseed—
composition, and factors influencing............-.---..---
TAChORSHMMAUETICING COMPOSItION: -.. “Meseececcs ss s-e-- ss sss
influence of geographical source and variety of flax, bulletin
(ojyeslrermlkes Ra bos eee he SL SS ee ec ae lee
yield, relation of source and variety of flax............--..
Oils—
linseed—
chemical properties and drying tests, flax crop, 1914, 1915..
varying with flax samples, comparison plans. ....-.-.------
yield and physical properties irom flax crops, 1914, 1915....
wacldnispecitic oravity, etc. ...-....f9eee...-. 2.2.02.
Oxry, CHARLES W., bulletin on “The wet lands of Southern Louisi-
ana and their drainage”
Oklahoma—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 ...............--
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917...... Ree os oo anew
vegetables, shipments in carlots by stations, 1916..............
Onions—
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, yield and profits...
shipments by States and by stations, 1916....................
Oranges, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............-..
‘Oregon—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 ....-.........-.-
6514 13 oo 3,
ar 24, 26, 39
6, 40—
le 64- 65,
71, 74, 78.
385, 89,
105, 109,
118, 195
656 We 18
670 16, 26
10-13, 40-
41, 105,
109, 145-
146, 157,
667. 163, 165,
| 167-168,
667;
170, 175,
180-181,
188-189,
193, 195
5 3-4
_) 34
655 1-16
655 14-15, 16
655 5-7
655 10-14, 16
re
1-67
652
6, 10,
parle A, 65,
79, 109,
118, 196
670°. 17,26
10-13,41,
109, 118
667
5
6
7
6
29, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Bulle-
Oregon—Continued. tin No. Page.
Lake Malheur, duck sickness report...-.-.....---...-+-.-----= 672 5
10-13,
41-42,
109, 113,
118, 124,
vegetables, shipping in car lots by stations, 1916..............- 667) 146, 157,
163-164,
170, 176,
181, 183,
193, 196
Packing, cheese, methods for Neufchatel and cream types. ...-...-- 669 11-12
Parsley, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............- 667 12, 182
Parsnips, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.........-...-- 667 11, 167
Pasteurization, milk, for cheese making, methods and effects........ 660 Soleios
Peaches, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............---. 667{ 7 ae x
Peas—
iy
dry, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667, 185,186,
188-189
green—
production in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas......... 665 Aas
3,
shipments by States and by stations, 1916 ...............- er 185-186,
188-189
planting with cottonseed as nurse crop......-.-....----------- 668 3-6
Pears, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...........-.-...-. 667{ sree ee
PENNINGTON, M. E., and— A
M. K. Jenxins, bulletin on “The installation and equipment
ol anvers-breakine plantiAln .: - . Sete aahss Scie oe eee 663 1-26.
Others, bulletin on ‘“‘A wheatless ration for the rapid increase
ofiiesh:on youngyehickens 7)” 2 55) eee es o> cliee eeee 657 1-12
Others, bulletin on “The prevention of breakage of eggs in
transit when shipped imscarlots”’ o-jeacen.- ee <2 i= ce na ee 664 1-31
Pennsylvania—
6-10,
43-44, 66-
67, 74, 79,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 ...........-..... 667 Spee ae
101, 105,
106, 109,
118, 196.
road-buildine rock tests, W916 amd OU ie. oes iaerela sees eee 670 17, 27
10-13,
43-44,
109, 111,
112, 118,
120-121,
124; 147-
f . . . 148, 157,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............. 667 164. 167—
?
168, 170,
176, 178,
180-182,
184, 197—
188, 190,
193, 196:
Peppers—
pimiento, use in cream cheese, influence on keeping qualities.. 669 26-27
shipments by States and by stations, 1916................-..- 667 10, 121
INDEX,;. ”
Pepsin—
use— :
as rennet substitute in cheese making...........----------
in cheese making as a substitute for rennet.-.-..- - ee Sistas
Pholiota adiposa, description, characteristics and trees attacked... .
Picea spp. See Spruce.
Pierson, Aurpert H., and Franxiin H. Smuiru, bulletin on “ Pro-
duction of lumber, lath, and Slaimoles in lOGwieme eis ae eee
Pimientos, use in cream cheese, influence on keeping quality, etc. .
Pine—
ALAN NGS OVA OMS LOUIE 2 «Hoe -c.s'= . - = <A ete sty =a area chee =.=
lodgepole—
lumber production by States, 1916, mills reporting and
Thurman oy Soe eet eWe eee ea eM 22 ee ay ae Spe
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916... .
sugar—
lumber production by States, 1916, mills reporting and
lytarearmMtonee Takavcen st Sy foe ee Re eS ae
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916... -
western yellow—
lumber production by States, 1916, mills reporting and
Thumm este vaulters She ess a0) oS Ms a aa
s lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916...
white—
lumber production, by States, 1916, mills reporting and
[kieran] vere. G ea ea ge a 2. AP aa any Uma a
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916.
yellow—
lumber production, by States, 1916, mills reporting and
liumTaalI ne aaa e Betsey her yar eee lo) IN Rae
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916...
Pineapples, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............-
Pinus—
contorta. See Pine, lodgepole.
lombertiana. See Pine, sugar.
ponderosa. See Pine, western yellow.
spp. See Pine, white; Pine, yellow.
Planting—
- corn, time and method, school studies, exercises, references. .
nurse, of select cotton seed, bulletin by P. V. Cardon.........-
Platanus occidentalis. See Sycamore.
Pleuropneumonia, septic, calves, form of hemorrhagic septicemia. . - .
Plowing, wet lands of Louisiana, MAMAS CHE teen et eee ene
Plums, shipments by States and by stations, IQ IG Se Persea Marans ath a
Polyporus—
schweinitzw, description, characteristics and ‘trees attacked... -...
sulphureus, description, characteristics and trees attacked... ..-
Pomegranates, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.........--
Poplar, yellow—
lumber production, 1916, by States, mills reporting and lum-
TOGHP SV UNS ea a i. ood Sin ee oe e aCe
lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916........
Populus deltoides. See Cottonwood.
Porphyry, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917_...............---
Poria weir, cause of butt-rot of cedar, description, and character-
TTS: 8 sto CU EEEY Serer US a re eS CAN INU pee
Potatoes—
growing in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost of produc-
tion, “ete SE es ON RR 2c ek a ea
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, yield and profits. . =.
shipments by States and by stations, 1916..............------
Bulle-
tin No. Page.
669 26
6, 16
c sai J, LO,
G60) 96.07
658 15,17,18
673 1-43
669 26-27
| ane
6581 6,11,17,
| 19, 21, 22
673 34
673 37
673 39
673 37
673
673 37
673 18-19
673 37
673 15-16
673 37
667 8, 99
653 5-6
668 1-12
674 5
652 30
667 6, 85
658 6, 7,8, 16
658 89,17
667 8, 99
673 23-94
673 37
670 14
24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Bulle-
Poultry— tinNo. Page
farming in Southern Arizona, acreage, and income............. 654 3, 35-36
See also Chickens.
Prunes—
dried, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667 7, 92
fresh, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............... 667 6, 86
Pseudo foot-and-mouth disease. See Stomatitis, vesicular.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia. See Fir Douglas.
Pulse crops, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............. 667{ 183-189
Pumping plants—
land: dramage scostsarce ese -<'- = -\. eee nares ok eee ee ee 652 56-66
Louisiana, drainage districts, capacity costs, etc............-.- 052{ a rele
Pumpkins, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............. 667 10, 112
Quartz, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917.....................-.
Quartzite tests for road building, 1916 and 1917....................
Quinces, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................
RaBAK, FRANK, bulletin on ‘Influence on linseed oil of the geo-
eraphicalsource and varietyxof flax ?’..2 25 lfes..... sence clesoene
Radishes, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...............
Railway terminals, methods of handling freight..................-. :
Rainfall, run-off, relation to erosion of western range lands.........
Raisins, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.................
Ranges—
forest, maintenances of vegetative cover..................----
Western, preservation, and relation to erosion control on grazing
lands, bulletin by Arthur W. Sampson and Leon H. Wey]l....
Raspberries, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.............
Ration, wheatless, for rapid fattening of young chickens, bulletin
by M. E. Pennington, H. A. McAleer, A. D. Greenlee, A. W
Broomell) LH. Harker, and Ht) > Shrademe ss. 4) cs 2 eee ee
Rations, wheatless, for chickens, composition and use, experiments. .
Razoumofskya spp. description, trees attacked, injury, etc...........
Reclamation, wet lands of southern Louisiana...............-....-
Red gum. See Gum, red.
Redwood—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value..........
value for specified jeans, 1899-191 Gare... 62s. Bee eee ee
Refrigeration, eggs in transit, relation to kind of buffing used........
Rennet—
substitute in American cheese, use of pepsin........----.------
use! in cheese ana kin o/s eee tr een aR ie <2 ee ral alee ee
tent, land, cotton farms, Ellis County, Texas........-.-...........
tevegetation, range, relation to erosion and soil depletion...........
Rhode Island— ;
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............---...
road-building rock tests, L916 and 191/7-- eee ss... eee
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916 ............-.
Rhubarb, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...........-..---
Rhyolite, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917...-. Bade ee doaueS
Rinser, egg-breaking utensil, description and operation ......-...-.
670 19-20, 28
670) 13, 17-18,
20, 26-28
667 6, 86
655 1-16
ii
667{ 167-168
10-12,
664{ 28-29
G75, a 15
667 7,92
675 27-30
675 1-35
667 9, 102
657 1-12
657 2-3, 11-12
658 17,19
652 —-21-.66
673 24-95
763 37
664 22-26
669 26
669. 6,13-15,27
659 11,15, 46
675 29-24
6, 8, 10,
44, 67, 79,
667) 89° 96) 99,
119
670. 17,27
10-13, 44,
667) 119, 148,
164, 176
.
Rio Grande—
Bulle-
tin No. Page.
MiGnISateaMands, GESCLIPLON 0252522. 2deleactesicle oe cele eee 665 1-3
lower irrigated district, status of farming, bulletin by Rex FE.
NITRA. Se SN a mc ona 665 1-24
Valley, Texas, rail transportation and markets .............-... 665 22-23
Road—
FUG COSUPRMCCTOLING Gc er cr. | oie ac. 5 b/ciMbeaitne o1e Salers oar ece de 660 13-52
See also Highway work.
COMSTMUCHIOMMPUbILCAONS, Sb! 02.2... Wee eee sicis eens Sere 5 <6 670 30
Roads—
building—
CONG RES OTA A A Aa ne AR ote Al nn a 660 3-52
equipmentierental tables: (2.204... . eae a ee 660 50-52
rock, tests, results 1916 and 1917, bulletin by Prévost Hub-
lbandaamnedakiraniebeadiacKsoms ji. aamepny serve ier She 660 1-30
COMSUOICLUOMALETIMAS es ce isi Ness 2's kos. VM ie hk I 2 660 39-41
mMavenalveneasurements, tables... .. 2 2eeSees ese ifoe cs coe 660 42-46
Operations iimie and cost records: ........ 0 ase2 2 ede se 660 23-3
9
Roasting ears, shipments in car lots by States and by stations, 1916 o67{ ante
Rock— : :
~ Cuushinoystrengih. test: operation: =... .. Same Sons. ieee 670 1-2
road-building—
bnol<entatone physical: tests.:.- 2.1.2 Seep ae sees ae 670 29
results of physical tests in 1916 and 1917, bulletin by Pré-
Vosteblubbard and irank J, Jacksomiyns.o2-5 52002225: 670 1-30
Roosevelt Dam, location, building, capacity, and water rights....... 654 6-7
Root crops, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............. e67{ i, eR
See also Artichokes; Beets; Carrots; Parsnips; Potatoes; Sweet
potatoes; Rutabagas; Turnips.
Rot—
brown, stringy, trees attacked and characteristics.........-...-- 658 16
honeycomb, description, trees attacked, characteristics, etc..... 658 3, 4,7, 16
yellow heart, description, trees attacked, and characteristics... 658 15,17,18
Rotations, Anderson County, South Carolina, .5:..........2..---.- 651 32
Rots. tree, characteristics and trees attacked.............-......-. 658 3-22
Ruta bagas, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...........-.. 667 11, 168
Sacbrood, diagnosis, characteristics, cultures, etc............------. 671 Me
Salad crops, shipments by States, and by stations, 1916...-......... 667 { eis
Salt— ;
Lake Valley, duck sickness, prevalence and history.....-.---- 672 1-5
River Valley—
MuZonanextent, arrication, Climate, et@ess..22-.225..1.52% 654 4—]]
Mavermicmis, Crops, and markets... -ssesese fools 645 6-11
Sampson, ArtHur W., and Leon H. Wevt, bulletin on ‘Range
preservation and its relation to erosion control on Western grazing
Terpavasy? osc i FeSO pac a aco GUM ge Pe AO 675 1-35
—4, 6, 10,
Sandstone, tests for road. building, 1916 and 1917..............-.----- 670411, 15, 22
94, 27, 28
Sawmills—
numaperoperating, L904 -LOIG 228 so. Se Se So 673 3
number producing lumber, lath, and shingles, 1916, by States,
TAGROUI Ubon eaChebiy: kildsc. 2)... -Sepeeeere sh pe 8 es 673 see
4, 5, 6-7,
Pebist tests tor road building, 19116 and 1917225522._.2_....22....-- oo 10-11,
20, 27-28
School studies, corn—
SUBSET ANS! Conarelkey morass ws eS mS cca ee ee eee 653 18-19
use and value of special text books and references.......-.-.--- 653 10
Schools, rural elementary, lessons on corn, bulletin by ©. H. Lane.. 653 1-19
Score card, corn-judging, studies in schools, exercises, references-. 653 2-3
26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Seed—
bed, preparation for corn, school studies, exercises, references. .
combin ations with cotton for nurse planting Daicee te ai as eee
corn, school studies, exercises, references...............--------
cotton, supply method for Texas cotton farms.........---......
See also Cottonseed.
Seeding, cotton—
nurse plantins, bulleum by P. V.'Cardon.2---...2.¢- 2+. seen
waste'in’ plantingyselectiseed - =: .\.. ages ow. - = +s oc eee
Septicemia, hemorrhagic—
bulletin’ by Henryia Washburn. .'eeeer: oo. eso. aan eee
symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, andrcontrol.- 32.-- eee -- eee
Sequoia spp. See Redwood.
Serpentine rock, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917.......... sas
Shale, testing for road building, 1916 andw@lgiy 22 5. Soe ae
Sheep—
management on western range lands.....- Rocbovoocose sees 25--
SepLicemia, symptoms, and controlases..-0-.--- <2 e226 -2e eee
Shingles—
production, 1912, 1915-16, by States, mills reporting and shingles
VEU R ES eee ey ee 2 oo 2 ee
production in 1916 (and lumber and lath), bulletin by Franklin
EES Smitha eA eritileleuie7 ers omnes aeons
Shipments—
fruits and vegetables—
VeWMiparesg eet svcd AO GIRS SENS Ree acer 2 RN ee 2
carlotsin United States, 1916, bulletin by Paul Froehlich. .
Shipping—
eges in carlots, prevention of breakage, bulletin by M. E. Pen-
nineton, H. A. McAleer, A. D. Greenlee, F. X. Dailey, and
C Albin SR No eee ey eRe Lt aH)
Siatons by statesitablessetescs.. cmapem.. ose. <i he. See eee
SHraver, H. L., and Others, bulletin on ‘‘A wheatless ration for
the rapid increase ofsflesh onkyoungyelickens”’. 2-2 245...55 eee
siphoning, erape juice, jaiterstorace.. 2 sasee—s se, 2 oe snc eee
Skim milk, manufacture of casein from, and from buttermilk, bulle-
timby Arnoldi@Dahliperai 26 U5. soe ieee oor es eee See
Slag, tests'tor road biildine; 19lGiand 197 = 252.2 22 eae eee
Small fruits. See also Berries; Blackberries: Cranberries; Currants;
Dewberries; Gooseberries; Huckleberries; Loganbetries; Rasp -
berries; Strawberries.
SmIrH,
A. G., bulletin on ‘A farm-management study in Anderson
County. Souths Carolina: sree: os ener eee eee
Franxkur H.,and Atspert H. Prerson, bulletin on ‘Produc-
tion of lumber, lath, and shinglesin 1916”..................
Snow—
melting, relation to erosion of range lands.................----
ialbbal=(opninrdey Ey Koya, (Ho) eaxoyeunel One oe eo ssaoooeseSuoeconcsosesoc
Sodium carbonate, usein treatment of cocoas..........-...-.-.-.-
Soil—
eroded—
planting ones: A sak see ee.. 5 Soe oe okie ees
remedial measures on western ranges...-..----.-----------
erosion—
control on western grazing lands, relation to range preserva- °
tion, ete., bulletin by Arthur W. Sampson and Leon H.
Weyliscs ose Saas cee ys 2 ee oi ts oie, to sitio erteee
preventive measures on western ranges........-....-.--
improvement for cotton farming, methods..............-.---.-
Bulle-
tin No.
653.
Page.
1-12
INDEX. 27
Bulle-
Soils— tin No. Page.
Belton Area, South Carolina, characteristics...................- 651 4-5
drained, Louisiana, utilization, crops, ete.........-..........-. 652 15-16, 66
eroded, comparison of properties with noneroded soils ......... 675 19-22
irrigation district, Texas, description and value. /........-..-.- 665 18-19
Louisiana wet lands near Atchafalaya River, description... .-.. 652 513
swamp, shrinkage after drainage and liability to burn........ 652 13-15
Solanums, shipments in car lots by States and stations, 1916 ...... 66a 20125
Sore mouth. See Stomatitis, vesicular.
Sorghum, growing for hay, Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas.... 665 10
South—
Carolina—
Anderson County—
area, description, soils, topography, drainage, shipping
ievoulbiaes|, euavel MAWES es Soba deocoeeoceee ooo 651 4-6
ChanaGtenisticsyolmarms/ Ak 2. soe sas ce epee 651 6-8
farm-management study, bulletin by A. G. Smith...-. 651 1-32
Belton Area. Sce South Carolina, Anderson County.
farm-management study in Anderson County, bulletin by
AN, Gio Sistas oe eS eles RE 5 cs lo ee eg ne ote 651 1-32
6, 10, 44,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.......-...-- 667 See ide
109, 119
Marlboro County, soil improvement for cotton.......--... 659 32-33
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917..............--..-.- 670 18, 27
6, 10-13,
44,109,
nares
119, 121"
125,148-
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916......... 667 149, 165,
167-168,
176, 181,
182, 184,
186, 190,
193
Dakota—
6, 10, 44—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............- 667 aa Be a
119
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917.................... 670 18
10-13, 44—
vegetables, shipment in car lots by stations, 1916 ......... 667 ae ie
176, 193
Spinach, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................ 667 13, 190
Spruce—
lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value. ........ 673 20-21
value for specified years, 1899-1916. .................---- 673 37
Squash, shipments by States.and by stations, 1916................ 667 10, 113
Stables, disinfection after hemorrhagic septicemia...............-- 674 9
Dulikqeniterssuse On Cotton farms: Nexas. .2geeen 2 he. ee 659 bi 52
randardsymolka torncheese makinew. |... Saemeet os: oa 669 4
iahieremuse mm cheese makine 0252... 5. Bekee seer 2. Glo eck 669 5, 27
Sterilizers, steam, for use in ege-breaking plant................... 663 22-24
Sterilizine—
PLA CMUICe ANd. WOttMOS Nees) o.oo he Cie 656ee 213
room, ege-breaking plant, equipment...-......:.........-...- 663 20-24
Stomatitis—
aphthosa. See Stomatitis vesicular.
erosive. See Stomatitis vesicular.
mycotic, occurrence in live stock, symptoms, etc. ...........- 662 9
necrotic, occurrence in live stock, symptoms and cause.......- 662 9
NA OMS HLOLIMNS! (CAUSES ance Ie i. pene an uu enn arch Olas 2 662 9-3
28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675,
Stomatitis—Continued. ; Bulle-
vesicular— tin No. Page.
causes, symptomse and lesions. .ve52_ 28.25. ok ce See 662 3-5
CONTASIOUSs asec eee... = eee ee 662 5-7
contol, remedy. etesA<.. : . . < SRR ae ia ie ee ee 662 9-10
history, characteristics, and diagnosis. ................. . 662 1-38,7-9
horses and cattle, bulletin by John R. Mohler............. 662 1-11
Variant names: -eessce =. -2.': . Jee eek Sem. eee 662 3
vesiculosa. See Stomatitis vesicular.
Stone, broken, limiting test values for road construction............ 670 29
See also Rock.
Storage, grape juice, effect on chemical composition............-.- 656 15-17
Storms, New Orleans, number and intensity, 1871-1916. .......... 652 4
pees beer shipments by States and by stations, 1916............ 667: 9, 102-106
ugar
beets. Sce Beets.
cane, replacement of sugar beets, experiments.............-... 654 9
Sugar pine. See Pine, sugar.
Sulphur fungus, description, trees attacked, and characteristics ... 658 8, 9,17
Sulphuric acid, use in skim-milk case in manufacture, description... 661 22-23
Swamp lands— ; xi
onisiana utilization eee .< - Seen ce eee eee 652 15-16
shrinkage after drainage and liability to burn. ............-.-- 652 13-15
southern Louisiana, and their drainage, bulletin by Charles W.
Oley 2 SI Passe eines. 52 SRR. 3 tis eRe ee eee 652 1-67
Sweet potatoes, shipments by States and by stations, 1916.......... 667{ Cee
Swine plague, identity with hemorrhagic septicemia of hogs........ 674 1,3, 6, 7-8
See also Hog.
Sycamore, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value. ......-....-- 673 34
value for specified years; 1899-1916..2 2.0200. 2 2s ects Tc) Oto 3
Syenite, tests for road building, 1916 and 1917.....................- 670 ane
Tamarack, lumber production, value for specified years, 1899-1916. 673 37
Tangerines, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............ 667 8, 98
Taxodium distichum. See Cypress.
Teachings value of lessonslonlcormen sen seeae see eee ee eee 653 1
Tempe Canal “Arizona, notes. coe. -. . <a os aos ee Tee 604 6,7
Tennessee—
6-7, 9-10,
45, 67, 74,
fruits, shipment in car lots by stations, 1916.................-- 667479, 84, 91,
100, 105,
109, 119
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917. ..........-<-..s-.-e5e 670 18-19, 27
10-13, 45,
1194121;
‘ E : : 125, 150
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 191]6.......-..-.- 667) 357 176.
? b
184, 186,
187, 193
Tenure, farm, conditions in Ellis County, Texas..............-.--- 659 14-23
Tepary beans, value as nurse crop with select cotton seed. .......- 668 5
Terminals, railroad, conditions in relation to freighting of eggs...... 66a 10-12,
‘Terrace drag, ‘description: and se7--. soe +. oie oe eee eee 650
Terraces—
planting with soil-binding plants, western grazing lands........ 675
western range lands, planting with soil binders............--.- 675
Terracing: eroded ands onirang esis se- 2 3. eee os see ne eeeine eee 675
Tests, rock for road building, results in 1916 and 1917, bulletin by
Prévost Hubbard and HrankJH Jacksons gies. ---- eee els ote eee 670
i ee
INDEX. + ~ 29
Texas— Bu le-
Ellis County— tin No. Page.
agricultural reports 1850-1910.............---- A Behe 759 10
farm management study of cotton farms, bulletin by Rex
18), Walle oe Oe Be ae RS 3 5.0 COP SAREE eae SOees 659 1-54
farm lands in Ellis County, value, profits, ete......-.------ Av, es) 10-14
farming, status in lower Rio Grande irrigated district, bulletin
logy Tevase 10), \Wjalll ey ito Rs tee PR ny SP nr 665 1-24
: 6-10, 45-
46, 67-68
74, 79-80,
fruits, shipment in car lots by stations, 1916 GO eee
Pshipmentin car lots by stations, 19UGZ5..-.-..-..-.--... 92, 93, 96-
100, 105—-
106, 109,
119, 196
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917... .2....---.------------ 670 19
10-13, 45-
46, 109,
111, 119-
120, 125,
150, 157-
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............- 667,158, 164,
176, 180,
181, 184,
186, 188,
190, 193,
196
Thuja spp. See Cedar.
Tilia spp. See Basswood.
Tillage, cotton, relation to cost, Texas, Ellis County.........-.----- 659 51-52
Tosin, James J., and A. R. Losu, bulletin on ‘“‘Highway cost keep-
SET aspen RP Ee (poe lo eS h reais 3 2 nia Se ie ee Oe sewn 660 1-52
TotmaNn, L. M., and B. G. Hartmann, bulletin on ‘‘Concord grape
fmices Manutacture and: composition’?:....:2s2ss5.42:.....-+-+5-< 656 1-27
Tomatoes—
production on Rio Grande irrigated farms, note...........----.- 655 8
shipments by States and by stations, 1916...................--- 667{ ips
Trachyte tests for road building, 1916 and 1917..................... 670 12
Tractors, use in cultivation of swamp lands southern Louisiana... .. 652 66
Trametes pint, description, trees attacked, characteristics, etc....... 658 3,4, 7,16
Transportation, eggs in car lots, prevention of breakage, bulletin by
M. E. Pennington, H. A. McAleer, A. D. Greenlee, F. X. Dailey,
ing! 1EL, Gis alles’ 2 ee eR <a a ee ae 664 1-31
Truck—
crops— '
dependability in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas
Fi - 7-9,
(SLUICE GS) 5 Ses ES eee a IRS <a eee ag 665{ 13-15, 24
growing in Rio Grande irrigated district, Texas..............-. 665 7-9, 14
farming, in Arizona, acreage, and recelpts.................-.--- 654 3, 40-42
SRUIMKSrOUS | LOTeSuNEeS, CAUBCSnoac cs. s- - - «foo oss sees Secs esse 658 16-17
Tsuga spp. See Hemlock.
Tuber crops, shipments by States and by stations, 1916...........- 667 { ens
Tupelo, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting, and lumber value..... Ree: 673 28
value for specified years, 1899-1916......-:.............-..---- 73 37
Turnips, shipments by States and by stations, 1916................ 667 { alee
Ulmus spp. See Elm.
T:
Uiah— 6-7, 10,
46, 68, 80,
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.................- 667.84, 89,
109, 120
380 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Utah—Continued.
Mantis NationalHoresteroslon:-. 2 -cee eee eeeee eee ee eee
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.............
wild ducks, sickness, bulletin by Alexander Wetmore........-.
Vegetables—
mixed, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............-.
perennial, shipments by States and by stations, 1916..........
shipments in car lots in United States (and fruits), bulletin by
Pauilbbroehlic heiieeee ese tc, ter ee On ee eee
See also Beans; Beets; Cabbage; Cantaloupes; Lettuce; Onions;
Peas; Peppers; Potatoes; Tomatoes.
Vehicles, cubical contents of road materials, table -
Vermont—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.................
rozd-buLl dine rocktests, LONG and 1 OMe eee eee meee
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........-.-.
Virginia—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.........-.....-.--
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917...........1..........-.
vegetables, shipments in car lots, by stations 1916....-.....-.
Wage table, by hours. - -
Walnut, lumber production—
by States, 1916, mills reporting and lumber value.
value for specified VATS SOO TONG 1) Meare oie see ayer et eee
Wasupurn, Henry J., bulletin on “Hemorrhagic septicemia” Pesce
670
667
660 48-49
683 33-34
673 37
674 1-11
INDEX) ee, Ek
Bulle-
Washington— tin No. i
i) ee
48, 69-70,
72, 74, 80,
; 84-86, 89-
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................-- 6675 90, 92-93,
96-97, 99-
100, 102,
106, 109,
. 120, 196
ro1d-pullcine rock tests; 1916 and 1917. ors. cic to 670 21
10-13, 47-
48, 109,
113, 120,
125, 152,
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916...........-.. 667. ae ee
168, 170,
Tig Wn
183, 188,
194, 196
Waterfowl, duck-sickness in Utah, bulletin by Alexander Wetmore. 672 1-26
Watermelons, shipments by States and by stations, 1916............ 667{ ny, Boe
Weir, James R., and Ernest E. Husert, bulletin on ‘Forest
8 ASONSD OLA OH IS ey SCN ae eT a 5) 658 1-23
West Virginia—
6-7, 9-10,
[sis 2
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................- 667 40/98, 108.
fine, 120,
196
roxd-pulldine rock tests, 1916 and 1917.:..2222.2..2.........-- 670 21-22, 28
10-13, 48—
49, 109
120, 125
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............ 6674 152-153
165, 170,
177, 190,
194, 196
Wet lands— ©
GCLopsmnysouunerny Wouisianas.. 74-5)... es es ce ieee 652 15
cultivation after drainage, practices in Louisiana..........--..- 652 30
southern Louisiana, and their drainage, bulletin by Charles W. 5
Wie Me ie. 652 1-67
Wetmore, ALEXANDER, bulletin on ‘“‘The duck sickness in Utah”. 672 1-26
Wevyt, Leon H., and Artaur W. Sampson, bulletin on ‘“‘ Range
preservation and its relation to erosion control on Western grazing
MGS ncdocods 5 Oe Ea Eee ee ES 2 Se mee er rite 675 1-35
Wheat—
growing in Belton Area, South Carolina, acreage, cost of pro- 1c oils.
GMT CH Se IS ch 651\ 20, 23, 24
production in Ellis County, Texas, and acreage, 1850-1910... -- 659 10
ite—
fir. See Fir, white.
G. F., and ArtHuR H. McCray, bulletin on “‘ The diagnosis of
bee diseases by laboratory methods”. ---.........:...-..--- 671 1-15
pine. See Pine, white.
Wrirarp, Rex E., bulletin on—
“A farm management study of cotton farms of Ellis County,
GReNcisee eae ee ta as... . eee ee SR Se 659 1-54
“Status of farming in the Lower Rio Grande Irrigated District
EROS Mis etre pe ciscn seta ils. , | EUR ee os Sess 665 1-24
Wind, movement, relation to erosion of western range lands........ 675 15-17
lait inten tt
32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULS. 651-675.
Wisconsin—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916.................
road-building rock tests, 1916 and 1917................--..--.-
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916............
Woods, minor species, lumber produces, 1916, by States, kind,
quantity, and lumber value.
Vork—
animals, efficiency in crop, acres per animal, South Carolina...
stock, cost and maintenance, Rio Grande district, Texas. ..2i2:
Wyoming—
fruits, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916................--
vegetables, shipments in car lots by stations, 1916... .
Yellow poplar. See Poplar, yellow.
Yuma Valley, Arizona—
farm organization and crop nor ORMONG te sd cae eee eee cee
irrigation, extent, climate, etc.
>
667,165, 167,
168, 170,
177, 180,
188-190,
194, 196
673 35
651 3,4, 17-22
665 6
6, 50, 70,
90
11, 13, 50
667{ 154, 194
667{
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Yi, BULLETIN No. 651 4
L Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
Sw" Sef. W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv May 8, 1918
A FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON
COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA.
By A. G. Smiru, Agriculturist.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page
IMtroduciioneeeemeenss secee tea ee Son ckee eee 1 | Methods of measuring successin farming. -- - 10
S\N oo soGe Sosa see ees ee BY [OP CoG) 10 IS a een deme terete cs Bes Ae ae ee 11
Description of the area.....-..........-.---- 4 | Acres per work animal and size of farms. -.-.- 17
General characteristics of the farms surveyed 6 | Combination of enterprises...-...........-.- 22
Cost of producing crops................------ Sh Cropirotationseeesceacaceeesetesereececee ere 32
INTRODUCTION.
In a farm-management and cost-determination survey of 112 farms
in Williamston, Belton, Broadway, and Honeapath Townships, in
Anderson County, S. C. (see fig. 1), it was found that in the organi-
zation and operation of the farms there are three outstanding fac-
tors that determine the degree of success. These are (1) yields;
(2) efficiency in use of labor and equipment, or, as it may be indi-
cated in this region, the acres of crops grown per work animal; and
(3) the combination of enterprises. Aside from these there are
minor factors, some of which are at times important; but the farmer
who shows a high degree of skill in keeping up yields, utilizing labor
and equipment, and in combining the proper enterprises in the
proper proportions in the farm organization is almost invariably
successful.
A correlation study made from the data of the survey showed
that, as far as the methods used on these farms were concerned,
yields constituted 62 per cent, acres per work animal 22 per cent,
and the combination of enterprises 16 per cent of the total weight
of the three factors in influencing the per cent return on the invest-
ment. Thus it might be said that yields were three times as
important as acres per work animal and four times as important as
33389°—18—Bull. 651—1
2 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
combination of enterprises. This shows the relative importance of
the major features of the farm-management problem and is an indi-
cation of how the effort to improve these farms should be divided.
The purpose of this bulletin is to show the bearing of these out-
standing factors on the business of the farms surveyed, their influ-
WESTERN
SOUTH CAROLINA
Piedmont & Northern Electric R.R.
Railroads
Fic. 1.—Map showing district surveyed (shaded area).
ence on farm efficiency, and how that efficiency can be improved.
Effort has been made to make the discussions such that anyone
operating a farm under the conditions that prevail on the farms
surveyed may, by applying the principles laid down, organize and
operate his farm with a high probability of success. Many local and
individual forces may suggest deviations from the general plan, but,
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 8
with rare exceptions, wide deviations from it probably will be fol-
lowed by reduced returns.1
For the sake of a short name the territory from which the data
used in this bulletin were gathered will be called the Belton area,
as Belton is one of the principal towns of the region and is centrally
located in the area surveyed.
In making the survey the average yield and average selling price
of crops were recorded, not only for the then current year, but also
for the five years prior to that of the survey (1914). The price of
cotton for the year 1914, owing to the European war, was very low,
and records based on that price would have been abnormal. For
that reason, in computing the records, the average price of cotton for
the five years prior to 1914 was used instead of the current price.
The value of corn, oats, and cowpea hay was found to be practically
the same in 1914 as the average of the previous five years, so no
substitution of prices was necessary for these crops. It was found
that the average yields of the more important crops for 1914 and for
the five-year average were practically the same. The survey rec-
ords, therefore, can be taken as typical of the farms, and by using
the normal price of cotton the results for 1914 can be considered as
closely approximating the average conditions for the region.
The 112 farms may be said to constitute a representative cross-
section of the region.
SUMMARY.
The more important facts and conclusions brought out in this bul-
letin are, in brief, as follows:
Cost of producing the principal crops on the 112 farms studied:
Cotton, 10.89 cents per pound gross lint; corn, $1 per bushel; oats,
43.3 cents per bushel; oat hay, $13.88 per ton; and cowpea hay,
$14.10 per ton. Cotton was produced at its market: value when
yields were 240 pounds of net lint per acre and corn when yields
were 17 bushels per acre.
Taking the crops as a whole, man labor was the largest item of
cost and mule labor next. The rent of the land and the fertilizer
cost were practically the same.
The farms made 3.65 per cent on the investment, and after deduct-
ing 8 per cent on the movable capital, the return on the investment
in land and buildings was 3 per cent.
In increasing the efficiency of these farms, yields constitute the
most important factor. It has thrice the weight in the per cent
return on the investment of the acres per work animal and four times
the weight of combination of enterprises.
1 Acknowledgments are due to Mr. C. E. Hope for making the partial correlation studies and for statis-
tical assistance in compiling the material; also to the southern field men of the Office of Farm Manage-
ment for assistance in securing the original data.
Thanks are extended to the farmers for the uniform courtesy with which the field men were received
while making the survey.
t BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
As cotton is the predominating crop on these farms, the yield and
acreage of cotton per work animal practically determine the degree
of success.
High yields are obtained by using fertilizers, legumes, and good
varieties of seed, and by good tillage. Still better yields could be
obtained by applying lime also and planting winter cover crops.
Cotton is fertilized most heavily and corn next. Oats and wheat
are fertilized lightly, but no fertilizers are applied to cowpeas.
The cost of producing crops on these farms declines rapidly with
increase in yields, principally on account of the decrease in man and
mule labor required per unit of yield.
Farms that planted from 20 to 23 acres of crops per work animal
were the most profitable. Farms that had from 21 to 25, 41 to 45,
and 61 to 65 acres of crops, good sizes, respectively, for one, two,
and three mule farms, were more profitable than those that had
intermediate sizes.
Two-mule farms with a good acreage per mule were the best farms,
but there are larger farms under exceptional management which are
as profitable. :
The cost of producing feed crops is such that it is profitable to grow
them only in sufficient quantities to Insure a supply for home con-
sumption. ‘The tendency of farmers, and the most profitable pro-
cedure, is to grow the necessary home supplies and then grow all
the cotton the conditions permit. Likewise the tendency of farmers,
and, within certain limits, the most profitable procedure, is to grow
more oats and cowpeas and less corn.
The high cost of producing feed makes the area poorly adapted
to the production of live stock. Beef cattle, under present condi-
tions, are practically out of the question, but there is a limited oppor-
tunity for dairying, particularly where there is a large family. Hogs
should be produced on a small scale for home consumption. The
small number of chickens kept per farm is due to the limited pro-
duction of grain and live stock and the consequent small amount of
waste feed.
Alfalfa and late Irish potatoes are promising crops for this area.
Soy beans and velvet beans also offer possibilities.
As a general proposition, where from 20 to 23 acres of crops are
planted per work animal, 40 per cent of the land should be planted
in feed crops and 60 per cent in cotton.
DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA.
SOILS.
The 112 farms surveyed are all located on Cecil sandy loam soil.
This soul, according to the Bureau of Soils, constitutes 55 per cent of
Anderson County. It consists of brownish gray to brown, medium-
textured, sandy loam top soil, from 4 to 8 inches deep, which changes
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 5
rapidly with increasing depth to a red clay of a rather sandy nature.
In nearly every field are local clay areas, or ‘gall spots,” produced
by erosion, the erosion being responsible also for some other modifica-
tions in the type. In occasional spots, gravel or ‘rotten stone” is
mixed with the top soil and in some places the sand is deeper than in
others, and here the soil is referred to as ‘‘sandy land.’”’ There are
also areas where a tinge of yellow is found in the lower soil and the
upper subsoil, such places being designated as “mulatto lands,’
although they are phases of the Cecil sandy loam type. These varia-
tions are of minor importance, however, so that, taken altogether,
the soils for the area in which the farm-management survey was
made were quite uniform, and are therefore not responsible to any
considerable degree for the variation in the character and efficiency
of the farms.
TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE.
The topography grades from level to hilly. Most of the land is
terraced. The drainage problem is that of keeping the rains from
washing gullies on the hillsides and of removing the water from the
lowlands. Open ditches are frequently used to carry the surplus
water off the hillsides, although in a good system of terracing but little
water is allowed to run off. In periods of heavy rainfall the water
frequently breaks the terraces, making repairs an expensive item.
Where lowlands are drained, open ditches are used exclusively.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES AND MARKETS.
Except in continued rainy weather the roads are good, although in
some places the grades at all times make the hauling of heavy loads
difficult. Steam railroads and trolley lines, each running in three
different directions out of Belton, furnish adequate transportation
facilities for the region.
The cotton mills in Anderson and adjoining counties afford a good
local market for lint cotton, and the cotton-oil mills buy all the cot-
ton seed offered for sale, but for other products the market is limited.
Cattle and hogs are either exchanged among farmers or are sold to
local butchers. It is almost impossible to sell a veal calf. It is dif-
ficult to sell poultry, eggs, and butter. Most farmers who have such
products for sale peddle them around town; a few deliver to private
customers. There is a limited retail market for vegetables at Honea-
path, Belton, Williamston, and Pelzer, largely in the mill communi-
ties. In general, the local merchants do not buy country produce
for resale to wholesalers, as is the custom in many sections of the
country, though there seems to be a growing tendency to do this.
There is no wholesale market for hay and grain, but if a surplus is
produced some of it may be sold in towns or to neighboring farmers.
Owing to these general market conditions, there often exists a close
6 BULLETIN 651, U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
relationship between the financial success of a farmer and his sales-
manship, or ability to find a market for his produce.
The local conditions which make the marketing of poultry and other
by-products of the farm unprofitable can be overcome by merchants
on the one hand in establishing connections with larger city markets,
and by farmers on the other hand by organization as is practiced in
many other sections of the country. The great need for increased
poultry production warrants a study of this problem and the ex-
perience and the information of the Department of Agricultutre are
available on request.
LABOR.
Labor is both white and colored and is comparatively abundant
and cheap. The monthly wage varies from $12 to $20 per month,
the average with house, garden, and wood furnished, approximating
$15 per month. Day labor is paid from 50 to 90 cents per day, 70
cents being a fair average. Cropper labor, an arrangement in which
( ENTERPRISES [*"ou"™ AMOUNT OF INVESTMENT
INVESTM’'T $2000 4000 6000
$
TOTAL INVESTMENT] 8940
LAND & BUILDINGS
LIVESTOCK
FEED & SUPPLIES
IMPLEMENTS
WORKING FUND
Fic. 2—Investment per farm.
the laborer receives a part of the crop in lieu of wages, is used quite
extensively, especially on the larger farms. The average value of the
operator’s services on 112 farms, aside from perquisites, was esti-
mated at $221 per year.
Women and children do a large part of the work in growing and har-
vesting crops. Of the total labor costs chargeable to actual crop pro-
duction, one-third was for labor performed by women and children.
This labor is used principally in hoeing and picking cotton. Fami-
lies are usually large among both the whites and the negroes.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARMS SURVEYED.
The largest farm in the area surveyed contained 1,400 acres, of
which 895 was in cultivation; the smallest had 15 acres, with 12.5 in
cultivation. The average size of the 112 farms was 135.8 acres,
with an average of 71.7 acres in cultivation. Exclusive of land
rented out, the average size was 119.7 acres, with 63.2 acres, or 52.8
per cent, in cultivation. The total average investment per farm (see
fig. 2) was $8,940, distributed as follows: Land and _ buildings,
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 7
$7,748; live stock, $596; implements, $173; feed and supplies, $256;
and working fund, $176. ‘The average value of the land was $57.05
per acre. The average rental value of the crop land was $4.23 per
acre. The land in cultivation was planted in crops (see fig. 3) in the
following percentages: Cotton, 63.1; corn, 23.6; oats, 12.1; wheat,
1.8; and miscellaneous crops, 0.4. One per cent of the crop area was
planted in corn after a small-grain crop. Cowpeas, other than
those grown in corn and following some other crop, were grown on
9 per cent of the crop area. All the farms (see Table I) planted
cotton and corn. More than half planted oats for hay and more
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA
fe)
so
FIRST CROP ON LAND | | SECOND CROP ON LAND
Fic. 3.—Land in crops.
than one-third oats for grain. Also, more than one-third of the farm
planted cowpeas unmixed with another crop, for hay alone, while 19
farms planted cowpeas separately for seed. ‘Twenty-one farms grew
wheat.
Taste I.—Number of farms planting each specified crop, acres per farm, and yield per acre.
. Trish
Ttem. Cotton. | Corn. | Oats. |Oat hay.| COWPe? | Cowpea | wheat. | potatoes
hay. seed. (1915)
Number of farms planting... 112 112 41 68 39 19 21 14
PNtcres|perfarmesee eck sce ccce 40 15 8.6 1683 9.9 4.4 -6 185
Pounds. | Bushels.| Bushels.| Tons. | Tons. | Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.
pYieldiperacres= sth LLL. 233 16.8 PALS 0.79 0. 73 4. 6.0 84.7
|
The average acreage of cotton per farm was 40 and of corn 15.
None of the other crops averaged as much as 10 acres per farm.
Cotton yielded 233 pounds of net lint per acre, corn 16.6 bushels,
and oats 21.7 bushels. Oat and cowpea hay each approximated three-
fourths of a ton per acre, while cowpea seed made 4.9 bushels and’
wheat 6 bushels per acre. Many other miscellaneous crops were also
planted. The most important of these included cowpeas for hay
and seed combined grown on 25 farms, and cowpeas with sorghum,
grown on 10 farms. Some cowpeas were also planted in corn for
seed and soil improvement. Besides these crops, small patches of
sorghum were grown for sirup and stock feed; and sweet potatoes,
Trish potatoes, and truck were planted both for home use and for a
limited sale in the towns. A small amount of fruit was also pro-
duced, and practically every farmer had a garden.
8 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The items of farm receipts (see fig. 4) were in the following per-
centages: Cotton, 79.8; corn, 3.3; oats and oat hay, 1.2; cowpeas, 0.8;
miscellaneous crops, 1.6; live stock and live-stock products, 3.6;
increase in feed and supplies, 1.1; and miscellaneous, 8.6. Four-
fifths of the receipts came from cotton. Considering the farms on
an owner basis,! the receipts per farm were $1,617, the expenses
$1,060, and the farm income, $557. Deducting from the farm in-
come 8 per cent on the investment (the current rate on borrowed
money), the result is a minus labor income of $158.2 Counting inter-
est at 5 per cent, however, there is left a labor income of $110. After
deducting the value of the operator’s services from the farm income,
the return on the investment was found to be 3.65 per cent. If,
however, in addition to the operator’s services, 8 per cent on the
movable capital or the value of the live stock, implements, feed and
supplies, and working fund, be deducted from the farm income,
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL RECEIPTS
PER
ENTERPRISES Rete 30 40 50
COTTON
CORN
CATS & OAT HAY
COWPEAS
MISCE L.CROPS
LIVESTOCK AND
THEIR PRODUCTS
INCREASE IN FEED
AND SUPPLIES
MISCEL. RECEIPTS
Fig. 4.—Farm receipts.
there is left a return of 2.99 per cent on the land and buildings. In
other words, money invested in farm lands on this area, after paying
all expenses, earned approximately 3 per cent on the investment.
The 112 farms used 337 head of work stock, or an average of 3 per
farm. Usually there were as many families as mules, approxi-
mately an average of 3 families, including both white and colored,
living on each farm.
COST OF PRODUCING CROPS.
The cost of producing the more important crops and the value of
each were determined on the basis of acreages and yields shown in
Table I. The cost of producing cotton, the major crop, was 10.89
cents per pound.? (See TableII.) The value was 11.5 cents, leaving
a profit of 0.61 cent per pound. Corn cost $1 per bushel, but the
value was less than the cost, or $0.983 per bushel. Oats and oat
1 By “‘owner basis’? is meant the consideration of a farm as thoughit were owned and operated by a
single person. This applies to farms operated under any system of land tenure.
2Laborincome: The farmer’s earnings over and above expenses and interest on the money he has tied
up in his business.
8 Yields of cotton are expressed in this bulletin in the terms of net lint, while the costs and values include
the bagging and ties, and are expressed in terms of gross lint. The bagging and ties are approximately
4 per cent of the weight of the gross lint.
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., 5S. C. 9)
hay, as they are grown, are very profitable crops. Cowpea hay cost
$14.10 per ton, and was worth $19.17. Cowpea seed, grown after
some other crop, was produced at an apparent loss. Wheat cost
$1.34 per bushel, and was worth $1.24. In 1914 only 2 farms grew
an acre or more of Irish potatoes, but as the farmers were increasing
the acreage, records were obtained on 14 farms in 1915. The cost
for that year was 52 cents per bushel, and the value $1.01.
TasLE II.—Cost of producing crops in the Belton area compared with farm values.
Trish
Cotton Cowpea | Cowpea | Wheat | potatoes
Ttem. per pound Conner Paper at ay hay |seedper| per per
gross lint. P * | perton. | bushel. | bushel. |per bushel
(1915).
Osta fe 5. ee $0. 1089 $1. 001 $0. 433 $13. 88 $14. 10 $2. 95 $1. 34 $0. 52
Farm value....-...-.- - 1150 - 983 ~ 657 23. 97 19.17 1.98 1.29 1.01
Five-sixths of the cotton, four-fifths of the corn, and seven-eighths
of the oats and oat hay were grown either by the owners of the
land or under their immediate supervision.
TaBLE II1.—Itemized distribution per dollar of cost of producing crops.
Itemized costs. ee Cotton.} Corn. | Oats. bee compe ne Wheat.
Rent....-...----.0.--.2-----------2--}| $0.158 | $0. 141 | $0. 210 | $0.173 | $0.206 | $0.142 | $0.225 | $0. 187
Mam albonerans ase aja esac aes hs 378 411 ~ 304 217 . 234 ~ 544 . 243 - 234
Interest on working fund-......-..--- - 013 . 014 O11 - 009 - 012 - 016 - 009 - O11
Miles aio OT se ere SRE Soe ose Rar . 210 3202 242 . 190 - 205 ~ 182° 2 204 - 223
imiplementicostieceececesee- a. - 262-22 . 030 . 028 - 036 - 036 . 034 - 031 - 043 . 029
(Steere as sa) aces eG Ss a ea a - 028 - 016 - 008 . 116 119 073 212 . 100
Rleniilizerseer roe mane smear Re i ok . 160 . 160 - 189 Beal, BGS es seanel eee coer . 159
Miscellaneous costs...-.......-.------ . 02 ~ 0285 aeee re): . 048 . 005 . 012 . 004 | . 057
PRO Galea eee mate! bls ee 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1. 000
TaBLE 1V.—Itemized distribution of costs per unit of principal crops.
~ A Cowpea r
Gross lint Cowpea Wheat
Teomirodvcnste: Barton Corn per | Oats per | Oat hay seed
p
per pound,| Pushel. | bushel. | per ton. | ner ton, bushel, | bushel.
Pion tata dete dct. Mirth ty Woh $0. 0154 $0. 210 $0. 075 $2. 86 $3. 08 $0. 42 $0. 25
Waray IEW oe) Rese aN Oe a - 0448 «305 - 094 3.25 3.3 1.61 ol
Interest on working fund-.....-. - 0015 O11 . 004 -16 13 - 05 - 02
Mile dabor-2-cee ese Noe: - 0220 . 242 - 082 2. 85 3. 61 54 30
Implement cost--..............- . 0031 . 036 - 016 47 - 58 - 09 -04
SecGL SISA See eae ee . 0017 . 008 050 1. 66 2.91 21 .13
ORIN Ps ce age sbace eee eeennanee - 0174 . 189 - 091 PED | Esooodsesel Soososeses -21
Miscellaneous......252.......5.- NOOSOn eases - 021 .07 . 06 . 03 . 08
MOtal sss ee - L089 1.001 - 433 13. 88 13. 68 2.95 1.34
The distribution of costs is shown in Table III. Taking the
crops as a whole, man labor was the largest item of cost, 37.8 cents
out of every dollar going for that purpose. Mule labor came next,
21 cents out of each dollar being charged to work-stock costs. Fer-
tilizer and rent were practically the same; 16 cents was spent for
33389°—18——2
10 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the former and 15.8 for the latter. Man and mule labor, fertilizer,
and rent constituted most of the cost of production, the total expense
of these items being 90.8 cents out of a dollar. The remaining 9.2
cents per dollar of cost was taken up as follows: Implements, 3 cents;
seed, 2.8 cents; miscellaneous costs, 2.3 cents; and interest on
working fund, 1.3 cents. The distribution of the items of cost for
the principal crops is also shown in Table Ill. The total amount
per crop unit chargeable to the various items of cost is shown in
Table IV. This gives a further idea of how the costs are distributed
among the various crops. The items of cost per pound of gross lint
cotton are of most interest, man labor being 4.48 cents, mule labor
2.20 cents, fertilizers 1.74 cents, and rent 1.54 cents. Some of the
notable influences that increase or decrease the cost of producing
crops in the Belton area and the effect these costs have on the com-
bination of enterprises will be shown in later discussion.1
METHODS OF MEASURING SUCCESS IN FARMING.
In showing the effect of one or more factors upon the success of a
farm, some standard or standards must be used whereby the success
can be measured. It has been quite well determined that no single
standard can be used as an absolute measure. The viewpoint of
those interested in the farm is not always the same, and what may
be profitable to one may be unprofitable to another. A tenant, for
example, may operate a farm that is profitable to him but which is
a losing proposition to the landlord, or an operator may realize a
high income by exploiting labor. Consequently more than one
standard must often be used if a farm enterprise is to be judged
correctly.
Some of the more important measures applicable in the Belton
area are:
1. Farm income, which is the difference between receipts and
expenses. 7
1 The items included in the costs were rent, man labor, interest on working fund, mule labor, seed,
fertilizer, and miscellaneous costs. The renting value of the land covered the cost of the land, the building
and fencing charges, insurance, and taxes. The man labor included paid or hired labor, and family,
operator, and landlord labor. The interest on the working fund was the interest on the cash used to meet
the currentexpenses. The work stock cost was the annual cost of keeping the work stock. The implement
or machinery cost was the expense of using the implements for the year. Theseed cost was the value of the
seed used in planting the crops. ‘The fertilizers included commercial fertilizers purchased and the barnyard
manure applied. The miscellaneous costs were those peculiar to a crop, such as ginning, thrashing, etc.
In arriving at the costs, the number of productive days’ work, both of man and mule labor, was ascer-
tained for each crop, and the total for the farm. The total labor costs were then divided on the basis of
the number of productive days’ work on each enterprise. If, forexample, the cost of man labor on a farm
was $750, and the total number of productive days’ work was 500, the cost per productive day was $1.50.
If 300 days were used on cotton, 80 on corn, 30 on oats, 30 on cowpeas, 20 on live stock, and 40 on miscel-
laneous enterprises, the man-labor charge against the crops would be: Cotton, $450; corn, $140; oats, $45;
cowpeas, $45; live stock, $30; and miscellaneous enterprises, $60. The labor on repairs and upkeep of the
farm, which goes as nonproductive labor, or labor from which no direct income was received, was not
recorded, but by spreading the labor costs on the basis of productive labor, this was cared for automatically.
The mule-labor cost was spread in the same way as that of man-labor. The interest on the working fund
was distributed on the basis of man-days and the implement costs on the basis of mule-days.
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 11
2. Labor income, which is what is left of the farm income after
deducting a fair rate of interest on the investment.
3. The rate of income on capital after deducting a fair amount for
the operator’s services.
4. The cost of production per unit of measure.
5. Net income per mule. In this bulletin this will represent the
net income of both the labor and the investment in the animal.
6. Yields per acre.
These measures and a few others will be used as occasion requires
in the following pages. If a farm ranks high when measured by all
of these, it safely can be regarded as an efficient and successful farm.
‘YIELDS.
As has previously been stated, yields are the most important factor
in determining the success of the farms in this area. In reducing the
cost per unit of product, yields exert a greater influence than any other
factor.
Since cotton is by far the most important source of income on these
farms, the acre yield of this crop is a very safe index of the efficiency
of the farming. In Table V 110 of these farms were divided into
groups based on the yield of net lint per acre. Nineteen of them had
yields of 175 pounds or less. On these 19 farms the average cost of a
pound of lint cotton was more than 15 cents. The income of these
farms was not sufficient to pay expenses, so that after deducting the
estimated value of the operator’s services there was a net loss of 0.71
per cent on the investment. In the next group, consisting of farms
on which the yield was from 176 to 225 pounds per acre, cotton cost
13.5 cents, and there was a profit of 2.54 per cent on the investment.
As the yield increases the cost of lint cotton per pound decreases and
the rate of income on investment increases. In the last group, where
the yield is 326 pounds or more, the cost per pound falls to 9.6 cents,
while the profit on the investment r-ses to 6.59 per cent.
TaBLE V.—Relation of yields of cotton to farm efficiency.
| Percent | Cost per
I | Number | Average | returnon | pound of
Pounds of net lint cotton per acre. of farms. | yield. ee gross lint
ment. | cotton.
Pounds.
AOU CSSEmete a ene eke er. et SO At. . 19 159 10.71 $0. 1554
GIL OMZZ bones eam mete eee SOUL See ee See uc! | ae 24 198 2.54 . 1353
LEB UO MiB A Ss GES SEA Ses AS ea ee ee ee Se 34 247 4.45 -1170
LIEN RD SPs ARR ee Be a ee ie oe 19 | 305 6.12 - 1108
OGIOESINOLG samme ee eae. 2 ae aU. Se ek Do. 3 Se 14 | 371 6.59 | - 0961
1 Loss.
__ Yields of corn have much less influence on the per cent return on
investment than does cotton, as corn is a minor crop. But the
influence of yield on the cost of production is just as marked with
12 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
corn as it is with cotton. In Table VI the farms are grouped on
the basis of yield of corn per acre. Twenty-five farms, producing
11 bushels or under per acre, grew corn at a cost of $1.48 per bushel.
Twenty-three farms that made from 12 to 15 bushels per acre pro-
duced corn at $1.14 per bushel, or 25 cents per bushel less than the
cost for the first group. Thus costs steadily decrease as yields
increase. In the group with the highest yields, 19 farms, making 26
bushels or more per acre, the cost was but 77 cents per bushel.
TaBLE VI.—Relation of yield to cost of producing corn.
Number | Average | Cost per
Bushels of corn per acre. onfacn: yield. Baste
Bushels.
BH bya) el RS dee eB etm Gee hoe A te a ars. tear Pun caer OR ote 2 | OR ARN 3 oe 25 9.5 $1.48
LA ya Way eens Mee cles Sa Re eres UNS oe Sey Aes << ee ees See SC 23 13.5 1.14
TEC OLD Reese eek Reece See CE. eee See Cae Eee Or ete ae 19 17.5 -94
DOO acti ee See SRO ECE ee ae nan oe Sn ee eee en eee 24 22.3 86
DEI OTAINOTO ae re re ae oe eee et tS Cate aoe eS 19 29.1 77
Cotton did not pay the cost of production until the yield was 240
pounds of lint per acre and corn not until the yield was 17 bushels
per acre. In other words, taking an average of the farms, cotton,
when costs are computed by standard cost-accounting methods, was
produced at a profit only when yields were more than 240 pounds
per acre and corn when yields were more than 17 bushels per acre.
This gives an idea of the yields farmers in this territory must obtam
to make the production of these crops profitable.
The most striking reduction in costs with increase in yield is in the
man labor and mule labor per crop unit. Rent, equipment, and seed
costs also decrease with increasing yield, but these are of less im-
portance in this area. On the other hand, fertilizer costs per unit are
highest where the best yields are made. Man labor and mule labor,
which on 112 farms constituted five-eighths of the cost of growmg
cotton and nearly one-half of the cost of growimg corn, are the items
in which the greatest difference occurs. The labor per acre increases
with yields, but the labor per unit decreases, for, outside of harvest-
ing, very nearly the same labor is required whether the yields are
high or low; and the variation in mule labor, even in harvesting, is of
little consequence.
HOW HIGH YIELDS ARE OBTAINED.
The weather during the growing season has much to do with the
yield of any crop. But since all these yields were obtained in the
same season and in the same locality, differences in the weather can
not account for the differences in yield observed on thesefarms. The
character of the soil is another important factor, but the soil is
approximately of the same type on all farms included in this survey.
The previous treatment of the soil differs widely from farm to farm
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 3
and undoubtedly accounts for much of the difference in yield on
different farms. But in this study it was not practicable to secure
the complete history of soil treatment for a series of years for each
farm. This is not so unfortunate, however, as might at first appear,
for it is fair to assume that the treatment of soil on each farm, during
the year to which this study chiefly relates was, in general, the same
that had been in vogue during several previous years.
Other factors having an important influence on crop yields are
manure and commercial fertilizers, the succession of crops on the
land, or the crop rotation, live stock, the kind of seed, and the methods
of tillage used. So far as data are available concerning the effects
of these factors they are given in the following pages.
One of the principal methods of maintaining or increasing yields in
the Belton area is by the application of fertilizers. These consist
principally of acid phosphate, cottonseed meal, nitrate of soda, and
COST PER ACRE
2.00
COTTON
CORN
OATS & OAT HAY
WHEAT
AVERAGE PER
CROP ACRE
Fic. 5.—Cost of fertilizer per acre.
some form of potash salts, although some basic slag, sulphate of
ammonia, fish scrap, blood meal, and tankage are used.
The common custom in applying fertilizers (see fig. 5) is to make
the heaviest applications to cotton, the next heaviest to corn, to
apply only small amounts to oats and wheat, and none at all to cow-
peas. The average cost per acre of fertilizer applied in 1914 to the
principal crops was: Cotton, $4.88; corn, $3.84; oats and oat hay,
$2.39; and wheat, $1.94. The average for all crops was $4.37 per
crop acre. Most of the barnyard manure, of which there was only
a small quantity, was applied to cotton.!
1 The economic reason for the heavier fertilization of cottonisits higher value per acre and the consequent
greater profit from fertilizing. The average acre value of cotton and cotton seed in 1914 was $32.26, and of
corn and corn fodder $19.92. Suppose, for example, an application of $4 worth of fertilizer per acre increased
the yield of the crop by 25 per cent, whichis not an uncommon occurrence, the gross value of the increase
of cotton would be $8.07 per acre, leaving a margin of $4.07 as against an increase with corn of $4.98 anda
margin of $0.98.
The relative prices of fertilizers and crops, particularly cotton, determine the amount of fertilizers it is
profitable to apply. Anincrease in the relative price of fertilizers reduces the amount, while an increase
in the price of cropsincreasesit. The tables are based upon the 1914 prices of fertilizer. The use of
fertilizers in South Carolina has enormously increased within the last quarter of a century, principally
because of the higher prices received for cotton.
14 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURR.
In Table VII the records are arranged in groups according to the
amount of fertilizer applied to cotton, as measured by the cost of the
fertilizer! Beginning with a group of records where $3 worth or less
of fertilizer per acre was used and the average yield was 200 pounds
of lint per acre, the yields gradually increase as the amount of fer-
tilizer used increases until an application of $7 or more of fertilizer
is reached.
TasLe VII.—Relation of the cost per acre of fertilizer applied to yield, and cost of cotton.
Average | Yield of | Cost per
| Number | cost of | net lint | pound of
ofrecords.| fertilizer | cotton {producing
per acre. | per acre. |gross lint.
Cost of fertilizer per acre.
|
Pounds.
PAO) on CS eee dh Aes & Be ern a ee Se Se ee) Lo 21 $2. 26 200 $0. 1142
$3 to $4.99_. be apne ayer 61 4.02 221 . 1140
DO UOMO Deo ee a ea eee oe eras py eae ee i Sea A) 44 5. 62 272 . 1028
STLOTAINOLO ote hereto eee eee ae ee Eee eee okene 23 8. 64 276 . 1217
But this increased yield did not always give a decrease in the cost
of production. With the exception of the group of records using $5
to $6.99 worth of fertilizers per acre, there is not much difference in
the cost per pound of lint in any of the groups. The earliness of the
fall season was at least partially responsible for the high cost of pro-
duction in the group using the most fertilizers. Heavy application
of fertilizers causes late maturity, and in 1914 late cotton was cut
short by the frost. It is probable that in most years the heavier
application of fertilizers would have given the higher yields and that
the cost of production would have been lower. The yields of corn
increased (see Table VIII) from 14.2 bushels where less than $3
worth of fertilizer was used per acre to 21.8 bushels where $5 worth
or more were used. ‘There was no marked change in the cost per
bushel, which was $1 in the group with the least fertilizer expense and
$0.96 in the group with the highest.
TaBLeE VIII.—Relation of cost of fertilizer applied to corn to yield, and cost of production.
Numt ete Yield of | C
+10 Number |} costo ield o ‘ost per
Cost of fertilizer per acre. ofrecords.| fertilizer corn. bushel.
per acre.
Bushels.
$2.99 or less....... 53 $1.75 14.2 $1. 000
$3;t0,$4:99. oe ee 63 3. 74 18. 4 . 970
SOY TOL 6 wae ces nase see ecient se aise cece netaeieleie eee: eicl- 32 6. 50 21.8 . 959
In finding the effect of fertilizer on oats and oat hay (see Table IX)
the two crops were combined. Yields can not be shown in this way,
1 The application of fertilizer and the yields and costs were obtained for the individual crops cultivated
both by the operator and the cropper. Hence Tables VII, VIII, and IX show more records than there are
farms, as the crops grown by the operator alone and by the croppers are considered as distinct cases.
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. ©. 15
but the values are indicative. The cost of fertilizer per acre ran from
nothing in 34 cases to an average of $5.01 in 20 cases. The highest
value per acre and the greatest profit were with applications costing
less than $2 per acre and averaging $1.42 per acre. The residual
effect of the fertilizers applied to other crops is responsible for this
showing. It is an indication that the best farmers fertilize cotton
and corn heavily and oats lightly. Where such a practice is followed
nothing but nitrate of soda is ordinarily used as a direct application
to the oats. In normal times this costs from $1 to $2 per acre for
the amount of fertilizer used in the most profitable group.
Taste 1 X.—Relation of the fertilizer practice to the cost, value, and profit per acre of oats
and oat hay.%
Average C ,
ne Number | cost of | Cost of | Valueof| prot
Cost of fertilizer per acre. Ghrocords fertilizer GrODIPeC crop per per acre.
per acre.| 2¢re- acre.
Maem eine te casas citcicinicinicisesisisielsicnisscennscccccss 34 $0 $8. 88 $14. 18 $5. 30
OAC ORG Le 00 Beemer eseteisteicicisieiclclcleisisisieisivtsicisyeicicjere sieve ini 29 1. 42 10. 46 19. 58 9. 52
SZACONDL.0 wee ee area tere inioia oriole eicicisieleis wisicicle s wisje'e 20 2. 36 12. 56 19. 03 6. 47
(Boosassedsoagteesoge doc CCRe ROH COMBE RCSbd a SSeeee oe ee ae 20 5.01 | 15. 37 19. 33 | 3. 96
a The fertilizers applied to previous crops largely determine the fertilizer applied to oats. Heavy appli-
cations to previous crops followed by moderate applications to oats constituted the most profitable practice.
Another way by which increased yields are obtained in the Belton
area is by planting cowpeas. The cowpea is the only legume that is
used extensively. It is planted principally after oats, but also in
corn for soil improvement and for seed. Farmers in this section
frequently furnish land rent free to croppers and tenants for planting
cowpeas, it being assumed that the soil improvement resulting from
growing the cowpeas is worth the use of the land.
In Table X the farms are grouped on the basis of the per cent of
the crop area planted in cowpeas. The cowpeas include those planted
either separately or with sorghum and millet. It can easily be seen
from this table that the higher the percentage of crop land planted
in cowpeas the higher are the yields of cotton and corn. This is an
indication of the great value of the cowpea in obtaining yields.
TaBLE X.—Relation of the per cent of crop area planted in cowpeas to the yield per acre of
cotton and corn.
Yield.
; Number
Per cent planted in cowpeas. Geran || aon
Net lint Gon
| cotton.
Pounds. | Bushels.
PPUCEACOMUSOLI ESS Meseeresae sores sfern o ieeeie = se a sb a's + oo Rs erento ose 38 | 222 | 15.6
HUD TO DSR Cats Soe ce toe OSS eee ee ES 5 iy Rate 33 252 18.0
HTL FOGAP GEREYB OPM RET TON LS) 5 I aT 39 277 20.8
16 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The preparation of the land and the cultivation of the crops are
other factors affecting yields. These depend on the labor devoted to
tillage and the quality of the work. Labor used is frequently an
individual problem or a matter of judgment. The amount of work
that can profitably be done in preparing land for planting and in
‘cultivating crops varies with the condition of the land, the prevalence
and kinds of weeds present, the earliness or lateness of the season,
the rainfall, etc. For this reason any study based on the labor
devoted to tillage per acre may be misleading. It may be noted,
however, that the farmers who used above the average amount of
man labor and mule labor, both in preparing the land and in culti-
vating the crop, produced the most cotton and corn per acre.
The quality of the tillage depends upon both the character of the
implements used and the efficiency of the men and mules operating
them. A careful man with a strong mule may do better work with
a one-horse plow than an inefficient man using two small mules and
a two-horse turnplow. On the whole, however, farmers using good
implements and good work stock made the best yields, even where
the same amount of fertilizer was used. More improvement can be
made by increasing the quality of the tillage than by increasing the
labor devoted to it. It is not possible, however, to increase the
yields in this region as much by improving the tillage as by increas-
ing the application of fertilizers and by growing more legumes,
Live stock, because the number kept is small, does not have a
marked effect on yields in this area. On the farms that keep the
most stock, however, there is a tendency to devote the poorer grades
of land to pasture and to plant more cowpeas. This leaves a better
grade of land for crops, which, with the improvement from the
pasture and cowpeas upon. the poorer land and the manure from the
live stock for the crop, gives better yields than are made on the
average farms.
The variety of seed planted also has a direct bearing on yields.
Farmers who planted Cook and Cleveland Big Boll cotton (see
Table XI) obtained the best yields. Marlboro Prolific was the best-
yielding variety of corn. It is noticeable that the farmers who take
an interest in the kind of seed they plant are the ones who make
the best crops. Farmers whose interest in the seed is so little they
do not know the variety they plant are the ones who have the poorest
yields.
TaBLE XI.— Varieties and yields of cotton and corn.
= Yield of i
Tort Number a aes Number | Yield per
Variety ot cotton. net lint Variety of corn.
of farms. per acre. of farms. acre.
| Pounds. Bushels.
Cooles 22.3 Sasa eee | 35 | 248 | Marlboro Prolific...........-.. 36 19.9
Cleveland Big Boll............ | 24 | 242..| Motispecified2-2-<.jeress2s2e5 55 16.3
INObispecified esa ee woe 22 | 230
Christophers see eee at 228
|
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., 8. C. 1L7/
Yields in this area could be increased by the use of lime, but, com-
paratively little has been used. Winter cover crops of crimson
clover, burr clover, and rye are advisable, but these crops are not
grown to any considerable extent for this purpose. Planting vetch
with oats for hay is profitable, but thus far only a few farmers do
oo ACRES PER WORK ANIMAL ‘AND SIZE OF FARMS.
In the management of a farm the business should be so adjusted
that the unit of organization can be utilized at its optimum capacity.
In the Belton area, where cotton is the main crop, the work animal,
usually in this case the mule, is the pivot around which the unit of
organization is built. Usually there is one mule for each family,
as one mule can do the plowing for all the crop the average family
can handle, and one-horse implements are the kind commonly used.
The number of acres per work animal is therefore an indication of
the utilization of the labor and equipment and of the efficiency of
the farm organization.
ACRES PER WORK ANIMAL.
The most profitable acreage of crops per work animal in the Belton
area can be closely approximated from the data in Table XII. The
table shows that as the crop-area per mule increases, profits increase
until an acreage of 20 to 23 acres is reached. Individual cases such
as might occur when an old man or a boy does the plowing or when a
poor mule is used may make smaller acreages more desirable; the
data in the table represent the averages for the area. The rate of
income on the investment, 4.32 per cent, and the income per mule,
$422, are both highest in this group. When the acreage became
higher than this the farms became less profitable.
TaBLE XII.—Relation of crop area per work animal to farm efficiency.
Het cent ae
ta an Number | of return come
Number of crop acres per work animal. of farms. lon invest-| per mule.
ment.
7 2. 64 $238
13 3. 30 267
33 3. 67 324
28 4.32 422
23 3. 62 396
6 2. 86 386
It is of interest to note in this connection that for each acre per
mule above or below 21.5 the effect on profits was the same, on the
average, as a reduction in yield of 8 pounds of lint cotton per acre.
18 BULLETIN 651, U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SIZE OF FARM.
For many reasons it is easier to get efficient organization on large
farms than on small ones. Suppose that, in a given type of farming,
from 20 to 23 acres is the most profitable acreage per work animal,
and the size of farm is 200 acres. Then either 9 or 10 work animals
could be used efficiently. With 9 mules we have 22.2 acres per
mule, while with 10 we have 20 acres per mule. But suppose the
farm contains only 30 acres of crop land. In this case the problem
of utilizing the work stock to best advantage is difficult, for 30 acres
is too much for one mule and not enough to keep two mules properly
occupied.
PER CENT
Fic. 6.—Relation of size of farm to per cent return on investment.
Let us see if we can find the sizes of farms as now organized which
are most profitable in the Belton area. This can be done by placing
the farms in groups differing in size by 5 acres and noting the per
cent return on the investment and the income per mule in the vari-
ous groups. In Table XIII the farms are grouped in this manner,
The first group consists of two farms of less than 15 acres each,
which lack 0.41 per cent of paying interest on the investment, and
have an income of only $221 per mule. The profits increase as the
size increases until the size is 21 to 25 acres, after which profits drop.
They increase again and reach another high point at 41 to 45 acres.
After this profits decline again, then increase and reach a third high
point at 61 to 65 acres, following which there is another decline.
Farms of more than 75 acres were not used in the table, as they were
not sufficiently numerous.
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., 8. C. ty)
TABLE XIII.—Relation of size of farm to efficiency.
“Sipe Per cent
+ at umber ‘ of return | Income
Size (acres). of farms. | °T°UP- | on invest- per mule.
ment.
2 Cc a—(), 41 | $211
10 B - 63 | 288
iil A 4.13 | 341
6 B 1.08 258
7 C 4,32 311
11 B 4. 80 352
9 A 6. 74 412
13 B 4.22 299
7 © 2.43 315
2 B 2552, 239
7 A 6. 63 398
4 B 4.70 LY/
3 C 20 304
a Loss.
This table illustrates an application to farm-management studies
of what is known as the law of recurring efficiency. As the size of
the business increases (see fig. 6) a point is reached where the single
unit of organization can be utilized most profitably. For some
distance above this point the size does not permit the proper adjust-
ment of the unit, and the business loses efficiency. As the size
keeps on increasing another point is reached where two units fit in
well, and a high point of efficiency is again reached. These high
points, or the periods of efficiency on these farms, were on farms
having 21 to 25, 41 to 45, and 61 to 65 acres per farm. Comparing
these data with the most profitable acreage per work animal; it can be
seen that these sizes are sizes for well-organized one, two, and three mule
farms. Farms that were too large or too small for a given number of
mules were less profitable. There were only a few farms in each of
the groups in this table, but the influence of efficient sizes 1s so strong
that a large number of farms is not required to discern the effect.
We may now take those farms having the more favorable sizes,
namely, those of 21 to 25, 41 to 45, and 61 to 65 acres, and compare
them still further with those having less favorable sizes. In Table
XIII the groups of farms are labeled A, B, and C, as an indication
of the favorableness of size, the A groups having the most favorable
and C the least favorable size. By combining all the A groups into
one, the B groups into another, and the C groups into a third, the
effect of the favorableness of size can be clearly seen. The farm in-
come, the labor income, the per cent return on the investment, and
the income per mule (see Table XIV) are all highest on the farms
having the more favorable sizes. In the A groups the farm income is
48 per cent higher than, and the per cent return on the investment
more than double, that in the C groups.
20 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLE XIV.—Relation of favorableness of size of farms to efficiency.
| Labor income al-
lowing oninvest-| Per cent
cs Number | Invest- | Farm in- ment— return on} Income
SS EEE of farms.) ment. income. _ on invest-| per mule.
| ment.
8 per cent./5 per cent.
|
Berne sce aan Sate was See ae eeee 27 $5, 487 $501 $62 $227 5. 68 $379
Bick pecs aeaes sae ca ewee See ae 46 5, 492 374 — 62 102 3. 52 315
LO eee on 2 ee aan Se 19 5, 776 339 —123 53 2.45 301
In Table XV it is seen that in every case the crops were produced
at the lowest cost on the farms haying the more favorable sizes. In
addition to this, the average value of the dwelling was highest on
these farms, and not only were the dwellings the most valuable, but
these farms could also best afford them, for the value was only one
and one-half times as great as the farm income, while on the farms
of the groups having the least favorable sizes, the value of the dwell-
ings was twice that of the farm income.
TaBLeE XV.—Relation of favorableness of size of farm to cost of producing crops, and
ratio of value of dwelling to farm income.
Cost per unit.
mn Bali of
: é f
Size group. Cotton VETO SCH Pee ee
per Corn Oats Cowpea | Wheat qalee ! dye ning
pound, per per hay per e 8. Core
gross bushel. | bushel. ton. bushel.
lint.
SARA Sey Oe GaSe. eee. $0. 1033 $0. 914 $0. 389 $16. 77 $0. 829 $776 . 549
13 eS en eee el eee he ee . 1162 1. 089 - 400 18. 05 1.335 668 1. 786
CS: eb oe eee ps ieewst te tee . 1149 1.118 . 509 16. 71 1. 895 689 2. 032
Farms having the more favorable sizes had a lower cost per pro-
ductive man day and mule day of work, and also higher yields of
crops than the others. (See Table XVI.) Each productive man
day’s work cost $1.18 in the A groups as compared with $1.30 in the
C groups. The cost per productive mule day in the A groups was
$1.34 as compared with $1.36 in the C groups. These differences
were not great, but they show greater efficiency in the farms with
the favorable sizes.
TaBLeE XVI.—Cost of man and mule labor and yields of cotton and corn per acre by
favorableness of size of farms.
Yield per acre.
, Cost per | Cost per |————
Size group. man day.|mule day. Net lint
cotton. | Cor.
Pounds. | Bushels.
Deere <a ee. ae Ieee Sea a pr eS a $1.18 $1. 34 268 19.0
Bee ee Ee en ee Ee se = =). ae oe | 1. 27 1,37 241 18.1
Oj ee vee ee enna Ae es eo SOO ee... a | 1.30 1.36 235 16. 4
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 74) |
The most noticeable difference is in the yield of crops. Cotton
made 268 pounds of net lint per acre on farms having the more
favorable sizes and 235 pounds on those of the C groups, while corn
made 19 and 16.4 bushels, respectively. Not only do the farms with
the more favorable sizes handle the labor more efficiently, but since
the acreage is such that labor is utilized to good advantage, the crops
were properly tended and good yields resulted. It is also noticeable
on these farms that where a man is efficient in one thing he is also
likely to be efficient in others. When a farmer has the foresight and
ability to adjust the size of his farm so that the labor and equipment
have a high degree of efficiency, he will also usually have the ability
to secure yields that are above the average.
Handling the farm in such a way that the unit of organization can
be used at its optimum capacity is therefore one of the important
factors in determining the success of a farm. The farmer who has
an acreage too small for one mule should rent, clear up, or buy more
land. Or, if he has too much for one and not enough for two, say
30 acres, for example, he should either rent out some land, retaining
enough to make an efficient size for a one-mule farm, or in some way
add to his acreage sufficient to make a good two-mule farm. A man
with 55 acres of crop land has too much for two mules and not enough
for three, but if he would rent out 10 acres and make a two-mule
farm, or rent, buy, or clear up 10 acres more and run a three-mule
farm, his profits would be greater. Another way of handling such
situations as this is to plant certain more or less intensive crops.
If the acreage per mule is too small, one may plant crops requir-
ing more labor; or if the acreage is too large, a larger acreage of
extensive crops like corn may be planted. But where cotton is the
predominating crop, neither of these methods is so satisfactory or so
profitable as adjusting the size of the farm to give the optimum
acreage per mule.
The relation of size of farm to efficiency in the Belton area can also
be studied by comparing the farms having different numbers of work
animals per farm, for here size is commonly designated thus. In
Table XVI and figure 6 it can be seen that farms that had from 41 to 45
acres, or a good size for two mules, were for their size more profitable
than the 1-mule and 3-mule farms. In comparing farms of different
sizes one difficulty is that the small farms frequently have unfavor-
able acreages for the efficient use of work animals. In fact
this is one of the weak points in the organization of small farms.
For that reason, in order to make a better comparison, farms having
only 17 or more acres per work animal are used in Table XVII,
In this grouping, also, farms using two head of work stock were most
profitable. The 2-mule farms had the highest per cent return on the
investment and made the most cotton per acre, though the yields of
22 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
corn were not so good as in the group having four or more mules.
Evidently a two-mule farm with the proper acreage per work animal
is the best size of farm for this community.
Taste XVII.—Relation of number of work stock per farm, on farms having 17 or more
crop acres per work animal, to per-cent return on investment and yield of crops.
Number of Yield per acre.
farms hay-}| Per cent
7 raArie ac 7 ing 17 or return
Number of work stock per farm. miGrebicresi tonnes ee!
per work ment. canton Corn.
animal. :
Pounds. Bushels.
220
17 3. 02 18.6
37 4.82 246 16.6
13 3.73 233 17.2
17 3.32 242 19.6
There are several reasons for the relatively high efficiency of the
two-mule farm. The operator himself usually works, and he takes
more interest in the laborer and the laborer in him than where there
is a larger number of laborers on the farm. Frequently, also, the
second mule is worked by the operator’s son, and all the labor is per-
formed by a single family. This tends toward increasing the effi-
ciency of the labor. Furthermore, the two-mule farms can use two-
horse implements, giving a more economical use of man and mule
labor. Frequently one man with two mules can do the plowmg and
cultivating while another man is doing handwork. Also, the work
animal is not necessarily idle when the plowhand is doing handwork,
as it is on a one-mule farm.
A high degree of managerial skill is not needed on a two-mule farm,
as the busimess is not complicated. It was noted in this survey that
the value of the operator’s services, on the average, did not increase
until farms using more than two mules were reached, showing that on
this size of farm managerial ability was not of such importance as to
command a premium.
COMBINATION OF ENTERPRISES.
Innewlysettled areas, where agriculture is largely in the experimental
stage, the combination of enterprises, or the typeof farming, is thefactor
that usually has most to do with variation in farm profits. But as
the agriculture grows older fewer mistakes are made in this respect,
for the farmer who fails to include the most profitable enterprises in
the organization and give each its proper weight soon finds his busi-
ness so unprofitable that he must either change his methods, quit
farming, or be content with a poor living. For this reason, in any old
established area where the standard is already high there is not as
much opportunity to improve the efficiency of farms by changing or
adjusting the combination of enterprises as there is by increasing
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 23
yields or by organizing the farm so the unit of organization can work
at its optimum capacity. On the farms visited in this survey the
combination of enterprises in increasing the per cent return on the
investment is now only one-fourth as important as yields and only
three-fourths as important as the crop area per work animal. How-
ever, because of the importance of the combination of enterprises in
the past, and the continual efforts that will be made to find a more
profitable type, this factor will be discussed at some length. Fur-
thermore, the introduction of a new crop or a sudden change in
economic conditions may make the combination of enterprises the
most important factor in determining success.’
CHANGES IN THE TYPE OF AGRICULTURE IN ANDERSON COUNTY.
Within the last three-quarters of a century Anderson County has
changed from grain and live-stock farming to cotton farming. In
1840 grain and live stock predominated even to a greater degree than
cotton does to-day. In Table XVIII the census data showing
changes in the agriculture from 1840 to 1910 are given, and in Tables
XIX and XX the relative importance of the principal crops and the
various kinds of livestock are shown. More of the land is now in
cultivation than in 1840, primarily because of the increase in popu-
lation. Of the land devoted to cotton, corn, oats, and wheat in 1840,
cotton was planted on 12.8 per cent, corn on 69.9, oats on 7, and
wheat on 10.3 per cent. In 1910 cotton occupied 63.3 per cent, corn
25.9, oats 8.4, and wheat 2.4 per cent of the total land devoted to
these four crops. The positions of cotton and corn have been
reversed, while oats on the average occupies about the same position
and wheat a much lower place than it did in 1840. The greatest
change in the type of agriculture took place from 1870 to 1880,
when the percentage of land planted in cotton more than doubled,
increasing from 21.7 to 43.5 per cent, while corn decreased from
61.8 per cent to 35.5 per cent.
Taste XVIII.—Census data showing changes in the agriculture of Anderson County,
S.C., 1840 to 1910.
1840 1850 1860 | 1870 1880 1990 1900 | 1910
Improved acres in farms.......].....-...| 178,455 | 133,249 | 96,228 | 192,820 | 220,406 | 246,933 260, 546
Per cent of land in farms im-
TRONG LS SEM an ee Samet 38.7 Sita 6223.9 43.0 50.3 57.0| 58.6
Catton acres hU: ils aa es | SEM RE 61,060 | 100,960 | 123,992 | 133,343
SSSGR EEN Chat aaa bales..| 4,698 | 5,003 | 3,758 | 5,274| 21,897| 41,530| 41,679 | 55,881
Corn Acres eA SUA se EOLA 28 Ta x ot 49,953 | 58,055 | 58,507 | 54,489
Sesbeona Besser ne bush..! 698,519 | 820,549 | 579,682 | 409,688 | 492, 646 | 547,217 | 596, 140 | 663, 264
one acres ts | casei 20k (ea). NN Sa, 12,776 | 19,288| 8,862] 17,804
DonRSeSUp oH SHO Tee bush..| 69,988 | 209,067} 28,761 | 34,213 | 94,613 | 163,231 | 76,990 | 277, 702
Wheat ACHES Als beatae ey eee 5 a Wiha, R's 16,754 | 14,558 | 17,164| 4,891
bush..| 106,105 | 120,382 | 95,065 | 77,169 | 101,950 | 81,818 | 118,010 | 38,947
Horses and mules.............. 5,626| 5,796] 4,817| 3,946] 5,585| 6,761| 8,515 | 10,742
DAG le tees ee ese 18,499} 19,215| 17,398| 11,337| 11,816] 13,139| 14,876} 18,530
Bicep ammeter he 10,387 | 13,135 | 11,951| 10,534| 3,698| 1,730 602 245
EMIT) oS enatagee aia ed 36,381 | 43,242 | 26,058 | 16,167 | 10,695 | 12,178) 12,360 | 11,163
1 An illustration of the latter is the indigo industry in South Carolina. When a substitute for indigo
was discovered indigo farming immediately became unprofitable. increasing the yield would have been
of no avail. The big problem of the farmers was to find anew combination of enterprises suitable for the
conditions, and until this was done the farms remained unprofitable.
24 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Cattle have barely held their own in Anderson County, there being
18,499 in 1840 and 18,530 in 1910. As compared with population,
they haye decreased in relative numbers and importance. Sheep
have declined from 10,387 in 1840 to 245 in 1910, while in the same
period hogs declined from 36,381 to 11,163. These figures for live
- stock in 1840 are hardly comparable with the 1910 census, however,
as the last census was taken in April, while in other years the census
was taken in June, thus including a larger number of young stock.
TaBLE XI X.—Percentage of area devoted to principal crops, by decades, Anderson County,
Set C:
| 112 farms,
Belton
area
Crop. 18404 18504 18604 18704 1880 1890 1909 IOP Aicercon!
County,
1914.
Cottons see 12.8 10. 6 12.7 21.7 43.5 52.3 59.5 63.3 63. 1
Comepeeeese eases 69. 9 63.9 72.2 61.8 35.5 30. 1 28.1 25.9 23.6
Oats Shes ee 7.0 16.3 3.6 5.1 9.1 10.0 4.2 8.4 12.1
Wheater te se - 10.3 9.2 11.5 11.4 11.9 7.6 8.2 2.4 1.8
a Acreages of crops were not given in the census of 1840, 1850, 1860, and 1870. These were estimated by
taking the average yield for 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910, and dividing it into the total yield of the years when
acreages were not given. From these estimates the percentages in Table XIX and the acres per animal
in Table XX were computed for the farm by decades.
Though the agriculture of the county made large developments
from 1840 to 1910, live stock either declined or was at a standstill.
Consequently, of more significance than the change in the number of
live stock is the decline during this time in the importance of live-
stock as related to the crops. This can best be shown by the num-
ber of animals of a specified kind there were for each 100 acres of land
planted to cotton, corn, oats, and wheat in each decade. In 1840
there were 19.2 head of cattle, 10.9 head of sheep, and 35.8 head of
swine for each 100 acres of these four crops. In 1910 there were 8.8
head of cattle, one-tenth of a sheep, and 5.3 head of swine for the
same acreage. Stated in another way, in 1910 cattle as related to
the crops were only 46 per cent, sheep 1 per cent, and hogs 14 per
cent as important as they were in 1840, making no allowance for
possible discrepancies in the census reports. The greatest falling off
in live stock was from 1870 to 1880, or in the decade when there was
the largest increase in cotton and the largest decrease in corn. The
decline in hogs has followed the decline in corn and the increase in
improved land, as the hogs were dependent upon corn and range for
support.
Taste XX.—Nuimber of specified animals per 100 acres of land planted in cotton, corn,
oats, and wheat in Anderson County, S. C., 1840 to 1910.
1840 | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
19. 2 15.6 22.7 17.8 8.5 6.8 7.1 8.8
10.9 10. 6 15.4 16.7 2.6 5!) +3 pil
38.5 34.5 33.3 25. 6 7.6 6.3 5.9 5.3
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., 8. ©. 25
COMBINATION OF ENTERPRISES SUITABLE FOR THE BELTON AREA.
CROPS.
The cost of producing crops is an indication of the type of farming
that should be followed. With costs computed by standard cost-
accounting methods, cotton was produced at a profit. Corn and
wheat were produced at an apparent loss, but oats and cowpeas
were grown at a profit. To understand fully the relation of these
costs to the type of farming, however, two things must be borne
clearly in mind. One is that if the labor and equipment were not
used for the minor crops they would otherwise be idle. In computing
these costs, labor and equipment were charged at their full value
against the minor crops, but nevertheless it would have been wise
to use them in growing these crops even though they earned only a
part of their real value, for otherwise they would have earned nothing.
For this reason, although the indicated cost of producing corn, when
computed by standard cost-accounting methods, is more than the
value, it is nevertheless profitable to grow some corn when the farm
is considered as a whole. In fact, by growing the minor crops, even
though they do not give a full return for the labor and equipment,
it is possible to grow the major crop at a lower cost than otherwise,
for in this way the charges against it for these items are reduced.
If, however, the major crop can not make up for the lower return on
the minor crop, the system of farming will become unprofitable.
The second point in regard to type to be considered is that a crop
may be produced profitably for home consumption, but when sold
in the markets of the world it may be unprofitable. The reason for
this is that as long as crops are produced for home consumption they
have a value equal to the retail price, but when any more than this
is grown the value of the surplus immediately falls to the wholesale
price, except for a limited amount that may be retailed locally. This
may be ulustrated by oats, which were produced in the Belton area
at a cost of 43.3 cents per bushel. Oats shipped into Belton come
from the Middle West, and there are dealer’s, elevator, sacking, and
freight charges attached to the prices received by the grower. As
this is written there is a difference of 20 cents per bushel in the whole-
sale price of oats at Champaign, Iil., and Columbia, S. C., the price
at the former place being 38 cents and at the latter 58 cents. By the
time the oats pass through the local dealer’s hands at Belton and reach
the farmer at a retail figure the price is 65 cents per bushel. So long
as the farmer in the Belton area can grow oats for 43.3 cents per
bushel it is cheaper for him to produce the oats needed for his farm
than it is to buy them, and he can even to a limited extent compete
in the local market with the middle western grower. But when he
sells outside the local market and has to pay dealer’s, bagging, and
shipping charges, or when he produces so much oats that the straw
26 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
can not be utilized, so that the credit of the straw against the cost of
production declines, which in reality increases the cost per bushel,
he can not compete with the middle western man who produces his
oats at a lower cost. The ability to grow minor crops with labor
and equipment that would otherwise be unemployed, and the fact
- that these crops when purchased are bought at a retail price and when
sold are sold at a wholesale price, establish very definite limits to the
extent to which the minor crops can be profitably grown. As soon
as the farm and possibly a limited local market are supplied the
profitable outlet for the minor crop is gone. With cotton, the major
crop, it is otherwise. Cotton is sent into the markets of the world,
where it can meet competition with cotton from other countries.
Consequently it has a wide range of adaptability on these farms,
while with the minor. crops the limits, as just shown, are well defined.
This makes it profitable for these farms to produce feed crops neces-
sary for home consumption, but if any considerable amount more or
less than this is grown there will be a decline in the profits. It was
noticeable from a study of individual cases that farms that produced
the feed crops for home use and had just enough to insure this supply
were the ones that made the most money. Those that purchased
feed were the least profitable.
We may see from Table XXI how the crops are distributed on
farms having different acreages per work animal. In the group
planting 11 acres or under per mule, the percentage of land in cotton
was lowest and the percentage in feed crops highest. The per cent
of land planted in cotton increased and that in feed crops decreased
as the acres per work animal increased until the group planting from
20 to 23 acres was reached. With acreages higher than this the
relative distribution of crops was about the same. This table shows
the natural tendency of farmers is to produce the feed crops before
planting cotton.
TaBLe X XI.—Relation of crop area per work animal to distribution of crops.
Acres per work animal. Per cent of crop area planted in—
Average
z ee crop
rop acres per workanimal. jacres per; ~ Oats Oats
work ; Cow- Cow-
Sonal Cotton.) Corn. aud ge peas. Cotton.| Corn. aud oe peas.
WI OTMESS oo wis aerceec astern oe? 10.0 5.2 3.5 1.3 0.9 50. 9 34.9 14.2 11.0
1) (on he ees SS ee | 13.8 8.1 3.9 1.8 1.2 58.1 27.7 14.4 9.9
LOWO NG ie meeesicins se wees cece 18.0 10.3 5.0 2.5 ls 7 58.6 24.6 15.8 10.5
20 $023 se erese tee soe 2 eee 21.5 14.2 5.5 2.4 1.6 64.9 23.7 ney 8.4
PATO Sasce oon eee ae eee 25.3 16.0 5.8 3.0 2.0: 64.9 20.5 11.8 9.2
230% MOTO sas. Sbe st ese ee es S255 20.1 8.0 4.1 3.2 63. 2 24.6 11.9 9.4
Allclasses (110farms). 20.5 12.6 4.9 2.5 1.8 61.5 23.9 | 12.2 | 8.8
In determining the combination of crops that is most profitable
for the individual farm the labor supply must be taken into considera-
tion. Where there is an abundance of labor needing employment,
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., S. C. 27
cotton has an advantage, for it will furnish more profitable work per
acre than corn or oats. If, on the other hand, the labor supply for
a given acreage is scant, then, from the standpoint of the profits of the
whole farm, the acreage of the more extensive crops should be in-
creased. Under average conditions, however, the farms should grow
the feed crops first and then plant all the cotton that can be handled.
Under normal conditions cotton is the crop that exerts the greatest
influence on the profits of these farms. The amount of cotton
produced per work animal, which is a result of both yields and acreage,
is the best index of the efficiency of these farms. In Table XXII the
farms are grouped on the basis of the number of bales produced per
work animal. Twenty-seven farms that produced less than 5 bales
per mule barely paid expenses and made only 0.5 per cent on the
investment and $212 per mule. More cotton meant more profit,
and on the 35 farms in the highest group, producing 7 bales or more
per work animal, the return on the investment was 6.24 per cent and
the income per eats $475. The total production of cotton, as can
be seen from the last two columns of the table, was due Bort to the
yields and acreages per work animal.
TaBLE XXII.—Relation of the number of bales of cotton produced per work animal to
the returns of the farms.
. Per cent r Crop Yield of Acres of
. umber | returns neome | area per - cotton
Number of bales per work animal. offarms. jon invest-| per mule.| work ne ae per work
ment. animal. | P ‘| animal.
Acres. | Pounds
BIPESS LM AMO Neeson es Meee sae siecice ou a's oa aiets 27 0. 50 $212 18.3 19. 9.1
BOLO: 99 sete oa rel ee rele te 20 1.92 273 19.4 247 11.4
ERUOO LOO Meee eee ates os Li Soa beats 28 4.66 334 20.8 249 12.9
RAOTETN OTC Se Sees epee jock alesse ceecs 35 6. 24 475 23. 2 283 14.9
It is evident also from a study of the cost of production that
more oats and cowpeas and less corn (see Table IL) would increase
the profits of the farms in the Belton area. Oats were produced at
a profit, and corn, when costs are computed by standard cost-account-
ing methods, was produced at a loss. Furthermore, by planting
oats the land is available for cowpeas, which, as has been shown,
is an important factor in obtaining yields. Apparently farmers are
realizing these things, for from 1900 to 1910 (see Table XVIII) the
acreage planted in corn in Anderson County decreased, while the
acreage of oats doubled.
LIVE STOCK.
The status of live stock on these farms is an indication of the
live stock that should be kept. There was an average of 4.7 head
of cattle of all kinds per farm owned by the operators on the 112
farms included in the survey of the Belton area. On January 1,
1915, the average farm value of all cows was $30.40 per head; of
eifers a year old or older, $13.65; and of calves that wor ald be
28 BULLETIN 651, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
yearlings in the spring, $4.98. These values indicate that there
were either too many cattle, the quality was very poor, they were
not properly distributed on the farms, or they were not of the right
kind; that is, too many steers were kept in place of cows. Most
of the cows having a considerable percentage of Jersey blood in
~ them would, if bred to good bulls, soon produce high-grade dairy
cattle well adapted to the region. It is utterly impossible, however,
to raise calves to 9 months old for $4.98, and many times it is good
luck to the farmer, as stated by many of them, if the calf dies or
is killed when it is born. There is practically no market for veal
calves in this area, but if good bulls were used, a better grade of
cattle, that could be raised profitably, would soon be obtained.
There were three hogs of all kinds per farm on hand January 1, 1915.
Pigs 3 months old were commonly valued at $3 to $5 apiece. One
reason for the high price of pigs was that many farmers did not want
to keep a sow, preferring to buy pigs of some one who raised them to
sell. Cotton-mill employees also bought pigs, thereby increasing the
demand. With the economic situation, existing at the time of this
survey, conditions on the farms are not favorable for the growing of
hogs except for the home meat supply. This is shown by the fact
already stated that, as related to crops, hogs occupy only 14 per cent
of the place in Anderson County that they did in 1840. One unfavor-
able condition is the high cost of producing corn and the consequent
small amount that is now grown. Hogs went out of Anderson County
as corn went out. Another drawback is that the soil is not suitable
for pasturing peanuts, as is done in some parts of the coastal plain
section of the South where there is less clay in the soil, as the rooting
of the fields in wet weather puddles the soil and puts it in poor con-
dition for future crops. A third reason is that cowpeas, which are
used in growing hogs, do not do as well as in the lower part of the
State. Hogs, however, sufficient for home consumption are profit-
able on these farms.
The conditions in this area are also unfavorable for the production
of beef cattle. One proof of this is the remarkable decline in the
relative importance of cattle to crops within the last three-quarters
of a century. The high cost of producing feed is another. The pro-
duction of beef cattle divides itself into two phases—one the produc-
tion of stockers and feeders, and the other the finishing of the cattle
for the market. The former requires cheap range, and the latter
cheap concentrated feed. In Anderson County the value of the land
is high as compared with the range or grazing it affords. Including
woodland and waste land, the average value of the 112 farms sur-
veyed was $57.06 per acre, when only 52.8 per cent of this was in
cultivation, most of the remainder being in woodland. With this
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON ©CO., S. C. 29
price of land and the quality of grazing the pastures in this area
afford, stockers and feeders can not be profitably produced except
on very limited areas of waste land, or on land that is too poor for
erowing crops profitably, yet which will furnish some grazing.
Cottonseed meal and hulls have been used for fattening cattle in
South Carolina, but even when silage was added to the ration, this
method of fattening cattle appears to have been not entirely satis-
factory. When meal was worth $20 per ton and hulls $4 per ton,
and feeders could be bought cheaply in the mountains of North Caro-
lina and Tennessee, many farmers throughout the State fattened
cattle for the market, but as other cattlemen from other parts of the
country competed for the feeders, and the price of meal and hulls
went up, South Carolina farmers went out of the business, and only a
small percentage of the number of cattle fattened in this way 10 years
ago are now fattened in the State. Farmers in the corn belt of the
Middle West, where the cost of producing corn and hay is much
lower than it is in the Belton area, have an advantage in fattening
cattle over the Anderson County farmer, which, under the conditions,
can not be overcome. Another factor that is against the growing of
beef cattle in this area is the density of the population. There is
already one family for less than 25 acres of cultivated land. If the
family makes a living, the farming must be intensive. Beef-cattle
farming, particularly raising stockers and feeders, is an extensive
kind of farming requiring comparatively much land and little labor.
If such a type were established in the Belton area, much of the labor
would be thrown out of employment. These considerations explain
why beef cattle are not found on these farms and furnish substantial
proof that conditions are not favorable for the production of beef
cattle in this area.
The number of sheep in the entire county in 1910, according to
the census report, was only 245. Consequently, this branch of live
stock need not be discussed, except to say that the same competition
of the western ranges that drove sheep out of New England also
drove them out of South Carolina. However, the conditions which
caused the abandonment of sheep in this county several years ago
are now changed, and it is well worth considering whether in view
of the shortage in wool and mutton it would not be profitable to
farm owners to have small flocks of sheep as a part of the system of
diversified farming. A small flock of sheep, like a small flock of
chickens, can be maintained on the average farm with very little
outlay for maintenance.
The average number of chickens per farm was 41. There were a
few farms with more than 100 hens. Some of the large flocks were
profitable, and some were not, the small number of eggs obtained
30 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. -
annually per hen being the chief cause of losses. Most farms raised
chickens for home use only, as under present conditions there is only
a very limited market for the surplus products. The number of
chickens per farm in any region is usually influenced by the type
of agriculture. Chickens are kept largely as scavengers, and the
* section that produces grain and live stock is the one where the most
chickens are found. On most farms of a general type, when chickens
have to be fed to any considerable extent, they become unprofitable
unless handled with the skill of a professional poultryman. In
Anderson County, where so high a percentage of the land is planted
in cotton, and where such a comparatively small amount of grain
is grown and not much live stock kept, it does not take many chickens
to consume the waste, and when more than the number needed for
this is kept, only a few farmers find them profitable.
There are evidences on every hand that although live stock has and
should have an important place on the farms for home use, the county
asa whole is not well adapted to live-stock production. It takes feed
to grow live stock. The kind of live stock grown on the farms of
the Belton area is an indication of the shortage of the feed supply and
the high cost of producing feed in this region. The work stock are
mostly mules, the cattle have a high percentage of Jersey blood, and
the chickens are small sized and of the egg-laying strains—all facts
attributable to the limited supply of feed. Regions that have an
abundance of feed use horses instead of mules, produce as a rule
cattle of larger frame than the Jerseys, and grow chickens of the meat-
producing strains. In few sections of the country is less feed wasted
than in such regions as the Belton area. Fodder was ‘‘pulled”’ on
every one of the 112 farms surveyed and from practically all of the
corn that was grown. Any kind of forage that can not be profitably
harvested is pastured some time during the year. One main cause,
therefore, of thestatus of live stock on these farms is the short supply
of feed and the high cost of producing it.
The keeping of live stock on these farms is, like the growing
of feed crops, profitable only when primarily for home consump-
tion. Dairy and poultry products are substantial articles of diet that
no farmer can well afford to be without, even though the cost of pro-
duction is high. Usually, however, even on cotton farms, some of the
land pastured or the feed used would be wasted were it not for cattle.
A few hogs can also be profitably kept, but the number is not large.
A few farms are apparently finding dairying in a small way profit-
able under their conditions. On these farms in most cases the fami-
lies are large, and the work is done by the operator and his family.
The family labor is comparatively cheap, which makes it easier to se-
cure a profit from cows. Hired labor would make unprofitable some
of the cows on the farms where they are now profitable.
FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY IN ANDERSON CO., 8. C. 31
SPECIAL FARMS AND NEW CROPS.
Some mention should be made of a few farms producing truck on
a small scale and retailing it in the near-by towns. There is room
here for only a few farms in this kind of business, but some of these,
so long as they are able to find a market for the produce, are finding
the business profitable. Irish potatoes were profitable, as shown by
the cost of production, which was 52 cents per bushel, and the value,
which was $1.01 per bushel. These are planted in July, well toward
the end of the cotton-plowing season, and the cultivating is done dur-
ing August and September, when there is not much other farm work
to do. The rainfall in these months is also ample for growing pota-
toes. They may be left in the ground and harvested at any time dur-
ing the winter. Late Irish potatoes handled in this way are a com-
paratively new crop and are grown on only a few farms, but because
they are profitable and do not interfere with other crops it appears
that 1 or 2 acres per mule would add to the profits of many farmers.
Alfalfa is also a new crop in this area, the possibilities of which are
not yet fully known. Since the survey was made, alfalfa has been
planted on 10 or more farms, and the fields appear promising. If
the results are as good as have been obtained at Rock Hill, S. C., on
a soil very similar in type, it should prove a valuable addition to the
farms and greatly facilitate the growing of live stock needed for
home consumption. An acre per mule carefully planted and handled
should prove profitable. The velvet bean, which farmers are just
beginning to plant, is also a promising crop in this section. Early
varieties mature before frost, and, when planted with corn, the yield
of corn is reduced little, if any, and a good yield of beans is ob-
tained. The fodder on the corn can not be “pulled” where velvet
beans are planted, but the soil improvement and the feed from the
beans will ordinarily more than compensate for any loss incurred in
this way.
Soy beans offer possibilities for this area. A few farmers already
have planted soy beans for feed, but the limited market for the beans
has prevented the extension of the acreage. Soy beans are now
crushed for oil and meal by cotton-oil mills, so that there is a ready
market for the seed. This should encourage farmers to grow the
crop. Soy beans can be planted in rows in the spring immediately
after cotton planting is finished. They are cultivated very much
like corn and harvested for seed late in October or early in Novem-
ber. There are machines which straddle the row and pick and thrash
the beans in the field. Soy beans can also be planted for hay after
oats and wheat, and harvested in the same manner as cowpea hay.
It is also probable that they can be planted after oats and harvested
for the seed. Inoculation is necessary for best results.
32 BULLETIN 651, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CROP ROTATION.
The preceding pages show quite definitely the limitations of the
various crops grown in this area. The most suitable crop rotation
for the well-organized farm can therefore be determined quite accu-
rately. Other crops may be added to this rotation and variations
made to suit the individual farm. But if one of the rotations out-
lined below is followed, the necessary steps are taken to secure good
yields, and the proper acreage of crops are grown per mule, the
farm should prove profitable.
TaBLE XXIII.—Three methods of planning a five-year rotation for this area.
Year. 1 2 3
Hirstiyeateeoeceer es Cothone st. e& so< sceeeee- oe Cotton.tce=sioulss'ceseeeces Cotton.
Second year........ Cottoniee see ae ae ae Cotton ese. sos a ce cenee Corn with cowpeas.
Third year... as Cotton.
Fourth year. oe Cotton.
Fifth year..........| Oats followed by cowpeas.| Oats followed by cowpeas.| Oats followed by cowpeas.
The average acreage and the most profitable acreage per work
animal has been shown to be between 20 and 23 acres. Taking this
as a basis, 40 per cent, or two-fifths, of the crop land will, under
average conditions, grow the feed crops required for home consump-
tion, leaving 60 per cent, or three-fifths, for cotton. This makes a
five-year rotation, which may be cotton, cotton, cotton, corn
with cowpeas, and oats followed by cowpeas, as shown in Table
XXIII. In many instances it would also be advisable to plant oats
after cotton and cotton after corn, as the oats can be drilled in the
cotton rows, and less labor in planting would be required. The
objection to planting cotton after corn is that the corn stalks inter-
fere with the cotton cultivation. With 20 crop acres per mule in
staple crops there would be five fields of 4 acres each, or, with 224
acres, five fields of 44 acres each.
In addition, there should be some miscellaneous crops which
may or may not be made a part of the rotation. With 20 acres of
staple crops per mule there would be 12 acres of cotton and 4 acres
each of the other crops, or if there were 224 acres, there would be
134 acres of cotton and 44 acres each of the other crops. With
this as a basis, it would be an easy matter for the farmer to substitute
1 acre of oats and vetch for 1 acre of corn, and perhaps another acre
of oats, followed by Irish potatoes, for a second acre of corn, if the
individual case warranted it. This would require the feeding of a
higher proportion of oats and hay to live stock than is now fed, but
as the cost of producing these crops is relatively less than the cost of
producing corn, the change would be profitable to the farmer. Alfalfa
can be added to this cropping system as it is found profitable, and
winter cover crops can be planted in cotton to increase yields.
O
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 652 §
Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural "\
Engineering
LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. June 6, 1918
(REVISION OF DEPARTMENT BULLETIN 71.)
THE WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA AND
THEIR DRAINAGE.
By CuHarLes W. Oxey, Senior Drainage Engineer.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
troduction Beers tmse oe ase cescicecene see 1 | Results of investigations of reclaimed tracts. - 37
Location and general conditions. ...-..----.- 2 | Factors affecting drainage by pumping in
lima tewaaseace csee me cuisaecetwie steeds 3 Southern Wouwisianaes4- saj-ceetsece ee ee 38
Sion bis Sais eee “CHES ee AE oe SeE a 5 Investigations to be made before reclama-
Gies5566 ccécood Goede soeee aeee eae Ee aes 15 OMe itnemitin eave je sieeeecisesee seen 38
Natural drainage conditions......-..--.- 16 AER ON CUE te sonecccanmcocousedoudaces 3
Description of reclamation districts.....-..-- 21 BE VICES oh ilepse oe ta se tee See oa eee 39
Willswood Plantation........-....-.---- 2 Imberionditchisystems ss seeescesaee e- oes 42
New Orleans Lakeshore Land Co. tract-- 26 Bumpingsplanteeseetee see eee eae ceee 45
Des Allemands drainage district........- 30) Utilize tionvomandssaosesesee ee eereeese sees 66
Gueydan drainage district, subdistrict HT ATIC TAS REY ie ES Ss ys Reins oe 67
INOS eee ceeseeeeeeGa 34> | Suecessunidrainages sees aeset oe eee ee 67
INTRODUCTION.
Louisiana ranks second among the- States in the area of swamp land within
its borders and in the percentage of its total area that is classed as swamp
land. Of a total area of 45,420 square miles, 15,930 square miles, or 385 per
cent, are classed aS Swamp and overflowed land. The drainage of these lands
is a public improvement of very great importance to the future wealth and
prosperity of the State. Although the magnitude of the task has long been
recognized and the tremendous advantage that the reclamation of these lands
would bring to the State has been generally admitted, it is but recently that
the work of putting the swamp land into condition for cultivation has been
attempted on any large scale. A number of conditions are responsible for
this delay in the work, among which the following are important:
First, a very large proportion of the swamp lands of the State at one time
was subject to overflow by the Mississippi River. The first step in the drain-
age of these lands was to protect them from river overflow by levees con-
structed along the main river channels. This phase of the work has been
going on in some parts of the State for more than 100 years, and in nearly
30444°—Bull. 652—18——_1 iL
i
Z BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
all parts of the overflowed section since about 1875. It has been carried for
ward as fast as funds could be secured for the work. Second, the former
abundance of cheap and well-drained agricultural land in this and other
parts of the country made these lands unattractive. Third, the necessary
State laws were not enacted until recently. -
As the above-mentioned obstacles have been removed in a measure, the
work of swamp-land drainage is attracting serious and widespread attention
The most active field of drainage operations at present is in the southern
portion of the State, and it is there that the Department of Agriculture has
been carrying on drainage investigations for about eleven years. The purpose
of this work has been: (1) To study the soil, climate, and other natural
conditions with special reference to the drainage problems encountered and
the value of the land for agricultural purposes when successfully drained.
(2) To collect. such technical data and to examine such details of present
practice as will afford information of value to landowners, and especially to
engineers interested in the reclamation of such lands. (38) To disseminate
the results of the investigations and to encourage land drainage by emphasi
ing the benefits to be derived from bringing such lands under cultivation.
Reports of results obtained have been made at frequent intervals, and par-
tial reports have been published as often as seemed advisable. It is the
purpose in this bulletin to include all salient features of the information so
far published and to give also the results of later investigations. Where
direct quotations from earlier publications are made, credit is given, but
much of the material contained in the earlier publications and reports is so.
interwoven with later and more complete information that no specific men
tion is made of its source. The scope of this bulletin is as follows:
First, a description of general conditions in this section of the State, of
such a nature and in such detail that persons unfamiliar with this or similar
sections of the country will be able to form a fairly accurate idea of the nature
of the problems encountered in the successful drainage and clutivation of these
swamp lands. } >
Second, the results of detailed examinations of four drainage districts, re-
claimed or in process of reclamation, and a summary of such results.
Third, a consideration of the problems involved in land drainage by means
of pumps in Louisiana. This discussion might be considered as a continuation
of another bulletin published by this office dealing with pumping in the upper
Mississippi River Valley.1
LOCATION AND GENERAL CONDITIONS.
As shown by figure 1, the area under consideration lies on the immediate
Gulf coast. A range of hills running eastward from Baton Rouge, the State
capital, to Lake Pontchartrain, forms, with the lake, the northern bounda y
of the portion lying east of the Mississippi River. Most of the land in this
feet. To the westward, between the Mississippi and the Atchafalaya, the land
rises gradually from sea level along the Gulf to an elevation of perhaps 10
or 20 feet along a line drawn from Baton Rouge to Lafayette, except in the
immediate vicinity of the Atchafalaya River, where it is very little above sea
il. S. Dept. Agr., Office Public Roads and Rural Engineering, Bulletin 304. :
Notre.—This revision of Department Bulletin 71 contains information of value to land-
owners, engineers, and others interested in drainage by pumping, especially of the wet
prairies along the Gulf coast,
et) el
Bullen 652. U, S. Dept of
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U.S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
L. W. PAGE, Director
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA
Showing Reclamation Districts and Storm Tide Data
Chas. W. Okey, Senior Drainage Engineer
on of
pared under the dire
e Investigations
SHIM©Crory, Chief of Dr
1917
Wee as SCALE OF MILES
0 iearese 0
Survey and Plans Completed High Water of Sept 20,/909. °
Construction Started 5
Pumping Plant in Operation
High Water of Aug. /6-/7, /9/5.
All Elevations refer te Mean Gulf, Cairo Datum
High Water of Sept 29, /9/5
=... —
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Map oF Southern Louisiana SHowinG Reclamation Districts anp Storm Tioe Data
Land under Cultivation
SEE TABLE / FOR NAMES OF DISTRICTS CORRESPONDING TO THE "NUMBERS ON THIS MAP
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 3
level. In this section, as in the area to the east of the Mississippi River, there
is a small percentage of higher land along the rivers and bayous. To the
_ westward of the Atchafalaya River there is a strip of swamp land bordering
the coast line which rises gradually from sea level to approximately 10 or 15
feet above at a distance of 20 or 30 miles inland.
- The area of the district is about 12,000. square miles, of which about 10
per cent is high enough to be drained by gravity, this representing the per-
centage of the total area that already is drained and under cultivation. he
remainder is so low that artificial means must be used to get an outlet for
drainage water. The area shown in figure 1 is about one-fourth that of the
entire State, yet the tract contains nearly two-thirds of the State’s swamp
land.
Throughout the entire district are connecting lakes and bayous, many of
which are navigable by boats of considerable draft. The total length of
such navigable streams is, roughly, 1,600 miles. The main waterway is the
Mississippi River. The Atchafalaya River lately has been opened to deep-
water navigation through a dredged channel at its mouth, and vessels of a
draft of not more than 20 feet can enter it safely. This system of waterways
insures excellent water transportation to the entire district, in addition to
the facilities afforded by a number of railroads which traverse the district.
Besides the cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge, there are several
towns in the district, including Morgan City, Houma, Donaldsonville, New
Iberia, Lafayette, Crowley, and Lake Charles, the principal railroad center
of the western part of the State.
The very small percentage of this area that is under cultivation is worked
very intensively and supports a population exceeding 200 to the square mile
over the whole area. While the principal industry of the whole region is
agriculture, the wealth derived from other sources, including sea food, lumber,
oil, gas, salt, and sulphur, is almost as great.
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
In Bulletin W of the United States Weather Bureau the following statement
is made:
Climatic conditions over southern Louisiana are marine in character; the
proximity of the Gulf of Mexico and the numerous streams and lakes of this
region all conspire to modify the temperature conditions and prevent sudden
changes therein, and extremely warm weather in Summer and severe cold
weather in winter seldom occur.
For further information in ~egard to temperature see above-mentioned
publication.
RAINFALL.
The Weather Bureau summary of the climatological data for section 45 says
of the yearly rainfall:
There is a gradual and well-defined decrease in precipitation from the
eastern toward the western portion of this section. The average annual pre-
cipitation is 55.76 inches, and ranges from 48.36 inches at Lakeside, Cameron
Parish, to 63.02 inches at Amite, Tangipahoa Parish. The precipitation is
‘practically all in the form of rain and is well distributed throughout the year.
Snow occurs on an average of once in three to five years, and disappears soon
after having fallen. Although droughts occur, they are seldom long continued,
Notn.—Acknowledgment is made of the helpful spirit of cooperation displayed by rail-
roads, companies installing drainage systems, landowners, and practicing engineers in
extending the scope and increasing the accuracy of this work.
4 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and are not so serious as in regions where the level of the ground water is
so much farther below the surface of the earth. June and July are usually
the wettest, and October and November the driest months. Rain falls about
once in three days. The average number of rainy days is 108 in the eastern
and from 77 to 80 in the western portion of this section.
The following rainfall data are taken from the Weather Bureau records:
Mean monthly and annual rainfall, in inches, at Cameron, New Orleans, and
. Houma, La.
Station. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.|June.| July,| Aug: |Sept.| Oct. | Nov.]| Dec. a
Cameron = .jo5227254..: 3.71 | 3.29 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 3.70 | 5.76 | 7.70 | 3.98 | 5.32 | 2.94 | 3.91 | 3.36 | 50.13
New Orleans.......-. 4.63 | 4.57 | 5.30 | 4.91 | 3.88 | 6.16 | 6.47 | 5.61 | 4.81 | 2.93 | 3.79 | 4.46 | 57.52
Houmsat: ee 3.45 | 4.77 | 3.45 | 4.12 | 3.58 | 5.91 | 9.23 | 6.35 | 5.92 | 3.04 | 2.68] 4.31 | 56.81
The rainfall in this section is more or less tropical in character, especially
in the summer months.. The rains nearly always are purely local in the
summer, and the amount, both daily and monthly, may vary greatly for sta-
tions separated by only a few miles. Thus we have a monthly total in August,
1911, of 28.5 inches at Donaldsonville, at the northern edge of this section, and
but 12.27 inches at Houma, only about 40 miles away. The following table,
compiled from the daily rainfall records of the United States Weather Bureau
at New Orleans, from 1871 to 1916, gives the average number of storms per
year of given intensities:
Average yearly number of storms of given intensities.
(Based on daily rainfall records of the U. S. Weather Bureau for New Orleans, La., 1871 to 1916, inclusive.)
Average number of storms per year.
Total
rain- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 1o- | 1l- | 12 | 13- | 14- | 15-
fall. day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day | day
pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe- | pe-
riod. riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod. | riod.
3 inches.}1.652 |2.998 '3. 972 BERS PRE ees Messe sacra Seeses Peasee fesess bosses! sass 2 sacl shee ‘
4inches.} .673 |1. 372 |1.828 |2.
5inches.| .326 | .674 | .847 |1.
Ginches:|\- 196. }...369),||-456)| 630) 76205848 ee eee ee ee ee eee See eee Ea] Cee il apo at
“inches:|"2 153 |" -217 "3 304 | 2345" |" 2390" | 5479) 008%) |So nese | on cccte |e ices | ta eee eee eee | eee | eee
Binches!|/'2109')/'3153 | S153}. 217. |) $2839) 283 | 8326+ /05 2700 |U ee See | eee ee ee ee eee eens eee
9inches-| .022 |-..065 | .087 }..109'} .153 ||. 196)) ~196 | 2240) 10,304 | oo. Bees seen | Sees eee aee se
AOinches|222 52 jane: 0431550651) 2109) } 2 L53e1fo196)| 75 196310240) 10526155 | Ree eee ene eee Serene oeneee
VUinches| ie s2s2|e282 2]: 022 | .043 | .065 |..065 | .087 | .130 | .130 | .174 10.196 |_....-}..----|--.-..]..-. 88
AZaniches|2 2. bs se [Shee Salo ee -043 | .065 | .087 | .087 | .087 | .087 | .087 |0.109 |......|......]...-..
AS inches|s2C 552 25 ee eae | sec ee leans -022 | .043 | .043 | .043 | .043 | .043 | .043 |0.087 |......|......
A4inches| ee solos cee| Mee oec | seeks bees -022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .065 [0.065 |......
tbniches |OSee ee | ee eee | eee semigee| (sols 2 -022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .022 | .043 | .043 | 0.043
HEALTH CONDITIONS.
Of the healthfulness of this climate the Bureau of Soils says:*
A most serious check to the attraction of a desirable class of immigrants
to this section is the impression which has gotten abroad as to its unhealth-
fulness. That this idea had some foundation in the past can not be denied,
but such a condemnation can not now be applied to the State as a whole or to
this particular vicinity. The records of the medical board of New Orleans
show that the city has an excellent health record for a city of its size. * * *
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 5
+
Outside of the city sanitary conditions are naturally much better. The dwell-
ings of both owners and the tenants of the plantations stand on the higher land
along the Mississippi River, where there is adequate natural drainage. Not-
withstanding the proximity of the Swamps. and standing water, malaria,
though occasionally occurring, is not dreaded. Until within the last few years
epidemics of yellow fever caused frequent alarm, but this disease has now been
thoroughly eradicated, and with the methods of treating the disease and pre-
venting its spread it is not to be dreaded as formerly, even if it should again
appear.
Since it has been demonstrated that malaria, like yellow fever, can be
transmitted to man only through the bite of a certain species of mosquito, it
may be expected that drainage, which destroys the breeding places of these
pests, will result in a decrease in whatever malaria now may exist. AS a
matter of fact, malarial fever is very rare on the immediate coast line, and
the health of people who come from other sections seeths to be fully as good as
that of those born there.
\ SOILS.
The area under discussion contains soils that are peculiar to the section, and
these now are being drained and cultivated for the first time. In the follow-
ing section are set forth the results of first-hand investigations, along with
the classification and general descriptive matter taken from publications of
the United States Bureau of Soils.
Arka East or THE ATCHAFALAYA RIVER.
ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF SOILS.
The soil of the area east of the Atchafalaya River and in parts of St. Mary,
Iberia, and St. Martin Parishes is of alluvial origin and is largely the result
of deposits made by the Mississippi River and its branches. It has been built
up from a depth of several thousand feet to the present elevation above the
Gulf. In the very newest portions of the Delta at Port Eads, at the mouth of
the river, 2 considerable subsidence of the land still is. going on, the measured
rate being about 0.11 foot per year. That this subsidence is due to a compact-
ing of the newer deposits is shown by the fact that permanent bench marks
along the Mississippi-River record a decreasing settlement as the distance
from the mouth of the river increases. Except in this relatively small
area near the mouth of the river, the remainder of this section of
the State shows no change in elevation. As is typical of delta regions,
ridges of sandy soil are found along the main river channel and along its
branching outlets. The manner in which these ridges were formed is well
brought out in the following from ‘‘A Preliminary Report upon the Bluff and
Mississippi Alluvial Lands of Louisiana,’ by W. W. Clendenin.*
1Louisiana Stas. Rpt. Geology and Agriculture, Pt. IV, p. 263.
With every flood the river now overflows its flood plain and deposits much
of the sediment from its headwaters. As with a slight increase in velocity
the transporting power is vastly increased, so with a slight checking of ve-
locity, as occurs over the flood plain outside of channel, deposit takes place.
As the greatest decrease in velocity takes place near the channel, there the
heaviest and coarsest sediment is deposited, and in greatest quantity. The
river banks are thus built higher by each flood and a system of natural levees
is produced. There is thus a marked difference in the “front lands” and the
“back lands” along the river. The former are higher and coarser textured
than the latter, and therefore much more easily cultivated and drained.
Drainage from the very channel margin is away from the river, and unless
forced by the topography of the land, will not reach the river proper, but
unite with some outlet of the river produced during some extraordinary flood
6 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
period and kept open by the escape of water during ordinary periodic flood
stages. As the feeders of the river are called tributaries, these outlets have
not inaptly been styled distributaries.
Since practically all land in the Delta region now is protected from overflow
by levees along the Mississippi River, all building up of the low marshlands has
been checked. However, at the mouth of the Mississippi River deposition of
material is continually taking place.
Even before the construction of the artificial levee system, there was no
raising of the general -level of the marshes during periods of normal flow and
probably little sedimentation of the river bed excepting at its mouth, the most
of the material which was carried in suspension to the lower portion of the
river being carried out and deposited in the Gulf. As the river rose, however,
the waters constantly sought additional outlets through the various bayous of
the Delta country. At times of extreme high water there was a general break-
ing over the banks of the river and its outlets. It is probable that the most of
the building up of the lands above sea level has been done-at such times.”
The above statements show that while the Mississippi River and its various
distributaries are extending themselves continually through deposition at their
mouths, it was only at times of overflow that the ridges along the channels
were raised or widened. The peculiar branched nature of the Delta, with
bodies of land extending fingerlike into the Gulf, with open spaces of water
between, is also thus accounted for. As these ridges gradually widened they
approached each other, thus forming lakes and bayous. Tidal action usually
kept these ridges from inclosing the open water between them, and heavy and
prevailing winds no doubt often would change their character and direction.
It is reasonably certain that the large inland lakes, such as Lake Des Allemands
and Lake Salvador, were inclosed in this manner.
The fact that the silt- bearing capacity of water is directly dependent upon
the velocity is clearly demonstrated by observing the natural embankments
formed by streams of various sizes. In the case of smaller streams, when the
water overflows its force is soon spent and the silt is quickly deposited near
the stream, forming narrow ridges with steep side slopes, while those formed
by large streams are broad with slight slopes. Three typical examples showing
this difference and the manner in which the land surface has been raised on
the marshes are given in figure 2, A, B, and C.
The sections were taken as follows:
A—From the right bank of the Mississippi River across the Willswood
plantation, about 10 miles above New Orleans. This section is about 2 miles
long, and a part of the lands crossed have been under cultivation for a great
many years, while those farthest from the river were reclaimed only 12 or
15 years ago. The lowering of the surface of the cultivated and drained
fields due to the shrinkage of humus soils is here well illustrated. There are
many examples of highlands having been built up for much greater distances
from the river than this, but as such accretions are indirect, on account of
being formed by a number of small bayous or temporarily contracted areas of
overflow which assisted in maintaining the velocity, these have not ‘been
considered as being typical.
B—The right bank of Bayou Lafourche at Lockport, extending back through
the village of Lockport and beyond to Lake Fields. Until 1903 Bayou La-
fourche served as an overflow outlet for the Mississippi River, the opening
at Donaldsonville not having been permanently closed until that year.
C@—This is a very small bayou extending to about 4 miles west of Lockport.
The abrupt rise of the ridge from the surrounding marshes is especially no-
ticeable and is characteristic of smaller bayous.
1 Manuscript report of A. M. Shaw.
OFFICE OF PUBLIC RGADS
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WET LANDS GF
eee eh cee
Be a
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA.
GFP gel
8000
—- -
xe
6000
hil
eral Level of Marsh
Ge
=
Profile through Willswood Plantation ;
lis
0
Vara
Pe
: pee
O FEET
4 a
Smithport
section through
A,
Typical examples of Louisiana marshland formation :
9)
ie
Iria.
Plantation; C, formation caused by small bayou near Lockport,
8 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Important exceptions to the foregoing general statement as to the relation
between the size of bayous and the ridges built by them are frequently
found. Prominent among those are the Bayou L’Ourse, in the southeastern
part of Lafourche Parish, and the Wax and Little Wax Bayous, in St. Mary
Parish. Bayou L’Ourse is an insignificant stream, occupying the center of a
long and important ridge. It is probable that at one time this bayou served as
an outlet for Lafourche, or possibly for some predecessor of the latter bayou
for draining in a more easterly direction through Bayou Blue, Lake Fields, and
Long Lake. Wax-.and Little Wax Bayous are streams of erosion rather than
of sedimentation and have been formed wholly or in part by the action of
storms and the tidal flow, which is quite strong along this portion of the coast.
As a result, the bayous are bordered by the marsh or by very low ridges. Both
streams are from 10 to 50 feet in depth and 100 to 200 feet in width.’
In addition to the above, Bayous Terrebonne and Black, in Terrebonne
Parish, are typical examples of the sedimentation type; while Bayou des
Allemands, the connection between Lake Des Allemands and Lake Salvador,
is an excellent illustration of the tidal-erosion type.
From the foregoing it may be seen that the chief difference between the
various types of soils is the variation in fineness of material rather than differ-
ence in chemical composition.
CLASSIFICATION AND EXTENT OF SOILS.
The various types of soils grade imperceptibly into each other, but the
following classifications have been made by the Bureau of Soils: »Yazoo sandy
loam, Yazoo loam, Yazoo clay, Sharkey clay, muck, and Galveston clay. The
first three are ridge soils and limited in extent; they form a very small per-
centage of the total area. These soils have sufficient elevation to drain by
gravity, and as practically all are well drained and cultivated they will not be
discussed further. The last three classes include practically all the un-
drained soils of this section. The Sharkey clay is a heavy alluvial soil. For
the top 5 or 6 inches it is black, due to the heavy percentage of decayed vege-
table matter; the subsoil is a brown or drab, waxy, very impervious clay.
The soil shrinks greatly on drying, leaving large sun cracks. This, combined
with the effect of the decayed vegetable matter, causes the soil to break up
very readily under the plow. For the most part the Sharkey clay areas are
heavily forested, the better-drained portions having a dense growth of hard-
woods and the wettest portions being covered with cypress. |
The muck and Galveston, clay areas are practically the same. On top of
the above-described Sharkey clay the decaying vegetation of the open grass-
covered prairies has formed a.mass of material which is quite yariable in
character. Where it is almost pure vegetable matter it is classed as muck |
or peaty muck, and where the percentage of silt or clay is rather heavy it is’
classed as Galveston clay. The depth of this layer of vegetable matter varies
from a few inches to several feet. In its natural state it nearly always is
covered with water and is very soft and boggy. For a further description of
these soils see the publications of the Bureau of Soils.”
1 Manuscript report of A. M. Shaw.
2U. S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1903, p. 451-453 ; also 1911.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 9
+
ArrnA Wrst or THE ATCHAFALAYA River.
ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF SOTLS.
Most of the land of this section consists of recent coastal plain deposits
rather than of Mississippi River alluvium, and surface conditions are some-
what different from those encountered in the eastern or delta section of the
State. Instead of a succession of ridges and shallow lakes, such as occur in
the delta section, we have a costal plain rising gradually from south to north.
Along the immediate coast line there is a more or less unbroken sandy ridge
through which the rivers have cut channels. Immediately back of the ridges
are stretches of salt marsh very little above sea level, but which rise gradu-
ally to the north, so that at a distance of some 5 to 10 miles inland they be-
come fresh-water marsh. The larger streams, such as the Mermentau, the
Caleasieu, and the Sabine, still deposit alluvium, and since the coast line was
elevated these streams have extended considerably the land adjoining them.
As the waters of these outlets are very sluggish and are not heavily loaded
with silt, they have not built up large ridges along the immediate river banks.
The alluvial portion is nearly level, and the strips of alluvial land along the
channels widen gradually as the streams approach the Gulf. These alluvial
strips still are in process of formation and of elevation by deposition, since
at each high water the adjoining lands are flooded, the rivers not having been
leveed. :
CLASSIFICATION AND EXTENT OF SOILS.
The Bureau of Soils has not made surveys of this section, but has examined
and classified the soils immediately north of it. The various clays, clay loams,
silt loams, and sandy loams are described in detail in publications of that
bureau.’ Toward the Gulf the above-enumerated soils are overlain by muck and
alluvial deposits and thus become subsoils. :
The lands of this section might be divided into two main divisions, as indi-
eated in the paragraph on origin and formation: (1) The general wet prairie
land, with a comparatively shallow deposit of silt and muck on the surface; and
(2) the strips of alluvial land along the river channels or streams. The first
class includes the great bulk of the lands. As noted above, the subsoils of this
portion are the solid loams, ete., of the higher land, thus affording a firm foun-
dation quite different from the soft, yielding alluvial silt of the Mississippi Delta
Swamps. Overlying this subsoil occurs a shallow deposit of partly alluvial silt
caused by local erosion and weathering. There is little or no muck on the sur-
face of the higher and better-drained portions, although the silt of the top 6
inches is rich in vegetable matter due to the decay of the grasses. These por-
tions are covered with water only during the rainy season, and in times of long
drought ordinary wagons can be driven over them. Toward the south, how-
ever, the land is water covered practically all of the time, and a layer of muck
has formed from decaying prairie grass. In its essential: characteristics this
muck is very Similar to that of the Mississippi Delta section. It averages from
6 to 18 inches in. thickness, although in low depressions and shallow bayous it
may be several feet deep. Owing to the absence of any extensively silt-bearing
streams, the muck of these wide level prairie sections is composed almost en-
tirely of vegetable matter, and its dry weight is less than that of the average
muck of the Delta section. This, however, should not be an undesirable fea-
ture, as most of it is so shallow that the cultivation soon will extend into the
+U. S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1901 and 1908.
30444°—Bull. 652—18——2
10 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
silt below. As the coast line is approached, as noted before, the marsh. becomes
salt, but it is covered with practically the same depth of muck. In yarious
places in this section there are broad zones where the silt deposit between the
muck and the underlying subsoil is perhaps 3 or 4 feet deep and has a chocolate-
brown color similar to that of the soil of the Sharkey clay regions. These areas
are more numerous in the lower portions of the prairie.
Along the larger rivers, especially near their mouths, the alluvial belts of
soil are quite wide. In these sections the rivers have laid down alluvium many
feet in thickness on the older deposits. The building up of these flood plains has
been very slow, and the marsh-grass growth has been continuous; thus we have
near the top a muck with a high percentage of silt, grading down into a silt with
a large percentage of vegetable material at a depth of from 1 to 4 feet. Parts
of this alluvial section are soft, although the land immediately along the river
channels sometimes is quite firm. The muck is similar to that of the Missip-
sippi Delta section, except that the silt is well mixed with it instead of occur-
ring in alternate layers.
DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS.
As the ultimate success of most of the reclamation districts of this section
depends on the successful drainage and cultivation of the muck lands, a rather
detailed study of them was made. In investigating these soils it was the en-
deavor to get a careful description of their physical characteristics, to find the
percentage of water by volume that they would contain when in good condition
for growing crops, and to ascertain the amount of water they would hold when
completely saturated.
The muck is a mass of vegetation in varying stages of decay and contains
varying amounts of river silt. It differs in character according to the kind
of vegetation from which it was derived; thus the muck of the cypress swamp
is much darker and less fibrous than the muck or turf of the open, grass-covered
prairie. Also, according to stage of decay, it may be tough and fibrous and able
to bear the weight of a man, or it may be soft and even semifluid if considerable
water be present. Being the result of growth rather than of deposit, it has
been formed in layers, the depth of which depends largely on the time in-
volved. When a layer of vegetation is covered with a heavy layer of silt all
addition to the former ceases, and if conditions be favorable a new layer of
vegetation is formed on the silt above. Thus we have strata of muck varying
in thickness from an inch to several feet, with intermediate strata of silt of
depths of from 1 inch to perhaps 2 feet. About half of the waterways that
extend through these swamps are streams of tidal erosion; along these streams
the high ridges of river silt are absent, and the muck is specially deep. Bayou
des Allemands, Wax Bayou, and Little Wax Bayou are streams of this char-
acter.
The samples of muck examined were taken at just sufficient depth below the
surface to insure the optimum percentage of water—i. e., the amount of mois-
ture considered by local plantation owners to be the. best for the growth of
general field crops. No samples were taken immediately after a rain or after
a long dry period. At the time of taking the samples a description of each
field was made, including depth of water table, length of time the field had been
drained and cultivated, time since last rainfall, character of original vegeta-
tion, nature of present crop, and other conditions peculiar to the tract in ques-
tion. The following tables show the results of tests made in the spring of 1910:
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 11
Results of soil tests on Lafourche drainage district No. 12, subdistrict No. 2
Raceland, La.
,
um-| Weight per cubic foot. Water in soil by volume.
N
Depth |berof| D oe
No. of sample. of days 5s
sample.| since | Nor- Satu- Dr Nor- Satu- | Gorn bat aoe
rain. | mal. | rated. y- mal. | rated. yal. | table.
Inches. _ | Pounds.| Pownds.| Pownds.|Per cent. | Per cent.|Per cent.| Inches.
4-10 7 45.8 61.5 7.0 62.1 87.2 203 18
4-10 7 bY BCU Sa meeciod 8.7 (BRIS S se Gas Inoaoeeeod 18
4-10 10 445 Oip ses scee 9.4 Ghee Bee cotoae Reamonooe 20
4-10 10 45.8 62.3 12.4 53. 4 79.8 26.4 20
5-10 10 US BL al eee 10.7 SNE la ie.c aes cccra se | lsierctetete etsy 20
5-10 } 10 46.7 60.7 14.0 52.3 74.7 22.4 20
3- 8 14 41.3 61.5 7.6 53.0 86.2 32.3 20
3- 8 14 CUP eee Bose 7.9 GRRE ecSceead boedadror 20
6-10 |. 14 MeANeeoaoebos 7.9 GOR4A ecerce cet |see cice,s 22
6-10 14 47.3 57.6 led, 64.0 80.5 16.5 22
8-12 7 57.9 71.3 21.2 58.7 80.5 21.4 20
8-12 7 fay USS ee Bese 22.8 GLSSA assets iseuseceee 20
12-16 7 64.0 77.6 29.5 55. 2 77.0 21.8 18
12-16 7 66503 | Eee eeeeee 30.0 OLED sass creccics ste oes we 18
3- 7 7 53. 7 67.9 14.9 62.0 84.8 22.8 20
3- 7 7 00.2) [Pearse 16.9 62590 Mee teeta |tise tan aee 20
3- 8 10 Ly Wis ES een 16.9 GORGE Pele Se see ey 24
3- 8 10 46.7 64.9 8.7 60.8 89.9 29.1 24
1 Turf and silt after being mixed by two years of cultivation.
The above samples were taken from the soil on subdistrict No. 2, which lies
about 5 miles from Bayou Lafourche and the same distance from Raceland.
This district is a part of the open, grass-covered prairie and had been well
drained for about three years. Its elevation is perhaps a foot above mean tide
level, and the soil probably would be classed as Galveston clay. The fields from
which these samples were taken were in cultivation in 1909 and were planted to
corn or sugar cane in the spring of 1910. The original vegetation was a wild
prairie grass, locally called “paille fina.” The muck or turf was formed from
this grass. The soil of the top 4 to 5 inches was quite soft and dry, having
been recently cultivated. Just below the depth of cultivation the soil became
moist, and water would drip from it when compressed. The ‘muck here was of
a dark-brown color and very light and spongy; after drying it became much
darker in color. It seemed to be a mass of partially decayed grass and grass
roots and had very little, if any, silt in its composition. The depth of the
muck on this tract varied from 6 to 18 inches. Below this came a layer of
mixed turf and silt about 1 foot in thickness, and from there on down to a
great depth occurred pure silt which would be classed as Sharkey clay. The
ground-water level stood a little less than 2 feet below the surface, which is
about the average depth of drainage secured on this tract. The first 10 sam-
ples in the table were taken from the layer of pure turf; the next four, Nos.
10, 11, 14, and 15, from the layer of mixed silt and vegetation just under the
layer of pure turf; and the last four, Nos. 16, 17, 26, and 27, from a field on the
same tract that had been cultivated for two years, but that had not been culti-
vated in 1910 when the samples were taken. The last four samples show the
result of deep plowing, thus mixing the silt and the pure turf, and give an idea
of the conditions that may be expected after the fields have been cultivated
for a time.
The following table gives the results of tests of the muck on Lafourche
Drainage District No. 12, subdistrict No. 3, which lies a little farther out from
| Bayou Lafourche than does subdistrict No, 2.
12 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Results of soil tests on Lafourche drainage district No. 12, subdistrict No. 8,
Raceland, La,
| aioe _| Weight per cubic foot. Water in soil by volume.
Num-| ght fT hi Depth
Depth | ber of a _ of
No. of sample. oo” days ~ . < Pe. water
sample. | since or- atu- or- atu- .
rain. | mal. | rated. | DFY- mal. | rated. Gain. table:
Muck: Inches. Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds. |P cr cent.|Per cent.|Per cent.| Inches.
DS natin’ aot Saw ao wtais 4-9 10 AS OM eee ie 10.0 62.2) loaeeicecus | swale bees 18
DO Se Sane ce eeeaaciee 4-9 10 51.2 63.7 10.8 64.7 84.7 20.0 18
4 Lm sd evisu steers 3-8 14 HON Msceeeiaets 10.0 783 (lobes ooe bees cee 12
Bp ee ee eae Soo 3-8 14 58. 2 63.8 10.2 76.8 85.8 9.0 12
1 Samples 34 and 35 were undoubtedly too moist for optimum percentage of moisture.
The conditions on this area were similar to those on subdistrict No. 2,
except that the land on the former had been well drained only eight months
end had not been cultivated. The top of the muck was covered to a depth
of about 4 inches with a tough sod full of heavy grass roots, but below this
soil these roots tapered out to very fine rootlets. The samples contained
pure turf which was very similar to samples 12 to 33, inclusive, of subdis-
trict No. 2.
The samples recorded in the following table were taken from Smithport
Plantation, which lies about 1 mile back from Bayou Lafourche, near Lock-
port, La.
Results of soil tests on Smithport Plantation, Lockport, La.
Num-| Weight per cubic foot. Water in soil by volume. D
Depth | ber of op
No. of sample. of days i =e wat
sample.| since | Nor- | Satu- | p, Nor- | Satu- | gain | ¢ ble.
rain. | mal. | rated. y- mal. | rated. 2 || BeULee
Muck: Inches. Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds. |Per cent. |Per cent.|Per cent.| Inches.
Sere. See. ee 10-15 4 Gres | Reeesemec 21.9 523503 | Saco eae ee 22
PV ASS Sbescesotarac 8-13 4 SPAM beschbos- 13.4 61.8) )2ceceo on Seaceeees 22
AD ee cae wee 7-12 14 52.9 73.0 14.0 62.2 94.4 32.2 26
an Oe ee sa eseondac §-13 14 52.0 61.5 10.7 66.1 81.3 15. 2 22
ilt:
ee Se esse oasoo Ss 3- 7 4 220 eerie eet 88.6 RY Gl lesa seabe4 See cnecse 24
VA a pias Se SASSO a5 2-7 4 SOFO) | Beeeceee = 48.3 i EY Ml escecmer| |e Sasecose 24
ee ea obo ter Seeds 2-7 14 74.8 85.6 47.0 44.5 61.8 17.3 26
CE Yee ae Se se 3-7 14 USN Seer $1.9 47. 4.2) weciae a eee = 26
This tract was a part of the grass-covered prairie which contained a num-
ber of scattering groves of small willows. It had been cleared and drained
for about five years. Its elevation above mean tide level is about 1 foot. The
top soil is a layer of almost pure silt 6 to 10 inches thick which has been
laid down on a layer of muck perhaps 12 inches thick at a comparatively re-
cent date. Below this muck is a deposit of pure silt extending to a great
depth. The turf or muck in this tract is perhaps older than that of sub-
district No. 2, Raceland; it seems to have been formed from the same kind
of vegetation, but it is heavier and much darker than that of the latter dis-
trict. This is due probably to the weight of the layer of silt which had
been deposited on it. The ground had been cultivated in 1910, and the part
moved by cultivation was quite hard and dry; however, this cultivation did
not reach below the layer of silt, into the muck. The first four samples were
taken from the layer of muck, while the next four were taken from the silt
overlying the muck. Both layers of soil were tested so as to get an idea of
.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 13
the combined water capacity of the two varieties, for many of the planta-
tions have a mixed soil much like that of the Smithport Plantation.
The samples recorded in the following table were taken in Bayou Lafourche
sandy loam near Lockport and about one-fourth mile back from the bayou.
Results of soil tests near Lockport, La.
Numt Weight per cubic |
oes foot. Waterin| Depth
Number of sample. Deptt of ory eee _| soil by lof water
SUE ne | volume. | table.
Cel en PATS aes Dry.
Sandy loam: Inches. Pounds. | Pounds. | Per cent. | Inches.
SO eT Serato inte saree nieiole ctcinwietececielsiers | 3-8 14 105.9 81.2 39.5 40
OER ene eae cancein-iebinse 2 cecielousice ese | 3-8 14 105.4 80. 6 39.7 40
SOE ee eee ci cine co icisicisisinseie's 6-11 14 105.9 75.4 48.8 40
OD ee eee eee aia ae eac tls miaiclos <iclawieisssjeide ed 6-11 14 105.4 78.1 43.7 40
The soil in this tract is representative of the average soil conditions in the
bayou-front plantations. It also is of much the same nature as the ridges of
silt that occur in many of the turf or muck lands. The soil had been cultivated
for a great many years, and little vegetable matter was present. It already
had been cultivated in 1910 when the samples were taken. The ground was
quite moist to the touch, but was perhaps a little drier than usual. ‘The soil
was much the same to a very great depth. The tests were made for the pur-
pose of comparison with the tests of the muck.
It will be noted by comparing samples 40 and 42, in the summary of re-
sults of soil tests on the Smithport plantation, with samples 36 to 89, inclusive,
taken near Lockport, that the muck soil seems to be more retentive of moisture
than the sandy loam of the bayou ridge. The samples of each class of soil
were taken at approximately the same depth and on the same date, yet the
muck contained nearly 50 per cent more water than the sandy loam. Later in
this same season, which was unusually dry, the crops on the muck soil with-
stood the effects of the drought better than did those on the sandy ridge soil.
In general, the layers of turf or muck of southern Louisiana having been
formed on an alluvial deposit, and in many cases mixed with silt, the turf after
a few years of cultivation works up into a most excellent soil which is well bal-
anced in chemical composition. This is proved by the excellent yields of both
truck and general field crops on such lands near Lockport and Raceland. The
muck of the cultivated fields’ has a greater density and a darker color than
that where the land is undrained and uncultivated. In its original state the pure
turf is a light brown, but as it dries and decays it becomes darker and finally
is almost black. When first drained it is very light and spongy and when
plowed breaks up into rather large pieces, sometimes as much as a foot square,
which are pushed ahead of the plow instead of being turned in a furrow. After
the second year of cultivation, the muck loses its fibrous nature and resembles
old sawdust in texture, although a little darker in color. As cultivation con-
tinues the muck mixes more and more with the underlying silt, and a much
heavier and more impervious soil results.
SUBSIDENCE OF SOILS.
It is well known that swamp lands having soils containing a large percentage
of vegetable matter subside when drained and cultivated. This subsidence
in due to three main causes—drying, decay, and cultivation. Shrinkage and
the consequent subsidence, due to drying, affects mostly the top layer but ex-
14 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
tends in a decreasing degree as deep as the soil is drained. Tests have shown
that undrained Louisiana muck shrinks about 60 per cent in yolume when
completely dry, and that it will regain only 70 per cent of its original yolume
when saturated for a long time. Therefore long-continued dry weather and deep
drainage cause a shrinkage in the deeper layers of muck which is not fully
offset by any increase in volume which occurs after subsequent precipitation
or rising of the water table. Only such part of the muck as is always saturated
is entirely free from shrinkage due to drying.
The vegetable material in muck soils exists in a state of partial decay. In
the undrained state it is so saturated with water that the process of decay is
relatively slow. After drainage the air enters, and decay is much more rapid.
The warm, humid climate of southern Louisiana is very favorable to the rapid
decay of vegetable material, much more so than are those sections where the
surface is frozen for a part of the year. Like the effect of drying, that of
decay is greatest in the top layer of material, but examination has shown that
after some years of drainage the character of the muck at a depth of 2 feet is
materially changed. While the effect of decay is not as rapid in action as
that of drying, it is practically continuous. The complete decay of the vege-
table matter causes some loss of weight and considerable loss in yolume, thus
gradually reducing the surface elevation of the muck.
As the effects of both the foregoing agencies are greatest in the top layer of
the muck, the density of this layer is gradually increased. After this com-
paratively dense material attains a thickness of a few inches it prevents free
circulation of the air into the muck below, and then drying and decay are much
slower in their action. Eventually this layer attains such a thickness that
further subsidence of the surface is scarcely noticeable.
Cultivation increases the subsidence directly by the mechanical effect of
weight compacting the soil, and indirectly by accelerating the action of drying
and decay. Muck soils that are so soft after drainage that they will not permit
of the use of farm animals and machinery, are compacted from 4 to 6 inches by
the first plowing. This first plowing is usually done with some form of tractor
with broad wheels that cover practically all the surface plowed. Subsequently,
when the muck is cultivated with farm animals and machinery, the surface re-
ceives unit pressures far greater than exerted by the broad-wheeled
tractor, and a further compacting results. The underlying material turned ‘to
the surface by plowing is exposed to a greater drying action than otherwise
would result. Decay, also, is hastened in the material thus brought to the sur-
face. It is the experience in cultivating newly reclaimed muck soils that for a
number of years after the first cultivation a uniform depth of plowing will
bring to the surface each year a considerable layer of muck which was undis-
turbed by the previous year’s plowing. This layer of new material decreases in
thickness from year to year, until finally the cultivated layer attains sucl
density that the combined forces of drying, decay, and compacting reduce it
thickness very little. If the land is not plowed deeper than this layer the sub
sidence of the remaining muck is very slow;‘but if the land is plowed dee
enough to reach undisturbed muck, further subsidence results.
LIABILITY OF BURNING.
In the reclamation of turf lands of this character there always is more 0
less danger that the muck will burn. On some of the newer plantations troubl
has been experienced in burning off the growths of weeds and grass that cover
the muck. This burning off can be done with safety only when the muck is we
from a recent rain. In the spring of 1910, which was the driest in souther
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 15
Louisiana since Government weather records haye been kept in the State, the
muck began to burn on subdistrict No. 3, near Raceland. This tract had been
drained but about eight months. A rain of three-fourths of an inch failed to
extinguish the fire. It became necessary to dig a ditch around the fire deep
enough to reach to the silt below. This method of checking fire is practicable
and efficient if it is adopted soon enough.
The danger that any considerable area of the reclaimed land will burn is
very remote. ‘The system adopted in reclaiming this land—that of dividing it
up into comparatively small levee districts—would limit the extent of the fire,
and the division of the districts themselves into small areas by the lateral
ditches makes it impossible for the whole of any plantation to be in great
danger from fire. The danger from extensive burning to the muck of unre-
claimed swamp land is not great, even when the muck is very dry, for the
ridges of river silt which occur at frequent intervals would serve as effectual
checks to any great progress of-the fire. Even if the muck be burned from a
tract of land, the underlying silt makes a very excellent although a somewhat
heavy and impervious soil.
The best preventative against the muck burning is cultivation. This prevents
the growth of grass or weeds that might burn when dead or extremely dry.
All such growth should be plowed under rather than burned, provided it is not
so heavy as to make good plowing impossible. If it becomes necessary to burn
the growth the burning should not be done when the muck is even partially dry.
After several years of cultivation the muck will become much heavier and
firmer and be much less likely to burn. However, in extremely dry times pre-
caution should be taken to avoid burning any thing in the fields.
CROPS.
The staple creps grown in this section of the State are sugar cane, rice, corn,
forage crops, and truck. In certain parts, especially along the lower portion
of the Mississippi and in other districts near the Gulf, large areas are planted
in oranges and other citrus fruits. In the eastern, or Delta, portion sugar cane
is the most profitable general field crop, while in the western portion rice is
grown almost as exclusively as is sugar cane in the eastern. Some corn is
grown in both sections, but not enough to supply the local demand. Of the
adaptability of the type of soil called the Sharkey clay, the Bureau of Soils
says:1
The Sharkey clay was not especially adapted to cane and cotton and was
no temptation to producers of these commodities, but the increased interest of
late years in the production of rice has given a new value to this soil, and if
the problem of drainage can be cheaply and successfully solved, the soil is
admirably adapted to the production of this crop. Near New Orleans the re-
claimed areas are devoted to the dairy business and to market gardening. The
fertility of Sharkey clay is almost inexhaustible, and when well drained it
is adapted to any crop which requires a fertile clay soil. The crops most
profitably grown near New Orleans are onions, cabbage, eggplant, and tomatoes.
The soil is exceptionally easy to cultivate, due to the large percentage of
vegetable matter present. In times of drought it retains moisture much better
than the other soils in this section, and good crops have been produced on it
when there were almost complete failures on adjacent sandy lands, owing to
the lack of moisture.
While practically the entire list of staple and truck crops suitable to this
climate have been grown profitably on the reclaimed areas, sugar cane, corn,
and oats have been the principal crops. Yields of all crops have been good
10. S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1908, p. 452.
16 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and compare favorably with the yields secured in the best sections of the
Mississippi River Valley. The long growing season allows the planting of-a
winter crop of oats, which is harvested early in the spring so as to allow the
planting of corn on the same lands so that it has ample time and favorable
conditions for maturing in the autumn. The long and favorable growing sea-
son makes possible many combinations of crops. With some combinations the
same area of land produces three crops in a year. The mild winters make
stock raising profitable, as green feed can be grown during the entire year.
NATURAL DRAINAGE CONDITIONS.
The natural surface drainage of this section is away from the Mississippl
River and larger bayous of sedimentation, directly into the Gulf by way of
bayous of the tidal erosion type. However, numerous canals are being
cut through the bayous of the first type from the low-lying swamp or prairie
lands, thus aiding in the drainage. Water covers the surface of the undrained
lands for the greater part of the year. This water comes from three different
sources—direct precipitation, river overflow, and tidal overflow.
OVERFLOW DuE TO DrrEcr PRECIPITATION.
The water to be removed from these lands comes mostly from direct pre-
cipitation, and it is with reference to the removal of this water that the nature
and capacity of natural drainage channels will be discussed.
Owing to the slight elevation of the land above sea level, all of the streams
are very sluggish in character. Their surface ‘slopes always are very slight
and are due entirely to the piling up of the water in the interior until suffi-
cient head is created to force the water out to the Gulf. At times of high
tide in the Gulf and small precipitation in the interior, the current often is
reversed in many of the streams, and salt water then flows many miles inland.
However, at such times the water in the channels is so low that the tide rarely
causes a stage sufficient to flood any of the adjoining land. (This condition
should not be confused with tidal overflow, which will be discussed later.)
The fluctuation in water level, due to direct precipitation, in the various bayous
and interior lakes is never very great and depends quite as much upon the
drection of the prevailing winds as on the amount of precipitation.
Bayou Lafourche is one of the largest and longest natural drainage chan-
nels in this section, extending about 120 miles into the interior. A gauge has
been maintained for more than seven years at a point about 70 miles inland from
the Gulf, and back about 1 mile from the bayou on a canal which connects
with the’ general water level in the swamps. The extreme variation of the
water surface observed at this gauge was 4.5 feet. The lowest stage was
caused by a prolonged and record-breaking drought in the spring of 1910, at
which time salt water had reached the gauge. This reading, which is approx-
imately sea level, was 1.3 feet below the average stage of water at this point.
The highest stage was reached in October, 1916, after a rainfall of about
21 inches in 15 days, when the water stood 3.2 feet above average water level.
At points farther inland the fluctuation in water level is proportionately
greater. The situation on Bayou Lafourche is mentioned because it is typical
of all the long, sluggish bayous that carry away the drainage water. Most of
the interior watercourses are connected with each other by cross bayous and
canals, so that they are all somewhat similar in their action. The drainage
areas are very poorly defined and no doubt lap *somewhat, as some of the con-
necting canals and bayous often reverse direction of current according to the
stages of water in the various parts of the system; for this reason it is prac-
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. a7
tically impossible to measure the run-off from these drainage areas. It is
probable that the natural run-off is very low, owing to small slopes and the
rank vegetation on all the land, only about 10 per cent along the bayous being
under cultivation. The bayous of sedimentation are quite free from growth
of vegetation, many having a considerable boat traffic, which tends to keep
them cleared out and in good condition as drainage channels. Those of tidal
erosion are apt to be overgrown with water hyacinths, but owing to their
greater depth these are also quite efficient channels.
As shown in figure 1, many parts of this section discharge their drainage
‘water almost directly into the Gulf or into large interior lakes that undergo
very little fluctuation in water surface. Thus these areas are relieved of all
drainage water due to direct precipitation without great rise of water in the
earrying channels. In the interior portions, such as that contiguous to the upper
part of Bayou Lafourche, there often are rises of water level of several feet in
the main drainage channels. In this flat country a rise or 3 to 4 feet in the
main drainage outlet is a very serious matter and one that demands attention.
In reclaiming land in this section the usual practice is to inclose the district
with levees to keep out the surrounding water; the drainage water of the land
so inclosed is then pumped over the levee into some natural bayou that leads
to the Gulf. If the fluctuation in water level in this outlet bayou is great, not
only is a more expensive pumping plant equipment necessary, but the cost of
the levees is very greatly increased. As the usual height of the levees is but
from 3 to 5 feet above the ground level of the marsh, a rise of 3 to 4 feet in
the outlet bayou will often endanger the levees, or at least cause a considerable
seepage through them. The danger from seepage is especially great, because
the fluctuation of the water level takes place very slowly. Several times in the
past seven years the water has stood 1.5 feet above mean tide level for more
than a month, and at one time it stood for more than a month 2 feet above mean
tide. As a result, levees that were satisfactory in ordinary times allowed much
seepage to enter the district they protected, and heavy and continued pumping
was necessary.
Up to the present time little attention has been given to the problem of the
disposal of the drainage water after it is pumped over the levees. Some
sections never will be compelled to give this matter consideration, owing to
their favorable locations on or near the Gulf or some other large body of water,
On the other hand, there are sections of wet prairie that are isolated from any
large bodies of water by distances of from 20 to 75 miles along the shortest
natural outlet channel. In the first years of reclamation no difficulty was
experienced in getting outlets, for the surrounding limitless prairie was so little
above sea level that the drainage water spread out immediately, causing no
trouble; but in some localities so much land now has been reclaimed that the
effect on the carrying capacity of the natural watercourses is becoming notice-
able. As the work of reclamation goes forward and district after district is
reclaimed until a considerable portion of the whole area is appropriated, the
drainage water, when pumped over the levees, can not spread over the sur-
rounding prairie, for the latter will be inclosed by the levees of adjoining dis-
tricts. The water then will be forced to flow through long winding channels
to the Gulf, the distance often being as great as 75 miles. This will mean
that the water level on the outside of these interior districts must rise until
sufficient head is created to cause a movement of the water to the Gulf, thus
greatly increasing the cost of reclamation and rendering unsatisfactory much
of the work that is now apparently finished.
30444°—Bull, 652—18
3
18 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In. the planning of gravity drainage districts the common interests of adjacent
districts in securing good outlet facilities have long been recognized in all
parts of the country. Experience has shown cooperation between such districts
to be necessary. As yet most of the reclamation districts that secure drain-
age by pumping are independent of each other, and, as pointed out above, those
which are fortunately situated will remain so. On the other hand, interior
sections will eventually need better outlet facilities to the Gulf if the present
policy of developing small independent districts is continued.
It is evident that the various districts should be so correlated that there
will be no interference between the different interests. This makes necessary
a general survey of this district, covering the topographic and hydrographie
features. A survey of this scope would show the probable future necessity of
increasing the present capacity of the natural drainage channels, or perhaps of
providing additional outlet channels for some of the more isolated sections.
It is quite likely that such additional channels could be used as commercial
canals, thus making them doubly valuable. ‘The section of the country lying
between Bayous Lafourche and Terrebonne, in the parishes of the same names,
is an excellent illustration of an area that eventually will need better outlet
facilities, parts of this area now discharging drainage water through 80 miles
of natural drainage channel to reach the Gulf. As shown by the gage at Lock-
port, the natural water surface in the swamps already has a large fluctuation,
and any further extensive reclamation will considerably increase this fluctua-
tion. :
The drainage of nearly all the land in the above-mentioned section is now
effected, and the owners of land now drained by gravity should cooperate with
those owning pumping districts to improve the main drainage channels or con-
struct new ones. The responsibility for improving and maintaining these main
channels rests equally on all land in this area, although the assessments for
the work would be made according to benefits. It would be far better to take
proper action in time to prevent loss due to poor drainage, rather than to delay
action until crop yields are decreased and land values depreciated.
RIVER OVERFLOW.
Like all delta regions, this one originally was subject to peroidic overflow.
The smaller floods of the Mississippi River were confined within the natural
levees that the stream itself has built up, but at irregular intervals of some
years great floods would cover practically all of the delta for months. As soon
as any serious attempt was made to bring this land under cultivation, levees
were built along the Mississippi River banks to protect the lands from overflow.
Finally districts were organized which included long stretches of river, and
millions of dollars have been spent in levee improvements. This expenditure,
with such Federal aid as has been available, has built a continuous levee
system on both banks of the river throughout its length in the district under
consideration. The levees have been increased in size as fast as the protected
land could supply the money. In the earlier years, owing to insufficient cross
section of levees and low grade line, crevasses were of frequent occurrence in
times of high water. As more and more work was done on the levees a greater
degree of protection was secured, and now crevasses are rare, although the
levees are not yet up to the full height planned. However, the amount of culti-
vated land protected by these levees is increasing very rapidly, thus not only
enhancing the security for bond issues necessary to finish the levees, but also
increasing the revenue-producing power of the land to pay the annual tax to
retire such bonds. The agricultural developments of southern. Louisiana, which
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 19
are all dependent on this levee system, are amot = the oldest and most uniformly
successful in the country. Engineers who have made a detailed study of the
levee system are certain that with its completion this entire area will be pro-
tected from overflow of.the Mississippi River.
The ‘above remarks apply only to the alluvial section of the State, as very
little land west of the Atchafalaya River is affected by Mississippi overflow.
Some of the larger streams, such as the Caleasieu and the Sabine, flood the
alluvial flats immediately along their banks to a depth of perhaps 4 or 5 feet,
but as a whole the wet prairie lands of the western portion of the coast are
free from river overtlow.
TipaAL OVERFLOW.
The daily range of tide along this portion of the Gulf coast is small, the
average being from 0.5 to 1.5 feet. However, as is true of all low, flat coasts
bordering on wide areas of comparatively shallow water, heavy winds blow-
ing for any considerable time directly on-shore may cause a rise of several feet
in the water. Such rises commonly are called storm tides. Their effect is
so great that often they reverse the ordinary tide, and the maximum height
of water may be reached at the usual time of low tide.. Storms of this character
usually are confined to the months of August, September, and October, and
are known as tropical hurricanes. Those severe enough to cause large rises
in the tide occur at comparatively long and irregular intervals. Sometimes
they will affect only a comparatively small portion of the coast line, while at
other times a general rise of several feet will be recorded all along the coast
line, with a limited region where the storm center strikes the coast experiencing
a tide of perhaps twice the height of the general rise.
Within the period covered by the investigations three characteristic storms
caused abnormal tides along the Louisiana coast. These occurred, respectively,
on September 20, 1909; August 16-17, 1915; and September 29, 1915.7 High-
Water records for these storms were collected and are shown on figure 1, the
heights of water caused by the different storms being given in distinctive
symbols. Where only one height is given, it is much greater than that for
either of the other storms. While the centers of these storms did not follow
the same path, the effects of all three were felt in varying degree on the en-
tire coast. It is difficult to draw any general conclusions in regard to tides
caused by tropical hurricanes. However, it is believed that it will be of value
to summarize the facts that were observed in the very detailed examinations
that were made. *
The highest tides and the greatest damage seem always to be east of the
track of the storm center, and the effect of the disturbance usually extends
farther to the east than to the west, although differences in character and
shape of coast line sometimes will make the opposite true. Regions fairly
close to the track, whether to the east or west, will suffer. The height of the
tide depends on the intensity, duration, and direction of the wind and on
the shape and exposure of the coast line.. The offshore depth of water also
Will have some influence and the nature and amount of vegetation on the
land will have a great effect on the heights at points not immediately on the
Shore line. Funnel-shaped bays facing directly toward the hardest wind are
likely to have the highest tides, as shown by the records at the upper end
1For detailed descriptions of these storms see U. S. Dept. Agr., Monthly Weather
Review fer the months in which the storms occurred.
*For a full report of the investigations on storm tides along the central Gulf Coast,
see special report of C. W. Okey, of September, 1916.
£0 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of Timballier and Terrebonne Bays and at the southwest end of Lake Pont-
chartrain, Low, barren strips of land like that near Port Eads, and islands
like Timballier, which allow the water to pass on across without much obstruec-
tion, are not likely to experience as high tides as land which is higher or
covered with trees, or as that portion of the mainland which is covered with
a heavy coat of tall grass.
The rising water flows inland with considerable velocity and piles up on any
obstruction, such as a railway embankment or a strip of heavy timber. Such
an obstruction will delay the progress of the water until it rises sufliciently
to pass over or around the obstacle. Usually suflicient time is not allowed for
the water to assume anything near a level stage over any considerable area,
and great differences of level are to be expected within a short distance,
especially near the limit of overflow or where the water is obstructed. ‘This is
shown by the heights observed south of Houma, on Bayou Terrebonne, and
between Michaud and Lee Station, on the Louisville & Nashville Railway. Quite
often there occurs a shifting or even a reversal in direction of the wind as the
water reaches its highest stage. This will cause great local differences in
stage. Points a long distance from bodies of open water do not experience
overflow from tides, as the water does not have sufficient time to travel inland
before a change in the wind occurs, and heavy strips of timber retard the flow
to a remarkable degree.
No method of forecasting the maximum height of water to be expected at a
given point seems. possible. However, as the highest stages recorded in the
last three storms are the highest yet experienced in those comparatively limited
areas, it is not likely that they will be exceeded soon. In the areas removed
from the centers of these storms higher tides may be caused by storms striking
the coast at other points, and future storms undoubtedly will cause fides
which show a different variation, as between the various localities, from those
already experienced. It is suggested that in estimating the height of tide to
be expected at a given point an area in the region of maximum recorded tides
which is similar in all features to the one in question be selected for compari-
son. As future storms may exceed those of the past in both intensity and
duration, a margin should. be allowed for safety.
From an examination of the heights reached by storm tides, as shown in
figure 1, it would appear that reclamation districts on many portions of the
coast will be compelled to build levees not only to keep out the waters of the
surrounding swamps, but also to prevent tidal overflow in times of storm.
The heights of tide indicated on this map are the highest experienced since
the country has been settled, and they should govern the heights of levees in
the various localities. Areas well inland from large bodies of water connect-
ing directly with the Gulf need not expect to feel the effect of storm tides.
In connection with the generad problem of protection from fidal overflow,
the plan of providing a protection levee for the whole coast line, rather than
that of constructing individual levees for each district, has been considered by
local engineers. The feasibility and cost of such a plan could be determined
only after a complete survey of the district had been made and a compre-
hensive plan had been carefully worked out. However, some general features
can be stated to give an idea of the nature of the problem. The larger the
levee district, other things being equal, the less the cost per acre for levee;
for the length of the levee per unit of area, for districts which are roughly
square, varies as one divided by the square root of the area. Moreover, doing
work along broad lines and handling earthwork in large quantities wiJl reduce
ihe unit costs of construction. In fixing the outlines of such large areas advan-
tage can be taken of many natural features of the land to be protected, which
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 21
will reduce further the cost of levee and drainage-channel construction. This
will consist principally in utilizing the natural ridges as levees and the natural
streams as drainage channels.
While it is not considered feasible to include the entire section under dis-
ussion in one or two levee districts, it would appear that the number of such
listricts could be made comparatively few; and if an attempt is to be made
o reclaim any considerable areas near the coast line, or where the storm tides
are likely to be above 6 feet, the question of a general protection levee for that
ection of the coast should receive careful consideration. Where the storm
ides are likely to exceed 6 feet the cost of the levee will become such a
leavy proportion of the cost of reclamation that often it will be proper to
onstruct the general protection levees in advance of the construction of the
other drainage improvements, that is, to give protection from tidal overflow to
more land than is to be drained completely and utilized immediately. ‘
DESCRIPTION OF RECLAMATION DISTRICTS.
Previous to about 1907 there had been no active movement in the drainage
f the wet prairies lands of Louisiana. The older plantations along the
Tississippi River and other large alluvial streams had extended their clear-
nes back to the belt of cypress swamp that usually lies between the ridge
long the streams and the grass-covered prairie; there, owing to the expense
of clearing such land, further progress usually was checked. At some points,
i0wever, where this belt of timber was narrow, the plantations were extended
to include relatively small areas of prairie land. Such areas were inclosed with
levees, ditches were cut, and pumping plants installed. The land thus re-
claimed on such a small scale has proved to be fertile and has been farmed
ith entire success.
About eleven years ago the present movement for reclaiming large areas of wet
and began, and districts consisting entirely of wet prairie land were inclosed
y levees, and drainage systems installed. The degree of success attending
hese early reclamations interested people from many points outside as well as
rithin the State, and at present the amount of capital invested in drainage im-
rovements is very great. From the drainage engineer’s standpoint the work
assed the experimental stage long ago, and by following the best methods used
n existing districts the successful drainage of the average type of wet prairie
and is assured. Many problems which in the earlier stages of the work con-
‘ronted those in charge have been solved successfully by study and experiment.
t is the primary purpose of this bulletin to set forth the results of investiga-
tions made so that one new to the work may readily become familiar with the
est practice as carried on in the present state of development.
The degree of success attained in the various methods used in the reclama-
ion of these lands has been investigated closely by this office. The investiga-
ion has included studies of the natural features of a number of drainage dis-
ricts and of the levees, reservoir canals, field laterals, pumping plants, and
methods of cultivation, as well as of the records of rainfall and run-off. <A large
umber of districts have been examined closely, and practically every district
within the State has been inspected.
To explain better the nature of the drainage problems encountered and the
eciamation methods employed, a detailed discussion of some typical reclaimed
reas will be given, and a summary of the results of all investigations pre-
ented. These examinations were made during the period from 1909 to the
atter part of 1916, and descriptions refer to conditions obtaining during that
ime and at the end of the period.
22 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
Before proceeding with the discussion of the reclamation districts a brief
explanation of some of the technical terms hereinafter used will be given.
By run-off is meant the water that flows over or through the ground to
drainage outlets. All run-off originates in precipitation; therefore the latter
is the most important of all the factors that influence the rate of run-off, some
other controlling features being size, shape, topography, and geological strue-
ture of the watershed, climatic conditions, and the character of the vegetation.
In so-called gravity drainage districts the run-off is removed by gravity
through the main outlets. In pumping districts the run-off is collected at some
point within the district and pumped over or through the levee. The rate of
run-off is expressed as a quantity of water removed in a unit of time. This
quantity of water can be conceived as a certain depth distributed uniformly
over the entire drainage area. Similarly, the capacity of a pumping plant is
the quantity of water, expressed in a depth distributed uniformly over the
drainage area, that the pump can dispose of in a given time. As used in the
following discussion, the rate of run-off is expressed by the depth of water,
in inches, distributed uniformly over the drainage area, that passes from the
area in a period of 24 hours. Likewise, pumping-plant capacity is expressed
in terms of a depth of water, distributed uniformly over the drainage area, that
can be removed by the plant in 24 hours of continuous operation. Reservoir
‘apacity, also, is represented by a uniform depth distributed over the drainage
area. The object of expressing the rate of run-off and the pump and reservoir
capacities in depths rather than in volumes per unit of time is to arrive at a°
basis of comparison that is independent of the drainage areas. On any par-
ticular tract, the area being known, these rates can easily be reduced to cubic
feet per second or to any other convenient unit.
In a long period the total amount pumped would equal approximately the
run-off for that period; but for short intervals, as, say, 24 hours, the run-off
from an area might be much greater than the quantity pumped, the excess
being stored in the reservoir for subsequent pumping.
WILLSWOOD PLANTATION, WAGGAMAN, JEFFERSON PARISH, LA.
This plantation is selected for discussion because it is typical of the character
of pumping district that was drained first in Louisiana. Conditions prevailing
in this plantation are also typical of those on all river and bayou front lands,
and as most of the land at present in cultivation in this section of the State is
of this character, a rather detailed description of conditions will be given.
As shown in figure 3, this plantation, of 2,600 acres, fronts on the Mississippi
River and extends back into the prairie swamp lands in the rear. About one-
third of the area of the present plantation originally was prairie land and was
included by an extension of the levees in 1896. A pumping plant was in-
stalled, and cultivation has been continuous since that date. The area of prairie
land included was typical of such land in this part of the State and was
covered with a scattering growth of willows and the usual rank growth of
grass. Originally the muck was about 4 feet deep and was overlain by a
layer of river silt about 4 to 6 inches thick, although at present, after 22 years
of cultivation and decay, it is well compacted and has subsided or shrunk until
it now averages from 2 to 3 feet lower than it was originally. The total fall
in the surface of the ground from the front to the rear of the plantation is
about 10 feet.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 23
LEVEES.
As the front portion of this tract drains toward the land in the rear by
gravity, it is inclosed only partially by levees. Starting where the ground is
about 5 feet above mean Gulf level, levees were built around the lower portion
to a height of nearly 7 feet above mean Gulf level. The levees were built by a
dipper dredge with material taken from the inside of the district. The canal
resulting from the levee building was used for a reservoir. The ground was
quite soft, and the levees were built up in several layers, and owing to the
LEGEND
Levee... Aaa
Hsadland and Roads.———
Reservoir Cana/s_........__—-
Collecting Ditches...
Property Lines... —»—~
Field Laterals...___. _.__
SCALE IN FEET
2000,
Fig. 3.—Sketch map of Willswood Plantation, Waggaman, Jefferson Paris, La., showing
ditch and levee system.
soft nature of the ground the excavated material formed a good bond with the
foundation. The berm left between the levees and canal was from 10 feet to
15 feet. In 1912 these levees were increased in height to about 9 feet above
mean Gulf level by the use of a- 1-yard orange-peel dredge mounted on a
barge floating in the reservoir canal. The levees now have a top width of
about 5 feet and side slopes of 2 to 1. As they stand to-day the levees seem
to be almost impervious to seepage water. Nothing could be learned as to
seepage water during the first year after construction, but the levees show no
evidence of any sliding material due to seepage. The water usually is about
a foot deep over the land on the outside of the district, though it sometimes
24 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
becomes somewhat deeper during heavy and continued rains. There often
are periods of a month or two when the surface is dry.
Experience in other districts has been such that the locating of the reservoir
‘anal immediately on the inside of the levee, using the material excavated
from the canal in building the levee, might be expected to give trouble in
causing a great deal of seepage through the levee into the canal. However,
because of the great width and height of this levee the seepage is not noticeable.
The subsoil under this levee is rather better than usual.
RESERVOIR CANALS,
By using these canals as a reservoir it was necessary to construct only a
comparatively short canal into the interior of the district to give outlet to the
collecting ditches. These are mostly about 5 feet deep, with 10-foot top widths -
and 3-foot bottoms, and serve as outlets for the small laeral ditches.
Until the levee was increased in height in 1912, the canals had not been
cleared of silt since their construction, about 1896. They had needed clearing
and deepening very badly for several years, as the water could not get to the
pumping plant very rapidly after the level was reduced to about 2 feet
below the [and surface. Moreover, there was very little reservoir capacity
available, and the canals had to be kept almost dry to afford a proper depth
of drainage. After the material was taken out of the canals to increase the
size of the levee they were of ample size. The pumping plant now can be op-
erated at nearly full capacity until the water in the canal is reduced, to a very
low level, and the water comes from the farthest portion of the canal quite
rapidly. Therefore it is not necessary to start the pumps so soon to take out
the small amount of water that collects from ground-water drainage.
A considerable portion of the front of this plantation is high enough to drain
by gravity. A diversion canal should be run across the front of the property
so as to carry the water toward the eastern side of the plantation and thence
into a canal which leads to land about 1 or 2 feet above Gulf level. This di-
version canal or ditch should be connected with the outside of the district by
means of a self-acting sluice gate which would insure against water coming in
from the outside. The ditch would keep the water from the high land from
pouring rapidly back toward the lower land near the pumping plant as it does at
present. At times of very heavy rainfall a considerable area in the vicinity of
the pumping plant is flooded for periods of from a few hours to more than a
day. After most of the water from the higher land had been diverted outside,
the district gates could be opened in the lower side of the diversion canal so
that the low-water flow could go back toward the pumping plant and allow
the canal to be drained completely. This improvement would save many flood-
ings of the lowest portion of the plantation and also a considerable amount of
fuel for pumping-plant operation. It is a feature which should be investigated
very carefully when making a study of the best plan for draining lands of this
character.
DITCHES.
The ditches on this plantation are of about the usual cross section on such
lands, having depths of 3 feet, top widths of 8 feet, and bottom widths of 1%
feet. The spacing of the ditches varies with the character of the land. Thus,
on the front lands, which are rather impervious, the spacing is about 100 feet,
while on the newer lands taken in. from the prairie the spacing is from 200 to
500 feet. On the front lands the laterals between collecting ditches are about
2,000 feet long; small, considering the large slope of the land. Conditions on
similar plantations where the ditches are twice as long indicate that the laterals
ae
WET LANDS OF SOUTILERN LOUISIANA.
on this district could be made of the same
length. On the back lands, however, the
ditches already are about as long as would
be advisable, since the land is almost level.
At present these ditches are too shallow
to give adequate drainage. Some measure-
ments of the depth of water table were
made early in the summer of 1910. The
results are shown graphically in figure 4.
It is apparent that at that time this soil
was not. very impervious. Even after
heavy rains the profile of the ground water
was not steep. The ditches are too far
apart for the best results, although if they
were the full 3 feet deep they would drain
the ground much better. Now that the
reservoir canal is of a good depth these
ditches could be cut as deep as 4 feet and
still be pumped dry. If instead of cutting
new ditches between the present ones lines
of tile were placed midway, the purpose
would be served even better and consider-
able land would be saved. The present
ditches evidently are sufficient to take away
the surface water, and, because of the open
nature of the subsoil, the ground water
would be taken away readily. The cost of
maintenance alone on these extra ditches
would nearly pay the interest on the cost
of the tile work above that of the new
ditches; in addition, there would be the
saving in land. Furthermore, if tile were
laid properly they would give the same
amount of drainage all the time, whereas
ditches give their best results only for the
first few weeks after they are cleared of
grass and weeds.
PUMPING PLANT.
The location of this plant is quite favor-
able, as it is on the lowest ground in the
tract and at the junction of three large
canals, making the distance the water must
travel to reach the plant about as short as
is practicable.
Steam for the three following pumping
units is furnished by two water-tube boilers
and one return tubular boiler, crude oil for
fuel and a feed-water heater being used.
First, a rotary chamber-wheel pump, hav-
ing a capacity of 40,000 gallons per minute,
rope driven from a 16 by 24 inch automatic,
noncondensing engine; second, one 42 by 16
inch Menge pump, connected by a rope drive
and a bevel gear to a 16 by 24 inch auto-
matic noncondensing engine; third, one
30444°—Bull. 652—18——4
4
Ve
aa) ee
25
RAINFALL
(1910)
HOM ISL ge
s
UOl4DA2/7
N
ount of river silt.
LaW
(ni
200
fe)
ed muck or turf mixed with a smal
Sail is a well decay
WV. of Pumping Plant on line runnin
100
NOTES: Profiles taken 1000
Willswood Plantation.
4.—Profiles of ground water,
Iria.
26 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURR.
centrifugal pump with 86-inch diameter discharge pipe, direct-connected to
a double, vertical engine. Pumps 1 and 2 discharge into open flumes at. an
average head on pump of about 10 feet, which is about 5 feet greater than~
necessary. Pump 8 has a siphon on the discharge pipe, but the end is not
always submerged.’
The capacity of this plant usually has been large enough to remove the
water before any damage has resulted from flooding. Due to the use of rope
drives, the plant has been stopped several times for repairs when the loss of a
pump was a serious matter.
As a whole the plant is very inefficient, but is quite typical of the pumping
plant usually found on the old river-front plantation. Owing to the excessive
lift, the cost of pumping is considerably higher than it should be. In another
portion of the bulletin will be seen figures covering the detailed cost of opera-
tion for this and other plants. The main defects of this plant are a long and
poorly designed set of piping on the 86-inch centrifugal pump, open sluice
discharges on the other two pumps, causing an unnecessary lift of about 5 feet,
and rope drives on two of the pumps.
CONDITION oF LAND FOR CULTIVATION.
For two years after the tract of prairie land in the rear of tnis plantation
was reclaimed it was cultivated with only such drainage as was afforded by
the reservoir canals. Then the present lateral ditches were cut, and good
drainage was secured for a number of years. Not much detailed information
was available concerning conditions in this early period. It is known, however,
that during this time excellent creps were grown on the prairie land and that
these crops were uniformly better than those zrown on the older front lands.
Until the last seven or eight years the prairie lands were so much better
drained than the front lands that plowing could be dene on the former when
the water stood on the surface of the front lands. As is shown by figure 4,
the depth of drainage was not much over a foot in 1910. This condition has
been bettered somewhat by the deeper canal. However, crops were reported as
being good, even with sueh shallow drainage. The fact that the crops did
not seem to stand drouglit well undoubtedly was due to the very shallow depth
of root growth that such a smali depth of drainage would permit. As this
tract is a part of the typical wet prairie land found in this section, the
results obtained show that the successful reclamation of these lands is a
certainty.
NEW ORLEANS LAKESHORE LAND CO. TRACT, NEW ORLEANS.
This tract lies along the southern shore of Lake Pontchartrain, about 4
miles east of the northern limits of New Orleans. As shown in figure 5, the
frontage on the lake is about 7 miles. The width at the eastern end is
ebout 2 miles and at the western 14. miles. Most of the surface originally
was covered with a heavy zrowth of grass, with only a small percentage of
the area timbered. The elevation of the surface was a few inches above
mean lake level, and except for a few small ridges and shell mounds the
tract at one time was subject to overflow whenever the lake was at high
tide. A considerable depth of turfy humus or muck covered the entire area;
the range in depth was from 1 foot along the lake shore to as much as 10 feet
in the portion 1 mile back from the lake. The average depth of muck was
perhaps 5 feet.
1U. S. Dept. Agr., An. Rpt. Office Expt. Stas., 1909, p. 420.
WET LANDS OF SOUTITERN LOUISIANA. Dei
Reclamation work was first started in 1908, and a small pumping plant was
erected at the eastern end of the tract. Construction of the interior canals
and the building of the levee followed. While the levee was carried entirely
around the district to a moderate height, the canals were not all cut for several
vears. After the early part of 1918 construction work was carried on more
rapidly and was practically completed in the latter part of 1914, except for the
small field ditches. A second pumping plant was erected during 1913. The
details of the improvements will be given with reference to their condition in
the latter part of 1916.
LEVEES.
On the west end and the north side of this district the embankment of the
New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad forms a levee with a height of about 10
feet above mean Gulf level. On the other two sides a levee was built with mate-
rial taken from the outside of the district by a, long-boom, orange-peel floating
dredge. No muck ditch was cut under the levee, as the material was very soft,
so that the top sod was well broken by the falling earth. The berm allowed
was about 15 feet. This levee was raised and smoothed by handwork so that the
SCALE IN MILES
i} 2
N
Tie. 5.—Sketch map of New Orleans Lake Shore Land Company tract.
top width was about 6 feet, the side slopes 2 to 1, and the elevation about 5 feet
above mean Gulf level. After this treatment by hand the levee seemed to be
free from seepage. The portion of the levee toward the east end of the dis-
trict was raised in 1916 to about 10 feet above mean Gulf level, and the new
levee then was carried directly south to connect with and become.part of the
lower protection levee of the city of New Orleans. This extension is not shown
in figure 5. The material in these levees was placed in several layers and time
allowed for each layer to dry and harden before the next layer was placed.
In this way a sliding of the base of the levee into the canal was avoided, al-
though the base will subside considerably and the material shrink a great deal
in drying. On similar work elsewhere the amount of material measured in
excavation is often two or even three times as much as the net section in
embankment.
RESERVOIR CANALS.
A considerable portion of the reservoir canals of this district were first cut
with a short-boom, bank-spud dipper dredge. As a result the canals were left
ijn very poor condition, The banks were too soft to hold the spuds, and the
%
298 BULLETIN 652, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
boom was too short to allow the material to be placed far enough back to be
stable. Later the canals were all reexcavated with an orange-peel bucket
dredge with vertical spuds, a 73-foot boom, and a hull only 24 feet wide. This
allowed the maximum width of berm along the sides of the canal. This dredge
went over portions of these canals as many as four times, for in spite of the
long boom and wide berm the sides of the canals caved. The final cleaning out
was done by a skid excavator mounted on the spoil bank of the canal. This
excavator swung a one-third yard orange-peel bucket on a boom 40 feet long
and was driven by a 15-horsepower internal-combustion engine. While this
machine was working the water could be held at the bottom of the canal, and
ithe soft mud which could not be picked up by the floating dredge was then
solid enough to be taken out. The banks were sloped off by hand where they
were not secure and the material allowed to fall into the canal to be picked
up by the excavator. The first cost of this excavator was not nearly so much
as that of a floating dredge suitable for doing the same work, and the exca-
vutor could do the clean-out work much more effectively. The unit price for
this work was not greatly in excess of the cost of work done by the floating
dredge, considering that it was of much smaller capacity. With the exception
of the hydraulic dredge, the dry-land excavator is about the only practicable
machine for such work.
The numerous reservoir canals on this tract give all parts of the land com-
plete drainage. Their unusual depth, coupled with the fact that the water is
held about 6 to 7 feet below the surface, gives the land a greater depth of
drainage than on any other project examined, Although much care was used
in lowering the water in these canals, slides and caving of the canal banks were
not avoided entirely.
DITCHES.
The spacing of ditches, averaging about 1,520 feet, was made to fit the sub-
division of the land into 5-acre lots. The average depth of the ditches is
nearly 5 feet, the top width about 4 feet, and the bottom 1 foot. The ditches
are kept in very good condition, and it has been found that vegetation does
not grow so readily in the bottom of a deep, narrow ditch as in a broader one
not so deep. The water level is nearly always low enough in the large canals
to keep the bottoms of the ditches free from water. The average length of the
ditches is } mile, which is about the proper length.
Prior to 1918 only a small portion of the district had been ditched. By the
end of 19138 about 2,000 acres toward the eastern end had been ditched, and by
the end of 1914 the ditched area had been increased to 5,400 acres. Ditching
operations were continued during 1915, and by the latter part of 1916 the area
was completely ditched. <A large share of these ditches were cut by a wheel
excavator supported on apron tractors, which cut a ditch about 4 feet wide
at the top, 4 feet deep, and 18 inches wide at the bottom. The remaining
ditches were cut by hand, and all were deepened by hand. The soft material
which collected in the bottoms of the ditches soon after they were cut was taken
out by hand also. After the soil became well-drained it solidified considerably,
so that at present the ditches appear to have firm sides. However, they require
cleaning at least once a year.
PUMPING PLANTS.
There are two pumping plants on this district. The first was installed at the
eastern end in the latter part of 1908. It consists of a 48-inch, cast-iron, double-
suction, horizontal, centrifugal pump direct connected to a 16 by 36 inch
Corliss engine, to which steam is furnished by a water-tube boiler, Coal is
Bul. 652, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I.
Fic. 1.—TYPe oF Disc PLOW AND TRACTOR USED IN FIRST PLOWING OF NEW
ORLEANS LAKESHORE LAND Co. TRACT.
Fia. 2.—ViEW OF WET PRAIRIE BEFORE RECLAMATION.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN. LOUISIANA. 29
used as fuel and is delivered by rail to a point about 800 feet from the plant.
The suction pipes are rather longer than is usual in such plants; they were
made so to reduce the amount of seepage from the discharge basin across to the
suction basin. The ends of the suction pipes are expanded moderately, so
that the entrance losses are not great. The discharge pipe discharges below
low water and gives a full syphon effect, but as it is not expanded, the losses
Discharge
Discharge
WT
J
i}
\
D
No
..
I
!
1
1
Y Cami SS ey
(SSE "MHZ UII NSS
cD
OH
}*--------- 22’-----------
Vac.Pump S;
Sheet Piling
Vac. Pump
: Sheet Piling
Fic. 6.—New pumping plant on the New Orleans Lake Shore Land Company tract.
of velocity head in this pipe probably are often equivalent to 2 feet cf vertical
lift. The direction of the water as it leaves the pipe is such that it is directed
against the bottom of the discharge basin; this results in a deep hole being
washed out, making it necessary that the sides of the basin be protected with a
row of round piling. ‘
As this plant was not of sufficient capacity to drain the entire area, a second
pumping plant was erected in 1913 in a more central location on the north
side of the district. The new plant has two duplicate units, each consisting of
a 48-inch cast-iron, double-suction, horizontal, centrifugal pump, connected by
30 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
means of a herringbone gear to a 215-horsepower motor. Current is supplied
by a power line from an electric company in New Orleans. The pumps are
primed by means of a chamber-wheel vacuum pump driven by an auxiliary
motor. The machinery is housed in a stucco-covered concrete building with
structural-steel framework. The suction, pipes are expanded at their ends with
a long taper, so that the entrance and friction losses probably are less than 0.3
foot. The pipes are cut vertically at the end, and a row of sheet piling has been
driven in the suction basin to form a funnel to direct the water into the ends of
the pipes. As shown in figure 6, the pumps have an overshot discharge and
are set so that the discharge openings are above high water in Lake Pont-
chartrain. The pipes are enlarged with a long taper so that the loss of velocity
head is probably less than 0.3 foot.
The foundation of the building and machinery is supported by round piling,
and the whole is inclosed by a wall of steel sheet piling driven deep into the
sand. This sheet piling forms a bond with the concrete foundation.
CONDITION OF LAND FOR CULTIVATION.
From 1908 to 1918 only about 600 acres were drained. During this time only
a very small amount of land was cultivated, and this was almost entirely the
firmer soil along the lake. By the end of 1918, 800 acres were cultivated; dur-
ing 1914, 1,700 acres; during 1915, 4,500 acres; and by the end of 1916, 6,000
acres. This land was brought in as fast as it was well drained. Usually the
land ditched one year was cultivatea the next. In bringing the land under culti-
vation the heavy growth of grass and considerable scattering brush were re-
moved by burning, or by cutting and burning., Most of the cutting of the
grass was done with power machinery. Light automobiles were rebuilt so as
to have sheet-iron rimmed wheels with.a width of 15 inches. These were used
in drawing mowing machines mounted on wheels with wide treads. Each mow-
ing machine was driven by a small independent gasoline engine mounted on
the mowing machine itself. The land then was plowed with large disk plows
drawn by tractors (Pl. I, fig. 1). ‘After the land had been harrowed and allowed
to settle for a short period it was_usually possible to work farm animals on the
land, provided the weather was reasonably dry and the feet of the animals
were equipped with broad shoes locally known as ‘bog shoes.” The first crop
planted usually was corn. This was followed by various truck crops or corn
the next year. The surface of the land rapidly became firmer, and during the
second year of cultivation, except in wet weather, ordinary farm animals could
work without difficulty. As rapidly as the land came into good condition it
was planted in citrus trees and the cultivation of field crops continued between
the rows. ,
DES ALLEMANDS DRAINAGE DISTRICT, DES ALLEMANDS, LA.
This tract (fig. 7) has been drained since the latter part of 1911. It lies on
the western side of Bayou Des Allemands and south of the Southern Pacific
Railroad. <A portion of the town of Des Allemands is located in the northeast
corner of the district. The land is from 1 to 2 feet above the ordinary stage
of water in the bayou, and a large percentage is made up of firm silt ridges
with a very thin layer of muck on the surface. Old muck-filled bayous, haying
widths of from 100 to 200 feet, occur at intervals. The muck in these is from
4 to 8 feet in depth. However, the land mostly is quite firm, the proportion
of soft ground being about 10 per cent. The average depth of muck was from
8 to 18 inches. Except for a few scattering trees on the ridges the land origi-
nally was covered with the usual heavy growth of natural prairie grass.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 31
' LEVEES.
On one side the embankment of the Southern Pacific Railroad serves as a
levee, and on the side bordering the bayou an almost continuous ridge of silt,
averaging about 2 feet above ordinary water level, makes an excellent founda-
tion for the levee. This levee was built in two layers by a floating dredge
with material taken out of the bed of the bayou. The height is about 5 feet,
the top width from 6 to 12 feet, and the side slopes 14 to 1. After the first
layer of materinl was placed in the levee a muck ditch about 3 feet deep was
dug along the inside toe of the slope, and when the second layer of material
was placed this ditch was filled with pure silt taken from the bottom of the
bayou. This made the levee free from seepage through the base. On the
other two sides the levee was located through softer land. Some years before
the building of the present levee a canal had been cut along these two sides
of the district. The spoil bank of this canal formed the base of the levee,
although it was necessary to cut a muck ditch along the inside slope to cut off
Pumping Plant—— —
JO" CANAL
Scalein Feet.
° 1900 2000 3000
GFP del
"PARISH DRAINAGE CANAL
Fic, 7.—Sketch map of Des Allemands Drainage District, La Fourche Parish, La., show-
ing arrangement of levee and ditches.
possible seepage. This portion of the levee was built up in two layers to a
height of 4 feet, with a top width of from 4 to 6 feet and side slopes about
23 to 1. The berm varies from 5 to 10 feet. Except where some old muck-
filled bayous were crossed, the levee is up to the above grade. Many layers of
material have been placed in these soft spots. The only method that seemed
to be effective in raising this levee was to bring material in wheelbarrows
from the solid banks of the bayou. After each layer was placed there was
some subsidence, but gradually the top of the levee was raised. After the
solid material placed in the levee reaches the solid bottom of the old bayou
the levee should be free from further subsiding, except for the decay of the
vegetable material in the soil, which will cause a gradual subsiding in all
levees in this section.
On a portion of the levee in the northwest corner of the district very severe
seepage conditions existed in 1912. Water appeared in springs as far as 100
32 BULLETIN 652, U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
feet from the levee. The foundation at this point was of solid silty Clay, but
examination showed that the ground had been honeycombed to a depth of
several feet by muskrats or alligators. A trench about 14 feet deep was dug
immediately along the inside of the levee by means of an orange-peel bucket
dredge which floated in the outside canal. The material excavated from the
trench was then dropped back into it from a height of about 25 feet by the
same dredge, and the seepage was stopped entirely. No further seepage has
been noticed.
RESERVOTR CANALS.
As shown in figure 7, the reservoir canals were all cut in the interior of
the district rather than along the levee. By extending the canals to all parts of
the tract the necessity of small collecting ditches was eliminated. A small
canal gives a much better outlet to the ditches than does the collecting ditch
and is easier to maintain in good condition. Such canals can be of sufficient
depth to have from 1 to 2 feet of water in them to discourage the growth of
erass. These canals were cut with a small dipper dredge, and the material was
deposited rather too close to the sides of the canal. This resulted in a certain
amount of shrinkage in the size of the canals, and by February, 1912, there
was from 2 to 4 feet of soft mud in them. <A small hydraulic dredge was tried
at cleaning out this mud, but was not successful owing to faults of construc-
tion in the dredge. A large orange-peel dredge was used to clear the main
canal of silt in the latter part of 1918, but the lateral canals were still in
poor condition. From that time until the summer of 1916 the capacity of
the canals was not sufficient to bring the water to the pump rapidly enough
to secure operation at full capacity, except when the stage of the water was very
high. When the canal was empty at the pumping plant the water was still
relatively high in the farthest corner of the district. In 1916 these canals were
cleared of soft mud and enlarged somewhat by the use of a 1-yard dipper
dredge mounted on an 18-foot hull and swinging a 35-foot boom, The width of
the main canal now is about 42 feet and that of the small canals about 20 feet.
The average depth was increased from about 5 to 9 feet. With this increased
depth and width good drainage is insured for the entire district, and the pump-
ing plant can be operated continuously until the water at the far end of the
district is lowered enough to give good drainage. Prior to this clean-out work
it was necessary to run the pump a: few hours and then wait for the water to
come in slowly to the plant.
The canals originally were smaller on this district than has become good
practice, but if they had been cleared of silt early in 1913 there would have been
little interference with drainage. Such clearing out of the canals should be done
after they have been cut two or three years and the district drained for a year
or two. The material along these canals is now quite solid, and a second clear-
ing of the canals should not be necessary for a long term of years.
DITCHES.
The spacing of the ditches on this tract is 210 feet. They are of about the
usual size, 38 to 4 feet deep with a 4-foot top and a 1-foot bottom width. All
discharge into the smaller lateral canals. Thus any silt which is carried along
in the ditches is deposited in the small canals and does not choke up the large
canals. Due to the regular shape of the district and to the good layout of
canals, the ditches are all of about the same length, 2,000 feet, which has proved
to be satisfactory where ditches are kept in good condition. However, in the
portion of the district between the railroad and the nearest lateral canal the
problem of getting the water from the far end of the small ditch into the canal
*
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 33
has been made harder because the land near the railroad is from 1 to 2 feet
lower than that near the lateral canal. As a result the ditches have had to be
5 feet deep near the lateral canal in order to give a scant 2 feet of drainage
near the railroad. While the surface of most all the prairie lands is nearly flat,
it is best to take advantage of the natural slopes in laying out the field ditches.
Ditching operations were started in 1911 and continued through the following
years as the land was desired for cultivation. All of the land between the main
reservoir canal and the railroad had been drained in 1915 with ditches spaced
210 feet apart, and the land on the other side of the main canal had been par-
tially drained with ditches spaced about 840 feet apart. As soon as this land is
needed for cultivation it will be ditched completely.
PUMPING PLANT.
The pumping plant is located about 300 feet back from the bayou front, on a
leveed outfall canal. This location was selected that advantage might be taken
Engine Base
Wig. 8.—Sketch plan and elevation of one unit in pumping plant on Des Allemands
3 Drainage District.
of a firm ridge of silt as a foundation for the machinery. The arrangement and
character of the foundation are shown in figure 8. There are two duplicate
units,.each consisting of a 24-inch, cast-iron, double-suction, horizontal, centrifu-
gal pump, direct connected by means of a flexible coupling to a 12 by 12 inch, ver-
tical, slide-valve steam engine. The suction and discharge pipes are tapered their
entire length, so that the area of the end of the intake is four and one-half times
and the area of the discharge pipe three times that of the discharge opening on the
pump. This enlargement of the pipes probably reduces the friction and velocity
head losses to less than 0.5 foot, while if they were not enlarged the losses would
amount to nearly 4 feet. These pumps operate efficiently, as everything within
reason has been done to cut out unnecessary losses. Steam is furnished by two
Scotch marine boilers, burning fuel oil. This type of plant is reliable and easily
operated, but uses considerably more fuel oil than does the best type of steam
engine or an internal-combustion engine. Both units have been run for periods
‘of four or five days without stopping.
30444°—Bull. 652—18——_5
34 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CONDITION OF LAND FOR CULTIVATION.
A considerable area on this tract was firm enough to plow with ordinary
farm animals. The muck was only about 8 inches deep, and the material under-
neath was solid and sandy. The grass was burned off and the land then plowed
with large disk plows. In addition, both round-wheel and apron-wheel tractors
were used to pull gangs of disk plows which broke up the ground in an
excellent manner. The ground then was pulverized with a disk harrow and
planted in corn. Even on the softest of the land, after one good plowing and
subsequent smoothing by tools drawn with the tractors, ordinary farm animals
were used to cultivate the crop. After the second year of cultivation the
shallow muck had become so mixed with the underlying soil as practically to
disappear. Even the deeper muck is becoming compacted rapidly into a firm
soil. By the end of 1913, 250 acres were cultivated; in 1914, 600 acres; in
1915, 800 acres; and in 1916, about 1,000 acres. The land, which was drained
by ditches 840 feet apart, was partially utilized for pasturing cattle.
GUEYDAN DRAINAGE DISTRICT, SUBDISTRICT NO. 1, GUEYDAN, LA.
This district, containing 5,600 acres, is the first one developed in the south-
western part of the State. The general nature of the soil and other natural con-
ditions already have been described. The elevation of the surface is between
1 and 3 feet above mean tide level, and the slope of the surface is from north
to south. This tract is typical of the harder prairies of this section as com-
pared with those of the softer tyne immediately along the rivers of this part
of the State (PI. 1, fig. 2). Work was begun on this district in June, 1911, and
the pumping plant was started in March, 1912. Figure 9 shows the general
arrangement of canals, levees, and ditches.
LEVEES.
Along the north side a drainage canal had been cut some years prior to the
beginning of the present work. <A spoil bank of a cross-sectional area nearly
sufficient to serve as a levee remained on this canal and was utilized in making
the levee for this area. Along the other three sides the canal cut to get mate-
rial for the levee is on the inside of the district. In cutting a canal 5 feet
deep and 25 feet wide sufficient material was secured to build a levee with a
height of 5 or 6 feet-and a top width of 5 feet. Owing to the solid nature of
the subsoil the levee subsided very ‘little, except where some old muck-filled
bayous were crossed. The berm left on most of the levee work was:less than
8S feet, and no muck ditch was used under the levee. Taking into consideration
the facts that the base of this levee was from 2 to 3 feet above mean tide, that
the water never becomes more than 3 feet deep on the original general land
surface, that the subsoil is very solid, and that the average depth of the muck
is about a foot, it would seem to have been good practice in this case to place
the three new levee canals on the inside of the district and thus have use of
them for drainage canals, except where the old muck-filled bayous were crossed.
While in general the levee has given satisfaction, even when for nearly a month
the water was 3 feet deep on the surrounding prairie, yet where the levee
crossed the muck-filled bayous a considerable expense was necessary to make
it safe, and at these crossings the canal should have been on the outside of the
district. A: dipper dredge was used to place several layers of material at these
weak points, until it became apparent that the levee could not be built up to
the required size by such means. The depth of the bayou varied from 1 to 15
feet, with an average of about 10 feet. The water pressure from the outside
d the levee into the interior canal. A railway trestle was built along the
*
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. oD
center line of the levee, and heavy clay was hauled in and dumped into the
bayou until the levee ‘was built up sufficiently high. While the weight of the
clay was sufficient to force it down through the muck to the bottom of the
bayou, the presence of the muck caused the clay to slide laterally and made it
necessary to reconstruct the trestle before the levee was finished. If the muck
had been removed from the site of the levee before the clay was dumped it
would have made construction easier.
vary DRAINAGE DITCH |
< ; ¢ I i
2 Miles, 20°CANAL
2 Miles, 20 CANAL
Levee#
ARAAMAARA AALAND R ABAD BAAAAAARAARAAAM RAD ADAARAAAARRAARAAA
/ Mile, 30'CANAL
/ Mile, 30° CANAL
i Pumping Flonty 9
aie
Vv :
Levee to White Lakex,
je ee a a a a SS a sss SS SSS SS 3
4900 ° 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10000 FEET
GFP. del.
Fic. 9.—Sketch map of Gueydan Drainage District, Subdistrict No. 1, showing ditches
and levees.
RESERVOIR CANALS.
In addition to the canals that border the district, collecting canals were cut
every half mile. (See fig. 9.) These were from 8 to 9 feet deep and the
main reservoir canal from 10 to 12 feet deep. The canals have maintained
their original widths and have very little soft mud deposited in the bottom.
Their banks have stood perfectly, although a considerable amount of boat
trafic has been going on. Thcy are deep enough for navigation, even after the
water is lowered sufficiently to drain the land. This interior navigation has
been of considerable advantage in the farming operations. In addition, the
unusually large storage capacity has furnished a water supply with which to
irrigate the rice crops.
36 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DITCHES.
Lateral ditches were cut with an apron-traction ditcher at a uniform spac-
ing of 38380 feet and 1,320 feet long. These machines worked in from 1 to 8
feet of water. Owing to the solid nature of the subsoil the apron wheels did
not sink into the ground to any great extent.’ Because no openings were left
by the dredges in the spoil bank along both sides of the canals, cutting by hand
was necessary to connect each ditch, and as the spoil banks frequently were
10 feet high, the expense was considerable. However, the frequent and regular
lateral canals made it an easy matter to install an efficient system. The ditches
were cut a little more than 4 feet deep, with a top width of 4 feet and a bottom
width of 14 feet. The ditches have maintained their size and shape very well in
the firm subsoil of this district and have filled badly only in the deep, soft
muck in the old bayous.
High Water
Ground Level
Half section of
PUMPING PLANT.
This fireproof plant was located in the corner of the district, so that it would
be near an outlet canal to be dug to White Lake, about 6 miles to the south.
By placing the plant in the middle of the south side of the district the length
of canal to the farthest portion of the district could have been reduced from
6 to 44 miles.
There are two duplicate units, each consisting of a 54-inch, cast-iron, double-
suction, horizontal, centrifugal pump, direct connected by a solid shaft to a 16
by 86 inch Corliss engine. As shown in figure 10, the suction and discharge ~
pipes are so designed that the friction and velocity-head losses are small, less
than 0.5 foot on test. Steam is furnished by two return tubular boilers burning
fuel oil. The feed water is heated before entering the boiler. The machinery is
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 3)
mounted on a concrete foundation supported on piling driven in unusually hard
subsoil. This plant was found of ample capacity to drain this area of 5,600
acres, and an additional area of 2,000 acres was placed tributary to the plant.
The building inclosing this machinery is a frame of structural steel, covered
with heavy corrugated iron.
CONDITION OF LAND FOR CULTIVATION.
Owing to the solid nature of the subsoil, cultivation was started on this area
a few weeks after the pumping plant had removed the water. By April, 1913,
a year after the pumps were started, about 500 acres were plowed. <A gang
of moldboard plows, drawn by a heavy apron-wheel tractor, was used. After
the tough sod had been pulverized with a tractor-drawn disk harrow the land
was cultivated successfully with ordinary farm animals and machinery. On
the deeper muck near the south end of the area, plowing was done with a large
disk plow drawn by tractor. In 1914 a little more than 600 acres were culti-
vated, in 1915 about 1,000 acres, and in 1916 about 1,500 acres. Most of this
cultivated land was planted in rice, and the water for irrigating it taken from
the interior reservoir canals. During the months when water was used for
rice irrigation (June to August, inclusive) the amount of water that the large
drainage pumping plant took out of the interior canals was very small. When
the water was drained off the rice field, preparatory to cutting, a considerable
volume of water had to be pumped.
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF RECLAIMED TRACTS.
Table I gives a summary of all the details of reclamation and the prominent
natural features on the areas already described, with corresponding data on
a number of other districts. No detailed descriptions of these latter districts
will be given, as conditions on them are in general similar to those on the
districts already described. In explanation of this table the following notes
are given:
38 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In calculating the percentage of land that is in lateral ditches it was consid-
ered that for each ditch a strip of land 6 feet wide is lost to cultivation.
The reservoir capacity, in inches of depth over the whole area, includes the
capacity of all canals between the general surface of land and the water level
5 feet below the surface.
The pumping plant capacity was based on a velocity of 12 feet per second
through the discharge openings of the pumps.
FACTORS AFFECTING DRAINAGE BY PUMPING IN SOUTHERN
LOUISIANA.
While the detailed descriptions of the four typical districts and the data
in Table I give a general idea of the drainage problems and the methods used
in solving them, it is believed that it will be of service to point out some of the
usual faults of plan and construction and to describe the best methods being
used in the design and construction of the drainage works.
INVESTIGATIONS TO BE MADE BEFORE RECLAMATION.
Before attempting to reclaim any body of wet prairie land, the following
points should be investigated thoroughly :
(1) The depth and character of the muck;
(2) The character of the underlying silt;
(3) The elevation of the land above ordinary stages of the water in the
surrounding lake and-bayous;
(4) The ordinary and extreme variation of the water level in these lakes
and bayous;
(5) The elevation of the ordinary and maximum storm tides and the rate
of rise and fall;
(6) The amount and character of sunken timber and stumps;
(7) The character of the timber or grass on the surface; and
(8) Transportation facilities.
In addition, the topographic features of each district should be investigated
in detail by a careful field survey, and a complete and definite plan and esti-
mate of cost worked out by a competent engineer. The work should be con-
structed under competent engineering supervision and should be of a permanent
nature, since the need for the improvements is permanent.
AREA OF THE DISTRICT.
Although topography has a large influence in many localities in fixing the
area of a reclamation district, there are many large bodies of land of such a
character that the size of the unit would be determined almost entirely inde-
pendently of topographic conditions. In order to make clear the conditions
governing the determination of the most desirable size of unit, the respective
advantages of the small and large districts will be enumerated. The prin-
cipal advantages of the small unit are:
(1) Short internal drainage canals with small losses of head, and the con-
sequent low lift;
(2) Short haul to outside water transportation ;
(3) Small area affected in case of failure of protection levee;
(4) Small capital involved; and
(5) Short time required to place land under cultivation and early realiza-
tion on investment.
| districts in soul
Pump-
ing ca-
acit;
hours.
Inches. | Inches.
0.88) 1.23 | 4
2520) ano8 |
70| 1.06 {'
s1| 1.69 | ;
||) 9 Is
40| 2.15 |
67 || +191 || ¢
Noel 2508) 15001) 3
eecan a 1.40 |
lees Gelli tea eouls
| 50 MAD Iai
Baebes o5ylh
Ib 66) 7.584} 4
Nees5ii 1.33)
Vabieeeulbwtets
|
Vases itiaeeas | 4
1 eB 1.01 | :
heauceey 1.28
aierralle qian)
#2] 1.60 {
60 1.44 | }
97] 1.81
he: Ae 1.04 {
Pe Goul ier
cena 1.03 | |
90| 2.55 | {
1.00] 1.38 {
LaSalle Waigeral i
| 66 1.62 | |
—_
Taste I.—Summary of natural conditions and drainage features on thirty reclamation districts in southern Louisiana.
Orig- | Eleva- Sizo of laterals, Pump.
inal | tion | Height | potent Space Length Pat | Land | Lana Reser | in ca 3 ae Se, wee, || ea patel ets ol haute
Area District. Parish. Town. Area. | depth} above) storm |) of | ing o! ol water |5.,10 capac. | Pacity ‘umps. ngines. oilers. el. | begun. | pump-| culti- | in Remarks,
Not ; uel mean | ‘tide. levees. jlaterals.! mo) pe Depth | Jterals. | tabie, |ditches. | canals.) “jt. red ing. | vation.] 1916.
|_ =| = = / — a
| Acres, | Feet. | Feet. | Feet. | Feet. | Feet. | Feet. | Feet. Ten, Feet Reet: enc Beri, neti neha: eee teas eat ee ae 2 Perct.
shiny ’ yermilion..... ees |i :7; 400) | O=13) | T=3 0 6} 330 4 1 ! 25 | 0.88 | 4: inch centrifugal. ‘orliss.. ‘eturn-tube ..| Oil....] 1911 | 1912 | 1912 20
3| Guoydon drainage district, subdistricts Nos, land 2......-..--.-- Vermilion.....| Florence i : y a 3 sd inch centrifugal: Wate eat 3] wood he
5 | Avoca drainage district.....-.- St. Mary......] Morgan City....] 15,600] 0-3) 1-7 5 6} 165 4 1 4\)) 1, 820))-- BB oe ERE :|/0! | 30
I-horse-power..
5 '1 24-inch centrifugal.
6 | Upper Terrebonne drainage district... ‘Terrebonne 4240) 1-5) 3-7 0 3] 165 4 1 3 h 3.6] 14] .70] 1.06 {i einen seas horse roe roi Tiraiay Oil....| 1912 | 1916 | 1915 10
| Lafourche drainage district No. 12, subdistrict No. 4 Lafourche... ... 4240} O04] 37 0 5} 200) | eee 2 000 : 1.5) 81] 1.69 | 2.48-inch centrifugal. ....) 2120-horsepower oil-burning. .do...| 1913 | 1914 | 1915 2
10 | Lafourche drainage district No. 12, subdistrict No. 3.--..-.---.-.]..-.- dots an 2,250 1-3 0-3 0 5 200 4 1 4 ay 23 8 -50 1.25 | 2 30-inch centrifugal. 2slide-valve. Return-tube. .|-..do...) 1908 1910 1910 100
11 | Lafourche drainage district No. 12, subdistrict No. 1.........--.--].-... (iM epodccrs| booed (dose eceee 835] 0-2] 0-8 0 5| 200 4 y 4 2600 23 3.0 -6| .40] 2.15 | 2 2¢inch centrifugal... 2-40-horsepower oil-burning..|................ -..do...] 1907 | 1905 | 1900 100
12 | Lafourche drainage district No, 12, subdistrict No. 2. 940] 1-2] 03 0 5| 200 4 iy 3 en 23 3.0] 1.3] .67] 1.91 | 22¢inch contrifugal.....} 2 50-horsepower oil-burning. do...) 1907 | 1908 | 1909 100
14 | Smithport Plantation . a7} 0-2] 22 0 4] 165 4 1 3] 5)300} 2-24] 3.6 +9] .50] 1,50] 2 Menge..........- 2slide-valve.. = -do...] 1907 | 1908 | 1008 100
15 | Lafourche drainage district No. 13, subdistrict No. 1 2,000] 0-2] O04 0 4] 200 4 1 3 i 2000 \ 22)) 3.0 1.40 | 230-inch centrifugal... 2.50-horsepowor oil-burning. .do...] 1914 | 1915 | 1909 30
17 | St. Charles municipal drainage district No. 1 9,860] 0-3] 13 0 5| 200 4 1 4} 17320) 2-3 3.0] 1.2 1.60 | 2 78-inch screw... 2 piston-valve Return-tube..| Wood.| 1911 | 1914 | 1916 }....-...
0
18'| St. Charles drainage district No.1. 02) 03 0 4) 165 4 1 3] 1,320] 2-24] 3.6 9 1.42 | 236-inch centrifugal 2slide-valvo. 1910 | 19it | 1915 10
19 Lafourcho dratniuge district No. 6, su oO 2 02 0 3 210 4 1 4 2 00 23 2.9 1.0 -95 | 2 24-inch centrifugal. do W10 | Wi 1912 55
% | Delta Farms drainage district No. 4... 23] 0-2 3 5 4 1 1 By 2.3¢-inch centrifugal. do. 1918 | wrs |) 1915 Je...
6 > 1 ei ifugal. :
24) Delta Farms drainage district No. 1.. 2-3 0-2 3 4 O40 {i ieinch Saint 2 40-horsepower gasoline... ..|.. 1910} 19tl | 1918 100
25 | Delta Farms drainage district No. 2. 24] 02 3 4 Biel 1 36-inch centrifugal. 1 slide-valve. Return-tube .. 1910 | io | 191s 2
26 | Delta Farms drainage district No. 3. 23] 02 3 4 236-inch centrifugal. ....] 2 slide-yalve do. igit | 1913 | 1914 16
Lafourche drainage district No, 9, subdistrict No. 1. Golden Meadow. 0-2] 02] 5.5 2.2¢inch centrifugal. ....| 2 50-horsepower oil-burning. i 1912) || 1915 |... L
Pouchartrain drainage district, subdistrict No. 1 St, Charles :---| Labranche 70} 0-2] 03 12 1 2tinch centrifugal...) 1slide-valve. Return-tube .. 1913 | 1914 | 1914
Kenner drainage district. . Jefferson. Kenner. 2,100) 0-1 1-3 6 Fee sab gslidevelve do. -..| Wood:} 1912 | 1914 |...2.... bo
V illsw >) IT 2 6 " rotary, 1 Menge. automatic xf
Willswood Plantation....---.-----.---2<----2---n-20eroneree-eees[onees De ccoceee Waggamon......| 2, O4| 29 0 1 36-ineh centrifugal 1 slide-valvo. } Water tubo...) Oil...) 1896 | 1897 | 1897
82 | New Orleans Netherlands Co. drainage district | New Orleans....] 2,120] 1-3) 1-3 0 2 Siinch eentrifueal, |} 60horsepower oil-burning 1913 | 1914
3 | Jefferson drainage district No. 3. | Lafitte... 5,00] 0-4] 13] 3.0 CARON CHETET Toso] MCLE HEED HOES] ae is
36 | N. O, Lake Shore Land Co.. | New Orleans 6,950| 012] 13] 6.0 3.48-inch centrifugal... 1 Corliss, 2 electric motors...| Water-tube... tors. |} 1909 85
: Part of land cultivated
37 | Plaquemines-Jefferson drainage district.........-..-..-+---------- {Fisquemines. dae 37,750| 0-3) 19 0 1.08 |{? cinch and 4 76-inch |}5 Corliss, compound. i912 | 1915 20 { oto resent im-
38 | Reclamation district No. 1 Plaquemines. . 2,500] 3-4] O11] 65 117) 1 24inch and 1 36-inch ||2slide-valve Return-tube . . 1912 | 1912 30
centrifugal.
42 | Bayou Terre Aux Beouf drainage district, subdistrict C St. Bernard... 7, 000 O4 0-3 10.0 2 48-inch centrifugal 2 Coriiss,
43,| Venico drainage district... Plaquemines. . 1,10] o-3] 14] 7. 2.30-inch centrifugal 2slide-valve Return-tube - 191s | 1915 20 Do.
af a 1 48-inch screw 1 100-horsopower, 1 60-horse- i 5
44) Burs drainngo district. +10... =. 2,358) 0-2) 15-5 17 {i 36-inch screw oweroll -burning. Hi ao S{ROUT = Nandercon trac a5
Jefferson driinago district No. 4, subdistrict No. 4 .| Jefferson. New Orleans. 1,800] 0-12 0-2 6.0 2 30-inch screw 2.00-horsepower oil-burnin; | 1915 | 1016
Lafourche driinage district No. 20, subdistrict No. 1 -| Lufourche....-} Cut Off... 2,500 | 2-3 2 4.5 2.36-inch scrow 2 120-horsepower oil-burnin 1916 Under construction.
1 For locations and status of districts see figure 1.
80444°—18, (io face page 38)
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 39
The advantages of the large district over the Small one are:
(1) Low cost of levees per acre of protected land ;
(2) Possibility of using natural ridges in part for levees;
(3) Possibility of using natural bayous and lakes as part of the interior
drainage system ;
(4) Use of efficient machinery due to more continuous operation of the
pumping plant;
(5) Low first cost, per unit of area, of pumping plant due to centralization
of equipment and smaller relative capacity ;
(6) Low unit operating charges on pumping plant.
The benefit of low lifts on the smaller districts is offset by the advantages in
using more efficient machinery for the high lifts on larger districts and the
less cost per acre of machinery. Unit labor charges for plant operation also
are much less on the larger districts. Although the haul to water transporta-
tion on large districts is necessarily greater, with larger interests involved,
good roads can be built and maintained ‘economically. Since the cost of levee
per acre of reclaimed lands is so much less on a larger district, a better class
of levee can be constructed, resulting in an increased margin of safety. While
the small district can take advantage of natural ridges at times, this usually is
possible only on one or two sides, and only in rare cases can the small district
include natural bayous and lakes as reservoirs. The advantages, in the case of
the small district, of the small capital involved and the earlier return on the
investment may be offset easily by the increased cost per acre for construction
of levees, canals, and pumping plant. The operation and maintenance charges,
which are a perpetual tax on the land, also are higher on the small district, and
from the standpoint of the individual owner and .cultivator of the land the
advantage is all with the large district.
Just what is the most economical size of district has not yet been deter-
mined; it is a matter that is greatly affected by local conditions. How-
ever, it is the consensus of opinion among engineers engaged in this work
that districts containing less than 2,000 acres are not at all desirable. An
area of about 5,000 acres has been found very satisfactory under average con-
ditions. Where large lakes and bayous can be included as reservoirs and
‘drainage channels and natural ridges can be taken advantage of for levees, a
district well may be much larger than 5,000 acres.
LEVEES.
The location of a levee influences its design, construction, and maintenance,
as well as its usefulness to the district. Unlike levees along: our rivers, those
along the average reclamation district in this section have not been located
according to the topographic conditions, but rather according to property or
land lines. This has usually resulted in regularly shaped districts and mini-
mum length of levee for area inclosed; but the cost of construction and main-
tenance per unit of length has often been much greater than if some atten-
tion had been paid to topography. Throughout most of the wet prairie there
are winding bayous that have along them solid ridges of silt that average
from 13 to 2 feet above general ground surface. In other places the bayous
are filled in entirely, and there have been left ridges of silt having widths of
from 200 to perhaps 1,200 feet, with the usual elevation of 2 feet. If the levee
be located on a solid ridge, the material will be more stable and impervious
and the levee can be made of less cross-sectional area than would be necessary
if it were located in the soft prairie. Construction, also, will be easier and
cheaper and the expense of maintenance much less. Where levees are to be
40 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
built to protect areas of marsh land on the immediate coast line, a strip of
land at least a quarter of a mile wide should be left as a foreshore to break
the force of the wave. Where the exposure is particularly great, this strip of
land should be wider.
If the levee be located on firm land and the land outside the levee never is
flooded for more than a few days, it will, in some cases, be advisable to dig
the canal from which material is taken for the levee on the inside of the
.district and to utilize this canal as a drainage channel. In such cases the
berm should be especially wide, at least 20 feet. In general, this type of
construction is not recommended. If the levee canal be placed on the outside
of the district it can be utilized for navigation.
The design of the levee will depend largely on local conditions. Its top
should be from 2 to 4 feet above the highest stages of water in the sur-
rounding lakes and bayous, depending on the area of land protected and the
probability of previous high-water marks being exceeded. Where the water
to be kept out is due to storm tides in the Gulf, the height of the levee should
be determined only after very careful investigation of all surrounding condi-
tions has been made and the probable highest stage estimated, taking into
consideration the local conditions as outlined under the section on Tidal
Overflow. If the levee is located in an exposed locality its top should be
about 4 feet above the estimated highest water. A minimum height of about
4 feet should be used through the soft prairie section, as anything less is
not likely to prevent seepage satisfactorily; for when located on a ridge the
water will stand against a levee only for short periods, while if located in a
soft prairie the water will be in continuous contact with the lower foot or
two of the levee. In places exposed to strong wave action the height should
be sufficient to provide for the break of the waves; in addition, some pro-
vision should be made for protecting the levees from their erosive action. This
protection could be secured by planting willows some distance in front of the
levee.
Where the levee is located on a ridge the top width may safely be made 4
feet, with side slopes 2 to 1. A levee of this type is often built with wheel-
barrows, and although the unit cost for this method is quite high, being about
18 cents per cubic yard, the total cost is considerably less than if the work were
done with the usual floating dredge. Yard for yard, the dredge would, of
course, handle the material much cheaper, but the excavation would be more
than would be necessary for the levee. This objection would be overcome if
the dredge were building a levee along the bank of a bayou of sufficient depth
to float the machine, or if a reservoir canal were being excavated within the
district, the waste bank to be used as a levee.
Where the levee is located in the soft prairie the top width should average
about 6 feet. The side slopes should be about 3 to 1; in fact, if the material
is very soft it will not take a much steeper slope than this during construc-
tion. As the material always becomes more stable after. being placed in the
levee, no trouble should be expected from slides after it begins to dry in place.
The berm along the base should be at least 15 feet wide. Where the soil
is exceptionally soft this should be made as much wider as practicable, at
least 20 feet. The width of berm will of course depend somewhat upon the
nature of the machinery used in construction.
Some type of floating dredge should be used in the construction of most
levees. In heavily timbered sections, or where old submerged stumps are nu-
merous, the dipper dredge will work to the best advantage; but in the open,
grass-covered prairie the orange-peel-bucket dredge has many advantages.
WET LANDS OF SOUTITERN LOUISIANA. 41
Owing to the longer boom and narrower hull, the latter type of dredge is able to
leave a wider berm along the toe of the levee. It also is better able to sort the
material placed in the base of the levee; for the top layer of muck ean first be
taken out of the canal, and then the silt underneath, while the dipper dredge
will usually cut up through both the silt and the muck and mix them, The
levee should usually be constructed in several layers, for both the base and the
material are likely to be so soft that subsidence will be too great if a height
of more than a few feet is attempted. This yielding of the base will often
eause the side of the canal to cave, especially if the berm be small.
The total subsidence and shrinkage of the material in the levees often
amounts to 50 per cent, and in special cases is as great as SO per cent of the
bulk of the material, as measured in excavation. Practically all of the sub-
sidence and a part of the shrinkage takes place during construction, so that
the remaining change in height can be taken care of by maintenance. When a
large percentage of muck is placed in the levee the shrinkage will be great for
a number of years, due to the decay of the vegetable material in the muck.
The orange-peel bucket. is especially suitable for placing several layers in a
levee. After a canal is once cut in the soft prairie a considerable depth of soft
mud that makes very poor levee material will be in the bottom. The dipper
dredge, when working in such a canal, will place a large percentage of soft mud
in the levee; while an orange-peel bucket, when dropped forcibly, will penetrate
the undisturbed silt below and fill with it, the soft mud running off when the
bucket is raised. ‘
If the site of the levee is along a solid ridge above ordinary water level, no
special precautions need be taken to prevent seepage, although all stumps and
logs should be removed from the site and a shallow ditch should be cut to in-
sure a perfect bond between the ridge and the levee. On the other hand, if the
levee is through very soft prairie, the material dropped from the dredge will
penetrate the muck and form a good bond with the underlying silt. It is on
the portions where the muck is thick and turfy in character that particular
pains must be taken. A ditch cut along the center line of the levee before the
dredge starts working is of no special benefit, as the material placed back in
the ditch by the dredge will be largely muck, although it is true that this treat-
ment will break the continuity of the muck and help to cut out a portion of the
seepage. A better plan is to wait until the first layer of material has been
placed by the dredge and then cut a ditch along the toe of the slope of the
levee opposite the dredge and refill it with impervious silt dredged from the
bottom of the canal. This will insure a good bonding of the material and is a
necessary part of the construction. At times old muck-filled bayous will be
encountered which must be closed with levees. In such cases the quickest, and
quite often the cheapest, way to insure that the levee hold its grade line is to
drive two rows of sheet piling across the bayou at the proper spacing. These
rows should be tied together with rods and the fill made between them.
The average unit price for dredge-built levees, where the material is meas-
ured in excavation, has been from 6 to 8 cents per cubic yard, depending on the
amount of timber and stumps encountered. Large amounts of such work have
‘been done at an actual cost, to the owners of the dredge, of less than 3 cents
per cubic yard. Since it requires from one and one-half to three times as much
material in excavation as finally appears in the settled embankment, the con-
tract price would vary from 10 to 25 cents per cubic yard of such embankment.
If the levee is to be brought to a regular cross section by hand or machine
work, a small additional charge should be made. In general, however, the
levees, as puilt, have not been surfaced after the dredge work is finished,
42 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
although it would be better if the levee were smoothed off, seeded to Bermuda
grass, and pastured. This will aid in closing up the cracks that form through
the gradual’shrinking of the material. In certain cases it may become necessary
to plow and harrow the levee in order to close up these cracks. If this is not
done, and if a rapid rise of the water outside the district occurs after a pro-
longed dry period, the seepage through the body of the levee will be very great.
In certain cases this seepage through shrinkage cracks has overtaxed the
‘apacity of the pumping plant. The grazipg of the levee provides a cheap and
profitable method of maintenance and will discourage the action of burrowing
animals.
INTERIOR DITCH SYSTEMS.
Rainfall and seepage cause an accumulation of water within the levee dis-
trict that must be collected by a system of ditches and canals, led to a central
point and discharged over the levee by means of pumps. Numerous arrange-
ments of ditch systems have been used with varying degrees of success, depend-
ing on how well the work was executed and maintained. The best of present
practice is to make this system consist of small ditches which can be cut and
maintained by hand, discharging into reasonably large canals which can be
cut and maintained by means of a dredge. The use: of intermediate-sized
ditches, say, 6 to 8 feet wide and 5 or 6 feet deep, has not proved successful
on these districts. Since such ditches are free from water most of the time,
grass grows very readily in the bottoms. Moreover, they are too large to be
cleaned by hand easily and are too small to allow the use of a dredge.
Ftetp DITcHEs.
On the typical wet-prairie reclamation district the land is so nearly level that
a regular layout of field ditches is desirable rather than a location designed to
take advantage of such slight surface slopes as may exist. The ditches should
be cut in parallel lines and at such a spacing as will correspond with the char-
acter of the land. As shown in ‘Table I, the spacing of ditches has varied from
100 to 880 feet. The degree of drainage required in these soils depends some-
what on the crop. Where rice is grown, a spacing of 330 feet has proved ample
for soils in southwestern Louisiana. Where very valuable truck crops are to
be grown, a spacing even less than 100 feet might be required. In general, a
spacing of about 200 feet has been found satisfactory for general field crops,
such as corn and sugar cane. As the lands are cultivated and compacted, and
the loose vegetable material in the soil decays, a spacing of less than 200 feet
may be necessary. <A ditch 4 feet deep, 4 feet wide at the top, and about 14 feet
wide at the bottom has been found to be the most economical to cut and main-
tain by hand. Ditches of this size are of ample capacity, unless they become
choked with weeds or are required to bring the water too far. Since the land
is practically flat, flow in such a ditch is caused only by the piling up of the
water in the upper end of the ditch. If the ditch is too long, this will bring the
water too close to the surface of the land. In practice it has been found that
in flat land such ditches can be made one-fourth mile long with good results,
and they have worked fairly well in a few cases at a length of one-half mile.
However, this latter length is not recommended, as the ditch must be main-
tained in almost perfect condition in order to give satisfactory drainage. In
most cases where the small field ditches are one-half mile long they -have not
proved satisfactory.
While this type of ditch can be cut in this section with hand labor for from
5 to 7 cents per cubic yard, a large proportion of the work has been done with
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 43
machinery. Where a large body of land is to be ditched rapidly a more rapid
means than handwork is desirable, even where the cost by machinery is about
the same or even greater. Wheel excavators mounted on apron traction and
driven by gasoline engines have been very successful. They cut a very satis-
factory ditch and place the excavated material farther back from the ditch
than is possible by hand. Where there is much timber or stumps these ma-
chines can not be used. Machines can not be used on the softer prairies until
the ijand has been surface drained for some months and become somewhat
solid. A common practice has been to cut ditches at a spacing of about 1,000
feet by hand, the resulting drainage making it possible to use’ the machine
soon afterwards to cut the remaining ditches. Hundreds of miles of ditch have
been cut with excavators at from 3 to 6 cents per cubic yard. In one case
ditches were cut with a heavy wooden-framed plow, especially built for the
purpose, drawn across the strips of land between the reservoir canals by cables
and pulling engines mounted on barges. These ditches were cut as soon as
the pumps were started and the water drawn off the surface, which was many
months before the land would have supported the ordinary wheel excavator.
Ditches in this class of land require much attention for the first year or two
after cutting. A soft mud from the banks collects in the bottom, and rapidly
growing weeds and grasses impede the flow of the water and aid in the silting
process. The soil shrinks considerably after it is drained and cultivated, and
the effective depth is soon reduced below that required. This clean-out work is
done_best by hand, but even that is an unsatisfactory process, the mud being
too thick to run out of the ditch, but also too thin to pick up with a shovel. By
selecting a time of scant rainfall, when the bottom of the ditch is nearly dry,
it can be cleaned the most effectively. It is necessary to cut the grass and
weeds in’ these ditches about twice a year, and for the first few years after
first cutting they will have to be cleared of soft mud at least once a year,
taking out about a cubic foot of material per linear foot. After perhaps four
years, cleaning will be necessary only once in two years. The cost of main-
taining these open field ditches would more than pay the interest on the extra
investment necessary to tile-drain the land. In addition there would be a
large saving in land and a greater convenience in farming operations. While a
shallow open ditch would still be necessary to carry away the run-off from
heavy rainfalls, the action of a well-laid tile drain would be much more uni-
form in taking away the ground water than would an open ditch, which is in
good condition only for a few weeks after it is cleared of grass and weeds.
It would not be possible to lay tile drains in the newly reclaimed lands, but
after they have become firm a large percentage of the open ditches should be
repiaced by tile drains.
RESERVOIR CANALS.
The primary requisite of the reservoir canals is that they give sufficient outlet
to the field ditches. To do this they must be spaced not much more than a
half mile apart and preferably should be located in parallel lines. Without
too much sacrifice of regularity they should be located in the lowest ground,
so that the flow of the water from the field ditch will be facilitated as much as
possible. The arrangement of canals also should be such that the water in
flowing from the farthest corner of the district to the pumping plant travels as
short a distance as practicable. é
The reservoir canal serves a two-fold purpose: (1) To take the water from
the small field ditches and carry it to the pumping plant, and (2) to store up the
dry-weather flow of the ditches so that the pumping plant will not need to be
operated so frequently. When some of the districts examined were first
44 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
reclaimed the interior canals were too small and too shallow either to carry
the water rapidly to the pumping plant or to store up water for pumping. Asa
result it was necessary to operate the pumping plant for a few hours almost
every day, and at times of heavy rainfall the portions of the canals remote
from the pumping plant were too full of water to give outlet to the ditches.
These canals ultimately were made wider and deeper.
Since the land is flat, flow in the canals can result only from a piling up of
water in one portion or from the lowering of the water by the action of the
pumps. If the canals are small, the velocity of the water in them must
be high in order to bring water to the pumps; this will mean a large surface
slope and a large difference in the elevation as between the water surface at
the pumps and that in the remote portions of the district. Although immedi-
ately after very heavy precipitation the water may safely stand level with the
lowest land for several hours, the canals should be of such cross section that
they will be able to deliver enough water to allow the pumps to be operated
when the water stands at least 4 feet below the surface of the land. The
surface slope of the water in a canal of this size necessarily will be small; it
should be between 0.2 and 0.4 feet per mile. The minimum depth for such
canals is 7 feet, and the depth should increase gradually toward the pumping
plant so that the bottom shall have a slope at least as great as that of the
water surface. This will allow a depth of 1 or 2 feet of water to be main-
tained in the canals at all times, which is sufficient to discourage the growth
of weeds and grass. HWxperience on such reclamation districts has shown that
shallow canals become choked with weeds and grass very quickly and require
frequent cleaning.
Reservoir canals have been excavated with a number of types of dredge.
Owing to the soft nature of the land a floating dredge is always required.
Where there is considerable standing timber and sunken logs and stumps, a
dipper dredge is the best machine for cutting the canals—at least for taking
out the top 4 or 5 feet. It has been found best to cut the canals in two layers,
allowing the banks and the material excavated the first time over to solidify
before placing an additional load on them.
Where the prairie is free from stumps, or where the stumps have been taken
out of the way with a dipper dredge, a long-boom, gravity-swing, orange-peel
bucket dredge is a very satisfactory means of cutting such canals. This dis-
turbs the material much less than does a dipper dredge, and the canal cut with
the orange-peel bucket will be much freer of soft mud than one cut with the
dipper dredge. In any case, such dredges should be equipped with vertical
spuds instead of bank spuds, which have caused serious caving on all canals
where they have been used in the soft prairie land. The berms between the
side of the canal and the spoil bank should be at least 10 feet and preferably 15.
The hydraulic dredge is perhaps the most satisfactory means of cutting
interior canals. The top 4 feet might first be taken off with a dipper dredge,
thus forming low retaining walls to keep the material placed by the hydraulic
dredge from running back into the canal. Such canals will be free from soft
mud, and the side slopes can readily be controlled. While the side slopes of
the canals are limited more or less by the character of the excavating ma-
chinery, if operated with care a dipper dredge can easily give a slope of 4 to 1
on the canals. If the material is placed well back from the banks this slope
has been found to be satisfactory. The excavating of such canals has been
done by dredges owned by the district at a cost per cubic yard of from 3 to 5
cents. The work has frequently been contracted for at from 6 to 8 cents.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 45
PUMPING PLANT.
The drainage of low-lying wet lands by means of pumps is described in a
publication of this office. The bulletin discusses the general practice of land
drainage by means of pumps and deals especially with conditions in the upper
Mississippi Valley. The general nature of this method of drainage in southern
Louisiana is much the same as described in that bulletin, but there are many
differences in detail that deserve mention. These differences affect chiefly the
capacity and operation of the pumping plant.
NECESSARY CAPACITY OF PLANT.
The general method of operation of plant in southern Louisiana is far dif-
ferent from that in the northern latitude, so before discussing in detail such
rainfall and run-off records as are available it might be well to describe the
usual method of operation. In southern Louisiana farming operations are con-
ducted every month in the year. While general field crops are growing only
about 9 or 10 months, the field must be kept sufficiently well drained to permit
cultivation at any time. The bulk of the heavy plowing is done during what
are ordinarily called the winter months. The need of the pumps, therefore, is
more or less continuous—that is, the run-off at any time of the year must be
taken out promptly.
During the-first few years after construction the maintenance charges on
reservoir canals are quite high. A certain amount of bank caving occurs, and
a large quantity of semifluid mud comes in through the field ditches from the
soft land. The velocity of flow in the canals is not sufficient to transport any
appreciable amount of this soft mud to the pumping plant. Unless the water
is lowered very slowly when the pumps are first started, the tendency of the
soft subsoil to flow into the canals will become apparent. In one case where the
water was lowered rapidly the canal became several feet narrower and shal-
lower within a week or two. While in this case the spoil banks were too close
to the sides of the canal, and no doubt contributed to the rapid shrinkage of
section, the shrinkage was due mostly to a rapid lowering of the water. Canals
eut by hydraulic dredge will not be so susceptible to shrinkage, as the weight of
the excavated material does not rest on the banks. :
This rapid filling of the canals when the land is first drained makes it good
practice to excavate the canal somewhat larger than is desired for the perma-
nent section. If this be done, the canal will not require cleaning until the land
has had time to solidify and the soft mud has stopped coming in from the small
ditches. While the canal can then be cleaned with either a floating dipper or
orange-peel-bucket dredge, the best way is by the use of a hydraulic dredge. All
overhanging and unstable banks should be sloped by hand in advance of the
dredge work; this material then can be taken out along with the soft material
in the canal bottom. The chief objection to the use of the hydraulic dredge for
this clean-out work is the effect of the water and soft mud on the growing crops
along the canal. To avcid this damage a small excavator mounted on skids
along the side of the canal has been used very successfully. By keeping the
eanal practically empty of water, the soft mud will solidify enough to allow it
to be taken out by means of either an orange-peel or clam-shell bucket handled
by the excavator mounted on the bank. If this cleaning of the canals is done
after they have been cut and the land well drained for three or four years,
further cleaning will not be necessary for a long term of years. Because of
1. S. Dept. Agr., Department Bulletin 304, contributed by Office of Public Roads and
Rural Eng.
46 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the long growing season various kinds of water plants grow in the water and
float on the surface. Such plants will have to be removed about twice a year,
or they will impede the flow of the water seriously.
The influence of evaporation at different seasons of the year causes a great
variation in the manner of operating the pumps. <A heavy rainfall in summer
necessitates continuous operation of the pumps for a period saflicient to empty
the canals and ditches. The water that will continue to run out of the lateral
ditches will often be more than balanced by the evaporation, so that it will not
be necessary to start the plant again until another period of heavy precipitation
occurs. Small local rains in summer in all likelihood will pass unnoticed.
During the winter months a heavy precipitation necessitates a relatively longer
period of pumping than in summer. Two or three days after the canals have
been emptied the ground-water drainage entering through the lateral ditches
will make it necessary, owing to lack of evaporation, to operate the plant for
a few hours, and after an interval of about 10 days it will be necessary to do
some more pumping, although no precipitation may have occurred in the inter-
vening period. If the reservoir capacity of the canals be small, the operation
of the pumping plant will be still more intermittent. If the plant be divided
into two or more units, one unit only may be operated for the dry-weather run-
off. The total time of pump operation during the year rarely exceeds 45 days
of 24 hours each, and often drops to as low as 15 days. The total number of
days on which the pumps are operated averages about 70.
In southern Louisiana most of the pumping plants so far installed have a
theoretical capacity of at least 1 inch, and many of them 14 inches, in depth
of water over the inclosed area in 24 hours. The 1-inch run-off is equivalent
to approximately 27 second-feet per square mile of area, or 0.042 second-foot
per acre.
The necessary capacity of a pumping plant depends on the size and slope of
the district to be drained, the depth and nature of the muck, the available
storage capacity of canals and ditches, the system of lateral drains used, the
method of operation of the plant, the character of the crops raised, and the
amount and distribution of the rainfall. The proper allowance to be made for
each of these factors can be determined only as the result of careful and com-
plete observations in the field. Not only should the results for each district
examined be worked out carefully, but the investigations should include a suffi-
ciently large number of typical districts and should continue for such a length
of time as to make the results of general application. Some of the above fac-
tors have been quite closely investigated over a few districts, and all of them
have been covered in a general way. While the results obtained are not final,
and the investigations still are being carried on, these details will be discussed
in the light of such investigations as have been made.
In planning gravity drainage districts it is customary gradually to decrease
the run-off coefficient as the size of the district increases. With one exception
the variation in size of the district in this section is as yet not great; therefore
not much attention need be given this feature. In the summer, when rains are
almost purely local, the larger district is not so likely to receive rains over its
whole surface as is the smaller. Tlowever, the rains that tax the pumping
plant most heavily occur in the spring of the year and are general in character.
The variation in surface elevation on the average district is slight, but where
the district fronts on a ridge having an elevation above the prairie land of from
8 to 12 feet it has been noticed that the lower lands become flooded at times of
heavy rainfall, even though the pumping plant capacity on the district in ques-
tion be larger than that sullicient for the flat lands. This flooding of the lower
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 47
lands can be partly overcome by a proper design of the various parts of the col-
lecting system. By careful location of gravity outlet ditches this drainage water
from the higher lands can be entirely diverted in some cases.
The character and depth of the layer of muck overlying the subsoil on these
lands have a large influence on: the run-off. The muck absorbs water very
readily, and if well drained to a depth of 3 feet its storage capacity is about 8
inches. When the land is first drained this muck will absorb water nearly as
fast as the heaviest rate of precipitation, but as it decays and compacts both
the storage capacity and the rate of absorption decrease very rapidly. A gradual
increase in the rate of run-off then must be expected. ;
The effect of reservoir capacity has already been discussed. However, it
might be well to point out that increase of reservoir capacity does not decrease
the amount of pumping to be done, but simply acts to decrease the time of
flooding in case the run-off overtaxes the capacity of the plant.
Deep lateral drainage acts to decrease the intensity of run-off. If such lat-
erals be lines of tile, the rate of run-off will be decreased still further, for prac-
tically all water must then pass downward through the soil and out through
the tile before it can reach the canal, while in the case of open field ditches most
of the water can flow over the surface to the ditch and thus directly into the
eanal. Especially will this effect be noticed as the muck gradually loses its
power of rapid absorption.
If the pumping plant be designed to operate continuously, its capacity may
be less than that of a plant intended for day use only. As mentioned previ-
ously, there is need of the plant at all times of the year. The fact that the
water is always pumped out promptly and all reservoir capacity is quickly avail-
able makes a smaller plant capacity practicable.
While a knowledge of the total yearly and monthly amounts of rainfall, either
maximum or average, is important in determining the probable total amount of
water to be pumped each year or month, the intensity of rainfall during storm
periods extending over only a few days is the factor that fixes the necessary
eapacity. As the run-off from a given rainfall will depend largely on the con-
dition of the soil before the rain occurred, a determination has been made of the
proportion of storms that occur when the land is wet, by examining the records
of rainfall and pumping kept since June, 1909, on a number of typical districts
in southern Louisiana. Of all the storms exceeding 2 inches and under 4, in
24 hours, 64 per cent occurred on a wet and 86 per cent on a dry surface; for
the storms exceeding 4 inches in 24 hours the percentages are 54 and 46 per cent,
respectively. Of course, the storage capacity of the land influences the rate of
run-off from the small storms relatively much more than it does that of the large
ones. However, an examination of the daily rainfall and pumping records shows
that the heavy rains on a dry soil do not make a very heavy demand on the
pumping plant. It is believed that on this account a reduction of about 380 per
cent in the average frequency of storms as tabulated on page — could safely be
made and that the resulting figure would be the proper one to use when esti-
mating how often a storm would occur on a wet soil.*
Knowing the character of the operations to be conducted on the land of a
given district, a decision can then be reached as to the heaviest storm for which
provision must be made. On a district where staple crops are to be raised it
would be a matter of economy to allow a certain amount of flooding oftener
than would be permissible on land where high-priced truck crops are to be
raised, while in residence districts it would be desirable to prevent all sur-
1for a full discussion of the relation between rainfall and run-off in southern Louisi-
ana, see Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. XI, No. 6, Nov. 5, 1917.
48 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
face flooding. In addition to the damage to crops due to flooding there are
other factors to be considered, such as inconvenience to residents and the
possible depressing influence on land values of floodings occurring even at in-
frequent intervals.
A study has been made of the results of all such heavy storms as occurred
on the districts where records have been kept. For almost the entire period
covered by the record at each pumping plant, hourly readings have been made
of the stage of water in the main reservoir canals during the operation of the
pumps. Also, the amounts of water stored in the main reservoir canals at
the different levels have been calculated. By this means the amounts pumped
per day during the heavy storms have been so adjusted for a number of typi-
eal storms on each district, that the final results represent approximately the
quantity of water that would have been removed had the pumps taken the
water as fast as it entered the main reservoir canals; in other words, these
results represent approximately the true run-off for the storms selected. With
the exception of a very few heavy storms, only such were selected as occurred
when the land in the district was saturated, or at least fairly wet. Owing
to the differences in the degree of, wetness of the land, the intensity of
the rainfall, the time of the year, the condition of the drainage channels, ete.,
the results for a given district are not uniform. However, to aid in judging
what run-off would occur under average conditions the results are shown in
the form of curves (figs. 11 to 15). The amounts of run-off, in inches of depth,
for one, two, three, and four day periods have been plotted as ordinates and
the rainfall, in inches, for each storm as abscissas. Dotted lines have been
drawn through the points representing the run-off for each period. The curves
have been drawn as far as possible to average these groups of points, or zones,
and to conform to each other at the same time. On each set of curves is shown
the area of the district, the average capacity of the pumping plant per 24
hours (this will be somewhat different from that shown in Table II as the
latter is the maximum capacity), and the storage capacity of the main drain-
age channels between the surface and a level 5 feet below. In the case
of the New Orleans Land Co. tract the water discharges by gravity as fast
as it enters the main outfall canal, so no figures for pumping plant and reservoir
capacity are given.
It is evident that the effect on the run-off of a change in the capacity of
the pumping plant can not all be accounted for by the change of level of the
water in the main reservoir canals, as a greater slope and velocity if the water
obtains in the drainage channels when a larger plant is operating. This con-
dition is illustrated in the curves, where in general a higher rate of run-off
per acre is shown on districts having the larger pumping plants. The effect
extends to the small field ditches which have considerable storage capacity,
the amount of which it is not practicable to estimate.
In using these curves to estimate the run-off likely to be caused by an assumed
storm on an assumed district, the curve should be selected for the distriet which
resembles the assumed district in area, pumping, and reservoir sapacities, and
other general conditions. The curves of course must be considered merely as
representing general tendencies rather than definite values. However, by
their use it should be possible to approximate the relative and combined ca-
pacities of pumping plant and reservoir canals necessary to remove the run-
off caused by a given rainfall. For example, suppose it is desired to determine
the required reseryoir capacity for a district resembling in a general way the
Smithport Planting Co. tract, where the capacity of the pumping plant is to be
1 inch. For a storm of 5 inches in 24 hours the curve for the Smithport
Planting Co. tract shows that 0.4 inch would be left as surplus in the reservoir
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA, 49
LAFOURCHE DRAINAGE DISTR NO. a Sa ee
Bun-off in inches
SUBDISTRICT NO.!
Aine ate mnir age ra fen) Yo 635 a. o*
Pumping Plant Capacity.).70" aS y
Peservoir Capacity...040" ve =: a 2d.
ays
/ day Storn7s..O ae aa Bea ea)
z
a, ito pe
day
Be a
/ day Storr7s___—
2day STOVIMS__ __:
we.
ee
LIA
Oe
an
i
am
rate
Rainfall in EE
Wie. 11.—Propable actual run-off from drainage districts in southern Louisiana.
50 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
GUEYDAN DRAINAGE DISTRICT
SUBDISTRICT NO.I
Pumping Plant Capacity. 125"
Reservoir Capacity.__ 068"
/ day Storms____©
2 day Storms___-- )
a hae
S
§
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3days
2days
FS
He
a
CN
‘\
/day
RN
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Ns
Ey
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ie
Pumping Plant Capacity.Q75"
PESEFVO/7 ee 034."
/ day Storms
2day Storms_____®@
»
v
> 5
,S)
8
8
&
°
S
&
Faintall in inches
Fic, 12.—Probable actual run-off from drainage districts in southern Louisiana.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA, 51
JEFFERSON DRAINAGE DISTRICT NO.3
Pumping Plant Capacity 125"
Reservoir Capacity. __060"
/ day Storms —-—0
2day Storms ____®@
Sday Stormms_____&
Aun-ort in inches
Faintall in: inches
_LAFOURCHE DRAINAGE DISTRICT NO.12
SUBDISTRICT N03
Pumping Plant Capacity1.15"
Reservoir Capacity___Q50"
/ day Storms___—_0
wee et
oe
aaap2 eae
Ds — -O1..1 9)
ee |
ee ee
Raintall in inches
Aun-otf ir inches
Fig. 138.—Probable actual run-off from drainage districts in southern Louisiana,
52 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Pumping Plant Capacity.110"
Reservoir Capac/ty._.050"
/ day Stornm7s____0
2day Sforms____®@
Joay Storms ____h
Run-ottin inches
Pumping Plant Capacity. /40"
Reservoir Capac/ty___042"
/ Aay Storvms____0
2day Storms ____®
fur-otfin inches
Fraintall in inches -
Pic, 14.—Probable actual run-off from drainage districts in southern Louisiana, ~
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 53
eanals at the end of the first 24 hours. At the end of the second 24 hours the
surplus still would be 0.4 inch, while at the end of the third day it would have
been reduced to 0.2 inch. Before the end of the fourth day the pumping plant
would have lowered the water to a level 5 feet below the surface of the land.
Since the greatest amount of surplus water left in the reservoir at any time was
0.4 inch, a reservoir having this capacity would be able to prevent flooding,
provided the run-off was as shown on the Smithport curves. By making other
assumptions as to capacity of plant, the corresponding capacity of reservoir
can be approximated. Then by calculating the cost of each pumping plant and
each reservoir, using current prices for material and earthwork, the cheapest
combination can be determined.
COMPOSITE OF EIGHT DISTRICTS
FOR WHICH SEPARATE CURVES ARE SHOWN.
us
Bae asl
ae
x)
v
$
&
&
De
$
S
co
Raintall in inches
Fig. 15.—Probable actual run-off from drainage districts in southern Louisiana.
In general, a system of reservoir canals having the proper depth and width
to give good drainage to the entire area, and allowing the use of average-sized
dredges to construct them, will have a reservoir capacity of about 0.5 inch in
depth over the entire tract. This size will be ample to bring the water to the
pumping plant fast enough to secure continuous operation until the water is
lowered sufficiently in the portion of the canals most remote from the plant.
While a further increase in the size of the reservoir will allow a certain re
duction in the capacity of the pumping plant, the combined cost will usually be
greater with this increase of reservoir. In other words, after a certain point is
reached it is cheaper to increase’ the capacity of the pumping plant than it is
to incease the capacity of the reservoir canals.
54+ BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Although as regards first cost alone it appears that the larger plant and small
reservoir should be used, other factors enter into the problem. With larger
canals the lift would be less, due to the flatter surface slope of the water flow-
ing to the plant. When pumping from the larger canal the service of the pump-
ing plant would be less intermittent, thus saving considerable of the fuel neces-
sary for firing up the plant. The rate of interest on the cost of the plant would
be the same and the expense of clearing the canals of accumulated silt would be
more or less independent of the size, at least within reasonable limits. In re-
moving the run-off from a given storm the small plant would have to operate
longer, thus increasing the labor charges. The proper weight to give each of
these factors would depend on the local conditions in the district in question.
LOCATION, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT.
Theoretically, the plant should be so located that the water in coming to
it will travel the minimum length of reservoir canal. This condition will
usually be met if the plant is placed in the center of the district and dis-
charges through a leveed outfall canal to some bordering lake or bayou. In
practice, however, the plants ordinarily are located on one side of the tract
and on some navigable lake or bayou. This greatly facilitates the transpor-
tation of heavy machinery during the erection of the plant, as the ground
usually is much too soft to allow the hauling of heavy loads. Fuel, also, can
then be transported cheaply. If the tract has any considerable slope the
logical location of the plant is in the lowest part. However, this part often
is very soft, and to secure foundation it may be advisable to locate in some
higher and more stable portion. As pointed out in the discussion of levees,
there are frequent ridges of silt winding through these swamps, and often a
plant can be located on one of these solid ridges. While it would be necessary
to use a great many piles under the foundation in either case, the number can
be reduced if the plant is located on a ridge.
The foundation under both the machinery .and the building of a pumping
plant should be of concrete, well supported by piling. A plan of the foundation
under the plant at Gueydan already has been shown (fig. 10) and is a good
illustration of a foundation in this character of soil. The foundation under the
plant on the Des Allemands drainage district, already illustrated (fig. 8), also
is a good one. It will be noted on both these plans that the foundation is sgur-
rounded by sheet piling and that under the center of the Des Allemands plant
a line of sheet piling has been driven and extended into the concrete. In these
soft soils such precautions are necessary. The engine and pump are usually
mounted on the same block of concrete, so that any subsequent settlement can
not throw them out of line.
While buildings to inclose the machinery should be durable and of fireproof
construction, they are not called upon to protect the machinery and attendants
from low winter temperatures. A frame of structural steel covered with heavy,
corrugated, galvanized iron answers the purpose very well, although in one
case a brick building has been erected. These buildings should be capable of
resisting the action of the tropical hurricanes, for it is at such times that the
need for the plant is greatest.
The selection and arrangement of machinery in centrifugal pumping plants
have been discussed in detail in publications of the department.* While the
local conditions considered in those publications are somewhat different from
*U. S$. Dept. Agri., Dept. Bul. 304, contributed by Office of Public Roads and Rural
Ing.; U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations, Cir. 101.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. 55
those in southern Louisiana, the same principles are involved, and the same
general features are to be considered.
The average lift of the drainage pumping plants is from 4 to 6 feet, with the
total head ranging from O to 10 feet. Special attention should be given to the
reduction to a minimum of all friction and velocity-head losses, as a poor ar-
rangement of piping to the pumps may easily increase the total head 50 to
75 per cent. Plants have been inspected where the total head on pump was
nearly double the useful lift. The cost of properly designed pipes is very
little more than that of pipes which cause large losses.
The design of the pumps must be especially suited to low and variable lifts
in order to give efficient service. The ordinary centrifugal pump designed
for higher lifts is very inefficient when used on low-lift conditions, Sometimes
it is advisable to design the pumps to run most efficiently at considerably less
than the maximum capacity required of them when the demand is the heaviest.
Thus nearly all the water can be pumped while running the pumps at the best
possible capacity for efficiency, as the number of days per year that the plant
will be called upon to operate at its maximum capacity are very few, averag-
ing perhaps five. In this way a comparatively small and cheap plant can be
installed and the maximum required capacity obtained by speeding up the
pumps above their normal rate.
Various types of pumps have been examined in the plants inspected. The
horizontal centrifugal pump and the horizontal screw pump are the only ones
entirely suitable for drainage service of this nature. One large rotary pump
was inspected, and while it was pumping water very efficiently, the minimum lift
through which it could work was 10 feet, which was nearly twice the required
lift. Such pumps are more expensive and require more expensive foundations
than do centrifugal pumps.
_ It is advisable to install not less than two units in a plant. The low stages of
water in the reservoir canals can then be handled properly, and.a breakage of
machinery would not render the plant inoperative. Owing to the fact that the
soil on the average reclamation district will subside from 2 to 8 feet during
the early years of reclamation, both the average and the maximum lift of the
pumping plant will probably increase by that amount. Provision should be
made for this increase of lift by having sufficient power for driving the pumps
and by having the suetion pipe of sufficient length.
On all pumps some means should be installed of indicating whether or not
they are discharging at the proper rate under a given set of conditions. Vegeta-
tion growing in the reservoir canals will bé carried through even a closely
spaced screen in the suction basin and will lodge on the impellers; this will
reduce the capacity materially even if its. presence can not be detected by the
most careful operator. Tests have been made on plants where the capacity was
reduced as much as 30 per cent from this cause. ‘Where the pump has two
suction pipes, vacuum gages installed on the pipes close to the pump will indi-
cate by a sudden change in pressure that débris has become entangled in the
impeller. An instrument known as a rate-qf-flow meter, reading in thousands
of gallons per minute, has been devised for connecting to the discharge pipes;
this will indicate at all times the amount of water passing through the pumps.
If the amount of water indicated by this meter is less than it should be for a
certain lift and speed of rotation of the impeller, the pump should be cleared
of débris at once. After pumps are installed a thorough test should be made
to see whether or not they come up to the guaranteed efficiency and to determine
the proper speed at which to run them to obtain the best efficiency.
All the older pumping plants in this section were driven by steam engines; the
types of engine varied from the cheapest slide-valve to the most expensive type
56 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE.
of poppet valve using super-heated steam. Within the last three years a num-
ber of internal-combustion engines have been installed. These, too, vary in
character from the ordinary gasoline-burning engine to those which burn the
heavy crude oils. One plant close to New Orleans uses electric power. Both
the internal-combustion engines and the electric motors have great advantages
over the steam engines when used on intermittent service. There are consider-
able losses, both of fuel and ¢abor, in starting a steam plant, while the other
types can be started without much loss of either. Although the total period of
operation of the average drainage pumping plant is about 20 days of 24 hours -
each per year, the plant probably will operate on as many as 90 different
days. This means that the average period of operation for each time it is
fired up will be very short, perhaps less than 6 hours; therefore a large per-
centage of the fuel burned will be used in getting started. Owing to the famili-
arity of ordinary workmen with steam engines, and to the simplicity of such
engines, they still are very popular as a source of power for driving the pumps.
On the other hand, the great saving in labor and fuel obtained by the use of
engines burning crude oil has resulted in all the newer plants being driven by
oil engines. The depreciation of the steam plant, particularly of the boiler
because of bad feed water and the rapid corrosion of sheet metal in this climate,
is much greater in such intermittent service than is the depreciation of internal-
combustion engines.
Cost or PUMPING PLANTS.
The cost of drainage-pumping plants, per indicated horsepower, varies widely
according to type of machinery, expense of transportation of machinery to site
of plant, character of foundation, and difficulty of erection. The last three items
will vary greatly according to local conditions. An accompanying diagram (fig.
16) shows comparative approximate costs of single-unit centrifugal pumping
plants erected complete, inclusive of foundations, but exclusive of buildings, in-
take, discharge canals, or flume. These costs are based on estimates for work in
Louisiana and Texas, and the diagram is published by courtesy of H. L. Hutson,
New Orleans, La. These figures are approximate, but are on the safe side; that
is, they take into consideration construction under unusual difficulties. In mak-
ing up these costs it was assumed that the effect of the three items mentioned as
varying according to local conditions would be a constant percentage of the cost
of the plant. It is obvious that this diagram should not be used in attempting to
determine accurately the cost of a drainage plant; its chief usefulness is in
showing the relative cost of the various types of machinery, for deciding upon
the most economical size of unit to be used in large plants, and for making ap-
proximate estimates of the total cost of plants.
In making the diagram, the cost of the plant has been divided into the cost
of the “ water end” (pump, pump foundation, and piping), and the cost of the
“steam end” (engines, boilers, and their foundations and auxiliaries). The
cost of the water end is given in terms of gallons per minute of rated capacity,
and that of the steam end in terms of indicated horsepower. Owing to the vari-
ation in costs it is necessary to use zones instead of lines to indicate them,
The zone marked “steam end, compound condensing Corliss or 4-valve en-
gine” includes the cost of this type of engine and water-tube boilers. The zone
marked “ Compound condensing slide valve” includes the cost of this type of
engine and either water tube or return tubular boilers, according to the size of
the plant. The zone marked ‘‘ Simple slide-valve noncondensing’”’ includes the
cost of this type of engine and horizontal return tubular boilers. It will be
noted that for the higher class engines the cost is not indicated below about
57
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08 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
100 horsepower, as engines of this class can not be purchased in smaller sizes
than 75 or 100 horsepower.
In estimating the cost of a plant the following steps are necessary. With a
given capacity of plant in gallons per minute, estimate the cost of the water
end by use of the water-end zone. In order to get the cost of the steam end the
indicated horsepower must be calculated first. First the water horsepower is
determined, knowing the capacity and lift of the plant; then this is divided by
the combined efficiency of the engine, transmission, pump, and piping, which
will give the indicated horsepower. By using the various zones of cost of differ-
ent types of engines, the cost of the steam end can be determined. Then by
combining the cost of water end and steam end the total cost of plant will be
determined.
59
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WET LANDS Of SOUTHERN’ LOUISIANA. 63
Cost OF OPERATION.
Records of operation have been kept for a number of pumping plants in
drainage service in southern Louisiana. Not all of the plants included in these
records are typical, neither have conditions been typical, but it is believed that
it will be of service to include all the plants so that a comparison may be made
of the saving in cost of operation that may be effected, first, by having good
levees around the district; second, by properly installing efficient and suitable
machinery; third, by operating the plant carefully.
The equipment of each pumping plant, as well as the kinds and costs of fuel
and labor, are shown in Table II. Table III shows the costs of operation,
including fuel, labor, and repairs; it also shows the conditions under which
the plants were operated. For the purpose of comparing the costs for the
various plants a unit has been chosen which eliminates any effect of differences
in the amounts of water pumped and lifts of the pumps-; this unit is the cost
of lifting 1 acre-foot of water 1 foot. Of course the pumps with the higher
average lifts worked at a relatively greater efficiency. It should be noted that
Table III shows average effective lift rather than the actual lift, the former
being the difference between the elevation of the water surface from which
water is being pumped and that of the water surface where the pumps
discharge. The cost of pumping likewise is expressed in the cost of lifting
1 acre-foot of water 1 effective foot.
As an example of the large amount of pumping that may be caused by seepage
through poorly designed or built levees, the results for 1912 and 1913 on the
Smithport tract and those for 1913 for the Gueydan district should be compared
with the results for 1913 and 1914 from subdistrict No. 3 at Raceland. The
amount of water pumped on the latter district was scarcely half that pumped
on the other two districts, although the amount of rainfall was not far different.
The cost figures given in the table must be compared with due: regard to
conditions of operation and to the average lift of the pumps. The effect of a
change of lift of a pump is shown in the figures for nearly all the plants, but
especially in those for reclamation district No. 1 at Poydras, subdistrict No. 1
at Des Allemands, and subdistrict No. 3 at Raceland. On certain other of the
plants the fact that an increase in lift has not caused a decrease in unit cost
is due to the increase in fuel cost.
As all of the Corliss engine plants are on large districts, a condition that tends
to a relatively large reduction in the labor charge per unit of water lifted out
of the district, it will be advisable to disregard the item of labor and make the
comparison on cost of fuel alone; this will largely eliminate the effect of the
size of the district. With the exception of the year 1914, the cost in fuel of
lifting an acre-foot of water 1 foot was much less for the Corliss engine plants
than for those using slide-valve engines. The plants in subdistrict No. 1 at
Gueydan and Jefferson drainage district No. 8 are similar in equipment, except
that the pumps in the Gueydan district are larger. It will be noted that the
cost of fuel used per unit of water lifted (Table III) is less for the Gueydan
district than for the other. The lifts and the lengths of run per fire up are
about the same, while the unit cost of fuel (Table II) is lower for the Jefferson
plant. This difference in cost of operation might be due partly to the fact that
these two plants have the same sized engines, which results in the engines in
the Gueydan plant working at about their proper capacity, while those in the
Jefferson plant are working at a considerable underload. No doubt, however,
the greater part of the difference is in the care with which the oil has been
fired under the boilers.
64 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
For the plants having slide-valve engines, a comparison of the costs of fuel
for lifting an acre-foot of water 1 foot will show that the effect of the highest
average lift and the longest run per fire up for the year 1913, which occurred
in the Smithport plant, has served to make the latter plant compare favor-,
ably with the other slide-valve plants, although it is by far the poorest plant
of the lot. On the other hand, the effect of the lowest lift and the shortest
run per fire up for the year 1913, which occurred in the Raceland plant, has
servec tc make it the most expensive plant per acre-foot of water lifted 1 foot,
although the Raceland plant is the equal of any of the other slide-valve plants.
The efficiency of the pumps in the plant at Poydras was increased considerably
by the changes made in pipes and impellers in 1918.
The only plant operated by electricity shows a considerably higher cost for
power in 1914 for lifting an acre-foot of water 1 foot than do most of the
steam plants. However, it will be noted that the amount of pumping was small,
and as the relatively large monthly charge for current is a constant, whether
the pumps are operated or not, on years of small pumping the unit cost in
this plant will be high. In the first nine months of 1915 about the same
quantity of water was pumped as in the whole of 1914, but the fixed charge
was proportionately less. Therefore the unit cost was much less in 1915 than
in 1914.
While a number of plants were in operation in which the pumps were driven
by oil-burning engines, the cost data are available only for subdistrict No. 1,
Raceland. However, the small unit cost for lifting an acre-foot of water 1 foot
is a striking feature of this plant. The unit cost for labor is high on account
of the small area of this district. The total charge for labor on a plant of
this kind need not be much more for a plant large enough to drain an area
several times greater. ;
The amounts of rainfall and run-off on the districts given in the foregoing
tables are not all typical, and an average of them would not*give a figure suit-
able for general application. From these a selection has been made of the
typical figures; an average of them is as follows: Rainfall, 48.61 inches; run-off,
21.56 inches; per cent of rainfall appearing as run-off, 44.4. The mean annual
rainfall for this section is about 56 inches, so that the amount pumped under
average conditions would be a depth of 24.8 inches per year. The average lift
for plants in this section would not be far from 5 feet. Following are the
average results from the various plants under actual conditions of operation;
it includes only those figures which are known to be typical:
Average results from various plants.
Total cost Cost of fuel Total cost
rs ; of operation of lifting 2
Kind of plant. per acre- poreeee cretent
foot foot. ‘ 5 feet.
Steant’Sige-valve CUEING. so oe sen cc. «2 occ See EE eee mee $0. 075 $0. 050 $0. 75
Steam Corliss-valve engine........... Mow lale a leletche ts ese eee re tee ee . 060 - 035 -60
Oilenpitiese- 2 to ckn 22 eeeeee OS aan senses se ese ess - 040 - 015 - 40
FGIGCERIC MO LOL nc tae ata ee ele maine © ele cin olen ee ee ee ene - 097 1,072 -97
1 Cost of power.
Since the average amount of water to be removed from drainage districts in
this section is about 24 inches per year, the average cost, per acre per year, of
operation of drainage pumping plants will be about as shown in the last column
of the above table.
WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. ; 65
Not all the pumping plants have kept careful and complete records of
their operation. Without such records it is impossible to know whether or not
the plant is being run economically or to ascertain sources of waste. From the
standpoint of the owners of the land such records are as essential as are the
accounts of any business concern to its proprietors. These records are essential
also to progress in the matter of design and construction, not only of the
pumping plant, but of the other drainage improvements. If the canal system
is adequate or the levee system subject to seepage, careful records of opera-
tion will show that further improvement is necessary. The proof of the value
of any set of improvements is the service rendered, and unless records are kept
it will not be possible to judge of the serviceability of such improvements.
In the past, owing to a lack of records of actual operating conditions, the
capacity of the pumping plant and the character of the machinery have varied
widely on the different districts. The data herein published as to amount and
cost of pumping should enable those in charge of the design and operation of
"such improvements to judge better of the requirements. These records will be-
come of much greater value if they are continued over a long term of years and
if they are extended to include all districts drained by pumps.
The following form is recommended as one including the essential features of
daily operations.
FORM FOR DAILY PUMPING RECORDS.
(Date) ___ ESPs varia de oye Gite see.
Flow meter.
eee Dis- Speed of pumps. e ==
‘ uction : tart top x Pe
Hour. gage. ae pump. | pump. Gallons per minute.
No.1. | No.2. | No.3. | No.1. | No.2. | No.3.
One page should be used for each day. The gages in the reservoir and the
discharge canal should be read before starting and again about one-half hour
after starting. If practicable, all items should be entered once each hour.
Other items that might affect the operation of the plant, such as improper
canals or seepage through levees, should be noted.
Expenses of operation should be kept carefully and classified under the
following headings: Fuel, labor, supplies, repairs, and superintendence. The
records should be kept in such a form that the totals for each month and
year can be determined. The cost per acre per year can thus be obtained, but
to determine: the cost of removing a certain unit of water the capacity of the
pumps at the various speeds and lifts should be determined by testing. The
above form provides for such data that the amount of water pumped can be
66 BULLETIN 652, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ealeulated. If such records are kept on each district they will show whether
the pumping plant is being operated properly, and they will enable future —
drainage -improvements to be designed much more intelligently than heretofore.
UTILIZATION OF LAND.
In general, the water is lowered as rapidly as possible on these marshlands
when they ure first reclaimed. The lateral ditches are then cut and complete
drainage of the soil obtained. Owing to the soft, spongy nature of the soil,
it can not be cultivated immediately after drainage with ordinary farm ani-
mals and machinery. The work of reducing the soil to suitable condition for
ordinary cultural methods belongs properly to the work of reclamation. As
already mentioned under the detailed descriptions of the typical districts, the
first cultivation of the land must be done with special machinery. After the ©
Innd is cleared of grass the extra large disk plow has been found the best means
of plowing it. These plows must be mounted on wheels of considerably more
than the usual width. The tractor which draws these plows is the principal
factor in doing the work successfully. Plate I, figure 1, shows a type of tractor
which has been very successful. It is the type which was used almost exclu-
sively on the plowing of the New Orleans Lakeshore Land Co. tract. As shown
by the picture, the apron wheels are wide and exert only a small unit pressure
on the soil, at the same time affording a very large tractive area for pulling.
The body of the tractor is set well above the surface of the ground. This is an
essential feature, for when the apron wheels sink into the ground, if the
clearance of the body of the tractor is small the framework will rest on the
ground, and further progress will be checked. Following the first plowing it is
customary to pulverize the ground thoroughly with a double-disk harrow drawn
by the same type of tractor. With ordinary weather conditions it is usually
possible te place ordinary farm animals on such soils two or three months after
they have received the above-described treatment. Where the land is especially
soft it probably will be necessary to equip the feet of the animals with “ bog
shoes.”
The first plowing of the land should not be attempted until it is fairly well
drained. Lands that are especially soft may have to be drained for several
months before they can be plowed, although much will depend on the time of —
year and the amount and distribution of the rainfall. As much progress is —
made in cultivating these raw lands in one dry year as in two wet years. The |
transforming of the dry, raw land to a cultivated field has been one of the
most unsatisfactory and expensive operations in the reclamation of these lands. —
This has been due principally to the use of improper machinery and the
attempt to plow the land before it was sufficiently drained. However, methods
have advanced so far, and the special machinery necessary for the work has —
been so well worked out, that it is possible to make this transformation with
reasonable expense.
Usually the first crop planted is corn. Frequently this is planted by corn
planters drawn by the above-described tractors. In the average district it is
possible to cultivate the first crop by ordinary methods. Following the first
crop of corn a wide variety of crops have been grown successfully. The heavy
percentage of vegetable material makes it easy to maintain a mulch of dry
soil on the surface, and by proper management of the pumping plant the stage
of water in the canals and ditches can be so controlled that the water is not
reduced too great a distance below the surface.
WET LANDS OF SOUTH’ERN LOUISIANA. 67
FINANCIAL.
In its original state much of the prairie land is worthless, its only usefulness
being in that it serves as a trapping and hunting ground. Its present market
4value is due to possibilities of reclamation rather than to any present useful-
ness and is more or less speculative. The value of the land varies according
to the completeness and permanence of the drainage improvements, as well as
according to its original character. A wide variation exists in the quality of
- the improvements, especially in the pumping-plant equipment. The cost per
acre of reclaiming the various districts depends on natural conditions, the com-
pleteness of reclamation, and the character of the drainage improvements.
The usual variation in the cost of such reclamation is from $30 to $45 per acre.
SUCCESS OF DRAINAGE.
The drainage of these lands has been uniformly successful, and from the
drainage engineer’s standpoint the work is now well past the experimental
stage. Where successful drainage has not been attained it has been due to
insufficient and poorly constructed improvements rather than to inherent and
insurmountable difficulties. On some of the districts the improvements have
been installed without competent engineering advice and services, and while
successful drainage has been secured in some such cases, it was not secured
with the greatest economy. The earlier faults were due principally to attempts
to drain the land too cheaply. This has been demonstrated to be false economy,
and the present practice is almost uniformly of such a. grade as will ultimately
result in the complete drainage of the lands of this section.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
20 CENTS PER COPY
V
, BULLETIN No. 653 4
Contribution from the States Relations Service ‘N
A. C. TRUE, Director.
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. February 12, 1918
LESSONS ON CORN FOR RURAL ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS.
By ©. H. Lane, Chief Specialist in Agricultural Education.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Need of study of corn in schools........-.--- AL) TBC SS ON MISXRU SSRs eR ee Se ne ashe me seni e n= 6
WE SSOUSU pee eee eae ean ae oa oncniae i oie 1 EXER Bytes er I he RE ey s 2 eS 6
WWiscecJondeas seo eee 2 | PRAT tyne Aten mega tee BS. SN 7
WWD ee ee oboe ee ae eee ae eee mae 33 DiS eat epee ne ay ep Ta PE 7
JIN Bods eS Scns ECCS Ct eee mee es 4) “Adaptationito\commumnityc..5-2+-2--2-----2- 9
WSs Sescdsd SASS Soa aii ae ee ea 4 | Use of texts and references -......-...-...-.- 19
Wale go Soe a See Rese cs Sas eee tee 4 | Use ofillustrative material................-- 10
Wil oe na ds agseedee eee Ses eee eae Db) | .Obsenvineicornnidayes-55- eres sseee ase eeene es 11
WAND seat Goa B Occ tC EOE ee ae 5h Sug zestive; Correlations access eeeeese sense 12
NEED OF STUDY OF CORN IN SCHOOLS.
For a considerable number of years more attention has been given
by farmers to the production and improvement of corn than to any
other grain or general farm crop, yet for no 10-year period has the
average corn yield of the United States exceeded 28 bushels per acre.
No State has averaged for any year over 54 bushels per acre, yet in”
practically every section of the United States yields of more than
100 bushels per acre have been produced. With the rapid spread of
the work of boys’ clubs the need of the study of corn in the schools
has come to be better appreciated. The purpose of this bulletin is
to furnish lessons for developing the real educational value of this
study.
LESSON I.
Subject.—Kinds of corn.
Topics for study.—Points of difference between flint, pop, sweet,
and dent corn. What is each kind mostly used for? How many
Nore.—A revision of Farmers’ Bulletin 617, the original edition of which was issued
Oct. 22, 1914. Furnishes elementary lessons on corn and is of interest to rural-school
teachers in all parts of the United States.
12886°—18—Bull. 653 al
2 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
kinds are grown in your school district? Which has proved most
profitable? Which produces the larger annual crop, corn or wheat?
Evercises—HUave six or more pupils bring 10 ears of the best corn
they can find at home. It would be better if all could bring the
same kind of corn. Before the pupils attempt to select the most
desirable ears for seed have them read the references. Then have
the pupils select 20 or 30 of the best-looking ears for use in the lesson
on judging corn.
References.—Farmers’ Bulletin 229, pp. 8, 9; 253,* pp. 6, 7; 415,
pp: 4, 5; 537, pp. 18, 19; 553; 554. ,
Seale i} US “
eH” O06 C 000 . ade gue ;
AD one AP HET Tee Gg SS 4 TI:
SS , ; , :
Fic. 1.—Characteristics of a well-developed ear of corn.
LESSON II.
Subject.— Judging corn.
Topics for study.—Object of corn judging. Value of “corn score
card.” Preparation of local corn exhibit. Learn how to judge of the
maturity, vitality, and distinctness of type of corn.
Exercises.—Provide each pupil with 10 ears of corn and let him
practice scoring, using the score card given. Each pupil should
score a half dozen or more 10-ear samples before this exercise is
passed by. Number all of the ears from 1 to 20 or 1 to 30, as the case
may be, by tying to each a small numbered tag or sticking a numbered
peg into the butt of each cob. Have each pupil provide himself with
a score card ruled as shown below, providing one column for each
ear of corn. The figures in the score card just to the left of the first
perpendicular line show the number of “points” that should be
+ Parmers’ Bulletins marked with an asterisk (*) throughout this publication are not
available for free distribution, but may be secured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., for 5 cents a copy.
LESSONS ON CORN. 3
given for a perfect ear, e. g., if the pupil thinks ear No. 4 is nearly
perfect in shape he would probably mark 9 in line 2, column 4, as
shown in the table. Each pupil should examine carefully each ear
‘of corn and put down on his score card, in the column of the same
number as the ear of corn, his estimate of the qualities named on each
line at the left, except line 4—vitality—which should not be filled in
“until after the seed is tested by the method explained on page 4.
_ Then compute the germinating value of the different samples on
the basis of 20 for a perfect ear, as shown in the score card, and give
each ear its proper rating in line 4 of the score card. Now add up
the different columns of figures in the score card, and by means of
the totals select the best five ears.
Score card for corn.
Points. Te A CE WSO TO pets Ih ele)
1. Trueness to type. .-.-.-----------------++------+--+ ID esolloeos eodlleadelsose Bera sucallgeea laces aeese
2. Shape of ear......-.----------------- +--+ --2 22-222 - eee UIQ) ietsel fcseeel eel | sesiiel eres Bee Sea aoa ae larete
3. Purity of color in grain and cob.......--------------- FASS (Beciel aeses eee Pe Se EE [al (ee
4. Vitality, maturity, germinating power....-..--.----- 20 | eres | eaeeeue te cal ratio eae icin Er Se ea ee
5, GMOS OF GRR oo odoo oon edu sbboDooE Loe pee eoereaseuoessee Eye | ea esata Up Ei Rt RA gO el eee al| a ae
‘iy LBS OF CNS Ucas od odbosec sogdeE SS ee pe paEeEnoeoEosene TL Sealaeias Wao lseie acer BS TM iss oto
SeeoUnitormity of kermels..2 2225... 262 25.0.6 2 2 eee ee Fak PR AL PS RAGA | EE USN EO RE a) eat
&, Slag) OF LGaim Ss 05+ -socedodoossedeseoedeedesceagoeoe Ey ee yal PNG Rresened aeons tier Eel eis) Rater lea alla
2, IbGiatyild @OLGE 56 9 S6L Se odo see eecupreo secre ocee spe aee is eel lado Weed epee ee BR OU ey sia [eee elise aod
Me Circumference ollean-----.----.---2------c2--------% ESA aT gs heal chee (ee Say Gee 4 eae se elaeee
ie Hurrows between TOWS-/.\------------------+----+--..- E31] aetese||aeal aecres sy Mel eae Ase [eae Wee ieee sees
12. Bpacelbepwenr kernels 3: cob puododedsbeseeassesa sage A OSS | ee eat Ne She el Sat oe a ets oaU5| are lee
13. Proportion of corn to cob...........-.---.----------. ADO | Se ES a |e | EV Eps | Cae
“NOUBIL cacondd os osen Seb ea OUseel Ua Sees oSsee aerEas LOOM EEE EES alee ee as eee alice alee aac cee Rieti
|
In order to understand the meaning of all the points listed in this
‘score card it is well to write to the State agricultural college or
to the State corn breeders’ association, if there is one, for an expla-
nation of the official score card used in your State; or it may be pos-
sible to get some one from the agricultural college or other agricul-
tural school to come to your school or county teachers’ meeting and
explain the score card fully.
References.——Corn score card published by the State agricultural
college. State corn breeders’ association, if there is one.
LESSON III.
Subject.—Seed corn.
Topics for study.—What constitutes good seed corn? Where to
obtain the best possible seed corn. How to gather seed corn. Treat-
“ment of seed immediately after gathering. Destroying weevils or
grain moths. Winter storage of seed corn. Method of shelling.
Heercises—Compare the methods outlined in Farmers’ Bulletin 415
with those in practice in the vicinity of the school. What advan-
tages for the various methods are apparent? See that the pupils
4 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
actually perform as many as time will permit of the operations for
gathering and storing seed corn as are outlined in this particular.
bulletin. The United States Census Report of 1910 gives the na-_
tional corn acreage as 98,382,665 acres. If seed selection could in- |
crease the yield 3 3 bushels aaen acre, what would be the increased
income at 60 ane a bushel ?
References —Farmers’ Bulletins 253,* 415.
LESSON IV.
Subject.—Testing seed corn.
Topics for study—tImportance of testing the vitality of corn,
How to make germinating boxes. Care of the germinating box.
Ears to be saved for seed. Grading of the seed ears.
Exercises —Have the pupils study and make the germinating test
as outlined in Farmers’ Bulletin 253.*
Ask the pupils to test at home all the seed corn needed for the
project field. Most parents will be glad to have the pupil conduct
the seed testing at home, and this will be valuable practice. From
the results of these tests have the pupils estimate what would be the
gain (on the basis of recent yields) resulting from the rejection of ©
poor seed corn. If the pupils will also test some ears from the corn |
cribs, they will probably prove that the crib method of curing corn
is not suitable for seed corn.
References—Farmers’ Bulletins 253,* pp. 8-10; 415, p. 10; 531,
ae
LESSON VY.
Subject.—Place of corn in crop rotation. .
Topics for study.—(1) Reasons for rotation: (a) Different crops |
make different requirements of the soil; (6) root systems differ; (¢)
crops should be selected to suit varying seasonal conditions; (d) the |
culture of one crop prepares for a succeeding crop of a particular
kind; (@) distribution of labor. (2) Corn in systems of rotation. |
Exercises—Draw plans of the home farm, showing fields, and ©
write in each field the crops in the order in which they were grown ~
during the last five years. Write to the State agricultural college for
(~) a system of crop rotation in grain farming and for (6) a system
of rotation in live-stock farming.
References.—Farmers’ Bulletins 242 **: 310,* pp. 12, 18, 21, 228
90 *. 990 *. 597
o2: 5 4992 5 537,
LESSON VI.
Subject.—Preparation of the seed bed.
lopics for study—sSoil conditions necessary. Time of plowing.
Purpose of plowing. Depth of plowing. Characteristics of a good
seed bed. When should cover crops be turned under for corn? ,
A
t
LESSONS ON CORN. 5
Exercises—Show the effect of plowing under cloddy soil, or a
large cover crop, on the rise of capillary water. Also the effect of
disking a cover crop or heavy coating of manure into the surface soil
before turning under. Use four lamp chimneys, numbered 1, 2, 3,
and 4, Fill all to a depth of 5 inches with a sandy soil. Finish filling
No. 1, using good loam soil. On top of the sand in No. 2 put 1 inch
of wheat or oat chaff well packed down. In No. 3 put 2 inches of
fine clods. Finish filling Nos. 2 and 3 with loam soil. Complete the
filling of No. 4 by using a mixture of loam and the same amount of
chaff used in No. 2. Set all chimneys in about 1 inch of water. Ob-
serve and explain results.
A field is 80 rods long and 60 rods wide. How many acres? How
many days will it take to plow it, allowing 24 acres a day as fair
work for man and team? What would be the cost, charging local
prices ?
References——Farmers’ Bulletins 414, pp. 6, 7, 18, 17, 18; 537, pp.
12, 13, 14; 729, pp. 1, 2,3. Farmers’ Bulletin 773 gives on pp. 10-12
instructions on preparing land for planting corn under droughty
conditions.
LESSON VII.
Subject.—Fertilizers and how to apply them.
Topics for study.—What are the indispensable requirements for a
good corn yield? What is one of the surest fertilizers for producing
a large corn crop? Why? How many tons of well-decomposed and
moist barnyard manure may you safely apply? Manure containing
stalks or undecomposed straw may reduce the corn yield. Explain.
When should the manure be applied? What element of plant food is
needed most by the soils for profitable corn production in your dis-
trict? What necessary elements of plant food do commercial ferti-
lizers supply? When are such fertilizers likely to be profitable and
-how should they be applied? Show the relation between profitable
corn production and the use of lime, ground phosphate rock, and
legumes on different kinds of soils. Name the steps necessary in
building up the soil permanently on a run-down farm in your district.
References —Farmers’ Bulletins 44*; 192,* p. 5; 326,* p. 10; 398 *;
A ppHl2s to 531, pp. 10,115 (29, pp. 34, 5, 6, 7, 8:
LESSON VIII.
Subject—When and how to plant field corn.
Topics for study.—At what time do the best farmers in your school
district plant their cornfields? What is the old Indian rule? Why
do the farmers not plant earlier? Why do they wish to plant corn
as early as it is safe? Do most of them plant in continuous drills or
6 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
in hills? How far are the rows spaced apart? How far apart are)
the hills in each row? What is a “check rower”? How man
corn crop?
Evercises—How many kernels are needed to plant an acre of |
ground? How many ears does that require? How many farmers—
in your district take their seed ears from the corncrib in the spring? |
Is there any certain way to find whether they will grow before plant-
ing them in the field? (See p. 4.) How many kernels in a quart of
good shelled seed corn of the kinds commonly grown in the locality?
How many quarts are needed to plant an acre?) How many bushels |
for 40 acres? How many bushels of shelled corn do the best farmers |
in your district raise on an acre? How does this compare with the |]
best yields made by the boys’ corn clubs in your State?
References.
on time and methods of planting corn under droughty conditions.
LESSON IX.
Subject—The cultivation of corn.
Topics for study—Purposes of cultivating corn. Importance of
first cultivation. Shallow cultivation. Meaning of a soil mulch.
Purpose of a mulch. Proper depth. Frequency of renewal.
Evercises.—The effect of a soil mulch may be shown by filling two |
cans or flower pots with soil and planting corn. When the plants are |
3 inches high cover the soil in one pot with a layer of coarse sand
or granular dry soil to a depth of 1 inch. Place in the window and —
observe which plants first show the need of water.
If a man and team harrow 15 acres a day, how long will it’ take to
harrow a field twice which is 80 rods long and 60 rods wide? What
would be the cost, charging local prices?
References—Directions for the proper cultivation of corn are
given in Farmers’ Bulletin 229 for the “Corn Belt States,” and in
Farmers’ Bulletin 81* for States farther south. Farmers’ Bulletin
729 gives on pp. 13-19 instructions on how to cultivate corn in the —
thre
Southeastern States. Farmers’ Bulletin 773, pp. 16-18. Farmers? ”
)
sulletin 587, pages 16 and 17, gives general directions for cultivating
corn with a view to producing a maximum yield. Nearly every |
State has one or more bulletins on this subject. These should always
be procured from the State agricultural college and studied in the
class.
LESSON X.
Subject—Corn diseases and pests.
Topics for study.—The corn root-louse. The chinch bug. The ~
corn ear-worm. Weeds. Corn smut. The larger cornstalk-borer.
B |
kernels are planted in a hill? What is the secret of a prize-winning
Farmers’ Bulletins 414, pp. 19-24; 537, pp. 14, 15; {
729, pp. 8-13. T‘armers’ Bulletin 773 gives on pp. 12-16 instructions
&
oie eal
LESSONS ON CORN. qi
Heercises—Find out from the farmers in the district whether
-corn has any serious pests, such as birds, insects, or diseases. If
possible, have the pupils collect and preserve for the school exhibit
local corn diseases and insect pests.
References—Farmers’ Bulletins 54*, pp. 18-23, 29, 30; 78*, p. 27;
537, pp. 15, 16; 634*; 733; 739.
LESSON XI.
Subject.—The food value of corn.
Topics for study.—tIs most of the corn in your State fed or
shipped? Which is cheaper, to ship the corn or to ship an animal
that was fed on it? About how many bushels of corn are required to
feed a 250-pound hog? How much would it cost to ship the corn to
the nearest large stock market—Chicago, Omaha, Kansas City, or
Buffalo? To ship the hog? In addition to its value as feed for
stock, corn is largely used as human food. In what ways is it used
as a food? What products are manufactured from corn? What
ones have you seen? What samples of them do you have in your
school museum ?
Exercises —When you sell $10 worth of corn from the farm you
sell $3.78 worth of fertilizer; when you sell $10 worth of cattle you
sell $1.18 worth of fertilizer. Which would be more profitable—to
sell corn or to feed it to cattle and sell the cattle? Which method of
farming would keep the land in good condition longer? Have the
pupils study and recite on Farmers’ Bulletins 56, 65, 97, and 122. All
these deal with some phase of feeding corn to farm animals. The
girls in the class will be interested in studying the value of corn as a
food for human beings, as discussed particularly in Farmers’ Bulletin
565.
References—Farmers’ Bulletins 97*, pp. 9-12; 249; 281*, pp.
18-29; 298; 553: 554; 559; 565.
LESSON XII.
Subject.—The botany of corn.
Topics for study—Corn flowers: Does the corn have flowers like
wheat? Where are the stamens in corn? Where are the pistils?
What is the yellow powder that one sees on the ground just as the
silks begin to show? Why so much of it? Why is dry weather par-
ticularly bad for corn at this time? When a cornstalk grows in a
place by itself what kind of an ear does it have? Why is this? Open
an ear of corn that has just “silked out.” Follow the threads of
silk. Where are they attached to the kernels?
(The corn stamens are normally borne in the tassel. The silks and
the kernels to which they are attached are the pistils. The pollen
must fall or be blown from the tassel to the silk in order to fertilize
8 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the kernel and make it develop. There must be a great abundance
of pollen, because so much is lost. Each silk extends to one kernel
only.)
The corn leaves and stalks: How are the leaves arranged on the
stalks? What is the position of the ears with respect to the leaves?
Notice that the margin of the leaf is longer than the middle of the
leaf. This makes the leaf wavy. Would this help to prevent the
wind from tearing the leaves? Does the wind damage corn leaves
much in your country? What do the corn leaves do in very dry
weather? Is this an advantage to the corn plant? How? Cut
across a cornstalk. Notice the threads that run through it. Where
are they thickest—in the middle or near the outside of the stalk?
These threads are woody bundles called fibro-vascular bundles. Split
a stalk and see if they go the whole length of it. Do they extend
into the leaf? Cut out about 3 inches of a stalk between joints. Put
one end of this in water and blow through it. Through what part
of the stalk does the air go? The chief function of the fibro-vascular
bundles is to conduct the sap up and the prepared food down in the
plant. They extend into the leaves and become the veins, and thus
help to make up the leaf framework.
The joints of the cornstalk are called “nodes,” and the spaces
between them are called “internodes.” If a stalk of corn is broken
down, at what point does it begin to straighten up again? Is the
node, then, of the same length all around? Which side of the
internodes is flattened or channeled? Is it the same side all the
way up? What other crop plants have nodes and internodes like
corn? Iscorna grass plant? Is wheat, flax, clover?
Corn ears: On which side of the internode is the ear always found ?
Is a leaf sheath always found on the other side of the ear? Sup-
pose the ear were borne on the end of a long branch, with leaves
arranged just as they are on the stalk. Now, if you could “ tele-
scope” this branch from tip to base, so that it would be only an
inch long, would the leaves, then, have the place of husks around
the ear? Are the husks corn leaves? What is the short branch
that bears the ear called? How does it come to be so short? Could
it hold a large ear up off the ground if it were very long? Is it
better to have the shank hold the ear upright or allow the tip to
hang down a little? Why? What is the advantage in having the
tassel at the top of the stalk? Which would be the better kind of
corn to cultivate—the sort we have now, or one with long stalks
and branches and with both stamens and pistils at the ends? Do we
sometimes still find a few kernels in the tassels or parts of the tas-
sel attached to the ear? (Have such specimens collected at husk-
ing time and brought to the school.) Are they the best kind of
corn to plant? (Try it and see.)
LESSONS ON CORN. 8)
Corn roots: Dig down around a hill of corn and see how near the
surface the roots grow. How far do they extend from the stalk?
How deep could the cultivator go without hurting these roots?
(Fig. 2.) About the time that the corn tassels come out the “ brace
roots” appear. Find some of these roots. What is their use?
Heercises—Bring a sufficient number of cornstalks into the school-
room, or, better still, go with the class to a field of standing corn.
Make notes of your observations in answer to questions on Topics
for Study.
References—Farmers’ Bulletin 229. Textbooks on Elementary
Agriculture. |
Fig. 2.—Distribution of corn roots, showing how late deep cultivation affects the roots.
ADAPTATION TO COMMUNITY.
The lessons should be adapted to the particular needs of the dis-
trict served by the school. In order that the instructor may have
accurate information as to the extent of corn production and the
methods used, he should have the students assist him in making
a survey of corn production. If this survey is made carefully it
will assist In arousing interest as well as furnishing a basis for
adaptation to local conditions. The following is suggestive of a
report form to be used in securing information:
Corn survey.
F Purpose Se
= Location : = Special
No. Name of farmer. - for which Acres. Yield. =
| of field. grown. | methods.
‘lated ah ele oo a Aga a ee a | Pier iere beled tev sel" sek y Fee ween Le
ie ens iyi Di yr Benn eer a tem iy. Cat. EE ra es ee ths wxine Succ |scioee see
cS eas vei tes meen be RU Ee |i eee ok ae ee eee al ee Fe A oh eo Meee ete eee ee
LEG, |lec dco coco SOO SSS Se Seen Cen Sen (eee eee
12886°—18—Bull. 653 2
10 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
USE OF TEXTS AND REFERENCES.
It should be obvious that if the lessons are to be adapted to both
the students and community, a textbook can not be followed slav-
ishly. In making adaptations, State publications and the: bulle-
tins of this department may be used to advantage. The teacher
will find the recent editions of books devoted entirely to corn helpful
for his personal use and for students who may be assigned special
topics. Students having an interest in special phases of corn pro-
duction, such as the production of pop corn, sweet corn, or corn for
silage, may be assigned these subjects as special topics for written
reports to the teacher or oral reports to the class. Topics such as
the history of corn, methods of marketing, and the manufacture of
‘corn products, which the entire class may not have time to study ex-
tensively, may be assigned also as special topics.
USE OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL.
In the field—In many respects the best place to study corn is in
the cornfield. Opportunity should be sought to observe the growing
of the plant under natural conditions. Field trips may be planned
in the spring to study methods of soil preparation and planting.
The class should become familiar with the working of modern plant-
ing machinery. In the fall trips may be made to study the working
of harvesting machines. Although growth has stopped at this sen-
son, it is a good time to study the effects of different methods of
planting and culture. Each trip should be planned with a definite
aim and each student should be required to take notes and make a
written report. Students should be given every encouragement to
make individual observations in the field and to report such studies
to the teacher or to the class. As the growth of corn takes, place
mostly during the time of summer vacation, special inducement
should be made to get students to study corn and methods of culti-
vation at this time, even though they may not have a corn proj-
ect. Students should be required in the class recitation and in
written papers to report methods used on the home farm.
In the classroom.—lt is often more convenient to bring material
into the classroom than to study it in the field. The school should
be provided with an abundance of concrete material and have a
place to keep it safe from mice and other pests. Specimens should
be available to show the different types of corn and the leading
varieties which are suitable to the district.. Sample ears showing
corn of different degrees toward perfection should be available for
judging purposes.
Such material may be supplemented with good illustrations show-
ing the growth of the plant as well as types and varieties. Draw-
ings and diagrams may be made upon the blackboard to assist the
students in visualizing the lesson. A chart similar to the one show-
LESSONS ON CORN. 11
ing the relative value of corn (fig. 3) may be drawn to show the
production of corn by States, or this may be shown with dots upon
an outline map of the United States.t. Diagrams of kernels of corn
showing the composition of different varieties and strains are in-
cluded in some of the State publications. Such diagrams may also
be copied on the blackboard. Permanent charts of convenient form
may be made by using a rubber stamping outfit upon light-colored
window shades. Fasteners may be fixed upon the wall to hold the
chart; then when it is needed no longer it may be rolled up and put
out of the way.
OBSERVING CORN DAY-
To make this day a success, not only the children, but the parents,
must be enlisted. The social element in it is very important. Every
parent must be so interested that he will feel he must be present.
Plan for an entire
day given to the crore
special occasion. If
there is one in the
vicinity who can
give anything valu- ©0777”
able about agricul- “E47
ture, secure him as o47zs
a speaker. If this poz 7065
is done, have two
VALUE //V
ST/LLIONS
: BARLEY
programs; one in the
TOBACCO
forenoon for the
s SWEET 43 B AVERAGE FOR 7YRS
speaker and one in /OA70ES (308 -/9/5
the afternoon, when “@@eE0| 27]
the children shal] Fic. 3—Chart showing value of ten important crops in
: United States.
take the prominent
place. :
For the children’s program plan to show the results of the work
done in the study of corn. Let it include the best compositions
written on the more interesting phases of the work. The History
of Corn, The Indian Corn Dance, The Importance of Corn in Amer-
ica, The Development of Breakfast Foods, The Possibilities in a
Cornstalk, How Six Ears Went to Market, The Story of a Stalk of
Corn, Number of Days of Work Needed for One Man and a Team to
Raise and Harvest an Acre of Corn are suggested as additional
subjects.
1 See Thirteenth Census of the United States (1919), Vol. V, Agriculture, for statistics
on corn production and for suggestions as to showing statistics in graphic form. See
also U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statistics Bul. 78 (1910), Agricultural Graphics, for
maps showing production of crops and live stock in the United States and in the world.
This publication may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Government
_ Printing Office, Washington, D. C., for 15 cents. For the latest agricutural statisties
with graphic illustrations see Appendix of Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture.
1915, Separate 681.
2 Adapted from Corn Day Annual, Schools of Illinois, 1913.
12 BULLETIN 653, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The history and work of the farmers’ institute should be reported —
by one of the older pupils. Another should give an account of what
the agricultural college is doing for the State.
If sufficient interest has been aroused, a corn-judging contest |
might be held. For judging the corn exhibits prepared by the pupils
secure some man who has studied corn judging. Be sure to make
this a feature of the day, making the announcing of the results a part
of the program.
Music should not be omitted from the program. Some patriotic
music should be included, as should the State song.
The following program may be suggestive:
Quotation on Corn.
The Gift of Mondamin. |
Hiawatha Blessing the Cornfields.
The Feast of the Mondamin.
The Corn Song.
The Place Corn Has in Our History.
From a Tiny Grain to a Mighty Har.
The Huskers.
The Husking Bee.
Maize, Our National Emblem.
What I Think is a Good Ear of Corn.
Columbia’s Emblem.
Why I Think Corn and Boys are Similar.
The Uses of Corn.
“ When the Frost is On the Pumpkin.”
Why Corn Should Be Ourt Emblem.
Plan to have dinner at the school, and use every device possible
to make it a corn dinner. There are many ways in which corn can
be prepared which will add to the effectiveness of the plan. If the
number of people is not too large a splendid lesson in art would be
the making of place cards and decorating them with some corn
design. If these are not made, souvenirs of the day should be made
by the pupils, carrying out the corn idea. This is one real way to
teach decorative art.
For a language lesson prepare written invitations to the patrons
of the school. Perhaps the form side of notes of invitation will be
more vividly taught then. Be sure to include the local editor in
the list of invitations. Have a report of Corn Day written by some
of the pupils for the local papers.
The decoration of the school room should not be neglected. Some
suggestions as to using blackboard drawings, booklets, corn products, |
and other work of the pupils have been given. Use some fine speci-
mens of corn in completing the decorations. Grains of yellow, white,
and red corn are full of possibilities, as are the stalks. The rooms
should be decorated so as to give joy and impress the thought that the —
rnan who raises a good crop of corn is engaged in an exalted work.
LESSONS ON COBN.
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16
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LESSONS ON .CORN. 7.
The following letter might be sent to all patrons of the school:
SCHOOL:
The teachers and pupils of School, in response to the suggestion of
the State superintendent, have decided to have, on , a “Corn and Other
Products Day,” and we cordially invite your cooperation and attendance. Bring
good samples of corn, fruit, potatoes, tomatoes, poultry, and other home or farm
products that you care to exhibit, and help us to make it a day of educational
value. A special program, participated in by the pupils and others, will be a
feature of the day.
Please bear in mind that this is your school and that your cooperation and
presence will be both a help and an inspiration.
Sincerely yours,
DEAR FRIEND AND PATRON OF THE
, Teacher.
SELECTING THE EXHIBIT FOR CORN DAY.
The exhibit from one person usually consists of 5 or 10 ears of
corn. Sometimes a 10-ear exhibit to represent the entire local school
is made up by selecting that number of ears from the best ones
brought in by all the members of the school.
One very important thing to observe in choosing and arranging
all such exhibits is the principle of uniformity. This is sometimes
indicated in score cards by the phrase “ uniformity of exhibit.” In
the score-card form shown on page — it is covered by “ trueness to
type” and “uniformity of kernels.” These phrases all mean that in
order to get a high rating all the ears in the set must look alike as
nearly as possible. A corn judge often discards a set of 5 or 10 ears
from any further consideration simply because the exhibitor included
among them one ear that was an inch longer than the rest, or of a
different shade in color, or that had a different number of rows of
kernels, or kernels of noticeably different shape or size than those
on the rest of the ears. Sometimes the size of cob in one ear differs
from all the others, or one ear is crooked or has “twisted” rows of
kernels, while all the rest are straight.
Any of these defects spoil the uniformity of the set and cause the
set to be marked down severely. It is better to select 10 ears that are
not the very best, but are alike, than to include one ear that is either
much better or much worse than all the rest in the set. Pick out the
best 40 or 50 ears you can find, and then from these, by careful meas-
urement and comparison, select for your exhibit the 5 or 10 that are
nearest alike.
The unfavorable impression made by a poorly selected or poorly
arranged exhibit of 10 ears is clearly illustrated in figures 4 and 6
(pp. 18,15). Without discarding any ears from the best 10 selected
they can always be arranged in one best order, from left to right, so as
to present whatever excellence they have in the most favorable view.
18 BULLETIN 6538, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(See figs. 5 and 7, pp. 14,16.) The corn judge may change this order
before giving his final verdict, but in any case he will be disposed to
give the .exhibitor credit for knowing the advantages of a good
arrangement. Furthermore, a good arrangement of the ears in an
exhibit saves time for the judge, and that, too, is in the exhibitor’s
favor if the judging must be done rapidly.
SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS.
Reading Utilize for supplementary reading Farmers’ Bulletins,
agricultural college bulletins and circulars, textbook references, and
articles in farm papers and magazines dealing with the subject of
corn.
Spelling—tlList the new words related to the corn industry and
assign them as spelling exercises.
Language lessons —Written reports of field observations, narra-
tions on selection of seed in the field, and descriptions of germinating
boxes; plant diseases and insect pests supply material for written
exercises. The pupils should have much practice in this work to
the end that they may grow in power to express their ideas truth-
fully, systematically, adequately, and interestingly.
The pupils should. be required to write letters ordering seed cata-
logues and asking for quotations in the prices of seed corn. In these
letters strive for correct form, good composition, and courtesy in
expression.
Drawing —Make drawings of ideal and faulty specimens of the
common varieties of corn grown in the district. Collect, name; and
make drawings of common weed and insect pests of corn. Pupils
should be encouraged to illustrate their descriptions by free-hand
sketches on the blackboard. Make drawings of the important parts
of machinery used in corn culture. In this connection emphasize
the learning of the names and uses of implements and their parts.
History.—Study the history of the varieties of corn common to the
community as to their origin, the time and circumstances of their
introduction, and the success with which they have been grown.
Corn culture during colonial days should be studied carefully. Study
the history of weeds, insects, and fungus diseases of corn as to origin,
introduction, spread, damage done, and methods of combating.
Geography.—tLocate on the map of the United States the 10 States
that lead in corn production. Name another important agricultural
industry of these States depending largely upon the production of
corn. Compare the climate and leading agricultural product of
other States and other countries having the same latitude as the
See U. 8. Department of Agriculture Bulletins 132, Correlating Agriculture with the,
Public School Subjects in the Southern States, and 281, Correlating Agriculture with the
Public School Subjects in the Northern States.
LESSONS ON CORN. 19
_ corn States. Explain the cause of the difference in climate and
_ agricultural products. What cities of the United States are the
- leading markets and distributing points of the corn crop? Compare
corn with other grains, both as to total yields and as to amounts
exported.
Arithmetic—Have pupils report these facts from their homes:
The number of acres planted to corn, the prevailing rent price per
acre, the total yield, the amount of fertilizers used per acre, the labor
required to prepare the seed bed, cultivate, and harvest the crop.
_ From these facts develop problems to determine the average cost of
growing an acre and of producing a bushel. Find the average yield
per acre and its value based on local prices. Is the corn of the com-
- munity grown at a profit or loss? Find the per centum profit or loss.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: {918
BULLETIN No. 654
Office of the Secretary
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv June 14, 1918
FARM ORGANIZATION IN THE IRRIGATED VALLEYS
OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA.
By R. W. Crotrurer, Agriculturist.
CONTENTS.
Page, Page.
Objectiofinvestigations--- 22-00, .cses---crs> 1) Mey Pesto ffarmin gamer matctelieiseiaciee ceases 21
Bummaryiolresultsecen: Vos. ece seer esr s7° 1 | The adaptation of the farm enterprises to the
General description of localities........---... 4 Sizoofsthofanmiesoeesee cence cceicos 42
Methodiofinvestigation.- 0750 0..3.2..c.l eee 15 | The relation of capital invested and size of
Standards used in this bulletin for measuring farm to farm income and labor income... 47
SUCCESS remictesiotsilyceiccisciec cieisisieieieieisincicicies 17
OBJECT OF INVESTIGATIONS.
This bulletin presents the results of a farm survey of 627 farms
conducted in the three larger irrigated valleys in southern Arizona.
The general object of the investigations was to determine those factors
of business management and farm practice which influence financial
returns and lead to success or failure, in order that recommendations
might be made that would lead to general financial improvement
among all farmers in the districts studied. The valleys are located as
follows (see fig. 1): Salt River Valley, in the southeastern part of
Maricopa County; Gila Valley in Graham County northeast of the
Pinolenos Range of mountains; and Yuma Valley, in Yuma County,
in the southwest corner of the State.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
The facts brought out by this study indicate that the selection of
farm enterprises is of great importance and should be carefully
studied both by new and old settlers. Over 25 per cent of the farms
in the three valleys failed to pay current interest rates on invest-
ment, owing largely to a farm organization based primarily on rela-
tively unprofitable enterprises.
Dairying was found to be the most stable as well as the most popu-
lar enterprise in the three valleys, contributing 67.7 per cent of the
32657°—18—Bull. 654—1
2 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
total receipts on 178 farms out of a total of 627, and contributing
24.9 per cent of the total receipts of all the farms studied. It is
also one of the most profitable enterprises, both farm income and
farmer’s wages rising with the percentage of receipts from dairying.
Dairying can be made more profitable by improving the system of
pasturing and keeping up the thrift of the alfalfa fields; also by im-
proving the dairy herds.
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Fic. 1.—Map of Arizona, showing location of regions studied (shaded areas).
Growing alfalfa for hay ranked next in popularity to dairying,
when judged by the number of farmers engaged in it, but it was
not so profitable except with maximum yields, which must approach
7 tons per acre, and at prices approaching $10 per ton. Both farm .
income and farmer’s wages decrease as the percentage of receipts
from hay increases.
The production of alfalfa seed for the market is highly profitable
in Yuma Valley, but the enterprise has not been developed in the
other two valleys.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 8
The sale of pasture is an important side line to hay farming, but
when made a major enterprise is not as profitable as hay farming.
Fattening beef cattle for the market is a popular and profitable
enterprise on the larger farms.
The enterprises that do not depend upon alfalfa for their exist-
ence are cotton farming, grain farming, fruit farming, poultry farm-
ing, and trucking and gardening.
Cotton farming is a new enterprise, based on an acclimatized variety
of Egyptian cotton which promises to be a profitable rotation crop
with alfalfa.
Grain farming is relatively profitablesonly on the cheaper lands.
Poultry raising is a profitable enterprise, especially on the small
farms, and is an important side line on farms of all sizes.
Fruit farming is relatively profitable on the small farms, though
fruit lands are so highly valued that they often fail to pay current
interest rates on their valuation. They furnish a relatively high
standard of living and a relatively low standard of wages to the
farmer.
Trucking and gardening are unpopular, and are believed by most
of the farmers in the districts to be unprofitable. Cantaloupes are
highly speculative, sometimes returning high profits and sometimes
failing to pay freight bills on shipments.
Diversified farming when based on dairying or poultry is relatively
more profitable than hay farming, but not as profitable as dairying.
It has made its best development on farms of medium size where
dairying and poultry are strongly emphasized among the diversified
enterprises.
Some adaptation of type to size of farm is necessary; poultry raising,
dairying, and fruit farming being required on small farms, dairying
being adapted to the farms of medium size, and the beef-cattle enter-
prise giving the best returns on the larger farms.
The amount of capital required varies with the size of the farm
and the enterprises to be selected. The farm income and labor
income rise almost directly with increase in capital invested.
Farmers with little means find it more profitable to rent than to
buy land, and the renter makes relatively much more for his labor,
which is his chief asset, than the owner farmer. This is due to a low-
renting value of land compared with its commercial value, landlords
making an average of 4.87 per cent net on the valuation of their
lands.
Here, as in most other farming regions, the size of the farm has a
direct bearing upon the standard of living afforded the operator, and
also upon the wages he receives for his labor. There is a constant
and steady rise in both labor income and farm income as the average
size of the farms rises from 11 acres in the smallest-size group to 530
4 BULLETIN 654, U. § DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
acres in the largest-size group, and there is no indication that still
larger farms would not continue to pay still larger labor incomes.
Here, as elsewhere, the minimum farm unft should be large enough
to afford the farm family at least a comfortable living, with some
margin for savings. Whether it should be large enough to pay “rea-
sonable wages”’ for the farmer’s labor is a matter to be decided by the
individual concerned. The personal ability of the operator and the
means at his command are factors that must be considered.
Small farms are more intensively farmed than large ones, but the
large farms give better returns for a given amount of labor. One
man manages eight times as many acres, five times as many live stock,
and three times as much capital on the very large farms as on the
very small farms; and this more than compensates for the greater re-
‘turns per acre on the small farms. However, increasing receipts per
acre pays on large farms, the farm income and labor income both
rising as receipts per acre increase, even though the average area
farmed decreases.
Of a total of 627 farmers, 466 managed their farms so as to make
them pay an average of 13 per cent on the investment in addition to
the farm contribution to the family living, while 161 farmers were able
to make their farms pay but 5.9 per cent on the investment, the labor
of the farmer himself not being included in expenses in either case.
This difference was due almost entirely to differences in gross receipts
obtained by the two groups of farmers.
It was found that gross receipts are influenced by the type of farm-
ing, the amount of working capital per acre, the number of acres
farmed per man, the productivity of the land, and the quality of the
live stock. All of these factors are largely within the control of the
Arizona farmer.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES.
SALT RIVER VALLEY.
Salt River Valley is the largest of the three valleys studied. It ex-
tends from the junction of the Verde River with Salt River to the
junction of the Salt with the Gila River, a distance of about 50 miles.
Its average width is approximately 20 miles. It contains somewhat
over 200,000 acres of irrigated lands, about three-fifths of which are
on the north side of the river.
The soils, being of alluvial origin, are deep, and vary in texture
from light sands to heavy clays, or ‘‘adobe.”’ They are fully de-
scribed and mapped in a bulletin' issued by the Bureau of Soils of
the United States Department of Agriculture.
The climate may be classified as subtropical. There is a long, hot
summer and a short, mild winter. The heat in summer is greatly
1 A Soil Survey in Salt River Valley, Ariz.
‘FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 5
mitigated by a very dry atmosphere, and sunstroke is unknown. The
nights are always cool, a range of 50° between day and night tem-
peratures being not uncommon during the summer months. The
following table shows the highest, lowest, and mean temperatures
for each of the months during 21 years at Phoenix, which is approxi-
mately the center of the irrigated section:
Taste I.— Temperature data at Phoenix, Ariz. for 21 years, 1896 to 1916, inclusive.
| THe, l
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. } Apr. | May | June] July | Aug.} Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
: oRplop lop lop jor for, |/eorlorler|or.|or. | or,
Etienne? se ence gi| 91| 94] 102| 114] 116| 117] 113| 112] 100] 92
80
GO Wis becteraratetsrtcterataneys meres =ren 16 24 31 37 39 49 63 62 49 41 28 | 22
MICA nies rem atysisiel ater =/s 50.0 | 54.4 | 60.5 | 66.6 | 74.8 | 84.8 | 90.4 | 89.0 | 81.4 | 70.2 | 58.7 | 51.9
aU.S8. D. A. Weather Bureau, Summary of Climatological Data for the United States by sections, Sec-
tion III, and later annual reports.
The rainfall averages about 7.27 inches per year. Most of the
precipitation occurs during two short rainy seasons, one in July and
August.and the other during the winter months. The summer rains
are entirely local in origin and character, while the winter rains are
of a more general nature. The rains are seldom copious enough to
take the place of irrigation, and crop production depends entirely
upon irrigation for its water supply.
There is abundant evidence that this valley was once irrigated by
ancient peoples, probably the ancestors of the semicivilized tribes of
Indians now living in or near the valley. Old canals aggregating
150 miles in length have been located and it is estimated that at
least 140,000 acres were under cultivation at that time. Much of
the adobe and other heavy surface soils now found at different places
in the valley probably were deposited from muddy water used for
irrigation. :
The modern development of the valley began in 1867 with the
construction of the Swilling Canal. Between this date and 1892 a
dozen or more canals were constructed which were about equally
distributed between the north and the south sides of the river.
With but few exceptions the dams and headgates for these canals
were of a temporary nature and were washed out with every flood.
The dam for the Arizona Canal (see fig. 2), the largest one in the
valley, was the only one which had any semblance of permanency,
and it was partly washed out in 1891 and completely destroyed by
the floods of 1905. These conditions resulted in chronic water
famine. When the river was full of water there were no dams to
divert it to the land, and when there were dams in the river there
was not enough water to irrigate all the lands under the canals.
Water rights for 151,360 acres of land were adjudicated in 1889,
6 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
but the census of 1890 reported only 327 irrigators in the valley and
only 35,212 acres under cultivation.
The development of agriculture under such conditions was fitful
and uncertain. The raising of hay, grain, and live stock became the
leading enterprises. Several corporations were organized for the
development of the fruit industry on a large scale but all resulted
in failure, and only a few of the remnants of such efforts now remain
in the valley. A few citrus, olive, and almond orchards survived the
vicissitudes of the times, and these are now producing profitable
crops, although frosts in recent years have interfered materially
with the extension and success of the citrus industry.
Fic. 2.—The Arizona Canal, Salt River Valley.
An attempt to manage the water supply more successfully was
made in 1898, when all the canals on the north side of the river
were organized under one corporation, known as the Arizona Water
Co. These canals were operated by this company until 1903, when
all the canals in the valley, except the Tempe Canal, and perhaps
one or two small ditches, were brought under one control by the
organization of a corporation known as the Arizona Water User’s
Association, into whose membership were brought all the water users
supplied by these canals. This corporation then entered into con-
tract with the United States Government for the development of
water and its delivery to the lands controlled by the association.
A reclamation project for the valley was authorized March 12,
1903, and the construction of the Roosevelt Dam at the junction of
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 15
woolly aphis have interfered with the development of apple orchards,
while lack of dependable markets has prevented any great develop-
ment of the stone fruits. On the whole, considerably less fruit is
produced in the valley now than formerly.
Until very recently the excellent market for alfalfa hay has prevented
any great development of dairying and beef production. One cream-
ery is operated at Safford, but it is not sufficiently well patronized to
enable it to operate at its full capacity. A few men feed steers for
the market, and a few hogs are raised, but the production and sale
of alfalfa hay is by far the most important enterprise carried on.
Poultry is an important side line to other enterprises here, as in both
the other valleys described.
Transportation is furnished by the Gila Valley, Globe & North-
western Railroad, which leaves the main line of the Southern Pacific
at Bowie and extends to Globe, traversing the entire length of the
valley.
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
The farmers were visited personally. by the investigator, and a
complete record of a year’s business obtained. To take into account
the effect of economic or climatic differences in seasons the investiga-
tion was extended over a period of three years, beginning with the
year 1913. Complete records were obtained of the business trans-
acted on 162 farms during the year 1913, and similar records were
obtained on 378 farms for 1914 and on 185 farms for 1915, making a
total of 725 farms studied during the three years. Ninety-eight of
these records were either inaccurate or the farms were not considered
typical of the districts studied and were eliminated from the general
tabulations presented in this bulletin.
The area studied in Salt River Valley extends in a belt 40 miles
long from Peoria in the northwest part of the valley to Gilbert in the
southwest. At, Peoria the belt has a width of 14 miles. It narrows
to a width of 2 miles at Tempe, and widens again to 11 miles at Mesa:
and. Gilbert. With few exceptions, every farm in this belt was
visited, and studies were made on all typical farms that had been in
operation long enough to have established a definite system of farm-
ing. The total area of the farms studied in this valley is 59,676 acres,
or nearly one-third of the total area cultivated.
In Yuma Valley, studies were made on the farms in the upper end
of the valley near Yuma and those in the lower end of the valley sur-
rounding Somerton. In addition to these, all farms within 2 miles of
the road connecting these two localities were visited. In this way
farms on practically all the soil types of the valley were studied, the
majority of them being on the two more common types, the Imperial
loam and the Imperial sandy loam. The total area of the farms
studied in this valley is 6,486 acres, or a little more than one-fourth
of the area under cultivation in 1915.
32657°—18—Bull, 654
Q
vo
16 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In the Gila Valley, nearly all the farms between Fairview and the
San Simon wash were visited. These farms are in a narrow belt on
the south side of the Gila River, which varies in width from 1 to 4
miles and extends up and down the river a distance of 20 miles. The
irrigated area in Gila Valley extends severa] miles farther, both up
and down the river, and there are farms on both sides of the river, but
it is believed that the belt in which these studies were made contains
farms representative of the whole district. The 105 records obtained
in this valley represent a total of 8,301 acres, constituting not far from
one-third of the total area under cultivation.
The farmers responded heartily to the questions asked, and are to
be complimented upon the accuracy of the data furnished. Many of
them kept books, which were placed in the hands of the investigator,
and from which nearly every item in the record was obtained in exact
figures. To the quéstion, ‘‘Do you keep farm accounts?” asked of
647 farmers, 179 answered ‘“‘ Yes,” and 181 answered that they kept
a partial system of accounts. It thus appears that 55.6 per cent of
the farmers in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona keep some
form of farm accounts.
Supplementing the more complete systems of accounts, almost
every farmer interviewed had some form of pocket memoranda from
which he could give many of the items in exact’ figures. In this
manner, and from the sets of books examined, the following items of
the data herein presented were obtained in exact figures from prac-
tically every farmer interviewed: Receipts from sales of hay, grain,
and cotton; thrashing, ginning, and baling charges; taxes, water
rent, sales and purchases of live stock, and the amount paid out for
steady labor and for cotton picking.
Besides the items wholly or partially estimated, 28.3 per cent of all
sales of dairy products above $100 were reported in exact figures either
from books or creamery statements. Among those who estimated this
item 27 farmers were selected at random, and their estimates com-
pared with the exact figures on the books of the creameries patronized ;
the average of their estimates was exact to within 1.3 per cent. The
increase in numbers of live stock was obtained in exact figures; but
the value of live stock gains was estimated. These estimates were
checked by comparison with prices obtained for similar live stock at
cash sales, and the prices were in very close accord with the estimates
given by the farmers. The estimated value placed upon farm ma-
chinery was checked by comparisons with prices at several retail
machinery stores.
The conclusions that may be drawn from these investigations are
therefore based upon data by far the greater portion of which is
exact and in which, where estimates have been used, the element of
error in each case has been reduced to a minimum.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. ali7(
STANDARDS USED IN THIS BULLETIN FOR MEASURING SUCCESS.
The rate of interest earned on investment is important for our
purpose only on farms of large capitalization, where it may be
assumed that the most of the operator’s time would be required in
supervision to make his capital earn current interest rates, whether
invested in a farm or loaned on farm mortgages. On the majority
of farms, however, the farmer must be both a laborer and a capi-
talist, and the amount earned for his labor on the farm is frequently
of much greater importance than the interest earned on the invest-
ment. The amount so earned by the operator’s labor is termed the
“labor income’’! of the farm. It is the most important measure of
success for the renter, the farmer heavily mortgaged, or the farmer
with small capital. It is an important standard of measurement
when the farm is viewed from what has been termed the “cold busi-
ness standpoint,” especially if the farm could be sold readily and
the money loaned at current interest rates. It then becomes a
measure of the value of the investment.
But many farmers do not look upon the farm as an investment.
They regard it from the standpoint of a home and the means of
independence in earning a living. For them the standard of living
afforded by the farm is the most important consideration, and they
are chiefly interested in the magnitude of the farm income, which
determines this standard.
It will perhaps be conceded that a minimum measure of success
in farming would be reasonable wages for the operator’s labor, or
a farm income sufficiently large to provide the farm family a com-
fortable living. Both measures will be used in this bulletin, and a
brief discussion of how they are obtained is in order at this point.
What constitutes ‘reasonable’ wages for the farmer’s time may
be determined by comparison with wages paid to farm laborers.
The minimum wage for steady farm help, paid in the majority of
cases to Mexican laborers, is $35 per month, with room and board.
American laborers usually get more, the amount varying up to $75
per month, with room and board, for the best dairy help. Foremen
and managers get still higher wages, up to $1,500 per year with house
and garden furnished and including the privilege of keeping poultry
and at least one cow. The value of the board given to farm help
1 The labor income is found by subtracting interest on the total investment at current rates from the
farmincome. It represents the earning power on that farm of the farmer’s labor and managerial ability,
and may be sometimes referred to in this bulletin as the ‘‘farmer’s wages.’ In southern Arizona the cur-
rent interest rate on farm mortgages is 8 per cent. The labor income has therefore been determined by
subtracting 8 per cent on the total investment from the farm income.
The farm income is the net receipts from the year’s business. It is found by subtracting the total
expenses, except interest on borrowed money, from the total receipts; gains from increased value of live
stock and other increase in inventory that may not have been converted into cash being included in
receipts and depreciation being included in expenses. Ifthe farmer is out of debt the farm income repre-
sents all of his living and total savings except such items of food, fuel, and house rent as may be contributed
tothe family living by thefarm direct. If he isin debt he must pay interest on borrowed money out of the
farm income,
18 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
was obtained by asking each farmer to estimate the amount paid
out per month for materials contributing to the board of such labor
and omitting the materials contributed by the farm direct. The
estimates varied from $5 to $25 per month for each laborer, the
average being $14. This amounts to $168 per year. Studies show
that the farm contributes to the family living about $88 per adult
unit per year in board and house rent, bringing the total value of
these items furnished to the farm laborer up to $256. At $35 per
month the money paid him would amount to $420, bringing the
total up to $676 per year, when money, board, and house rent are
all included. This may be .considered the minimum wage for farm
help. The maximum wage, excluding foremen, amounts to $1,156,
computed in the same manner. Since these studies were made wages
have advanced considerably, but there has been a corresponding
advance in prices of farm products.
Opinions may vary as to what constitutes a comfortable living for
a farm family, and this subject can be discussed only in a general
way. Living requirements in southern Arizona are comparatively
high. By studies made on the 725 farms visited durmg this investi-
gation data have been secured that may be considered reasonably
accurate on certain items of living requirements, and these data are
presented here.
It has just been stated that data obtained upon the cost of boarding
hired labor showed an annual expenditure of $168 per adult unit
for food materials purchased. The ayerage number of adult units!
in the family on 476 farms of 80 acres or less upon which data were
taken for the purpose of computing living requirements was 3.5,
excluding hired help. At the rate of $168 per unit this would require
the expenditure of $588 annually per family for the purchase of
food materials. In addition to the purchased materials the family
would have the food materials contributed directly by the farm,
consisting of orchard and garden products, milk, butter, eggs, and
meat. All cereal foods are purchased, including flour.
Computations based upon data secured on 476 farms gave an
average of $67 as the value of the milk and butter, $113 as the value
of the eggs, $48 for all meats, and $32 for all orchard and garden
products, making a total of $260 as the value of all food products
contributed to the family living and the board of hired labor by the
average irrigated farm of 80 acres or less in southern Arizona. There
were an average of 34 adult units in the family and 4 an adult unit
of hired labor, making 4 adult units among whom this food was
divided. This is an average of $65 per adult unit and amounts to
an average of $228 per farm family, which, when added to the $588
in purchased food, brings the total food requirements up to $816.
1 Tn finding the adult equivalent of children the average of the equivalents in dietary requirements of
children under 16 years of age worked out by Atwater and published in Farmer’s Bulletin 142, (p. 35) was
used. This average is 0.6 adult units per child. All children 16-years or older were counted as adults,
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 19
These computations were made in the following manner: The total
meat furnished by the farm was computed by reports from 102
farms, in which the poultry, pork, and other meat products fur-
nished by the farm were itemized. The eggs and dairy products were
computed from differences in sales of eggs per hen and in sales of
milk products per cow between farms on which the hens and cows
were kept for family purposes and those on which hens and cows
were kept primarily for commercial purposes. The computations
‘assumed that the family cows and the family hens -were equal in
quality to the cows and hens in the commercial herds and flocks,
an assumption believed to be not far from the fact in southern
Arizona. The orchard and garden products were computed from
data taken on the farms showing the percentage of farmers having
gardens and bearing orchards, making use for this purpose of data
‘collected by Mr. W. C. Funk? of this office showing the percentage
of vegetables and of fruit in the total food requirements of farm
families in 10 different States.’
1W.C. Funk, ‘What the farm contributes directly to the farmer’s living,’ Farmers’ Bulletin 635, pp.
9, 12, and 13.
2 The computations, partially in detail, are as follows:
Dairy products —Out of a total cf 476 farms studied for this purpose 186 kept only family cows, the total
number of cows on the 186 farms being 416, or 2.2 cows per farm. These cows supplied tho farm table with
dairy products, and in addition a surplus of $20 per cow was sold. There were 211 farmers engaged in
dairying as a commercial enterprise, who kept a total of 2, ,924 cows. Assuming that they also required an
average of 2.2 cows per farm for family purposes, there would be a total of 464 family cows on these 211
farms, leaving 2,460 cows used strictly for commercial purposes. Assuming further that these family cows
also produced a surplus of $20 per cow above table requirements, the total sales from the 464 family cows
would amount to $9,280. This sum, subtracted from the total saleson the 211 farms, amounting to $159,338,
leaves $150,058 as the value of the total dairy products from 2,460 cows, which is an average of $61 per cow.
We have assumed the family cows to be as gocd as the commercial cows, so that $61 per cow also represents
the total value of their products, from which a surplus of $20 per cow was sold, leaving $41 per cow as the
value of the dairy products consumed on the farm. Since an average of 2.2 family cows per farm were
found, the total value of the dairy products consumed on the farm is in round numbers $90 per farm.
Young calves would consume at least $10 of this (the exact figures given by two dairymen keeping over
100 eows each were $5.25 per calf), leaving $80 as the value of the dairy products consumed on the farmer’s
table on each farm where cows were kept. There were 79 farmers out of the 476 who kept no cows, which
brings the average down to $67 per farm for the 476 farms studied.
ggs.—The value of the eggs used on the farmer’s table was computed in the same manner as the dairy
products. Of the 476 farms, 370 kept only family flocks of poultry, while 85 made poultry a commercial
enterprise. The family flocks averaged 94 hens, from which a surplus of eggs valued at 73 cents per hen
wasmarketed. The total product per hen ofthe commercial flocks was $2.03, leaving $1.30 per hen as the value
of the eggs consumed on the farm, or a total of $122 per farm. The value of the eggs required for hatching was
$4 per farm, leaving $118 per farm as the value of the eggs consumed on the farmer’s table, on all farms keeping
hens. Of the 476 farmers, 21 kept no-hens, reducing the average to $113 per farm for the 476 farms studied.
Mcats.—The meat contributed to the farmer’s table by the farm consists almost entirely of poultry and
pork. Of 476 farms studied, 455 kept poultry, and of these 95 reported the value of the poultry consumed
on the farm. Computations based on these reports give an average of $25 per farm as the value of the
poultry contributed to the farm table on the 476 farms. Of these farms 268 kept hogs, and 59 of these re-
ported the value of the pork contributed by the farm to the farm table, the average being $20. The average
value of all other meat contributed to the farm table by the farm is $3 per farm, based on 102 reports.
' This makes a total of $48 worth of meat contributed to the farm table by the farm,-which is the exact
average of the 102 farms reporting.
Gardcn and orchard products.—Out of 532 farms reporting, only 121 had gardens, or 22.7 per cent of the
total number. Orchard data were taken on 702 farms and 231 of these or 32.9 per cent, reported bearing
orchards. Mr. W.C. Funk has shown that fruit constitutes 6.3 per cent of the total food of the farm families
in 10 different States, and that 66.6 per cent of this fruit is furnished by the farms. He has shown that in
the same 10 States vegetables constitute 11.5 per cent of the total food of the farm families and that the farm
contributes 78.2 per cent of the vegetables consumed. Assuming these figures to hold good in Arizona, and
multiplying by the numbers having gardens and orchards, we find that the garden contributes 2.0 per cent of
the total food required, and the orchard 1.4 per cent. In round numbers, this amounts to $32 per farm.
Recapitulation —These calculations, which are reasonably accurate, give $67 in dairy products, $113 in
eggs, $48in meats, and $32 in vegetables and fruit contributed to the family living and board of hired labor
by the farm direct.
20 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The value of house rent, which is a direct contribution to the
family living by the farm, is determined by the value of the houses
found on the farms. The average value of the farm dwelling in
all size groups of farms from the smallest farms up to those of 80
acres is nearly the same, and the average for the 476 farms of 80 acres
or less is $944. On the larger farms the average value of the farm
dwelling is greater than this figure. Houses in southern Arizona
rent for about.10 per cent of their value. This gives $94 as the
average value of the house rent contributed by the farm on the 476
farms under consideration. These computations are summarized
in Table V.
TaBLe V.—Average contribution of the farm to the living of the family and board of hired
labor on 476 irrigated farms in southern Arizona.
Items. | Value. Items. Value.
—— : | As 2
1D) ys Se Ue = i eee $113: || fouse rents: < =.2-4- Ske eee eee $04
IDA PEO GUC Us === aie ae 67 ———
1 1S) ee ts BS eee aS SCC 48 Total... 2<2.2t6 tone cease eee eee $354
Fruit and vegetables..-.-....-.-..---..-- | 32 |
Including hired labor, there were on an average 4 adult units on
these farms, making the contributions of the farm $88.50 per person.
The farm family averaged the equivalent of 3.5 adult units, which
makes its share of the living obtained from the farm in round num-
bers $310. Adding this to the $588 of purchased food gives a living
requirement of $898 for food and house rent. This leaves other
items of living expenses such as fuel, clothing, doctor bills, news-
papers and periodicals, church and benevolent contributions, recrea-
tions and amusements, books, life insurance, and household furnish-
ings unprovided for. We have no data on these items for Arizona,
but if they should be estimated at $400, a very conservative estimate,
we have in round numbers $1,300 as the living requirement of an
average farm family in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona,
of which the farm contributes $310 and the balance of $890 must
be purchased out of the farm income and the earnings of any mem-
bers of the farm family other than the operator, either upon the
farm or off, the value of such labor on the farm having been
charged against it as an expense in determining the farm income.
This estimate does not provide for the payment of any interest on
borrowed money, nor does it provide for the payment of the con-
struction charges on the irrigation projects in Salt River and Yuma
Valleys. Considering the fact that these charges will not be less
than $2.80 per acre annually for a period of 20 years in Salt River
Valley, and considerably more than this amount for the same period
of time in Yuma Valley, it appears from the foregoing figures that a
farm income of $1,000 above the food and house rent obtained from
FARM*‘ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 21
the farm direct would fall considerably short of furnishing a com-
fortable living and the education of the children to an average farm
family on the irrigated farms in southern Arizona, even if the family
were out of debt; and the shortage would be much greater if the
family were obliged to borrow much of the money required for the
purchase and development of the farm.
TYPES OF FARMING.
With the exception of a few small fruit and poultry farms, alfalfa is
the basis of all farming in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona.
There are always a few hundred acres of experimental crops in this
region, for Arizona farmers have long been awake to the limitations
of alfalfa farming, and a few thousand acres of grain crops are grown,
the grain crops being used as a means of rotating the alfalfa fields
and for growth upon land not sufficiently well suppled with water
te make the alfalfa crop a reliable one; but in the main a thrifty
ewfalfa field taking in most of the farm has been the ultimate goal
of by far the greater number of farmers who have settled in these
districts. :
On 627 farms, the records of which were used in the study of type,
there were 39,803 acres in alfalfa, out of a total crop acreage of
59,932. This is 66.4 per cent of the total crop acreage, and this per-
centage holds good for farms of all sizes except those smaller than,
20 acres; and even in this group of small farms over 50 per cent of
the total crop acreage is in alfalfa. :
The type problem, then, for Arizona farmers has been largely to
find the most profitable form in which to market the alfalfa crop.
Efforts in this direction have resulted in the following types of farm-
ing: Hay farming, sale of pasture, production of alfalfa seed, dairy
apamine. fattening beef cattle, diversified farming,! and production
of miscellaneous types of live cual These will Be discussed in the
order named. In considering the tables herein presented, however,
it should be remembered that it is unsafe to draw conclusions from
averages where only a small number of farms appear in any group,
-and that in general the larger the number of farms appearing in a
group the more reliable are the conclusions to be drawn from average
results.
HAY FARMING.
Of 627 farms 85 were engaged chiefly in the production and sale
of alfalfa hay, obtaining an average of 69.7 per cent of their total
receipts from this source, while 40 more combined the sale of hay
with some other enterprise, giving such enterprise about equal
1 All farms are classified as diversified when the interest of the operator has been about equally distrib-
uted among three or more enterprises.
22 BULLETIN 654, U. $8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
prominence, and obtaining over 80 per ceni of their total receipts
from the two enterprises. Of these, 37 combined hay farming with
either grain farming or dairying, 1 combined it with the production
of beef cattle, and 2 combined it with poultry raismg. Hay farming
is found on farms of all sizes, though the medium and larger-sized
farms (see fig. 5) are better adapted to the enterprise than the smaller
Fic. 5.—An alfalfa hay farm—cutting the first crop of the season.
farms, as will be shown in tables presented farther on. The average
results obtained in hay farming and its various combinations are
shown in Table VI:
TABLE VI.—Results obtained in hay farming in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona,
1913 to 1915.
| Number
failing
e of farming and percentage of receipts | Number | Average | Total Farm | Labor | ',make
P f f : 8 per
from leading enterprises. | of farms. area. receipts. | income. | income. Rall an
| invest-
| ment.
| Acres. ;
ap OU We tetamene arn monterey a ee | 85 100 $3,742 | $2,110 | $420 29
eel ere a aaa ace a aca 19 96.7| 3,212] 1,803 143 8
Se SE pei oe ee seccae aera eee
Bee ee! al posit ee goats 18 63.0| 2,792] 1,709 | 556 6
hic ae eee a COE OE Cte tes cine
Success in hay farming is greatly influenced by both price and
yield. The effect of increasing yield per acre with price remaining
nearly constant is shown in Table VII:
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 23
TasBie VII.—Effect of increasing yield per acre on success in hay farming.
Num-
“ Pee
ailing oe
Yield Number | Average | Average | Average| to make | Average apletaee ive vege
offarms.} yield. price. area. c8 Der. receipts. inconie» tricone:
invest- f
ment
Tons per acre, Acres.
Alanna erases se 17 3.7 $7. 70 113 14 $2, 606 $1, 318 —$312
ANG IUO OOM ame saece tease) 22 al 8.70 119 7 3, 851 1,981 101
GOTO Ca) Sens oabdSeeoeeee 17 6.0 8.30 134 5 5, 167 2, 804 464
GIG On Om meson mores 21 7.0 9. 00 95 4 3, 779 2, 202 524
OVOP Hiscacdasdoase ences 22 9.0 9.10 61 3 3,478 2, 321 1,037
The price of the product also has a great influence on success in
hay farming. Before the considerable expansion of the area in alfalfa
in Arizona due to increased water supply, and while the Reclamation
Fic. 6.—Curing alfalfa hay in cocks—Salt River Valley.
Service was actively engaged in operations requiring a large amount
of team work, the demand for alfalfa hay was strong and prices were
comparatively high, but about the close of the year 1913 prices
dropped to low figures and remained low through 1914 and 1915.
The market was again stimulated in 1916 by the presence of United
States troops on the Mexican border and prices rose to an abnormally
high figure. Comparatively high prices were obtained late in the
season of 1915 and early in the season of 1913, so that a considerable
range in price is represented in the records used for this study. The
price is also affected by the manner of curing and handling the hay,
those farmers who cure in cocks (see fig. 6) and handle with pitch
32657°—18—Bull. 6544
24 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
forks receiving higher prices than those who cure in the windrow
and handle with the buck rake. Better prices are also obtained by
those farmers who protect their hay during storage by the use of
hay barns—and they also have a smaller percentage of damaged hay.
The effect of increasing price on success in hay farming, with
yields remaining nearly constant, is shown in Table VIII.
TasLe VIII.—E fect of increasing price per ton on success in hay farming in southern
Arizona.
J Ne, ; Number |! a
oA oe Number! AVerage | Average | 4 verage |failing to| Average | “Yerage | Average
Price per ton. Bitte price yield a makes | receipts. | ; farm Jabor
per ton. | per acre, per cent, acOmme, income.
Tatil
Tons. Acres.
$6.90 and under. . 15 $6.00 5.3 92 8 $2, 759 $1, 548 —323
S70 S790 scenes 13 7.40 5.9 162 6 5, 148 2,580 327
$8 to $8 90... 29 8.40 6.0 90 12 3, 413 1, 847 242
SO TOS990 eco. 17 9.20 7.1 75 5 2,920 1, 763 292
$10 and over..-...:---... 25 10. 70 6.9 101 1 4, 542 2,761 944
When allowance is made for difference in size of farm, it is seen
that both labor income and farm income increase steadily as the
price rises from an average of $6 per ton to an average of $10.70
per ton, but satisfactory results from the standpoint of labor income
are not obtained until the price is above $10 per ton. It also appears
from both this table and table VII that high yields and high prices
tend somewhat to go together. This is due to the fact that the
farmers who take the best care of their fields also use methods which
produce a higher quality of hay, and a greater percentage of them
hold their hay for higher prices. The last line in Table VII indi-
cates that satisfactory results are not obtained until both yield and
price approach their maximum.
These tables, showing the effect of price and yield on the farm
income and labor income, tend toward the general conclusion that
with economic conditions as they were during the three years 1913,
1914, and 1915, hay farming is highly profitable only with both
maximum yields and maximum prices. Hay farming was less profit-
able than dairying, the feeding of beef cattle, or the production of
alfalfa seed, and was less profitable than cotton farming when the
price of cotton was 20 cents per pound, as will be shown in tables to
be presented farther on. As the percentage of total receipts derived
from hay rose there was a general decrease in both farm income
and labor income up to the point where the receipts from hay con-
stituted from 45 per cent to 65 per cent of the total receipts. This
indicates that hay farmers were not generally successful in trying
to combine some other enterprise with the production of hay for the
market. But while those farmers who devoted all their attention
to hay farming were more successful than those who tried to combine
it with some enterprise other than cattle, they were still much less
=
ard
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 25
successful as a general proposition than those farmers who sold little
or no hay. The effect of increasing percentage receipts from hay
on farm income and labor income is shown in Table LX:
TaBLE IX.—Depressing effect on farm income and labor income of increasing percentage
of receipts from sales of hay, 1913 to 19165.
Average Nae i ‘
: : NipsamIbrse percent- Average ailing | Average verage | Average
Per cent of receipts from hay. age re- to make ra farm labor
of farms, coipts area, 8 per receipts, income. | income.
from hay. cent.
Acres
327 0.6 119 66 $5, 157 $3, 104 $1,079
128 12.3 112 36 4,335 2, 691 734
74 33.9 78 24 2, 985 1, 800 470
: 44 53.4 100 15) 3, 480 1,913 18
GSMO OOP eye ee ore es oy. 56 77.6 105 20 3,931 2, 222 476
SALE OF PASTURE.
The sale of pasture is an important side line on nearly all hay
farms, especially those in Salt River and Yuma Valleys. A consider-
able crop of “aftermath” which grows after the last cutting of hay
in the season is usually marketed in the form of pasture. On the
heavier soils irrigation during the hottest part of midsummer causes
a growth of wild grasses known as “water grass” to spring up in
the fields, which distinctly checks the growth of the alfalfa. The
midsummer crop is also injured more or less by worms produced by
a common butterfly. For these reasons it is often more profitable
to market this crop as pasture than to cut it for hay. More or less
hay is always damaged by the local showers of the midsummer rainy
season, and by feeding this hay to cattle along with green forage it
‘often may be marketed when otherwise there would be no demand
for it.
The pasture is paid for by the cattle feeders at a stated price per
head per month. The price varies from being occasionally as low
as $1 per head per month to $2.50 per month. The higher prices
prevail during the winter season, when usually some second class
hay is fed along with the pasture. Of the farms studied there were
but 13 upon which the sale of pasture was of sufficient importance
to make it a leading enterprise. Their average size was 150 acres,
and the average receipts, farm income, and labor income were $3,673,
$2,454, and $417 respectively.. These results are slightly lower than
these obtained when the sale of hay was a leading enterprise.
ALFALFA SEED.
The production of alfalfa seed for the market is a leading enterprise
in Yuma Valley and in what is known as the “ Buckeye” country, an
isolated strip of irrigated land on the Gila River below Salt River
Valley, having the town of Buckeye at its center. The enterprise is
26 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of little importance in Salt River Valley or in Gila Valley, the yields
in these districts being unsatisfactory. Either one or two crops per
year may be produced, according to the inclination of the grower.
In Yuma Valley, where all the alfalfa-seed farms studied for this
bulletin were found, the yields are usually highly satisfactory, the
average for the farms studied being 285 pounds per acre; and as much
as 1,300 pounds of salable seed per acre from two crops in a single
season has been reported on one farm. It is the most profitable enter-
prise found in this valley, constituted the principal source of receipts
on 12 of the farms studied, and was an important side line on many
others. The 12 farms averaged 71 acres in size, and the average
results obtained were as follows: Receipts, $3,750; farm income,
$2,479; labor income, $1,273. The sale of hay was made an impor-
tant secondary enterprise on these 12 farms, the average receipts
from hay being 22.9 per cent of the total receipts, while alfalfa seed
furnished an average of 58.6 per cent of the total.
DAIRY FARMING.
Dairy farming is a well-established enterprise, and is steadily
growing in importance. The mild winter climate, the long growing
season, and the abundance of green forage due to the thrifty alfalfa
plant, all combine to make southern Arizona a congenial home for
‘the dairy cow. The farmers are coming more and more to realize
the stability of the dairy enterprise, and at the present time there
are more than twice as many men making dairying a leading enter-
prise as can be found engaged in its nearest competitor, hay farming.
Of 627 farms studied, dairying was a leading enterprise on 178, .con-
tributing an average of 67.7 per cent of the total receipts. Upon 38
farms dairying was combined with some other enterprise, the two
enterprises contributing more than 80 per cent of the total receipts.
In addition to these 216 farms upon which dairying was the most
important enterprise, there were 109 diversified farms upon which
dairying contributed an average of 22.3 per cent of the total receipts,
a larger amount than was contributed by any other one of the various
enterprises found on these farms. The general results obtained in
dairy farming are presented in Table X:
TABLE X.—Results obtained in dairy farming in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona,
1913 to 1915.
Number : E re
Type of farming and percentage ofreceipts | Number | Average | failing to gia satel cya
and leading enterprises. of farms. area. make 8 partie | Ih ea *
per cent. receipts.| income. | income.
Dairv. 67.7 1 Acres
Botitee Wink cn ieka a. ae 83 | 22} $3,859 | $2,600 $1,081
HES bao 92 23-252 :
oa eg A aes 22g ea ea \ 9 21 | 5| 1,366] 1,012 173
Jairv Be ey icin he a emia et en nee eS :
pp Nespas oe ag a \ oe 63 | 6| 2,792] . 1,709 556
» Ee tee) 5 4 ees
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 27
Success in dairy farming is greatly influenced by the productivity
of the farms and by the quality of the live stock carried. The
productivity may be measured in terms of productive animal units *
carried per 100 acres of land, making due allowance for the amount
of feed purchased.
The following tabulation of dairy farms will show the steady
increase in receipts, farm income, and labor income, with the increas-
ing number of productive-animal units carried per 100 acres of land:
TaBLE XI.—Effect of increased productivity of land on success in dairy farming in the
irrigated valleys of southern Arizona, measured in terms of productive-animal units car-
ried per 100 acres of land.
Average
number ve
produc- umber E p S
Productive-animal tive ' Mae Average | failing to aoe Svelare sverige average
i r ; i .| area. ke 8 ; A :
units per 100 acres ets Cees e nee cone chased. | receipts. | income. | income.
per 100
acres.
Acres.
30\and under........- 26.1 11 108 5 $61 $4, 004 $2, 629 $795
Obl tO W).-ossecdeasds 48. 0 67 87 17 62 3, 409 2,277 773
(OT tOCWssesccascsee 72.4 72 79 5 101 3, 900 2, 678 1, 201
Over.908 a5 et ep ae 128.7 39 57 3 188 4,057 2,578 1,180
The average contribution of animals to the receipts on all of these
farms was 86.3 per cent of the total, while crops contributed an aver-
age of only 12.1 percent. It may fairly be assumed, then, that the
increased income was due to larger numbers of animals. While more
feed is purchased on the farms carrying the largest number of animal
units per 100 acres, the amount purchased is not large on any of the
farms; and it may safely be assumed that the increased number of
animal units is due to increased productivity of the alfalfa fields; also,
that this increased productivity has resulted in greater total receipts
as wellasalargerfarmincomeand labor income. The average num-
ber of dairy animal units per 100 acres carried on these four classes
of farms was 19, 35, 53, and 91, respectively.
Dairy cows are fed practically the entire year on green forage
consisting chiefly of alfalfa pasture (see fig. 7). Increasing produc-
tivity resolves itself, therefore, into the problem of increasing the car-
rying capacity of the alfalfa fields. It has been found that steady
pasturing of a single field throughout the year greatly reduces its
carrying capacity. The plants are eaten so close to the ground that
they fail to produce the shade necessary to prevent the rapid growth
of water grasses, bermuda grass, and noxious weeds that soon crowd
1 An animal unit is the equivalent of a full-grown horse, steer, or cow. Equivalents in other animals
are determined by food requirements, and in this bulletin 2 calves, heifers, or colts, 7 sheep, 5 hogs, 10 pigs,
100 chickens, or 50 turkeys are, respectively, regarded as representing food requirements equivalent to those
of a full-grown horse, steer, or cow, and are therefore counted as one animal unit. Productive animals are
those that contribute directly to the farm receipts. Work horses are not considered among productive
animals, because they do not contribute directly to farm receipts. All other animals are considered
productive.
28 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Fic 7.—Dairy cows on alfalfa pasture.
out the alfalfa plants. Close cropping also prevents sufficient nour-
ishment reaching the roots to insure strong healthy plants, while, when
the ground is wet from irrigation or rains, tramping incident to con-
tinuous pasturing tends further toward root starvation by limiting
air circulation and interfering with the penetration of moisture.
The more successful dairymen are adopting a system of rotation
pasturing (see fig. 8) described by the writer in Circular No. 54, United
Fig. 8.—Rotation pasturing ona dairy farm. On the right an alfalfa crop being harvested by dairy
cows—54 head on 20 acres. On the left an alfalfa field from which a crop of alfalfa has just been
harvested by dairy cows.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 29
States Department of Agriculture. A concrete example of the
operation of the system given in the circular may profitably be referred
to again at this point.
A dairy farm of 160 acres all in alfalfa is divided into fields of 20
acres each. Four of these fields are pastured with milch cows during
the summer months and the other four are cut for hay. - In pasturing,
the animals are kept off the fields until the alfalfa is nearly or quite
mature enough to cut for hay, and then turned into the fields in suffi-
cient numbers to harvest the crop quickly. From 80 to 90 cows are
pastured on a field of 20 acres until the best of the crop has been
eaten, and then are turned into another 20-acre field. By varying
the time at which cattle are first turned on in the spring, the fields areso
managed that crops mature in different fields at different times, thus
allowing the cattle to be rotated from one field to another through-
out the season. When the best of the crop has been taken by milch
cows, they are followed for afew days by dry cows and young dairy
stock to clean up such feed as may have been left. Then the field is
irrigated and all stock kept off until another crop is ready to be har-
vested. By discontinuing winter pasturing of hay fields at different
dates they are also managed so that crops mature in different fields
at different times, and when the hay is harvested it is put up with a
hay loader. Dry cows and young stock are allowed to follow the hay
loader, thus cleaning up any waste hay. The fields are then watered,
and all stock kept off till another crop is ready for harvesting. Dry
cows and young stock are fed hay when there is not sufficient pasture
forthem. At the close of the haying season the fields are seeded ! to
barley, which affords green forage for winter pasture, the fields being
rotated asin thesummer. Milch cows are allowed free access to hay,
and consume considerable quantities of it even when on the best of
pasture.
The fields are never pastured when the ground is wet, and a good
stand of alfalfa is preserved, the particular farm under consideration
having good fields that have not been reseeded during a period of 12
years. Keeping hay before milch cows when on pasture reduces losses
from bloat, as does pasturing of only the mature crop. One dairy-
man with over 100 cows reported that by rotation pasturing and the
feeding of hay at all times during the year he had completely elimi-
nated losses from bloat, not having lost a single animal in the last 13
years.
By rotation pasturing the plants are allowed to come to complete
maturity, which greatly increases the total yield. Experiments have
shown that when alfalfa plants are allowed to come to complete ma-
1 The barley is seeded in the alfalfa without plowing or disturbing the alfalfa plantsinany way. Infact,
the harrowing or drilling necessary to cover the barley seed answers for a cultivation of the alfalfa field,
loosening up ground that may have become somewhat packed from tramping, thus proving a benefit
to the alfalfa.
30 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
turity before harvesting the total yield is much greater than when
they are clipped off every two or three days.'. As an example of the
results to be obtained by rotation pasturing, it may be stated that
one man without purchasing any feed kept on 160 acres of alfalfa 98
dairy cows and enough other live stock to bring the number of his
total animal units up to 199. Another pastured 149 mature ani-
mals 12 months on 90 acres. Another kept 141 animal units one
year on 140 acres of alfalfa, and in addition sold 60 tons of hay and
10,000 pounds of alfalfa seed.
Good dairy stock adds materially to success in dairy farming.
The following tabulation, based upon dairy income per dairy animal
unit, clearly brings out this fact.
TaBLe XII.—L£ fect of quality in dairy live stock upon success in dairy farming in the
irrigated valleys of southern Arizona.
Average
dairy | - Number) airy
Dairy income per | Meome |Nuntber! average]: imaie| Prod: |“fomt | meme’| labor | prose
dairy animal unit. | qairy | farms, | 274 8 per Lal eae receipts.| income. |income. | cows,
animal cent, |P ¢
unit.
Acres
$55 and under...... $47 36 72 9 $38 | $2,886] $1,709| $357 $90
GU rryh Tee ee 60 50 | 92 10 50} 3,790 2, 405 826 92
SGM tO SsU Soest eee 7 45 | 83 5 58 3, 855 2,818 1, 207 100
SSO SE TOS LOO FSS Se 89 32 | 76 4 72 3, 290 2, 380 1, 041 103
Over $100 a......... 124 29 65 3 110] 4)802| 3,249| 15745 105
a Some of the farmers in this group retailed their milk,
The table shows a steady increase in profits accompanying the
increase in dairy income per dairy animal unit. The dairy income
per dairy animal unit includes the value of all calves and the in-
creases in value of all dairy live stock, as well as the value of dairy
products sold. The value of the dairy products sold per cow in-
creases with the income per dairy animal unit. The value of the
cows also increases as the amount received for their products in-
creases, showing that the dairymen in Arizona appreciate quality
in their dairy animals. It should perhaps be mentioned that in the
last group of farms in Table XII a higher efficiency in marketing has
added its influence to good quality in the cows, since all the retail
dairy farms studied are in this group; but the first four groups of
farms are sufficient to bring out forcibly the effect of good quality in
dairy stock upon profits in dairy farming.
Several of the leading dairy breeds are found in southern Arizona,
but the Holstein breed leads all others in numbers and is represented
by several prosperous breeders of pure blood stock. None of these
is included in the farms studied, because such farms are regarded as
! Lyman J. Briggsand H. L. Shantz. The effect of Frequent Cutting on the Water Requirements of
Alfalfa and its Bearing on Pasturage. Bull. No. 228, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 31
being in a class by themselves and not comparable with ordinary
farms. Other dairy breeds are represented by breeders in the val-
leys, but the numbers of such live stock are far below those of the
Holstein breed. Shorthorn cattle, with a preference for the dairy
type, rank next in popularity to the Holsteins. These two breeds
are preferred because their steer calves develop rapidly on alfalfa
forage and purchasers of fat cattle in Arizona make no discrimina-
tion against them, contrary to the custom with most dairy breeds.
Owners of shorthorn cows are at present breeding them to Holstein
bulls, indicating a strong preference in southern Arizona for the
black and white dairy cattle. In Salt River Valley, especially, there
are a large number of fine graded Holstein dairy live stock, and such
- cities as Tucson, Bisbee, Douglas, and El Paso are turning to this
valley for their supply of dairy cows. Prices of such cattle are no
higher in Arizona than in eastern dairy States, and with a little
attention to advertising and a little more care in breeding Salt River
Valley should soon be known as a home of good dairy live stock and
attract buyers from the outside. An outlet would thus be found for
young dairy cattle when the present expansion of the dairy enter-
prise has reached its limits.
The importance of the dairy enterprise in the farm organization
may be indicated by classifying all farms studied in the order of
increasing percentage of receipts from dairying. Such a classifica-
tion is presented in Table XIII.
TaBLeE XIII.—Effect of increasing percentage cf receipts from dairying upon success in
farming in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona 1913 to 1915.
Average N
( = Number
i : és z can AV Average | Av
Percentage Teceipts from dairy- Dees Siete Average Hall i toraliee me ° an ered
5 (igoynal. ill Sees [fa ee | ESS ceipts. | come. come,
aaityiae per cent.
|
Acres
ODE ee aie le 195 141 60 | $5,508 | $2,768 $618
BAO Ps sao Go beneb os ese Seen 13.2 145 102 45 3, 633 2,316 596
OSLO oy tes sane e ena e 8 34.2 94 85 22 3, 453 2,182 13
INTO OD meee neces ce se sack 54.1 97 79 18 3, 423 2, 300 45
OW GHEE aeonascEeee bees se Meee 79.6 96 73 16 3, 688 2, 450 993
f
Out of receipts totaling $2,913,877, dairy cattle and dairy prod-
ucts contributed $724,740, or 24.9 per cent. The sales of dairy
cattle were $266,543 and the purchases $190,240, leaving net sales of
$76,303. This indicates large buying and selling locally, and also
indicates that when dairying has reached the limit of its possible
expansion dairy cattle will have to find an outlet beyond the dis-
tricts in which they are produced or will have to be sold for beef.
The latter alternative will lower prices considerably and make the
enterprise less profitable. However, the present large type of dairy
cows being produced can easily be sold at from $65 to $75 each for
32 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
beef, and unbred heifers will bring as much or more at the age of
3 years when fattened for beef. Prices placed upon dairy live
stock were about as follows: High grade heifers ranging in age from
6 months to 1 year, $40; “springer” heifers, $65 to $75; full-grown
cows, $80 to $150, the average being about $100, as shown in
Table XIII.
The average price paid for butter fat by the creameries was 25.47
cents a pound, and 30 cents was offered where the farmer would
agree to deliver his milk or cream sweet. At these prices for butter
fat and for dairy live stock, dairying, under conditions similar to
those prevailing in 1913, 1914, and 1915, appears to have been the
most stable farm enterprise in southern Arizona, as well as one of the
most profitable.
The amount of expansion the dairy enterprise will stand and
still remain profitable can not be stated definitely. The opinion of
three leading creamery men was that the present output of dairy
products may be doubled without unfavorable effect on present
markets, and that other markets can be developed. The limit in
the amount of irrigated land in these valleys will not allow an expan-
sion much greater than this and still retain other profitable enter-
prises. It appears, then, that success in expansion will depend more
upon the market for young dairy heifers after the limits of expansion
have been reached than upon new markets for dairy products, unless
changes should take place that would limit the present market for
these products or lower the price paid for them.
The dairy enterprise has some drawbacks such as losses from bloat,
contagious abortion, contagious scours, calf pneumonia, and garget,
the latter disease being present in a malignant form, seemingly pro-
moted by the extreme heat of the summer months. It is also diffi-
cult to deliver cream sweet without using a considerable amount of
ice during the summer months. Contagious scours is being controlled
by sanitation, calf pneumonia by vaccination, bloat by rotation pas-
turing and feeding hay with pasture, and the other diseases will no
doubt yield to good sanitary methods and care in breeding.
BEEF CATTLE.
Fattening beef cattle for the market has long been a favorite
enterprise on the larger farms in southern Arizona. Contrary to the
prevailing custom in the Eastern States, the cattle are not fed grain,
but are fattened on green alfalfa forage (see fig. 9) and hay, and the
feeding period may vary from 8 to 16 months in length, depending
on the size and age of the steers when purchased. The abundance
of green forage throughout nearly the entire year, the proximity of
the ranges, and the large number of high-grade native steers fur-
nished by the dairymen of the valleys are factors favorable to the
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 33
enterprise. Fluctuating prices of both range steers and fat cattle
introduce a greater element of speculation than is found in the dairy
enterprise, and the capital required is greater; but on the whole the
enterprise compares very favorably with dairying. Thirty farmers
out of the 627 interviewed for these studies made the fattening of beef
cattle a leading enterprise, obtaining on the average 61.5 per cent
Fic. 9.—Fattening steers on alfalfa pasture.
of their total receipts from this source; and 10 others combined the
-beef-cattle enterprise with some other enterprise in about equal
proportions, obtaining over 80 per cent of their total receipts from
the two enterprises. Results that were obtained in beef-cattle
farming are shown in Table XIV.
Tasur XIV.—Results obtained in beef cattle farming in the irrigated valleys of southern
( Arizona, 1913-1915.
Number -,
Type of farming and percentage of receipts] Number | Average | failing to| Average ay Bees anne
from principal enterprises. offarms.| area. | make8 | receipts. face ssh dary ve
per cent. : SHEE
|
i Acres. |
Grae: 61.5... 2. 2.-2 esse eee eale i 30 298] . 6| $l1,101|- $7,155| $2,146
MELTIGCRPOMD A ae ars kN Oe ee
Reo eu AMER \ 5 370 1| 12,211] 5,295 1,505
LORS 5 SU Et eR ep ea
HOG FARMING.
Six farmers out of 627 made hog raising a major enterprise, obtain-
ing an average of 50.6 per cent of their total receipts from this source.
There were only 31 farms upon which hogs-furnished as much as
25 per cent of the total receipts. The results of investigations thus
far are not favorable to hogs as a major enterprise, both labor
income and farm income on hog farms being greatly below the
averages for all farms of similar size. The enterprise has been
34 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
expanding during recent years, on account of the general tendency
of Arizona farmers to substitute live-stock farming for hay and grain
farming. . The market seems to be quite local in character, and a
very marked depreciation in price followed a marked increase in the
number of hogs kept on the farms in 1915. Where large quantities
of grain are fed to hogs the farm income and labor income are both
uniformly low. Poor results are also obtained where large numbers
of hogs are kept on the same farm. The best results have thus far
been obtained where hogs are kept as a minor enterprise in combina-
tion with dairying or grain farming, the hogs getting most of their
subsistence on alfalfa pasture and being fattened only a short time
on waste grain or skim milk. It is conceded that the quality of
pork produced on skim milk is not equal to that produced on barley,
but the fact.remains that most of the profit is taken out of the hog
enterprise when grain constitutes the chief article of feed for any
considerable time.
HORSES.
Raising horses for the market is incidental to the keeping of
necessary work stock; of 627 farms only 3 were found upon which
the marketing of horses assumed a magnitude approaching a major
enterprise. These farms are classified as diversified farms, since
several other enterprises also found upon them were of equal impor-
tance to horses. Growing colts contribute more or less to the
receipts upon a large number of the farms, but the amount of such
receipts is of minor importance, except in a few cases upon diver-
sified farms.
SHEEP.
Sheep raising in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona is of
minor importance, only 3 farms bemg found where sheep assumed
the magnitude of a major enterprise, and 2 of these combined
sheep with some other enterprise. The use of sheep for ditch-
cleaning purposes is advantageous, and for this purpose a small flock
of sheep may well be kept on nearly every farm, but in general at
this time sheep raising on a large scale is not profitable. The 3
farms upon which sheep raising was the chief source of receipts
averaged 231 acres in size and obtained from sheep an average of
43.6 per cent of their total receipts. The average results were:
Receipts, $7,637; farm income, $3,793; labor income, minus $337.
That is to say, the average farm business lacked $337 of paying
expenses and interest on investment.
DIVERSIFIED FARMING.
All farms have been classified as diversified upon which the inter-
ests of the operator have been about equally distributed among 3 or
more enterprises, taking into account receipts, acreage, and capital
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 35
invested, and the 3 or more leading enterprises contributing at least
60 per cent of the total receipts. Nearly all of these farms have but 3
leading enterprises. A few have 4 and a very small number have
as many as 5. Alfalfa is the basis of their system; the sale of hay
contributes more than 15 per cent of the total receipts on 59 out of
109 diversified farms, while pasture and alfalf seed contribute more
than 15 per cent of the receipts on 9 more of the farms in this class.
Dairying contributes more than 15 per cent of the total receipts on
62 of the farms, and poultry on 35.- The average percentage of
receipts contributed by these 3 enterprises on the 109 farms is as
follows: Dairying, 22.3 per cent; alfalfa hay, seed, and pasture, 20.5
per cent; poultry, 11.9 per cent. Grain contributes more than 15
per cent of the receipts on 33 farms, hogs on 15 farms, cotton on 16
farms, horses on 14 farms, cantaloupes on 9 farms, fruit on 9 farms,
truck on 4 farms, beef cattle on 8 farms, and bees on 7 farms.
Grain contributes an average of 9.9 per cent of the total receipts on
the 109 farms, hogs, 7.5 per cent; horses, 5.38 per cent; cotton, 4.5
per cent; beef cattle, 4.3 per cent, and fruit, 4.2 per cent.
Haying occurred combined with poultry and some other enterprise
on 22 farms, with dairying and some other enterprise on 24 farms,
with beef cattle and some other enterprise on 7 farms and with various
other enterprises on 8 farms. Poultry occurred combined with dairy-
ing and some other enterprise on 42 farms, and dairying occurred com-
bined with poultry on 42 farms, with hay on 24 farms and with various
other enterprises on 5 farms, making out of 109 diversified farms a
total of 71 upon which dairying was a prominent enterprise.
The average size of the 109 farms is 88 acres, and the average re-
sults obtained were: Receipts, $3,362; farm income, $1,985; labor
income, $515. These results are far below those obtained on 178
farms, averaging 83 acres, where dairying was the chief source of
receipts, contributing 67.7 per cent of the total. (See Table XI.)
POULTRY.
Records were obtained on 32 farms upon which poultry furnished
the greater part of the farm receipts, but since many of the operators
were engaged in outside enterprises not connected with the farm, only
21 of the records were used for this study. These 21 farms averaged
27 acres in size and obtained 71.7 per cent of their total receipts from
poultry. In addition, two farmers combined poultry with hay and
two with fruit, each making poultry dominant over the other enter-
prise. While poultry is a favorite enterprise on the small farms (see
fig..10) it is by no means confined to them, being a minor enterprise
of considerable importance on nearly all farms and frequently assum-
ing considerable magnitude on the larger farms, receipts of over $2,500
from poultry having been found on one farm in each of the groups
averaging 80 acres, 100 acres, 160 acres, and 530 acres. It has
36 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
already been shown to be one of the three leading enterprises on 42
diversified farms.
Chickens and turkeys are the kinds of poultry almost universally
raised, the chickens for the eggs produced and the turkeys for the
market. The climate is adapted to egg production and the average
production per hen is large, the average value of the eggs produced on
476 farms being $2.03 per hen.
A flock of from 50 to 100 turkeys usually adds a nice sum to the
total receipts, and since when.allowed to roam the alfalfa fields at will
they require little grain to prepare them for the market, their addi-
tion to the receipts is nearly all profit. ‘Twenty-one poultry farms
averaging 27 acres in size made an average farm income of $1,044.
The average labor income was $409.
GRAIN FARMING.
Grain farming (see fig. 11) affords a ready means of rotation for
run-down alfalfa fields, and is extensively used for this purpose.
Fic. 10.—A poultry farm of 10 acres—Salt River Valley.
Grain is also grown on newer lands, and by renters on cheaper lands
whose owners live elsewhere and hold the lands for speculative pur-
poses. It is a favorite crop on lands that secure most of their water
during flood times, as the flood waters are available at seasons more
suited to grain culture than any other crop. It is also a favorite crop
with the possessors of school lands, who have not wished to make too
extensive improvements of their lands until after they learn upon
just what terms they are to be allowed to come into permanent posses-
sion of them. Because of the cheaper lands upon which the grain
crops are grown, involving a lower interest charge against the farm
income, grain farms show a relatively higher labor income than would
otherwise be the case.
Wheat, barley, and the grain sorghums are the leading grain crops.
Oats and corn are of minor importance, though they are included in
considering all receipts from grain. Milo maize, feterita, and kafir
corn are the favorite grain sorghums.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 37
When the alfalfa fields have ceased to be profitable they are plowed
up and seeded to wheat or barley during the fall or winter months.
The grain is harvested during the following May or early June. If
the field is to be seeded to grain a second time, the land is irrigated
and the stubble and volunteer young grain pastured during the re-
mainder of the summer, or the field may be seeded to one of the grain
sorghums, the lister being used for this purpose and only one or two
cultivations being given to the growing crop. When the second crop
of barley or wheat is sown the land is at the same time reseeded to
alfalfa. This is the nearest approach to a system of rotation in vogue
in Arizona, and it is by no means a general practice.
Opinions differ as to the value of the practice of seeding a grain
sorghum crop during the summer upon the fields to be later seeded to
' Fig. 11.—A thrifty grain field in Salt River Valley.
wheat or barley. Some claim that the grain sorghum crop injures the
land and reduces the yield of the succeeding crop of wheat or barley.
Some landlords stipulate in their rental contracts that grain sorghums
shall not be seeded during the summer months upon wheat or barley
lands. Results obtained by the two systems of cropping are shown
in Table XV.
TaBLE XV.—LHffect of double cropping on success in grain farming in the irrigated valleys
of southern Arizona, 1913-1915.
Yield per acre.
INU: | MAW Cr) —— ya eta
System of cropping. ber of age Grain | Receipts.
farms. | area. | Wheat. | Barley. sor-
ghums.
Farm _ | Labor
income. | income.
Acres. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
Double-cropped.......... 18 246 1,667 1, 828 2, 236 $6, 239 $3,
Not double-cropped....-. 27 159 2,082 1,863 2,034 4,316 2,
38 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The table shows very little in favor of either system over the other.
Considering the larger size of the farms the farm income in the
group of farms upon which double cropping is practiced is about
as much larger than that of the other group as could be expected
from the influence of the factor of size alone. The labor income is
proportionally larger, but this is due largely to the cheaper lands
upon which double cropping was practiced. None of the farmers
whose farms are listed in the double-cropped group treated as much
as 100 per cent of their grain lands in this manner, and some did not
double crop more than 20 per cent of them. For a single season the
income from grain farming is much greater when double cropping
is practiced than where only a single crop is grown, and there is no
evidence that the grain sorghum interferes with the growth of the
succeeding alfalfa crop. It appears, then, that when the object of
erain farming is primarily for the purpose of rotating an alfalfa
field double cropping may be profitably practiced.
Of 627 farms studied, there were 42 upon which the greater portion
of the receipts was obtained from grain and 22 upon which grain
farming was combined with some other enterprise. The results
obtaimed are shown in Table XVI.
TaBLE XVI.—Results obtained with grain farming in the irrigated valleys of southern
Arizona, 1913-1915.
Number
Type of farming and percentage of receipts | Number | Average | failing to| Average Avelaee Average
from principal enterprises. offarms.| area. | make 8 | receipts.| ;°5me. | incom
per cent. b |) sBelee)stt
- | Acres.
eee hs eee a ae a a eS, a er 42 203 14 $5, 187 $2, 807 $541
TAINS GO: 4 = Se aetna ore ceenec sees
Hay, Foo oease chat *-eaaenseate eke \ 19 97 8| 3,212] 1,803 143
TAL, 44S eee ese wioete os ane Ree ae oe eee
Poiiltry; 13/4 Seen Sn On } g BD See eta kt B35) ae
COTTON FARMING.
Cotton farming is a new enterprise in Arizona, making its first
appearance ' in Salt River Valley in 1912, when several hundred
acres were grown. In 1913 the enterprise expanded to over 4,000
acres, and in 1914 it had expanded to 11,501 acres in Salt River
Valley and 2,260 acres in Yuma Valley, according to the crop report
of the United States Reclamation Service for that year.. The low
price obtained for the crop of 1914 set the acreage in Salt River
Valley back to less than 2,000 in 1915 and almost eliminated the
crop from Yuma Valley. The price paid for Egyptian cotton, lint
averaged about 15 cents a pound in 1914, while in previous years
' About 100 acres of cotton were grown at Arlington in 1908 and a gin was built to take care of the crop,
but the venture was not a commercial success at this time and so the real beginning of the enterprise was
in 1912, since which date more or Jess cotton has been grown every season.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 89
the price had averaged about 20 cents. In 1915 the price again
went back to about 20 cents and in 1916 Egyptian cotton lint sold
as high as 70 cents a pound f. 0. b. at Phoenix, the most of the crop
selling as high as 40 to 45 cents. It is reported that owners of gins
offered to contract for the 1917 crop in advance at 27 cents. The
area planted to Egyptian cotton in 1917 was over 45,000 acres.
With such variable prices records of the farm business are of little
value in establishing the place of Egyptian cotton in any system
of organization that might be proposed for the farms in the irrigated
valleys of southern Arizona. It may be stated, however, that 28
farms obtaining over 40 per cent of their receipts from Egyptian
cotton, the average percentage being 66.9 per cent, produced average
yields of 423 pounds of lint per acre, which was sold at an average
price of 15.9 cents per pound. The seed brought an average of
$14.20 per ton. The farms averaged 88 acres in size and the gen-
eral results were as follows: Receipts, $4,176; farm income, $1,810;
labor income, $541. These results compare favorably with hay
farming, but are far below those obtained in dairy farming during the
same period of study. When the cotton is valued at 20 cents a
pound, however, the results become: Receipts, $4,670; farm income,
$2,370; labor income, $1,117. These results compare favorably
with those obtained in dairying, while with the price of cotton as
high as it was in 1916, even though labor advanced at least 50 per
cent, the enterprise was more profitable than dairying, although there
was also a considerable increase in the price paid for dairy products.
There were 76 records of farms upon which cotton was grown to a
ereater or less extent, the most of these being taken in 1914 and none
after that year, and these were arranged in four groups based upon
increasing percentage of receipts from cotton. Both farm income
-and labor income decreased steadily as the percentage of receipts
from cotton increased with the average price of cotton between
15 and 16 cents a pound.
It may be safely stated, therefore, that with yields as high as
400 pounds of lint, and with a price as low as 15 cents a pound, cotton
farming is not so profitable as other well-established enterprises,
but since the price has been below 20 cents but one year out of the six
in which it has been grown in Arizona, the enterprise may be strongly
recommended to supplement the live stock interests now so firmly
established in these districts, the crop proving admirably adapted
for rotation with alfalfa. Picking charges during the period covered
by these studies were uniformly 2 cents a pound for seed cotton
and ginning charges were $10 a bale. The picking was done almost
entirely by Indian labor.t
1 See Farmers’ Bulletin 577, “ Growing Egyptian Cottonin the Salt River Valley,’ and Bureau of Plant
Industry Bulletin 128, “Egyptian Cotton in Southwestern United States.”
40) BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
FRUIT.
Out of the 627 farms studied 19 were devoted chiefly to fruit
raising, obtaining an average of 74.2 per cent of their total receipts
from fruit, and the enterprise was prominent on about a dozen
diversified farms. The fruit farms are nearly all small, the average
size of the 19 studied being 25 acres. The varicties of fruit grown were
chiefly peaches, apricots, grapes, and citrus fruits. (See fig. 12.)
Fruit farming pays a relatively high farm income, considering
the size of the farms, but the labor income is less satisfactory because
of the large interest charge due to the high value placed on developed
Fic. 12.—An orange grove in Salt River Valley.
orchards. The enterprise is somewhat more speculative than such
enterprises as dairying or hay farming, and there are a proportion-
ately larger number of fruit growers who fail to make current interest
rates on their investment.
A thorough study of the cost of developing orchards and of mar-
ket facilities will be necessary before any safe predictions can be
made regarding the possibilities of expanding this enterprise. Re~
sults obtained on the farms studied are as follows: Average receipts,
$2,288; farm income, $1,498; labor income, $205. Eight out of the
19 farms failed to pay current interest rates on the investment.
TRUCK FARMING, HOME GARDENING, AND CANTALOUPES.
Truck farming is carried on largely by Chinese and Japanese
gardeners, who also import large quantities of vegetables from
California and peddle them from house to house both in the towns
and in the country. The farms are all small and their number is
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 4]
not large. Only a few records on such farms were taken. The re-
sults obtained on six truck farms averaging 14.5 acres and upon
which truck contributed 84.3 per cent of the total receipts were:
Average total receipts, $824; farm income, $478; labor income, $110.
Even home gardening is unpopular, gardens being found upon
but 22.7 per cent of the farms studied. It is claimed by those who
do not have gardens and by many who do that gardening does not
pay. Gardens must be irrigated oftener than once per week and
after every irrigation they must be cultivated. It is not always
convenient to receive the water upon a farm at the time when the
garden needs watering, and garden irrigation is therefore neglected.
During the summer season the intense heat makes it difficult or
impossible for women and children to work in the garden, while
larger and more profitable farm enterprises require all the time of
man labor. Weeds grow rapidly and all soils but the more sandy
ones harden quickly after irrigation, even when cultivated, making
an uncongenial home for garden plants. Gardening may be carried
on during the winter months, but the number of plants growing
during this season is limited, their growth is slow, and they are often
injured by frosts. Plant lice multiply rapidly at all seasons of the
year and are a constant menace to garden plants. Chinese peddlers
import vegetables from California and visit the farmers two or three
times a week, extending their routes out as far as 14 miles from the
city, and sell vegetables at prices stated by the farmers to be lower
than it would cost them to produce them on their farms. Many
farmers had kept books on their gardening operations, and these
were very positive in their statements that the enterprise does not
pay. In the Gila Valley, where the climate is somewhat cooler,
gardening could be more successfuly carried on in spring and summer
than in either Salt River Valley or Yuma Valley; but here the water
runs are more irregular and less certain and therefore gardening is
but little more popular than in the other two valleys.
Approximately 2,000 acres of cantaloupes are planted every year
in Salt River Valley, but the enterprise is not found to any extent
in either of the two other valleys. They are grown almost exclu-
sively on contracts with eastern commission firms, who furnish the
seed and send inspectors to the field to superintend cultivation,
picking, and packing. The firms contract to advance a stated amount
per crate when the cantaloupes are received for shipment, the amount
rarely exceeding the cost of production and more frequently not equal-
ing it. The cantaloupes are then shipped and sold on commission,
the charge by the firm usually being 15 per cent, the farmer paying
all expenses, including freight, icing, cartage, and cost of crates.
The returns received by the farmers fluctuate violently, bemg some-
times high enough to make the enterprise extremely profitable and
42 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
at other times so low that the farmers must draw upon ‘the income
from other enterprises to pay the freight bills. The enterprise is
thus highly speculative, and, unless conditions should change radi-
cally, can never become of great importance in southern Arizona.
The relative importance on the farms studied of the enterprises
that have been described is shown further in Table XVII, which
presents the total receipts on 725 farms arismg from each of the
various enterprises. .
TaBLeE XVII.—Distribution of receipts among the various enterprises on 725 irrigated
farms in southern Arizona.
Value of Value of
Enterprise. total Entezprise. total
receipts. receipts.
Dairying: {| Cotton and cotton seed_-.---22-2.2--. 2. $146, 889
Net sales of dairy cattle over pur- |) Alfalfa pasture. -..-.-.---.---------.-.. 130, 324
CLS OGRE = Biers secs 5 SOAS ESS ORCA DS ESe $76,339) |i Barley: s.j-.2 20 staee coe ee eee eee | 119,440
Increase in dairy cattle...-..----.--- @'213,.000) || HORSES == eos os 22 Jaen ee eee eee eee eee 89, 628
Sales of butter and retail milk.....-- 76; 987/iGrainisore hum Sssee ee eeee ee eee eee 81, 081
Sales oncreamee-- sass oo a-ee eee 297,858 || Miscellaneous sources. ..---------.------- 64, 229
| SG at wi ee eee ee eee 60, 726
Motalvdainyineaeesee eae seer 7245740) GA faliaiseedies oe seecee ee See eee 53,335
————— || Sheep, goats, wool, and mohair -..------ 22,805
UNTIED oS Sa eeneaoesoneasSSSsaesonc 458,099 nll Cantaloupesessesem ses = se =e eee 18, 279
Boclvattle:.-: 252s. cactenescisecee 418,751 || Truck and watermelons.-.-....-.-...---.- 13, 651
TODS Ee ee ee eee ae ed eae cee Oe Re 180; 847) |S Oats). eee ecee eerie ssi ee eee eee 11, 106
Poultry and poultry products....---.--- 156, 950 iW Corn: sececee 2 eee occee eee pee Ree Ee 8,171
WiDESt ee eee sec mare ec soe eR 162, 446 || Irish potatoes and beans..-........-.-.- 3,015
aThis increase in value of dairy live stock is due to increase in numbers rather than to increase in value
of individual animals.
THE ADAPTATION OF THE FARM ENTERPRISES TO THE SIZE OF THE
FARM.!
In the group of 54 farms of 19 acres or under were 12 dairy farms,
10 poultry farms, 9 fruit farms, and 5 diversified farms. There
were 6 farms on which dairying was combined with some other
enterprise and 4 upon which poultry was combined with some other
enterprise. The remaining 8 farms in the group were devoted to
various crop enterprises. Dairy, poultry, and fruit, and their vari-
ous combinations, give much better results on these farms than other
enterprises including diversified farming. The average receipts,
farm income, and labor income of the 41 farms devoted to these
three enterprises were $1,185, $760, and $313, respectively, while
the corresponding figures for the 13 other farms were: Receipts,
$700; farm income, $516; labor income, $120.
Among the 45 farms of 20 acres there were 15 dairy farms, 4
poultry farms, 4 farms that combined poultry with dairying, 2 fruit
farms, 3 truck farms, 5 hay farms, 2 farms upon which hay and grain
were combined, 7 diversified farms, and 3 beginners with enter-
prises not thoroughly established. The dairy and poultry organiza-
tion produced average results on the 23 farms as follows: Receipts,
1 See lable X XI for classification of farms accordinz to size.
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 43
$1,702; farm income, $1,161; labor income, $535. The 12 farms
devoted chiefly to raising crops, including the fruit and truck farms,
produced average results as follows: Receipts, $1,163; farm income,
$698; labor income, $195. The corresponding figures for the 7
diversified farms were: Receipts, $1,250, farm income, $698; labor
income, $332.
In the group of 54 farms, ranging in size from 21 to 39 acres, 17
farms were devoted chiefly to dairying, 3 to poultry, 2 to grain, 4 to
fruit, 8 to hay, 3 to cotton, and 17 to. diversified enterprises. Hay
farming pays proportionately better in this group of farms than, in
other groups kecause of more intensive methods in cultivation, curing,
and marketing. The 8 hay farms averaged as follows: Receipts,
$1,848; farm income, $1,256; labor income, $469. The 4 fruit farms
produced by far the largest returns of any types found in the group,
as measured in net farm income, but because of the high valuation
placed on the land they failed to pay 8 per cent interest on the invest-
ment and therefore produced minus labor incomes. The returns
from these farms were as follows: Receipts, $3,191; farm income,
$2,447; labor income,$—37. The returns from the 17 dairy farms
were: Receipts, $1,795; farm income, $1,327; labor income, $526.
Dairying, therefore, is one of the most profitable enterprises found on
these farms. Diversified farming in which dairying was the leading
enterprise also paid well, the average returns from the 17 diversified
farms being: Receipts, $1,691 ; farm income, $1,249 ; labor income, $572.
The average returns for the 54 farms in the group were: Receipts,
$1,874; farm income, $1,317; labor income, $450. <A considerable
number of the dairy farmers in this group as well as in the two groups
of smaller farms retail their milk, but the majority of them patronize
the crcameries.
On the farms of 40 acres, dairying is the most prominent as well as
the most profitable enterprise found. Of 84 farms studied, 34 were
devoted almost entirely to dairying, and 9 others were devoted to a
combination of dairying with some other enterprise, the two enter-
piises occupying about equal positions in the farm organization.
There were 13 hay farms and 16 diversified farms. Among the
_ remaining 12 farms, 1 was a hay and grain farm, 1 a fruit farm, 2 were
grain farms, 3 were cotton farms, 1 produced cantaloupes, 3 produced
alfalfa seed, and 1 was pasture. The average returns from the 43
‘dairy farms were: Receipts, $2,186; farm income, $1,557; labor
income, $653. Nearly all the dairy farmers in this group patronized
the creameries. The returns from the 25 farms obtaiming 82.2 per
cent of their receipts from the sale of crops were: Receipts, $1,852;
farm income, $1,093; labor income, $181. Thus itis seen that a dairy .
organization on these farms pays an average of $464 more per year
than an organization based upon the sale of crops. The average
+4 BULLETIN 654,.U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
returns from the 16 diversified farms upon which live stock contrib-
uted 58.6 per cent of the total receipts and crops 39.5 per cent were:
Receipts, $1,971; farm income, $1,389; labor income, $489.
Of 103 farms ranging in size from 41 to 79 acres there were 33 dairy
farms, 27 of which were devoted almost entirely to dairying and 6 to
dairying and 1 other enterprise. In addition to these there were
23 diversified farms upon which dairying was the leading enterprise.
There were 21 hay farms and 5 hay and grain farms. The remainder
of the farms in the group were devoted to various enterprises as
follows: Beef cattle, 3; poultry, 2; alfalfa seed, 4; fruit, 3; cotton, 7;
bees, 2.
The 4 alfalfa-seed farms gave remarkably high returns, as follows:
Receipts, $4,646; farm income, $2,961; labor income, $1,855. The 2
bee farms likewise gave high returns, but bee farming is a specialized
enterprise for which the demand is limited.
Thirty-eight farms with a live stock organization based upon
dairying, and upon which live stock contributed 84.2 per cent of the
total receipts, gave returns as follows: Receipts, $2,775; farm income,
$1,931; labor income, $721. Forty farms with an organization based
upon the sale of crops, and upon which crops contributed 81 per cent
of the total receipts, gave returns as follows: Receipts, $3,174; farm
income, $1,834; labor income, $574. Twenty-three diversified farms,
upon which live stock contributed 53.7 per cent of the total receipts
and crops 46.3 per cent, produced the following average returns:
Receipts, $2,651; farm income, $1,736; labor income, $490.
Also on farms of 80.acres, dairying occupies a prominent place, there
being 24 farms out of 75 devoted chiefly to dairying and 4 to dairying
and 1 other enterprise. There were 10 hay farms, 8 grain farms, and
15 diversified farms, dairying being the leading enterprise on the
diversified farms. The remainder of the farms in the group were
devoted to enterprises as follows: Poultry, 2; beef cattle, 1; alfalfa
seed, 2; hogs, 1; cotton, 4; pasture, 3; potatoes and grain, 1.
Thirty-two farms with a live-stock organization in which live
stock furnished 83.3 per cent of the total receipts produced average
returns as follows: Receipts, $3,842; farm mcome, $2,671; labor
income, $1,264. The corresponding figures for 28 farms with an
organization based upon the sale of crops and upon which crops fur-
nished 82.8 per cent of the total receipts were: Receipts, $3,155;
farm income, $1,820; labor income, $548. The average results
obtained on the 15 diversified farms were: Receipts, $2,688; farm
income, $1,683; labor income, $427. The live stock organization
gave returns averaging $851 better than the crop organization and
$988 better than an organization based upon diversified erterprices.
In the group of 47 farms ranging from 81 to 119 acres, dairying was
not as prominent as in preceding groups, and about half of the men
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 45
engaged in dairying were beginners in the enterprise and had not yet
brought it te its highest degree of success. ‘Ten farmers who depended
chiefly upon dairying for their receipts were very successful, obtaining
returns comparing favorably with returns from this enterprise on the
farms of the 80 acres, but five other farmers who attempted to com-
bine dairying with hay, hogs, or grain, were very unsuccessful. One
sheep farmer was also very unsuccessful, and two beef cattle farmers
‘were only moderately successful. The live stock organizations upon
- these farms, therefore, produce average returns relatively much lower
than returns from organizations of this kind on the farms of 80 acres.
This difference is due to imperfection in the live stock organization
itself. The five diversified farms in the group are nearly as success-
ful as the 10 dairy farms, but they obtain an average of 29.4 per cent
of their receipts from dairying, this enterprise being in every case
much the strongest of the three or more enterprises found on these
farms. Results obtained with some of the more successful enter-
prises were as follows: Ten dairy farms, receipts, $4,124; farm
income, $2,855; labor mcome, $1,089. Five diversified farms,
receipts, $4,056; farm income, $2,479; labor income, $931. Two
alfalfa seed farms, receipts, $4,412; farm income, $3,024; labor
income, $1,297. Two cotton farms, receipts, $5,784; farm income,
$2,536; labor income, $927. Twenty farms devoted chiefly to hay,
grain, or pasture were comparatively unprofitable, their average
returns being: Receipts, $3,015; farm income, $1,713; labor income,
$130.
On 39 farms ranging.in size from 120 to 159. acres, enterprises were
found distributed as follows: Dairying, 11 farms; beef cattle and
dairy, 2; alfalfa seed, 1; hay, 6; hay and grain, 1; pasture, 3;
cotton, 3; cotton and hogs, 1; grain, 5; diversified, 6. Some of the
more satisfactory results obtained were as follows: Eleven dairy
farms produced averages of, receipts, $6,275; farm income, $3,821;
labor income, $1,602. Six diversified farms, receipts, $6,024; farm
income, $4,224; labor mcome, $1,722. One alfalfa seed farm,
receipts, $4,303; farm income, $2,825; labor income, $1,406. One
combination hogs and cotton farm,' receipts, $11,290; farm income,
$6,443; labor income, $4,235.
Thirteen farms with a live stock organization, live stock contribu-
ting 83.4 per cent of the total receipts, produced average returns as
follows: Receipts, $6,034; farm income, $3,699; labor income, $1,410.
The corresponding results obtained on 20 farms organized on the
basis of sales of crops, upon which crops contributed 80 per cent of
the total receipts, were, receipts, $4,747; farm income, $2,473; labor
income, $473.
1 The farmer in this case was engaged largely in the business of buying hogs, keeping them a short time
on his farm, and then selling them, rather than raising the hogs on his own farm.
46 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In the group of 44 farms of exactly 160 acres each, were 17 strictly
dairy farms and 3 upon which dairying was combined with hay or
grain. The strictly dairy farms were hiphly, successful, producing
returns as follows: Receipts, $7,312; farm imcome, 84,976: labor
income, $1,958. The combinations of dairying with hay or grain
were comparatively unsuccessful, the three farms producing average
returns as follows: Rece?pts, $5,618; farm income, $2,353; labor
income, $343. ‘There were 5 hay farms, 7 grain farms, and 2 farms
upon which hay and grain farming were combined. The average
results obtained on these 14 fame were: Receipts, $4, 748; farm
income, $2,426; labor income, $416.
The remaining 10 of the 44 farms in this group were devoted to
enterprises as follows: Three hog farms, 2 beef cattle farms, 2 pasture
farms, and 3 diversified farms. The 2 beef cattle farms produced
results somewhat lower than those obtained on the dairy farms, and
the 2 pasture farms produced results somewhat below the average
for the whole group. The diversified farms and hog farms were
comparatively unsuccessful.
The average results obtamed on 25 farms having a live stock
organization in which live stock contributed 75.7 per cent of the total
receipts were: Receipts, $6,784; farm income, $4,346; labor income,
$1,491. The corresponding results on 16 farms with an organization
based on the sale of crops, with crops contributing 81.6 per cent of
the total receipts, were: Receipts, $4,698; farm income, $2,534; labor
income, $486. The live-stock organization shows an average return
of $1,812 more per farm than the organization based upon the sale of
crops.
On the 50 farms ranging in size from 161 acres to 320 acres dairying
is not quite as prominent as on the farms below this size, beef cattle
coming into more prominence and largely taking the place of dairying
in the live-stock organization. Dairying is not entirely displaced by
beef-cattle farming, however, and there are still many successful
dairy farms among the larger farms. The enterprises found on
these 50 farms were distributed as oe : Dairying, 9 farms; beef
cattle, 11; beef cattle and hay or grain, 2; hogs and pasture, 2; sheep
and diversified animals, 2; hay, 6; grain, 6; pasture and alfalfa
seed, 3, and diversified, ‘
The dairy farms gave the highest returns, the average for the nine
farms being: Receipts, $11,102; farm income, $6,606; labor income,
$2,567. The six hay farms were unusually successful for this type
of farming, the average returns being: Receipts, $9,556; farm income,
$5,593; labor income, $1,644.
The farms devoted chiefly to beef cattle were more successful than
the average for the group, but did not produce as high returns as the
dairy farms. ‘The two farms that tried combining beef cattle with
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHE RN ARIZONA. BF)
group of largest farms, and in these two groups the rate would be
very close to that paid by the farms of 40 acres. Farms ranging in
size from 40 to 160 acres pay the highest rate of interest.
TABLE XX VI.—Relation of size cf farm to rate of interest earned on capital invested.
Farm Opera-
income |tor’s val- | Amount Rate
Average plus farm] uation of} earned earned
~ Size group. Area. cmReaete contribu-| his labor] | on _ on
arith tion to |and man-| invest- invest-
family agerial ment. ment,
living. | ability.
Acres. Acres, Per cent.
OlUORL ORM pyrene ee ee 11 $5, 417 $956 $528 $428 7.90
20 epee men Most time He) Saeko sad 20 7, 205 1, 220 515 705 9.79
IEC OSD weer easerie ese os SO Seer Ee mei 30 10, 845 1, 660 597 1, 063 9. 80
AE AC eed lec cl 40 | 11,119] | 1,688 554 1, 134 10. 20
ANU OM seme ese ee iL eatruabis 62 | 15,401 2,215 672 1, 643 10. 02
CO ca cGosuee noe Hane oats GBCIE Meee ia ean 80 16, 584 2,461 659 1, 802 10. 87
SIR ORIG Saneeee are g ee a a 101 20, 929 2, 508 672 1, 836 8.77
11240) 130) NEO Ss Ea Coe ABO B GSO SG een te kee 137 27, 050 3, 484 771 2, 713 10. 03
COREE iene ees rk 160 | © 32,158 3, 938 844 3, 094 9. 62
GIG OS 20 Hae weeny i emgeays | Se aly cue) 244 46, 963 5, 310 1, 000 4,310 9.18
ONCE O20 ER eens eo arora: rege ae 530 89, 470 9, 286 1,159 8, 127 9.08
There is a definite relation between size of farm and the magnitude
of the receipts, expenses, percentage of receipts paid out in expenses,
and the percentage of expenses paid for labor. These relations are
shown in Table X XVII.
Taste XXVII.—Relation of size of farm to receipts, expenses, percentage of receipts
paid out in expenses, and per cent of expenses paid for hired labor on SRT farms in
southern Arizona.
i aos Her cent pet cent
verage umber 2 ofreceipts | of expenses
reah Oba. Receipts. | Expenses. paid outin) paid for
expenses. hired labor.
Acres
11 54 $1,080 $382 35.4 24.1
20 45 1,416 481 34.0 28.7
30 54 1,874 | 557 29.7 283
40 84 2,045 658 32.2 29.6
62 103 2 907 1,045 35.9 44.5
80 75 Bi 357 1,201 35.5 40.5
101 47 3,612 1,457 40.2 44.8
137 39 5, 526 2,385 43.1 50.8
160 44 5,951 2,361 39.7 51.0
244 50 8, 465 3,546 41.9 2,
530 32 16, 354 7, 420 43.7 49.0
There is a common belief in Arizona that the expenses in running
a small farm are much less than those incurred in operating a large
farm. While this is true abolsutely, it is notin general true relatively.
Table XXX shows that the percentage of receipts paid out in ex-
penses does not vary greatly in any of the size groups, and that this
percentage is as large on tarms smaller than 20 acres as it is on farms
of 80 acres. On farms larger than 80 acres the percentage rises slightly,
but the rise is not great enough to verify the common opinion. The
percentage of expenses paid out for labor is progressively larger on
56 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the larger farms, but the advantage the smaller farms have in labor
expense is nearly overcome by proportionately greater expenses for
taxes, feed, and water. .
The distribution of expense on farms of different size is shown in
Table XXVIII.
TasLe XNXVIII.—Distribution of expenses on farms of different sizes in the irrigated
valleys of southern Arizona.
]
Thrash- | Repairs | Feed Miscel-
Average} Hired Family | ; ,
Seeceral hea: E ° ing and | on ma- pur- Taxes. Water. : Total.
size. | labor. labor. | aling. | chinery. | chased. laneous.
dcres.
11 $92 $20 $10 6 $140 $38 $18 $58 > $382
20 138 21 16 8 116 61 33 88 481
30 152 39 59 9 74 91 47 86 557
40 194 70 77 16 72. 95 58 76 658
62 465 115 105 16 63 129 85 67 1,045
80 486 81 123 16 100 148 112 135 1,201
101 652 161 177 21 63 194 126 63 1, 457
137 1, 212 140 191 40 140 243 190 229 2,385
160 1, 203 211 209 44 106 281 210 97 2,361
244 1,814 177 241 63 266 382 295 -| 308 3,546
530 3,636 118 597 | 148 288 | 842 668 | 1,123 7, 420
|
While it has been shown that the smaller farms do not furnish as
large a farm income as the larger farms, and do not pay as high wages
to the operators, it is yet possible to make incomes of considerable
size even on the small farms. This is shown in Table X XTX, which
presents the maximum and minimum farm incomes made in each
size group, and the percentage of farms in each group making a
farm income of $1,500 or more.
TaBLeE XXIX.— Maximum and minimum farm incomes made in the different size groups,
and the percentage of farms in each group furnishing an income of $1,500 or more.
Percent-
pee of
Nena ok arms in
Minimum! grou
re Number | Average | mum Buot
Size-group, acres. Areal) pase, ah _ farm furnis -
income, | come. | __ ing
incomes
of $1,500
or more.
Acres
OT ONG bare cece creer oe eae cic teenie oe owe cables ewice ene 54 ll $2, 621 $151 5.6
2M eae RIE Sara oe eee «BETS ae DOSER SO Sera © be a 45 | 20 3, 359 97 15.6
BUUO BOE tease ere brie oee Sentinal eieiceo sia icic mis « = 2 ree 54 30 3,876 69 29.6
SE RS get RIS ee eens Oe tee BPR ae y= 84 40 4,711 25 27.4
SUMO REI ee ori. hep yora- Ss eee se eiicie » dak 2 ae 103 | 62 5, 492 347 62.1
Sine ee eee a ee 75 80 5, 323 88 74.7
Safes Ut et 5 So ees ee See 47 101 4,692 723 80.9
WMOMLDOrsreecieaist ee eeee eco uren ce. ciss 0.1... 39 137 7, 707 834 92.3
LOO eet seit im Sc RRR c ee offak cee. Pe 44 160 9, 062 860. 90.9
LU MEDS AN iets nse lee Sy ec eye yA © NE ais 6 jel = orc 2] 5 50 244 14, 266 385 98.0
OVOWOLU we aaa shile metic SE PEE biclauinle® vicletc «cilia 32 530 24,215 3, 386 100.0
Since in all tables hitherto presented the results have been average
results of all farms of a class, and therefore have been proportion-
ately influenced by the poorer farms as well as the better ones, and
since in all communities there are always a few farmers who fail, no
matter what the circumstances may be, it will perhaps add to the
FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 57
completeness of the data herein presented to make two groups of
farms, one consisting of all those farmers who made over 8 per cent
interest on their investment, and the other consisting of all farmers
failing to make 8 per cent on investment, and present comparative
data in the two groups. Such data are presented in Table XXX.
In this table the contribution of the farm to the family living was
omitted, and the value of the farmer’s labor was not deducted in cal-
culating rate of interest.
The table shows that there are 161 farmers out of 627 who with an
average of 98 acres each can make only 5.9 per cent on their invest-
ment by devoting their whole time to the work, while there are 466
farmers with only 8 acres more land that can make 13 per cent on
their investment in the same manner. The average investment in
the two groups of farms is almost the same, though the price of the
land in the group making the lower profit is $30 per acre greater than
in the other group. The more successful farmers make an average
of $1,705 more per year than those who are less successful. The aver-
age expenses are almost the same, so the difference in farm income in
the two groups is due almost entirely to differences in total receipts.
The factors affecting total receipts have been discussed quite fully
under the various farm enterprises, and need no further discussion
here.
TaBLE XX X.—Comparison of farms making a relatively high interest rate on investment
with farms making a relatively low interest rate.
FARMS PAYING MORE THAN 8 PER CENT ON INVESTMENT.
| Aver- | Aver- | . Work- P
Aver- | Num- | Aver- age age Aver- Value quest ing LEGS Tt t
Size group.| age | berof |agere-| farm | labor |age ex- | Oo COUT capital imecvellies a es
area. | farms. | ceipts. in- in- pense. en Dey per LOT Hf ES
come. | come. acre. | acre. | oore, | farm. |
Acres. Acres | Per ct.
Oto IAMss5cs5 11 42 | $1,152 794 $376 $358 $376 $475 $99 | $5,225 15.2
OL eae 20 26 1,821 1,341 436 480 267 361 94 5,232") 18.5
21 to 39...-- 30 40 1,968 1,415 705 553 228 296 67 8,871 | 15.9
G(s Sree ts 40 62 2,324 1, 677 828 647 199 265 66 | 10,587 15.8
41 to 79...-- 61 76 3,127 2, 182 973 995 . 190 237 47 | 14,487 14.7
SOM Tas 80 62 3, 658 2,393 1,050 1, 265 160 210 50 | 16,796 14.3
81 to 119...- 117 32 4, 066 2,512 897 1, 554 152 188 36 | 20,181 12.4
-120 to 159... 138 32 5, 838 3, 487 1375 2, 30L 145 192 47 | 26,398 1353)
NGOS Sees 160 SP) 6, 656 4,294 1, 662 2,362 155 206 51 | 32,902 183i
161 to 320.-- 249 37 9, 365 5, 624 1,919 3,741 141 186 45 | 46,314 | 12.1
Above 320. . 525 25 | 17,1381 | 10,359 3, 069 6,772 135 173 38 | 91,160 | 11.4
All farms... 106 466 4, 480 2,995 1, 1382 1,485 157 204 47 | 21,668 | 13.0
|
FARMS FAILING TO PAY 8 PER CENT ON INVESTMENT.
)
(OO AIS) Boas 11 12 $823 $361 |— $126 | $462 $427 $526 $99 | $6,090 | 5.9
710) een eee | 20 19 862 379 |— 195} 483 307 358 51 | 7,168 | 5.3
Ail TOS assoc | 30 14 1,608 1,037 |— 282 571 |. 480 543 63 | 16,484 6.3
A () eee eye 40 22 1, 256 571 |— 445 | 685 264 315 51 | 12,618 4.5
41 to 79...-- | 63 27 2,287 | 1,102 |— 336] 1,185 236 287 49 | 17,977 6.1
COA aeons | 80 13 1, 924 1,022 |— 224 902 167 195 28°} 155577, 6.6
Et OMULO ee 100 15 2,641 1,393 |— 409 1, 248 194 225 28 | 22,523 6.2
120 to 159 ._ .| 135 U 4, 100 1,562 |— 840 | . 2,538 180 222 42 | 30,025 by
GOSS eee 3 | 160 12} 4,072 2 la 677 | 2,360 156 189 33°| 30,172 Sit
161 to 320... 232 13 5, 904 2,912 |—1,000 | 2,992 175 211 36 | 48, 808 6.0
Over 320.... 547 7 | 18,581 5,121 |—1,539 | 8,460 124 153 29 | 83,436 6.1
Allfarms... 98 161 2,796 1,290 |— 466 | 1, 506 187 224 37 21s 951 5.9
| | | |
58 BULLETIN 654, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The labor income is affected both by the total receipts and the
price of the land, higher priced land calling for a higher interest
charge against the farm income, and lessening the labor income to
that extent unless the higher priced land produces correspondingly
higher receipts. Where the element of speculation is not present
the price of land is usually a good measure of its agricultural value,
but where speculative values are attached to the land the returns
obtained by farming may not be in any way commensurable with the
price.
In both groups of farms the average.farm income rises with the
size of the farm, but in the group failing to make 8 per cent the minus
labor income becomes greater as the size of farm advances, since on
a losing rate of interest the greater the capital invested the greater
will be the loss.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RELAT-
ING TO FARM ORGANIZATION.
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Growing Egyptian Cotton in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. (Farmers’ Bulletin 577.)
Methods of Analyzing Farm Business. (Farmers’ Bulletin 661.)
The Farmer’s Income. (Farmers’ Bulletin 746.)
' Management of Muck-Land Farms. (Farmers’ Bulletin 761.)
The Use of a Diary for Farm Accounts. (Farmers’ Bulletin 782.)
How the Federal Farm Loan Act Benefits the Farmer. (Farmers’ Bulletin 792.)
Farm Reservoirs. (Farmers’ Bulletin 828.)
Irrigation of Grain, (Farmers’ Bulletin 863.)
Practical Information for Beginners in Irrigation. (Farmers’ Bulletin 864.)
Irrigation of Alfalfa. (Farmers’ Bulletin 865. )
The Use of Windmills in Irrigation in the Semiarid West. (Farmers’ Bulletin 866.)
Utilization of Farm Wastes in Feeding Live Stock. (Farmers’ Bulletin 873.)
Irrigation of Orchards. (Farmers’ Bulletin 882.)
Profits in Farming on Irrigated Areas in Utah Lake Valley. (Department Bulletin
TN
Handling and Marketing of Arizona-Egyptian Cotton of Salt River Valley. (Depart-
ment Bulletin 311.)
Farming in Blue Grass Region, Study of Organization and Management of 178 Farms
in Central Kentucky. (Department. Bulletin 482. ) ;
Validity of Survey Method of Research in Farm Management. (Department Bulletin
529.
A System of Pasturing Alfalfa in Salt River Valley, Arizona. (Circular 54, Office of
the Secretary.)
Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. (Separate 690 from Yearbook
1916. )
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE, eS NON: D.C.
Irrigation of Grain. (armers’ Bulletin 399.) Price, 5 cents.
Irrigation of Orchards. (Farmers’ Bulletin 404.) Price, 5 cents.
How a City Family Managed a Farm. (Farmers’ Bulletin 432.) Price, 5 cents.
Growing Egyptian Cotton in Salt River Valley, Arizona. (Farmers’ Bulletin 577.)
Price, 5 cents.
How to Use Farm Credit. (Farmers’ Bulletin 593.) Price, 5 cents.
Effect of Frequent Cutting on Water Requirement of Alfalfa and Its Bearing on
Pasturage. (Department. Bulletin 228.) Price, 5 cents.
Study of “Tenant Systems of Farming in Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. (Department
Bulletin 337.) Price, 5 cents.
Costs and Sources of Farm-Mortgage Loans in United States. (Department Bulletin
384.) Price, 10 cents.
Factors Affecting Interest Rates and Other Charges on Short-time Farm Loans.
(Department Bulletin 409.) Price, 5 cents.
Mulched-Basin System of Irrigated Citrus Culture and Its Bearing on Control of
Mottle-leaf. (Department Bulletin 499. ) Price, 10 cents.
Cost of Producing Apples in Hood River Valley, Detailed Study, Made in 1915.
(Department Bulletin 518.) Price, 15 cents.
Diversified Agriculture and Relation of Banker to Farmer. (Secretary’s Circular 50.)
Price, 5 cents.
Amortization Methods for Farm-Mortgage Loans. (Secretary’s Circular 60.) Price,
5 cents.
Miscellaneous Papers: Factors Affecting Production of Long-Staple Cotton; Behavior
of Seed Cotton in Farm Storage; Egyptian Cotton Culture in the Southwest.
(Bureau of Plant Industry Circular 123.) Price, 5 cents.
Delivery of Water to Irrigators. (Office of Experiment Station Bulletin 229.)
Price, 15 cents.
Irrigation in Arizona. (Office of Experiment Station Bulletin 235.) Price, 20 cents.
59
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
10 CENTS, PER COPY
y. BULLETIN No. 6595
Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 20, 1918
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF THE GEOGRAPH-
ICAL SOURCE AND VARIETY OF FLAX.’
By Frank Rasak, Chemical Biologist,
Office of Drug-Plant and Poisonous-Plant Investigations.
CONTENTS.
Page Page.
MT ROGUCTONE Seesaw ccccwecmcsnccciccccescsccs 1 | Plan of comparison of the oils............-.-- t
Wianie fleSiO lea xceteriy ham sjcrjetsa<oosine' a ajnise 2 | Yield and physical properties of the oils. -... 5
Factors which influence the composition 0- Relation of the oils to the source 0. seed...... 14
EH ClO A Gee cenee ec eces sseweinte sees oe CONGIUSIONSH a coe acoce onc eel cae ccc vecee ae 15
INTRODUCTION.
The cultivation of flax for the production of flaxseed and for lin-
seed oil is at present receiving the most careful attention of agricul-
turists as well as manufacturers. The interest in this important
problem is twofold. The matter resolves itself into a problem of
rehabilitation of the crop on the one hand, due to a diminishing
acreage and yield of seed, while on the other hand interest is stimu-
lated by the constantly increasing demand for the manufactured
products with the growing scarcity of the linseed oil used in their
manufacture. Practically the whole output of linseed oil is consumed
in the manufacture of paints and varnishes and other allied materials
where protective coatings are desired. ?
In view of these conditions, it is important that attention be di-
rected at the present time to the improvement of the crop and the
oil. The desired results can best be accomplished by a combined
agronomic and chemica. investigation of the subject. The investiga-
tion should embody a study of the culture of the plant for the pro-
duction of seed, supplemented by a thorough study of the oil from
the standpoint of yield and quality.
1The work discussed in this paper was carried out in cooperation with the Office of Cereal Investiga-
tions of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The writer wishes to express his thanks to Mr. C. H. Clark, assist-
ant agronomist, in charge of flax investigations in that office, who supplied the samples, and to Mr. J. D.
McIntyre, of the Office of Drug-Plant and Poisonous-Plant Investigations, who rendered assistance in the
extraction of the oils.
39090°—18— Bull. 655
2 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The growth of the plant, as well as the yield and quality of the oil,
will be influenced to a certain degree by geographical .ocation with
the varying conditions of soil and climate. Therefore the cultiva-
tion of the plant in various geographical locations followed by analysis
of the oil, both as regards yield and quality, serves as an excellent
combination for comparison with respect to the effect of plant selec-
tion and geographical source upon the oil. <A study of this problem
was accordingly undertaken along the lines mentioned.
During two successive seasons selected varieties of flax were grown
in widely separated localities having different soii and climatic con-
ditions. The oil was extracted from the seeds of different varieties
thus obtaimed and the various oils compared each year in order to
ascertain any existing differences in composition in the different
varieties when grown in one or several localities. The varieties upon
which these studies were made represented two or more distinct types
of flax. The quality of these oils from the standpoint of their useful-
ness as paint and varnish oils was studied and this information made
available for use in the selection of varieties combining yieid and
quality of oil in any one or all localities.
VARIETIES OF FLAX.
Four varieties of flax were chosen and used as a basis for the
investigation. These were selected by the Office of Cereal Investi-
gations as representing two distinct types of seed flax. Reference
will be made to the varieties as C. I. (Cereal Investigations) numbers.
The four varieties grown and tested for oil content and composi-
tion are as follows: C. I. No. 3, Damont (North Dakota 1215);
C. I. No. 12, Primost (Minnesota No. 25); C. I. No. 13 (North Dakota
Resistant No. 114); C. I. No. 19 (Russian). C. I. Nos. 3 and 19
represent typical seed-flax varieties, while C. I. Nos. 12 and 13 are
earlier maturing and resistant varieties yielding less under semiarid
conditions.
These varieties were grown during the seasons of 1914 and 1915
at stations located as follows: Moccasin, Mont.; Dickinson and Man-
dan, N. Dak.; Newell and Highmore, S. Dak.; Archer, Wyo., and
Burns, Oreg. These stations are located in more or less widely sepa-
rated flax-growing localities where the conditions of soil and climate
are likewise different.
The conditions at the various stations with respect to altitude,
soil, precipitation, and evaporation are shown in Table I.
Considerable variation in latitude and longitude exists between
the several stations. The variation in longitude is 19° 40’ and in
latitude 5° 18’. The northernmost stations are Moccasin, Mont.,
and Dickinson, N. Dak.; the southernmost is Archer, Wyo. High-
more, S. Dak., is located farthest east, while Burns, Oreg., is the
most westerly station.
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC. 3
TaBLE I.—Location, soil, and climatic conditions of the seven stations where flax experi-
ments were made during the seasons of 1914 and 1915.
[Data from the records of the Biophysical Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry.]
Precipi-| Evapo-
Lati- | Longi- | Alti- pest | aes
3 af | 5 3 z or 5 for 5
Station. Uae bude bude in Soil. Year. months, | months,
fi ; ‘ April to | April to
° August. | August.
° , ° 64|| he Inches. | Inches.
| ‘ eat 914 10.03 | 27.173
Moccasin, Mont..... 47 00; 109 45} 4,300 | Dark clay loam; gravel sub- { 1915 | 11.98 95, 059
soil.
eh | f 1914 18.84 | 26. 975
Dickinson, N. Dak..| 47 00/103 00) 2,453 | Sandy to heavy clay loam... 1915 14.77 21.06
Mandan, N. Dak...| 47 00/101 00| 1,750} Sandy loam...........------ { eee cee
Newell, S. Dak..... 44 35) 103 26) 2,950 | Pierre clay gumbo.......... { aE ie ae | oo. ae
- Highmore, S. Dak..} 44 30] 99 20| 1,890 |..... dO..-------------- saaeee { roa eae race
Archer, Wyo....... 41 42] 104 15] 6,027 | Sandy loam; some gravel.... { ae a oe 77957356
Burns, Oreg.....--- 43 00| 119 00| 4,100 | Variable silt loam..........- { te pip turner
The soil at the different stations varies from a silt loam at Burns,
to a clay gumbo at Highmore and Newell. The remaining stations
possess sandy or clay-loam soils. The total precipitation during the
growing months at the different stations varied considerably during
the two seasons. The evaporation shows wide differences also.
The variation in location, soil, and climate doubtless affected the
growth and development of the flax plants and therefore also affected
the formation and development of the fatty oil in the seeds.
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE COMPOSITION OF THE OIL.
Conditions of soil and climate are important factors influencing
the growth of a plant, and they act jointly in affecting the content
and composition of the fatty oil in the plant. The availabilty of
the fertilizer ingredients of soils is due to a large extent to the amount
of moisture present, which in turn is dependent upon certain other
conditions, such as heat, light, humidity, and altitude. Whether
the soil is light or heavy in texture is important in making its con-
stituents available to the plant. Likewise, the retention of moisture
by some soils and the lack of retention by others naturally affect
the growth and development of the plant and the formation of oil
in the plant. Any cause which tends to modify the growth or
nutrition of a plant will have a material effect upon the formation
of the fat in the seed of the plant. Woods? states that the texture
and structure of the soil affects decidedly the availability to the
1 Woods, A. F. The relation of nutrition to the health of plants. Jn Yearbook, U.S. Dept. of Agr.,
for 1901, p. 157.
4 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
plant of the soil foods with air and water. Garner, Allard, and
Foubert' have shown that climatic conditions exert a marked
influence upon the oil content of certain seeds. Provided the content
of oil is affected by environmental conditions it is very probable
that the composition or the proportion of the component parts of
the oils is likewise modified and altered.
Pigulevskii ? has found from an examination of numerous plants
in respect to oil content and composition that the nature of the oil
in a plant is influenced by climatic conditions and possibly also by
conditions of nutrition. A large number of plants of the same
family grown in different parts of Russia yielded oils the nature of
which varied with climatic conditions.
The effect of such climatic conditions as latitude, temperature,
sunshine, and rainfall have been studied by Wiley * and found to
influence the sugar content of sugar beets strongly. Likewise,
the starch and protein content of the wheat grain have been found
to be influenced by season and climate.
Various localities will be found to have varying conditions of
climate awd soil, the extremes and means of which act in either
facilitating or retarding the growth of the plants and therefore affect
favorably or unfavorably the formation of oil in the seeds.
PLAN OF COMPARISON OF THE OILS.
“The present investigation’ was undertaken in order to compare
the oils from the various flax samples grown at the several stations
during the two successive seasons. The comparison in question
should determine tentatively those varieties producing seeds with
the highest yield of oil as well as oil of the best quality. Informa-
tion of such character is of the utmost importance in connection
with the production and improvement of this staple crop. How-
ever, it is not only important to ascertain the high oil-yielding
varieties of seeds, but the properties and general behavior of the
oils are of equal importance. The physical and chemical properties
of the oils determine their value to a large extent. In order to
facilitate the best comparison, only those properties which admit of
accurate measurement and which have a direct bearing upon the
quality of the oils were considered.
Color, specific gravity, and index of refraction are important
physical properties in which variations can easily be detected.
Since the color of most drying oils is an important consideration,
but does not admit of measurement, it was necessary to describe
1 Garner, W. W., Allard, H. A., and Foubert,C. L. Oil content of seeds as affected by the nutrition of
the plant. Jn Journ. of Agr. Res., U. S. Dept. Agr., v. 3, p. 248. 1914.
2 Pigulevskii,C. V. Jn Zhurn. Russk. Fiz.-Khim. Obshch., v. 47, p. 393-405, 1915; v. 48, p. 324-341, 1916.
’ Wiley, H. W. Influence of environment on composition of plants. In Yearbook, Dept. of Agr.,
for 1901, p. 307, 310.
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC, 5
this property as carefully as possible. The specific gravity and the
refractive index, which have much significance as regards the gen-
eral composition of the oils, were readily determined.
The chemical properties are perhaps most important from the
standpoint of the composition of the oils. The acid, saponification,
and iodin values are the most important chemical constants. The
acid value of the linseed oils is affected by a number of conditions.
Factors such as rain or moisture during harvest and the storing
of the moist flax after harvest, which would tend to produce mold-
ing of the seed, will modify considerably the acid value of the oil.
The saponification value representing the sum of the acid and ester
values is a combined measure of the free acids and glyceryl esters
contained in the oil. ;
Linseed oil consists for the most part of glyceryl esters of lino-
leic and linolic acids. These unsaturated fatty acids possess the
property of absorbing iodin. This property is known as the iodin
value and is perhaps the most important of the chemical constants.
The iodin value is a direct criterion of the proportion of these fatty
acids present in the oil, and since these acids determine the drying
property of linseed oil the iodin value becomes an index of this
property.
The usefulness of linseed oil in the industries is based upon the
property of the oil to dry to a tough elastic film when exposed in
thin layers to the air. This oil is a typical example of a class of fatty
oils known as drying oils. Oils of this character are composed
largely of glycerids of unsaturated fatty acids which possess the
property of absorbing oxygen when exposed to the air. The absorp-
tion of oxygen by linseed oil alters its composition and is accompanied
by the formation of a compound known as linoxyn, which consti-
tutes the tough elastic skin so familiar when the oil is allowed to
dry. The usefulness of linseed oil as a protective coating is due
entirely to the formation of the compound lnoxyn, which is resist-
ant to the effects of heat and moisture of the outside elements to
a remarkable degree.
Coincident with the absorption of oxygen there occurs an increase
in the weight of the oil, and the more rapid the increase in weight
the greater is the rapidity of drying, and vice versa. Advantage
was taken of this property in order to determine the relative drying
value of the various oils under consideration.
YIELD AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE OILS.
Two methods were used for the extraction of the flax samples,
namely, ether extraction and cold expression. The former method
was applied to determine the actual yield of oil in the seeds, while
the method of cold expression was employed to obtain working
samples of the various oils for the determination of the physical and
6 BULLETIN 650, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
chemical constants. Ether extractions were made by means of the
customary Soxhlet extractors, while a small laboratory hydraulic
press served for the cold expression of the oil. The yields of oil
given in all cases represent ether-extracted oils, whereas all physical
and chemical properties were determined upon cold-pressed oils.
- It must be borne in mind that these cold-pressed samples differ
from ordinary commercial raw linseed oils, being obtained under
entirely different conditions. The results obtained are therefore
comparable with each other, but not with commercial linseed oils.
The color was carefully noted in each case. Considerable diversity
appeared and the colors are described as well as possible in order
to bring out the existing differences.
The specific gravity and the refractive index, being affected by
the composition of the oils, were carefully determined. Both of
these constants bear a certain relationship to the composition of
the oil.
Table Il was prepared to show the similarities and differences
in yield and physical properties of the various oils examined. The
yield of oil and physical properties are arranged according to the
stations at which the several varieties of flax were grown. Each
Cereal Investigations number of flax grown at any station is given,
together with the yield of oil during the two years. This arrange-
ment permits a comparison of the varieties grown at each station
during the two successive seasons.
By a careful study of Table II it will be seen that the samples of
flax bearing Cereal Investigations numbers grown at each station
during either of the tyo years vary considerably in yield of oil. This
variation is apparent at each of the stations. Since each of the
numbers represents a different variety, the differences in the yield of
oil may be attributed to the varieties. When the same variety as
grown at widely separated stations shows differences in yield of oil
it is probable that climatic and soil conditions play an important
part.
In comparing the Cereal Investigations numbers of any one station
during the two years, the yields of oil in many cases are distinctly
comparable. While not constant, a certain degree of constancy is
noticeable among them.
In order to make a better comparison of the Cereal Investigations
numbers, not only at each station but at all the stations, the average
oil yields were calculated and are included in Table Il. A glance
at the average yield of oil from the various Cereal Investigations
numbers discloses those producing the highest and lowest yields at
each station. It is noticed that Nos. 3 and 19 occupy a high position
with regard to oil content, while Nos. 12 and 13 are usually low.
The stations producing the highest and lowest oil yields are also
clearly indicated in Table II.
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC, 7
*
TABLE II.— Yield and physical properties of various oils from the flax crops of 1914 and
1915.
[Color abbreviations: B=brown, d=deep, g=golden, l1=lemon, p=pale, r=reddish, v=very, y=yellow.]
Index of re-
ee Gn (per Color Sere erally at fraction at
Station and C. I. No. of seed IP
sample.
Aver- Aver-
1914 1915 age. 1914 1915 1914 1915 age. 1914 1915
Moccasin. Mont.:
No. 3 34.8 | 34.12 | 34.46 | gy....| pgy--|0.9273 |0.9283 |0.9278 | 1.4770 | 1.4776
No. 12 2.5 Bric ; -9290 | 1.4776 | 1.4778
No. 13 - 9286 | 1.4772 | 1.4784
No. 19 . 9274 | 1.4782 | 1.4770
Seasonal average
Dickinson, N. Dak.:
One - 9299 | 1.4808 | 1.4785
No. 12 - 9304 | 1.4806 | 1.4782
No. 13 - 9300 | 1.4802 | 1.4789
No. 19 - 9290 | 1.4801 | 1.4782
Seasonal average
Mandan, N. Dak.:
No. 3 - 9289 | 1.4781 | 1.4790
No. 12 - 9285 | 1.4790 | 1.4788
No. 13 - 9292 | 1.4795 | 1.4790
No. 19 - 9287 | 1.4783 | 1.4787
Seasonal average
Newell, 8. Dak.:
No.3 - 9282 | 1.4765 | 1.4787
No. 12 -9276 | 1.4760 | 1.4783
No. 18 . 9298 | 1.4782 | 1.4789
No. 19 - 9279 | 1.4765 | 1.4780
Seasonal average
Highmore, S. Dak.: ;
No. 3 . 9280 | 1.4780 | 1.4780
No. 12 -9291 | 1.4780 ! 1.4782
Ne. 13 - 9282 | 1.4780 | 1.4780
No. 19 -9272 | 1.4773 | 1.4777
Seasonal average
Archer, Wyo.:
INOS S56 sau sone e teste ae 31.44 | 37.80 | 34.62 | dgy..| gy----| .9279 | .9309 | .9294 | 1.4773 | 1.4796
INO ea oa Boe ReConaeaen 32.24 | 38.76 | 35.50 | dly.-.| pgy.-| .9267 | .9309 | .9288 | 1.4777 | 1.4792
IN@ ST SS ae eae a ee 33. 44 | 38.20 | 35.82 | gy....| pgy..| .9277 | .9315 | .9296 | 1.4782 | 1.4796
INO RRL O ete een Ale 36.30 | 40.40 | 38.35 | gy....| Dgy--| .9283 | .9318 | .9300 | 1.4778 | 1.4795
Seasonal average.....-. GSHOO! |[POSs 404 | Neale els| wosmeelatsoaeee 9276 | .9312
Burns, Oreg.:
INO; Bae abs Se ee 35.38 | 34.84 | 35.11 | gy....] pgy-.| .9279 | .9304 | .9291 | 1.4790 | 1.4790
INO) 5 TOES CA Ie nee a 32.40 | 33.40 | 32.90 | pgy.-| pgy..| .9280 | .9294 | .9289 | 1.4786 | 1.4787
INOS TDs Se en a 32.35 | 31.60 | 31.97 | py...| pgy.-| .9282 | .9301 | .9291 | 1.4780 | 1.4790
NO Rp Oe een ar NES 37.10 | 33.20 | 35.15 | py...| pgy--| .9275 | .9299 | .9287 | 1.4783 | 1.4786
Seasonal average......- SOS Be erAOl beapeealpsocossledaaces 9279 | .9299 |
| |
The color of the oils from the various flax samples, while primarily
golden yellow, differed considerably in the depth of the shade,
varying from a deep golden yellow bordering on brown to a very
pale lemon yellow or straw color. Whether there is any existing
relationship between the color and the quality of the oils can not be
definitely stated, unless it is found that the color properties can be
correlated with some of the more important physical and chemical
properties.
|
8 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The specific gravity is a property which bears a certain relation-
ship to the composition and hence is more closely related to the
quality of the oils. Table Il shows considerable variation among
the Cereal Investigations numbers at any station during either season.
When compared according to stations, the specific gravity shows a
tendency to be high or low in several locations during both seasons.
When grouped and averaged according to the stations at which
the flax was grown and according to the Cereal Investigations
numbers, some striking comparisons, which will be discussed in
later pages, are Made possible.
In Table II the index of refraction is given for the various oils,
along with the specific gravity, as a physical property which is
subject to similar variation, according to the composition of the
oils. It will be noted that in practically all cases where the specific
gravity is high the index of refraction is also high.
The acid, saponification, and iodin values! of the oils from the
several stations were determined, together with the drying tests,
and the results are arranged for comparison in Table III.
In considering the acid value of the linseed oils it will be seen that
there is not only considerable variation in the oils from the various
Cereal Investigations numbers during each of the seasons at each
station, but the same number at other stations shows similar differ-
ences. The differences among the numbers at any station during
either year may be due to difference in the type and character of the
plants, but differences shown by the same number at different sta-
tions can probably be attributed to varying conditions of the har-
vested seed, the weather conditions during harvest, and the method
of harvesting and storing.
No definite relationship seems to exist in the acid values of various
samples at any one station during the two years. Comparison of the
average acidity of samples grown at the various stations during the
two years shows the variability of the acid values. In most cases the
acidity of the oils from the 1914 samples was much higher than from
the 1915 samples.
The saponification value, which represents the sum total of the free
acids and glyceryl esters in the oils, will be seen to bear a close rela-
tionship to the acid values. The average of the saponification values
of the oils from each station was higher during 1914 than during 1915,
which is likewise true of the average acid value of the same oils.
In considering the iodin values of the several samples it will be
seen that there is considerable individual variation among the several
! Determinations of the chemical constants were made in accordance with the official and provisional
method ofanalysis, Bureau of Chemistry Bulletin No. 107 (revised),1910. The iodin values were obtained
by means of the Hib] method, 4 hours being allowed in every case for the absorption of iodin. Complete
iodin absorption doubtless did not take place in the above time. The results, however, serve well for ~
the comparative purposes for which they are used.
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC, 9
varieties at any one station during either 1914 or 1915. Station aver-
ages are likewise variable during the two seasons. Some of the Cereal
Investigations numbers are seen to possess fairly constant iodin values
for the two years at particular stations, while others show some
variation.
The iodin value, which depends upon the composition of the oil,
is doubtless affected by conditions of season and growth.
TasBie III.—Chemacal properties and drying tests of various oils from the flax crops of
1914 and 1915.
Saponification P Time tod
Acid value. value Iodin value. ( davai
Station and C. I. No. of
seed sample.
Aver- Aver- Aver- - | Aver-
1914 | 1915 age. 1914 | 1915 age. 1914 | 1915 age, 1914 | 1915 age.
Moccasin, Mont.:
0. 60 0. 69} 191.0; 188.7} 189.8) 156.6) 156.2) 156.4) 18 | 14 16
t F - 68 . 73| 189.3) 192.8} 191.0) 156.0) 153.5) 154.7/ 18 | 10 14
b 8 91 -87| 192.4) 189.7) 191.0) 159.3) 154.0) 156.6) 18 | 10 14
IN OOF eee ee ae. 79 | .64 - 71} 191.4) 186.6) 189.0) 159.2) 155.0) 157.1) 14 | 15 14.5
Seasonal average - - TOU WOT esas - 191.0, 189. 4)..-.... Sy Ero lay 7) Tori ehZS2| eter see
Dickinson, N. Dak.: |
INOS boceenaas se se eoes 1.05 | .81 - 93} 192.0, 187.2; 189.6 164.3 162.4) 163.3) 8 | 21 14.5
IN ORR 2 eee ease cae .0 |) .85 77) 187.8 186.3 187.0) 170.0) 168.5) 169.2) 8 -) 20 14
b .8 186.2) 189.5) 165.3) 161.0) 163.1) 6 | 19 12.5
1.36 189.8 186.7) 188.2) 169.5) 159.0) 164.2) 6 | 21 13.5
1. 625
ERG see o Wey 2E162 7): 0-2: Za t2082| eee
199.8) 196.1) 164.3) 160.7) 162.5) 10 | 20 15
186.9} 189.4) 161.7) 162.4) 162.0/ 10 | 16 13
187.0) 188.6) 162.4) 163.3) 162.8) 10 | 18 14
188.0} 190.0) 159.3) 159.9} 159.6)! 10 | 19 14.5
190s 4) <= JOUVE LOI Gleeeee == LOW Pa832|Seeeee
184.6) 187.4) 155.2) 162.1) 158.6)
185.9) 188.6} 154.0) 159.5} 156.7) 26 | 22 24
184.7} 187.8) 160.0) 167.7 b y
187.7} 188.2) 161.8) 158.0) 159.9) 20 | 20 20
NCES 7\Seooees 157.7) 161.8).-....- 2350) 2108) | seeeae
187.9) 191.7) 162.0) 160.3) 161.1) 23 18 20.5
| 187.9) 190.7) 157.7) 161.4) 159.5) 21 12 16.5
| 188.4} 189.8) 153.1) 161.9} 157.5) 23 15 19
| 188.1] 189.2) 156.7) 164.7) 160.7) 23 15 19
Seasonal average...) 1.285} .695]....... 1925°7| VSSees een V5 TA G2 SU ee eae ce PP NGS ene
Archer, Wyo.: |
INONS Se oeassere sce ce .86 | .90 . 88) 191.9} 187.9} 189.9) 165.5} 171.7] 168.6} 12 9 10.5
INOS Ze ence cece le .80 | .93 . 86; 190.3) 186.1) 188.2) 170.6} 180.0 75. 3) 12 15 13.5
INOWASsorseea cm oncese 62 90 .76| 193.0) 186.7) 189.8) 163.0) 170.0} 166.5) 14 13 13.5
INOW LON eceae cece assis 82 | 1.06 94) 182.3) 186.9) 184.6) 167.5) 165.5} 166.5) 9 | 12 10.5
S|
Seasonal average - 775, .947)..-22.- 189. 4} 186.9)....... 1665.6) L71-8)- 22... 11.7) 12.2)------.
Burns, Oreg.:
INIOE CBhod caper ae oseee -95 |} .44 .69) 189.1) 188.4) 188.7) 161.4] 158.0} 159.7) 20 10 15
INO EPs ses ee ae eae 1.03 | .37 . 70) 190.7) 185.0} 187.8] 167.8} 158.4] 163.1) 18 10 14
INOS Meee cee Senn -90 | .62 . 76) 192.4) 187.3) 189.8} 160.1} 160.3] 160.2} 18 8 13
INOS Ob seas. eck! 1.02 | .60 - 81} 192.6) 188.9} 190.7] 158.0] 157.0} 157.5) 18 8 13
See oe =a |
Seasonal average--..| .975) .507/....... 191. 2| Sid Gece GUS losin |e aae = 18.5 |e 9 il eeaeecs
In addition to the physical and chemical properties of the oils under
discussion, the drying property, which is of importance, was deter-
10 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
mined in order to ascertain the relative rapidity with which the
various oils dried to the customary film characteristic of drying oils.
The drying tests were conducted by spreading a thin film of oil
over ground-glass plates 2 inches square and allowing the film to dry
by exposure to the air, due precaution being taken to prevent the
accumulation of dust on the surface. The experiments were con-
ducted indoors at ordinary room temperature during the winter and
early spring months.
Approximately the same weight (about 0.1820 gm.) of oil was
used in every case, the oil spreading over an area of about 14 square
inches. The glass plates with the film of oil were weighed at definite
intervals until no further increase in weight was observed, the time
of complete drying being expressed in days. The average increase
in the weight of all the oils varied from 12 to 14 per cent.
Comparison of the drying tests in Table III shows that certain
Cereal Investigations numbers at different stations produce oils which
dry more rapidly or more slowly than others.
Some stations show a close relationship among the Cereal Investi-
gations numbers in the time of drying during the two seasons, while
others show considerable variation in this respect. The effect of
seasonal variation upon the composition of the oils at the stations
is again evident.
A study of this nature admits of two general comparisons, namely,
(1) a comparison of the several Cereal Investigations numbers and (2)
a comparison of stations with respect to the oils produced during the
two seasons.
In order that the data given in Tables II and III as related to the
several Cereal Investigations numbers may be more readily compared,
the yearly and general average yield, the specific gravity, the acid
value, the iodin value, and the time of drying of the oils were com-
puted and the results assembled in Table IV.
TaBLe LV.—Comparison of yield, specific gravity, acid value, iodin value, and time of
drying of oils from the four flax varieties grown in 1914 and 1918.
¥ te (Per | Specific gravity. Acid value. Iodin value. PARES. ying
| an a ' rab ' '
poole | Yearly |.2 Yearly 2 Yearly | 2 Yearly B Yearly S
ple. | average. | 3 . average. | average. |= .| | average. |@ .| |average,| @
AI yl I FEIR, EER ge la
sfele gis[s|8 gls(eie gs[sle Sues
2|a\|5 | 2 | 8 [os eISiS\o BIS /S is maiaié
— | — _| |— | —- —
No. 3... ../34. 59/35. ll 20. 9281 (0. 9297/0. 9289) 2)0. 972/0. 713.0. 841) 4/161. 3)161. 6,161.1, 316.416. 3 16.35) 4
No. 12... ./32. 41/3: 33. 84| 3) . 9281) .9294! . 9287) 3) . 975] . 754) . 861) 2/162. 5)163. 4/162. 9) 1/16. 115.015. 57] 3
No. 13... -/32. 67/33. 92'33. 22) 4) .9284) . 9300) . 9292) 1) .940) . 765) . 851) 3/160. 4/162. 6/161. 5) 2/16. 1)14. 715. 43} 2
No. 19... . 35. 98/36. 79 42) 1| . 9276) .9295| .9285) 4/1.10 | . 738) . eH 1161. ag 8/160. 8) 4/14. se 715. 00} 1
| | } || | } | |
The yield of oil of the several Cereal Investigations numbers grown
at all the stations during each season is strikingly constant. The rel-
ative position of each number with respect to the average yield of oil
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC. 11
during either season is identical. No. 19 produced the highest average
yield, with No. 3 ranking second, followed in order by Nos. 12 and
13 during both seasons.
The annual average specific gravity of each Cereal Investigations
number was lower in 1914 than in 1915. The ranking of the numbers
with respect to specific gravity each year is very similar. Nos. 13
and 3 possess the same relative high specific gravity each year and in
general average are followed closely by Nos. 12 and 19.
The 1914 oils were uniformly much higher in acid value than the
1915 oils. In general average C. I. No. 19 was highest in acidity,
followed by Nos. 12, 13, and 3. Much less difference is noted in
the yearly average of the iodin values of the several oils. No.
12 possessed the highest average iodin value during both years.
No. 3 also occupied the same relative position during the two seasons.
Arranged in decreasing order of their general average iodin value, the
numbers rank as follows: 12, 13, 3,19.
In general average of drying it will be seen that C. I. No. 19 dred
the most rapidly, followed by Nos. 13, 12, and 3. This order was
closely maintained during each season.
Constant differences appear to exist in the oe varieties in some
of the physical and chemical properties. Thus, C. I. Nos. 19 and 3
produced a constantly high yield of oil, while Nos. 12 and 13 pro-
duced a constantly low yield. |
The specific gravity of C. I. No. 13 oils was constantly high at
most of the stations during the period under observation, while No.
19 oils were low in comparison in most cases.
In acid value, C. I. No. 19 exceeded the other oils in most of the
determinations during the two seasons. On the other hand No.3 was
constantly low in acid value.
Considerable difference was noted in the iodin values of the several
oils at the several stations during the two seasons. C. I. Nos. 12
and 13 as a rule gave higher iodin values than Nos. 3 and 19, the
latter being fairly constantly lower in this property.
C. I. No. 19 excelled the other samples in the time of drying, fol-
lowed closely by Nos. 13 and 12, with No. 3 showing the slowest dry-
ing property during each year at nearly all of the stations.
The drying of the oil does not seem to be solely dependent upon any
one property of the oil. Rapidity of drying apparently depends
upon a combination of properties. Thus, an oil combining high
iodin value with high acid value dries comparatively rapidly. Like-
wise, oils with high iodin values and high specific gravity also dry
rapidly. Finally, oils combining high iodin values with high acidity
and high specific gravity invariably dry very rapidly.
In order to compare the various stations or geographical sources of
the flax varieties with respect to yield and properties of the oil, the
iF BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
yearly averages and general averages were computed from the data
given in Tables II and III, and the results are presented in Table V.
TaBLe V.—Comparison of yield, specific gravity, acid value, iodin value, and time of
drying of otls from flax grown at seven different stations in 1914 and 1915.
{The stations wherethe seed samples were grown are designated by numbers as follows: No. 1=Moccasin,
Mont.; No. 2= Dickinson, N. Dak.; No. 3= Mandan, N. Dak.; No. 4= Newell, S. Dak.; No. 5= Highmore,
S. Dak.; No.6=Archer, Wyo.; No. 7= Burns, Oreg.]
Yield of oil (per : . : « Time of drying
cent). Specific gravity. Acid value, Todin value. (days).
} she Pa a K u
Station. | Yearly | 2 Yearly 2 Yearly g Yearly 2 Yearly | 2
average | & |; average 25 | | average. | a. average. | 3 |; average.| 3. .
Peale | 2 |. Ele ara ES |
_~ aa ellne: v=} | 2 ell < =) 2% a b3 Ns) = ite Ts) aos
alee. jal a fs | 8 la) ae lie 1S esl oe ees ems
=/alo Mala |o Bala lo Bala lo MISA lS f&
——_—_ ————_| —' j } _—_— | — | —_ |—_—__ —! —— |__| —
| | 1 |
No. 1... ..'34. 35 33. 87 34. 11] 6 0. 9274 0. 9290.0.9282 60.7970. 707 0.752 6157. 8 154. 7/156. 2) 7/17.0/12.2/14.6 | 5
No. 2.....'34. 52 34. 82 34. 67) 3! .9307, .9292| .9299 1/1.025) .820, .922' 2.167. 2 162. 7|164.9) 2) 7 /|20.2/13.6 | 2
No. 3...../33. 74 34. 93.34. 33) 5) .9279 .9298) . 9288 41.057 .785 .921 3161.9 161.6 161.7, 310 |18.214.1 | 4
No. 4..... 32. 9735. 8134.39) 4) .9274 .9293) .9283 51.070) . 737, .903 4157. 7)161. 8159.7 5}23. 6.21. 0.22.3 | 7
No. 5.....'34.3235. 6735.00) 2) .9272 . 9286) .9279 7)1. 285) .695) .990 1157. 4162.1 159. 7) 622. 515. 018. 75) 6
No. 6..... 33.35 38. 79 36. 07| 1) .9276 .9312) .9294 2) .775| .947| .861 5166.6171.8 169.2) 1/11. 7,12. 2/11. 95) 1
No. 7...../34. 30.33. 26 33. 78) 7) .9279 .9299) .9289 3} 5h - 507) . 741 har Sipe “legal 4/18. 5 ste 75) 3
| | | | | iam |
The results given in Table V show that the yield of oil from the
croups of samples at the stations mentioned are for the most
part fairly constant during the two seasons. The yiela during 1914
was uniformly lower than im 1915 with two exceptions. Burns,
Oreg., and Moccasin, Mont., averaged slightly higher in 1914 than
in 1915.
The amount of precipitation at each station during the growing
months m 1914 and 1915 is perhaps the most influential factor in
affecting the yield of oil, since the proper growth and maturity of
the flax plants are dependent largely upon the amount of moisture
available to the plants. By consulting Table I it will be observed
that the precipitation durmg the growing months in 1914 was less at
all stations except one (Dickinson, N. Dak.) than im 1915. It is
singular to note that when the greatest differences occurred in the
yield of oil at these stations there was also the greatest difference in
precipitation. Thus, samples from Newell, S. Dak., and Archer
Wyo., gave much higher yields of oil m 1915 than in 1914. The pre-
cipitation at these stations during the growing months was likewise
much greater in 1915 than im 1914.
The yield of oil from the samples from Moccasin, Mont., in 1914
(34.35 per cent) is but slightly higher than in 1915 (33.87 per cent).
The precipitation durmg the growmg months of these two seasons
also shows but slight variation. Samples from Burns, Oreg., show a
higher yield of oil in 1914 (34.30 per cent) than in 1915 (33.26 per
cent). The precipitation was likewise greater in 1914 (4.27 inches)
than in 1915 (2.90 inches),
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC. 1
It may therefore be stated that the yield of oil at any definite
geographical locality as indicated by the results obtained at the
seven stations specified is dependent largely upon the precipitation
and evaporation at each station.
Arranging the stations in decreasing order of their oil yields, it is
found that the Archer, Wyo., samples show the highest average yield
of oil for the two seasons, followed by Highmore, S. Dak., Dickinson,
N. Dak., Newell, S. Dak., Mandan, N. Dak., Moccasin, Mont., and
Burns, Oreg. This ranking, in contrast to the results for different
years, does not seem to be correlated to any exteat with differences
in precipitation between stations. Annual precipitation and evapora-
tion and the nature of the soil in affecting the retention of moisture
assumie more importance in this connection. It may be noted also
that the station with the highest average yield of oil (Archer, Wyo.)
is the southernmost one (latitude 41° 42’).
The specific gravities as given in Table V, representing the average
of all the Cereal Investigations numbers at each particular station,
denote in a general way the density of the ous produced at a cer-
tain geographical locality.
The 1915 oils were almost without exception higher in specific
sravity than during the previous year. The Dickinson, N. Dak.,
oils of 1914 and 1915 averaged the highest in specific gravity, while
Archer, Wyo., and Burns, Oreg., followed in close order. Mandan,
N. Dak., Newell, S. Dak., Moccasin, Mont., and Highmore, S. Dak.,
averaged considerably lower, the oils from Highmore, S. Dak.,
being conspicuously low, occupying the seventh position with respect
to rank during both seasons. The oils from Moccasin, Mont., also
occupied identical positions with respect to average low specific
gravity, being sixth m order during the two years.
Certain of the stations were noticeably constant in producing oils
of either high or low specific gravity during the two seasons. The
generally lower specific gravities in 1914 may, like the yields of oil,
be attributed to chmatic and soil conditions.
The 1914 oils were higher in average acid value than the 1915 oils,
no apparent coarstancy existmg at any of the stations for the two
years. ‘The acid value, which is a measure of free acidity, fluctuates
considerably among the several stations durmg each year. When
the condition of the seed during harvest and subsequent storage is
favorable, the liberation of free fatty acids takes place with rapidity.
The stations listed in the order of the decreasing acidity of their
oils are as follows: Highmore, 8S. Dak., Dickinson, N. Dak., Mandan,
N. Dak., Newell, S. Dak., Archer, Wyo., Moccasin, Mont., and
Burns, Oreg.
The average iodin value of the oils from the various stations shows
a certain relationship from year to year. Thus the Mandan, N. Dak.,
samples possessed nearly identical average iodin values during 1914
14 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURR.
and 1915. Close relationship also existed in the Moccasin, Mont.,
and Burns, Oreg., samples. The Archer, Wyo., samples possessed
high iodin values, occupying almost the same relative positions
during both 1914 and 1915, as did also Dickinson and Mandan,
N. Dak., while Highmore and Newell, S. Dak., and Moccasin, Mont.,
averaged constantly low.
In the time required for drying, a close relationship exists among
several of the stations from year to year. The Archer, Wyo., sam-
ples show a comparatively uniform and short time for drying during
both seasons. The Newell, S. Dak., oils required a uniformly longer
time for drying than those from any of the other States. In both
of the stations there is a certain relationship between the drying
property and the physical and chemical properties. Thus, the
Archer, Wyo., samples dried the most rapidly of all. These oils
also possessed the highest average iodin values, high specifie gravi-
ties, and moderately high acid values. The Newell, S. Dak., sam-
ples, on the other hand, were the slowest in drying and likewise
possessed comparatively low iodin value, specific gravity, and acidity.
The Dickinson, N. Dak., samples, ranking next to those of Archer in
rapidity of drying, combined high iodin and acid values with high
specific gravity. The Highmore, S. Dak., samples, ranking next to
those from Newell, S. Dak., in slow-drying properties, combined
very low iodin values and specific gravities with high acidity. The
Mandan, N. Dak., samples, ranking fourth in drying property,
combined medium-low iodin and acid values with low specific gravity,
while the Moccasin, Mont., samples, ranking fifth in drying property,
also combined very low iodin and acid values with low specific
gravity. The same relationship appears, therefore, to exist between
the drying property and the physical and chemical properties of the
oils, when compared from the station standpoint, as exists when
comparing the varieties at the several stations.
RELATION OF THE OILS TO THE SOURCE OF SEED.
Discussing the relation of geographical source to yield of oil it may
be stated that while some variation occurs from year to year at any
one locality, due largely to climatic conditions, certain stations may
be said to produce flax showing higher average yields of oil than
others. The Archer, Wyo., Highmore, S. Dak., and Dickinson,
N. Dak., samples produced relatively high average oil yields, followed
by thos» from Newell, S. Dak., and Mandan, N. Dak., while the
Moccasin, Mont., and Burns, Oreg., samples produced relatively low
yields during the two years under observation.
It is very probable from the results shown that the yield of oil
from the various flax varieties is dependent to a certain extent upon
the geographical location with the varying conditions of soil and
climate.
INFLUENCE ON LINSEED OIL OF SOURCE OF FLAX, ETC, La:
With regard to the physical properties of the ous it will be seen that
in most cases the station averages differ considerably from year to
year.
A relationship appears to exist between specific gravity and color,
the oils with the highest specific gravity being invariably lighter in
color.
No relationship appears to exist between the acid value of the oils
and the station at which they are produced. This is to be expected
when it is considered that the acidity of an oil is due perhaps more
to conditions of harvesting, handling, and storage of the seed than
to agricultural factors.
The iodin values as well as the drying tests of the oils, from the
standpoint of the stations, bear about the same relationship as the
specific gravities. Since the iodin value is due to certain constituents
in the oil, this particular property is doubtless influenced very much
by the growth of the plants, which in turn is affected by the location
of stations and changed climatic conditions.
The yields of oil from the different flax varieties varied consider-
ably. Some varieties maintained comparatively high average yields
during the two seasons under observation. The variability of the
oil yields may be attributed to varietal differences in the plants in
conjunction with conditions of growth and season.
It appears that certain of the Cereal Investigations numbers, such
as Nos. 19 and 3, grown at the several stations during two successive
seasons yielded constantly high percentages of oil. The other varie-
ties, Nos. 12 and 13, show constantly low yields of oil.
Distinct differences are also noted in the specific gravities of the
oils from the several varieties under consideration. Nos. 13 and 3
averaged higher than Nos. 12 and 19.
A marked fluctuation in acidity is noticed among the various
Cereal Investigations numbers, no apparent relationship existing be-
tween them. The iodin values, on the other hand, bear a definite
relationship to the Cereal Investigations numbers. Nos. 12 and 13
maintained high average iodin values, while Nos. 3 and 19 averaged
somewhat lower from year to year. In the drying tests the varieties
which show a tendency to dry rapidly or slowly are dependent to a
large extent upon a combination of high iodin value with high specific
gravity or high acid value.
CONCLUSIONS.
In conclusion, it may be stated that the results of the investiga-
tion show that varieties of flax possessing agronomic differences also
differ in both the physical and chemical properties of the oils. Va-
rieties possessing certain properties maintain these properties to a
marked degree from season to season. From these results it may
16 BULLETIN 655, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
a
be assumed that the climatic and soil conditions existing at the
respective localities acted in conjunction in a similar manner from
year to year in affecting the growth and development of the plant.
The yields of oil were found to vary with the variety of flax as well
as with the locality in which it was grown. Thus, certain Cereal In-
vestigations numbers gave constantly high or low yields of oils during
the two years, and certain stations yielded flax samples with con-
stantly high or low content of oil.
The physical properties, specific gravity, index of refraction, and
color are apparently quite variable in many instances and are not
so easily correlated with variety or locality.
A direct relationship appears to exist between the drying property
of the oils and the specific gravity, acid value, and iodin value. Oils
combining high acidity with high specific gravity and possessing a
relatively high iodin value invariably dried to a firm film most rap-
idly. The relationship between the drying property and the color
of the oils was also very marked. The lightest colored oils invari-
ably possessed the most rapid drying properties.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
56CENTS PER COPY
Vv
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C.
A
May 8, 1918
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE: MANUFACTURE AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
By B. G. Hartmann, Fermentation Chemist, and L. M. Touman, Chief, Central Food
and Drug Inspection District.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Scope of the investigation............-...-- 1 | Manufacture of commercial Concord grape
Sharacter ofiruitused..-2 2.2 .25.-----2---- 2 juice—Continued.
Manufacture of commercial Concord grape Manufacture of grape juice in the Lake
JWI Ce Ree reece tiionic ct cwicie ote esse ces 4 Erie district was seesseceren os ccenee eee 17
Crushing and stemming the fruit......-.- 6 Occurrence of small amounts of alcohol... 18
Heating the crushed fruit.....--......-- 6 Introduction of water during manufac-
Pressing the heated fruit............- See 9 ture Siete sie ceicc atic ecieeeecionrec cnacionses 19
Sterilizing the juice and bottling it for Chemical composition of grape juice......... 20
StOLaP Ore meee heise niecise snesece ohaliews 12 Methodsjofanalysisi.--.-"---.-2s2.-2s--" 25
Siphoningithejuices.+---5-= 45.4452 2--0-- 13 Additional determinations............... 25
Bottling and pasteurizing the trade juice. LA SummMary Seeeereerer: ssc ete cesaacaee 26
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION.
Although a large amount of work has been done on the chemical
composition of American grapes, and several bulletins on the subject
have been issued in the last few years by the Department of Agricul-
ture, the information presented is restricted principally to the acid and
sugar content of American grapes, and, in the main, is of interest
to viticulturists only. The literature appears to contain no specific
information concerning the manufacture and chemical composition
of commercial Concord grape juice. The purpose of the investiga-
tion, the results of which are embodied in this bulletin, was to obtain
information on the manufacture of Concord grape juice and to pro-
cure chemical data on authentic samples of this product.
The first step of the work consisted in taking, under the super-
vision of a member of the Bureau of Chemistry, 5-gallon samples
1Tt is desired to express appreciation, for their cooperation, to Mr. B. B. Wilcox, who was in charge of
the work conducted at the factory in the Hudson River district, and to Mr. M. J. Ingle, who assisted in
the chemical analysis of the juices.
39092°—18—Bull. 656——1
2 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of regular factory juices. Some of these samples were analyzed
immediately, and the others were sealed, placed in the storage vaults
of the respective factories, and allowed to remain there with the
regular factory juices until the bottling season, when they were
bottled in the presence of a chemist, under the prevailing factory
conditions, and shipped to Washington for chemical analysis. A
comparison of these two sets of analyses shows the changes in chemical
composition which take place during the storage period.
The work was extended over a period of three years, during which
time several hundred samples were -taken and analyzed. The prin-
cipal factories in the State of New York were chosen for study
because the great bulk of Concord grape juice is manufactured in
this State. One representative of the Bureau of Chemistry was sent
to Ulster County in the Hudson River district, in the eastern part
of the State, and one to Chautauqua County, in the Chautauqua
district, In the western part of the State. Of the five New York
factories visited, four are located in the Chautauqua and one in the
Hudson River district. Later the Lake Erie district, in the State
of Ohio, was included. The report covering the investigation in this
district is given separately, because of the decided difference in the
process of manufacture. Laboratories were equipped and maintained
during the pressing seasons, one factory in each of the districts being
selected for the purpose.
CHARACTER OF FRUIT USED.
The Concord grape is a variety of Vitis labrusca L. It is one of
the few black grapes which come well recommended as a standard
grape. It is a midseason variety, and this fact in itself is reason
enough for its extensive cultivation, since it is less lable to frost
damage than the later varieties.
A grape which deserves mention as a rival for grape-juice manu-
facturing purposes is the Clinton. The Clinton, which belongs to the
Vitis riparia-x-labrusca, lacks the foxy flavor of the Concord. It is
very productive and carries more sugar than the Concord. The
Clinton is exceedingly hardy, even more so than the Concord, and
thrives on soils and under conditions not so favorable to the Con-
cord. The color of the juice is a rich red, and the berry, although
somewhat smaller in size than that of the Concord, is juicy and
vinous. This variety is not extensively grown at present.
The Concord grape is very juicy, of medium acidity, and the juice
has a rich red color. It is very hardy and productive, and, mainly
for these reasons and because of its color, it has become the favorite
for the manufacture of red grape juice.
On the whole, the grapes used during the investigation in the
various factories were of good quality. The grapes of the seasons
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. 3
of 1913 and 1914 were slightly better than those of 1912 in sugar
content and general maturity. It is natural that there should be
more or less variation in sugar content, even in fruit from the same
locality, since it is obvious that the nature of the soil, the location
and drainage of the vineyard, and the manner of cultivation have
a very decided effect upon sugar formation. Table 1 shows this
variation in solids. and alcohol content of six samples of grapes
produced in different sections of the Chautauqua belt.
TABLE 1.— Variation in solids and alcohol content of Concord grapes from different sections
of the Chautauqua belt.
Sugars as
Tage |b etary tl aueacly|PAleokoL
: sas ; Solids efore sugar coho
Section. Condition of grapes. per 100ce.| inver- | solids per|per 100 ce,
sionper | 100 cc.
100 ce.
Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
Silver Creek......-...-.- Well Tipenedes. Sa sscessaesiceeeecec ee 19. 08 17. 02 2. 06 0. 06
red oni’ se cece -\o-ceee ci Fairly well ripened........---...---- 20. 81 18. 72 2. 09 - 06
Portland </pescers oss oe IWrelliripenede S852 5 sec ecew estes 19. 89 17. 87 2. 02 - 06
HOLS yt eee eeececees|seee 2 OMe tee aiewttoerem ee eee aces 19. 31 17. 30 2. 01 - 06
WAN Eee e deestec doce ecltans 2 60 (0) A AoE are ease 16. 44 14.15 2. 29 06
RRipleysceec nsec ssc OMVELTI PO Seca. cicasieisc deme m eee a 18. 50 15. 98 2. 52 12
The samples represented the average from several crates taken
from deliveries to the factory. All samples were in good condition
and similar in appearance. ‘The juices were cold hand pressed.
Table 1 shows a variation of about 4.5 grams of sugar per 100 cubic
centimeters. The sample from the Irving section, although of good
appearance, had a flat, insipid taste, and was lowin acid. The sample
from Ripley showed signs of shriveling, and contained a small amount
of damaged berries.
While the greater part of the fruit was received in wagonlots
directly from the farmers, some was received in refrigerator cars,
Generally speaking, shipments made in cars were very satisfactory,
no particular damage to the grapes resulting when loaded carefully.
In one case a shipment was in transit a week, and showed no signs
of deterioration of any kind, the grapes being in good condition
when unloaded at the factory. Occasionally, however, upon opening
a car a distinct odor of fermentation was perceptible. In such cases
crushed and moldy fruit, due to overfilling of the crates, was found
to be present in appreciable amounts. Alcohol determinations on
samples taken from these cars showed surprisingly low amounts
of this ingredient.
A great number of alcohol determinations were made on grapes of
varying quality. It was found that good, sound fruit contains only
small amounts of alcohol, varying from 0.02 to 0.07 gram per 100
cubic centimeters of juice. That sound fruit should be low in alcohol
4 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
is self-evident, since yeasts can not penetrate the sound normal
skin of the grape. Only in cases where the juice has been exposed
through injury to the berry, as in the case of crushed or detached
berries, is it possible for alcohol to form. Under such conditions the
aleohol content may be as high as 0.3 gram per 100 cubic centimeters
of juice. To prove this point the alcohol content of two samples of
the poorest grapes obtainable was determined. . The berries were
badly crushed and covered with mold. These juices showed 0.22 and
0.27 gram of alcohol per 100 cubic centimeters.
To ascertain the effect of standing on the development of alcohol
in grapes, a box of fruit was allowed to stand at room temperature,
and the fruit analyzed for alcohol from time to time. The fruit was
of good quality, only slightly damaged.
TABLE 2.—Alcohol content of Concord grapes.
Grams per 100 ce.
BTeSh OTA CS aim i<\nlo) 1. =.0' oiciee oe ee aioe eee ee oe 0. 02
After standing: :
AS NOUTSS2 £5 ocytinic'- - » See e cides es cye cise ee abateL ry Rete cere . 08
PopNOUIB oor a ies = + - Cees en Sole melee Caer eee eee eee 09
OGthourse are Ra: . - 5 dws ese eee ae ee eee 10
After standing 96 hours the grapes had a dead, dull appearance,
and had begun to shrivel.
These experiments are of more than average interest because
they show that with careful handling grapes do not develop alcohol
to any extent, and that only in cases of great damage is the alcohol
content as high as 0.30 gram per 100 cubic centimeters. This fact
is of importance to the juice manufacturer because grapes must often
stand several days before they can be pressed.
It is evident, therefore, that damage from alcoholic fermentation is
highly improbable with grapes of good quality, and that even the
poorest fruit seldom contains more than appreciable amounts of
alcohol. Far more serious is the presence of mold in grapes, because
the juice made from fruit so infested may acquire an unpleasant,
musty odor. In order to avoid such a condition, the producer is
warned against filling the crates too full, and, wherever it is necessary
to hold the grapes any length of time, to store them in such a manner
that air can circulate freely throughout the stacks.
MANUFACTURE OF COMMERCIAL CONCORD GRAPE JUICE.
The grapes should be well matured and of the best quality obtain-
able. Immature fruit or green grapes yield juices of inferior quality
because of high acidity, lack of sufficient sugar and color, and the
presence of large amounts of green coloring matter. The well-
matured grapes are gathered in wooden crates of about 25 pounds
capacity, and are either crushed immediately or air-ripened. Some
a
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. 5
difference of opirion as to the merits of these procedures exists.
Careful air-ripening, however, mellows the fruit, develops flavor,
and admits of a better condition for the process of juice manufacture
than can be attained by using freshly picked fruit. For air-ripening
it is of the utmost importance that the boxes of fruit be stacked in a
cool place in such a manner that air may circulate freely throughout
the stack. This precaution should not be overlooked; otherwise a
rise in temperature may cause molding of the fruit. Overfilling the
crate should be carefully guarded against to avoid crushing, with
resultant souring of the fruit and possible fermentation. With
proper care grapes may be kept for several days without particular
harm to the fruit.
A desirable arrangement for a grape-juice factory is one which
allows the product to fall from one operation to the next by gravi-
tation. In this: way unnecessary pumping is avoided, the metallic
surface offered to the pulp or juice is reduced to a minimum, and
the work of keeping the juice lines sweet and clean facilitated.
As to the effect of metals on the quality of the juice, experience
has shown that aluminum offers more resistance to the acid of the
juice and affects the color less than other base metals. Other metals,
such as copper and tin, have been tried. Tin gives the juice a bitter
metallic taste and a bluish tinge, and consequently affects the quality
materially. Iron also affects the quality of the juice, giving it a
purple tinge. It was found that when bottled the product of one
of the factories included in this investigation showed a purple ring
immediately on the surface. The cause of this rmg was traced to
the use of iron coils and pipes, which resulted in the formation of
iron tannate.
The gravity plan entails the conveying of the fruit to the highest
point in the system; that is, to the first unit in the chain of opera-
tions, the crusher. In some factories the fruit is washed in order to
remove foreign matter such as dust and leaves before it is crushed.
For this purpose the grapes are dumped into a tank of running water,
in the bottom of which an endless belt is operated to remove the
grapes from the water, and after proper draining convey them to the
crusher.
The process of juice manufacture may be divided into six distinct
manipulations:
. Crushing and stemming the fruit.
. Heating the crushed fruit.
. Pressing the heated fruit.
. Sterilizing and bottling the juice for storage.
. Siphoning the juice.
. Bottling and pasteurizing the trade juice.
OnmnrwWwWhn
6 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
CRUSHING AND STEMMING THE FRUIT.
The crusher consists of two rollers of metal, usually bronze, revolv-
ing at high speed. The rolls are set in such a manner as to avoid the
crushing of the stems and seeds. The stemmer is a cylindrical re-
volving drum, inside of which are arranged revolving fingers that
separate the berries from the stems. The crushed berries and liber-
ated juice pass through openings in the side of the drum and fall
through to the cooker, while the stems are pushed out of the drum
by the fingers.
HEATING THE CRUSHED FRUIT.
From the stemmer the crushed fruit and the liberated juice fall
into the heating kettles, commonly called cookers.
The grape berry may be divided into two main parts, the skin and
the pulp. The pulp of the grape is practically colorless and carries
most of the juice. The skin furnishes the coloring matter so much
desired by the manufacturer of Concord grape juice, as well as less
desirable ingredients. The juice of the pulp is sweet and pleasant
but lacks body and character. The juice from the skin is highly
colored, high in acid and tannin, and in mineral ingredients and
body, but low in sugar. By judiciously mixing these two juices a
better product, of more pleasing appearance, is obtaimed than would
result from either of these juices alone.
Such a modified juice is obtained by the simple operation of heating
the crushed fruit to suitable temperatures. The very closest atten-
tion is required, however, to secure the best results. Temperatures
which are too high give the juice a harsh taste, lacking in quality but
high in colormg matter, and if carried to excess may ruin the flavor
and aroma completely. On the other hand, low temperatures do
not draw sufficient color, and such juices are wanting in body, though
pleasant in taste and aroma.
In choosing the best temperature for heating the crushed fruit, the
quality of fruit must be taken into consideration. Ripe fruit or
fruit that has been air-ripened yields its desirable ingredients at a
lower temperature than immature fruit. Also the pressing process
must be considered in connection with the heating, as by applying
more or less pressure the color, tannin content, and body of the juice
may be regulated, the greater pressure giving the more color, tannin,
and body to the juice, as well as delivering the greater amount of
juice. It is apparent that to regulate the tannin content and the
body of a juice by using a smaller amount of pressure, means a loss
of juice. Consequently it is better to regulate the heating process
and not rely altogether upon the pressing process to correct the
quality of the juice. In this connection it should be said that
CONCORD GRAPE JUICER. 1
although low temperatures during heating are very desirable for at-
taining quality, higher temperatures give a better dissolution of the
fruit and a better yield of juice. As is evident from what has just
been said, it is not possible to fix a definite temperature for the heat-
ing process. The temperature, however, should be between 135°
and 150° F. The time required for heating is simply the time nec-
essary to heat to the desired temperature.
By the heating of the crushed fruit the skins are drawn upon for
color and body. A cold-pressed juice lacks the body and color of
the hot-pressed juice, so this may be said to be the character-forming
step. The effect of heating upon the chemical composition of the
pressed juice may be seen by a comparison of the data given in Table
3, which shows the chemical composition of juices pressed from the
heated and unheated fruit.
To obtain the cold-pressed juice a well-mixed sample of the pulp
from the stemmer was pressed by hand through several thicknesses
of cheesecloth and filtered through cotton. This gave the sample
mentioned in Table 3 under the heading ‘‘Before heating.’ The
same batch of pulp was again sampled after it had been heated to
150° F. in the cooker and the juice expressed in thesame manner. This
gave the sample in Table 3 under the heading “After heating.”
Table 4 summarizes the results given in Table 3, and shows the
increases in the various ingredients caused by heating the pulp.
TABLE 3.—Chemical composition of hot and cold pressed Concord grape juices.
Total
-__ | Alka- Tan-
eae Total | (arte liniy | nity | preg nin
Juice pressed . vert | Non- acid acid of cai of in- | tar- | Cream) and
Ex- Meters a Solids, before | Sugar | as ery Ash, bleash soluble) trie of | color-
peri- keer. DO aA eer solids,| tar- and |,P°& | N/10 | ash, | oaiq_ |tartar,| ing
ment Ati 100 ce. | “sion per | taric, count 100 ce acts, || SLO er |, Per | mat-
8 » 1100¢e.| per A ae? | acid, D 100cc.| ter,
per 100 ce bined, : pene per 100 ce. per
100 ce. “| per 5
100 ce. 100 ce. 100 ee.
Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Cc. Cc. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms.
1 Before......- 17.20 | 14.36 | 2.84] 0.78] 0.63 | 0.26) 30.0 3.0] 0.14] 0.56 0. 08
PA TTOT Sse: 17.83 14.58 | 3.25] 1.12) 1.04 -46 | 55.8 4.8 213) 1.05 24
2 Before......- 16.33 13.88 2.45 . 74 - 63 ale |) Oo. 2 2.8 -09 - 62 . 07
ATCer saeco ss 17. 25 13.62 | 3.63] 1.01 -97 -43 | 52.4 4.0 -12 -99 19
3 Before....... 16.10 | 13.74) 2.36 . 84 -61 -20 | 22.4 3.6 22 . 42 | 06
AT COrsS susie 17.17 14d 4oqgulalon|) LOL -33 | 49.2 4.4 21 93 20
4 Before....... 16. 57 14.32 | 2.25 75 55 299) PER 2.8 -13 BEY | eoasdGe
7) eee 18. 50 15.12 | 3.38 1.10 98 -39 | 44.0 4.0 26 Ate ysl eaeecS
5 | Before....... 15. 66 13.38 | 2.28 - 80 65 .22| 24.4 2.6 . 24 462) esse
Atters jsosses,. 16. 44 13.29 | 3.15 1.07 - 96 .33 | 38.0 3.8 -33 (ibs | See ees
6 Before sar 16.28 | 13.91 2.37 .79 -57 -23 | 26.0 3.6 13 SEM) leScecce
PAtiter ce oacee 17. 41 13.83 | 3.58] 1.09 94 -37 | 41.2 4.4 26 salle eee
8 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
TaBuir 4.— Maxima, minima, and averages of data given in Table 8: Chemical composition
of hot and cold pressed Concord grape juices.
Total
i ae Alka- | Alka- Tan-
Buger Total Ase linity | linity nin
Non- | acid :
of sol-] of in- | Free
: vert acid : Cream
Taicatecoetibetore pends, sugar] as ’ | Ash, | uble |soluble} tar- of | color-
3 : ‘ ~ | solids,| tar- per | ash, | ash, | taric ing
or after heating. | 199 ce. ason |. per. | taric, Bu 100 ce.| N/10 | N/10 | acid, es | mat-
S10M, | 100ce.| per bi acid, | acid, | per |,2 ter,
renten 100 ce ined per | per |100cc.| 100°C} per
1d0ce 100 ce. | 100 ce 100 ce
Maximum Gms Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms Ce; Ce. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms.
Beforettsa2-2-ceece 17. 20 14. 36 2. 84 0. 84 0.65 | 0.27} 33.2 3.6] 0.24 0. 62 . 08
ATTononetease se cee 18. 50 15.12 | 3.63 1.16 1.04 46 55.8 4.8 soo 1.05 24
Minimum
Belore: 2s. scons one 15.66 | 13.38] 2.25 . 74 .55 20 | 22.4 2.6 - 09 -42 06
TAT UeR Ss Fos ek 16. 44 13.29 | 3.15 1.01 94 33 38.0 3.8 -12 Sift 19
Average
Belore ses.) ee 16.36 | 13.93} 2.43 .78 -61 23 | 26.9 Sil -16 -50 07
PAN COD sae asec 17. 43 14.03 | 3.40 1.09 .99 39 46.7 4.2 22 .88 21
Averageincrease.| 1.07| .10 | .97 | -31| .38| .16| 19.8 | 11 | 506. |bepeseil ivy. cd
Table 4 shows very plainly that during the heating process the
juice acquires more body, acid constituents, and color. The increase
in acidity, which is very marked, is due chiefly to the presence of
cream of tartar and small amounts of other organic acids, principally
malic and tannic. The increase in nonsugar solids is due to pectin
substances and gums, colormg matter, and the organic acids just
mentioned and their salts. These various increases are due to the
behavior of the skin of the grape berry during the heating process.
During the storing period the quantity of cream of tartar derived
through the heating process is largely eliminated through precipita-
tion (Tables 7 and 8), so that the stored juice contains approxi-
mately the same amount of this ingredient as is contained in the
cold-pressed juice. During the storage of the juice, part of the pec-
tin substances and gums and part of the tannin and coloring matter
are removed from the juice. With the decrease in cream of tartar
during storage there is a corresponding decrease in total solids, non-
sugar solids, total acidity, total tartaric acid, ash, and the alkalinity
of the water-soluble ash.
The heating kettles are of aluminum and are steam-jacketed.
Steam-jacketed, glass-lined steel tanks, or wooden vats fitted with
aluminum steam coils, may, however, be employed with success.
The heating kettles, or vats, are equipped with agitators to allow
uniform heating of the pulp. That thorough agitation while heating
the crushed fruit is of the utmost importance is self-evident, since
to allow the mass to rest would overheat the portion next to the
heating surface and cause scorching. Scorching also results from
filling the kettles while hot. These two precautions should be closely
observed in order to avoid a cooked taste in the juice.
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. 9
From the heating kettles the fruit is dropped to the press room,
where it is made up into cheeses and pressed.
PRESSING THE HEATED FRUIT.
The hot pulp is enveloped in strong, coarse-meshed cloths to
form layers which are stacked on top of one another. These stacks
or ‘‘cheeses,” as they are called, are then subjected to pressure.
The height of the stacks varies in different factories. It may be
said, however, that low cheeses are to be preferred to high ones,
because they allow a better yield of juice on account of the greater
elasticity of the higher cheeses.
The presses used in the factories are of two types, the hydraulic or
power press and the screw or wine press. The number of layers
varies with the size and power of the press, and the size of the layers
themselves. Asarule, 10 layers (48 by 48 inches) constitute a cheese.
While the cheese is being prepared and the number of layers increases,
the pressure on the cheese grows, thereby increasing the flow of juice.
This flow of juice is called the free-run juice, since it is the juice
which is recovered by the weight of the cheese itself without addi-
tional pressure. ‘This juice is lighter in color than the juice obtained
after pressure is administered, and is practically the juice from the
pulp proper. It is materially lower in acid and has less tannin and
body than the final juice after the pressig process is completed.
The free run amounts to about 56 per cent of the entire quantity of
available juice in the fruit. Before the pressure is applied the cheese
should be allowed to settle. This settling period is of importance,
as it allows the coarse particles of pulp gradually to shift with the
flow of juice to the sides of the cloths, followed up by finer material;
thus a very efficient filter for the juice is provided. If the pressure
were applied without allowing the cheese to settle, the advantage
due to the collection of this filtermg material and its consequent
clarifying effect would be sacrificed. Although obviously advanta-
geous to allow the cheese to settle before applying pressure, it is not
absolutely necessary. It is evident, however, that the greater the
amount of suspended matter removed from the juice before it is
bottled for storage the better will be the precipitation so far as com-
pactness is concerned, an advantage not to be underestimated be-
cause of the better conditions for siphoning. Although the time
allowed for the settling of the cheese varies in the different factories,
15 minutes is quite sufficient for this operation. This is shown in
figure 1. The first 10 minutes served to build the cheeses. The
time of settling was varied to show the effect of time upon the re-
covery of free-run juice. Table 5 gives the data shown in figure 1.
39092°—18—Bull. 656——2
10 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 5.—Amount of juice recovered as free run and under pressure.
Experi- | Experi-
ment 1. | ment 2.
1. Juice delivered during cheese making............-...------------------- per cent. . 33 36
2 TOUAMIFOG-CU ICO. oo. ccna aca. so... eta = dniceislse SEE ee eeeine ee oe blo ee do..--| 57 55
Beyuice deliversdiat low pressure: -: - .----bee- $< 25.5 eee amore ee sees do...-| 33 28
4. Juice delivered’ at high pressure « . -'. - -- geen. 6 - en eee ee senas hee eae dose 10 17
5, Juiesirecoyered pentomof pulp: © - ----<Sases2- 445 os eee eee ee = eee gallons. . 183 193
Totalamount of free run, 80 per cent is recovered during cheese making and in the |
first 15 minutes after the cheese is prepared. |
It is evident that the greater part of the total available juice of the
fruit exists in the free state, and that it requires but little pressure
to recover from 83 to 90 per cent of the entire yield.
i)
ASA Nail | Ae late 2
HH 7
/
“ATO
420
CALLONVS
PIV TES,
Fic. 1.—Relation between time allowed for settling and amount of free-run juice recovered.
Figure 1 shows that after 25 minutes—a 10-minute cheese-making
and 15-minute settling period—in Experiment 1, 56 gallons of juice
out of 70 gallons, the total amount of the free run, is recovered, or 80
per cent; and in Experiment 2, 58 gallons out of 69, or 84 per cent,
is recovered. This proves that a 15-minute settling period is suf-
ficient to recover more than 80 per cent of the juice obtainable by
settling or free run.
After the cheese has settled, pressure is gradually applied and in-
creased until it reaches about 100 tons, figured on a 10-inch ram, or
about 2,546 pounds per square inch on the ram. The manner of
increasing or holding the pressure varies in different factories. In
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. dal
the majority, however, the time allowed for the pressing is about
one hour, including the 35 minutes for reaching high pressure of
100 tons, and 25 minutes at high pressure, so that the entire pressing
from the time the first layer is made through the settling period to
the time the pressure is released occupies about one hour and 25
minutes.
Table 6 shows the differences in composition of the juices obtained
at varlous pressures.
TaBLE 6.—Chemical composition of Concord grape juices obtained at various pressures.
Total
Sugars : :
aes asin- | Non- eee Total as Temi
. olids, |vert be-| sugar Ss acid as ? F
Pressure. Exper Time. | per 100| fore in-| solids, | per 100 |tartaric, iegeud colors
; ec. |version,| per 100] cc. |per 100) pingd | per 100
per 100] ce. ce. arelOb eke
Gee ees E
Min. |Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.
NCO MUN Se ee ec kane sess 1 \ 15 { 16.62 13. 48 3.14} 0.410 iLL 0.99 0.27
2 16.78 13°:36:)|Paos42ils- occ 1.04 .99 -26
(OD 2 WeleNG bo cesisdooodaseeese 1 \ 15 { 17.30 | 13.82 BRAS Enis ca 1.20 1.01 28
2 16.91 | 13.34 S.6ssecieogen Tabs 1.06 . 28
QonboyonLODSsiasenececces ee te 1 \ 15 { 17.48 | 13.86 Sh GF} eeseeese 1.25 1.04 COL
PTS Io eNancatis cartes Verrier eects) BAIS = -cc/blet |e ere es res epee Penny les] lees arty a
ostOvLOOMONSE see esene cence e =n \ 5 { 17.41 | 13.88 S48} eeoneace 1.25 1.07 33
2 16.78 13.07 Sh (abl aeeaee 1.28 1.15 .29
Drainings at 100 tons........ 1 \ 25 17.48 13. 66 3. 82 - 484 1.27 1.12 .36
2 16. 73 12.93 ati) |p osenaee 1.31 1.17 .32
The data in Table 6 were obtained on hydraulic presses with 10-inch
rams. The pulp was heated to about 150° F. and made into cheeses
consisting of 10 layers, each 48 by 48 by 3 inches. The completed
cheese was allowed to settle for about 15 minutes under the weight
of the piston head. The juice expressed in this manner, which is
termed ‘‘free run,’’ amounted to about 65 per cent of the total avail-
able juice. Pressure was then applied, and gradually brought up to
100 tons; from 0 to 25 tons in about 15 minutes; from 25 to 75 tons
in about 15 minutes; from 75 to 100 tons in about 5 minutes. At
100 tons the pressure was held about 25 minutes, so that the total
time of pressing after the cheese was prepared was about 1 hour
and 15 minutes.
The data are self-explanatory. They show that as the pressure
increases the juice becomes more fullbodied and richer in color and
acid ingredients.
After the cheese has been allowed to drain at high pressure the
pressure is released. The residue in the cloths, called the pomace,
amounts to about 15 per cent of the heated fruit. A pomace which
has been subjected to 100 tons pressure is dry and tough. It con-
tains, on an average, about 60 per cent moisture and 40 per cent
12 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of solids. The dried pomace contains about 20 per cent sugar and
about 4 per cent of acid as tartaric. The pomace remaining in the
cloths is removed by shaking the cloths. In order to insure the life
of the cloths, it is advisable to wash them each time they are used.
In some factories where screw presses are employed the cloths are
not washed oftener than every fourth time of using. After the cloths _
have been washed they are centrifuged or passed through a wringer
to remove the excess of moisture, and are ready for use again. In one
factory the washed cloths are dried by blowing hot air through them.
STERILIZING THE JUICE AND BOTTLING IT FOR STORAGE.
After having been strained through several thicknesses of burlap
to remove coarse particles, the juice flowing from the presses is united
in the sterilizers. The sterilizers are aluminum vats, or kettles, and
are steam-jacketed. In these the juice is heated to destroy the
living organisms, so that it may keep during the precipitation
period. If the juice, just as it runs from the presses, were filled
into the precipitation vessels, it would ferment in a very short time.
The temperature to which the juice is subjected in the sterilizing
process is of the utmost importance to the flavor and aroma. The
effect of operations carefully conducted during the earlier stages
of the manufacturing process may be completely destroyed by care-
lessness during sterilization. This pertains not only to the tem-
perature employed during sterilization, but also to the manner in
which the kettles are filled. As in the process of heating the pulp,
care must be taken not to run the juice into a hot kettle, because
this would scorch the juice and give it a cooked taste. All kettles
should be filled at a low temperature and then heated. This rule
applies to every process in which the juice is heated. The sterilizing
temperature varies in the different factories, ranging from 176°
to 190° F. It is, of course, evident that the lowest possible tempera-
ture affording thorough sterilization is the best. It is inadvisable,
however, to go much lower than 180° F. on account of the danger
of fermentation.
The precipitating vessels, glass carboys, or jugs of 5-gallon capacity
are now filled to within afew inches from the top with the hot sterile juice.
These have previously been heated in steam boxes for the purpose
of sterilizing them and of allowing them to accommodate themselves
gradually to the temperature of the juice they are to receive, this
latter precaution being necessary to avoid breakage. As soon as
the juice has been poured in, the vessels are closed with corks of
good quality, prepared by dipping into heated paraffin to close up
any pores or canals. The paraffining of the corks is a very important
measure, as the contraction of the cooling juice would draw air
through any space which might be left, causing mold or even fer-
CONCORD GRAPE JUICR. 13
mentation. The cleaning of glass carboys can be more easily super-
vised, and the siphon can be placed to better advantage in them than
in jugs; the majority of factories therefore prefer the carboys. In
selecting the carboys or jugs care should be taken that the mouth
of the container has no defect and is as round as possible, so that the
cork may fit tightly. Furthermore, in selecting glass carboys,
vessels with perpendicular sides should be chosen in preference to
those with sloping sides, because the former permit better settling
of the lees or argols. To guard against possible fermentation through
defects in the mouth of the vessels, it is a good plan to pour a small
quantity of molten paraffin over the cork after it is in place, and
allow the paraffin to solidify before transferring the containers to
the vaults. The sealed vessels containing the sterile juice are
placed in the vaults and allowed to remain undisturbed for several
months, so that the juice may clarify and the excess of acid tartrates
be thrown out. To obtain the best precipitation, the temperatures
in the vaults should be kept as low as possible, i. e., as close to 32° F.
as can be maintained without danger of freezing.
SIPHONING THE JUICE.
As cream of tartar is least soluble at low temperatures, the juice
should be siphoned only during the winter months. At the close
of the precipitation period, comprising from 4 to 5 months, the corks
are drawn, and the clear juice siphoned into jugs. The siphon con- _
sists of an aluminum tube bent U shape, over one end of which a
piece of rubber tubing of the desired length is drawn. The siphon
is placed in the vessel just out of reach of the sediment, and gentle
suction applied at the rubber end until the juice starts to flow. The
sediment remaining in the precipitation vessels is poured on several
thicknesses of burlap stretched on a frame, and the juice allowed to
drain. This juice, which is thick and muddy on account of small
crystals of cream of tartar and other material, is again treated in the
sterilizer, and poured into carboys in the same manner as the juice
proper, and again stored for precipitation and subsequent siphoning.
This juice, called “seconds,’”’ is mixed with the first siphoned juice.
The residue on the burlap, called “‘argols,’”’ consists chiefly of acid
salts of tartaric acid.
Experiments conducted by manufacturers for the purpose of
clarifying the juice during the precipitation period with the white
of egg and gelatin have met with little or no success. This failure
is to be expected, in consideration of the fact that heated grape
juice contains pectins and gummy substances, and that the juice
itself has a very marked viscosity. Of course, it is always possible
to remove the suspended matter by filtration, but this is a very
tedious operation, and it is doubtful whether it is worth the trouble.
14 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
During the storage period the juice passes through a number of im-
portant changes. The hot juice when placed in the carboy has a
beautiful bright red color. As it cools it becomes turbid, and the color
takes on a brownish tint. The hot juice is full-bodied and has a
harsh acid taste. The stored juice has a reddish-brown color, is more
or less muddy, and has a pleasant taste and aroma. The loss in
acidity during storing is due chiefly to the crystallizing of acid salts
of tartaric acid. These salts are soluble to the extent of about 0.6
gram per 100 cubic centimeters in the stored juice; consequently any
amount of them contained in a juice in excess of 0.6 gram will be
precipitated.
To determine the amount of material precipitated during storing,
the sediment contained in a carboy, which had been in storage about
one year and shipped from Chautauqua County, N. Y., to Chicago,
Ill., by express, was collected, dried, and weighed. It was found to
amount to 0.42 gram per 100 cubic centimeters of juice.
With the precipitate a part of the tannin and colormg matter is
thrown down; consequently the resultant juice has a milder, more
pleasant, and decidedly less acid taste.
Table 7 gives a comparison of the analyses of 22 juices, comprising
11 sets, half of which were analyzed at the time of storing and half
after 4 months’ storage.
The juices marked “Before” are the fresh juices taken while hot
from the sterilizing kettles, and those marked ‘‘ After” are the same —
juices after having been stored about 4 months. The differences in
composition are striking. In Table 8 the material given in Table 7
is condensed to show the maxima, minima, and averages of the two
sets of juices, and the average losses of the various ingredients during
the storing period.
Table 8 shows a number of interesting facts. There is a substan-
tial decrease in solids during storing, about one-half of which is
accounted for by the precipitation of cream of tartar and earth
alkali tartrates. The other half is probably due to the precipita-
tion of pectin bodies and gums. There is no material difference
between the sugar contents of fresh and stored juice. With the
precipitation of cream of tartar other ingredients, such as tannin
and colormg matter, earth alkali tartrates, and gums and pectins,
come down. The precipitation of cream of tartar is also attended
by a definite decrease in nonsugar solids, total acids, total tartaric
acid, and the alkalinity of the ash. While the amounts of the con-
stituents vary in the case of the fresh juices, they seem to have
approached an equilibrium in the stored juices. This is especially
true of the cream of tartar.
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE.
15
Taste 7.—Chemical composition of Concord grape juice at time of storing and after 4
months’ storage.
Analysis before or
after storage.
Solids, per 100 cc.
Rs | S3 | &
3 25 ae is
g nS Agia Ay
aS ES oo a
e | £8) 28) 3
sy cl dsle ten S
Q ng no tH
a si ae Ss
2 BES re
° rox] ios} q
ry Pate siete °
<4 RR n A
P.ct.| Gms. | Gms. | Gms
1.03 | 18.25 | 18.38 | 3.76
1.07 | 18.34 | 13.47 | 3.07
64 | 138.55 | 13.60 | 3.44
70 | 18.58 | 13.45 | 2.83
Sosa 13.95 | 13.99 | 3.06
07 | 13.80 | 18.89 | 2.82
EP ete 14.45 | 14.60 | 3.14
09 | 14.50 | 14.41 | 2.67
Hoaaa 15.11 | 15.15 | 3.39
06 | 14.99 | 14.95 | 2.70
Sanaee 16.39 | 16.55 | 3.37
10 | 16.15 | 16.30 | 3.03
dddaoa 13.97 | 14.05 | 3.38
13 | 13.87 | 13.82 | 2.60
14 | 15.07 | 15.11 | 3.41
23 | 15:02 | 15.13) | 2:93
58 | 14.32 | 14.49 | 3.52
69 | 14.32 | 14.30 | 3.01
Sds006 14.70 | 14.74 | 3.38
23 | 14.88 | 14.84 | 2.97
Bis wisinie 15.10 | 15.21 | 3.40
10 | 15.26 | 15.21 | 2.96
Total acid as tartaric, per 100
ee
a a
bo
bo
Total tartaric acid, free and
combined, per 100 cc.
- 90
-65
85
- 66
BO
58
89
67
90
-70
=| 8 Bell le
> ms aS |34l2Ae
8 pe Ss Wee | eos
Gs} + o af Bo-1] on
2 a S See) Petey) See
eee |) oats | Pas | Ps alee
~ road 35) aoe a
Seley ECM
s3/sig/s |e" |48
Stier aa | ein (eco ler |
Gms.|Gms.| Gms.| Ce. Cc. | Gms.
0.30 | 0.72 | 0.34 | 38.4 7.6 0. 26
. 28 47 22 | 24.8) 4.4 .19
- 26 64 34 | 33.8 | 7.6 gill7/
24 49 24] 25.8| 4.4 .13
24 85 644455271) 87.2 . 28
G75} 60 -30 | 32.0 4.6 BPAL
.24 alts -39 | 40.8] 7.6 . 20
PAL - 63 332)| 33.0 4.4 .16
.3l 74 -37 | 39.6 8.0 .19
19 54 SAU Ne2ee0! |e 24.6. gale
24 -80] .39 | 42.8 7.6 . 20
oeas 53 29 | 28.0] 3.8 18
.13 -81 -39 | 43.2 8.0 15
928} 57 -31 | 30.4 4.4 A183
LON leueito 37 | 39.0} 8.0 . 26
.22 - 50 -24 | 26.6] 3.0 722
5 il¢/ -86| .40 |] 45.6] 8.0 . 24
14 49 -24 |] 26.0] 3.4 a7,
.19 . 76 .87 | 40.4] 6.4 322,
. 22 -50 o2d | 26.4 |. 324 Slee
mel 80 -38 | 42.8] 7.2 SPH
21 700) .27 | 29.0 3.6 . 20
TABLE 8.— Maxima, minima, and averages of data given in Table 7: Changes in chemical
composition of Concord grape juice resulting from 4 months’ storage.
Before:
Maximum
Minimum.
Average...
After:
Maximum
Minimum.
Average...
Average loss...
Solids, per 100 cc.
Grams.|Grams.
19. 76
16.99
17.92
19.18
16. 41
17.39
53
inversion,
per 100 ce.
Sugar asinvert, be-
fore
16.39
13. 25
14. 54
16.15
13.34
14. 52
- 02
inversion,
per 100 ce.
Sugar as invert,
after
Grams.|Grams.
16.55
13.38
14. 62
16.30
13.45
14. 52
-10
Nonsugar solids,
per 100 cc.
3.76
3.06
3.38
3.07
2.60
2. 87
-o1
Total acid as tar-
taric, per 100 cc.
com-
bined, per 100 cc.
Total tartaric acid,
free and
Free tartaric acid,
per 100 ce.
Cream of tartar, per
100 ce.
.| Grams.
0.86
Ash, per 100 ce.
Grams.
ash, N/10 acid,
per 100 cc.
Alkalinity soluble
Alkalinity insolu-
we
Ro oS
aon
COWwWAOMN oo
ash, N/10
ble
10D
dl math eda
WOOD oho’
acid, per 100 cc.
ing Matter, per
Tannin and color-
100 ec.
A hot grape juice represents a supersaturated solution of cream of
tartar.
lizes until the solution is reduced to the point of saturation.
As the juice in the carboy cools, the cream of tartar crystal-
This
16 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
change from the supersaturated to the saturated condition is very
gradual, so that the time allowed for the precipitation has a decided
effect upon the amount of cream of tartar retained in solution.
This is shown in Table 9, wherein it will be noticed that the cream of
tartar content has diminished during the additional one year of
storage. Shaking a grape juice hastens the precipitation of cream
of tartar, and brings about an equilibrium much more rapidly than
simply allowing the juice to stand undisturbed. It seems therefore
that the process of manufacture could be shortened, if after a few
days’ storing the juice were given a thorough shaking, and then
allowed to stand for the rest of the storage period. It also seems
reasonable to believe that this extra manipulation would give a
much brighter finished product.
TaBLE 9.—Chemical composition of Concord grape juice after 4 months’ storage and after
16 months’ storage.
. er ey 6 he ~ aia we w (>) OR bo
SWANS: 8, ico ete sy 3 zB ies | 83
3 Bilis = || sSSu ie Se eal Mes: > SER HE ile
© 13 lee |s= | |kslos |3./2.| & GE [Bz les
S > 2.2 Ripa, || c{b<) ||| re, [ee] Ss |e o os a8 Ola
= ef | £8/88| ee le8s}e8|s8| es i765 [7S [os
Storage period. fi b |ES ge S|) SS) |S 2 Si eS | s= S Sic | Ba
o Eo WE a=} HS | sc ul as|us FL, B= jek eo.
aA |. (883/98 | S43 |S |SeSle4/o4] 8 Basfazsl 28
a elinis © ao 5 SA, Be 3 d a | iS) a 28 As
3h eel — kK ~ re
= | 2 588/82 /8 |2 (BSe2 |8 | @ GeSee5| Fe
a | a la el eS ar TE | uiannl is
Months. Gms. |Perct.| Gms. | Gms. | Gms.| Gms.| Gms.| Gms.| G@ms.| Gms.| Ce. | Ce. | Gms
Ais. (SoG a5. Beier 17.43 | 0.07 | 14.45 | 14.40 | 2.98 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 31.0 4.2) 0.16
16s oS. Ss ee ees 17. 48 -07 | 14.60 | 14.70 | 2.88 . 94 . 67 . 20 - 51 -25 | 27.0 4.6 14
Be eicee 5. oe ets 16. 47 -13 | 13.87 | 13.82 | 2.60 . 83 65 13 BUY/ 31 | 30.4 4.4 .13
Hie BaBbobaecoose. 16. 47 .14 | 14.00 | 13.98 | 2.47 - 83 60 .16 49 26 | 25.8] 3.8 .12
- eR Stacadenooorcee 17.85 | .05 | 14.42 | 14.36 | 3.43 | 1.10 S34) 524 58 .39 | 30.8} 5.8 . 26
WES Ss scpasso765¢ 17.80 | .07 | 14.54 | 14.64 | 3.26 | 1.06 SPI or23 41 -26 | 21.6] 7.6 -20
Sa RManOOnEcCosad LONOO) | Oe d- 70) Losi los oO | eLenlil .69 | .28 43 23 | 23.0] 4.4 .33
Ge sccceeeeeseeeee 19.10 -07 | 15.90 | 15.95 | 3.20 | 1.14 . 65 27 35 22 | 18.6 7.0 .16
Aesistsc osceeeeeee 18. 53 -06 | 15.06 | 15.06 | 3.47 | 1.13 83 58} 54 28 | 28.8 4.6 33
162.05. See eee ee 18. 48 .07 | 15.20 | 15.30 | 3.28 | 1.10 70 BOL 38 22 | 20.0] 6.0 16
. BESS CRSAR ACAD SAC 18.79 | .13 } 15.48 | 15.68 | 3.31 | 1.13 CA 62) 55 30 | 29.0] 4.4 ay
AG cae few cowie see 18.80 | .07 | 15.60 | 15.58 | 3.20 | 1.14 66 | .28 36 23 | 19.4] 6.2 .17
Baers aecn eotopic ce 17.85 | .07 | 14.30 | 14.43 | 3.55 | 1.19 88 ACY / 56 34 | 30.0] 4.2 .32
1Ge steerer cetese 17.80 -07 | 14.55 | 14.49 | 3.25 | 1.20 80 -41 38 24 | 20.0] 6.0 -17
RE Or DODO SAOe 18. 95 .20 | 15.47 | 15.41 | 3.48 | 1.09 75 3777 56 31 | 29.6 6.0 .32
SSAA RK Stassaotor 18. 87 13 | 15.64 | 15.64 | 3.23 | 1.10 68 . 26 41 25 | 21.8] 6.0 17
Maximum
LS SSS Iona Oe 19. 00 -20 | 15.70 | 15.77 | 3.55 | 1.19 88 37 58 35 | 31.0] 6.0 -30
eRe Sess see 19.10 -14 | 15.90 | 15.95 | 3.28 20 - 80 41 51 26 | 27.0 | 7.6 - 20
Minimum
ALC St ucts aS 16. 47 -06 | 13.87 | 13.82 | 2.60 83 65 13 - 43 23 | 23.0 4.2 -13
1 (oe BE ae Ae 2 | 16. 47 - 07 | 14.00 | 13.98 | 2.47 83 60 16 .35 22) 18.6] 3.8 12
Average:
ES er oseconee 18.11 -10 | 14.84 | 14.87 | 3.27 | 1.07 . 76 - 26 -55 -30 | 29.1 4.8 . 26
IOs aewebeo crac se 18.10 -09 | 15.00 | 15.04 | 3.10 | 1.06 69 27 41 24 | 21.8 5.9 -16
Average loss...... SOL OL aans=.-|.. eee sil i) sl Oy bese BE aCe 7583 |eSte8 -10
Small amounts of alcohol have a decided effect on the general
clarification of a juice, lowering the viscosity and insuring a better
precipitation of cream of tartar. Table 11, group 2, shows that
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. 107
stored juices containing the least alcohol have a higher cream of
tartar content than those with greater amounts of alcohol. It
seems improbable, however, that the small amounts of alcohol con-
tained in the juices in question could be solely responsible for this
difference in cream of tartar content.
Table 9 gives a comparison of the analyses of 16 juices, comprising
8 sets, half of which were analyzed after 4 months’ storage and
half after 16 months’ storage. Each two lines of data in the table
represent a sample of the regular juice bottled after 4 months’ storing,
and the same juice after an additional storing of 1 year. Although
the difference is very marked in the case of the ash and tannin con-
tent, it is not very pronounced in the other contents. The data
show that 4 months of storing is not a sufficient time for complete
precipitation.
BOTTLING AND PASTEURIZING THE TRADE JUICE.
The next step is that of pasteurizing the juice in the bottle. This
operation should be very carefully superintended because any defect
leads to fermentation and consequent loss. The pasteurizing tem-
perature varies in the different factories, ranging from 160° to 175° F.
As a rule, when the bottles are filled cold, the juice reaches the pas-
teurizing temperature in about 10 minutes, is allowed to remain at
pasteurizing temperature for about 30 minutes, and cooled off in 10
minutes. When filled hot, from 20 to 25 minutes at pasteurizing
temperature are sufficient. The length of the heating period varies
with the size of the package to be sterilized, 55 minutes sufficing with
pint and quart containers. Packages holding more than a quart
should be filled hot.
The siphoned juice is strained through several thicknesses of bur-
lap, and collected in a vat connected with the filing machines. The
practice of filtering the juice through paper pulp, employed in some
factories, did not seem to improve the appearance of the juice very
much. The packages are filled with the juice by means of beer
fillers, and immediately sealed, either with corks or metallic seals.
When corks are used it is necessary to heat the juice before bottling
to avoid blowing. A temperature of about 160° F. is ordinarily used
for this. When metallic seals are used for smaller packages it is not
necessary to heat the juice before fillmg them. Packages holding
more than a quart should, however, be filled hot to avoid breakage.
MANUFACTURE OF GRAPE JUICE IN THE LAKE ERIE DISTRICT.
The method of manufacture of the juices from the Lake Erie
district differed greatly from the methods which have been described.
The grapes were not stemmed before heating, and the juice was
18 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
stored for precipitation in barrels instead of in 5-gallon containers.
For the most part, grapes grown on the Bass Islands, in Lake Erie, to
the north of Sandusky, Ohio, were used in the preparation of the
juices. The fruit, which was of good quality, was immediately
crushed and heated without being stemmed. The pulp was heated
in aluminum kettles to about 145° F., and pressed on hydraulic
presses in the customary manner. The juice was strained through
several thicknesses of burlap, heated in glass-lined kettles to about
175° F., after which it was run into 50-gallon barrels, previously
sterilized by steam. The barrels were filled to the tops with the
hot juice, and immediately carefully bunged. After having been
stored for precipitation, the juice was run into the trade packages
and sterilized in the customary manner.
OCCURRENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL.
Under usual factory conditions it is impossible to produce juices
which are wholly free from alcohol. Grapes are carriers of yeast
cells, and the juice itself is an ideal medium for yeasts. Moreover,
the temperatures attained during the latter part of the pressing
process are very favorable to conditions yielding alcoholic fermenta-
tion. Then again, as the pressing season advances, the press beds,
racks, press cloths, and floors of the factory become thoroughly im-
pregnated with vigorous yeast cells. The danger from alcoholic
fermentation is still further increased by the fact that the yeast cells
brought in on the grapes to the air of the factory assist in starting
fermentation wherever conditions of temperature are favorable.
Special care was taken to discover the causes for the occurrence of
small amounts of alcohol occasionally found in commercial grape
juices. One possible cause is undoubtedly the fermentation in the
fruit itself. As has been shown, however, grapes of good quality
contain such small amounts of alcohol that this source may be dis-
regarded. The principal cause must, therefore, be sought in the
manufacturing process. Tables 7 and 9 show that the aleohol con-
tent does not increase in the precipitation vessel during storage.
Improper methods of pasteurization might, of course, cause fer-
mentation in the trade package, but alcoholic fermentation, once
started, would proceed very rapidly until it finally destroyed the
package.
A very definite development of alcohol was found to occur during
the pressing period in one establishment. Alcohol was distinctly
discernible by odor, and toward the end of the pressing frothing set
in. Samples of the material were taken at the various pressing stages
and analyzed for alcohol. Table 10 shows the results thus obtained.
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE. 19
TaBLE 10.—Percentage of alcohol by volume in a particular Concord grape juice at various
stages of pressing.
Experi- | Experi-
Stage. ment 1. | ment 2.
Tea teas ul pre ceetecee sle ica ies sloizls osjaclevsieciola\s al cuepet meteta ole o o.cie eee re etelaleleve aia teas 0.08 0.09
OTR, QUINT 56 Causa HOC oOTEE ECE Ee Ree eRe nee Te re . 80 - 66
asteo tir Contentment arse eels) Sie a cje' e's w mind cm lsjaite aeee Gace « o's = ee lamas sae 1.36 1.56
Bast oflowspressureiat/s0 toms... 22-22) 25-2 enae lone sceccecens soeaeeee. 2 SCS eS - 86 1. 60
Washomhighypressunera tld OONSsee- 225. 2cs ose ce son cece anes... sce eee ee coos cee 2.06 2. 60
COMPOSItEOM MICE yanest et kss sae ee ELLE LOR SST Ben) oh a Sars foe oe) . 60 iD
The total time consumed by the pressing period, including the
settling period, was 2 hours and 50 minutes. The figures show a
normal alcoholic content for the pulp, and an increased alcoholic
content as the cheese cools.
From the tables of composition it is seen that of the 104 samples of
Juices recorded 44 per cent show 0.10 per cent or less of alcohol by
volume; 77 per cent show 0.20 per cent or less of alcohol by volume;
83 per cent show 0.30 per cent or less of alcohol by volume; 90 per
cent show 0.40 per cent or less of alcohol by volume. The remaining
10 per cent of the samples show an alcoholic content ranging from
0.40 to 1.07 per cent by volume.
It is interesting to note that all of the samples showing more than
0.40 per cent of alcohol are members of group 2, season 1912. In
the manufacture of these juices the settling period was materially
longer than that usually allowed. The juices of the seasons 1913 and
1914 of the same group, in the preparation of which a shorter settling
period was used, show a decidedly lower content of alcohol. It is
evident then that the danger period of alcoholic development is con-
fined to the time allowed for the pressing of the juice, and that this
danger may be reduced to a minimum by reducing the time for this
part of the process.
INTRODUCTION OF WATER DURING MANUFACTURE.
A small amount of water is introduced into the juice during the
process of manufacture. The stages at which the water may enter
are (1) washing the grapes, (2) washing the press cloths, (3) washing
receptacles, such as kettles, vats, carboys, and vessels. Although
a great Many experiments were conducted to determine the amounts
of water in the finished product due to these additions, no definite
results were obtained.
It is evident that the washing of grapes introduces water into the
juice. The amount depends upon -the time the grapes remain in the
water, and upon the manner in which the washed grapes are drained.
Experiments to determine the amount of water retained by the
grapes showed that 2.5 per cent is held, or for 1 ton of grapes about
20 BULLETIN 656, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
6 gallons of water would be introduced. Although only approximate,
it is believed that this figure gives a fair representation of the true
condition. The content in solids was invariably slightly lower in the
case of juice made from grapes which had been washed than in the
case of juice from grapes which had not been washed. It was found
that about 6 pounds of water was retained in the washed and centri-
fuged cloths of standard size for 48 by 48 inch racks.
Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of water
introduced by washing the grapes and washing the press cloths. Runs
wherein the grapes were washed, and washed and centrifuged cloths
were used, and runs wherein the grapes were not washed and new dry
cloths were used, were made. Although a slightly heavier juice was
obtained under the latter conditions, the difference was not great
enough to allow of definite conclusions.
Judging from all the experiments and from the chemical compo-
sition of the juices, made with and without the use of water, it is
believed that about 3 grams of water per 100 cubic centimeters are
introduced into the juice during the washing and pressing of the
grapes. The amount of water added during the washing of the
receptacles is regulated by factory practice.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAPE JUICE.
The analyses of the 104 commercial juices taken during the in-
vestigations are given in Table 11. This material is divided into six
groups, each group representing the juices from one factory. Group
1 comprises the samples from the Hudson River district. The first 15
samples represent juices made from washed grapes, the remainder those
from unwashed grapes. The settling period was about 15 minutes.
Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 comprise the samples from the Chautauqua
belt. The grapes of group 2 were washed. During the seasons 1914
and 1915 the time allowed for the settling of the cheese before pressing
was shortened to about 25 minutes. Groups 3, 4, and 5 are juices
made from unwashed grapes. The settling period was about 15
minutes. Group 6 comprises the juices made from grapes of the
Lake Erie district. For the description of the manufacturing
process see page 4. The 1912 samples of group 2 are not included
in Table 11, because the alcohol content of this set is abnormally
high for a properly prepared grape juice.
21
f)
CONCORD GRAPE JUICE.
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CONCORD GRAPE JUICER. JH
METHODS OF ANALYSIS.
Solids: From the specific gravity and the alcohol content. The
specific gravity was obtained from the Brix reading at 17.5° C.
Alcohol: By immersion refractometer.
Nonsugar solids: From solids and sugars before inversion.
Acid: Spotted into litmus solution.
Polarizations: On solutions clarified with normal lead acetate.
Total tartaric acid: Hartmann and Koff method (U.S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Chem. Bul. 162: 72).
Free tartaric acid and cream of tartar: Calculated from total tartaric
acid and the alkalinites of the ash (U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem.
Bul. 162: 75).
Tannin and coloring matter: Loewenthal’s method.
ADDITIONAL DETERMINATIONS.
In the course of the investigation a number of determinations not
incorporated in the tables of composition were made. These results
are given in Table 12.
TaBLE 12.—Additional chemical determinations of constituents of Concord grape juice.
Volatile
Group. P2035. Cl. S03. acid as | Nitrogen.
: acetic.
Mg. per |Grams per|Grams per|Grams per|Grams per
100 cc. 100 ce. 100 cc. 100. cc. 100 cc.
The volatile esters were also determined on 19 samples from the
six different factories, and found to range between 0.12 and 0.23
gram per 100 cubic centimeters, with an average of 0.16 gram per
100 cubic centimeres.
26 BULLETIN 656, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SUMMARY.
Generally speaking, a Concord grape juice properly prepared con-
tains small amounts of alcohol. The juice contains more than 0.4
per cent by volume only when too much time has been allowed for
the pressing period. A pure Concord grape juice has not been found
to contain sucrose. The polarization of the inverted solution at
87° C. is levorotatory. The free malic acid of a grape juice, figured
approximately from the acidity of the juice, free tartaric acid, and
the total alkalinities of the ash, amounts on an average to about
0.5 gram per 100 cubic centimeters. The Concord grape juices ex-
amined contained free tartaric acid. Thecream of tartar of aConcord
grape juice amounts to about 0.54 gram per 100 cubic centimeters,
ranging between 0.36 and 0.79 grams.
1U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bul. 162: 75.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATING TO GRAPES,
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT..
Grape Propagation, Pruning, and Training. (Farmers’ Bulletin 471.)
Muscadine Grapes. (Farmers’ Bulletin 709.)
Orchard Barkbeetles and Pinhole Borers and How to Control Them. (Farmers’
Bulletin 763.)
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27
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Ye, BULLETIN No. 657
‘x {SS Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry o ‘N
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. May 2, 1918
A WHEATLESS RATION FOR THE RAPID INCREASE
OF FLESH ON YOUNG CHICKENS.
By M. E. Pennineron, Chief, H. A. McAtrrr, Investigator in Poultry and Egq
Handling, and A. D. GREENLEE, Assistant Chemist, assisted by A. W. Broome tn,
Assistant Chemist, L. E. Harker, Aid in Poultry and Egg Handling, and H. L.
SHRADER, Investigator in Poultry and Egg Handling, Food Research Laboratory.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Composition of rations used............------ 2 | Relation ofinitial weight to final gain... .-..- 8
Gharactenolbindstedeess js -2 54-1 <2 252) 3 | Composition of broiling chickens before and
Motalisainsiniweight2:. 20.0 2.2.2... 4 after feshin ge ees one ese see os 9
Quantity of feed required..-......-.-.-.-.-.- 5 | Economic advantage of fleshing broilers at the
IRGN® OF Pail S 2b so ccSr es He Sces eee Eeaeaeee 6 packing housezseees sce te ~ see anes 10
Loss in weight due to killing and chilling. ..-. 23 |(oStim many:Ae- =o see ree eC ees See oe 11
“ea WHEATLESS RATION for the commercial or coop flesh-
ing of young chickens for market discussed in this bulletin
offers to commercial feeders a singularly efficient and economical
ration for the rapid increase of chicken flesh. This ration, composed
of corn meal, dried distillers’ grains (corn), and fresh buttermilk, was
fed again and again throughout the whole feeding season, and produced
im 14 days’ coop feeding an average gain of a pound for 7.91 pounds
of wet feed consumed, or 4.63 pounds of solids. The employment of
distillers’ grains makes this ration of especial importance to feeding
plants accessible to distilleries engaged in producing commercial
alcohol from corn.
The tests reported were made under commercial rather than farm
methods of feeding poultry. The aim of the commercial feeder is
to increase the flesh of young birds rapidly and economically in a
brief period after they are received from the farms. This necessitates
the use of feeding coops which allow the chickens little exercise and
the regular and abundant feeding of the birds under clean conditions.
It calls for special equipment and for use of time and employment of
labor to a degree not possible on most farms.
In order that full benefit from the flesh added rapidly by special
feeding may be realized, it is necessary to slaughter the chickens
immediately and dry pick and chill them without delay. It has been
39089°—18—Bull. 657
2 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
found that soft meated live chickens in transit lose flesh rapidly and
that wet picking, scalding, or chillmg birds in water, the methods
usual in farm preparation, waste substance and lessen the flavor and
the keeping quality of the birds. For these reasons it is rarely pro-
fitable for a farmer to coop fatten, or finish chickens at home and
ship them alive or as farm dressed poultry for distant markets. As
a result, more and more young chickens are being collected at central
feeding stations (fig. 1, Pl. I), there to be fleshed quickly for market,
and slaughtered, dressed, chilled, and shipped without intervening
loss of flesh or flavor. The fleshing stations vary in size from those
with a capacity of 30,000 to those holding 1,000 head, depending upon
the size of the packing house attached. It is believed that final coop
finishing for market under certain conditions will offer returns as
a centralized cooperative activity for a group of farmers producing
an important aggregate of chickens each season.
COMPOSITION OF RATIONS USED.
It is possible to produce high quality flesh for food purposes very
rapidly and at comparatively small expense by feeding chickens a
suitable ration. under appropriate conditions. Various rations based
upon grain mixtures wet with water or buttermilk have been used
by commercial feeders. The grains most commonly used are mix-
tures of corn and wheat. To these are added oats and occasionally
barley. One of the rations to be discussed in this bulletin includes
distillers’ grains, which have not been used to any extent in chicken ~
fleshing. Rations composed of corn meal and buttermilk, and of
corn meal and water have been fed simultaneously with the corn
méal, distillers’ grains, and buttermilk. The comparative efficiency
ofthe three rations is given in the following pages.
Composition of Rations.
Ration A: Pounds.
giINGye whole’ corn; cround to'a fine meales25 7: 2-552) ) 5 eee ~ 100
Waters... 25.2.c8 eS USS 2. RE SE Ss SS eee 127
Ration B:
No.3 whole corn, ground to a finemmeal. 222552). .s22-- 9. oe 100
Bresh ‘buttermilk... 22 2.25.52 esac sess oe eee 150
Ration C:
No;.3 whole'corn, ground to.a finemeals:. 2222) ._- 222-8) = eee 75
Driedidistillers’ prains (corn)):,.2.652 222 ae22 Ree Sass (aL eee 25
Fresh. buttermilk. .... .. i gos: bel Se Get o-oo ee eee 150
When dried buttermilk is used 10 pounds of the powder should be
added to 90 pounds of water. Ration C is thicker in consistency
than the ration commonly fed. It should not be thinned, as is the
tendency among feeders using it for the first time.
A chemical analysis of these feedstuffs and of the compounded
rations showed the compositions indicated in Table 1. These
results are the mean analyses of six lots of corn meal and two lots
INCREASE OF FLESH. ON YOUNG CHICKENS.
©
3
of distillers’ grains used during the fleshing experiments. The but-
termilk was examined daily for acid and total solids.
TABLE 1.—Chemical composition of the feedstuffs and the rations used in the poultry
fleshing experiments.
F Tations.
Corn |Butter-| Distr b.
meal. | milk. grains.) i z BF
NIOISTUTEK (MD OTCOMG) me elerrc seein eieis onic clereisiste siccieic.e esniniaiele 12.22} 91.77 7.98 | 60.94 | 59.95 59. 53
MOTAlESOLAST(MeICOMt) Pearce cee slic cileieste oc cieieieicieie 87.78 8.23 | 92.02] 39.06} 40.05 40. 47
At GD Er CONt) preseeeeeaee ace! oo oeleee eecee eee ece| 3. 85 .52 | 12.30 eal 1.85 2.70
Motalinitroszeni(periGent)s--s-c-cis-ccic- cree = nose. ee | 1.40 245 4.24 . 62 . 84 1. 22
Hero UeImMy (MeLCOMt)Eeeee esis ceie ia cissiele ects cca Siae eerie Se 8.75 2.96 | 26.50 3. 88 5.28 7.05
PAS TIN (DOINGS ING) Messner ee oie iate «line cece cate eee bee ences 1.38 . 86 4.57 . 60 1.07 1.39
Crideiiber(MCKCML) sean scesicce ce sccm ta tec c cece PENG een 8.14 . 96 . 86 1. 46
Lactose and lactic acid (per cent)......-..-...-...-.-- ee eras Shales erodes Meme emae on 2280
Nitro Son-ireclexbract (MCL:CONb) i. cscs cists va lee cm cole eeneteietleeemmeetmmneriec 31.91 | 28.66 25.54
1 Average composition of lots 2 and 3.
2 Average composition of ration prepared with lots 2 and 3 of distillers’ grains.
It will be observed that the total solids in the three rations are
approximately the same, the maximum variation being 1.41 per cent.
There is 2.70 per cent of fat in Ration C, and the ash and protein
contents are also distinctly higher. The amount of protein is espe-
cially noteworthy because it is the aim in this work to produce a
flesh of desirable food composition, which implies a ‘“‘fleshing’’
rather than a ‘“‘fattening’’ and a deposition of fat in the edible por-
tions of the bird rather than around the viscera. The higher con-
tent of mineral ash is in accord with the results obtained in recent
nutrition investigations. Attention should be called to the fact
that part of the protein in the distillers’ grains is in the yeast cells
which remain after the alcohol is removed by distillation. Dur-
ing the course of this work it has also been found that the distillers’
grains on the market vary widely in composition, as may be seen
from Table 2 which gives the analyses of four lots purchased at
different times from the same firm.
TaBLE 2.—Chemical composition of distillers’ grains.
ln, Leo tile Lot 2. Lot 3 Lot 4. | Average.
MIOISCUREK (OCMCEML) eee icerise vcitcemicc eae see eee. ote 6.51 4.98 10. 97 8.65 7.78
MOPAUSOLLASK(MEMCeNt) Meme t a Asecce Sance sos tee +} 93. 49 95. 02 89.03 91.35 92.22
TPs (OOP GaME)) Seedadas seco ss eee seed a ae ene cena 10. 47 15.97 8.62 8.82 10. 97
Mopalmitroren: (pericent))--2-2-224.-.2.22525-222--- =~ 5.31 4.40 4.07 4.08 4.47
EOLeIMN (DEMCeNt) masses ais ctee cies ase assecee s+: 33.18 27.50 25. 44 25. 50 27.94
FNSIIM (DOTCEMLL) Semen ett scics ic tieisinioe.s see cioes asin se, 3.42 4.45 4.68 4.12 4.17
Giiid officer (MeRCcent emma tenn essa smeetee necro os. | 10.71 8.14 8.14 8.35 8.84
CHARACTER OF BIRDS FED.
The observations reported were made on young chickens of the
class commonly known as ‘“‘broilers.”’” When received from the
farm the weights varied from ? pound to 24 pounds, with an average
4 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of 1% pounds. Very few were pure bred, but practically all had a
predominant utility breed strain. Barred Rock blood was the
most common. Birds showing markedly low vitality or deformity
or sickness were excluded, but a commercial liberality was exercised
in selecting stock for the feeding cages. Such a selection is advan-
tageous when feeding large numbers of birds, and should be prac-
ticed as a part of routine management. Birds which are not adapted
to gain weight ordinarily lose weight, regardless of the care given;
hence to feed them is a loss to all concerned. They should be
slaughtered as soon as received.
As a general rule the nearer the poultry packing house feeding
station is to the farm, the better. A haul, generally by train, is,
however, often necessary in the transfer of feeder stock from the
farm to the feeding station. Accordingly, all the birds used in these
experiments were subjected to a haul requiring from a few hours
to more than 24 hours. The birds were selected as promptly as
possible after arrival, placed in the feeding cages, and fed corn
meal and buttermilk for 24 hours, to eliminate stuffed crops, undue
thirst, and restlessness, before beginning to feed the three experi-
mental rations.
The cages were entirely of metal, with compartments for indi-
vidual birds, and feed cups so constructed that the splashing of the
thin feed was impossible. In essentials they were comparable with
the feeding batteries in commercial use, one of which is shown in
figure 2, Plate I.
TOTAL GAINS IN WEIGHT.
All the birds were fed for 14 days. To determine the rate of gain,
the birds were weighed on the first, fourth, eleventh, and fourteenth
days. The results in detail are shown in Table 3, in which 13 experi-
ments, comprising from 30 to 42 birds each, are summarized. The
experiments were begun in May, and were repeated until October,
that the climatic conditions might have their usual effect on the
birds. Each group of birds is designated in accordance with the
ration received as A, B, or C, respectively.
Tasie 3.—Summary of changes in weight of 100 head of young chickens.
Ration | Ration | Ration
: B. y
initialinumber/of chickens. << .i:/. lec c.s acco ee sine sean eae eee asic eee EEE 100 100 100
Period of feshing' (days) os...% .... eee 8 nos 5 et oe se eeeee nee SEE eee 14 14 14
Death loss (per cent ofinitial number).........-- 2.4 0 0
Initial live weight (pounds)............-........ 172.1 169. 7 171.1
Final'liveisweignt (pounds)... occcus sce onsetenecccen Cece eee Reece errr = 180. 7 221.3 231.0
Total gain in live weight:
Difference between final and initial live weights (pounds)..........------ 8.6 51.6 59.9
Calculated as per cent ofinitial live weight......-................-.--...- 5. 00 30. 41 35. OL
Dressed weight (pounds) sescce~es woe cee nee eee eee Ree neo eeeeen rete 162. 7 199. 0 207.3
Chilled weight (pounds) eee ee ae oe ae om eee eee eee cae 161.8 197.7 205. 8
AVerage initial live welghtC pounds) ie... < see oe eee eee eee meee neererree 1.7 1.7 1.7
A:verageifinal live weight (pOUNdS) oo cscs. cece een meer eeeeeeEer cere cer oe cstee 11.9 2.2 2.3
Average dressed weight (pounds)............... SRR Mate niet eicie mines oe 1. 7 2.0 2.1
Average chilled) weight! (pounds) 2~. 52 occ) cece eee cee eee eee er eee U7 2.0 200
1 Average weight of the surviving chickens.
Bul. 657, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.
Fic. 2.—FEEDING BATTERIES.
INCREASE OF FLESH ON YOUNG CHICKENS, 5
The total initial weight of all the birds when feeding began is
comparable with the ‘initial live weight”’ of the commercial fe eder,
and the total live weight of all the birds when ready for slaughter is
comparable with the ‘‘final live weight” of the commercial feeder.
The difference, in pounds, between the “in” and ‘‘out” weights is
given in Table 3. For example, the ‘‘in” weight of 100 birds on
Ration C was 171 pounds and the ‘out’ weight 231 pounds, or a
gain of 60 pounds to the 100 head. For broader usefulness the
results have been expressed also as percentage of gain, taking the
initial live weight as the basis of comparison. Ration A, corn meal
and water, gave a total gain of only 5 per cent; Ration B, corn meal
and buttermilk, gave a gain of approximately 30 per cent; while
Ration C, corn meal, distillers’ grains, and buttermilk, gave a gain of
about 35 per cent.
QUANTITY OF FEED REQUIRED.
It is essential that the ration used for fleshing chickens be palatable
to them. Birds will starve rather than eat a distasteful feed. The
experiments have shown that Ration C is eaten eagerly and the
birds do not tire of it. The appetite at the end of the experiment
was even better than at the beginning, quite the reverse of the
usual condition. The birds ate more, by weight, of Ration C than
of either Ration A or B, as is seen in Table 4. At the end of 14 days
378 pounds of Ration A, 458 of Ration B, and 474 of Ration C had
been consumed.
TaBLE 4.—Feed consumed by 100 head of young chickens.
_ Feeding mocd Ration | Ration | Ration
period. A. 133, C.
Days. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
Grain eee eee re eee aeiris cis sats Sacincnnit fe eee es 47.8 48.8 49.1
Buttermilika@Ospericent:solids))22-.-.-- ----c- cece eee epee oer ne ae ee 1320 73.6
4 VV LICE 03 Sats SEE TERS SES ees ae Reine edie BEY ol eeemeniae Mea socc ac
MO talbleeGsasereeice saree circ cc sce oe enone eee ee 107.5 122.0 122.7
Grain ween es ee ere re os Joos acne RS tas 97.7 102.1 103. 4
Buttermilk @Oiper:centisolids) eens. oss oack ce Rosen eee mae esioe ace 153.2 155.2
8 \WWGHGIEs cc Sa Sao Go UB SBS aoee SSeS eno ee BSAA eEenr ae Srroeereasiee PA ele eee eal lSeapaeaor
Ot ACCC Memtem a e a Ras Stic! ots cine Se oer 219.5 25080 258.6
(Ghrelin. 25dcoah Gap eta ORE Nee eso en ge aee 133.9 | 143.3 146.9
Bul tennis @Opericentisolids) = 222 225: 5 asi teeeneiae eee eal See eee 214.9 220.3
it - AON GUC ss GesncasdeceR sec hE aot Aen eee See eee nm moo ss aneaea Iya ks SeGanendos ISsunoesepes
Moral ited sex 98 foci. ants oe oe ee ee } 301.0] 358.2 367.2
GaP ee tN «oe erent mise ene Saiclne Zin ecetys GREE RE EEE 168.1 183.2 189.4
Buttermilks@O percent solids)... ..---:--2-----sssasseee neces [Be omecnsee 274.7 284.2
14 WELL C Taee e eer ee ters once sisiee cidicns Beis Sin. atee Sa clone Cece eee | 209 Gill E= sees | o-oo cee
|
Motaltfecd sa xeee <.- oF ie cee cre kineisce ciao sis, cies Se Ie 377.7 457.9 473.6
Under any circumstances the amount of feed eaten is very much
greater than the amount of flesh produced, because a large part of
the food of an animal must be used to keep it warm and maintain
the body functions. The excess eaten may or may not be deposited
6 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
as flesh, depending upon the character of the ration and the animal.
It is the aim, when feeding to produce flesh, to deposit in that form
as much as possible of the ration fed.
Taste 5.—Pounds of feed per pound of gain in live weight.
Feeding Ration | Ration | Ration
period. Feed. A. B. C.
Days. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
GION os 2 oss a Se ea cistein dain Soe EAaS es eR Oe ee ee Oe 16.08 3.28 3.08
aeraats (0\pericent solids))- 22. 3325.5. ace eee oe ee ee 4.93 4.61
Bh TERR pass 55 95 sSobeedsscsos sores so aceSs06c0e fst cccsozose sete: 20:06) [235-38 288 el eee ere
ie Motalifeed: i). 3.4 s<cee tesa ke a a eg 36.14 8.21 7.69
Grain: 266 Ss ie. a eo ese ie ea ee Ee eee 27.56 3.34 3. 16
|} Buttermilk (10 per cent solids) ....-...---.----- Bio bee eater eae Peat Eb. 5.01 4.7
8 WY Stee. ea se i SSeS cE ek ee eee oe 845370 (ELS ee cleeteeotiece
| Totaliieed ss; -aoses See assere eens han sea ee 61.93 8.35 7.90
GYaiNs os oe.55 cede Seen cee eee ea ar ee ere ice j 17. 64 3.40 3.10
Butter milk (@Ospericentisolids) peee sess eee eee nee \ eee 5.09 4. 66
1l LOL ee ca se sisiee eiclelcinle Sie aes e eee eet 22:00) | Pact emenleaecneles
ih otal feeds eras. hese cee ee Re eee eee Re a | 39.64 8.49 7.76
CER Ta eel gee Ra ce in et Se NERS ate | 19.54 3.55 3.16
Buren @Opericentsolids))3: 523222. eee nee ee ese 5.33 4.75
14 WEN IG ean 504 saab ose aonoeCoeos Sean osdossoSsoses esas ssesca5es 7: BS fl Pee soGsS Cece eeeeS
| Motaliteed ce ee sees tes ee reese eee eee See eee 43.91 8. 88 7.91
Table 5 shows that of Ration A 43.91 pounds were required to
produce a gain in weight of 1 pound. Of Ration B, 8.88 pounds were
required, and of Ration C, 7.91 pounds. Expressed differently, it
may be said that only 2.28 per cent of the wet feed of Ration A was
retained in the form of chicken flesh, while 11.26 per cent of Ration
B was so retained, and 12.64 per cent of Ration C (Table 6).
TaBLe 6.—Percentage of wet feed retained as gain in live weight.
Feeding Ration Ration Ration
A. B. C.
period.
Days. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
4 PAC 12.18 13. 00
8 1.61 11. 97 12. 66
11 PG) 11.77 12. 88
14 2. 28 1]. 26 12. 64
RATE OF GAIN.
Practical experience has led many of the commercial chicken
feeders of the United States to feed young birds for a 14-day period.
Sometimes a shorter period is substituted, some feeders claiming that
the rate of gain decreases steadily in the second week. An analysis
of the data obtained during these experiments shows that in Ration B
there is a decrease in the amount of flesh deposited as compared with
feed consumed, 8.21 pounds of feed per pound of gain being required
during the first four days and 8.88 pounds during the last four days
of the 14-day period (Table 5). This does not hold, however, for
Ration C, which gives an evenly continuous utilization of feed
|
|
|
|
‘|
4
INCREASE OF FLESH ON YOUNG CHICKENS. 1
throughout the entire 14 days and a deposition of flesh which is
practically uniform. It is probable, also, from additional observa-
tions which are not sufficiently numerous to tabulate, that gains in
weight and good appetites are maintained with Ration C for a period
much longer than 14 days. Whether a longer period than 14 days
is profitable remains to be determined. The results at hand, how-
ever, indicate that young birds should be fed at least 14 days if
profitable results are to be obtained.
LOSS IN WEIGHT DUE TO KILLING AND CHILLING.
The practical feeder is frequently called upon to decide whether
his fleshing gains are sufficient to be profitable. To do this he must
know not only the live weights before and after feeding, but the final
weight after dressing and chilling, since it is on the basis of the latter
that his sales are made. The losses due to the removal of blood
and feathers and the loss by evaporation during cold air chilling are
shown in Tables 7 and 8.
The birds designated ‘‘ before fleshing’’ in Table 7 were selected at
the same time and from the same stock as the birds to be fed. They
were killed at once and the carcasses studied as described on page 8.
The shrinkage due to dressing was also determined.
TaBLeE 7.—Loss in weight on killing and chilling young chickens, before and after fleshing.
Total
shrinkage
.| Loss on | in kil'ing,
Blood. | Feathers. chilling. | dressing,
Ration. and
chilling.
Per cent of final live weight.
B CLOTe PH CSIN Peeper nmieeaaa eae o cee eee ens che oaceceee 4.1 5.7 0.7 10. 50
| ja Beton 3.5 6.4 .6 10. 46
ATL erahleshnin pieeem te sete. secs teeta eecelnoe Brees 3.9 | 6.2 6 10. 67
(cae 3.9 6.3 7 10. 92
It will be seen from Table 7 that feeding stimulates feather growth,
a fact well known to the practical man. It is difficult to determine
exactly the amount of blood which the chicken loses, but the figures
presented may be taken as fair. While there is but little difference
between the slaughter losses of fleshed and ranger chickens, the
former probably lose a little more weight. Of the birds considered
in these experiments, those fed Ration C lost a little more weight
than their companions on Ration A or B.
Such being the case, a further analysis becomes necessary to
_ determine the relation of this loss to the ultimate weight of chicken
ready for the consumer. These figures, which are presented in
Table 8, indicate that the 0.25 per cent increase in dressing loss is
more than compensated for by the 3.77 per cent greater gain in total
weight remaining when Ration C is used. Table 8 shows also the
8 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
actual increase in weight remaining to the packer after dressing and
on which he must calculate the cost of feeding. For the Rations A,
B, and C this is —5.98, +16.50, and +20.27 per cent, respectively,
of the initial live weight. The size of the bird must also be con-
sidered when calculating the slaughter loss. The foregoing figures
are based on birds which showed a dressed weight between 2 and 3
pounds. Birds weighing over 3 pounds, dressed weight, have an
increased slaughter loss of from 1 to 2 per cent.
TaBLe 8.—Relation between gain in live weight and total shrinkage (young chickens) +
Ration | Ration | Ration
B. Cc.
Initialwiveweipht (pounds) A252 csere eto: a eee See eee eee Eee 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00
Wielpniramed py tleshine (Mounds) seta. 2 eee ee ae eee eee eer 5. 00 30. 41 35.01
Final live weight (pounds) - 2 105.00 | 130.41 | 135.01
Total shrinkage (per cent of final live w eight) 10. 46 10. 67 10.92
Weight lost in total shrinkage (pounds)...........-....--...-.-------- aE sks 10.98 13.91 14 74
Weight gained by fleshing, less total shrinkage (pounds).....-.....-...-..---- —5. 98 16. 50 20. 27
1 These calculations are based on the average gain in live weight (Table 3) and the average total shrinkage
(Table 7) obtained with each ration.
RELATION OF INITIAL WEIGHT TO FINAL GAIN.
The birds used in these experiments averaged 1.7 pounds when
they entered the feeding cages. The birds after fleshing weighed
on an average 2.2 pounds for Ration B and 2.3 pounds for Ration C.
Included in these averages, however, are initial live weights varying
from 0.875 pound to 2.5 pounds, and final live weights varying
from 1.2 pounds to 3 pounds. The best results were obtained with
birds having an initial live weight of 2 pounds or less. Birds over
2 pounds made profitable gains, but showed an irregularity which was
less apparent in the younger stock.
TaBLe 9.—Résumé of the change vn weight by individual broilers during fleshing for
14 days.
tation | Ration | Ration
A. B. C,
Percentage of broilers with gain of—
Less'than 10'per cent ofinitial live weights+-s--4 25-8 eoers coce cesses sees 34. 68 4.03 0.81
10 per cent or more of initial live weight. - . ---| 44.36 91. 93 95. 94
20 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight .
30 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight. . . ce 8.
AQ percent OL More OLinitial live welphtns = 2 eee ee eee cook ee eaeeeee beeen eee 29. 03 39. 84
50 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight - 9.68 22h
60 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight..........................-.-- : 2. 42 7.32
70 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight...........-. JAr eo BE Osu Cpa sas logatibccicn } 2. 44
Percentage of broilers with loss of—
Less than 10 per cent of initial live weight..................------------- 15. 32 2. 42 1.63
10 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight. ....... A 5.65 1.61 1.63
20 per cent or more ofinitiallive weight. . - A. OG" see Rea eee 8
30 per cent or more of initiallive weight - . . 3.23) lezecee es eee] see
40 per cent or more of initial live weight. . . 3.23" ||Rooseeeee |e sees ose
100 per cent of initial live weight (died)...-- 2 AQ Ee eee | py eens eee
Total number of broilers................- Bas te oe ee eee eee ee 124 124 123
Percentage paining. so O32 1 a ee econ eae en ceeee 79. 03 95.97 96.75
Percentage losing................ PEs ens 4 6 SSO eee a OneeS A 20.97 4. 03 3.25
INCREASE OF FLESH ON YOUNG CHICKENS, 9
Table 9 summarizes the variation in the gain of individual birds
on Rations A, B, and C. This summary brings out in striking
fashion the relative value of Ration C, and also shows the need of
a careful study of individual birds to determine those types which
lend themselves to fleshing. For example, the type of bird which
on Ration C gained over 60 per cent of its own weight would be vastly
more profitable to feed than the type which is limited to 10 or 20
per cent gains. It is encouraging to note, however, that 96.75 per
cent of the birds on Ration C gained weight, and 95.97 per cent
on Ration B, while only 79.03 per cent on Ration A showed gains.
COMPOSITION OF BROILING CHICKENS BEFORE AND AFTER FLESHING,.
If the rapid increase of flesh on chickens is to be of maximum ben-
efit it must include a gain to the consumer in both quality and
quantity of foodstuff, as well as additional profit to the feeder and
packer. It is very desirable, also, that some definite knowledge
be obtained concerning the relation between diet and flesh compo-
sition, that animal flesh, like fruits and vegetables, may have a
composition adjusted to the market requirements to which it is to
be subjected. The relation between the amount of edible and
inedible material in the carcass is also a matter of economic moment.
TaBLE 10.—Gross composition of young chickens, before and after fleshing.
Total edible portion and crude gizzard fat.
; |
ations Total edible portion. Gin Bones. | Offal. | Num-
zard | ber of
ae l fat Total. pings
; Edible : : | is-
Meat. | Skin. |vicerg,| Total. |(crude).| sected.1
|
Per cent of chilled weight.
Before fleshing ...... sie as 39. 0 7.4 7.3 53. 7 1.5 55. eth 27.1 78
: \(A.- 38. 6 8. 4 6.8 53. 8 3.8 57.6 17. 2 25.3 41
After fleshing....... Ki Bposee 39. 6 9.0 6.6 55. 2 3.9 59.1 16. 4 24.6 41
| Cryfons 40.3 8.2 6.6 55. 1 3.2 58.3 16.4 25.3 41
1The chickens were dissected in groups, each of which included from 3 to 6 birds.
Table 10 compares the gross composition of ranger chickens, just
as they come from the average farm, with similar chickens fed in
the feeding station for 14 days on Rations A, B, and C, respectively.
A study of the data recorded indicates that apparently a number of
changes in gross composition are due to feeding. For example, the
amount of meat has been increased from an average of 39.0 to 40.3
per cent, while the total edible portion has been raised from 53.7
to 55.1 per cent. The proportion of bone has been changed from
17.7 to 16.4 per cent, and the offal from 27.1 to 24.6 per cent in
Ration B and 25.3 per cent in Ration C. It is also of interest to ob-
10 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
serve that of the three rations C tends to lower the amount of fat depos-
ited in the body cavity, although it is higher than in the ranger birds.
TaBLE 11.—Chemical analysis of edible portion of young chickens, before and after
Sleshing.
Total edible portion exclud- . at
ing crude gizzard fat. Crude gizzard fat.
Ration. a
Water. Fat. | Protein. | Water. Fat.
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
Beloré Meshing soo ese eee eters woe e ees Pee 70. 93 8.51 19. 51 25. 48 68. 93
| Venere 65. 88 14. 68 18. 29 15. 33 82.18
PATTON ELOS TIN ste espe ee Lr hBooroe 65. 43 15. 73 18.17 16. 43 81. 08
| Ox 67. 34 13. 57 | 18. 26 19. 26 78. 27
The rapidly formed flesh is relatively richer in fat than the flesh
produced under more normal conditions. The protein content is
slightly lowered as compared with the ranger. It is quite possible
that this change in protein content is due as much to the lack of
exercise as to the diet, an assumption borne out by the fact that
the protein content is practically the same on all three rations.
The water content of the quickly produced flesh is lower than that
built up under the normal environment. Apparently the fat which
has been forced into the tissue has partly replaced the water of the
ranger bird. If we assume that the flesh of the chicken which
exercises and lives on the mixed diet of a farm bird has a normal
composition, Ration C, fed in captivity, results in a less abnormal flesh
than either Ration A or Ration B.
From the viewpoint of eating quality, both Ration B and Ration C
are highly desirable. The flesh of the birds fed Ration C is more
tender and the flavor is excellent. The removal of the feathers was
more difficult than in the case of the birds fed on Rations A and B.
This is invariably the case with soft meated as compared with ranger
birds and increases with the tenderness of the skin and flesh.
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE OF FLESHING BROILERS AT THE PACKING
HOUSE.
These results show that young chickens can be made to gain more
than one-third of their initial weight as ranging birds by confining
them in suitable quarters and feeding to them a suitable ration for a
period of two weeks. Considered on the basis of the individual small
broiler, or even on the basis of the young cockerels of the farm flock,
the resultant number of pounds of additional foodstuff is not great.
Considered, however, on the basis of the usual carload—which is the
commercial unit of dressed poultry—the figures assume a new sig-
nificance. Table 12 gives arésumé of the gains in weight, the dressing
losses, and the increase in foodstuff to the consumer on the 20,000-
pound carload of dressed poultry.
INCREASE OF FLESIL ON YOUNG CHICKENS. 11
TasiLE 12.—Gain in live and chilled weights, total edible portion, protein, and fat pro-
duced by fleshing 1 carload (chilled weight, 20,000 pounds) of farm (unfleshed) broilers
Jor 14 days.
Farm. |Ration A.)/Ration B.| Ration C.
Mnihialelivenvereht(pOUNdS))2. 22 eticcl cic oan c<ecle- leceeeeisecceste 22,346.4 |22,346.4 |22,346.4 |22,346.4
Gain in live weight by fleshing (per cent of initial live weight)... - 0 5.00 30.36 34.97
Hina livenwe1eiitn (OOUNdS) semecl= neice isos sre on soe ace ence embers 22,346.4 |23,463.7 |29,130.8 |30, 160.9
Gaimtinelivenwerehty(MpoundSs) i eseeccse occ sce cs oc cecemeree ions sees cece 1,117.3 | 6,784.4 7,814.5
Total shrinkage (killing, dressing, chilling) (per cent of final live
CTL Tt) eee ere EEE El ele coe ciobic elie ibiciic ovis nisin s alee e cle dlemie een ae 10.50 10.46 10.67 10.92
Chilledkwerciti(pounds) estes ceeneesee ee ccc cecns sue oneeee 20,000.0 |21,009.4 |26,022.5 (26, 867.3
Total edible portion (meat, skin, edible viscera) (per cent of ;
Chile diwel shih) a eee a eau Su8ojeidiciereie «see Serine ecienee Soe 53.8 55.2 55.1
Weight of total edible portion (pounds)................-.------- /10, 740.0 /11,303.1 |14,364.4 |14, 803.9
Protein (per cent of total edible portion).................-.:.--- 19.51 18.29 18.17 18.26
Hati(percentiof total edible portion) ..--.......:..-..-.--------- 8.51 14.68 15873 3-07
Weight of protein in total edible portion (pounds)..........-...- | 2,095.4 | 2,067.3 | 2,610.0 | 2,703.2
Weight of fat in total edible portion (pounds).-................--- 914.0 | 1,659.3 | 2,259.5 | 2,008.9
Crude gizzard fat (per cent of chilled weight)...................- 15 3.8 3.9 Bir
Weight of crude gizzard fat (pounds)-.-.............--....-...--- 300.0 798.4 | 1,014.9 859.8
Hoatmimichideyeizzabdtab (percent)... sc--2--.-s-<0-sscceeee ce enee 68.93 82.18 81.08 78.27
Hatrinmichudeeizzarduats(MOUNMS)e.c.5---2-ssss- sees sesseceee ee 206. 8 656.1 822.9 673.0
Gain on 1 carload by fleshing:
Chilledaweighit7(oOuUnGS)Bessas ese sc cae cocee seem me nsen ee eens | eeneem eres 1,009.4 | 6,022.5 | 6,867.3
PROT IEG Ib esportionk(MOUNGS) fs seece Seek eee -ecemecee cerca temeeeaees 563.1 | 3,624.4 | 4,063.9
iEroteimomtotalediblesportion) (pounds) = 25. \-sas--ceesinecce|oce saeee se —28.1 +514.6 +607.8
HatOtmiotaliedibles portion (pounds)! <2 s. 2 ete as nee se nenee se |etee enone 745.3 | 1,345.5 | 1,094.9
HAtOMmenudeeizzZarditat. (MOUNS) ss. cen cn en ccc ae meee nme enema tee 449.3 616.1 466.2
Total fat (in total edible portion and crude gizzard fat)
(poli dS) Bese h ass ence csceee secs Bowes ROeRE Sl ese ence 1,194.6 1,961.6 1,561.1
Total gained fat deposited in total edible portion (per cent)|.......... 62.39 68.59 70. 14
Crudeyizzarditatigained: (pounds). .: .<5-.accoese-eseees o|\ee sence ene 498.4 714.9 559.8
Table 12 shows that the gain in weight on one carload by fleshing
with Ration C amounts to about 6,867 pounds, or 845 pounds more
than was gained by Ration B. It is this gain in weight which makes
the properly managed feeding station profitable to the poultry
packer. The gain in edible meat of high quality amounts in round
numbers to 4,064 pounds with Ration C, and to 3,624 pounds with
Ration B, an important consideration to the consumer. This total
gain to the consumer is divided, in Ration C chickens, into 608 pounds
of protein and 1,561 pounds of fat, 1,095 pounds of the fat being
deposited in the muscle tissue and skin. It is also noteworthy thet
with Ration C, 70.14 per cent of the fat gained by fleshing is deposited
in the edible portion of the bird rather than in the body cavity, a gain
of nearly 2 per cent, as compared with Ration B.
SUMMARY.
Rations composed of corn meal and water (A), corn meal and
buttermilk (B), and corn meal, distillers’ grains and buttermilk (C)
have been fed to young chickens of less than 3 pounds in weight as
they came from the farm with the following results:
(1) Ration A, after a two weeks’ feeding period, gave a gain of 5
per cent of the initial weight.
Ration B, after a two weeks’ feeding period, gave a gain of 30.41
per cent of the initial weight.
Ration C, after a two weeks’ feeding period, gave a gain of 35.01
per cent of the initial weight.
12 BULLETIN 657, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(2) The amount of wet feed required to produce a gain of 1 pound
of flesh in 14 days was as follows:
Ration A, 43.91 pounds (grain, 19.54 pounds).
Ration B, 8.88 pounds (grain, 3.55 pounds).
Ration C, 7.91 pounds (grain, 3.16 pounds).
(3) The rate of gain with ration A was irregular. The rate of gain
with Ration B decreased slightly toward the end of the feeding
period. The gain with Ration C was practically uniform.
(4) The amount of feed required to produce 1 pound of flesh during
4, 8, 11, and 14 days, respectively, varied widely with Ration “A.
With Ration B there was a slight progressive increase in the amount
of food required per pound of gain as the feeding progressed, while
with Ration C the amount required for each period was practically
constant.
(5) The loss of weight due to the removal of blood and feathers and
the evaporation of moisture from the flesh while chilling 24 hours in
air at 32° F. amounts to nearly 11 per cent of the live weight. The
birds from the farm and the birds on Ration A lost about the same
weight, while birds on Rations B and C lost a little more. The actual
result in weight to the packer as compared with the farm weight
was for Ration A, —5.98 per cent, for Ration B, + 16.50, and for
Ration C, +20.27 per cent.
(6) The highest and cheapest gains were made by birds having an
initial weight of 2 pounds or less.
(7) By feeding Rations B or C the total edible portion of the birds
is increased from 53.7 to 55.2 per cent. Rations A and B tend to de-
posit more fat in the body cavity than does Ration C.
(8) If every 20,000-pound carload of broilers slaughtered as they
come from the farm should be fed for 2 weeks on Ration C, the gain
in weight to the packer would average 6,867 pounds. The gain in
edible meat would amount to 4,064 pounds, of which approximately
608 pounds are protein and 1,561 pounds are fat.
(9) Chicken flesh increased at the rate and under the conditions
indicated differs from that produced by the bird when unconfined,
chemically, physiologically, and in its eating quality. It is for food
purposes only; hence the deductions drawn on the basis of the
experiments reported must not be applied to birds intended for egg
production or for breeding stock, or to the feeding of birds ranging
on the farm.
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V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 658
Ve ‘
Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 12, 1918
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS.
By James R. Weta, Iorest Pathologist, and ERNEST E. Hupert, Scientific Assist-
ant, Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry,
Missouia, Mont.
CONTENTS. ©
Page. Page.
NtELOMU CEO Tee Se a 1 |\Pathologicaleamaps’222==s 022s e= 19
Object of forest disease surveys__-~ 2) [se Samara yc es ee 23
Disease-survey methods --_---~---_ 13
INTRODUCTION.
The National Forests are administered with the expectation of
their becoming self-supporting through the medium of returns from
such activities as timber sales, grazing, and special-use privileges.
Of these operations, that of the sale of timber is, in the National
Forests of the northwestern United States, unquestionably of the
greatest importance in respect to paying the expense of administer-
ing the forest. In district No. 1 in the year 1916 the total receipts
from timber sales equaled $439,880 and grazing $50,836. These figures
show the relation between the two incomes derived from the princi-
pal forest activities of this district. Some few of the forests have al-
ready attained a position of self-support. One forest in particular
is reported to have outdone all expectations and in so doing has aided
in the administration of forests whose incomes have been less than
their expenses. In such self-supporting forests it is always found
that a ready market and available timber supply have resulted in a
maximum of timber sales. It is, then, a foregone conclusion that
timber sales in the National Forests of the Northwest are the main-
stay of a self-supporting policy and that all data of value to timber-
‘sale operations are bound to be of value in their successful super-
‘vision. The data and recommendations included in this paper are
based on conditions prevalent in district No. 1 of the United States
Forest Service.
39732°—Bull. 658—18——1
2 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
OBJECT OF FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS.
Timber surveys have as their prime object the gathering of such
data upon proposed sales areas as will be of use in the appraisal and
administration of the sales, and it is this survey which makes the
sale possible. The collection of valuable data on the board-feet con-
= WGC PS
p fy yl \
t9 Wg ~\\
OSLLAKE ,\
Zab
Fic. 1.—Pathological map of sections 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, T. 2 N., R. 15 W.,
the Big Hole area, based upon the map of the timber survey of that area in
the Deerlodge National Forest, Mont., showing timbered areas infected with disease.
The rot percentages are indicated for heart-rot (Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.) and
butt-rot (Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.) only. Crosshatching indicates infection areas.
Other symbols on the map are part of the Forest Service map legend, such as Spr.
200, which indicates Engelmann spruce, 200-year age class; L. P. 60, 0.7 equals
lodgepole pine 60-year age class, density 0.7; Gr. equals grassland; Br. equals brush.
A, Pine rust (Cronartium coleosporioides (D. and H.) Arthur), gall and blister
forms, on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ; B, smelter-smoke injury, principally of
alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Douglas fir. (Pseudotsuga tavifolia) ; C, honeycomb
rot (Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.), principally on Engelmann spruce (Picea engel-
manni); D, porcupine injury—peeling of bark and girdling of lodgepole pine;
EB, cubical butt-rot (Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.) on lodgepole pine and white-bark
pine (Pinus albicaulis) ; Ff, mistletoe (Razoumofskya americana (Nutt.) Kuntze)
on lodgepole pine.
tents of the stand, cull percentages, forest types, age classes, topog-
raphy, and logging factors is followed by an accurate map portray-
ing the topography, types, density, age classes, and timber estimates.
A careful stumpage appraisal of the area based upon these available
data and upon the various economic and topographic factors forms
the final step before contracts are let.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 3
In most cases the appraisal of a timber-sale area is based somewhat
low in respect to the total feet board measure of sound material,
principally on account of the unknown amount of defect or rot to be
encountered and sometimes partially for other causes, foremost of
which is the desire to prevent overestimation.
In timber surveys the estimating of timber is performed by mem-
bers of the party who have been trained to estimate stands of varying
mixtures, age, and soundness and who are thoroughly capable of
Fic. 2.—Fruiting bodies of Trametes pini on lodgepole pine. Notice the swell-
ing of the trunk where the fruiting bodies are attached. (Photographed by
G. G. Hedgecock.)
judging the board-feet contents of trees within reasonable limits of
error. The addition to the party of an expert cruiser has been
made as a means of aiding the estimators in this work and checking
their results. The determination of the correct cull percentage ane
to rot is the aim of this arrangement in the crew.
In certain types and ages of stand the estimate may come close to
the true scale, but, again, too small a percentage is deducted for cull
due to rot, and consequently the estimate runs too high. A sale con-
tractor figuring possibly on a conservative margin and accepting the
rT
4 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
estimate at its face value may find upon cutting the stand that a great
deal more rot is encountered than was expected. This fact alone
could easily result in the logging operation turning out a loss instead
of a profit, especially if the logging chance is not a favorable one.
Such failures doubtless do not encourage the undertaking of further
contracts, and fewer timber sales are the result. This has its ultimate
effect upon the forest as a whole in an cconomic way.
Recent studies made of the rots occurring’ in forest trees have
given information concerning the amount of decay prevalent in dif-
ferent age classes and in different sites for a particular species of tree.
These studies have indicated that the decay in a tree or a stand
varies with such factors as age of stand, site, density, injuries, and
moisture relations. Such being the case, a disease survey of the sales
areas made either as a separate pathological survey or in conjunc-
vaEY OY
h) at iM
Fig. 3.—Typical rot of Trametes pini (honeycomb rot) in white ‘pine.
tion with the usual timber surveys would prove of immense value in a
closer estimate of the sound board-feet contents of the stands. A
disease survey 1n conjunction with the timber-survey work would no
doubt be the more feasible plan of the two, since it would require
no additional men for the crews and should not appreciably affect
the cost per acre. All that would be required in order to secure the
disease data in more accurate form is the training of one of
the members of each unit crew in the proper methods by which the
various pathological determinations are made. This would mean the
ability to judge more accurately the cull percentage due to rot and
the ability to recognize all the outward indications of decay as well
as the principal fungi attacking forest trees. Preferably, the esti-
mator should be the one selected to assume this duty, as it is his indi-
vidual work which determines the total estimate and the cull percent-
age of the stand.
1Meinecke, E. P. Forest pathology in forest regulation. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 275,
62 p. 1916.
FOREST DISEASKR SURVEYS. 5
The topographer, while sketching in the type lines and indicating
the age class divisions, can at the same time indicate the boundaries
Fic. 4.—Typical rot of the Indian-paint fungus on Abies grandis. Note the spines on
the fruiting body of the fungus. (Photographed by G. G. Hedgecock.)
of the heavier disease infections and also pencil in the cull percent-
ages. In this way a pathological map? can be secured for the area
1 Weir, J. R. Some suggestions on the control of mistletoe in the National Forests of
the Northwest. Jn Forestry Quart., v. 14, no. 4, p. 567-577. 1916.
6 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
surveyed, and along with careful notes of the estimator upon the
diseased areas and upon data secured by means of a few small sample
Fic. 6.—Typical rot of the velvet-top fungus in the end of a
white-pine log. Note the cubical character of the rot.
plats a very close
estimate of the cull
percentage to be ex-
pected can be had.
Checks can be made
upon the estimator’s
work by the expert
cruiser. Members
of the Office of In-
vestigations in For-
est Pathology can
render excellent
service by aiding
each unit crew in .
the field in becom-
ing familiar with
the various diseases
and their causes.
If properly ad-
justed, this work
would cause no va-
riations in the amount of line run per day by the unit crews. The junior
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. i
writer has tested and proved this assertion in practice while employed
by the Forest Service on the Big Hole timber survey made in 1914
in the Deerlodge Na-
tional Forest of
Montana. From the
data thus collected
pathological maps
were made, giving
in colors the areas
of the stand in-
fected, respectively,
with the pine rust
(Cronartium coleo-
sporioides (D. and
H.) Arthur), both
gall and blister
forms, mistletoe -
Fic. 7.—Fomes pinicola, the red-belt Fomes growing on
(Razoumofskya grand fir.
americana (Nutt.)
Kuntze), heart-rots (Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr. and Polyporus
schweinitei Fr.), and various other diseases (fig. 1). Careful notes
Fic. 8.—Typical rot of the red-belt Fomes in grand fir; cross and tangential sections.
Note the strands of white felty masses (mycelium) throughout the rotted areas.
were taken as to the percentage of infection in each case, and a closer
estimate of the amount of cull was made possible. In one particular
8 BULLETIN 658, U.’S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
case an estimator wished to give a full estimate of a stand of white-
bark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) growing upon a flat ridge. The
trees of this stand upon closer examination were found to be almost
universally heart-rotted with Polyporus schweinitzii for a distance of
5 to 12 feet up from the base. The trees were fairly large and if
sound would have made excellent stull material, the chief product
in the Big Hole Basin region of Montana. Giving a full estimate to
these trees would have meant a serious overestimation of the stand,
since it was finally estimated that about 40 to 50 per cent by volume
was cull due to the heart-rot. Fruiting bodies of the causal fungus
almost hidden in the dé-
bris at the base of the
trees gave the determin-
ing clue, and soundings
upon the trunk followed
by notching completed the
determination.
There has always been
a serious need for some
method by which a fairly
accurate estimate can be
made of the rate of decay
of a stand of timber.
Good results as to the
probable cull percentage
to be expected from rot
upon a certain stand have
been secured by expert and
experienced cruisers and
appraisers. ‘Timber sur-
veys have in most cases
placed the estimates of
Fic. 9.—Polyporus sulphureus, sulphur fungus, at sound timber within a rea-
base of larch. sonable limit of error; but
evidently no attempt has ever been made to secure a more accurate
result in respect to the cull in a stand due to rot other than those
results secured by ocular estimates. Occasionally in the administra-
tion of National Forests the question arises concerning the probable
rate of increase in rot per annum in a certain stand of timber. The
resultant decision as to the time of disposal of the timber hanging
in the balance depends upon the amount of accurate knowledge and
the data at hand regarding the decay in the trees. If proper and
sufficient data are secured, these will furnish the total volume and
the total volume of rot for the stand in question. With these as a
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 9
basis and figuring in all the economic and silvicultural factors con-
cerned, a cutting age can be computed, aimed to secure the greatest
amount of sound material at a minimum of cost. No definite rule
can be given as to the value of the ratio between the total volume and
the volume of rot required in determining the cutting age. Too
many factors are concerned even to generalize, and each stand must
be judged according to the conditions present at the time it is under
consideration. But it is unquestionably true that data giving the
relation between the sound and the decay increment in a stand, as
well as giving an approximation of the rate of increase in decay to
be expected, will aid :
greatly in solving the
question of the proper
cutting age for that
stand.
Forest management
of this kind can be
practiced to a profitable
end provided intensive
methods are employed
in making a_ special
disease survey of the
area in question. Sure-
ly this would be a step
toward more intensive
and more economic for-
est management and
would aid in solving
many of the perplexing
problems hinging upon
the decay in timber.
The cost of such a sur- |4a i
vey would not be pro- Bla
hibitive by any means, ‘Fic. 10.—Typical rot of the sulphur fungus in larch.
even in case the stand
were composed of more than one age class, since sample plats of
small dimensions could be successfully used in securing the necessary
data upon the decay. To supplement these and aid in the diagnosis
of the stand, such available data previously secured for similar tree
species, age classes, sites, etc., could be used te advantage.
Aside from the advantage secured in arriving at a more accurate
rot percentage for a stand, a disease survey accompanied by a patho-
logical map would be extremely useful after the sales are closed, the
brush burned, and preparations made for the reforestation of the
cut-over area. Looking into the future is the forester’s basic prin-
39732°—18—Bull. 658
2
10 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ciple, and whenever forestation of an area either by natural or arti-
ficial reproduction is contemplated it would be extremely unwise to
overlook the risks to the young growth incurred by possible disease.
A pathological map would serve to give the previous location of dis-
sased trees, as well as the location of diseased uncut areas surround-
ing the sale area and the localities and sites where diseases seem most.
prevalent, and would also serve to indicate whether the seed trees
left, if any, were of a group which was heavily diseased or not. Dis-
eased trees of any kind left as seed trees or otherwise on or surround-
ing a cut-over area always act as distributing points of disease to the
young growth ocecupy-
ing the near-by areas.
For this reason atten-
tion has recently been
centered upon the in-
troduction and _ strict
enforcement of sanita-
tion clauses in all tim-
ber-sale operations.?
These clauses include
the removal by burn-
ing of all heavily in-
fected standing trees
and all cull material
left on the area and
strongly advise the use
of healthy trees as seed
trees instead of dis-
eased ones,
For the same reason
as given above for the
protection of young
growth in cut-over
areas, a disease survey
is even more necessary
Fic. 11.—Fomes officinalis, chalk fungus, on western larch.
upon proposed nursery sites, present nursery sites, and all plantation
sites. Wherever young trees are grown in close proximity to heavily
diseased native trees or alternate hosts of forest-tree rusts there
1 Meinecke, EB. P. Forest-tree diseases common in California and Nevada. VU. 8S. For-
est Service Manual, p. 62. Washington, D. C. 1914.
Weir, J. R. Some factors governing the trend and practice of forest sanitation. Jn
Forestry Quart., v. 13, no. 4, p. 489. 1915.
Meinecke, I. P. Forest pathology in forest regulation. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 275,
G2 p. 1916.
Weir, J. R. Larch mistletoe: Some economic considerations of its injurious effects.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 317, p. 24. 1916.
Weir, J. R. Mistletoe injury to conifers in the Northwest. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 360,
p. 33-37. 1916.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. lat
‘always remains a great danger of infection spreading to the young
stock, with consequent loss. This has been shown in several recent
cases where forest nurseries were located in close proximity to dis-
eased trees and alternate hosts. At the forest nursery at Haugan,
Fic. 12.—fomes officinalis, chalk fungus, showing typical rot in lodgepole pine. Note the
white mycelium in the cracks. (Photographed by G. G. Hedgecock.)
Mont., yellow-pine seedlings became seriously infected with Cronar-
tium coleosporioides (Peridermium filamentosum Pk.). The disease
was transmitted by means of the alternate form of the rust occurring
on the Indian paintbrush (Castilleja miniata Dougl.), which was
found growing at the very edge of the nursery beds.t. A survey of
1 Weir, J. R., and Hubert, E. E. A serious disease in forest nurseries caused by Peri-
dermium filamentosum. Jn Jour. Agr. Research, v. 5, no. 17, p. 781-785. 1916.
12 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the site, made at the time the nursery was contemplated, would no
doubt have resulted in the discovery of the same rust upon the near-
by lodgepole pines as well as upon the Indian paintbrush plants, and
future losses would have been prevented. The infection with a
needle fungus? of Douglas fir seedings at the Boulder nursery, Boul-
der, Mont., and the occurrence of a mistletoe upon the seedlings *
were due to these diseases being extremely prevalent upon the sur-
rounding native trees of this species. The young and crowded seed-
lings became ready hosts for the fungus, and considerable damage
resulted.
Fic. 138.—Poria weirii, brown-cedar poria. Truiting surface.
In the State nursery at Roscommon, Mich.,’ a similar proximity
of native infected trees and susceptible nursery stock resulted in a
serious epidemic.
No less care should be taken with proposed plantation sites upon
burned-over or cut-over areas. A disease survey should be made
1Weir, J. R. <A needle blight of the Douglas fir. Jn Jour. Agr. Research, vy. 10, no. 2,
p. 99-103, 3 figs. 1917.
2Weir, J. R. Mistletoe injury to conifers in the Northwest. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul.
360, p. 35. 1916.
*KauSmen, C. U., and Mains, E. B. An epidemic of Cronartium comptoniae at the
Roscommon State Nurseries. In 17th Ann. Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1915, p. 188-189. 1916.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 13
upon all such areas in which the newly transplanted seedlings are
subject to infection by fungi or mistletoe. Many of the plantatien
sites of this region are located upon burned-over areas, and the
majority of these are so badly fire swept that very little has been
left in the form of coniferous hosts for forest-tree diseases. How-
ever, to review the succession of plant life on a burned-over area,
after a fire which has been sufficiently intense to destroy every vestige
of humus and Litter, is to find that the alternative hosts of some viru-
Vic. 14.—Typical rot of brown-cedar poria in butt and roots of cedar. Note
the laminations of the rot and (on the left) the fruiting of the fungus.
lent needle or twig diseases have invariably appeared. In many cases
the new plant succession carries with it alternate host plants of im-
pertant forest-tree rusts which soon bear their parasitic fungi, and
some of these are found to menace the young tree growth upon the
area. A disease survey of such a site is very necessary, especially
if the site is to be used as a plantation area for susceptible seedlings.
DISEASE-SURVEY METHODS.
The most practicable methods only are to be applied by unit
crews in gathering forest-disease data. These methcds should be ap-
plied with a reasonable knowledge of the principal destructive disease
14 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
agencies, such as fungi, mistletoes, smoke, frost, wind, and snow
injury, their outward recognition, and their possible and actual dam-
age to the trees. Sample plats of small dimensions can often be
resorted to in order to ascertain the extent of a heart-rot in a certain
age class. Borings can be made with an increment borer on a few
sample trees and thus the kind of rot and in the case of butt rots
the extent of decay can be determined. Soundings on the trunk,
the presence of sporophores, the number of dead branches or in-
I'ic. 15.—Fomes annosus, root Fomes. Typical fruiting bodies.
juries, and the presence of the unmistakable swells and pitch flows
occurring at old branch whorls all aid in the determination of the
presence and extent of decay within a tree. The amount of decay
bears a certain relation to the age of a stand, becoming greater as
the stand grows older.
Owing to this fact, a table similar to the cull table given on page
25 of the Reconnaissance Manual of District 1, United States Forest
Service, but giving the rot percentage only for a range of age classes
for each tree species would prove of value in judging the decay in
the stand. Such a table would give a range in rot percentages to be
FOREST DISHASE SURVEYS. 15
found in a certain age class, a certain site (slope and bottom) for a
given tree species for
a given kind of rot,
and would be com-
piled from intensive
field studies made
upon felled trees. It
would properly be
termed a “table of
rot percentages ” and
would be used by
the estimator of each »
unit erew to deter-
mine the rot percent-
ages for each type of
forest encountered.
Further deductions
for other defects
could then be esti- iyi
mated and: the total METRIC | SYSTEM 2
cull percentage a Fig. 16. ony pial rot of the root a — fir. Note
cured by the addition the black dots in the white areas.
of the rot percent-
age. In conjunction
therewith, another
table giving (1) the
class of defect, (2)
common name of the
defect, (3) the fun-
gus causing wits, (BD)
the various tree spe-
cies affected, (5) the
general external and
internal characteris-
tics of the defects,
and (6) the average
xxtent of the rots
and the general form
of the rot within the
tree would be of
ereat service to the
estimator. Such a Fic. 17—Pholiota adiposa, the scaly Pholiota. (After
Freeman.)
HG Rais
table prepared from
field data secured during the past eee seasons is here submitted.
(Table I; figs. 2 to 28.)
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DE
Ss.
ry
} .
IN 658,
.
4.
BULLE
16
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FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS.
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18 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
It is readily seen that Table I will aid greatly in determining the
rot in the tree by means of external characters, and after the class of
defect and-the cause have been determined by its use it will be com-
paratively easy to select the proper rot column in the table of rot
percentages for any one tree species. In this manner the two tables
can be used conjunctively in securing a more accurate rot percentage
for the stand.‘ Until it is possible to obtain accurate data from a
large number of trees of all the species composing the prevalent
forest types of this
region, no table of
rot percentages will
be presented.
Since the type
lines are sketched on
the topographic map
on the basis of age
class, it will be
found advantageous
to study and record
the rot data upon
such a basis. This
will make it easier
to produce patholog-
ical.-maps of the
area by using white
prints from the type-
: wo 4 Y, 4 “< * _| sheet tracings of the
(gee a uw alae timber survey maps.
(METRIC !'SYSTEM © oe! | «=6oIn a unit crew
Tic. 18.—Typical rot of the scaly Pholiota in grand fir. consisung of Je
Note the horizontal streaks formed by the yellowish felty Men (an estimator
PANE: | and a topographer),
the estimator can be trained to determine the cause of the dis-
ease and the amount and therefore the rot percentage, recording
such data accurately for the strip which is being surveyed. Since
the estimate sheets have blank spaces for the recording of all disease
and other injuries suffered by the stand, as well as for the estimated
loss in cull due to each, the only change that a more intensive disease
survey will incur will be the additional work done by the topog-
rapher. He will be required to indicate upon his map the boundaries
1Weir, J. R. Difficult problem of the control of fungus diseases in the forest. In
Timberman, y. 14, no. 9, p. 27-29, illus. 1913.
Weir, J. R. Some problems in conservation with reference to forest hygiene. Jn Tim-
berman, y. 14, no. 11, p. 28-31, illus. 1913.
Meinecke, E. P. Forest tree diseases common in California and Nevada. Washington,
D. C. 1914. These publications may be found useful in the determination of various
kinds of defects.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 19
of the various infections and to show therein the estimated cull due
to each. This information can easily be secured by coobservation
with the estimator, who can supply the actual figures for the rot
percentages and aid in determining the boundary lines of infec-
tion. This will produce sufficient reliable data upon which to base
valuable pathological maps, which can be compiled either with col-
ored areas to indicate the diseases and inclosed figures indicating the
rot percentages or can be drawn in black and white, using lines dif-
}
et
ai
PSE E Rist
| :
=
ed
Lge
2}
>
ig}
oe
oc
te
uw
=
eeeene
Fig. 19.—Razoumofskya campylopoda, mistletoe, on yellow pine.
fering from type lines to indicate the boundaries of the infected
_areas and placing the rot percentages in figures within this area.
PATHOLOGICAL MAPS.
Maps indicating the distribution of diseases in forest areas have
not been used to any great extent. In German literature, articles
are to be found dealing with plant diseases which have such maps
illustrating the distribution of the disease. Very few contain maps
dealing with the distribution of forest-tree diseases and none at
all dealing strictly with the distribution of fungous infection in
forests.
In this country considerable use has been made of disease-distribu-
tion maps by the various workers along the line of plant and forest
20 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
pathology. This is noticeable in the work done in the study of the
chestnut-blight fungus? and in the study of two of our important
forest-tree rusts.2 These are all maps of the plain black-and-white
type, showing by means of symbols the localities where infection
was reported and thus indicating the distribution of the disease.
The earliest colored maps used in forest-disease investigations are
found in German literature and deal mainly with the distribution of
zones of timber damaged by smelter fumes.
Fic. 20.—Mistletoe burl affecting one side of larch’ log. Size of burl, 33 feet long by
3 inches in diameter. The cull equaled 25 feet board measure.
Colored maps giving the distribution of smelter-smoke damage
were published in a book on smoke damage to vegetation by
1Rankin, W. H. Field studies on the Endothia canker of chestnut in New York State.
Phytopathology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 237. 1914.
2 Spaulding, Perley. The blister rust of white pine. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.
Bul. 206, 88 p., 2 pl. (1 colored). 1911. Bibliography, p. 61-78. Map showing
distribution of blister rust in Europe, p. 14.
Hedgecock, G. G., and Long, W. H. A disease of pines caused by Cronartium pyri-
forme. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 247, 20 p. 1915. Literature cited, p. 20. Map showing
distribution of Cronartium pyriforme, p. 8.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. 21,
Schroeder and Reuss in 1883.' Other works by Schroeder and
Schertel in 1884? and Borggreve in 1893* also give maps in connec-
tion with studies of smoke, the latter maps being uncolored. No
references were found which contained colored maps of the dis-
tribution of forest-tree diseases.
In the making of timber-survey maps, type boundaries are indi-
cated by continuous dotted lines inclosing within the areas so
formed the figures
indicating type
mixture, density,
and age class, the
age class also being
separated by dotted
lines. Very often
these areas are col-
ored by the use of
wash inks or cray-
ons, so as to make
a greater distinc-
tion between them.
A number of stand-
ard colors are used
and are applied
upon white prints,
which are found to
give the best re-
sults. A similar
method is proposed
for use in :making
pathological -miips,
the only variation
being the addition
to the type-sheet
maps of boundary
lines indicating the Vie. 21.—Cronartium coleosporioides, pine rust, gall form,
infected areas and on young lodgepole pine. The two galls on the main stem
. are fruiting. Note the small white cups scattered over the
a special set of col- surface of these two galls.
ors indicating va-
rious diseases. In the pathological maps only those colors denoting
the various infections should be used, leaving the type areas uncolored.
1 Schroeder, Julius. von, and Reuss, Carl. Die Beschidigung der. Vegetation durch
Rauch und.die Oberharzer Hiittenrauchschiiden. 3383 p., 2 maps (colored). Berlin, 1883.
2Schroeder, Julius von, and Schertel, A. Die Rauchschiiden in den Wiildern der
umgebungder physikalischen Hiittenwerke bei Freiberg. Separat-Abdruck Jahrb. Berg. w.
Hiittenw. Kénigr. Sachsen, 1884, p. 93-120, map (colored). 1884.
? Borggreve, B. Rauchbeschiidigung in*dem yon Tiele Winkler’schen Forstreviere
Myslowitz-Kattowitz. 286 p., 2 maps. 15898.
22 BULLETIN 658, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The maps will be found valuable not only as an interpretation of
the data taken in intensive disease surveys in connection with timber
surveys but in the appraisal, marking, and general administration of
the sale area. With regard to appraisal the map will indicate the
location of seriously infected areas and also the rot percentages.
With respect to marking, the map will show the exact area of the
Fic. 22. — Cronartium Fic. 23—Oronartium coleosporioides, pine rust, blister
coleosporioides, pine form, an old infection, on the main trunk of lodge-
rust, blister form, pole pine, known locally as ‘‘hip canker” or “‘ cat-
on 2-year-old _ seed- face.”
lings of yellow pine.
most seriously infected trees and aid in the exclusion of infected
trees for seed trees. From the standpoint of general administration,
the maps will show the location of sites and age classes upon which
heavier marking must be employed in order to conform with the most
effective sanitation clauses.
With regard to reforestation by artificial or natural means, these
maps will show the proximity of infected stands and whether or not
the site has been or apparently is favorable to excessive disease.
FOREST DISEASE SURVEYS. Dies
SUMMARY.
Forest disease surveys when carried out in conjunction with tim-
ber-survey projects will furnish data of economic value in conducting
future sales of the areas in question.
Pathological maps indicating the principal infection areas can be
compiled from the data secured by these forest disease surveys.
These maps will be found of practical value in the appraisal, mark-
ing, and general administration of the sale area. They will prove of
practical use in both artificial and natural reforestation and will also
prove useful in indicating the general distribution of forest-tree
diseases in our National Forests.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1918
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 659
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D.C. Vv June 17, 1918
A FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON
FARMS OF ELLIS COUNTY, TEX.
By Rex E. WILiArp, Agriculturist.
CONTENTS.
Page. | Page.
Definitions and explanation of terms....-..-- 2 | Size of business... --.-- $e goge Sewer Ge oe lo snes 25
NED, SULA RCG IRS CC 3 SEE See eee ae ae 4 | Quallitygoitanmin esse. 2 ose eeseee sees. 31
RGIS oS SON Se ges saab SSeS See 14 .|' Hammkorgamizatione=.2. <6. ses e nese eee 39
PypeOrigrme hehe LO ee eec cases sees 23 | Cost of production.........-. 2 Saat eee 46
This bulletin is based on data obtained in a survey of the business
of 120 farms in Ellis County, Tex., in 1914.1. In this survey the fol-
lowing factors were taken into consideration: Value of farm prop-
erty; proportion of capital invested in land, buildings, implements,
and machinery; feed inventories and cash for operating expenses;
labor requirements for all crops, and amount of time available for
farm work; receipts from various sources; expenses of all kinds, and
miscellaneous minor factors influencing profits.
It must be understood that the records and observations concern-
‘ing cotton farming in this publication apply to normal conditions
before the European war. Due allowance must therefore be made
concerning exceptional prices, conditions, end demands relating to
agriculture at this time. The business hazard of a system of farm-
ing which depends almost wholly upon a single crop for income has
been exhibited in seasons of large cottom crops as in 1911 and notably
in 1914, with accompanying decline in price to the cost of produc-
tion or below it, and comparatively low yields of other necessary
1 Acknowledgment is due Messrs. C. E. Hoke, C. L. Goodrich, A. G. Smith, A. D. McNair,
M. A. Crosby, F. D. Stevens, and E. A. Boeger, of the Office of Farm Management, and Mr.
“Walton Peteet, of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, who assisted in collect-
ing the data presented in this bulletin. Mr. H. H. Bennett, of the U. S. Bureau of Soils,
assisted materially in the location of the soils (fig. 2) to which the conclusions of this
survey are applicable. “
2 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
crops which the farmer was compelled to buy at high prices. Be-
sides, a system of one-crop farming as herein described exhausts
soil fertility, and in the case of cotton it provides no means for
employment of the farmer’s time during a considerable part of the
year. Incidentally, dependence upon cotton as a sole source of in-
come with which to purchase the ordinary family and farm needs
often results in denying the family a suflicient variety of wholesome
food. During a considerable period of good prices for cotton this
system is profitable if one considers prolit to consist only of the
returns from the year’s operations; but during another period, with
low prices prevailing, such a system would be disastrous. This
survey, therefore, is to be taken as an analysis of the kind of farm
described and as pointing the way to the best results under that
system. It is not to be taken as an indorsement of the system, which
has many evils, as appears incidentally throughout the bulletin, and
as will be more apparent if the system is extended through a long
period.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS
Owner operator—This system of tenure is one in which the farm
property is owned by the operator or manager of the farm. He
lives on the farm, and in Ellis County generally does a considerable
amount of manual labor.
Owner with cropper.—This system is similar to the owner opera-
tor, except that croppers, who receive half the crop which they pro-
duce, are utilized in place of hired or wage iabor.
Owner additional—This system is one in which the owner oper-
ator rents some additional land, either for cash or share rent, and
operates this additional land with the owned land as a unit.
Owner additional with cropper—A few farms of the owner addi-
tional system were found on which cropper labor was utilized on a
part or all the owned land. These farms are limited in number.
Share rent.—This system is one under which all the land is share-
rented by the operator, who pays the landlord a stipulated propor-
tion of all crops produced. The landlord’s customary share is one-
fourth of the cotton and one-third of all other crops.
Share-cash rent.—This system is similar to the share rent, except
that a part or all the land on which crops other than cotton are
raised is paid for in cash rent. AJl land rented for cotton is on
shares.
Independent cropper.—This system is either a system of labor or
tenure, according to the viewpoint. In all systems where croppers
are utilized the owners furnish the land, a tenant house, and generally
a garden patch for the use of the cropper and his family, The land-
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 3
lord or operator also furnishes the teams and equipment necessary
for the cultivation of the cropper’s crops and pays for the ginning
of one-half the cotton. In the case of the independent cropper the
latter is the manager or operator of the whole farm. In other cases
the cropper occupies only a portion of the farm and is supervised to
a greater or lesser extent by the owner operator.
Owner, part rented out—Several farms were found in the survey
in which a part of the land owned by the operators was rented out.
Such farms are classified as “owner, part rented out,” but for the
purpose of this survey this land that was rented out was entirely
eliminated from the business of the owners.
Available days—Records were obtained from 28 farms, showing
the number of days, by months, that 1t was possible to do field work.
These records were averaged, from which it was found that 211 days
per year could be utilized for field labor.
__ Wage labor—This term is used to designate the hired or paid
_labor per farm as distinct from the labor performed by the operator
himself, or that of his family, or labor performed by croppers. The
term “ owner-wage” indicates that a farm is operated by its owner
with wage labor and without cropper labor.
Man-labor cost—This cost is composed of four component parts,
namely, cost of hired or paid labor, value of family labor, whether
actually paid for or not, value of the operator’s own labor, and value
of rations bought for or furnished to laborers.
Diversity index—In order to ascertain to what degree diversifica-
tion of enterprise is justified by local experience, it is desirable to
have a defmite means of measuring the degree of diversification on a
farm. Such a measure may be determined as follows: First, find
the sum of the magnitudes of all the farm enterprises (cost of pro-
duction was used as representing magnitude), divide the magnitude
of each enterprise by the sum above mentioned, square each of the
quotients, and divide unity by the sum of these squares. The result
is the diversity index.
Animal unit—An animal unit is a mature horse or cow or as many
smaller animals as required the equivalent in feed of a horse or cow,
namely, 2 head of young cattle or colts, 5 hogs, 10 pigs, 7 sheep, or
100 hens.
Farm income.—The farm income is the difference between the total
receipts and total expenses of the farm, not including interest on
investment and value of operator’s labor.
Income above rent.—This income is the amount that the operator
actually receives for his labor after deducting the rent of the land
and interest on his working capital, this interest being computed on
the basis of the current rate of interest on vendor’s lien notes, which is
4 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
8 per cent. This income is a measure of efficiency of farming. In
general it varies with the size of the farm.
Percentage returns on the investment.—This term is used to desig-
nate the percentage income that the invested capital makes after de-
ducting all expenses. It is determined as follows: The estimated
value of the operator’s labor is deducted from the farm income and
this result is divided by the amount of the capital invested. It was
found that on account of the wide variation in price of land between
farms of approximately the same value it was necessary to equalize
the land values in determining a measure of efficiency which elimi-
nates size of business. Since the variation in price of land has
scarcely any relation to the efficiency of farm operation, an average
land value of $139 per acre was assumed for the purpose of deter-
mining the per cent return on the investment where this measure
is used as a standard of efficiency.
AREA SURVEYED. =
Ellis County is located in the northeastern part of Texas near the
line between what are locally known as Central and North Texas
(fig. 1). Waxahachie, the county seat, is approximately 30 miles
south of Dallas. The area surveyed extends from north to south
through the center of the county and also east from the center
toward Ennis.
This area was chosen for several reasons: It was possible to find
a large number of farms on the same soil type, i. e., the Houston
black clay (fig. 2), thus making it possible to compare farms of
sunilar practice, which is not possible on soils of widely different
character; a comparison of census data for the pricipal “ black-
land” counties shows this to be one of the leading cotton-producing
sections of the State; it is one of the oldest agricultural sections
of the State, so that quite definite systems of farming have been
established in local practice; and, finally, the farms of all of practi-
cally the same type. Since these conditions exist, the comparative
study of farm organization, costs, efficiency, etc., is made possible.
TOPOGRAPHY.
The general surface of Ellis County is undulating to rolling, being
cut by numerous small streams. The area occupied by the Houston
black clay soil is generally more level than other parts of the county.
The elevation varies from about 450 feet to 750 feet above sea level,
Waxahachie being 551 feet.
Practically all of the drainage of the country is toward the south
or southeast, through small streams to the Trinity River. Small
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 5
streams of the central and western portions come together toward the
southern part of the county and join the Trinity south of Ellis
County.
————
| |
(Victoria)
WLEB
wa MIXED BLACK (Houston)
5} ”
4
Ire. 1.—Map showing location of black lands of Texas,
precipitation.
with lines of equal
Most farms of the country are fairly well drained, but there are
local areas both on the upland and along the streams that are not.
Many areas along the streams, particularly near the Trinity River,
are subject to overflow during high water.
6 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SOILS.
The 13 soil types found in Ellis County vary from fine sand to
stiff clay. Most of these soils are derived from marls and chalky
limestones. The geological formations known as the Taylor Marl
and Austin Chalk are the sources from which the Houston black
clay is derived. The farms studied in this analysis are practically
all located on this soil type (see map, fig. 2), and consequently a
somewhat detailed description of this type is given.
The Houston black clay occupies more than one-third of Ellis
County. The surface soil, to a depth of 10 inches, is very heavy,
ao ae a WEE
ie
pC D Go
MOUNTAIN PEAK
LESSER :
SW
“es
WG
YU.
Wy
Vs
SEE CREEK
SOIL MAP
FROM
U.S. BUREAU OF SOILS
re vecy 2S
sale
Houston black clay “Black land.”
(CO /250// types other than “Black land.~
@ Locetion of farms*where records were taken.
Fic. 2.—Map of Bllis County, showing soils and location of farms studied.
tenacious black clay. The subsoil has practically the same charac-
teristics as the soil, although it is a little-lighter in color, owing to
a smaller percentage of organic matter.
The type is locally known as “black land.” When dry and well
cultivated it is very friable and easily worked. When plowed too
wet it forms clods, but after they have been exposed to the weather
for some time they break down to a certain degree and the soil can
be put into good mechanical condition again by means of a light
harrow. If not tilled the soil cracks badly in dry weather; some-
times the cracks are several inches wide and several feet in depth.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY. .OF COTTON FARMS. q
In wet weather, and especially during the winter months, this clay
sticks to the wagon wheels in large quantities and it is frequently
seen along the roads in piles where it has been removed.’
The Houston black clay is well adapted to the growth of cotton,
corn, grain, and various legumes. Alfalfa does very well on the
more level areas. Various other feed crops yield well when
climatic conditions are favorable.
Another and closely related group of soils found in the southern
part of Texas (see map, fig. 1) is known as the Victoria series.’
These soils are more nearly level than the Houston series, but have
the same general properties. Where climatic conditions are similar
the same crop adaptations are found. Both series contain a high per-
centage of lime.
An area lying between the “ black land” of the Houston series and
the Victoria series (see map, fig. 1) contains considerable bodies of
heavy black soi] between areas of sandy and other light-textured
soils. These areas of heavy land may belong to either the Houston
or Victoria group. .
CLIMATE.
Ellis County has a mild climate. The summers are rather long and
hot. In winter the temperature is mild, except during the “ northers,”
which occur at irregular intervals. The “northers” are a continu-
ation of the blizzards of the Great Plains region of the United States
and cause very sudden drops in temperature to points considerably
below freezing. __
The growing season is about eight months in duration, the average
date of the last killing frost in the spring being March 21 and the
first in the fall being November 10, according to the records of the
U.S. Weather Bureau station at Waxahachie. The same authority
reports the average annual rainfall as 35.44 inches. The greatest
amount of rainfall occurs during May and June, being on the aver-
age 5.35 and 3.67 inches, respectively, for these months. Crops in
this region suffer to about the same extent from excess rainfall as
from drought. Lines of equal rainfall, showing the decrease in
annual precipitation from east to west, may be seen on the map.
(See fig. 2.)
1“A phase of the type known as ‘Elm Thicket’ land generally occupies level or
gently sloping area paralleling the stream courses. It was originally covered by a
dense timber growth, the greater percentage being elm. Though a few of these areas
have never been cleared, the greater part has been cleared long enough to be free from
stumps. This phase is considered a little more productive than the main body of the
type. The soil is deep and very rich in organic matter.’’—Soil survey of Ellis County,
Tex. Wield Operations of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1910.
‘2 Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bul. 96, p. 251.
8 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETS.
There are five steam railroads in Ellis County. (See fig. 1.)
These lines extend generally north and south through the county;
one crosses in a northwest-southeasterly direction and one extends
east from Ennis. An electric interburban line connecting Waco,
McLennon County, and Dallas, crosses the county in a general north
and south direction, passing through Redoak, Waxahachie, Forres-
ton, Italy, and Milford. This trolley line does little local business
except the carrying of passengers.
The county is well covered with “pike” roads which connect
all the principal towns as well as inland points, thus affording
easy operation of farm wagons in hauling cotton. Many crossroads
are not yet graveled, but these are gradually being improved. The
ungraveled roads are practically impassable during wet seasons, so
that the “ pikes” are a considerable asset to the farmers. These im-
provements have been brought about by means of the sale of bonds
issued for the purpose. About 20 per cent of the farm operators
of the region operate automobiles, which is due quite largely to the
fact that good roads are available for their use.
More than half the farms studied in this survey are less than 3}
miles from a market point where cotton gins are located. Practically
all the farms of the county are less than 5 miles from a market point.
Since cotton is a fairly concentrated product and is the chief source
of income, this distance of farms from market has comparatively
little influence on the price of farm land. |
Cotton is usually sold to buyers shortly after it is ginned. The
bales are sampled and prices are then quoted based on the market
price at Galveston and New Orleans.
The local market for products other than cotton is limited, yet
other crops show a higher margin of profit between cost and value,
and this fact is suggestive of possibilities of greater profit under
other conditions. Cotton cultivation here as in many other regions
has developed because cotton is a more dependable crop under hard
conditions and with indifferent cultivation, because it is readily sal-
able and suffers comparatively little loss by exposure to weather, and
because its effect upon soil fertility has been little appreciated here-
tofore. Of course, market facilities and commercial influences re-
flect this development and at the same time encourage it, so that
cotton farming has come to be the accepted form of industry.
LABOR.
The farm labor of the county is both white and colored. A large
part of the farm work is done by the operators and their families,
but the greater part of the cotton picking is done by colored la-
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. g
borers—men, women, and children. <A class of laborers known as
croppers* or “half hands” are generally of the white race, but a
considerable number are colored. Croppers are employed in han-
dling more than 20 per cent of the cotton of the county. (See
Table IV.) The transient labor is practically all colored and re-
mains in the towns, except during the chopping and picking seasons.
Cotton picking is done almost entirely by contract, the price paid
per hundred pounds being determined largely by the quality and
yield of cotton.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.
Ellis County was organized in 1894, being formerly a part of
Navarro County. The first settlement was made near Forreston
about 1544. The early settlers came chiefly from Tennessee, Georgia,
and the Carolinas, and more than half of the present population of
nearly 54,000 is directly descended from these emigrants. There are
some foreign-born citizens and their descendants in the county, Bo-
hemians, Hungarians, and Germans comprising the greater part of
this element. There is a considerable number of negroes in the
county, mostly confined to the towns. Prior to 1865 practically the
only enterprises were the production of cattle and sheep. Wheat
was first produced about 1850, but did not become important until
about 1880. During this period grain crops were raised on the up-
land and cotton made its first appearance in the bottoms along the
streams. All crop land was under fence until 1901, when the fence
law was repealed. Alfalfa was first raised in the bottom of Mustang
Creek in 1890 and in 1896 it was produced in the Elm Thicket section.
A very little cotton was produced in the county before 1860. The
first gin in operation consisted of a handmade two-roller outfit run
by hand. This was superseded by a power gin about 1881. From
the very beginning of the production of cotton the acreage of this
crop has increased, entirely supplanting the range at the present
time. The boll weevil caused some damage in Ellis County about
1903, following which considerable more attention was given to feed
and grain crops. From this period to the present, however, there has
been little damage to cotton from this source. |
Table I shows the trend of development in Ellis County from 1850
to the present. The area of the county is 587,520 acres, of which only
2,600 acres were improved land in 1850. From that date to the pres-
ent the development of crop farming has been rapid and uniform,
446.194 acres being improved in 1910. Cotton has held the largest
place in the croppmg system, developing from 52,172 acres in 1880
to 274,666 acres in 1910. Corn has made advances parallel with
1¥or definition of cropper see p. 2.
41617°—1S—Bull. 659
i»)
10 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
cotton, except that the 1910 period shows a marked decrease in
acreage, but at no time has this crop equaled cotton in extent. Oats
and wheat have increased markedly in acreage, but these have like-
wise fallen off in extent in the 1910 decade.
Taste 1.—Agricultural statistics for Ellis County, Ter., from the reports of
the United States census, 1850-1910.
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Total‘areaol county. (Acres): -spes|s=s sce e|sce care - 2 | eee |o teen ee See ee eeeeeice arose @ 587,520
Acreage of improved land........ | 2,600 23,636 28,201 | 204,506 303,910 394,968 | 446,194
Cotton:
IACTOERLO So: Dae a neieeceeccuoe (b) (6) (b 52,172 103, 629 197,828 | 274,666
Production (bales)..--.-::---|-2------ 359 2,960 18,956 42,701 91, 298 77, 141
Corn:
PACT CARO sae mise content= socio eee (0) (b) (b 42,899 57,568 99, 598 62,573
Production (bushels) .--...-. 28,744 | 119,918 | 312,843 | 577,121 | 1,715,798 | 3,203,600 | 915, 267
Oats:
IN CTEARC. «sre saiee =e so oes (b) (0) (b 5,533 13, 265 27, 232 2,061
Production (bushels). .-..-..-- 1,315 31,591 16,076 |. 153,527 299, 444 | 1,014,750 26,617
Wheat:
AICrEAg Ore A Uns eee eee saeeee (0) (0) (>) 18, 500 11, 260 34, 264 368
Production (bushels) .--....-.- 945 88,345 11,943 | 176,215 103, 847 503, 730 1,914 -
Number of—
IOGS@S: 5 cosncees- +2 eascnehese 309 7,803 7, 387 12,942 14,992 13,033 9,796
LS bd (SS ae a nee ae aE 2 Ae OE ee 776 2,758 5,463 11, 620 14, 272
DainryiCOWS--ccnso- a aeceoee 937 7, 604 3, 892 8, 809 10,639 9,783 8, 054
Othenicaitle= 2-2 =. ase eee 1, 752 51,761 21, 211 29,981 24,400 19, 889 7,749
DNS Dteece nce cele eis seer 259 17,539 3,007 1,857 818 907 1,174
Shia Ogabocccoreesbobaece socd. 2,858 10, 947 8,171 15,097 26,347 58, 756 20, 214
a Bureau of Soils, U. 8S. Dept. of Agriculture. b No data.
Horses increased in number from 1850 to 1890, but from 1890 to the
present the number has fallen off, the horses being replaced by mules.
The latter were noticeable first in 1870 and have continuously in-
creased to the present. The total of mules and horses has increased
each decade to 1900, since which time the number has remained at
about 25,000 for the county. :
Dairy cattle have never been numerous in the county, but range
or beef cattle became quite numerous in the 1860 decade. From that
time to the present beef cattle have decreased, the range being taken
up by crop farming. Sheep, while not numerous, reached their
maximum at about the same time as beef cattle and have generally
declined since. Swine, never very prominent, reached their maxi-
mum in the 1900 decade.
The foregoing data show that stock raising on an extensive scale
has been supplanted by crop farming since 1860. Practically all the
land capable of tillage has been brought under cultivation, and cot-
ton holds the important place at the present time.
REAL ESTATE VALUES.
Since Texas became a State all public lands within her boundaries
have remained under State control. Title to land before the Mexi-
can War was derived from the Spanish and Mexican Governments.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 11
In consequence, all surveys were made using Spanish units of meas-
ure, the square league, “legua” (4,428.4 acres) and “labor” (174
acres), being the common measures of area. It was the custom in
making surveys to use natural lines such as streams or coast lines as
bases, giving the land units frontage on these natural features. Con-
sequently there is little regularity either in shape or size of the vari-
ous units. Land lines, therefore, have no relation to magnetic north
and south (except in the Panhandle section of Texas).
Tracts of land acquired as Spanish grants have since been subdi-
vided and sold in smaller area at prices as low as 50 cents per acre.
Texas public land has been sold as low as $2.50 per acre. However,
as the development of cotton farming took place land values advanced
rapidly. The average selling price of land as represented by this
survey of 115 farms of Ellis County was $139 per acre in 1914. This
price was arrived at by asking each farmer what he considered a fair
commercial valuation for his land with its improvements, and was
verified by prices received in local sales of farms.
The census valuation of lands for Ellis County as a whole was,
for 1910, $59.90 per acre. The wide discrepancy between this figure
and that reported for the farms visited in this study, is due to several
causes. In the first place, census values are usually about the same
as assessed valuations, which are usually less than half the current
sale values. The census figures also apply to the entire county, while
the figures of the survey apply to a selected area in which land values
are above the average. Furthermore, during the 44 years since the
census values were obtained, land had risen markedly in value. A
comparison of census data for 1880 with those for 1910 shows that
on: the average for this 30-year period land values in Ellis County in-
creased at an average annual rate of 6 per cent. During the last
decade of this period the total increase was more than 100 per cent.
A considerable proportion of these lands are farmed by share ten-
ants. The net rental income from lands thus rented averages $4.80
per acre, which is 3.5 per cent of the average valuation of $139 per
acre. From this it might appear that these lands were overvalued,
but when the fact is taken into consideration that they were increas-
ing in market price, this appears not to be the case. The owner of
land obtains his profits not only from operating income, but also
from increase in market price cf the land. We have already seen
that the latter source of profit has averaged 6 per cent annually for
30 years past. When this is added to the 3.5 per cent profit from
operation, there is a total profit on the investment of 9.5 per cent.
Local land values appear, therefore, to be justified from the stand-
point of the investor. He is, in fact, making a fair profit on his in-
vestment, and it is this fact, in part, that gives these lands their mar-
12 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ket value. Similar conditions prevail in other good agricultural
areas, especially in the Middle and Western States.
That farm lands in this county will continue to increase in price
at these high rates for an indefinite period is hardly to be expected.
However, they may continue to do so for some time. During the
last census period the area of crops in the United States for which
acreage 1s reported increased only 9.9 per cent, while population in-
creased 21 per cent. During this same new the prices of farm
products increased on the average 67 per cent. Jurther increase in
the market price of farm products will have a tendency further to
increase the price of farm land.
Another reason why the price of farm land is usually such that the
operating income from it is only 34 or 4 per cent, lies in the fact that
the ownership of land is distinctly advantageous for many reasons.
Because of the fact that investment in land represents an almost ab-
solute security from loss of capital, owners are willing to accept a
low rate of interest on their investments. The independence of the
landowner is worth much to the average man. The land furnishes
a permanent abiding place—a home—with all that this means to the
average citizen. Men will therefore pay a relatively higher price
for farm land than they will for most other investment properties
bringing the same income.
In Table IT are shown the average prices of land operated under
three types of tenure. It will be noted that the income per acre to
owners where land is rented for cash represents but 2.4 per cent on
the investment of the owners, but as only a very small portion of the
crop area of any farm in this group is rented for cash, these returns
do not represent actual incomes from farms. The average percent-
age return on the investment for the 115 farms included in these
studies,t when converted to a uniform basis of operation for com-
parison, is 6.3 per cent.
While the working owners make a very satisfactory income on the
investment, the landlords whose farms are operated by tenants are
satisfied with a very much smaller return. They do not expect so
large returns because of the security of investment and expected
profits from advances in land prices in the future. The satisfactory
incomes of owners cover all the risks of farm operation, while the
returns to landlords from their land covers only a very small por-
tion of nae risk, the greater pant being borne by the tenants.
1Vivye of the 120 records taken were disearded. Only 114 records furnished complete
records on cost of production. In some of the tabulations only 109 records were used,
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 3
Taste II.—Value of land operated wider different tenures and income to the
owners of the land, Hilis County, Tex. in L914.
|
Gross in-| Net in- er cenly
Value per come per | come per invests
meree acre for | acre for Tinian
owner, | owner. | owners.
BiMMORKN CO WNOGIALIMS Psa shoe a2 cecil ---.--- cereal $151 $26. 40 $11. 89 5.9
Ph IMENTS) TEA PENA). eae eae eee Sar cae 137 6.18 4.80 3.5
USisare-cashimoniarmss se eecaes sess sess. | eS 141 6. 42 5. U4 3.6
18 share-cash rent farms-(cash rented land)...................-- 141 4. &2 3. 44 2.4
From the standpoint of the tenant or other individual who has
a limited amount of capital, but who desires to become a landowner,
it is very important that a close approximation of the earning value
of the land be known. When this value is known it is possible for
the prospective buyer to determine what portion of the cost price
must be paid at the time the land is bought and how much may be
met from the earnings of the land. It is, however, highly important
that the tenant farmer should look forward to the time when he can
make a suflicient first payment on a farm to render it possible for
LAND
OWELLING
STOCK
OTHER BUILDINGS,
PER CENT
MACHINERY
FEED & BUPPLIES
CASH TO OPERATE
3.—Proportionate capital invested in various items (average, 115 farms, Hllis
County, Tex.).
Fic.
him to become an owner. Ownership is greatly to be desired because
of its effect upon industry and citizenship. The sense of possession
and the inducement to save in order to own a home warrant extraor-
dinary effort if a considerable initial payment can be made and rea-
sonable rates of interest can be obtained.
The graph (fig. 3) shows the average distribution of capital at the
present time as indicated by the records of 115 farms of Ellis County.
Land represents 82.6 per cent of the total farm investment. Dwell-
ings represent 5.8 per cent, while other buildings such as barns,
tenant houses, sheds, etc., represent 2.6 per cent of the total. The
remaining working capital, consisting of stock, machinery, feed and
supplies, and cash to run the business, amounts to 9 per cent of the
investment.
NORMAL CONDITIONS.
It is appreciated that definite conclusions regarding farm business
ean not be drawn unless practically all conditions are near the aver-
age for a considerable period of years. The records of this survey
14 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
cover the farm business for the calendar year 1914. Two factors
affecting results were not normal, namely, the price received for
cotton and the yield of oats.
To overcome the discrepancy in the price of cotton, the average
price received for the 5 years previous to 1914 was obtained from
each farmer. The average of these data shows that under normal
market conditions the price received was 11.2 cents per pound.
Therefore, in all calculations where receipts from cotton are con-
sidered, the average 5-year price per pound has been substituted.
This price is far below that now prevailing. Present prices are due
to a great war, and can hardly be expected to continue when condi-
tions have become normal again.
On account of drought conditions during the early summer of
1914, the oats crop was practically a failure. More than two-thirds
of the oats planted for grain were cut for hay and very low yields
were obtained for this feed. Since it is impracticable to determine
increased Jabor and other costs due to increase in yield as well as
increased returns from this enterprise, no definite conclusions are
drawn concerning oats. However, since vats occupied only 6.9 per
cent of the total acreage in crops, it is thought that this discrepancy
will not vitiate the general results of the survey.
Comparison with census data and consistent statements from farm-
ers indicate that practically all other important factors of the farm
business were normal during the year 1914.
TENURE.
The tenure problem is an acute one in Ellis County, as it is in
Texas generally. A complete analysis of the problem would require
a large amount of information concerning each tenure system. Since
records were obtained from only 114 farms, when these are grouped
according to tenure there are not enough farms in each system to
make fair averages.
Seven more or less distinct tenure systems! were encountered in
the survey, the number of farms in each group being as follows: 37
owner-operators, 11 owners-additional, 16 owners with cropper labor,
5 owners-additional with cropper labor, 24 share renters, 18 share-
‘ash renters and 3 independent croppers. These make a total of
114 farms on which tenure and cost tabulations were made. The
owner-operator farms and the owner-with-cropper-labor farms
might each be further subdivided, since operators were found in
each of these groups who rented out a part of the land owned.
However, in the data here given the latter classification is not con-
1Tor definitions of the tenure systems see p. 2.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. i,
sidered, the land rented out being eliminated entirely from the busi-
ness of the farms operated by the owners.
No farms were encountered in this survey which were rented
entirely for cash, all rented land in cotton being operated on the
share basis. This condition may be accounted for as follows: A
glance at the curve in figure 9 (p. 82) shows that from 1903 to
1914 three crops of cotton were failures or nearly so, namely, those
of 1905, 1907, and 1909, which is a failure once in four years on
the average. Where there are frequent failures, and where there is
such a wide variation in yield (310 pounds in 1906 to 125 pounds in
1909), as indicated by the curve above referred to, it is impossible
to establish any cash rental value that will be equitable to both land-
lord and tenant. Thus it has come about that practice has estab-
lished that land rented for cotton is on the basis of one-fourth share
to the landlord. By this system there is less hardship on either the
landlord or tenant from a failure of the crop, a matter over which
neither has any control. Where a large yield is secured, the land-
lord makes a high rent and the tenant gets proportionately high
returns. When the yield is poor, both share the misfortune, but the
tenant’s rent is low in proportion to his returns,
The three leading tenure systems, 1. e., owner-operator, share
renter, and share-cash renter, were found on a sufficient number of
farms to justify the drawing of certain conclusions from their
averages.
TasLE III1.—Percentage of crop area in different crops under different tenure
systems (79 farms, Ellis County, Tea., in 1914).
Per cent of crop area in specified crops. Per cent
ae of crop
umber acreage
Tenure system. offarms.|. on orn a, Gane
Cotton. | Corn. (aan) Oat hay.| ~'7er ond
g ; COPS. | crops,
Owineriwaceteetrenccaecs Gaccicceces-.- 37 67.2 1522 PT Dee, 9.8 1.3
Shanementerseeeseeess os. 2 sesee cel = 24 73.7 14.9 2.6 4.6 4.3 6
Share-cash renters....---.--.--+-------- 18 79.0 12.1 12 tl 5.1 6
AIT oo oa aoceh Goes eeeeee ce aeEaEee 79 72.5 13.3 2.8 3.8 6.5 8
u
Table IIT shows the percentage of crop area in the principal crops
under these three leading tenure systems. It is seen that the owner
farms have less cotton and more feed crops than farms under either
of the tenant systems. Further, the table shows that the owners
grow second crops slightly more than do the tenants. On the tenant
farms all cotton is share rented and a part or all of the grain and
feed crops on the share-cash rent farms is cash rented.
Table IV shows that of the 9,781 acres of cotton produced on these
farms, 40.1 per cent is raised by owners with wage labor, 22 per cent
16 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
by owners with cropper labor, and 37.9 per cent is raised on share-
rented land by wage labor.
TaBLE IV.—Acreage and yicld of cotton under different tenures (114 farms,
Bllis County, Texr., in 1914).
Owner- Share-
wage rent
cotton. cotton.
Cropper All
cotton, cotton.
ACTOR EON Eras sear cs cca cee nee Aa Ia-, ool. t ~~ ee 3, 922 3, 707 2,152 9, 787
REL CON YOM COLa ae sence oc ee ee eerie cis sc <0, errr 40.1 37.9 22.0 100. 0
‘Yneldiperacre (pomnasilint) oases eee eee canker 257 229 231 241
The owner-wage cotton gave the highest yield per acre—257 pounds
of lint. Cropper cotton yielded 231 pounds and the share-rented
cotton produced 229 pounds of lint per acre. The fact that cotton
raised by owners with wage labor yielded best is accounted for partly
by the fact that the crop received closer oversight than that produced
by cropper labor. Further, the owned land is slightly better in
quality than share-rented land, the estimated rent of owner-operated
land being $5.19 per acre, while that of rented land is $4.92 per acre.
Table V shows the cost of producing cotton under different tenures
and under different labor systems. On 69 farms where owners pro-
duce cotton with wage labor, the cost is 8.2 cents per pound. The cost
of the owner’s half of the crop produced by cropper labor on 24 farms
is 9.4 cents per pound, while the cropper’s half costs the cropper only
6.8 cents per pound. On 49 farms where cotton land is rented on
shares the cost to the landlord for his share of the crop is 8.1 cents
and the cost to the tenant for his share is 8.5 cents per pound. On
these 49 farms four landlords received one-third of the cotton pro-
duced by the tenants, while 45 landlords received one-fourth.
TABLE V.—Average cost of cotton per pound under different tenures and labor
systems (114 farms, Bilis County, Texr.).
Share-rent wage. Cropper.
A iB Aver-
Owner- | | age of
WSES Ss iarident Avor- | OWNER Crop- | Aver- all
Torak ; enant. age. oper- per. age. cotton.
ator.
| |
us oe ——~|—_—— F | ee ee
Number/ofirecords: 22252. - ssseeeeee 69 49 49 49 24 24 24 142
Cost per pound (cents).............-- 8.2 8.1 8.5 8.4 9.4 6.8 8.1 8.3
From the standpoint of cost of production it is seen that the cus-
tomary rental of one-fourth of the cotton is reasonable and fair. In
the half-and-half division of the cotton produced by cropper labor
the heavier cost falls on the owner or operator, the difference being
2.6 cents per pound. .The margin of profit of the owner’s share of
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 17
cropper cotton is approximately 1.8 cents per pound, while the mar-
gin of profit to the cropper is 4.4 cents per pound.
Two reasons may be cited why owners are willing to stand a
higher cost for their share of the cotton raised by cropper labor than
the cropper’s share costs the cropper. ‘The owners have the alterna-
tive of raising cotton with wage or hired labor, or they may employ
croppers and allow them half the crop produced as wages. In the
first case, the owner must take all the risks in producing the crop,
whereas, in the second case, the cropper shares the risk equally with
the owner. Further, under the wage system the owner must provide
all the man labor and oversee it, whereas with croppers the latter
must furnish and oversee the hired labor.
In Table VI, 79 of these farms are grouped according to the capital
of the operator. It is a striking fact that every operator with less
than $4,000 capital is a tenant, while every one with more than this
is an owner; and this in spite of the fact that tenants with an aver-
age capital of only $1,200 make nearly as much as owners with
$10,000, while tenants with $2,500 invested make distinctly greater
incomes than owners with an investment four times as great. These
figures indicate clearly that an operator with small capital can make
a much better income as a tenant than as an owner. Similar results
have been found in all farm-management surveys, made in all parts
of the United States.
TaBLE VI.—Relation of capital invested by farm operator to income of the
operators of owner and tenant farms (79 farms, Ellis County, Tex., in 1914).
Owner farms. Tenant farms.
Average capital.
Operator’s capital. Num- F Num- Farm
ber Crop | Average ws | ber Crop income
rec- | acres. | capital. ear |) See acres. Tenant} of
ords. * | ords. Landlord.) oper- | tenant.
ator. |
|
SolGiCOrs OCG esac ese sees eec|sece tec sl|.------ oc) seeeeeene 28 91 | $13,453 | $1,212 $751 +
2) Oa nU Orbos commenter eter tlsisiac esis |acietc cies 5| i= -- - - - eee eee | 14 131 20,798 | 2,375] 1,157
$4,709 to $13,665.....----- 15 60 | $10,112 S850) | Seenee ee aSocccct Meet eeeleece sees lesecett
$14,203 to $19,548_.......- 17 89 17, 088: S985) Seno eer = BS Seseeel sl seeeese mere nod teers
$21,106 to $41,360..-...-.- 5 141 31,100) e2R2Sh peseesac|eee eee leeeeee eee | eeeenel soe seks
From the results shown in Table VI, it would seem probable
that the groups of owners having an average capital of about $10,000
could do much better financially if they would rent large farms and
operate as tenants. But not a single operator with $4,000 or more
capital is doing this. Since, theoretically at least, they could make
much larger incomes as tenants, there must be very important reasons
why they choose to operate as owners of smaller farms. Generally
speaking, wherever surveys of this kind have been made in this coun-
41617°—18—Bull. 659 ——3
18 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
try, just as soon as the tenant accumulates enough capital to make
a fair living as an owner, he passes into the owner class, often sac-
rificing two-thirds of his income in doing so. Table VII shows the
corresponding facts for a survey made in Chester County, Pa. In
the fourth capital group ($3,000 to $5,000), the majority have be-
come owners, in spite of the fact that the average income of owners
in this group is only $521, while that of tenants with similar invest-
ments is $1,574. Only six operators with as much as $5,000 capital
choose to remain tenants, and not one with more than $9,000. Why,
then, do they choose ownership with smaller incomes? The answer
to this question lies at the very foundation of rural citizenship in
this country.
TaBLE VII.—Sizes of owner and tenant farms and amount of income on 502
farms in Chester County, Pa.
Owners. Tenants.
Amount of capital.
Number | Average | Average | Number} Average | Average
of farms. area. income. | of farms. area. income.
Acres. Acres.
$1,000 and less... Sto cenOsorCl|locapaeecaa eo - > agar aa eeeacaoe 19 42.2 $424
$1,001 to $2,000 asooshcachs 3 19.5 $122 46 94.7 640
S2O0L TOSS O00 ha s.52 Sek 5 eee ees ib 21.7 223 34 123.9 815
SS00LT0 $5000... 25552 seh Se Sse 33 By eal 521 19 147.3 1,574
$5,001160'$7:000)s a2 5h tose ce ese ee ee sees 60 ote 7 819 4 162.8 2,578
SMOOLICO'S9 000. csc 2 ose ee ease 67 71.1 994 2 136.0 3,276
$9;001560'$S11, 000-22 eee tees Ss. 55 94.2 1,169 |: =: sJ2cac5| eee eerie ee eeeee
SLUOOLCOS14 000! 3 st ecco eeeec neces 66 109.6 1,641 -|. cee Ss See | SoS eae
$14:0011.0'$17;,000 0.2. - 2h. o Sas semepeee- escet 47 123.4 23.030) |e~ = eee Saeaeese ae WSasSccn Se
ONCE SUD asses scSaseosee -seeessstose 36 163.0 2,088), |in= ese eee | be Seeds. each ie ae
|
In the first place, a moderate working capital of, say, $10,000
would suffice for the operation of a very large farm. It is only the
exceptional man who is capable of operating such a farm. On a
nioderate-sized farm the average farm family can do most of-the
work. As the size of the farm increases there must be increasing
dependence on hired labor, which is growing more and more unreli-
.able and difficult to obtain. Most men prefer a smaller farm busi-
ness in which labor difficulties are much less troublesome. Men who
have large holdings in farm land nearly always lease them out in
relatively small tracts rather than undertake to operate a single large
business unit.
While the difficulty of securing satisfactory labor for the operation
of large farms is one of the reasons why men of moderate capital
choose to operate as owners of medium-sized farms rather than as
tenants on large farms, it is by no means the most important reason.
The owner who operates his own farm is absolutely his own boss.
He enjoys economic independence. No one can tell him what he
shall plant. He is in no danger, provided he keeps out of debt, that
anyone shall tell him to moye on to make place for somebody else. -
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 19
He does not have to dicker with anyone about the amount of rent he
must pay, or how long he may stay. His home is his castle, in which
he is supreme. The average red-blooded American is ready to sacri-
fice much for these advantages; and who shall say they are not
worth what they cost?
But these personal aspects of the case are not the whole story.
There is a broader aspect of national import. The tenant farmer,
because he is not a permanent resident of the community, takes little
interest in the local church, the school, or the condition of the public
roads. He does not cheerfully contribute to their proper upkeep. He
is not even deeply interested in good local government, because he
feels that it is not his concern. He looks to the landowner for the
performance of civic duties. He is, in fact, a much less valuable
member of society than the farmer who owns the land he tills.
Farm-management studies show unquestionably that the young
farmer just starting out with small capital should, for purely finan-
cial reasons, operate as a tenant on a moderate-sized farm rather than
as owner On a mere garden patch; but they also show that because of
the tremendous advantages of ownership, practically all American
farmers become owner-operators just as soon as they have acquired
sufficient capital to enable them to do so without carrying an insuf-
ferable burden of debt.
An important and possibly a controlling financial reason for own-
ership is the calculated profit in the enhanced value of the lands. As
has been shown, this is an important consideration to the large Jand-
owner who rents his land for a comparatively small return in yearly
income and who receives a satisfactory return in the advance in
values of farm property. In Table VI, for instance, the average farm
income on owner farms valued at $4,709 to $18,665 is only $850, com-
pared with the farm income of $1,157 by the tenant operating on a
capital of $2,015 to $3,237. If we take the average of say $8,000 for
the value of the farm in the first class and calculate the enhanced
value on that at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, as is warranted in
‘the previous exhibit of advance in value of farm property over a
period of 30 years, the result will add $480 to the $850, or a gross
income of $1,330 for the farm owner, compared with an income of
$1,157 for the tenant. Undoubtedly the expectation of increased
value in the farm, based upon the experience of preceding years, is
an additional reason, besides those already recited, for ownership, in
spite of apparent loss of income on the year’s operation.
In the one case he spends his income and makes no provision for
his children or for his own old age. In the other he has laid by his
income in a farm that insures a comfortable living when he is too old
to work and provides a start in life for his offspring. It is decidedly
20 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the exceptional man who finds it more advantageous to remain a ten-
ant after he is able to become the owner of a good farm, and it is
fortunate for the Nation that this is so.
There is another reason why, from the standpoint of national
economy, tenant farming as a general proposition is not desirable.
On the farms included in this study, the records show that notwith-
standing the larger profit of the tenant with small capital, compared
with the profit of the small owner, the records show also, as has been
recorded, that the owner farms have less cotton and more feed
crops, and consequently the agriculture under ownership is better
balanced and more stable. The records show also that the owner
farms produce a larger yield per acre. It is seen that ownership
induces better cultivation, maintains soil fertility, and increases
substantial values. The lesson to be drawn from the study in this
respect is that while it is unwise to purchase high-priced land upon
small payment at a high rate of interest, ownership is to be encour-
aged when there is a reasonable expectation of accomplishment.
HIRED AND CROPPER LABOR.
Owners have two alternatives with respect to labor: They may
hire labor by the day, month, or contract, or they may employ cropper
labor. Table VIII shows the relation of the croppers to the owners
or operators on farms of different sizes. On farms having 80 acres
-or less of crops, averaging 62.5 acres per farm, 9.2 per cent of the
land.is worked by cropper labor. As the farms increase in size, more
cropper labor is employed until in the group of farms of 121 acres or
more 22.5 per cent of all land is worked by cropper labor. The aver-
age amount of land worked by croppers in the region is 18 per cent;
of the total crop area. The acreage of cotton produced by cropper
labor, however, is 22 per cent of the total. The fact that there is a
considerable increase in amount of land worked by croppers as size
of farm increases is accounted for by the fact that the operator is not
able to give proper oversight to the larger acreage where wage or
hired labor is employed; further, the responsibility of securing extra
labor for chopping and picking is transferred to the croppers.
TasLe VIII.—Relation of size of farm to percentage of acreage farmed by wage
and cropper labor (114 farms, Ellis County, Texr., in 1914).
| Percent Per cent
| of total of total
| - Average
7 Number)! <: crop area | crop area
Size of crop area. of farms. eos nie workeal Worked by
: by wage cropper
labor. labor.
SO acresioriless. -fs-2650i)\22.55seeeees ics = sek See eee 37 62.5 | 90. 8 9.2
SEGORCO ACCS 5 tees wie os te oR ee les wae ce ee 39 100. 1 | 85. 2 14.8
121) acres and:morewe: =. ..2sos tees acco ok eee ee 38 198.9 | 77.5 22.5
AULTAYMS . . 25 vot oceaice sles coer eee eee sce eee | 114 117.5 82.0 18.0
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY. OF COTTON FARMS. ye |
The cropper, or “half hand” as he is often called locally, is a
Jaborer rather than a tenant. He is furnished with a house and small
garden patch; often he is permitted to keep a cow or horse for his
own use. A definite acreage is set aside by the operator on which
the cropper grows the crops, furnishing all the man labor for this
acreage. The operator furnishes all power and machinery. for the
cultivation. When the crops are gathered, the operator and cropper
share equally in the division, each paying for his share of the
ginning.
The value of the cropper’s labor, together with the cost of ginning
his share of cotton, averages $9.56 per acre at current wage rates.
His share of the crops, which is what he receives for his labor,
Fie. 4.—Type of tenant farmstead, Ellis County, Tex.
amounts to $15.84 per acre, which leaves a profit to the cropper of
$5.78 per acre.
Taste IX.—Distribution of cropper expenses and receipts, and net income
(40 croppers, 24 farms, Ellis County, Tex.).
UOC RMOMERIGTN Siete ts ee ee 24
NUIT CROCCO DDeCrSe 22 __ sti! ose ies 40
NCES TOSP: GRO Nei ne ee eee Een ere ees 59
Number of days miscellaneous productive labor WEL CEOW [Cleese ®
Sropper’s Leceipts’ from’ crops_.__-_-——_ - -eeee ee so SRO he Re ips $860
Cropper’s receipts from miscellaneous labor_____-__-_________________-_ 42
OOS SmlOklmenecenntsee =... __ = Sas a ee ee 902
pap BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Value of family labor per cropper... -_ ae eee $179
Cost of hired labor per cropper | RS _ i tS ae
Interest on cash to operate per cropper_________-_ eee ils:
Ginning cost per cropper_________-_ _— — ee ee _ ee 84
Totalexpenses' per ‘cropper-___ - Sa ee eee 349
‘
Neti uincome per) cropper-=--— 2+. -. ae eee eee DD3
Hstimated value of cropper’s) Own’ labore. eee 228
Prot to cropper over value of his laboreeet-= = 2 eee eee 325
Table IX shows the distribution and summary of the cropper’s
expenses and receipts. The difference between cropper’s receipts and
expenses amounts to $553, which he receives for his labor. Deduct-
ing the average estimated value of the cropper’s labor at current
wage rates his profit is $325. He receives this amount partly to
Fic. 5.—Farm residence of a large land owner.
cover risk on his share of the crop, and partly because he requires
less supervision than the hired laborer.
In figure 4 is shown a farmstead typical of rented farms in Ellis
County. Figure 5 shows a representative owner’s residence.
CONVERTED TENURES.
In order to have a sufficient number of farms in each of several
groups to determine the effect of various factors on farm practice,
efficiency, etc., it was necessary to eliminate the factor of tenure
after the foregoing tables had been compiled. This was accom-
plished by eliminating all transactions between landlord and tenant.
All farms not operated by their owners were converted to the basis
of working owners by charging the tenants with the value of the
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON. FARMS, We
Jand rented. All expenses were charged and receipts were credited
to the operators as though they owned the land. All calculations
hereafter mentioned in this bulletin treat of the farms as though
operated by their owners, thus eliminating the factor of tenure.
By this method, labor incomes, per cent return on investment, and
other standards of efficiency, are made comparable for all farms.
TYPE OF FARM.
Stock holds a very minor place in the farm practice of Ellis
County. Only 9 per cent of the farm area is devoted to pasture, 87
per cent being in crops, and the remaining 4 per cent waste land
occupied by roads, stream channels, bluffs, cte. Fifty per cent of the.
farms have more than 90 per cent of the farm area in crops and 90
per cent have more than 70 per cent of the farm area in crops.
Twenty-one per cent of the farms have no pasture land and 73 per
cent have less than 10 per cent of their area in pasture. Crop farm-
ing, therefore, is the major portion of the farm business.
ALFALFA
FE
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if)
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uJ
oa
SORGHUM
WHEAT
MISCELLANEOUS
Wig. 6.—Proportion of crop land devoted to the principal crops (115 farms, Ellis
e County, Tex.).
Figure 6 shows graphically the proportion of the crop land in
the principal crops. It is seen that cotton occupies 71.9 per cent,
or nearly three-fourths of the crop area, corn 14.1 per cent, oats 6.9
per cent, alfalfa 1.9 per cent, wheat 0.6 per cent, and miscellaneous
crops 2.7 per cent. The miscellaneous crops consist of the following:
sorghum, milo maize, kafir corn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, sweet
potatoes, and a few others of very minor importance.
Sixty-seven per cent of the farms have more than 70 per cent of
their crop area in cotton, while only 4 per cent have 40 per cent
or less of their crop area in cotton. Five per cent of the farms have
no corn. Fifty-eight per cent have from 11 to 20 per cent of their
crop area in corn, and only 1 per cent have more than 30 per cent of
their crop area in corn.
Eighty per cent of the farms have no oats for grain and 36 per
cent have no oat hay. Thirty-one per cent have no sorghum, and 99
per cent have less than 10 per cent crop acreage in this feed crop.
24 BULLETIN. 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Ninety-one per cent of the farms have no wheat and 93 per cent have
no alfalfa.
The case is somewhat similar with feed stuffs. Cotton growers
too often depend on buying them, when they could produce them on
the farm with little extra expense. Even where cotton is the only
farm product that can be relied on as a source of income, it is un-
doubtedly good practice to produce the food and feed required on
the farm as largely as possible, and the best farmers do so.
Because of the time required to obtain from the farmer the details
necessary to an analysis of the farm business, it is not practicable
at the same time to get a financial account of what the farm furnishes
toward the family living. The latter is a separate study. No such
study has been made in Ellis County, though one has been made in
McLennon County, where conditions are somewhat similar. In this
region, as in all regions devoted to a one-sided system of farming,
farmers often neglect the opportunity they have to produce an
abundance and variety of food. Asa result the family lives largely
on materials bought at the stores. This is one of the evils of a one-
crop system. Even if it were true, as many cotton farmers claim,
that they can raise cotton and sell it and buy fruits, vegetables, and
poultry and dairy products cheaper than they could raise them, the
fact remains that unless they are produced on the farm the family
will not have them in abundance, and what they do buy is not of as
high quality as that produced at home.
Tabte N.—Percentage of total receipts from different sources in 1914. (115
farms, Ellis County, Tex.)
Per cent.
Cotton: 222262 2 ee ee 86
(OMe 2s peri SONG ae ae _- NS Ree 2
Otherserops: 2 Ae eae ae 3.4
Stoclvgawe ven) | aE eeeess os ay. lee 2 ee 5. 6
Increase;feed: andysupplies=2 2 — + == s.r 2 oe 1) alee:
IMIScCelanMeOUS: = sel oe eo es ae 1.6
Table X shows the sources from which the income is derived.
With 86 per cent of the receipts from cotton, it is gts that cotton is
the all-important enterprise of every farm.
Alfalfa was found on 8 of the farms studied. The yield of cotton
per acre on these farms was greater than on farms where no
alfalfa was produced. Indications seem to point to the future pro-
duction of larger areas of alfalfa, not to displace cotton, but to in-
crease the yield of cotton and also the net returns of the farms.
There is no doubt that the production of alfalfa will greatly improve
the fertility of the soil. It is unfortunate that there are not more
farms in the alfalfa groups in order that more definite conclusions
might be drawn.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 25
SIZE OF BUSINESS.
In the tabulations which follow it is shown quite conclusively that
the farm income increases as the size of the farm business increases.
But it should not be inferred from this that all farms should be
large farms. Many men who succeed fairly well on small or mod-
erate-sized farms would fail utterly on farms so large as to require
a great deal of hired labor. Many men who can themselves work
efficiently can not. direct efficiently the work of others. One reason
why large farms are generally more profitable than small ones is that
the men who run them are men of large ability. When a man of
small business capacity undertakes to manage a large farm he loses
money for the owner.
In general, it is clesirable that every farmer have as large a farm
as he can manage efficiently.’
In practically all the tabulations relating to size of business,
records from 115 farms are used, being divided according to size
into three groups of 36, 40, and 39 farms, respectively. However, in
some tabulations where costs were invelved only 114 farms are used.
RELATION OF SIZE OF BUSINESS TO DISTRIBUTION OF INVESTMENT.
There is scarcely any difference in the price of land per acre be-
tween the small and the large farms. However, there is a slight de-
crease in the amount of working capital per acre utilized in the
larger farms. On farms of approximately 60 acres of crops the
working capital (work stock, equipment, cash required to run the
farm, etc.) amounts to about $20 per acre, while on farms of approxi-
mately 200 acres of crops the working capital amounts to less than
$14 per acre. This is due to the more efficient utilization of the stock
and equipment on the larger farms.
The value of buildings per acre is also slightly less on large farms
than on those of smaller area, although the value of buildings per
farm is greater on the larger farms. The average value of dwellings
1“ The minimum efficient unit’’ in agriculture is a farm of sufficient size and so
organized as to give full employment at productive labor to the farm family. The farm
may be any amount larger than this, provided the operator has sufficient ability to make
the larger business efficient. but there are very distinct disadvantages if the farm busi-
“ness is smallez than the most efficient unit as above described. When such is the case,
the farm family does not have the opportunity to exert its full earning power.
The fact that the minimum efficient unit in farming is relatively very small as com-
pared with most other industries is the most attractive feature of farming as a business.
Because of the small size of this urit economic independence is fairly easy of accom-
plishment and many prefer independence with a moderate competence to independence
with a very small chance of pronounced success.
The ideal size of farm is somewhat larger than the minimum efficient unit. It is such
as to permit a high standard of living and the education of the farm children, but the
ordinary family farm with good management will often permit this—W. J. Spillman, in
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 341, p. 54.
41617°—18—Bull. 6594
26 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
on the farms studied is approximately $1,200; the average value of
all other buildings, consisting of tenant houses, barns, sheds, etc., is
about $550 per farm.
The number and value of work stock increases when the size of
farm increases, but not in the same proportion. Farms of 60 acres
average slightly more than 3 head of work stock, and farms of 200
acres utilize an average of nearly 8 head per farm. The average
value of work animals on all farms is $185 per head (1914).
The average value of cattle is $141 per farm. Other productive
stock, consisting of about 75 chickens, 3 to 5 hogs, turkeys, ducks,
guinea hens, etc., are valued at approximately $100 per farm.
RELATION OF SIZE OF FARM TO TYPE AND YIELD PER ACRE.
The proportionate acreage of cotton increases slightly as the size
of farms becomes larger and a slightly less proportionate area of
corn is produced on the larger farms. The other miscellaneous crops
show no regularity of increase or decrease as size of farm increases.
Size of farm has a slight effect on the yield of cotton. Thirty-six
farms of 80 acres or less, averaging 62.5 acres, make an average
yield of cotton of 256 pounds of lint per acre. Forty farms from 81
to 120 acres in size make an average yield of 247 pounds of lint per
acre. Thirty-nine farms of more than 121 acres, averaging 188.9
acres, make an average yield of 233 pounds of lint per acre. The
average yield of cotton for all farms in the survey is 241 pounds
of lint.
Size of farm apparently has no effect on the yield of other crops.
The average yield for all corn is 25.6 bushels per acre; for sorghum,
2.8 tons; and for alfalfa, 2.51 tons.
EFFICIENCY OF HORSE LABOR.
Table XI shows the relation of size of farm to the efficiency of
horse labor. As the size of farm increases, the number of days of
productive labor that each animal performs annually increases, those
on the small farms accomplishing 60.3 days of productive work while
on the large farms each animal works 79.1 days. The figures in the
column headed “ Acres per horse” are obtained by dividing the num-
ber of crop acres by the number of work animals per farm. It is
seen that the work stock accomplish considerably more work on
the large farms than on the small ones. At the same time there is
very little difference in the amount of labor performed on each acre,
as indicated in the column showing “ Horse days per acre.”
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. OM
Taste XI.—Melation of size of farm to efficiency of horse labor (11h farms,
; Lillis County, Tex.).
| ‘
: Cost of ee
Nuit. A Horse | jcrog | Horse | horse | postal
Size of crop area. ber of | size ee per | ee eee, | stock.
arms. | of crop a horse. pepe “a per day
area. horse. EME See! ollabor.
ho é Wee Se
80 acres or less. 37 62.5 60. 3 18.5 3. 25 $5. 47 $1. 68
81 to 120 acres....- 39 100. 1 66. 7 20.6 3.22 4.95 1,54
121 acres and more. a 38 188.9 79.1 202, 3.14 3.99 1.27
PAUIELATIIIS Ree teee eens ee am cisicloaine 31a 114 Uae (Sta) iced: 22.4 3.19 4,53 1.42
One of the many weaknesses of the one-crop cotton system of
farming is shown by the facts brought out in the preceding para-
graph. Even on the large farms, where horses are used most efli-
| % ACTURN ON
INVESTMENT
a
ferricients EFFICIENT.
2 2-Horscf 4 HORSE
{FARMS a FARM
$55-60A.5 95-1050
o
EFFICIENT
©-HORSE
FARMG
130 - ITOA
PER CENT RETURN ON INVEST MENT
Fig. 7.—Relation of size of farm to percentage return on investment, showing sizes
favorable for most efficient use of two horses, four horses, and six horses.
ciently, the average horse works less than 80 days during the year.
This adds greatly to the cost of a day’s work for a horse. The same
difficulty exists to a considerable extent with man labor on cotton
farms. There is too much work at certain seasons and not enough at
others. It is only when cotton is relatively high priced that such dis-
advantages are overcome. Unfortunately, in the past there have
been many periods when prices fell below cost of production, and this
caused great suffering.
The graphic illustration (fig. 7) shows certain relationships be-
tween size of farms and returns. It is seen that as the curve repre-
28 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
senting size of farm (crop area) rises from left to right, there are
three noticeable high points in the curve representing the per cent
return on investment for the corresponding groups of farms as rep-
resented by the size curve. These high points are caused primarily
by the efficient use of teams. It is seen that the first high point of the
curve representing per cent return on investment occurs for farms
from 55 to 60 acres in extent; the second high point occurs for farms
of from 95 to 105 acres and the third high point occurs for farms from
130 to 170 acres.t
TABLE NII.— Appropriate number of teans for farms of different sizes,. Bilis
County, Tex.
Per cent
d Number Number | Average | Horse Acres return
Crop area. of horses of crop days per per on
perfarm., | records. area. horse. horse. invest-
ment. .
Ta. ae “|
ae - 2 | 11 56 89 29 6.5
3 ODE ESSE SS SE SoS a> aS Sasb = shea: i 4 13 61 Ail 16 49
ve ae 4 | 19 98 72 24 7.1
OMAO CROs. Soe esac =k eee ey 6 | 15 110 60 18 5
ras ; if 4 | 2 142 131 36 9.2
LAM aAcCreSiancsOvVeLey da-= saree eee eee 6 | 5 188 83 33 59
} “
In Table XIT is shown the appropriate number of teams for farms
of different sizes as indicated by the curves-of figure 11. The first
two groups, consisting of 11 and 13 farms, respectively, are com-
posed of the two-horse and four-horse farms from 39 to 75 acres in
extent. It is seen that the two-horse farms make much better use of
the work stock than do the four-horse farms; the two-horse farms
average 56 acres, while the four-horse farms average only 61 acres.
It is apparent therefore that farms of 61 acres are not large enough
for efficient use of four animals, since on the two-horse farms the
equivalent of 29 acres is covered by each animal. The returns of the
two-horse farms are 6.5 per cent, while the income of the four-horse
farms is only 4.9 per cent on the investment.
The first high point of the curve (fig. 7) representing per cent
return on investment is reached when the efficient size for two horses
is reached. Beyond this point the farms are too large for efficient
use of two horses and not large enough for four animals until farms
of about 100 acres are approached. Farms of less than about 50 acres
do not make efficient use of horse labor and consequently make low
returns, as indicated by the curve.
The same relationships are found between the four-horse and six-
horse farms of from 75 to 140 acres in extent as were seen for two-
iThe curves were constructed by the use of the moving average. The farms were ar-
ranged in the order of size from smallest to largest and each point of the curves represents
the average of 11 farms, 5 farms on each side of the point being averaged with the farm
of that size.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 29
horse and four-horse farms of smaller size above. Iour-horse farms
averaging 98 acres make good utilization of horse labor and better
returns than six-horse farms of the same size group averaging 110
acres (Table XII). It therefore appears that the second high point
of the curve (fig. 7) is reached on farms of from 95 to 105 acres where
four work animals are utilized. Farms of less acreage are not large
enough to utilize four animals efficiently and farms larger than 105
acres are too large, but not large enough for six animals until 130
acres is reached.
Similar conclusions are justified for the third high group (fig. 7),
although the size of farms increases so rapidly and not enough farms
are included to locate so definitely the exact efficient size of six-horse
farms. It appears that six animals should operate not less than 130
acres and not more than 170 acres, the most efficient acreage being
doubtless between 140 and 155 acres.
TABLE NIII.—-Relation of size of farm to distribution and summary of receipts,
expenses, and income (115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.).
All | 80 acres | 81 to 120 | 121 acres
farms. or less. acres. ormore.
Numiberottanma meron 115 | 36 40 9
PAWEL ACE CROP Acres PenlaLme. o.. 2.42. .en------- cee esse ese 117.55 62.5 100. 1 188.9
Crop receipts. .......... Sond 5 See eee PEO S AREER § oS oateoesens $2, 755 $1, 467 $2,451 $4, 256
Iincneasericediandisuppliessss 25.0.2 555..0....... eee ee 49 | 27 35 85
SUOOKE ROCSIOUS. 3.3.4 .ascads ase ee op aoe ree. sheen eunae 118 98 119 137
IMaScelllain COus mememr err etc oyeacieciese sp. +. s+ eee cece eee 43 4 38 51
Milotalneceipesme neers one kt |... ea 2,955 | 1,632 2,643 4,529
(CUOUANOM CRGO STRESS Ue NERA eRe See ae MEAS 5 es meen 1,170 586 983 | 1,901
Meckcaseiteedandisuppliess: 9) i252 22.2 .2.0..... 7 49 A] | 58
SHOCK CEORESOS 5. Shown Aadess aaa one ea neES ooGe oeeqer 7 2 6 | 14
DepreGiation, buildings and machinery:..........-..........-.- | 100 74 95 | 130
=. « Goel oq aycias(eist 2 eee te ee a eRe 1, 324 704 1, 125 | 2, 103
TRiniran ihagreyaa, 5 Ae ee 2 1, 641 g28| 1,518 2, 42
Rent and interest-on working capital..................-........ 679 374 3 993
Imcomelaboweirentiee ss son swe.) 1.) ae eae 962 554 875 | 1, 433
E ——— : — =
ercentsrerurmonrinyestment.. 0.22. ..-----. 22 i sseeoeseeete 6.3 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.4
RELATION OF SIZE OF FARM TO RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES.
As the size of farm increases, both receipts and expenses increase.
The farm income, which is the difference between receipts and ex-
penses, also increases. Table XIII shows the relation of size of farm
to various items of expense and receipts, farm income, etc. When
the estimated average value of the farmer’s labor is deducted from
the farm income and the result is divided by the amount of the in-
vestment, it is seen that the average return cn the investment for all
farms is 6.3 per cent, with very little variation with the size of farm.
Since the income above rent shows certain regularity with the size of
30 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
farm, this factor is used as a measure of efficiency in other tabulations
when size of farm does not enter as a disturbing factor.
Figure 8 shows graphically the relation of size of farm to income
above rent and percentage returns on the investment. The series of
vertical lines (bottom of figure) represents the size of farm in crop
acres, each line representing one farm arranged from left to right
according to size. The horizontal line at 117.5 acres represents the
average crop area per farm for all of the farms studied in the survey.
PER CENT RETURN
ON INVESTMENT
INCOME ABOVE RENT
$962 AVERAGE
=
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Fic. 8—Relation of size of farm (bottom) to income above rent (middle) and to
present return on investment (top) (115 farms. Ellis County, Tex.).
The series of vertical lines in the middle of the figure represents
the income of the same farms shown at the bottom of the figure; the
horizontal line (middle) represents the average income aoe rent
for all farms. It is seen that as the size of farm increases (left to
right) the incomes become larger, 1. e., more of them are above the
average line than among the farms of smaller size. Also, it is ob-
served that there are more incomes that fall below the zero line as
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 3
the farms become larger. This indicates that as the size of farm
increases the opportunities for increased income are greater, and also
that the chances for loss increase. In other words, as the size of
farm increases, the chances for both large and small incomes increase
with the risk, showing greater average returns, however, on the larger
farms.
The vertical lines at the top of figure 8 represent, the percentage
returns on the investment for the same farms, respectively, as rep-
resented at the bottom of the figure. The horizontal line (top)
represents the average of the percentage returns for all farms, being
6.38 per cent on the investment. It is seen that there are practically
as many farms making small percentage returns on large farms as
on small ones.
The following conclusions seem justified by the foregoing data
concerning size of farm among those studied:
There is better utilization of capital on the large farms than on
the small ones. Each dollar of working capital (stock, equipment,
etc.) accomplishes more work on the large than on the small farms.
The management is more economical, although possibly not quite
as efficient, on the large farms as on the farms of less acreage.
The most efficient size for two-horse farms here appears to be from
55 to 60 acres of crops; for four-horse farms from 95 to 105 acres,
and for six-horse farms from 140 to 155 acres.
There is a shghtly greater percentage return on the large farms
than on the small ones, due to better utilization of labor and lower
unit cost of operation.
The total net receipts are greater on the large farms than on the
small ones.
The small farms show a greater yield of cotton per acre than the
large farms.
Farmers of this region have not generally made the mistake of
operating too small an area for the efficient utilization of capital and
labor; the smallest farm studied cqnsists of 39 acres of crop land, and
the largest 522 acres.
QUALITY OF FARMING.
The curve shown in figure 9 gives the range of yield of cotton per
acre from year to year. The yield for 1903 and 1904 was approxi-
mately one-half bale per acre, but for five or six years thereafter the
yield per acre alternated from high to low, varying from more than
300 pounds of lint per acre in 1906 to 125 pounds of lint in 1909.
Again in 1912 the yield of lint was nearly 8C0 pounds. The straight
line across the figure shows approximately the average tendency of
32 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
yields from 1903 to 1914. It is seen that this line has a marked
downward tendency, indicating that the average yield per acre has
gradually decreased during this period.
The variations from year to year in the yield per acre are accounted
for by climatic or other conditions, over which the farmers have little
control. However, the average downward tendency of the yield per
acre is a matter of vital concern to the farmers, and also is a matter
over which the farmers can have some influence. It appears certain
that the system of farming followed here at present is not self-
sustaining. Eventually farmers must either change to some other
system, or must so change their practices with the present one as to
rebuild the soil.
The forces that determine what system of farming is best in a
given locality are so complex that no human agency can tell what
system is best until the matter is worked out in practice. In Brooks
County, Ga., where
the single crop cotton
system held sway un-
til yields were re-
duced to a point that
made a change neces-
sary, hogs and pea-
nuts became the farm-
er’s main dependence.
sut peanuts are not
so well adapted to the
soils of Ellis County,
| Tex.,and raising hogs
Itc. 9.—Variation in yield per acre of cotton from 1903 to for market, as dis-
jug Me Couey, Te (Ona eed i. 8 dinuilenae
ing the home supply,
requires careful management on soils that become very muddy in wet
weather. It is unwise to try to suggest new systems of farming for
this region until a careful study has been made of the system pre-
vailing in other similar regions where this problem has been worked
out, if such. regions can be found. Such a study is contemplated.
The experience of farmers in Marlboro County, S. C., seems to
offer a suggestion. That county long since reached the point where
continuous cotton culture with no attention to soil fertility made a
change necessary. ‘To-day it has soil of wonderful yielding power.
Its vield per acre of cotton is remarkably high. In this locality it
was long ago learned that the application of commercial fertilizers
would greatly stimulate the growth of cotton. The use of a little
manure or vegetable refuse of almost any kind aided materially. It
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FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON PARMS. 83
is well known that soil, in order to be fertile, must contain a con-
siderable quantity of decaying vegetable matter (humus). The
farmers of Marlboro County have learned that after they have
forced the yield of cotton to a bale per acre, the staiks and leaves
of the cotton plant, if carefully returned to the soil, will keep it
sufficiently supplied with vegetable matter. When the yield is less
than a bale it is necessary to use more vegetable matter than this.
The sandy loam soils of Marlboro County, S. C., are quite different
in character from the “ black-waxy ” soils of Ellis County, Tex., and
doubtless require different treatment. From what is known of the
black-waxy soils, it is probable that nitrogen is the only commercial
fertilizer that would do much good on them. Heretofore the cheapest
source of commercial nitrogen has been nitrate of soda. But this is
now very expensive. Fortunately, the farmer is in position to pro-
duce his own nitrogen. This he can do by growing legumes, either
for forage or as green manures. There are several legumes that can
be sown in cotton fields late in the season and plowed under in the
spring. Bur clover, crimson clover, and hairy vetch are examples.
It is not known how these crops would behave on the black-waxy
soils of Texas. It is believed, however, that they are worthy of trial
on a small scale as above suggested. Any of them that will grow
4 inches high in time to turn under in the spring will add enough
nitrogen to the soil to stimulate the growth of cotton very materially.
Another method of getting nitrogen and vegetable matter into the
soil practiced extensively on a Georgia farm is as follows: Hairy
vetch is sown between the cotton rows at the last cultivation. No
further attention is paid to it until the time to plant cotton in the
spring. A middle-buster is then run in the middles between the
rows of old cotton stalks which are still standing. The dirt is then
thrown back to the middles and the new crop of cotton is planted.
It is cultivated sufficiently to keep the land clean near the new rows
until the vetch, which is still growing on the old stalks, has matured
to seed, the seed being allowed to fall to the ground for a new seeding.
The old rows are then run over with a stalk cutter, and these and the
-vetch vines and seed are cultivated into the soil. The vetch seed
comes up about the time the new crop of cotton is laid by, and the
same process is repeated from year to year.
After the yield of cotton has been brought up to a bale or more per
acre, it is probable that plowing under the cotton stalks and leaves
will keep the Ellis County soils sufficiently suppled with vegetable
matter to maintain good yields, especially if a little nitrate of soda
is used, and careful use is made of such manure and waste vegetable
matter as can be found about the farm.
The records show that on those farms which grow some alfalfa the
cotton yields are higher than on others; but this can hardly be due
34 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
to the presence ot the alfalfa, for a field of cotton following alfalfa
is rarely found. There is no question that alfalfa would increase the
yield of.cotton for several years after an alfalfa sod is plowed up.
At present alfalfa on these Ellis County farms is largely confined
to small areas on exceptionally good land. Whether it would be
generally profitable to the farmers of this region is not known,
but the presumption is in its favor. It is certainly a crop that
would be highly useful as a source of feed for the farm animals, and
that would greatly increase the fertility of the soil. It should be
tried more generally, but yet conservatively. It would hardly be
wise to sow a large acreage of it until the farmer has learned with
certainty how to grow it, and how it will fit into his system of
farming. A small acreage of alfalfa is desirable on almost any farm
where it will grow readily. To handle a large acreage of alfalfa suc-
cessfully requires considerable experience, and is not desirable unless
there is either a good market for the hay or plenty of live stock on
the farm to consume it.
In sowing any legume new to a locality it is usually advisable to
inoculate either the seed or the soil with the particular kind of bac-
teria that crop requires. Inoculating material for this purpose, with
directions for its use, may be obtained from the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. After the crop is once successfully grown, soil
from where it grew can be used to inoculate the soil of ies parts of
the farm. Many farmers have failed with legumes because they neg-
lected this matter of inoculation. Failure is certain unless the soil
is already inoculated.
It is essential to the continuation of cotton farming in Ellis County,
as well as in other parts of Texas, that the yield be maintained at a
point as high as or higher than at present. Table XIV shows the rela-
tion of yield of cotton toincome. The 115 farms are grouped according
to yield per acre of cotton with 31, 33, 25, and 26 farms in the respec-
tive groups. The average yield per acre of these groups varies from
184 pounds of lint in the first to 323 pounds in the last.
Tarte NIV.—Relation of yield of cotton per acre to income per farm (115 |
° farms, Ellis County, Texr.).
: Income | Per cent
Average Crop
Pot eek ae Number he above |returnon
Yield oflint per acre. offarms. | as pune gehts rent per | invest-
| ; ; farm. ment.
|
Pounds.
136:10, 208 POUNUS:-- 2.2 .2--- see e eee eee e- ce eee 31) 184 | 120 $600 4.9
2000} PAN MoUNGS oo te ee ow > «Ae as 33 225 | 133 846 5.6
PALO AT BPOULOS . 2252 --non eeeeree es oe eso ee ee 25 260 | 127 1,155 6.5
IS LOAOZIDOUNGS =). aoe. ce eee eee eee sci ceeee ae 26 323 99 | 1, 366 8.6
vA UiitarntGe «5 Sse a= os ees 2c .|, ne | a5) 2 245 | 118 962 6.3
aU aeeetied average.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 85
This observation revives the question of ownership, to which allu-
sion has already been made. It is not to the interest of the tenant
to plant alfalfa even if he were encouraged to do so, because the
profit of that crop from the first year’s planting is comparatively
small; it is valuable from the standpoint of yield because one plant-
ing suflices for several years. Under present customs the rental
contract is usually for only one year. Without some change in the
tenure system there will be fur-
ther depletion of soil fertility. POUNDS OF LINT COTTON PER ACRE
The contrary result is encouraged aoe
by ownership, for the owner has
every reason for maintaining and
increasing the fertility of the soil
and the yield of his acres.
That the yteld has a direct re-
lation to income is shown by the
percentage return on investment
and by income above rent. Farms
making an average yield of 184
pounds make a return of 4.9 per
cent on the investment. The same
farms make incomes above rent
of $600. Each of these expres-
sions of income increases as the
yield per acre increases and al-
most directly in proportion to the — pie. 10—Relation of yield to cost of pro-
amount of increase of yield. duction of lint cotton (115 farms, Ellis
3 County, Tex.).
The curve shown in figure 10
illustrates graphically the relation of yield to cost. It is seen that
where the yield is as low as 155 pounds per acre, the cost of production
is equal to the value of the cotton (11.2 cents per pound). As the
yield increases the curve drops rapidly, so that when a yield of 400
pounds per acre is made the cost is slightly over 6 cents per pound.
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TABLE XV.—Relation of yield to cost of cotton (139 crops, 114 farms, Ellis
County, Tex.).
Yield of lint per acre.
Average.
200 F S 301
201 to 250 | 251 to 300
pounds s° . | pounds
or less,_| Pounds. | pounds. | 14 over.
NiMMOSTORCKOPS mete ere ee eo Sl... eee 27 52 42 NSA
Yield per acre (pounds lint)...........-.-.--------~- 170.3 226. 7 274.7 344.6 245
Number man days per acre-..........-.----------+-- 4.82 5. 44 6. 00 6.7 5. 65
Number horse days per acre........--.--------------: | 3.12 3.10 3.23 3. 34 3.17
Rent per acre.......-- hese Suh Ce it te a PME Ts Sof | $4.72 $4. 90 $5. 38 $5. 80 $5.13
Matai bor Costapermache\cnee tc. -5-.-5+,--------s-=scet $8. 75 $9. 52 $11. 74 $12. 80 $10. 46
Helonse 2D OmCOstaper AChew-k oS. - --.,-------2-5 ese $4. 62 $4. 79 $4. 90 $4.7 $4. 79
Giimaiing: GON: WEP EVO Ws cobs ce sues cd Soe SEH eeeaeonanos= $1. 07 1.41 $1.72 $2.13 $1.49
Gosmomlint Pemacheweeetehes ee) .- 6b... ss Sees | $17.97 $19. 47 $22. 51 $23. 97 $20. 68
NLTOOL i MmispeaAChememee er cass 5. Ja. ---ssceces $19. 07 $25. 36 $30. 7 $38. 60 $27.44
CosHotlint pem pound) (Cents). .-..2-..--------s-2-e- | 10.5 8.6 | 8.2 6.7 a8.7
a Unweighted average.
36 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table XV shows the distribution of costs on cotton when different
yields per acre are obtained. The cost of each crop of cotton on the
114 farms was computed separately, so that the averages are for
crops and not for farms. The average number of days of man labor
per acre increases with the yield, due to the increased amount of
labor required for picking. However, the increase in yield from
170.3 pounds to 344.6 pounds is 102 per cent, while the increase of
man labor is only 41 per cent. The average amount of horse labor
required per acre for the crops making the lowest yields is 3.12 days,
while on the crops making the highest yields the number of horse
days required is 3.84. This is an increase of only 7 per cent. This
table further shows that the rent per acre increases as the yield in-
creases. The rent of crop land making yields of 170.3 pounds is
$4.72, while that of the land making a yield of 344.6 pounds of lint
is $5.80.
BUSHELS PER ACRE There is an ‘in-
crease in man labor
cost per acre from
$8.75 on the crops
making low yields to
$12.80 on crops of
high yields, being an
increase of 46 per
cent. There ism. a
slightly greater “in-
crease than in the
Tig. 11.—Relation of yield to cost of production of corn py \ymber of man days
(115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.). : a
required per acre on
the same farms. There is scarcely any increase in cost of horse labor
as the yield per acre increases.
The ginning cost, being a charge based directly on the quantity of
cotton, increases directly with the yield.
The total cost of lint per acre increases 33 per cent, while the
increase in value is 102 per cent. The yield per acre increases more
rapidly than the cost per acre, so that as the yield increases from
170 pounds to 344.6 pounds the cost per pound decreases from 10.5
cents to 6.7 cents.
The same results were found for corn as for cotton, with only very
slight variations. Figure 11 and Table XVI show the relation be-
tween yield per acre and the cost per bushel. When corn yields less
than 18 bushels per acre, the cost is greater than the market value.
The average yield of corn for the region was 25.6 bushels per acre
at an average cost of 58.4 cents per bushel. As the yield increases
beyond the average the cost continues to decrease, but not as rapidly.
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FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. BT
The data from these farms indicate that the point has not yet been
reached where the cost increases with the yield (law of diminishing
return), but the curve would seem to indicate that this point for this
region, and with methods now used, is not far above 50 bushels per
acre.
Taste XVI.—Relation of yicld to cost of corn (119 crops, 114 farms, Ellis
County, Tenr.).
+ Average | a...
0 K Number a Cost per
Yield per acre. eal aakeltel es
B ofrecords. per acre. | bushel.
: Bushels.
20s ushelsionalessseseriate as ecco arth wane SS. . vo dee Re eiereuicernineeieieeie | 37 15.8 $0. 94
Pil ie 20) OWSOCIS. 3 Sol aL SSeS CHESS E SS oe eae eEEeEe C6 conto qeoenoeoa See 62 27.5 53
ee STOLsM Ones see sees ise sie i ss ci- 2 2 oe see eeneseesc cere el 20 37.4 -45
PASTING TROND See ase era eo rate ro ates inlale icici Sle 32 wo w'n we new oo of eo cle one iele see 119 25.6 58
From these data concerning yields of the two principal crops, cot-
ton and corn, it is apparent that considerable attention should be
given to the matter of maintaining and even increasing the yields
per acre. These relations may be expected to be affected by the use
of manure, rotten straw, corn and cotton stalks, etc. In this section
little effort is made to utilize these common fertilizers, manure being
dumped in roads, stream channels, etc., while straw rots in the stack
or is burned to make room for the planting of more cotton. The
stalks of cotton and corn are frequently raked and burned, although
the introduction of various types of stalk cutters (see figs. 17 and 18)
makes it possible to get these humus-forming products into the soil
again. Fortunately, the value of these various materials is becoming
better known and more attention is being given to their utilization.
The size of the enterprise has some bearing on the yield of cotton.
This is true on small farms as well as on the larger ones. A tabula-
tion made on the basis of the proportion of crop land in cotton on
each farm shows that where less than 60 per cent of the crop area is
in cotton, average yields of 272 pounds of lint per acre are made.
As the proportion of land in cotton increases to 86.2 per cent, the
yield decreases to 230 pounds of lint per acre. On the farms where
considerable areas of crops other than cotton are grown there is some
change of crop on the same field from year to year. This of itself
tends to increase yields.
Several varieties of cotton were found on the farms studied.
One variety, known as Mebane’s Triumph (see fig. 12), was pre-
dominant, 96 of the 115 farms producing this cotton. On 11 farms
a number of varieties were found, among them being Rowden and
Webb. On 9 farms the variety reported was “just cotton.” Tabula-
tions of yields of different varieties do not show material differences
38 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
in yield, and these averages are not reliable, on account of the small
number of farms producing other than Mebane’s Triumph.
The better farmers of the section follow a fairly uniform prac-
tice as to method of obtaining cotton seed for planting. They hold
the opinion that cotton will “run out” or mix varieties in three or
four years. To overcome this difficulty many buy pure seed every
two or three years direct from the breeders of the respective varieties
or from other sources furnishing pure seed. These farmers secure
from 10 to 30 bushels each at a cost of from $1.50 to $2.50 per
bushel. The second or heaviest picking of the cotton produced from
this seed is ginned separately and the seed saved for the larger part
ric. 12.—Mebane Triumph Cotton, the variety grown most extensively in the region.
Big bolls, easily picked.
of the planting of the following year. If the second year’s crop
remains fairly true to variety, sufficient seed may be saved for a
third year’s planting.
VARIETIES OF CORN.
Records of varieties of corn were obtained from 78 farms. Thirty-
seven farms produce some strain of yellow dent, 12 produce Bloody
Butcher, and 10 produce Strawberry corn. On 19 farms “mixed ”
corn was reported. It is indicated that Strawberry corn gives
slightly the best yields (29 bushels), but there is not a sufficient
number of farms having the different varieties to determine reliable
averages on this point.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 39
COVER CROPS.
Scarcely any attention has been given in the region to the utiliza-
tion of winter cover crops, with the exception of oats anda very little
wheat. The fact that cotton picking often extends well into the
winter season accounts in part for this condition.
It has been clearly demonstrated in other sections that a rotation
of crops, even where no legumes are used, increases yields. Where
legumes are included very marked increases are noted. For ex-
ample, McNair, in Arkansas, found that where cotton followed cot-
ton the average yield on 50 farms was 168 pounds per acre; follow-
ing corn the yield was 197 pounds; following corn with cowpeas
between the rows the yield was 251 pounds; and where cotton fol-
lowed cowpeas (cut for hay) the yield was 270 pounds per acre.
At 10 cents per pound the increased yield of cotton due to the pre-
vious crop of cowpeas was $11.73 per acre.
It is a well-known fact that the use of -any cover crop tends to
hold plant food in the soil, preventing its washing and leaching
away. The use of legumes, such as vetch, crimson clover, bur clover,
and others, actually adds the element nitrogen to the soil by taking
it from the air.
These legumes may be planted between the rows of cotton, as win-
ter wheat is now frequently planted in the black-land region, as soon
as the cotton is picked. In the case of early maturing cotton, with a
warm fall, the legumes should make a sufficient growth by the time
of spring plowing to be of immense value when turned under. It is
believed to be advisable for farmers on these black lands to experi-
ment with these winter legumes as a possible means of increasing
the yield of cotton.
FARM ORGANIZATION.
It already has been shown that cotton holds the most important
place in the farming of Ellis County. A few farms in the county
are dairy farms or diversified farms, but only one dairy farm and
one diversified farm were found in this survey, and these were elimi-
nated, since no reliable conclusions could be drawn from single in-
stances.
It is not always possible to ascertain whether these types of farm-
ing found on a few farms in a locality could be successfully fol-
lowed on farms generally in the region, though it is frequently pos-
sible to say they would not be successful generally. A few cases will
illustrate this point. In Anderson County, 8. C., a single farm was
found that was doing well with hogs. The owner kept several brood
sows, raised two litters of pigs a year from each of them, and sold
the pigs at weaning time to neighboring farmers who wanted them
40 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
to feed from table scraps and other waste materials. This farmer’s
business was successful because his neighbors were not keeping brood
SOS.)
In a survey of 270 farms at Monett, Mo., four dairy farms were
found. They made good incomes. Three of them did so by supply-
ing milk for the city of Monett. They occupied this field completely.
The other made butter, and was successful only because the farm
family was a very exceptional one.
A 25-acre farm in South Carolina was devoted exclusively to hay
growing. It was highly successful because the hay was sold at high
prices to neighboring farms that did not produce hay. Such cases as
these tend to make farm-management investigators conservative in
recommending changes in farm practice. They feel safe in recom-
mending a new system only where a considerable body of local ex-
perience has grown up with it. However, such investigators fre-
quently recommend experiments in a new direction. This is very
different from recommending a new system of farming.
There is no well-established system of rotation in the region.
Cotton occupies so much of the land that extensive rotation is not
possible without a marked change in the system of farming. It is
generally the practice to plant corn on the better land of the farm,
preferably on bottoms, if possible. Legumes are found on only a
few farms. A few farmers appreciate the value of rotations, and
these make some effort to have a grain crop appear on all crop land
once in three years. It is desirable to plant cotton on land previously
occupied by grain on account of the fact that the fungus disease
known as “ root-rot ” is not so prevalent under this condition. This
disease attacks cotton and legumes (taproot plants), but not grains.
A study of this character does not give much information as to
the value of diversified farming in a region like Ellis County. It
is a study of farm experience, and local experience with diversified
farming is so meager here that no conclusions can be drawn from it.
Other types of farming might be better for the region than the one
prevailing, but this can not be determined definitely in advance of
experience, or at least extensive experiment, with a new system.
This study does reveal much of value concerning the details of
the prevailing system. Some of the lessons bearing on these details
are given in what follows.
CROPS.
Cotton.—In order to arrive at some indication of the proportion
of the crop area that should be in cotton to make the best returns
with the system prevailing in this region, a tabulation was made
using the percentage acreage in cotton as the basis. The results,
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 4]
shown in Table XVII, would seem to indicate that the acreage of
cotton which produces the greatest immediate returns is found at
about 80 to 90 per cent of the total crop area.
TaBLE XVII.—Relation of percentage acreage in cotton to percentage returns
(118 farms, Lillis County, Tex.).
|
Ber gout ; Per cent
a . Number | of tota Crop Jiversity) return on
Acreage in cotton. offarms.| acerage are index. | invest-
in cotton. ment.
Acres. |
225) (WO) OS} BORER coas Coote ane RO SOR on nn Beene ae 22 50.9 105.3 1.97 5.8
GBRUONGaAChOSee meat e ee alee heise seis cterceinini-s Sos ooo. 21 63.1 125.5 LoL 5.9
1 WO AD) COROS 3535 Jas6 SSR Rees odes ae Gee Eee lf 26 73.9 107.1 1.44 | 6.1
OMUOIS 219 CL OSasen seein 8 on ePeiccb- isisie sos os aH 3 79.0 138. 9 WE BY 6.8
EP) 1 OO) GOCE sLacoas os dened eee Boe ; eae | 21 87.5 114.6 1.19 6.9
BANAT NS eee ne Ne ere el es eS ee La keys 113 71.9 117.5 1.47 6.3
It is to be borne in mind that this observation is merely a record
of the farming operations under survey. It is not intended to be
advice to increase the percentage of cotton acreage, because for rea-
sons already indicated cotton raising in this area is depleting the
soil and the apparent profit on the farms under review is at the ex-
pense of soil fertility, well-balanced agriculture, and a wholesome
rural development. The records show that if these important consid-
erations are to be ignored, if the soil is to be “mined,” and if social
and family welfare are to be despised, the immediate profit upon the
year’s operation in a period of good prices will be greater with a
cotton acreage of 80 per cent to 90 per cent of the total area than
with less acreage in cotton. The average for all the farms in the
survey is 71.9 per cent.
Right here we have the crux of the difficulty with Ellis County
farming. The system that gives the best immediate returns is one
that is gradually wearing out the soil,t and that s°ems to be headed
straight toward its own destruction. Unless some change in practice
is made soon, the average yield of cotton will become so low that the
system will be unprofitable. Fortunate the region where the most
profitable type of farming is one that maintains the fertility of
the soil. ;
There are other disadvantages of this most profitable system here.
t utilizes only a small part of the horse power on the farm. The
man power is idle or poorly employed much of the time. The profit-
ableness of cotton leads to the neglect of other essential features of
good farming. The small provision made for producing food for
1This term is somewhat misleading. The soil does not actually wear out; its yielding
power is reduced. But by suitable methods this power can be restored. The most essen-
tial factor in such restoration is the incorporation into the soil of plenty of decaying
vegetable matter.
42 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
home consumption leads to a low standard of living on the part of
farm labor.
Tabulations concerning the amount of receipts derived from the
sale of cotton brought out the following: Where sales of cotton
amount to less than 80 per cent of the total receipts the income is
below the average; where cotton sales amount to from 81 to 90 per
cent of the total receipts, the income is considerably above the aver-
age; where the receipts from cotton sales are over 90 per cent of
the total, the income is very slightly above the average.
Corn and minor crops.—Corn occupied on the average for all farms
14.1 per cent of the crop area. Tabulations were made to determine
the most profitable acreage of this crop, and to ascertain whether the
production of corn for sale added to the farm income. The general
result appears to be that those farms producing shghtly more corn
than was needed for home consumption were most profitable. The
greater profit is believed to be due not to the fact that corn was pro-
duced for sale, but because a small surplus for sale insures an abun-—
dance for home use.
Practically the same was true for such crops as oats, sorghum for
hay, kafir, milo, ete.
Again, attention is called to the fact that these deductions are the
records of farming as practiced. It is a question whether better
cultivation of corn and other crops would not yield better returns.
It is the uniform habit in the cotton region for the farmer to give
his best attention to his cotton, which represents his principal cash
income.
Alfalfa—rThis crop was found on only eight farms in this study.
These farms were for the most part located on low lands, and
had somewhat better soil than the average. The value of this crop
as a source of feed for the farm animals is unquestioned. While no
positive statements can be made as to its desirability for the farms
of this region generally, it is believed that every farmer in the
region should endeavor to grow at least a small area of it. It is a
legume and requires inoculation unless the alfalfa bacteria are
already present in the soil.
Another reason for experimenting with this crop is that, in case
the present local system of farming fails, alfalfa is itself a very
good money crop, and in connection with other forage crops may be
made the basis of an excellent system of live-stock farming.
Live stock—Farm animals may be divided into two classes, namely,
work stock and productive stock, the latter being those kept for
their products, such as meat, milk, wool, eggs, etc. The work stock
on these 115 farms averaged 5.25 head per farm. The acreage of
crops per work animal has already been discussed in connection
with size of farms. =
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 43
The number of productive live stock per farm is the equivalent of
4.26 mature animals. They consist usually of a cow or two for the
production of milk and butter, a few hogs for meat, and a moderate-
sized flock of poultry for eggs and meat. These products are in-
tended mainly for home use, with frequently a small surplus for sale.
The quantity of such products sold from these farms was so smal]
that it had little influence on the farm profits one way or the other,
but it is to be noted that those farms making most profit generally
produced slightly more live-stock products than were needed for
home consumption.
Local experience with live-stock enterprises is not sufficiently ex-
tensive to make it possible in a study of this character to determine
the desirability of such enterprises. But the fact that very few far-
mers here keep much more productive stock than are needed for home
use would lead the careful student to be conservative in recommend-
ing the general extension of such enterprises. It is a fact: that many
farmers in this region have tried various live-stock enterprises from
time to time on a considerable scale. The fact that almost no such
enterprises remain indicates that local farmers have not found them
so well adapted to local conditions as cotton farming. This may be
due in part to lack of knowledge of stock farming on the part of
local farmers. If for any reason cotton farming should become un-
profitable, or far less profitable than now, it is probable that some
type or types of stock farming would be found to do very well here.
At present about all that can be said with confidence is that every
farm should certainly keep enough productive stock to supply its own
needs for their products. It would appear that these farmers gen-
erally do this. Furthermore, the records show that they raise prac-
tically all the feed needed by their live stock, which is in keeping with
sound practice.
The farm needs include especially milch cows, hogs, and poultry
sufficient to supply the family, with a little surplus. Such live stock,
by consuming waste, by affording diversity of interest, by furnishing
fertilizer, by encouraging the raising of winter cover crops, and by
making sure abundant wholesome food for the family, return a much
greater profit than would appear from bookkeeping records.
+4 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TapLte XNVIII.—Average value of feed per farm and per animal unit® (115
farms, Lllis County, Tex.)
Nuniper of ‘work’ stock per farm@ueeeee eee 5. 25
Number of productive animal units per farm_——-—~-_---__-_ 4, 26
Total animal units per farm_____ S202 Lee 9. 51
Value per farm:
Heed) raised) See 22! _. Se eee $578
Heed! Doushty Se Sees La ae Ss eee 91
Inerease in inventory___——~====2=_ een Lo!
HMeed soldi ji ._. _ a ee 162
Meed consumed). -2' 23)... 516
Value of feed consumed per animal wnit____________-=_ = 5D
Value of feed consumed per work animal___________ eee hd Fs 838
Value of feed consumed per productive animal unit-____-_-___ 19
VETERINARY
SHOEING
DEPRECIATION
INTEREST
FEED
TOTAL AVERAGE
ANNUAL
Qa
<
Ww
x
c
ul
a
=
”
is)
Oo
Fic. 138.—Proportionate cost of various items and the total annual cost of maintaining
workstock per year (115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.).
Table XVIII shows the stock kept and feed on the average cotton
farms of the region. The average value of feed raised per farm is
$578 and the average value of feed bought per farm is $91. The
total value of feed consumed per farm amounts to $516 or $55 per
animal unit. Other data (see fig. 13) shows that the value of feed
consumed by work stock is $83 per head. The average value of feed
consumed by productive stock is therefore $19 per animal unit.
The following diagram, showing factors affecting the principal
enterprises, is practically self-explanatory. It is intended to visu-
alize briefly the summary of conditions, favorable or unfavorable, to
the principal enterprises of the region.
“For definitions of the term ‘animal unit” see p. 3.
PARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS.
45
Factors ArrectinGc PRoriraABLENESS OF ENTERPRISES.
Soil improvement.
Furnishes supplies for home con-
sumption.
Enterprise. Favorable conditions. Unfavorable conditions.
m©otton.s- 252 Cash crop—fair profit. Depletes soil. -
Soil and climatic adaptation. Uneven distribution of labor.
Favorable market conditions. Keeps children from school for
Utilizes labor of whole family. picking.
Size of farm. Small percentage horse labor util-
Low machinery requirements. ized.
Root-rot.
Worms -h. 2: Feed crop. Depletes soil.
Supplements cotton_in lahor dis- | Local market limited.
tribution.
Soil.
Oats........-| Utilizes labor otherwise unused. | Climatic conditions—drought.
Winter pasture. Smut, rust.
Big machinery requirements.
Requires large amounts of labor
for harvest and thrashing.
Sorghum ...-.| A sure crop-hay. Limited market.
Good yields. Depletes soil rapidly.
Drought resistant. Very difficult to handle.
Biinicoimeeretes eer ee Climatic conditions.
Large labor requirements for
thrashing. ;
Requires big machinery.
pia as ci Improves soil. Limited market.
Even labor distribution. Root-rot.
i Fair yields. Presence of Johnson grass.
Drought.
Sie koa oepaeee Utilizes waste feed. Limited pasture.
Less profitable than cotton.
Poor quality.
46 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
COST OF PRODUCTION.
Before discussing in detail the cost of production of the various
crops found on the farms of Ellis County, a brief discussion is here
given of the methods used in the determination. The items of cost
considered were as follows: Rent of land; man labor, consisting of
hired labor, family labor, and the operator’s own labor; horse labor;
equipment or machinery cost; interest on cash required to operate
the farm; seed cost; ginning cost for cotton; and special costs on
certain enterprises.
The rent of land was ascertained from each farmer. All cotton
land when rented was worked on the share basis, one-fourth of the
crop generally being the landlord’s portion. All other crops, such
as corn, oats, sorghum, and milo maize, when raised on rented land
were produced either on the share basis or cash-rent basis. More
often these crops, when raised by tenants, were produced on. land
for which cash rent was paid; for those crops where the landlord
received a share as rent his portion was generally one-third of the
crop produced. Since nearly 40 per cent of the land covered by the
survey was worked by tenants, there was no difficulty in determining
the cash rent per acre on any of the farms.
Since the rent per acre was determined on the basis of the amount
that the landlords received as rent, this item covers a number of
minor expenses, such as taxes, insurance of farm buildings, repairs
of same, and building depreciation. The rent is determined, to a
certain extent, by the yielding power of the land.
In arriving at the cost of man labor the three component parts
were determined separately. The cost of hired labor, consisting of
month hands, day hands, and contract work, such as cotton chopping,
picking, etc., was obtained directly from each farmer. If any mem-
bers of the family did field work, the value of this was obtained and
considered as a cost. The value of the operator’s own labor was
obtained on the basis of what it would cost him to hire another to
do his work of management and manual labor equally as well as he
himself could do it. It is appreciated that this is an unsatisfactory
figure, but tabulations have shown that on the average the farmers
were consistent in their estimates of this figure. When rations were
furnished laborers, or where members of the family did farm work,
the cost of food bought or furnished this labor was included in the
man-labor cost.
The cost of horse (or mule) labor was subdivided into the follow-
ing items: Depreciation; interest on investment in work stock at the
beginning of the year; feed cost; shoeing and veterinary charges;
and cost of work stock hired by the month or year. Where a crew,
consisting of men, team and machinery, was employed for a specific
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY. OF COTTON FARMS. 47
purpose, the cost was charged directly against the enterprise on
which the labor was performed. These items were totaled to make
up the total cost of horse labor.
The equipment cost includes depreciation, repairs, interest, and
insurance. The items of interest, taxes, an] insurance together were
found to be approximately 10 per cent of the value of the machinery,
and this figure was therefore used in all calculations involving equip-
ment cost. These items were totaled to determine the equipment or
machinery cost per farm.
A certain amount of cash is required to run the business of each
farm. In each case this amount was ascertained and interest at the
rate of 8 per cent was charged on this figure.
The amount and value of seed required per acre were arrived at
for each crop and the value was charged directly against the respec-
tive enterprises.
The cost of ginning cotton per bale was learned for each farm
and was charged directly against this crop.
Various special costs, such as those for harvesting and thrashing
grain, binder twine, baling hay, ete., were determined and charged
directly against the respective enterprises. The number of days of
productive labor was ascertained for each farm. This was learned
by determining the acreage of each enterprise, the crew duty for each
operation, and thus the number of days of productive man and horse
labor for each crop. From the number of days of work utilized in
the handling of productive stock, as well as in other minor enter-
prises, and the number of productive days of work outside of the
farm, such as road work, outside hauling, etc., the total number of
days of man-labor and of horse labor were arrived at for each farm.
Having ascertained the number of productive man days and horse
days, the costs were prorated to the respective enterprises as follows:
Costs of man labor and interest on cash to run the farm were dis-
tributed according to the number of productive man days required
for the respective enterprises; the cost of horse labor and equipment
cost were distributed to the enterprises according to the number of
horse days required for each enterprise.
In this manner the costs were charged against the crops on the
acre basis; these distributed costs, together with the separately ap-
portioned special costs, were totaled, thus arriving at the acre cost of
each crop. The yield per acre of each crop being known, the unit
cost was calculated.
In the case of cotton two products are obtained from the gin,
namely lint and seed. The total acre cost of cotton was distributed
between the lint and seed according to the acre value of each product,
on the basis of the net weight per bale of cotton, and the amount of
seed produced per bale of lint.
48 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The average rent of land was found to be $5.10 per acre. The rent
of cotton land is slightly lower than land rent for the other crops,
although the difference is very small.
MAN LABOR.
In Table XIX is shown the distribution of man labor cost per
acre of all crops. It is seen that the total average cost is $8.76. That
portion of the man labor cost in hired labor amounts to $3.39 per
acre, While family labor amounts to $1.73. The operater’s own labor
is valued at $3.64 per acre. It was found that the cost of the oper-
ator’s labor per acre decreases slightly as the size of the farm in-
creases. The other items composing the man labor cost did not vary
with the size factor to any appreciable extent.
TABLE NIX.—Distribution of man labor cost for all crops (114 farms, Ellis
County, Tex.
Cost
per acre.
letol Ore louikerol jie. See 2 ep $3. 39
Namily = labor22 2 s2 a. ee ie 1. 73
Operator labor2===— Sennen... RR eee 3. 64
Total manéloporses=— ase | a a ae ie 8. 76
OIL
REPAIRS
INTEREST, TAXES
& INSURANCE
DEPRECIATION
TOTAL PER $100
OF EQUIPMENT
Fic. 14.—Cost of various items and total annual cost per $100 of valuation of operating
machinery (115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.). -
As the size of farm increases, the total amount of hired labor in-
creases. The amount of hired labor per crop-acre is shghtly higher
on the larger farms, the average for all farms being $3.38. The total
hired labor for the average farm is $397.
The total value of the labor of the operator’s family increases as -
the size of farm increases, but the value per acre is slightly less on
the large farms. The average total value of family labor on all
farms is $203.
The average total value of the farmer’s own labor on all farms,
averaging 117.5 acres in size, is $427 per year. As the size of farm
increases, however, the total value of the operator’s labor increases,
but not in proportion to the size. The value of the operator’s labor
on the group of farms averaging 62.5 acres is $4.45 per acre; on
farms averaging 100.1 acres, $4.04: on farms averaging 188,9 acres,
$3.17, and on all farms, averaging 117.5 acres, $3.64.
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 49
HORSE LABOR.
The average annual cost of work stock per head is $101.37 (see
fig. 13). The average cost is almost exactly the same on large farms
as on small. However, the cost per acre and the cost per day decrease
materially as the size of farm increases. The annual feed cost per
animal amounts to $83.08. The average value of this stock is $135
per head and the interest on this valuation at 8 per cent amounts
to $10.73.
The annual depreciation of work stock is comparatively low on
these farms, averaging $6.38. Very little shoeing is done for ordi-
nary farm work; only where teams are used for hauling on the
Fig. 15.—Barn, with overhanging eaves for machinery shelter.
hard pike roads are they shod. The average cost per head per
year is seen to be only $0.95. The veterinary cost is but $0.23 per
head. Only an occasional animal is injured and very little disease
is found in the region.
COST OF MACHINERY.
The cost of maintenance and operation of machinery and tools is
comparatively high in Ellis County. Figure 14 shows the relation of
the various cost items to each other and to the total cost per $100 of
equipment. The largest item is seen to be depreciation, which is
equivalent to 14 per cent of the value of the machinery. According |
to this rate, the average life of machinery for the region is about 7
17This figure does not include cost of labor in caring for work stock. This labor is in-
cluded in the nonproductive labor, all of which is distributed to the various enterprises.
50 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
years. There are two apparent causes for this high rate of deprecia-
tion of machinery. First, the farmers are not certain as to which
cost is greater—to construct and maintain buildings for housing ma-
chinery (see fig. 15) or to allow the small amount of machinery re-
quired on the cotton farms to stand in the fields; as a rule, machinery
sheds have not been constructed. Second, a large proportion of the
farms are operated by tenants who own the equipment but do not own
the buildings. The landlords are loath to construct buildings for
the protection of machinery not their own. Depreciation of ma-
chinery represented 48 per cent; interest, taxes, and imsurance, 35
per cent; repairs, 16 per cent; and fuel and oil, 1 per cent of the total
annual machinery cost.
Figure 16 shows the relative cost of the various items after these
were prorated to the acre basis. The total average acre cost of all
INTEREST ON CASH | 4
TO OPERATE 50 |
SEED -56
EQUIPMENT
MISCELLANEOUS
HORSE LABOR
RENT
MAN LABOR
TOTAL AVERAGE
I'ic. 16.—Cost of various items and total average acre cost of production of crops
(115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.).
crops is seen to be $20.87, which is made up of the various items as
follows: Man labor, $8.40; rent of land, $5.10; horse labor, $4.44; mis-
cellaneous costs, $1.32; equipment cost, $0.75; seed, $0.56; and inter-
est on the cash required to operate the farm, $0.30.
TABLE XX.—Productive work units per acre on crops (114 farms, Ellis County,
Tex.).
| |
Crop Man days Horse days Grop Ivan dayal Horse days
I | per acre. | per acre. P- per acre. | per acre.
| - a
POUL estes eines Sate ae 5.65 Dai) | | ete new -s ocs 2a 3.49 4.96
COMIEE eee eee ne eae ae ee 1.99 BOP AW VEC aes 5 op ee ees 72 1.27
Ostsi(erain) oe 2 ot eo ocec oe ee .78 1.53 || Miscellaneous.............-. 1.09 1. 23
Ostihayeeeree ope sckis. bas 1. 04 | 1.85 || Average on all crops........ 4.77 | 3.19
Sorgnuniy. epee cele sees oon 2.02 | 2.94
As previously stated, various costs were prorated to the enterprises
according to the number of days of productive labor of man and
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 51
horse required, respectively. The data in Table XX show the rela-
tive amount of labor required for the various crops. Cotton requires
an average of 3.17 days of horse labor per acre; two crops require
more horse labor per acre than cotton, namely, corn and alfalfa,
although sorghum requires nearly as much, being 2.94 days per acre.
Cotton requires more man labor than any other crop raised, being
5.65 days per acre. Alfalfa is next in amount required, being 3.49
days.
The grain crops of oats and wheat are noticeably low in amount of
both man and horse labor required.
Fic. 17.—Type of two-row stalk cutter. The one-row cutter of the same type is more
common.
RELATION OF AMOUNT OF TILLAGE TO COST.
There is a distinct relation between the amount of tillage and the
cost of production. A group of 23 farms put an average of 2.88
days of labor on cotton, making a yield of 250 pounds of lint, at a
cost of approximately 8.8 cents per pound. Another group of 21
farms, averaging 4.12 horse days per acre, produced cotton at a cost
of 9 cents per pound.
The effect of these increased costs due to excessive tillage is notice-
able in the returns on the investment. When 2.88 horse days were
utilized, there was a return of 7.4 per cent, and where 4.12 horse
days were used the return on the investment was only 5.8 per cent.
The other groups ranged between 7.4 per cent and 5.8 per cent
income on the investment when the tillage was between the limits
above mentioned.
52 BULLETIN 659, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
These data indicate that approximately three days of horse labor
per acre gives the most profitable amount of tillage, either more or
less than this amount showing a decrease in the net returns. The
number of work animals making up the various crews will have
some bearing on this figure; the larger the crews the less horse labor
is required to accomplish the same results.
In figures 17 and 18 are shown types of implements utilized in
cotton production. Each of these machines requires the use of two
Fic. 18.—A new type of stalk cutter which works on the principle of the lawn mower.
or more animals; by such utilization large acreages are covered in
a day’s work.
A study of figure 19 brings out the relation of the various items
of cost to each other and to the total acre cost of cotton. It will be
remembered that: the average yield of cotton is 241 pounds of lint
principal crops found on the 114 farms of Ellis County on which
the various items are as follows: Man labor, $10.04; rent of land,
$5.08; horse labor, $4.47; ginning, per acre, $1.49; equipment, $0.73;
seed, $0.50; and interest on cash to operate the farm, $0.34.
A comparison of these items of cost with the same items for the
average acre cost shows that man labor is considerably higher than
the average and horse labor and equipment costs are slightly higher.
Rent of land and seed cost of cotton are slightly lower than the
average.
In Table X XI are given a summary of costs and values for the
principal crops found on the 114 farms of Ellis County on which
costs were determined. The average cost of cotton per acre is $22.65,
the yield being 241 pounds of lint and 456 pounds of seed (Table
FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF COTTON FARMS. 58
XXII). The value of lint and seed is $30.60 per acre. The lint
cotton cost 8.3 cents per pound and sold at an average price (for
5 years) of 11.2 cents per pound.
TABLE XXI.—Cost per acre, value, yield, and cost per unit of various crops
(114 farms, Lillis County, Tex) .4
Gro Number | Cost per | Value Yield per | Cost per | Value
Pp. of farms. acre. per acre. acre. unit. | per unit.
Cotlomerserien caters erins cccie ee seca ci 114 $22. 65 $30.60 | 241 pounds... $0. 083 $0. 112
Comm yee ae ose a seeinsceessdes seco 109 14.92 20.76 | 25.6 bushels. . 584 81
OBS ae ee Senta ste iemiaSistaiajaieicie o6 23 10. 44 9.91 | 19.7 bushels. 53 OL
Oalpitay eee sereesce ce see tise cislays see 74 13. 12 12.59 | 0.94 ton..... 13. 97 13. 39
DOLPN UME cemeteries seicmios oars 6 ac. 79 20.77 33.03 | 2.8 tons..... 7.42 | 11. 81
PAT altaya sets eetce cistnisic since sai eats 8 26. 80 38.57 | 2.51 tons.... 10. 67 15. 36
OpheriGropsiyece sec eeeese <llocicisicieisie Se. 1C7 | 16. 75 PSASOy|sisisiaatinc cis aoe Rae yee cnshoeecee oc.
ANerops average ..4--c.- 3-5-1 114 20. 87 2 fs CPE eRe GOCE Tes) SCRE CCE CE SOS Cee Oee
a Weighted averages—that is, averages for the total acreage on all farms, considered as one farm. The
averages are not averages of the average for each farm. The data are for 1914.
The average yield of corn is 25.6 bushels per acre, at a cost of
$14.92. The average cost per bushel is 58.4 cents and the average
value is 81 cents.
INTEREST ON GASH
~-- TO OPERATE
SEED
‘EQUIPMENT
GINNING
HORSE LABOR
RENT
ju
5
q
c
Wi
a
i
(i)
fe)
10)
MAN LABOR
TOTAL AVERAGE
Fic. 19.— Cost of variousitems and total acre cost of cotton (115 farms, Ellis County, Tex.)
In 1914 the value of both oats and oat hay was less per acre than
the cost. Oats for grain cost 53 cents per bushel and were worth
51 cents, while oat hay cost $13.97 per ton and was worth only $13.39.
These data should not be considered reliable, on account of the fact
that the yield was below normal.
The acre cost of both sorghum and alfalfa are comparatively high,
but fair yields are made, so that the cost of sorghum per ton was $7.42
and of alfalfa $10.67. Sorghum hay is valued at $11.81 per ton, but
scarcely any of this product is sold. Alfalfa sold for an average of
$15.36 per ton.
There appears to be justification for extending the production of
alfalfa. There can be no doubt of this as long as the market price
stays at about $15 per ton. There can be but little doubt that from
the standpoint of fertility of soil there should be an extension of
this crop.
54 BULLETIN 659, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Cost of lint and seed per acre__------______ 1 Le be eco
Proportionate Cost of lint per o.cremeeeeee eo 2 ee eee 19. 83
Proportionate cost of seed per acyemeeee =. - 2 eee 2, 82
Gostof lint per pound=— == —._ _ = Sea ee . O83
Cost of seed per: ton! 232: =: » _. Se Perera ore (2). ois!
Value of lint and seed per acre-=leee=2_-- -- =. == 30. 60
Value of lint) per acres2-2 __._- Sa eee 26. 99
Value’of Seed per acre==.__ _- -_. aa se eee 3. 66
Valoe of lint per pound =. ._.__ 2a a eee . 112
Value of seedyper stone =. |. 2 a eee 16. 03
Micldsor lint Mer Vere." —__ “Ese ee pounds__ 241
Mieldsof seed per acre==- —- _ ee ee pounds__ 456
Table XXII shows the distribution of cost and value of cotton be-
tween lint and seed. Prorating the acre cost of lint and seed in pro-
portion to the acre value, it is seen that seed costs $12.34 per ton.
The average price received for seed is $16.03 per ton.
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V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF iis Wms
BULLETIN No. 660 ,
Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural’
Engineering, LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director
Washington, D. C. September 12, 1918
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
By James J. Toprn and A. R. Losx, United States Engineer Economists
Reviewed by HatBert P. GitLerre, Consulting Cost Engineer.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Part I. Cost keeping in general ..........-.- 1 | Part II. Cost keeping for highway work—
The fundamentals of cost keeping...-.-- 1 Continued.
Costielementscmmeas-secsscnascsecesce:s 2 Use of codein operations...............- 18
Mie GI CHATCOS were see = salen fs = 9 Detail of cost accounts and necessary
Hishwaylcostianalysiss.+-o5----2------- 10 COC CS eee bie rete eee ey a NU 19
Units of measurement ....-.--.....------ 11 Recording forms.....-----.------------- 23
Part II. Cost keeping for highway work.... 13 Immediate use of cost data........------ 30
Essentials of a cost system...-.-.-.----- 13 Final disposition of cost data ........-.- 30
Classification of expenditures -.........-- 13 Definitions of operation terms. . ---- TAPES 29
Oporationicodemee. sosse se ceo = see <' 16d Appendix. hess ee ae a RES ERS 42
Method of obtaining class and operation
numberfromicode..----...-.--------.- 17
PART I.
COST KEEPING IN GENERAL.
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF COST KEEPING.
Definition.—Cost keeping is a system for recording the cost of
each unit of product or division of work in order to facilitate com-
parison of such costs with cost of other similar units or divisions
under like conditions. Cost keeping analyzes each unit of product or
work to determine the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the
cost, and also to secure an intelligent basis for predicting the cost
of producing similar units in future.
Lack of cost records.—The Office of Public Roads and Rural Engi-
neering, in an extensive investigation of highway management, both
by the State highway departments and by a large number of indi-
vidual counties and townships, brought out, among other condi-
tions, the very general absence of cost keeping. Few examples of
practical and efficient cost keeping were found in operation, and
41601°—18—Bull. 660——1
»
a BULLETIN 660, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
these were confined largely to the State highway departments.
Only in rare instances were cost-keepmg systems found in counties
or townships. This condition is due largely to the notable scarcity
of information available on the subject of highway cost keeping, as
practically all textbooks on cost keeping have been prepared from
the viewpoint of factory management and are not readily adaptable
to highway work. Furthermore, the usefulness of highway cost
data has not yet been generally appreciated by public officials.
Purpose of the bulletin.—The purpose of this publication is to pre-
sent, first, in an elementary way the principles which govern cost
keeping; second, a practicable application of those principles to
highway work.
Development of cost systems.—Cost keeping was developed in the
manufacturing industries. To Charles Babbage has been conceded
the honor of having first called the attention of the manufacturing
world to its desirability, in 1832, in his publication entitled “The
Economy of Manufacture.’’ Half a century elapsed, however,
before factory managers, forced by relentless competition to elimi-
nate waste and incompetency from their factories, began to intro-
duce systems of cost keeping.
Since 1900 the use of cost keeping in manufacturing industries
has developed steadily. During this period of development prin-
ciples regarded as basic have been established. While cost keeping
for highway work is of comparatively recent origin, it is based upon
factory cost keeping, and the same principles govern.
COST ELEMENTS.
The term ‘‘cost,” as generally interpreted and as used in this bul-
letin, is the summation of expenditures expressed in terms of money
involved to acquire or produce a utility or to perform a service.
The cost of every unit of product, whether it be a square yard of
road surface maintained, or a cubic yard of concrete which is a part
of a bridge or culvert, is composed of four basic elements of expense,
namely:
(1) The cost of labor.
(2) The cost of materials.
(3) The cost of service of plant and equipment.
(4) The cost of general expense or overhead.
LABOR.
The costs of labor are divided into two classes; first, direct
labor cost; and, second, indirect labor cost. All labor chargeable
against the product which can be designated as directly expended
on it is called direct labor. All labor chargeable against production
and not directly expended on the product is called indirect labor.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 3
For example, the cost of men using picks and shovels on excavation
who are directly expending their efforts on that piece of work is a
direct labor charge. A superintendent in charge of a road job is not
directly expending labor on excavation, but is engaged in directing
the prosecution of all kinds of work and his expense is an indirect
labor charge, chargeable pro rata against the production of all the
work units he may be supervising. Other examples of indirect labor
are the services of watchmen, timekeepers, and water boys.
MATERIALS.
Materials also are divided into two similar classes—direct and imdi-
rect. All materials entermg the product as an integral part of its com-
position are called direct materials. All materials chargeable against
the production but which do not enter directly into the product
as an integral part of it are called indirect or expense materials or
sometimes supplies. The cement, stone, and sand that are mixed
together to form the concrete of which a concrete road is constructed
are all direct materials, but the oil used for lubricating and the gaso-
line for operating the mixer in which these materials are prepared
for use are indirect materials or supplies. It is easy to charge
direct material cost, but often it is very difficult to charge to each
product its correct share of mdirect material cost.
Small, or hand, tools not used as a part of some plant unit and
which have such a short period of usefulness that they are seldom
used on more than one job, usually are considered supplies and
therefore are part of the indirect materials charged to the work.
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.
‘‘Plant’’ includes such physical property used on the work as
land, structures, maclimery, live stock, and tools of a more perma-
nent character than those referred to as supplies. ‘‘Equipment”
is a less melusive term and is interpreted generally to mean the
smaller and especially the movable plant units. The cost of the
service of ‘‘plant’’ can be charged most readily in the form of a
daily rental against the work upon which it is used. This rental
_ should be charged whether the equipment be owned by the operat-
ing organization or leased from other owners. It consists of ‘‘operat-
ing charges,’ which are—
(a) The expense of operation,
(b) The average cost of repairs,
(c) Charges for the time spent in idleness,
and ‘‘fixed charges,” which are—
(d) Charges for depreciation,
(e) Interest,
(f) Taxes,
(g) Insurance.
4 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The expense of operation.—This includes the wages of operators
and helpers and the cost of supplies during the periods of operation.
Usually these are charged directly against the work done and not
included in the plant rental. It is only necessary that they be
charged in one place or the other, and it is important to specify
what is cluded in rental when leasing equipment.
The average cost of repairs.—There is a difference of opinion among
cost accountants as to how repairs and renewals to plant should
be charged. One view is that renewals may be of such a nature
that the useful life of the machine has been increased and therefore
the expense of such renewals should be looked upon as an offset to
depreciation. Another view is that there is no difference between
repairs and renewals, except in degree, and that they all should be
considered m the same light; i. e., imdependent of depreciation
charges. It appears that the latter consideration permits simpler
accounting and does not rely so much upon individual judgment as
to whether the expenditure is for repairs or for renewals.
After a machine has been rebuilt or repaired extensively with the
intention of mcreasing its serviceable life, it should be considered
as a piece of new equipment valued at its depreciated value, plus the
cost of renewals. This necessitates the computing of a new rate
of depreciation on the basis of the new value and assumed new
useful life. |
The approximate average cost of repairs, including extraordinary
repairs, often can be arrived at by casting up old accounts and
finding what a similar piece of machinery used on similar work has
cost for repairs over a term of years.
Charges for time spent in idleness.—To arrive at a fair and equitable
daily charge for rental some allowance must be made for time spent
in idleness, because on these days the fixed charges still are con-
tmuing and certain supplies are necessary even though the machine
be not in operation. The usual way of arriving at the charge for
lost time through idleness is to bring together all of the charges
for a year and divide them by the number of days the machine
actually was in use. By dividing the sum total of expense by the
number of days the machine was ayailable for use even though no
work existed on which it could be used, the result would be a daily
rental with no allowance for lost time. The difference between
these two rentals will show what a considerable factor in the fixed
charges this item of lost time may become. In all contracts or agree-
ments on cone of ae amg: care should be ince to specify whether
the rental is ‘‘per day”’ or ‘‘per day of service.’
Charges for ion oe —Equipment is consumed in production
just as truly as material. This loss is called natural depreciation.
Depreciation may be either natural or functional. “All equipment
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 5
progresses steadily toward the scrap pile, starting the date it is pur-
chased, and while its progress may be delayed it can not be prevented
by repairs.” * It is as much an expense on a steam roller as the
cost of fuel burned in the fire box. In the case of fuel the expense
is immediate; in the case of depreciation the expense is extended over
a period of time. Functional depreciation is loss due to the obsoles-
cence or inadequacy of equipment.
There is no doubt in the minds of cost accountants that deprecia-
tion of plant and equipment should be included as a charge against
operation, but there is considerable difference of opinion as to how
depreciation should be computed.
Three factors determine in all cases what the depreciation should be:
First, the original cost; second, the length of useful life; and third,
the scrap value of the machine when it no longer can be used for the
purpose for which it was purchased, or the salvage value, if it is to be
considered as a ‘‘second-hand”’ piece of equipment. Knowing these
factors, the problem resolves itself into how to divide the difference
between the original cost and the scrap or salvage value (called total
depreciation or wearing value) over the length of the useful life of the
machine. A number of formulas have been devised for computing
decrease in value or depreciation. Fish, in his textbook on ‘Engi-
neering Economics,’’ explains five such formulas. Three of the more
commonly used are the straight line, the declining balance, and the
sinking fund. |
The first is recommended as the simplest and perhaps best method
for road work. By this method the total depreciation is divided by
the number of years of useful life and the quotient charged off as a
yearly depreciation. This is called the straight-line method, and its
greatest advantage is its extreme simplicity.
The second method, a modification of the straight-line method,
is called the declining balance method. It is based on the theory that
during the earlier years of the life of any machine the repairs are
smallest, and therefore to arrive at a constant charge for repairs and
depreciation, the depreciation must be heaviest in the earlier years of
the life of the machine and lightest in the last. The plan, therefore,
is to charge off a fixed percentage annually from the net value of the
machine. This gives a diminishing annual chargefor depreciation. In
the comparative table (p. 6) this annual rate is about 30 per cent. This
Je é Dave 6 :
is determined by the formula r= 1 — ‘J 2 in which r is the percentage
Vy
of diminishing value, n the life of the equipment in years, v, the
original value, and v, the scrap value.
1 Modern Accounting, by H. R. Hatfield.
6 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The third method is called the sinking-fund method. It is based
on the assumption that the depreciation on a structure at any time
is equal to the accumulations of a sinking fund established for renewal
at the end of its useful life. The depreciated value plus this sinking
fund (actual or imaginary) at any period equals the original cost.
COMPARISON OF DEPRECIATION FORMULAS
: 5:
¥ S
5 x
S ;
= &
ti
S Q
S
~
S
au
e>
<S
k—__—_—_—_—\———.__ USEFUL LIFE IN YEARS_ ———— >>
Fie. 1.
It should be observed that none of these formulas takes into con-
sideration interest on investment, output, cost of operation, or main-
tenance charges. Figure 1 gives a graphic comparison of the above
formulas.
The following table is a comparison of the annual depreciation on
a $600 machine that has an assumed useful life of five years. It also
is assumed that at the end of this period it will have a scrap value of
$100. The annual depreciation is computed by the three formulas
described:
Comparison of three methods of computing depreciation.
Sinking-
Straight- | Diminish- fund
Years. line ing-value | method,
method. method. | 6 per cent
interest.
Pitstac eos Jo e0 5 eee $100 $180. 72 $88. 70
Seconds 42 tas ee ees 100 126. 28 94. 02
Phird ee Tee ey Ces ag 100 88. 25 99. 66
Fourth: 35382 ee ae 100 61.67 105. 64
ae pi) Ee eee. ee 100 | 43.08 119. 98
} A Na) 28 La rR I a 500 500. 00 500. 00
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 7
The theory of natural depreciation, epitomized, is that all equipment,
even if kept in the best of repair, in time will reach a state where re-
pairs no longer are sufficient to keep it in economical working condi-
tion and the entire machine must be renewed. The fund created by
the depreciation charges is intended to supply the money to purchase
a new machine to take the place of the one expended, or to retire
the original investment in case the machine no longer is needed.
Any of the depreciation formulas is satisfactory in determining
rental charges, provided the assumed life of the machine be approxi-
mately correct. As the assumption of the useful life of the machine
may be the source of considerable error, there seems to be little argu-
ment for the finer calculations as to methods of distributing the
depreciation.
It will be found convenient in computing depreciation to group
elements of the plant having approximately the same serviceable life.
This will have the advantages of requiring fewer accounts and tending
to equalize high and low assumed machine life.
Repairs and renewals are charges due to breakage or the wearing
out of expendable parts of equipment. It is obviously incorrect to
charge to repairs or renewals any improvements or betterments added
to any piece of equipment. When such improvements have been
made the cost should be added to the present value of the
machine and a new depreciation computed upon this new value.
An example of such a case would be the addition of a conveyor to an
old stone crusher for the purpose of doing away with shovelers. The
The improvement is not a repair of any broken parts or a renewal of
any part worn out by the continual use of the machine; it is a new
feature which adds to the value of the crusher. A rebuilt second-
hand machine may be considered in the same light.
Interest, taxes, and insurance.—Interest should be charged on the
investment at the rate paid or the prevailing rate, where there is no
indebtedness.
Taxes, as paid, should be charged in the rental rate.
Insurance should be charged either as paid or at the prevailing rates
if the organization carries its own risk.
Fixed charges are discussed further on page'9. <A table of plant
rental is included in the Appendix.
GENERAL EXPENSES.
The fourth element of cost is general expense. It often is called
“‘overhead”’ or ‘“‘burden,’’ terms derived from factory cost keeping,
the use of which in highway-cost keeping is not recommended.
General expense includes all charges that can not be connected
directly with the cost of labor, material, and plant. For convenience
in accounting and for the purpose of securing a desirable division of
road cost, general expense will be considered as divided into two
8 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
classes. One will be referred to as ‘engineering and supervision’’
and will include those items of inspection and engineering which can
be charged directly to the project. The other class will be referred
to as ‘“‘administration expense”? and include those expenditures
incurred in conducting all the activities of the department which
are so general in character that they are not assignable directly to
any page ale project.
The desirability of separating the project cost of engineering and
supervision from administration cost and unit costs will be apparent
after a little consideration. The work of the engineer in preparing
the plans and specifications affects labor and material costs only in
the kinds and amounts that may be required and not at all in the
efficiency of their expenditure. By carefully worked out profiles and
cross-sections an engineer may reduce the yardage of excavation
required, but such plannmg may not reduce the cost per unit of
excavation. ‘To secure efficiency in operations is the function of the
superintendent or the foreman who is responsible for the cost of such
operations. If engineering and supervision cost is incorporated in
unit cost, an element is mcluded over which the foreman or superin-
tendent has no control, and his efficiency is obscured thereby. If, on
the other hand, engineering and supervision cost is included in the
charge for administration, it is placed in a class of expenditures over
which the engineer has little or no control.
Highway administrative organizations are prescribed largely by
statute and: the attendant costs necessarily are dependent, im a large
measure, upon the form of the organization, the various duties
required, the methods of financing, and many other factors, all of
which are conditions imposed by legislation. To include with these
administrative costs the cost of project engineering and supervision
would mean the loss of valuable comparable information on the
efficiency of the divisions of an organization and one type of admin-
istrational organization with another.
Administration.—Administration costs include such expenditures
as salaries and expenses of the executive officers, legal services, main-
tenance of office, departmental engineering, investigations, experi-
ments, clerical staff, fiscal operations, and miscellaneous fixed charges.
These expenditures can not be allocated directly to any particular
class of work or to individual projects.
Cost accountants have devised numerous ways of distributing
general expenses to the various classes of work. Most of these,
however, are not practicable in the distribution of such expenses on
road work. Since indirect labor and indirect materials are distrib-
uted directly in the unit costs, and engineering and supervision are
chargeable directly to projects, the remaiming portion of what would
be considered ‘‘burden”’ by factory cost accountants is comparatively
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 9
small in proportion to the aggregate expenses. Any portion of
general expense that can be assignable directly to a project should
be charged against such project. The remainder should be prorated
over all the project expenditures for the period.
Engineering and supervision.—To engineering and supervision
should be charged all expenditures for surveys, plans, specifications,
estimates, tests, and all engimeering inspection and supervision in
the nature of oversight required to secure the proper execution of
the work. Such expenditures can be charged directly to individual
projects.
FIXED CHARGES.
Fixed charges are those items of expense which go on practically
unchanged irrespective of the activities of the organization. Those
fixed charges which pertain to the production plant have been dis-
cussed in relation to plant and equipment. Certain fixed charges
not immediately connected with production operations may best
be considered as a part of general expense. Thus depreciation,
interest, taxes, and insurance are elements of expense also in relation
to the plant and equipment of the administrative organization, such
as buildings, office and laboratory equipment, instruments, machines,
and similar items.
In the practical application of cost keeping, fixed charges are con-
sidered only in so far as they aid in the determimation of efficiency,
and their inclusion as an item of cost is a question of accounting.
Where fixed charges result from methods of financing rather than
the methods of doing the work they belong to the field of bookkeepmg
and not cost keeping. Thus, where a county issues bonds for road
improvement the interest is a fixed charge which must be paid and
so increases the total outlay for the improvement but has no relation
to the efficiency with which the work is executed, and is, therefore,
a matter of bookkeeping and not cost keepmg. Where two crews
are engaged in excavation, one with power tools and the other with
hand tools, fixed charges are of prime importance to the cost keeper
for the purpose of determining efficiency and the cost of operation
in each case.
It is customary among contractors to include all fixed charges as a
part of the expense of work, and therefore they appear in the unit
prices of their itemized bids. In making up his estimates on unit
prices to check against submitted bids, the engineer therefore should
include among other fixed charges interest on capital invested in
plant and on necessary operating capital, for materials, pay roll, and
deferred payments.
Considerations of fixed charges are also important in the select-
ing of equipment and determining upon types of improvements.
These considerations are, however, within the field of engineering
41601°—18—Bull. 660-———2
10 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
economics and not cost keeping, although cost data have a most
important part in the final determination.
HIGHWAY COST ANALYSIS.
An analytical chart has been prepared to place before the reader
in concise and convenient form a summary of the foregoing discussion
of cost elements applied to road work, and to show the relation be-
tween the cost elements and the final cost of the project as expressed
in totals and by units. The first column of the chart contains the
four basic elements of cost. Opposite each element, in the second
column, are the classes of expenditure, such as direct, indirect, etc.
The third column shows in detail the specific application of the cost.
Example, ‘‘for materials,’ ‘‘for labor,’ ‘superintendence,’ etc.
The fourth column contains a tabulation of the class of product
resulting from the cost outlay, such, for example, as construction,
maintenance, right of way, etc. The fifth column contains the final
cost and presents it by units, by project, etc.
Highway cost analysis.
Elements Classes
of of Application of cost. Product of cost. Sonne, of
cost cost :
: Wages of laborers, me-
Dre ch chanics, teamsters, etc.
Pave a Wages and expenses of su-
y pentendents, forguen,
. timekeepers, guards,
Indirect... watchmen, water boys,
etc., lost labor days, la- Construction,
bor expense. maintenance, or
reconstruction of
; Materials entering into road parts, right
Direct..-.- product as integral oh ayy) pane By units, direct,
Material eis dwav, ditches as performed.
cost... 2 Henao) itches,
Tndirect { Supplies, used but not as drains, bridges,
ae a part of product. and culverts,
and supplemen-
Highway Operation. tary parts.
cost...-) Plant | Operating.{ Repairs.
and Idleness.
equip- :
ment Depremation.
service . nterest.
cost. Fixed..... Taxes.
Tusurance.
Project; { Salaries and ex enses of ) ptans speciiion
: : ; s,
Engi- Artec. fiel Dae tions, estimates, | By project; upon
neering tT clara Gffiee EER. surveys, inspec- completion may
and isi-)) 20° Cots, oncom tion, and direct be apportioned
: ses, tests, and miscella- ets f t
pervi- fornndi: supervision 0 to units.
General sion. Tidal Gen octs: yr el work.
expense vidual projects.
PoE Salaries and expenses of fe Paieeet
executive, engineering, eneral direction .
General: legal, and clerical stafis; policy, over- One Seiad of
Admin- expense of office main- sight, aaron time and appor-
istra- tenance, experiments, control, legal, tioned to proj-
tion. investigations,and fiscal and _ financial Acts
operations; miscellane- provisions. A
ous fixed charges.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 11
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT.
Care should be taken in selecting the units on which to collect cost
data. Too many and varied units will make the system cumbersome
and expensive, while too few may impair its value seriously. Fur-
thermore, the units of measurement adopted for any cost-keeping
system or project must be definite, expressive, readily obtainable,
and familiar. Thus, for example, the ton and the cubic yard as
appled to broken stone are definite units and afford a ready and
accurate comparison, but the square yard when applied to a finished
macadam road is indefinite until additional information as to the
depth of the material is available. Similarly, many units, such as
wheelbarrow, wagon, truck, or carload, while often convenient units
of count in the field, are indefinite and always should be reduced to
definite comparable units, such as cubic yard or ton.
The units selected must, so far as possible, be expressive of definite
operations. Thus, while in engineering construction the cubic yard
is a very common unit upon which contract prices are based, it fre-
quently is a very uncertain unit of performance, as it is a composite
of other units. For example, in rock excavation there are involved
the following operations: (1) Drilling, (2) blasting, (3) breaking large
chunks, (4) loading into carts, wagons, cars, or the like, (5) trans-
porting, (6) dumping.
The important item of drilling Ree ands largely on the necessary
spacing of the drill holes, which varies in the different kinds of rock
and in different kinds of excavation. Clearly, then, the linear foot
of drill holes is the unit for measuring the output of the drillers, and
not the cubic yard. Transporting the rock is largely a function of
distance; hence the unit of transportation cost should be the ton or
yard carried 100 feet or 1 mile, and not the cubic yard without the
factor of distance.
The units must be obtainable readily or the cost of collecting the
necessary data will be too high. Thus, for example, to obtain the
exact cubic yardage and the distance it was moved in preparing the
subgrade for a macadam road with a road machine would be not only
difficult, but expensive. Hence for this class of work the readily
obtainable, though less definite, unit of the square yard usually is
adopted.
That the full value of the cost-keeping system may be realized,
the units in which the data are expressed must be familiar to those
charged with their collection as well as to those who are to profit
from their use. Thus, the cubic meter is as definite a unit for meas-
uring earthwork and generally as readily obtainable as the cubic
yard, but to the average roadman it has little or no meaning until
translated into the terms in which he is accustomed to think. Lf
12 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
any one of two or more units otherwise would answer equally well,
the one most familiar and generally used always should be adopted.
There are many units so closely related to the desired unit of
measurement that with very little computation they can be trans-
formed into the desired unit. For example, the knowledge of the
number of bags or barrels of cement used and the proportion of the
mixture of the concrete are functions which at once determine the
amount of sand and stone used. A number of tables giving some of
the more common and convenient units of measurement used in
collecting and compiling cost data relating to road work, are given
in the Appendix.
PART I.
COST KEEPING FOR HIGHWAY WORK.
ESSENTIALS OF A COST SYSTEM.
Certain fundamental principles must be followed to make any
cost system successful. ‘This applies to road costs as well as to fac-
tory costs. Any cost-keeping system to be successful must be (1)
reliable, (2) simple, (3) immediate, (4) flexible, and (5) relatively
inexpensive.
(1) Reliability is of paramount importance. If the data collected
are not reliable, all records based upon them of course will be mis-
leading and the results dangerous. Accuracy is desirable, but this
need not be carried beyond the practical limits adopted for measur-
ing the units of materials expended and the units of work accom-
plished. :
(2) If simplicity be not maintained the purpose of the system will
be defeated. Involved and complex forms are confusing to the
recording officials, difficult to compile for study and analysis, and
apt to be inaccurate and a useless expense.
(3) To be effective, the cost records must be susceptible of im-
mediate analysis and must reach the officials responsible for the
economic progress of the work in time to be of use. If a week or
10 days must elapse before wasteful methods and incompetency
are discovered the information is past history and it may be too late
to try other methods which might rectify the detrimental condition.
(4) Flexibility is very desirable. The system must be elastic
enough to provide for the recording of all classes of work, irrespec-
tive of the size of the project, without any material change in the
prescribed forms.
(5) Finally, the system must be relatively inexpensive. The
cost of determining cost must be reduced to a minimum. If expense
of obtaining cost records to point out the way to efficiency is not
much below the saving effected, they have no just claim to a place
in any plan of management.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURES.
The first problem in developing a cost-keeping system for highway
work is to devise a general classification of expenditures that will
conform to accounts appearing upon the ledger of the organization;
that is, at the outset the cost keeper’s records must tie into the book-
13
14 BULLETIN 660, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
keeper’s accounts. The ledger, it is well to recall, contains only as
debits the funds received or appropriated and as credits the pay-
ments made from those various funds summarized from a record
which carries the distribution of these expenditures according to
subheadings or primary accounts. It is usual to classify accounts
as far as possible by departments, or with respect to certain functions
for which funds are provided. Such a classification of accounts pro-
vides the first division for the cost keeper. This division gives what
usually are known as the general accounts. Numbers or letters
are used to represent these accounts, and in these letters or symbols
we have the beginning of a code for cost keeping. The following
classification and corresponding letters show a departmental division
of accounts and a letter code suitable for highway work:
GENERAL ACCOUNTS.
C. ConstrucTIon.—M. MaInTENANCE.—R. ReEconstTRUCTION.—P. PLANT.—
A. ADMINISTRATION.
The first three of these, it will be observed, have to do with certain
road operations. It will be found upon analysis that they consist
of the operations necessary to produce or preserve road parts. A
subdivision of these general accounts produces what are called the
primary accounts. Such a division is shown below. The accom-
panying numbers give a development of the cost-keeping code:
C, M, AND R. CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION.
00 to 09. Right of way. 40 to 49. Bridges and culverts.
10 to 19. Grade and roadside. 50 to 59. Supplementary parts.
20 to 29. Roadway. 60 to 69. Engineering and supervision.
30 to 39. Ditches and drains.
P. PLANT.
70 to 79. Plant accounts.
A. ADMINISTRATION.
80 to 99. Administration accounts.
The numbers preceding the primary account give the range of
class numbers for the final cost-keeping code. Thus 30 to 39 are
the inclusive numbers for class costs of ditches and drains. This
first division of the general accounts would serve very satisfactorily
for a simple cost-keeping system. In such case the first set of num-
bers could be omitted and ditches and drains would be represented
by 39 instead of the range of numbers from 30 to 39.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 15
To obtain a system of class numbers for more detailed costs these
primary accounts are further expanded as shown in the following
table:
PRIMARY ACCOUNTS AND CLASS CODE.
C, M, AND R. CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND RECONSTRUCTION.
Right of Way. Bridges and Culverts.
oY Preliminaries. 40 Foundations.
01 Right-of-way surveys. Mave A atenorts:
02 Right-of-way plans.
03 Real estate.
04 Damages.
09 Miscellaneous.
42 Piers and bents.
43 Superstructures.
44 Box culverts.
45 Pipe culverts.
Grade and Roadside. 49 Miscellaneous.
10 Cuts and embankments.
Ts Shoulders: Supplementary Parts.
12 Berms and slopes. 50 Signs and sign posts.
13 Trees, shrubs, grass, etc. mle lonnnaente!
19 Miscellaneous. pon eriendicails:
Roadway. 53 Curbs.
20 Subgrade. 54 Retaining walls and parapets.
21 V drains. 55 Riprap and revetments.
22 Sub-base. 56 Roadside treatment.
23 Base course. 59 Miscellaneous.
24 Intermediate course. :
25 Binder course. Engineering and Supervision
26 Cushion course.
27 Top course.
28 Surface.
60 Location and relocation surveys.
61 Surveys (for operations).
29 Mi 62 Plans.
iscellaneous. ; :
63 Specifications and contract prepara-
Ditches and Drains. tion.
30 Ditches and gutters. 64 Estimates.
31 Ditches and gutters, paved. 65 Expense of awards.
32 Blind drains. 66 Office expenses, engineering.
33 Tile drains. 67 Supervisory engineering.
34 Catch basins. 68 Inspection and tests.
35 Drainage channels. 69 Miscellaneous.
39 Miscellaneous.
P. PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.
70 Buildings, fixtures, and grounds.
71 Quarries, pits, material yards, etc.
72, Power tools and equipment.
73 Hand tools and equipment.
74 Livestock and vehicles. Primary Accounts.
75 Camp equipment.
76 Camp buildings and shelters.
77 Storage and transportation.
79 Miscellaneous.
16 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
PRIMARY ACCOUNTS AND CLASS CODE—Continued.
A. ADMINISTRATION,
80 Executive.
90 Maintenance of office.
92 Legal.
94 Clerical. Primary Accounts.
95 Fiscal.
97 Engineering, departmental.
99 Miscellaneous.
Norte.—It will be observed that no divisions beyond primary accounts have been provided under Plant
and Administration. These can be expanded further to meet the requirements of the organization.
OPERATION CODE.
The next step is to develop a series of operations and a corre-
sponding code which will include all the operations performed by
the various departments to construct and maintain the works under
their supervision. This may be accomplished in either of two ways.
One is to list with each class of work all the operations that are
performed under it. The other is to designate an operation by
symbol and prefix this symbol with a class symbol, designating the
class of work. By the first method such an operation as “ rolling”
would be listed under each roadway part and for both construction
and maintenance. In the latter method, which is followed in this
bulletin, ‘‘rollimg”’ occurs only once in the operation code and the
class code symbol is prefixed to give it the distinguishing classifica-
tion. Thus any work can be indicated by combining a class code
symbol and an operation code symbol.
The operation code consists of a list of descriptive phrases arranged
alphabetically and designated by consecutive numbers following a
dash or decimal point. This dash or decimal shows the linking
together of the classification and operation codes. The operation
code must include all operations necessary to be performed and the
phrases must be limited to a single interpretation. The divisions of
the primary and general accounts given previously form the class
code. As these class code numbers represent road parts or depart-
ments of the organization, an accumulation of a number of opera-
tions for any particular road part or department is effected readily
by grouping all of those having the same class number. Below is
given a typical operation series for the general operations of con-
struction, reconstruction, and maintenance of highways. A similar
code could be devised for other operations.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. Ay
THE OPERATION CODE.
-00 Assembling.
-01 Back filling.
-02 Blacksmithing.
-03 Blasting.
-04 Building.
-05 Building false work.
-06 Cleaning.
-07 Clearing.
-08 Clearing and grubbing.
-09 Cofferdamming.
-10 Cribbing.
-11 Curing concrete.
-12 Crushing.
-13 Dragging.
-14 Drilling.
-15 Drilling and blasting.
-16 Excavating borrow.
-17 Excavating common.
-18 Excavating earth.
-19 Excavating loose rock.
-20 Excavating solid rock.
-21 Excavating wet earth.
-22 Filling ruts.
-23 Filling washouts.
-24 Finishing.
-25 Forming.
-—26 General.
-27 Grouting.
—28 Grubbing.
_ -29 Guarding.
-30 Harrowing.
-31 Hauling.
-32 Heating bituminous materials.
-33 Heating materials.
-34 Laying.
-35 Loading.
-36 Loading and hauling.
-37 Loosening.
-~38 Mixing.
-39 Mixing and placing.
—40 Moving.
—41 Operating.
—42 Oiling.
—43 Painting.
—44 Patroling.
-45 Pile driving.
-46 Placing materials.
-47 Placing steel.
-48 Planting.
—49 Plumbing.
-50 Plowing.
—51 Pumping.
-52 Quarrying.
-53 Removing snow.
—54 Repairing.
-55 Riveting.
—56 Rolling.
-57 Scarifying.
-58 Screening.
-59 Shaping.
| -60 Spreading bituminous materials.
-—61 Spreading materials.
-62 Spreading screenings, sand, or chips,
-63 Sprinkling.
-64 Stripping.
-65 Tamping.
-66 Trimming.
-67 Washing.
-68 Washing and screening.
-69 Wasting materials.
-70 Water-proofing.
-71 Working on joints.
-72 Wrecking.
METHOD OF OBTAINING CLASS AND OPERATION NUMBER FROM CODE.
To procure a code number for any unit of work it is first decided
what class of work is under consideration, and a number is selected
from the class table. Then the specific operation is sought for in
the second, or operation, table. The two are joined together with
a hyphen or dash. The code letter of the department then may be
prefixed to the first number and the classification symbol is complete.
If it be desired to know the code numbers to be used for re-
cording the labor of a man mixing concrete for use as a road top
course the class number for a road top course first is looked up in
the class code (p. 15). This number is found to be 27; then the
41601°—18—Bull. 660-3
18 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
operation ‘‘mixing”’ is taken from the operation code (p. 17) and
found to be 38. Joining the two together with a dash produces
the full code symbol 27-38. The letter ‘‘C”’ prefixed would indicate
construction work, while the letter “‘M”’ would indicate a maintenance
operation. .
Usually no classification letter will be used, but instead the capital
letter ‘‘C”’, ‘‘M”’, or ‘‘R” will be shown on the recording form. If
it be desired to know what code symbol to use in order to indicate
properly the time of a man spreading bituminous material on a road
for maintenance purposes, the letter ‘‘M”’ is set down first to show
that the work is that of maintenance. From the class code (p. 15)
the number for a surface is found to be 28: Preceding this number
with a capital letter ““M”’ gives M—28, which shows that maintenance
work has been done on a road surface. Then there is selected from
the operation. code (p. 17) the number for spreading bitumen,
which is found to be 60. The code symbol for maintenance work
of spreading bitumen on a road surface then will be M—28-60.
USE OF CODE IN OPERATIONS.
In actual use the cost keeper generally would obtain his data from —
the timekeeper, who would be charged with keeping time and costs.
A code for use of the timekeeper would be prepared from the class
and operation codes, which would have the advantage of being abbre-
viated and also properly arranged for the cost keeper’s needs. Below
is shown such a code, which was used on work where costs of the
principal operations were desired, and also the expanded code, which
was used where it was desired to make a more detailed study of
operations for the purposes of efficiency.
TIMEKEEPER’S CODE.
ABBREVIATED. EXPANDED.
(1) Grade and roadside.
19-17 Grading—rough. 11 Shoulders:
-56 Rolling.
—58 Shaping.
19 Miscellaneous:
-07 Clearing.
-16 Excavating borrow.
-17 Excavating common.
-19 Excavating loose rock.
20 Excavating solid rock.
-28 Grubbing.
-31 Hauling.
-35 Loading.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 19
,
TIMEKEEPER’S CODE—Continued,
ABBREVIATED. EXPANDED.
(2) Roadway.
20-59 Grading—fine. 20 Subgrade:
-56 Rolling.
(3) -59 Shaping.
23-26 Base course—general. -—63 Sprinkling.
23 Base course:
(4) —12 Crushing.
23-34 Base course—laying. -31 Hauling.
(5) -35 Loading.
23-56 Base course—rolling. -56 Rolling.
(6) -61 Spreading materials.
23-62 Base course—spreading sand and -62 Spreading screenings, sand, and
chips. chips.
(7) -—63 Sprinkling.
27-36 Top course—loading and hauling. | 27 Top course:
(8) -31 Hauling.
27-34 Top course—laying. -32 Heating bituminous materials.
-35 Loading.
-56 Rolling.
(9) —60 Spreading bitumen.
27-60 Top course—spreading bitumen. -—61 Spreading materials.
(10) -62 Spreading screenings, sand, and
27-24 Top course—finishing. chips.
23-06 Cleaning base.
The timekeeper had only ten code numbers for general use, but
where detailed costs were desired in order to determine relative
efficiency and to eliminate wasteful methods 28 code numbers were
used.
DETAIL OF COST ACCOUNTS AND NECESSARY CODES.
The detail in which costs are recorded must be left to the judgment
of the supervisor or engineer in charge of the work. Unnecessary
refinements are not desirable, as they only increase the work of those
who used the data. On the other hand, divisions that are too gen-
eral and inclusive will prevent the study of results for the purpose of
promoting efficiency. The use or final disposition of the data is the
factor which should determine the necessary details.
For example, let it be assumed that a county engineer or superin-
tendent desires costs on a brick road for the purpose of making
reports on expenditures to the board of highway supervisors. In
this case summary costs of completed parts probably would meet
the requirements. The divisions would logically be the main divi-
sions of the road and the costs would be collected by these divisions.
20 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
This would provide the simplest division and consequently the
simplest code, which for the case assumed would be as follows:
. COST DIVISIONS. Code.
Right of way s\-2.-2eee-50 2.0 0022: 2 ee. . 09
Grade and roadside (or'prading). ‘'>.:.... (eee. . . 4.2) ee 19
Roadway (or suracimp)i 2. (602 295 SSR...) 2... eee 29
Ditebes and: draimaye ees: for. oS. ee. 2 39
Bridges and culverte:).)..\:.2.-.---.-- aes + 120 252 ee 49
Supplementary: partsy3:" -|. 25855.22)2-- Spee. = - + sce eee 59
Pupineering and supervision: -! 22.5... ae... ... 2 ee 69
Administrations i205. S232) 52. BARRY 032. ee 99
The first and the last two of these divisions would be compiled
from office data so that the cost keeper would be concerned with
only five divisions of field data.
The next advanced step that would be desirable in many cases
would be the cost of major operations divided by road parts. This
would give information suitable for the comparison of results with
work of a like character or with unit prices or estimates.
COST DIVISIONS.
Road part. Operation Code.
Right of way:
iPiansand subveyssee ers ee ae ore General. ...): ... .. 2333352 eee 01-26
Real: estates 25. ibe UO ek SE eas « . ee 02-
Miscellaneous S5a5,-2 3 ese h saat tthe be EER ene ee os sce eae 09-
Grade and roadside:
Miscellameousey. ac Poco Pees Clearing and grubbing....--.---.--- 19-08
Miscellanequahan cots eee Eyxcayation, common.) sass 19-17
Roadway:
Subgradesstss S22 FG ANS Oe. Shapiag ._.... 60300 eee 20-59
Baseicoutse yates ae ved Layime . --.-. 5-80: ee 23-34
AOPICOUIS Sass soa Me ties 5 teens Layinge . ....2.. 335.2525 27-34
Ditches and drains:
Paved outleries2 ares e cesees Hxecayating, commone= sees se eeeee 31-17
Paved gutters oo sssctc re esoe ese Layo... .... 00 eee 31-34
Mite! drems =. tse ae. Sse Fe OE Dayle! 2.0.22. 1 ee 33-34
Catch basme-diie essa: LF bec: 5e Genenal..... : 22: 2/556 sep eee 33-26
Bridges and culverts:
Hound aiionss a2) aes go ee Excavating, common. -25---e eee 40-17
Pound ationseeyes oes te ee Piling¥driving.. -': 2325555 40-45
POUNGAMONE een eo es ee meee General... ....... cee 40-26
Abutmentsy: .-22Ssh si. fae Generale... ... 2/1. JA0 2 ee 41-26
Superstruchwress ges Sea ysios. & Vase Generali)... -)..|. |: 440: esses 43-26
Miscetlan cpus. joie <i lt oreia be fe gene =< eeEee - -s- - 49-
Supplementary parts:
Signs and sign posts.....-----.-.-- Genelal. oS See eee 50-26
(AWE W i liad ISP cipal te ben aes ha Gener. ! 0. 6. eee 52-26
Gurpert 3. 20. CREE Os. SEU Gonemle: 2... 22... .. I ee 53-26
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING,
COST DIVISIONS—Continued.
21
Road part. Operation. Code.
Engineering and supervision:
SIpenisonmenginecrine. -. ..... .,yGeMeraleerisy a. - cin ---- eer er nes eme 67-26
MOIS PECHIONEReeicls ae isco =... ae C(CDY SE cds DOP OREOe eae ae eee 68-26
MSC e lam COUSIN eisieisic2='5 <\- <= - (aes sfere siaid oleic od. Ooh neni oo meg 69-
Administration:
Hneimectmemdepartimental,.......... -Sapeemee mena sels sel Saini eet oe b 97-
MUS CENA COUSR IE \\ ja... ciclc <= =» < spe eeeecienmere sletaizin's ='s cpa‘clsloks ease co ater 99-
For the purpose of obtaining costs in more detail than is given
in the foregoing, both the class and operation codes are susceptible
of further divisions. In the following, divisions are made of the
example chosen which are as complete as will generally be practical
to use for highway cost keeping except in those cases where efficiency
studies are desired.
COST DIVISIONS.
Road part. Operation. Code.
Right of way:
IPG od elle EO oi cic SS NS eM ee oe 00-
Right-of-way surveys. ....--.------ Genrengeeee ction ss seas Sea eee 01-26
Right-of-way plans.........-..---.-- Gemeralleanms ewe 32 alee RAPE Ae 02-2
TEX@EML SEBS sa AI a a th 0 i cle 03
DATO GES. os ae SE Bis ae MIR cs oes SI Slee ee RR eels 04—
Mirstee llamcousgrertsse > <2... Oa aeM yh SCR ee x Se apnea 09
Grade and roadside:
Cuts and embankments.........--.-- Hxcavatine, Commons =... 228 ese. 10-17
Cuts and embankments.........-.-.-- Hxcavatines borrow ese ssseee eee 10-16
Cuts and embankments........----- Drilling ets sass same 2a ee 10-14
Cuts and embankments.....-.-.---- BASTING ek Ro SNE A ee hierar aeons 18 10-03
Cuts and embankments..........--- oaginc eye ta 2 sid oe aise CBee Meee tiie 10-35
Cuts and embankments......----..-- 1 Ly OU BT Rt a I cs oe wheat 10-31
Cuts and embankments....--------- Wastinoimaterialss* <= 92. a eeenen ae 10-69
Cuts and embankments.......-.---- EVOUETIT OK oe Wy AS A kA 3 Ea vinta OR 10-56
Siroulclensee muna memo NS WaT a Rolin oR are eek és ley eee 11-56
oul derswne sean nc ates A! OOM SINE OT eh hy eh ee Sethe essed ALS 11-59
iBermstandislopess:. 2222-22 522.2-8 AMT ONAN eA hs kee gee See 12-66
hermsand slopes’. +22. 52282 l 2. 2s Planting Sse seems 2S sce Ee CRON 12-48
WMiseelimeousten. Ha\2-saee es le Clearing Vases bi: ks eet ee 19-07
Miscellameousre 282822222 22 228 GUM Um oR = eS coun eh Se 19-28
Miscellaneous ssa: wees] os 5 cee Blas tia earth esas ee 19-03
Roadway:
Dlbperad Cuma ease ene sere Shapingsaeeerekee ss. ee eet 20-59
lbetadewases ase t eon. Sie lle SpPRink hin oes whe =< ke eee 20-63
Supedman ssn eee Ee Rollimngs sey Skee. x3 72 eee 20-56
IBASCRCOUPSC MI enn ememme tit PUL Ula Woadine: andi hauling 22.22 S2oee ese 22-36
IBASEICOUTSe me ts mate Le Ronmings son se. 52 22k ce. Cee Re Pee OF
BAGS COUEO oc eee bee soe ee Minx Vato See eee. eee Smee enn 23S
BES@ GOW See ee Placing ai sss3 £25232 2S ae ae DAG
BASCREOUTSCEM aarp ead oo Te Shaping yess cs sss ss ARR. See ee Oe
Wrshionncourses-e. 262-422 52-'---- 2 Grererall sees 6 satis 3 ene ed eee 26-26
GD GULSESSSE ES oes ee eee Hoadingsandshauling. (522. eee 27-36
22 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
COST DIVISIONS—Continued.
Road part. Operation. Code.
Roadway—Continued.
TOPIGOHISG- ao. Ste eemetee eS ote ec Layingeniprick):.. 0.2 cece eee eee 27-34
TOpmeourse’: sat eeeeee payee aes Rolline(prick): : .::: S22 2ene wee nee 27-56
TOPIROUISE = cere emer en ee Groutingee 2). Se eee 27-27
Ui Woy 1 (Cay Shas See oe Set PR @uringgeoncrete.....- 74a eee eee 27-11
Miscellaneous. ......---- eles Mesa ares Cleaninee:: -.--/°. . eae eee 29-06
Ditches and drains:
IDitehes and ‘oitiers: --- =. 2828s Excayainmne, Commons) e.- eee 30-17
Ditches and putters paved: 7)... Formige:-... 22.22. eee 31-25
Ditches and gutters paved... ..--- Loading and hauling. .:....-.-..-.2- - 31-36
Ditches and gutters paved... .-.--Mixing and placing. ....---..-.-..-- 31-39
Ditches andisgutters. payed. ..,.. «..;-. Finishing. . ..... 2. 4-44 Seepeee eee 31-24
Ditches and gutters paved.....--- Curimegconcrete. - ..)- ease ee 31-11
Miledrains:. ae Se eee ae ee ExXcavatine, common: =. sees esse 33-17
Tilevdrains»: 3.2.25. Weis sess Layingee io... .. | Sa eee 33-34
Wie GAINS! 2.) eae okt. 1 aM Boadimeiand hauling. 5282.2 eseeese oe 33-36
Miers. oe ey eee ba a Tampine. .%... .. .<.ce: eee 33-65
ra ss Begs eV eR os eR Backaslling......... - -seseeese eee 33-01
Catch basing. 25: cue racks Sane ee Bxcavatime,, COMMON] see see eee 34-17
Watch basins!) 4 Meee eee Ope Loading and hauling. ....-----.--..- 34-36
Catch pasts... seeeter aecie cote Layined(brick). .. 4 oe eeeeeeee eee 34-34
Bridges and culverts:
Roundationss serene: BEd ie Cofferdaming. ...... 2 eases e eee 40-09
Bound ationse epee scree eee Cribbime.. 2. .2....-- eee 40-10
RoNNGa TOME eee Mey els eee Excavating, common. esse eens 40-17
Bloundationss e's oer ee ans oeiase Excayanine, weta:,-./e eee eee 40-21
Roundationsen 2 i paac teeter ee Hormige..- .. .edgioc,:\\ oe eee 40-25,
Hou dations ere tert enters ete Loadinpand hauling. 2222s s==se eee 4(0-
Boundations: 22 Aes seas lg Pumopiae.. . . 2 ei 40-51
Poundations:y =e sseces |. eee Pilevditving. .. - (segs eee 40-45
Momma ations set ete etree as)! ake Mixing and placing (concrete).......- 40-39
Foundations.))/255 sean. eset Backilling ... 220. 5 eee eee 41-01
A Dutimients.2 23.2 o eens eee Loadime and hauling... 2.52 2 oseee eee 41-36
FATT Me Tbs eee wee iyo anes Lewd mea(Masonry)\2 o'- = ceed eee 41-34
PAD WEMeONtS! ee selo ciate) otvclore rere Pumping... ... 2.2. eee ee 41-51
PA DIIGINEN TSE Se aetna oe See Quarrying Gaston ) oS aS eee 41-52
Piersiand benisi.-sens sai eee (Same operations as abutments). ...-- 42-
DUPCUSUEUCUUTCS etna ak cpr Blacksmithing...) 30.2 5 sere eheicead 43-02
SUPerspeucMired = eee. en ee Buildime false work... -.--42se50eeeee 43-05
DU Perstruesunes se. he iss eae Curimgeoncrete. /. 32. 3.2. eee eee 43-11
PUpersimieniresas “eke e- tenes Binishimp:.........../. 3:2 eees seers 43-24
DPUPerstruChuresws 2 22 She Mormine:........2.. 122 eee eee 43-25
SUPCrsill Cones eee eee yeas Loading and hauling 22 Ssee epee 43-36
SUPErsuruChUTes ieee — ye =i is ee Mixing and placing (concrete)... .--.- 43-39
Superstructures: - he.) je seee ee Placimpisteel. ..... 2. 22 22a eee 43-47
Box culyerta: cu sep loe {ean Hixcayetne, Common. - 226 ee aaa 44-17
Bos. culverts: < sescc ese eee Loading and hauling. . . 2-2 2eeceereae 44-36
IBORICUIV ELIS. . .. once ra su alt seep Horming. 2: .: 22.2... . 0. 0a 44-25
IBOx/Culverts’. Soo gene hemes Mixingand placing... -/.)---.jemieemee 44-39
BOR CULV ERB! 5. woes ina opeee Curing concrete... ..-.. 252s eeeeee 44-11
Pipe culy-erta: 2. ok ees ia ere Back’filling 3... 22.5.6. tee 45-01
HIGHWAY COST KHEPING.
COST DIVISIONS—Continued.
Road part. Operation. Code.
Bridges and culverts—Continued.
JE rioxe) Cxmllh Cee S\e NS 9 E)XCayaiMo COMMON). (2.5 2) ..2's am « »'4 » 45-17
IPiiae) Culverts 34.45 3356 he saa eae Forming (headwalls)........-.-.-...- 45-25
[PH OXS) CUUNTENHUS) ls ae Ss IDE yaliays (((0)t| 0x2) eee ee a 45-34
JEM DS) GUI ertisy Sees AO BS aaa oadimeyandiinauling? Yo 72.22. . 82 45~-36
iPipereuliverts se). ./008 2. rele Lk ee Miminorandhplacine 2222 32552292. 0. 45-39
Miscelllameotsmyyay)) 22/52/20. 5.. Clernitullakegy 2, ee STE aa ae 2 Ps See 49-06
Supplementary parts:
Siensamd slonposts.!.. 1.02... -. 6.2 Bull dame bey noe ais so keen a Sele 50-04
Sions/andisignposts.1......-2-.-.--- Loadimg-and hauling 7. (24... .220-.- 50-36
Signsiandsienpostse (6.22... UPTON UNLOVE Al eye Ar Si aeRO oe a 50-43
MOMUIMeMtsey eee) S228. k Gemeralyey Gee Meee eI Sl Tt Coates he 51-26
Guardnanlsemerer won scle. oul se Bunldim oe nvienyitaverny sh oh ase. oer po 04
(Crumrchaenillss 30 2S) ee nes ema Loading and hauling. ..........-.... 52-36
(CHUBNRGDEVIISES 6 See ee Aes Sa IPMN GIO ey cet toc eis Soe DAD
(QUASI SSeS syle ae 184s ete! tll bina aa pe Mae a es ae le ea 53-01
Ci psa eer SN Cunimeyconicretes ewes Mn wins See ero
(CUA ooo aun Be ee oe ae Excavating. Commons 22222222. 4. ee 53-17
(CW es see We ke Iiotirn fst ouhaveee eae a mam ates Mee ee a x vit 2hweis (5824
Cir See She 8 ae HOuMATM EME Nua) MU eee: eRe NSD
Ose 3o oleae a Mibxinneqamid placing: re ater so eats 53-39
Riprap and revetments..--.....--- Loading and hauling. ........-....-- 55-46
Riprap and mevetments.<. 22... Blacingimaberialses2)4 400s) seeems 2) 5-46
Roadsideitreatment:222)00.20.....2 GCleamrtano skh RaW Rat dese sce, 2 Lal eee 56-07
Roadside tmeatmentsos. h02 0.3.4). Hoadine,and.hauilimno yee eee se 56-36
Roadsidetreatmentss 0.02.52... ..,. Pplaunitnan oie e ipa pep Ea Re Be 56-48
Roadsidejireatment. 22.0. .2!2 0.5.2 DEE Inia oVemNte DNS lh ee Re a ern 56-43
Engineering and supervision:
Mocationiand relocation surveys. ...Gemerallsi. oA 0 seen ie a ee eee 60-26
Surveys for operations.......-...-- Generailtay Ossi ial Binh eee eae Ss 61-26
IPN AS ee eo ee ea Geemleral emia etey te (a prs ee Mee ay 62-26
Specifications and contracts....--- - LE (S10 EN a a ee oS 63-26
IDSMNAVIOS. Ssh ae ee eee Gemerall yee niece Carelie ie ye 64-26
EXPE MserOlawaArdssass fee: 100. LS. Ge Mera aatian ka we.a Lk Coe eee ea 65-26
Office expenses engineering... ---- - Generali ARey Weer c IY AS PETAR 28 66-26
Supemmsonyencinecring si): ... -Gemerdlnsier Mn. (6: ste ee 67-26
SPEC HONS ae oe ceed. ws Geme ral aay Yee aie cic ees i era 68-26
Miseelimecuisipey.|: k00 eek!) BAUR ei Rhos 7 hes 18 ae 69-
Plant and equipment:
Ouammesspoitewete in OMe oly... Grete ren SB ere S/O VUE 2 nee es 71-26
Camp buildings and shelters... --- - Gemeraleyeee tReet, SB OMe Lee eaten 76-26
Stormeceanditransportation.*.....-Genmeraleyyesae i: beh oe 77-26
Wiis lameo use eee a SY ASSempLinoR ee eee 2. eee ae a es 79-00
Mirscellemeausinys eemeni oes eo.) . . ERR sene eesti Ser Ong be eee eee 79-
Administration:
Ter aicaiva ys Snes aes penn a A ORE ea ae eC ac ely Wg eek Sesh RI 97—
Nig eal binsouhe eee eee Aso SSE SOE ae tbe See ee oe Eee 99-
RECORDING FORMS.
Standard forms, to record
rials, and plant service, shou
keepers or foremen responsib
the daily expenditures of labor, mate-
ld be prepared for the use of the time-
le for reports. The use of nondescript
24 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
forms or blank books should not be permitted, as such practice will
result in unreliable data, often estimated at the end of the day’s
work, or a jumble of meaningless figures. Forms to be used for
recording field data should be reduced, if possible, to pocket size for
the sake of convenience. Two such forms are suggested in this
bulletin, the sheets being 43 inches wide by 103 inches long. It is
not expected that these forms will meet all the requirements for
every system, but it is believed that they are correct in principle,
and with slight modifications will be found applicable for any
organization doing highway work.
The forms designed and suggested herein are based upon and
developed from the great number of various forms now in use in
highway work throughout the United States and Canada. The
same form is used for labor and equipment operations, but an addi-
tional form is necessary for materials, as it would be awkward to
make out individual sheets for each kind of material. The daily
summary of costs, and the periodic and total summary cost sheets are
included, to show the final disposition and use of the data collected
on the daily record forms. The final summaries also will fulfill the
purpose of a final record of the cost of any job, and can be pub-
lished for the purpose of substantiating and justifying the amounts
expended.
Additional forms are necessary to record progress and character
of the work by the supervising engineer, and the methods and
amounts of payments made upon the work. Such forms will be
treated in a subsequent bulletin.
The cost-recording forms are outlmed and used as follows:
Form No. 2 (fig. 2) provides for 40 entries of men or equipment
or both and their use on six classifications. The amount for each
individual item can be given both in money and im total hours.
This form shows that on August 29, 1917, the foreman F. Smittie
employed a gang of laborers numbered from 1 to 21; engineer, No.
4; rollers, No. 1 and No. 2; team, No. 2; guards Nos. 1 and 2; and
waterboy, No. 2, on reconstruction work on the B. and W. Road,
section 4,
These codes show they were employed as follows:
11-59 Grade and roadside, shoulders, shaping.
23-06 Roadway, base course, cleaning.
3-56 Roadway, base course, rolling. 1
7-34 Roadway, top course, laying.
7-56 Roadway, top course, rolling.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
NE ao eee
aE ai
Sarre era aa
SE:
R
Sms
Sine
BA: R.
ES nL man (aia HY
SEY IT. .OKTE
SBE EAE RSet
ae S MEAHERMBRUARCORCS, NELOBHACTSESAL/E'TALE
Ms wade ce eee
SECTION..@...
TOE EREECEEEEEEE CEC ESS EERECOEL CoaeSena
Sbl< SEBS ERM aaa te CEB ERRRRERONE Foe GSaE
DAILY TIME AND COST RECORD
Road. B&W...
A be hy
Be
EQUIPMENT
AESERECSSCEREREES SSIS SSN S/R (SN |
x 8 say |x S
MUTUAL Tetley ie |
SesSesuceaseL SoCs a cugustfond toed
FAR ERRERSERRERERRREBSEEERRERERBREEREEREREEER
ESE EEEeE EEE Ee errr sSee err See eee
Fic, 2.
41601°—18—Bull. 660-4
BULLETIN 660. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
26
DAILY TIME AND GOST RECORD
G2Y17....OKTE
SECTION.#........ 00...
| ROAD. AM...
LOCATION... F0ad.....
ae
i a
PRB egisieieigl
a ee ee asl a
[es seceded: LJ eis eae
3 0
sSNA
es
L
a 8 y 8 CEE = SCEEEEEGE are N
$3 Ae | |$
PTT £ :
38 Ww WN SS ww ww wW Ww Ww
ae
Fia. 3.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
_ DAILY TIME AND GOST RECORD
ROAD.AQULC.2, SECTION. A. .euceeene a O/Z4/I7.DATE
LOCATION 7, OGD... socc.n ts. CAAFRE
a CODE CODE CODE
Mon LEME Nazslrare| TAL! //-59 | 20-59 ae
equipment [ON[OFF| |” |AMOUNTE uns] amr. [uRs aw [HRS | AMT
AS _hooeodolcel cect | T 1 | Lt | |
baborer /7A\« |g pepe |e) eee
| arlasdeaol4| - | visolm | pbolrired| [| | | |
| vat | lal | ool | sol sent to 7ap/ Hause |
| fal - lodyz |. | zeol | | wel zhol_ |
| wort. [aso ef + | Asol ae | Aso senk to Tob/ Hace _|
| esl teaalzal - | deol | | bel cleo | |
pact 0 fet |Last
|___waleod - |9 | - | slazboml sa7l | | | | |
| sabad [ol - | alzel | | dol dot 1 |
27 eee m| sist | |
| garlwol le| . | zlaslwr| dest ceil
| zeshog [iol .. | alas w| shel | | |
i ree wn ais| |_|
PT gael TL I ales 7 a es Ce SE
geal | ol Tt alzsbwal spa | | TT
gest | Lol | atest st abstr | bol |
(ee Pe ae ie ee ee
| zal | [ol | slerlor | srl | eel ||
ME |. tol. Eel ao]
477» eaadie| » | leslie | leah senk rolsiqemsbore/ 4
Yael eo ol - | asl | | wal shel |
pi ee ae
i ee ie eee ee
Lie A De eee ee
ee VA ee
| ze7|- besaze| | lostat esl Fired! a
ee fal |_iAe| at shat a Seet 2
po adhe |} ape | | fowl slo |_| |
| sal + deals| - | ist z | leslsectlededn snmel2
Ss2|-|.|rol » | slzslmad aed | | | | I
56a -|6| + | alas jet aest ff
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27
BULLETIN 660, J. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
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HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 29
Notes on the sheet show that four laborers were transferred to
foreman Rosetta at 9 a. m. and a large part of the crew between
4 and 4.30 p. m.
The daily record of foreman Rosetta’s crew (fig. 3) shows on the
same road a crew of 33 laborers, a water boy, roller, and engineer on
classifications—
19-17 Grade and roadside, miscellaneous, excavating, common.
22-56 Roadway, sub-base course, rolling.
22-61 Roadway, sub-base course, spreading.
23-61 Roadway, base course, spreading.
Laborers were received three times during the day from foreman
Smittie and once from foreman Carter.
In figure 4 is shown the work of a large crew, but on only two
operations. A number of changes in the crew will be observed.
Only 15 men out of a total of 36 employed worked the full day with
foreman A8.
MATERIAL AND SUPPLIES.
The form for materials and supplies (fig. 5) is the same size as that
for labor and equipment and may be carried by the timekeeper or
foreman in the same book or binder with the other form. The mate-
rial form is for one day only and 12 different materials may be
recorded on a single sheet. The sheet shows distribution as follows:
FOR OPERATION 43-39, MIXING AND PLACING SUPERSTRUCTURE.
5 Obagsrcementsat POA. eek oes er ee he epi py ts $70. 50
poaulomsyoasolmme rat; POL20! | cos. Eee eto Sin) 1G te ged ete leOO
DACIDICRyOLacisamcat, $0.60. 241. .\.Seewete ese. ee Pe ee 13. 20
OM! og sd gdb os odo 345. ee a IIE odo Puen eUean ea eee tigi RU nr SP a eae . 10
Rotaltor operation (used; on; west spam)s2s- 22. 2222/2 42a 2 ed! 84. 80
FOR OPERATION 41-39, MIXING AND PLACING ABUTMENT.
OM BeSRCemMe Mt ral POM. see Nia le. . las eee eee eee Sone eee some $4. 70
lgcallonveasolimeyat SOROLG sy Sais: eee ea is eee eae le . 20
PECUPIcRy ALAS SANG At PO;GO5 2c). . .. «eee: pee cee SS ee Ph 1. 20
Total for operation (used on east abutment)................-.-.------- 6. 10
FOR OPERATION 43-25, FORMING SUPERSTRUCTURE.
He200 sect b amelumber,.at POL03.. 2. :.. bye Sos bens bts So eee $36. 00
PU RDOUME Sead sect POLOS5e ose: |e es os ft Sah
NORM OUNGSRWATCM OAT DOOD cee a. Lbs. 5...) Aen ito eo cote ies opt eo oral . 3d
Total for operation, (used ion ‘west Spam) 24232. he- 4 oe2 eos. - sj 37. 05
FOR OPERATION 43-47, SUPERSTRUCTURE, PLACING STEEL.
SEDO GEWALe A DOLOSD. Ooms oc =. ~~ eee ee es ler tafe aie cia win = uy $0. 28
PASUUSDOUNG sy Steel eau. 0.0deo.” =: ~~ ee ena so-so tee eee ee 234. 00
Motal for) operation (used on-3 west spams) -_--..-2--..-..-.------------ 234. 28
30 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DAILY REPORT OF COSTS.
When the records of the amount of labor, the service of equipment,
and the expenditures of materials have been completed the data for
arriving at unit costs are at hand. For convenience in bringing
together these three elements of cost, a form has been drawn up
called the “Daily report of costs.’ This is not for field use and is
4 inches wide and 134 inches long. The unit costs are arrived at
by setting down against the code number all labor equipment and
material charges in detail. These are added together and the sum is
divided by the units of work completed as estimated by the foreman.
The units completed are checked against the engincer’s monthly esti-
mate and should not show a very great discrepancy, say not over 5
per cent at the outside.
Sample labor and equipment and materials forms for work of con-
structing a field stone base course of a road and the daily report of
costs form filled out from these are shown on pages 33, 34 and 35.
These three forms compose the entire set needed to record the field
operations and compute unit costs of such operations.
IMMEDIATE USE OF COST DATA.
When the daily reports of costs reach the official responsible for
the work he can readily prepare a graph (fig. 6) showing both the
estimated unit cost and the actual daily unit cost in convenient form.
Any wide divergence between the estimated and actual costs is
apparent at once and can be inyestigated. The horizontal axis of
the graph in this case is divided to show the days of the month.
The vertical axis is divided to show the unit cost of the work. Some
such chart will show effect of conditions upon the work.
FINAL DISPOSITION OF COST DATA.
It has been pointed out that the objects of a cost-keeping system
are two. First, to show the efficiency of performance and facilitate
the reduction of costs, and, second, to supply data which may be
used for the intelligent estimating of future improvements and to
furnish materials for published reports.
Highway work obviously is a public improvement paid for entirely
from funds derived from the public revenue. Ultimately, then, the
taxpayer pays for all of this improvement and is entitled to a full
and detailed account of how this money was expended. Again,
public records of this kind are all that remain to be used for the
comparing of the efficiency of one administration with that of another.
It would appear, therefore, to be a step in the direction of good
judgment for all those in charge of public improvements to adopt
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. OL
some simple system of cost keeping such as is outlined herein, which
could be used both as an aid to present efficiency and as a complete
report of the ability of the officials in charge to get the most for the
public funds.
For the purpose of presenting in concise form the costs and also to
show the progress being made during the period of construction the
form shown, on page 36, ‘‘ Report of Progress and Cost,’’ is suggested.
The costs which comprise this report may be compiled from daily
reports. Such compilation may be made from day to day on a form
similar to the one shown on page 37. Where the cost data are derived
in greater detail than is provided for by this form, the “Cost Com-
pulation Form”’ may be arranged in several sheets.
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Fic, 6.—Graph showing estimated and actual costs.
The “Final Cost Summary’’ shown on page 38 is for the purpose
of bringing together all expenditures involved and all units of work
done, and to show unit costs, total cost of parts, per cent of cost by
parts, and total cost of the entire improvement.
The daily time and cost record of foreman Waugh’s crew (fig. 7)
shows:
86 hours labor on code 23-34 (laying base course).....-...----.------------- $35. 44
14 hours labor on code 11-59 (shaping shoulders)...........-..------------- SEY KE
14 hours, labor on code 20-59 (shaping sub-grade) ....-....---..----------- KE
28 hours labor on code 23-12 (crushing base course)........---------------- 11.52
10 hours labor, 1 hour team hire on code 23-56 (rolling base course) .....-.--- 15. 05
115 hours team hire on code 23-31 (hauling base course). .........---------- 92. 00
The daily record of materials and supplies (fig. 8) shows:
Expenditures for 87 cubic yards fired stone on code 23-34 (laying base course). $21.75
One quarter ton coal on code 23-56 (rolling base course).--------------------- 1.00
32 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
These data are combined and arranged on the daily report of costs
form (fig. 9) so as to make possible the ready determination of unit
costs. In this case no indirect labor cost is charged to equipment.
Teams were used only for hauling and were required to make a
certain number of trips per day.
The amount of work done was reported to the superintendent by
the engineer in charge of this division of the work.
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FOREMAN
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HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 3
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BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
36
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HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 39
DEFINITIONS OF OPERATION TERMS.
In road work it is not uncommon to find that the same operations
are designated by different terms in different sections of the country.
It has been thought advisable, therefore, to define briefly the processes
which should be included by the cost keeper under each operation.
Some of these operations will be found to overlap somewhat under cer-
tain conditions. This slight overlapping, however, seems preferable to
the present ambiguity in the meaning of many of our road terms.
Adherence to the following definitions will serve, therefore, to make
such cost data as are collected more nearly comparable, regardless
of locality. The several operations are defined in terms of the
processes which they include.
Assembling.—Shall include all bringing together or collecting of tools and equipment,
setting up of machinery, portable shacks, and all other structures where the parts
are delivered ‘“‘knocked down” and require only bolting or riveting together.
Back filling.—Shall include all processes of refilling excavations or filling against the
back of abutments, walls, etc.
_ Blacksmithing.—Shall include all processes of working or shaping metals, except
riveting, and shall include also such work in repairing the metal parts of machinery
_and equipment.
Blasting.—Shall include all methods of rending or loosening of rock, earth, or other
material with an explosive.
Building.—Shall include the making, erecting, and establishing of buildings, struc-
tures, or parts, except bridges or portable structures delivered cut to fit.
Building false work.—Shall include the building or erecting of all temporary sup-
ports and bracing necessary for the erection of structures.
Cleaning.—Shall include all removal of dirt or débris by any means from the surfaces
of roadways or from ditches, drains, culverts, etc., and shall include the sweeping
of all road surfaces. It shall be applied also to the operations necessary to remove
deleterious matter or coatings from the surfaces of such structures as bridges, build-
ings, guard rails, etc.
Clearing.—Shall include the freeing of the roadway and roadside of all vegetation
or incumbrances.
Clearing and grubbing.—Shall include in addition to clearing, as defined above,
the removal and disposal of stumps.
Cofferdamming.—Shall include only the building of cofferdams.
Cribbing.—Shall include the building of all kinds of timber cribs to retain or sustain
earth work.
Curing concrete.—Shall include the careful protection and slow drying of concrete,
to prevent cracking or injury of any kind until the concrete has hardened.
Crushing.—Shall include all reducing of stone or other material to small particles
by pounding or squeezing, whether the work be done by machine or hand.
Dragging.—Shall include the smoothing of a roadway surface or the shaping and partial
compacting of road courses with a road drag.
Drilling.—Shall include the piercing or boring of any material, as iron or rock, with
drills operated by hand or driven by power.
Drilling and blasting.—Shall include, in addition to the drilling, the loading of
the holes with an explosive and the detonation of the explosive charge.
Excavating.—Shall include the grading of the roadway, ditches, and slopes, and also
the hollowing out by cutting or digging of all excavations for drainage structures.
40 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Filling ruts.—This operation needs no explanation.
Filling washouts.—This operation needs no explanation.
Finishing.—Shall include all other work necessary to complete a road or part of a
roadway..
Forming.—Shall include the building of all forms for concrete work and the removal
of the same.
General.—Shall include all charges impossible to allocate directly as belonging to.
any other operation in the table, or as a summary of operations on particular
posts when desired.
Grouting.—Shall include all filling out and finishing of any work with a thin watery
cement, or cement and sand mixture, as the grouting of brick pavements, etc.
Grubbing.—Shall include the removal of stumps and roots.
Guarding.—Shall include all charges for watchmen, barriers, signs, and warning
lights during the period that the road is being constructed or repaired.
Harrowing.—Shall include all methods of breaking up clods of material on the road
or mixing with harrows the materials of which the road is to be made. It differs.
from loosening.
Hauling.—Shall include the transportation of materials or equipment.
Heating.—Shall include all processes of raising the temperature of materials by the
application of heat.
Laying.—Shall include the coating, spreading over, or covering any roadway course
or road surface with any material, the placing in definite position of similar
individual pieces of prepared material, or the constructing of a roadway course.
Loading.—Shall include the placing of any object or material in a conveyance.
Loading and hauling.—Shall include a combination of loading and hauling, both of
which have been defined.
Loosening.—Shall include the breaking up of a dense, close mass, as an old road sur-
face, into detailed particles with picks, scarifiers, or any other equipment.
Mixing.—Shall include all blending of materials into masses by stirring or turning,
such asthe mixing ofconcrete, water, aggregate, etc., butshall not include harrowing.
Mixing and placing.—Shall include, in addition to mixing, the locating of the mixed
material in a desired position.
Moving.—Shall include all operations necessary for shifting or changing the position
of any object. Thus it is a general term and may include a number of specific
operations.
Operating.—Shall include the continuing in activity of any machinery.
Oiling.—Shall include the spraying or coating of a road surface with liquid bituminous.
matter.
Painting.—Shall include the covering of any object with a coating of a prepared
pigment; also shall include whitewashing.
Patroling.—Shall include the continuous services of patrolmen repairing and main-
taining a designated stretch of road.
Pile driving.—Shall include the placing of piles or sheathing by means of a driving
hammer.
Placing.—Shall include the locating in a desired position of any object or material.
Planting.—Shall include the putting or placing of any sod, seed, shrub, or tree for
growth.
Plumbing.—Shall include the preparation and placing of pipes, pumps, etc., required.
to deliver water to the road.
Plowing.—Shall include the loosening of any material by the use of a plow.
Pumping.—Shall include the lifting or driving of any material by pumps.
Quarrying.—Shall include the taking out of stone from an excavation or quarry.
Removing snow.—Requires no explanation.
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 41
Repairing.—Shall include all acts of returning to a sound state any road part where
the work done is not extensive enough to be classified as reconstruction.
Riveting.—Shall include the uniting of two or more pieces with rivets and the heading
of the rivets.
Rolling.—Shall include all compressing of roadway or surface material with a hand,
horse, or power roller.
Scarifying.—Shall include the loosening or stirring up of the surface or the breaking
of a bond of the road. This is almost synonymous with loosening.
Screening.—Shall include the removal of all undesirable particles from any material
by passing it through or over a screen, or both.
Shaping.
courses to a regular form of section.
Spreading.—Shall include the scattering or distributing of any materials over a large
surface in order to form a coating or layer of uniform depth.
Sprinkling.—Shall include the distribution of water, in a fine coat over a surface.
Stripping.—Shall include all removing or taking off the cover or burden from gravel
pits or quarries.
Trimming.—Shall include the cutting off of small quantities of excavation to make
the roadway or roadside conform to a regular outline or section.
Washing.—Shall include the removal of any undesirable matter from a material by
use of water.
Washing and screening.—Shall include, in addition to washing, the processes ex-
plained under screening.
Wasting material.—Shall include all depositing on a dump or spoil bank of excavated
materials that can not be used in embankment.
Waterproofing.—Shall include all protecting from water of concrete walls, etc., by
the use of bituminous or any other material.
Working on joints.—Shall include all the labor made necessary by the introduction
of expansion or contraction joints, natural or artificial, and also the openings between
_ regular sets, as the joints in a brick roadway.
Wrecking.—Shall include the tearing down or destroying of any structures.
shoulders and
APPENDIX.
TABLES USEFUL IN DETERMINING COSTS AND PREPARING ESTIMATES.
TABLE 1.—Some of the more common units of measurement used in collecting cost data
on highway work.
Aggregates, stone, sand, gravel, etc......-.......- Cubic yard or ton of 2,000 pounds.
Bituminous matenalsi 252252 Leslee eee Gallon, or ton of 2,000 pounds.
Blocks: Brick, stone, asphalt, wood, etc........-- Thousand.
Bridges and culverts:
Metalizs t's susan hae ee ies ee Pound, or ton of 2,000 pounds.
Painting, cleaning, erecting, or razing, often by. Linear foot.
@oncrete; masonry, ete 2-2 een eeeeee eee Cubic yard.
Cement, Portland, barrel of 4 bags.......---.---- Bag, 94 pounds.
Clearing, clearing and grubbing, grubbing......--- Acre.
Goneretes 2.25.0. Lee eee oo ae ee Cubic foot or cubic yard.
Curbs; curbiandseutteryeutters)s2-2-5-4-- eee ee Linear foot.
Culvert pipe—Metal, vitrified, concrete, wood, etc. Linear foot.
Ditchess dramsidrainutiless.-5--5- ee. se eee Linear foot.
Excavation, embankment, and earthwork in gen-
CFAL SH PAE SSS kL SE OTIS ES. Cubic yard.
ences guardirails;ietess0h:2% J eee eee - Linear foot.
umber. 226 eee see a ee eae ees Thousand board feet.
Pipe—Drain, sewer, pipe railing, etc..........---- Linear foot.
Tea Nt (Vi Leer ae CS ee Arn uM... See Linear foot.
Roadway: Courses, surfaces, subgrade, etc; con-
struction, reconstruction, and maintenance oper-
BUGIS = 2 eiSseeaye eec rey se mice A rauye ah OSS oi ree Usually square yard.
Steel and iron—Shapes, rods, pipes, mesh, etc....Pound, or ton of 2,000 pounds.
Unit materials, structures, or parts, as blocks, inlet
covers, monuments, sign posts, etc....-.-------- Single unit or thousand.
TABLE 2.—Cubic yards of macadam compacted in place per 100 feet of road for various
widths
Depth.
Width.
2 inches. |23 inches. | 3 inches. |3} inches.| 4 inches. | 5 inches. | 6 inches. | 7 inches.
‘eet Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu.yds. | Cu. yds.
10 6.17 (gu 9. 26 10. 80 12. 34 15. 43 18. 52 21. 61
12 7.41 9. 26 11. 11 12. 96 14. &2 18. 52 22. 22 25. 93
14 8. 64 10. 80 12. 96 15. 12 17. 28 21. 61 25. 92 30. 25
15 9. 26 11.58 13. 89 16. 20 18. 52 23. 16 27.78 32. 41
16 9. 88 12. 35 14. 81 17. 28 19. 76 24. 70 29. 63 34. 57
18 11.11 13. 90 16. 67 19. 44 22. 22 27.79 33.34 38. 89
20 12.35 15. 44 18. 52 21. 60 24.7 30. 87 37. 04 48. 21
22 13.58 16. 98 20. 37 23.76 27.16 33. 96 40. 74 47. 53
i Targer and Bonney.
42
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 43
TABLE 3.—Gallons of bituminous material needed per 100 feet of varying width?
Gallons per square yard.
Width.
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 |
Feet. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons.
8 44. 44 88. 89 133. 33 177. 78 222. 22
10 55. 56 111. 11 166. 67 222. 22 277.78
12 66. 67 133. 33 200. 00 266. 67 333.33
14 77.78 155. 56 233. 33 311. 11 388. 89
15 83. 33 166. 67 250. 00 333. 33 416. 67
16 88. 89 177.78 266. 67 355.56 444.44
18 100. 00 200. 00 300. 00 400. 00 500. 00
20 111.11 222. 22 333. 33 444. 44 555. 56
22 122. 22 244. 44 366. 67 488. 89 611.11
30 166. 67 333. 33 500. 00 666. 66 833. 33
40 222. 22 444,44 666. 67 888. 88 1,111.10
1 Adapted from Harger and Bonney.
NotE.—Bituminous road materials usually average from 45 to 50 gallons to the barrel.
TABLE 4.—Feet in decimals of a mile.
Feet. Miles. Feet. Miles. Feet. Miles. Feet. Miles.
1 0. 00019 49 0.00758 600 0. 11364 8,000 Pe51515:
2 - 00038 50 - 00947 700 - 13258 9,000 1.70455
3 . 00057 60 - 01136 800 - 15152 10,000 1. 8939
4 - 00076 70 . 01326 900 - 17046 20, 000 3. 7879
5 - 00095 80 - 01515 1,000 - 18939 30, 000 5.6818
6 - 00114 90 . 01705 2,000 - 37879 40, 000 7.5758
a - 00132 100 . 01894 3,000 - 56818 50, 000 9. 4697
8 - 00152 200 . 03788 4,000 - 75758 60, 000 11. 3636
9 - 00171 300 - 05682 5,000 . 94697 70,000 13. 2576
10 - 00189 400 - 07576 6,000 1. 13636 80, 000 15.1515
20 . 00379 500 - 09470 7,000 1.32576 90, 000 17. 0455
30 . 00568
1 Harger and Bonney.
TaBLE 5.—Numober of square yards and acres per 100 feet and per mile for various widths.
Square yards. Acres. Square yards. Acres.
Width. 2 Width. a D
. : T . *
je 00 Per mile. Ber 100 per mile. eran Per mile. Sia Per mile
Feet. Feet.
1 11.111 586.667 | 0.00230 0.121 26} 288.889 | 15, 253.3 0. 05969 3.152
2 22.222 | 1,1738.334 - 00459 - 242 28} 311.111 | 16, 426.7 . 06428 3.394
3 33.333 | 1,760. 001 . 00689 364 30 | 333.333 | 17, 600.0 . 06887 3. 636
4 44.444 | 2,346. 668 - 00918 485 382} 355.556 | 18, 773.3 - 07346 3. 87:
5 55.556 | 2,933. 335 . 01148 . 606 34} 377.778 | 19, 946.7 . 07805 4.121
6 66.667 | 3,520. 002 - 01377 (20, 36 | 400.000 | 21, 120.0 - 08265 4.364
« 77.778 | 4,106. 669 . 01607 848 38 | 422.222 | 22, 293.3 - 08724 4. 606
8 88.889 | 4,693.3 - 01837 -970 40 | 444.444 | 23, 466.7 - 09183 4.848
9} 100.000] 5,280.0 . 02066 1.091 42 | 466.667 | 24, 640.0 . 09642 5.090
10 111.111 5, 866. 6 - 02296 1.212 44 488. 889 | 25, 813.3 - 10101 5.333
12 | 133.333 | 7,040.0 . 02755 1.454 46 | 511.111 } 26,986.7 - 10560 5.575
14 155. 556 | 8,213.3 . 03214 1.697 48 | 533.333 | 28, 160.0 - 11019 5. 818
15 | 166.667] 8,800.0 - 03444 1.818 50} 555. 556 | 29.333. 4 - 11478 6.061
16 | 177.778 | 9,386.7 - 03673 1.939 60 | 666.667 | 35, 200.0 . 13774 7.273
18 | 200.000 | 10, 560.0 - 04132 2.182 70 | 777.778 | 41, 066.7 - 16070 8.485 |
20 | 222.222 | 11, 734.0 . 04591 2.424 80} 888.889 | 46, 933.3 . 18366 9. 697
22 | 244.444 | 12,906.7 - 05051 2.666 90 1,000. 000 } 52, 800.0 .20661 | 10.909 |
24 | 266.667 | 14, 080.0 - 05510 2.909 100 |1,111.111 | 58, 666.7 22957 | 12.121
44 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLE 6.—Cubical contents of various vehicles commonly used for transporting material:
[Loose measure. ]
us Cubie
Cart: feet.
One horse (regular size) 3 by 4 feet by 9 inches......................-.-- 9
One horse (large) 3\by 54 feet by 12 inchessfugn.......-.0..-dteeeeueeeeee 16.5
Goncrete, pushy. (2.2 5 e. 2. Aik ee eo Ro wns os 5
Hresno SCraper.). cues. eee. 2 Rees GUNS... cols Se 9-14
Scraper drag:
Nomssecee ees: See Nhe. oS eS a 2, D> ok 7
NOs 2eeeche SSeS ok SNL) SNE DO 2c a ©, LE SRLS a 4-5
Scraper wheel:
Noy sae Bee ie eR RO Se eee LS 9-10
NOE Zon SEE Re Meee RS oe gg YN oR OR: er 12-13
NORD eee noe oe eee ae at Uc See Lome tere i 14
IN OMS See ec cic ccfeiots a Sice Ste estes et eRe AMM ch ie teh 2 rr 16-17
Wagon:
Slat-bottom dump; 3 by 9ifeet by 12anchese:-.....-..--.... eee eeeeee 27
Dump bottom, 3: by 9 feet, by 241nches.- ee. a. 3. 54
Wheel-barrows:
eG WMaT SIZE. coo celia bas cee cud oo sok otese 2s. ia 2
MAIPO ese! see oe See See sae coke eee ee... 3 3
TABLE 7.—Quantities required for 1 cubic yard of concrete for vorious mixtures.
{Based on one barrel of cement being equal to 376 pounds, or 4 bags of 94 pounds each, and a barrel equal
to 3.8 cubic feet and using stone, 45 per cent voids.]
Mixture. Material necessary for 1 cubic yard of concrete.
Cement. Sand. Stone.
Cement.) sand, 8. | Stone, G.
Cubie Cubic Cubie Cubie
Barrels. | Bags. | yards. fect. yards. feet.
1 2 4 1.57 6h 0.44 i 0.88 234
1 2k 5 1.30 3h 46 122 -92 24¢
1 3 6 1.11 43 47 123 94 25
A very handy formula for finding the amount of material to
make 1 cubic yard of concrete is:
The barrels of cement in 1 cubic yard ~oT8iG
Example:
Barrels of cement to make a cubic yard of 1:24:5 mixture=
11
1A 1.3 barrels.
To find the cubic yards of sand: Multiply barrels of cement by
proportional part of sand and the product by 0.141. Example:
1.3X24X0.141=0.458 cubic yards of sand. To find the cubic
yards of stone, multiply the barrels of cement by the proportional
part of stone and the product by 0.141. Example: 1.35 x0.141=
0.916.
s
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
TABLE 8.—Cubic yards for sum of eni areas.
[Length of prism 100 feet]
Sum of
end 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
areas. {
OW Sea ews 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 Mal 3 AD,
1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 833
2 aki 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 552
3 5.6 Lei) 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.0
4 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9
5 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.7
6 ileal 11.3 LU5 7, 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6
7 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.4
8 14.8 15.0 582 15.4 15.6 VON, 15.9 16.1 16.3
9 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1
10 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0
li 20. 4 20.6 20.7 20.9 OAs i 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9
12 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 2o50 2350
13 24.1 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6
14 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4
15 27.8 28.0 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.3
16 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.7 30.9 ey ial
Ue 31.5 31.7 31.9 32.0 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.8 33.0
18 33.3 33-9 BROT) 33.9 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.6 34.8
19 35.2 35.4 35.6 BEETS 35.9 36.1 36.3 36.5 36.7
20 37.0 30.2 37.4 37.6 37.8 38.0 38.1 38.3 38.5
21 38.9 39.1 39.3 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.2 40.4
22 40.7 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.5 41.7 41.9 42.0 42.2
23 42.6 42.8 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.5 43.7 43.9 44.1
24 44.4 44.6 44.8 45.0 45.2 45.4 45.6 45.7 45.9
25 46.3 46.5 46.7 46.9 47.0 47.2 47.4 47.6 47.8
26 48.1 48.3 48.5 48.7 48.9 49.1 49.3 49.4 49.6
27 50. 0 50. 2 50. 4 50.6 50.7 50.9 fainal 5123; 515
28 51.9 52.0 52.2 52.4 52.6 52.8 53.0 53.1 5303
29 BBY 53.9 54.1 54.3 54.4 54.6 54.8 55.0 5552
30 55.6 55.7 55.9 56.1 56.3 56.5 56. 7 56.9 57.0
31 57.4 57.6 57.8 58.0 58.1 58.3 58.5 58.7 58.9
32 59.3 59. 4 59.6 59.8 60.0 60. 2 60.4 60.6 60.7
33 61.1 61.3 61.5 61.7 61.9 62.0 62.2 62.4 62.6
34 63.0 63.1 63.3 63.5 63.7 63.9 64.1 64.3 64.4
35 64.8 65.0 65. 2 65.4 65.6 65.7 65.9 66.1 66.3
36 66.7 66.9 67.0 67.2 67.4 67.6 67.8 68.0 68.1
37 68.5 68.7 68.9 69.1 69.3 69.4 69.6 69.8 70.0
38 70.4 70.6 70.7 70.9 71.1 71.3 71.5 Se 71.9
39 72.2 72.4 72.6 72.8 73.0 73.1 73.3 (650) (Bot
40 74.1 74.3 74.4 74.6 74.8 75.0 75.2 75.4 75.6
41 75.9 76.1 76.3 76.5 76.7 76.9 77.0 77.2 77.4
42 CUES WD) 78.1 78.3 78.5 78.7 78.9 79.1 79.3
43 79.6 79.8 80.0 80. 2 80.4 80.6 80.7 80.9 81.1
44 81.5 81.7 81.9 82.0 82.2 82.4 82.6 82.8 83.0
45 83.3 83.5 83.7 83.9 84.1 84.3 84.4 84.6 84.8
46 85. 2 85.4 85.6 85.7 85.9 86.1 86.3 86.5 86.7
47 87.0 87.2 87.4 87.6 87.8 88.0 88.1 88.3 88.5
48 88.9 89. 1 89.3 89.4 89.6 89.8 90.0 90. 2 90. 4
49 90.7 90.9 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.0 92.2
50 92.6 92.8 93.0 93.1 93.3 93.5 93.7 93.9 94.1
51 94.4 94.6 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.7 95.9
52 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8
53 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.4 99.6
54 100.0 100. 2 100. 4 100.6 100.7 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.5
55 101.9 102.0 102. 2 102. 4 102.6 102.8 103.0 103.1 103.3
56 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.3 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105. 2
57 105.6 105.7 105.9 106.1 106.3 106.5 106.7 106.9 107.0
58 107.4 107.6 107.8 108.0 108.1 108.3 108.5 108.7 108.9
59 109.3 109.4 109.6 109.8 110.0 110.2 110.4 110.6 110.7
60 111.1 111.3 111.5 IG BS 111.9 112.0 112.2 112.4 112.6
61 113.0 aheyal 113.3 113.5 113.7 113.9 114.1 114.3 114. 4
62 114.8 115.0 115. 2 115. 4 115.6 115.7 115.9 116.1 116.3
63 116.7 116.9 117.0 117.2 117.4 117.6 117.8 118.0 118.1
64 118.5 118.7 118.9 119.1 119.3 119. 4 119. 6 119.8 120.0
65 120. 4 120.6 120.7 120. 9 121.1 121.3 121.5 121.7 121.9
66 122. 2 122.4 122.6 122.8 123.0 123.1 IPSS 8! 123.5 123.7
67 124.1 124.3 124.4 124.6 124.8 125. 0 125. 2 125. 4 125.6
68 125.9 126.1 126.3 126.5 126.7 126.9 127.0 22, 127.4
69 127.8 128.0 128.1 128.3 128.5 128.7 128.9 129. 1 129.3
70 129. 6 129.8 130. 0 130. 2 130. 4 130. 6 130. 7 130. 9 ey ak
71 131.5 131.7 131.9 132. 0 132. 2 132. 4 132. 6 132.8 133.0
72 133.3 133.5 13337 133. 9 134.1 134. 2 134.4 134. 6 134.8
73 135. 2 135. 4 135. 6 BERS 135.9 136.1 136.3 136.5 136. 7
74 137.0 137. 2 137.4 137.6 137.8 138.0 138.1 138.3 138.5
75 138.9 139.1 139.3 139. 4 139. 6 139.8 140.0 140. 2 140. 4
76 140.7 140.9 141.1 141.3 141.5 141.7 141.9 142.0 142. 2
NOOHMWRAUDOHWRAUDONWUNRAWDOHNAREN
EAMOOMWEAONOONWUDWOHNEUTNWDWORWROH-~100 CNWWinMdoOrDE.
46 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 8.—Cubic yards for sum of end areas—Continued.
{Length of prism 100 feet.)
Sum of
end | 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
areas.
77 144.1 144.3
78 145.9 146.1
79 147.8 148. 0
80 149.6 149.8
81 151.5 151.7
82 153.3 153.5
83 155.2 155. 4
84 157.0 157.2
85 158.9 159. 1
86 160. 8 160.9
87 162.6 162.8
88 164. 4 164. 6
89 166.3 166.5
90 168.1 168.3
91 170.0 170.2
92 171.9 172.0
93 173.7 173.9
94 175.6 175.7
95 177.4 177.6
96 179.3 179. 4
97 181.1 181.3
98 183.0 183. 1
99 184.8 185.0
100 186.7 186.9
200 8,000.0] 14,814.8
300 9,000.0 | 16,666. 7
400 10,000.0} 18,518.5
500) |= 92559) |e a hm aT OOOKON|) 1685159 il B2 Sale| G < OOD MOM alile 11 1! Ee ohn | ca a era
GOO! | Dea TT |e SBE 8) OAOOONON|NS 7031/7111 he Sok endl 74 OOD NOMA" 963530 2 ao te maaan |
Note.—By Wisconsin State Highway Commission.
47
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
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48 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 10.—
Hours.
Rate.
} 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
$0.100 | $0.02] $0.05 | $0.07] $0.10} $0.20] $0.30} $0.40] $0.50] $0.60] $0.70] $0.80
105 . 02 05 07 10 21 31 42 52 63 -73
110 02 05 08 11 22 .33 44 55 66 Byiri 88
115 03 06 08 11 23 34 46 57 69 80 92
120 03 06 09 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
125 03 06 09 12 25 37 50 62 75 587 1.00
130 03 06 09 13 26 39 ~52 65 aes -91 1.04
135 03 07 10 13 27 40 54 67 81 94 1.08
140 03 07 10 14 . 28 42 -56 -70 84 98 TiO)
145 03 07 10 14 29 43 -58 ae AY) 1.01 1.16
.150 - 03 07 11 15 30 45 - 60 75 90 1.05 1.20
155 .04 08 12 15 31 46 62 Bere 93 1.08 1.24
. 160 . 04 08 12 16 .32 48 64 80 96 1.12 1.28
. 165 .04 08 12 16 33 49 66 82 99 1.15 1.32
170 . 04 08 12 7 34 -51 .68 85 1.02 1.19 1.36
175 . 04 09 13 sili 35 52 70 87 1.05 1.22 1.40
.180 . 04 09 13 18 36 54 72 90 1.08 1.26 1.44
185 . 04 09 13 Aik 37 55 74 92 1.11 1.29 1.48
190 04 09 14 19 38 57 -76 95 1.14 1.33 1.52
195 .05 10 14 19 39 -58 78 97 Tit 1.36 1.56
. 200 05 10 15 - 20 -40 -60 80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
. 225 . 06 11 aii7/ 22 245 67 -90 1.12 1.35 1.57 1.80
. 250 - 06 12 -19 25 -50 -75 | 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
275 07 14 21 LOH 55 P| Tw) 1.37 1.65 1.92 2. 20
. 300 07 15 522 -30 -60 -90}] 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 2.40
325 . 08 16 24 32 65 SOTA de 30 1.62 1.95 2.27 2.60
. 350 .08 17 . 26 35 -70| 1.05] 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80
375 .09 19 28 37 .75 1.12] 1.50 1.87 2.25 2.62 3.00
. 400 .10 20 30 -40 -80] 1.20} 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20
425 .10 ROT 31 42 1.27] 1.70 2.12 2.55 2.97 3.40
. 450 11 22 34 45 .90| 1.35] 1.80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60
475 512 24 36 47 95 1.42] 1.90 2.37 2.85 3.32 3.80
500 51D 25 537 -50} 1.00] 1.50] 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
525 13 26 39 GE OTROS Gy || Ba), 2.62 3.15 3.67 4.20
550 14 27, 41 55 12:10) 12653 2520 2.75 3.30 3.85 4.40
575 14 . 28 43 57 S15) |p bate 2h lee 2s30 2.87 3.45 4.02 4. 60
. 600 15 . 30 45 1.20] 1.80] 2.40 3.00 3.60 4, 20 4.80
. 625 15 31 47 62] 1.25 1.87| 2.50 3.12 3.75 4.38 5.00
. 650 16 32 49 1.30] 1.95] 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20
675 17 .34 -50 SG 7Al ee o035u| en ee02iI oN TO 3.37 4.05 4.72 5.40
7 e17 35 52 -70 1.40] 2.10] 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90 5.60
725 .18 36 54 SEPA race. itz ||» PASTY 3.62 4,35 5.07 5.80
750 19 37 56 75 1.50] 2.25} 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00
775 19 39 58 77 1.55 252003510 3.87 4.65 5.42 6. 20
800 . 20 40 . 60 -80} 1.60] 2.40] 3.20 4.00 4.80 5.60 6.40
825 ao 41 62 . 82 1653)" 247A 8. 30 4.12 4.95 5.77 6. 60
850 A941 42 . 64 85 1.70| 2.55} 3.40 4, 25 5.10 5.95 6. 80
75 ~22 44 - 66 SEy\| el BE |) BEEN) 4.37 5.25 6.12 7. 00
900 22 45 67 90} 1.80] 2.70] 3.60 4.50 5.40 6.30 7.20
925 23 46 . 69 £02) | tends Pil \| Bae) 4. 62 5.55 6.47 7.40
950 24 47 71 95 1.90] 2.85] 3.80 4.75 5.70 6. 65 7. 60
975 24 49 73 97 1.95|. 2.92| 3.90 4,87 5.85 6. 82 7.80
1.000 25 .50 75 1.00! 2.00) 3.00] 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING. 49
Wage table.
Hours—Continued.
“== Rate.
9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
$0.90 | $1.00 | $2.00] $3.00 | $4.00] 5.00 | $6.00 $7. 00 $8. 00 $9.00 | $10.00} $0.100
~ 94 1.05 2.10 3.15 4, 20 5.25 6.30 on 8. 40 9.45 10. 50 . 105
-99 1.10 2.20 3.30 4.40 5.50 6. 60 7.70 8. 80 9.90 11.00 .110
1.03 1.15 2.30 3.45 4. 60 bis 7) 6. 90 8.05 9.20 10. 35 11.50 115
1.08 1.20 2.40 3.60 4. 80 6.00 7.20 8. 40 9.60 10. 80 12.00 -120
1.12 1.25 2.50 Bh (hi) 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10. 00 11.25 12.50 125
1.17 1.30 2.60 3.90 5.20 6.50 7.80 9.10 10. 40 11.70 13.00 . 130
1.21 1.35 2.70 4.05 5.40 6.75 8.10 9.45 10. 80 12.15 13. 50 135
' 1.26 1.40 2. 80 4.20 5. 60 7.00 8. 40 9. 80 11.20 12.60 14.00 140
1.30 1.45 2.90 4.35 5. 80 waz 8.70 10.15 11.60 13.05 14. 50 145
1.35 1.50 3.00 4. 50 6. 00 7.50 9. 00 10. 50 12.00 13. 50 15. 00 150
1.39 1.55 3.10 4.65 6. 20 7.75 9. 30 10. 85 12. 40 13.95 15. 50 155
1.44 1.60 3.20 4.80 6. 40 8.00 9. 60 11.20 12. 80 14. 40 16. 00 160
1.48 1.65 3.30 4.95 6. 60 8.25 9.90 11.55 13. 20 14. 85 16.50 165
1.53 1.70 3.40 5.10 6. 80 8.50 | 10.20 11.90 13. 60 15. 30 17. yO 170
Od, 1.75 3.50 5.25 7.00 8.75 | 10.50 12.25 14. 00 15.75 17.50 175
1. 62 1.80 3. 60 5.40 7.20 9.00} 10.80 12.60 14. 40 16. 20 18. 00 180
1.66 1. 85 3.70 5.55 7.40 9.25 11.10 12.95 14. 80 16. 65 18. 50 185
1.71 1.90 3. 80 5.70 7.60 9. 50 11.40 13.30 15. 20 17.10 19. 00 190
1.75 1.95 3. 90 5. 85 7. 80 9.75 | 11.70 13. 65 15. 60 17.55 19. 50 195
1.80 2.00 4.00 6. 00 8.00 | 10.00] 12.00 14.00 16. 00 18.00 20.00 200
2.02 2.25 4.50 6.75 9. 00 1P525 13.50 15.75 18. 00 20. 25 22.50 225
2.25 2.50 5.00 7.50 10. 00 12.50 15. 00 17.50 20. 00 22.50 25.00 250
2.47 2.75 5.50 8.25 11.00 13. 75 16. 50 19. 25 22.00 24.75 27.50 ~275
2.70 3.00 6.00 9.00 | 12.00} 15.00] 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 .300
2.92 3.25 6. 50 9.75 13. 00 16.25 19. 50 22.25 26.00 29.25 32.50 325
3.15 3.50 7.00 10. 50 14. 00 17.50 | 21.00 24. 50 28. 00 31.50 35.00 350
3.37 Bs (iti) 7.50 11.25 15. 00 18.75 | 22.50 26.25 30. 00 33.25 37. 50 375
3. 60 4.00 8.00 | 12.00 16.00 | 20.00 | 24.00 28.00 32.00 36. 00 40. 00 400
3. 82 4.25 8. 50 12.75 17.00 | 21.25) 25.50 29.75 34.00 38.25 42.50 425
4.05 4. 50 9.00 |’ 13.50] 18.00 | 22.50] 27.00 31. 50 36. 00 40. 50 45.00 450
4.27 4.75 9. 50 14.25 19.00 | 23.75 | 28.50 83.25 38. 00 42.25 47.50 475
4.50 5.00 10. 00 15.00 | 20.00} 25.00} 30.00 35. 00 40. 00 45. 00 50. 00 500
4.72 §. 25 10. 50 15:75 21.00 | 26.25} 31.50 36. 25 42.00 47.25 52.50 525
4.95 5.50} 11.00} 16.50] 22.00 | 27.50] 33.00 38. 50 44.00 49.50 55. 00 550
5.17 5.75 | 11.50] 17.25 | 23.00.} 28.75 | 34.50 40.25 46.00 yi 7a) 57. 50 575
5. 40 6.00 | 12.00} 18.00] 24.00} 30.00] 36.00 42.00 48. 00 54. 00 60. 00 600
5. 62 6.25 12.50 | 18.75 | 25.00 | 31.25] 37.50 43.75 50. 00 56. 25 62.50 625
5. 85 6. 50 13. 00 19.50 | 26.00, 32.50] 39.00 45. 50 52.00 58. 50 65. 00 650
6.07 6.75 | 13.50 | 20.25) 27.00] 33.75 | 40.50 47.25 54. 00 60.75 67.50 675
6.30 7.00 | 14.00} 21.00] 28.00} 35.00] 42.00 49.00 56. 00 63. 00 70.00 700
6. 52 7.25 14.50 | 21.75} 29.00 | 36.25] 43.50 50.75 58. 00 65. 25 72.50 725
6.75 7.50 | 15.00 | 22.50] 30.00 | 37.50} 45.00 52. 50 60. 00 67.50 75. 00 750
6.97 elo 15.50 |. 23.25 31.00 | 388.75 | 46.50 54. 25 62.00 69. 75 77.50 775
7.20 8.00] 16.00) 24.00] 32.00) 40.00} 48.00 56. 00 64. 00 72.00 80. 00 800
7.42 8.25 | 16.50 | 24.75 | 33.00} 41.25 | 49.50 Biel 66. 00 74.25 82.50 825
7.65 8. 50 17.00 | 25.50} 34.00} 42.50] 51.00 59. 50 68. 00 76. 50 85. 00 850
7. 87 8.75 17.50 | 26.25 | 35:00 | 43.75 | 52.50 61. 25 70. 00 78. 75 87.50 875
8.10 9. 00 18.00 | 27.00] 36.00} 45.00] 54.00 63. 00 72.00 81. 00 90. 00 900
8.32 9. 25 18.50°| 27.75} 87.00} 46.25 | 55.50 64. 75 74. 00 83.25 92.50 925
8.55 9.50} 19.00 | 28.50} 88.00] 47.50 | 57.00 66. 50 76. 00 85. 50 95. 00 950
8.77 9.75 19.50 | 29.25 39.00 | 48.75 | 58.50 68. 25 78. 00 87.75 97.50 975
9.00 | 10.00} 20.00] 30.00| 40.00} 50.00} 60.00 70. 00 80. 00 90.00 | 100.00 1,000
50 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TABLE.
The information contained in this table has been gathered from
various sources and as complete data are given in connection there-
with as were available at the time it was secured. While all of the
rates given were those actually used on construction work, their use
as a basis for rentals in specific cases is not recommended.
Schedule of rental rates used during the season 1917 on work of considerable magnitude.
|The rates mentioned are per day.]
AutOMOpWeS- . scpes--o-68 bes = -idae- -- ee 32 | RE ck a DES. $5. 00
Addinptand listing machines! /:\.".'. 2S... 129.2 22-2. . See . 20
Buckets; tipple and bottom dump..-.4: 3... JER: oo.) a. eee . 25
Boring machine, pneumatic. --2. 22). 4.5. - Bee oo 2 - .2 Ue 2 ee - 50
Boring, machine: electrics: 222%. .62" 5. | SEEN SS . 50
Buckets, orange-peel,)Tyard® -.:2.2.0_. 262. -t.._..: 3. 50
Buckets; orange-peel, less than Iyard._.: - Veet - 3 4.22. 2. - ee eee 2. 00
Bucketssclamshelll. . Me 3! joss be Ee! Se Ba CLS. Je 2. 00
Bouler;and!3-drom engine... 2): ... 0222.1 28 384. LE... . eee 3. 50
Botler}and:2-drum, engine: <=): =. 6.4: . {ey tes tee = 2 5 92 - - ee 3. 00
Boiler; and: 1-drum engine’... 2.5) -.b. 2: . See)... . 2. 50
Boiler ionly, 30 horsepower and smaller. 1) *22528e _G:..._. 2: 2. . 2 eee 1. 50
Borler only, larger than 30horsepower... .-222-e8s..--..)...- 2. 00
Block machine concretess.. 28025. . ic) Sh eR ee 1.50
Cars, skip 1} yards.\. cia. . Cees 2. a: Se es 2: . . 25
ars, skip;'3 yards. 2.26 ssese se. obese co) Seep eeter == 6 ee 50
Cars; steel; 1 yard and smaller... J!) ...22. tobe aes): =. ee 15
Cars, 4 yards, wooden: /)4... ic.52.< 0.4. 25. 5 See - 2 41 2 Oe . 25
Wars,6 yards, ooden*s) 2. fea jae sti |. See ee ge abeo. + ee .75
Cars, 12syards,; wooden 4. 22902522040 12.2 BRS | OU | 2. 00
Cars, 1 hopper, radial gate: -.les:.- 184 92.1 Se. ee La. . 25
Grushers\only 2522.5 5, eens os bee was bee oe doe oe -ber oC Se ee eee 2. 00
Crushers; with-elevatoriand ‘sereen:-=.22 Ys. 5: Be. Le ee ee OL)
Conveyor, gravity, per 100 feet.- 2°. 280... hee es. 1. 00
Compressor, 10 by. 10 with steam eneine_-: 222220 225. 2. - 2a. (2. See 2. 50
Compressor, 8 by 8 belt driven..............------ JG. : BS 1. 00
Compressor, with gasoline engine on wheels..-.....-...-.-.-.---2-5---d2e--- 5. 00
Compressor, Westinghouse, 9} inch..: .--. 32685. --.- «2-22 30-- eee eee 1. 00
Cableways; without engine: .\.2. 29...) 15. SARE 2. Se ee 4. 00
Drill, autostraction:.. 22526. 22 v258. 31 3 4o- BARRE -h 32 a eee 5. 00
Dump wagons! 22. 22..3.2 ie Pie so h2 2 aioe - tS cer . 25
Diving outfit withipumps?: - 2206-2)... 92.)5 Saas 2.2. eee 10. 00
Derricks, ,60\feetito 85: feet. =. bk: seh. . ge tae eee ee 2.00 .
Derricks,.30 feet:to.59 feeb... ok.0.50s oie oh eae oe ee 1. 50
Derricks; less than’30)feets;.. 22... 20)/23. 2. yO ee oc oe be eee 1. 00
Derricks: breast.2.2. cos 2s 22 tine NES ee ek eee . 20
Derricks; circle'swing:,-.2... 5:25... -4s20- seeps - +. 2-2 a eee . 25
Bleyators, platiorm,or bucket: .-25-. =. 3. ..oeeee----~----- 2-5 - eee 25
Mlevators, ‘with bins for concrete... -- 225-2 seeeee.- 2 ecco eee . 50
Eineines; skeleton, 3 drum=222- 02-2. -2 =. eee --- 222-2 - 2. 00
Hnpimnes, skeleton, 2 drum 20+. 02 50.22 eee oie 1.50
Puigines; skeleton, 1 dram: - {+ 2.) 2.5 ees 2 es = 2 1. 00
Engines, steam, horizontal, 11 to 40 horsepower....-..--...--...------------- 1.50
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING.
51
Hnoimes steam, upricht, to 10 horsepoweris-.-22-4--+-64-2+--22s+ eke esceeeee $0. 50
Hnoinedcasolimento Si horsepower ...../WEAee eeepc cee --- ee ene . 50
HMncimesye-drum..with electric motor... 7.25 s-s4--2s---------4--- 4.00
Bnginessoasolune: tOshorsepower. ....-.. eevee se. pce s- + e- seek 1. 00
BV CUMCOMCLER RUCK AIS WAM PENG co... Hee ee Dison dine cyan aye 5 . 50
MATS, DIOR GLa. Ieee es oo). Fae eee ee 25
ade eva OPIMACHING sens. c.-. . pe eeneee ec scinok 6 sence = 1.00
evelinonmathiments, CNSIMCCIS’.....-.. 2 sceee sees = sees eee ee oe ome . 25
Moc Om temo OnIN CHT CAI PCS jis... - ~~. ae eee yaeieis sleiclen saison -le19 ae 5. 00
Mocomotivenstancdardsrauge st j22. 2... .. cee eee cise lee ae 1a Ske. 10. 00
Mixerseawitiowbotlerncrdeloaderssi2- =. . J Seeeeel eso. See eee See 4.00
Mixersummitnelectnic motors, | yard... . eee seen oe 28 4.00
Maixersiwathoutbotler less than | yard ...22fetecsess-<cee2- 2-2 e~ oe 2. 00
MixersiwithoubbpotlerIivard and larger. 72222-2225 .2227 242-2. 2 5c: 3. 50
Mixersnwatmscasolimevenoine:! Jl) 201... S2ORER Eas os eee 3.00
MIGHOREWGIES: = 6 Dobbs Ct Ss noes Ae me 3 OS Ro 2a Sg Ae eae 1. 00
MIG Corse osMOTSE DOWEL ec sccn - .- 2e = = - = = cee aI ISeS oyfecis = 2 15
MO GOLS MM ONS DOWELe sec a)- jsci-.-s-- . - eee wien be ene wictoce s 220
Ni CorstehORMOrse POWER soci .5c\c 2 2... SiSeees obeene oe eels cs date - 50
WIGUORS,. 25) INCH NOW GSS aS aa Ae SEL A ae en A sles aa _1.00
PEO LOTS OORMOISC DOWEL esc cei. c. <i- 5 oie + - oe cee eins Sele </- ecieei 2. 00
umpsycentraueal, T0-inch, belt driven.) .2i2..- 22222... 2252-22 s- 3. 00
Pumps, centrifugal, 10-inch, with motor attached.............--.--- 4.00
Eumps: centrtugal, 8-inch, steam connected.-.:.--5.....-------+--- 2. 00
Pumps, centrifugal, 6-inch, steam connected_.............----..---- 1.50
Pumps, centrifugal, 4-inch, steam connected..............---..----- 1.00
umpsduplexandatriplex to 3-inch..... 228.0255) et toe: 50
UMmpsspulsometorto4-inch..0........ 20) eee ee sane e ne eee 1.55
IPOS, Cheyer Ok ee: 2 oo oe eee ee . 20
RUmMpsciaphrapm with/eas CNgine......2ssnsee eco. ee eee eee 1.05
amps mcripl exsiwithy belt drives... -.... (Sash: 22s eee ses ee . 20
Hail OVdinIVCrS MONOD eeu eciss ose cc. - ~~ «wee cleiewienis soe a ere eee seers 1.50
Pile drivers, drop, with single drum engine and boiler............-- 3.50
rive hammers steam), up to 2,500 pounds.? 2222-22... 22st 3. 00
Pile hammers, steam, larger than 2,500 pounds.............-------- 5. 00
TRV, JOSIE WOM a 4x eh eiey Ol AU la ea a RPL) ta a eer ea . 06
TROIS INGOs ko 55 Ses RGSS Sees Me amma Ss - he ee a ae Seats Hanne a 1. 00
Srecamudiillomepeeeree Nemes UN: | _ See mee Oe ose eens 1.00
Simoni! aire GWEN), «spt A cele eae RR ye aa pape 50
SCUMaBEOUCT AMBER a te. ok Eee lc eeeicle craciens utes 8. 00
SHVOTHD SIO WEL q. <5 Mikes een RR Se 8S a aN Ge eee 30. 00
SOL TI Wish? CATER as Si eee ye des NES hs 5 35 te eR 1. 00
DO WEDENCHESEAEE EE enE eee en ok. L. . See ae ee eee . 25
Saw benches, with motor or gasoline engine...-..........--...-.----- 50
DEaleOXeS es we ee. oe REM Sie SORA SC eN ke Seaee 25
PUSREGDGIE, WAGE UIs Oe A a Af ei yan) Staab . 50
SIRCARISUL Emer ae ease 9 INS So ie Cee ee eee . 50
FEC WIIG. no gcq Bde eaten ce Seale aie we mer aan Sk . 10
Fuel and lubricants were not included in these prices, nor was the cost of repairs,
all of which were borne by the organization using the equipment.
was to be returned to the owner in good condition.
All equipment
52 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Rental paid for use of equipment on State highway work during the year 1917, by
contract.
Air compressor drill outfits while necessarily on site of work, per day... . -- $3. 00
Crusher, including screens and bins, per day.......-.: woe es tse 8. 00
Concrete mixer and labor, per cubic yard of concrete...........---------- . 60-1. 72
Grader while necessarily on site of work, per day.........-.--..---.-.-.--- 15. 00
Steam roller, per linear foot of roadway rolled..........-........--------- . 06
Steam shovel while necessarily on site of work, per day......--...-------- 20. 00
Small tools, such as lanterns, rubber boots, axes, hammers, drills,
bars, plows, harrows, picks, shovels, wheelbarrows, and of like
character, were included in the unit prices paid for completed work.
The work was done by a contractor who was paid a fixed amount for
units of work completed. All materials used were paid for by the
State. The contractor furnished coal, oil, repairs, etc.. for his
equipment at the rentals quoted.
Rental paid for use of equipment on State highway work, season of 1917; work done by
State forces, equipment owned by towns and individuals.
Boilers; abou 2o horsepower, per day:-.-.- 2s eee. +... see $5. 00
Crusher, screens, bins, and engine, per day-.-...--------------------+---se+e---- 10. 00
Heater '(for'stone) andengine; per day. sc -2 see et 5. 00
Mixer’and steam engine; per day... 2. . co.cc 52 eee: oe ee 5. 00
Water cart; per days 29 veso 2 220 he Reels oe 50
Truck, 3-ton capacity, driver, fuel, repairs, and all supplies necessary, perday.. 18. 00
Fuel, lubricant, and repairs furnished by State.
REFERENCES.
The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to the following
sources of information:
The cost-account systems of the following State highway departments: Arizona,
Illinois, Maryland, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; ‘‘Efficient Cost Keeping,”
by E. St. Elmo Lewis; ‘“‘Efficiency,’’ by Harrington Emerson; ‘‘Cost Data,’ by
H. P. Gillette; ‘‘Cost-Keeping and Scientific Management,”’ by H. A. Evans; ‘‘Cost
Records for Executives as a Means of Plant Control,’ by B. A. Franklin; ‘‘Cost
Accounting and Management Engineering,’’ by H. P. Gillette and R. P. Dana; ‘Cost
Accounts,’’? by L. W. Hawkins; ‘‘Psychology and Industrial Efficiency,’”’ by Hugo
Munsterberg; ‘‘Cost Accounts,’’ by J. L. Nicholson; ‘‘The Principles of Scientific
Management,”’ by Frederick W. Taylor; ‘“‘Cost Accounting,’’ by J. R. Wildman;
“Modern Accounting,’’ by H. R. Hatfield; ‘‘The Handbook of Municipal Account-
ing,”’ by the Bureau of Municipal Research; The Cost-Accounting System of the
Ontario Highway Department; the Cost-Accounting System used by the Bureau of
Public Works of the Philippine Islands; an article on ‘‘Cost Accounting,’’ by Capt.
Godfrey, and the subsequent discussions on the subject in the Army Engineers’
Magazine; ‘“‘Memoirs of Army Engineers;”’ and in addition the Study of Cost-Account-
ing Systems in use in many counties, cities, and towns in the United States, and the
chapter on ‘‘Cost Finding” in Volume XI of the Alexander Hamilton Institute, and
the Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 661 ¢
~
WS Contribution from the Bureau. of Animal Industry
Se? TS. JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv April 9, 1918
THE MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN FROM BUTTER-
MILK OR SKIM MILK.'
By Arnotp O. Dantserc, of the Dairy Division.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Importance of casein manufacture to cream- The manufacture of skim-milk casein—Con.
GIES Seperate oisiseraiset = Cie cs) ojo Saisie Saveicjns ei sieicls 1 Pressed-curd method ..-......-:.-..-:--- 23
The manufacture of casein from buttermilk. - 2 Cooked-curd method .........-.----.-:--- 23
Directions for manufacturing .........--- 4 Hjectormethodesjae ey -see semaine 24
Yield of buttermilk casein...........--.- 8 Comparison of the different methods of
Cost of manufacture.....-......-.---.--- 8 making skim-milk casein .....-.------ 25
Equipment required ......-....-.-...-.. 9 Yield of skim-miik casein.-..--.....-.-- 26
Factors influencing quality.............- 17 | Requirements for good casein......-.-------- 26
The manufacture of skim-milk casein. -...... 22 | Methods of determining quality of casein... . 28
Sulphuric-acid method.............-..-- 22 | Casein markets and prices..-.......--------- 31
IMPORTANCE OF CASEIN MANUFACTURE TO CREAMERIES.
The utilization of by-products by a large number of small cream-
eries is daily becoming of more economic importance. Because of
the ever-increasing competition, the future success of many cream-
eries depends in no small degree upon both the quality of their prod-
ucts and the extent to which by-products may be profitably utilized.
The small creameries usually receive a good quality of raw material
1 Acknowledgment is made of the courtesy of the Robert Gair Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and the Dill & Collins Co., Philadelphia, for hearty cooperation and assistance in run-
ning coating tests on their large commercial machines, which involved considerable in-
convenience and expense, but gave valuable information as to the practical value and
working properties of the samples submitted. Special thanks are extended to Ernest
Hafele and H. A. Sawyer, chemists for the companies mentioned, for their patience and
interest in arranging for the various tests and for making it possible to obtain informa-
‘tion relative to the application of casein in the paper industry.
The J. A. & W. Bird & Co., Boston; the Casein Manufacturing Co., New York, and
the Union Casein Co., Philadelphia, furnished information and data which were of great
value in the work.
In the earlier part of this investigation the Bureau of Standards of the Department
of Commerce kindly placed at our disposal equipment for investigation on the solubility
of casein, and the assistance of F. C. Clark of that bureau in this connection was of
value.
2The investigation of the manufacture of casein from buttermilk was begun by Dr.
F. J. Birchard, formerly of the Dairy Division, and after his departure the work was
taken up by the writer.
39637°—18—Bull. 661——1
2 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and probably can obtain greater efficiency through quality rather
than quantity. When a good grade of cream is received, not only
can a high-quality butter be made, but the buttermillx can be more
profitably utilized.
In the past skim-milk casein is the only kind that has been made
in large quantities. However, many creameries have a considerable
quantity of buttermilk, which is not disposed of to the best advan-
tage, and this by-product can be made to realize a profit to the
creamery and produce greater returns to the farmer if it is made
into a good grade of casein. It is possible to make profitably a good
grade of casein from buttermilk when good raw material is received,
provided the buttermilk does not bring exceptional prices for food.
It is, of course, advisable to convert the buttermilk into food prod-
ucts when proper markets can be obtained, as greater profits usually
can be derived from it in that form. It is not always possible to
utilize all the buttermilk to the best advantage as a food product,
and it is important to be able to turn the surplus into casein, which
is a good-keeping product and finds a ready market. As dried casein
of good quality can be marketed in unlimited quantities, its manu-
facture acts as a safety valve in utilizing any surplus buttermilk or
skim milk.
THE MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN FROM BUTTERMILK.
The recovery of casein from buttermilk by the method to be out-
lined is dependent upon the normal acidity of the buttermilk. Sweet
buttermilk must be ripened until the proper degree of acidity has
developed. The sour buttermilk from the churn, or that which has
developed the required acidity by ripening, is heated sufficiently
to cause a rapid separation of the curd and whey. Owing to the
fineness of buttermilk curd every precaution must be taken to pre-
vent it from being broken up any finer, which makes handling
more difficult. Turning steam directly into the buttermilk has too
great a tendency to break the curd up and make handling more
difficult. The method devised for heating the buttermilk to obtain
a rapid and clear separation of the curd in such manner as to give
favorable conditions throughout the rest of the process consists in
running it through a steam jet or ejector. In this way the desired
temperature can be obtained in a rapid and efficient manner and
with very little agitation of the curd. With buttermilk of sufficient
acidity there should be no difficulty in getting a good separation
at a temperature varying between 115° and 130° F. (46.11° and 54.44°
C). (See fig. 1.) The proper temperature to get the characteristic
clear and rapid separation of the curd from a given lot of butter-
milk can readily be ascertained at the start of a run by catching
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 3
samples of the heated buttermilk in a glass tumbler as it comes from
the ejector: By varying the temperature, that which will give the
best results is determined. At that temperature the curd immediately
rises to the top, leaving a clear whey below.
This method is based upon results obtained in devising and put-
ting into operation a practical method for handling the surplus
Fig. 1.—Proper heating with the ejector gives a rapid and clear separation. Upper row
of beakers shows extent of separation, heating to 115° F. (46.11° C.) at one, two, and
five minutes, while lower row shows the same thing heating to 125° F. (51.67° C.)
buttermilk of the Grove City Creamery, Grove City, Pa., operated
under the supervision of the Dairy Division, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and therefore has received a thorough trial
in a commercial creamery, where it is giving most satisfactory
results. Any creamery with similar raw material, by the applica-
4 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
tion of principles within its control, can obtain like results. While
the study of the effect of the different factors upon the quality of
the casein was carried on with samples made from experimental lots,
the directions for manufacturing are derived from observations
taken when making the product in a commercial way and under
conditions comparable with those of the ordinary creamery. The
methods given for making skim-milk casein were likewise tried in
a commercial way in the Grove City Creamery.
DIRECTIONS FOR MANUFACTURING BUTTERMILK CASEIN.
PRECIPITATING THE CURD.
The buttermilk from the churn is pumped into a tank elevated
sufficiently to allow it to run by gravity through an ejector and
from there into another tank below, whose gate valve is high enough
to let the drain rack, mounted on casters, run under it. Such ar-
rangement makes handling most convenient and with the least labor.
The size of tanks and ejectors depends upon the quantity of material
to be handled. To save time, the heating should be done quickly.
A valve placed in the buttermilk pipe leading from the tank to the
ejector, and one in the steam pipe next to the ejector, permit easy
control of the temperature to which the buttermilk must be heated
to obtain proper separation.
The temperature necessary to obtain a clear and rapid separation
of the curd from a lot of buttermilk depends to some extent upon the
acidity, and can be ascertained at first by taking samples of the
heated buttermilk as it comes from the ejector. While conclusive
data bearing directly upon the degree of acidity required for the
most favorable results have not been obtained, an acidity of from 0.65
to 0.80 per cent at the time of precipitation apparently gives the best
working conditions. Buttermilk which has been allowed to stand
too long and develop a high acidity has a tendency to give a soft,
sticky curd difficult to handle, especially when a high precipitating
temperature is used.. By varying the temperature used, the proper
degree of heat necessary to get good results may be obtained. At
that temperature the curd begins to rise to the top quickly, leaving
the clear whey below. When it comes from the ejector the butter-
milk is in such condition that the curd invariably rises to the top.
As soon as the curd has massed at the surface, which requires only
a few minutes, the greater portion of the whey can be drawn from
the bottom of the vat into the cloth-lined drain rack. The clear
whey passes through the drain cloth quickly and by gradually clos-
ing the gate valve as the curd lowers in the vat, practically all of
it can be drained away. When the whey has drained away, the hot
curd is placed on the drain racks, ready for washing. Every pos-
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 5
sible precaution should be taken in handling the sour buttermilk
not to agitate it unnecessarily by pumping or in any other manner,
as it breaks the curd up finer and makes handling more difficult.
WASHING THE CURD.
After all of the hot curd has been placed on the drain cloth, it is
washed at least twice with cold water, which apparently hardens the
curd particles and makes handling easier. The use of a shower-bath
spray nozzle attached to the water hose is advantageous in washing
the curd, for with it the massed curd can be broken up and washed
better. Draining is hastened by giving the drain cloth a quick pull
from one side to the other. After a few trials no difficulty should
be encountered in peeling the curd clean from the drain cloth in order
to afford better drainage surface. The curd is given a thorough
soaking each time, care being used to get the whole mass of particles
in contact with the water. Under proper conditions the curd drains
readily but it always should be allowed to stand a short time between
washings. Individual experience will show the best method of wash-
ing the curd in the shortest time and still get the desired results.
The number of washings required will depend on the thoroughness -
with which the work is done. The drain water coming from the
pressed curd should test less than .20 per cent acidity, which is pos-
sible with two washings if ample time is allowed for each drainage.
Continuous attention is unnecessary when the curd is on the drain
racks. The greater portion of a man’s time during that period is
available for other work unless a very large quantity of buttermilk
is to be handled. After the last washing the curd is allowed to drain
well in order to save time in putting to press. Trouble is encountered
in getting a stack of wet curd in press cloths to press evenly, and at
the outset it takes up more space in the press.
PRESSING.
_ A form made of 1-inch surfaced material 20 inches square and 8
inches deep is placed at the bottom of the press rack and lined with
two press cloths. After placing in the form the proper quantity of
wet curd the cloths are neatly turned over from both sides in a man-
ner to hold the curd securely when pressure is applied, special care
being given to the corners, where trouble is most able to occur. The
form is then removed and a dividing board placed.on top of the
mass of wet curd, when the form can be replaced and the process
continued until all the curd has been taken care of. The quantity of
wet curd placed in the press cloths depends somewhat on the condi-
tion of the curd and can be determined best by experience.
6 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
When all the curd is placed in the cloths heavy pressure is applied
by means of jackscrews until the following morning or until the curd
is sufficiently dry for satisfactory grinding. In case some one is not
at the plant all the time some method for maintaining a continuous,
heavy pressure must be provided, as the expulsion of moisture from
the curd under pressure quickly releases the tension. A satisfactory
device for obtaining such pressure can be made easily and added to
the regular press rack by means of heavy railway-car springs. When
pressure is first applied to the curd a little attention is necessary to
get the curd to press evenly; afterwards the jackscrews have to be
tightened only occasionally.
GRINDING,
Provided the pressure has been ample, no trouble will be experi-
enced the following morning in properly grinding the curd. The
curd should not be taken from the press until it is sufficiently dry
for proper grinding and drying. In this condition grinding pro-
duces a fine, mealy curd that spreads well and does not adhere in
lumps to prevent favorable drying conditions. When sufficient mois-
ture has not been pressed from the curd, serious difficulties are: ex-
perienced, as it is extremely hard, if not impossible, to grind a wet,
soggy curd. After grinding, the curd must be dry and mealy, so
that it may be spread easily upon the drying trays and permitted
to dry thoroughly and quickly. Ground curd, if wet, can not be
spread satisfactorily, and not only adheres in lumps that are very
difficult to dry, but in drying they form a hard, impervious, bonelike
outside surface, while the interior still remains mcist.
The curd should be ground fine enough to allow it to dry rapidly
and thoroughly. The importance of the thorough pressing and
grinding of the curd can be appreciated readily when consideration
is given to the following factors:
Steam for drying is saved.
Finely ground curd gives a lighter colored and much better looking grade
of casein as it comes from the drying tunnel.
The curd requires a shorter period of heating.
More curd can be handled in a given time, thus increasing the efficiency of
the plant.
There is less wear and tear on the machinery.
PLACING THE GROUND CURD ON THE DRYING TRAYS.
A fine-mesh screening must be used for the drying trays, as the
buttermilk casein is very fine and not flaky like that Saale from skim
milk by the addition of commercial acid. The finely ground curd is
most easily spread upon the drying trays shortly after grinding.
While the work can be done by the usual method of throwing a
shovelful of the ground curd on a tray and then spreading it with
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 7
the hands, better results can be obtained by the use of a simple shaker
screen, similar to those used for screening sand and gravel. A box
arrangement that is supplied with ground curd by means of a hopper
permits the empty trays to be pushed under the screen. A box of
that kind can be quickly made at very little cost and will save time
and also spread the curd in a uniform thickness, which affords the
best drying conditions. When the curd is not spread uniformly the
drying time is increased to the time necessary to dry the thickest
parts. As the trays are filled they are stacked upon wooden trucks
provided with swivel casters, for convenience in running them in
and out of the drier.
DRYING.
The stacked trays, with the curd uniformly spread on each, are
run into the tunnel drier where a current of heated air is passed over
them. The time required for proper drying depends on:
The condition of the curd.
The uniformity of the spreading on the trays.
The volume and temperature of the air passing over the curd.
The volume and speed of the air current blowing over the curd
should not be excessive, but sufficient to carry the moisture off readily.
When the air current ‘is too swift much of the fine dried casein is
blown off the trays. A temperature of 130° F. (54.44° C.) has ap-
parently no detrimental effect upon the casein and is sufficiently high
for all purposes. Casein dried at that temperature comes from the
drier in a fine-grained condition and breaks up very easily, while
that dried at a higher temperature has more tendency to adhere in
one mass and is harder to grind to the same degree of fineness. High
temperature results in casein that is more difficult to dissolve, par-
ticularly in the presence of greater quantities of fat. High tem-
peratures are also very liable to cause discoloration of the casein,
especially when impurities, resulting from either poor raw material
or faults in the process of manufacture, are present. A temperature
no higher than is necessary and never exceeding 130° F. (54.44° C.)
should be used in order to lessen the danger of obtaining a darker
colored casein. In order to get a product that will keep well it is
important to dry the casein thoroughly before it is removed from the
drier. It is an easy matter to ascertain when a properly ground
curd is dry, but great care must be exercised in determining when a
coarsely gfound one is ready to be taken from the drier. Since large
particles of curd dry slowly they must be broken or cut in two to
find out whether the inside is properly dried. No trouble need be
experienced in drying the casein completely within 7 hours at a
temperature of 130° F. (54.44° C.), provided the curd has been prop-
erly ground and spread upon the trays in the proper manner.
8 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
REMOVING DRIED CURD OR CASEIN FROM THE TRAYS.
When the curd has been properly ground and uniformly spread
upon the trays the finished casein comes from the drier in good
physical condition and it can be collected easily by turning the trays
over a bin and giving them a slight jar. If grinding and drying con-
ditions have been unfavorable the casein does not come from the
trays so easily, as it does not have the same granular form and has
more tendency to stick to the screening. This is especially true in
the case of a high-fat buttermilk curd which has not been washed
sufficiently to remove the sugar and other soluble impurities.
GRINDING AND PACKING CASEIN.
It is advisable to grind and screen the casein after it comes from
the drying tunnel in order that it may be of uniform grain and
appearance. In the marketing of casein uniformity is of as much
importance from the standpoint of appearance as in the case of
other products. Grinding a coarse-grained casein makes the color
considerably lighter, which is much desired. For grinding, a small
burr-feed grinder gives satisfactory results and can be procured at
small expense. The finished casein is placed in strong burlap or
grain sacks in which it is shipped to market. Care must be taken,
while awaiting shipment, to store the casein in a dry place where,
if properly made, it will keep for several months.
YIELD OF BUTTERMILK CASEIN.
Depending upon its physical condition at the time of precipita-
tion, 100 pounds of undiluted buttermilk yields on the average from
2.8 to 3.1 pounds of dried casein. Coagulated buttermilk which has
been broken up by mechanical agitation, such as pumping or stirring,
gives a very fine curd, much of which is hable to be lost through the
drain cloth. In ascertaining the yield, the quantity of water added
to the cream in rinsing the vat and utensils should be taken into con-
sideration if correct figures are desired. In many creameries the
cream is diluted with an unnecessarily large quantity of water before
it reaches the churn, and in such instances the yield of casein, based
on the actual weight of the diluted buttermilk, is considerably lower.
COST OF MANUFACTURE.
No definite figures can be given on the cost of manufacturing, as
cost-accounting data were not kept when a sufficient quantity of
buttermilk was handled to give results applicable to ordinary cream-
ery conditions. The cost of making is governed largely by the volume
of business. When, in order to take care of surplus material, only
MANUFACTURE OF, CASEIN. 9
occasional runs are made, the cost is considerably higher than when
the volume of business carried on is sufficient to permit the most
efficient and economical use of labor and equipment. If 10,000 or
more pounds of buttermilk is handled daily the cost of making dried
casein. should not exceed 3 cents a pound.
The cost of making casein from skim milk is less than that from
buttermilk, as it does not require nearly so much work. Several
concerns that were making a large quantity of skim-millk casein
regularly estimated that the cost of manufacture was between 1 and
14 cents a pound, although they had no detailed cost-accounting
figures. It is probable that the cost will be more than is ordinarily
estimated by those without definite figures, since, in figuring it, the
depreciation and the interest on the cost of equipment should be
included with the expense of labor, steam, and other items.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED.
For making buttermilk casein, the necessary apparatus, besides the
storage tank and precipitating yat which are already available in
most creameries, consists of the following:
| Drying tunnel with fan blower and heating coils.
Drying trays.
Trucks for holding the drying trays.
Curd mill.
Curd press.
Press dividing boards.
Drain rack.
Cloths for draining and pressing the curd.
Practically the same equipment is needed for making skim-milk
casein, with the exception of the drain rack, which ordinarily is not
used.
It is advisable to make the tunnel drier larger than the imme-
diate demands require. When being constructed this can be done at
comparatively little additional expense and it allows, without incon-
venience, expansion of the plant. The remainder of the equipment
can be increased easily at any time.
Many creameries that do not have buttermilk enough to warrant
putting in the complete drying apparatus precipitate the curd, press
a large part of the moisture out, and sell it in that condition. In that
case the curd is received at a central plant where it is ground and
dried. Ifa market can be obtained for the wet curd the only addi-
tional apparatus required, besides the vats, are the drain rack, curd
press, dividing boards, and the cloths for draining and pressing, all
of which are available at comparatively small expense. The item
of greatest cost is the apparatus for drying the casein, which consists
of the drying tunnel with fan blower and heating coils, drying trays,
39637 °—18—Bull. 661—-2
10 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
trucks to hold the trays, and the curd mill. Several creameries may
combine to maintain a central drying plant and ship their green
curd to the plant for drying; this is advisable if each plant, because
of the small quantity of curd handled, can not afford a complete
equipment.
TUNNEL DRIER.
The best type of drier is made of tongue-and-groove boards nailed
both sides of the studding, the space between being filled preferably
Fic. 2.—Well-constructed double-tunnel drier lined with galvanized iron. Two large
pipes take off the heated air after it has passed over the casein. Steam radiator for
heating the air shown at top and farther end of tunnel.
with dry sawdust or other insulating material. It is advisable to
line the tunnels with galvanized iron if they are to be used continu-
ously, as the large volume of heated air passing through them dries
the boards out to a considerable extent. A cheaper type of construc-
tion consists in nailing tongue-and-groove boards on only one side
of the studding. While, because of leaks and other losses, that kind
of drier is not so economical of the heated air, it gives satisfactory
results. It is more economical of both space and construction to
have a double-tunnel drier built along the wall where it will be least
in the way. The tunnel should be made one inch wider than the
trucks and drying trays, to allow sufficient room for moving the
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 11
stacked trays freely through it. Many tunnels are made 31 or 35
inches wide to accommodate the 30-inch-square drying trays which
can be purchased ready-made. The tunnels used in our experiments
were 24 inches wide (fig. 2). A doubie-tunnel drier, 22 feet long,
5 feet high, and each tunnel 24 inches wide, when filled with drying
trays will hold the casein from 20,000 pounds of buttermilk. The
driers can be made of any length and height but it is advisable to
have them high enough to allow a man to walk in without incon-
venience when pushing the trays in or out.’ Full-width doors are
placed on each end of the tunnels, so that the trucks stacked full of
trays may be pushed in at one end and out at the other, which facili-
tates and systematizes the work. The cost of a drying tunnel can be
ascertained by considering the type of construction and the price of
material and labor available in the locality.
BLOWER AND HEATING APPARATUS,
A low-pressure blower of sufficient capacity to provide a large
volume of heated air over the ground curd is required. No exact
figures as to the cost of a blower can be given. One of the casein
jobbers quotes a price of $35 on a blower and $50 for a heater which
has sufficient radiating surface to heat the air to the required temper-
ature. ‘The additional expense of installing the apparatus, supposed
to have a capacity for drying the casein from 15,000 pounds of milk
daily, should also be considered. It may be possible to make a pipe
heater at the factory more cheaply than it can be purchased, but if
the best results are to be obtained care must be taken to have the
proper radiating surface.
DRYING TRAYS AND TRUCKS.
Satisfactory drying trays of the desired size can be made of {-inch
square strips and galvanized screening. A rectangular frame is made
of the strips, which are mortised and glued at the corners. Another
strip is mortised lengthwise of the frame. Galvanized screening,
16 meshes to the inch, such as is used for windows and doors, is
tacked to one side of the frame, after which $-inch by <-inch strips
are placed over the screen, flush with the lengthwise strip, and fas-
tened with screws. The three strips forming the bottom of the tray
allow a free circulation of air through the stacked trays, and in
addition materially strengthen it. Canvas or unbleached muslin
used on the bottom tray of each truck, in place of the screening, serves
to catch the fine particles of dried casein that drop through the
upper trays. With galvanized-wire screening at the prices that
prevailed in 1914, when the experimental equipment was installed,
the 23 by 30 inch trays may be made for $7 a dozen and the 30 by 30
inch trays for about $9 a dozen.
12 BULLETIN 661, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The trucks for holding the drying trays are made of surfaced
2 by 4 inch lumber, or other suitable material, the same size as the
trays, and have mortised joints and a swivel caster at each corner.
Strong and serviceable trucks can be made complete for $2.50 each.
Much cheaper trucks can be made, of course, but it is doubtful whether
they would prove to be more economical in the end. The number of
trucks and trays needed depends to a large extent upon the time in
which the casein is to be dried. Twelve wooden trucks and 30 dozen
trays should be available to handle 15,000 pounds of buttermilk
daily. By loading them more heavily, more buttermilk can be
Fic. 3.—Screen-covered drying trays and caster trucks used in drying the ground curd.
handled with the same number of trays, but in this case the time of
drying is materially increased.
CURD MILL,
The importance of getting the mght kind of curd mill, which is
used to grind the green curd taken from the press, can not be over-
estimated. If the curd is not ground properly the most favorable
drying conditions can not be obtained. In order to do satisfactory
grinding the mill should have both the shredding and beating fea-
tures possessed by the better machines (see fig. 4). The shred-
ding part consists of a comparatively slow-revolving cylinder fitted
with sharp-peg teeth to tear the large masses of curd into small pieces
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 1:
that fall into the lower cylindrical drum in which a rapidly revoly-
ing iron beater drives the curd through a medium-mesh screen. For
the curd of not more than 20,000 pounds of buttermilk a curd mill
having both features referred to and one which is suitable for satis-
factory work can be purchased for about $50. If more material is to
Fic. 4.—An inexpensive but satisfactory type of curd mill, possessing both the shredding
and revolving beater features.
be handled regularly it is advisable to purchase a larger, better con-
structed, and more expensive mill. :
CURD PRESS.
The curd press is subjected to a heavy strain and necessarily must
be strongly constructed. A sufficiently strong press rack can be
made easily of 4 by 4 inch material held together with 32-inch iron
bolts. Two pieces of 4 by 4 inch surfaced material 5 fect long and 2
pieces 4 feet long are made into a rectangular form, the 5-foot pieces
being fastened to the shorter ones by the use of a #-inch mortise
in such manner as to leave a 30-inch space between the inner edges
14 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT: OF AGRICULTURE.
of the longer pieces. This allows for a 5-inch projection of each
end of the shorter pieces. A 32-inch piece of 4 by 4 inch fitted at the
middle into one of the short pieces, so as to form a cross, serves as
the floor support. Fourteen-inch pieces of 4 by 4 inch are toenailed
to the crosspiece at each end flush with the uprights. On the top
of the floor support surfaced boards are nailed. It is advisable to
place a shallow pan of galvanized
iron on top of the boards for the
purpose of diverting the drainage
water to one side, thus preventing
it from running on to the lower
part of the press rack. The up-
rights of the rack are braced from
the opposite sides, the brace run-
ning from the outside edge of the
floor platform to a point about 30
inches above on the upright. The
whole press frameis bolted together
with 2-inch bolts which are as long
as the uprights, and one is placed
parallel with and on the inside of
each upright. Heavy iron plates
are used for washers on the top
and bottom crosspieces. Press jack-
screws can be placed in the top
crosspiece, which should be of 4 by
6 inch material or with ordinary
jacksecrews 4 by 4 inch material
may be used.
A press of the dimensions given
will hold the curd of 5,000 pounds
of buttermilk and can be made
lic. 5.—Curd press, showing manner of ¥
pressing moisture from curd. By means for about pila. including all labor,
of heavy car springs a continuous heavy
nrensure bay, Dewmialitatnad: material, and two jackscrews. By
increasing the cross dimensions a
larger press can be made, and it may be advisable to make one wide
enough to accommodate a mass of curd 30 inches square. It will
be found advantageous to use two jackscrews in each press to facili-
tate handling the wet curd. The tendency of the moist curd to press
unevenly can be better controlled by applying pressure with two
jackscrews instead of one. If no one is at the plant to maintain a
continuous pressure on the curd in the press, some other means, such
as the use of heavy railway-car springs, should be provided to main-
tain the pressure.
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 15
DRAIN RACK.
A drain rack such as is used in the manufacture of cottage cheese
is very satisfactory. It should be made either of cypress or of a good
grade of white pine. A frame 3 feet 4 inches wide by 6 feet 4 inches
long, outside dimensions, is made of surfaced 2 by 4 inch material,
using mortised joints and allowing the ends of the longer pieces to
project 3 inches. The frame is mate by laying the 2 by 4 inch pieces
flat. On the inside edge of each piece a {-inch hole about 2 inches
deep is bored every 12 inches, and a sae galvanized pipe of the
proper length is placed in the holes en putting the frame together.
The pipes support the wire screening and keep it from getting loose.
Three galvanized swivel casters are fastened to oven side on the
bottom of the frame to allow the drain rack to be handled conven-
Gs fg urae rack mounted on swivel ans allows most convenient handling,
especially when filled with curd.-
ject: Galvanized- wire screening of Roam meshes to the inch is
nailed to the top of the frame with staples, teking care to draw it
tight and let it extend a little over the middle of the frame all around.
A wooden strip, wide enough to cover the edge of the galvanized
screening, is nailed around the outside edge of the upper part of the
frame to hold the top part in proper position. The top part is made
of 14 by 12 inch surfaced material with mortised and spiked corner
joints, each end of the side pieces projecting 6 inches. The projec-
tions, trimmed down to the shape of a handle, make the rack more
convenient.
Two drain racks of the dimensions given are large enough to hold
the curd from 400 gallons of buttermilk. The curd devine quickly
in the drain racks, which permits them to be used repeatedly until
all the casein is made.
PRESS FORM-DIVIDING BOARDS.
The dividing boards placed between the layers of wet curd in the
press can be made conveniently from 1 by 14 inch lattice-stop strips
16 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
surfaced on all sides. The strips are cut in 26-inch lengths and
nailed crosswise to one another, allowing 1 inch between strips; the
dividing board is then 26 inches square and is suitable for the press
described. A smaller space than 1 inch between the strips makes
washing difficult, while a much larger one allows the curd to pro-
ject, which causes unsatisfactory pressing. For making the dividing
boards use good clear wood which can be washed easily. It is ad-
visable also to give all form-dividing boards at least two coats of raw
linseed oil before using, to reduce the water-retaining capacity of
the wood. The boards are kept wet while in use and unless oiled well
Fic, 7.—Dividing board and form used in putting the curd into the press cloths.
will soon become heavy with moisture. “They must be scrubbed well
each day with hot water and a brush, to prevent offensive odors.
When lattice-stop strips cost 1.8 cents a linear foot, allowing for car-
penter’s time, the dividing boards of the size indicated can be made
for about 95 cents each.
DRAIN AND PRESS CLOTHS.
Experience with several kinds of cloth, both ‘for draining and
pressing the curd, has shown that certain kinds of material are to be
preferred. The drain cloth must be strong to prevent tearing in
manipulating the heavy wet curd, must allow easy drainage, and
must be easy to wash. Ordinary burlap makes a strong, serviceable
drain cloth which no doubt will outlast any other material. Cheese-
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. iL7(
cloth is not strong enough to make a satisfactory drain cloth. Two
pieces of 36-inch burlap three yards long, sewed together at the
middle with a treble seam, make a drain cloth of suitable size for a
drain rack 3 feet wide, 6 feet long, and 12 inches deep. The edge of
the cloth should be hemmed to prevent raveling and unnecessary
wear.
For pressing the wet curd 10-ounce duck seems to be most satis-
factory, since it has the greatest strength, is easy to wash, and does
not allow the curd to escape. Burlap of a very close weave can be
used, but is much harder to wash. Unbleached muslin is satisfactory
but does not equal the duck. Any of the materials mentioned can
be obtained in widths suitable for making cloths of the proper size
to use with the curd press and dividing boards described. Pieces 41
inches long, cut from a 40-inch bolt, after the torn edge has been
hemmed to prevent raveling, make cloths of suitable size for a form
20 inches square and 8 inches deep.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF BUTTERMILK CASEIN.
The difference and variation in chemical composition and physical
condition of buttermilk make it hard to control absolutely all condi-
tions which may influence the quality of the casein. In making the
different lots of buttermilk casein conditions were controlled so far
as was practicable, so that the factor studied was the only variable
introduced. That makes it possible to observe, on a fair and com-
parative basis, the effect of any factor under consideration.
The factors that have an important influence upon the quality of
the buttermilk casein are:
Fat content of buttermilk.
Washing the precipitated curd.
Temperature of drying the ground curd.
Temperature of precipitating the curd.
Acidity of buttermilk at the time of precipitation.
FAT CONTENT OF BUTTERMILK.
Since all the fat originally in the buttermilk is concentrated in the
dried casein it probably will have a deleterious effect upon the
strength and general working properties of the casein. An increased
quantity of fat yields not only a casein of poorer solubility and
strength, but also a solution of poorer physical qualities. A lot of
buttermilk was divided into two parts and fat in the form of cream
added to one part, which was used as a basis for observing the effect
of increased fat content upon the quality of the casein.
18 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 1.—LHffect of fat content of buttermilk on strength of casein.
|
Buttermilk.
Times | Acidity | Drying | Fatin
curd of drain | tempera-| butter- ease
Toten! Seen | Acidity. washed. | water. ture. milk. q =
: | Per cent. Per cent. Ooi Per cent. Grams.
56.17 17A 0.95 4 0. 035 130 1.2 12
56. 17 17B 1.00 3 20 130 . 07 10
56. 30 304A 85 4 015 130 . 02 9
56. 30 30B 88 4 015 130 . 30 10
56. 53 53D 67 4 09 125 - 05 9
56. 53 53D 7 4 07 125 - 90 10
56. 53 53 A 67 4 10 165 05 9
56. 53 53C 70 4 06 165 - 50 11
56. 55 55A. 82 4 02 125 . 07 8
56. 55 55C 82 4 01 125 .o2 9+
56. 55 55B 83 4 02 160 - 07 8
56. 55 55D 83 4 01 160 .32 9
56. 58 5SA 87 4 02 125 . 06 9
56. 58 58B 86 4 02 125 27 9
56. 62 62A 80 4 015 125 . 04 7
56, 62 62B 80 4 02 125 3ah) 8
56. 64 GPAGE MESS oes 4 03 125 il 7+
56. 64 Ne MR aaasore se 4 03 125 -28 7
56. 64 64C sons2ouose 4 04 160 saul 8
56. 64 GAD iae acne 4 03 160 - 28 8
56.71 (LAS Recor eee 4 06 125 . 08 8+
56.71 TLC a een amare 4 07 125 - 30 9
56.71 CAIN 2 Sa | Sie epee oe 4 10 175 - 08 8
56.71 (ALDEN eae oe 4 07 175 -30 9
56. 72 (7 BecaBorsas | 4 04 125 - 08 7
56.7 W204 A Reet eee Es 4 05 125 . 30 8+
56.73 ToC sa cecn ee aes 4 02 125 . 20 8+
56.73 VEX Cir PA RRS wT | 4 00 125 - 80 9+
56.73 (eleke el eae e one 4 02 168 - 20 9
56.73 TOD)? RES aso a | 4 01 168 - 80 10
56. 74 CAA GBS eee ie 4 01 125 «2 T+
56. 74 TAG?! Pee eee 4 02 125 -8 g—
56. 84 SPAS ote. = an ee 0 46 126 ollr/ 8
56. 84 SAC See eee 0 38 126 -50 10
56. 84 S4B iene sae 0 37 162 =e 8
56. 84 84D Wa eee 0 40 162 -50 10+
56. 87 SVAra Wee eee 3 05 126 . 28 8—
56. 87 SiC ho hese eh eels 3 03 126 . 83 9—
56. 87 SEB a eee See ae 0 48 126 28 8+
56. 87 87D che ees 0 41 126 75 9
|
Table 1 shows the comparative strength of different lots in terms
of grams of casein required to hold the coating mixture properly.
If it is assumed that the difference in strength is caused entirely by
the extra fat content we find that in lot 56.17 the low-fat butter-
milk casein was 20 per cent stronger than the higher-fat buttermilk,
while in lot 56.30 the difference in strength in favor of the low-fat
buttermilk casein was 11 per cent. The greater strength shown by
the low-fat buttermilk casein in practically all instances is more
significant when it is considered that the high-fat buttermilk casein
showed decreased strength together with poorer handling qualities.
The increased quantity of fat has a detrimental effect upon the
physical working qualities of the dissolved casein, producing a thin,
wealk-bodied solution of greatly reduced viscosity which upon cooling
has a tendency to become a greasy mixture of poor spreading qualities.
Having in view trying out the effect of increased fat content with a
high drying temperature as compared with a low temperature, lots
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 19
of low-fat buttermilk were divided into two portions and cream
added to the one to make it high in fat. The low-fat and high-fat por-
tions were then subdivided into two portions. All portions were run
as nearly alike as possible until time of drying, when one low-fat
and one high-fat portion were dried at normal temperature, and the
other set of low-fat and high-fat portions were dried at a temperature
far in excess of that recommended for the best results. This gives a
combination of factors which makes it difficult to judge the deleterious
effect of the fat content upon the quality of casein. Lots numbered
56.64, 56.71, and 56.73, Table 1, involving the two influencing fac-
tors, do not show so much difference in strength with the high fat
and high drying temperature as may be expected. It must be under-
stood, though, that the wax test is by no means a sensitive one, merely
giving rough comparative results, and for that reason can not be
relied upon to measure accurately the actual relative strength of
given samples of casein. This point should be borne in mind in con-
sidering the data and discussion relating to the effect of the various
factors upon the strength of the casein samples reported upon in thts
work. In Lot No. 56.84 three influencing factors are introduced—
washing, drying temperature, and fat content—and the difference in
strength of these samples is very pronounced. The difference in
strength in this set of samples can not be attributed altogether to the
fat content, for the lack of washing the curd and the higher drying
temperature have a probable influence which must be given due con-
sideration.
WASHING THE CURD.
Contrary to a current opinion existing among casein firms, par-
ticularly with reference to skim-milk casein, the investigational work
indicates that the washing of the buttermilk curd is of importance.
Washing removes the free whey and with it lactose and soluble salts
which may serve as impurities in the casein. While the effect of the
salts which may be removed by washing has not been definitely de-
termined, it is reasonable to conclude that the presence of an excess
of lactic acid adds complications and in that way favors a deteriora-
tion in quality, since the washed-curd casein from high-acid butter-
milk shows greater strength. Soluble salts retained in the curd in
their natural form probably do not have a direct- effect upon the
quality of casein, but their presence, in connection with other factors
such as high fat content and high drying temperature, may injure
the quality. The ash content of the casein indicates to a certain ex-
tent the salts present, and while it serves as a guide in judging
whether the curd has been washed it can not. be depended upon as a
reliable indicator of the quality of the casein.
20 BULLETIN 661, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 2.—The effect of washing curd on the strength of the casein.
Buttermilk. | |
Butter- | Times | Acidity | Drying ;
milk fat| curd | of drain | temper- sarees Ash. Fat. H,0.
TavN. Portion) Acidity, Content. washed.| water. | ature, | Teduired.
|Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Si, Grams. |Per cent. |Per cent. |Per cent.
56.9 9A 0. 82 0. 20 0 0. 60 125 12 1.65 23. 32 5. 84
56.9 9B -82 | . 20 4 04 125 10 j
| 56.10 10A 72 16 2 19 125 9
| 56.10 10B 72 16 4 05 125 9
56. 20 20A 81 OL 0 54 125 9
| 56. 20 20B 81 OL 4 14 125 9
| 56.31 314A 81 12 0 58 125 9
56. 31 31B Sl 12 4 05 125 8 |
56. 35 354A 65 19 0 44 125 9
|} 56.35 35B 65 19 5 07 125 9
56. 50 5O0A 67 06 0 42 125 8
56. 50 50B 67 06 2) 14 125 8
55. 52 524A 74 32 0 42 125 9
56. 52 52B 76 32 4 04 125 8+
56. 52 52C 97 32 0 57 125 10
56. 52 52D 96 32 4 02 125 9
56. 54 54 AC 63 07 4 -04 125 9
56. 54 54 BD 63 | 7 0 oh 125 94
56. 56 56A 93 | 14 0 56 125 10
56. 56 56B 93 | 14 4 02 125 8+
e ‘
Table 2 gives data on the effect of washing the curd upon the
strength of the casein. The increased strength consistently shown
in the washed curd from high-acid buttermilk emphasizes the im-
portance of washing the curd from that kind of material. No notice-
able increase in strength could be found, however, in the washed curd
of low-acid buttermilk. Any difference in strength appears more
marked in the samples made from buttermilk of higher acidity or
fat content, substantiating the assumption that it was caused by a
combination of factors which by themselves may not have any direct
effect. The samples from the unwashed curd, taken as a whole,
required more time to effect a complete solution, which may have
been caused by the free acid remaining in the whey rather than: by
any injury to the quality of the casein. A portion of the alkali is
used up in neutralizing the free acid found in the unwashed-curd
casein, thus leaving a weaker solution for dissolving the sample.
The reaction accounts for the decreased quantity of alkali found
necessary to dissolve the casein from a well-washed curd.
DRYING TEMPERATURE OF THE CURD.
A high drying temperature in combination with one of the other
factors has an injurious effect upon the quality of the casein which
is most pronounced with a high-fat or unwashed curd. A well-
washed curd from buttermilk of a low-fat content can be dried at a
relatively high temperature with no apparent injury to the quality,
but it is not to be recommended. The lower the temperature the less
probability of injuring the quality, and for that reason the lowest
temperature possible should be used. A temperature of 130° F.
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. WAI
(54.44° C.) is satisfactory for quick drying and should have no
injurious effect upon the quality of the casein.
TABLE 3.—Il/ffect of drying temperature on strength of casein.
Buttermilk.
: Times | Acidity | Fatin Drying (Grech
curd | ofdrain | butter- | tetnper- | ) 74% ad
Portion | washed. | water. | milk. ature. AMEE
Lot No. No
Per cent. | Per cent. Snel. Grams.
56.15 15A 4 0.07 0.35 125 9
56.15 15B 4 07 .35 150 9
56. 16 16A 4 - 02 . 60 130 8
56. 16 16B 4 - 02 . 60 160 9
56. 20 20B 4 14 OL 125 9
56. 20 20C 4 14 AOL 93 9
56. 23 23.A 4 005 .13 130 9
56. 23 23B 4 005 13 160 9+-
56. 53 538A 4 10 -05 165 9
56. 53 53B 4 09 05 125 9
56. 53 538C 4 06 - 50 165 11
56. 53 53D 4 07 - 50 125 10
56. 55 55A 4 02 07 125 8
56. 55 55B 4 02 07 160 8
56. 64 644A 4 03 ll 125 7+
56. 64 64C 4 04 oli 160 8
56. 64 64B 4 03 . 28 125 7
56. 64 64D 4 03 . 28 160 8
56.71 T1A 4 06 -08 _ 125 8+
56. 71 71B 4 10 - 08 75 8
56.71 71C 4 07 - 30 125 9
56.71 71D 4 07 - 30 175 9
56.73 TBA 4 02 . 20 125 8+
56.73 73B 4 02 20 168 9
56.73 73C 4 00 80 125 9+
56.73 73D 4 Ol 80 168 10
Table 3 shows the effect of the drying temperature upon the
strength of the casein. There are no apparent differences in
strength from low-fat buttermilk; but with the higher-fat buttermilk
a difference in strength, attributable to the higher-drying tempera-
ture, is noted. No apparent differences in strength show up consist-
ently with the low-fat buttermilk due to the high drying tempera-
ture. While the differences in strength of the high-fat portions of
buttermilk in Lots 56.58, 56.64, 56.71, and 56.73 do not show up so
markedly as would be expected, they nevertheless indicate clearly
the weakening effect which a high drying temperature has upon the
quality of casein from buttermilk high in fat.
PRECIPITATING TEMPERATURE.
The temperature of precipitating the curd is not of great im-
portance, as the range of heat which may be used in obtaining a
rapid and clear separation of curd from whey does not permit a
temperature high enough materially to affect the quality of the
casein. Precipitation of the curd is accomplished within certain
limits which, if exceeded, will fail to give the characteristic separa-
tion desired. A high precipitating temperature, particularly with
buttermilk of high acidity, causes the mixture to reemulsify, thus
22 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
preventing separation. The precipitating temperature, under normal
conditions, is largely controlled by the process itself and ordinarily
is not high enough to cause material injury to the quality of the
casein.
ACIDITY OF BUTTERMILK,
The acidity of buttermilk at the time of precipitation is of im-
portance only when the curd is not well washed, the effect of which.
is discussed under “ Washing the curd.” When high-acid buttermilk
curd is well washed no appreciable difference in the strength of the
casein can be distinguished. Jligh-acid buttermilk is more liable
to give trouble in handling and so should be avoided whenever it is
possible.
THE MANUFACTURE OF SKIM-MILK CASEIN.
SULPHURIC-ACID METHOD.
The usual method of making skim-milk casein is that of adding
crude commercial sulphuric acid to the fresh skim milk after heating
the latter to a temperature of 120° F. (48.89° C.). The advantage
of this method is that the skim milk can be disposed of quickly and
at a time when the quality of the curd is in the best condition.
The fresh skim milk is run into a vat, generally of wood because
of its cheapness and the deteriorating effect of acid upon a metal vat.
It is there heated with direct steam to a temperature of 120° F.
(48.89° C.) and never higher than 125° F. (51.67° C.). Commercial
sulphuric acid, of the strength used for making Babcock tests (1.83
specific gravity), is then added at the rate of one pint to every 1,000
pounds of milk, at the same time stirring the mixture continuously.
Before using, each pint of acid should be diluted with about a gallon
of water, always pouring the acid into the water and not vice versa.
After the addition of the acid the skim milk is stirred gently until a
good separation of the curd is obtained, as indicated by the clearness
of the whey. This usually takes but a few minutes, provided suffi-
cient acid has been used. In case the curd does not separate well, leav-
ing a clear whey, more acid can be added to get the proper results.
The quantity of acid required for a good, clear separation varies some-
what, depending upon its strength and the condition of the milk.
The proper quantity can be determined easily if the vat is marked
off so as to show how much milk is on hand for each run. By vary-
ing the quantity of acid used from day to day the proportion that
gives the best results can be ascertained. The clear whey is run
through the gate valve at once, and the curd remaining in the vat is
rinsed with cold water to remove the excess of whey and the free
acid remaining. When the curd in the vat has drained it is placed in
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 23
burlap press cloths and put to press. While burlap is generally used
for pressing the skim-milk curd it is not so satisfactory as duck,
since the curd adheres to it more and makes washing more difficult.
Continuous heavy pressure is applied until sufficient: whey has been
expelled to permit satisfactory grinding. The time requir a depends
upon the degree of pressure and the Seen on of the curd. The
usual practice is to allow the curd to remain in the press over night.
After it has been pressed properly the curd is taken from the press
and, after being run through the curd mill, the ground curd is
placed upon the trays and dried in the tunnel drier.
PRESSED-CURD METHOD.
Creameries without a sufficient quantity of skim milk to justify
the expense of installing a complete plant for manufacturing the
dried casein may ship the pressed curd to a central drying plant,
several of which are maintained by casein jobbers in creamery dis-
tricts. At the central drying plant the green-pressed curd is ground,
dried, and paid for on the basis of dried casein obtained. When
the pressed curd is shipped the only equipment required besides the
vat is the press, press cloths, and dividing boards, none of which are
expensive. —
The green curd has to be shipped frequently during the warm
weather, unless it can be kept in a refrigerator, and must remain
in transit only a very short time. The green-pressed curd soon be-
gins to mold, which has an injurious leet upon the “quali of
the casein.
COOKED-CURD METHOD.
The cooked-curd method of making skim-milk casein is coming
into more general use among the creameries in districts convenient
to a central drying plant. This method requires practically no
equipment except the precipitating vat. The process of precipitat-
ing is the same as that used for pressed curd; that is, the skim milk
is heated to 120° F. (48.89° C.) and sulphuric acid added at the rate
required to separate properly. After draining the whey off the curd
is broken up in the vat, covered with water, and the mixture heated
to a temperature of 170° to 175° F. (76.67° to 79.44° C.) by means of
direct steam. At that temperature all the curd should collect in a
semifluid, plastic, tough mass. The water is drained off and the
soft curd placed in a barrel, where it settles into an almost air-tight
mass which upon cooling changes to a very tough, impervious mass
that will keep for several days, even in hot weather. Fresh-cooked
curd can be put on top of the hardened curd in a barrel partially
filled from a previous batch. The barrels filled with cooked curd
and covered with burlap can be shipped to the central drying
plant without danger of breaking. Cooked curd is very hard to
grind and requires an especially strong mill.
24 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
No more acid than is. required to give a clear separation should
be used, as an excess seriously interferes with the proper working
of the cooked-curd method. When too much acid is added, the
curd, when cooked in the water, does not collect in the characteristic
plastic mass but breaks up fine, making it difficult to handle. When
the proper quantity of acid has been used in precipitating the curd,
the clear whey shows an acidity of from 0.30 to 0.32 per cent. If
it shows more than 0.34 per cent acidity, trouble is hable to be en-
countered in obtaining the characteristic fusion of the curd at the
Fig. 8.—Connecting the ejector to a iaalel erated sufficiently to allow heated buttermilk
to be run into a vat below gives satisfactory working conditions.
time of heating. A good plan to follow in preventing the use of
an excess of acid is to measure out what the directions call for—
one pint to a 1,000 pounds of skim milk—dilute all of it with water,
and then add a portion at a time, using just what is necessary to
effect a clear and complete separation.
EJECTOR METHOD.
Casein can be made successfully from skim milk with the ejector
method of precipitating the curd, but care must be taken in allowing
the skim milk to curdle before heating, or a tough, rubbery curd, 1n-
possible to handle, will result. When skim milk is allowed to curdle
by the formation of lactic acid and without agitation, then there is
no trouble in getting a clear and quick separation of the curd which
‘an be handled well in every respect. The curd from naturally
soured skim milk, separated by the ejector method of heating, is not
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 25
only handled as easily as that precipitated with sulphuric acid but is
not nearly so tough nor so hard to grind.
COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF MAKING SKIM-MILK CASEIN.
The quality of casein mede by the ejector method is superior in
many ways to that made with the acid and cooked-curd methods.
It shows better strength, dissolves more readily, and retains a fluid,
viscous body at room temperature, giving it better working prop-
erties. When dissolving acid and cooked-curd casein, complete solu-
tion is retarded by the formation of a heavy, short, viscous body,
which upon cooling has a decided tendency to congeal and lose its
fluidity, more especially the cooked-curd casein, making it very
difficult to mix well with other solutions in the cold. Table 4 shows
the comparative strength of casein made from the same lots of skim
milk with'the ejector, acid, and cooked-curd methods.
TABLE 4.—Comparative strength of skim-milk casein made with ejector, acid,
and cooked-curd methods.
Skim milk.
Times | Acidity | Drying F
curd | of drain | temper- Method. Cosel
Portion | washed. | water. | ature. He
Lot No. No
Per cent. 16 Grams.
56. 25 25A 1 0.38 130 Sulphuric acid.| 9
56. 25 25B 4 .10 130i Pb\ectoress- | 8+
56. 33 33A 1 . 22 130 | Sulphuric acid.| 9
56. 33 33B 4 . 00 130 | Bjector.......- 8
56. 34 34A 1 14 130. | Sulphuric acid. 8
56. 34 34B 4 - 02 130--| Ejector.....-.- 8
56. 59 59A OES | Sse: See 130 | Sulphuric acid. 10
56. 59 59B eM ae 130 | Cooked curd... 9+
56. 59 59C 3 -O1 130 | Ejector.......- 8
56. 60 60A 0 28 128 ; Cooked curd.. 9
56. 60 60B (Vipera tes 128 | Sulphuricacid. 9
56. 60 60C Oe nearer 128) || Ejector: -.---.. 8
56. 61 61A 0 x8} 130 | Sulphuric acid. 9
56.61 |, 61C 0 "25 130 | Cooked curd... 9+
56. 61 61D 3 . 06 130 | Ejector........ 8
56. 89 89A 1 ale} 124 | Sulphuric acid. 8
56. 89 89B 1 -10 124 | Cooked curd-- 9
56. 89 89C 3 .09 124 IDITEHORSASeSse 7+
56. 90 90A 3 . 04 124 | Sulphuric acid. 8
56. 90 90B 1 . 06 124 | Cooked curd... 9
56. 90 90C Bi | Sea 3 124m PEVCCtOLe ccs = 7+
In seven out of eight experiments the wax test showed the ejector-
method casein to be the strongest, while in one lot no difference was
noticeable. While the difference in strength is not marked in all
cases, it shows up with such consistency as to warrant fully the con-
clusion that the ejector casein is stronger when made under proper
conditions. The increased strength of the ejector-method skim-milk
casein and its much better working properties make it the most
desirable from the standpoint of quality. The ejector method requires
more vat capacity, as the skim milk has to be held until it has
developed a sufficient degree of acidity to bring about a firm coagu-
°6 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
lation. The acid and cooked-curd methods have the advantage of
requiring less vat capacity, and the casein can be made up in a
shorter time.
YIELD OF SKIM-MILK CASEIN.
The yield of skim-milk casein will vary from 2.9 to 3.5 per cent,
depending upon the composition of the skim milk, the method of
manufacture, and the extent of drying. Because of the better physi-
cal condition of the skim-milk curd there is not so much occasion
for loss of curd as in the case of buttermilk, and the yield is there-
Fic. 9.—By means of a simple shaker screen the ground curd can be spread on the trays
in a short time and in a manner giving the most favorable drying conditions.
fore higher. When the skim-milk casein is dried well, so that it
does not contain more than from 5 to 7 per cent of moisture, the yield,
with skim milk of average composition, ranges between 3 and 3.25
pounds to 100 pounds of skim milk.
REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD CASEIN.
The practical value of casein depends upon its solubility, ad-
hesiveness, and general working properties. Casein of the desired
quality should dissolve within certain limits of alkalinity, giving a
clear, uniform solution, free from any scum or sediment, have a
fairly heavy body, and possess good adhesive qualities. The general
working properties of the dissolved casein, as determined by its vis-
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 27
cosity and spreading qualities, must be satisfactory. Any factor that
has an influence upon any of the requirements for making a good
grade of casein necessarily affects the quality of the product.
The physical condition and chemical composition of skim milk
favors the making of a high-grade casein and, provided proper at-
tention is given to the details of manufacture, little difficulty is en-
countered in making a good grade.
The manufacture of casein from buttermilk, however, presents an
entirely different proposition, because of the differences in chemical
composition and physical condition of the latter and consequently
the increased number of factors which kave a direct or indirect in-
fluence upon the quality of the casein. The wide variation shown in
the quality of buttermilk casein made in the ordinary way indicates
clearly the presence of factors influencing its manufacture and hay-
ing a direct effect upon the quality. A comparison of chemical analy-
sis of normal samples of skim milk and buttermilk shows a higher
percentage of fat and lactic acid in the buttermilk, with a decrease
in the percentage of lactose equivalent to the increase of lactic acid
brought about by fermentation. As fat is undesirable in casein, it is
natural to suppose that the increased quantity found in buttermilk
would have a marked influence in injuring the quality of the casein.
While the difference in fat content may not appear to be so marked
in the raw buttermilk, its effect upon the final product will be readily
understood when it is considered that the fat in the dried casein is
about 33 times that shown by the Babcock butterfat test. The prac-
tical creamery method of determining the fat content of buttermilk
can not, of course, be regarded as highly accurate, and in consequence
it does not always indicate correctly what the fat content of the dried
casein will be. In nearly all instances in which buttermilk of a
normal fat content was used, the finished casein contained a much
higher concentration than the Babcock test of the buttermilk indi-
cated should be present. Table 5 shows the theoretical fat content
of the dried casein, based upon the Babcock test for fat in buttermilk
and calculated on the basis of the yield in pounds per hundred pounds
of buttermilk, compared with the actual fat content of the dried
casein as determined by the ether-extraction laboratory method. The
figures as a whole do not represent lots of casein made under condi-
tions found requisite to the manufacture of a high-quality product
and should not be taken as representative of the analysis of properly
made buttermilk casein.
While the increased quantity of lactic acid found in buttermilk
may not have in itself any appreciable effect upon the quality of the
casein, its presence in combination with one or more of the other in-
fluencing factors is very liable to be of considerable importance.
28 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 5.—Comparison of calculated and actual fat content of casein.
Fat content of casein.
Fat
.N content of r
Sample No. butter- By ether
milk. Caleulated. extraction:
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
07 2.31 6.36
18 5.94 9. 89
20 6. 60 23. 83
16 5. 28 6.31
28 9, 24 8.71
89 29. 37 2127.
015 495 - 93
35 11.55 12. 63
60 19. 80 14. 40
07 2.31 9. 67
OL .33 4.29
13 4.29 9. 52
. 04 1.32 3.98
Ba E . 02 . 66 (5833
56.35R 2002 os. PRR AMIN et RN |UD nee feed eM ot Me Tes 19 6. 27 4.18
All analyses of casein samples were made by R. H. Shaw and E. IF. Deysher, of the Dairy Division.
Analyses of samples of domestic and foreign skim-milk casein and
of buttermilk casein appear in Table 6 and show the difference in
chemical composition. The buttermilk samples, made from what
would be regarded as the usual run of buttermilk in creameries re-
celving a good grade of cream, show a marked increase in fat, as
was to be expected.
TABLE 6.—Comparative analyses of skim-milk and buttermilk casein.
Chemical analysis.
Sample No. Origin. et
ois-
eed Fat. Ash.
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
be (1 Sea ok ad ce a eae Domesticiskamanilikc se eee a a 7.80 0. 60 2. 80
bata Deep ate eee es ie a ie hears SAS ee ee Sa ER ir ee ee 8. 28 |: 0. 93 2. 44
SOB LUE. Ae Eee Horeieniskimimilkey: 2 eee ss eee eee 7.95 0. 66 1.89
O64 22) 552 ce eas We eseeees ti Domestic Skimimilkesa. = eee ee eee eee 6. 44 1. 04 3. 69
SOMES. 2Cee SE Ae sa ciaee Mrenchiskim.milkoe 5 hea seks ese Eee ee 8. 43 0.75 1. 86
DDT Se er are ots Bes ol Domesticiskimimilk; <- ees ee eeee certo ees 7.74 0. 93 1.14
DEMO BIASES SOE Seas Buttermilk: sree. 45 ate SAE eee 7.65 6. 54 0. 99
57) a BN SR gS ple Er ale od [Ee Oe itera eae Aagaeha:. hese ee eater 6. 68 5. 00 1.30
DAY Rae ee 2 Oe oe ee a | a 2 Goh. See BES. a ae. OSES: Cee 6, 82 9. 52 0. 60
Be CR ye a Seceeoene seed soates COE ath hse ete ee eee, . Soe 5. 86 5. 62 0. 76
BOS TUS tS Pea ae GOSS es oe a ere Sees 6.42 5. 82 1.19
METHODS OF DETERMINING QUALITY OF CASEIN.
In order to determine factors having a direct bearing upon the
quality of buttermilk casein and the conditions requisite to the man-
ufacture of a product of the best practical value, a study of the
solubility, adhesiveness, and general working properties of various
lots of casein made under. varying conditions was undertaken. But-
termilk from pasteurized sweet cream ripened to an acidity of from
0.40 to 0.65 per cent was used in the investigational work, and no
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 29
4
trouble need be experienced in handling that: kind of material. The
combination of acid in sour cream with the temperature required
for pasteurizing has an injurious effect upon the normal handling
of the resulting buttermilk. The degree of acidity which may be
present in the cream at the time of pasteurization without seriously
interfering with the normal working of the buttermilk curd for
making casein has not been determined. As a large proportion of the
casein of the best quality és used for coating paper, the numerous
lots of casein made were tested with special reference to their adapt-
ability and practical value for that industry. The tests apphed in
the paper industry, however, give results applicable in determining
the value of casein for other purposes for which it may be used. The
requirements of casein for high-class paper-coating work are rather
severe, and lots not suitable for that work often can be used satisfac-
torily for other purposes.
The casein is used for the purpose of fixing the coating material
to the paper in such manner as to make it a part of the paper. In
case an insuflicient quantity of casein is used the coating ingredients
pull away from the paper when put to the test. By using more
casein the coating material is held firmly to the paper, which serves
as a practical means of determining the strength of the casein. The
strength or adhesiveness of all the samples made was ascertained
by a laboratory method used by the paper concerns, in which the
quantity of casein required to hold the coating mixture properly is
determined.
In addition to the tests made in the laboratory large samples of
buttermilk casein were sent to two paper manufacturers for the pur-
pose of having commercial coating tests run on their large machines
and in that manner determine its practical value and handling qual-
ities. While the results obtained in the large coating machines did
not always indicate the effect of the factor under observation in so
marked a degree as was found in the laboratory method, they did
demonstrate fully that a good grade of casein suitable for high-class
coating and lithographing work can be made from buttermilk.
The strength test was used almost entirely in these experiments
as a basis for drawing conclusions as to comparative values of casein
in studying the effect of the factor under consideration, as there was
no trouble in obtaining a complete solution of the casein after adopt-
ing a suitable method. The time required for the casein to dissolve
is of importance, but slow dissolving does not necessarily indicate a
poor grade, as the rate of dissolving may be influenced by factors
that have no effect upon the strength. While the casein must dis-
solve within a reasonable time, its practical value is determined in
the final outcome largely by its strength or ability to hold the coat-
ing material.
30 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
While the test used in determining the strength of the casein can
not be regarded as highly accurate from a scientific standpoint, it is
more or less valuable in determining in a practical manner the rela-
tive value of different samples of casein. The general handling
quality of the different lots of casein was observed during the process
of dissolving and also during the actual coating work. Difficulties
encountered with the solubility or working properties of the samples,
caused by any factor introduced to study its effect upon the quality,
will be discussed later under the heading of the particular factor.
ADHESIVE OR STRENGTH TEST.
Fifty grams of casein ground fine enough to pass through a screen
with 20 meshes to the inch is weighed into a casserole whose weight
is known, 100 cubic centimeters of cold distilled water is added, the two
mixed well and allowed to stand for a short time, when 90 cubic centi-
meters more of distilled water is added in which 5 grams of borax
has been dissolved. Distilled water is then added until the mixture
weighs 250 grams, and the casserole placed in a water bath having
a temperature not to exceed 149° F. (65° C.) and stirred until the
casein is dissolved. When the casein is completely dissolved more
water must be added to take the place of that lost by evaporation,
so that each 5 grams of the solution will represent one of casein.
Some samples of casein may require more than the specified quantity
of borax or other alkali. No trouble was experienced in dissolving
the samples reported in the proportion of borax given.
One hundred grams of china clay or kaolin, previously dried at the
temperature of boiling water for one hour, is weighed into a heavy
casserole, and 70 cubic centimeters of distilled water added and mixed
to a smooth paste, care being taken to work up any lumps that may
settle to the bottom. After weighing the casserole with its contents
of clay paste, 30 grams of the casein solution, representing 6 grams
of casein, is added to it and thoroughly mixed with the paste. <A
stiff brush is helpful in getting a good mixture. <A thin coating of
the mixture is then applied to several small sheets of test paper by
means of a thin brass scraper or camel’s-hair brush, using care to
spread uniformly. The casserole is again balanced and 5 additional
grams of the casein solution added, the solution well mixed and an-
other set of test sheets coated, continuing the procedure of adding
5 grams of the casein solution and making a set of test sheets until
sufficient casein has been added to hold the coating mixture properly
to the paper. Best results were obtained by using the brass scraper,
which requires that the paper be placed on a perfectly flat surface,
such as a piece of smooth plate glass. When using a brush the coating
mixture should be painted on very quickly, first lengthwise and then
crosswise.
MANUFACTURE OF CASEIN. 31
When the sets of test papers having an increase of one gram in
casein for each succeeding set are perfectly dry, a short stick of seal-
ing wax softened by heating at one end is applied with a fairly firm
pressure to various points where the coating is uniform, and allowed
to cool. The paper is then held down firmly by placing the fingers
on each side of the wax and the latter pulled away with a steady pull.
In case of an insufficient quantity, of casein the wax will pull only
the clay mixture, but when sufficient casein has been used it will
pull the paper fibers strongly to the edge of the wax, showing that
the coating material had actually become a part of the paper.
Usually a transition point is found when the center of the stick of
wax will pull the paper fibers partially, while the next set having
1 gram more of casein will pull all the fibers to the extreme edge
of the wax. A good grade of casein should not require more than
8 or 9 grams to hold strongly.
The strength of the casein as shown by this laboratory test bears
some direct relation to the quantity of casein necessary to use in the
practical coating work, and for that reason was used in determining
the influence of the various factors observed upon the strength of the
casein.
SOLUBILITY TESTS.
Weigh out 50 grams of air-dried sample ground to pass through a
90-mesh screen, add 300 cubic centimeters of distilled water in which
7.5 grams of commercial borax has been dissolved. Heat-in a beaker
or other flask in a water bath having a temperature not to exceed
149° F. (65° C.). Complete solution should result within 10 minutes.
1493 F. (65° C.). Complete solution should result within 10 minutes
with continuous stirring.
CASEIN MARKETS AND PRICES.
The market for skim-milk casein, which is the only kind that has
been made in large quantities in the past, has always been good at
the prevailing prices. A few years ago the price received for it was
from 5 to 7 cents a pound, but during the last two years, owing to the
falling off in the importation, the price has doubled or trebled. At
one time the exceptionally high price of 22 cents a pound was offered,
with very little available. This price was exceptional, of course, and
did not prevail for a great length of time. The demand during the
last two years has been steady despite the exceedingly high prices.
While the market will readjust itself with a resumption of normal
conditions the price, in all probability, will not go back to what it
was a few years ago. The large users are frank in admitting that
they will not be able again to purchase the product at the former
low prices.
32 BULLETIN 661, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The outlet for casein is varied, owing to its large use in so many
industries. The largest unlimited market is provided by jobbers
who usually buy on contract from the creameries and resell to the
consumers. In that way the creamery has a market with the least
effort and the consumers can buy standardized lots of casein in
quantities suited to their needs. However, by selling direct to the
user the creamery can get more money for the casein and the cost to
the user is less. Such a method, if it can be arranged properly, is
the most satisfactory one for marketing. The development of such
a market necessitates the production of a uniform quality of casein
in satisfactory quantities.
The price it is possible to obtain depends upon the quality of the
vasein, Market conditions, and the opportunity of making a satisfac-
tory financial deal for the product. The market condition has much
to do with the prevailing price. With a scarcity of casein on the
market the buyers are willing to pay higher prices and are not nearly
so critical as to the quality.
As the value of any casein is determined largely by its strength,
the price received for buttermilk casein is less than that from skim
milk, for the former is slightly weaker than the best grade of the
latter. But with a short market a good grade of buttermilk casein
may be sold easily at the ruling price of the skim-milk product.
The Grove City Creamery sells its buttermilk casein direct to the
company that uses it at 1 or 2 cents under the prevailing price paid
for a good grade of skim-milk casein. ‘The company’s chemist stated
“The price they would be willing to pay would be governed by the
market conditions. With a scarcity of casein the ruling price of
skim-milk casein would be gladly paid.” The company expressed
its preference for the buttermilk casein sent in by the Grove City
Creamery over that of some market grades of skim-muilk casein.
The method of ascertaining the price paid for the casein in the
form of pressed or cooked curd is on the basis of deducting from the
market price of the dried casein the cost of transportation and ex-
pense of drying.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
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Vv
WASHINGTON ; GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICD : 1918
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF fe UEEURE
| BULLETIN No. 662 Ni
Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry
JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER May 1, 1918
VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE.
By Joun R. MoHLER,
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
History and characteristics...............-..-- 1S CONTASTOUSNESS maaan os pee oesins siesls lel eleienroee es 5
IDG) OER cpacseosacsubocd Sacnee CE eee ee eee Sh | Ditkerential GiAgMOSiSaeee aemlyse mete eee ee eee 7
Symptoms and lesions doses mt eteszrielan ys yi od elo reatmentess wees Sst ee aoeemees oes Jaan ee 9
HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Vesicular stomatitis is known in Europe and South Africa, and
has been observed occasionally in sporadic form in the United
States, but without attracting any particular attention. During the
early fall of 1916, however, it became very extensive in certain
sections of this country, being especially prevalent in Nebraska,
South Dakota, Colorado, and Wyomig. It was first reported among
the horses ond mules at remount stations in the Central West, where
large numbers of animals had been collected prior to shipment to
Europe for use in the French and British Armies. Here the disease
found ideal conditions for its spread among thousands of these animals
closely quartered in barns and pens. From these remount stations
in the Central West the disease became distributed by following the
channels of trade from the westward markets eastward as far as the
Atlantic coast. The affection did not stop even there, as several
shipments were made abroad while the horses were in the incubative
stage of the disease, and infected American horses were found shortly
after arrival in France.
Strange as it may seem, the first information that this country
was experiencing an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis was reported in
an article by the French veterinarian Jacoulet, which appeared in the
Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, December 30, 1915. Owing to the
difficulties attending the delivery of these European periodicals smce
the beginning of the war this copy was not received until several
41674°—18—Bull. 662
2 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
months later. Jacoulet referred to the erosive stomatitis of inde-
terminate nature affecting horses coming from America for the
French Army. He indicated that some of the veterinarians coming
to the army depot were acquainted with this disease, calling it
stomatitis of horses and attributing it to the fact that the new horses
frequently licked the freshly whitewashed walls near them. The
question of etiology was at once referred to the Pasteur Institute, but
at that time attempts to carry the disease from horse to horse proved
unsuccessful. The opinion was thereupon advanced that defective
feed probably of a mycotic nature was responsible, especially since
moldiness was quite extensive in American baled hay brought over
with the horses. :
In the issue of the above-named French journal dated February
29, 1916, Vigel records having observed the disease in question in a
large number of American animals. On the basis of his observations
he believed that the cause of vesicular stomatitis is a contagion and
should not be looked for in the poor quality of hay, as the disease
spread to French horses on the surrounding farms and these animals
had never eaten American hay. At least one cow became similarly
affected. Three bacteriologists of the French Army took samples of
blood and vesicular fluid from infected horses, but their results were
likewise negative. However, Vigel proved quite clearly that the
disease is contagious and transmissible through direct inoculation.
More recently, May 15, 1917, Panisset reports in the Revue Générale
de Médecine Vétérinaire that vesicular stomatitis had gamed con-
siderable ground during the previous few months, but not sufficient
to cause any alarm. Particularly those depots that received horses
coming from the first mfected remount stations have paid heavy
tribute to the affection. Although known and described in France
before the present war, it had been observed only occasionally and its
present frequency there is considered by Panisset to be due to
importations of infected American horses for military purposes.
Notwithstanding that the disease primarily affects horses and
mules, it may spread to cattle under appropriate conditions, but
thus far it has not been observed under natural conditions among
hogs and sheep. Evidently the necessary conditions for its spread
from horses to cattle obtained in Nebraska, as a shipment of cattle
from that locality to the Kansas City Stock Yards in the fall of 1916
was found infected. Much excitement was occasioned thereby, as
the disease was quite suggestive of foot-and-mouth disease. How-
ever, a series of careful experiments was at once begun, from which
the true nature of the disease was ascertained and the diagnosis of
vesicular stomatitis made.
Among other more important forms of stomatitis may be men-
tioned mycotic stomatitis of cattle, which results from eating feed
VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 3
containing irritating fungi; necrotic stomatitis, especially affecting
calves and pigs, which is caused by infection with the necrosis
bacillus; stomatitis contagiosa, or foot-and-mouth disease, which is
one of the most highly infectious diseases of animals and caused by a
filterable virus; and pustular stomatitis, which is less contagious in
character than the former and confined solely to the equine.
Concerning vesicular stomatitis, the name not only indicates the
location of the lesions in the mouth, but also suggests that the
_vesicles or blisters are characteristic features, being observed at the
beginning of the disease. Other names which have been applied to
this affection are sporadic aphthe, stomatitis vesiculosa, stoma-
titis aphthosa, erosive stomatitis, sore mouth, “‘blue tongue,” and
pseudo foot-and-mouth disease.
ETIOLOGY.
The literature upon the subject of vesicular stomatitis fails to
incriminate definitely any specific organism as the cause of this
contagion. Repeated cultural studies of fresh vesicular fluid drawn
under aseptic precautions from experimentally infected horses and
from field cases have resulted in the isolation of a variety of micro-
organisms including micrococci, several short rod-shaped bacilli, one
of which takes the bipolar stain, a large Gram-negative spore-bearing
rod, and a fungus. Horses and calves were subjected to imocula-
tions with cultures of these several organisms, both intravenously
and by scarification of the epithelial covering of the tongue and inner
surface of the lips, but in no instance was the inoculation successful.
An inoculation test of a small micrococcus isolated and cultivated
under strict anaerobic environment proved it to be innocuous to
horses and calves. Finally, fresh vesicular fluid passed through a
Berkefeld (N) filter was completely divested of all infectious quali-
ties as determined by inoculation tests of the filtrate in six different
experiments.
Microscopic examination of fresh vesicular fluid by dark-field
illumination revealed the presence of micrococci and in addition
small bodies with refractive coverings which were very similar in
appearance to the spores of a fungus isolated on egg medium from a
sample taken from a case of vesicular stomatitis.
A bacteriological report of the work done by Dr. George Mathers,
of the University of Chicago, on the etiology of this disease was read
at the annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary
' Association,! but the evidence presented in favor of the bacillus
described was far from conclusive. Through the courtesy of Dr.
James Gregg, of the British remount station at Newport News, Va.,
several cultures of a microorganism which he had isolated from a
1Report of Twentieth Annual Meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, December,
1916, p. 33.
4 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ease of vesicular stomatitis in'a mule and with which suspicious
symptoms of the disease were induced in other mules,’ were ob-
tained for study. With this organism, which proved to be a faculta-
tive anaerobe and very slow to develop on any medium, we were
unable to infect horses or calves by direct inoculation of large
amounts of the culture. Moreover, the employment of this organ-
ism, as well as several other different organisms, as an antigen in the
complement-fixation test failed to give positive results with sera from
either immune horses or immune cattle.
SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS.
The first phenomenon of vesicular stomatitis consists in the
formation of reddened patches on the buccal mucosa, especially of
the tongue. These are quickly succeeded by vesicles or blisters of
grayish-red color only slightly elevated and of various sizes from a
dime to a silver dollar, filled with clear or yellowish serous fluid.
These blisters may be isolated, but frequently they coalesce to form
a large vesicle. They usually rupture in a very short time, which
accounts for their not being recognized at times even in the early
stages of the disease. The rupture of the vesicles results in exposing
the raw underlying surfaces, which appear as reddened erosions with
the grayish-white fragments of the torn mucous membrane of the
preexisting vesicles still attached to the irregular borders like a
frmge. These erosions may become confluent, varying from the
size of a dime to that of the palm of the hand, and may even involve
practically the entire upper surface of the tongue in horses. Heal-
ing varies, but usually occurs quite rapidly in from 8 to 15 days in
uncomplicated cases.
While these lesions in horses are principally confined to the upper
surface of the tongue, they may involve the inner surface of the
lips, the angles of the mouth, and the gums. In cattle, on the
other hand, the tongue does not appear to be so extensively affected,
and lesions may also occur on the hard palate, lips, and gums, some-
times extending to the muzzle and around the nostrils. Often the
lips of the horse are swollen and itchy, which causes the animal to
rub the muzzle against any near-by object. In a very few cases
fresh cows have shown similar lesions on the teats when their infected
calves had been sucking them, but no feet lesions have been observed
in these cases.
Immediately before or simultaneously with the appearance of _
the vesicles there is present a moderate rise of temperature, which
rapidly subsides. A more or less profuse flow of saliva follows,
which dribbles from the lips and consists of a thin, stringy, or frothy
fluid. Not infrequently the presence of salivation is the first indica-
1 American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 12, No. 4, April, 1917, p. 221.
VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 5
tion that the animal is sick. Owing to the painful condition of the
mouth at this stage, there is loss of appetite or at least inability
to eat, and in horses gritting of the teeth is quite frequent, while
in cattle ‘‘smacking”’ noises are heard as in foot-and-mouth disease.
This sensitiveness as a rule remains for several days, after which
healing commences, and it is remarkable to observe how quickly
the sick animals will begin to eat even while their tongues are still
eroded. Although eating well, they do not regain their original
thrifty appearance for some time longer. In dairy cows in addition to
shrinkage in flesh there is a noticeable reduction in the normal
flow of milk for a few days.
So far as our observations are concerned, the period of incubation
of vesicular stomatitis has varied from 36 hours to 9 days, but the
greatest number of cases have occurred in from 2 to 5 days after
exposure.
No losses have been reported from uncomplicated cases of this
disease in either horses, mules, or cattle. A certain proportion of
horses and mules having vesicular stomatitis also became infected
with either influenza or contagious pneumonia, or perhaps both, and
some deaths have occurred among such animals.
CONTAGIOUSNESS.
’ That the malady is contagious has been definitely shown by the
transmission of the disease from sick to healthy animals by inoculation.
The degree of contagiousness, however, varies between wide limits.
In fact, certain writers have claimed that it is not contagious, because
they fail to reproduce the disease after experimenting with only one
healthy animal. Our experience with this disease shows that fre-
quently one or even more of the inoculated animals in an experiment
will fail to develop the infection, as in several instances we have
produced the disease in only two out of three, or two out of four, or,
again, three out of nine of the experimental animals; so that it is
necessary to use more than one animal if accurate information is to be
obtained. This point is strongly brought out by the opposite
conclusions reached by the two French investigators, Jacoulet and
Vigel, who recently found the disease in American horses shipped to
France. The former believes the disease is benign, nontransmissible,
and of alimentary origin, while the latter readily transmitted the
disease to other horses and convinced himself of its contagiousness.
Experiments have proved that the disease is most virulent at
the time the blisters rupture or shortly thereafter, but when the
lesions are five or six days old the virus of the disease has practically
disappeared. This may account for the greatly differing results
investigators have had in their attempts to transfer the disease
artificially. These facts show the necessity of using several experi-
6 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ment animals for inoculation, and also of injecting the infectious
material as soon as possible after the blisters have formed.
The virus is evidently of short life, and is transmitted only by close
contact. Probably the infected environment remains dangerous
longer than the affected animals. At the Bureau of Animal Industry
Experiment Station one field was set aside for animals which had
recovered from attacks of vesicular stomatitis. Horses and cattle
were placed in this field 3 weeks after they first showed symptoms of
the disease. Healthy susceptible cattle were kept in this field as
a check on the possible spread of the disease, but in no instance did
they become infected. Likewise, susceptible animals turned into a
stable which 3 weeks previously in one instance, and 16 days pre-
viously in another instance, had harbored active cases of vesicular
stomatitis, remained well. Several instances have been reported in
which a line fence or a board fence in a double corral has been suffi-
cient to prevent transmission of the disease from the infected animals
on one side to the healthy animals on the other.
Investigations indicate that the disease is very seldom communi-
cated by owners or caretakers of affected animals visiting other
farms. As arule the disease appears to spread by direct contact with
recently affected animals, or by recently infected feed troughs, water
troughs, bridles, or pails. Inoculation experiments on such labora-
tory animals as rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice have resulted
negatively. The disease manifests itself in susceptible animals
more rapidly after the application of infectious material to scarified
areas in the mouth than through intravenous injection, although
positive results have been obtained also by the latter method.
Contrary to experiences in the field, we were able in several test
inoculations to transmit infection to the feet of cattle in a small pro-
portion of cases, and likewise this virulent material also produced
lesions in from five to nine days in the feet of one hog, in the mouth
of another, and on the snout of the third. While these cases were
the exception and not the rule, they should be recorded for their
scientific interest. In this connection it should be stated also that a
number of hogs in immediate contact with these animals but with-
out receiving any artificial inoculation remained normal in all cases,
while a number of cattle similarly exposed contracted lesions which
were confined solely to the mouth. Infectious material expelled
from the mouths of attacked animals and kept moist by placing it in
a sealed test tube, protected against exposure to light, retained its
virulence for three weeks in one instance. Such material after being
dried or preserved in normal salt solution lost its virulence in a much
shorter period of time.
Very little work appears to have been done on the question of
immunity in this disease. A number of horses and cattle which were
VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 6
typically affected at the bureau experiment station failed to contract
the disease when inoculated with the virus three months later,
although the control animals became infected promptly. It may be
stated that in these cases immunity had persisted for at least three
months. Further tests regarding its duration could not be made,
because the required infectious material was not obtainable owing to
the disease having disappeared. Injections of blood serum from
immune animals so far as tested induced no resistance to the disease.
Whether the milk of affected cattle is or is not infectious for
people has not been recorded, but such milk has been fed experi-
mentally to hogs without producing any ill effects.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
While the disease has not the great economic importance of foot-
and-mouth disease, it nevertheless is contagious and causes con-
siderable alarm owing to its close resemblance to the dreaded Euro-
pean disease. Furthermore, as most writers state, this infection in
cattle may be readily confounded with foot-and-mouth disease, and
experience has shown that a prompt and exact differentiation is ac-
companied with numerous difficulties. The real difficulties surround-
ing the diagnosis are best appreciated by those who have faced them
with the consciousness that their pronouncement if mistaken would
lead on one hand to unnecessary and serious economic disturbances
and on the other hand to the spread of one of the most dreaded
and easily communicated among animal plagues. Vesicular stoma-
_ titis therefore will prove a menace whenever and wherever it may
reappear. For these reasons it is strongly urged that local quaran-
tines to prevent its spread be imposed by State live-stock officials in
whose territory the disease may be found. All owners and handlers
of horses, mules, and cattle, particularly liverymen, managers of
stockyards, and stockmen, should be directed to separate sick from
well animals, clean and disinfect contaminated premises, and have
all infected animals appropriately treated.
The opinion that the malady is not foot-and-mouth disease is
based on the fact that persistent observation of sick animals has
failed to reveal certain typical symptoms which would be expected
in an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The drooling, vesicles,
and erosions are similar in appearance to those produced by foot-
and-mouth disease, but in none of the animals examined in the field
has there been found any soreness of the feet, which is a common
symptom of foot-and-mouth disease. Moreover, many horses have
this particular ailment, but horses have not been observed to contract
foot-and-mouth disease in any of the previous foot-and-mouth out-
breaks in the United States. Hundreds of hogs exposed to the disease
8 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and in association with the sick animals in pastures have shown no
signs of the malady, which is regarded as significant, because in
the last outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease hogs were as susceptible
to that disease as were cattle. [Exposed sheep also failed to show
vesicular stomatitis, yet these cloven-footed animals are susceptible
to foot-and-mouth infection. In a number of cases of vesicular
stomatitis the lesions appeared to be continuous or progressive, and
not explosive, as in foot-and-mouth disease. In these instances
secondary lesions were apparent on a number of consecutive days in
the mouths of both horses and cattle, and vesicles were observed on
the bases of tongues whose free portions were almost denuded of
mucous membrane as a result of the rupture of similar vesicles six
or seven days before.
Complications are extremely rare in vesicular stomatitis, and
neither mammitis nor chronic diseases of the hoof have been
observed following it. Sucking calves are seldom affected with
the disease, and rarely in other than a mild form, while an attack
of foot-and-mouth disease in calves is always serious and, not infre-
quently fatal. The vesicles in foot-and-mouth disease as a rule
are larger than in vesicular stomatitis, and are more tightly filled
with serous fluid. Furthermore, instead of increasing in virulence
by passage through a series of calves, as foot-and-mouth disease
has always done in our previous experiments, vesicular stomatitis
became greatly reduced in pathogenesis and required a constantly
increasing period of incubation before manifesting lesions of the
disease. Although numerous filtrate experiments have been con-
ducted, in no case has the disease been reproduced in this manner,
which is also unlike our experiments with foot-and-mouth disease.
The percentage of animals infected in each of the herds of cattle,
and the history of exposure without transmission of the disease
except by immediate contact, would indicate that this ailment
is not the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease which, once
it is introduced into a herd, quickly affects practically 100 per
cent of the cattle and hogs on all the farms to which the virus may
be carried by intermediate agencies.
The result of this study of vesicular stomatitis suggests the ne-
cessity of inoculating horses with suspected material in any future
outbreak of disease bearing a resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease.
Finally, it must be apparent that in vesicular stomatitis we
have a disease more closely resembling foot-and-mouth disease
than either mycotic or necrotic stomatitis, and that Hutyra and
Marek are correct in their opinion that a reliable differential diag-
nosis can be made only after inoculation experiments and careful
observation lasting a number of days.
og ln ee ee
Bul. 662, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.
TONQUE OF HoRSE AFFECTED WITH VESICULAR STOMATITIS,
SHOWING LESIONS IN THE MIDDLE AND ON THE TIP FROM
WHICH THE Mucous MEMBRANE HAS BEEN REMOVED.
VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE. i)
In mycotic stomatitis portions of the lining membrane of the
mouth become inflamed, and in a few days it changes to a croupous
membrane which peels off leaving a raw surface, while the thin
skin between the toes may also be inflamed. Swelling of the feet
and stiffness of the animal are frequently evident in mycotic stom-
atitis. The previous history of the case, the absence of its spread.
to horses exposed to the infection, and the complete negative results
obtained by the inoculation of calves, distinguish between this
disease and vesicular stomatitis. Lastly, mycotic stomatitis occurs
in only from 10 to 15 per cent of the cattle in a herd, usually late in
the summer or early in the fall after a dry spell, and it does not
ron a regular course.
Necrotic stomatitis may be distinguished from vesicular stoma-
titis by the fact that while it affects cattle and especially calves,
it may also involve pigs and sheep, but its spread among the animals
of a herd shows a much lower degree of infectiousness than vesi-
cular stomatitis. The characteristic lesion of the latter is the
appearance of blisters containing a serous fluid on the mucous mem-
brane of the mouths of the affected animals. In necrotic stomatitis
blisters are never formed, destruction of the tissues occurring from
the beginning and being followed by the formation of yellowish,
cheesy patches principally found involving the lining membrane of
the mouth, especially the tongue and cheeks. The cause is the
Bacillus necrophorus.
In horses vesicular stomatitis must be differentiated from con-
tagious pustular stomatitis, and this is not difficult. In the latter
disease there are no simple erosions, but instead there are raised
nodules on the mucous membrane of the mouth. These nodules
suppurate and liquefy in the center, causing the conical surfaces
to slough, resulting in the formation of pustules or ulcers, from
which the name of the disease is derived. The location of the
nodules and pustules is chiefly on the lips, gums, inside of the cheek,
and on the tip and sides of the tongue. While the disease may be
transmitted artificially to cattle, sheep, and hogs, it occurs under
natural conditions only among equines.
TREATMENT.
The treatment of vesicular stomatitis consists in first removing
the affected from the healthy animals and isolating the former until
fully recovered. Such isolation together with the adoption of rigid
sanitary precautions greatly reduces the prevalence of the disease.
If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, one-half tablespoon-
ful of borax should be placed on the tongue twice daily, or the
mouth syringed several times a day with a 1 per cent solution of
10 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
permanganate of potassium; otherwise 2 heaping tablespoonfuls
of borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate should be dis-
solved in a bucket of water and the affected animals allowed to
drink or rinse their mouths with this medicated water at their
pleasure. Hay should not be fed for the first few days, but instead
bran or other soft feed should be given. If the animals are treated
in this manner and carefully fed, the disease should rapidly
disappear.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RELATING
TO DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE.
PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Forage Poisoning. (Department Bulletin No. 65.)
Immunization Tests with Glanders Vaccine. (Department Bulletin No. 70.)
Ophthalmic Mallein for the Diagnosis of Glanders. (Department Bulletin No. 166.)
Influence of Age on the Value of Dairy Cows and Farm Work Horses. (Department
Bulletin No. 413.)
The oo Composition of Lime-Sulphur Animal Dips. (Department Bulletin No.
451.
Dehorning of Cattle. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 350.)
Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 351.)
Rabies or Hydrophobia. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 449.)
Extermination of the Texas Fever Tick. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 498.)
Texas or Tick Fever. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 569.)
Economical Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 588.)
Breeds of Beef Cattle. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 612.)
Breeds of Draft Horses. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 619.)
Se of Cattle Tick Necessary for Profitable Dairying. (Farmers’ Bulletin No.
639.
How Live Stock is Handled in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. (Farmers’ Bul-
letin No. 812.)
Breeds of Dairy Cattle. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 893.)
Cattle Lice and How to Eradicate Them. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 909.)
Necrotic Stomatitus, with Special Reference to Its Occurrence in Calves. (Bureau
of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 67.)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular No. 141.)
Directions for Constructing Vats and Dipping Cattle to Destroy Ticks. (Bureau of
Animal Industry Circular No. 207.)
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The Granular Venereal Disease and Abortion in Cattle. (Department Bulletin No.
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Fattening Cattle in Alabama. (Department Bulletin No. 110.) Price, 5 cents.
Larkspur Poisoning of Live Stock. (Department Bulletin No. 365.) Price, 25 cents.
The Use of Energy Values in the Computation of Rations for the Farm Animals.
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Stock-watering Places on Western Grazing Lands. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 592.)
Price, 5 cents.
Arsenical Cattle Dips, Preparation and Directions for Use. (Farmers’ Bulletin No.
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 666.) Price, 5 cents.
Feeding and Management of Dairy Calves and Young Dairy Stock. (Farmers’ Bul-
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Need of Controlling and Standardizing Manufacture of Veterinary Tetanus Antitoxin.
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Influence of Type and of Age upon Utilization of Feed by Cattle. (Bureau of Animal
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Blackleg, Its Nature, Cause and Prevention. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular
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Origin of Recent Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the United States. (Bureau
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Study of Surra Found in Importation of Cattle Followed by Prompt Eradication.
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V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C. PRCFESSIONAL PAPER May 27, 1918
THE INSTALLATION AND EQUIPMENT OF AN
EGG-BREAKING PLANT.
By M. kK. Jenxrns, Assistant Bacteriologist, prepared under the direction of M. LE.
Prnninaton, Chief, Food Research Laboratory.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page
Purpose of the investigation............---. 1 Equipment of breaking and sterilizing rooms. 7
Construction and arrangement of rooms... . 2 OWthtiis tes. 262. - 22 eee 2 eos sess 7
Transfer openings and conveyors. .-.-.-- 4 | Breaking room equipment....-- ap eee 8
WOM At OMMMeMe eee seie cio ao ccs ool e ee ecle<s 6 | Sterilizing room equipment............-. 20
I @onclusionseisss 920 55. 5. een ee mes pone 24
PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION.
To assist egg breakers to select effective apparatus and to arrange
their plants to handle liquid egg in a sanitary manner and wita
maximum economy of space and labor is the purpose of this bulletin.
The essentials for successful egg breaking are sanitary quarters,
excellent lighting, proper ventilation, well-designed apparatus,
facilities for quick freezing of liquid egg, and, of course, trained
operatives.
The thoroughly modern plant must provide a chill room for the
eggs in the shell, a chilled candling room, a refrigerated breaking
room in which the egg contents are removed from the shell, a room
in which to wash and sterilize apparatus used in breaking, and a sharp
freezer for the quick freezing of the liquid egg and its storage. Econ-
omy in handling eggs demands that proper space be allotted to the
several departments, and that each be so located with reference to
the others that unnecessary walking and trucking are avoided. The
ege-breaking room and that for cleansing the apparatus are of pe-
culiar importance. On these subjects this bulletin gives conclu-
sions based upon a special study of frozen and dried eggs. It rec-
ommends certain improvements in the distribution of space, and
discusses new equipment devised to meet special “requirements of
the industry. To assist the egg breaker who wishes to improve his
44293°—18—Bull. 663——1
2 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
plant, floor plans are offered, and the construction of egg-breaking
and sterilizing rooms, as well as that of the various pieces of appa-
ratus, is described in detail.
CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS.
An abundant supply of natural light is the first essential in suc-
cessful egg breaking. Serious faults may be expected in a product
prepared other than in full daylight. For this reason the actual egg
breaking should be done, if possible, in a corner room, as opened
eggs can not be graded accurately by artificial ight. The room
where the utensils are washed and sterilized also should have nat-
ural lighting. Well-lghted, up-to-date breaking and _ sterilizing
rooms are shown in Plate I.
ag 0 dejo Ofe]O
PORICIG | Ie) = —
SN
SASS
FREEZER
SHELVES
BREAKING TABLES
MOON
THREE SASH /NSULATING WINDOWS
BOON.
OOOO’ » S
aT UESTIBUE a BREAKING ROOM x : Z
> BOs SS fa
S) = ott RRS
SARIS ~ EE 8a
& Ee CHURNS S et &8
Te eomee ea 7
re) N
a lee fail ee
(]
eae (canals Caan
U
re Z
ANTE ROOM N a1.
& SINK
My
5 S REVOLVING BRUSH ©
te Re CUP RINSER O
ee) iS METAL
S 2 DALY
& cK
5 N
Si
Pres & Slats
oe sw ee ww CAN RINSER ol
H
Fic. 1.—Typical layout of breaking and sterilizing rooms.
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 3
To avoid unnecessary walking and trucking, the various rooms
should be placed as compactly as possible. The plan shown in
figure 1, which provides space for 12 breakers, and has a daily capac-
ity up to 120 cases, when whites and yolks are packed separately,
or up to 180 cases, when eggs are packed whole, has proven satis-
factory. In such an establishment a trained breaker may be ex-
pected to open from 12 to 15 cases a day when preparing whole eggs,
and from 8 to 10 if whites and yolks are kept separate. The ster-
ilizing room shown accommodates two workers at a time. The
vestibule or anteroom has been found a distinct economy, because it
saves refrigeration, and at the same time protects the important
breaking room from the dust of the more frequented space beyond.
Although this plan can not be followed rigidly in all plants, slight
modifications doubtless being necessary to meet varying conditions,
the ideal arrangement and equipment. should suggest many readily
effected improvements, and afford a practicable standard by which
egg breakers can measure the efficiency of their establishments.
Those who wish larger egg-breaking rooms can increase the over-
all dimensions, but they should allow 5 feet for the center aisles be-
tween the tables and 3 feet between the tables and walls. The unit
tables for two girls are 2 feet wide and 3 feet long, although these
may be lengthened to seat the number of breakers desired. In any
rearrangement of the plan, however, the egg-breaking and sterilizing
rooms should not be separated. For convenience the candling room
should connect with the breaking room, which can be accomplished
by placing it next to or above the breaking room. The freezer,
whenever possible, should be located next to the breaking room.
The general requirements of construction of the different rooms
are given in Table 1.
TABLE |1.—General requirements of construction of the rooms of an egg-breaking plant.
Cork insu-
lation (or a ‘ ‘ | |
its equiv-| Temperatures to be r, ae 7 | 2s E
Room. alent) in aeataincdl Wall finish. Floor. Windows.
walls and
floor.
Inches. oy 10 |
Chill room.....-. 4 | 32 to 40.......,...-| Plastered to | Concrete or wood.| Not required.
smooth finish.
Candling room... PAN 10) KG) Gi egooeasesebe |asese CO eeean ere: Voces GOtu2 epee Do.
Breaking room. - GOO Giescsoadeuenc Plastered and| Concrete with | Essential.
white enameled. drain.
IHINCOZETaecin\-- = Je (S/O lov lve sseseeeodus Plastered to | Concrete or wood-| Not required.
smooth finish.
Sterilizing room. None. | Room tempera- | Plastered and | Concrete with | Essential.
ture. whiteenameled.| drain. ae
The windows in the breaking room should be treble paned for
insulation. Prism glass is frequently used for the outer panes in
order to distribute the ight more evenly.
4 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The freezer snould be equipped with shelves of piping through
which brine is circulated for freezing the cans of liquid egg (Pl. IT,
fig. 1). For accommodating two rows of cans of 30 pounds capacity,
these shelves should be about 20 inches wide and about 15 inches
apart. Such brine pipe shelves may be used as a ‘‘sharp freezer,”’
while the body of the room, which can be maintained at about
10° F., may be used for holding.
TRANSFER OPENINGS AND CONVEYORS.
TRANSFER OF SHELL EGGS.
Trucks ordinarily are used for moving cases of eggs from the
receiving floor to the chillroom and thence to the candling room.
If the candling room adjoins the breaking room, it is convenient
to use a roller conveyor (fig. 1) for transferring the candled eggs
in pails to the breaking room. If the space is not suited to a con-
veyor, the pails of eggs may be pushed by hand on a metal-covered
slide through a small door into the breaking room (fig. 2). When
the candling room is above or below the breaking room, the pails
of shell eggs may be moved by means of a chain conveyor of the
type shown in Plate II, figure 2. If the breaking and candling
rooms do not adjoin, it is usually less expensive to use trucks for
moving the eggs. The taking of trucks into the breaking room
should be obviated, however, whenever possible, because the wheels
are carriers of dirt and dust.
Nic. 2.—Chute for transferring shell eggs.
TRANSFER OF LIQUID EGG.
The prompt transference of the liquid egg from the breaking
room to the freezer is important. Tf the breaking room and freezer
adjoin, this may be accomplished very conveniently by means of a
small refrigerator door, about 2 feet square and 3 feet from the
floor, leading to a vestibule, 2 feet wide by 2 feet high and several
feet long, with a door in the side or in the opposite end. The floor
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 5
of the vestibule should be covered with galvanized iron or other
metal to permit easy cleaning. By this arrangement, the filled cans
as soon as weighed may be placed in the can vestibule and later re-
moved from the freezer side, resulting in a saving of refrigeration
and labor (fig.1). If the breaking room and freezer are not adjoin-
ing, trucks are ordinarily used for moying the cans of liquid egg.
If the plant is large enough to justify the expense of installing
the chain conveyor, it may be modified by using trays instead of
hooks for carrying both the pails of shell eggs and cans of liquid
ege from one floor to the next.
TRANSFER OF EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING.
A sliding insulated window (figs. 1 and 3) has been found almost
indispensable for transferring small equipment’ between the breaking
and sterilizing rooms. The detail plans for its construction are
Fic. 3.—Section of wall of breaking room showing transfer window, can door, roll of paper towels,
and sink with pedal valve attachment.
given in figure 4. The weight boxes should be built on the steriliz-
ing room side of the wall. On the breaking room side of the window
shelves may be erected to hold a supply of small equipment, such
as cups, knives, and breaking trays for immediate use by the
breakers. Clean utensils are kept on the two upper shelves, and
soiled utensils only on the bottom shelf. The equal division of the
middle shelf, so that one-half may be removed, makes it possible to
deliver larger apparatus, such as cans and pails, to the sterilizing
room and vice versa.
With such a window, the breakers may secure individual pieces
of equipment as needed, and the operator in the washroom may
6 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
remove a tray full of equipment for cleaning with one raising of
the window. Large apparatus, such as shell cans, which are cleaned
only at night, are carried through the anteroom into the sterilizing
room. A small door (fig. 3) may be used for passing sterilized cans
into the breaking room.
Insulated Wal}
eI «angle
tren supports
Shelves and - | || Ore Aalf of Hhys
she/f removab,
with non—
corrosive metal
Neaae y SECTION
PLAN
Fic. 4.—Detail of transfer window between breaking and sterilizing rooms. Be sure to build the weight
boxes on the sterilizing room side of the partition. ;
VENTILATION.
.The candling and breaking rooms should be furnished with a supply
of fresh, dry air. If the plant is located where the humidity is com-
paratively low, a stream of fresh air can be forced into the rooms
through several layers of cheesecloth, by means of a suction fan.
The ideal method is the bunker system by means of which the air
is cooled on, bunker coils and admitted through pipes into the breaking
and candling rooms. When this method is the only source of refrigera-
tion for the rooms, care should be taken that the bunker room is of
adequate size to provide sufficient refrigeration during the warm
summer weather.
In small candlng and breaking rooms refrigerated with brine coils,
an, electric fan, is usually sufficient to keep the air fresh, especially if
the doors are opened frequently for the admission or transmission, of
material. The difference in temperatures within and without causes
a rapid change of air.
EQUIPMENT OF AN
Ee ENE OF BREAKING AND STERILIZING ROOMS.
HGG-BREA KING
PLANT,
The equipment of an eoorrenlenta plant, like that of creameries,
must be so made that it is Saalily alanied, and from materials which
will not rust or tarnish easily. Although some
of the apparatus re-
quired may be purchased ready made on the market, a number of
pieces, which have been specially developed for
the present time must be made to order.
Table 2
OUTFIT LIST.
ment for egg-breaking and sterilizing rooms.
TABLE
2.—Out/it list for egg-breaking plants.
ego-breaking work, at
gives an outfit list to serve as a guide in ordering equip-
Fig-
Item. Sold or made by— Number required. ue
. JO.
Tague an PURCHASABLE ON THE
MARKET,
Breaking room:
TEENS te Gsais) 2 Wo uae saeeeese Hardware firms.....-../..-.:.-- 3 to 6 per breaker .-..- 5)
Pails for liquid product......|.---- ClO Renae eer Hehe aac ase cue le peribreakerseees 2.5 -|ssne-
AU CAIKOMUTAY SHE ee to ee Special tinning firms........-.-: 3 per candler...-.-..-- 7
SGTAMAIONS S dota pKeesueseseeee Special manufacturers.........-- 2 per breaker........-. IIE AL
GIBSSICUDS ee eene ree meee er House-furnishing stores... ..-.-- 12 per breaker.-...---. 8
Storage cans for shells... ..-.- d Seepage V4... Manes 2 Hae ee
Holders for toilet paper... .-. 1 per breaker
Rack for paper towels......-- 1 per room....
MPOOMSHee: sees eee ee [eeribLeakersacssesen eee a3
Stools—
ms WOO! Gates BAUS 1 per breaker_...-.---- 15
inion eee eaeer sn ee ETOSpItal-Suppliy: fir Sey pss ee ses [peices iC jei 2 olen Sen
Lavatory with pedal-valve
abachimen tere wee al oe ce. Plumbing-supply firms.....-..-- ID ELALOOM se ae seee ree 3
SIGHS SEAR Be Une nae pee nena Scale manufacturers......../...- 1 per churn and 1 for |....-.-
whites.
(Oban Rahs St Le a Can manufacturers..........-..- According to output. -| PIII
Refrigerated churn.......---- ane “SUpDI yi GnMSess see anaes See page 17.....-:...-- JIE
Dasher for hand churning.-..|..--- CORES 2 oh Sue ee eee SEO TREO Me thees coseellassene
(Wmiformyformients "25209202: LO eiare sia WR INS ee Ae ONDOE WOLKOL: eee so eiee
Waterproofapron ...........|-.--- GORE Rep y ea RES se ae 1 for each operator in }.-..--
wash room.
Sterilizing room: °
SMS. oc Gabo 06 G6Gs Gace mee eres Osa esas eee ster ce See page 21.......-.-.- 21
SHIGIMLIGNS\ son. 6ocoedosaqseeueesecs OS Se ee ea Seeware zara esas 24
(Cia D). HOS 28S 4 Coss Ses ee see nel eae CLO rye Led eee Merete eae See page 21.......-..-. 22
Cambminsere seers Pye ss eas) CoRR a mie i Sie es se PIES See Page 22 eee eeeeee 23
Cup-washing machine....-...|.---- COs ass e es eee ee See page 20.......--.--- 21
EQUIPMENT MADE TO ORDER.
Breaking room: >
False pollens MOTE Malls for |e Dimmer sas. 2 as ey eeie ete sae 1 for each pail for 5
shell egg: shell eggs.
Br caning aa ERS ae Gee eee Tinner and machinist.........-. 14 per breaker. -....--- 9
Breaking knives.......:-.--- Machinist Sot queens sere 6 per breaker._-._.._-- 9
Uniforms for women.......-- SEAMISTLOSS oe se eee yes eee opel WOLKCL ese nsee ee TALI
Breakin erta lee ces. 4 sl2 META ra eh ore eer 1 unit table per 2 11
breakers.
MENUTATI O | Seay Wes oe dace ct elu Pe Eee Clee PREM SeEMao ae meas ae 1 per unit table.....-- 12
SNE CAM SH ee eek aN Ta aR GOSS SURE Ce a Re 1 per unit table; few 13
additional.
Phell aD er
Bes, ere sk Cg CON Ae GOS eae ot shee le Dery DheaKOr seems rae: [parol
eee Si oc Lette ere eared beagles ClO MoE NSS Oar NCS Ueto) 2per rOOM sso sces |= soe
Clipyirayste wae eee ee GOR 2 eae ene eee ikpen2aicupsaess-cenes 16
IRGTHTOMACKS). Wei ee ee 558 Machinist or tinner...........--- 1 per 36 kmives..-...--.- x
|{ 18,
Chur withoutreinigeration=.|) Pinner. 9. 5. -22 2220 seees 2s sce ss Seepage ly. sess eo. | 19,
20
Sterilizing room:
Draining racks for sink.......)....- GOR CERE SRR AE Spee Be See page 21........-..- 21
8 BULLETIN 663, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BREAKING ROOM EQUIPMENT.
PAIL FOR SHELL EGGS.
(Fig. 5.)
Because cases with their accompanying fillers, flats, and excelsior
carry litter and dust, the eggs should be transferred to metal con-
tainers before being taken to the breaking room. Ordinary pails
FALSE BoTTom
Fic. 5.—Pail for shell eggs.
holding from 12 to 15 dozen eggs have been found very satisfactory
for this purpose. When filled they are not too heavy for the girls to
lift upon the breaking tables. These tables are made so that two
pails may be placed side by side at each end, one for the unopened
eggs and the other for the liquid product (fig. 6). By this arrange-
ment each of the two girls working opposite one another has an
individual supply of eggs at her right, so that both can work from
right to left. When one large container is used by two operators, it Is
necessary for one of them to pick up each egg with her left hand and
pass it to the right hand for cracking on the knife. This extra move-
ment may be avoided by the use of indi-
vidual pails for holding the breaking stock.
To prevent the lower layers of eggs from
becoming soiled with the leakage from
damaged eggs, a false bottom is placed
in each pail.
Satisfactory pails may be made of gal-
yanized iron 0.0159! inch thick with a
Fic. 6.—Diagram showing position of wire 0.1144? inch in diameter in the top,
See ae aaa und with » heavy iron bail riveted to the
sides. Tinplated iron or copper pails may be obtained if desired.
Pails holding from 12 to 15 quarts are ordinarily used. The false
bottom is made usually of galvanized iron cloth of 3-inch mesh,
soldered neatly to a rim of galvanized iron 0.0159 inch thick. It is
% inch high, with a diameter } inch less than the diameter of the pail.
NESTING LEAKER TRAY.
(Fig. 7.)
Leaking eggs which are sufficiently well preserved to be used for
breaking stock should be sent to the breaking room in trays. If made
1 Equivalent to No. 26 Brown & Sharpe gauge. * Equivalent to No.9 Brown & Sharpe gauge.
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 7)
to nest much time and space in the handling will be saved. The
eges are placed by the:candlers in the holes, with the leaking end
at the top.!
Fic. 7.—A nesting tray for leaking eggs (capacity, 3 dozen eggs).
S pecificaitons.—The tray, which is usually made to hold three dozen
eges, consists of a pan and a perforated plate for holding the eggs.
The pan is made of galvanized iron 0.0159 inch thick, and is 12} inches
square and 34 inches high, with the rim rolled on wire 0.1144 inch in
diameter. The plate for holding the eggs, made of galvanized iron
0.0201 inch thick,? has 36 perforations, 13 inches in diameter, with
centers 2 inches apart and 3 inch from the edge. The plate is sup-
ported upon triangular posts of metal or solder 14 inches high and
14 inches on the face of the sides and the top. A flange } inch in
width is soldered to the bottom, so that it fits over the top of another
tray for nesting.
GLASS GRADING CUP.
(Fig. 8.)
Glass cups should always be used for the grading of eggs as they
are broken from the shell. Certain kinds of bad eggs, such as eggs
with green whites, frequently escape detection when opened into
nontransparent cups. The cup should have heavy walls and be
made of smooth, clear white glass, which will stand repeated steriliza-
tion with steam, and should hold about one-half a gill, A cup of
this size will hold two eggs conveniently. More than two eggs should
not be broken into the first container for grading. Some plants
break only one egg to the cup before emptying, so that all loss of
good eggs from contamination with bad eggs is avoided. A plain
oo”
1 The details of the handling and grading of leaking eggs are discussed in U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 224, pp.
9 to 12, inclusive.
2 Equivalent to No. 24 Brown & Sharpe gauge.
44993°—18—Bull. 663—-—2
10 BULLETIN 663, U. S..DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
glass sherbet cup with a large handle, which may be purchased from
house-furnishing stores, has proven very satisfactory for this purpose.
; The type of support for the cups
in some breaking trays requires a
cup with a “tumbler bottom,”
the walls of which are not curved
toward the base as in a sherbet
cup. Such cups must be made on
a special mold. They have not
proven satisfactory because the
glass furnished in filling these
small private orders is so brittle
that it does not withstand the heat
of sterilization. For this reason it is best to choose a breaking tray
on which the glass cups already available on the market may be used.
Fic. 8.—Glass grading cup.
SPOONS.
When breaking eggs, spoons are needed to remoye pieces of shell
and portions of yolk from white when separating. Cheap spoons of
aluminum or tin may be used. Nickel-plated bouillon spoons have
also been found very convenient for this purpose.
BREAKING TRAY.
(Fig. 9.)
The breaking tray should measure 9 by 10 by 14 inches (inside
measurements), and be made of tinned copper 0.0188 inch thick,’ or
monel metal® 0.0201
inch thick. As monel
metal doesnot rust or
tarnish, it is much to
be preferred for this
piece of equipment.
For firmness, the
edges are turned over
wire 0.1144’ inch in
diameter which will
not rust. The cor-
ners are full soldered
and smoothed.
The standards for
holding the knife are
2 by 35 by 42% inches,
extending 3% inches
above the tray, and
both soldered and riveted to the short'sides. Theslotsin the standard
Fic. 9.—Egg-breaking tray and knife.
1 Equivalent to 14 ounces per square foot.
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT, 11
are ? inch deep by 37 inch wide. The knife must be easily removable
from the slots and at the same time rest firmly; otherwise the bowl of
the separator for whites and yolks will not rest in a level position when
sliding on the breiking knife. The separator ordinarily used is pat-
ented and can be purchased on the market.
To keep the bottom of the breaking cups from coming in contact
with the drip from the eggs, the cups are held on an open support.
The following are some of the types of supports used:
1. Galvanized-iron wire cloth of 4-inch mesh, with edges tutned
neatly over galvanized-iron wire 0.1144 inch in diamoter This rack
is supported at the corners of the tray by posts of solder or metal
(fig. 9). To keep the cups from slipping, the rack should rest % inch
below the top of the tray. This rack is easily made, but is noe as
easy to clean as Types 2 and 3. Nor does it carry off the drip as
effectively as Type 3.
2. Monel metal 0.0201 inch thick or tinned copper plete 0.0188
inch thick, perforated with holes 3 inch in diameter, separated by a
wall $ inch wide, with outside row of holes 4 inch from the edge
(fig. 9). This is supported upon posts at the corner of the tray just.
like the wire rack already described. The drip does not drain from
this support as well as from Type 2. It is easily cleaned.
3. An aluminum rack consisting of parallel rods } inch in diam-
eter, riveted 4 inch apart to flat end pieces 4 inch wide by ;3; inch
thick. This rack, made to fit loosely in the tray, rests like the
others on supports in the corners of the tray. This support is very
satisfactory, because it keeps the bottom of the cups free from drip
and is easy to clean.
Other efficient devices for supporting the cups above the bottom
of the tray have been developed by individual firms. As some of
these are patented
and others are not
easily made with the
ordinary machinery,
they will not be de-
scribed here.
The position of the
cups on the tray is
shown in figure 10. If
desired, the standards
may be placed 24
inches from the cor-
ners of the tray, in which case the two grading cups are placed on the
right-hand side of the knife, whether separating white and yolk or
not. The cup, emptied with the left hand, is removed from’ the
tray by pulling under the knife.
NOT SEPARATING SLFLARATING
Fic. 10.—Diagram showing position of cups on breaking tray.
12 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BREAKING KNIFE.
(Fig. 9.)
The breaking knife is constructed to fit the tray just described.
It is 112 inches long, 1 inch wide, and +s inch thick. The slots on
the lower edge are 3°; inch deep and are made to fit into the slots
of the standard. The cutting edge of the knife is 22 inches long
and ~ inch from the center of the slot. The only satisfactory
metals for breaking knives are monel metal and tinned brass, as
cheaper metals invariably rust and tarnish, so that the expense of
scouring and retinning soon equals the original cost of monel metal
or brass.
BREAKING TABLE.
(Fig. 11.)
Tables are made for two, four, six, and sometimes eight operators.
The size of the table depends upon the space in which it is to be
Decal of Tray Rest
Detail of Jeo
Fic. 11.—Breaking table.
used. Generally speaking, tables seating from two to four girls are
most convenient, because the pails of shell eggs, liquid egg, and
shells may be removed by helpers at,the ends of the tables without
interrupting the work of the breakers. A table for two girls, which
may be lengthened according to the capacity desired, using the dis-
tance from center to center of the legs as a unit, may be made as
follows:
Specifications.—The top of the table is 36 inches long and 24
inches wide, with a central opening 54 inches in diameter to
receive the funnel. The kind of top depends upon the materials
EQUIPMENT OF AN f£GG-BREAKING PLANT, 18
available and individual preferences. It may be made of $-inch
pine boards battened on the under side and covered neatly with zinc
0.0201 inch thick,! tin or nickel-plated copper 0.0188 inch thick, or
monel metal 0.0201 inch thick. The lower side of the table may be
covered with the metal also,if desired. Boiler iron 4 inch thick, which
may be painted with white enamel, or iron on which the enamel has
been applied by a baking process, is also used for table tops without
a foundation of wood. 'The enamel in each case chips, so that it must
be renewed every season. Sometimes heavy galvanized iron is riv-
eted at the edges to an angle iron frame and used without the wood
support. Occasionally white glass, cemented into an angle iron
frame, is used for a table top. The sides of the central opening for
the funnels should, in this case, be lined with metal to prevent
chipping. :
The legs are made of 1-inch and the braces and crosspieces of
2-inch galvanized iron pipes (inside measurements). They are fas-
tened to the table by means of flanges, usmg square-headed bolts
countersunk in the wood before the metal covering is laid. In tops
without wood, flat-headed bolts countersunk in the metal are used.
The center of the top of each leg should be 3 inches away from the
edge of the table. Angle iron legs bolted at the corners to the angle
iron frames are used for tables having glass tops. The legs should
be furnished with a roller or ball castor 1 inch in diameter. Tables
made for more than four girls require central supporting legs which
should be braced on both sides and connected with crosspieces.
The tray rest is mounted on a galvanized iron pipe or nickel-
plated brass tubing 8 inches long and ? inch in diameter (outside
measurements), which passes through the table into a pipe flange
screwed to the under side of the table. The metal covering of the
table is soldered to the pipe. The tray rest may be made of two
pieces of 3°s-mch by 1-inch bar iron welded together at right angles
at the center, with the ends turned up } inch. The two arms are
made to receive the breaking tray, the distance between the turned-
up ends beimg 10 inches on the arm parallel with the short side of the
table and 9 inches on the other arm. Countersunk flat rivets are used
to fasten the arms to a pipe flange connected at the top of the pipe
support. If preferred, the tray rest may be made of metal cut in
the shape of a diamond, with the corners turned up to hold the
breaking tray in position. Circular rests are also used.
SHELL, FUNNEL.
(Figs. 11 and 12.)
The shell funnel fits loosely in an opening in the center of the
breaking table, in front of the rests for holdmg the breaking trays.
re
1 Equivalent to No. 10 sheet zine gauge.
14 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
The shells are dropped by the breaker through the funnel into the
shell can beneath.
Specifications.—The funnel may be made of tinned copper 0.0188
inch thick, zinc, monel metal, or galvanized iron 0.0201 inch thick.
The top of the funnel is 84 inches wide and 14% mches long. The
Fic. 12.—Shell funnel.
distance from the top of the spout
to the top of the funnel is 6 inches.
The spout is 7 inches long and 5
ches in diameter. Both the top
and bottom of the funnel should
be rolled on wire 0.1144 meh in
diameter.
SHELL CAN,
(Fig. 13.)
It is advisable to make the shell
can as large as the dimensions of
the table will permit, m order to
lessen the frequency of the removal]
of shells. When there is but little
space between the top of the can and the lower side of the top of the
table, the scattermg of shells on the floor is also prevented.
Specifications.—The shell can is usually made of
galvanized iron, and need not be corrugated hori- ——
zontally for stiffness unless under 0.0159 inch in thick- P=
ness. Both the top and the bottom should be turned Ga Bent
. . . . _—— _—_s
over wire 0.162 inch thick. The diameter of the can bat
is 14 mches; the height 234 inches, 4 inch less than Re
ripe)
the distance from the floor to the lower side of the
table top.
i > garbag vy be hase
Ordinary garbage cans may be purchased 4. caean,
for the temporary storage of shells emptied from the
cans from the breaking room, the number required depending upon
the frequency of emptying.
Fic. 14.—Shell
tamper.
SHELL TAMPER.
(Fig. 14.)
A tamper is always needed for pounding down the
shells emptied into the storage cans, and may be used
to advantage in the shell cans at the table. When used
at the table, a tamper is kept in each shell can with the
handle projecting through the funnel.
Specifications.—The total length is 34 inches. An iron
bar 2 mch in diameter constitutes the handle. If the
tamper is to be used in the storage cans, the cone may
be made 7} inches high and 54 inches in diameter at the
base, or, if used in the shell cans at the table, 6 inches high and 5
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT, 15
inches in diameter. If desired, the iron bar may be made long
enough to have a handle, which is 5 inches wide and 5? inches long,
bent on one end and similar to that shown in figure 14. The cone
is made of galvanized iron 0.0201 inch thick, or tmmned copper 0.0188
_ inch thick. The cone is filled with sand,«cement, or melted lead,
the handle inserted, and the. top of the cone smooth soldered to
the handle.
STOOL.
(Fig. 15.)
Comfortable stools adjustable in height should be provided for the’
breakers. These may be purchased in wood from house-furnishing
stores, or in steel covered with white enamel from hospital-supply
firms. The white-enamel stools, although more expensive, are more
sanitary. If purchased in wood they should be ordered unvarnished,
so that they may be finished with white enamel.
Specifications.—The stool used with the egg-breaking
- table should be adjustable from 164 mches to 234 inches
in height. The diameter of the seat and the distance be-
tween the feet at the base should be about 13 inches.
PAIL FOR LIQUID PRODUCT.
In many egg-breaking plants new sterilized cans are
used on the breaking tables to receive the liquid product. Fie. 15.—stool
After one-half day’s service they are cleaned and used as | WU'h adtust
final containers for the liquid egg, new cans taking their
places at the tables. In some houses small pails with handles are
used, because they are more convenient to remove from the tables
and because less spoilage occurs if a breaker by accident fails to
detect a musty egg.
Specifications.—The pail should be made of tinned iron or copper
0.0159 inch thick, and should have a heavy iron bail riveted to the
sides. All seams should be full soldered to permit .easy cleaning.
Pails holding 5 to 10 quarts are ordinarily used.
CUP TRAY.
(Fig. 16.)
While cups are
draining and _ being
sterilized they may
be conveniently han-
dled on trays. It is advisable that the bottoms of the trays be per-
forated so that the water may drain off. The little rim prevents
breakage.
Cae Cup trays are usually made of galvanized iron
0.0159 inch thick. Monel metal is sometimes used. The size of the
Fie: 16.—Cup tray.
16 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
tray is 1 foot wide, 2 feet long, with sides 4 inch high, turned over
wire 0.1144 inch in diameter. The bottom is perforated with 4-inch
holes with centers 4 inch apart.
KNIFE RACK,
(Fig. 17.)
Knife racks hold the supply of breaking knives while draining, |
during sterilization, and before use by the breakers. Racks with
a capacity of 18 knives have been found most convenient.
Specifications .—
The knife rack ismade
of two pieces of metal,
13inches wide and 114
inches long, held to-
gether by an iron rod
2 inch in diameter and -
7+ inches long, riveted
_ at the ends.. The
slots for the knives are 2 inch deep and } inch apart. The notched
pieces may be made of galvanized iron 0.0508 inch thick,’ cold rolled
steel ~; inch :thick, or monel metal 0.0907 inch thick.
Fic. 17.—Knife rack.
LAVATORY.
(Fig. 3.)
A lavatory with hot and cold water mixer, controlled by knee or
pedal valve, should be installed near the transfer window, so that
when a breaker finds a bad egg and has taken the soiled utensils to
the window, she can wash her hands before obtaining clean equip-
ment. The knee or pedal valve attachment obviates the necessity.
of touching faucets with soiled hands. A rack for paper towels
should be located near the lavatory. The relative position of trans-
fer window, lavatory, can door, and rack for towels is shown in fig-
ure 3. The lavatory with knee or pedal attachment may be pur-
chased from firms selling plumbing supplies.
HOLDERS FOR TOILET PAPER.
Toilet paper is used for drying fingers during breaking. The
rectangular boxes ordinarily used for holding packets of sheet toilet
paper may be clamped to the standard supporting the tray rest of
the breaking table. This arrangement is very satisfactory, as it
brings the paper within easy reach of the breaker and keeps it from
becoming soiled.
1 Equivalent to No. 16 Brown & Sharpe gauge.
Bul. 663, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I.
‘
A
Fila. 2.—WELL-LIGHTED UP-TO-DATE STERILIZING ROOM
Bul. 663, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II. .
+.
=
aeons nen eee
Fia. 2.—CHAIN CONVEYOR FOR SHELL EGGS.
~J
EQUIPMENT OF AN BGG-BREAKING PLANT, ]
CHURNS.
The churn in which the yolks are broken and mixed with the whites
preparatory to freezing is one of the most important pieces of appa-
ratus in the breaking room. Much money has been spent in build-
ing different kinds of churns, and the results often have been
unsatisfactory. At present two types of churns are in use: One
chills the eggs to nearly freezing during the churning process, and
the other simply mixes
the egg. In plants
with ample refrigera-
tion for chilling the
eges before they are
broken and forfreezing a7” /sc
theliquidegg promptly ~ ~—y ‘al
it is not necessary that ane
th gs b led
e eggs be coole oh. a
during churning. If
these facilities are not
at hand, however, it
is most important that
the liquid egg be cooled
thoroughly before
leaving the breaking
room. Holding the
ege in a warm con-
dition, even for a few
hours, results in rapid
multiplication of bac-
teria.
Refrigerated churn.—
The type of refrigera-
ted churn (Plate 1)
which is being used
more and more widely
is a modified pasteuriz-
ing machine that may
be purchased from
dairy supply houses.
This machine has a rectangular insulated tank in which is suspended
a motor-driven paddle consisting of a coil through which brine is cir-
culated to chill the liquid egg. The yolks of the egg must be broken
before being put into the tank. This may conveniently be done by
passing them through a motor-driven, sanitary pump attachment,
which may be purchased from firms selling dairy supplies. This
Churre
Fig. 18.—Churns in position for operation.
18 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
machine has a.sanitary faucet, through which the egg is drawn into
the cans. . It is simple in construction and easily cleaned. A small
opening in the top allows the insertion of a hose for steaming. In
other refrigerated churns an upright cylindrical tank is: surr Pded
by brine coils inclosed by an insulated wall. A spiral dasher driven
by a motor rotates in the machine and churns the eggs. The eggs
usually are passed through a sieve into the machine. This churn
must be made to order. .
Churns without refrigeration.—This churn (figs. 18, 19, and 20)
consists of a metal barrel and a dasher. The dasher is connected
with the motor to a point off center of a crank disc, so that the same
rotary motion is ob-
tained as when the
eggs are churned by
‘hand. |) 10h Seat is
governed by auto-
matic stops, which in-
sures churning of each
lot of eggs for a uni-
form length of time.
Two churns commonly
are operated by the
same motor, a conven-
lent arrangement, for
one may be used for
whole eggs and the
other for yolks if de-
sired.
The barrels are made
of monel metal 0.0320
inch thick,’ or tinned
Base riveked and soldered to body of churn: or nickeled copper
ee 0.0322 inch thick.
They are 14 inches in diameter and 23 inches high, with an additional rim
or base 2 inches high at the bottom. The flange for draining is riveted
and soldered to the bottom of the barrel, which is made with a pitcli to
the outlet, and extends through the base to receive a sliding gate porce-
Jain-lined valve. This arrangement permits the draining of the con-
tents of the barrel without tilting. The dasher (fig. 20) ismade of monel
metal or copper 0.1285 inch thick,* covered with nickel or tin, and is
1 inch less in diameter than the diameter of the barrel. The dasher
may be equipped with one or two blades as desired. This machine
16 Clamefer
Half round flanged drajn riveted and
soldered fom of churn; outer end
tell round threaded % receive faucet,
Bottom of churn and drain made with
Pitch) to insure perfect drainage.
1 Equivalent to No. 20 Brown & Sharpe gauge.
2 Equivalent to 24 ounces per square foot.
8 Equivalent to No. 8 Brown & Sharpe gauge.
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 19
has great advantage over the other churns described, because the
parts are so light that they readily may be taken to the sterilizing
room for washing and steaming.
A milk stirrer or a wire potato masher with the wooden handle
removed and a wire handle soldered to the stem may be used for
churning by hand small quantities of liquid egg in a can.
N. Shatk
Coffer Pin
ma Washer
cs Zz ‘Nor-
We Ss 4 7er
Nickel plated
bronze crank
bearing Cank disc
Crank dise Ay
= ‘T1cke | plate’
© cast iron Dasher rod,
SIDE ViEW OF CRANK BEARING
ia; Locknut
Plan of odasher discs
Fra. 20.—Detail of dasher.
SCALES.
Seales with a capacity of 100 pounds by 1 to 2 ounces are
suitable for weighing cans of liquid egg. Platform scales with a
double beam, or trip scales with a side beam, ordinarily are employed.
UNIFORMS.
(Pl. I.)
Three sets of uniforms should be provided for each worker in the
breaking room. The aprons and caps for the women may be made
20 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of heavy muslin or ducking from patterns purchased at dry goods
stores. The aprons should be made with long sleeves, and cover the
entire clothing of the worker. The operator in the sterilizing reom
should have a waterproof apron covering the white uniform. The
men working in the breaking room should wear white caps, coats,
and overalls made of ducking or other suitable material. These
may be purchased from firms sellmg creamery supplies, and in some
cases from dry goods stores.
CANS FOR FROZEN EGG.
(RIP sao)
It is customary to sell frozen egg in cans with a capacity of 30
pounds. Sometimes smaller cans with a capacity of 20, 10, or 5
pounds are used, particularly for whites. The cans are usually made
of 90-pound tin, and have slip covers. They may be obtained from
practically any manufacturer of cans. The dimensions of the cans
are as follows:
30-pound | 20-pound | 10-pound | 5-pound
can, can. | can. can.
| Inches. Inches. | Inches. Inches.
DIT 1 (2) 1) age es is 2c EM Te ap ENS 2 MAN EE oC 98 93 7 5%
1s VE 1) pate es i a es PP BSS Sa nee 2 a 128 8 wt 6g
STERILIZING ROOM EQUIPMENT.
The proper equipping of the sterilizing room is very important in
the preparation of a clean product. The equipment should include
sinks with draining racks, mechanical rinsers, and steam sterilizers.
The arrangement of apparatus shown in figure 1 has been found very
convenient for cleaning a large number of utensils in a short space of
time. The sinks are placed next to.the windows where they receive
the best light. The trays of soiled utensils from the bottom shelf of
the transfer window are placed on the nearest draining rack, washed
and rinsed in the adjoiming sink, collected on the draining rack to the
right, sterilized, then returned to the upper shelves of the window.
The other sink is used for cleaning larger utensils, particularly cans.
The sterilizers ordinarily are placed against the wall opposite the
sinks.
3 WASHING FACILITIES.
Sinks.—The sinks (fig. 21) should be connected with trapped
ventilated drains, and should be supplied with hot and cold water.
The sink ordinarily used has a round bottom with a steel body,
wrought iron legs and supports, and angle iron around the top. It is
entirely galvanized. It is 2 feet wide, 16 inches deep, 33 inches high,
and may be purchased in lengths varying from 3 to 6 feet. Two
sinks, 3 feet long, separated by a draining rack (fig. 1), are more con-
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. A
venient than one large sink. In small plants one sink 3 or 4 feet long,
equipped with draining racks and a rinser, will be sufficient. The
legs of the sink should be spliced or set upon blocks, so that the top
of the sink is 36 inches from the floor, because the sinks usually sold
are too low for comfortable work.
Section through end drain
Mofor-driven brush
Car rinser
Fia. 21._Sinks in sterilizing room, showing arrangement of cup rinser, motor-driven brush, drains, and
; can rinser with pedal valve attachment.
Draining rack.—The draining racks (fig. 21) are made by riveting
and bracing a 14-inch angle iron frame to the ends of the sinks and
covering neatly with galvanized iron 0.0201 inch thick. The outer
drains are made with a slight pitch, so that the water from the wet
utensils willrun back into the sink. The length of the drains depends
Fic. 22.—Cup rinser (perspective and cross section.)
upon the size of the sterilizing room. It is convenient to have the
draining rack for the-sink next to the transfer window 5 feet long,
and the others 2 feet long. On each drain rests a galvanized iron
plate 0.0201 inch thick, with perforations + inch in diameter and
With centers 1 inch apart. It is supported above the drain in a
Hy) BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
level position by means of legs soldered to the drain itself or by means
of solder or metal posts in the corners of the draining rack. This
perforated plate permits the drippings from the utensils to drain in
the sink.
Rinsers.—It is important that after washing the utensils they be
rinsed in clean water before sterilization. This can best be accom-
plished by mechanical rinsers (figs. 21, 22, and 23).
Rinsers of the percussion valve type, obtainable from plumbing
supply firms, may be used for rinsing cups (fig. 22). A nozzle
threaded to attach to a water pipe and operated by a pedal valve
located on the floor may be used for rinsing large utensils (fig. 23).
: - Bottle rinsers, which
may be purchased
from bottle ma-
chinery firms, are also
used, and are much
less expensive than
the percussion valve
SSISEEIy
SSSI ASE
ess
os
i>
x 8 type. By the attach-
ment of a perforated
yf
N N metal plate about 1
\ N foot in diameter, this
\ N rinser may be used for
\ \ both cups and larger
\ ) utensils. Each sink
3 should be equipped
<= with a rinser.
Fic. 23.—Nozzle for rinsing pails and cans (in perspective and cross In plants with eight
section). a
breakers or more, it
is economical to install a mechanically rotating brush for washing
cups. Bottle-washing machines, driven by a quarter horsepower
motor, may be purchased for this purpose from dairy-supply firms.
STEAM STERILIZER.
(Fig. 24.)
The steam sterilizer is an essential part of the equipment of a
sterilizing room. Bottle sterilizers suitable for the purpose may be
purchased from firms selling dairy supplies. It is more economical
of steam and time for plants with more than eight breakers to have
two small sterilizers rather than one large one, because one may be
operated while the other is being filled and less steam is used when
small lots of equipment are sterilized. In smaller plants one sterilizer
will be sufficient. In plants where one or two. girls are breaking, or
in houses where only leaking eggs are opened, a small sterilizer used
on a gas stove (fig. 25) may be substituted. This sterilizér, which
EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 93
is inexpensive and which may be made by any tinner, is described
in detail by Ayers and Taylor.!
Specifications. —Sterilizers usually are made of galvanized iron or
steel well braced. They are made approximately 3 feet high, from
24 to 8 feet deep, and 4 to 5 feet wide. The doors should have self-
tightening locks, and be fitted with rubber gasket or cork. The
steam is distributed through the sterilizer by means of a perforated
Fic. 24.—Steam sterilizer.
pipe placed near the bottom. The floor of the sterilizers should be
pitched toward the center, and should be connected to a drain pro-
tected by a steam trap, and, when practicable, there should be a
_ flue provided with a valve or damper. Each sterilizer should be
equipped with a thermometer and have removable shelves. The
sterilizers should rest on bases.about 2 feet high, made of pipe or
1U,S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 748, ‘‘A Simple Steam Sterilizer for Farm Dairy Utensils.”
24 BULLETIN 663, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
angle iron. The pressure of steam should be sufficient to maintain
temperatures of 210° to 212° F. If there is not an available supply
of steam, a boiler heated with coal or gas should be installed (Plate I).
Gas boilers have been found very convenient for this purpose.
CONCLUSIONS.
An egg-breaking plant should have an insulated refrigerated
chillroom, candling room, freezer, and breaking room. Adjoining
the breaking room should be a room for the washing and sterilizing
of utensils.
1G, 25.—Small steam sterilizer used on gas stove. (Reprint from Farmers’ Bulletin 748.)
The breaking and sterilizing rooms should have a plentiful supply
of natural light. The walls and ceilings should be plastered and
white enameled, and the floors should be concrete with trapped
drains. In the partition between the two rooms a sliding window
for the transfer of equipment should be built.
The freezer should be equipped with shelves of brine piping,
through which brine is circulated for freezing the cans of liquid egg.
The candled eggs should be taken to the breaking room in metal
‘EQUIPMENT OF AN EGG-BREAKING PLANT. 25
‘pails, because cases with the accompanying packing material are
dirty. Leaking eggs after candling should be placed on special trays
for transferring to the breaking room.
The ege-breaking outfit consists of a tray, on which is placed an
open rack for supporting the cups, and a detachable knife on which
the eggs are broken. This knife rests in slots in standards fastened
to the ends of the breaking tray. Glass cups should be used for the
grading of the opened eggs, because certain types of bad eggs can
not be detected in nontransparent containers. When whites and
yolks are separated it should be done by means of a sanitary mechani-
cal device.
The ege-breaking tables should be covered with a nonabsorbing
material, such as metal or porcelain.
A churn for mixing the egg before freezing should be provided.
It should be constructed so that it can be readily washed and sterilized.
A lavatory with knee or pedal valve attachment should be installed
in the breaking room near the transfer window for the washing of
hands after breaking bad eggs. ‘
White uniforms should be provided for operators in the breaking
room.
The sterilizing room should be furnished with sinks and steam
sterilizers. The sinks should be equipped with drains and mechanical
rinsers and should be supplied with hot and cold water and connected
to trapped drains.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATING TO FROZEN AND DESICCATED EGGS.
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.
A Bacteriological and Chemical Study of Commercial Eggs in the Producing Section
of the Central West. (Department Bulletin 51.)
A Study of the Preparation of Frozen and Dried Eggs in the Producing Section.
(Department Bulletin 224.)
How to Candle Eggs. (Department Bulletin 565.)
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
A Bacteriological Study of Shell, Frozen, and Desiccated Eggs, Made under Labora-
tory Conditions. (Bureau of Chemistry Bulletin 158.) 1912. Price, 10 cents.
Practical Suggestions for the Preparation of Frozen and Dried Eges. (Bureau of
Chemistry Circular 98.) 1912. Price, 5 cents.
26
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
: AT
5 CENTS PER COPY
Vv
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NN
Contribution fiom the Bureau of Chemistry
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C. vV i April 25, 1918
THE PREVENTION OF BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN
TRANSIT WHEN SHIPPED IN CARLOTS.
By M. Hi. Prennineron, Chief, Food Research Laboratory, H. A. McALerr,
Investigator in Poultry and Egg Handling, and A. D. GREENLEE, Assistant
Chemist, assisted by F. X. DaAtLtry and H. C. ALBIN.
CONTENTS.
Page Results of the investigation: Page.
Reason for the investigation. ..........-...-- 1 Factors contributing to transit damage. - 12
Amount of damage toeggs during market- Mhejsizeiottheeges si se seas eeee ee 13
ELT a Srp tee a eee RS iS Ste LS aes 2 The soundness of the eggshell .-...-- 14
Progress of the investigation: The character of the package. ...._-- 16
Generaliplan seesaw eens a. siae ese ce 3 The position of the egg in the pack-
Conditions at point of origin: Ch aes Sb Dee R ACen one Ecceqaas 18
The eggs and the package. .........- 3 The position of the case in the car. --- 20
Transfer of eggs from packing house The character of the buffing and
CORCAT Ree er eee e2 a's 4 bracinsvottheloadees-o-eereeeecee 20
Stowinestheiloadsepese im. peek. 2222: 5 The construction of the car. .-...--- z 26
iPlacingcasesmmicare: 2202 o ese: 5 Shocks during the haul...-...-...--- 27
Buffing the load with straw........- 6 Handling at the terminal.........--. 28
Buffing the load with wooden frames (eel Pclbedied Aye hi Sh aoe inci anas mara mace tonGaTee 30
Bracinommenoa Geese ee - see sens = 8
mhemallnoadhnalleee cee cick... ~~) - 9
Conditions at the terminal......./....--- 10
REASON FOR THE INVESTIGATION.
Breaking the shell of an egg shortens its market life in direct pro-
portion to the extent of the damage. A complete mashing of the
shell immediately renders the egg useless for food purposes; a crack
visible to the naked eye foreshadows prompt decay, and necessitates
immediate consumption; while even the slightest fracture of the shell
makes impossible satisfactory preservation for use when eggs are
scarce. The shell of the egg is fragile; yet it must frequently travel
far by varied conveyances, and successfully withstand comparatively
rough usage, if it is to satisfy marketing requirements.
43010°—Bull. 664—18——1
2 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The need for the elimination of waste and loss in the transfer of
food from the producer to the consumer suggests that the breakage
of eggs in transit carries with it a loss of both money and food which
it is highly desirable to prevent. The investigation reported in this
bulletin was undertaken to determine the causes of such damage.
Suggestions for lessening the extent of the damage are also in-
cluded. The investigation was made with the hearty cooperation
of the shippers and receivers of eggs, as well as of the carriers.
To obtain the maximum of ease and efficiency, the joint confer-
ence committee! acted for both shippers and carriers, and handled
all matters requiring concerted action on the part of the cooperators.
Without such an organization this investigation could not have been
made, and this opportunity is taken to express to the committee, to
the industry, and to the carriers an appreciation of the assistance
rendered.
AMOUNT OF DAMAGE TO EGGS DURING MARKETING.
The amount of damage sustained in the marketing of eggs can not
be stated with exactness. Estimates by those familiar with condi-
tions, and experiments conducted to determine the rate of deteriora-
tion in eggs during their journey to the consumer, however, have
given figures which are worthy of consideration. In 1909, Hastings?
stated that the usual western produce dealer, whose supplies come by
local freight, receives from 4 to 7 per cent of cracked eggs, and that 8
per cent of broken eggs from the hen to the market is probably a fair
estimate. In 1913, Lamon and Opperman ® studied egg deterioration
between the farm and the egg-packing house, and shipped eggs unde1
conditions distinctly better than the average. They reported 2.7 per
cent cracked eggs, and so few leakers that the percentage is not given.
A study made in the Food Research Laboratory, of the Bureau of
Chemistry, instituted for another purpose, which will be reported in
detail in another publication, showed that about 6.19 per cent
of cracked eggs were received by one shipper in a western State dur-
ing the months of April to August, inclusive, when the total volume
of eggs handled amounted to over 1,357,000 dozen. In 1910, Pen-
nington and Pierce * reported that the examination of over a quarter
of a million dozen eggs, received in the city of New York, showed
8.98 per cent cracked.
1The joint conference committee consists of representatives from the National Poultry,
Butter, and Egg Association, for the industry, and from the General Managers Association
of Chicago, for the railroads, in cooperation with a representative of the United States
Department of Agriculture. Its object is, primarily, to improve the quality of poultry,
butter, and eggs on the market, and prevent waste and loss.
2U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Cire. 140.
20. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bul. 160.
+The Bffect of the Present Method of Handling Eggs on the Industry and the Product.
U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook (1910) Separate 552.
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 3
Mashed eggs were not recorded in any of these observations. In
commercial practice such eggs are reckoned with the total loss, which
includes also rotten eggs. Most of the cracked eggs found a market
in the city, but their keeping quality was so impaired that consump-
{ion had to be immediate, and they were sold at a lowered price. In
many instances, also, the cracked and leaking eggs provoked so much
bickering between shipper, carrier, and receiver that the egg trade
itself suffered. Quite aside ftom this phase of the situation, however,
the actual damage to a valuable food product, as indicated by the
foregoing figures, would abundantly warrant any reasonable reforms
by which the amount might be lessened.
PROGRESS OF THE INVESTIGATION.
GENERAL PLAN.
The work here reported was begun in Texas, in March, in the early
part of the carlot shipping season, and gradually progressed toward
the north until September, when the investigators had reached
Minnesota. The lack of eggs made it dificult to get carlots after
the middle of September. Shipments went to eastern markets, rang-
ing from Pittsburgh and Buffalo on the west, to Boston on the north,
and to Philadelphia on the south.
The investigation was carried on for two seasons in 32 packing
houses, 5 of which were under observation both years. The ship-
ments were observed in 39 eastern terminals in 20 large and medium-
sized cities. In 5 cities shipments were received during both years.
The total number of consignees was 33. <All of the shipments were
made in refrigerator cars, 23 refrigerator car lines being represented.
The various routings, combined, covered most of the great trunk
lines passing from West to East, and involved 82 railroads. The
average haul was 1,200 miles. Records at origin and destination of
147 shipments were kept. In addition to this, many examinations
were made at the terminals of carlots, on which less definite informa-
tion was obtainable, but from which, nevertheless, much that was
instructive could be learned. Occasionally investigators accompanied
freight trains on which experimental shipments were being carried
to observe the effect of fast or ordinary running, switching, coupling,
and other conditions in transit.
‘CONDITIONS AT POINT OF ORIGIN.
THE EGGS AND THE PACKAGE.
In order to determine the soundness of the eggs which left the
point of origin the investigators examined from 3 to 10 cases, taken
at random from the stack of cased eggs which had been candled or
clicked and were ready for shipment. The number and character
4 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
of the eggs with damaged shells were found by candling or clicking.
Each egg was again placed in a new symmetrically made standard
case, of gum, tupelo, or cottonwood, with new medium flats and fillers,
evenly cushioned on the bottom with excelsior, and on the top with
excelsior or with corrugated board laid over the top flat. The cush-
ions were thick enough to fill the space between the eggs and lid,
and were so evenly distributed that the lid exerted an even pressure
over the whole top of the case. Five 3-penny, cement-coated nails to
ach joint were used in the experimental cases shipped.
The character of the shell of each egg, the size of the egg, and its
location in the case were charted on a diagram by means of which
permanent records were kept of the condition of every eg@ under
observation. The cracked eggs were not removed from the case to
be shipped, but the location of each cracked egg was recorded. The
sases were marked so that they might be identified only by the inves-
tigators during the stowing or subsequent unloading of the car. A
total of 5,490 dozen eggs examined in 12 packing houses during the
first season showed that 19.22 eggs per case, or 5.34 per cent, were
being shipped with shells hghtly cracked or dented.‘ Leakers were
seldom found, and when found were removed. During the later
work in 27 packing houses, when a total of 16,800 dozen eggs were
examined, 5.47 per cent of eggs with unsound shells were found.
This damage in cases of eggs as they leave the packing house is
not the damage which is visible in the usual terminal inspection, as
will be brought out more fully in the course of this report. It is
detected when eggs are shipped to storage warehouses for long hold-
ing, and the condition of the cases is such that even those which do
not show external damage must be rehandled and candled or clicked
for cracks. Experiments on the shipments of checks, to be given
later (Table 4), will further elucidate this subject. The number of
eggs with cracked and dented, but not leaking, shells observed during
the investigation in the cases leaving the various packing houses is
given in detail in Table 3.
TRANSFER OF EGGS FROM PACKING HOUSE TO CAR.
The experiments on which this report is based included the carry-
ing of the cases by hand from the stack or chill room to the car, as
well as their transfer from like locations by means of 2-wheeled
trucks, or. very rarely, 4-wheeled trucks. In one case, an autotruck
carried the cases about 500 feet to the car. Usually wagons were
used. The distance between the packing house and the car varied
from the width of the loading platform to nearly a mile.
1An experimental error of 1 to 2 eggs per case (0.28 to 0.56 per cent) should be
allowed on all cases. It has not been found possible to rehandle 360 eggs without an
occasional error.
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT, 5
STOWING THE LOAD.
During the earlier part of the investigation, no suggestions were
made regarding the manner of loading the cars, but records were
kept in detail of the routine in each house, and the effect of the vari-
ous practices on the safety of the eggs. The effect of such prac-
tices as walking on cases, which materially increased top-layer
breakage, and of rough handling given the cases as they were placed
in the car, was evident at destination. The buffing of the cars, if
any was used, and the manner of bracing were factors that showed
even more plainly. The results obtained later in the work led the
investigators to stow the load according to definite methods, and to
make it as rigid as possible.
PLACING CASES IN CAR.
Two methods are commonly used in placing cases in the car, ,
namely, the “straight-joint” and “step” or “ broken-joint” loads.
g)
Fig. 1.—Car loaded from side. Frame to enable cold air from bunkers to enter the car.
Note crosswise cases at end of the load in alternating layers, to give “ step” effect.
In the first, a row of cases is set across the end of the car at the
bunker, and others are placed on top until the desired height is
reached; a second row is placed in front of the first, built up to the
desired height; and so on to the center of the car. The other end of
the car is then stowed, and any extra space which remains in the
middle of the ear is filled with wooden braces or some other form of
buffing. The second method, by which the cases are placed like
bricks in a wall (fig. 1), almost invariably entails walking on the
cases, which is likely to cause breakage in top layers. It also neces-
sitates placing a few cases crosswise at the bunker.
Primarily to avoid walking on the cases when making a step load.
and incidentally providing many advantageous features, a few ship-
pers have adopted what is termed the “ side-load ” method of placing
eaces (fig. 1, and Pl. I). This consists in placing a row’ the entire
length of the car against the far side, leaving the excess space at one
or both bunker ends, as desired. <A sufficient number of layers to
i“ Rows” designate cases placed parallel to the side of the car. “Stacks” indicate
the cases across the width of the car. ‘‘ Layers”? express the vertical stacking of cases.
6 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
give a load of the necessary height is placed on the first row. Then
a second row is begun, and the layers added just as in the case of the
first row. The building of rows is continued until the car is filled.
The last row on the open-door side is built from both ends until a
space for a stack of single cases only remains in front of the door.
Any excess space in the width of the car is left on the loading side.
If it is more than 2 inches, a “2 by 4”? of proper length should be
wedged between ceiling and floor halfway between the door and the
bunker in each end of the car, to guard against side shifting. The
upright should not be nailed, mereiy wedged tightly. The buffing
and bracing of such a load is described on pages 6 to 7.
All these methods of placing cases were studied at the shipping
point, and diagrams were made of the load as it appeared when fin-
ished, that accurate information might be available at the terminal.
BUFFING THE LOAD WITH STRAW.
During the early part of this work no attempt was made to alter
the routine buffing used by different shippers. The results of the
various ways of applying straw or wood was noted when the cars
reached destination. The study was begun about the time a gen-
eral interest was awakened in straw buffing for bunker ends of
cars, and to fill spaces when they occurred between the cases at the
middle of the load. It was observed that there were almost as many
ways of using straw as there were shippers sending cars so buffed.
In many instances the straw was so loosely placed that it offered no
resistance to the shifting load, which often showed twisting or even
a complete overturning of the cases in transit.
Loading cars from end to center, when placing cases with either
straight joints or step joints, makes the ramming of the straw be-
tween the load and the bunkers a difficult matter, even when the cases
are freely walked over during the work. On the other hand, the
method of loading from the side permits the operator to stand on
the floor while placing the straw between the cases and the bunker.
Tt is possible in the side-loading method to pack tightly, since the
operator has the entire row of cases to push against as well as a free-
dom of action not possible when he works over the tops of the cases,
which is the more common practice (PI. IT).
The cost of straw for buffing is ordinarily from $2 to $3 per car.
Occasionally the price is so high as to be prohibitive. From 2 to 3
bales of straw per car are required.
Refrigeration in straw-buffed cars—I\t has been observed that
many shippers who use straw for buffing against the bunker close
the lower opening through which the cold air enters the car. The
1The term applied to lumber cut 2 by 4 inches,
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. ff
straw, if packed tightly enough to prevent the shifting of the load,
greatly decreases refrigeration. In order to secure the benefit of the
cold air from the bunkers (p. 25) and at the same time use straw as a
buffing, a small frame was made from scantling, as shown in figure 2.
It fitted closely across
the car, was the height
of an egg case, and just
wide enough to go into
the space not filled by lig. 2.—Frame placed in front of ice bunker to keep
the egg eases. The lids the straw buffing from blocking the cold-air exit in
i straw-buffed cars.
of cases were laid on ;
the frame to keep the straw from falling through, and on them the
buffing was placed in the usual manner. As an additional means
of securing efficient refrigeration, one row of cases was omitted from
the first layer, and the extra space divided into runways the entire
length of the car. In this way it was possible for the cold air to
circulate from bunker to bunker. The solid load above held the
lower layer in place.
BUFFING THE LOAD WITH WOODEN FRAMES.
Tt has long been the custom of many shippers to fill the excess
space In egg cars with some sort of wooden framework.’ known as
9 66
“braces,” “racks,” or “frames” (fig. 3). Grain doors, where avail-
Fig. 3.—A modern frame used as buffing to fill a large space in doorway of car. Built
of 2 by 4’s made in2 sections with struts between.
able, are also employed for this purpose. The underlying require-
ment for the successful use of any of these devices is that the space
shall be completely filled and the load in both ends of the ear tight.
In a comparatively small number of cases ready-made frames of
some sort are obtainable. Even so, the supply is not always ade-
1 or the purposes of this report, the filling of excess space in the car to prevent shift-
ing of the load during railway travel will be called ‘* buffing,’ regardless of the kind of
material used.
8 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
quate, for in the heavy shipping season a large number are required.
At a much greater number of places ready-made frames have never
been seen. Then the making of some such device devolves upon the
shipper. He will find that 2- by 4-inch lumber is commonly the most
satisfactory material. The frame must be very rigidly constructed,
and must fit the space in the car that is to be filled. After the
frames are placed in position, a wedge may be driven down between
them to make them tight. The lumber needed to make such a frame
costs from 30 cents to $2, depending upon the size of the space to be
filled.
BRACING THE LOAD.*
Bracing is not needed when the number of cases in the load or the
size of the car is such that the top layer of cases completely fills
the car from bunker to bunker. Very commonly, however, there is
a shortage of cases on the top layer, so that it does not extend from
end to end or to the middle buffer.
The preliminary survey of the industrial practices showed that
many loads were self braced—that is, the weight and position of
packages were depended upon to keep them from shifting or roam-
ing free over the interior of the car. Another practice is to nail
beams over or in front of cases to be braced, the lumber being usu-
ally a 2- by 4-inch strip. These beams are nailed to the walls of
the car, either directly or by way of blocks. Obviously, these nails
ruin the insulation of the refrigerator car and almost always fail
to hold the brace. The 2 by 4 is commonly placed with the 4-inch
side vertical, making the strain come against the weakest dimension
and causing it to snap. The time and expense in procuring, adjust-
ing, and fastening these braces is practically wasted (p. 26).
This unsatisfactory condition led to a search for an efficient, cheap.
and simple brace. In response to the need, a brace consisting of two
2 by 4’s (fig. +), so placed across the width of the ear that the
—S ess ee oo OOOO or Oe a
I)
Fic. 4.—Brace of 2 by 4’s to be used under cases and placed across the car to prevent
shifting to top layer.
row of cases immediately in front of the incomplete top layer is
raised about 2 inches (fig. 3), has been developed. If the strips
are laid on the floor, the placing of the load must be accurately
planned to make sure that they are in the proper position. If the
1 Por the purposes of this report, the term “ bracing’’ will express the means by which
a lesser number of cases than a full layer are prevented from roaming during transit.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1.—STRAIGHT-JOINT LOAD, PLACED FROM THE SIDE.
| pemeneninaeioremnetcent tion
Fic. 2.—STeEP-JOINT LOAD, PLACED
FROM THE SIDE.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
Fic. 1.—STEP LOAD, PLACED FROM ENDS, CENTER SPACES FILLED WITH STRAW.
WorRK UNUSUALLY WELL DONE.
Fic. 2.—STeEP LOAD, PLACED FROM ENDS. CONFUSION AT THE CENTER, AND SPACES
LOOSELY FILLED WTH STRAW.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Ill.
Fic. 1.—LATERAL BRACES UNDER ALTERNATE CASES, STEP-JOINT LOAD,
PLACED FROM ENDS.
Fic. 2.—LATERAL BRACES UNDER ALTERNATE CASES, STEP-JOINT LOAD, PLACED
FROM THE SIDE, SHOWING BRACES (VIEWED FROM Door.)
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
Fic. 1.—SLOW-RUNNING TRAIN.
Fic. 2.—FAST-RUNNING TRAIN.
3
I)
a Toa
Fic. 3.—YARD SHIFTING.
SHOCKS TO EGGS IN TRANSIT, AS RECORDED BY THE IMPACTOGRAPH.
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 9
number of cases is indefinite, the strips may be laid under the desired
row on the next to top layer, in which circumstance old case lids
shouid be nailed from strip to strip, here and there, to insure their
remaining parallel! (fig. 5).
A strip the entire width of the car is available when the end form
of stowing is used in placing a step-joint
load, and also when the load is of the straight- ee
joint type. If the step load, placed from the Cl~ 1
side, is to be braced, the same principle may be aaNet nea.
3 , ve used under individ-
emiplovedi bya cutting 2 ‘by 4’s into 1t-inch ’ ‘wal’ cases in ‘stepjoint
lengths (fig. 5), fastening them together with ried shitting
old case lids, and putting one such brace under if
every other case on the row in front of that to be held in place
(fig. 1). It will readily be seen that these lateral braces under the
ends of the cases lend themselves to a great variety of puzzling situa-
tions. A few of the most usual ways in which they have been found
useful are shown in figures 1, 8, and 6, and Plate III. These illus-
trations show cars stowed with straight- and broken-joint loads, in
which the lateral braces under cases were used. If the method of
side loading is used, the incomplete layer will extend the length,
rather than the width, of the car. In this case the short braces,
: spaced by pieces of
old case lids, as in
the step-joint load
(fig. 1 and Pl. IIT),
are used.
THE RAILROAD HAUL.
It has been difficult
to devise a method
of recording the
shocks incident to
ordinary freight-
Fic. 6.—Lateral braces under cases in a_ straight-joint z Gee
load. Layer 4, stack 8, contains only 4 cases. When train running an d
such incomplete stacks are to be braced, the strips un- handling as felt in
der the cases must be in at least 2 sections. =) fi
the carload of eggs.
Several instruments termed “ impactographs” have been devised,
and these have been used in the egg car itself, as well as in the
caboose which the investigators occupied in accompanying the car-
load of eggs under observation from origin to destination. A num-
ber of records, having the same general character as those shown in
43010°—Bull. 664—18——2
10 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Plate IV, have been obtained, but it has not yet been possible to
assign to the tracings any accurate value in pounds pressure or
other standard expression of force. To observe the working of
the impactographs the investigators rode in freight cars with the
machines and watched the records they made, noting by actual ob-
servation the relation between the character of the record of train
movement and the condition of the eggs in the cases. Plate IV
indicates that the shocks incident to yard shifting are much greater
than those due to lurching and air brakes while running, even when
the speed of a train of 60 cars reaches 45 miles an hour.
_ A very large amount of damage is caused because the packages
get wet, especially those on the floor of the car. A wet filler affords
practically no protection to the eggs. A wet floor is generally caused
by faulty bunkers or clogged drains, due to dirt from the ice, or
failure to remove the slime from the bunker. Observations made
during one season showed that 38 per cent of all the egg cars ex-
amined were more or less damaged by water. Much, if not all, of
this damage can be prevented by washing the ice more carefully
befor it is placed in the bunkers, especially: where natural ice, which
has been packed in sawdust, is used. Too often the so-called wash-
ing merely pushes the sawdust around to the lower side of the cake
of ice, so that it eventually enters the bunker.
CONDITIONS AT THE TERMINAL.
The 39 terminals at which shipments were received and observa-
tions made included freight houses on Manhattan Island, station
piers,! to which the cars had been transferred by ferry, private ware-
houses, and the railroad yards of Philadelphia, Boston, and other
cities east of Buffalo and Pittsburgh. A freight train upon arrival
at destination is broken up into groups or strings of cars, which are
shunted and shifted by yard engines in classifying them for delivery
to the receivers. The receiving freight yard is usually a large one,
and is generally located at some distance from the actual unloading
terminus. The cars may have to pass through minor yards before
they reach their proper station. The delivery is made at one of four
receiving locations, namely, a freight house, a freight yard, a sta-
tion pier, or a private warehouse or siding. A brief description of
ach form of terminal follows, and the general method of handling
is indicated.
Freight houses are usually located near the point of commercial
activity. They serve the purpose of inbound and outbound freight.
Some have separate tracks and platforms for each, but often the same
1Droege, John A. Freight Terminals and Trains. (1912.) McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
BREAKAGE OF EGGS ‘IN TRANSIT, bh
tracks are used for inbound and outbound traffic. A car delivered at
the station 1s unloaded by employees of the railroad, in gangs of such
number that they may work rapidly without interference in going
in and out of the car. In nearly every instance, as soon as the doors
are opened, the cars are examined by an inspector, who notes and
reports the condition of the load. The method ordinarily pursued in
unloading egg cases is to use a 2-wheeled truck with 3 or 4 cases to
the truck load. Three cases to the load were seen more often than 4.
The cases were trucked to a designated section of the house, where
the consignment was placed in stacks, usually 5 cases high. At the
freight houses of one prominent railroad all cases of eggs have been
handled by hand for a number of years, each case being carried out
from the car to the stack by a man. All freight gangs are managed
by a general foreman and numerous subforemen.
In a freight yard, where freight is delivered, the car tracks are
usually arranged in pairs with driveways between to allow delivery
from either track direct to wagons or trucks. The handling in fregiht
yards is usually done by employees of the consignee.
A station pier is a water-front terminal, and contains no railroad
tracks. It is usually a long pier, 600 or more feet, extending out into
the harbor, with doors along both sides to facilitate delivery from
the cars, which are on a boat, barge, or float tied up to the pier.
Cars intended for such a station are loaded on huge floats (Pl. V,
fig. 1), formerly made of wood, but now usually all steel. The floats
hold from 12 to 24 cars, with an equal number on either side. When
the float is to receive cars it is fastened to a transfer slip, an adjust-
able bridge capable of being raised or lowered. This operation, which
‘requires most careful handling, is accomplished without any notice-
able jolt or jar, so that damage at this point is rare. The floats are
conveyed by a tug from the slip to the pier, to the side of which they
are fastened securely, to await unloading (Pl. V, fig. 2). The han-
dling on the station pier is similar to that at freight houses. In a
tide-water port, such as New York City, the gangway from the float
to the pier has varying inclines, depending upon the tide at the time
of delivery (PI. VI, fig. 1). When the incline is fairly steep, a buffer
of sand is used at the end of the plank on the pier to retard the speed
of the truck. While the incline is a hazard, loss on this account is
unusual. At high tide, egg cases may be delivered from the car on
the float to the pier by means of a sliding chute (PI. VI, fig. 2). The
goods are stacked along both sides of the station pier, leaving a drive-
way down the center.
The private sidings at which the investigators worked were numer-
ous and varied. Sometimes the cases were delivered at the side-
walk in front of a commission house, and conveyed on 4-wheeled
trucks to the house, At other places the cases were conveyed from
12 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
a platform on trucks through long tunnels to private warehouses.
In some instances the unloading was direct from the car on the
same level’ as the house. This was especially true at platforms of
cold-storage warehouses. Some of the warehouses used 4-wheeled
trucks exclusively, while others used both 2-wheeled and 4-wheeled
trucks. In one place, delivery was made direct from the cars on the
float to a private warehouse. Whatever the manner of unloading
happened to be, the experimental cases received exactly the same
treatment as the other cases in the shipment.
{ges received at various terminals in experimental shipments were
examined individually, and charted on a diagram similar to that
used by the investigators at the point of origin. A comparison of
the two diagrams showed at a glance the damage which had occurred
during transit to each individual egg in the case.
RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TRANSIT DAMAGE.
A study of the conditions surrounding the transportation of eggs
leads to the conclusion that the damage referable to transit may be re-
duced to less than 1 per cent, provided the eggs are shipped in ear-
lots, packed in good, well-made, standard cases, with new medium
or heavier fillers and flats, with properly placed and suitable cushions
at top and bottom, and with cases tightly stowed and efficiently
braced in the car. As a rule the average well-packed, well-handled
carlot shipment shows a damage of less than 2 per cent.
TABLE 1.—Damage in transit to eggs in well-stowed cars.
Experi- | Damaged) Experi- | Damaged
ment eggs per ment eggs per
No. case. No. per case.
5117 2.0 5114 3.5
5118 3.9 5126 3.5
5120 3.0 5131 Bh)
5121 Lata) 5139 4.0
5122 2.0 -5150 4.5
5124 2.0 5154 5.0
5127 255) 5171 4.0
5129 4.5 5173 2.0
5130 3.0 5177 4.0
9132 5.0 5181 300
9135 3.0 5137 4.0
5104 3.0 5105 4.0
5172 5.0 5146 3.5
Table 1 shows the damage observed in some cars which, well
stowed, buffed with either straw or wood, and well braced, traveled
without any shifting of the load; all were handled during transit
according to the usual railroad routine. Viewed from the aspect of
eggs per case, the number is small. Viewed in the lght of the egg
trade in the United States, the damage is still sufficiently great to
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 13
warrant its analysis and further efforts to reduce it. Viewed with
the remembrance of the much greater amount of damage constantly
visible wherever ege cars are unloaded, it seems highly desirable to
discuss and weigh the routine of handling, stowing, bracing, and
transporting by which the damage was kept down to the figures
given in Table 1.
An analysis of the factors contributing to transit damage shows
that it is principally affected by:
(1) The size of the egg.
(2) The soundness of the eggshell.
(3) The character of the package.
(4) The position of the egg in the package.
(5) The position of the case in the car.
(6) The character of the buffing and bracing of the load.
(7) The construction of the car.
(8) Shocks during the haul.
(9) Handling at the terminal.
THE SIZE OF THE EGG.
The relative safety during transportation of eggs which exactly fit
the cells of the fillers as they are now made (1.75 by 2.25 inches), as
compared with eggs which are too long, too short, and too narrow, is
shown. in Table 2.
TABLE 2.—Damage in transit to long, short, narrow, and avell-fitting eggs.
Indi- ai
Condition at packing house. vidual | P8es damaged in
eggs 5
Number.| Number.| Per cent.
Well iting Bee eet oe ves Sug Lal aaa esis cians Sime eee alee 33, G26 oe i; 0
OTe ae beeen MMC Gaal 8 ne ie eee Emo aaG : 2 2 7
ES OVO Es ics sictes hc wipe cies SI Re SE NER eee eae ae cc eRe 1,170 11 94
INIBYAROMY SEAS Biss 6. 0S SS ae Soe eae SE Se II Oi ess Oey 467 7 1.49
The eggs which are too long for the fillers are, of course, most
subject to injury. The study indicates that 18 per cent of the eggs
marketed in northern Missouri were longer than the cells. More
than 2 per cent were 4 inch or more above the top of the cell (fig. 7).
The proportion of large eggs would probably increase in some dis-
tricts, where production has been placed on a more scientific basis,
and decrease in others, where low-grade stock still predominates.
The eggs which are too large for the diameter of the filler press
the walls outward, and secure sufficient space from the cells contain-
ing narrow eggs; for the eggs which are too long there is no such
relief, and their ability to damage is nearly twice that of the well-
14 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
fitting egg, even when, as in these experiments, care was taken to
slant the egg into the most advantageous position. Figure 8 indi-
cates the frequency of the occurrence of extra wide eggs.
e
51%\ 5-17) 6.2%
60 SO 100
Measurements made from 2,100 eggs.
0 20 FO
Fic. 7.—Relation of lemgth of eggs to depth of fillers.
THE SOUNDNESS OF THE EGGSHELL,
The number of eggs showing damage to the shell before shipment
is given in Table 3. The presence of an average of 19 cracked eggs to
the case, as it leaves the hands of the shipper, might lead to the in-
ference that these eggs would be a fertile field for further and more
Width of Filler Cells /.7°8 ir.
40 ?
Fic. 8.—Relation of width of eggs to width of filler cells.
2,100 eggs.
S54 I.
&0
Measurements made from
BREAKAGE OF BEGGS IN TRANSIT. 10)
serious damage during transit. It should be remembered, however,
that these 19 eggs per case as they leave the shipper are not damaged
to such an extent that they are detected in the usual terminal inspec-
tion, unless the inspection includes candling or clicking.
TABLE 38.—Number of eggs with shells damaged before loading in car.
Number of eggs per case.
Num Total
Packing house No. | ex- Cracked. Dents. damaged
peri- eee aL u Total | €ggs per
ments. average | Case.
Maxi- Mini- Aver- | Maxi- Mini- Aver- | damaged.
mum. | mum. age. mum. | mum. age.
= = |
Per cent.
6 20. 75 3.38 15.92 28. 85 0. 50 11. 56 27. 48 7. 64
1 10. 37 10. 37 10. 37 3. 88 3. 88 3. 88 14, 25 3.96
10 21.90 6.37 14.11 6. 50 .20 2. 56 16. 67 4. 63
IES SECU b eG SDMOMeee mee stece 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 56
15 18. 00 4.33 10. 00 12. 67 3.00 8.11 18. 11 5. 03
7 17.00 8. 67 11. 60 10. 00 5. 67 8.14 19. 74 5.49
LiL 23. 75 11. 25 19. 30 8. 63 . 63 3. 85 23.15 6. 43
8 23. 60 16. 75 19. 48 5. 00 75 2.45 21. 93 6. 09
1 19. 10 19.10 19.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 20. 10 5. 59
1 10. 50 10. 50 10. 50 - 63 63 - 63 11.13 3.09
1 10. 75 10. 75 10. 75 15 75 .75 11. 50 3. 20
2 8.75 8.25 8. 50 S15 25 - 50 9. 00 2.50
1 12.75 12.75 12.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 15. 00 4.17
1 12. 25 12. 25 12. 25 Bhs) 75 -75 13. 00 3. 61
8 20. 40 8. 67 14. 80 GAO) eeeeee: 2.85 17. 65 4. 90
2 23.00 15. 50 19. 25 1.50 1.25 1.38 20. 63 5. 72
8 23. 00 8.88 17.10 . 88 . 29 “pl 17. 67 4.91
7 23. 00 “uCO) | 5300) 100) | Remeeere 1.76 16.76 4.65
3 BORO 2551 27.03 3.38 .75 2.46 | 29.49 8. 20
1 1. 90 1.90 1. 90 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.90 1. 08
2 34. 50 23. 60 29. 05 3.12 2. 00 2. 56 31. 61 8. 78
1 20.70) 20.70 20. 70 4.75 4.75 4.75 25. 45 7.07
EXONGTMTE tere EE al 18.30 18. 30 18. 30 3. 63 3. 63 3. 63 21. 93 6. 08
XOX Se Boe 1 4.00 4.00 4.00 19. 67 19. 67 19. 67 23. 67 6. 58
KONA a apr es 3 17. 67 | 6. 00 13. 78 15. 30 6. 67 9.88 22. 66 6.30
BXOXGVAD Sh cldercieaeis 5 16.00 | 5. 67 9. 73 19. 67 6.33 15. 20 24. 93 6. 92
EXON VAT re SAS Ee 20 16. 00 7.33 12.70 13. 00 75 4.50 17. 20 4.78
PXOXGV ATT poe ee 8 17. 67 8.00 12.50 | 8. 67 38 3.74 16. 24 4.50
5,070 DCA ss Hee 1 6.00 | 6. 00 6. 00 5. 00 5. 00 5.00 11.00 3. 06
OO GEE AAT SOs See 9 26. 40 5. 00 16. 20 eG |sSeuoudee -96 17.16 4.78
PXOXEXGIE ee ee ac 1 4, 33 | 4, 33 | 4.33 . 67 67 67 5.00 1.39
All packing houses 147 SANS OMe ree Be TOOSu Mess Son lteter 4. 03 19.41 5.39
To determine the extent of the damage when the lightly cracked
or dented eggs were well packed and well stowed, a comparison was
made of the injury to sound and unsound eggs. The results are
given in Table 4.
TABLE 4.—Damage in transit to sound and unsound eggs.
Individ- | Eggs damaged in
Condition at packing house. ual eggs transit
Number. | Number. | Per cen’.
76, 386 1, 162 USiff
4, 368 125 2. 88
972 22 | 2.37
Little difference is shown between the amount of injury to checks
and that to dents, when the shell membranes are not broken. There
16 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
is. however, a distinct difference, approximately 1.1 per cent, between
the sound and the unsound eggs. This figure, applied to case lots of
unsound eggs, shows an additional damage having a commercial im-
portance. Applied, however, to the case of rehandled eg@s as com-
monly put up by the shipper, containing 19 with unsound shells, it
amounts to only 0.2 egg per case, a neghgible number. Apparently,
then, the matter of the 19 cracked eggs, as found in the well packed
standard package, becomes an economic question of keeping quality
in cold storage and of marketing, not of transportation damage.
THE CHARACTER OF THE PACKAGE.
Strength of cases —In the course of this investigation the standard
egg package was subjected to various tests* to determine the relative
strength of the three kinds of wood (gum, tupelo, and cottonwood)
commonly used, the number of nails needed, the manner in which the
cases failed when subjected to evenly exerted pressures, and to obtain
other data bearing on the subject. A summary of results, the details
of which are too lengthy to be included here, is presented in this
bulletin. Table 5 gives the average number of pounds of evenly
applied pressure which the different cases withstood before they
failed or became crushed.
TABLE 5.—Analysis of strength of egg cases.
Strength.
Material. Type. ; | on Weight.
oa aeee Length- ide- Textict
Diagonal. ices vise Vertical.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
Cotton woodias. 54 Aas ese ea ee DAS eae eee 590 2, 214 9, 810 20, 348 Wao:
Red oii sass oe eee Sermtelege| eens oe Gos See: 567 2,110 13, 629 21, 257 8.89
[BUpeloe aaa ec SAMRDO RM rs Pale dose estbe. 687 1,914| 12,143] 20,204 8, 24
In spite of greater weight, the gum and tupelo cases offer no addi-
tional strength as compared with cottonwood. On the other hand,
cottonwood presents certain advantages in that it is softer and
odorless, and does not warp or crack as readily as the other woods.
The results given in Table 5 are based on cases made up with 5
cement-coated 3-penny nails at each corner of the sides and bot-
tom and at the center partition. If only 4 cement-coated nails are
used the package is weakened: this was also the case with smooth
nails, even when 5 were used. The use of 6 cement-coated 3-penny
nails slightly increases the rigidity of the case, an important fea-
ture in safe transportation, since distortion of the case soon causes
breakage. The same added rigidity is noticed when wire binding
is used around the sides and bottom of the case at the ends; likewise
when the lid is nailed in the center.
1The tests were made in cooperation with the Forest Products Laboratory, of the U. 8.
Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Standards, of the U. S. Department of
Commerce.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
Fia. 1.—FLOATS CROSSING NORTH RIVER TO NEW YorK CITY.
Fila. 2.—FLOATS FASTENED TO THE PIER, NEw York CITY.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLaTeE VI.
FIG. 2.—UNLOADING AT A PIER THROUGH A CHUTE.
Bul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.
Fic. 1.—EXCELSIOR WELL PLACED.
Fig. 2.—EXceELsior BADLY PLACED.
Cul. 664, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.
Fic. 2.—CONGESTION AT A STATION PIER.
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 17
Strength of fillers—The strength of various grades of strawboard
fillers on the market was accurately measured in compression ma-
chines, and, as indicated in Table 6, it varies with their respective
weights.
TABLE 6.—Crushing strength of fillers.
Crushing | Strength
Trade name. Weight per set. strength.} of tips.
Pounds. | Ounces. | Pounds. | Pounds.
IN@) Wa sooudd = CSG SSO SRG C CES See ee anaes 3 12 685 57
3 6 595 42
3 3 471 38
2 8 | 325 36
The strength of the tips of the fillers was obtained by subject-
ing them to pressure in a like manner. The close relationship be-
tween filler tips and damaged eggs is seen throughout this investiga-
tion. It has been observed in field work, and amply proven in the
laboratory. For example, the effect of measured blows delivered
in a definite way against the end of the case did not wreck the shell
of the egg until the tips of the fillers were bent so that the sides of
the strawboard cell came in contact with the wood of the case. The
tips of the so-called No. 1 fillers were found to protect the eggs on
the ends from becoming leakers more effectively than 3-pound or
medium fillers, but heavy shocks were observed to cause a light
cracking before these heavy tips failed.
Fig. 9.—Longitudinal and transverse sections of an egg filler.
The strips which form the cell walls of an egg filler are solid (B)
on one side and slit (A) on the other (fig. 9). When the filler is com-
pleted, half of the solid sides are upward im the filler, and the other
half, running in a transverse direction, are downward. Added safety
is gained by placing the upper solid side next to the end and center
board of the case, as this prevents the egg from toppling over against
the wood.
18 BULLETIN 664, 1. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURR.
The increased protection afforded by strictly new, as compared
with old, fillers is strikingly brought out in the laboratory tests, as
well as under practical conditions. Of course, there is a wide varia-
tion in old fillers, if all fillers which have been used are so designated.
Taking fillers which are distinctly defective, in having some bent
and more or less softened tips, the damage is frequently five times
that in new fillers. For example, 99 foot-pounds of energy de-
livered in the form of two blows, evenly distributed over the end of
a case having 6 inches of sliding room, crushed 6.5 per cent of the
eggs in old fillers, while the same treatment crushed only 1 per cent
of the eggs packed in perfectly new fillers. Such results indicate
that much stress should be laid upon the importance of new fillers
in the safe shipping of eggs.
Top and bottom cushions.—The quarter filler recently brought into
use as a cushion in the bottom of the egg case will support an evenly
applied weight of 900 pounds, which is amply adequate to carry the
load to which it is subjected. It provides a perfectly even cushion,
another essential in securing safe transportation of eggs. If the
bottom of the case becomes wet, this quarter filler is likely to
flatten out, ceasing to act as a cushion. When excelsior is used as a
bottom cushion it must be plentiful and evenly distributed, and a
flat must always be laid over it before inserting the first filler. <A
comparison of the efficiency of corrugated flats and properly ap-
pled excelsior as a cushion in the top of egg cases showed that they
afforded practically the same protection. Excelsior must be laid
evenly over the top flat, and must be sufficient to fill the space in the
top of the case, but not enough to cause a bulging of the id. In no
case should a wad of excelsior be placed on the center of the top
flat (Pl. VII). °
THE POSITION OF THE EGG IN THE PACKAGE,
Practical experience has shown that damage to the eggshell is
more common in the rows next to the ends and center and in the top
layer than in those deeper in the case. The relative safety of the
different rows is seen from the data given in Table 7.
TABLE 7.—Damage in different rows in the case.
Section of case.
Description of cars. $
End. Second | Third
row. row, | Center.
Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.
Straw bufled ls 555082 ele ote ewnce cate a Ub hin. see mee oee 1.39 1.04 0.95 0.97
Wood bitted 2s 22 tse eee ware eee Bidets crore pair 1.64 1.44 LaLa 1.30
Poorly:Joaded* 3./>. tse aa cee ee ee anise eee ee 2.95 2.04 1.73 1.46
BREAKAGE OF RAGS IN TRANSIT. 19
The center partition may be considered to form one end of the case.
When a shock is received on the end of the case, it is transmitted to
the eggs through the filler tips, if they are not bent, or through the
walls of the cell, forcing the entire 15 dozen eggs back against the
center board, where, again, the tips of the fillers are called upon to
afford protection. If the tips fail, the eggs come into sharp con-
‘tact with the case itself, and damage results. The extent of the
damage at the center board is less than at the end of the case, due
probably to the absorption of a certain amount of the shock by the
packing and load of the case.
Tt will be observed that cars which were not well loaded show a
greater amount of damage in each row, but that a difference be-
tween the end and the center board is maintained. Experimental
observations in the testing laboratory have fully confirmed the rec-
ords of the experimental shipments. The damage occurring in the
different layers of the case is summarized in Table 8.
TABLE 8.—Damage in various layers in the case.
Layer.
Description of cars.
Top. Second. | Third. | Fourth.}] Fifth.
Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent..| Per cent.| Per cent.
Simawan lle daemerre ert cmc cietec siecle cco seen neces 1.41 1.11 1.11 0.84 1.05
WWOGGND UTC eres oie so se ete sk ec booms ad clte cae 2.46 1.35 1.42 1.10 1.04
HOOT VMOAd COMM mre pice lieiiscieste esie\s vicinin eee matics 3.06 1.91 1.39 USGL || 1.87
Many factors may contribute to increase the breakage in the top
layer. Among them are walking on cases or climbing over them, an
inadequate cushion, or the throwing of the eggs against the lid of
the case during severe jolts. Experimental work in the testing
laboratory indicated that the damage in the top layer caused by
definitely administered shocks on the end of the case amounted to
approximately 40 per cent of the total damage in the whole case.
It is of interest to observe in Table 8 that damage, unless almost
negligible, as in straw-buffed, well loaded cars, is approximately
twice as heavy in the top layer as. in any of the lower layers.
The question of buffing in the ends of the cases was also studied
in the testing laboratory. If the center partition is properly placed.
and the fillers and flats fit the cases, excelsior wads, corrugated flats.
or other buffing is not needed, and does not afford additional pro-
tection. Improperly placed center boards or fillers that are either
too large or too small are a prolific source of damage, and buffing in
the ends of the cases can not be relied upon to afford adequate pro-
tection.
20 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
THE POSITION OF THE CASE IN THE CAR.
The data on the damage to the eggs, due to the part of the car
in which the case is placed, are given in Table 9. These data are com-
piled for well and poorly loaded cars, and for both straw- and wood-
buffed cars. In the straw-buffed cars, as the distance from the straw
buffing increases, there is a slight but definite increase in breakage,
amounting to about 1 egg per case. Although this increase is not
visible in the wood-buffed loads, the total breakage with this form
of buffing is slightly higher. Regardless of their position the rows
show a uniform tendency toward an increased damage along the
sides of the cars, becoming progressively less toward the center line.
The layers of cases show no consistent tendency toward increased
damage in any definite locality.
TABLE 9.—Transit damage to eggs in different parts of the car.
Stacks.
Description of car.
First. Second. | Third. | Fourth. | Fifth. Sixth. | Seventh.
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
Straw buffed.....--.-- Be ase ae 0.69 0.88 0.73 0.90 0.84 0.90 1.06
Wood*butiedea=s:-2--5 ssacsoas 1.18 1.32 1.52 1.36 1.82 1.25 1.08
Poorly londeds = *t-2 snares ee 2.08 1.07 MEG 2 eee eee .88 1.72 * 2.40
Rows. Layers.
Side wall.| Second. | Third. | Fourth. | Bottom.] Second. | Third. | Fourth.
Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.
Straw buffed........- 0.84 0.90 ‘0.84 0.84 0.75 1.00 0.75 0.84
Wood buffed......... 1.60 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.07 125) , 1.90
Poorly loaded........ 1.68 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.50 1.40 1.94 1.18
THE CHARACTER OF THE BUFFING AND BRACING OF THE LOAD,
A correlation of the character of the stowing of the load at the
point of origin and its effect on the amount of damage to the eggs
apparent at destination soon convinced the investigators that a re-
vision of many common practices must occur before any noteworthy
improvement in the condition of the eggs at the market center could
be expected.
The experiments here reported indicate that the load of eg@ cases
must be a solid unit in the car, fitting in so tightly that not an inch
of play is available, and its rigidity must be entirely independent of
braces nailed to any part of the car. How such stowing and bracing
can be readily and cheaply done is told on pages 5 to 9 of this re-
port. Of all the various factors entering into the breakage of eggs
during transportation, the placing of the load in the car and the
maintenance of its rigidity during transit are the most important.
_—
BREAKAGE OF GGS IN TRANSIT, Pal
The damage in a number of cars, typifying good bracing, buffing,
and stowing, is shown in Table 1. Table 10 shows the damage in
some individual cars which were not stowed tightly enough to pre-
vent a certain amount of shifting. In these cars, the shifting of the
load was plainly visible on arrival at destination, and even before that
time they had been classed as “ poorly loaded” by the investigators
in the producing territory. In no case, however, were these cars
comparable with those known commercially as “in bad order,”
none of them contained cases stained on the outside by liquid egg.
In the language of the trade, there was no “ visible damage.” They
are given here to illustrate how rapidly damage increases after the
occurrence of a noticeable shifting, not as examples of the amount
of damage often seen in cars commercially loaded.
and
TABLE 10.—Damage in transit due to poorly stowed cars.
5 . Damaged ae . Damaged
Experi- ae Ixperi- aie
eggs per 2 eggs per
ment No. ane a ment No. Gas ae
5111 Meo 5141 9.0
5161 8.0 5180 9.5
5106 6.5 5107 7.0
5156 12.5 5165 9.5
5176 14.5 5186 oa)
A comparative study of the step-joint and straight-joint loads in-
dicates that, all other conditions being equal, one is as efficient as the
other, in so far as the safety of the eggs is concerned. Table 11
gives the damage in typical cars, when both forms of placing the
cases were used, and when the buffing and bracing prevented the
shifting of the cases during transit shocks.
TABLE 11.—The relative damage in step-joint and straight-joint loads.
Step-joint loads. Straight-joint loads.
' Damaged -nar;_ |Damaged
Experi- Bree te) Experi- ere
ggs per f eggs per
ment No. anal ment No. aaa,
5122 2.0 5121 1.5
5126 Bhd 5124 2.0
5130 3.0 5114 3.5
5137 4.0 5117 2.0
5127 245) 5118 3.5
5135 3.0 5120 3.0
5131 Sh & 5129 4.5
5150 4.5 5139 4.0
5116 2.0) 5171 4.0
5115 3.0 5173 2.0
|
|
|
}
During the early part of the investigation it was observed that
. while many step-joint loads showed damage at destination, they were
22 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
invariably so stowed that shifting of the load had occurred during
transit. Later on, when the investigators saw to it that the load was
rigid, the results given in Table 11 were obtained. When shifting
in this load does take place the three crosswise cases on alternate
layers at the bunker are likely to fall down into the space, not only
becoming crushed themselves but by grinding injuring other cases.
The rigidity of the load depends largely upon the character of the
buffing and the manner in which it is placed in the car; hence it
assumes an important role in preventing damage. The methods
used by the investigators, in order to make observations upon loads
buffed with either straw or wood (pp. 6 and 7), emphasize the neces-
sity of packing the buffing so tightly that shifting can not take
place. Unfortunately many shippers have failed to realize the easily
compressible character of straw, to which fact is due much of the
damage prevailing in straw-buffed cars (Pl. VIII, fig. 1). For
example, out of 27 straw-buffed carlots studied during the early
part of the investigation 18 showed serious damage or displaced cases
on arrival at destination, simply because the straw had not been
packed tightly enough.
During the survey of commercial practices made in the early part
of this investigation it was observed that a relatively large number
of carloads of eggs buffed with wooden frames arrived at destination
in good condition. This was because the load was tighter and had
shifted little, if at all, as it did when loosely buffed with straw.
Observations were made on a number of carlots that had been
packed with straw at the bunkers, and the load then made tight by
frames at the middle. These also commonly arrived in good order.
A comparison of the damage observed in weil stowed cars, buffed
with straw, with that in well stowed cars, buffed with wood, shows
a small margin (about 1.5 eggs per case) in favor of the straw, as
may be seen by comparing the typical shipments listed in Table 12.
TABLE 12.—Comparison of damage in straiv- and wood-buffed cars.
Straw-bufted ears. | W ood-buffed cars.
| Fae ‘
E.xperi- ese Experi- ees
ment No. roaspe ment No. patel
5130 3.0 5102 5.5
5118 3.0 5103 6.5
5120 335 eres | 5104 3.0
5132 5.0 | 5105 4.0
5181 ir ant 5140 6.0
5173 | 2.0 . 5146 3.0
5127 2.5 5148 5.0
5129 4.5 5172 5.0
The amount of damage given in Table 12 is, of course, the average ¢
for all parts of the car. Reference to the discussion of the damage
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 23
in different parts of the car shows that the extra protection afforded
by straw is largely distributed over the rows close to the straw,
where apparently it visibly reduces the number of eggs broken. In
the rows toward the middle of the car both forms of buffing, so long
as the load is tight, are equally efficient.
oO LB ZF Te Fo 60 San oF
Fie. 10.—Rate of cooling of eggs in refrigerated storage room.
The effect of straw buffing on the temperatures maintained in
refrigerator cars is too important to be omitted in a discussion of its
relative value in the saving of waste in eggs. It is difficult to chill
eggs packed in cases even when conditions are favorable. Figure 10
24
BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
shows that ina mechanically refrigerated room about 72 hours were
required to reduce the eggs in the center of the package from an
ig. 11.—Rate of cooling of eggs in a refrigerator car,
entering temperature of 87° F. to 32° I°., or the temperature of the
room. Chilling in a good refrigerator car is, of necessity, a much
slower process, as is illustrated in figure 11, which shows that 4.5
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 25
days were required to reduce the eggs from 73°F. to the tempera-
{ure of the car, approximately 45° F. On the other hand, the main-
tenance of the desired temperature in precooled eggs is compara-
tively simple (fig. 11), experiments having shown that eggs reduced
to a temperature of approximately 45° I*. before loading maintained
that temperature throughout the haul. The placing of straw buffing
ATVIOLPVAIFVE TEPIPLIIATURES
Z LL DAF \WIGHT| BY _\WIGHT| Dar
2
Ee en
Geli 2:
Car temperatures with open straw buffing and closed straw buffing.
from the top of the load to the floor of the car prevents the exit of
cold air from the bunkers. To determine the extent of the loss of
refrigeration under such conditions, temperatures were taken
throughout the haul by means of electrical thermometers in cars
having solid bufling at one end and a frame supporting the straw
26 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(p. 7) at the other. The results are shown in figure 12, which indi-
cates that approximately 50 per cent of the refrigeration available
is lost by bufling solidly to the floor. During the early spring, when
the weather is cool, this loss of refrigeration is not serious. “When
shipments are made in warm weather, however, it is a question which
must be considered. The straw buffing, properly applied, may save
damage to the shell of an egg or two per case, but if it permits of
unchecked deterioration from heat it is of very doubtful economic
value. Under warm weather conditions the shipper should consider
the relative advantages of the small frame described in this report
or of wood butting.
If the load is to be a solid unit in the ear, the form of brace to be
used, in case the layers are not complete throughout, becomes an
important matter. The mere weight of the cases in an incomplete
top layer is not sufficient to keep them in place. In 16 of 36 such
loads traced to the market serious damage occurred. Failure to
brace an incomplete top layer, especially in mixed cars, is a frequent
source of serious damage. A roaming case is not only damaged
itself, but it damages other cases. The scantling braces nailed to
the walls of the car seldom arrive in place. They should never be
used. The most satisfactory braces found up to the present time are
those described on page 8. It is readily seen that, if the load is to
be a solid unit inside the car, the braces must be a part of the load
itself, and must in no wise depend upon the car for resistance or
strength. Nailed braces are a part of the car, not a part of the load.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CAR.
Observations during yard shifting showed that freight cars hav-
ing steel underframe construction do not react to shocks in the same
way as do those having wooden underframes. Cars with wooden
underframes give under impacts in such wise that the load receives
less of a jolt than that in the steel-framed car. There is a slight: in-
crease in damage to eggshells when carried in steel underframe cars,
all other conditions being equal, as shown in Table 13. This tendency
is visible whether the load is butfed with wood or straw, or whether
well or poorly stowed.
bo
~I
BREAKAGE OF BEGGS IN TRANSIT,
,
TABLE 138.—Damage in cars with steel and wooden underframes.
|
Steel straw-hbuffed | Wooden straw-buffed |"
car. car.
Damaged) | Damaged
E.xperi- Sepa eallny 10.4 of2) ai specs
5 eggs per eggs per
ment No. Batol ment No. wae
5114 He) 5117 2.0
5126 Bt) 5118 OHO
5131 a) 5120 3.0
5139 4.0 5121 iG)
5150 4.5 5122 2.0
5154 5.0 5124 2.0
5171 4.0 5127 P's)
5173 2.0 5129 4.5
5174 6.5 5130 3.0
5177 4.0 5132 5.0
5181 OKO 5135 3.0
5183 6.0 5137 4.0
|
SHOCKS DURING THE HAUL,
This report does not attempt to locate any damage prior to the
receipt of the eggs by the packer, although the transportation of eggs,
from the viewpoint of damage, includes their transfer from the farm
to the shipper, frequently via the country merchant or huckster, as
well as the usage to which they are subjected after being cased by the
shipper and en route to the consignee.
There is an opportunity for damage to the shells during the
transfer from the packing house to the car, and again from the
freight house at the terminal to the establishment of the con-
signee. Undoubtedly such damage sometimes occurs, but observa-
tions show that it is by no means so frequent as is commonly
supposed. A comparison of breakage in shipments loaded directly
from the packing house to the car, with only the width of the
platform intervening, and in those transferred by wagon from the
packing house to the loading platform showed practically no dif-
ference between the two. Approximately 65 per cent of the ex-
perimental shipments involved a wagon haul from the packing
house to the car. The fact that the damage at destination is the
same in either case confirms the finding of the investigators that
where hauling is necessary it is ordinarily conducted in such fashion
that breakage does not occur, provided the package is standard and
well constructed. It is, of course, possible for careless handling and
hauling of cases between the packing house and the car to cause
damage.
It has been observed that the shocks received by cars are most
severe during yard shifting. The relative intensity of shocks re-
ceived during ordinary railroad handling are given in Plate IV,
showing slow running, fast running, and yard shifting. The train
which furnished these records. was typical of our fast freight service.
28 BULLETIN 664, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Starting with but a few cars, it finally consisted of 65. Sometimes
it attained a speed of 45 miles an hour. The special car under ob-
servation in this train contained 400 cases of eggs. It was of the
wooden underframe type, with its load buffed with straw and
braced with lateral braces under the cases. It traveled approxi-
mately 1,200 miles, transferring from western to eastern lines in the
vicinity of Chicago. On arrival at the seaboard terminal the load
had not shifted an inch, and the damage, including lightly checked
eggs, was less than 3 eggs per case.
By actual observation of eggs in cases during the haul, by the con-
dition of the cases and the eggs reaching the terminal, and by ex-
perimental work in the testing laboratory, it has been found that
shocks have very little effect on the eggs unless the tips of the fillers
break or bend, thereby permitting the wall of the filler to come in
contact with the end or center partition of the case. Laboratory
observations as well as those made under commercial conditions indi-
cate that cases held rigidly permit less damage to their contents than
when play is given. For example, when 296 foot-pounds of energy
in the form of 6 blows had been distributed evenly over the end of a
case held against a bumping post, 1.33 per cent, or approximately 5
eggs per case, were broken. Repeating the experiment, except that
the case was placed 6 inches from the bumping post and hence
traveled that distance after every blow, 12.22 per cent, or approxi-
mately 45 eg@s per case, were damaged. In either case, damage was
light until the tips of the fillers were distinctly bent. After they had
flattened completely the eggshells were mashed. Apparently the
same principles hold good when the cases in transit are subject to
shocks; hence the need of strong filler tips, good, symmetrical cases,
and tight stowing in the car,
HANDLING AT THE TERMINAL.
The terminal problem in most of the eastern cities in which the in-
vestigators handled shipments is very complex. Traffic has grown
to such an extent that the terminal facilities are often inadequate
for the proper handling of the volume received. Where congestion
occurs (Pl. VIII, fig. 2), extra gangs are placed in houses and
on piers already crowded, making confusion and haste unavoid-
able. In the height of the egg season in New York City,
both sides of a station pier are, day after day, lined with floats,
and the driveway is filled with wagons or trucks, while outside other
wagons are waiting to get in. When the tide is high and the de-
livery plank is sharply inclined (PI. VI, fig. 1), it would seem
almost impossible to prevent serious loss. Nevertheless, damage of
any sort at the terminal was very rarely found, and it was the opinion
of the investigators who had followed all phases of the transporta-
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 29
tion of eggs that there is less damage at the destination than at any
other point, considering the vast volume of goods handled.
As previously stated, the eggs under observation were treated ex-
actly in accordance with the commercial routine, and the final exami-
nation was made when the commercial handling ceased, whether that
was on the pier, in the freight yard, at the store of the consignee,
or in a private warehouse. Damage due to a transfer from the
pier to the store of the consignee or the private warehouse is much
less than is commonly believed. The occasional dropping of a case
or other mishap, serious in itself, is small when the huge volume of
business handled each day is considered. A comparison between the
handling at private warehouses and that at railroad terminals shows
that while the railroad handling is usually more rapid, it compares
favorably, on the whole, with the handling at private houses.
In order to obtain a definite idea of the actual damage caused by
leading and unloading into wagons and hauling over rough city
streets, eggs were followed from the store of the dealer to the ware-
house where they were held in cold storage for several months, then
back again by wagon to the store of the dealer. Each egg was ex-
amined before and after the double haul. The wagon was light; the
load was heavy; the haul, 2 miles each way; the streets traversed
were paved with cobblestones and were unusually rough; the hand-
ling at the warehouse included shifting to a second storage room and
high stacking of cases. In spite of this excessive hauling and hand-
ling, the damage, as seen from Table 14, was only 3.5 eggs per case,
or 0.97 per cent. This represents more than twice the amount of
handling the egg cases ordinarily receive between the terminal and
the store or warehouse. It may, then, be concluded that, with the
allowance of 1 egg per case as experimental error, the damage due to
the usual cartage is less than 1 cracked egg per case.
TABLE 14.—Damage due to haul in light wagon over cobble-paved streets.
|
| Nanbenon Eggs damaged.
+. | individual | ai =||
| Load No. egas ob- ra
served. per case. Total.
1 1, 080 3 8
2 3, 240 5 44
3 5, 400 3 42
4 5, 400 3 43
5 5, 400 2.5 38
6 5, 400 4.5 65
7 5, 400 4 53
8 5, 400 4 57
9 5, 400 5 77
10 5, 400 3 49
ll 2, 160 3 18
12 3, 240 3 25 |
13 4, 320 3 37
14 4, 320 325 41
15 4, 320 2)4 29
16 4,320 2 26
i7 4,320 3 35
30 BULLETIN 664, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
SUMMARY.
(1) All. the eggs observed during this investigation were re-
handled and repacked at the packing house. They were put into
new standard cases, with new medium (3 pounds, 3 ounces) fillers and
flats. The work was done by the employees of the house. As the
cases left the house they included approximately 5.39 per cent of
lightly cracked and dented eggs. Leaking eggs were rarely found.
(2) All the shipments studied were in carlots. The average haul
was over 1,200 miles. When the shipments arrived at destination
each egg in the experimental cases was again individually examined,
and its condition compared with that previously noted at the pack-
ing house. It was found that when eggs were shipped in carlots,
packed in good, well-made, standard cases, with new medium or
heavier fillers and flats, with properly placed and suitable cushions
at top and bottom, with cases tightly stowed and efficiently braced in
the car, and the car handled in accordance with good railroad prac-
tice, especially when switching, the total damage referable to transit
was less than 2 per cent.
(3) The size of the egg influences its safety in transit. Eggs
which were longer than the cells of the fillers showed 3.71 per cent
damaged.
(4) The eggs with lightly cracked or dented shells, but with mem-
brane unbroken, showed a transit damage of 2.88 per cent, as com-
pared with 1.77 per cent for eggs with sound shells. Applied to case
lots of broken eggs, the increased lability to damage is noteworthy.
Apphed to the 19 lightly cracked eggs in the rehandled and repacked
case of commerce, the additional damage, referable to checks and
dents, is 4 egg per case.
(5) Egg cases must be standard, symmetrically made with 5, or
preferably 6, 3-penny cement-coated nails at each corner of the sides
and bottom and at the center partition. While cottonwood, gum, and
-tupelo cases vary but little in strength, the cottonwood case has, on
the whole, the greatest number of advantages.
(6) Medium fillers (8 pounds, 3 ounces) or heavier should be used.
It is absolutely necessary that the filler be perfectly new. Even a
short-haul shipment into the packing house should disqualify the
filler for further use.
(7) Suitable cushions of excelsior, with a flat, should be placed on
the top and bottom of the case. The quarier filler is strong enough,
and it forms an even cushion. Corrugated board on the top of the
case affords practically the same protection as the excelsior cushion,
provided it takes up the slack.
es
BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 31
(8) More damage occurs in the top layer of eggs than in the
deeper layers of the case, and more in the ends than toward the
center.
(9) When cars are buffed with straw at the bunkers there is a
shght but clear rise in damage as the cases near the center of the
car. There is also a progressively increasing breakage in the rows
as they progress from the middle line to the side of the car. The
location of layers is apparently immaterial.
(10) The load of eggs must be a solid unit in the car, fitting
without play. This is the most important factor in avoiding dam-
age in transit. Either the step-joint or straight-joint load may be
used.
(11) The amount of damage in properly loaded cars buffed with
straw is slightly less than in the same.cars buffed with. wood.
(12) When the straw buffing is placed at the bunkers and extends
from the top of the load to the floor of the car, at least 50 per cent
of the refrigeration is lost.
_ (18) Braces nailed to the car seldom arrive in place. They cause
much damage. Self-bracing of the load by means of suitable strips
placed below the cases is most satisfactory.
(14) Cars having steel underframes show a slightly greater amount
of damage than those with wooden underframes.
(15) The shocks incident to ordinary freight train handling while
running seldom cause damage in well-stowed cars. The shocks in-
cident to switching are sometimes destructive. More care should be
exercised in switching cars containing eggs.
(16) While the haul in wagons or trucks between the railroad
terminal and the warehouse or store may be responsible for some
damaged eggs, the breakage is ordinarily not more than 1 cracked
egg per case.
(17) By following good commercially practicable methods of pack-
ing, storing, and hauling, eggs can be transported in carlots with a
total damage of less than 2 per cent. Under “experimental ”
aandling, where the work is of a high grade, though still following
the commercial routine, the total damage can be reduced to less than
1 per cent.
O
a ee
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 665
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv April 29, 1918
STATUS OF FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE
_ IRRIGATED DISTRICT OF TEXAS.
Rex E. Witrarp, Agriculturist.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
MeEscnipilOMOhaneaes ese seca ees ose. - 1) |) Harms businessillustrateds-22- 2-22-2225. -2 14
ALM ACUS Mepteemee sek eos woe -scke ee: Soup Grenenall COndILbIONSSesese ene ceriasas sae se eae 18
Mependabilityzofienterprises. ---.-..------..- 72 mC ONCIUSIONSSAemeeeeet tent aoc eaceesecee 23
g 3
Stability of types of farming........-....---- rf
DESCRIPTION OF AREA.
The present irrigable lands of the lower Rio Grande district are
located in the southern portions of Cameron and Hidalgo Counties,
in the extreme southern part of Texas. Brownsville, the largest
city, is 872 miles southwest of Houston. (See fig. 1.)
}BROOKS JWILYILACY
Fic. 1 Location of the lower Rio Grande irrigated district, Tex. (shaded area).
il
9 BULLETIN 665, U.S., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Fic. 2—A main canal. This is the common type of ditch which conducts water from
the river to the farms. Note the native vegetation and the wild state of the country
before development.
The greater portion of the land in its natural state is covered with
a considerable growth of mesquite, huisache, ebony, cactus, and other
trees and shrubs (see fig. 2). The alluvial or lower-lying soils gen-
erally support a heavier growth than the lighter textured soils in the
northern and western portions of the area.
The topography of the region (see fig. 3) is level to undulating.
In general the land bordering the stream channels or “ resacas” is
shghtly higher than that at a distance, due to overflows and the re-
sulting deposit of sediment near the channels. The elevation varies
from about 30 feet above sea level in the vicinity of Brownsville to
about 250 feet north of Mission in the western part of the region.
The drainage of the region is not generally good. The lower lands
in the eastern portions, many of which have heavy types of soil, are
not so well drained as the lighter textured soils of Hidalgo County.
On account of the fact that the banks of the Rio Grande and other
channels are higher than the bordering land, the surface water has
little opportunity to drain away, so that after heavy rains or exces-
sive irrigation water stands in small lakes or ponds for considerable
periods. However, the higher land outside of the delta formation
has fairly good drainage owing to its comparatively steep slope.
Artificial drainage by means of surface ditches is being undertaken,
particularly in Cameron County. Drainage districts have been
formed, and bonds have been issued providing the funds for the
ditch construction. The facilities now provided are improving the
conditions, and it is only a question of time when artificial drainage
will cover practically the whole region.
In many locaJ areas where open-ditch drainage facilities have been
provided but have not proved adequate, tile drainage has been sub-
stituted and is meeting the difficulties where satisfactory outlets may
be had. It has been clearly demonstrated here, as elsewhere, that
apie tel pall
|
!
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO, GRANDE DISTRICT. 3
where natural drainage is not exceptionally good artificial drainage
must be provided where irrigation is practiced extensively.
The soils of the region are generally alluvial in origin and are
exceedingly varied in character. There are low-lying areas that are
poorly drained and are permeated with alkali, but the greater por-
tion of the land is fertile and produces good crops when proper cul-
tural methods are followed.
FARM FACTS.
During 1914-15 the writer visited several hundred farms in the
lower Rio Grande district and secured information from the farmers
themselves relating to the farm enterprises. The following pages
give some data from the detailed study of these enterprises as well as
of the entire business of 59 farms of the region, distributed from a
point below Brownsville to a point north of Mission, a distance of
about 70 miles. These farms are classified according to type as
follows: Twenty-six truck farms, 16 stock farms, and 17 staple crop
farms.
SIZE OF FARMS.
The farms studied vary in size from 10 acres of crop land to 200
acres, with an average of 59 acres, or 73 acres of total farm area. The
area of crop land in this region does not always measure the size of
the business on account of the difference in intensity of the various
types of farms. When total expenses are used as a measure of size
it is found that while staple crop farms average 87 acres as compared
with 63 acres for truck farms, the expenses of operation of the truck
farms are nearly $1,000 greater per year than those for staple crop
farms.
Fic. 3.—A lateral irrigation ditch on a farm. The ditches are sometimes plowed down
and reconstructed annually in place of cleaning them. Lettuce borders this lateral.
4 BULLETIN 665, U, S.. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
It appears that farms of less than 40 acres are not large enough
in general for any type of farm. In fact the larger the size of farm,
the greater is the amount of profit under average conditions, at least,
to the point where the operator can properly supervise the farm
operations.
INVESTMENT PER FARM.
The average farm of 59 acres of crop land when developed repre-
sents a total investment of approximately $14,000. Land represents
shghtly more than $10,000; dwelling, $800; barns and other build-
ings, $400; stock (including work stock,) $1,400 and cash on hand
for running expenses, $350.
The investment in real estate is somewhat greater acre for acre on
farms that are developed for truck raising. The average acre value
of truck farms is $184, of stock farms $145, and of staple crop farms
$130.
The value of work stock per head increases when the size of farm
increases, indicating that a better quality of work animals is uti-
lized on the larger farms. Approximately the same investment in
machinery and tools is found on all types of farm, of the same size,
but the investment is greater on the larger farms than on the small
ones, and this machinery is more efficiently utilized on the larger
farms.
LAND CLEARING.
The greater number of investcrs in farms at present buy uncleared
land. The removal of the vegetation (see fig. 2) is the first step
toward the development of the farm. This clearing is usually done
by Mexicans under contract, which is cheaper than by day labor.
The cost of clearing varies widely, depending upon the character and
quantity of vegetation, the range on 52 farms being from $5 to $25
per acre with an average of $11.65.
After the land is cleared it generally requires some labor for level-
ing. The tendency up to the present has been to give little attention
to this matter. In order that land may be properly irrigated it must
be level or have an even slope. The leveling is generally done in
connection with the first breaking of the land, the average cost of the
combined operations on 51 farms being $4.75, ranging from $2 to $18
per acre. Even a greater expense for leveling at this stage of devel-
opment is justified, since it represents a saving in labor and an in-
crease in production during the following crop seasons.
DITCH CONSTRUCTION.
The companies usually conduct the irrigation water to the farms
through their main canals and laterals (see fig. 2). The farmer must
construct the laterals (see fig. 4) for his own farm. A small farm
level is an excellent investment for the purpose of laying out these
Seen ee eS
7
.
'
4
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. 5
ditches as well as for leveling. The cost of construction of these
ditches varies according to the lay of the land, ranging on 38 farms
visited from $0.25 to $32 per acre, with an average of $2.25.
DITCH MAINTENANCE.
The irrigation water frequently carries mud in suspension, some of
which is deposited in the canals. Weeds and grasses make luxuriant
growth in the ditches, owing to abundance of moisture. These ob-
structions in the laterals are effective in hindering the passage of
water so that the ditches must be cleaned annually. This is accom-
plished with a shovel or spade. Frequently a plow is run through the
ditches to loosen the soil and weeds.
Where the ditches on the farm are small they are frequently plowed
down entirely with the fields and are then reconstructed with the use
of plows and pushes, most of the work being done by horsepower.
(See fig. 3.)
The annual cost of maintenance of the lateral ditches on the farm
varies widely, depending upon the number and character of the
ditches. On some farms the cost is as low as $0.10 to $0.25 per acre,
while on others it is as much as $2 per acre. The average cost as esti-
mated by 32 farmers is approximately $0.65 per acre.
AVAILABLE TIME FOR FARM WORK.
Field work can be carried on during all months of the year, prac-
tically the only lmiting factor being an excess of rainfall. The
number of work days per month varies from about 19 in June and
September to about 25 in July and August. There are approximately
256 days available for field work per year.
‘There is not a wide variation in the number of hours per day that
field work is done, about 10 hours being the average. It is customary
for both teams and men to rest for about two hours during the mid-
dle of the day during the warmer summer months.
LABOR UTILIZATION ON FARMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES.
Much more man labor is used on truck farms than on farms of
other types, owing to the greater intensity of cropping. Slightly
more horse labor is used per acre on truck farms than on others. The
number of acres per work animal (acres of crops divided by number
of work stock) is decidedly less on truck farms than on others. The
average number of acres per work animal on the farms of different
types is as follows: Truck farms, 14; stock farms, 17; and staple-crop
farms, 18.
The cost of man labor per day is practically the same on farms of
different types but the cost of horse labor per day is greatest on truck
6 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
farms, owing to poor utilization. On the average truck farm the
cost of horse labor per day is $1.18; on stock farms, $1; and on staple-
crop farms, $0.96.
COST OF WORK STOCK.
The average annual cost of maintaining work stock is $106 per
head, which includes value of feed consumed, depreciation, interest,
etc. The value of feed consumed per animal is approximately $90 per
head. |
There are nearly three times as many mules as horses utilized on
the farms of the region. The average value of 75 horses encountered
is $102 per head: of 196 mules, the average value is $143 per head.
On farms averaging 31 acres of crop land the average value of horses
is $96, and of mules $123. On large farms of 82 acres of crop land
horses average in value $110 per head and mules $155. The value of
feed consumed per head on the same farms increases from $72 to $96
as the size of farm increases.
DOUBLE CROPPING.
One of the most important factors affecting profits is the ability
of farm operators to produce more than one crop on the same land
during the same year. All farmers produce corn or other staple
crops, but many do not produce second crops on this land during the
same year. On 12 of the 59 farms studied no second crops were pro-
duced, and returns of but 2.4 per cent on the investment were made,
while on 24 farms an average of more than one-half of the land pro-
duced a second crop during the same year. These 24 farms made
average net incomes more than four times as great as those doing no
double cropping.
The staple crops are essential to the stability of the farm business,
but the truck crops when successful are much more profitable. The
second or truck crops should be diversified in character, as any one
crop of this class may be a failure, owing to market conditions or
other causes, while others are entirely successful.
Double cropping is of prime importance to profitable farming in
the lower Rio Grande irrigated district.
INCOMES ON IRRIGATED FARMS.
The average farm income (difference between expenses and re-
ceipts) of the 59 farms studied is $1,471. To find the net profit there
must be deducted from this the value of supervision by the operator.
The farms average in net returns 6.3 per cent on the investment.
The percentage return on investment is approximately the same for
groups of farms of different sizes; however, the farm income increases
when the size increases.
ee i
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. if
The amount of double cropping determines largely the type of
farm as between truck and staple crop farms. The average returns
of 26 truck farms which get 40 per cent or more of their receipts
from the sale of truck is 8.7 per cent on the investment. The average
net returns of 17 staple crop farms is 3.9 per cent on the investment.
The average farm income of 16 stock farms is $1,281; these farms
make net returns of 5 per cent on the investment.
DEPENDABILITY OF ENTERPRISES.
In a region of such mild climate there is naturally a wide range
of enterprises that may be operated on each farm. That considerable
diversification of enterprises leads to greater profits is apparent from
the foregoing pages. There is much more risk involved in some of
the truck enterprises than in some of the staple crops or in stock pro-
duction, but on the other hand the profits from some of the risky
enterprises are often great. Therefore some of these crops seem
justified, not as a source of certain returns, but as a possible source
of comparatively large profits. The following information gives
some insight into the possibilities of some of the enterprises that have
been advocated for the region.
TRUCK CROPS.
Information was secured from 50 farmers concerning the success
and failure of 7 of the leading truck crops raised.
Of 165 separate crops of cabbage produced on 50 farms, 69 made
returns larger than the cost of production, while 96 crops brought
little or no returns. The average yield of cabbage is 8 tons per acre.
(See fie. 4.)
Fig. 4.—Cabbage is one of the leading truck crops produced. This is nearly a perfect
stand, half grown.
8 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Of 68 crops of lettuce produced on 25 farms, 45.5 per cent of the
crops were successful. The average yield harvested during the
season of 1914-15 was 221 hampers per acre. (See fig. 5.)
Onions were produced on 18 farms, and more than half (61.5 per
cent) of the crops were successful. The average yield of onions is
approximately 260 bushels per acre. This crop is best adapted to the
lighter textured soils of the western part of the region.
Irish potatoes were raised on 24 farms, records being secured on
69 crops. Forty-three of these crops were profitable. Potatoes yield
on the average less than 100 bushels per acre.
Te
Fic. 5.—Lettuce is an important truck crop. This field has been cut over once. Two
more cuttings will be made.
Snap beans and tomatoes were produced on 22 farms, 65 crops of
beans and 58 crops of tomatoes being recorded. Fifty-one per cent
of the bean crops brought profits, and 43 per cent of the tomato crops
succeeded.
Only 10 farms produced cantaloupes, 20 crops being raised. Only
4 of these crops were profitable.
While the profits from the successful truck crops average greater
than the losses from the failures, it appears that in general any one
truck crop is successful only about half the time. Potatoes and
onions appear to be somewhat more likely to succeed than others,
while cantaloupes are seldom successful.
Other truck crops, such as spinach, table beets, kohlrabi, garlic,
peppers, eggplant, okra, and turnips, are produced quite extensively
and are successful to about the same extent as those crops above
mentioned. It not infrequently happens that some one crop comes
on the market at a time when the product is scarce, and under such
conditions very large profits may be made. For some crops it is
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. 9
possible to determine in advance the approximate conditions of the
market at harvest time, and thus the time and amount of planting
may be controlled, but this is not general.
SPECIAL CROPS.
Strawberries are produced in limited quantities. The successful
crops have generally been marketed locally. A large increase in
acreage is not encouraged.
Sugar beets have been advocated, but the beets grown thus far have
not been sweet enough to justify the enterprise as a source of sugar
production.
Grapes have been tried without success, failure being due to plant
diseases and to lack of knowledge of methods. Some attention has
been given to the cultivation of figs as a commercial proposition, but
thus far this enterprise has not met with success.
Considerable attention has been given to the production of citrus
fruits, and the production of oranges and grapefruit has been the
basis of much advertising for the region. A very good quality of
fruit is produced when the various difficulties of production are over-
come, but no growers were found who had made a financial success
of these enterprises. Among the difficulties encountered are loss of
stock from freezing, disease, insect injuries, and lack of knowledge
of methcds of handling an enterprise of such delicate and varied
requirements.
Sugar cane is produced principally on the large farms or planta-
tions. On account of the fact that this crop requires equipment of
large size and a great amount of power, it is not adapted to the aver-
age farm of the region.
Recently castor beans have been attempted on a commercial basis,
but these have not been grown a sufficient length of time to determine
their success.
STAPLE CROPS.
Corn is the leading staple crop raised in the region; the average
yield is 42 bushels per acre. The average cost of producing corn for
the market under conditions prevalent at the time of this study was
78 cents per bushel, while the market value was 67 cents. When corn
is produced as a side line on truck farms the cost is less than 30
cents per bushel. It is more profitable to feed corn to stock than to
dispose of it on the market. The crop is not raised profitably as the
main source of income of the farm, but when produced to balance up
the farm organization it is very profitable.
Alfalfa is produced successfully on well-drained land where little
or no alkali is found. The average yield under present conditions is
slightly over 4 tons per acre, or about 1 ton per cutting, produced at
a cost of $8.60 per ton. The market value is approximately $13.50
per ton. Asin other regions, good drainage is an absolute essential
to the successful production of alfalfa here.
30481°—Bull. 665—18——2
10 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
em — d i= _
Fic. 6.—Sorghum for hay is of considerable importance. This field yielded nearly
five tons of cured hay per acre.
Sorghum (see fig. 6) is the principal hay crop. Practically every
farm produces a small acreage for home consumption. The average
yield is nearly 5 tons of cured hay per acre; the cost of production is
$8 per ton.
Stock beets are meeting a considerable demand for winter and
spring stock feed (see fig. 7). These are particularly adapted to hog
consumption. This feed averages 28 tons per acre at a cost of
slightly less than $2 per ton.
Oats (Texas red-rust proof) (see fig. 8) are raised for pasture
only; the crop seldom matures grain in this climate. These are
planted in the early fall and are pastured from six to eight weeks
later. With proper irrigation oats are pastured during three or four
intervals through the winter, sometimes lasting into the summer.
Not infrequently they are cut and fed as a soiling crop.
Among other feed crops that appear successful are Sudan grass
and Rhodes grass, both of which may be utilized for either hay or
pasture.
Cowpeas have received little attention up to the present, but a
number of truck farmers find them very profitable as a green-manure
crop to be plowed under. In a few cases the crop has been utilized
as hay, very satisfactory yields being made.
Cotton has been produced in the region for many years both under
irrigation and by dry-farming methods. Since the advent of the
boll weevil the crop has not been generally successful, although occa-
sional crops show very satisfactory yields. A yield of more than a
bale per acre is common when the boll weevil does not attack the crop.
Attempts have been made at production of many other truck,
staple, and special crops with indifferent success. A sufficient num-
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRAND DISTRICT. 11
ber have been mentioned above to show to some extent the possibilities
and trend of production of the region.
STOCK PRODUCTION.
Hogs.—On account of the unstable conditions affecting the pro-
duction and marketing of special crops considerable attention has
been given to the production of stock; the principal lines followed
are hog raising and dairying. Very satisfactory yields of feed crops
have been a factor in advancing these enterprises. Of the breeds of
hogs the Duroc Jersey is the most common; Poland China and Berk-
shires, however, are receiving some attention, while Tamworths and
Hampshires are found in limited numbers. While the profits from
hog raising under normal conditions are not so large as the fancy
returns from some of the truck crops, the stability of the enterprise
is such as to attract many to this type of farming. (See fig. 8.)
Very little cholera has appeared up to the present time, but there
are a number of minor factors that are of importance, among these
being the absolute necessity for shade protection in summer, and
for a supply of pure water for the hogs, and the danger of infection
of the stock by lice, mange, screw worms and other pests. That
shade and a satisfactory supply of pure water are absolute essentials
to successful hog production in the region has been fully demon-
strated. Very satisfactory shade can be provided at very low cost
by means of posts and cross poles covered with reeds or corn stalks
or old sorghum hay. (See fig. 9.)
Concrete wallows filled with pure water offer perhaps the most
satisfactory method of supplying the stock with water. Earthen
wallows are used extensively, but there is difficulty in keeping them
Fie. 7.—Stock beets. This crop is receiving considerable attention as a feed crop for hogs,
12 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Fre. 8.—Hogs are profitably pastured on winter oats.
clean; further, the sticky mud often adheres to the bellies of the
hogs, sometimes causing sores, particularly in the case of sows with
suckling pigs. Watering troughs are used, but there is danger of
the supply failing at a critical time; further, it appears advisable for
the animals to get into the water.
During warm weather various pests, such as lice and mange, attack
the hogs. A very simple remedy for prevention and cure is the use
of crude oil as a disinfectant. This may be apphed directly from
a sprayer or by pouring on the backs of the animals, or it may be
placed in a rubbing post. It is not uncommon to place the crude oil
on the surface of the water in the wallows. When the pests become
well established before being discovered, an emulsion of coal oil and
soap solution is commonly used as a spray.
Small scratches and the eyes and noses of pigs often become in-
fected during the summer and if these infections are not cleansed
they frequently cause considerable losses. Screw worms develop and
bury deeply into the flesh. The use of crude oil as above indicated
goes far toward preventing infection, but when screw worms have
developed they must be removed or killed by the use of chloroform
or the like.
Very few buildings are necessary for successful hog production;
a shade for summer, a slight protection from cold rains during
“northers” in winter, and farrowing pens for sows and pigs, fully
answer the requirements.
Pairying—This enterprise is receiving considerable attention,
whole milk and cream being sold. The number of farms that can
profitably sell whole milk is limited by the population of the towns
supplied, so that this method of disposing of the dairy products can
not be extended far beyond the present. There are a few very
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. 13
profitable whole-milk dairy farms in operation, generally close to
the towns.
Several creameries are in operation in the region and the farms
supplying the cream are generally fairly profitable. At the present
time large quantities of dairy products are brought into the lower
Rio Grande Valley from northern sources, so that there should be
a place for further development of this type of farming. Farms
selling cream do not appear quite so profitable as those selling whole
milk.
STABILITY OF TYPES OF FARMING.
From the foregoing discussion it appears that certain enterprises,
such as the production of truck crops, are decidedly risky in this area.
When the farms are properly organized, however, the total risk is
reduced, since the success or failure of any one enterprise is not de-
pendent upon or associated with another enterprise so far as market
conditions are concerned.
Stock farms and staple crop farms are more stable, but not gen-
erally so profitable as farms producing considerable truck properly
diversified. It appears that where the farm is so operated as to have
from 40 to 50 per cent of the crop acres (including double-cropped
land) in truck crops, better returns are made than when less truck
is raised. On these farms about 40 per cent of the crop area is double-
cropped and from 60 to 75 per cent of the total farm receipts are from
the sale of truck products. Practically the whole farm produces
staple crops during the summer and about one-half of it is in truck
during the winter.
Hog raising in connection with truck production appears profitable
and justified. A very large amount of otherwise waste material is
Fic. 9.—A cheap and satisfactory shade can be provided for the protection of hogs in
summer by means of posts, cross poles, and hay or straw.
14 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
utilized on the successful truck-hog farm. Truck production does not
appear to be generally successful where any considerable dairy busi-
ness is conducted, although there are not sufficient data to make this
conclusion definite.
FARM BUSINESS ILLUSTRATED.
For the purpose of showing the methods followed by farmers of
some experience in the region, the actual operation of farms of three
types is described, with some detail as to the character and extent of
crops, receipts, expenses, and profits.
A TRUCK FARM.
The first farm is one on which truck production is the main enter-
prise. It is located in Hidalgo County and comprises 83 acres, of
which 74 acres is crop land. On this 74 acres of crop land 100 acres
of crops were harvested, 26 acres being double cropped, from March
1, 1914, to March 1, 1915. This farm represents an investment of
$16,600 in real estate, or $200 per acre. Of the real estate valuation,
$1.100 covers buildings. The stock on the farm was valued at $913
at the beginning of the year and consisted of 6 work animals, worth
$450; 1 cow and 1 heifer, worth $145; hogs, worth $280; and poultry
valued at $38.
For the operation of the farm there were machinery and tools to
the value of $150, consisting of wagon, buggy, plows, cultivators, har-
rows, hoes, spades, etc. This equipment was estimated by the opera-
tor to have an average working life of about eight years. The amount
of cash required to be kept on hand for current expenses was $800.
Various crops were produced, the yields and sales from which are
shown as fellows:
Truck farm: Yields and sales of crops.
Crop. Acres.| Unit of yield. Yield. Sales.
Gorn ae eeh ete ee. SR ced oe oleh ge Na Gf) | WEES a kee 2, 500 $630
Sorehiim ¢ 7-3 a a ise ene | Oya ROMS see ee 20 (a)
COW PCRS Ht Reese so Ree oe mene epee tate, Sates a Sead 8. E25. ee eee (b)
GEASS DASHULe Se yee eee eee eo PR NS OR Stal Nome Dirs|l coercion wiclniseta 6 oe Oe eee eee eee
SnapiPGans se ee nee rere ene) es Sen ae nn 8 3\hBbushelis =e 600 900
10271] cy: Coz cae ire Mpa aee ye ee END Lea ue ee Mian Oe or tes Poe Pe 9 ONS ane eee 36 410
ONION Sees See ere eee Sn hk pee a aaa 8 Bushey sis Rees | 2, 500 1, 192
Green peas oe its ee See einer te See te See eet es lies oe dost. 42 eae 30 30
Letiicess. 20... See os oe SAP eats ae Same eee 1 ampere sen eee 350 128
POtatoes ose ee ee ee. Eee anes 1a |B ushel2s 0. tee eae 125 215
Miscellaneous *mursery.ClLCso— sae eee noose cee ee § ee Ae cee 280
LOLA Cr OP pee eo ose sre oe bra ee ee Co) Sl Ener SS Se | 3. 785
FLO2 SACS xx ae en oe ae oa SES Se Se eee he OE oe |e Se accion a een Se eee 352
Miscelaneouses eee. oh oee 5 ler car aaa ao oe ae ae Pee OU Bee eet mes | oes enrernees 7
| |{———_—______
Totalireceipise so: 202 soos aa os Soe se ee eee eal ae ee 4, 208
a Feed. vb Plowed under.
FARMING IN THE LOWER*RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. 15
The principal items of expense were as follows: Labor, $1,445;
seed, $163; crates, hampers, etc., $483; irrigation water, $451; taxes,
$55. The depreciation of the buildings and machinery for the year
was estimated by the operator to be $90. The total expenses of all
kinds for the year’s business to the operator, except the value of
his own labor, amounts to $2,671.
As has been shown, the total receipts from all sources amounted to
$4,208. When the expenses are deducted from the receipts the farm
income is $1,537. The operator valued his own labor at $600 per
year, which is deducted from the farm income. This shows a net
income of $937, which is 5 per cent on the total investment of $18,513.
The degree of double cropping could be increased with profit on
this farm. Only 35 per cent of the crop land produced a second crop
during the year, and 8 acres of this land was in cowpeas. Crops that
might increase profits by increased acreage are lettuce and potatoes.
An increase in the hog business doubtless would be profitable, pro-
viding slightly better management of the enterprise were provided.
The farm supports seven brood sows producing two litters each per
year.. With this increase in hogs would follow the production of
some other crops as hog feed, such as stock beets and oats for pas-
ture. Greater profits would be made if the $630 worth of corn sold
had been fed to hogs for the market.
The increase in acreage above suggested would not require the
addition of further equipment. The acreage of crops per work ani-
mal was less than 17 at the time of this study.
A HOG FARM.
The following data show the business of a fairly successful hog
farm located near the Rio Grande in Cameron County.
The farm consists of 71 acres, of which 59 acres is crop land. 7
acres permanent Bermuda grass pasture and 5 acres waste land. The
real estate investment amounts to $14,200, of which the dwelling
represents $800, barn, $200, and other buildings, $50. At the begin-
ning of the year’s business (1914-15) there was stock on the farm
valued at $1,160, distributed as follows: Two cows and 2 calves, $80;
6 head of work stock, $527; 15 brood sows and boar, $250; poultry,
$38; and 53 stands of bees, $265. Machinery and tools were valued
at $734. Feed on hand at the beginning of the year was valued at
#260, and the cash on hand for running expenses, $600. The total
investment was therefore $16,954.
16 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Few crops were raised, the principal crop being corn. Acreage
and yield of crops were as follows:
Hog farm: Acreage and yield of crops.
Crop. | Acres. Unit of yield.
| 6") 1c eS aA] SRR eS SoS Sea e Eee Ane See omS Sei sagen seT sae 47
Oats pasture: --..-22---- ‘
Milo maizeisccs . 25a
Alfalfa... ... Lee
Sorghum ......--...
stock Deets: - 22.2... =-
MMISCRIIAN CONS oo coe ak ae ie ce ae oe ae ieee eoeeimoes Seen ee
3
3
1
2
2
1
230 acres of corn was drowned out by river overflow, so that this yield was actually made on 17 acres.
No sales of crop products were made, all crops raised being fed on
the place. This farmer followed the practice of slaughtering all hogs
raised and selling the product as dressed meat. He was able to
make a fair profit on the labor of slaughtering.
The amount of actual hog sales for the year was $1,256. The value
of the stock increase on the farm for the year, exclusive of sales,
amounted to $1,544. Total receipts from all sources were $2,830.
The principal items of expense were as follows: Labor, $417; ma-
chinery repairs, $137; feed bought (principally corn), $339; and
irrigation water, $196. Depreciation of buildings and equipment was
estimated to be $212. The total expense of farm operation, exclusive
of the value of the operator’s own labor, was $1,538.
The farm income is $1,292; when the value of the operator’s labor
($450) is deducted, the net farm income is $842, or 5 per cent on the
investment of nearly $17,000.
The horse-labor efficiency on this farm is low, only 10 acres being
operated per animal. An automobile is used extensively for light
hauling. No double cropping is practiced. All the receipts are from
one source, namely, hogs. More machinery and tools are kept on this
farm than are efficiently utilized, which accounts for a high repair
bill in the expenses.
This farm could be made highly successful by diversification. The
present acreage of corn is apparently about right to supply the
farm needs when no accident such as overflow of the river interferes.
Four or five different truck crops should be added to the organization.
Doubtless more green forage. for the hogs would be profitable. These
increases in acreage of crops would increase the efficiency of equip-
ment. From 15 to 20 acres of other crops can be raised under this
organization and the principal added cost be only that for hired labor
and irrigation water. The hog business should remain at about its
present magnitude.
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. 17,
STAPLE CROP FARM.
Near the center of the irrigated district is a staple crop farm which
produces some truck and a few hogs as side lines. This farm is per-
haps better managed than the average, but an analysis of the business
shows where certain improvements in organization can be made.
The farm comprises 100 acres, of which 95 acres is crop land, on
which were produced during the year 113 acres of crops. The real
estate investment amounts to $20,000, of which the house represents
$500; barn, $100; and other buildings, $100. At the beginning of the
year of this study the farm was stocked as follows: Six head of work
stock, worth $680; 1 cow, $75; 6 brood sows and 36 other hogs, $390;
and poultry, $38. The machinery and tools considered necessary for
the cultivation of this irrigated farm were valued at $258. The
cash on hand required to run the business amounted to $500. Feed
on hand at the beginning of the year was worth $30. The total in-
vestment of the farm was therefore $21,971.
A considerable variety of crops was produced, the acreage, yield,
and sales of each being as follows:
Staple crop farm: Acreage, yields, and sales of crops.
|
Totalay |
Crop. Acres. Unit of yield. | yield | Sales.
| | | harvested.
| )
| |
COR. cdéssoadards6 Seoc ee See aes pee CEE aaa 8050) |) Bushel-2 22 =e es=-- 4, 550 $1, 407
SUMAN ARES. sc jo 0SAs Sosa so eebe segesbe sebeSeEeeoeseo gb G):| Wolsssgccepasadune | - Dial eee amt oe
WOW DeASmeeeeee tees sen ne se sae <ldloe ene ee we cicniee DIND: | Sane Seeiske Sane (GQ) | ee eee
UOC eS OTaSS reer ocicic occ ccc ccece wc eee -cinnel ee IO}; | ESA eae Ne meses hse. | (5) es | eee ay
STOO OOO Sccdes Ss ees ee SRO OBE n eo SO}; | pel OMe ee oe ae 80st ae eae
OLS Meee eee aistala lore Sialai cicyeis iste sien ts sos velersre Or eee do. 2h ere ER
PA Teil fate te eric taiel ele in)a minh cielalsje wJejetecie clone meen DAO Wee Clonee ace DIES eee
Calla emnee ees as-ceisii Siacesecciice sce eee chee TOROH Reser do.. | 48 725
Nee LUUCOm eer ner eee ee aces ss ccssaascmein- cn -etclen geo a O%| eam Peres ese. | 850 425
MiscellaneouStmere ects bie -nlcc scat aise ns eden ZROE| seams ere ere a See kara OSE 2 et ee
pS LOCKES AOS HERE eres oie (cie ee a olccins Sa ie cide ie ce ale Geeeeyeee lewis cere tect eyes Ieee eae eae 614
Receipts for outside work. . .-- Sepa adatdjocid Lies aR ees eee Ce eP eee mmEeE Eats Gira S20 Lanes 255
Motaleestauerianek foe Pelee e lessee S| TU SHOR eats eee ee tis AEE BE 3,426
a Plowed under. b New.
The principal items of expense for the year’s business were: Hired
labor, $800; feed bought, $100; seed, $70; crates, hampers, etc., $106;
and irrigation water, $320. The total expenses for the year, includ-
ing depreciation, were $1,573.
When expenses are deducted from receipts the farm income is seen
to be $1,853. The operator valued his own labor at $720. When this
is deducted from the farm income there is left a net farm income of
$1,133. This represents a return of 5 per cent on the farm investment
of approximately $22,000.
This farm produced second crops on 19 per cent of its crop land.
Each work animal covered the equivalent of 19 acres of crops.
Slightly more than 41 per cent of the receipts were from the sale of
18 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
corn. The returns from the truck crop, cabbage, were low, the small
yield indicated being all that was harvested. There was little market
demand for, cabbage so the remainder of the crop, about 8 tons per
acre, was not cut. The same is truetof lettuce, the average price re-
ceived for the amount harvested being 50 cents per hamper, which is
approximately the cost of production.
The acreage of second crops could be increased on this farm with-
out increasing the amount of working capital. These second crops
would be principally truck, other than cabbage and lettuce. Prac-
tically the only added expenses would be for hired labor and cost
of irrigation water. The overhead expenses for the farm would
remain practically the same. Increasing acreage of crops without
added work stock would increase the efficiency of the animals and
reduce the proportionate cost of horse labor to the various crops.
Since in general not all of the truck crops fail at the same time,
crops other than cabbage and lettuce doubtless would have brought
good returns, so that the truck business of the farm would have been
profitable instead of only returning cost of production, as in this case.
Other crops for hog feed should be included in the organization
and the magnitude of the hog business increased. The corn sold
would doubtless have been more profitable if fed to hogs.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
Conditions of irrigation and the varied character of the soils are
factors which are new to nearly all who come to the region from other
parts of the United States. Drainage, either natural or artificial, is
necessary under all irrigation projects.
SOILS.
The soils of the irrigated district are varied in character, both with
respect to differences in types and to differences in groups of types
or series. Soils of the upland which are residual in character are of
loam or sandy loam, and are located approximately to the north of
the railroad in Hidalgo County. The soils of southern Hidalgo and
Cameron Counties are derived from the delta formation (river de-
posits), and vary in texture from heavy black clay to medium-
textured silt loams. These soils are affected somewhat by the tem-
porary overflows of the present time. A silty soil known locally as
“chocolate loam” is found along many of the resacas; this type is
one of the best of the region on account of its ease of cultivation and
_ better drainage conditions. The upland soils, on account of their
lighter texture, have some underdrainage, which improves this con-
dition materially in the western part of the region.
Practically all of the well-drained soils contain considerable per-
centages of lime, so important in the production of alfalfa. Al soils
of the region are exceptionally fertile and very productive when
proper drainage and irrigation conditions are provided.
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT, 19
ALKALI.
Some of the low-lying soils contain alkali and, as is the case with
all irrigated regions in dry climates, the use of irrigation water
intensifies this condition. This is more particularly true near the
larger canals, where seepage water permeates the bordering land.
The use of drainage ditches and particularly opened “borrow pits”
helps materially to improve this condition.t Tile drainage is some-
times resorted to where proper outlets are available. Thorough
drainage will overcome these seeped and alkaline soil conditions.
CLIMATE.
The climate of the region is mild and healthful. The winters are
sufficiently warm for the production of the principal truck crops.
While the summers are comparatively long, they are not excessively
hot, temperature seldom being higher than 98° F. There are short
periods of disagreeable weather conditions in winter known as
“northers,” which are the southern phase of blizzards of the north-
west and are accompanied generally by considerable wind and rain.
The temperature often falls to the freezing point during these
periods.
The average date of the first killing frost in the fall is December
21 and of the last in the spring February 6. The earliest frost date
on record is November 15, and the latest in spring is March 5. It is
not uncommon for a winter to pass without a single frost.
The average annual rainfall is approximately 27 inches, with the
greatest monthly rainfall occurring during June and September.
On account of the fact that many of the rains are torrential in char-
acter, the total precipitation is not so beneficial as is the case with
slower and well-distributed rainfall. Not infrequently the annual
rainfall reaches a maximum of 40 inches, while it may be as low as
12 inches per year.
There are occasional seasons when the rainfall is so well distributed
and in such quantity as to make irrigation unnecessary. Indeed, in
the vicinity of Lyford and Raymondville ali crops are produced
under dry-farming conditions, though the strictest methods of mois-
ture conservation are necessary for successful farming.
The region is generally healthful, the subtropical diseases being
very rare or nonexistent. Mosquitoes, fleas, and other insects are not
serious pests to the inhabitants. On account of the mild climate
there are a number of insect pests and plant diseases that attack
crops to some extent.
1A “borrow pit’ is an excavation or ditch bordering a canal from which earth has
been taken to form the banks of a canal. The pits are often irregular in size and depth,
but when opened from one to another successively, drainage of seepage water from the
canal may be effected.
20 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Fic. 10.—The Rio Grande. This is the source of water for irrigation purposes.
IRRIGATION.
As above stated, crops are sometimes produced without irrigation,
but during most seasons irrigation is essential to the best production.
All water for irrigation purposes is taken from the Rio Grande
(see fig. 10), which borders the district on the south. Private capi-
tal has developed 20 or more separate systems for supplying water
to farmers. Companies are incorporated under Texas laws, and
when land is bought by the farmer contracts must be made with the
companies to supply the necessary irrigation water.
The cost of water to the farmers varies considerably under differ-
ent companies. Under some systems water is contracted for by the
year at a stipulated price per acre. In such cases the farmer may
produce as many crops and make as many irrigations as he desires.
In other cases a flat rate of $3 or $4 per acre per annum is charged
by the company, and then each acre irrigation costs $1 above this flat
rate. This method is becoming common. In still other cases water
is furnished at a stipulated price per crop.
The land companies and irrigation companies are generally sepa-
rate organizations, although the same men are not infrequently
directors in each.
On account of the many difficulties encountered in the develop-
ment of irrigation systems, as well as in securing land buyers rap-
idly enough to place most of the land under irrigation quickly, some
of the companies have had considerable financial difficulties. Under
these conditions it is common for the farmers under the system to
organize irrigation districts under the laws of Texas, issue and sell
bonds, and purchase the irrigation systems. The land is the security
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. PHA |
for these bonds. Under this method the landowners become the
owners of the irrigation systems and operate them through their own
representatives.
There are many instances where for various reasons water has not
been furnished. This has caused considerable loss to the farmers
and accounts to some extent for the withdrawal of many farmers
from the region. Many of those who have moved away have lost
considerable portions of their original investments.
While the prices paid by the districts for the irrigation systems
are frequently high, the operation of the plants by the farmers
themselves will doubtless insure water to the farmers with much
greater certainty than has been customary in the past.
LAND TITLES AND PRICES.
Title to the land of the region was in general originally derived from
the Spanish and Mexican Governments. Grants of many thousands
of acres with a frontage on the Rio Grande were ceded to individuals
before Texas became a part of the United States, and title to much
of this land has never existed in the name of the State of Texas or
of the United States. In opening for settlement, options were
secured on the land and sometimes titles from the descendants of
the original grantees. Land companies were organized for the
purpose of reselling the land to actual farmers. A complete chain
of title to this land is usually furnished by the companies for the
purpose of examination by intending purchasers. It is possible to
have these titles guaranteed by companies authorized to act under
the laws of Texas. As soon as the irrigation companies had installed
the pumping plants and provided sufficient canals so that even small
quantities of water could be supplied, the land was placed on the
market. By means of advertising in many other parts of the United
States farmers and others are induced to come to the region to
buy land.
Prices vary considerably under different companies, ranging from
about $100 to $300 per acre for raw land. These prices pay for the
water contracts as above described. Individuals outside of the com-
panies hold land at from $40 to $75 per acre, but these lands do not
always carry contracts for delivery of water by the irrigation
companies.
Land may be rented either on the share basis or for cash at very
reasonable rates, considering the price of land. Many farms have
been operated by cash tenants for the consideration of from $3 to
$10 per acre. The average cash rent for land, as estimated by 59
farmers of the area, is approximately $7 per acre.
22 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
LABOR.
The laborers of the section are almost altogether Mexican.
Searcely any negroes are encountered (1915). This labor is em-
ployed by the day, by the week, or by contract. Ordinarily laborers
are secured at from $0.75 to $1 per day without rations, and the rate
is practically the same by the week. In some instances laborers and
their families are provided with houses (jacals) on the farms, and
the labor is utilized as needed. This practice tends to secure sta-
bility and also increases the efficiency of the labor.
Practice has established that the employment of Mexican labor by
contract is the cheapest and generally the most efficient. For such
work as clearing land, transplanting and harvesting truck crops,
etc., contract labor is commonly utilized. This method is particu-
larly satisfactory since men, women, and children of the Mexican
families perform labor of this character.
Mexican labor is comparatively inefficient, owing partly to lack of
intelligence and lack of knowledge of good methods. While the
average cost of hired labor is about $0.80 per day the cost of super-
vision as shown by records from 59 farms is $0.75 per day, so that the
actual cost to the farmer is approximately $1.50 per day. A large
percentage of the Mexican laborers can not speak English.
TRANSPORTATION.
The lower Rio Grande Valley is provided with only one railroad
to outside markets. The St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico lines (part
of the St. Louis & San Francisco system) connect Brownsville with
Houston, a distance of 372 miles (see fig. 1). By means of the San
Antonio & Aransas Pass lines connection is made at Sinton, Tex.,
for San Antonio.
The St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway operates a branch
line from Harlingen west to Mercedes, Mission, San Fordyce, and
other points. Since the shipment of perishable produce has reached
a considerable magnitude some difficulty has been encountered in the
past in securing cars for freight transportation.
A local line, the San Benito & Rio Grande, known as the “ Spider-
web” (see fig. 1) operates northeast and southwest from San Benito.
A branch line of the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway con-
nects San Juan with Edinburg, the county seat of Hidalgo County.
Another line extends north from Mission to Monte Christo.
The Rio Grande Railway, one of the oldest railroads in Texas, con-
nects Brownsville with Point Isobel and Brazos Santiago Pass.
Before the construction of the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Rail-
way to Brownsville, this line furnished the principal means of trans-
portation. Formerly small freight and passenger boats from Gulf
seaports entered Laguna Madre through Brazo Santiago Pass to
FARMING IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE DISTRICT. Des
Point Isobel. Very little if any commerce is now carried on between
Point Isobel and other Gulf ports.
MARKETS.
Brownsville, with a population of over 10,000, is the largest city
of the region, and is located on the Rio Grande. San Benito, Har-
lingen, La Feria, Mercedes, Donna, Edinburg, Pharr, McAllen, and
Mission each have a population of less than 5,000 people. The local
consumption of farm produce, therefore, is quite limited. Houston
and San Antonio are the nearest of the larger markets. <A large
volume of the perishable produce is sent to middle western cities,
such as Kansas City, St. Louis, Omaha, Chicago, and St. Paul. Oc-
casionally shipments are made as far east as New York City. The
most important market for live hogs is Fort Worth, although Houston
receives considerable numbers.
CONCLUSIONS.
The information and conclusions contained in this bulletin apply
to conditions as they existed prior to the European war, and should
in no way be interpreted as pertaining to abnormalities brought
about by this cause. The data here presented were gathered during
1914 and 1915.
For farmers who desire a mild, healthful climate, the lower Rio
Grande Valley is very desirable. A considerable amount of capital
is required to develop an irrigated farm and a reasonable knowledge
of general farming is of primary importance. For successful busi-
ness, on account of climatic conditions and possibilities of irrigation,
intense cultivation and good managerial ability are essential. Super-
vision of the Mexican labor must be close for its most efficient use.
Good land can be secured at prices ranging from $50 to $250 per
acre, or it may be rented for from $3 to $10 per acre. Drainage and
allxali conditions should be investigated carefully before purchasing
land.
It appears that farms of less than 40 acres are not so successful as
those of larger size. In general, staple crop and stock farms are
larger in acreage than truck farms, although the last-named type,
being more intense, does a larger business, acre for acre, than do
farms of the other types.
The double cropping is of prime importance. This increases the
magnitude of the business with but little effect in capitalization, and
materially increases the profits. When 50 per cent of the crop land is
utilized for a second crop the net returns are greater than when a
smaller acreage is double cropped.
24 BULLETIN 665, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The most successful farms are those which produce a considerable
diversity of truck crops during the winter months, practically the
whole farm being in staple crops during the summer. The growing
of truck and feed crops, with hogs as a side line, makes one of the
most satisfactory types of organization from the standpoint of
stability and profits. It appears that it is more profitable to feed
corn to stock than to sell it on the market, although when produced
as a side line it is generally profitable.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1918
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
>
BULLETIN No. 666
Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER May 9, 1918
THE EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS.
By Euaenre Buoomsera, formerly Assistant Chemist, Buffalo Food and Drug
Inspection Station.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page
Purpose of the investigation................- 1 | Ashratios in untreated and treated cocoas... 16
Description of investigationalsamples....... 3 | Action of various alkalies on cocoas.......... 18
Analyses of untreated and treated cocoas.... 4 | Appearance of the cocoas..-......-.......... 19
Water-soluble matter in untreated and treated Conclusionsasmeseee sce cies aaa e nee neieses 20
COCOA SP NaeE re ares) 5 See ia 9
Composition of the water-soluble matter in
untreated and treated cocoas........-..-..- 14
PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION.
N THE PROCESS of the manufacture of cocoa, the cocoa beans
are roasted, the shells removed, the nibs crushed in a mill, and the
resultant product placed in a press whereby a part of the cocoa
butter is removed. The press cake.is then ground and sifted to
form the cocoa of commerce. By the removal of this portion of fat
the color of the cocoa is made considerably lighter. For many years
it has been the endeavor of manufacturers of cocoa to darken the
color of the cocoa so that it would more closely resemble chocolate.
This effect has been sought in various ways, but the most prevalent
method is by the addition of alkalies or alkaline carbonates. Am-
‘monium carbonate and magnesium carbonate have also been used
with this end in view. In this article the term ‘alkali treatment”’
will be understood to include the treatment of cocoa not only with the
alkalies or alkaline carbonates, but also with such salts as ammonium
carbonate and magnesium carbonate. This process is quite generally
known as the ‘‘Dutching” process, and the cocoas made therefrom
as ‘‘Dutched”’ or “‘Dutch process” cocoas. The name is derived
from the fact that this method of treating cocoa originated in Holland.
Attempts have been made at various times to develop this en-
hanced color by means other than the addition of chemicals. Treat-
ment with steam, under pressure; wetting the cocoa and allowing
45789°—18—Bull. 666—1
2 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
it to ferment and then stopping the fermentation by heat; or simply
adding water to the cocoa and heating the product to drive off this
added water, have all been employed. When alkalies are used, the
cocoa beans are partly roasted, then cracked, and the shells removed.
The nibs are then treated, either in the roaster or in a separate
kettle, with the salt dissolved in water, or, in the case of magnesium
carbonate, made into an emulsion with water. The roast is then
finished, heat being applied gradually to drive off the water com-
pletely. Sometimes this procedure is varied by roasting the beans
entirely and cracking and winnowing them, adding the chemical
to the cracked nibs in a water-jacketed kettle and applying heat until
the product is dry. Although the first occasion for the employment
of any of these methods was undoubtedly an attempt to develop a
darker color in cocoas, it was later claimed that the alkali treatment
renders the cocoa more soluble in water. There is practically no
doubt that any of these treatments produces a cocoa which forms
a more perfect suspension in the cup and which does not separate
as readily from the water solution as does an untreated cocoa. This
is largely due to the fact that a portion of the starch is gelatinized
by the action of the water in the treatment of the cocoa. It is also
claimed that the alkali disintegrates some of the cell walls, and in this
way enables the cocoa to stand up better in the cup.
This investigation was undertaken primarily with a view to ascer-
taining whether the alkali treatment does in fact render the cocoa
more soluble, and what changes take place in the cocoa as a result
of this treatment. Comparatively little work has been done on the
subject of alkali-treated or ‘‘Dutched’’ cocoas, and _ practically
none with the object of the investigation here reported.
Farnstemer + has made an exhaustive study of the effect on the
cocoa ash of the addition of varying amounts of potassium carbonate
and magnesium carbonate to cocoa. His work was carried out by
treating the raw cocoa bean, which had been shelled and ground as
finely as possible, with a definite amount of these reagents, ashing
the mixture, and determining the ash constants on this product.
In addition to this, he has worked out formulas for the determination
of the amount of alkali used. He also examined a large number of
cocoas in the same way, and endeavored from his researches to
determine the percentage and kind of alkali employed. Other refer-
ences to treated cocoas may be found in ‘‘Cocoa and Chocolate.”’ ?
Practically the only subjects treated of in this book are the ash
constants and the method of manufacture of Dutch process cocoa.
1Z. Nahr. Genussm. (1908) 16: 625-645.
2 Whymper, P, Blakiston’s Son & Co. (1912): 103-110, 117, 231-238,
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS. 38
DESCRIPTION OF INVESTIGATIONAL SAMPLES.
Practically all samples analyzed in this investigation were obtained
directly from the manufacturer, the kind and percentage of alkali
employed being known in nearly every case. As far as possible,
samples were obtained from the same manufacturer of both treated
and untreated cocoas made from the same blend of beans, ascer-
taining where possible what beans were used in the blend. The
samples taken represent the products of a large majority of the
manufacturers of so-called ‘‘Dutch process”? cocoa in this country,
and also four of the most popular foreign brands. In addition to
these, samples were taken of plain cocoas manufactured by those
concerns which made no ‘‘Dutch process’ cocoa, for the purpose of
determining the constants of a plain cocoa which could by no means
be contaminated with a ‘‘Dutched”’ cocoa. Moisture and fat de-
terminations were made on each sample so that all other determina-
tions could be calculated to a moisture and fat free basis and the
results made comparable. Table 1 gives the number of each sample,
the variety of bean, the kind and percentage of alkali, and the
amount of moisture and fat. Moisture was determined by drying at
the temperature of boiling water for four hours. The fat was deter-
mined by extracting the sample in a Knorr extractor with anhydrous
ether for four hours.
TaBLE 1.—Description of samples.
No. Blend. Kind and percentage of alkali. Moisture.| Fat.
Per cent. | Per cent.
1 | treet ce sla ciascccte- ose cceiscscses | Untreated 2: 9552558 sect epee epee 4.07 17. 81
ONES anrerasi yee e 628 RRS 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate-...... 2. 34 18. 98
zou Accra; Bahia, Guyaquil. 252.2... -: | Steamitreatedls (2 pao eoe eee ce eeeene 4.31 18. 45
AG PN CCTASOaNCHeZher.) soz sec aeeeeee | 3 per cent potassium carbonate. .....-. 1.98 21.15
Om eG uyaquil MB ahia =... scclecc-< | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate.-..-. 2.47 23. 56
Gi eas ORME cicicieicver = cie'ae <inieiicteteis wel 0.32 per cent ammonium carbonate, 4, 40 20. 65
1.65 per cent potassium bicarbonate,
0.15 per cent sodium bicarbonate.
i@lpoanchezyGuyaquil... 5.22.2 20.-<.- , 2.84 per cent sodium bicarbonate -...-. Bh Te 20. 90
8 | Guyaquil, Sanchez, La Guaira, | 2 per cent potassium bicarbonate, 1 3. 49 20. 23
Bahia. per cent ammonium carbonate.
9} Trinidad, La Guaira, Bahia, San | 0.663 per cent potassium carbonate, 3. 49 | 18. 22
Thome. ae per cent ammonium carbo-
nate. |
10 | Bahia, Arriba, Trinidad, Porto Ca- | 2 per cent potassium bicarbonate, 1 3.94 | 19. 20
bello, Maracaibo, Ceylon. per cent ammonium carbonate. |
Te | Me ee ob ence wot eeeis ce 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate...... 2.92 25. 28
HDB Rete tei ia aso a lnloid save arele's rien eeiinialll tele wie GON Mo. URS See eee mene 3. 03 17.90
Serene so eee Untreated soi. eee eae sansa eee 3.78 16. 62
HLA Epp a eet eoloia teste oid vin oie. sisretnieteieetsiete Watentreatedtee a eesessseee neers 3.07 | 20.12
15S, | SEEN) CAS) Td Sa ee Ae eae 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate, 10 | 3.19 25.48
per cent water. |
1 |) SEI OCI See eeenneeiSs ce aes 1.5 per cent potassium carbonate, 1.5 | 4.55 | 20. 68
per cent sodium carbonate.
I? |leodoStScouo des Cea eee EeEEE Hee aecseae. SOdiumMcar bona teweeeeet es: a. os seee= 2. 74 22. 37
IG Wee oh oatee bone BO Ce eS eee E eee Oooo hemes GORi.....2 Se See esc eees cece 2. 60 21.18
HOM MSanchezwrrinidad:. .-.--stcssqecu--- Untreated - a ss ssppe eee ceeee a eeeeeee 3. 62 21.28
0) laeasoe CORRS Fes 5: Re 2.5 per cent sodium carbonate-.._...-- 2.50 | 21.25
OT 2 oo a a5 oo cee pine ee 2 per cent sodium carbonate.........-- 2. 81 23.21
OP 6 cece bone Se CSN Dee EEE EEReE ou aodEeHe 1 per cent potassium carbonate. -...-.- 1.95 | 20. 68
9B}: || SERIO OP) CCA ee SSee ta Soe Untreatedsex<)\. = Nees hae cae 2. 65 15. 89
DAG Pere te ee oto clos ee eee ees 1 per cent potassium carbonate. -...-.- 1. 80 18. 84
25 eae rial oia as oon cere eer Untreated#.=. .- = ees ee eee see ce eee 4.30 22.71
Os ||) Seine) CRO. a ak Rass osoeGes 4 per cent ammonium carbonate... --. 4.78 | 20.18
(ia | He ete aac siSetie erencyns aise o'e!ain!a slaterpereeisiers Fermentation process..........-...--- 3. 83 | 28.35
Oe} |} LEU E Sees ne ee OS tsn Sosa 1 per cent potassium carbonate. .....-. 4.38 | 17. 42
4 BULLETIN 666, U. 5S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLE 1.—Description of samples—Continued.
No. Blend. Kind and percentage ofalkali. Moisture. Fat.
Per cent. | Per cent.
29 TDabiae seo gceee.- = <tr ee - eee Untreatedso:t eee sc: . . | ase cae 5.00 17. 96
80. ees Bsns Oana So Ccee eo lcamee 0:22 Se aS; 35s SP Se 3.30 21.59
Sl) |;sameias|s0lase ens. - ceases - cee 2 per cent sodium carbonate..........- 3. 25 20. 63
Soe eee Oe Se 3. 55 ae... A ee Untreated eet. 02) 2 SS Re ES 4. 56 12. 37
35) || SUES RPE So ee Ree oo oeee a 3 per cent sodium bicarbonate... .....-- 3. 50 16. 54
34) Importedcocoa, alkali treated... sec] post - cj seeece nearer Meee Decne 4, 64 28. 37
Son Seer OPER eek co SR ee ode aA. . ceo oie 4.60 27.4
RSG) oaks wee costes 2s 30 See - Ree Untresateds2s: 2522... - See ee 3.75 24. 44
Bia) amported cocoa, alkali treated... 2eeee|(osccss nce aecene + - <pbeBes soe aera 5.13 25. 10
Shh] ae GO ee as oss SAS oS a 5 SESE CR Re crc aS ee ec aan 3.96 24. 42
WSO) ethene oertae ornate oaks Cin een. c emia Untreatediac. feiss. soca eee eee 2. 81 22. 50
WN [5 3 See) Os cee Se Se hs Se = a5 SO LY Pa Bae GOs Sse seyek. otc's ee ts as 4. 80 25. 20
1 te Re Se ke 2 aS ee a eR 2 a pore GOs Saree snes). c Ho eae eee 4.18 23.42
LAO ATHIDS, Nrimig ad ees Js oees 5 sa nimemerl bee = GOR ee sete a.) soe Se ee 2.05 23. 52
143 | Arriba, Bahia, Accra, Sanchez......|..... Co Coens ies aia er Meg pa ee 2.00 23. 22
AAR es es Yeo PET ye SS. (SS ek | Pe GOL EPS CRED. .; SORE Es hee 3. 61 15. 52
CAS Ns Ss See = are ee a ee Ser, | Wa Gees ae eye ae 3.90 26. OL
AGP MAING AS AGRE ONE See. yl Pke cee eee 1 per cent ofa mixture of magnesium 3. 66 18.77
carbonate and potassium carbonate.
0 ee PR hay es Ee es a, aS 2 Untreated eters s: 2s 5 ese ae 4, 62 18. 60
ABA ee esa Se. he see eemecec teks «storied |aeeee Co LS ee Be occ 4.73 21. 83
AQ | RSA SSeS Eee segs). ee. od hee 1 per cent of a mixture of magnesium 2D) 28. 40
carbonate and potassium carbonate.
Ge Sao Set 2 bs SRI ces a aaa ae Be eae 1.75 per cent magnesium carbonate. ... 3.00 30. 00
Es ees ot Se a a eae eee S Untreated.t. Ses. 2.5. av sasesececae 4.78 25. 94
GY) | See gs Bs © oe ee Ae See es AR 2 per cent of a mixture of magnesium 3.70 19. 83
| carbonate and potassium carbonate.
ON | See eric seer eee cae <a seen ee SS 1.5 per cent ofa mixture of magnesium 6.12 28. 63
and potassium carbonates.
UY 9 EHS 55.2 eee 5 eis oe ee ana pat Untreatedt ass. So RAL) CEP oe te eae 5.31 21.98
Gs) | = oe a oe hiae Oa 5 aaa dae See le Re GOs Se eee ek cc ee ee 2. 83 21. 23
2556 | aoe nee ee eee oe eee Sen eee eee Seer Gone eee eres 2 £0 Fee ee ae 2.46 24.48
LUGY fl pessee seraee 5a oro raat aoe ements A aie OR 6 eee tao See eee a5 Seem ere 5.08 22.68
UGS) een 55598 eee bsp cbd 4 Saas susan as seaetlee aee GOD iC BREE Ee. Ce re ree 5. 21 22. 68
1 Manufactured by concerns which make no ‘“‘ Dutch process” cocoa.
As the percentage of moisture in the alkali-treated cocoas varies
from 1.80 to 6.12 per cent, and in the untreated cocoas from 2 to
5.31 per cent, it is evident that practically all the water which is
added in the treatment is driven off.
The percentage of fat in the alkali-treated cocoas varies from
16.54 to 30 per cent; that in the untreated cocoas varies from 12.37
to 26.01 per cent. Judging from these results, it is possible to
remove more fat from the untreated cocoa than from a treated one,
inasmuch as there are three samples of the untreated cocoas which
contain less fat than the minimum of the treated cocoas. In cases
where the treated and untreated cocoas are made from the same
blend of beans and in the same way, almost invariably the alkali-
treated cocoa contains a higher percentage of fat.
ANALYSES OF UNTREATED AND TREATED COCOAS.
Determinations of total ash, water-soluble and water-insoluble
ash, alkalinity of the soluble ash, alkalinity of the insoluble ash, and
protein were made on each sample. The Gunning method was used
for the determination of nitrogen. The other determinations were
made in the ordinary way, using methyl orange as an indicator in
the titration of the alkalinities. The results obtained are given in
Table 2, which contains the analyses of the untreated cocoas, Table 3,
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COGOAS. 5
containing the analyses of the treated cocoas, and Table 4, showing
the result of alkali treatment by listing the treated and untreated
cocoas of the same blend together. All results are calculated to a
moisture- and fat-free basis.
TABLE 2.—Analyses of untreated cocoas.
: Alkalinity of ash (N/J0 acid
Ash. apebh 3
per gram of sample).
No. ee : mK et | Protein
Wat Wat Wat Wat pence
. ater- ater- Jater- ater-
Total. soluble. jinsoluble.| soluble. jinsoluble. Total.
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Ce: (Ue Ce: Per cent.
7.94 2.81 6.13 3.05 5. 05 8.10 30. 32
8. 57 3. 54 5. 03 2.70 5. 50 8. 20 29. 84
7. 54 2.73 4.81 2.40 5.15 7.55 33.3
7.16 2.99 4.17 2.55 4.80 he oo: 33.48
7.05 2.79 4.26 220 5. 00 zo) 33. 20
7.50 2.81 4.69 2.30 4.95 Zo, 31.33
8.30 2.74 5. 56 2.35 5. 60 7.95 33. 43
8.16 PA tha) 5.41 1.95 5. 65 7.60 33. 84
7.28 1.59 5. 69 2.50 Oalo: 7.65 32.03
7.17 2.74 4.43 2525 Deo) 7.50 33. 63
6.94 2.66 4.28 1.90 4.7 6. 60 30. 02
7.63 2237, 5. 26 2.35 Sye0: Wet 32. 7
edd 2.02 5.30 1.80 4.70 6. 50 26. 78
6.99 2.33 4.66 2.10 4.90 7.00 31.58
6.94 2.15 4.7 2.00 P45) he2o 31.61
7.80 2. 20 5. 60 2.00 Delp 7.15 29.79
7.95 2.46 5.49 2.45 5. 05 7.50 31.68
7.56 2.46 5.10 2.45 yal 7.60 33. 54
7.56 2.08 5. 48 2.20 5. 60 7.80 31.49
8.97 2.48 6.49 2230 5.15 7.50 31.55
8.97 3. 54 6.49 3. 05 5. 65 8. 20 33. 84
6.94 1.59 4.17 1.80 4.70 6. 50 26. 78
7.62 2. 54 5. 08 2.30 5.15 7.45 3L75
TRON 3.76 3.45 3. 20 4.90 8.10 31.93
8.10 4.62 3.48 4. 00 4.35 8.35 31.08
Neo 3.88 3.49 3.35 4.60 8.00 2.97
8.34 4.61 3.73 4.05 5525 9.30 31.48
bad ew Silos SARE HEC eee 9. 80 7.44 2.36 6. 80 4.90 TZ, 30. 33
Here ee tect a\s ates Gisie ins Soe 7.49 4.18 3.31 3.25 4.45 7.70 33. 64
Ml ccsace tenon sa Oe 8.45 1.61 6. 84 1.15 6.35 7.50 40. 03
Samples 1, 13, 29, and 30 were supposed to have been untreated
cocoas, but they were made in a factory which also makes treated
cocoas. Judging from the analytical data, they were contaminated
with a certain amount of alkali-treated cocoa during the process of
manufacture, for which reason they are excluded from the averages.
Sample 3 was supposed to have been made by the straight steam
treatment in place of having any added alkali. Sample 14 was
made by thoroughly soaking the nibs and reroasting. These sam-
ples, however, were made only on an experimental scale. Inasmuch
as they were run through the regular cocoa machinery in which
“Dutch process’? cocoa had been made, they were undoubtedly
contaminated, as were the other samples. Sample 27 was made by
a fermentation process, wetting the nibs and allowing them to fer-
ment for some time in a warm place before finishing the roast. It
will be noticed that the mdicated protein in this sample is excep-
tionally high. This would lead to the conclusion that a certain amoant
6 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of some ammonium salt was added to these nibs, either during the
fermentation or in the water in which they were soaked.
TABLE 3.—Analyses of alkali-treated cocoas.
Alkalinity of ash (N/10
Ash. acid ee gram of
sample).
pores Protein
No. Alkali. 7 6:35)
: Water-| 7... | Water- rey
Total. Wels insol- pater. insol- | Total.
soluble. uble. solubie. uble.
LR (Big || Leta Ais | Jetapiete. Ce. Ce. Ce Per ct.
4 | 3 percent potassium carbonate.....--.-- 11.45 6.52 4.93 7.90 4.20} 12.10 32.72
2 | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate....-.--.. 8.36 4.89 3.47 4.00 4.90 8.90 31.72
ya alae (0 ie Saas Bes Gees mee Bee oo ean 10. 52 6.63 3.90 5.90 4.55 | 10.45 32.57
iti es GO oes soso ee acs =| 2 see cists sie oes 11.49 8.75 2.74 7.25 6.15 | 13.40 33.18
iba nese GON eee nie es « nigee censor ieee 11.00 8.08 2.92 7.35 5.40 | 12.75 33.79
15 | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate and 10))
PeLicentiwategee oon. eee. oo oo eee ep alleCye 8. 87 2.20 7.75 4.80 | 12.55 32.20
28 | 1 per cent potassium carbonate. .-..--..- > teal 5.98 2.33 5.10 4.80 9.90 33, 04
DASE ces CO re oon nescence. ee peees | 9.07 5.22 3. 85 4.80 5.35 | 10.15 31.45
773) Bees GN 56 hbo soceosboodbecs saaebess oeoSe 9.20 5. 82 3.38 5.45 5.35 | 10.80 32.59
33 | 3 per cent sodium bicarbonate........... 8.76 6.54 PPP 6.65 ONODM eeelerd 32.87
7 | 2.84 per cent sodium bicarbonate....-..-.- 10.48 7.96 2.52 6.60 5.90 | 12.50 31.09
20 | 2.5 per cent sodium carbonate.-.-...-.-.--- 11.45 8.17 3.28 | 11.15 5.25 | 16.40 29.57
21 | 2 per cent sodium carbonate.........-..- 10.97 8.15 2.82 9.95 4.90 | 14.85 28. 71
Sal eeue. Ooo ee eet nie oie elsine ee censor 10. 23 7.54 2.69 8. 60 5.30 | 13.90 29.62
18a MOdIMICATbONa tems er ecm eee eee 11.39 6.99 4.40 7.70 5.30 | 13.00 30.45
Ff eeoee (G)-5 sb dee mo socbecdesnoAdase noses 55 9.60 7.32 2.28 8.20 5.15 |) 13535 32.17
26 | 4 per cent ammonium carbonate. .-....-- 6) 2.87 4.79 2.25 5.10 7.35 36.18
50 | 1.75 per cent magnesium carbonate. ...-- 8.91 2.43 6.48 2.40 6. 20 8.60 30.69
8 | 2 per cent potassium bicarbonate and 1
per cent ammonium carbonate...-....- | Deo 6.97 2.53 6.25 5.40 | 11.65 31.29
LON | Secs GOB Beeston Mase ieee eee 8.59 5.75 2.84 4,25 5.50 9.75 31.63
16 | 1.5 per cent potassium carbonate and 1.5
per cent sodium carbonate. .-...--.-.--- 11.62 9.36 2.26 | 10.35 4.85 | 15.20 31.92
9 | 0.66 per cent potassium carbonate and
0.33 per cent ammonium carbonate. - 9.15 5.22 3.83 4.40 5.55 9.95 31.29
52 | 2 percent (magnesium carbonate and po-
TASSIUMICALDONaLC) see eee cece anes 7.78 4,25 3 fate 4.10 DZD 9.35, 27.75
53 | 1.5 per cent (magnesium carbonate and
potassium carbonate)...-...--.--....- 8.29 4.75 3.54 4.45 6.35 | 10.80 33.52
46 | 1 per cent (magnesium carbonate and
potassium carbonate)-.-.......-....... Ute BER 4.35 3.15 5.05 8.20 31.31
AON pees Gos Re eer Soaacoae ae: ce tapes 9.32; 5.08 4.24 4.50 5.00 9.50 30. 82
6 | 1.65 per cent potassium carbonate, 0.15 |
per cent sodium carbonate, and 0.32 }
per cent ammonium carbonate........ | 10.69 7.79') 2.90 6.90 4.20} 11.10 30.97
Maximum......--. SSeR 50S obSe0sbSSSonGe 11.62 9.36 | 6.48 11.15 6.35 16. 40 36.18
Minimums ee eine ss och eee eee os PES 2.43 2.20 2.25 4.20 7.35 27.75
ASVOTARON EIS UNS: 2 sonics desk oAauee eee \ee9873 Gaopilh ores 5.46 5) Un i LOY 31.88
343 MUM POLLed aes 5 5-:c etme Reet = Seat 10.10 7.94 2.16 (240) een 12. 75 33.00
BD Woe a1 (Ol) soaseseboonsbes ecient qameee” Seeee 13.30 9.95 B81) 7.50 3.25 |) 12.75 33. 82
S¥f |S S22 DOSER ance ocr a eeaeeen. stoma es 11.42 8.27 3.15 7.10 3.50 10. 60 31.35
ase lees GO spas 28 see ae eae tie de asses | 11.94 9.80 2.14 9.00 3.00 12.00 30. 84
Sample 2 was supposed to have been made by the addition of 2.5
per cent potassium carbonate. The results obtained, however, would
seem to indicate the addition of a much smaller quantity than this,
probably not more than 1 per cent. Samples 34, 35, 37, and 38 are
imported samples, all of which have been treated with alkalis, the
kinds and percentages of which are, however, unknown.
The total ash on the samples varies from 7.66 to 11.62 per cent,
with an average of 9.73 per cent. The minimum ash is that of a
cocoa treated with 4 per cent ammonium carbonate, which will, of
course, volatilize in the heating which the product subsequently under-
goes. With this exception the lowest ash is 7.78 per cent, being the
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS., 7
ash of a cocoa treated with 2 per cent of a mixture of magnesium
and potassium carbonates. The maximum ash, 11.62 per cent, is
that of a cocoa treated with 1.5 per cent potassium carbonate and
1.5 per cent sodium carbonate. As would be expected, the ash
varies approximately with the amount of alkali added.
Water-soluble ash varies from 2.43 to 9.36 per cent, with an aver-
age of 6.35 per cent. The lowest soluble ash is that of a cocoa which
is treated with magnesium carbonate, which, of course, is insoluble
in water. Next to this is one with a soluble ash of 2.87 per cent,
which has been treated with ammonium carbonate. There are sey-
eral varying from 3.52 to 4.75 per cent, which have been treated with
a mixture of magnesium and potassium carbonates. The lowest
water-soluble ash of those which are treated with soluble nonvolatile
alkalies is 4.89 per cent.
The water-insoluble ash varies from 2.20 to 6.48 per cent, with an
average of 3.38 per cent. The lowest insoluble ash was obtained from
a cocoa treated with 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate and 10 per
cent water. The highest is that of a cocoa treated with 1.75 per cent
magnesium carbonate, which is insoluble in water. Aside from this
one, the maximum water-insoluble ash is 4.93 per cent.
The alkalinity of water-soluble ash varies from 2.25 to 11.15 ce
of N/10 acid per gram. Naturally, those treated with ammonium
and magnesium carbonates show the lowest soluble alkalinity. Ex-
cluding these, the minimum is 4cc. As might be expected, the maxi-
mum alkalinity is shown in those cocoas which have been treated
with sodium carbonate. The alkalinity of the msoluble ash shows
no points for discussion. The total alkalinity follows about the
same order as the soluble alkalinity and for approximately the same
reasons.
The protein varies from 27.75 to 36.18 per cent. This latter figure
is attained on sample 26, which was treated with 4 per cent am-
monium carbonate. This would probably explain the high protein
percentage on the theory that a portion of the ammonia was not
volatilized. Excluding this sample, the maximum is 33.79 per cent.
Table 4 shows the effect on the ash constants of the cocoa of the
addition of alkali, or the effects of various alkalies on the same blend.
Each pair was made from the same blend of beans and treated as
stated in Table 4.
The results obtained are those which are normally expected on a
treated cocoa, namely, that the total water-soluble ash and the
alkalinity of the water-soluble ash are greatly increased, while the
water-insoluble ash is decreased. This proves to be the case in
every sample except sample 26, which shows practically no change
in the ash constants. It is quite evident that the treatment with
ammonia has made no change in the ash of the cocoa. Further
8 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
tables, however, will show that treatment with ammonia can be
recognized by other changes in the analytical data. Sample 46 gives
higher figures in all ashes and in all alkalinities than sample 44, due
to the fact that it has been treated with both magnesium carbonate
and potassium carbonate, the potassium carbonate increasing the
water-soluble ash and the water-soluble alkalinity, and the magne-
sium carbonate increasing the water-insoluble ash and the water-
insoluble alkalinity.
TABLE 4.—Comparison of treated and untreated cocoas.
Alkalinity of ash (N/10
Ash. acid per gram of
sample). Le
Protein
No. Alkali. th iii i a La Oe
Water-} +,.,,.. | Water- -25)
Total. Walen insol- weer insol- | Total.
‘| uble. ‘| uble.
Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct. Ce. Ce. Cc. | Per ct.
2 | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate -.....-. 8.36 4.89 3. 47 4. 00 4.90 8. 90 31. 72
Ta leUntreatedecee es wets eee eee oar 7.21 3.76 3.45 3. 20 4.90 8.10 31.93
15 | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate, 10 per
COnbiwWatela = eee occ see dees cueeaeeece 11. 07 8. 87 2. 20 7.75 4.80 | 12.55 32. 20
1|) Wathoutswater- arena. 2 oct ae sane 11.49 8.75 2. 74 (6735) 6.15 | 13.40 33.18
16 | 1.5 per cent potassium carbonate, 1.5 |
per cent sodium carbonate-.........--.- 11. 62 9.36 | 2.26) 10.35 4.85 | 15.20 31. 92
12 | 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate-...-...- |} 11.00 8. 08 2. 92 7.35 5.40 | 12.75 33.79
22 | 1 per cent potassium carbonate-.....-.-- 9. 20 5. 82 3. 38 5. 45 5.35 | 10.80 32. 59
23: || Untrentedtes. Siceaccee cece sass soem aaa 8. 57 3. 54 5. 03 2. 72 5. 50 8. 20 29. 84
20 | 2.5 per cent sodium carbonate.........-- 11.45] 8.17| 3.28] 11.15] 5.25] 16.40] 29.57
195) (Untreated 22.2222 o ae het + sgase hese cn ee 7.94 2.81 5.13 3. 05 5. 05 8. 10 30. 32
26 | 4 per cent ammonium carbonate.........| 7. 66 2. 87 AS92525 5.10 7.35 36. 18
Q5O MULES (ede ee see eee eee a aaisee ee eet 7. 54 2. 73 4.81 2. 40 Ia, 1G 7. 55 33. 31
|
28 | 1 per cent potassium carbonate.........- 8.31 5.98 2.33 5. 10 4.80 9. 90 33. 04
Poul Umtrestedtes--- ee hee ee eee cea 7.37 3.8 3.49 3.35 4. 60 8. 00 32.97
31 | 2 per cent sodium carbonate...........-- 10. 23 7. 54 2. 69 8. 60 5.30] 13.90 29. 62
31) || Wietave eis les cod ssanavosssoseseecosocsoe 8.34 4.61 3.73 4.05 5. 25 9. 30 31.48
33 | 3 per cent sodium bicarbonate..........- 8.76| 6.54] 2.22] 6.65; 5.05] 11.70] 32.87
32) ) Untreated eee ae sees 5 Sans ieee a= 7.16 2.99 4.17 2.55 4. 80 7.35 33. 48
46 1 per cent (magnesium carbonate and
| _ potassium carbonate).........-...-.-- 7.87 3. 52 4.35 Solo 5. 05 8. 20 31.31
2.66 | 4.28 1.90 70 6.60} 30.02
44 | Untrestedie secre shoes Seer eo ct) sees 6.94
Comparison of Tables 2 and 3 shows that the maximum percentage
of total ash in the alkali-treated cocoas is 2.65 above that in the
untreated cocoas, and the average is 2.11 higher. A wider varia-
tion is shown in the water-soluble ash, where the maximum per-
centage in the alkali-treated is 5.82 higher than the maximum of
the untreated cocoas, and the average is 3.81 higher. With the
exception of one sample of the treated cocoa, which has had added
to it 1.75 per cent magnesium carbonate, the maximum percent-
age of water-insoluble ash in the untreated cocoa is 1.56 higher than
in the treated cocoa, and the average is 1.27 higher. The soluble
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS. 9
alkalinity shows a maximum for the treated cocoas of 8.10 cc above
the maximum for the untreated cocoas, and an average of 3.16 cc
higher. There is very little difference in the figures on the insoluble
alkalinities, and this difference would be still slighter if it were not
for those few samples which have been treated with magnesium
carbonate and which show a higher water-insoluble alkalinity on
that account.
WATER-SOLUBLE MATTER IN UNTREATED AND TREATED COCOAS.
In order to determine the effect of alkali treatment on the solu-
bility of the cocoa, the total water-soluble matter was determined in
both treated and untreated cocoas. This was done by rubbing up
10 grams of the cocoa with 250 cc of water, heating to boiling and
boiling for a minute, then allowing to stand over night and filtering.
Fifty ce of this filtrate, corresponding to 2 grams of the original
cocoa, were evaporated to dryness and dried to constant weight.
Thesesolids were then ashed, and the total ash, water-soluble ash, water-
insoluble ash, alkalinity of the soluble ash, and alkalinity of the insolu-
ble ash determined on each sample. Nitrogen was determined on a 50
cc portion of the filtrate, and protein calculated from this determin-
ation. Itwas noted that on addition of acid to the watersolution of the
‘“‘Dutched”’ cocoas a flocculent precipitate was thrown down. Upon
investigation this proved to be a nitrogenous substance. Todetermine
the amount of this nitrogenous substance present, a measured portion
of the water solution of the cocoa was made acid with 1 per cent of
sulphuric acid. This was then filtered, and nitrogen was determined
upon an aliquot of the filtrate, and the protein calculated therefrom.
The difference between the protein as here determined and that of
the total water-soluble protem was the nitrogenous substances pre-
cipitated by the sulphuric acid. The color value on a brewer’s scale
of the water solution was determined in a Lovibond tintometer, using
a 4-inch cell. In making the water solution the cocoa was weighed
as it came, but the results were all calculated to a moisture- and fat-
free basis. These results are listed in Tables 5, 6, and 7. Table 5
gives the results obtained on untreated cocoas, Table 6 those on cocoas
treated with alkalies, and Table 7 the comparison of the same blend
of beans treated in various ways.
The water-soluble matter in the untreated cocoas varies from 29.16
to 35.55 per cent, with an average of 31.58 per cent. In the alkali-
treated cocoas it varies from 24.90 to 37.02 per cent, with an average
of 32.16 per cent. The minimum was obtained on a sample which
was treated with magnesium carbonate, the next lowest being 28.17
per cent. The maximum percentage of water-soluble material in the
alkali-treated cocoas is higher than that in the untreated cocoas by
1.47, while the average is 0.58 higher. This imcrease in solu-
45789°—18—Bull. 666——2
10 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
bility is largely accounted for, however, by the water-soluble
alkalies which have been added to the treated cocoas. This fact is
shown by the percentage of water-soluble material less the ash of the
water-soluble material, in which determination the untreated cocoas
vary from 23.54 to 30.11 per cent, with an average of 25.53 per cent,
while the treated cocoas vary from 19.58 to 28.93 per cent, with an
average of 24.66 per cent, the untreated cocoas having a maximum
percentage 1.18 higher than the maximum of the treated cocoas, a
minimum percentage 3.96, and an average percentage 0.87 higher.
There are eight samples of the alkali-treated cocoas which are less
than the minimum of the untreated cocoas.
TaBuLE 5.—Water-soluble matter in untreated cocoas.
\
Water-soluble
Water-soluble matter. Ash of water-soluble matter. protein Color
(Nx 6.25), value
4 per
use, i cent so-
Alkalinity (N/10 acid Tnsolu-| lution
No. | per gram of cocoa.) blein | G-inch
NSn Ashe Water- | Water- 1per | cell,
Total.) sce tein-| Total.) solu- | insolu- Total. | cent | brew-
ute ue © ble. ble. | Water-| Water- sul- er’s
Jeet solu- | insolu-} Total. phuric | scale).
| ble. ble. acid.
P. ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct. Ce Ce. Ce. | Per ct. | Per ct. Degrees.
19 | 33.14 26.79 14.43 6.35 3.54 2.81 2.95 4.65 7.60 12.25 0.00 30.6
23 | 32.33 24.77 15.26 | 7.56 3.89 3.67 2.80 4.70 7.50 9.51 0. 00 39.3
25 | 32.55 26.18 15.16 6.37 3.55 2.82 2.35 4.45 6. 80 11.03 0.00 DLao
32 | 32.68 | 26.93 16. 60 5.75 4.02 1B) 3.50 3.35 6.85 10. 33 0. 00 31.3
36 | 30.98 | 24.89 12.37 6.09 3.16 2.93 1.60 4.95 6.55 12.55 0. 00 39.0
39 | 31.89 | 25.77 13.64 6.12 3.01 331i! 2.00 4.55 6.55 12.13 0.00 32.1
40 | 31.43 25. 66 14. 40 5.75 2.06 3.71 2.45 5.05 7.50 11. 26 0.00 20.0
41 | 29.7 23.7 13.67 | 6.09 2.94 3.15 2.50 4.80 7.30 10. 03 0.00 22.1
42 | 30.15 25.19 14.25 | 6.96 3.53 3.43 2.50 4.70 7.20 10. 94 0.00 21.5
43 | 29.62] 23.54 12.90 6.08 2.83 Bho 2.35 4.75 7.10 10. 64 0. 00 29. 2
44 | 30.54 24.12 14.11 6.42 3250 2.87 2.30 4.50 6. 80 10.01 0. 00 20. 2
45 | 31.25 24.77 13.16 6. 48 Suak aya 2.50 a, 1155 7.69 11.61 0.00 20.0
47 | 29.16 23.68 12.74 | 5.48 2.87 2. Ole hs A250. 4.15 4. 66 10. 94 0.00 23.4
48 | 31.02} 25.20 14.29 | 5.82 2.59 3.241, 2.40 4.75 7.15 10.91 0.00 27.2
51 | 30.04 24.55 13.05 5.49 2.23 3.26 2.15 4.70 6.85 11.50 0. 00 31.8
54 | 32.17 | 26.54 14. 23 5.63 3.04 2.59 2.60 3.95 6.55 12.31 0. 00 23.4
55 | 36.55 30. 11 18.94 | 5.44 3.78 1.66 2.75 3.85 6. 60 10.17 0. 00 PA
56 | 33.07 27.49 17.43 | 5.58 3. 28 2.30 3.10 4.10 7.20 10.06 0.00 24.6
57 3.60 | 27.77; 16.63} 5.83 3.81 2.02 2.75 3.70 6.45 11.14 0.00 eased
58 | 33.16 25. 64 13.63 | 6.52 3.55 2.97 2.10 4.65 7.40 12.01 0.00 Zi.
Max .| 35.55 30.11 18.94 7.56 | 4.02 abril 3.50 5.15 7.65 12. 55 0.00 39.3
Min 29.16 23.54 12.37 5.44] 2.06 1.66 1.60 3.35 6.45 9.51 0.00 20.0
Aver.) 31.58 25.53 14.47 6. 06 3.22 2.841 2.54 4.35 6.89 11.06 0.00 27.4
if
1 | 28.29 21.17 10.78 7.12 4.59 2.53 2.00 3.85 5.85 10.39 0. 81 36.8
13 | 83.69 | 25.56 14.00 8.13 6.31 1.82 4.90 2.95 7.85 11.56 1. 66 34.4
29 | 31.84 26.15 13.43 | 5.69 3.91 1.78 3.50 3.75 7.25 12.72 1.96 50.6
30 | 33.90 26.96 14.79 | 6.94 4.7 2.15 5.15 3.30 8.45 LUT Ss tees 29.2
3 | 28.26 20.88 8.70 | 7.38 6.08 1.30 5.80 2.40 8. 20 12.18 5.03 63.4
14 | 32.55 25.13 13.15 7.42 | 5. 20, Deiliti 4.05 3.30 7230 11.98 1.40 28.6
PAM ARPA! 18. 20 9. 94 5.01} 3.83 1.18 2.50 2.05 4.55 8:26, | -S cpt 8.8
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS. ‘la
+
TABLE 6.— Water-soluble matter in alkali-treated cocoas.
Water-soluble
Water-soluble matter. Ash of water-soluble matter, protein Color
(N x 6.25). value
ay d if pase! _| 4 per
cent so-
No. Alkalinity (N/10 acid Insolu- | ution
eh per gram of cocoa). blein | (4-inch
ene ea Wrater=\Water=||iee, so te Te, 1 per cell,
Total.| free. |protein-| Total.| solu- | insolu- Total. | cent | brew-
i eee ble. ble. | Water- | Water- sul- ers
' solu- | insolu- | Total. phuric | scale).
ble, ble. d acid.
Pct.) Per'ct. |, Per ct..|Perct.| Per ct. | Per ct. Ce. Cel Co Per ct. | Per ct. |Degrees.
4 | 28.17 19. 58 6. 66 &. 59 Unie 1.42 6. 00 2. 50 8. 50 12. 92 5.12 67.4
2 | 29.59 | 22.61 10.36} 6.98 4.79 2.19 4.45 3.40 7.85 12. 25 3. 25 53.4
5 | 29.12] 21.05 10.15} 8.07 6. 07 2.00 6. 50 3. 20 9. 70 10. 99 3. 50 48,6
LD PST LOM 22507, 10.83} 8.93 7.88 1.05 6. 90 2. 40 9. 30 11. 34 2.30 59.9
1238127) )) 23). 67. 12. 31 8. 60 7. 63 .97 6.75 2.90 9. 65 11. 36 2. 67 49.3
Vo SO2N 2 de22 1) 15.53 9. 80 9. 00 - 80 8.00 2.10 10. 10 11. 29 -79 70.0
28 | 33.50] 25.89 12.86] 7.61 6. 53 1.08 5.00 3.05 8.05 13. 03 2.32 81.8
24 | 32.74] 24.86 14.60 | 7.88 6.02 1.86 | 4.70 3.85 8.55 10. 26 .38 61.7
22 | 32.65 | 24.06 13.80} 8.59 6. 83 1.76 §.35 3.75 9.10 10. 26 -94 67.3
33 | 31.26 | 24.76 13.76} 6.50 5.12 1.38 6. 80 2. 00 8. 80 11.00 1.21 81.4
7 | 31.40 | 22.84 12.39} 8.56 7.43 1.13 6.95 2.70 9. 65 10. 45 1.65 59. 7
DORON G2 281931 Le. 27 |) W309 Weld -62 | 10.25 2:10)|) 122.35) | 11.66 3.15 98. 4
PIM RSS eM ee One woo | Oud0 8.38 ahi, 8. 70 2.90 11. 60 11. 00 ald 85. 2
31 | 34.35} 26.80 14.39; 7.55 6.37 1.18 10. 30 2.25 | 12:55, 12.41 3.55 76.2
18 | 34.48} 27.11 15.73 1. 30 6. 53 . 84 9.05 2.52 11.55 11.38 1.72 85.3
Wa Roongon |e te 20r|| Lo. oS 8.17 6.77 1.40 8. 80 2.55 11.35 12.23 2.79 86.8
26 | 33.42} _28. 22 T5116.) 5320 4.10 1.10 2. 50 3.15 5. 65 13. 06 Cel 68.0
50 | 24.90 } 20.15 10.49} 4.75 65P45) 1. 50 3.65 4. 40 8.05 9. 66 1.05 49.2
8 | 32.09} 24.46 13:38 | 7.68 6. 69 . 94 5. 85 3.15 9. 00 11.08 1. 63 47.2
10 | 34.38 | 26.57 14.13 | 7.81 6. 51 1.30 4.25 3. 70 7.95 12. 44 1.48 29.3
16 | 36.00] 25. 26 12. 26 | 10.74 8.77 1.97 10. 45 2. 40 12. 85 13. 00 3. 54 3.6
9 | 33.94 | 26.60 14.59 | 7.34 5. 83 1.51 5. 10 3. 65 8.75 12.01 1.37 20.5
52 | 30.54] 26.05 14. 61 4,49 3. 56 93 4, 60 2. 85 7.45 11. 44 1. 83 75.8
Dat ross Lon | 28. 26 15.98 | 4.89 3. 94 -95 5. 00 2. 60 7. 60 12. 28 1.22 69.0
46 | 28.82 | 23.80 12.30 | 5.02 3.79 1.23 3.95 3.45 7. 40 11. 50 2.19 45,4
49 | 29.68} 23.10 13.95 | 6.58 5. 05 1.53 4.50 3.45 8.05 9.15 - 89 36.3
6 | 28.34] 20.31 9.16 | 8.03 6. 67 1.36 6. 50 2. 20 S570) |e Lie LS: 4.55 73.4
Max .| 37.02} 28.93 17. 27 | 10.74 9. 00 2.19 10. 45 4.40 12. 85 13.06 | 5.12 98. 4
Min._} 24.90 19. 58 6.66 | 4.49 3:25 .62 2. 50 2. 00 5. 65 9.15 -38 25.5
Avg..| 32.16 | 24.66 13.16 |} 7.50 6. 22 1.38 6. 33 2. 93 9. 26 11. 50 2.13 64. 7
34 | 39.22 | 32.38] 18.86] 6.84 6. 42 42 7.55 1.35 8.90}. 18.52 | 3.45 | 111.9
BO Gonod | 24555 I 138.92'| 9:02 7.89 1.13 7.75 2.10 9. 85 10. 63 2.19} 107.5
37 | 42.01 | 33.68 | 17.81] 8.33 7.58 -t0 7.15 2.45 9. 60 15.87 | 4.83 | 114.7
38 | 38.79 | 30.93 15.78 | 7.86 7.43 43 8.40 1. 85 10. 25 15.15 | 3.39 | 101.9
These figures show that treatment with alkali does not increase
the solubility of the cocoa material, but rather diminishes this solu-
bility. Inasmuch as it was to be expected that treatment with alkali
would increase the solubility of the protein and this expectation is
borne out by the results obtained, the decrease in solubility must be
due to the fact that the presence of the alkali has an inhibitory action
on the solution of some of the nonnitrogenous substances. This is
plainly shown in the third column of Tables 5 and 6, where the total
solids less the protein and ash are calculated. Here the untreated
cocoas range from 12.37 to 18.94 per cent, with an average of 14.47
per cent, while the treated cocoas range from 6.66 to 17.27 per cent,
with an average of 13.16 per cent, the maximum percentage for
untreated cocoa being 1.67 higher than that for the treated cocoa,
the minimum 5.71 higher, and the average 1.31 higher. Nine samples
of alkali-treated cocoa have less than the minimum of the untreated
cocoa.
12 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
As might be expected, the ash of the soluble matter varies about
the same as the ash of the cocoa.
The water-soluble protein is slightly higher in the alkali-treated
cocoas than in the untreated cocoas, the maximum percentage
bemg 0.51 higher, and the average 0.44 higher. The percentage of
water-soluble protein insoluble in 1 per cent sulphuric acid, however,
seems to be an important determination. In every case where the
cocoa had been treated, more or less nitrogenous matter was precipi-
tated by the addition of 1 per cent of sulphuric acid to the water-
solution of the cocoa. This nitrogenous matter, calculated as pro-
tein, ranged from 0.38 to 5.12 per cent. The total water-soluble pro-
tein was not increased by any such figure. This would tend to show
either that the alkali treatment inhibited the solution of some of the
nitrogenous substances which would normally be dissolved by the
water, or that some substance was dissolved by the alkali, which on
the addition of sulphuric acid had precipitated some of the protein
which was normally water-soluble. The untreated cocoas showed
no precipitate on the addition of 1 per cent of sulphuric acid, the
only exceptions to this being samples 1, 13, and 29, which have
already been set aside on the ground that they were more or less con-
taminated with alkali-treated cocoas, having been made in a fac-
tory which also makes alkali-treated cocoas and passed through the
same machinery. In no case where the sample was made by a firm
which makes no alkali-treated cocoa was there any precipitate.
As might have been expected, the alkali treatment greatly en-
hanced the color of the water solution. The color values of the
untreated cocoas ranged from 20 to 39.3, with an average of 27.4,
those of the treated cocoas from 25.5 to 98.4, with an average of 64.7.
Only three of the alkali-treated cocoas showed a color value of less
than 46.4, and 16 showed a color value of over 60. The maxi-
mum of the alkali-treated cocoas was 59.1 above the maximum for
the untreated cocoas, and the average was 37.3 above the average
for the untreated cocoas.
Samples 1 and 2, representing the same blend of cocoas, sample 1
being untreated and sample 2 treated with 2.5 per cent potassium
carbonate, show the effect of treatment. The total water-soluble
matter, the water-soluble matter less the ash, the water-soluble pro-
tein, and the color value are increased by the alkali treatment. The
nonnitrogenous, nonash soluble solids, however, are found in large
amount in the untreated cocoa. Samples 15 and 11 represent the
same blend of beans and the same alkali, but, in addition to the alkali,
sample 15 had added to it 10 per cent of water in the treatment. This
water treatment largely increased the soluble matter and deepened
the color. Sample 16 was made with 1.5 per cent potassium car-
bonate and 1.5 per cent sodium carbonate, while sample 12 was made
with 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate. The mixed carbonates in-
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS., 13
creased the total water-soluble matter and the water-soluble matter
minus the ash, but the nonnitrogenous, nonash soluble matter did
not vary. Of course, the increase in total amount of alkali increased
the ash constants throughout. The greatest difference shown by
these two treatments is the large increase in the color value of the
solution by the use of the mixed carbonates. As will be shown later,
this large increase in color is due principally to the action of the sodium
carbonate.
TABLE 7.—Comparison of water-soluble matter in treated and untreated cocoas.
Water-soluble
Water-soluble matter. Ash of water-soluble matter. protein Color
(N x 6.25). | value
= | 4 per
| cent so-
Alkalinity (N/10 acid Tnsolu- | lution
per gram of cocoa). ble in | (4-inch
No. Ash. | Ash- Water- | Water- 1per | cell,
Total.| froe. | and |Total.| solu- | insolu- Total. | cent | brew-
: * | protein- ble. ble. | Water- | Water- sul- er’s
free. solu- | insolu-| Total. phuric | scale).
ble. ble. acid. |
pect ebenct. | Penct. | Percts| Per ct. | Per ct. Ce. Ce. Ce. | Perct. | Per ct. |Degrees.
2 | 29.59} 22.61] 10.36] 6.98 4.79 2.19 4.45 3.40 7.85 | 12.25 3.25 53.4
Pe285295/5 21017 |) 10:78 | 7.12 4.59 2.53 2.00 3.85 5.85 | 10.39 -81 |} 36.8
1
15 | 37.02 | 27.22 | 15.53] 9.80 9.00 80 8.00 2.10] 10.10] 11.29 -79 70.0
11 | 31.10 | 22.17 | 10.83] 8.938 7.88 1.05 6.90 2.40 9.30 | 11.34 2.30 59.9
16 | 36.00 | 25.26 | 12.26 | 10.74 8.77 197 | -10:45 2.40 | 12.85] 13.00 3.54 93.6
12 | 31.27 | 23.67] 12.31 | 8.60 7.63 97 (as 7459 2.90 9.65 | 11.36 2.67 43.3
22 | 32.65] 24.06] 13.80] 8.59 6.83 1.76 5.35 Bato 9.10} 10.26 -94 67.3
23 | 32.33 | 24.77 | 15.26 | 7.56 3.89 3.67 2.80 4.70 7.50 9.51 . 00 39.3
20 | 36.72 | 28.93 SWAP TE l= Feta) 7.14 362}. 10.25 221ON 235.) L166 8.15 98.4
19 | 33.14; 26.79] 14.48] 6.35 3.54 2.81 2.95 4.65 260! |) 12225 - 00 30.6
26 | 33.42 | 28.22] 15.16] 5.20 4.10 1.10 2.50 3.15 5.65 13.06 Le. 68.0
25 | 32.55 | 26.18 | 15.16] 6.37 3.55 2.82 2.35 4.45 6.80 | 11.03 | - 00 31.5
28 | 33.50 | 25.89] 12.86] 7.61 6. 53 1.08 5.00 3.04 8.05 | 13.03| 2.32 81.8
29 | 31.84 | 26.15 13.43 | 5.69 3.91 1.78 3.50 3.75 Me Don Lee, 1.96 50.6
31 | 34.85 | 26.80 | 14.39] 7.55 6.37 1.18} 10.30 2.25 | 12.55} 12.41 3.55 76.2
30 | 33.90 | 26.96 14.79 | 6.94 4.79 2.15 5.15 3.30 8.45 12.17 . 00 29.2
33 | 31.26 | 24.76} 13.76] 6.50 D128 6.80 2.00 8.80} 11.00 ial 81.4
32 | 32.68 | 26.93 16.60 | 5.75 4.02 1.73 3.50 3.35 6.85 | 10.33 . 00 31.3
46°) 28.82) | 23:80 | 12.30 | 5.02 3.79 1.22 3.95 3. 45 7.40 11.50 2.19 46.4
44 | 30.54 | 24.12 14.11 6.42 3.55 2.87 2.30 4.50 6.80 10. 01 . 00 2-2
Sample 22 was treated with 1 per cent potassium carbonate and
shows a slightly increased total soluble matter, but less ash-free solu-
ble matter and protein- and ash-free soluble matter. The alkali
treatment shows an increase in the color value and the expected
increase in the ash constants. Sample 20, treated with 2.5 per cent
sodium carbonate, shows an increase in the soluble solids throughout
and in the color value. Sample 26, treated with 4 per cent ammonium
carbonate, shows a slight increase in the amount of soluble matter
and in the color value of the solution. Sample 28, treated with 1 per
cent sodium carbonate, shows a larger percentage of total soluble
solids, bet a smaller percentage of ash-free and protein- and ash-free
14 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
soluble matter. The color value has also been increased. Sample 29,
however, shows from the analysis that a certain percentage of alkali-
treated cocoa is present with it, so that the variations are not as great
as might be expected. Sample 31, treated with 2 per cent sodium car-
bonate, shows a comparatively small variation in the soluble matter,
but a large difference in the color value. Sample 33, treated with 3
per cent sodium bicarbonate, shows a diminution of the soluble matter,
but an increased color value. Sample 46, which has been treated
with 1 per cent of a mixture of magnesium and potassium carbon-
ates, shows less soluble matter than a like sample untreated, but
shows some increase in the color value of the solution.
COMPOSITION OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE MATTER IN UNTREATED AND
TREATED COCOAS.
Tables 5, 6, and 7 give the analyses of the water-soluble matter as
calculated back to the original cocoa. It was deemed advisable to
calculate the composition of the water-soluble solids of the cocoa.
This calculation is given in Tables 8 and 9. Comparison of these
tables shows that the alkali treatment makes a marked difference in
the composition of the water-soluble matter. Naturally the water-
soluble matter from the alkali-treated cocoas contains a higher per-
centage of ash (4.05 on the average), a higher percentage of soluble
ash (9.10 on the average), and less insoluble ash (5.05 on the average).
The alkalinities of the ash are also higher on the treated cocoas, and
the percentage of the total calculated protein is higher by 1.04 on the
average.
TasLE 8.—Composition of the water-soluble matter of wntreated cocoas.
: | Alkalinity of ash (N/10 7 :
ash. acid per gram ofsample). Protein.
Ash-
Precipi free and
oe Wat Wat erie fein-
‘ | Water-| .’ 2¥€- | water- |.) 20er Y! Per! free
Total. | sotuble,| S00 | soiuble.| MS0lu-| Total. | Total. | cent | soiids
} phuric
acid.
| |
P. cent.) P. cent.) P. cent.|| Cc. Ce. Ce. P. cent.) P. cent.| P. cent
BO ee is 6 ates Sen Ce 19.16 | 10.68 8.48 8. 85 14. 05 22.90 | 36.96 0.00 43.88
7 ee a), Scie Se ORE Ee 5 oe 23.39 12. 03 11.36 8.75 14.40 23.15 29.42 0. 00 47.19
Dian eee anys 2 ea ee 19.57 | 10.90 8.67 Halo | ee70)|) 20Neo) | oonee 0.00 46.55
SOM Rane Se wasnt cs Soap 17.60 | 12.30 5.30 | 10.70] 10.30] 21.00] 31.60 0.00 50. 80
5 Se apa A eg a 19.64 | 10.20 9. 44 5.15 | 14.40] 19.55 | 40.49 0. 00 39. 87
SO ee ao Sues cess ooh b epee 19.18 9. 45 9.74 6.30 | 14.30] 20.60} 38.03 0.00 42.79
EO ens aCe ee eee coe eee 18. 20 6.49 | 11.71 7.65 | 16.00] 23.65] 35.50 0.00 46.30
(|| ee en ee ey ee ar 20. 45 9.88 | 10.57 8.35 | 16.20] 24.55 | 33.66 0.00 45.89
CUA Bs Tete re shay 5 ea map hl a D3500)| Ler2i edits’ 8.25 | 15.60] 28.85} 36.29 0.00 40.52
ee se a eee Ses 20. 73 9.66 | 11.07 7.95 | 16.15 | 24.10] 36.26 0.00 43.01
21 Nag fe Tae ae ha ea 8 21.01 11. 62 9.39 7.50 14. 80 22.30} 32.79 0.00 46. 20
ES Ste oe on eae ee eee te i see 20.73 | 10.46} 10.27 8.00 | 16.45 | 24.45] 37.17 0.00 42.10
A RES Pee aes eee 18. 80 9.83 8.97 8.50 | 14.05 | 22.55] 37.52 0.00 43.68
AS crc tee Sane he kay ee We 18. 79 8.34 10.45 LO 15.35 23.05 35.16 0.00 46.05
Tl beatae aes: os ee eas Sats Da oe 18. 29 7.41 10. 88 7.20 15.65 22. 85 38. 80 0.00 42.91
ot OOS SOEs Es Nera es 17.49 9.45 8.04 8.10 12. 20 20.30 37.97 0.00 44.54
IDEs Se Soe sino os ee 15.30 10. 63 4.67 7.80 10. 75 18.55 26. 74 0.00 57.96
DO Sees See ele alec = « anit 16.89 9.94 6.95 9.30 12.40 21.70 | 30.42 0.00 52.79
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS.
5
1
TaBLE 8.—Composition of the water-soluble matter of untreated cocoas—Continued.
|
: Alkalinity of ash (N/10 Feeding
Ash. acid per gramof sample). Frovein:
: = oedhsh:
Precipi-| ree and
No. ae or tated tein f
Water-| Water-| water-| Water- by 1per! free
Total. insolu- insolu-| Total. | Total.| cent | .7.7.
soluble. ple, soluble, bles aie solids.
phurie
acid.
P.cent.| P. cent.|P. cent. |P. cent.| P. cent.| P. cent.| P. cent.) P.cent.| P cent.
Dae 6 Bob HCHO CCRC nek 17.35 11.35 6.02 9. 25 10.90 19.15 33.16 0.00 49.49
COPS aS ONS ie By Isles Si A a 19.66 | 10.71 8.95 8.35 14.00 22500) )|\poOsae 0.00 44.12
Maximum.........---- 23.39 12.30 le Al 10.70 16. 45 24.55 | 40.49 0.00 57.96
Minimum): 5222222... -- 15.30 6.49 4.67 5.15 10.30 18.55 26.74 0. 00 39.87
JANICE IS as ee pea 19. 27 10.16 9.11 8.01 14.08 | 22.09] 34.91 0.00 45. 83
The Malle el ea a 25.16 | 16.22| 8.94] 7.10| 13.60| 20.70| 36.72] 2.86| 38.12
Se ne pee pee ahs Boe os 24.13 18. 73 5.40 14.55 8.75 23.30] 34.31 4.92 41.56
PD) iis a ae ie 17.86 12.27 5.59 11.00 11.80 | 22.80] 39.95 6.15 42.19
BOs soes bos oeaS see eGo meaeaE 20. 46 14.14 6.32 15.10 9.80 | 24.90} 35.90 0.00 43.60
Be a oa SANE HCCC Sra emer 26.11 21.51 4.60 | 20.50 8.50 | 29.00! 43.10] 17.80 30.79
Te SS Ue Gee rae a 22.80 16. 20 6.60 12.40 10.20 | 22.60! 36.80 4.28 40.40
PY feeds COC Co Ea eres 21.60 | 16.52 5.08 | 10.80 8.90 | 19.70] 35.58 0.00 42. 82
TaBLE 9.—Composition of the water-soluble matter of alkali-treated cocoas.
Alkalinity of ash (N/10 A
Ash. acid per gram ofsample). Protein.
Ash-
-. lfree and
|Precipi-
No. van ae Fveted nae
Water-| - er | Water- |. 20eT Yi per! free
Total. insolu- insolu-| Total. | Total. | cent :
soluble. Ble soluble ble. sar solids.
phuric
acid.
IPACENt Ra Cents| na cent.| CC. Ce. Ce. | P. cent.| P. cent.| P. cent.
25. 47 5. 04 21.30 8.90 | 30.20] 45.90 18. 20 23. 59
16.19 Weer) 15. 05 11.45 26.50 | 41.73 10.98 35. 69
20. 84 6. 87 22.30 LT008| 1233430 37.43 12. 02 34. 86
25. 42 8.38 | 22.25 @2052|) 30500) 5136558 7.42 34. 62
24. 40 3.10] 21.60 9.25 | 30.85] 36.37 8.58 36.13
24. 33 2168] 20855 52003] 272255) 30.50 212 43.01
19. 50 3.21 | 14.90 9.15} 24.05] 38.89 6.91 38. 40
18. 40 5. 66 14. 45 12.10 262 D0 mol. oo: eS 44. 61
20.93 5.39 16. 65 11.30 27.95). 31.42 2.89 42. 26
16. 04 4.35.| 21.35 6.25 | 27.60] 34.51 3. 81 45.10
23. 66 3. 60 22.15 8.60 | 30.75 3. 28 5. 26 38. 46
19. 61 1.60] 27.85 O20" 338255") 7 Sl. 15 8. 57 47.04
25.11 2.15 | 26.10 8.75 | 34.85] 32.97 2.19 39.77
18. 55 3.44} 30.00 6.50 | 36.50} 36.14] 10.37 45.10
18.95 2.43 | 26.25 4..25,| 33.50'; 32.99 4.99 45. 63
18. 84 3.90 24. 50 7.05 31.55 | 34.04 hell, 43.22
IPEPY/ 3.27 7.95 8.95 16.90 | 39.06 5.30 45. 40
13. 07 6.00} 14.70 17.70 | 32.40] 38.78 4. 20 42.14
20. 85 2.92 | 18.25 9. 80 28.05 | 34.53 5.08 38. 70
18. 94 3.78.) -12:35°| 10:75 | 23.10 | 36.19 4.31 41.09
24.38 5. 46 29. 00 6:65: | 35.65 | 736: 12 9.85 34. 04
17.16 4.44 15. 00 10.75 23.10 | 36.19 4.31 43.05
11.65 3. 04 15. 00 9. 40 24.40 | 37.47 6.00 47.84
11.88 2. 87 15. 05 7.85 22.90 | 37.03 3.65 48. 22
13.15 4.25 13. 65 12.10 25515 39. 90 7.60 42.70
17. 03 5.14 15.15 12.00 27.15 | 30.84 2.99 46.99
23. 53 4.80 | 22.95 7.75 | 30.70] 39.34 16.05 32233.
Maximise. 02: 30. 51 25. 47 7.39 | 30.00 17.70 | 36.50 45. 90 | 18. 20 48. 22
Minimruymy |. 5....22:- 14. 69 11. 65 1.60 7.95 5.70 | 16.90} 30.50 up bs) 23.59
PAVCEAS Ce ese cise cece 23.32 | 19.26 4.06 | 19.53 9.27] 28.80} 35.95 6. 74 40. 64
ON hie ee 17.43 | 16.36| 1.07| 19.20] 3.40] 2260| 3447| 8s2| 48.10
aoc ues CoH GSeCene Lama 26.88 | 23.51 3.37 | 23.00 6.35 | 29.35] 31.66 6.53 41.46
BT a Geb ede k CORREA ae 19. 82 18. 05 ale viel 17.05 5. 80 22.85 | 37.77 11. 50 42.41
Oo + Gg DOS UCU ED ORDA Sees 20. 23 19.11 1.12 21.55 4.85 26.40 | 38.98 8.66 | 40.79
16 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
As has been noted, the water-soluble matter of the alkali-treated
cocoas has present a protein which is insoluble in 1 per cent sul-
phurie acid. This varies from 1.15 to 18.20 per cent of the solid
matter. The greatest variation, however, is shown in the nonash,
nonprotein matter, which varies from 39.87 to 57.96 per cent, with
an average of 45.83 per cent, on the untreated cocoas, and from 23.59
to 48.22 per cent, with an average of 40.64 per cent, on the treated
cocoas. _Eleven samples of treated cocoas contain a smaller per-
centage of ash- and protein-free extract than the minimum of the
untreated cocoa. This shows still more plainly what was shown in
the analysis of the cocoas, namely, that the alkali treatment inhibits
the solution of this nitrogen-free extract. On the other hand, the
alkali treatment unquestionably increases, to a slight extent, the
solubility of the protein.
ASH RATIOS IN UNTREATED AND TREATED COCOAS.
The ratio of the water-soluble ash to the water-insoluble ash was
calculated on both the original cocoa and on the water-soluble matter;
also, the ratio of the alkalinities of the soluble and insoluble ash was
calculated on each of these. These results are listed in Tables 10
and 11.
TABLE 10.—Ash ratios on untreated cocoas.
Alkalinity water- Alkalinity water-
Water-soluble ash soluble ash Water-soluble ash soluble ash
Water-insolubleash} Alkalinity water- Water-insoluble ash; Alkalinity water-
insoluble ash insoluble ash
No. No.
Water- Water- Water- Water-
Cocoa. | soluble | Cocoa. | soluble Cocoa. | soluble | Cocoa. | soluble
matter. matter. matter. matter,
==
LO Pesee 0. 55 1. 26 0. 61 O5638)|(5552 see eee 0.45 | 2. 28 0. 48 0.72
23... - 70 1. 06 Ad 010) |ROGE ee eee -49 1.43 48 S16)
2Dise - 56 1. 25 -47 BOR IO (ete haar .38 1. 88 39 .75
oes 71 PEST De, OSs SSeS eee 39 1.19 46 59
at ss 65 1.81 . 44 . 36 |- |
Boma: . 60 95 46 . 44 Maximum. 71 | 2. 31 61 1.04
ANS: -49 5) . 42 .48 Minimum. . . 28 me) 34 . 36
AL SS. BOL - 93 . 34 mol Average... ~ OL 1. 24 .t 59
A232 - 28 1.03 45 oD SS = —
Ley Se 62 . 87 . 44 498s. oF ee 1.09 1. 82 . 65 53
a4 oS. 2 . 62 1. 24 -41 BROWS ee ieee oo 1.33 3.46 . 93 1. 66
AS ae | . 45 1.02 44 AOE 2OK. = 2 ee eee 1.11 1. 46 ta 93
AT 3: .38 1.08 39 160}: 30S" 32 eee 1. 23 2. 23 BVA 1. 54
AS Tse 90 . 80 -43 £502| (Ou? sc See 3.16 4.70 1.38 2.43
Des: 2 ~45 . 68 39 SAO tT) dase bo eee 1. 26 2. 45 . 74 1. 22
Fae . 36 | 1.18 . 36 “678\|2 (eee eens . 24 | 3.25 19 1.21
Except on those samples which were treated with magnesium or
ammonium carbonate, the soluble ash is invariably greater than the
insoluble ash on the treated cocoas, the lowest figure (with the
exceptions noted) being 0.81 and the average figure 1.88. With the
exception of samples 1, 13, 29, and 30, which have been excluded
from the general averages throughout on the ground of having been
contaminated with more or less alkali-treated cocoa, the correspond-
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS. 17
ing ratio for the untreated cocoa has a maximum of 0.71, with an
average of 0.51. This simply bears out the general belief that in a
treated cocoa the soluble ash is approximately two-thirds of the total,
while in an untreated cocoa it is one-third of the total.
Tasue 11:—Ash ratios on alkali-treated cocoas.
Water-soluble | Alkalinity water- Water-soluble | Alkalinity water-
ash soluble ash ash soluble ash
Water-insoluble}| Alkalinity water- Water-insoluble| Alkalinity water-
ash insoluble ash ash insoluble ash
No. No.
Water- Water- Water- Water-
Cocoa. | soluble} Cocoa. | soluble Cocoa. | soluble} Cocoa. | soluble
matter. matter. matter. matter.
1. 32 5.06 1.88 230): RSS ces. cee PTs) 7.08 1.16 1.85
1. 41 2.19 - 82 VeS2 ul WlOM ws: 2 2s See 2. 03 5. 00 . 76 1. 14
1.70 3501 132 2:00) | UGB vers ac scree 4.14 4.46 2.15 4, 33
3.18 (a5 1.18 Oe ey ae 6 eee Pic 1.33 3. 84 .719 1.40
2.72 7.83 1235 22330 O2Rer ceive acer 1. 20 3. 83 79 1.59
4.03 11.45 1.63 OOSOM Oa ea ee re eee 1.34 4.14 69 1.91
2. 57 6.08 1.07 T5625) G46 ose". eee . 81 3.09 63 1.13
1.36 3.25 .89 PETG A] A Quon iia oc oes 1. 20 3.31 90 Me77/
1.68 3. 88 1.01 AG Ge neeaee eee 2.70 4.90 1. 62 2. 88
2.95 3. 68 1.31 3. 41 ===
3.16 6. 59 1-12 2.59 Maximum. 4.14 12. 20 2.19 4. 87
2.49 12. 20 PAY) 4.87 Minimum.. ~o0 2.18 38 . 83
2. 88 11. 60 2.19 3.00 Average ..- 1.88 4, 51 1. 26 2.31
2. 80 5.39 1.58 4,62 me 2
1.59 8.78 1. 44 Os ORM Wteden sc sia eerie 3. 67 15. 36 ies 5. 61
3. 20 4.83 1.60 2 ATA B08 Ya. = See ee 2.98 6. 96 2.93 3. 62
. 60 Sudo: 45 J BOIS eee 2 lama ae 2. 63 10.17 2.02 2.94
Sait 2.18 38 SB POSE. SO ie 4.58 | 17.16 | 3. 00 4, 44
Similar figures for the ash of the water-soluble matter show a
wider variation, the ratio for the alkali-treated cocoa showing a
minimum of 2.18 with an average of 4.51, while the ratio on the
untreated cocoa has a maximum of 2.31, with an average of 1.24.
Only one sample of the untreated cocoa is higher than the minimum
of the treated cocoas.
The ratio between the alkalinity of the water-soluble ash and the
alkalinity of the water-insoluble ash on the untreated cocoa varies
from 0.34 to 0.61, with an average of 0.41. Only two samples have
a ratio above 0.50. On the alkali-treated cocoas, however, the range
is from 0.38 to 2.19, with an average of 1.26. Aside from sample 50,
only one ran below 0.63. This sample had been treated with magne-
sium carbonate, which, of course, increased the alkalinity of the insol-
uble ash. In the same ratio of the water-soluble matter the untreated
cocoas varied from 0.36 to 1.064, with an average of 0.59. Only one
sample exceeded 0.75. The treated cocoas, on the other hand, varied
from 0.83 to 4.87, with an average of 2.31, only three samples being
less than 1.14. The ratios of the water-soluble and water-insoluble
ash of the water-soluble matter and the ratios of the alkalinities of the
water-soluble ash and the water-insoluble ash, on both the cocoa and
the water-soluble matter, are fully as complete evidence of the use
18 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of alkali treatment as is the commonly accepted ratio of the water-
soluble to water-insoluble ash on the cocoa; in fact, in samples such
as 26, which was treated with ammonium carbonate, and 50, which
was treated with magnesium carbonate, the ratio of the water-
soluble ash to the water-insoluble ash of the water-soluble matter and
also the alkalinity ratio show the presence of an added alkali where
the ordinary ratio does not.
ACTION OF VARIOUS ALKALIES ON COCOAS.
In Tables 3, 6, and 9, the alkali-treated cocoas are listed according
to the alkali used and according to the percentage of that alkali,
making it possible to note the action of the various alkalies in their
various proportions. Results are not exactly comparable, because
the same blend of beans was not used in each case, but, as showing the
general effect of each of these alkalies, and as comparing the effects of
the various alkalies, they are of great value. Samples 34, 35,37, and
38 are, as has been mentioned, imported cocoas, and the alkali used
is unknown. Also, as has been pointed out, sample 2, which was
supposed to have been made with 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate,
contains less than this amount, judging from the analysis, probably
as little as 1 per cent. The only points worthy of note in this con-
nection in Table 3 are: That the presence of sodium carbonate
can be detected by the high alkalinities in practically every case;
that ammonium carbonate exercises no effect on the normal cocoa
ash, but that it is extremely difficult to remove all of the ammonia,
as is shown by the fact that the indicated total protein on this sample
is somewhat higher than normal; that the use of magnesium carbonate
has the effect of increasing the water-insoluble ash and the alkalinity
of the water-insoluble ash. In Table 6 the differences in the action
of the alkali are more apparent. It will be noted that the treatment
with 2.5 per cent potassium carbonate and 10 per cent of water gave
the maximum total soluble matter, the use of the water evidently
increasing the solubility of the cocoa. A curious point in this con-
nection is the fact that as the percentage of potassium carbonate
used increases, the soluble matter decreases, with the exception of the
one mentioned where water was also used. Therefore, if the intention
is to obtain a more soluble cocoa, the use of 1 per cent potassium
carbonate rather than larger amounts is to be recommended. This
difference is still more apparent when the soluble matter minus the
ash is calculated. Sodium carbonate has a much greater solvent
action than has the potassium carbonate. Slightly less protein is
dissolved by sodium carbonate than by potassium carbonate, but the
total soluble matter, ash-free soluble matter, and ash- and protein-free
soluble matter are greater in those cocoas which have been treated
with sodium carbonate. A mixture of the two, as shown in sample
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON COCOAS. 19
16, combines to some extent the action of each, inasmuch as the total
soluble matter is high and the soluble protein is high. The ash- and
protein-free sclids are, however, rather low, as compared with those
in which sodium carbonate alone was used, thus seeming to indicate
that potassium carbonate has an inhibitory action on the solution
of these solids. Sample 50, in which magnesium carbonate was used,
shows the lowest total water-soluble matter. This is partly due to
the fact that no soluble alkali is added, as the ash-free solid matter
is nearer to the average of the cocoas.
There seems to be no definite relation between the amounts of
water-soluble protein insoluble in 1 per cent sulphuric acid and
the alkali used. This figure varies somewhat with the percentage of
alkali, although by no means in proportion. The color value of the
solution also shows a very wide range, and seemingly follows no defi-
nite rule, except that the use of sodium carbonate gives the highest
values.
It is interesting to note that three of the four imported cocoas show
a total soluble matter and an ash-free soluble matter greater than the
maximum of the domestic treated cocoa, and two of them show a
ereater ash- and protein-free soluble matter; also three show a higher
percentage of soluble protein than the maximum of the domestic
products, and all four show a higher color value than the maximum.
With one exception, the total ash of these products is not appreciably
greater than that of the domestic products, and the ash of the water-
soluble matter falls well within the limits of the domestic products.
This indicates that the increase in the other constituents is not the
result of the addition of a larger amount of an alkali, such as sodium
carbonate, but that the difference lies largely in the treatment which
the cocoa undergoes.
APPEARANCE OF THE COCOAS.
The color of the dry cocoa in the samples examined varied widely,
from a light brown to a deep reddish purple. Some of the untreated
cocoas had a color nearly as pronounced as those that were treated.
This color is not necessarily the result of any blend of beans, but
depends largely on the treatment, especially the degree and rapidity
of heating and cooling which the cocoa undergoes in its manufacture.
The color of the dry cocoa seems to have but little connection with
the color of the water solution. For instance, sample 27, a cocoa
treated by a fermentation process, is among the darkest in the dry
state, but the water solution of this is of a very light straw color, as
may be noted by the fact that the color value of a 4 per cent solution
in a }-inch cell was only 8.8. This is the most striking example of
the fact that the color of the dry cocoa and that of the water solution
bear little or no relation to each other. The same thing was noted,
20 BULLETIN 666, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
to a lesser degree, in a great number of the other cocoas. In some
cases a cocoa which seems to be of a quite light color when dry shows
a very high color in the water solution. The color developed in the
cocoa depends, of course, somewhat on the blend of beans used, but
to a greater extent on the treatment which the product undergoes.
CONCLUSIONS.
The greatest effect of the alkali treatment of cocoas is apparently
the increase in the color of the water solution. The total water-
soluble matter is increased but slightly, and this increase is more than
accounted for on the ground of the addition of the soluble alkal, the
ash-free soluble matter being less in the case of an alkali-treated cocoa
than in the case of the untreated cocoas. There is a slight increase in
the amount of water-soluble protein by the alkali treatment. This,
however, is more than made up for by the fact that the alkali treat-
ment exercises an inhibitory action on the solution of the non-
nitrogenous substances which are normally soluble in water. A
portion of the water-soluble protein of the alkali-treated cocoas seems
to be different from that dissolved in the untreated cocoas, inasmuch
as it is rendered insoluble when the water solution is made 1 per cent
acid with sulphuric acid. This is a point of difference between alkali-
treated and untreated cocoas which might well serve for the detection
of the alkali treatment.
As has been pointed out by other investigators, the alkali treat-
ment increases the ratio of the soluble ash to the insoluble ash. This
is true with all the alkalies employed, except ammonium carbonate
and magnesium carbonate. Both of these, however, increase this
ratio in the ash of the water-soluble matter, and this determination
might serve as a clue to their presence. The ratio of the alkalinities
of the ashes is still more pronounced than the ratio of the ash. The
presence of an alkali-treated cocoa may therefore be proved by the
high color value of the water solution, by the presence of a water-
soluble protein precipitable in 1 per cent sulphuric acid, and by the
increase in the ash ratios and the alkalinity ratios.
This investigation proves that the claim that the alkali treatment
increases the amount of cocoa soluble in water is absolutely without
foundation.
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ard
V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 667
Contribution from Bureau of Markets,
CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief.
Washington, D. C. Vv June 8, 1918
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1916.
By Pauu Froenticy, Assistant in Market Surveys.'
APPRECIATION.
To the local freight agents and other representatives of transportation lines whose
reports have made possible the publication of this bulletin, the sincere appreciation
of the Bureau of Markets is extended. This work is the combined product of the
contributions of many thousands of individual reporters throughout the country, and
acknowledgment is made of their cooperation.
CRITICISMS ARE INVITED Of the statistics presented in this publication. An official
post card, which requires no postage, is inclosed, and on this card constructive sug-
gestions are desired by which the contents of similar volumes may be improved.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
Eixplanatonysstatement..... 2.0... ..ccccc cess 1 | Tables of shipments of—
Total shipments by States...................-- 6 NUDCL CHOPS! see ee aocsieocesasecoosseeweeses 125
Index of shipping stations, with key toindex.. 14 Bulbicropsecessencooe nce necec ee toca se cases 159
Tables of shipments of— RopticnopSeeeeseeeeoeeee oes Nee pconeeace 165
MECIGAUOUSIINULS ses neicc cs cece cccceceescce 51 |. Brassicas!:2seuce cocscceccecee tas ooccccseces 170
MD TIOGAIMEULtS Sees cc wc cw cisacceclececsen.e 90 SaladicropsseseSiaccss aes a nce se seeenees 178
Citnushin li tse seer cacao ~cetcoeeloesicese 94 Perennials iiss sasees soe ccc cie dels ce celees 182
SUb-trOpicalinwitSe cc. cecs ooo cweniccetcs-s- 98 Pulse cropsses2 2 sos ceees sceccceescceocseee 183
BRB CT TICS epee seek cine oceice bclsceedetesici 99 Dryjpulse\cropshacecseeene tence caeeleeose 186
Creu bDILOUSICROPSS as. accents cccccscieses 107 Miscellaneous CropS-esaceses ess scseen sce 189
NOlANACCOUSICLOPSaiswis cece c-eseciec oe ceces 120
EXPLANATORY STATEMENT.
One of theestablished features of the work of the Bureau of Markets
is a system of mail reports of carload shipments of all kinds of fresh
or dried fruits and vegetables. This was instituted in the spring of
1916, when the Bureau sent to about 25,000 agents of the various
carriers which handle these commodities blanks for reporting each
car-lot shipment. The agents were instructed to mail a card for each
carload of fruits or vegetables billed from their respective stations.
Most of the reports were in the form of postal cards of the design
shown on the page following.
1 The Transportation Section of the Bureau of Markets perfected the arrangements with the carriers for
the system of daily mail reports which have made possible the compilation of this bulletin. The system
has been developed under the general supervision of Wells A. Sherman, Specialist in Market Surveys. The
corps of clerks who actually compiled and verified the tabulations was led by Henry Hawxhurst, of the
Market Surveys Project.
44215°—18—Bull. 667——1
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
REVISED
CARLOAD FORWARDING REPORT
FOR
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ALL FRESH OR DRIED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
NOT INCLUDING CANNED GOODS OR SUGAR BEETS.
INSTRUCTIONS TO AGENT.
1. Use a separate card for each car.
2. Make a report every day that a carload shipment is loaded at your station,
or at a nonagency station for which you do the waybilling, for for-
warding over your line.
3. Include nothing rebilled from a connecting line except shipments from a
boat line and cars received from a switching line or from another line in
switching service.
4. Shipments billed out of storage or storage~in-transit, report as originating
at your station.
5. Include imports by water, and all rail imports via your station.
Use specific commodity names; do NOT report as “‘ Fruits ”’ or ‘‘Vegetables.’”’
When a mixed car or a car made up of L, C. L. shipments for the same des-
tination contains 60%, of any one commodity, report as a straight car of
that commodity; otherwise report the principal commodities.
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 3
A different form of postal card was sent to the agents of boat lines.
Upon these forms unload reports were secured which also stated the
points of loading, with the quantity of each commodity forwarded
from each point. The quantity was usually expressed in packages
or pounds and was reduced in this Bureau to equivalent carloads.
There were received during 1916 reports of the shipment of 634,175
carloads, originating or billed at 8,798 railroad stations and steam-
boat wharves.
The purpose of this bulletin is to present in tabulated form the
information which has thus been gathered. It is designed to give
shipping information only. It does not purport to give all the points
or areas of production or to represent their relative importance. For
example, Baltimore, Md., is reported as having shipped 237 carloads
of sweet potatoes and 2,170 carloads of white potatoes. Itis known,
however, that but few of these are grown in the immediate vicinity of
that city. A large number are hauled in from Anne Arundel County
in trucks, wagons, and small boats. These are sold to dealers, who
ship them out to other points. For a similar reason the importance
as a producing area of that part of New Jersey near Philadelphia is
not fairly represented by the figures showing the shipments from the
stations within that territory. Since Philadelphia consumes large
quantities of fruits and vegetables, the importance of the adjacent
producing areas is not indicated even by the shipments from that
city. Similar conditions exist around many other cities and towns.
Canneries and drying plants located in producing sections also
increase the difficulty of gauging the total production of a section
by the shipments reported.
The methods by which most railroads keep their records make it
impracticable to distinguish between cars actually loaded at a given
point and cars reshipped from that point; therefore, if our reports
were complete the total carload shipments would exceed the surplus
production of those States which contain numerous storage and dis-
tributing points from which large quantities of fruits and vegetables
are reshipped. The shipments from a number of seaports include
many cars which were imported. While there are a few commodi-
ties, such as bananas, which are not grown in this country, there are
many others, such as oranges, lemons, and onions, which are of
both foreign and domestic origin. As to the latter, it is impossible
to determine how many are of domestic origin and therefore already
covered by reports from the stations where grown. There is much
duplication of this sort in this bulletin, and the reader must not
assume that all the shipments credited to large cities and to certain
important railroad junctions were of crops actually grown at those
points.
4 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Notwithstanding these duplications, the general and prevalent
error is one of incompleteness or deficiency. The system of mail
reports was not put in operation until after the movement of many
crops had begun. It was therefore necessary to request agents to
go back over their books and supplement our figures, that we might
show the whole year’s movement. From many stations it was im-
practicable to secure complete reports. If only a small number of
agents overlook or misunderstand instructions the result is a loss of
many cars from the report.
Another cause of shortage is the fact that less than car-lot ship-
ments have been almost wholly ignored. This shortage, while gen-
eral, is most pronounced in the case of those commodities which are
usually shipped in small bulk and for local use, such as berries and
green vegetables. This is illustrated by a comparison of the northern
and southern strawberry crops. Most southern berries leave the
producing point in carloads, while the majority of those grown in the
North go into near-by markets in smaller shipments.!
However, in the statistical tables devoted to the trucking crops
of the Norfolk (Va.) section, the car-lot shipments reported by the
carriers have been increased by the total equivalent carloads esti-
mated to have been forwarded in less than car-lot shipments and by
boat. This is true also of the shipments reported from the Eastern
Shore of Maryland and Virginia. These are two important sections
from which reports of the less than car-lot movement were available.
On the other hand, the statistics on Minnesota potato shipments
appear somewhat smaller than normally because one important car-
rier furnished reports for the year ended June 30, 1917, instead of
for the calendar year 1916.
With but few exceptions the stations listed are those at which
there aie agents authorized to do way-billing. During 1916 these
agents were not requested to give the name of the station at which
the commodities were loaded, but only the name of the billing
station. In some instances, however, the name of the loading station
was furnished instead of the billing station. In most of these cases
an effort was made to determine the stations at which the shipments
were billed. In general, it was assumed that the first agency station
in the direction the shipment was moving would be the one which
billed the car. It is realized, however, that this is not always the
rule, and that therefore some carloads may have been credited to
the wrong billing station.
In general, the shipping season given for each county includes the
earliest and latest dates of car loading from any station in the county.
1 See Sherman, W. A., Walker, H. F., and Schleussner, O. W., Strawberry Supply and Distribution in
1914. Bulletin 237, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 5
In some instances, however, where information as to the exact ship-
ping season was not available, it was necessary to use the first and
last dates reported for the calendar year. In the few cases where
shipping dates were not reported, the season was approximated by
references to the dates reported from near-by counties. On those com-
modities whose shipping seasons extend from one calendar year to
the next, the season for each county was obtained from the report of
the first shipment of the season in 1916 and the closing shipment of
the season in 1917. In those cases where no reports are on file for
1917, both the dates for 1916 are taken. It must be remembered,
however, that while the shipping dates on those commodities extend
from one year to the next, the number of carloads given is the number
shipped during the calendar year 1916. The shipping seasons for
dry beans and peas are omitted because the information at hand was
too meager to be of any value. The shipping seasons for California
citrus fruits are not defined because those commodities are shipped
practically the whole year from most of the counties in which they
are produced.
The statistical tables devoted to dry beans and peas fail to convey
an adequate idea of the importance-of those crops. Station agents
were not requested to include those commodities in their daily reports
until the beginning of 1917. Our data for 1916 are very incomplete,
being based on reports of shipments voluntarily furnished by the
agents. They are also incomplete because much of the movement
is in box cars, and complete reports were not available as to the ship-
ments from the West in other than refrigerator cars. This last state-
ment applies also to shipments of dried fruit, particularly dried
prunes, and other commodities which may be forwarded in box cars.
_ A large quantity of deciduous fruit is billed from California as
“‘oreen fruit’? because the cars contain various kinds of fruits, such
as apricots, cherries, grap2s, nectarines, peaches, pears, persimmons,
plums, pomegranates, and quinces. This explains why, in the table
devoted to mixed fruit, such a large number of shipments is credited
to California, and why a comparatively small number of cars of the
specific deciduous fruits is credited to that State.
6 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TOTAL CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY STATES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS.
State.
2 Quin- | Mixed
cots. | ries. Ses, | Pears. | Plums.|/Prunes.| “Ges | fruit.
Alabama. ooo occas. 12
Arizona = 53205 Seon BRR ES
Arkansas: io. sccstas 1,523
California........... 3,340 84 51 | 3,477 748 391 43 10 3.| 16,679
Coloradowes- sees. Deb G I | meanariae 3 P| alr) SOM eee eee be eRe 104
Delawarevee: aes. QO BNE E Bea ea Ee 34 71 2401 wie soso ae eal eee 3
Mloridatnesecec eee ee
LAGE 16) See SES ae Sia SS ger G4 es -- 5 all eitesis se Bullets sateen
w8wSB ~®
Kentucky..........-
ATOMISIAN Aes ee see ee
Maryland):.60 22 22
Massachusetts.....-.
Mighican’ ec as-he
Minnesota.... i
Mississivpi.
Missouri.... ls
Montanae ee
Nevada jose oe.
New Hampshire.....
New Jersey....2...-.
New Mexico.........
Newiy OL sa) o-2n506
North Dakota.......
Ohige a ae
Oreron! ees ook
Pennsylvania.......
Rhode Island.......
Washington.........
West Virginia. .
Wisconsin... ‘
Wriyominps eee es=4
Grand total...| 87,251 195 910 | 12,062 | 25,026} 7,489 280 598 16 | 19,367
IMaSSACHUSCUUSSese cence cine «l= <cin cone
North Carolina...
North Dakota.
Oklahoman ol ieee Wah
Pennsylvania..............- 17
UNO Gls Ta Gee es ee
Soughy Carolina ees. ak cee <
SOULE alc Ofaeeen ect calle cn ciciee
CAR-LOT SLIIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. T
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
DRIED FRUITS.
State,
Dried
apples
Alabama.......------------ wal eietateraicrae
INAS EES La) Suna Qe Seema eee A 76
OS Ca ae 17
Minnesota tscasseesectciceisisis << 1
Mississippi
Oe es nd ee es aad
New Hampshire
ING WHIEISOVaen ee wncciniseiccss|s2-02s 5
ING wAMexI CON ie meiscicisinciisns| scl oes
ean ctstelsialetsinicisl=: ici 7
VARI eee leo 43
WVasShine Come selec eaes
NWeStaVsnoimigwaene eee. eo oo.
NWSCOnS a ee. Bae
eee ee re
Mixed
Dates. | dried
fruit.
MEIER OCIA 4
Papel tid 211
eens ae 1
ere i
Beanies 6
aes ECB HE Ok 29
Beth es eae 7] Sone
Ror eacon ier” i ers
ste c cece le occ scene
ee
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
State.
Oranges.
Arkansas......
California.
Minnesota. ...............
Mississippi
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey.....-
Mew Mexico...
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rho te Island
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Grand total
CITRUS FRUITS.
Grape-
Lemons.! fruit.
ia agin a
5 1
Tew anre aie | Boeaiae Fhe
7,482 | 2,327
Limes.
SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.
Fresh
figs.
Pine- | Pome-
apples. jgranates,
Ban-
anas.
eee 780 ||: eee Bil aces
as Re aD 1 ini Ls cals eel ean:
Ghlecsen ses 2, 584 ||. 2. 2c tll oe nenmi Ch
if) er | ii Pema ee
wewele mew ewes |W asos Se Se
10 19 || 16,301 2| 1,303 7
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by Slates—Continued.
State.
BAIN ATI SAS bleleletetelsiereie/=
California. so. ...2..:
Coloradojs--e-ec -'-
Connecticut
Delaware.....---..-
Florida. .
Minnesota.,....----
Mississippi. --.------
IMiSSOUTI Meee ees
IN@Vadaeeciencessc ¢
New Hampshire....
New Jersey.....----
New Mexico.......-
INGWiMOnks seeecee.
Pennsylvania.......
Rhode Island...... 5
Minginiaeeeercecss cc
Washington.........
Grand total...
BERRIES.
Black- | Cran- | Dew- | Goose- |Huckle-| I ogan-| Rasp- | Straw-| Mixed | Cur-
berries.| berries.} berries.| berries.| berries.| berries.| berries.| berries. berries. | rants.
mfstelelatalete)| sietetelaretatel | staletetetelate| Cieteteterstatel | alateteret lata | olehetetete tater | eliaiatestarsets BOB pee ome lee islate mete
LLUNCh el ge Aaa a ieee as Pant pel (gt bay SHOR cee ir Chy| hanes agi tei
DD || winjo'atatalctell areeialapratellloe cittel ciate 2 62 1 607 PAN see eee
sfatotetevaiptel|'c)aieialutafate) | eletetele ctetel| oicletetetal tet] olaleiteyatate| oe ctesterete 1 18 6
ete eeewe
10
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
State.
Alabama
See ee eee os
Connecticut
WBIRWALOs nee sos c aeoee tees
WMNGHIO Geer conc accls s shies
Sat 0 aa eta
Indiana...
TOW Son
Kansas
eee ew ewww meee ewes
Maine
Minnesota
Mississippi
MASSOUTISe ee coe ee cee cee eee
ee eee
Nevada
New Hampshire.............
INO WersOVereernaceeees cee
INGWIMOXICOMe-chamne cece ene
INGWaY OF Kes ncinino cisise ne = seers
North Carolina...-...........
sori Dakota
See ee ee
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
CUCURBITOUS CROPS.
Canta- | Casa- nou} Pump-
|loupes.| bas. Dears kins.
Weer a fees hy A A
eb assshalposscsec TA Seis
EMER osses RS ociss-lbos eRe
(HIS Adel sss passa bateoces
| 7,926 369 2 Breas
TIA TY fl BERS Sees Pe ene Pa
BO sscauene
hg EC hs 8
HA aac
84 2
13 3
israel?
fod Ware (eg 1
pire aia ail
iiei4e, (eae iL
195 1| sess.
Water-
* melons,
SOLANACEOUS
CROPS.
Egg- | Pep- | Toma-
plant. | pers. toes.
- aeet | een mere 4
eae 16| 1,169
bie steln elas | crete teen 52
vodeedce| eee 1,240
6, 184
5
1
336
1,156
6
16
80
1 5 58
5 1 |, niaennee4
sic eeeeelal bee preete 4
veneoasaloes cose 88
«oesieced| boomers 4
mB 2] 1,663
Janes 2 41
Tee 54 | 893. 3,122
ie ri Peewee oe 262
Jpeechine PA BAR toa
293 | 1, 066
19, 323
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
1
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
ee Cae ROOT CROPS.
Gren Whit (se t ieee oe ji ‘
LG | wee ; ? Car- | Pars- | Rad- | Ruta-| Tur-
ee poe Garlic. |Onions. || Beets. | pots, nips. | ishes. | bagas. | nips.
Alabama os... 215
FATIZONAE Neen noes 57
Maryland
Montana......... Be
Nevada 225 ee sos.
New Hampshire. . .
New Jersey. .....--
New Mexico........
INewaviorkeae. sane
North Carolina... ..
North Dakota......
Ohio :
Pennsylvania......
Rhode Island
West Virginia......
Wisconsin..........
Grand total..
191, 751
SOSstos= 1
118 10
204 420
12 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
State.
owas ti ccecoesee
Maine: 2b ar fads
Manylandesssias say
Massachusetts... ..
Michiganeeccccouss
Minnesota........-.
Mississippi-........
MUSSOUNISsoo- eee
Nevad ab as nse le
New Hampshire. ..|_.
New Jersey.......-
New Mexico......-
INE WaMOrke re peas
North Carolina. ...
North Dakota.....
Oreronsiee tees.
Pennsylvania......
Rhode Islandy.....'.....5.
South Carolina. . ..|
Hout Dakotal cys 12 Le
Tennessee.........
Witpinia: 2 esc
Washington......-.
West Virginia.....
Wisconsin. .
Grand total...
BRASSICAS.
SALAD CROPS. PERENNIALS.
Cel- | Let- | Pars- || Arti- | Aspar-] Rhu-
ery. | tuce. | ley. ||/chokes.| agus. | barb.
2,872 | 2,579
REL 132 [Loo 15. |e ae
2 |) 1091520. 2.11. 1 een ae ee :
ree ee a ve alee Biles
Biss A, ||| oe 13
10,195 | 4,700! 18|| 307] 1,272] 270
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
13
Total car-lot shipments of fruits and vegetables by States—Continued.
> r) ’
PULSE Crops. || DRY PULSE || wisceLLANEOUS CROPS. || Grand
CROPS. totals
sft = a _|| of the
State. F 77
Mixed ;
areen String | Green || Dry | Dry || Green | Spin- Mane fruit & aoa
beans. beans. | peas beans. | peas. corn. ach. tables. ase Has:
s.
Alabama 2,759
PAZ OME Eee se mietcieietellseieleleislc «ll'sie(s <i «<1 837
Arkansas 7, 262
California 106, 341
Coloradonnasee ee onl tetecileia)|- ciel = -\- 21} 340
Connecticut 225
Delaware --|| 7,825
Dist. of Col Ac| 2
HSOTIGA Ss seseicene | 32,321
(CECHHE) oo Gaccmereasuscuede 10,170
TGP .doceosaseagac |SeGOGueE EERE eee S| DEBE OEE 4 Bll Bstece Ho|loceadtidc Hi eeriec = 7, 486
WUENOISH Sele sa cc < 1 19 7 8) lloncoecad 43 9 211 881 12, 533
IITIGNIE TI. 5 Secedod eaccoeed BESHeeeS E77 WWoaoasooo|beoadeac BY) oacorae 2 6 5, 598
IW Eis ooo 6babo0eeeds| bavendos| BeSeeeee 74 eecoosec| ecatons 7 |e------- 3 33 || 2,797
TREVOSE Soo bodcugae] pcesee er BaUseOue] BEeenued | seeeeced| Heoodeed| ||Ssocosoulssacosee LOY eeseciee '| 3,822
iKeentteksymcs-eoeee| ccs 2 1 43 225 || 2,921
LOGIN sos couellasacoode 31 27 394 145 || 10,765
WENN 5 He de Scacbsos| bosebaae 2 1 33,381
Maryland 49 364 || 15,9.9
iMassackusettsmeene|seceases|| i) 0 Lils-s-s=-- 4 19 7, 988
Michicamimeeee eye eseeur ANG Semecriete 1, 758 73 PES WeSaccebd 121 | 3,537 33, 071
INDINACS OE. os5socg) oseesbhE Soaseaea pEscaaeS 24 2}}|| eiatetererore pal islets sielel 88 108 || 19, 663
INEST ON Sosa bcilssoosuas 142 (lel eooRcao| Gonebedallsacsocosllbeanonec PY) coco soe 3,182
MESS OUTIOB He meni mse| seine « it besesesalfoadoedod|euosacee 2 1 7 60 9,945
MON tan aoe ee nee een A slecicea'cd|sececcue| ceases Oy eScasosollaccesous 21 1 1, 269
Neb ras amen manners tel cc ae Soc | ast swell iSae ce clecllemceicices Off elsietesters O}i| seaecacle 4,380
INGER). coed soso nul boceoene] BOSEeee | EESpe eee Ieeebeeee| Sepoeecs |apsoccac|-cecsecs 6 15 |], 1,142
INGRY LEMOS TG 6584500 ReReseta ERBeSE as Ieeeerece| SecRsAee | aeseseccl pecodorc IS Be bAeeS 820
New Jersey........ 30 386 70 9 2 165 1 400 | 1,693 28, 260
ING WeMexicoiunmn enema Ma Ose alee Po eset losoccood) ocoocoae TE eebeodee 452
ING wayonkks- see: 157 87 144 347 12 15 35 242 88 62,149
North Carolina....|......-. 128 9 3 4 2040 Seow cielie 54 32 7, £93
INOHHA IDAEOI s - oca|lesacedse SHHeeoes Raeeneen Pebeecees lacocsecbl bodsochnllbccdaccd ossccces) Soaesead 2, 766
QUID. re as Gobo ee GONE een aeienined | a a Delp ake 46g lessens 59| 711 || 9,722
OBIT. 5 cocoon soseae ae BEnerees BEpeenee | REBSEEnn Hsccares! Srccsce||lsosorecc 1 1 3,071
Orman. 255 Ie | Gilltzstaeenlneee 117 1/1 7,862
RennSylvamiasseeee|es es! 22 Ghee eee il 10 3 4 55 431 || 12,278
TRICO JST) 544| boc cene AEA Eee RESE reel | BEeesene eaaeonoen ncrics sae 1b 6aneaaee hesoaees 99
South Carolina... .|........ 252 PAA Bedacoos| anaoose I lsaaesode BY) I boseeone 6, 626
SOUCHHD AKO Lame | seme al sae. H es Hoes eo oe es od] ewe cull Mie cmuree ieee meee Cease ee 1, 683
Mennesseeeesaaneec|esenc es 3 2 74 Bee Sccolllscesdosd|Seaosoce tl eS 5a5H6e 3, 755
GipeS. So ke oe se ae 21 2 Sale Cena 2 180 317 14 || 17,847
[Witenes el IN eG ee AG seers 57 2 805-
WWermioniipes seen Deletes seas TOP ee oe | PD eee ae 2 | eososeee 904
NAT EIM Tay enema me ees ee ees. 983° 430 17 21 4] 2,368 23 73 54, 749
AES nro OT eis aii se ccs s oleic Sasc| sorsieicesiellcosises oc Sl lsesscemel ees cee 232 il 25, 27
NUEStAVnairriaemue Meni. | aaa 1 duce 51 ee 12 4 5,533
WVEISCONSIaRe eRe esc cilouccceecle cosceas 21 272 LOW erences 44 171 16, 787
WVSOMUIT RS ...3 3550.66 SGSeeee BEEBE one SEaeeeee | Recsesced seeacarall Bascenss boaetmee Ee Secaseal| 174
Grand total..| 198} 2,706/ 955 || 4,020 680 841 | 2,653 | 6,210 | 8,799 || 634, 175
KEY TO INDEX.
Class. Table. | Commodity. Pages. | Class. Table. Commodity. Pages.
|
1 51 45 | Bgeplant..........2. 120
2 “1 | Poleneceous | 46 | Peppers............. | 421
3 a Paes ite 47 | Tomatoes........... 121
4 <
Fresh deciduous) 5 : 74 \f 48 | White potatoes...... 125
irises 6 Q 81 Tuber crops. . .. { 49 | Sweet potatoes...... 155
i 7 a)
8 85 1). (60))|) Gamnlicee eects niente 159
9 | Quinces............. g6 || Bulb crops..... { 51 | Oniorisia-c 5255. aan 159
10 | Mixed fruit.......... 87
52) | Beetsitcac-seceeses 165
| ay Dried appleseesces-t 90 2 Canes: SSAA ccc Me
1 ried apricots.....-. 91 | 4. | Rarsuipseeseeeeeeeee
|| 13 | Dried figs........... g2 || Root crops.....') 55 | Radishes..........-- 167
14 Died peaches. ...... oe | 56 Rutabeees sreneeuinelse ne
Fi : 15 ried pears...-....- | 57)) (un p Saat 16
Dried fruits-.--|) 16 | Dried prunes........ 92 | >
7s) BR aASin sos see ae 93 | 58h) BLOCCOlige= sere ements 170
19) |Dates cee ee 93 | |} 59) Brussels sprouts....} 170
19 | Mixed dried fruit.... 93 || Brassicas.:...../4 €0)| Cabbages: =... . 25. 170
| || 61 | Cauliflower.......... 177
20) | Orangesseaeeecoset 94 62) Kaleteonc eo oseeeee 178
ZA MG BINONSe eee eee 96 |
Citrus fruits..../2 22 | Grapefruit.........- 97 | 63°] Celonysecpeaaceecrere 178
2S Mes EEA ce eae 98 | 64 | Lettuce (including
24 | Tangerines.........- 98 || Salad crops..... romaine and esca-
| Rg Wer seocb-snsos- 180
25 | Bananas...........- 98 | 65!) Parsley sence et cemiee| noe
Sub-tropical 26 | Fresh figs.....-..... 99 |
frnits282o5c- 27 | Pineapples.........- 99 | if 66 | Artichokes.......... 182
28 | Pomegranates. ...... 99 || Perennials... .. 67, | Asparapiisteneee seem 182
68) | Rhuwbarbes-eeeeeeee 183
29 | Blackberries (includ- :
ing lawtonberries) 99 69 | Green lima beans...} 183
30 | Cranberries.......... 100 || Pulse crops....- 70 | String beans.......-. 183
31 | Dewherries...... 101 A) |) Greent peasse cere 185
32 | Gooseberries........ 101
Berries) 25-5... 33 | Huckleberries......- 101 || Dry pulse 72) |) Dry, beauSte-se-ees »-| 186
34 | Loganberries........ 101 CLODS#eoee eee 73) | DRY pOaSs— essen eens 188
35 | Raspberries......... 102
36 pire pereles Bebaact 102 | 74 geen gor BSS pS Sr om 189
7 ixed berries. ...... 106 P fo)|| SpINachtereeseeeenee 190
38 | Currants. ./-..2--.-5 107 absceletiegus 76 | Mixed vegetables....| 190
Pen cercrrs 77 | Mixed fruit and
39 | Cantaloupes......... 107 vegetables. .......- 194
AN MC@asabastee sean esenee 110
Cucurbitous 41 | Cucumbers.........-. 110
CLOPS sadecee sie LVAN Mer be vay oy cavalsey sen oe aa 112
43) KS Quasheeeesceee ete 113
44 | Watermelons........ 113
14
INDEX OF STATIONS.
ALABAMA; Tables. | ALABAMA—Contd. Tables. | ARKANSAS—Contd. Tables.
PAU TOMetmiterrisste cists cc 48 Minorsbyesse eects. 36, 44, 77 Wave teresa sanctions oe 51
JME So 3 soci aounooeeede 44 Morbenacscsscwscmaele 44 FE] Dorado........ 5, 48, 49, 73
AIG aUSIa Me eesecece Le 48, 49 Wiebbie aac: sees 44 citi SB tetera seeiras 1
DAtra la eae eevee Ue 44 Wilmer coe eeeeeee 44 EIN GUSONs eaesitsiopeieaen 49,73
JASINRONG cag eubooesdeods 44,72 Yorke. ee 36, 48, 49, 60, 70 MIN 6 bere cetaioeisiae 3
PAUUIDLOL Oe er iefatelctelsielels oe 5,36 BUC OLAeeeaces eee eeice 48
Autaugaville........... 73 | ARIZONA: Hanminetonesa: sens wee 1,36
Bay Minette........... 48, 49 Duncans sesere Beasts 44,60 Fayetteville........... 11,3
Bayou La Batre....... 60 Blagstamgeaeeenesee 48 Melkers ye se keeet ees 1
Billimesloyesee see cscs 44,7 Glendale......... 39, 44, 48, 64 ROLdy. Cause see ee nese 49
Birmingham........... 1,49 Kirkland csscerce sens 1 Forrest ri efe(efei= aso 48,49
Black 44 NS EN 8 4, 20,39, 44 Fort Smith.... 1,48, 49, 51, 76
Bolling 36 INBCOR ee Selsey iat tees 16 Gallager eeee ane 1
Bioth.... 44 Nogales 20, 73 Garfieldeaseaseee acco 1,36
Boswell... 44 Phoentx. so.28 20, 22, 39, 44) 64 Garments sit Cae 36
Brewton 55 Skull Valley........-.- 1 Gontiyeenseseeeeees 1,11,36
BUEN SWVNllO eee scicee eteee 44,73 YIM aN OL ecto neate 44 Gilliamee sno sees 5,39
@astleberbyeacececce-- 36 G@rannisseesee eee : 3
Chapmanwene sass ec. 72 | ARKANSAS: Gravette eee aoa 1
Clanton eee asiaeie 44 AID Dotte.. oes 5,36 Green Forest. ..oc.csue. 1,47
Columbiay2 ss... 5. 49, 71, 72 A GON at acisseeeyeenenee 5 Greenlandasseeoneneene 1
Coopersese soe seceukiee = 44 Alexander mececseeccee “ Greenwood. so. se senuee 5, 48
Coosada en eenee ees. 76 NI bitch Ee IE ee aise Gr Shee 49
Cowarts....... ecto 44 IN bade ys Ne Gum Springs.........- 5
Cuba emeeaineic se a/= 36, 70 Alpena ackettoee eee ene 5,39, 48
Cullman eos esc 36, 48, 49 FAN EUS ces Ut esate Hamburg se eaeeesceee 4
DA WieSwe eee eas 44,48 Amity arya eee oe eee 5
De Armanville......- 1 Arcadia EAT rISON esse eee nae 15
IDOUIGN Ceabsesossasoee 44 Arkadelphia Hartman ssn es 5,39, 48
1D OVEN Se see aoae 44,71, 72 Ashdown Hiathel dep eae
Ora a eee ats 44 Atkins Eloalinc ioe selena 1
HOLS yee eee hs esa 41,48, 49 Auvergne Ferimanie see 44
Fort payne CMa Se aie 73 AVOCA Ee Eee 1,11,36 Ee sinsSOne neers see 36
SHOE eas ae 44,72 BaldvKnobeeeeeceascse 36 lEb EAI eee cacuoneso5. (alate
aa EGE ee 44 Barlingeuyescesweter 5, 48 tichilanidisa eee ee 5,39
Goodwatermveeens-cce- 44 IB ata vida eee seers 1 i 1
Gordon ess 44 Batesvilleseyjssess cee 36
Grand Bay...... 20, 44, 48, 2 Bays skhciee cece 44
Greenwillensaea. se. - Bearden eese 49
lancevillessececcie esse 36 Beaty sis eee ee 1
Hartford Bellefonte... --... 22. 15
Harvest. .... Be Bellevallexeges sane 5
EVOMIN See meee acres d Belton 5,39
Hurricane Bentonville............ 1,11
Irvington Bergman tase 1
JASDORMAM eee ece nes nec 5 Berhy.Villee cele cmstsceete 1 eens (Ra Sa Sate ae 5,36, 48
IK llycon eee ae 44 IBiggerstle ose eects 44,57 Wesliou< vas st 2 ees 1,36
Winwood eke: 72,73, 76 Blevinsyassso cesses 39, 44,55 ANCOM La ae eee 1,11,36
DGivanes tomes awe se 36 Blue Mountain.....--.- 5 Witteralesee seer Les 36
MOxleyen rene 20, 41, 48, ie BONANZA eee scans 48 Little Rock. :.+........ 49
Ama eee Sua Booneville.........-- 5,48, 49 Lockesburg...........- 5
McConnel lessen. 36 Bradondye wees ee 36 ond ones eee 49
Mallvierniiciss. sone 44 Diradloyjsewaes sc seeeee ee 5 WOnOKO ssa eceeec seca 48
Manchester connec: sn. 5 IBTaAn Chee ase haces 5, 48, 49 TO Wel eee ee 1
Midland City......-..-- 44 Buck erases eee 6, 4: McCaskill. . 39
Mobile...... i , 25, 48, 60, 70, 76 IB MON Ate ecteeesines 5 McNeil. ...- 49
Montgomery..-......-- 44 Cabin Creek.......-..- 5 McRaek sees eee 3B
ING WiLO ne ae 44 Caboteteesesccmeceocec 44 Magazine
Opelika eee e 20's - 49,73 Camden seat meseeelte 5, 44 Magnolia. ...--... 5, 48, 49, “3
OP Dee sean 44 Carlislot een stoaweislac 49 Mammoth Springs.....
IRANISO yA eee cece 44 Cave Springs......-- 1,11,36 Mansheldsssessseeceeee 5
PARTS Oe 5 Centerton 22 eee ene: 1,19 ‘Marsh alles 2a eo aeenee 5,36
Reachburgaee. osc. c-=- 5 Charleston.........-..- 5, 48 Mineral Springs......-. 5,39
Pinckard C@hidestertees ens-eosee 5 Monticellosssss--2-oees 49
Pletcher soe o. s Clarendon? 222202 ssesc 49 Montrose: Sse ences 49
VAI ET eee ee eae ie sieisies Glarksvilless See saicee 5 Morrilltonte aoeesee sees 5,36
USS lee SN) 0 Coals eee 5,39 Mountainburg..... 1,5,36,39
DiEEMMOMN Ss ociss =. 5 CONG re ee eee 5 Mulberry eos eee 36
Syngas Se eae 44 Crosbysee cesses case 36 Nashville... ... 5, 36,39, 44,49
Sanfordessee. 2 525: si @roSS6Se eran oeeee ce 1 Newport 48
SUSUR eee leis RS Daler ee eee aes 49 Nimmons........-. & 44
Semmeseaesesassc cess Dardanelle.........-- 5,36, 49 Ogden 51
Silverhill Deanywillee sites cose 39, 44 Osceola 48
SHOCOMED Eee ticmenn nclsee 4 Decathrneetes-s-ssos 1, 11,36 Ozark 1,5, 49
ERA CONE aesetceiec tin Delights ees uee eee 5,39 Pangburn 36
Mav OL sss wseseecnels sn\ 44 Dei Queene L262 s eee 5,39 Paraloma : 36
mheod ore eas. 36 OLSON MARE eeeeeeee 39 RATS eee 1,5, 48, 49
44,48, 49, 51, 56, 57, 60, 70, 76 Dyerstsceee. elapse 5,36, 48 Piggottzes see ee 5
16 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Index of Stations—Continued.
Pehle
ARKANSAS—Contd. Tables. } CALITFORNIA-—Con. CALIFORNIA—Con. Tables.
PikeiGityec neat eee os 5 BLOSSOM eee Seeemtaace East Fresno........-.- 10
Pine Bluff Bowless.¢sscc23 4,5,14,16, 7 Fast Gridley....... 4,5,6,10
POTASH Aeon vaneless we Boynton..... Dat were 4/10 Rast Highlands..... 20, 21, 22
Leola stels 5 SS eee Bradiprd ees see 10 East San Pedro....... 20, 21
Prairie Grove Bradshaw. -cos.esceses 10,19 Edenvalo:2.20p nea 16
RAVANUeNE cece sce nk Brawley. .2b-oe.cecceu. El Cajonteseeseee 4,17. 20, 21
Syn Bree ee os oe = 2),39, 44, 47, 48, 51, 64, 71, 77 + Centro. 2,4, 44,47, = 74,77
0 OY). eee re cicos ve 10) es a Ss 5555 i) lk Grove , 10, BS
ROPOrs:. ace. eke Briehtone- seen ecee 10, 20,3. Elkton...
Rosboro..............- Buena Park. . 20,47, 48,60. 76 Ellwood “4
Une “o03s02205¢5e Bane spossessta0e¢ 4, at Bl Modena 20,21, 64
dye coon arkheadeceiete staan Monte seca 21, 40,
Russellville Caloxicoss-bsess4. 6,39, 44,47 41, 43, 47, 48, 60, 61, 68, 64, 76
ee etter ee eeeeseeeeee Dale ee eee ece eee ees Bk El Rid... -.s0 cena 72
BAEC Uae ete ee a OO ODI 4, tae OBI 2 255) Be es Fees
Shady Grove Galva sSos0ssso7d2c050¢ 10 Tie ae Mi eae 8
Siam Springs Camino. 2.020202000002 48 | « Rmpirels...-cseeaeetans
IMS... .------++++-+-= Capitoli....-.---.----- al Encinal .;.2.2 eae 4,5,6
Springdale Carditie nine esses ees 72 Encinitas........... 9
Springtown. ........... Carmicloses ee eas ceases 21 Bscalonanl an taeene 10
DSLAM PSs: <sos-sccetteee 49 Carpenteria......... 20, 21, 22 Escondido ee 1,
Ppephens 2 = snstn sees 5 Canithersm ses be eee 10 “a 10, 17, 2, a, 22, 47
Strong ob mielaleeinin en vintalcl= 5 Casa, Blanca. 22... 2252 20,21 Etiwanda........ 7; 20. aL
Castle... -.-.-..-+-+-++- 10 Exeter: 2oceu-p aoe
Centervilless: 2 - 22s se 2UF 72 10, 13, 14,17, 20, 21, S
Central Avenue. . as; ue Ag if Fairfield
60, 64,76 Fair Oaks......2clece
Ceres: ..3sse20se5022c6e;) © 10))) aac sonar eerie
Chapmankens ase 2) Famoso...--.-.--++++-
Charter Oak.......- 20,21,22 | - 0 permis ee
Chieco.82.2---< enacas 10, 16, 19 Fillmore
Chimantieies sp seeseeee 10 ine... cola R Lee
WAMNOL ses senses nees 48 Chowchilla 322. 48,49 Fl orence. .. ere aS
Waldos..2--. skates 5,49, 73 Chualarae 2s ee 1,48 Bran
Walnut Ridge......... Chulavastasnceeneeeee 21 Blorin pada
Warde.) ot ee aoe. 36 Cienerza 2s. 5: -Aieesss: 51,61 Rolsei a
Wiarrense sac sn ceeeee 44,49 Cliremont.....-. 20, 21, 22, e Waris
Washineton........... 5,3) Clearwater. ..... Eee Rowlcre ee ee
Wiayeland!-22- >< 22-55. Clementses 5 Fe sescs se ‘0 Freep ctl ee 51
West Fork... 0-5... -0< 1 Clement Junction...... 61 rcene Sala
Wihite:Oak..2 2.2 Jecee 5,48 Clovis ec aoe eee 10 rr 16, 7, 19, 20, 36 ern 48, i
Wickes isan 5 cc beet 6 Coachella: = eee , 2
Williford 5 25,39, 44,47, 51,77 Fullerton.........-....
Wilson 48 Goffine sa eeec eee 20, 21, 22, 47, 48, 60, 76
Wilton 5 Coleztove Be 1 Nee 20, 21 alta sacediogs ss: ses- 2,
y D RSMO LT Obs bay Se ae SS
ig AIRE Conasee oe AG 33,40, 47, 48, 50, 60, 03, 6f
CALIFORNIA Colmiaes.* sie 10, 48, 58, Garden Grove......... 20,
Mca DO seese = eee ae 4,10 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 71, 76 : 21,47, 48, 60. 63,72, 76
Autvillosc ce: eee 51,61 Coltonbesees eke see 20,21. 48 Gilman............. 10,3), 49
Alameda......-...- 48,64, 76 Golusae (hi2o: seen ceee 6 Gilipyeeeaeeee eee 1, 16,51
Aldon) eae Ss ase ee Compton. . 48,(0,(1,(3,€4, 76 Glannvale............. 4
Alhambra ook. Suess 20 Concord. . 2,4,5,6,7,10, 12,16 Glendale...--.........
Almendrasece eons sce 4 Goncrete.: 0.2 h teen 20,21 4,10, 20, 21, 22, 64
Almitos Beach....... 63 Conej0sce cee. <2 sale 10 Glendora mroSsseocac 20, 21,47
Alta Lom3.... 2), 21,22, 48, 76 Goslord2eeeea=seeeeee 10
IAN GiaraS $83) = shat Sees 48 Graton (23s ee ose eeee= 1
Alvarado... 2 fences 10 Gravel. >. 2a552seeeceee 39
Aviso sessses 52s: s 1,10,33, 47 peterpan = Sisott ae
AMPOr0=2 0-52 <c00e5- 10/1) = ‘Cottonwood 2 sao. ee see ee 10))) 2 yeast eee eee
Anaheim.... 4,7,20,21, 48,72 Guinds !2 Fase 10,19
Aridersoneee sees eee ee 10,48 HalisMoontessaseeneeee 16
Antioch.... 10, 48,51, 63, 66 oy ental scod-s ar ae ts 7
IMs Se Soe ecat ase ae ord...
GHA E Se. es 10 Crestmore Junction... oe! Ward wickos-sse.s=aee 10
Arcadia...... 4,8, 20,44, 48,61 Gucamonpal soe eeneee DELS UB 2s eee eee 4
Arlington........... 2), 21, 22 10, 17, 20, 21, 2 8 Hayward ........... 10, 47,68
AT monaee. =. sae espe 10,20 Gutler. ee eee Healdsburpieeesssesaes 1,16
ATOMIAS! ee ooo aes 1,10,51 7, 10.14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 44. 48 Heber s2son sneer
PATE ASIDG oe cictacnicure aunts 61,76 Danielson se oseeesecee 5,10 3), 41.44, 47, 64, a
AL WALD -cc le c.ch ences 10,49 Danville sees wecce ne 10,19 TCM ete. cee eeeeeenee 6,20
AUD 2. 252 sts 3 10 Davisies etree 10, 20.L0 Hermosulo..-- 22 2.2: 20
TOTS ee ceae ees ue mbes 10 Davis Creek.-.....-... 8 Hesperia: cu eeeeeere 1
AGUSE RS: cae cie es 20,21, 22 DOCU coe stew epeiee 50,01 Highgrove...-... 20, 21, 22, 24
Azusa Avenue........- 20, 21 Del Reyer soe bok 4.5 Highland (Marin Co. Nee 1195
BALON a eee amiaets oleee 10 8,10, 13, 14,17, 19 1, 22
Bakersfield. ........... 1, DeliRosveeeenseee 4,2),21, 48 Highland (San portent
4,16,17, 20, 48, 51 Denaiwecrecs 4,5,10.39, 44.49 dino Co;) "2222... 20, 21, 22
Baldwin Park........- 2), 48 Des Moines........- 10,20, 21 Hilt... ---- 222. essen 10
Bandini: oes been 61,64, 76 Devore. 5.25222 o eee 17 Hobart 40, 48, 60, 61, 64, 76
Banning.... 2738; GateaGs ie Diamond Springs...... 10 ELOWISTCn- ><a eee , 10,51
BASSO: woe ccs cce dee 4,48 DinubAl eee sees eee 10,17, 44 ISD io oecbadsosss5ccc 48, 51,63
Beaumont..... 1,4,5,6,10, a Downeys sc oes teste se 20, Holtville= 222) seeeeees 4,44
Bereamot. so) soem. sas 21,48,00,61,(3,.4 me Juuchionssssees- 6f, 64
IZ OS Pe cone ee se ec 10 Dusrien cs cociteees 2D 2 2e) ) ELOOULS 2 enn esnoeeeme |, 51, 76
Blanepie See ee ee 48 Dundee. Te es 1 opin sn eile ac) 1
Bloomington.... 10,20, 21,22 East Alhambra......-. 20 Hombrook.22 tees ees
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 17
CALIFORNIA—Con. Tables.
DELO WAL ier eieetelaisniels s'ciee 6
UBS OM ise Heian ls 4,44, 49
Huntington Beach... .. 63
Eiynese sue eee 41, 60, 64, 76
TSN ACIO Me Te ele ay
Mrmpenia le meatier:
22,44,47, 51, 60, oi
Heeb Ree as Ble eno a
Inglewood.......... 60, 64, 76
VIN OMe sees sine
Irwindale. .......... 20, 21, a
UOC Aa RO ea 20, 2
MONEE SAGES SUbBeEe 10
Kearsarge aH 63.20
IK iats) cal Fed 4 hk 10
INOTIMa Meet secs ce 10
IeSteT eae 40, 60, 61, 64, 76
Kester Junction....... "48, 60
USGA CI5 hc a 2
Ke veces aan Te
10, 17,39, 40, 44, 49, a
TOTS EA eo he eee
Keinedoneeaee ele oe 10
IGINES UTE ees yew sek 10
Kanieltisemss years he 19
Knights Landing. ..... 10
JURY EXO SED ESS im en Bs)
Mashliapracceeeea esse
2122" 48, &o re
Lamanda Park...... gl
Va Mesa eon Meas 7
La Mirada.......... 20, 21, cs
ancasten-ee sas eoe 1
Lankershim.. 4,5, 10, 20, 21,40
Was Womas.. 255.50) .0 20, 21
WassPalmaswees see! 10
Watney ioe eas 20
Pathropesasece yin sie
atone e naan ye
Lawrence... ..........-
UWS eerie aul Oa
Leffingwell
Le Grand.....
Givey@ akinesia 4,5, 10
Wivinestonee es ancl:
Wocktord teeters ee)
Temnae BSB aON Sees
Lompoc Junction ..
WonteyStareeeeeenees
7, 10, 13, 14, iZ
Long Beach..... - 20, 41,64, 76
3, 1
Lorenzo... 10,61, 67, 68, 76, 77
HosiMlamitosy sense. 2% 63
Los Angelés.. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,
10, 12, 14,16, 20, 21, 22) a7 39)
40, 41,43, 44 46, 47, 48 51, 53,
55, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 72; 76, 7a
Los Gatos SSR Cees 16
10 H
Los Nietos. . -- 20,47, 60, 64, 72
10
McFarland. .
MC Gil Re a es
ea eylle. -- 1,4,10, 47,48, is
May rela sce caters et ar
Index of Stations—Continued.
CALIFORNIA—Con. ‘Tables.
einer teeta as )
Melolandie essere sans
Mentone igee uses 20, 21, 22
Mercedin ye Ne 47,49
Mernyrn antes wanenimnine 20, 22
Mettler ones gue 0
Metz ta Aue te 1
Meyers ey rae 10
Midale Rilverescecewnu 48,51
Mid alate enue nin 4
Millbraces Se ani 61
Milpitas 1, 12,16, 61
Minkler.. 4,10, 17, 20,48, 51
Miramar ise mauianllioiis ;
Mission eee a eines 20, is
Modesto nessa ii ei aiee
10, 13, 14, 17, 39, 51, is
Mojavex sec niaie a iiiems
Monrovia........ 20, 21, 48, 51
Montalvo geaeeee shane oO 12
Monterey se pessoa eenee 10
Morgzanhil] sou ss enns 10,47
Mountain View........ 47
Mount Olivet....... 60, 61, 64
MOI ae EET EE 6
Murrieta
Muscat
EW OFF ARS LA hh Bed
Naranjo
ING rode ns ks Shenoy eiiaps 20, 21
National’ Citys! Siteais 20, 21
INE WCAS tle eae nay 3, 10, 36
Newmark eer
20, 40, 47, 60, 61, 63, 64, 76
Nilegarden fete Ae CREAN 51
INT e go agi aaa SAO in 10, 50, 76
Nordhoti jy seais 20, 21; 22) 24
Northam esi ii ne 47, Me
North Dinuba.........
5,7, 10, 18, i7, 20,44
North Pomona........ 20, 21
Norton 10
Norwalk. . 47, 48, Bt
Nuestro
Oakdale 10 “i
Oakland
10, 16, 17, 20, 39,44, 48, 50, 61
Oakley RCN ONG 2 4, 10, 19, 67, 72
Oceano. 1
Olives G2 Gy UREN ARee
Omira
Ontario
Orange
Orland
Ormand
Orosi se. eee
Oroville
Ortonville
Orwood
Owensmouth
Oxnard
Pachappa
Pacoima
Palermo
Palmdale
Palms
Palo Alto
Palora
Paradise
Parlier .2, 4,5, 8, 10, 13, 14,17, 44
Pasadena SE Sia 4, 20, ol; 48
Paso Robles.... i "10
Patton acne 20
Pearson Te amie ets 10
Pease Roars ueeeeas 4
Pedley et eee 20, 21
Renryneaseeesee 3, 10, 20, 48
POLES os see cae eee
Retalumasseesessoceeer ]
PE ECIS ss tiesicnc ws AOmacee 10
Pico. 20, 47, 48, 60, 63, 68,72, 76
Pines Pace 2; 20, 1. 22
Placentia..... 20, 21, 22) 40, 48
Placervilletee see 6 1, 10
Pleasanton. . 1
Pomona.1, 7, 10, 20, 21, 22,48, 76
44215 °_18- Bull, 667—— 2
CALIFORNIA—Con. Tables.
OL DU LV catenisinee esiclets 20, 21
Porterville. ...... 10, 20, 21, 22
ETON ae pense ee ene 10, 20, 21
Puente.... 20, 48,51, 60, 64° 76
Quincy Junction... 76
Race Track Junction... 60,61
VAL Veeicine oloisteare ciate eratoe 10
Red Bluff
Redlandseeeseeseia-
Redlands Junction
20, 21,22, 24
Redondo Beach.. 20, 21, 47, 76
Red woods spessee el oeee 44
Ue Oo cioaeriaaurepice 5, 6,10
Reedley sssek ee. 4,
5, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17,20, 44
ialtoweeeeeees ee "20; 21) 997 77
Richfield sesieseeee ccs. "90; 48
RidBonitogss eeeeeses 5, 10
RIOOSO™ see eee een 48,76
RiNOMeeeveee eee n eee 10
Rivera cscs nssenee eee 20,
22, 41, 48, 51, 61,63, 64, 76
Riverside.....” 9; 20, 21, 22, 76
IRAVICr ae eae o eee eee 5,
ROC Kies eee eee
Rockwood! pe ceseseens 44,51
OSCOS Salo a steesne sess 4
Rosemead. - 2-2-2. - 47, 64, 76
Rose Orchard.........- 0
oSevillese sees see 10, 20
Roseweed.....-.-.-..-. 60
FVOSSMOYVNe see seen ee 20, 21
Rowland..... 47, 48, 60, 64, 76
Sacramentos ese eee 1
4,5, 10, 20,25, 36, 39, 44,
46, 47, 43, 49, 50, 5i, 53, 57,
60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 76, 77
Saladgecst ween 66
Salidaayie Mew Nae 1
Salinas sesacesnoeree 1, 48,51
San Bernardino......-
20,21, 22, 48
SanyBriino ss eeeeen eee 60, 61
Sandersete= eee eee eee
Sanvreroeeeee eee 4,20, 21
San Dimas.... 10,20, 21, 22 24
San Fernando.........- 4,
6, 20, 21, 22,47, 77
San Fernando Mission. 20,21,
San Francisco......-.- ils 4, 5,
10,11, 12, 13,14, 16, ip 20,
21, 25, 27 30° 44° 46, 47, 48,
49, 50; 51, 53, 60, 61, 63, 64,
66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76,77
San Gabriel”. .2_.- 4,20, 21,
47, 48, 60,61, 63, 6a, 71, 76
Danperecesees 10, 20, 21, 48, 51
Sanwoseee meee eee 1535 10,
14, 16, 19,44, 49 , 63, 72, 76
San Juan’ Capistrano. 48, 60, 72
San Leandro: .-2 2-222 68
San Luis Obispo. ...... 51
SaneMarinossesse eee 20, 64
Sani Miguelasseee se ses 10
Sanskablossceseeeeese ic
SanwPCdhOsss-mc oc ce ceee
21, 22, 41, 47,48, 61, 63, 72, %
Santa Anne sicun ee 4,
12, 19, 20, 21,48, 50, 63, 72
Santa Barbara. 10 20, 21, 48 *51
Santa Clara....-...-- is 10, 16
Santa; Cruzes-e soceeeeee 1,10
Santa Fe Springs...... 64
Santa; Maria sie ec cece a 3
Santa Monica.....-..... 72
Sante Paulasso-eosseee 20, 21
pana! ROSRs- es seeeeeee 1,16
Santa Susanna......... 4,6
Santeee. so .. sees ace 4,21
Sani Nomasas—eeseeesee 16
Sargent See wees eee 1,10
SAallCOy eect eens 1
Saugus BSc cee 20, 21, 48, 61, 64
Sawtellesss-e2- sees 72
18 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
Watts.. 47,48,51,60,61, 63, 64, 76
Greezley
4,44
oe a A—Con. Tables. | CALTFORNIA—Con. Tables. | COLORADO—Contd. Tables.
Schellville Junction. 1,10 WooWlandies. <tc emcns 4,10 ba Juntaiece cece eee 39
Sebastopol... 1.3,4, 6, g, 10, il, WIGONSDIOM soso eneinan 48,72 i
15, 16, 19, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37,48 WME DGe see ses eemaeee 10
Belinea ene ts "10 IGLOS teat tee ee ae 5, 14,17
SUSDAS ie eestor ee as 21 ORDA tense cee < eee 20, 21,60
Seville...... 4,7, 10 Yorba Linda..... 20,21, 47, a
Shafter 48,72 Younzstown...........
Shel lon 10 Yuba City. 4,5,6, 10,17, 19) 48
Sherman 21 es
S181 1)a) oes 2a ee eae 20 | COLORADO: Tuptonbessesscueere 48, 60, 46
DO ea soactgessasase 10 PARTON Gee ees eerie 1 yOns oo Giseee tee sree 1,77
DISS A oe ceabock cent sie 10 ATAMOSB cere emer 1,48 McCoyerseecs seeseeeees 48
SIMBILZALs ek cece ccs deus 72 ANCONILO 2s ce sean 44,48, 73 Mack . 2520 c5 ce eeereee 48
Holadadeene=s-s- cee 1 IGN Ss Sa Sancnsdesssso5 Mancosece- eee -seeeeens 48
S102 (0) ps ee a 1 JADU Ras Ss gkoaeaoe 48, 51,60, 76 Manzanolassseeereeeeee 39, 44
Spaulding Spur.......- 21 ANS In Seen 1,5,6, 10,48, 51 Masterssacen seer enee 48
SDEREWAV =o. coin se ene 76 AN ONGaeen eee asiceeaeeee 48, 60 Mea" a acesee eee eee eee 48
Spreckelsen 2) ens ac 1,48 IBFANP Sac Sb ooreeoaseS 60, 72 Mes ities season 73
SrAOrd: 022 ec 10 TRE bi aedcooedse ode sae 48 Millikenass/sssseeeeees 60, 63
Stanton Junction...... 48,60 Ibi yle 8 Aa ecigasaco 52 ie Milner 22222554 ee
SLOPKLO MG eee ets 1,3, 10, 40, BOWdereenenser sere Mineral Hot Springs.. 48
45, 48, 49,51, 60, 61, 63, 72, 76 Brighton.....-.-.- 48, 60, 63, 76 Monte Vista : 48,
Storey....-. 7 Brushes sesesseees eee 48,60 Montrose....
SETAUOLe ee eee eeeeine BUNA enema 61 Nepesta....--
Strathmore......... Canon City... ==... 1,10 Newcastle pie eesceee
PUISHU SS seen cee Ganbontlalecseeeeee eee 48 Oak Creek. - 2-2 ---Sekee
SHHENIE Soe Sano S aos ac Catlilieeeeease sre eeeee 48 Olathe eee
5, 10, 13, 17, 20, 44, 47, 51 Centeleecesssseeeeereets 48 Olney Springs.......--
Biiimartaniae ee "21 Glioraw es eae 39 Orchardsa.4: semanas 48
SuMMVVales jes --- = 16 Cimarmonleser-r ene = 48 Ordways....------s=== 39
Sylmarse recesses 48 Chiftontesesce 1,5,6, 10,39, 77 Ovid 2 eee a
DAT Oseee ee ne eine eis 48 Cloverly.....-... 43) 51, 60, 76 Pagosa Springs...
ANTE 0) Bea oessesaaee 6 Craig es eee ensaee 48 Palisade...... i 5, 6, 10, 47, as
Temecula. -5.25--2--= 48 Cresta tee ee nee ane 48,72 Paonia eee 1,5,6, 48
Terra Bella IDFA LS Sabo cS Se hes0558 0, Patron eeeene secre 60
Mhermalenss or cwccee DeIBeguels- eee eer 48 Pattersonwssseree eee 1
Thermalito IDeGye JER igs en Sossec ose 48 Peetza eee eee eee 48
Thornton IDSIUINOLtO eee cm eee 48 Petersburg acer telat 60, 63
Torrance...... IDM ostecscosecdssss 48 PIpr Cele eee eeeeeee 48, 76
Trentom-cn oc ccesene sae Denver..... 1,3, 4,5, 10, 35, 36, Pine Grove...........-- 48
SEEODICOs see oe 47, 48, 61, 64, 76 37,39, 43, 44, 47,48, 51, 53, Pinon®2ee- ee eee eee 60
LUNG) Rs Gas teedsccssss 54, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 73, 76 Plattevillezece-eeerceee
ETO te ee ce cee ee se 7, 10,16 Dividepeesseceeeeeeee Pueblo...... 1,44, 48, 60,63, ie
TOC keaton ena 1 DW OLOKES ee eeiee sete 1,48, 76 Ridg“wayseessnce een
39, 40, a 548, 49, 74, 76 Muranpo see 1,48 Rifle.! .55. eee 48
PISpineeeee eee 0, 21 63, 72, 73 WEVA Es Shs sccoee sks se 48 Rocky Ford..........- 39,44
WI Sls =o eaasseecaesee 10 Bast Lake............. go ROpPeN ee ee ceeace n= 72
Upland..... Basum eee eee ne Romeo! cee 48,73
WataviliGeeee-scaceeee. HAtOM ee esece cece 48,51, g0, 78 St \Vinginsioes cece 60
Valensin ID apess Sogoesqons 746 48,72 Sedgwicke-sccee-seeeee 48
Van Nuys Englewood........-. 51,53, 76 Severance........ 48,51,60, 72
IDWS 5 ssoeceSsogods6555 60 Sidneyseseseee eee eee a
Ventura LOVE Mg cAssocoaacHo sess Siobertieteen scree
Vernondale Florence Silteee-neeeias
41, 47, 69, 61, 63, 64, 76, 7 Fort Collins.... 1,48, 51, 60, a Snyder.........
Villa Park... 2... 20,2 1,47 Fort Morgan. . Ba Sa ssc State Brilge
Wallanvistasec snore ee cs. 2 a2 1 Mo wloreee ee eeee eee Steamboat Springs..... 48
Wane DUrB tech ochecececs Prditaencecewes ccee Sterlingsaseeeeneeeee 48,72
IVASRIAE oe cee 5, 10, 16, 19 48 Galeton SWINK Soe acs eemrniesl= 39,44
WiStaee eee ne ccee nee Gilcrest Timnatpeessccssceeeane 51,60
Wielliitns aSoa5 cohen 20, 21, 22 Gielen cece Traceyville..-..-.-2... 60, 63
Walnut Grove .10, 63, 67, 71, 8 Glenwooi Springs LTAaD DP Claceeseeeaeitee= ap
Waltons peeecee see Goo lrich UMION Sees tee
WWIESCOW cena ne mce rete 4,5 Gowanda Wattenberg... 51,60, 63, 64, 7
Watsonville ........... Grand Junction Wieltzereosseeeresene.s
10, 36, 48, 51,71, 3 Wieldonss----sneseeeees
Watsonville Junction.. L 63 Gran1 Valley Westminster
10 Wioleottheaeeere
48 Grover. Woodland Park..
20, Gypsum Wray: tesa eee
21, 22, 47, 48, 60, 76 ardine ees cece sees Various
West Glendale......... 4 Harmony Weld County
Westminuster.--.22.2--: 60 Hayden
Weston....... Sao 10 Hazeltine CONNFCTICUT
West eee posaosotAoc 20 Holyoke Abington.........-..-. 1
Wheatland.. J set 10 IH ODper esses etesee sees JANG OverKsenceesecenete 1
Whitman.............. 10,71 Elotchiciss seen eee 1 Bantamaer sseseee ee nun L5G.
Winitticrs.se-es 4, 20, 21, 22) 60 Hungerford...........- 48 Branlord ese seeeseeee 36
Wildomar..........-.- 99 Tories osecieeet es 51, 60, 63, 76 Collinsviilo.-ts2nesaee- 1
Willoftats' (cee 5,10 Jonnstown 1222223 1,48 Deep River...<.-....-. 1
Wilmington... .. 47, 60, 72, 76 Julesburg........... 48, 51,60 Waploville-cseceeeene ee 1
Wilmixgton Road..... 47 Keenesburg...........- 72 East Hartford.......... 1
Wane yilibyee sees see oes 20, 21 KG Obae since ener ceeecee East Wallingford...... 5
Winterburg...........- 48 Kersey..... East -Windsor.......... 48,51
Winters 32522 seeoeeee 10 Kit Carson... Fllington........
Woodlake....... 10, 20, 21, 22 aire eee Falls Viillage........-.. 1
CAR- LL i
R-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 19
Index of Stations—Continued.
CONNECTICUT—Con. Tabl
Mil 4 bles. | FLORIDA—Con :
Mi idlefield cr 3 TONES ee, le FE LORID: A—Contd. Tables,
RWESIB GaGa ioc ince 51 Boardman........--+-- 20) a elond .......++---. 20,44
New Britai ae Ponds Mille. 22222002) 20 Henn eee 20,27,47
OSM CEE JOnifay. enn bay PULON....- seep ane 36
New Milford” ee 76 Bostyicle: -.yteuemen was 43 nee sige eer hd Gerda 20,4
RUHIPRSSHOHT eacl 1, 76 Bowden scvit eae A4 ai TON «~~. --2+-0- 43, C0, 64
RNA ee M48 Bowling Green...... 20, 44,70 AN ee Gime aa a
HME eCMMIT IC init. 48 OnE OS sb joec cole 20,27, 47 omelend ROL Tors ti 20
DUTTRRIMTENMNNC Fons, 1 Bradentown..i.i21) 20, 22,F0 ene ieed atalcaciatelege) alagaty 201,47
Simsbury........0c0... 1 radleyv Junction... . "20 Hovston OC GbE Ne in ae aed
SHAWL Coe en 1 Bric idous sat ee a Se 920. 22 if oustOn.....-.--+..-+- "44
Wallingford sobosdsseoga 48 Brewster: enue uname 20) 44 1 CIOS » lesa aim aw la 20, 44
WRRHIRELOHE so 1 Brooker... eek aus moda Tel NC. - == 22-0 n ones 20, 22, 49
West Cornwall........- i Bunnell... 2.2.2. 48 Is one. v re Signi at
VON OS SOB ushne 2 ~ : BODE Oc
Maleswillos seen 56. 1 ¢ Ta sh Jeetaaer ah Jacksonville .......... on
DEL Camp) illo ae nsaayooans CT Theat
AWARE Gandlers22. nanan 20 a Jennings ae cee gs "4
PE ae arn 47 G@annons is Got cen "AY Tow! ON ~~~ --+-++2+-2---- 20, 27
Bridgeville. see e eee eeee a Gara eee 7k aie aes 44 seman ed or eo ied a litt 20, 47
$6, 36,35, ii, 7 seawall SUDDIyjeqeoeses 47 K ain i ee em
egeahill re Chicora ae 90, 44, 48 Ke HU oO Co te /egoae °36
ps Chipley. = nea ae mn
Hoodideoucmocsnoes nluota PeOde eno came ety
Cheswo thera, 47,48, 49) a, NGiina Wie enenen 5h 20 PSU Nl se oo 66,4, 72
CSS Oa aaa =, 6,36 Clarcona........2. 1272 90729 Pee eee 20, 22
Se se iets |) Chena 20,29 | Lady Lake. 20 020222202 ee
Delmar. 5,36,30,4i,44,48,49 | Clyatt 20,22 | Lake Helen.....-.-.-_- 20
HO Cae 4h 4; 46547; €6,64, 70, 71 Rime Ore
Halvor ere rte recess ‘onchman see 90 22 Lake W 22, 36, 44, 48, 60, 63
aerniatnrca eae eet 36.48 ge Cocoa, Sas eae Eo0) Tiel a ees ae °20, a
GoGrceco nan Se Cocoanut Groep 20, 47 T eee Cette aaron 5
Green ood a es Soleman Bepbeauaoons 44,47, 60 Taurine neuen eae
Frerrinetona sian é, 47,49 prencen! Citys cs He T eRcen Sra A NE ed AY et
TEIN ween 4,6;36, 47 VPUCSS ooo ano creisele 44 T eesb ‘i iL oQlODlAT He
Houston.......- 6, 748 CVTHL. seneeeeeeeee 46 We BU aie eee ee st
NERA aia 47, 49 Dade ( Liye oor a ee 20 44 it mon City...........
TORRES Cor ea 67 Daniae Leese 20, 27,47 Tene iia see eT “0
"36; 4i44° 47-4 @ Datona eee eae 3 "00 Lis OD women nme c= 20,41, 44, ie
WincolniGiige 1849 PR aoa ce cnonc a7 Tite RaNer em ued 97,47
Gia lin Reland( ee rseeee reas 9 7 WEL III BOC ‘
Middlet pees, 139, 47, 48,49, io De T.eon Springs....... AVS nee pak rer teen r eens ‘44
Milford ae 5.6, 29, 47, 48, | Oliiyecseouconccon. 20,27) 47 Wook hart: pide hes ey 1 ay
Millsboro... g , WoNer aces eeaena0F8G! 44,00 Long EA we redda eee 2
boos - 80,48,49 | Dukes. ooo. Fe Od ocean 20, 44
IGHAEIBICATAnGLL 3,39, 47, 48 Duncdinw esses McAl Mae soeagaiehi zeae on
SESH co 4748 6 Dupont ree eessere ess Maitland aee ae Bonen a
Nassatt 2-2-2. 47 48,49 | Farle Tate HRS ees 20
SOS CORON cecccoe 9,44, 48 Fast Pelatka ST ES Se ao 44
Sealord amen ae iia in? G iiss acl RUSTE EG
29, 36, BR20 29000055 UGA eee ereeeeietete
; SDeRRiCee ae om Ob a 49 eu UO oon c ota
Sra yrprae zeae Deere San;
Bimal ty le ey, 46, 47, €
Stor ews... iii, 18,2 Pspanold.. 0.1. 6,05, 64,76 Mien eee 20,47
Se ee aera ae % Fistions 0s) anaes ee eae - 20, 22, 60, 64,70
Womiklicl 15 Be 9 IBS a coooseesedonc 20, 22,44 MOLINO tens eae ae
WWvomine ol 29,6, 47 ee we sods ana pan! Mont. crde.......-.--.. Ee
4,5, 6, 10,36, 48 Waitcla oun tes Morriston. --..2.-.0--5. 1,44
DISTRICT Farmton,..- 2022222222. perry «sls. eT
Teno ena Federal Point... rt MUM Wines se aenaeeee "20
eeee eee e ee 1 Felismene.. 2022: 46, 47 peoshel SFE oc eecione Al
FLORIDA: Flewellen.............. 41,70 Non NeghamGe sor ee eae
ASCRGA Floral (ity....-........ 20,44 Gree lieeee a a
AIHA on eae 44 Florence Villa...-..-... 20, 22 Oak Hees eos o-oo 20
Tits a Hlorids a ars ecc 23 eT Onan ae ae oa
vata OOo SS rida Transfer.... 20,22,48| Ocala...... 20,22,39,44
ae 39, 44, 47, 48, 64 Fort Green......... 20, re 4270 Onset wera reco tat
OU eae oe Fort Green Springs. 20/4870 Gish aceaee HC
Tan oa ae 50) Fort Lauderdale... ...’ 20,47 Ok wae eee ae =
Taegan ay 47 Fort Meyers :. see 20, Oklan obee PRAEES ESBS 208
Armstrong..-........-- 48 22, 24, 44,46, 47, 76 OR ny
Arredonda............. 4 Fort Ogden........- ’90/09'44 | Oneco... 2.2.2... Seles
MERI ot 4 Fort Pierce. oe see 20.27 47 re) SUR te es = 20, 47, 63
Were etic. 20 Fort White.......- i ‘44 Opanee City Sey =
TASER ANON, 48 ul ford§: (seis ee anon a Orance Holphitaiss 73 a
NGiont tank: = oi5. 6. 20 Sane eae = S01 aa, i Orange Mills me Ee ws
TShventE ANT ee A Brig VA oe LAO KIN” tO raTiGes Paricmaen aan aan
Barrie oo] SamwentTR | Sede 35 8
Sosasesa58R05 oulds....- y 47 --+--- 20,22, 47
cena a8 66562, 84,76 | Graham Ra | Ovted. aa
peer nine ope eee Tan disc atc eee ee a7 Sr ee gd
Bavard 2020.22, res lb Olpipetice ey reeaepernei ar oa ees IL es Ronee EOE
eos. cae 44 Grays Landing.....__- 20 Palatka. ....-.----.--.
CRA. fined: 44 Gistiaboc: aps Palmetto........ 20,46, 47,63
teceeceeeeee 39 Panasoffkee........ 44,47,60
20 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
FLORID A—Contd. Tables. | GEORGIA—Contd. Tables. | GEORGIA—Contd. Tables.
Parisien oo. . 41, 47,60, 63, 64 LTO Re ee PEE 5 Gresston: 3 eeeeeeee ore 44
POITiNG! so Sses lesen see 20; 47 AMBELICUSs se aseee eee 5,44 Griswoldse<cncunsensee 44
ISRO. So eens ce es 20, 22 Amsterdam... .......... 49 Grovania s.neesesn=see 5,44
Pinemount........:... 44 Andersonville......... 44 Grovetown. .<-.<...... 44
Plant City..20, 36, ii, 43, 44, ADiNgtON. vse cee fee 44 Haleyondale........... 44
46, 47, 48, 60, 63, 69, 70, 76 Atlanta... ... 1, 4, 10,39, 44, 60 Hall. 22... 2.cco eee 5
Plymouth. .2-.-.2cs ee 20 Baldwins eee 5 Harlem... -scseceseeeee 44
Pomonaee teense: 20, 22, = Bannockburn.........- dd Harville.u sess acne eee 44
POMPANO ccuee elo ees Barnesville. ........... 5 Helena: 2:25. 2 eeeee 44
Port/Orangve. 28. 22232. Barney seats. oot eee 44 Hephzibah............. 44
Port Tampa City Barwick scone seose 44 Hickox teeaeaeee oases 49
Brineeton es. eek. be 7 Batson. sees ee ee 44 Hillsboro 5
Rumoyersser sess =e isso Eugs sao Ssco dem soede 19, 49 Hilton....-... 55) ey
Qnintefte =). 32-22 Beechwood...........- 44 Hoboken ‘ 49
RAULOTO Me eek 36, 48 Bellwillezessscermee eee 44 Holland 5
IROUGICK s- Soce eto cee 41, 47,70 Berlin set ee Ee 44 Hollywood 5
Miverdale.c 25222252 "48 Berzeaecs cae eo 44 TVCyscencce see eaeee eee 44
LC WS Reese ssensecee ra Blackshear...........- 49 JAMES aoe eee eens 5,44
ROCKO e << hee Blakely Aeeaste neon 44 Jefferson. a= seca eeeee
Rocky Point.. 41, 45, 46, 64, 0 Blue Ridge............ 1 Jeffersonville......-.... 44
ROVs iets Nee 48 Bivthe so ee Sera ae 44 JIMPS. 2-22 s eee see 44
Safety Harbor......-.. 20, 22 Bolingbroke........... 5 JONe@SDOLOy ee ens ese ee 44
St. Aueustine.©.2 55222. 20, 48 BOHAILO Ste soe ene 5,44 Junction City.....-.... 44
St- wonns: Parks! so. 48 Bonesville............- 44 Kathleen. sccsssckan se 44
St. Petersburg........-. 20, 22 IBOSiON! coped coeeeeee 44 Ki6ysvillegeecereee rem = 44
Pantord)= sao. ewes 20, Bradley sas seem ste 5 Ta) Crossesecsssseeureee 44
41, 43, 47, 48, 60, 63, 64, 70, 74 Bridgeboro : Lake Park. .
San Mateo...........-. 20, 48 Bristol Lanier
Santoseeec nesses 44, 47, 60,70 Brookfield . Leesburg
Sarasotaseess os seed 20, 22 Brooklet Leslie
Hehastiant=-o) esse 20, 47 Browndale T izelia
siopin 6G) Pane See a 20, 44, 48 Buena Vista McBeaneee---=-5-eeeee
RIMORLON: 2s eee wee ene 7 Butler : McIntyre
Sneads.. 222 AS 44 IBYTONSe Seen ee eee 5,39, 44 Macon :
SOMPentO- = oleae eee cee 44 Cadwell2. ese aa: 44 Macon Junction.......
South Jacksonville..... 47,48 Cairo yictessacenee ae 44, 48, 49 Maricttae-s--eeeeceeees
South Lake Weir. 20, 22, 44 Calhonnt eae eee 5 Marshallville...........
South Side.....- 47, 60, 64,70 Calvary eee Ree 44,48 Matthews....-.-...--..
SPAUEAc ee eee ee 20, 39) 47, ee Wameron i eecoeseeee. 44 Maxwolltessssmeemeene
Spudsss222!22: Si Mease Camillaeu oie ees 39, 44 Mayfield a-e-e2-eoeeee
Starkek22 22s Bess 36, wo Chambers............. 5 Meda. ucceeus debebeene
SLE g ea el aa 20, 27,47 44 Meigs. i222 scceesesen
Summerfeld........ 20,22, 44 44 Menlo-o8.2 eee ete eos
Sumterville 7 49 Merrillville
Sutherland. 20, 2 BA 44 Metter
Tampi..:-... 20, 22, 45, 47, 63 Clayton 1 Middleton.
Tarpon Springs........ "920; 23 Clitoeeo eh iweoeee tees 44 Millen
PAVATOS a tos ose nee 20, Clyo ketenes 44 Montezuma. ......--.-
Terra Ceia.... 45, 46, 47, 63, aa CORD sone een ee core 44 MOrvensnccsaseeessese
Thonotosassa....-.. 10, 20, 22 Commerces eee ee 5 Moultriecscceneesecoes
Tildenville..-.....- 20,64, 76 Coolideereiece-eeee- 39, 44,49 Mountain City...-.-...
Tihisviles se 20, 47 Cordele: ieee ne. 44 Muxphyseeeesse)oeeees
MrentOnsescas ses oe eee. 39, 44 Corestctie Gate 44 Musella.-seaeesoeccemes
Winatilias sss 5 Cormelia.: ice 1,5 Mystical speneeeeee eae
ValricOsss<. 02222 2 eee 20, 22 Crests st Oe eee 5 Nahinta-2->-eeheeseeee
WVOTICR SRLS ee Cee 20, 22, 24 Crosland) atte 44 Nashvillez>--ss-s-eemes
Weroze. hates hc 20, 27, 47 Culvertonss icscece. Bie 5 INewnantcen- ste ssoeee =
Wacahoota...... 20, 41,60, 70 Wakotas 2c ct. eee 39 Norman Park.........-
Waldo teas. 20, 22) 94° 49 Dasher el eee 44 Norristown............
Walton esets-2 Oeste 20, 27 Denmarks. <li 329-4 5. : 44 Norwood
52 48 Dextenspacacccuees coos 44 Oakfield.......
20, | DoOerdnese 6. tween oe 44 Ochlocknee..
22,24, 41, 44, 48, 70 Donaldsonville........ 44 Oglethorpe
Webster.2:252552 41) 44) 47,7 Douglass): Levee. 39,44 Omefa shes Sees Rees
Weirsdale...:...... 20, 22, 44 DOVER Ss. Steer eee 4 Oostanaula
Welborn: : 52.2535. ’36, 44 Drybranch Osierfield. ..--2..-5.. 23
West Palm Beach..... 47 Di bliin eee eee Onsloyar Ree eeeeeees
White City 5 ie: 20,27 Diyase pass 1S Patterson sse especeere
Wititney sc. 2 2c 44,60 Eidorendoscess se cee eee PAVO. woke sence eeeeees
Wileoxss c.f 2.85: tee ays "44 LO} ee a f Pembrovesnesa..eseeee
Wildwood.... 20, 22, 44, 47,60 Bllabelle.. 2.222228 Pendergrass...........-
Williston. ....... 41,44, 48, 60 Bllavillesie et aus. Bes Perkinsseee ee
Wimisnms. 25. set 63 Hilentone ss See ee Perry. eae eee
Winter Garden... 20,41, 44, 64 eamnersone Soon eee Pine, Parke S..cseeeee
Winter Haven......... "22 Hmpires: sos Sse Plains isco ee
Winter Park! ii 2) 2o0i22 20, 22 Mitzgerald ss Mees See Pomionss,. sc. sBeeeeneee
Ybor City.... 20, 48, 60, 63, 64 Fitzpatrick. ... 4 Portalicccsesceseeeee ee
Yelvington............ 48 Lai a See Powersville
LOMO wo 5stbece: 20, 22, 24, 70 Folkston....-. Putnam.
Fort Gaines Quitnam
GEORGIA: Fort Valley Rays Mill
Aduirsyilles és 3s 5 Railarde 22s oa eee eDeCcas tc eeeeseee eee
2) EE eee Ss F Gainesville Renfroessseeecee snes
Aoricnlay ss acannon Gopeinss | ee eee Rentz.2. esse feeeseces
Alpany sss sie 6,39, 44, 60 Gordon's s Assen eee ome Reynolds tesceeeseesene
AlCorng 22.55 55.52 ee 44 Gray fe PRU ee Richland seepeseeeeeeee
Aiderimans yee re See eee 44 Graymont...i......22- Rincontes- essemenes >
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 21
Index of Stations—Continued.
GEORGIA—Contd. Vables. | IDAHO—Contd. Tables. | ILLINOIS—Contd. Tables.
UO DELUMe areeicicicieiaicis'e\c'sic 5 Gamer? oo /csjcieac'ete ciliates 48 Bloomington.........- 1
Rockingham.........-- 39 Genesee. ssc iastecinicsies ore 48 BITeMSIANG 2. cejs vs ate'e 48
Rockmartiemecses-- 0 5 Glens eisweseeewieetors 48 Bluff Springs.......... 44
Hueby, INostsl Goeaeeogee 44 Gooding economics 48 DOIG ates sbatoleewenes 1
Mae aelaisiontalela|atie 5 Grand Junction.......- 1 IBOltOW sare stele e a eeelea 42
Botnd Obl er acesados 5 Grangeville............ 48 Bosky Del eces neers ce 1
sibs (GiEMIRE BS eoaaebboandds 44 HANSON mcesacelecacisisee 48 Brad Duryeeectecseeees 1
St. George. ...-...-.... 49 Hlazeltoneesscemcleisieeles 48 IBIS H LOM eee see ees 1
Sale ete eNO igiafe aisle 9,44 Hey burMaljeeteismete cidivis's 48, 51 Broadway........ 1,11, 48,72
Savannah.........---.- 20, Homedale............- 48 Brocks: tie sss swernsione 1
41, 44, 48,51, 55,57, us 76 Idaho Falls.......... 1, 44,48 Browntield. 220.5255 ..1 1
Scarboro.....2-------- 44 TON BMY ieisisiels stalanrectetsie 1,48 IBIUDAKEL een es es ose see 1
Screvensee occis---scce- 49 JONOMC 22 oye ectecioiescioie 48 IBUNCONUGE Eee eee ok 1
Shewmake.........--.- 44 Juliaettae -\siteccmbwreees 8 Burr Oakes sep eee 1
ain? iaoasosssacegcos 5 Kendrick. c 5 seisetates 8,10, 48 Cache asics spasiasees 55, 71
Shinglorns oes eee ese. 44 Reunedy Horde. ses. 48 (Oni) ES apropooSonenoeT 48, 60
Silver Creek. ......-... 5 Kaimberlyecicccccciesiscics 1,48 Calhoun (Calhoun Co.). 1
Soaithville..........-.. 6,44 Kein SUEDE eee eee 44 Calhoun (Richland Co.) 1
Sofke@eeecmovcceccisi-lcl- 44 Lewiston... 1,3,5,6,10, 44, 48 Canton eeeeeeee 48
SPanksneeeeecssliciccicce 44 Lincoln sues soatees Sh aaias Carbondalevsisceessees 1
Springhaven.......-.. 44 Lorenzo Carlinvillescnsce se se ae 1
Stevens Crossing... ... 44 Maladie st tescettesnioe Carmine eee 1, 36, 44
Stevens Pottery. ...-.. 44 Marshfield Cartter 5
Stillmore........-..-.. 44 Menan Casey sash seeerae 1
Siilsoneepaseeesecel Sea 44 Meridian.. Castleton 48
Stone Mountain........ 5 Minidoka... Centralia 1,5, 6, 10,36
Summerville........... 5 Montpelier Champaign 1,41
SumMilereeeececnescscces * 44 Moores sci seasseemece 48 Chester
Swainsboro......-..-.- 44 Moscow Chicago 4, 5, 6,10, 30,
Sylwester..<....---.2.. 39, 44 Murtaugh 36, 39, 4, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51,
TN eWvOCKee ee mca tsisteye 2 Nampa sents --- 1, 48,51 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63,
MHOMASTON =) sos ~ toe =l New Flymouth........ 1,48 64, 68, 70, a1 5 "2, 75, 76,7 77
Thomasville... 6,39, 44,47, 8 IN@Z perce ce eee aeseee 48 Church?sas ene ee 1
INOTUS Soeieeeoeitenieerts Claremont). sane ene 1
Oxfords eee ClayiCityeceeseecees 1
Barman eee eee Coatsburgaee cree 1
\ ELE) PAE EN Eee mie us 48 Cobden ete eee ane 1,5,
Pay ette 6, 36, 45, 47, 49, 67, 68, 76
Pingree Collinsviile.........-.. 1
Pocatello. ... ae Cowdene aera rae 1
Post Falls : Creal Springs.......... 1
Warm Springs........- 5 Potlatch DallasiCibysepeeeeesees 1
Watersville.........-.. 44 Preston Danvilleee erases ae 1,51
Waynesville........... 49 Princeton DesiPlainessesesee ee nee 53, 54
Winysideses eee ot 5 Wexburg ji 2 seueke se ean 48 Dextenwes ones eee it
Ways Station......... 48 Big byaviersenmece eee 48 Dieterich sae sess 1
Wellston Riries su oe ce oes 48 Doltonehy! seen 51, 60
Wenona..............- Roberts... 2. - <2. cece 48 Dongola.... 1,36,39, 41, 47,51
West Green RU pPpPerbeseec essen woe 48 Drake aii ea in amon e 1
Whigham St. Anthony..........- 48, 73 Dundas ee 1
White Hill Salmons yaees sees eee 48 Dunning... 43, 47,51, 53, 54, 76
Whites Mili Shelley se... 222.55 1, 48, 60 IDV ONE aan a is 48
\Wwillléle § So Seecnboosee 5 Sterling eeee ieee sees 48 East Alton.... 1,6
‘Williamson . Thornton............-- 48 East St. Louis. ... 36,41,
Wilson.....-.- Twinihalls esses 1, 48, 51 44, 48, 51, 57, 60, 64, 76, 77
Winchester COM. ses O eee eee 48 Edgewood enone 1
Wan dereriiccsiciccecicieai Wassarsscaen a ecu 48 Edwardsv Lies 48
Winokur Mictorsn te a es 48 Emngham............. 1
Woodburyesss- cee 5 Wirdeniicaecn2 oesusmes 48 Ry PWORED sees ee eneee 44
WIRY eaee teeeercce's 44 Wallace one coi jasces 48, 51 -Evergreen Park....... 51
SYA tESVilleseoe ee siemleeces 5 ANGIE VARA RGIS Rete SGo5 1,48 Fairfield 1
PATH GNS HC SEERE CARES 5 Wellesley........--.--- 48 Fall Creek 1
Zenith se eens 5, 44 Wendell sa eee scene 48 Fancher 4
FiOUCM Biaielnajeswctesiisins =e 5 WieSton scotia a csasees 48 WANING asco eee eee 36
Farmington 1
IDAHO: ILLINOIS: loras se ost eecens ece 6
Aberdeen 8 AISOY,. osc'ssc cea sssmeee 1 Foosland 74
Ashton.....3... Altamont. < jos sc-sscee 1 Fowler......-- 1
Blackfoot Alton..... --- 1,6, 44, 48, 71 Franklin Park 48
oise......- Alto Pass. 1, 5, 6, 47, 49, 68 Freeburg 48
1S} 610) ep Ree ee ae AIMDOYincscosscousseeee 48 BTU eee ae nee 48
Burleyee eee eek Ama eee ewer 1,5, 6, 36, 39, Priuitland ecco cewaece 1
Waldwellesne ss oee 22528 48 41, 44, 47, 49, 51, 68, 76, 77 TUR ry ee AS 48, 51
WAM aS ieee eeccieowsceuis 48 Arenzville.......-..--- 44 Galesburg..... 1, 5, 6, 44, 48, 60
Coeur d’Alene......... 1, 48 Arnold ete esa 1 eatden Plaines eee 48
Wouneilesese estes ee 1,48 ASTOR Ate sece eee seaeee De ee es Geti. (sos. Ss eee 1,11
Culdesacrissccces + oss 48 PAU) Re een cas = 1 ecaran Valleyaseeneoe 48
IDET Ao Ce Sao aaa 48, 72 AVOndalen eee acon 51 Gladstone® sc. seaegeees 1
- Dietrich Balcom.......- 1,39, 41, 75, a Glenviews5--ee5-oes 51
Downey Barhyewseeeccerceeecee Glohes ae eeeeeaee 41, 51, 60
IGG esse ccccecceccess Beardstown......--... 44 Godireyetaassee seer 67
Emmett Béech?8...-\s.scce cease 1 Golden Eagle Landing. 1
ORs a sc sce sce sees Bellevillessscesaeccsee 1,48 Gorevilloeeee eee 1
HEUTE erate cise eco si Bellmontse eee eeee = 47 Grafton et eee 1
Fort Hall Belvideres ase eee 51 Grand.Chain.......... 47,48
Franklin Bensenvilles.........2. 53, 57 Greenfield. .......-...-. 1
Fruitland Bernicess iss ceeeesees 51, 60 Greenup =. <2) ees 1
De, BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
LLINOIS—Contd. Tables. | ILLINOIS—Contd. Tables. | ILLINOIS—Contd. Tables
Greenville ..... eesas 1,5, 44 CONSQh reece ete eee 1 [StSON oc erew eee see oe 1,6, 47
Griggsville SES ene 1 Olneyszi cesses oh ee 1,11 Wavorly..anccbeseeusts a”
Gurmpe sss nee. 60 Omaha cere: oes Saas 1 West Havana.........- 44
Hagerstown ........... 1 Orchard Place...... 51, 53, 76 West Liberty.......... 1
MAMDULE Cees. Le 1 STAM a sseactee statin ciers 74 West Point... -
Hampton. - see sces. eee 51 Ottawa. eee 67 Westville... -- 1,60,69
Hastings ss neces ees 1 OZarki see ebreeeeeeeenee 1,5,6 Whitton. eee 44
Hazel Dell 1 PSS: <ntccceoe cence 1 Wichert... 48,51, 53, 54, 57, m4
Hazelhurst .... bee 48 Parkersburg........... 1 Williamsville......2...
Hebronsss-sccs Mon 60 Patoka: 2 cccce Willow Bar...... auseoe S
RMemickis seen ate 1 Pearls eae se Willow Hili@ss meee 1
etviCke ones sn one 1 Pop aeesee acer Winthrop Harbor...... 60
WRUSIW Sores oe? 1,11 Biase Gerke rere eee Wyanets.-.cck eee 5
Horvillese se! 1 Pittsfield Kenia cece eee 1,11
Homewood .........-.- 60 Plainview Valoic vices aoe eee
127) [See ee ee aaa 1 Pleasant Hill Yates Cityo-csesneaeeee 1
PATI Gees Ss ae 1 OS@ra RR ceeee ee
Hutsonville..:......... 1 Pomona INDIANA
WAR as as cost etecaueee 1 Poppleton Akrontceecnn eee
1K] ENS ee Eos 1 Port Byron Alida. oe ee
1A t eee oh ae aes 1 POSCY 22. eset ee Amo-:ceccenceen
UPA ley re) 1 Uae ee 1,5,6 Princeton Ansola.--cheeeea see
Muka. osinssest BaeSuG 1,6 Pulaskit.22-2-2-e ee Anthonyeeeeeee eee
1, 48 RU Ban SS 2S¢ Arcolanwceccegen Sues
bl Quincy -. Ashley Hudson
Jersevville...::.2.-22.2 1 Ramsey Attica <cc.t teen ee
JOwetteee. 2. eae 1 RapidsiGity ss -eeeceee I Atwood. eee 41,5
Joliet... - 1,48, 51,57, 60, 68 Reavmondl.-22e2 oss 1 Aliburn=-teee ee 1, 10,48, 51, bo
Tonathan e590 sue: Red Bud sicsesaeeeee 48 Auburn Junction.....- 48
TODDS cee ones 36 Redsiuiete.ccce acetate 1 AnicistaceeeeL eee aeons 1
DOS INS ae ee ce eer ene 51 Rishwiew.-----22--sse 36 Bainbridve..ccoceeeere 1
ankakep ois scs~ se 1,68 Rip Ra Dee-e eee eee 1 Barversville....-.-.- 42, 47,74
Kamak: scsi eons 36 Riverdalo.--<-c-.sceee 51, 60 Belfords) eee eeeeee 1
Kasbeer® - 2.15.22 sce. 48 Robinsow. =~. sc assesee 1,6 Bicknell ccceeeeeeeeeee ,42
1G) | saree ee 1,5,6 Rockiord!ss<csessssse 4,36, 48 Borden... 1,6,29,35,35, 42’ 47
Kewrs porte. bss ees 1,6 Rockport 1 Bourboness-ceeeese eee 48, 51
Kinderhook 1 Rockton Brazilzcectteeeeeeeeeee
Keingseaese. 2 48 Roodhouse Bremeniceceeemen =e ae 48,51
hinmundy 1,5 Royal Bristol-2efences=ee eae 48
La‘lede. 1,36 St. Flmo Brooklynteseoueeneeeee 42,47
Lansinz...... 42,43, 51, 53, 60 St. Jacob Brookstonlsee--s.sesee
La vrenceville......-.. it; 44 St. James Brownstown....------- 39,44
Lewistown. ...:...---- 44 Salemeece- ose seeeceeeee 1,11 Buckskinie--e-ees senses 1
WouiStes hast oc te ese: 2. 1 Sandoval............. 1,6,10 Burns Cityon sees eee 1
Macomp ere fssso cue 1 SEY ONS Hes escesssscosse Butlerceseeee seen 47,48, 51
Malcandaases. serene i Ge SCALBOLO2s 2 -- ere eee 48 Buttervillescss-cee ee ee 1,47
6, °6, 47, 49, 67, 68, 77 SOVICK Sos =m soni 1 AMDYinssc econo eee 42,47
ManleIsland.......... 1 Shattuc...-..-....---.- 6 Camden c 2. c2c-enssnas 48
Marshallise22 22524522 1 Shipman......-.-...... 1,6 Campboellsburg.......-- 1
Martins S25 siaen oe es 1 Shobonier .....--...... 1 Carlisleseeeeeeeeeee 39, 44,51
Martinsville 1 Shumway .....---.---- 1 Cavulascsaieseceteeene 47,71
Mascoutah 48 Simpsons......-..-...- 44 Charlottesville.--.-...- 42,47
Mason 47 SUmSeasaeeee eee eeeee 1,6 Churubusco. - 42,48, 51
Matteon 1 Smithborossas-aseeeere 4 Clavitone-sen-s sees 4
Maurie eee eee. 44 SOTONLO Ns aioe t ee eine Coburgé.s -caceseee eens 48,51
Moenoraesss os s222 2 A522 1 South Holland... 44,48,51, 5 Gollins?2222-Sseaeeee 48, 49, 51
Melrose Park.....-....- 51 Sprintfield............. 1,44 Columbia City...-...-.- "48,51
Moaridotars aso 22 aoe 48 Sterling (Rock Falls)... 1,48 ColumbuSieeseeeeeee 1, 42,47
Meredosiaesss-o-- soos. 1,44 Stewardson............ 1 Convers@izc--=-seabeeee 48
Metropolis. 222.5 222222 35 Stonefort-2-<~2- ss 1 Crawfordsville......... 47
MIN Cree kee nosso 41,70 Sullivan ss/5.5-t-e~e bee 1 Crumstown:----<-222.-
Milled~e “ille........... 5 Snmner...-. Ses ease 1 CulVeriscresss-eee eee
MOCZASITE-Sosebaee eeeae 47 Sunset Landing........ 1 Gynthiana-see ee eee
Moder. 2: e222 ue 1 TEUTOPOLIS=-520---eee 1 Dalevilles--ceieeeee eee
Momence........ 44, 47,51, 60 Dhackeraveos--ccscee ee 1 Darlinetoniessesseesees
Morton Grove - 48,51, 53 Thomasville..........-. 1 Deckers. sccsneneee
Mont Carmel........- 1,47 HOMSPU esos 44 De Mottercccesssaeeeee
Mount Sterling. ......- 1 THOERLON ses contac eee 60 Denhsimis:---tisaseceee
MontZion-< 2... eee os 1 Thornton Junction. - 51 DUpONtess- sees a
Mulberry Grove...-.-.-. 1 Timewe 1 East Chicago...
Murph BSHOLO os see 1 Toledosscs-ee- 1 Bdinburees. cnn - =
INAMeD KS ee ae SES 48 Mon beset esas meee 1 Edwardsport
MapleSieesc.cstesscnone 1,44 Tower Hill 1 DIKRAnblsosee ae eS
Woehor ose sb. ce Saas 1 Tremont 6 Elw aa Peo RS
IN@OtA a= oemictestes se eee 1,5 Tunnel Hill 1 BIWTeN 2 \.--.< eee ae eee
Mew: Boston... ..5.. 44 THIGNOLS sence mie see ite 1 Mmisonee---5-cesaeee
New Burnside....-...-- 1,6 LO) | [Les ies isa 36 B08... ..'--scaceeee ones
New Canton.....-..... 1 TSH octinscieocmee eee 1 Wins (Greens seeerennes
New Douglas.......... 6 WValley.Gity cos occees 1 Hvansvilles-o--eeeeiete
ew Memphis......... 6 Vandalinese scene acon 48 Fairland.) osneneeeee 42
Ne mtOness peewee = Yee 1 Wernonnnes =. -eeeeeeee 1 LET igre eelipes 555550055 6,47
Nobleteeeser st seseoeee 1,11 Metsailles oases peceeaee 1 Bair, Oaks..---Jesehesee 1,57
INDIA = ce cep ence eee 48 Wishart eon. pecreees 5,6 MOLE. - epee eee Ati
Norwood Park........- 51 Villa Ridre.. 1,6,365, 47, 70,77 14 (1) geese b= Soo 48
Oak Glen. 2. 22st ce 51, 53 Wraladt Balls 5-2 eee. 1,5,6 Woraker-~-sspesee ne aoae 48, 51
Onkiand ero neces NVATSAW -Luceeeencn boas 1 Fort Wayne..-........
Oblongereesscees eee 1 Wiatagacespceneneeomee 1 WTances <2. =o eee eeeete 42
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 20
Index of Stations—Continued.
INDIANA—Contd, Tables. | INDIANA—Contd. Tables. | IOWA—Continued. Tables.
Mnaniictorteeeee eee ek 1 iain villeseeeeeeees ses 44 Blue Grass............. 51, 60
Hneadomessecmsse. =. 47 Picasant Lakes sscseccs) | Ol Boone........-..-..- sa) 48
FEMe@MMON tenes ace iaiecicie 51 lym Outheesenriectee 48 Bove HW onanicyounicacour 1
inibGhtoneessesee esc. 1 Posey ville... - 6.39, 44 Bae ton........------- is
Garden City........... 51 Princeton... 1,6,39, 42, 44, 60 Below, vee stennnee A aeay, i
Garretes nator me essa 51 Reddington......: shade 1,39 pees on..... B;
ESA res aaa Fee ea aaa A CSI ate ae BL
Gosher Le ee pe CeO Cee Heneselaey abbobeticogoer He COPHETaMT cs cre cos akte ,
GOSDONUs see semis es ICDIM ON Wey. cieielelel= = sie ele ~ Mad SAIS III CIO IC)
Grabi Re Ue 48 Ridgoville SOREN UE ie 47,48 Re we cecceseccere 48, He
CHEN ONG aeons eee An I db TAG MCR RAM RY Oo Cedar Rapids. ...... 36,48, 77
geaencaatle Gehnetonk Center Jun: tion 48
ereen ea Rogheater Charles City............ 48
Greenwood Roselawn Gnatucs Ne a
Gigi ae eestssicicieici-i= } Hoste renee Oe rT Chirdinihelil ee 48
papas. « anesbeb gr SaaS oc Clear Lake.......... 48, 51,60
EVfammondesssececs =.= St. Joe.......-..------- Clinton 48
anna eee eee. San Pierre GHSESE A roe
Hartford City......-..- Saratoga...........-... COINS aL ote 149
IS EONS. eobaoenneeeene 48 ponenerville Gales CORDED OR CUCC CUR aC 48
Haupstadtiensen sl 6 |. eelyvillo mete ence ces weseorin se 2csseae ee
lazblconeeeesee een nw 1,42, 44 Sellersbutewescmeneeee é coumbus Junction... 39 th
elmer nee se oecos 51 Seymour............. ConRIA De oe, an 48
Help ure Raenntaee rhe) 1,51 a chet. Fe TE) SER tay e Coopers is. aes eee 48
Muiehilandsys oes sc\--1- SMLITLE Views wicinlolein(sinieyoleinjnp aR Ait] 0 gio iees a oom cmon ee wcll lelele
Tdsgiess ne 4s South’ Bend.....- en IEEE psccoc vee
Indiana Harbor......-- 5, e sou Milford Seen ac meine is
Indianapolis.......-.-- Dads eos eee tude|) | CLOSCOm nn oa eminim wie lclel=
p 36, 39, 47, 53, 77 Spencers eeecsceeeers Davenport..... 7 HY ) 06,08
Terre aee ee TG 6 Spencer ville............ 48 Delmar Junction
Jefiersonville.-...- fern aaye 48,51 Spiceland......... falatere 6 WeeMniies 448, 51, i
Johmsonkeeesanea 59) 44,40 |) \VSPTiNgport. eo coos oe 1 DACGESM eae ty
Kemp roneeee ee eeeeeee 47 Stes artsville........... 44 DOSES cs a
Kenda Iville......:. 48, 51, 54 Stillwell easton 48,51, . 3 eT ies pee
evans ee 48 Strobe ss 2 a ne De ei oT asap »5
simon co] Ea see en seeateee SUM MIG eee eee 48, Al moushenty i Seah re
LOR Pe Neen ae Summitville........... 47 Dubuque Leo yCON 1,5,6,48
ESO KOMOM ea nee seine 48 Meecandens seen yaaee 48 DE ee tts
LaCrosse. . Terre Haute..... 47,68, 71,74 Eagle Cease a aa
la Fayette Tyner. ........-+------ 48, 51 Early SINE IN Be
MAKeLON ee sede. Union Center....... 48, 51,57 RUE concer 1
Lakeville.............. Unicn Mills............ 48 Eldridge Junction..... 48
is Cte ee aE hee Vallonls ele (atoretar res ietete 1,39, 044 TDR 48
ENP UU LE 2 eles alparalsoleecsaceeeeee 8 Vani
TEARS S Ne Damen Vanburen 222s eae, re Sat eer res 48, ey
NGCeOS PUGS ae Se eees nwa Vincennes........... 1,39, 44 AT Soriusue Md cee 1
Teumed ale eeser-jeii-l-' 47 NASER Rees codsesouse 48 Wayettou.sc.cccccuee 1
Logansport........... 1,6, 48 Wiadenarcenc secon 48 Ronda aan ae 48
Madisones yr 1,6, 47,48 Wadesville.. 22.2. 5c.85 6 Fort Dodge..........2. 1
WENA oooh beoSesens 47, 48,51 Wid kara. cs. sce ole 48 Fort Madison.......... 4 44
Martinsville.......... 1,42,47 Walkerton... 1,48, 51,60, 76, ie rod onlay see x
Mauthews-~: crete 47 Wanatah.............. Fruitland... 39, 42, 44,49, 60, 7
IMGT GORGE ise coyote rel='- 6,41 Washington......... Galva een ae 48
MprOmmer ee eevee) < areicls 42,44 Waterloo. .... 10,11, 48) Be a Garwink) ee 48
Michigantown......... 47 Wa Waka... oo. ose 51 Georseneee a eee 48
Middle Fork........... 1,47 Waynctown........... 1,48 Gibson 4
Milford epee ste saciecses 51,60 Westfield ieee. ieee 60 Gladwin 44
MTC re ekae we eerste 48, 51 West Lebanon......... 48 Glenwood 1
Mit Che) ese eee 15 5) Westpha'ia elajnteleloiafatarateta 1 Gowrie. aoe 48
IMontereytee seen ec 51 Wiestwilles252. .eeeeeeee 48 Gira fieioneen ake ae ae 48
Monticellonseenasee nee 48 WalkinsonS eo ceccseeae 47 Grand Junction 48
Mooresville.......... 1,42, 47 Williamsport.........- 48 Grand Mound 48
WORD REO Abosauasaeeose 48 WiIN a MACH Ce cccnee noes 48 Grandview 44
Napanee... .......- 48, 51,60 Wiinsloweseeeceeeeee ee 6,47 Griswold 1
New Albany-.. 1,29, 35, 26, 48 Worthington........... 1,42 Grundy Center........ 48
New Carlisle........ 48, 51, 60 Wiyattons. ass cues 48 al bury see ea 48
INGU Wi eauecososueee 51 Hambureeeesapecscocee 1
New Harmony....... 6,39, 44 IOWA: FEI THiI] LOT eee 1,6
New Lehanon........-. 44 FAG NGG ana Seoadoouboos 48 Hanlontown........-.. 48
North Judson........ 1, 48,51 IA SONA See see ee eeee eee 48 LAT TISe eee aes bee 51
North Liberty .?.... 51, 57, 60 AN CS eer e eee eee 48
INU Goya to! 1 AN COS e eee eee 48
Oak and City......... 1,6, 47 INNO eae ae osesooscs 48
Oaktowme es 18s 539044 TAI ATA ee ee ae 51
DAIM CSE aoa cre ceeeeee 48
Arcadiala6.0 Sanaa 48
AT CONG Seco cee 42
Aurelia 48
Balfour 1
IBassettscca sence neenee 48
Belle Plaine 48
iBennettces asses eee 48
Bettendonivees=-eo ase 51
Bevington’ ecsessesee 1
ERUMIENIE OM Saeed 47 Bains bureeesceseseane 48
JE EG EBS Aaa ae 47 iBlencoesss Ses 48
24 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
IOW A—Continued, Tables. | I1OWA—Continued. Tables. | KANSAS—Continued Tables,
USS OTS 3 48 Waterloo. ...... 1, 5,39, 44,48 1
Lime Springs.......... 48 Wanke@s sso c. coe cect 48 1
PINGOMe ee Pens soa ace Waukon Junction. 48 1
TROP AT moe cccu se scaseee WAYNE sa coc ccaidoe 51 1
PAVONOS wo auscscmscsicas Webster City.......... 48 Rossuileeoneetenes ae 48
ay ONS ew nite rn wigle= otis W.OSIO Ys si osces pa canetuee 48 StiiGeorrelecceccosomen 48,49
Gs VELOUe see a mele oeameis WIGUSDINE Bees cn aes 1,48 Bt. Mary/Sieceeseneeeee 1
McGregoressceccacsene West Liberty.........- 51 Salinays. sceseset lor 4 51,60
1 GG AR Se RAS ee West) Sideo oe sate os 48 Scammonerecoseesees 1
Malvern: woaeoee ses aos West, Unione se seccne 1,48 Severance...........- a 1
Manchester -.22cis-<25.5 WVOns oj tcstacceseeee 1 Smith Center. -.....22- 1
Manning: << J-35- 22 <->. AWW tin ee eto 48 Solomonssseeeeeeeae wep Ds 4e
Maquoketa Whittemore. .-........ 48 Sparks eee 1
Marathons. s5-cccascs Williamsburg.........- 1 Mecumseheececeweeees . 48
Martelle.............-- 48 |. Wiltonee as ecu e eae 48 poube PAasnagsestic 1
Mason City Woodbine....... ae 1 Topeka’. 2. secseecers 1,10
Maxwell... Worthington. - 48 44, 47, 48, 51, 54, 60, 76
Mediapolis............. ZWine lores neo ne nee eee 48 MOY sos=secvcenueteene re 6, 36
MOLVIN ers <n ccs chews 8 Troy Junction........ > 1
Missouri Valley KANSAS Urner 2 ee ee 5 57
Mitchell aaa ee 48,51 Abilene e ie. see pine 44 Valley Center......... “ 1
Yee 14 (gs ae 51 Arkansas City......... 1,44 Victoriatseteconeceeee - 1
Mondaminzs eee enon 1,4 PAC CHISOM See eee ee 1,48, 60 inland a messeee ase eens oO
Montrose......-. Baldwin City....... ales 1 Wabaunsee..........- = 48
Beatties eens is sae 48 Wameros ie eee 48,49
MOSCOW sep aconaccseere Bellaire ee ae ae ae 1 Wathena...... . 1,4,29, 36, of
Muscatine...... BellerPlaines seen 1 Wihite'Clond’cessenaee
NGVad as Sse cck saueees 51 Beloit es aang seers 48 Wichita; Seen i in
New Boston........... 44 Bendengey ieee 1 Wilder Po eos 44, 48, 57
New Hampton......... 48 Blain ee Cues 48
New Hartford Bonner Springs 1
Newport....... Clyde eter 4 i 4 48
Nichols....... Coffeyville......... ioe 1
Oakyillesc aes ce eee 60 Council Grove......... 1 48
Oelwein 2 a5352 5.45585 Cunningham........... 1,48
Oneida Junction Daman ese ees 1 | KENTUCKY:
Oyson ee ean bees DelSorotes nomen one een 48, 57 Anchorage.........- 36, 48, a
Osaror ser ens hee Doniphan aaa 1 Baskett. eee
Oscenlatees a3) soe 4 Edwardsville.........- 48, 57 Berkeley {sae 47
Oskaloosa ses essaas 1 Hud ora hee eae 48 Bowling Green....... 5,36, 60
Otranto ness sssese ee 48,51 Hanning oe ein eee goal Buechelssseeeeesees 48,51, 60
Ottumwa..... 1,4, 5,6, 10, 36 Gardner sane 1 Chilesburo*stsseeee anes 48
39, 48, 60 Gorham eeen eee 1 Crestwood/eteelenennes 1,48
Pacific Junction. ...... 1 Grantvillexe eee 1,48 Dixon eee 1
Percival se. ssweee ee 1 HaddamPeeaew ieee 1 Fast Bernstadt........ 48
IROL Kins eae seks a 48 Hanover: peso essere 48 Garrison ee 44
TEV e ce oeee see eee s 48 aysville ee keeeeeee 44 Hendersonseeeeeseeeeee 1,48
Pleasant Valley. x 51 Piphlsnd Sees we eeeece 1 Jeffersontown --- 48,51
Rolterteeesis cc 48 Holliday Lakeland...... pane 48
Redheldiz, 25 seat sss. 48 Eolton an eae exinetoneeseeceeneere 1, 77
HUH OGeSAe eee cee 48 Hutchinson HOwiSvillelsteeoseseenee 1,6,
Ridgeway... ce-..se.ce 48 Nola sess ges Per sskeeee 36, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53°
Ringsted: . 0.8.32... 48 Jarbalow ss sess tarymee 55, 57, 60, 61, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77
River Junction........ 10 Kanopoliss 525222222235 1 Lyndon..t:22s: cee "48
RAVerpony ssn sscoeacee 48 Kearney. icssscceseee 1,6, 48 Maxon: :.2. s2.0eaeaee z 6
Rock Valley........... 48 IOS ELST ee 48 Mayfield: 2252 22e ee eeees 49
Rockwell City......... 48 Ubansingeetecosecees SOc 1 Medora. 2cisteeecee oe 60
ROWlOY sow esec cooesees 48 Warmed. soe 48 Oakton shes eeaae 47
BtVAnspare cs sosccs 48, 51,60 Lawrence... 1,42, 44, 48, 49, 51 O7 Bannonweseeeeeeeeee 48
Salaries tes ale 1 Leavenworth. Ts 36, 47, 48, 60 Paducah......... 36, 48, 49, 60
Salix ues elie 54 48 enapeys.\seececeee 48)! Prospectossect eeeceneee 48
SolmA. os ey Pe 1 Dinwoode ssa 8,57 Robards foes eee 1
Sergeant Bluff Loring: eee ee St. JoDneeceses 1
Sewal,-.5..2.5. P 48 Lowemont... St. Matthews . - 48,51
Seymour:....222.5 z Manhattan. Shepherdsville. z 48
Shambaugh Mankato.... South Columbus....... 36
‘Sey te yeas Sree as 48 Marysvillen seers Stephensport.......... 1
Bidney: son? aes ecg Medora ttieeeloaseess Webster scuetreinenee. 1
PiousiCenters..ssesness Menager Junction...... 1 Williamsburg.......... 48
DlOUS Gives ecccose : Merideniseeeessseesceeu 1 :
Sioux Rapids Morayars eae sasaoeeen 1 | LOUISIANA:
Slateriwess alan. Sasa MOIrr0W sc ceeesneecoese 1 Abbevillest2sccceteses 49
Sloansecisstovese seco Miril Vanier eee ceeceeseee 1 AGIS!Saere ose ee oes 48
South Amana Newman---02.ss-enseue 48 AGGING Fev cescccncss eee 48
Spencer.ce ee eee Newtons sc) oe so eeuoe 1]. Alexandria -.. 48,49, 51,60, 76
Spinitoakewen sc. secs North Topeka...... 44, 48, 76 Armitete:, nee en ‘36
Stacyvvillpyscqeve cance Oakley 48 ‘Archibaldvsteceeceocre
Story City sino. <5 seen Oak Mills 1 Arnaudville...... 44,48, 49, ap
Stratfords)522 255-528 Olathe 48 JA theNS 5.2 sa eee
UW Ut: Re a j 8 Oskaloosaes2teo 5 aes HLS Baton Rouge.... 46,48, 50, 5
Teed’s Grove... 2 Ottawa... 48 Bayou Goula.......... 48,51
Tosterville........ Z Oxford.. 1 Bayou Sara....
Mentpra aces ako ase 8 Padonia. . 1 Benton) 22-2) eee
WiGla se eae eee Parker 1 Bien villess cease weeenee
AL ee ee ae as By 44 Peckei 253 Beas 1 Biol eeeeee oo Seen
Winton a5 ees 44 Berry eee a ae 1,48 Bout. See
Walcott: sec to.ec ose 48 Perth es aes 1 Bogalusa. .2osseecsecs nc
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 29
Index of Stations—Continued.
LOUISIANA—Contd. Tables. | LOUISIANA—Contd. Tables. | MAIN—Continued, Tables.
B 49 Woodhaven............ 36 HOLD REM Us teate so aol 48
Yellow) Pinepreecm cnr. 49 OX es cls ois be sie ciucla'aly 48
Hiram ON pecs «s/s omieiets 1,48
MAINE: Frenchviile..........-. 48
Abbot Village... ......- 48 HITve DUNG vanecas delnte 1,48
WMC Ee Nb bales Rede as 48 Gandinerers seas cess 1,48
AT BLOT ee ene e yy Bo 1,48 Gilbert Wille as aes wera ote 1
Tree eae 1 GOodnichi as ssdeertees 48
Annabessacook......-- 1 Goodwins jecsceio acres 48
ANSON. tee ee ae 1,48 GOPDAM ciejsas se eeae sere 1
Aishignd areas ceneute cs 48 Grandiislow ey ceneacee 48
AUIDUTD cerca suelo 1,48 GUA Vie esa clsuiee el cheek 1
1D) ui scosocdboadounEdeee 48 IMU SUSta oe ee eae 1,48 Qreene ee ia seat 1,48
Destrehan....... 49,50, 60, 76 Ayer’s Junction.....-.. 48, 57 Greenville Junction... . 48
(na th eeeenictaaistersiciaiscieine 48 Bangor eae 1,48 Grimes Mill............ 48
Einwanivillesseneccies sc - 48, 51 Belfast se eee 1,48 Gililiord eet saee eee
THANE SeoebeoeonesBue 49 Beleradess ease 1,48 Hallowell
Biverereeni. 2.5 5-..--- 48, 50 Bethel ee ae 1 Hampden.....
Tih Ka Gon So ueaseoRees 49 Binghamyoisse eee 1,48 Harmony
Grang>ville...... 48 Blanchardeneteeeee see 48 IEIATnISOnNs oeee eee eee i
Grosse Tete. - 48, 50, 51 Bowdoinham........-. 1,57 antionds. = sseseseeeee
Hahnville.......- --- 60,76 Brad punyeee eee eee 1 Hartland
Hammond............- 36 Bradtordessocceeeee cee 48 Head Tide
Harvey....------------ 60 Bridgewater........... 48 Hermon Center
Haynesville.........--- 71 Bridgton.) sise ss sac cise 1 Hermon Pond
TOU a eee ae 51 Brooks scene enna 1,48 | © Hinckley
Independence...-.....- 36, 53 Brownfield. .....--- Mids 1 olden’ ee snaeaassiseces
Kainmniece ae eeee 52,53, 60, as Brownviille. ....-.....- 48 Houltonteee-eeeeecee
Kents Mill...........-- Brownville Junction... 48 nd sone aceeeeeeeeee
Labadieville..........- 48, 31 Bryant’s Pond. ./..-.- 1 Island Falls
Lafayette.........-.-.. 48, 49 Buckhelds ae 1,48 J ery ye hie te aS sep
Wafounchies neers 48,51 IBUCKSPOLEE Eee eee 48 Jay Bridge
Lake Charles.........-- 16 Bushees ee eee 48 Jemtland... 48
Lamorie......--------- 48,49 Burnham Junction.... 48 DONeSHOTOLes es esneeeeee 43
Leonville.......--.---- 48 Buxton eee 76 Kee panko ee es 48
Lockport. . --e- 48,51 Byron ss ce ee ena 48 Keineficl gate ee 48
Long Bridg2....-.-..-- 48 CORY Esp Is ueet ena AIT AD 48 Kingman aneaies 48
Loreauville............ 49 Cantor LEANN 1 TST OR te ve a 4g
OneS eee eeeee santa sae 49 Canibou eee eae 1,48 HalGrangze seen eee 48
rn eee sictais 76 Caribou Road.....-..-- 48 Leeds Center.........- 1
MCC a eee 50 (Ob seat] Denn MIR 48 Leeds Junction.....-.-- 48
McManus. ........----- 48 GATS Ore RAN nee 48 Te wistoneeeeeee epee 1
Maringouin......... 48,50, 51 Chinal ne aeON nie nT ais 1,48 TIN SHUR Ne Ca Gabi, 48
Marksville............- 48 Clinton ena 48 Timestones ees seeee 48
Meekr.......--.------ 48 Colby ees ee Eee 48 incolne wenn eee 48
Mel vill Chee eeeeieetsi-iaicie 49 Columbia........- 57 Lincoln Center........ 48
IMindenkamenenensesctcis 5 Columbia Falls 48 Tisbon sis eras a 1
Monroe....... 48,49, 53, 64, 71 Cooper’s Mills ......... 1 TASbonewallsseeeeeeeeee 1,48
Montegut.. 49,50, 53, 5/, 60, ag Gorin ace patie 48 Dittletonseee eee 48
IMorelan dieses seeisia nie Cornish......--- ORG 1 Livermore Falls. .....-. 1
Morgan City..........- 48, 50 Crouceviles ke 48 Locke’s Mills........-- 1
Morrow.........---+-.- 48 Crystal 48 Td loweeee ee eee 48
Napoleonville.........- 48, 49 TD ATitOnE Ties 48 Madawaska.......-.--- 48
Natalbany..........--. 7 Danville Junction..... 1 Madisoneessss2sseeeees 1,48
Natchitoches........... 48 Davidson sama 48 Maple Grove......----- 48
New Iberia.........-.- 0, e; Deering Junction.....- 43 Mapleton eee e cece ee eeee 1,48
49, 51,60, 7 Dennysviile........... 48 Margisonwececseseo 48
New Orleans........,.. 4 Derby. ee 48 MarSiElill eee eeereee 48
5,6, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21 25, Detroit IMarardiscsesceeesccsee 48
27, 41, 44, 45, 46, sar, ae Dexter f Mattawamkeag.......- 48
49, 50, ot 52, po7e Dover and Foxcroft.... Mattocks
65, 70, 7 mas ri8, ue Dreweencsceceacoeeres 48 Maysville
New Roads......... "48,5 47 Dyer Brook.....------ 48 Mechanic Falls. ...-..--
Norwood... -..-------- Aalag Fagle Lake..........-- 48 Milonee es cee eeeeeee
Opelousas BeOIOGONOR Cae 8 50. 51 Bashi Doversecsseeeeee 48 Monmouth
Elaquemine--- Sag 36 Fast Hebron........ 1,48,74 Monson Junction
Ponchatoula. . Soidiliie Fast Livermore.......- 1 Monticello
Raceland..... ayaa Fast Miilinocket......- 48 New Gloucester.......- 1
Rosedale.........---- 33,60, 70 Fast Newport......--- 1,48 New Limerick.......-- 48
Roseland. ..-..-. 93, f AS COTIN Ree ca 48 Newport Junction..... 1,48
Rose Pine... . inearg1a4' 40 ee Mastueenuas ween 1 New Sweden......-.-- 1,48
UO Socks Eas ian? 60 East Sumner. ....----- 1,74 Nicolini eee 48
St. Rose.......-------- 48.51 Wastuwilton uae 1,48 Norridgewock.....---- 1, 48
Schriever......-.------ ie Hastwood etme 1,48 North Anson. ....-..-- 1,48
Scott...........------- 5.48 RATT a eee 48 North Bangor. ......-- 1, 48
Shreveport............- "19 PTOU A ee 1 North Belgrade 1
Sibley .--.----+---+-+-+ He Talend hale acne 1 North Berwick........ 1
Slaughter.........----- 60 Hird eri oleae a 48 North Bridgton.......- 1
Slid I. ---.------------ istag Empire Road......---- 1 Northern Maine Junc- 4
SSI Se nea 48.60 Ptielde eee wee 48 tion. Meee ee 48
Tangipahoa.....----.- 350° 51 RH ee CERNE 1,48 North Jayecccee ss eeee 1
Thibodaux....-.-.- a 60° aaa eos osu ges 1 NorthbeedSeecs ens eeee 1,48
ies receeeeeee 2 lag MANTA ee wou ice cee 48 | North Whitefield... ... 1
SEE cooper eth ian 48 WacninetoT eee 1,48 North Yarmouth. -...- wl
illa Platt>.... 2.22... = 48 INOEWSVcinnee cee ceeeee 1,76
Warncrton.........---- 49 Forest ..--------------- 7 5 :
White Castle........... 48,61 Fort Fairfield.........- 48 Oakfield eee a 48
°6 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
MAIN E—Continued. Tables. | MAINE—Continued. Tables. | MARYLAND—Contd. Tables.
OAKIant es oe es teen 1,48 Winterville... -..2...... 48 Hurlockseseeoeee 39, 44, 48, 49
O.amon.... Winthropnctseaesocee 1,48 FlurSloy2ct ces nee ee eee 48, 49
Ox<ford..... Wiseassetss4 zs See see: 48 Hutton 2223225 sea 1
MAIBLINO 28s ccesecee eee Woodland Center...... 48 Hydosot iit es: eee 48
Parken incase AG 8 Wioolwichivescecsuepess 48 JOPPA octane ee eeeeee ae
Pa sadumkeag Wytopitlock.......5... 48 Kee: lysville bs ciciate Sk meee 1,5
PAULO ao scesccmascece Wornkitarbpreessaecsee 1 Kings Creek..... 36, 47, 48, 70
oe Se Seager OTE 3 pane eS ee 36, 4
OMDTOKOLs-ceq- Sods. 8 —— ambson /5a2.4 cues
Pertinta wen Secu S gap A as Laurels. ssoeee eee 48
POD yee sew Reses ee 48,57 WEN Bos Sonoma sano Lewistown. 2. s-eeeee eee LL
Por 1 ANTICUAI co wccnicsmee 1 Tinet
SS oie nt aa Arcadia: 22220. 2. Soe 48 Bed OC 9 = 2:
PSI ee os Ate one ss 48 Linkwoodses+s.-ceaeee eae
Phillips 1,48 Asbest:S..-.-+-----+- 1,47, 63 Loretto
prc Sees Poe eee aba 49 Baltimore-seeeeeeee os 1,4,5,,| ° Serv, cae) sane ae
Pittsheldeie ves 2 2 tee 1,48 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 7}
Poland 1 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 20, 21, 23, 55, Love Point
Portago.----sssssssssg, AR 21, $6, 37, 39, 41, 44, 45, 46, "3, 33,36, 30, 48,48
Portiand..... 1, 43, 48, 60 63. 64. 70, Tr A 7376. 77 Iynch:: 32 Se Sees 6
Presquesle 4322s. 056 48 are ie al te ces E eh) Madisone = 2s. nsseeaeene 36
Primeeton....~2sss2ese. 48 Barclayeeess2-a-<-e-—-e 6 Maple Grove.........-- 48
BrOSpeCt seuss -sbeees 48 Beaver Dam........ 48, 49, 57 Marion)<.22 25: 22caeease 36, 48
Tera | Saas rane 48 Bengies-.---5-22---- =: Marl borosesseess eons 48
Readbeld 523 sco0 ese! 1,48 IBM. St osoodase 5, 6,36, 48 Maugansville.......... 1
RACCATS be eeesocmeee 1 [Bes HOE = Ce a Soe oocon Melrose .222ase-eseaee 1, 48, 51
i IBIACkS Ieee ee ee eees 6 Millersvillec. 22 cee sees 48
Breatheds-25s2-222222 1 Myersvilles525 22322552 ie
BYOWD 225. secs soesne es a Nantico<e River.......
Bynum ssssese eee 2), 33,35, 36, 39, 44, 47, 48, t
Byrds. ..----..-- 39, 41, 44, 49 Naval Academy June
Cambridge.........-- 5,36, 71 tion... ee aes _
Canton......---------- 1 New Windsor.........- 1
Carrollton.....--------- 1 Oakland. .2nnseeeee 1,48
Cavetown.....---.----- 1 Parsonsburg.....--- 35, 39, 44
Chapel...--..---------- 48 Patu vent River. 1,5, 47,48, 49
Charlton...------------ ! Pearre .iccccseeo eee i,5
Cheltenham............ 2 Perryman coer Sew
Cherry Run..-...---.-- Perryvilles se eee ~
Chester River......--.- a Fitisvilie.t2222 eee
5, 6, 35, 47, 48, 49, 67 Pocomoke.... 33,39, 48, 49, 37
Sebago Lake........... 1 Chestertown.....--.--- 48 Pocomoke River.....--
SGHo0Scwwce es sess snsse 48 Chewsville..........-.. 1,5 48, 4), 51, 60, 7
Shawmut.............- 1, 48 Choptank River....... 3, Point of Rocks........-
Sheridanicss..c- oe 48 5, 29, 32, 36, 39, 44 Mi, Potomac River........
Sherman.......-..----- 48 48, 49, 57, 61, 67, 33, 39, 47, 48, 49, 51
Shirley -- 2-25-22 s i 48 Claiborne sete eee eee F Preston:..o-coeeeeee eee 39) 44
ae oe ws coccceeneee 4 ae 5, 29, 33, 36, 39, 48, 49 ee ma iL 6
co Vneganl...-.-..---- , Clans ROSS Sen tat hy 1 Tincess Anne.........
Bly ene alls sete eeeeee a Conowingo........-.--- 48 47, 48, 49, 70, 71
oldier Fond.........-. 1, 48 COnWayY22o sc ccos near 5,48 Queponto=oee eases ,
polon: rapt eighties 748 Cordoyateere tee ame 5, 48 Rawlings...... teeeeeee 1,5
Sha eer ra ei Aaa Costenressi esse 35, 48, 49 Reid... -.. sotreeceecees
POPE GEs ct og Grisseld.2.2 2555. 36, 48, 49, 51 Reids Grove........-.- 44
ae ne OCT Nt stot elit re 8 Grumberland= eee i, Rhodesdale.......... 5,39, 44
out sei seeeeeeeeee ae Meerfieldtassee seLe aan 1 Ridgelys..ceeeemeeeee 6,36, 39
Eeyore Deer Park Village... -. 48,77 Ritchie. .-.........-... 48
jua Pan.......---.--- 48 EFakle’s Mills.......... a Rockawalking...... 44,48, 49
ean ae weceeeceneeene i548 East New Market...... ROCKS. cape teeeeeeeeeee 47, 74
Sueoo wee e ence neers soe 44, 48, 49, 7 Rohrersville cesses 1,5, 35
Stoexholm.......-.--.- 48 StiJames eee
mapeuionEs ae cece 1,5 Salisbury ey Re
Ellwood......2-22-.--- oe 33, 33,41, 44, 48, 49, P,
‘ Emmitsburg.......... Z
© Showell. s2.seeeeeeae 36, 48, 49
Federalsburg........-- z
36, 39, 41, 44, 74, 7 Smithsburg....--..... 1,5,35
: Forest Hill 48 Snow Hill. 36, 47, 48, 49, 57
1,48 Prod, ‘ ‘ weeetce sree Sparrows Point 60
Wallagrass eke de aces 48 Pa ae Sasnobowss¢cos 1 Still Pond=2eeeseneee
Washburn......-..-... 48 pends an noes 2eneses oO 48 Thurmont.............
Waterboro......-.--.-- 1 DERE @....--..---- a8 1 TowniCree keen eens eee
Waterville bis sosts2s4o5 1,48 Tuitland- ~~ 2202.22. Tuckahoe seeeeeeeneeee
Weeks oills......-.... 1, 48 39, 41, 44, 48, 49, 70 Vale Summit..........
Wells Seach. >roaS 3008 53 rtonee se eee 39, 41, 44, 4 Vienna se sonerenn bees 44
West Baldwin......... 1 Gapland sees ten ence Walstons........ 36, 33, 44,48
West 3ethel eee 43 Girdletres. 228 ees. oe Westminster......... 48, 51
Se para Soe 48 Goldsboro pie) della won ted Westway AY FAY 36, re 48) 70
ye outh........ FORMAN ree kee es oe Wevertoniicctaecncoens 5
West Farmington.... 1, 48,7 By Greenmount Whaléywville ts esse 36, 48
We:-t (CUS eee Sut GresuspoLo ste en eee Whiteford: <2 tesa
West Miiot....--...... ibe 43 Hagerstown Wihiteralls seein 1,48
West Paris amg ged oe | Hampstead Wicomico River....... 5, 29,
West Presque Isle..... 48 HH anvocksrs (hae see 35, 36, 39, 44, 47,
WAU Se ee ae 1 Havre de Grace 48, 49, 57, 67, 70
Leo eee ee ae 48 Menderson: 2: 22t5er2 02 Williards*; 32. ¢eeeeeees 36
Winnecook. 2070 os 48 Highfield SS aa eee Williamsburg
MAN SlOWws eo eee enna 1,48 Highland......... Woodbine Steneene
Winslows Mills. ....2.. 1,48 Hoods Mills WieodSboro: o25 sessee.
Winterport. 222.527 ee 1,48 Hopewells se eee Wortons 222) cence
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, ret
Index of Stations—Continued.
MASSACHUSETTS: Tables. | MASSACHUSETTS— Tables. | MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables.
PAGE TSM erisaniatd) sie <0 5 43,60 Continued. 1 Webel A; \ dase) errr 1,6
Amesbury.....:-.- Wee 1 Northampton.... 48, 51, 53, ot ATP esos tees 48
Aninersteee ne ceec ccc 43,48, 51 Nonthboropeesewece ces Arcadia....... 1,5, 7,48, 60,72
PANG ee ee LN 48 North Brookfield. ..... i PADINAG As pre stsslsisisis oats 1,6
STD UB Sa AS cee eee 1 North Carver. .225..222 30, 43 ASHTON a Ouse tone ceaeis 48
Bardwellyteeneericcss 1 North Eastham........ 57,67 AULICH ss wus canoe creaoee 1,5,48
Barnstableseen ss oo. 30 North Falmouth....... 30 AUHIGTOS ee Sa cas ae 72
BATT O ee eee ae 1 Northelde esas. aaa 76 AIS SUA ec eciels eee 1,48
Barrewelainseesseeesccs 1 North Harwich........ 30 AiuSables. 2S ae 48
IBASSPEMIVeNeemenenee see 30 North Hatfield....... 1,51, 75 BagyAxereaecmee sane HOGHTE
Bernardston........... 1 North Leominster Batley an che james 1,5, 48, 72
IBOVenlyae merce eeeocee 48 Nortn Pepperell 1 Banat esac arcane 8
IBOstOneeee eee esas 1,4,5, Norton ses eseeeeeae 30 Bangor..... 1,4,5,6, 41,48, 51
10, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 36, 39, Norwottuck.......... 1,51, 53 Ban CT Ssyescseee aes nane 1
47, 48, 51, 57, 60, 64, 70, 77 Otter Rivers sesece 48 Bannisteressssceneoeee 72
IOUT ba oqsodosoaNue 30 Oxford Ge meee eee 1 Baraparie See case nae 48,60
IBraley Shae Tee 30 Rittshelde 22s seen 57,60 IBAaLksRivers 7 oseseeueen 48
Buex imal Station...... 1 Plymouthosseeeeeneeee 30 IBaroddeeeeeeee es 1,4,6,51,60
iB UNTAL Chemememe ce cscns = 30 Delympton se nuenome eee 30 Barby tones. seoe eeaeee 48,72
Buzzards Bay......... 30 Pratts Junction........ 1 Batavia. ese sc ee 48
By felaeen ee en oleae 1 Richmond 48 Bay (ity.. 41,47,51,53, 72, 76
Carlisle Station........ 1 TROCK ears cn ek eee ae ae 30 BaysPorte-eeee eae 53, 72
Carters sere) 1 TRO WIC Vous ee aaa te 1 Bay eSHOresesse eae eeee 48
Charlemontsee ene: 1,48 RUSSel ls ey a eee 1 Belding sae ae eee ae 1,48
Chelmsford ............ 1 Sagamore Bellaineieges esse eee ’. 1,48, 72
Chester ses ae 1 Salisbury Bellevilezsaeessaeeeeeee ,72
Clintons eee. 1,48 Sandwich Ae Bend onesae ee seeanee i
Conwayereee es ee ss 1 Seasides seae rina m Benton Harbor..... 1,3,4
Cushman..... eee) 5] Shelbyrne Falls 6,10, 35, 36, 39, 44, 48” td
Danby ee A nae Sherborn a taladeene 1 Berlamont.-........... 1,48
Deernela ley. e ss sey ou: 48,51 Shirley 20s 5) sje. se 1 Berrien ( enter......... 1,48
IDWS Wacsouepeaoses 1 South:Acton) ee 1 Berrien Springs...... 1, 46,48
IDES NA GounoeoooSooUE 30 Southboro 22353222 1 Bessemens ace eeeee ee 48
East Browsten Babonened 30 South Chatham........ 30 Beulah....... 1,5, 48, 53, 60, 72
East Deerfield ........- 51 | South Chelmsford...... - 30 Big Rapids. ....2:22: 1,48. 72
Easthampton.........- 48 South Deerfield. ...... 41,51 Birch Run..-.......... 48,72
Hast (ittleton......... 1 South Dennis... 32/222 30 IBC Yo 48
Hast Sandwich........ 30 South Hanson......... 30 Blanchard) ssss-ese see 48
Hastubaimboniei 2 30 South Middleboro...... 30 Bilaneyeseascee eee 48
Hale nit hee eee ee oe South:River 292332 1 Bloomingdale.......... 1,48
Mitch bree see nee South Sudbury........ 1 Boone aissaaseccncaes
Georgetown............ Southuvillesease nana 1 Bowers Ilarbor
Gulbertswillesessses2 2 5 q South Wareham....... 30 BoymelCityeassses eee
Gleasondale........... Southwick... 2222222 1 Boyne Falls 3
Great Barrington..... Sterling sesse5 55s anaes 1 Bradleyanessoeeceeeene
Greenbish............. 30 Sterling Junction...... 1 IBTAMpP tone sees ee eeee
Greenfield. ....... StilPRiversseeieees aes 1 BT AVO Spee ea , 6,48,
Groton 22!) :! as ! Stoneham ss sane suena 48 Breckennidge! 32: secee- 72
Groveland :......2..... Mowmnsendssas ssa see 1 Breedsville........... 1,4,48
Hadley ae ou ear sou. 1,51, 60 Townsend Harbor..... 1 Bridgman........
fanoverseesa na uee! 30 Mremontss sees 30 Brien tOUe sesso seae
ISRO los Gooobedabdome 1 Waltham jis sse2eeeeees 48 BrOnspDesse sa > saeco
PER Clase a eee Se 30 Wrareham=s 4002) ans 30 IBTOpkivmeoes seaseeeeee
2 TERT GILE aa aN 51 iWiarrensss5 Sees asset 1 Bruce’s Crossing
Haydenville........... 1 West Acton: ae 1 Brinswickes)j255e:
EINSdalese Nene et ENS: 1 West Barnstable....... 30 IBTUUS He eee
follistone earn estes ee 1 Wiestborowe sane enone 1 Biuchananepesseseseeee
op itiatoneees ssa: 1 West Chelmsford...... 1 Buckley Acs ascccasee
Ed sons sas eee 1 West Graniteville...... 1 Burr Oaksase asses sees
Huntington 5 1 West Pittsfield........ 60 Butternut......... -
(Ely aTi nie yas uN ee 30 West Townsend....... 1 Butwellbysssesa ecsee
LGTESIO Nas Gob homneeoBe 30 Wihately. 2) ue: 1, 51, 52,53 Byron passe cw see
Makevillens 22). 30 Williamsburg.......... 1,48° byron Center.. 1,48, 51, oh 3
Wawrencesaauee nso ene: 1 Williamstown.....:..- 1,48 Cadinns/2226-ese ee USGT
4, 44, 47, 48, 51,57, 60, 76 Williamsville.........- 1 Caledonia.............. 6
Lenox Dale..... 48, 53, 57, 60 Winchendon........... 48 Comey jose dances eee 60, 73
Beominsten ee. es. 1 Yarmouth sess aesaaee 30 Carp Lake............- 48
Min COln ae ee yess le 1 TiORr oun Ws. oie c ene 1 Carsinville oases 72
ittletorm ewer ye ess 1 C@asnowiaesecseeeee eee 1,5,48
MO Meller ee ewe DUAN 1 Cass) polistes ses eee 48
Manchester............ 8 A CedanCityans2 eee 48
MArTOTINeAe EEN Oyen: i 1 Cedar Run 32a 48
Marlboro.-.0......... 5 ig Cedar Springs....... 48,51,72
Marshfield Hills....... Central Lake........... 48,72
Mattapoisett........... ; : 8 Charlevoix cssesee oes 1,48
Medway se eee : aia ‘ § Charlittetee soe nee 60
Merrimac...... ee iN Cheboygan: -2s2.-seceece 1,48
Middleboro............ i 1 Chelsea e535 5555S 1,51
MallerssWallse ose) oe = Chief: akelss.2 cesses 1,48
Montages oe lens es GlareticeneSsscnt seeeee 48
Mount Hermon Clarentones see 2 1
INemaske ti eee ee. 30 PUbit panne Ee eerie ise 48 Clarion. Feces aeeee eee 48
ING WIDAL ym es Solent 1 Almontessencsesceeeee 1 ClarkstonSe22 secs 48
Newburyport.......... 1 Alona Ses otesaenes 1,48 Cuff le Ueitise wos et eeeee 70
New. Salem.-........... 1 CATS TOM eras aaa 60, 7 Clintoneeesaccaenceee 1, 6,48
INObDscots Serie 1 CAE OR Fa oa seer ate 1,48 Grigor ee 72
28
MICHIGAN—Contd.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Tables.
GIVGG.cacceestene ss 1,48, 72
AUDION Sas ee ces ica aes
Coviogton:.
Custer...... ate
Daggett........--------
Davisburg........-..--
Decatur........--
1D} Jal = ARS EE asc 51, Fe
Daya ESA oe oasoscea
Dutton. beraeSecdesoose
4
Empire.-.-.-.------+ 1,48, 72
4
Index of Stations—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables.
Gowen ss seen enc ssisicpei 48
Grand Haven.......... 1,3,
4,35, 36, 37, 41, 47, 63, 70, 77
Grad Junction........ 1,5
Grand Ledge.........- 1
Grand Rapids. ........ 1,4,
5, 6, 7, 37, 41, 47, 48, 51, 63, 70
Grantees ei. Seo 5,48, 51
Grass Lake............ 1
QGrawny ons scene see eines 48
Greenbush..........-.- 48
Greenville. i... ...---.. 1,48
GIEPONVA ose crates :
Gull Lake Junction....
Hi
Hamburg....
Hamilton
PVANO VER ce cece sonic mine
Harbor Springs
Harlan see senisaice tee
Lannie utanecacieciesteeisee 48
Plarnispn ves seeee cee 48
Harrisville.......- 1,48, 72,73
mar ree eee 1,3,5,6,7,48,72
Pl ant{ord ssn nceleleiels i,4 39) 148
arvard ooeeeeemceseicict
ETASbINe Shae men wisincineeee 48, 72
ONY See eeeeneeireiclots 1,48
DRIerSOYacnen ne ereiseiteeet= 48,72
Highland 1,48
Hittiards: ...-. 48
olimank’ee ease eras 48,56
Hillsdale.......... 1,10, 48, op
PL ODanGs= Seas s celine ee
Holanda cescase 10, 36, 48, Gi
TOMO Way erensseceeeae
lal hysdesasaceeol lS i'5,48,61
TLOLUON eaves cists
ELOMOL esse ees siseeeeeee 1
FONOLS eee eee aac 1,43, 48
Hopkins ese esses )
HouPhton pean lee eeeee 48
Howard City.......... 48,72
HO We Lei oeieiciaels aie 72
WAITETONG-sisininic w\elnnee'=
Walmouth eres ssamieceeee
Fenton. Se aapeEE Be ss enk
RTS Pee itt aie sini
Forest Lill... x ‘
Foster City z
MOSHOMae seen
MOGNtAIN Ceres cance
Freep ie Beso a5cnes Secor
GANONG es ulsee siesta :
Glengary
Glennc.cestes. cee ee
Tnyvin Par ese cee cece 48
ashpeminp eee seceeeee 1,76
Jackson..... 1, 48, 51,53, 60, 72
SOLOING pete toniate staiaterete
Johannesburg......---- 48
Jonesvilless eee ewes cle 1,6, 60
Kalamazoo.......... 1,48, 63
Kalevan se cuciecctceme 1,48, 77
Kalkasica Sch memacsee 48
TRG EY Rea a cahac 4,48
KentiCity-e-cecssceece 1,48
NNO TOME ee ncieicats neat 48
Keweenaw Bay..... 48, 60, 76
kibbie....
Ren GO ecicentemiseteeeiee
Kingsley. . 3
Kling.«r Wake gt are oe 48
Lacoine.<....... 48, 56, a a
Wacotasseasssics see oale
Talvesbuze Setdesneco5s ea
BE Sat beseracc ance 48
Take ATL etereicteieieiepemeters 1,48
Dake! Cityieseciscecescee 48
Lake Linden.......... 56
Lakeyiew.......... 48,72, 74
ILVANSGL2 oes cceteekes
VANISINP See eeetce mee sine 72
UB) Wo) st Re ss a Se 1
Lawrence. --- 1,4,5,6, 48
AW SOU a cee doers niciter 8,56
Dawion ee ceceens 1, 4,6, 48
(ONTO Ns eee ea wero mis 7
TACOWaT demise weiememsch ate 1,48
TiOONIGAS Slee pa weeweln se 48
MBE OY eee eese neoseae 48
TeGSG se eins meee saids4s
MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables.
Weverine cio cisinisiacnn 1,48
Lewistons pone caseeee 48
Teinden': co scceecewenae 1
Ritehield-cssaeceeecee : neo
Doretton.cseocctsscsava
auld Bea ciaeis 1, 48, 51, 53, 2
CaS eee inen eee
3,4, 5, 6, 7,9, 29,
38, 38, 38, 47, 48
Lum ies sccwepeeer 1,41, 48
Lupton-clsesssssseeene 2
Lutherie socnccecees
McBain. .
McPrides..
McCords...
McDonald
McGregor necesaeeate ioe 48, 72
Melivorseeemenses 48, 57, 72,73
McMillamicnccccecsten 48
Mackinac Island...... a 33
Malcolimiecemsisc <n canieet 1,48
Mancelonaisnceussesene 48
Manchester......... 48, 51,63
Manistee.... 1,3,5,6, 33, 35, 48
Manistique. S53 550300 35 48,56
Manton se eneoee ene 48
Maresllussoccosceeseeeen 4,48
Marion spicieneicnelete 48, 56, eB
Marquettes cose cece
Marshalleieecncemencieis 1,48
WENMHLOS S55 seo add50s5cc 48,51
MasSOn'\-;o sci sbeeinee eee ils
48, 53, 54, 57, 60, 72, 6
Mattawans oocmccumeieae
Maywvilles.ccocesssrneete Ls 43
Mears sles eemetas 1,3, 5, 10, s
Mecosta:3-- seessenisns
Mendonteeciassestenees re
Menominee. .........- = 1
Menthateccoeecctanes z 51
Merrill: o5 cceeeseeees 72
Mesick... > -ceiebenemeenacgite
Metamora.......-..-.. 1,48
Metropolitan 48
Metz sae ahvonce 48
Michillinda.. 37
Middilevilles <==. asmseee 48
Milford oie). nencisteinesitieite 48
Mill brookecescettce mane 48
Millersburgiey conse cemee 48
MilO\. co Selenecemteetetraie 48
Minden City........... 72,73
MOlIN@ =. ecm ce mtaate ane 1, 48, 51
MOnYr0@sscocw ce cmenisnite 48
Montague..........--. 48,63
Monterthiven a. -csmeninee 48
MOntrOSC ce emiclcos steteitets 36
Moorepark
Morley
M uir.
Muskegon............ il)
35, 36, 41, 47, 48, 63, 64, 67, 77
Nadeau ete seenaaea) 48
WNarentace nce tceennense 48, 56
Nashvillos eee et ec
Nathamaen sc enchiceiets rays 48
Negaunoe........02e06 ‘ 48
Nissen ‘City: -).) eects 48
Newayo....... 1,41, 48, 72,74
New Buffalo........... 1
New } ra..-.....- 5,48
New Hudson. - 1
Now Richmond....... 1,48
Niles: a/c. 4,5,6, =) 51, 53, 60
Niswla i acs caictaperser ty
North Adams.........
North Branch......... 48, 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 29
Index of Stations—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables. | MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables. | MICHIGAN—Contd. Tables.
Northport......... 1,6, 48,73 Saline ye eG ey YAR West Olive 48,51
North Star. . 72 Sand Croek....... ay 6 WES COM seston vies cae 1
Northville............. 1 Sand Wakecvee evi. 1,48, 72 West Tustin 48
Non walks eee: 9, 48, 72 San fords eiieeeentcie es 48,72 Wiheoler 225. sia a 72
IND) AVE Roo re EEO HO ObRE ae Saranacl eee 48572 White Cloud........... 48
Nott aay eee ee 48 Saueatick ee cece 77 Wihitedsle. 00.5550. 48
BN OVA ee tanta QUES 1 Sault Ste. Marie........ 33 Whitehall......22.0..- 5,7, 63
INTIS 60 Sawycr........ 1,4, 5, 6, 36, 48 Whittemore......... 48,72,73
(ONO ee ee COSCO SOUS ERR 48 Schoolcraft. . sane 48 MANNS bey eof: eae Soe os 1,4, 48, 51
Old Mission........ 1,3, 6,48 Scotts 52s 2a. ee eee 48 Willismsburg.......... 1,48
OuINTER LedoaoadacpaGnEd Scomvilles see coee cee 5,48 NUS Eo a BR aS 5 as oe 48
Omena eee ee 1,48 Sears ole DRUs EE lea ae PS 48,72 Milxomeeonecececeeoeoe 1
KOGA Ree eto e oie 53 Shelby... 1 Da ome 37, 33, 48 WVGIMGrING?s esses 48
Onekama... 1,3,5,7,35, 48, 72 Shelby ville. . 1,4 8,51, 72 Mood landicieceueras cee 72
Onondagas eee sees. 1 Shepardsv ied y ayer 77 Miroodstock-2~---s-se5. 48
ONSTEdiRe ee Shepherdeeeeeeneeee WP? MAVCLo shy HN eee ES ae 48
Omtowa ronan ees: -\-\e Sheridanesseey eee 41,48 NioricvilGeeac-csseeeeee 48
Orchard Lake. Shiloh eescees Sey NAS Zeclandteerscessse=s 48, 51,72
Orleans?ee.2 ei: Sidneyeceescemeeee -- 48,72
OSSINe ke sks : Sigma ya asec 48 | MINNESOTA
OTSer Oe ee 48 Silverwood ee. 48 GE ae gee and 48
OtterWake sw ees 48 Sixeduakesve wees 48,70 ‘Adrian isa oose 48
Onis se Oe ee 1 Slocum seseeeeee 1,4,5,48, 72 AON: cee eeeeeeere 51
Owossow ee lees 72 SMYyRMasececeaee eee "48 LNT Shaka) - eae Seat ee 48
Oxford eee tS 1) 72. Sodus eeeaae 1,4,5,6, Ak eloyiosesscceeeernees 43
PATS ee ed oc 48 Solon eee ees ree ‘Alhanverceccscoseeeeee 48
RATING oe eae 1 Somerset Conter.-.-.... Ai All hontisedececsseesnene 51,60
Rawilioneesascecceee ccs 48 SOrenSONsseceesee = oes 1,48 Albertville....-22...2.. 48,60
Paw Paw......... 1,3, 4,6, Be South Boardman. : 48 NMidrichtec-<-niscste seen 48
Paynesville...00...2... South Haven.-..2 22... 1.3.5 Alexandrine) -o-sseece 48
Pear] eee eae aE EUR Ns | 5 6, 35, 36, 41, 48, 70, uf PA Gtrat Ser eens 60
South Lyon HAssboubeace Anoka 48
Spaldinge es eaeceesceae 48, 55 Appleton. - 48
Sparta ti saeescee Uaaeehtl O48 IATCOlse ete 48
Springdaloscoeweseceee 4 Argvle 48
Sprineportecsosneceeee 1,11,48 Ashby 48
Stantonvesaeeeees ily 48, 72, a Askov 48
TROVE TT OMA Men UL RN HStanwoodless ase sosee ANI MSONieeeteisemaionaee 48
ier Coven eee 3 77 Stephenson...........- 48 iNtwatenencenceucecieee 48
Pigrsoms ees eee 48,70, 72 Sterling sass 1 AIG DONE ceseee cee 48
IBINCkKmey seats eases 1,72 Sterensville.-..--..4-.. 4,6 PNIStine eoee oc ee eee 60
Rin esivernseyescusen. 72 StuTeiseae sees ese eee 3 VAC OTS eS LE eae nae 48
Pittsfi ld Junction...-.. 51 Sunficl@ ee assets cele Badgersascesoss ce osee 48
Rlainwelly wea ee) Suttons Bay-.-..- 1,48, 53, 73 Bacloyeeececcess soeseee 48
Platienkivietmercs seccue Tawas Chty= os jot Baines. aes se tees 48
POkKAS ON ecco sece Tecumseh.. 1, 48,51, 53, 63 Bakeree sc seceseeeenee 48
RROLtA POS e ae aay Tecumseh J unction. an 63 i :
Port Austin... MNoekonshas.- sees 1
ORGPELOD See eee Temples... ccsecrerone 48
moroeeurony es ‘(Thomas so acess 1
Rortland eae eee nec ls 48, 72 Thompsonville......-.. 48
Pos i SO pe 48 ThreoOakss-oceeeeees 1
IPrOVeMontsaneesceeons Three Rivers... 1,39, 44,48, 60
Leila es ee a Tipton see ee pe eae a 63
QT Gye ee TOWER ese oo i Seas 48
IRON OHARA An Sono ule Traverse Cityzse2 sees 1.3.4,
Heading se enacts 5,6,7, 10,11, 48 , 56, 60
IRGEel Chins ses ease geoee Trout Lake...-..--.--- 48
IVeeManee wayne Trofantssseseeeeee eee 48
TEC E SE eee aes Sees Murnorss je Ueeewesesoce 41,72
RVCTHUSE ee eee nee TUSTIN S cece ce clcsieteee
VEU Carpe ee tee eee Twining; 525s 72,73
TR Sea eaves ces AVYEOeS setismeecee ec aaeictes 1
ivGraalouee een oe UnioniGity-o. 422s eeee 48,51
UIWers ema eeu Vanderbilt---.54 eae 48
Rives Junction......... Vans Harbor ue
VOC EeStor mele wacaeees | 1548 VASSAL Se a ceeoee ene 48,7:
ROCK IOnd eae ee ctece 48 Vermontville.
VOC Ke a eee ieee 48 MOTIONS iceiceinaeiretsteras 1
Rodney......- See a 48,72 Vestaburginejjceenecces Brahameeececseeeeeee 48
Rog-rs City. SBOE TAR Vickeryville......-.-.- iBrainend2sce-~--ne se see 48
ING Whines eT eae ee 48,51 MICKS Duro. ace eee 48 Brandonseeesoe see eee 48
VOTE OM ae Nae 1,6 Viriesland asso secueecne 48,51 Breckenridge. ..-..-.-.- 48
Roscommon........--- 48 Wakeleesss-- 5c sasse 48 IBronsOne esses eee eee 48
Rose Centers ewe 48 Wallacers ako eee 48 Brook, Park. 22sees-ceee 48,60
IRYORE (Ching Ge a ZEN Walled Lake....-.----- 1 IBTOOKS = c5 ce ee eee 4
GRRL 2S re are 63 bWialtonis-cseesscseeee 48 Brookston...---------- 48
RO WHEN SA SEE He ees 48 Walton Junction....... 30,48 Browerville...-..--. 48, 56,72
Saginaw... 48,51, 53, 57, 60, 72 Wiaseni i aso eee 1,60 browns Valley..----.- 48
Saginaw, sideburns 60 Washington....-..-..--. 1 IBEUNO ee eee eee 48
Saginaw, W. Side...... 60 Waterford. .....-.---.- 48 Burtrum ----<------=2-= 48
Stadiahnsseel see es 1, 48,72 Waterviliet.....----- 1,4,5,48 Caledonia-==- = 48
St) Joseph...) .c..- 1,4,5, 6,77 Wiaucedaliss2s 25024528 Callaway-ao-----s-s-=6 48
SEMA TITS eel nal as Wiawlande see 48,51 Cambridge....-..-..--.- 48,72
St. Marvs Junction .... 48 VCCI maT es eee eee eee 48 Camden Place. 43, 48, 51, 60, 76
OTT epee ae a ese le Hy 1 West Branch. ..----.-- 1,48 Campbellek sss -seeceae 48
30 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
MINNESOTA—Contd. ew
1,4
Cannon Falls..-..-.-....
(CSTIG6! 3. op eka ach eele eee 1,48
CARILOM one eoee es. <a 1,48
Cass Lako.-....-.... rece cl:
Genter Cibvocon: = 2255 48
Chisarco City A 48
GLOGS (s) brie SS Oa 48
Glarissan.S naan oS ase 48
Glearbrook...-. 2-<<2.0.5 48
Clearsbakorsets<c ns.) 48
OTN TA Re ee SA Oe 48
Oh tT eh <a ee 48
Clinton -~—.eeh aoe 1
SU Oye ES ee ea ae 48
Gloguet=----.----=-45-~ 48
Congsseit=-- -s<----s-25 48
COKALOs a Rene 48
Cold Springs.-.-..-.... 48
MWOnIStGele con ene ee 48
Goon Creek. .-<--2-2... 48
SOGSS 23s een eee 48
Cottonwood...---.-.... 48
Gromvell-..25502. 25-88 48
Grookstontios-sssmeee 48
Gushing... 2. .:,.--ss4-22 48
Ciyuna-...:..--2seseee 48
COTTE Ran sok serene 48
WANVERS- conte ene ee 48
Darwin 252-225. -6es05- 48
Masseleeye.: os eeie Aes 48
Dayton (Anoka Co.,).. 48
Dayton (Hennepin Co. ) il .
Deer Sere sos cienents
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
roe Center .-.-.-. 48, 51,60
Donaldsone22- = 22.55.22 48
Wonnelly,- 2. -- cies as 48
Woran; po2 ===. aoc 48
DOwWNCE ss csse5-cescise2 48
Dugdale: o-2...seeses 48
Duluth:.s. sles 1,6,
44, 48, 53, 60, 64, aT
FWagle Bend............ 48
East Grand Forks. .... 48
48
48
Eden Valley........... 48
Edgerton......:......2. 48
Elbow Lake........... 48
15) Cs ys%s Pea eee ere 48
1D) [ect cS eS 2 48, 51, 60
DVIZADSLN Son Boece 48
UCORAV OL oso cee eee 48
Elsworth: 2 o6.c2 essen 48
BrhantsS-oeaeceeceecae 48
NrSkING: sco-.2c beeen ee 48
117 (0) | (2 ae eee a ad a 8 48
Evansville... 00sec. 48
Karwelln oso eee 48
eltoncone socstencaelee 48
Fergus Falls. .........- 48
erties oo cents 48
MiNIAYSON- J... szoee see 48
LUC) ed ee TA Ee 48
Flood wood 55. j2o28eee 48
LUE) ees See eter Dabs 48
MOrada 252 JOR ET Aee ae 43
Rorestonec cc. eee 48
Fort Ripleysese eee 48
Forest Lake... 48
osstonss. 2. eee 48
ETAZOB Foc. ose Peer 48
Kroeport: 2325 2 es 48
Garfield. 2 2: 3 ee 48
Gary? tiene eee 48
Genols.. 822.2 ees 48
Georgetow 48
Glenwood 22.32 eee 48
Givndon! 2S se 48
Gonvicki- ie. see eaves 48, 56
MINNESOTA—Contd. pine
FOOdHUGR. | ov ec ewus see
Good Thunder...-...-. 48,51
irand Rapids...... 48, 56, fs
Grandy..5-.-.o.-soceeus
Granite Falls. ........- 48
Grasst0n:.- .sseceeeoee 48
Greenbush. . 48
Greenwald... 48
Grey Eagle 48
Groningone.- soe ceeees 48
Guillye sao Rae 48
Hallock: so. s1scc seus 48
Hallman 4562" Sy asco 48
Halstatlc. sates 1, 48
Hamburg sa ageaecece 48
Hamel: <2 ee 48, 51
Hamline Transfer. ..... 48
Hampton 48
Han‘ ock 48
Hanley Falls 48
BATES!) co eee ae nen 48
Hasty.. 48
Hattield_. 48
Haverhill 48
Hawick 48
Hawley 48
Hector 3029 -eee 48
Fendniimees ss eee 48
lenin pss syseee es tae 48
Henriette 32 oS 48
Herman torrie es 48
Heron Lake.....:...... 1
Hewitt-.c 5. Sarees 48
BIN Cit yarn eee ee
Hinckleyoos eee
Aitterdal.
Holdingford..
Holloway...
Holtoee es. sae ‘
Ope scsi. kee 48
Howard Lake.......... 48
LWP Ose os eee 48
umboldt sss 48
Putcehinsons eee 48
Ahlen: noo serpent! 48
Isanti. 2.2. see 48,72
Jasper ee ene Pe 48
Keoewalins... 2225642 48
Marnicka 32 oe eee 48, 56
Kragness... ee eee
La Crescent......-.-.. 1
LeiROVe oo sns see ne
Lewiston
aincoln 2-2 agree beeee
Long Prairia poe 48, 56,57
OLettO ee ecsseee noose 48,51
Louisburg
WOWTY LU sotcee ox eee eee
Luverne. fee eae
Dyleceeccc ee ees
M?Gregor...
McIntosh...
Mabel.......
MINNESOTA—Contd. Rees.
Mahtows - oo Saeco
Mallory... secu eee 48
Manitoba Junction..... 48
Mankalol oo clceeweaee 1,48
Manley 48
Maple Lake 48
Maple Plain 48
Marietta 48
Marxville 48
Mayer 48
Maynorgtre sees anne 48
Mazeppas ic see aeeeeee 51
Maloy 2. cdc ccoree eee 48
Melrosei 2. <.c<sepeneeee 48
Monalipa:... cs caasesk 48
Mondolas. 222s aaeeeeee 48
Mentor... cnenceeeeee 51
Middle River.......... 48
Milaca.. 2. o peseeee 48
Miuneapolis. 1,3,4,5,6, 10,11,
36, 44, 47, 48, 51, 57, 60, 76, 77
Minnelhiaha....... 43,48,51,60
Minnoeiskase. 02222 sceee 60
Minnoolas 22h ce esceaae a
Minnesota Transfer....
Lee 43,48, ai
Mississipplicc--ceseeeee
Monticellos possesses rs
Montrose: .c4s.eee eee
Moorlieads sees seeee 48,51
Moose’ Lakes. --.seseee
1. Ke) eae is 48
MoriiS:).\ccnecscene eee 48
Motley 48
Maur Prairie 1
Murdock 48
Muskoda 48
Nassau 48
Nebish 48
Nelson. . 48
Nesbitt... <2... ctemeeseee 48
Nevis... sccee cbse peeeeee 48
New brighton......... 43,48
New Folden........... 48
New Germany......... 43
New London........... 48
New Munich........... 48
Newport... 2s semen cece 43
New: Ulm a2 oacceen eee 48
New York Mills 48
Nickerson........ 43
INicols----ee oe 51
Nielsvill@ ....... 48
NOrcrosS.-.-ssecneeueee 48
North Branch.......... 48
Nortlicote:z:-eeeeceeese 48
Northfieldezssseseenece 48,60
Norwood! -eiceserecnees
NOY6S...--resese-sauneee 48
Odessa:.cssnebeescseeee 48
Odin. Sap aeeeoebeeeee 1
Ogema..2..52..n senses 48
Ogilvie esc eeereeee 48
Onamia.2.’.2.-2seeeeeae 48, 56
Osakis. 223. J-02eeeeeeee
Oslo: 22252 eoebe
Osseds\-czkcieseee - 48,51
Ottertailiczeeeeees
Owatonna seeseesoe 48,51 |
Oxboro Heath......... 48
Palisades.- es sec oee 48
Parkers Prairie........ 48
Park Rapids........... 48
Pavueree Jee Deere. 48
ican Rapids........ 48
Perham. ..cuseeeee sees 48
Perley). .ceeereees 48
Philbrook...ccaceneees 48
Pillager-.i.:icc ase ceeeeeee 48
PineiCity225 22 eeeesee 48
Pinewood 2s. eee 48
Pipestone... -n,secem ese 48
Plainview eeeseeee 48, 51,60
Platosiui.Seeeeeeeee 48
Princetont:32 seeepeens 48,72
Prior Lake-...c2scseeee
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. ail
Index of Stations—Continued.
MINNESOTA—Contd. Tables. | MINNESOTA—Contd. Tables. | MISSISSIPPI—Contd. Tables.
UD OSIGVaeeineeieeee' «06 4& Widtisin soe er teap ests 48 Sandy Hook........... 48,51
IRGiOhbhINseG4sobsosseere ‘ Watsone eke 48 Sanford j
Vari al lteieeteaite cise aia Wisin ee aeleciarerete 48 Shubuta
IRIN (0) HOS soca riqeenpee Waverly se eee 48 Silver Creek
(RENTON Clyajeters otel=\e\ <1 = == WiGany ere tenes e erate 60 Sinus eee ese ae
URIEGD Aces seeeie ed scees IWiendellleseaees caer ee 48 Stanton
Red Lake Falls IWiGSTOOLUeeeen teeeceiae 48 Sumrall
Red Top......-. WiestsUnlon ie sre eric’ 48 DOLLY ire: =j2)ststeraieioviatele ive L
RiGee sen! Wiheatonieatenuceeccees 48 Tylertown
Rich Valley Willow River.......... 48 Wesson
Pehwilleeeeseeneeics ss, . 1 Willi ont eseeereciee 48
Robbinsdale........ 48, 51, 60 WiltOm SUS se sacle ane 48 | MISSOURT:
Mocks Creeks genes cc. « 48 Wii era ee Ne ones 48 Agency Ford.......... 1
OGkwilekeemebcee ees. 48 Winnebago............ 48 Allentoneest.speeseenie 1
ERORETSeeecseisecistanci-jeiee 48 NWOT a= seiaieretetal= eye 1, 48, 51, 60 ANNAZOWL Aen eee eee 1,4
IRORALIE Ss GESEBOBEOB See 48 WiAGhTOWe.eeeeneneeeene 48 AMM ONGt cis le cmiowlis,c8 1
osei@reeke esses cs 48 Wiolwertome/se crete cis 48 IATIGELSOMs elciecleveisteneree 1,36
Rosemount .--......... 48, 51 Werenshallle es aaa ase 48 ATINad eee acco napeeeee 1
IROAS NY cis cbUSeapaeoee 48 Wire Gee ae oom cleteee metas 48 Ashburn 1
Round Prairie......... 48 IWiyOMin Orem ere eieyacy eee 48 Atherton. . §
TOW AliGOMssaseciens icicle 48 Young America........ 48 ANTON Ae /soaerecitatele ato 1
Rush City...-.. os 48 elulomea cceesereee 48 ANIXCVASSC nesses ees 1
IR~ESAM SSsskosne . 48 ZAIMMeTMANSceeeaeee ee 48 Beck’S sie cine saeeeese 1
INU eSeseseoseaone 48 Belless saesie cece eene 1
Salpimiepeee e ees on? fi 48 | MISSISSIPPI BentOUMsee eee eee ee nee 44
St. Bonifacius:---...... 48 VAT Oats iciclseieierslsteeeer: 49 Bernie sch eancseecice 44
Ste Chanlesteeeereeecce 48 IAT ee Osea ererene race 48, 49 BenbraMd sees 44,46
RUS Cloudeaesaaee sens 48 Basshicl dete ass ceaeceit 49 Billingsseeeaaee eee 36
Styilairesssse seas ae 48 Bayasts WOuls essere 44 Birch treeweeeeeseeseeere 1
Stedosephiyes ce see sean 48 Biloxi ee emteemiesscnciee 48 Birmingham........... 57
St. Paul.. 1.5, 10.39, 41, 43,44, Bonqesiee ee ceeeeer 49 Bland eae 1
48,51, 56, 57, 60, 73, 76. 77 Boonevillessceeeaecsese 49 iIBlodgetteesemsocescccee 44
Sandstone......-. 48, 56, 60, 76 Brookhaven.....-.. 47,48, 49 Ble Springs..........- 1, 48
48 Canton yaaa 49 BoisidZAree ae ee aeeeee 1
48 Carlisles oo soe apa ions 49 IBoleseeeeeeee 2 1
48 Carrieress cee a aeeeecce 49 Brandsville. - a5
51 Carsone ee sees Se 48 Brasheares. soeeeeeeeaee 1
48 Centerville: ogee 47,70 Brook’s Junction ...... 39,44
48 Clarksville sae eee 1 Brunswick... cete\tce 1, 48, oF
48 Collins ee eens 49 Buckmertsakeecstecer es
48 Columbias ee eee: 48, ae 5 Buea guess waseeeet i
48 Crystal Springs........ Burnham eene sn sees 1
48 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 57, 60, 70, ai Butterfields=s5-0 ceases 36
48 Durant cor eee 36, 64 Cabooliss = sosss see ees 1
48 MD VanSton sees sees 48,49 Camdeneesce--e eee 48
48 Hayettessetsweresceacee 47,60 Camp bell eaeaseseaesce 44
48 Hruttlandsss ss Caen 44,49 Carnolltoneeee sooo 1
48 Gallman.......-.. 47, 60, 70, 76 Carthages=2ts ee 1,36
48 Gatesville...... see) 4060.76 CadariGap eee. e eee 1
Stenhleneeeneeceeccces 48 Georgetown......... 47,60, ie Chamoisteeee-seeeceeee 48
Stillwater ee ccmeeiencc 48,76 Gloster see cee Bete Charlestonee ace ceeces 44
Stocktonteceeeescesccas 60 Gulfpontescereecceeeeee 49 Chillicothes=--s-eneeree 1
Sturgeon Lake......... 48 Hathormeeeeceeee cece 48 Clanktonteesseceere eee
De SUcateOa teen sscncicee ce 60 Hattiesburg........... 48, 71 Clevelandessosacs See
Swan River............ 48, 56 Hazlehurst ...........- 47, Conception
Swanvillesenceeecce sc 48 48, 52, 53, 60, 70, 76 Conway sce necccneseees
Biwaltamayanee sees erten 48 HICK ORYnc one aces 60 Cordes eae eee
Sine meeeraeee ree eee 48 Hopewell... 47,53, 60, 70, 71, 76 Corning eee
Ramarackpeeeeeeecen ce. 48 OuStONeas=eee eee ees 49 Countneyasnesoeee eee
Taylor’s Falls.......... 48 ineomMare ss. aeseeeecee 5 Oral oe aeec- ne sceeeeeeess
Thief River Falls...... 48,76 Jacksons sss seeeeneees 36 Gubat tee
STD eeier te oieye Pea cass Sia, 48 Kewaneencnceesceecere 49 Dalfonteeseeeece secee
MNTOSK CVs sane ei ossicles 48 IKNOXOMMA et eeeeeeaeae 48, 49 Dearbornes. ss.o. sees
Twin City Stock Mauderdale ee yecceoece 48 DeKalbe sce see eseees
NEMO SSA eesseee ae 43,48, 51 Deiwitts see ees
Pvrilbacee seen care. 4) Diehlstadt
wan vVialleyeyses sac cse 48 Diggins....-.
OMS aS oS See 48 IDE too GacsengoE
Doniphan
Dunlapesesaset eases
Fast Leavenworth
HASton eee esseeseeeee
East Prairie
Mendenhall............ 49 Hsbernyoeee sce eee aac
Mitt Olives eee 49 Histo ees ese aeee
INatchezease eases 48, 60 Hugeness535 25-2 ostecs
Newtonteicea sacs 6 Bvertonieececcseeeecsen
Oakvales eae 48 Excelsior Springs Jct-.
Osyka esos 36, 46, 53, 76 Exeter sec essseesteeses
Bascacoulaceesecseeees 60 Pairiax..3-5.2 -aseeeese
Picavunewessseeeesesee 48,49 Manettas sane sea
Prentiss gees 48,49 Flemington
Quitman.... eee 49 Bloydeeeeeeeee =
Ridgeland ieee sceee 36, 52 RorbesSitesosis8.asoseee
Rockporteseceeeeseecete 47 Forest City
RUSSO ees ecseeeteee 36, 49 Hortescues. ose eee
32
MISSOURI—Contd.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Tables.
1
Goodmans 25... ace 6 1,36
Gratin Valloyess oe, oe u
Grand Pass. centisescne=
Hannibal jaca oe
Harisbureeieccce.ccces
Haseltine
leGyiih So eosconasese
PLGIMCS Ss.0 Hess acess
Hornersville........... 4
BIMter soe 2 aceeee eee.
Hunley eases 3
Hutton Valley.........
Vatanissscssee ss s22082:
Independence..........
VARMCSONE assets sess
Jefferson City..........
Jeffreys
YOON oacisconssecoase 7
5, 6, 30, 41, 44)
48,49, 51, 60,76
Koshkonong.........-- 1,5
abadiOwss cacccecsie ss 1
WUBVASY =e eee =
Liberal--...-------.---
TROP ATE eet teeny
1
Malden i... tsess 28S 44
Mansfield sc-ci 2-25.58 1
Marionville............
Marsh%eld
Mokane 224s Sloe lee 1
Mound City........-... 1
Mountain Grove......- 1
Mountain View........ 1
Mt. Vernon: 2:2 .0..-.02
Napoleon.........--.--
Waylore:.-<-222 te cen 44
New Florence........--
New Franklin.........
New Market...........
INOUAWAY-~ne eee one eee
Odessaseret tee aeons
Orrick .:+) 22/22. 2522 1, 48,
Index of Stations—Continued.
MISSOURI—Contd. Tables.
PATVIUBcacce tne cleans 1
Parnell eee ses ne 1
POPiOue sisecccse Amora 1
BiereerOtive sees ees 36
lutte Gityeecsee ee 1
Pomona ces hse cemeece 1
Bardeen 5,36
RACINGL ee eee er ee C 36
REDUDNCES sees eeneees 1,36
Rbineland sat sseeeseae 1
RochepoLte eee eeeese eee 1
Rorersvilleseeeeececes 1
Rushville........ : 1
Ste. Genevieve. at ot
Sis Osephiesen sacs
4, 6, 29, 35, 35, 48, 51, ab
St. Joseph Stockyards...”
Stalouiseee see ae L
10, 11, 19, 36, 41, 44, 47,48,
49, 51, 57, 64, 70, 75, 76,77
St. Marys PeSScAS Heres 1
StaPetersse ers 1
DANCOMIC Rear eee ne 36
Savannahs se ele eeee 1
SHENG O Meas miscege sas cas 1
Saxton ss eee ess 1
DeLUP MATa eee ee 1
Senecaass sets snes Ree! 36
Seventy-Six.... 1,10
Seymour.. 1
Sibleyeeescsecee 1
Sikeston ssa see 44
Skillmorevesweeeece oes 1
Smithvilleseessceeceene 1
Speedeeee sere aere 1
Springfield..........- 1, 41,48
Standish .,
Stark City
SUTivanweeteee eee
Darks OWememe tenses
Mnayersece--eeeeceees
Mriiedalesencsessesee se
TMUTN Oe ae eee saci
Unionville
Utica see
Vanduser....
Weronaecieser
Versailles
Wakenda
WYSLIRC eRe neccemeeiene 1
Wraverly-..-+--s--- = 1
Wie sosdéosocscssos 36
Wenaubleau.....--....- 1
West Alton.=--- 22.022. 48
MAO NS cosastioboGosocc 1
West Plains. <2. 2.222 1
Wheaton...-.-.--..... 1,36
Vi arden siceee 1
Willow Springs 1
Winthrop 1
Wright City 1
MAG ies 5 Sccocessobses 1
MONTANA:
ADO Keene estecemeintets 48
Armington......-..... 48
ArmsSteaGie-- sci acess- 48
Bain villesesesasescee 48°
Bebe Sheet bet eet easets 48
Big Sandy:..-...-.--.... 48
Billineseeeses = 1,10, 48, is
soo dere wee Sue eee
Coburg Moltereeedoee pecs 48
Columbia Falls.-.-.-.. 48
Conrad) easseceeeeese 48
Uraigoscevissceesecee~e 48
Cat Banketse..--.ecee° 45
Darbysuecesscsscsee cs 1,48
MONTANA—Contd, Eeuies.
Deer Lodgeiic-. -cciene
Devon sn wees 13
Dillone-veeecesteoseces 48,60
Dunkitke2 sees aeeee 48
East Bridger.......... 48
Eureka
Fairview
Finchiceeecnceecne eae
Flaxville
Florence
Fort Shaw
Galata...
Gevser..
Gilman
Glen Sees
Great Falls 48
Hamilton.... 1,3, 48,51, 53, 76
Bardine so eeeeeeee 48
Harleni-<.---senehmetere he
H& V6 -tesice eae eeeneae
Helena........ 1, 48, 51,60, i
Hershe yi. ces =k =e
Bingham eee css osecmee aS
Hlobsomeiwees. ss nee eee 48
ELIT Byiteeeee ee eee 48
Invertiessteseeeee eee 48
Jefferson Island........ 48
Judith Gapes 2-5-8 4
Kialispellteseccecesem ee 4
Kremlinee eon cceee eee 48
MEWASTOW lsc eeeene eee 1,48
(WUD ee Scosce ee sechoe 1,48
Manhattan..-..-.-.... 48,73
Me licine Lake..-.....- 48
Missoulateen eee een ems 48,60
Moccasine® = aseseeeeeee 4
Monarchter acces eee 48
Musselshell...---.-.-..- 48
PSTISES eee meee eerie 48
Piedinontesss--es-se—— 48
POWOL. eee ees 48
Race Tracke-geeeccsese 48
Ra viesiordec--eeeeecen 48
Redstoneres--eeeereees 48
Shawmut --2-2-- = 2. 48
SAC Ves oecod sasSsass4 48
Silesia eeemeneerteaerects 48
Silver-ceeeseseeeee eee 48
Simmisteeeere cece 48
SOMOTS See weer 1,48
Sweet Grass..---...... 48
TAMPLCOp seteatteaeeietale 48
Troy Sacer
Victor Setemene eee 1,48, 51
Wirdenieesceceseneee
WolfiCreeks2ee-o-ecn~-
Woodside...-..- 1, 48, 51, 60, 7
Yanticeearessseeces eee
Zvi Chee seen eset a
NEBRASKA: :
48
48
1
48
48
1
48
1
1
48
48
1
48
48
48
1
a «ihe Cateapee ale 1
Bridgeport ......... 42,48, He
Broad water...-.-...-..-
Broken Bow........-.- is
Brownville......... 1,4,6,36
Brille sss essecaaetarctele
Burwell). sassaseuesecee 48,60
Cedar Bluflss. -22-- 2. 48
Chapman.....2.0-.2-.. 5
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 33
Index cf Stations—Continued.
NEBRASKA—Contd. Tables. | NEBRASKA—Contd. ‘Tables. | NEW HAMPSHIRE— Tables.
Chappel eee eeeericns ll 48 CO} so CN mites i pa 1,48 Continued.
Clatonl ae ee 48 Oshkosh eel een eae ae 48 Bradtondienes.-.taseeee. ]
Columibusiesse. 2) ue 1 OWwascoss aici eel er 60 Bristole- asses ccd svseee. 1,48
Comstock....--.. atonal 48 Palimyiee epee seeseeee 48 Burleyville. . 1
Cowles teern enemies 51 Pawnee City.....2...-: 1 Canterbury 1
Crab Orchard.........- 1 yb a AA SONS Te ea Center Barnstead...._. 1,48
Crawiondeier eee raise 48 Platte: Centers oi e422: 48 Charlestown........... 1
eeOaS Lon an ncn enn e eee ra Potterd--heseey eee aneie 48 CHESS Leos etieas 1
akota Clty - Preston eenieeeesaeee 1 OLGA Clarence yee 1
Dalton eee 48 Ravenna s senses 1 Colebrookiseneee seen 48
Dannebrog-.- - 48 Raymond -eeeeeee ee 48 Contoocooks: 2. 225565 1
IDA WSOn ee oars 5 2) 1 Redwloudeeceeas 48 DOLE Asa ota eee 1
De Bolt Place...-....- is Rising City. --seeeeesee 48 eee ee seecne oss 1
norma souoS oybouaooS Rohs nie aera 1 ast Kingston......... 1
Doniphan. -..----.----- 48 1a oN TED Bite 1 East Weare......... aa 1
Il cogceodsaauaedeue 48 SH ville! Wah ta 48 pp iney kee he Paste 1,48
Hlm Creek....-.-.-.-.- 48 St) Edward... 22220025 48 EPSOM sa ese ees "48
DUGG. dscecoseeasoueee 1,6 Salem aia 1 1 Dp. <-i (5) Seep ioe a 1
Hallsi City asaceniele- 1 Sarpent iii sie saa 48 Branklinee se) ssneeee 1
Mlorencebere cece) 1, 4,60 Sehiryler as ae 48 TeMOnNt se nee eee: Sunbis 1
sero) Rew Bho Be
ee aie Serieond ie eeee eo tee Rous tee OfStOwilss seen eeen
Mrermonts crs Gad ds eraeelaaean nT (bl OGreenaela ies ee i
AN Taney i reenficld G2).
i aes South Omaha. UM Socrrererie tae
Seine era tee Shale South Sioux City. -.--- Teena: Scorn 2
Grand Canad; 44; 48,60, 63. os Spencers ee 1 Greenville.......-..... 1
7 Stapleton asus aun uaine 48 Grove tonite eee ee rere 48
Hardy 48
aTay..--------------- Stromsburg.....------- 60 Haley One eee re a -eeee 1
Heeaeee pesece 1, 4,5, 44, 48, 51 Superior..2 20/07 as 60 Hampton Falls.......- 1
pe ylend Sis ae Fe Sutherland22/ci a 48 Hancock..............- 1
aE ane ee MableiRock-eesiees 2s 1 Hedd ing. ~~ =. 22a =t=2= :
He TARE ee am 48 ecumsehee ies seneems ; Henkes hae ineen ST -
Wart ane Tekamaheee ee a Sey ine erm enn iter cg
ISIGIaNaoseoS coGeaeqees 48 EIS boLose ass eee 1
Roohe ys eyes e eae aS lack tate
SOREN pemeeee hs To 3 Union ee ee Hollis.....--...-------- 1
TEGIGEG (ie once 5 Ae recent ieee (Cos “ i re armen 43
iam Or TI 7.4 AUS; Sos aan ae Sha cin ai a a
fone | Verden ICT | Paeomlasco ae
TOhMSto wees eee 48 AME hE oenouzetse 0! REIS Sean rs dene nee
Uline 14 | Weeping Water........ uel puoishon 2k oss eras a8
uniatalssacss sees 48 Premarin RTT n Mochmere:-... ==. s5c.- 1
Kearney..-.- 1, 6, 43, 48, 51, 76 Wnty on one e ns re Madnaee ice ahs 1
Kemesaw soc ses les 8). Dees Take PRAT Ls . aS Madisonsescnu auteauey i 1
feimballe 2200000000 45,09 | Wyoming. -..200000007 1) i) aeredith, Sc wa ucca tan
Lebanon........... 1,5,6,48 | NEVADA: | New Boston... 2.”
eshara tse sss co) 4a 48 Carson City......-...-- a8 Newbury.............. 1
Letan. ee eee "48 Daven vo ceses Beers io New Durham........... 1
ewellencmmaseeee es on: CSS Men eAOUt SeIce ace pe rice Newfields.........----- 1
Lincoln...- 1,5, 6,30, 44, 48, 76 I Oe o be cece: Ghats Newport............... 48
WISCOMMSe a UN ce 48 Fern AES RBE RE Ca bic oor 48 North Charlestown... -- 1
Lodgepole PUES 48 eran own tetcpeerseee ei Northfield. ......------ 1
Wlaks Teme Soe ee osoee aly Gass AG EA TIR RT eens North Hampton...-... 1
MoupiCityeesyeses ke 48 Huffakers..........---- 48 North Stratford., .....- 48
MeCook.-.2-2-20.-.2.-. 1,48 Lebonian stee esse estes a Northville...........-. 1
CERO Wea aes WL LY 48 yON.--------- Vf }
Neatane og 43| | Mason......... ABIELGIY Wantnvatinnts | cic aed
Heri RAMEN 00) 1 amet wes eee erste eee eee ae Percy cre eave te ee 48, 76
Mansland eauean yeasts: 48 IMa....-..------------ THOTOO ween eee
Niele tase wage Uneaten 48 Minden....-...-...---. 48 Pittston’. Ce is SAME Sake 1 48
Mera ae e St! !h 48 Moapa..----2---- 2-2-2 39 Portsmouth..-..05.22.- 1
Merri are sean) 48 Overton? eeet eae aaaeee 76 Potter Place.........-- 1
Minersville..-.......... 1 INGOs seaseEae 44,48, 51, 76, 77 Powwow River........ 1
HIMoEEL Lav LS 48, 60 Spans weve etec seen eseee 48, aL Raymond.........-.-.- 1
@orehiela@ays ke seks. o.' 1 /erdl........---------- Ri MET ass Meee 1
IMOnmiT MeO Ui 48 Wabuska......-.------ 48, 51 Eeotiate a PPA Seeeese 1
IMinllenteuanmebei A. 48 Wadsworth. ....--..--- 48, 51 Rochestercon see eee 1,48
ING pOneessewyase 1,60 Washoe.--_.--2.22-2-- 48 Galeries sake ate 48
Nebraska City......... 1,48 Weeks......-.--------- 48 Seabrook 25sec Saas 1
Nene ia occ Pee ak i Yerington....- eRe toe 48 fone cal SERIA 48
emaha City.......... South Lyndeboro...... 1
Newpontess 2222222082 48 | NEW HAMPSHIRE: South Merrimack. ..... 1
INOnfolics sere shar" 48 Alton (Bayi nN aes 1 Strathameen Sener 1
a ore [aaa Sit REST RES se peetst Bessa aseee-ce ; Suncookse sees ee eee 1
onthvPlatte: ss. 222-40 1,4 ANGETSON ene nin ainsi Swainboro 23225 - eee 48
WNorthporte ee 8 sor, 48 PATI OV CL Seas so vane eee 1 Tilton! OL ees 1
INAS RG Gea apa a eae 48 Antrimiss ta enaeaceaoe 1 Walpole! s22 sew 48,51
Onelana BRA Ela) ine WARDS, 1 Ashland isssessen sete 1,48 aImersoes as oewe 1
Oconee Oe 48 Barnstead!so sos ces aa 1 West! Goniche ee 1
Opallalaneyuei sss lei 48 Barrington............. 1 West Hopkinton..-.... 1
Olivers ss4ss Sls Fi Belmontegu eee eae 1 West Thornton........ 48
Omaha sel eae Blackmount.........-- 48 Walton: so sss 1
4,5, 6,10, 44, 48, 51, 7 Boscawenlss ies 2-552 1 Windhamese-ose eas 1
44215°—18—Bull. 667—— 3
84 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Con tinued.
Brown’ s Millin-the-’
Califon 32.222, Sees 5
Cape May Court House. 48
Cedarville... :.-. 0.22. 36,
37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 64, 70, 76
Chester 1
Cologne.
Benue j
5, 6,70, 71, 74, 76, 7
Egg dooney SRS "30, 36
Blizaperhsasocce eee 48, 60
Bim ey aso ostese tenes 5,
29, 35, 36, 37, 67, 70
BlmMere ons aoss eee 46, 48
Bl wood essed ess
Englishtown........--. 48
Wairton.. eee
46, 47, beh 51, 70, 76
Farmingdale...
Mime yet eee meee
Flemington See ee
Forest Grove
Freehold......... ;
36, 37, 39, 41, 47, 48, 57, 67, 74
Glassboro.........-.-- 1,5 5,48
Goshens25— 7, seat be 47,48, 71
Great Meadows... 1,51, 63, 64
Greenwich. 22 e ee if 6,
36, 46, 47, 48, 67, 69, 70, 76,7 77
Greenwich Pier... .”.. 67
TETHOCH GS 5xs 2 ee eee 48
Hackettstown ......... ;
Hainespure ss. cceeeene
Hammonton... 5,29,35,36, 37
Hanover Farms...._.. 30
Harrisonville....... 47,48, e
Hartlordse 42525 seeee ee
Hazletss 5 siiLss& 1,4, 48, 7
Heislerville.........2.. 48
High Bridge........... 5
Hightstown......... 1, 41,48
Hobpokens 2255-15. seen 51, 60
Hornerstown.......-.. 30
Howellieu ciel se 1,48
Husted)... seeks 42,46, 48
Imisystown 25.2 48
Tomas oss a ee ie 5
Maple Shade..........-. 6,48
Marlboro.....- 1, 48, 60, 67, 75
Marlione ssans- eens 6, 30, 48
Masonvillele aise
Matawan........... 36, 46, 47
Mauricetown.......... 36,
44, 46,47, 48, 68
Mays Landing.........
Mediord ee eee enme 30, 48
Merchantville.......... 1,5,6
MickKIeTOn sso ne eeee 5,
39, 43, 46, 47, a 49
Middletown..-........ 1,48
Maliviliee steer eter 48
Monmouth Junction... 48
Monroeville...........- 48
Morganville......... 44,47, 76
Mount Ephraim....... 6
Mount Holly.....- 5,6, 47,48
Mullica Hill..... 39, 47, 48, 49
Newark Sate 48
New E an etats 30, 47, 48
Newfield inten eee 41,46
Newport... 36, 46, 47, 51, 64) 70
Norma... 36, 46, 47, 48, 49) 70
Oxford Furnace....._. 51
Palatine tose rae 47,48
Pedricktown: 22-2222) 5,
36, 42, 44,45, 46, 47,48, 49
Pemberton......... 30,4 7,48
Penns Grove....2/2.2! 42,
44,45, 46, 47, 48, 49
Retersburge eee ese eeeee 48
Pitman S53 eee 48
PIttStO Wil se eee 5,6
PAainsporoses sone 48
Port Monmouth . 29, 57,67, 76
IBOLTENOLEIS eee eee 30,
36, 47, 48, 51, 69, 70, 76
Princeton Junction - 48
Prospect Plains....... fak 6,48
Ouintonseeee es eesee a
Raven Rocks soso eee
Red Bank. 1,5,6, 47, 48, 60, 67
RichlandAs soos eeeeeee 36, 49
Richwood: soe cueaeee 1,3,
5, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 67, 76, 77
Rio Grande...-.......- 48
Riverton........ Ba ep 70
Robbinsville........... 8
Rosenhayn-.. 36, 46,47, 487 49
Salemi ee ass Sa aee 48
Seaville... 48
Sewelles eee: 48
SUaron ee ae eeu ae 48
Shrewsbury: -.2-li2s82 48
Smithvilles2. sass sseeee 47,48
South Dennis.......... 48
South Lakewood...... 30
South Pemberton...... 30
36,
46, 47,49, 51, 64,70, 71
NEW JERSEY: Tables. |] NEW JERSEY—Con. Tables. ] NEW JERSEY—Con. Tables
Allamuchy........-.. 1, 48, 51 Tronig ees ea eee 1
Allenwood............ 48 Jamesburg........... 1,30, 48
Alloway Junction...... 47 Jersey, City nosso ee eee 1,71
Alnhanos 2 etee ee: 63 Jobstowness ss aes 5
ANIM OVET cos os Web 1 Johnsonburg........... 1
Anglesea... 252.25... Keansburg eapeeeoe 36, 47, 67
Annandale............. Kangston =: eee ae 1,48
ATHENIA co.cc Besse Lakewood..........2.. a
ATSION ioc nee Landisville...-...2...- 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, ay 49, é
UAC Ls at geet ences Fee 5, 29, 36, 41, 46, 49, 70, 7 Tennent. emicibeeee ett 1,48, BD
Barnerat.-... 2 Lawrencd......-c.:.2s: ee TitusvilloeeeLeeeeeeee
Bellaplaines fo oI oo ebaAn On tess eae eeeeee Toms Rivers.secsseenes 30, Pe
Belmar eee Cee: Leesburg..... 30, 36, 48, 49, bo Tranquility............ 1
Belvidere: Geseees et.) Lewistown). ...22. 27222 48 Trentonse epee ese 32,48
Berkeley Heights 46 Little Ferry.......-.:2 6 Trenton Junction...... 6,48
Beverly.... 3,5, 6,70, 71, 74,77 Lower Jamesburg...... 47,48 Tuckahoessee epee 30
Birmingham........... 48 Lumberton......... 30, 48, 60 Tuckertons.. seen a) 30
Blackwood. -.......2.- 48 IMCATOO Renee ee eee mee 1 Vails 02 sveuenee cee
Blsirstowneee se eeseee 1,48 Magnolia....--.-...... Vemon See pera ss! 1,51
Bordentown.........--. 48, 60 Malaga......-..- 30, 41, 46, ie Vincentown............ a
Branehport..........-. 48 Manasquan ............ Vineland: 22a aes
Branchville...........- 1,48 Manhattan Piers....... 4,1 6, 14, 29, 30, 36, 46, 47, 49, 7
Bridgeton............ 1, 5,36, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 48, 51, 72, 7 Waterford.2..........
42, 46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 67, 70, 77 Mantoloking.....”..... "30
30
Weehawken... 1,25, 48, 51,63
West Creekesee ane ap
West Moorestown..... 5,6,4
Wheat Road... 5, 29,36, 49) 7
White House222 =
Wickatunk.......... 1,48, 6?
Williamstown....._. 5, 47,48
Windsor. epee 6,48
Woodbury... 6,39, 44,47, 48, 49
W oodrufi’s_ . 36, 46, 48) 51, 77
Woodstown..... 42) 44) 47, 48
Wrightstown.........- 48
Yardyille sees 43, 47,48
NEW MEXICO:
Alamogordo........... 1
Albuquerque ne seetae 48,51, 60
Artesia: .; eee iL
Aztec-., 53a tana Serene 48,51
Chamasyie
Cimarron. .
Clayton
Cloudcroft
Corona 2242 rae
Dayton... 1 (ee 47
Dedmant i) 2 ae 72
Des) Moinés2 ease seeee 72
Dona Anas. on eeeeeeeee 48,60
Hspanolat =) see iP?
Hstanciay ss eeeeeee 72
Fort Summer.......... 39
hakewood cee eeeeecee 7
Las) Crices aa pease 6, 39, 60
Molrose:. 2°. shies aes 72
Mesilla Parks sseaeeee 1
Mountainair. .. 7
(to ee eco se 48
Portales: esasee seeds 49
Santa [e_: 2 eee 1,72
Shoemaker-220522seceee 72
Springer. oo. see eee 7.
Stanley... =o: sees sees 72
Three Riverse. sessesee 1
Tularosa. osc he eeeeees 1
NEW YORK:
Accord: 2: 22eeeeeeees 51, 76
Adanis Basin... 1,5,11, 48,60
Addison =sesscueeeee 1, 48,60
AdTIan= sesce eeeee eee 48
Aftons2o. Meera ee 1,48, 60
Akron Falls.......... 6, 60, 76
Alabama.......... 1,48, oe 7
Albany sieiss2 hese
5,6, 10, 44, 48, 51, 60, .
AIDION= = --5 -- = hee eee
6,9, i0,ii, 48751760, 63°63
Alden: -\:,.5i..ccseGeee 48
Alexandér: 22) -seeeseee 48,60
JAlfred’2 2. occ e oem
Almond: 025 2) 20a eee 1,48
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 39
Index of Starter Continued!
NEW YORK—Contd. Tables. | NEW YORK—Contd. Tables. | NEW YORK—Contd. Tables;
Aloquin... 1,6, 52,53, 60,63, 77 Brushtonten senses eeeee 48 Conesus:...-... 1,11, 48, 60,72
Alpine....... ScObSdgpBU 1, 48 Bitlaloess.sesseeneee 1,4, 5,6, Conewgngo.......-..-- il
PANITAMMION Us cele wcicicwie cle 1 7,10,11,39, 41, 47,4 43° 11,51, 53, 63, 64
INI ihe Cane alas 1,11, 51, 60, 76 i,6, 64, 70, 71, 76,7 Conklinzs.2 4.0 .05-- 1, 48, 60
PAI DOM Qemeeteciceislelclsicie nai 48 1,48 Constablenssscteeee 1) 48, 51
Amagansett..........-. 48 Cook/sMaliss 22> evcees 1
American Dock ‘Ter- i i ,51, 3 Coopers’... oe es-eeeee 1,48
ual 15,6, 10,11, 47, 60 Cooperstown 48
Amsterdam 8 OD AKC nS aapetes
anapver ea copie ee
£ SO é \ 48 wwosecece
Angelica Caledonia........ 48, 58, 60, 63 Cortland........-..--
Angola... Calverton.......-..-- 5, 48, 61 Corwins.......
Antwerp Cambria... oe 1,4 Coxsackie.....- a8
aoe Cambridge! S220 3 1,48 Gales HEME CEE Aap ia
‘ppieton Camden ee aes 48 Taryville....-.--------
Apulia 8,60 Gamisronie so. bot gen 1,48 Crittenden. ........-
Aquebogue.......-.-.- is’ 61 Cameron Mills......-.. 1,48 Crockett.. 1,6,10,11, 51, , 63,76
Aqueduct............. 1,6, 60 Camillus)2. 02). Less 48, 60 Groton Falls. 1,6
JNO ee oeroEacsoasee 48 ro) bell Crown Point
Arena 61 Gans aT 5 Tiel MUA aa ie ae Cuba
mene claloioieia\sc ciel ia\=/s AML PVA ee sere eels 48 PaO GUROR COCR OSC
Arkponts Saco se 1, 48, 51, a Canaan. . 2 Curriers ee eee
inshiyallel. «252 20k 1/3. Gansndaizas iain Grint isis. 0) tacos aes :
Ashwood..---.-.-.-... 4,6, 11, 52, 53, 60, Fe quienoeue weeeteceee
Canaseraga........- 1,48, 72,77 AS eed cnt reser
res MINGMRME TSR RGU AIL 1,6 “\ Canastotaveecceseees 51, 63, 76 Dae FUR MORLE Wl race oD
Atwaters.. Candor.......-+-++-+-- 1, 48 Dansville...---.-------
ane Caneadeas Serene 48 IDEN tise de ue
Ausable Forks...-.-- Canisteo.....---..----- 1,48 Darien Center....
Avoca Canton...--..--+-+++--- 48 Davenport Center
eran Meme egighs 1160 » Cape Vincent... 22-5222 48 Da Fan
BDO Carlton. ... 1,5, 6,10, 11, 47, 60 Me ta ae gh aa
Eada Place... Carmel iD eansboro---. asec ese
Bawinsvallesssssem sel AS 60! |) it vasenpe ct TT esas Dammann DecmPark: 62. leas sees
aim a eyereeeeeisceictels D. L. & W. Junction. - 48
Ballston Lake.........- 1 Delhi asses 1,48,60
BallstomiSpac. 2225.02 1 Dellwood 2:2 saasaaier yas.60
Bacgall dicta tek Ast p 48 ie D ODOSTb He san are eset 1
EVILS OT yap ees SNe ee 48 one Derbynss sess sober 4
Barker (Broome Co.).. 5 cotaraugns Delkuyten esses 1,48, 60
Barker (Niagara Co.).. ily SEE a a ee Dewittville..--...-.--- 1
5, 6, 7,10, 11, 48, 60 Cay Mood ese qaamE Dickinson Center 48
Barnard........- 1,5,11,47, 63 Cedarville... Dover Furnace......-- 1
Eoctingmce 1,4| Center Village eeu (Heenan
YG el 48 Central Park Co g
Batavia...... 1,6, 48, 51, 60, 64 COMES HE IDreeeeel@vateulCon eae
Bath. 02020. TARO | if | ese ros toll GmpbEmden seein: 1,48, 60, 77
CA COTA see sete etsena 1 9s ae Ma al A Dund cele ee eee 60
Chaplin ee 2 ee
Beaver Damse-et\ssacce 1 2 Dunkirk 52 eer 1,4,37
Beekmantown.......-- : Guapedua F MUnraven. pee) eeeee 6k
note... eb boe | Gees 48'|| |) Maple Harbor... 2.0... Un
EVIE ee ae p iD Chatham..-..-....----- BATIAR Coke. eaten 1,48
16,610, 11,48) 58,60,77 | Chatham Center Barlville....-..-...-. 1,487.60
Benton er oe eee 1,52, eh Chenango Bridge...... 48 Hee potuare Spaiephiet nik 48, Fe
Bee ccHicellal ee I. 48 SHES ao I ecb s "6,48, 60, 63, 76
Berlin i) ils 48 Cherry Creek....-...... 1,51 East Buskirk
Bernhards..... ae AS. ih See eine 1,48) East Chatham-....... 1,6,48
Beserionee see pan naie 1 Cherubusco........---- 48 Bast Chester........-- ; 64
Bice) |. GRAMOL a 1.6) ast Freetown... ...... 48,60
Bins pemmlons =F 10,48, 51, a Chili Center......-....- 60 dues Greenbush SOROSH: as
Birdsall j 48 Chittenango. -.----.--. 48 East Oren Bae oo 1,48, 60
TEINS 48, 60 Churchville..........-. 1, 60 East Moriches....... en 4g
Blodgett Mfilis’.7.2.7"i,48760 | Cimeimnatus............ 1,48 | Rast Palmyra. ...... i,48,60
Bloomingdale... ---... 48 | Glarence Genter........ 1,60 | East Pembroke...... 1,48, 60
Blossvales2lll20] 48 | Claverack......-.2000.2 ie gi | BastHtochesters 0.
otenoamies |i.” Lis Clayton... +..--2+++++- abl Uae 51,60
ee ici i Clifton Sra Bye 60.76 ay East HIRE ai
4,6, 7,10, 11, 60, 3 De ae 10,51, si
Brewster.........-- Ue ate Clinton -.....---------- 1,48 East W. ites i : ee i 4 ie
Brice ee oe 1,5, 6,10, 11,60 Clinton Corners........ 1 East Worcester. ....--- 48
Clintondalessseseeecece 1,4,6
peldeenerapton eae ” 48; 57, 780 Clrde. 1 |: Mbenwe scene eases 48
ridgewater:.....-.--- TYE. - 2-02-22 0-2- 2 Eden Center.....-.---- 4
Rainn ean 1,6,11 Bs lOTiv4st5160)63°70) |haeee maaestori: - aeaenee 48
eas (Ot 435i, 1,4,5,6, BRS Sheonuodeabes , 3 BI Dasseehec ssc aaa eee 1,
48,5 60, 63, 76 Ob eskal lees epee secs saul 6, 48, 51, 60, 63, 64, 76
IBTOCLOM Meee eee). , 6,47 Cochectont 2 3-23--seee 1,48 Hlbertatec ce soe oie 1,4,5,6,11
Brooklyn ses. seo 4, 21, 485 Cosymans eee saaeeene 1,6 Size Vall Os seeereieee 1
53, 57, 60, 70, 7a 75, 76 Cohocton 22s sneeee ses 48 Billenburgh ce sceeses 48
IBTOOKtONEe sees se cae & ifs 48 Cokertown........-...-- 1,4,6 Hi tenvillewe so eee 1
IBTOOKVICW. <2 sa scicce ese p 1 Golden’: 25. ....saoeateeece 48 | Elllicottville:...-......- 1
36
NE
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
W YORK—Contd. Tables.
Elm Grove.....------- ik
6,10, 11, 48, 60
loVhrebtes S38 Ase Acie Sey =
5,6, 11,39, 48, 51, a
MINOLa ssssiscvaee Ceesee
WTiQLOWds.:<s>-s- = 1,48, 6
SOUS Sn esasee acamec ts
4, 6,35, 47, 4s
Hsperance...--+..-....
WSSORNS cc csec cscs a i
(Dna EAS ee sence econ 1,48
airport. sosscce- see 1
48,51, 53, 60, 63, 16
Falconer Junction... ..
Wancherescac ewes sees
4,5,6,10, 11,47, él
WATPON « éoe. 2k est ace
Farmingdale......--
Farmington......-
Hambhami <.<.-jns-ee=
Fayetteville.......-.--
Fernwood....:.-------
Feura Bush......-..---
MUTM OLes!2 22 =e 2egee ses
BiShers < 5s: -=s=2-<
Wishkill +2325 cteeewceat
Fleischmanns. .
Flemingville. . .
WUIORIOR Ee ee 2S siesta oe
Fly Creek........
MONGR ee eaee cee eee eee
RMorest< os 226520255506 38
Morestville: . << -\52- 5 -c/= 4,47
HMortpAnn= >=. .se-eeee ae 1
Fort Covington..-..-.-- 72
Fort Edward....-..--- 1,48
Hranifort:-2-ccsh see soe 60
Wredonigds ss seese es 1,4
Freedom: 62222-25920 48
Rreeman!..:-5.22---! +: 1,48
riendShips.c.-s-sce se 1,48
Mraitlande sees tt,
5,6,10, 11,51, 60,63, 64, 76
Fulton. bees Sse ie e
48, 51,53, 63, 64, i
Fultonville......-.-.---
LUTTNISS Se eae oes
6,51, 60, 63, 64, i
Gabpricisiens=2-sce eee
Gainesville.....-.--- 48, 64, 70
Galeng-o2- 2-2 55225.22 if 42 60
Gansevoort. .-...------ 48
Garputhsee eee sees 1, 48, 60
Gardiner... ...::::2--%2 1,11
Garrisona: sceceeeessee 1
Garwoods'.2:2)22-----.1 1,48
GaSpOnbe. Secs il,
5,6, 10,11, 47, 48, 60
Gee ee Rie ae eS We
(CCS oo ssoceodios 1,60, >
GOneyassis=-eceeee soe
3,5,6,10, 11, 48, 51, 60, 63, 72
(CE opti adoposo4 se 1,48, 60
Georgetown._.....-..-.- 1,48
Germantown.......--- iff
3,4, 5,6, 10,31, 35, 36, 37, 38
Getzville.2s ee 60
HONG See se eee 1
Glenora: 2222552222522 1,4,6
Golden’s Bridge....... 1
Gorham .. 1,6,10,52,53, 60,77
Goshen=s. 2 cbr se eee 51
Gowanda 1
Granite Springs.....-.- 1
Granvillesete sense nee 1,48
Greece®==s254e--- 1,5,6, 11,60
Greendale... 52-2222 1,3,6
Greene:::52=520222225 1, 48,60
Greenlawn.. - 41,48, 57,60
Greenport... 22 2-45---
41, 48, 51, 53, 61
Greenway-2scir25---- 60
Greenwood......-..... 11,48
Greigsville............. 1
GIGLOn Ss eeereaseeea es 1, 48, 60
Groyveland's=22>=-"--->= 1
Index of Stations—Continued.
NEW YORK—Contd. Tables.
Guilderland Center... .. 1
Halcottville........-.-- 1
Hale's Eddy-_:-:....... 1
Halfway.........- 1, 48, 60, 76
ALL to ase ake 1,6, 11, 60
Hamburgee--s5-s-eeere 71
Fram ene ee senses 1, 48, 76
Hamilton........-. 1, 48, 60, 71
Hamlin.... 1,5,6,10, 11,48, 60
Hammondsport. naj 1,4,48
Hankins 55322. sontteees
Hannibal..-. 1,6,10,11, 48,51
ard ys oe sne ne eee 1,48, 60
Harriman sce 1
Hayts Corners........- 1,11
IOCLOT saan aac eee 1,4,5,6
Helena: 325.522 cca asee 60
Heomlockeeeeeesene 1, 48,60
Henrietta... 1,48, 51, 53, 60, 63
Horkimer a. os eee eee
Hicksyilleec. aces eee 48
Highland..... 1,4, 6,35, 36, ce
AIsdales fe sSaeteeeee
1200 WO tareees oeeeoe ce
6, 10, 11, 14, 48, 60, 63, 64 76
Himrod
Hobart
Hoffmans
Holeomb
Holley
Holmes
Homer... 1,48, 53, 60, 76
Honeoye Falls. rs 11, 43, 60, 72
TH O0SICKaieieee eee eee 1,48
Hoosick Falls....-..-.. 1,48, 60
HopewellJunction .....
Horne eee eee 1, 48, 60
iorseheadsseey seeeriae 1,48
Howes Cave.......-..- if
Hubbardsville........-
48, 57,60, i
Hudson... Sale a 6, 10, 36
pauason Upper... 1, 6
eS arene mete 48
untinaten Se ecitee te 48, 60
Hurley ace eee eaen 1
IEivnids wallet Seen 1,48
INMGUSiLYS es eee 60
Interlaken............. 1,6
International Siding... 57,60
Inverness...........--- 48, 60
Toniaee sens eee 1, 11, 48, 60
1 Biot: VC Se a Ae SI
Inving sees 1,4, 37,47, 70, 71
th ace 2 aie ee i:
Jamesport.... 30,48, 53, 61, 72
Jamestown.... 1, 48, 63, 73, 75
JAMES VIOS eo eeeeeeee 60
Java Centetc. sehen 48
Johnsonville.........-- 48
JOrdan eve eecese re 48, 60, 63
Junius 1,5, 10, 48, 51, 0, 76
KANON S. oo se cect ene 1,48
KasOae ore ol eeat oes 48
Katonah nea coeeeent 1
Mend aia cctciar casos 4,6
Kendall.... 1,5,6, 10,11, oH 64
Kerhonkson...-.-..--- 1
Kallawog oso abcde 48
andernook-secesee eee 1
Kanpsierry. caece eee 1,6
Kkongs Parkiseeenccesen 48, 60
Kingstone reacts 1, 48, 60
Weirkevilleee cone eens 1,48, 60
Kank woody saseceen seats 48
Knowlesville.......... i,
5,6, 10, 11, 48, 60
Kortright Station. BB oc 48
Laconatsssons eee pl EY: 5
Lafargeville............ 48
La'Grangesssdis es 1
Takes ths $45 S535 (JOE Ss 63
Lake Clear Junction... 48
Lake George........... 1
NEW YORK—Contd. Tables.
Lake ce Sticke a nee 1,48
Lakeville. . - 1,60,72,74
DDSMSOn. ..ccsceseeeee 1, 48, 60
Paonia So. oconateee eee 4,4
La Sallessc. 12. eee
Laurels si -s... Leeeeeee 47,48
Laubens 22 asc. ; Saae 48
Lebanonseewsseeeee 1, 48,76
Leicesteros nie ane 1,1
Leonardsville.......... 6 a
Le Roy eisee eee
6, 10, 11, 48, 51, 60, 63, 72,73
Lewiston... ..- ie 5, 6, 7, 10,11
Liberty..5... 50 -se eee 1
im eee ee 1, 48, 51, 60, A
Lincolndale............
Linden. 735 eee 7
Tindleys. ice eee 48
Limlithvoussscsce 1,3, 6, 10,36
Linw.codsss asce cee 1,6, 10,60
Lisle jcc sete cee 1,48
Little Britain. ........-. 1
Tittle Waliseesyeoeseeee 60
Tittle works. oeeeeeeee 48, a
Livingston Manor..
Livonia........ ils 48, 51, 60, 63
Lockport scorer eee 4,
5, 6,7,8,9, 10.11, 47, 51, 60
Lockwood Les aeeetaoae © 48
Locust Valley. 60
Lodi... soc l ae 1,5,48
Loon Laker ee eeeeeee 48
Lounsberry........-.-. 48
OVE pas scone tuee eee 1,6
Luzon: .. 2c l eeeee 1
Lyndonvillestese esses.
LYONS oss csame seen fis
6,10, 11, 48, 5, 60, 63,76, 77
Lyons Patlseess4 ae
McDougall.. 1,60, 63,72, 75,77
McGraw... ry 60
McLean...
Macedon..
Mahopaciecasceuecen eee
Mahopac Falls......... 1
Malonet:d.scscaceonee 48
Manchester....-....- 1, 48, 60
Manliusicc.se-eeeeeeeee 60
Manorville............. 48, 61
Mapes..cccattecuerneeee 48
Mapleton(CayugaCo.). 1,60
Mapleton (Niagara Co.) 1
Marathon...........- 1, 48, 60
Margaretville.......... 61
Marilla.cvssaactooeeeee 72
Marion sseccceeerne eons
6, 48, 51, 53, 60, 63, 64
Marlborosessaseeeee ee
4,5, 6,10, 35, 36, 38
Martindale........-...-
Martisco. 23: /s2e25 1,48, oO 6
Martville: ise 1,48
Marylangegereerenmees 48
Massapequa..........-- 48
Mattitueck2-22 5322. 48, 53, 61
Mayvillexjseseeeeen ees 1,4
Maywood. rese eee: 1,48
Meadowdale... ........ 1
Medford). eee ae
Medina sce
10,11,48, 51, 53, #0, ry oi
Mellenville........-..--
Melrose ee scene
Memphis............ 1, 48, 60
Mendon’... so s522. 3. 1,48, et
Merrickville............
Merrifield............ LDL; 60
Mertensiais ose teeee 1, 48, 60
Messengerville....... 1,48, 60
MexicO!. torte teres
Middleburg........-. 1,48, 60
Middleportesieaseecee =
5,6, 10, 11, 47, 51, 60, 76
Middlesex. ...... 1,4,6,7,10
Middletown..... 51, 63, 64, 76
CAR-LOT
Index of Stations—Continued.
NEW YORK—Contd. Tables.
Milford eee eee lals ins 1
Millbrook.............- 1
Millers. ..... 1,5, 6,7, 10, 11, 60
Miller’s Place....... 48, 57, 60
Millentoneecnewcee es. 1
MilliRontaeeseaeucuenes 48
IVES Syste eee te EY 48
Millwood) ees 955¢ 1,6
I Ka) Se 1,4
Milton.... 1,3,4, Bay arkce’ 38
Model City... . 1,4,5,6, 10
Modendastee nn = semen 1
MO Irae SESE pa 48
Monmseyyee ee neue 1,60
Montcalm Landing. . 1
Montezuma............ erly 48
Montgomery.........-- 1
Monticello. .........- ia 1
Montour Falls........- 1
Mooers Forks......-..-- 48
Mooers Junction....... 1
Moore’s Mills.......... 1
Moravia.........- 1, 48, 60, 76
Morrisonville. .........
Morrisville........... 1,60, 71
Mortimer..........-.-. 53
Morton....... 1,5,6,10, int nf
Mountain View. ......-
Mountainville......... 4
Mount Kisco........... 1
Mount Morris.........- 1,38
Mount Pleasant........ 1
Mount Ross...........- 1
Mount Upton........ 1, 48, 60
Mount Vision.......... 48,57
Mumford...... 1,11, 48, 60, es
IVES Sere ae fa Ti
Naples........ 1, 4,6, 10, 11, ie
Narrowsburg.........- 1,48
ASSAUE eases
ING Wark ae eee
48, 51, 53,57, 60; "63
Newark Valley.......-. 1,48
New Baltimore. -.....- 1,6
New Berlin............ 48
New Berlin Junction. . 8
Newburgh issu
Newfane. ...... 1,5,6,9, 19; 60
Newfield............... 1,48
New Hampton... 49,51, 63, 76
New Haven..........-
BOVOO OIG 48, 60
ING TEAS es Ieee it
New Scotland.......... 1
Newton Hook.._...... a
New Windsor.........
New Woodstock.. 1, 48,51, 60
ING WORK eee a3
4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27,
38, 39, 41, 45, 48. 49. 50, 51,
53, 60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77
Niagara Falls.......... 6
INNO NY Ae es 1, 48, 60
INimeviehGe ne anaes. 1,48
Niskayuna sue i 60
Niverville....2 2.2.22... 1,6
North Bergen.....__. 1, 63, 76
North Brookfield... ..- 1,48
North Chatham... 1
NorthChittenango. - “48, 51, 63
North Collins... .. 4,47, 48, 0
North Darien........-.
Northfiielde a5 wea hi 8
North Germantown.... 3
North Harford......... 48, 60
North Hoosick.......-. 1,48
Nonihiavaenectshanis: 76
North Lansing... .... 1,11, 48
North Lawrence. ...--- 1,48
North Lyons.........-. 1
North Macedon......-- 48,
51, 60, 63, 76
North Newark.... 1,48, 60, 63
Northport... .. 6, 41, 48, 57, 60 |
SHIPMENTS OF
NEW YORK—Contd. ‘lables.
North Port Byron.....
NorthiRosesreeseeiee j
‘10, 11, 48, 51, 60, 63, 64, 76
36
North Seriba.........-
North Spencer......... 1,48
North Tonawanda..... 48, 60
North Weedsport....-- 60
NOrwichi2iie sees 1, 48, 60
Oalciield sees. 1, 6, 48, 60
Oaks Corners... 1,6, 11,48, 60
Odessaw.)-/: 222s: 1,6, 11,48
Olean (cease eet 1
Oleotte gees he as 1, 5,60
Old'Chatham.........2
Onativiay ey ese 1, 48, 60
Oneonta) )52 ai tenes 1, 48, 60
‘Ontarlose-eacnes 1,4,5,6,10,
11, 48, 51, 60, 63, 64, 76
Oran ee soe ace eee 1) 48
Orange Farm.......... 51
Orchard Park.... 41, 57,61, 64
Orient... 41, 48, 51 ,52, 53, 61, 63
Orleans. 2).02- i, 4, 1) 53, 60
QOSsininge eee eee ee ee 1
OSweront heen 1,6,
10, 11, 36, 38, 51, 53, 63, 76
Ofezose eee esas 1 48, 60
Ovide ese eae ame abl
Owasco Lake....-.--.-- 60
Owe sO Maayan 1, 48, 60
Owlsheadee ea ee eee 48
Oxford:,3% see ee 1, 48, 60
Painted Posteeeisssee- 1,48
Palmyra...- 1, 11, 48, 51, 60, Ge
TRATIS): eis cele ee
Pattersons eee 4
Pattersonville.......-- 1
Pavilioneeeoeceses 1
Pavilion Center.....--- 48, 60
Pawling. os eGae sees 1
Pearl Creek. ..-- 1, 6, 11, 60, 72
Reconicseee sees 48) 59, 61, Hy
Peekskill ee eeeeeeee
Rembrokereee sausages 48, 60
Pendleton Center..-.--- 60
Pennellville......-....- 1
Penn: Yan see escoee i
4,5, 6, 7,9, 10, 11, 60, 77
IPOELY geeictenl-ote ee eeeee L AP
Perrysburg. .-..-.-- 1,4, 47,74
TUT. aie es Ue evar , 48
Petersburg isteeeetee 1,48
Phelps.... 1, 6,10, 11, 48, 60, 76
Phelps Junction. 1, , 48, 53, 60, 63
Philadelphia...-..-.--- 48
Phoenicia eevee. 1
IPNoeniK es. eee 60, 76
Pine Island. . 5, 6, 23, 51, ee
Pine awn. 2222s
PinevPlainse ese enna ie me
Pittstordle eee eee Gs
10, 11, 48, 51, ae, 76
Plattsburgiseeeness 14 8,72
Pleasant Valley......-- 1
Pleasantville: .......-- 1
Pomonaws eee ene aaa 1
Poolwilles e355 se 48,60, 71
Porbaeeseies se Wie 48
Portageville .\) 22.3. - 1, 48, 72
Port Byrone esse 1,51, 63, 64
Port Gibson... 1, 48, ile 60, 76
Portelenrys con sseseeos 1
PortJeftersonas escent 48,57
Portwenvisse sso 51
Portikent ss. ease eceens 1,48
Portland ieee 1, 4,32
Rortwayecteseeen sees 1,48
IRotsdamese eee cee nee 1,48
Poughkeepsie. ........- 1
Poughquag. .-.-.---- 1, 48, g°
Pra tts ee ua Seer ey sete
PrattSburgheeas.eeee 48
Brospectaenseaueeae ees 1,4
PLOLECHIONE asus ee 48
Pulverssy. Ais kee 1
NEW YORK—Contd,
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 37
Tables.
PUndy Sie eretetaen elokteiels 1
Inqbinate heel: Seeger nse es 1
Randallsville..... if 48, 60,71
Randolph as -jaseees eee hg 48
Ransomvilles.stoe ee 1
4,5, 6, 10, 11, 47, 60
RAVEN AE etc hiya nae i
Reading Center........ 1
Redi@ndektt shes a. se. il).
6, 10, Uy; 48, 51, 60, 63
Rie dsElookee seems sniae 1,6
ReNSSClACK sce Heciee seek 1,6, 60
ROxVillef tec. eee 48
Reynoldsisieeenscce 51, 53,60
IUNIMe Clune eee eels eae 1,6
Richfield Junction. -. -- 48
Richfield Springs... .-- 42,48
Richtordssee ter seeese *1,48
Richmondville........ 1,48
Ridgeland teases eee 60
Ripleyeee ee eee 1, 4,32, 47,48
Rippletonm segs aaa 60
Riverhead. 4.2222. 41, 48, 61
Rochester. ...... 1,5,6,10,11,
47,48, 51, 53, 60, 63, 64, 76
Rochester Junction... . 48, ”
Rockdaleseenmner aaeee
Rock iGlent fesse e ae 1, 43
Rock Stream. -.-.. 1,4,6, 72
RockiMavern eyes Jess 1
Rogersville. .........-- 48
IROmMe eaten ss eae 51, 63, 64
Romulust-eeeeeecen-e 1,4
IROSCOC AME Ran ae eee 1
Roseton. -.- 1,3, 4,5, 35, 36,38
IROSSHULE! =. seeeeeee i. 48,72
RR OXDULY se see ee ils 48
RUSH a eae ae 5 nas oe 48, 60
Rushfordtese. sareesece 1, 48
Rushville. .-.--- 6 Se 60,7 72
RUSS ashe eee eae 48
Sacket Harbor------.-- 48
Sth lm om seen cece 1,4
St. George Lighterage.. 1, a
13, 16, 18, 20, 216
22, 27, 38, 51, 69, 73
St. Johns Park.. 0s 1, 21; 51
Salemi yew: oie: il 48, 76
Salisbury Center. --.-.- ay
SaltwRointeeeseosenee ce
Sanbornectessseccece 1,4, 6, 10
Saratoga SpHues LONE 1
Savannah.... 1, 6,11, 48, 60,76
SaVONA ee aces rece 1, 48
Schaghticoke.....----- 48
Schenectady. .-.-.-------- 60
Schenevus..-...------ 1, 48, 60
Schodackse:seaeeeasss 1,6,10
Schohanieseztencss tee 1,48
Schuyler Lake-.-.-.-.-.-.-- 48
Schuylerville.....----- 1,48
Sciolaweeaqsi es ceeees 48
Scottsville 22h2 eee 60
Scribateceeees. seceeer 1,6, 36
Seeley Creek. ..--.----- sin
Selkirk -2ovetstesees ik, 60
Seneca Castle. ..------- le
6, 11, 48, 52, 53, 60, 63, 77
Seneca Falls... .- 1,4,6,10,11
Sennettes 2: -.2s2- 1, 48, 60, 76
Shanroneerce ses means 1
Sharon Springs. -..---- 1
Sheds Corners. - -.--- 1, 48, 60
Shekomeko...-..-.------ 1
Sheldrake Springs..-.. 1,48
Shelter Island.. 1,41,48, 60, 61
Sherburne. .......-.. 1, 48, 60
Sherburne’ Four Cor-
NEVSse LS e eS 1, 48, 60
Sheridanes eee soe 4.47
Shortsvilleecesss=ee— 1,11, 48
Shushane-sec cease eee 48
Sidney ossceeee 1, 48, 60, 76
Silver Creek. 222-2 22222 4,47
Silvernailssee sss ees 1
Silver Springs. ......-- 1
38 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
NEW YORK—Contd. Tables. {| NEW YORK—Contd. ‘Tables. {| NORTH CAROLINA— Tables.
Skaneateles Junction. if Wading River......... 48 Continued.
48, 60, 76 Wisdsworth-etosos--.- 60 Beleross: = -.\-7--eeseee 48
Slingerlands.....-.:-..- 1 Wadsworth Junction... _— 48 Bishop Cross.....----- 48
po anon ect eee 1 48 See Aa ae eee oe 48, 60 Bladenboro...........- 36
Smith’s Basin. .......- 48 aldene este ee eee 1 Bowdens~.. .-c2teeee ee 44
Smith’s Mills.:....... 1 4 47 Walker... .... 1,5, 6,11, 60, 76 BoOWi6 o5)0/.\-02=52eeceeee 1
DMUYTNA= oe cl Lee iE 48, 60 Wallace-2-s.uss2. shee 1,48 Broad Way ncn ~==--newe 31
Sacre ee i eet eee eee 1,5,11,48 Buiese.-- ancy os see eeee 44
5,6 51, 60, 63, 64, 76 ellici ll”. S. eh seeeds 1 Burmsyilles oe epeeeee
Sodus Center.........- 1, Walloomsacse. -fiseese 438 Calypso-eaecee<2
48, 51, 53, 57, 60, oF 64, 72 Walton... sete 1,48 Cameron. .---:-3-- tebe
Sodus Point a ahaa 1,51, 60 Walworth... ..-.- 1,6, 10,11, cone és witb ule k oeeeeneE
olsville...... 2,48, 60, 71, is 48, 51, 60, 76 anton... 2. .-.->seebee
Southampton. ......... Wiarnerie oes ccs cee 60 Carmichaels. .
South Amsterdam..-.. a Warsaw.......------ 1,48, 72 Carthage: -..-.-sseeceen
South Bethlehem....-. 1 Warwick = <sc.) eee 551 Castle Hayne. .
South Byron.....-.... 1, 48 Washingtonville....._. Chadbourn......... ’36, 41, is
South Columbia.... -- 48 Waterford............. Chapanoke..........-: 48
South Edmeston...... 60 Waterloo. hese pil Claremont = 2.42 paren 49
pou eae aoe eE Eee wee 48, 60, 63, Bi ae Clarendon. .-.......-..- 36
outh Granby. -..-.-.-- § Wiiewmil. 48 Clayton aeeecns =e seer 44,48
poe Pansies SEU SNE 1 Waterport 1.5.6.7 Clifton... .cii2ke Sener 39
outh Lima. seni ses2 EL ye ORM GLa nh aT PE Le Rd ae Clintonscc) ...-- sees 31,48, 74
10,11, 60 tee
51, 53, 60, 63, 64, 74, had 6 Seems s bee,
South Inttls Fall. a8 Watertown...........- 6 Cincsenee aa aee "60
eon Livonia ee ‘1, 48, 60 aver Ae seeeec cesses ; a Conover. epee 48,49
South New Berlin... 1,48, 60 CINS-~-.----------- C ivchis sche cca
Somtholde— eaeeee 48, 53,61 Watt’s Plats... ........ ei Dills aa ele ane ree i
South Palmyra...... 1,11, 51 Wayland... .. 1,48, 51, 63, 64 Dublinge eee
South Schenectady... 1 Wayneport. 1, 48,51, 53, 60, 63 Dudleyoeeeeses
South Wales..........- 48 Webster......-..... 1,5, 6,9, Eagle Springs
Spencer: ance 5 1, 48, 60 10, 11, 60, 63, 64,76 Hdwardeeeseeee ait 74
Spencerport ...-...-... Weedsport.......- 1,48, 60, 77 Elizabeth City.......-- 48,49
5, 6, 10, 11, 48, 60, i Wells Bridge. 2 22-222 1,48 Elizabethtown......-.- 44
Spring Gleni... sete Wielisburga: 2 .2-h2esese 48 Bikland). <p hoepoeeees 1
Springwater......2-2:- iff Ve Wellsville) a5 5.5 2 eae 1,48 Blmores.. 2.2 ossesseeer 39, 44
Se ee | 0 Seer 1,6 |.) ives 248
moa eee est Athens-—...-.-.- WELCUDSE = ane eee eee 3
Stamford. i 2. 3-: See 1,48 West Bloomfield... ..-. 1, 63 Palrmont:<peeseeeeenoe "44
Stanfordville.......... 1 West Candor.-.......- 1,48 Raison se sse-ee Pee 39,41,
ptanleye.-o--oe 1, 11, 52, 53, 60 West Danby........... 1 44,46, 48, 76, 74
Starkey=s-ssesan= "1,4 4,6, 60, 70 West Edmeston....... 48 Fayetteville........ 39, Ad, 48
Statemines--. seen 1, 4 Wiestilalls’ 2-2 eeeeaes 48 Blat ROCK a eseeee sees "48
Stephentown.......... 48 Wiestfieldin 2 iano aae Bletcher: oo. seseaeee 1,48, 60
Lenin pe eee eee 1,6,11 West Henrietta GIDSOn = Co- cee eee “4 re
SLOCEPOLE LE ccaicces-cc 1,6 West Park.....- Goldsborolssc. seeeeees
Spckport Centern=422-2 1 esinOrk neste aoa 60, 70, ch 8
SLOnM Ville See ees 1,48 est Rus Grimesland sceneries
Stotiyillosee maeenrgne sa West Valley 1 Farloteeee eee 31
Stiuyvesant._- 5-252 522 1 West Valley Falls..... 1,48 Flasty is2canec coasters 39,44
Stuyvesant Falls...... 1,6 West Winteld......... 48 ennerea ae - 1,44, 48, &
Sua Alle. 5. ee oseee 1 Whallonsburen Sait soe 1 Hpk SOs ae aS
Wain 3.4). soles 1,48 Vinestvallessseser sees 1 Obg000d eae see eee 48
Syosset.......... 41, 47, 48, 60 Wheeler! j. 4.) sesee 1,48 Hoffman.........-....- 31
SYFACUSO=-- ee she 1,4, 5,6, Wihite CreekSeeee eee. 48 OMI Sense ea ee reer 1,48
10, 39, 48, 51, 60, 63, 77 Wihite Plainsyi meses: 1 Johns:cceeeseeeer see 39, 41,44
Tarrytown...-........ : Whitesboro. .-.......-- 60 Jonesboro------2_-- =.
ieaoarernes ao eepieds avhitesyile 2 erate espera 11,48 Kinstonee passe sn eeeos 48, 60
ioga Center itney Point........ 1,48 Neti sS55ca5o+ 526 4
STAY OMe pees ae e ee Williamson. ....... ANG ,'10, Lake Junaluska......- 1
Form ING Fetes ese lee 11, 48, 51, 60, 63, ‘64, 76 ake reece eee = 30 48
TOY.---------- Willow Creek ip ARES 1 aurinpurg..---.------ 44
Truxton so. s. 25 WHISDOLOke ee 1 Lemon Springs...-....- 31
Tully......-...+..--. Wiilseyvilles esse ae 1,48 Lenoir......-...------- 1
anevarses ook 48) Wilson. ....1,4,5,6,0,10,47,60,| TeamaporloNs >= een
es < In rere aes a ee
Tuscarora eee eye ere _ 72 Wingdale i a aie 1 Montezuma............ "48
Ulster Park...-._.... 1,4, 5,6, Wolcott... cL nue 1,6, 10, Morehead City........- 48, 60
Unadilla a 89,36, ae 11,51, 60,63, 76 a reat 48, 51, 6, ib 7t
Lea Tae ROO rey Ppt na Sica fy) Mt Oligo, 53,8,
ere 10, 11.31, 60? a Wrights aie 1, 60
Uptonville...... 1, 5, 53, 60, 63 USERRA GNS 26-2298 4557
Uticar erecta 8, SY ouunE SEES 2S 2O0 2 184 rs
; Chios ee Mopac Sa
eee Junction Vaphahie Je, 10000 tt eR i,
Valcotr WOMKOEISEApe eaten eee ee uf
Valhalla Yorktown Heights..... 1,60
Valley Falls (OUT ES oe eee eee 1,48
BIOS: 2 2c: eee
Van Etten NORTH CAROLINA Parkersburg.....-..- ee 41
Van Hoesen peo EE Ure Bee cielaatas 36,48 Parkl0n) Seeeeee ee eee e 44,48
Venice Center Aberdeen.... 4,5,31,36, 39, 44 Parmele. epee eeeree 48
Westali<.) coe eee Addie.) cc. ee paeates Pensacolac i seseee seem 1
Victor.....-. | ATIENTON.\- 2220. sheets 44 Pikeville...) Saeeecetie' 48,7
Voorheesville Asheville. eet 1 Plymouthe-eesesrse os 48
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
NORTH CAROLINA— Tables.
Continued.
INEYO) CBG Ge bon OH Aa Ae E 44
JRE WEN 56 oP SMOE OES 39
VIVOrSidOuee sy eneins ec 1,48
Robersonville........-. 48
VOCKASh eee essence tae 44
Rocky Mount.......-.. oF
Rocky Point: 1.526242.
Rose Hill
Salida Soe
Sana ype eae ead ae
Santondaaeee eee eee
Shawboro
Simpson
Southern Pines........ 4,5
South Rocky Mount... 41,48
Spout Springs. .......-. 5,31 |
SpPrucerPinek 2/22/2455). . 48, 60
SUMDUG Aa esei sees ee 48
Marwlorsivilles sues SS 1
INSEVOINEN IS He SaoenauoneuS 36
MOSCA OMe ae eeiee 1
PUTO tVAlLOSe sae epee Y 48
MuUTrKGy eed anes 74,77
Vandemere...... 48, 49, 72, 74
WES SE BEBO BGO pier r sa male 31
Wie erage Sots asic 39, 44
WET qi eS Sceboaeeosee 44
Wellacereeeeemecss =). 36, 74
Wiardvillew esa ueenies. 48
BVVIATS Swale eerste 48
Washington. ..--. 48, 52, 33; 60
Waynesville........-.. 1,48
Whiteville Station... .. 36
Wihittier see ees eo 8 22. 48
WW Ti emcees eo dees a6
IVS Set ye La
Wilmington. . 25,41, 48, 64, i
Wilson’s Mills.......-.
Wioodrows teas -eeece 1,48
NORTH DAKOTA:
Abercrombie. ........- 48
ANDSarakaasce see! 48
INI) Goes Capeeosseaee 48
NIG =X6 = ee 48
JINKS Gopsoosbee ae eons 48
PASTING Tae en Nin Reps 2/3 48
WANTTO Geass Se ee aes eb 48
Ardock 48
Arnegard 48
Arthur 48
Ashley. . 48
Auburn. 48
JNO 6 GAC DOORS CEI 48
Backoo 48
Baker 48
Bantry 48
Barney 48
Barton 48
Bathgate eee a.-2-: 48
Bervholdeeesee esses. 48
BeOGWICKies see ee see \<< 2 48
BT OLGRNSsssasioecs a\< 48
IBISDOOM eee see ceases 48
IBISIMATCKMe eee sss < Ss 48
Blanchard 48
Bordulac. - . 48
Bottineau 48
IDO AEN Ss Baa o eee 48
Bramptonis-..-i.---- 48
Brantiordeyeee cscs: 48
IBTINSmMaAades eee se 48
Buchanan ye ese 48
IB UTal OMe eee ea cose 48
IB UT Cie heeee se eee 48
Buttzville 5: ee ae She 48
IBEX COMM ee eee as So. 48
Calvan se kes TP 48
Can doe eo ei 48
Canbunyeeer sees sancse 48
Carrinptonesy 2 ooo. 48
Cartwright. .....--.--- 48
(CASING ISRO SERRE BMS nonS 48
Casseltoneess eeececere 48
CBG a yee sn Es 1,48
Index of Stations—Continued.
NORTH DAKOTA— Tables.
Continued.
Cavalier. aeeenseesee 48
Cayillga jes seers 48
Chafleecs. a tseede ele 48
Charbonneau.....-.--- 48
Christine se esseeeer ee 48
Church’s Ferry.....--- 48
Clifford eeeeeenees 48
Cogswellecnass=-seeeeaee 48
Colfax aye 48
Colgate. 3 48
Columbus. 48
Cooperstown 48
Coulee ss 25 28 sass 48
Courtenay. 25-22-06 48
Crosbyieisceeeeeeeee 48
Crystaliz.ctdeasaceeaeeee 48
Cummings a s.ee- see 48
Dahleniah se beiseeeee 48
Davenport...--20252--- 48
Dawson vate seecene 48
Dazey Lassa ecto ateeaeays 48
48
48
48
48
48
48
DrayitO: soe seele <<) slic 48
Dunseithesoseece eee 48
1 aS Diy eae ines aerate 48
Wdgeleytiqeeeneneeer 48
HW Ginburgsesae-seeeeee 48
iH IM Oreste sss acetic 48
Hdmiunds Ss jcce-aeeoee 48
Meelandssjsseeesee eee 48
HMllendales. 22/5 48
HMimeradoae areancceee se 48
Englevales esos ss: --1- 48
48
48
48
48
Farmington secab eyes 1
Fillmore
Qin Woe ee sopenescosuos
Mlasher. ce: «ace eee
MOrbes! 2s 4sa-s eee eee
Fort Clark
Galchutt
Galesburg
Gardner
Gilbys seis
Glasston
Glenburn
Glenfield. -...-
Grace City
Grafton ices aae
Grand Forks
Grandin
Guelph Beatseesseee
Hamat ao ese see
Hamilton
Hankinsoneiyese sone 48
lannaford2s222-eeeeea- 48
Hlannaheesaeaeseeee 48
Hartland a scsscecteesess 48
Harvey tienes oees 48
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
NORTH DAKOTA—
Continued.
Kempton.........-
GONASt OM: sani ee
KeGnsal i scebescesice
Kalldeers suis ceeee
WGiNdread!: s/o seo
Handa... 2 sete ee
Wane donacis.ceemee
Wamnstondevsveiesne cee
Weonard: 522222-.25
Lidgerwood.......
TGS OW eens aeitoee =r
Logan... manenradoce
Tuverne..) 2 sess0 ee
McHenry ......-.--
Makotins o2-s-nelos=
Manveleete stcmeise
Marionizesessseeees
Maza. 2 ccijseee= hee
Michigan ---.-.--.-
Malton 22sec ness
ING WUE sae eee
New Rockford. ..--
Northwood......--
Nortonville.....-.-.
39
Tables.
ae 48
oe 48
40 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
NORTH DAKOTA— Tables. | OHI1O—Continued. Tables. | OHIO—Continaed. Tables.
Continued. Bloomdale. ............ 47 Greenville. ............
Riydeness.5s5¢ ceesees 48 Bolivan<ss2----sesaasoe 1 Guysvilles. css eeaeee 1 .
STi ek ees OS 48 Bowling Green......... 47 Gypsumss ee eee 1,5, 6,10, 51
San porn nase nesses 48 Bowlusville............ 74 Hanover...) 22-22 e 22 1
BADER Ce ance ence © 48 Braceville.------..--.-. 1 Harrisonissteysaeeeeees 47 .
SEITE GR aE GM SS ae, 48 Bremen’. 45-eee sees 1 Hartvillos 3. 2s5e8 51, 53, 63
SSWYOl Saas we Hee 48 Brightonssees- seeeee 1,48 Hatlon: eae eee 52
Sherwood....-< iegecus 48 Brouphtont=n-4sseenee 52 Helena...) oa ae 60
AOUTIS =o sorte 48 BuceyrusSic<. 7-2 ob eeeesee 48 Hicksyillosse see eee ee 47
Southam: =. /s.nsce5555- 48 IBurbanikasa nae eens 48 Higby 2.f553-9 eee eee 74
Spring Brook.......... 48 Butler s3.2 33s 48 Hiram 2 sen aaa 1,48
Stealer sso ee idk 48 Gallattass sana teen acise 1 Tudsone<sseseeeeeeee 1,51
SUITO YH t= a eee ec 48 Cambridge.....-...-... 1,48 EuronSseeeee 1,48, 60
Suttons ssse8 esses es ee 48 Cantons... nee 48, 51 Trontony- cee ene eeeeeee
Sykestown.....-.-.:.-. 48 Ot) Aenean re as 51 Jacksonssa355- ane 1
EV ese ate Beer RiSe 48 Carpenterao- 5-2 eee 1 Kelleys Island. .....-.. 5
Thompsons sss -2 ess 48 Castalia--2-\-5- 2-2-5 =-.0,0;48 Kensington............ 1,48
ATO Pa eee Ere 48 Catawha Island. ...-..- 5 Kents. i ena ee 51, 2
WOKIOM es e-em ashes 48 Ceylone2neees-sesene 1,4, 5,48 Kenton. ees. seen
Nalnaeee sek eos 48 Ghardon=25-. te -eeaseee 1,4 Kerrs.) 53) ae fi
Power City 48 Chicago Junction. ....- 51 Kom pall saee sae 48
HO WHION! ey ne a eee 48 Chilis Lae a eee 1 Kanes tO nse aeee eeeenee 1
Underwood. .........-. 48 Chillicothe. ..-........- 1,48 Kingsvilleseae eee 48,51
Unione: 5.222 Seariees 48 Cincinnati... - -- 1, 4, 5, 10, 36, Kcinsmane sae see eee 1,48
Wpham S452 62 pee 48 37, 39, 47, 48, 51, 60, 64, 76,77 Kiptonie ase 1
Walley. City 20 s22enee 2 48 Cleveland......... 1,5, 10 , 36, Kirkwood ss seeee anaes 6
Venturia.......- pene? ot 48 39, 41, 44, 47, ie 51, 60, 76, 77 La Carne... 1,5, 6,7, 10, 47, o
Weronanwan «cee eee 48 Cleveland Piers - WAGLO; 10, Lakesidest a eee
Wahpeton 48 44, 51, 55,63 Lakevilloss ss) aeeeeee BA
Walcott.......-- 48) te (Cleves <2), 26 ee aeee 48 bancaster-sae ne eee ee 1
Wralballae42 eo eek 48 1, 6, 43, 48, 52, eo Langsvillel ence 1
Wialtimieres 2 setae ee 49005 = CoaliGrovess----eeeeene bawrences... nee see nene 51
NVATTAT 8 a0 she IRE ASN ts) V\Collbyeea en su Aes eas 48, 60 beetonia eee 1,36
Wasbbpim- oo sa-e seers AST ee COllLaS senate ee eee 48 Leipsic=eseeaeee eee eee 1,57
Wiatlond jc 50) ce eeracee ASiley \Coltimpis eee seeesenees 51 Leon 2/35 ees 51
Wieser cee oc uae 48 | © Columbiana..........-. 1, = Lewis Center. .22!....7 1
Wiemen sigs oe 32 aesfS ek 48 Coltimbus 22. 2eeee ees 1,4,5 Lima_2 2a eeeeeeee 48
Wiesthope seeps eee 48 10, 39, 44, 47, 48, 49, 91, 60, 76 Lisbonts oa eee 1, 48, 60
Wheatland............ 48 Columbus Grove......- 48 Little Hocking. ....... 1
White Earth..........- 48 Conneaut=s—= == .-1-=- 4,48, 51 odieeas 51, 52,57, 60, 63, 76
Whitman’. .-..-- 22-225 1, 48 Constitution -..--....-- 1 48
WildsRiceseteo epee & 48 Coolwilless2 es seasee sae 1 1
Wild#Rosets. 62 <22L2t 48 G@oshoctonss-s5-—e54s" 48 it
Wallistonieeess oaeeae 48 Crestonlss 3 y2qd2een 48, 49, 51 41,47, 48, 60, 74, 76,77
Willow City - - 48 Curties $585.25 sees 43, 51, 53 McGutty 2 eee 51 60
Walton” 48 Danbury --.-.-- 1,4, 5,6, 7,10 Madison....... 4,42, 47, 48) 51
Wimbledon...._......- 48 Manvilleds sas aseeseels 48 Magnoliaset4 3 ae
Wiandsorsese vetoes 48 Dahon ss yest er see ners 1, 48 Mahone). 1,48
WGOHS! et) Swath 48 Defianbers22! eet yok: 1 Marisfis itis sse see "4
Woodworth...........- 48 Delaware sess. ee eneeme 1 Mani tia iste eeem 48,51
Wyndmere...........- 48 Deltas: ja .csce wees 48 Marietta. 1,36, 41, 47, as 60,7 vf
OL eee etna 48 iets bormeisee sos an anon 5 Marion: )\. 55 eas
1XON -.--------------- Martin TY sce
OHIO: ify ae ciont8, BL“ Mtanenie ee ue aaa &s
VAG EN eee ee 48, 51, 60 Doyersa esses uses! 4 Mentor: sesso 48,51
Ateron. sco eemneee tae 48 Dunbridgesse.-seesenee 47 Metamora...... "47
Alparie® Mustela ates 51 Harlvilleweaevassceeeaee 48 Milan); >> .0 aes anes 48
PAL Ce ea eH USER O22 earee 1 East Claridon....---..- NG 6, 48 Millers City Py hs 52
INMEM (550 Sse egsn- ace 48 East Liverpool....-.-..- 1,48 Minervau ee 1
Aled aren booms ates 51 East Orwell......-.--.- 48 Mohawk. el 1
Ameliave dene ie eat oe 47 East Palestine -.-...--- 1 Monclovas ese 52
Amesville.............- 1 Bdgertonsseeee--aeees 51 valid Cente i
Monroevilles cee ees 48,60
Amherstas ovens eae 1 Dts Ley e eee ean sees 51 Moran 51
Andover. 2. 20. see eae 48 10) hoy: eee eee er ay ea gas 1 iiaethints US ae 48
Ankenytown.......... 48 1D both Meeps eso es 6 Musselman. .....0 01m 1.5
Ashtabula .. 4, 41, 47, 48, 53, 64 jot oe dae 1 Neapulis ae 60
Ashtabula Harbor. . 48, 57, ae mpiresayy a. ees 1 Ne fe eae an 1
eaene LSS Stamens at ic r ete MA accion eA ay NESE MIPERY ak RAL ab 1,48
DWALCL oo io niys ee ee 48 Petal Ge eeore eee ee eiee f Shee TREES TT Ee |
Alp ISt and a3 eo sonekeee 1 Fleming ......-- “featet 1 Rew ose Ore seaia & , 5s
ATITORA Ree oy ce eee eee 48,51 WlorenCe sens ee eeeaeee 1 biliecbicacect chine er 4
A-varv e - New London......---- 48,51
ASY OLY eeika niatox cee eee 48 HMorakere-<<-)4 see 51, 53 New Marshfield 1
SAV OTI'2 he eed See ae 4 WMOstorianee een eeeees 47 Wane estat steht o beac 51.60
Bainbridge. ..........- 1 Mreedomes) 4) meeeus 1,48 Noe Eos ae biexaa mi 48
Belle Center.......--.- 51,53 recportee sn anaes! 1 ew Waterlord...-.... 48
Bellefontaine.......... 1,48 remOon ts eens 60 Niles... ---.----------- 1.5.48
Belleyue............-- 1,3, 48 Funk...... 43, 48, 51, 53, 60, 64 Now all ---7 aaaaaa Tee
Ballvillees ssa wees 1, 48 Galligc. 42 cc eetas 1 cr 51,
Belmonts: ee ecapaae 1 Gallipolis.......-.-.-- 1 : 5,6, 7,10, 47, 51,77
Belpre ities paca 1 Garfeldec seu a eee: 1 Oak Hill.......-..----- 8, 60
Berlin Heights.... 1,4,5,6,48 Garrettsville........... 1,48 Old Wort... 23722 ae 4 75
Bethel see eee 1 qeneya......-.. 1,4,47, 48,51 Olive Street Junction 41, 47,7
Bid. wells ese ee 1 Givenss. ee Sees aes 1 Omega......-.--..----
Bip Erairieses. soe wsss 51 Glendale OU Sete a9 i 2 orev tale eee elece nn 48, 51,57
Birmingham.......:-.- 1 Green Springs.........- 48, LAT Kee a eyo tee
Blakesley. ........ eee 51 | Greentown.......----- 6 Painesville......... 1,6,48,51
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 4]
Index of Stations—Continued.,
OHIO—Continued. Tables. OKL AHOMA—Contd, Tables. | OREGON—Continued. Tables.
Parkertown......--...- 60 “ACOMON bMS semeeneeee 44 SUNN gtOnees seas eee 48
Pemberville.....-....- 47 Chickasha nae ae 44,60 SUXTOM sessed es ee 48
IRETUNTOWA ee ee orate 48 Clayton yay sya 5,44 Canbysueesnes aera 48, 51,68
Perry.... 4,36, 48, 51,53, 54, ee Crescent......... ee 44 Carlton ee ae 48
TELE yb cu TG NTIS Dalen ey Sas ea EMS 48 Central Point........ ana 16
PION CET eens seleeelae)-\- st El Reno. ...... Naat 44 ‘Chemawas.s sss 1,48
Pleasantville....--...--. 1 TEViCke hy. aie a SE 48 Chitwoodseas. seer oee 48
Ilya out hereon ea 51 IGEN ER EM pee ocecdase 48 Clackamas. ........2. 1,48, 5]
Roni Clintomenweanse ou. 1,5,6 Hletcher see eaecoeeee 44 Clatskanie Junction. 5l
Porterfield............. 1 Hort Gibsonseessceueee 48,49 Coburg... TE LLORES Ht _ 48,51
Port Washington... ... 1 Kort Dowsonieaene ee 5 Corbet] sae 48
Rowihatan yee eee ee i 1 Gans 0A eee 48 Cormelitisten eee eee 48,51
12 why TM IBA ee 4,5 TOTO Me cil AT aS 48 Corvallises = ses eee 1,48,49
Quaker @ityoe. 02223: 1 han soniye eee 49 Corvallis Junction..... 1
Ravenna.......-.. 1,48, 49,51 Haskell tei sila Uli 48 Cottage Grove....... 1, 48,51
TRG) UTS OE HOM ese 1,48 Hastings: assert 5 Cover Np eee 1,3, 8,48
Richmondale........-- 74 Mazel oak eens 44 Crabtreeset teres seca 48
VOD INSOMEeE See eens 48 liodgensi) i. seas 48 Creswell eee espe 1,48, 51
RockiCreekwe se: 48 Holdenville:: 255.4222 5 Dallaswesece eae 1,8,48
ROotstowmeeneetee nee. 1,48 ae Ab Loy eRe SE oe 5 ID ay OTe aera ee en 48
Inyap eo Bs ws 1 Tdiabelsc hs sey eta, seer 5,48 Weerdslandsee. seeeeee- 48
IRwwneNaYGl Aha See 1,47 Keefotont: 322 rea: 48 Derryare dae 2s5 eee 48
St. Louisville..-......- Kieotar naan 5 Dillard eye eee 1,6,48
SGeiMany sae ue ue iar: 48 Kingfisher 5 0s es 49 Willey ae Me ese 1,48
SESE ALIS Oe ails Uh 48,51 Keona wa ss en ane 1,5, 48 IDAs iale ee emer ie 1,48
Salers en Cen pe ir: 1,48 McCurtain 22) aay 48 Dufur eee 1,48
Sandusky..-.. 1,5, 47,48, 60, 77 Marble City... 1.022022 44 Dundee. ee 8,48
SEY ORO ASR ST a 4,51 Marlowes es 44 Maple Creeks aes sse ee 48
Senecaville............. 1 Mead itn ci anu oad cas 51 Eagle Point..-......-.: 1,48
Shinro ck eee eee 48 Muldrowssseeee ee eeet 48 East Portland. = ...2..2- 1,4,
SIMMONS He ee ey 48 Muskogee..........-..- 48 5,10, 19, 20, 39,
Smithyille sya 1,48 Mustan grasses eee 44 41, 44, 47, 48, 51,
SNOGE SH eee eee 1 Ninnekah! sxsseeewene 44 60, 63, 64, 76, 77
SOUtHIOLives eee: 1 Norges. 12 aes 44 HastistvJohnses-2eeee: 48
Steulbenvalley sae) 48 North Muskogee... ..- 48 1D) Fane eS eon perod anes 1-48
Stewartecsss sees oss. 1 Okemah Ws esses ae 48 Enterprise: -) 222222222 48
SLOWS Valley aaa a 1 POrUM2 233453 ee 48 stacadan sa) .a ee aes 48
Siobsieol owe eee 51 IP OGRA eer eteaet ee 5,48 WMugene. 4285-2 7sse 1,8, 48, 76
Summitville.........-.- 48 Pureelligss safes 49 Fair Grounds........-- 48
SWAG Seaneeye ie Ws rete by 1,48 Redbird ee ae ses 48 Wainvie wee eee 1,48
Shyiivenaue Oe Bee Ties 48 Redlands) -s2sereeeae 48 Malli@reeks <= ee wee 48
ATVITTIN s ee ee eas ot) 48 Roland sefee eee seeeee 48 WMerndalerece seeeee eee 48
Moled ose eee peewee 5,41, Rush Springs........-- 44 Forest Grove-:-.-.--.-- 48
43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 53, 60, 74, 76 Sallisaw 23-2222 48 Freewater...-- 1,3, 7,8, 10, 47,
Mone hyetillew suis oie! Shady; Point. ae 48 48, 50,51, 68, 76
Piri ple masse saemeahae i Shawnee... 44,48, 51.60, 76,77 Garden Home.......-- 51
PRrimw aye so sss aerate 1 Spiros 2sd./22 eee 5, 48, 60 Garibaldi! sas eee 48
Mrowibridges ssagyhe 42" 51 Stiglersi co) tev None 48 Gastontcis ss eee 48, 51
PET O Vee ee ue cent 3 Stilwell. 62295. ae 1 Gatewayee- 220-255) 2-2. 48
Unionville. ...... 1,4,5, pest Tahlequah: - 22220 4a ee 48 Gervais se: cat acettee 48, 51
Upper Sandusky... Merrell an Mee ewan 44 Goldehll es See 1,6, 48
SVE y SCR EA U0 = ry on ee ee 5 Goshen ess. One: 48,51
Vani Werte sons se! 48 MSA esse ee 48 Grantsibassessesece == 1,6
Wermillion..2..5:.-- 1,4,5,48 Myron’) saves se aa 39 Gresham=2s22. 25222223 48
WACK en yeeeeee near e ne 1 Valliant: 1) eee 5,44 Haines! eases sa een 48
VEL g OSes See SSP 48 Waar ns Re os 48 FLaISC Viet ee ceerectsee ee 48
NAN Cent see Hise 1 Wagoner)... 52. 252. 48 Harrisburg... seas tees 48
Wakeman............. 1,10 Webbers Falls. .......- 48 Hermiston.....-...---- el
Wiarnen "ahaa eine aire 48 Weleetka :. 222222029. 48 i Sboro ws eee see 48,51
Warsaw Junction...... i iWestvilles soe eee 1 Hood River-.----- 1,3, 6,36, 48
Washington C. H...... 1,74 Wetumka) sa eo ats 5,48 ELoultome sean See a 48
Washingtonville....._- 1,48 Wheatland: . 22.2.9): 44 Hubbard] sss) —s-6 = 1,48, 91
Waterford._..-....- 47, 60, 76 Wey barks) eee rue 48 Huntingtoni2222 022 22e 1,5
iWisyerlyaeu Senile: 1 Tmib ler eee aerate 1,48, 51
Wiarylami cles eee 48 ) OREGON: Independence.....----- 48
West Middletown...... 47 IATTTI@ ee a Wee Se 48 Terigons wees eee eee 1
Westone een ena 47,52, 60 Albany see fase See 1,48 Erving ed ace eee 1,48
Wihartome sae eerie 1 Albina2 eee eae 1,6,48 Jeffersons ssee eee 48
Wahi pplewyeae mee cui 48 IAT pine sey ee Sas eee 48 JOSE pee Ne eee 48
AWallistomme ae taste: 47 Ashland 220 oe Ges 1,5,6,48 Junction City--.--.---- 1,48
Wioodlawme tere on ul: 5 JATIMS Ville == see 48 Kenton oe aie Magee eee? 48
Wihoasters Quan Nea nks i. 1,48 AT ROT a aes eerie ces 48 Klamath Falls. ...-.- Bal, 48
PXCernT eee MeN MEE NN: “48 Bacon eh ea Naat 48 La Grande.-_...--- 1,8, 48, 51
VOL NEE MO ae 48 Bakenti cis Seite eae 48 hebanoneen- eee eee 1,48, 91
NOUN ESTO WME 22. 48 Banks! oes ea 1,48, 51 | Liberalee eee eas .e= 48
Lanes villewe nas 1,48 Barlow, sos GslGe Utena 48 | Linnemann Junction. - 48
IB STON See ee ees 51 boweH sss: ee 48
OKLAHOMA: Bear Creek..........-- AS TVONS ose Seow sa kee 48
Bennington...........- 5 Beaver Creek. ........- 48 McCoys enter eee ee.
Blanchard ew ac 44 Beaverton. ..-.-.---- 43, 48,51 MeMinnville....---.--- 1,48
IBOKGHITOM ested see 5 Bend et fei Se 48 Madras (2 2286 eeeiees 48
Bokoshemessecceec ces: 5,48 Borin giesee eee ieee 48 Marione=sseu et teee anes 48
BOS We llBae naan! Soe end, Brogan nos eee 1,5 IMaupinsoue =e sneee bose = 48
BTA Swami ane Let 48 Brooklyniss-4 eee 48,51 Medford. ..-..-- 1,6,10, 51, 73
Caireron eu it 5,48 Broo ksura coe satus 1,48, 51 Merlinu eanee wee nape 1
Castles eee oe) ..- 48,49 Brownsville ste ase 1,48 Metolius= 2s eee eeeuee 48
49 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
OREGON—Continued. Tables. | PENNSYLVANIA— _ Tables. | PENNSYLVANIA— __ Tables.
Milton....... 1,3,6,7,8,10, 48 Continued. Continued.
Milwaukie............- 48,51 Ashfield. opp eaeseees 48 Hast Warl:- seeeeoeeeeee 48
Mohawk Junction. ..... 48 TM FAG sees acess se 6, 48 East Fayetteville... ... 1,5
IMODTS 22 35) - 5 .-cc See 48 Audenried.....-.-.---- 33 East Freedom........- 1
Molalla cee 6b Sashes 48 AV ONGSIO= mn anne cmee 48 Haston..-. = -1-.ueewee 5,48
Monmouth: .- = 222s26.e5 1,48 Baker 2556-55-00 & 48 Elizabethtown.....--.- 1,48
MOnTOG. osuch cess eee 48 Bateville:--2,-=/- 5 eee 48 Bik’ Creek. sass aseeeeee 48
Montavilla......-2-:... 48 Bartoes ceca. seep eee 48 Elkland:. 222) eee 64
MOSION sass cascsits 1,6,8, 48 Bath> 222-52 eee 48 BK View..sseseeee nose 48
Mount Angel..........- 48,51 Beach Haven.......-.. 48 ElVerson: 2... pene 48
NBWDOIP.-=- >.>. 25-62 1,48 Beaver Falls..........- 48 Emaus22028 3 se-ecasee 48
INOrEn Plains. sen cee 1,48 Beaver Springs.....-.- 1 Embreeville.-.....---- 48
INIVSSAL CS Soe cats 1,48, 51 Beavertown...-..------ 48 Emipsvilles-coese aeeeee 1
Odell....... ples Missictee 1 Bechtelsville....------- 5 Erie -\...2i--e ee seen 4
Ontario pre-set ee 1,48 Bedtords 28-4 eeee Espywille:-2--oeeeeeeee 48
OnallCitye- eee. 5. ee 48 Relfaste sna. 5- eae ee Fairfield... 25-ceeeee 1
Oregon City-.-.........- 48, 51 Bellefonte... - Fairmount......---.:-- 48
Oswer0.- 5 o3—---daes8 1,48, 51 Belleville - - Pairview.sesccceeere 4,48, 51
Owens ss 2 es ate 48 Bendersville -- : Fawn Grove..--.--- 48) 51, 60
WnOeNUX 8 se Soa 1,6 Bentone see eee eee 1 Fayetteville.....---..-- 1
Pleasant Home....-.-.-. 48 IBenline- pean sees Reltons.-s- esses 1, 48, 51, 60
Portland..... 1,4,6,10,16,19, Benwitks-e----beeeeeee 1 Remdale:s--- eee 48, 60
20, 39 44,47, 48, Berwindale--.--.-------- 48 Hern. Glenve eee 48, 60
49, 51, 60, 64, 76 Best = see sins eeeeneh ma 48 Fishertown...--.------ 1
Redmond------ <= -2.-- 1, 48 - Biglerville--...----- 1,5,11,48 Fleming Summit. --.--- 48
Reedville 22... 2.1 ste: 48 Big(Rumne. =. -aes22-= = 1, 48, 60 Plorin a. -5.0 senna 48
Riddles. 325. 4esa=5 1,6, 48 BirdinvHande:sose-ee= 48 Fort Loudon-.2--3-5--- 1
Robinett -—2 sea. -s52- 1,48 Bloomsburg.....------- 42 Hossilvillop assesses 1
Rogue River.-...-.-.- 1,6, 48 Bodinesseeseea-e eee nee 1 Foster... :2- cen eee 1
Roseburg.... 1,6,16,48, 58, 76 Boiling Springs ---..--- 1 Wredonig-sese- eee eee 1,48
St. Helens.-...---__--- 48 Boswell 25eeee aaa-eeea 1,48 Freemansburg -.------- 48
St. Marys Se jtsalayeier to 51 Bowmansdale.....----- 1,5 Hriedens=---cseeeeeee 1, 48, 56
Salem... 1,6,8,10,16,19, 48, 51 Boyertown.---------.=- 1 Fulton House....------ 48
SCaAnppooseeecas- see ease 48 Brandamore..-.---.--- 48 Gaines Junction. ...--- 1
Shantko.-o-5. 5. 52 ssc: 48 Brandonyville.....------ 60 Geli BE AS 5 ro: 1,48
Sheddlss ese. seen ee 48 Bridgeton.....-.------- - 48 Gap ieee eee eee 48
Shelburn > =< 28s jssse 48 Bristoli 28 s.-se-8ssee 48 Gardnersis.. 520 Geeeeeee 1,6
henidanas se. sees 48 Brogueville...---- 1,48, 51,76 Garrett = .5---50-e eee 48
sherwood. -3-255---- 6,48, 51 Brockyillees=-n-qse=eer 48 Geiseris2.- ee SS2n boos 1
SLLVECLON)e eee aeeee 48 Buckingham......--.--- 48 Geneséelse nan sce cee 1,48
Springfield......-.-..-. 48 IBUCKIR UN ee eeeeeee 48 Geneva--002..2aeese 47, 48,51
Stanhield==== Seereepe 1 Buffalo Mills....-.-..-- 1 George School......---- 48
SHUN ps aneee esses 48 Burgettstown..-------- 48 Germausie-)-eaeeeeeee 48
Sunnyside. ..---.------ 48 Cantonteeess- eee ees 1,48 Germansville---..----- 48
Stil Gil Frais eee SS = 1 Carbondale----- 1,5,51,76,77 Gettysburg Junction... 1,5
Malent: oo eek one 1, 6,10, 48 Gatawissae ee eee ee 48,60 Gillett 2 ees 1,48
Mangent.: 0... sie s-s5 1 Centre Halles 2 eee 1 Girard= 2s s-eee 1,4, 48, al, B
Merrebonne sea ees 48 Centre Valley.--------- 48 Glbtfeliers=eesseeeeeeee
The Dalles... 1,3,5,6,8,10, 48 Cessna=t) 5 22 sc sebe 35 1 Glencoe:-22-3- ea asee 4
puigard ors lose ate 48 Chambersburg.-..----- 1,5 Glen Moore..-.-------- 48
(nial Wels oes soaysce 48 Chapmanesses-se sere 48 Glen Rieckaes=sera-eeee 48, 51
OIGU Qheer eres ee eer eee 48 Chapman Quarries... 48 Glenville! 2 =. steeee= 48, 51
Troutdale.......- 48,51, 60,76 Chatham: -- 2 eoeeee 48 Good Spring. -.-.------- 1,48
Tualatin..........-.-.- 48,51 Cherry Tree.....-----.- 48 Gordons 2sc-eeeeeeee 48
Turners sas. ek esse 48 (Christianese ee eeeee ee 48 Gordonville
Umatilla......-: esos. 1 Churchville: 2: -2---42-- 48 Goshen -)332-=st-=eeeee
Wiener a eee 1,8, 48,51 Clarks Miullsse2s=eeeeeee 1,48 Gouldsboro
Union Junction.......- 1,8 Coatesvillerees-s-2---- 48 Gravity =.-.--seeseeeeee
Wa ONn eeee eee ee 1 Goburneess. ss eeeeesse 1,48 Gray ee eee
Veneta.........-. secdse Cochranton_=- =2-----.- 48 Greasonesscoeeemeetese
Wilden see ess arene § Columbia Cross Roads - 1 Greencastle
WalliGwasccen se ene- ee Conboys- eeeeaecee Grey thorne
Wellsdale.- = 5. 25.0-2.2 Conevillessss seseee eee TOVCDsoccc seen eee el
WiGST; SCOP = -eegen eer Confluence Guernsey ..----.------
West Stayton Conneaut Lake Guldens
WALD Tee eee ere Connellsville Halls)/ 2226
Wilderville- . COErY 20262 eases 1 Hamburg. .--
Wilkesboro - -. Coudersport Hanover------ n= -=--
Wilsonville GCowleyonc conse alee Hanover Junction. -.-. 1,48
Wood burns: sees. Craigsville Harbour Creek.....----
Woodworth Crayton’. ssc eens Harmonsburg...-.----- 51
Wann: esses vce cae Gréscotatacese eee Harrison Valley...-.--- 1,48
Yoncalla...-.--........ Croydonyee ses enerene Hasineseo es =e 48
Currye eer een esse eee Hays \Groyeae---eeeee 1
PENNSYLVANIA: DAlHS ee eecue ee eos Hazleton=-ss.eaeeeee 5, 33, 51
Alba repens one demepe er 1,48 Dallastownece-ceseeees Hectla Parken meres ee 1
Albion: cot. abe ane 48 Danielsville.......----- Herrick Center....-.--- 48
INigsiane ase 5 as5e5 a5 48 Daytouesse--eeceteeeee TBO AN KO iene 55555555
ATforie eee ae es 1,60 Deltasie sepa eee HAdimari) oe eee
Allegheny = epee 1,5,51, 63 Dillsbure eee pete Hokendauqua ..
Allentown 2 2escsesees 48 Dormnsiié sesso ee verse Hokes'. 2) 5:02 seeees
Anslomink....-....... 1 Doylestown........-.-- Honesdale. ....--..--
ANUTGaS > 6" Se peers 48 Drehersville.........-.. Honey Brook. -
Andrews Settlement... 48 Duncanville = Honey Grove-.-
Ansonia 1 Dushore: (322-0 See ee Hosensack. ----
Hoytvilleseseeee eee
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 43
Index of Stations—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA— Tables. |] PENNSYLVANIA— Tables. PENNSYLVANIA— ‘Tables.
Continued. Continued.. Continued.
Hunter’s Run.....-..-- 1,5 Mon tyALtON ae tanta 1, 5,11 Sand Batch: . shee... 48
Hydetown...--.------- 48 MONtTOSC\s ce Seema 1,48, 57 Sandy Lake...-....... 1,48
JStymohaehes <p ao ee aaaeoe 1 Mooresburg....-..----- 1 SAVATInew ie baueee ess 48
loner scnaanst 1 1 Moorheads.......-..--- 4 Saylorsburg.......-.--- 1
Jack’s Mountain....--. 1 IMorrisvillesee seeeene sce 41 Scotlaridsasemeneet es 1,5
Jackson Center.....-...- 48 MOSCOW. 22 oc scien eene eels 8 Scranton.....- 1,5,6,39, 44, 47
Jacksonville... - ‘ 48 Mount Wolf....-....-- 5 Selinsgrove.......---- 1,6, ce
Jieddo reese. PUNE) 448 Muddy Creek Forks... 48° Shackamaxon . 1, 47,48, 53,7
VORIMLyMINe CRO erieeec 60 Myerstow Tos see 5 Shammnock- nee aeeeeee. 4 3
Jersey Shore.:.-.--...- 1 INaWarro!. noone tenon ee 48 Sharon--2.0 eee ws 48
Howauna Aa 5. Tar Ene 48 Nazdreth joss. ccueeecee 48 Sheffer’s....0 eee eesees 1,48
Johmsonburgsee. 224) -.! 1 Nelson 32) sees : 1 Sheloctaessssenae lees 48
IKCIEON eee ee eee 6,48 Neshaminy Falls... ... _ 48,57 Sheridan. suse ese eee 48
Kemp tomeeesscase soe 48 New Albany........--- 1,48 Shickshinny......----- 1
enmet tease eles 48 New: Castle: «iss: 2 1 Shippensburg......---- 1,5
F@OREMOOR Meee eee oes 1 Newfield Junction... .... 48 Shoemakersville.....-- 48
aimesleyeeemeese 1, 48, 57,77 New Freedom........- 48, 51 Shrewsbury .-..-------- 48
Kai eS HOI eens. 60 New Holland.......... 48 Siegiried )-eeeee eens 48
iecrayop-qualllly se eas Can 1 New, Elopesstaio ieee: 48 Sinshelm. ch epeseemece 48
Kutztown New Milford.........-- 1 Sittler <<. coos ene 48
Laceyville. .. New, Oxford yee nesses 1 Slatedale.css) sseesesepe 48
Lahaska.... New Parkeeecanseses 1, 48, 51 Slatinstonues seemeeeee 48
Lake Ariel. . Newportitesecs ener 1,5 Smoke Run.......----- 48
Lakewood New Providence.....-- 48 Gmyser se. j4s25 wee eeee 48
Theyre Ak Nee ae New Ringgold.......-- 48 Sriedikker“nncsteee een 51
an Castenes eer cesses: CwlOWDss.- cn ciecse al 48 Snyderseesss seeee eee 48
Wandempersssya nec 48 Newville: so hosssumee 1 Somerfield....-..------ 48
Wandiswillews seve. s 48 New Wilmington...... 1 South Montrose......-- 1
ema solguauneen 48 Norristown. ....- W547 Spartansburg......-- 1,48, 60
Manblumie een aah: 1 Northbrook.......----- 48 Sprankle. Milis.5:5. 3042 48
Larry’s Creek.......-.- 1 North Hast Ba ene ip Springfield 11. 1,4,48,51
apne: Hele Oe er Bie 1,48 4,8, 10, 32,36, 47, 48 Spring Grove. atease: 48
Lawrenceville........-- 1,48 North Guede ebeeGen ans 48 Springvale.......------ 48
eamanwPlace sass 48 NOXEN...---0-22--- +--+ 1 Springville.........---- 1
Ie oaita Orne le openness) 48 Oaks Hall settee eeree 1 Spruce Grove......---- 48
Lees Cross Roads. ....- 1 Ogiks S50 eben ecereer 5 Standing Stone......-- 1,48
Weesportes lous ose. 48 OU City. 22 eee 48 SParheht oe eccltenoe 1
Mehigh| Gap... eke. 48 Oneida: 255°. seweeae 33 Starnersmeeecmene noes 1,5,48
mehmastersess ooh ei: 1,5 Ore (ene eee eee 1 Starmucca 23552) seeeee. 1
eM eg us oekesee 48 Orrtanna))e-- eee 1,5 Stevensuy ne sue
Lenhartsville.......... 5,48 OSWayiOec sn seee eens 1,48 Stewartstown...-----
TE CSYOU yea ee 48 Oxtordi 2) ceseeeneee 48 Stockertown.-....-----
Lincoln University.... 48 Balm eee eee Stoneborosc4. -ee eee
Mgineswalle Sak) Nes: 48, 51,53 Patton....... Stoyestown.....-.---
TRA ee a ea anes 56 Parksburg .-. Swanwillesss ss aueneee
TAY ATH aA NB ee eal ey 48 Peach Botto Tamaqua....-.-
Lizard Creek Junction. 48 Pennsylvania Furnace. ‘ Thompson. ....---
Wongsdorf.2- o202..02. 1 Philadelphia..........- Thompsontown
Wottsvill emmy n apes arc 1 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 21, 28, a7 iO ga pluses ee nn
aymnpontsssowenusniae. 48 37, 39, 41, 45, "46, 47, 48, 49, Tioga Junction --.
McCalls Ferry....-.... 48 51, 53, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, Titusville ese oe es 1, 48,76
McKnightstown......- 1 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, a Mobyhanna. |. sseseees 1
48 Ping Morges:seaesaee Moptonuee aise ener 48
47 Pittsburgh......-- 1,41, 44, i Mowandas. loess eels 1,48
Mahanoy City. ......-. 5 PIBteAp oe ee ee eaaeee Mranster nie eo eeesees 48
Maiden Creek......- Reet Plumivillewtes Ue receeee 48, 60 Mirsvin Ores ees sue tenes 48
Manheimenie) i) las 48 Portland.....---------- 1,48 iMireichlensscs eee 48
Manns Choice........-. 1 Port Matilda.........-- 1,48 | MrevOsGun eee eee 48
Maplewood...........- 1,60 Potter Brook. -..-....-- 1 Mrexlertowiiesm) 4seeeee 48
iar Ore cena IN 1 Pottstown ..../.5.5<5<-- 5 (nip Olieve eee eee 48
Markleton..........--- 1 Poyntelle.....--...---- 1,48 Trout Runes .22 eae 155
Martinsburg.........-. 1 IPTIMTOSC a= -e jeeee ee 48 Trowbridge.....------- 1
Martins Creek........:- 48 Bulaskel see es essence 1 EET OV one oe ee 1,48
Mason Dixon........-- 1,5 Punxsutawney...-..-- 60 Try onville:. ssseee eee 48
INaSEIETOpe mene eet hie: 1 Putneyville.........--- 1 Tullytown. ....-.--- 48, 51, 67
INBRVOONS: uaba seuss eae 1,48 Quarryville.......----- 48 Tunkhannock... .----- 1
Meadville Junction. . 48 Queent aon yeeseenen 1 Munn pikes ween ore 1,48, 60
Mechanicsburg.......-- QUINCYe ee eeeee eee 1,5 Ulysses = 25. seers: 1,48
Mercer. ......-- . Raymilton.......------ 1 WniomiCityaee se 1, 48,76
Mercersburg Reading... ssesee 10,48, 77 Union Furnace.-.-...-- 1
MELE ZbOWMes voeeectre l= Red dion sees 47,48, 70 Unionvilles:..-2> ca 1
Meshoppen........-.-- RECCETS. 2 icine enierai= 33 Wicksburg)_ 52-2 s ates 1
Meyersdale..........-- 8 Reynoldsville 48 Wirsinyille.. 23222 2ebe. 48
Middlebury........---- Rheems........--- Be 48 Vosbureac2 sae 1,48
Midvale ees sas 5 Richmond ae 1 Wagontown.....------- 48
Milanveg seco rduey 1,48 Ringtown 60 48
Millers (Crawford Co.)- 42 Rising Springs. ..-.---- 1 48
Millers (Schuylkill Co.) 48 Roaring Branch....-.- 1,48 48
Millerstown......-.---- 48 | Rocloiss.-oss8eeetese 48,51 48
WOU eniGiMNe oy qaeesasrose 1,48 IRQ ease So daseonsoagas 48 , 60
MTT RET aS ets 1 Rose Wakes... seer 48 1
IMilIMOn Gee ee eee 5 ROSSIVCR= 6 hos eee eee 5 J 1
MilipOntee ee sek Meee a= 1,48 Sabinsvilles- 3 saeco 1,48 ey nccbore Eira one 1,5,48
OTS Selo aces aren seeee 1,48, 76 Salisbury Junction... .-. 48 Weatherly: = 2 3225222: 48,60
Mill Village........-- 1, 48, 60 Salona - ioe eee 1 Weaversville.....:..--- 48
4-4 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA— _ Tables. } SOUTH CAROLINA— Tables. | SOUTH DAKOTA— Tables)
Continued. Continued. Continued.
Weissport.-..:3¢-....-- 48 Robbinseee- a ose eeee Harroid 48
Wiellsporo:.- chee ss.228 1 St. Andrews. - Hazellceceeee Sid 48
Wellsboro Junction . 1 Sally esses a ee Heel asi... ase Ee 48
48,51, 63, 64, 76 Scotties see Meee Henry 48
West Bingham........ 48 Soigling= .- sarees Hetland 48
Wrestnel asset 1,4 Sheldonieete oats Highmoresiceeseeeeeae 48
West Middlesex........ 1 Snellings--./ fee se eis 44 Hitchcock. -Abeseeeeeee 48
West Salisbury. ....... 1,48 Springrield est eee 44 Holabird2=) =o eee 48
WnILeO ake ee a elie 48 : SYCAMLOLE! Se sukeeesdeee 44 Holma@wistiee.-ee ees 48
White Rock. .........: 48 | Marhoroesseeeeeemee 44 Hot Springs... 22-pseee 1
Wilawana.. Deion Sie sedan My 13} Tillman’ eek ae 44 Houghton@s..-ceeeeee 48
Wille yee eee 8 1,5, 48, 51 Ulniersher Rese ai 44 OVOD: ce emeeee 48
WwW illiamsburg ete ie 1 Valentine ta) eee 44 Buititon 2) oo eee 48
Williamson............ 5 Wallistoneeceeneeee ee 67 Hurons J 33c2-seeeeeeeee 48
Williamsport.........- 1,5 Windsorseeoneeneeeeee 44 Interiors. 2ci3-coewenee 48
Wind Gay eee aes 48 Wenonle sss. ee eee 44 James. 2 cehecndeeee eee 48
Wiood bine is see Sher 48 Yonge’s Island...... 41,48, 60 Junius-542 7 cose 48
Woodbourne........... 48 ‘ ; Kampeska 48
Woodville ee 48 | SOUTH DAKOTA: Kimball 48
Wiorthinptons--oooseen. 48 A‘ Derdeenyceteeeecee 1, 6,48 Kranzburg 48
Wiyalusing 5: hee 1, 48, 60 Apa Sed. PURSE OE 8
Wycombe: . 2.8032! 48 I DGOse seer ee ee Eee
VV SOR Co cue nee 1,48 Alpena
Viardloy.s 26 oc See he 48 Altamont
(5 Ey nacre s SEE Te 48 Amherst
OLE a eee cn eee 1,48 Andover
Zieglersville............ 60 Arlington
Zionsville.-......... sate 48 Artesian
Astoria
RHODE ISLAN \urora
Auburn Badger
Mellville
Providence
Slocum
South Providence
SOUTH CAROLINA:
Adam’s Run..........- 41
Allendalgee ses eens 44
Applotone sees wees 44
JNA tt) Degas oes te tart oe 48
Barnwellyossso 55). 207 39,44 48 Ortley:! Af Saas 48
Bartons nce sees ok 44 48 Pisrpontee eee eeeeees 48
Beaufort...... 47, 48, 55, 64, 76 48 Pringlet. -ceeseeene eee
Blackville... 39, 41, 44 48 Pukwana
Cadesee5. 2) 3523 _ 4, 43, 70, 6 48 Putney. eeeeeee
Cavers seis hee ee: 48 fan E
Charleston... 39,41, 43, 47, 8, 48 Rapid ity
__ 52,53, 60, 64, 67, 70, 71, 7A, 76 48 Raymond 4
CUO se ee PA. ERS LC 48 48 Ree Heights........-.. 1,48
Copess sapere nis Ie 44 48 Roscoe. . 2220 a eae eee 48
Denmark we ea lte 44 48 Ritlandeeeeeeeee eee 48
Dunbarton! sea: 44 Clarkgvyi Sar Es 48 St. Lawrence....-.-... 48
1) Ua Re ae tee ee 44 Colmanei eae: 48 St. One 48
Stiles See ae ee 44 Columpiake eas 1,48 Selby. 2.0 ee eee 48
Wainfaxce = oes sa 44 Crandonteiy sae Seneca.:i cseceeeeeeeer 48
Mun ane eae 44,48 Crockereeieial Uehara 48 Sherman seeee ee aeeeee aS
Garnett eet 44 Gustere shavers sen 48 Sinail). Cs See
Georgetown..........-. 48, 60 Sioux Falls. 1,4, 5,10, 44, 48, Fi
Gifford ss aor 44 South Shore 48
Gourd ine eee eee ee 70 Spearfish) neteosee sees
Govan ieee coopers 00s 44 Spencer.....---.
Green Pond. 41,48 Strandburg....
Greer. a. 5 Stratiord ae eeeee eee
Hamptonie2 isons 44 SUMMIT eee eeeeeeeeee
John’s Island. ...... 41, 48,70 Thom as:2 Wee seen eee
Sin estroge phe ee: 70 Trents. “eae
Kiingee sets 555 SPAR. 39, 44 | Turton: .qee eee eee
VakeiGityee ee 41,70 Vebleneeye aoe eee
Tanase ce chy eae 2 te 70 Burekka eee eae 48 Vermillion tesee eee
Donat erieens ar aA 44 Parmoritiey eck aes 48 Vienna aes
LOvis: 224242 SES fig 36 Faulktone esa 48 Virgil tein fae eee ee
Martin €2 722s epee 44 Forney 2250 eee 48 Volga. oossentoeooceers
Meggett. ../i255 on ee 48, 60 Flandreau soe. oe. 48 Wallace... conc eure ste
Meriwether. ..........- 5 Florence: ey ee eas 48 Ward. ii eccs Meee
Midway. eee 44 Frederick? 2 es 48 Warner: 2). 225. 2a
Mulling i: 2 Sli 46 Fulton: Se eee i Wataugal eres
Myers Millia tse sierra 44 Garden City. 2.222222. 48 Watertown...-
Myrtle Beach./........ 48 Garretsonie-- 2 ek 48 | Waubay...-.-- sae
Pinelands 44 Glenhant? =) ea 48 ‘Webster: 2-2'-ce skeen
PortiRoyalae. eee 39, Giosdwini eae 48 Wentworth: 2st eee
41, 47, 48, 55, 64, 71 Grerory-2 tee 48 Wessington Springs... .
Ridgeland.......... 44,47, - Groton! Sse es eae 48 Westport..........----
Ridge Spring. ......... Grover2 Lee eae 48 White!) eas
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
Index of Stations—Continued.
SOUTH DAKOTA— Tables. | TENNESSEE—Contd. Tables.
Continued. Stanton. eee eeener 71
Wibite Lake........-... 48 Sunbrightayjaewee sees 48
* Whitewood.........-.. 48 Talley. ise ee aes 1
48 MHompsonspereeweenae 1
48 Trentone ve seee ee pe 36
48 Trezevants Vos eee 36, 49
48 Union sie eel 36
48
48 | TEXAS:
Alba ous de eae
Alm 6G a.) uve tate e eis
36 MALCOM, jee as
36 TA Gone oe cieieee
48 Altra See Seles 3
44 Alvord
36 Ambrose
1 Aransas Pass
36 Areadia
36 IAT Dis 32 Dea Oe
BOW OES 6 See nercnnaDneeS 36 Asherton
Brad iord sys eee s Sass. 36,47 Athens. sje 5,44, 49
Brownsville.......----- 36 ‘Atlanta 323535 5
Campbellszog-e- 222). 1 AUS tine fs hoes 75
Carters Creek. ...-...-- 1, 48 AN ORY: «2.120 2 eee 5
Chattanooga ‘ AVingers 2202 gaa a 5
(Mave oocdancaconnacE i
Columiblasseseen oie
Cornersville-.
Covington...
Curnvyieleeeeetescissaelal> Peet cae anna 5,44
Dayton yeas soe Bonham sie aeeee 5, 48, 49
DICKS OTe asta e BONUS... 2 ae eee
Donelson ees BO Wie Hy leh le aaa 6
Dresdenwee ees si Boy's ee ea 48
VOT ee See ete: Brenham) 22 - eee eeeee 48
DRC a es RIESE Brownsboro.....-.-..-- ae
Byvansville...2-..-.-.-- 36 Brownsville.-.......-:-.
TS Ole aabeoseeaoebaee il 47,48, 51, 60, 64, 70, 73 7
Fayetteville Bet 1 Bullard eee aes 48
rami insects ssp 1 Buns... 2h eae
riendshipt.:ss55- 52/22 36 Burkburnett. .........-
Briitlandeee eas se). 36,47 Calaliens 3.2228
Bruitvales sss 52 S22). 36 Calaveras. ...-.-
Gadsdenksseessacseue- 36, 47 Campbell eee
Gatesssscsscsecsssle te 36,47 Carbone yee
Gallo DSi asa nsees ees eals 36 Carrizo Springs 36,
Gibsontess sss: 36, 46, 47, 60 47,51, 60, 64, 3
Gleasontesssees- oe 49 Carthager tie seeerer
Goodlettseeee esse. 48 Cason ion saaecee sect 2
Grand Junction...--..-- 36 Chandler.-s 22 oer 5
Gurayswilleeeeeeeeeen) 0: 36 CHICO Ae SON arate 5, 49
Greenfield. .......-.-.-- 29,36 Glarendon. .ceuans: 44
VAIS See oe eae ars ok 36,47 Clarksvilles.22seceneee 5
=) pElendersoness 22s. 4-2 3 lint: cos Sos eee 6
Hendersonville... 4,36,47, ri Clyde. eho eset 1,5, 44, 49
ETO Wie Le yeaa Meat aia Coahomals Weeeescaeice 44
Humboldt. 36,39, 47,48, 60, 7 Colorado seo oo eee see 48
Huntingdon.......-.--- 49 Columbus! esses 44
Jacksons eae ease 36, 47 Comanche= 23s 1,44, 49
ASPET Meee esi sais sea" 48 Como senescence 5, 44, 48, 49
TKontonee ene wees ie 36 Cookvilles icf 22 es 5
Hen Oxcvalll Chem eee fa 36 Corpus Christi......... 51, 60
Wancinoe meas reet sca: 5,36, 48 Corsicana see eeeeeee ee 48
Weevil se eee tial Cotulla. eee 51, 64
UT yeaa 36 Courtney 22 e eee a
IM@Krenz1eueaerennen ce. 2 49 Covingtone eases ee
McMinnville......--... 48 Crath ee lei eee 47, 49
Wiley ial. oe JOS aa 47,60 Crockett sas see ease 48, a
Medinay (2220422. --: 36, 47,48 Cross'Plains = -ceMenes
Memphis 1,39 Crystal City... 2522 si
Mia Nee ee 36, 47,49 Daingerfield-........ 5, 44, 48
Nashville. 1, 6,36, 47, 48) 60, 70 Dallas 2 Use aes uy
INewberniGaiis se scys22 36 5, 10,19, 20, 22, 36, 39,
Obion Pye NS 36 41,47, 48, 51, 63, 70, 76
aise mee weal cae ws 49 Decatur-<-- © ee ae aes 1,6, 44
Pleasant Grove..-.-.-..-- 39 DeiKalbevecce seas &
LEONI ee 1,36 Deeon! oa teeses 1,5, 6,44
EVA TN CLINE eee TN 2 47 Denton neve aaa 6
TRO) Ra ese a a et 36,47 1DYs don ee Sua, 51
Rutherford a pecnenae 1,36, 49 Detroit..-.-...-...-.-- a)
Saleereekse cease sone seis 36 Devines Coosa s ee 51
SHALOneeee stamens a) 36 Dialvillecswess sees 47
SUOG IT CAS eae sara 36 Dickinson es 39
Shounsreeesse sce 1,11, 72 DIT eye see eee moll
Silver Springs....--.-.-- 48 DOM Tere ease aRa Ne 47, 60
Spring: City eee re ete 36 Donna ses eee 60
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
45
TEX AS—Continued. Tables.
Dublincerss se eee 1,5, 44,49
BagleiLake.....0cc2000 ¢ 39, 48
Paglenrasss: vcscecde ss 4, 51
East Columbia......... "49
Edgewood............. 48,49
Edinburg... ..2ic-0.-- 60, 76
E spy pt BAN AS OSE IOOELCAD 48
Wrdridgphsescteesee ame 48
El ging so. Paeeeenses 44
WUichartoot cn case caanaes 47,48
Himendorli cp cmsseerneae 44,5]
1D) WI EE Seen oer 44,48, 51, , 60
Wal Wane seisoeciaecloneae "48
MMOLE space ccs 5,44,49
Mn cinaly eens snes 51
Maliurmiasy: Sete see ee ces 44
Mallon 2s) sacce ss eee 6,49
1D) bah ioe eee ios 5,47
EVAN peeiefetae ora er Fy
Mortawiorthes sus esetas
4,7, 19, 39, 47, 51, 63
Howlerton <= cccmseses 51, 64
Frankston... 325.-2-226 5,47
ulshear- ese paeeeaes 48
Gainesville---: 32 s3s 22 6,48
Gallatiniseee te scneeeee 47,49
Galveston........-. 21, 23,25
Garland!2 ee eee eens eee 48
Garner renee seslaeeee 44,48
Gilmer: Boise hee aise 5
Gladewater............ 48
GlenpWlorateseees sees 48,49
Goldenweaeesscacneceee 14, 44
Gormanneeccs cleans 1,5,6
Grand Saline--........ 5
Grapelanda ssc. seeasee 44
Grovetones. 2a -aeeeeee 49
Hallsvillese ees seas 5, 48
Hamshire! eeesee ane 44,49
Harletones-e-eeeceasee 5,49
Harlingen..... 44,48, 51, 60; oF
Hedleyseesssa eee eee
Hempstead...
High Island
Hightower sssss-ceces
Elitchcock#s-e4eeesee
Hockley vescesesee sees
Houston...
tub pardie tee eee.
Enismith een cases
Hughes Springs..-...... 5
Jacksonville... 5,47, 48,49, 77
Jettersonsesssse cose sees 5, 36
Katy esac cen eee 44,49
Keenan’. ssn ceases se 48
EG goresis ase ie veo 5
Kirbyville 49
Sh eae 51
Kleburg..-. 6
WasPerials ses seeoeees 60
han eiCity.2 one sas eee 48, ie
Wanier 5 ects eee
IDSYROLbete- sece cee neee 20
HaePLy OLesece sense 51
Waredo.--)2.5. 51, 60, 64, 75, dy
aRues. een cee eee
Matex0les a sceseeee es 48
League, City:. - -...--2-- 20
ihees burg cel soeeeses 5
46 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stattons—Continued.
.
TEXAS—Continued. Tables. | TEX AS—Continued. Tables. |] VERMONT—Contd. Tables.
41
Mercedes........- 44, 51, 60, 76 Webster Danby....*.cc2 aan
LED ou ET ee a 51 Wharton Verba Line.) soe ee
PMINOOIAS. Jone ee 8 ele 5,48 Whitehouse , Dummerston :
Mission.... 44, 51,60, 64, 74, 76 Whitesboro. . 5 East Clarendon
Mt. Pleasant......... 5, "44; 48 Wiis <2 ee eee East Dorset. -.-2. 2253:
Mt. Selman........ 5,6, 44, 47 Wills Point 48 East Hardwick
Mi Vernon. 2... 3 it 5, 44 Winfield East Highgate......... 1,48
Murchison ........... 5, 44) 71 Winniekeaekt ese mecke Ad East Putney........... 74
Nacogdoches..........- "47 Winnsboro.. 5, 10,29, 31, 36, ae East Wallingford. ..... 48
Naples.......... Winona? {scree ecueocee Blyi. 3h eee 1,48
Navasota "44 Woodbines 5: 222 saee= 6 Fairlee:22)4 5.05 eee 1
New Braunfels 5 Weletas ue 25: Chess 6,39 Herrisbures see aeseeeee 1
Newsome 5 Zavala. i.e. 2s. nskee 49 Grand Isle....... PPL LL 2
INS VIAN Gee aac ook Boe 44 ¢ Groton... 272.45. hee 48
North Jefferson UTAH: Healdville....-...-21.. 48
DO DIates i sue on ee: American... ceeess 48,76 Hy deilPanks seer. ee 48
(OF 9 eT Te ee American Fork..... 48, 51,57 Island Pond........... 48
O}ert (1: ee eee ee 5 Brigham...._... 1, 5, 44, 47, 76 Isle La Motte.......... 1
Overtones 5 oa 285 B44 |i 48 Isle La MotteStation. 1,48,70
Palacios 48 Jamaica: 2S seee ee eee 1,48
Palestine 48 Jeffersonville........... 48
Palmhurst EGE Be eee a 1 Johnson. ...... Adarbeced 48
IRATISHEA Ss oe sctteeeee HMISinores= ee ena eee 48 Jonesville. .......... 1,48, 74
Pasadena 36 i phraime 2. seo eee 60 Maidstone. - ebe.eeeee 48
Pearsall =o. hcosenes 5 Harmington.. 22322. 5 22 5 Middlebury.........-.. 1,48
PB SITE Som woacin2 Sees Garland. ........-....- 48, 51 Middlesexaensee eee 48
Pickton... .0-- tt Montpeliersiasssenesene 48
Pilot Point Morrisville: 2 22222 esee 48
ea GeSOUTe so sah ac Cee 5,49 Newfane. -.-).aeeeeeeel 745
Newport... aaa e eee 76
North Bennington... 1,57, 60
Northfield2 assess sees 48
North) Herol=2 ss eeeene 1
North Pownal....... san 148
North Troy... -.- Paes 48
Orleans). 3.2.53 43, 48
Orwell. 355 eee 1
Pritchotts cs: cacee eee 5 Plainfield aaa 48
Oden Citys sae ee 49 Poultney cases eeeeeee 48
Rancho Colorado.....- 48 Proctorsvilles 2. oases 1
Ravenna sci. 1Fs ate 49 g Putney. eee eee 1
PSU MALL oc wee kee 5 10, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 60, 1 A Riandolphheseeeeeeeeeee 1, 48
Rio Hondo.......... 47, 48,60 Payson ee a 2c alee tan 48 Richford ste 48
Risinp Stan. Js S222 ce 39, 77 Pleasant Grove...... 5, 48, 51 Richmond =ssse5-eeeeee 48
Riviera Station........ 48,51 IPTICGHP a Se em 1,48 Rochester ssse-eeee eee 48
Hochester: =.- 52 37. ROxXDULY 2 aeesee nee 48
Rockdales soos. 4 eae 39, 44 Raitlandict seeee ape 1,48
Romeroe! 35.5. sess 22 72 StVAlbans!soe sees 1, 11, 48
Rosenbure:. ss eee. 39 St. Johnsbury........-- 48
Rosewood... .52o2i0i2. 5 Salisbury ceesseeseeeee 1
RUSK sce etins Sees eck 47 Shaftsbury. 1,48
Sabine Pass............ 44 Shelburmele- eee aeeeee il
ACTIN Ss San tats Oe 44,47 Shoreham. .22 22) 2e2sose 1
Saliiloveios see ee 5,44 South sHerotesceeeeeeee 1,72
SantBenito sess one 44, South Royalton........ 1,48
47, 48, 51, 60, 64, 70, ey ‘6 Spanish Fork.......... 51 South Shaftsbury..... 60
Sandiaescectocc se csoues Spring City ==) ss eee 48 South Vernon........ 1, 51,76
Sans ianeasssss aw eee 60 Sprinewville sss seemenee 5 South Wallingford - 1
Santa Maria........... 48,7! Mhompsonssss. sees 1,6 Springfield®=2 sos eee 1
Scottsville... 2.224.022. 5,6 Mremontoneosseseeee 1,48, 51 Stockbridgelss = senses 48
Seagoville............-. 6 Trontone. = ciao 5see ee 48 Swanton s.-2 ee eeene 1,48
Sealys sees see. 25.8 hi 44 Wintahe ss 4a eee 48 Thetford .2322 haat pene 1
Secritysscass-c oes. 44 Wrelisville-25. ss. sues 51 Underhills eee seeeme ces
Seguin: 5.25255 25.25. 44 West Weber..........- 47, 48 Vergennes) fio adeeee 1
Silspeelies ss) cg 49 Walled seen 5, 43, 48, 51, 76 Wallingford............ 48
Simonton: 52222 22. eete 48 Woods Cross........ 5, 44,51 Wiardsborosseeseeeeer 1
Sipe Springs........... 1 West Hartford.......- 1
SPINE ss woes Cece one 48,49 | VERMONT: Westminster........ 51, 52,74
Stephenville........... 1,44 Albure hes 3 ee 48 West Pawlet........... 1,48
Stockdale--.5...2.¢52.% 44 Barrows ce sakes eae 48 West Rutland......... 48
Stowell. ......... 44,47, 49, 4 Bartonirs sc. see eee 48, 57 West Townshend...... 1
Su blimG?. ceecoee eens Bellows Falls.......--- 1 Whiting2s-s.eccnenease 1
Sugar Land...... 41,44, 48,7 75 Bennimptoneeseeeseeee 1 Walston seen eee 1
Sulphur Springs..... 5, 44) 49 Betheleks es eta. oe 1,48 Woolecottis ets e ase 48
Swanziesschtieseu! Bs 6, 48, 49 Bradiordlees seen 1 Woodstock er eeeeeesee 1
Sweeny! . 252-55 See "49 Brandonsessee pepe 48
Tarrant: siete . Sees 44 | Brattleporos ses sseeeees 1 | VIRGINIA:
Tatom=2.6022 eee 5 Bristol2 oe eee 48 Abingdon). 22--eeeeer 77
Texarkana. . 222.2 see. 49 Burlingtonlse.-seee se eae 60 ATUOM Ge ess eee eee 1
Tomballecs: 12. aes 48,49 Cambridge sse eee il Al berene::. :..s-eeceieeee 1
Troup: 2222 .2/20s eS 5,49 Castleton 2.5.2 nse 48 Alleghany oc seeeeeee 1
Holers: si visors ios 5, 36, 47, on Centres 13 48 Alimond ois seeseeeee 39, 48
Vernon. Charlotte....... : 1 i 71
Waller... Chestere.. 3. 22. ste 48 1
Warren... Claréndonees2see eee 1 1
Weatherford Cuttingsville 48 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 47
Index of Stations—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Contd. Tables. | VIRGINTA—Contd. Tables. | VIRGINIA—Contd. Tables.
Amo WwMeadetae se cscs. 1 Hallwood.. 36,48, 49, 51, 57, 60 Pinner’s Point......... 41,48
ASH DY eee see sa scene 1 Mlianap toms ees nsec 48 Plantation.......... 48, 49, 60
PANG INS Baee eine sine an& 60 FanoVvelsos sae 44 Pleasant Valley.......- 1
INTL SR a 7 Sa 44 Harrisonburg......---- 1 Fort Norfolk: 222-9222 1, 36,
Barboursville.......... 1 Hiarristonseom ae eeere eer 1,48 41,43, 44,48, 49,51, 52,55,
Barren Springs. ....-.- ; Hickory Ground.....-- 48 60, 62, 64, 70, 7 , 7, 76,77
BASIC MMM em aee seilem niece t HTOlInS essa aaee eee 1 Portsmouth...’ 36, 41, "45, 47, 48,
Bayi View ee ese cece 48, 49, a HOt Springs eee seete 1 52, 55, 60, 62, 64, 70, 7 y75
iBedfordeeeseesse sees. Tyvanhooss ae 48 Potomac River........
Belle Haven..... 48, 49, 51, a 1 a RECS er et ena se ore 1 36,39, 47,48, 49, 51, mn
Bentonville: eee JOHNSON we cence eee Princess Anne......... 36, 48
IBernyavalleaeeecnaeene-. Keller. . 36, 48, 49, 51, 60, a Bulaski ye ess sees
IBIS Al Slam Chaya aes se ane Kempsville PR cies "48, 49, 60 PUN LOS) eee ek 36
Birds Nest.... 48, 49, 57, 60, 1 Kendall Grove.....-. 48,49, 60 Purcellvilles see snares 1
Blacksburee see. ee Kiernstowniiaes scence 1 Raphine sss jesstecoes 1,48
Bloxom. 306, 48, 49, 51, 57, 60, aA Kiptopeke. ..2y5s2 3222 48,49 Rappahannock River... 1, 29,
Bimemontessensere aces. 1,5 Konnarocks sc. sess ko 36,44, 47,48, 49, 51, 60, 67, 71
IB OnSa Cena seeemcesee. 1 Panexa sasaessactactectets 44,48 Red sHilieriye oss) ee :
Boones Mill...........- 1 DLawyerssasscsscaceeeeees 1 RachiCreck222 ao eseee.
IRON Coc dsnusuoososeese 1 Le Cato.. - 36,48, 49, 57, a Richmond... 1,10, 48, 60, 72, i
Broaduhuneyeecscee ss 1 Leesburg. . erayclan acest Raileywillepeee seer.
Broadway. 222-22-02-- 1,48 Geesville.- 35 :2ss3222- 7 Ripplemead..-.....-.. 1, 48
Buchananweneewes nau. 2 1 Lexington +.-5s242---4- 1 Riversid@sssssssseeee os a
IB tienaVaSta ss ssecene es 1 Michtiootascssseeeeeees 44,48 Riverton. eae eee eee
Camipbelleeeaasn sea. 1 Mimeton sss sseeeeeerees 1 Roanoke......- 1,44, 48, 72, 7
Cape Charles... .. 48, 49, 51, 60 Linden eos. 0ss eh saaaer 1 Rockfishteeenercssasae
Capewville sees sos. 48, 49, 60 Winwille ss sees 1 Round Hill: ose eee 1 5
CaponbRoadss soi. 1 Withia/ sss ses se aaeees 1 RVODULY A ee eee ee 44
Cave Station........... 1 London Bridge. ..-.---- 36, Rural Retreat ........- ile
Charlottesville......... 1 41, 48, 60, 62, 75, 76 48, 51, 56, 57, 60, 77
Cheriton... 48, 49, 60, 70, 71, 74 Pane sicdvisaseneeee IRUStDUTE a eeeeeceeeee 1
Chilhowiewe een: 48 WAIT AYis fs oS ose ne eee STeBLIGeESP Eee eeeeee ee 48
Ghristianuessaaue seu 1 Teepe 1,19, 48, 72, "He a Salome vaa sarees 1
Christiansburg. 1,11, 35,36, 2 Lyndhurst.....-..--.-- Seven Mile Ford...-. 1,48, 60
Clarkes/(Gap asa Ioynnhaven: = 9s -ssccse2 43,49 Shadwell 2
‘Clay, Banks ue: 39, 48,71 Machipongo......... 48, 49, 60 Shawsville.......----- 1
Clearbrookse. yen 1 Makemie Park... 36, 48, 49, 51 Shenandoah....-- 1,48, 76, 77
Clements Wharf. . _ 39, 48,71 Marione2 23. 2355s4s5 148, 60 Shipmanyaeessoseeee 1
Cloverdaless se Manan ei: i 5 Marcha! 02 Se 7o5t er South Norfolk......... 49
Cobbstteeseaas-s 48, 49, 60, 71 Marshallese sean ene Speediwellteeeneees- 1, 48, 60
Cobham eLE eh iels 1 Masonea-esteee 36, 48, 49, a Spottswood.......---- 1,49
Coleman eran ceeren. 1 Massie Mill22:5 2.2 222 Springwood......--.-- 1
Covesvalleree eee 1 Maurertown..-...----- Stanley......-- 1,11, 48, 51,76
Creek Junction ...-..-- 1,48 IMGaTS sere 36, 48, 49, a Starkeys ee eeccecoe: 1, 47,48
C@rimonraeee sete s 1 Mechum’s River..-.--- Staunton=pesssesescore 1,60
Crocketiwasaeeeeee ne a Melfaeesssosse 36, 48, 49, 51, 60 Stephens City....-..-.- 1,11
- 48, 56, 60, 76, 77 Middletown..--..------ 1 Stockbridge a 8
Onovieasdeceesoessenae 1,5 Mall boro soos se seeeeie 1 Sirasburge-o see oe eeeee
Culpeperseeeaee tee 1 Mint Springs..-.......-- 1 Stuart. 922.
ID EH oto tA BoB eas 1 Mount Crawford....--- 1 Stuart’s Draft.
Digscundssaeee eee 44,48, 49 Mount Jackson.....-..-. 1,5 Sufolkessss5s eae.
Dra penta eee eens 1,48 Mount Sidney..-.-....-- 1 Sugsari@rovetos.-2 2-2
Dulin seen eee 1 Mayntle se oo tase eee 44,48 SRO MSL Ge socausaocoLos
Hast Atlee: 5... .- 44,48, 60, 76 INa COL oe es he ee 1 Siylvatusteres ss -eeeeee
East Lexington..._...- 1 INATEOWS ease cect eee 1 Taberieewaea.as eee
East Radford........-.. 1,48 Nassawadox.. 48, 49, 51,60, a Masleyess teem soe. 36, 48,
East Roanoke.... 1,11, 49,70 New Castle2-- > .S25-se8 ANE RON SS ssobecaecos
Bas tivall Cee aye 48,49, sf New Church......-- 48,49, 5 Timberville
Hidiniouresee cesses New Market ........--- Dip Lop\sssese= she ee
lata e ous ee ee ee INOriOlki a= see eee eee Moan OS asses sees
Bae 6, 9, 36, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48. Toms Brook
47, 48, 49, 1, "52, "53, "55, 57, MowDSCHGso5 seo ee ;
60, 61, "62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, TOU wales acces sees
75, 76. UbyCuRAVel == o=\seci se =
Norge Ss Satie al oom 44,48 Virginia Beach. ..-- 41, 48, eo
WMA se eceuecubeos North Garden......--- 1 Walkers paca nana
Fentress. 1,36, 41,48, 49, 60, i Northwest... ----22--5 48 Waynesboro....-------
Henne eee Oalksballese= Sees eeee 48, 49 West Point....-- 39, 44, 48, a
HisherspelMles esa it 6 Occohannock River.. 36, Weyer’s Cave. ...--..--
IRLISHVETS Walle wees oe 1 48,49, 51, 60, 71 White House.......--- 44
HOT eS tee meant e 1,60 Old Church....-- "44, 48, 60, 76 iWihite Posts-5 22 sssese 1
Fort Defiance-..-...... 1 Old Point Comfort -. ‘41, ‘47, Wierwood....---..-- 48, 49,60
Hostenmlalissesee ese. 48 48, 51, 52, 53, 60, 62, 64, 70, 7 Winchester. ..-..- aS gu rks)
Franklin City........-. 48,49 Onley Wee Se 36, 48, 49) 51, 60, a iWiindSonsesss ses eee 48
Fredericksburg -...--.- 1 Orangensee ele Sees Windsor Shades....--- 37
JOIESE SLU Sea ta a oy 1 Paeonian Springs......--. AWAINeSA Dac cerease eee 1
Hrontpoyalsestes ss 425 1 Painter.... 36,48, 49, 51, 60, a WiArtZeeejeeesenc teers 1
(CIE W esc 8 Sel Lee a Oe a 1,48 . Pamunkey See eRe Bia WioodStocksas5-ssees0- 1,5,7
Gloucester Point...-..- 48, 71 Parksley= 5-2-5282 36, 48, 49, 3 Wytheville. ....--.--.- Cos
Gordonsville..........- il ei Patrick Springs. -.....- 1 Vor Riven eee 48
Goshenmerseceence sees Peake: sees ss see eee 44 Yorktown.... 39,47, 48, 70, 71
Green Bush... ... 48,49, a Pearchtses. Sen as Ree 1
Greenwille= 2228... 8). | Petersburgess-- sae 44,60 | WASHINGTON:
Greenwood .....-..-.-- 1h; 5 IPHoebuseeeekeseeeee ce 48 Academy-i= so seceeces 48
Groseclose........--- 1, 48, 60 Piankatank River... - the IA GUY esas Ses soot 48
Er OULOES Hee see eee 1 47, 48, 49, 60, 7 dna seca ss oe 48
48
WASHINGTON—Con.
Artesia
IBAIrebb een. ces oe ocoee
IBONCON Sf sons sa cte 1, 5,6,
BISHOP eer sao Gs ie 10,
Black River
Brena ere oats
@amas-.-. 222-5
Tables.
8
10
12
48
(EN Mes sos ceSsSseasnese 1,6
Coliaxse a ener 1, 48,
Columbia River......-
Golyille2e ees
@reston: 2.2.2 2-.
Dayton ease oso. he
DCA seeccee aa
Dempsey
JOE) Sa aeeB eos arenes
Ephrata 202. sbes.... 5
Everett....... we Dy 2D, 48,
Exchanpess. cers cee = it 6,
Mairiield toes cee eee se 1,5,
ORITVIOW! 5-2 tee loam ol
Farmington.......... 1,8,
MSLrON. sb-- eee oe Je
Win beeps ace eters 5,8,
Galvin; sen oe
Grandview.
6,10, 39, 44, 48, 5, 56, 57,
Granger et Es iF, 4
Greenacres... 5s ec
Hamilton 2 ess eee
Hanford: 200 = sae
Hartline ..
Harwood
60
6
49 |
48
10
UBB
76
6,48
Index of Stations—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
WASHINGTON—Con. Tables.
Hillyard)... .2..o 2... 48, 51, 60
FIGODEi eee aee ce Bees 1
HopsRanchel: ti sacee- 48
Humphbhreys........-..- 1
Independence.......... 48
INES ee aang A scincis 48
1
Ge
548,610,364, 48,7
; 0
,
Kaesling 73 se 2 ss Ses 1
Kaittitasy. <2 2 ees 1,48
Tia Crosson see eee 1
etal. (2). pee as 1,48
Leavenworth.......... 1
Goon Waker iat sse seen 1
Wayman ee oe eee yee 48
Mabtome es soko oaee ee 1,48
Maldenk sii. osc csc sacee 48
ManitoOn nic. snec eee eee 1
Mansfielde ioc 5 eae: 48
Marcus=i-----asaencer 1,48
Marysyillen ee 48
Meyers Falls...... 1, 5,6, 8,48
Mica tease ee ae 1,48
Millwood: sees sree 1,48
Milponiwe seeeeee eee 51
Mockonema............ 48
IMOISOnIS eet n oc eescie
IMOnIDOD-s5e aE eae eeeene W255
MONTOC! seeseeeaeeeceee
MorganSaeeeee ohne cies 1,6
Mt Viernon’ssseetpa ice 48
Naches? so asceeeeeetes 5,48
Napa vine) sss boreerere 48
INeppelee scene saeeeeee 1,44
Newporteescceenceeete 48
North portee saa seen 1
North Prosser. - ---- of 5, 6,48
North Puyallup - -
North Yakima:.--....-
see 8 10, 30;44,47, 48°
49 51, 53, 56, 57, 60, iS, 71
Oakesdale.” PCTS eae ee
Cer oenEy DA ROE E poe
Orcharda easter eee
Oroville .
Ontlookeee sae eee
Pickerinp ieee oe eee 48
Piedmonteas-- eee same io
Pine City see eee eee 48
EPLOSCOUG Ae coca e eee 1
Prosser . .1,3, 6,10, 43,48, 51, 76
Pullman 1,:
Puyallu
Quarry
Quincye sees
Republic. ;
Richland>. = ]-2e-ot ears 1
Ridgefield'isuc 4 tots 2. 2 48
Ridpa heen cre ete 1
Riparia 25.55. 52 os ese 6
Riverside: 2-2. .seees 48
Rockford vevteee-ee- 1,48
Rockportesce pass 2seer 48
Rosalia/= =! 5. eases 48
StiGlaine 2a i enee ee 1
St. John sss ee 48
Sawyelocce sass saseeeee 5,10
Seattle:c i eens 1,
6, 10, 20, 21, 36, 44,
48, 60, 64, 73, 76
Sedro-Wooley........-..- 48
Selah. .... 1,4, 5,6, 8, 10, 48, 51
AGRICULTURE.
WASHINGTON—Con. Tables
hannon esc beeeeeee 75,6
Sifton.<)..522e nee 48
Skykomish............ 48
Snohomish. ........... 35, 48
j =
A 5, me 8, 10, 36, 39°
, 60, 76, 77
Sprapues so. 5ee seen en 48
Spring Dale............ 48
Stanwood.............. 48
Starbuckin- ce eeeeeeeee 1,10
Startups... sseeeeee 48
Stewart.20: 2.0. See44 ee 1,6
Stone (Thurston Co. se 1
Stone (Yakima Co.).. 1
Sultan)... 5c ses peeeeee 48
Sumner. : 30320 aes ate
Sunnyside:: see eer.
6, 10, 39, 48, st, 76
Tacoma. -. 55. eemetee 8,
Taylor (King Co.)..... 48
Taylor (Yakima Co.). 1,6, =
Tekoa...-. 6 sae eee
Teplitze ess s. sees 4
Thormton’ 2 seeeeeeeee 48
Phorp esses cone 1
Thrall. orc ee eee 1,48
Tolt..-oe i yee ae 48
Tonasket 2 soises epee 1,48
Toppenishe ese. seeeee il.
5, 6,39, 40, 43, 44, 48, 51, 57, 76
Touche t 1,8
Vader
Walker
10,39, 44, 47,48, 5
Washougal............
W BWAWAl soc. cece en a
8/556, 7,810, 48,61
Wesley Junction....... 48
Westbrook EAE 553575 48
Wil bua eee
1
Yardley...... _1,6,8, 48, 51, 60
Zillah...... 1,3,4,5, 6,8, 10, 48
WEST VIRGINIA:
Albrightiet sane seeers 48
Aldersonms 2 ceeteeceee:
Apple Grove.........-- 1
Arbuckles. secs sens 1
Bedinetone eee eeaene 1
Belington= ss gu see seeee
Bellevilleses. seceeeeee
Berkeley iat ate Sateet
Beverl
Cherry Runkee eases ils
Chester =e neeeeeeeeee 1,
Duffield | 5 7eeee ee
Engle so oe ae ae tis
Falling Waters...-..--
Fort Springs...........
French /223paeeeeeeee 1,
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
Index oj Stations—Continued.
WEST VIRGINIA— Tables. ) WISCONSIN—Contd. ‘Tables.
Continued.
PHIM Varese clele ole serch 1
Galli ale HOTT yee esos 1
Glen Easton........... 48
Glenwoods snes yh 227 1
Graham 1,48
Green Spring.......... 5
Guyandotte........... 1
(Eval townie see ene o 1
ET an Coc eye a iL 1,5, 47
Huntington...........
efuirricane eee 2) | 1
Uniwoodeee teenth: hike Led
ANOLE Wace me ets Lica! 1
Kearneysville.......... 1
IEINO ISG U RU A 1
MOTE Se lia 43
ICG Sera EN 5
TUES Gy eee 1,44, 48,77
MCNel eee een, 8
Manlinton een)
Martinsburg 1
Millwood eee et Sie! 8
INGOTS ARO ey eee 1
Mon troseeese et aes 48
Moorefield... 22 225: 5
New Cumberiand...... 1
New Haven.....-..... 48
New Martinsville... ... TE |
North Mountain.....-.. 1,5, 4
Oaks yet
Parkersburg...- 1, 4,5, 10 19,
36, 44, 48, 51, 57, 60} 72, 74, 76
Patterson’s Creek... _.
PawaiPaw: cece ssa s2 1,5, ?
Pence Springs.-....---
EoLersDUrE Ne er ye adiita 8 5
Ion oyo ee Be ee ee 48
eo preseant Geel 44
RavenvRocks. sees 52 1
Ravenswood.......-... 1
Raymond City........ 1
HVeGdS val ene ne erase 48
HUI Se Wayereceme se = 1
HVIPLO Vaasa see ee ee 1
INIPPONeee eee ees ee 1
EVOMNe yan ee os 1,5,7, 10,77
IOnCeverte. .... 2-2 snc. 1
Sandstonenee eh aes 48
Shenandoah Junction. . 1
Shepherdstown. ....... 1
Springfield Be Pa at 1G)
Summit Point......... 1
CRablersescte eee esees 1
Wiallk en et Quip 5% 48
\WWEN Od AG SeeG ee 1
Wiheoling Eanes 39, 48, 51
White Sulphur........
Williamstown....... 1, 60,76
Woodlands esa). 1
WISCONSIN:
INTO) oXOLRSS OV ROLE i a 48
JNO enya A AS 48
ING AINSHE Reece keene 48
PA bertwalloes nee 48
WALZ OMI Ase eee se i cice 48,73
PAUL e rigs Ne Sees
PAVEN TOME ee sue w as ye. 48
Alma Center........... 48, 60
PAUTINON A eee ese es ie 48, 56, 60
PAUL IT OTI Geen ee ke
Am bere eee WL! 48
PATIM OLS teen cecil eis sic se 48
Amherst Junction... -- 48
PATE IS Ouest 48
Appleton ee 48, 60
Appleton Junction... -. 60
Armstrong Creek... .-- 48
PAI O GES eee ee roel 48
JAG OU Erno LE eee ears 60, 76
BAGH OMSE EE muses one
IB ADCOCK ei ee 30,48
Bagley Junction.....-. 48, 56
Bancroft see. eee
BATA DOOM eee ane 1,48
44215°—18—Bull. 667
Barromye ee acre 1,48
Barronetts sees eas 48, 56
Bay feldee ie aa hile 36
Bear Creek............ 60
Beaver fee ia easy, 48,73
Beldenville............ 48, 60
Bolgitim yeaa 56
Beloit ee ae ea wiv 51, 60
Bennett ena 48
Berlin Mee OU iia il 1,48
Berryville Ricca 43, 51, 53, 60
Sip sUamMicoy eo. . syaee 60
Birnamwood.......... 48
Black/Creek nia ein 60
Black River Falls.....- 48
Teg cy beak Nay ae 48
Bloomer hy Tyagi 48
Bowler ue i ate 48
48
48
‘ 73
Bristol. WaT ue 60
Brooks io 30t ee aD 48
Brown Deer........... 60
Brownsville.....-..2.. 48
TUCO ee ee ean aie 48,76
Bryanteg yee 48
Burlingtont a pee: 48
Butternut 2 vee ya 1,48
Cables io. yaa NGiay ayia 48
Cadoti siya aes 48
Caledonias. a aihawi a 60
Cambria yuan ee 48, 60
Cameron! oes os 48
Campbellsport Se ar 48
Camp Douglas......... 48
Cam tone ea pacen es 48
Casco see aee nas 1
Catawba. 2. sed aaiey 48, 56
Cavour. 2 vase inlay
Centurias lle eae 48,56
Chaseburg 4 ee 48
Chester: oak 51, 60
Chetek: 22 Oe
Chippewa Falls........ 48
CityePomt. 2 aa 30
Claytoni 2s eG ing 48
Cleghorn... a aisle Sole 48, 60
Clinton Junction....... 48, 60
Clintonville. ........... 48
Cochrane. 22). sae 48
Colby22. 2.) eas 48
Coleman 22.2 ae ks 48,73
Colfax. 2 Gis -
Colgate. 22228) Sa Geians 48, 60
Coloma. nia 48,72
Comstock. sis csees 48, 56, 60
Conover. 2 qa a 48
Coon Valley........... 1
Corlisseueeee es pees 51, 60, 76
Cotten sosa0 see ed 48, 60
Crandon) Janene 48
CrossiPlains# 2 se 48
Cudahy....... 43, 51, 53, 54, 60
Cumberland........ 48, 56, 73
Guster ssa te oe ee 48
Daley css sane aan 48
Dallas eine rae 48
Dalton eeneenanes 48
Danbury vs- ee 48
DANCY ase 48
DATION soeee Se eee pe 60
Deerbrooks se ee 48
DerPere snake ipa a ial 48, 60
Dorchesteress ce seuss 48
Dousmans seis 48
Dover! 4 eC Or Gere Bil 60
Doylestown..........-. 48
Dresser Junction....... 48
Baglenns ely Aiea gid 60
Hagle Romi we eer) 48,73
Eagle River........... 48
Eau Claire... .. 1, 44, 48, 60, 76
der onvnauaieey es ame 48
Eko MOund a eae ee 48, 60
Ellis Junction. ........ 48
4
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 49
WISCONSIN—Contd. ‘Tables.
WMOVee wacvecnecaeetee 48
1p eal of: hyo: 11 ae Te TS 48
IUGR V Ole. os asap eeceee 1,48
1p.) ES IE ee ee 48
WaArCuuiGe ee os cemeeaaee 48
MaliCrecks as aee. eee 48, 60
Fall River.......... 48, 56, 72
Hifields ese ss ae 48
Hlorencs soe esse ee 48, 56
Fond du Lac.......... 4,48
HOSter,-<j<peeteeedcesias 60
Hoxake:s fos 5 2s 73
Hranksvilless-sys ee 60
Wrederichn s) os esac 48
NOM ON eee canoe eeoe 48
Hriesland 225. es 48,60
Galesyille:s See a 48
Genoa Junction........ 60
Germantown.......... 48
Glenoak# js 72 To ae 48
Gordons eee 48,56
Grand Marsh: 2. 5.22: 48
Grand Rapids........- 30, 48
Grandview............ 48
Grantsburg......-.-. 48
Green Bay. 48, 53,56, 57, 60, 76
Green Valley......- 48, 60, fhe
Greenville... 3-366. 2-32
Gresham ape seater oe "a
Gurney.4 3-2 25 - Seat 48
Lan COC kay Se nes yee 48
ELarciords sae seemee eee 48
Hatley. 55225 48
Haugenti sy eeaes 48
Hawkins 0 aoee nee 48,76
Hawthorne. .....--.--. 48
ay GOs see eh eee 73
Hay ward. 258 seen 1,48, 56
Hazelhurste-eoceeeoeee 48
Heafford Junction... .- 48
iighiBridge 5-222 ese= 48
Aix tOn2 ces eee eee 48
Holmsville. --.- 2-2 32222 41,48
Hortonvilles ee 2seseeee 48,60
Aum bind iis. = =e eee 48
Etustlersescseeseee As ls 48
Independence. bis Sarre eis 48,51
d Ka): ee ree 41,48
ie 48
48
Jackson se. 220s wa yeBas 48
Janesville........- 1, 44, 48, 60
Jefferson’ seceeees ewes 48
Junction. City)-- =: 22.-:- 41,48
Kansas villeseesees eee 60
Kellie. 2c! bee cose 48
Kendallsss3- ieee a mens 48
ienoshaeeese. stadaees 51, 60
Kewaskum sh 48
| ee OB aE Sens sto 48,7
Kilbourn. - 48, 51, 56
jai Crosse = os. 2 nse eeee 48,6
Lake Nebagamon....-. 48, 56
ampsons-s-cce sees 48
Laona Junction.......- 48
AGATSON 2 ose eee ne eins 48
Lay Valle 072 See ee 48
Teen aes Seer kemce 48,7.
Dewisieeos eeceaee eee 76
Lima Center ........-.- 48
Little Chute... 60
WOMiTa:-. SSeS cece 48, 60
bubling ee ee ek 48
uCKs Sasa eee 48
inyna@hurstencsessce eee 48
yndon eases sae 48
Madison = 22S 1,48
Manawase see eas ee 48
Mani towoGiceecocsare ne 60
Mari bela ee sat seers 73
Marine ttecsss ooo ee 1
MEAT OTN Ss eee MM 1 48
Marshfield... 56, 60
Mason tc isjcseves neat ees 48
Mather a eae 30
Mattoon 2728s. secs 48
50 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Index of Stations—Continued.
WISCONSIN—Contd. Tabies. | WISCONSIN—Contd. Tables. ; WISCONSIN—Contd. ‘Tables.
|
Mauston... Se AP 48 | Racine. .s.cce « 36, 51, 60, 63, 77 Tigerton......2-- sees ee ao see
Medford......... eae h Tl 48 | Racine Junction. .....- 51, 60 Tomah... sl ceeneneee 30
Medina.. poems 1248.60] Radissones2-s.ieese eee 48 Tomahawk: ceesseeeeeee 48
Medina Junction. ...... 48 Randolphiv-sesewere ee 60 Tony..cicccsosaceeteee 56
Menomonie. - Bioeth ot 48 | Random Lake.......... 60 TrefO. c-stsaoet eee 48, 56, 60
MOGTCOR Cs cick ees 4 48 | Red Granite: stoic t 48 Tremblesucleccs.ccceemee 48
MOM Leste ctceee ek fc 48 | Reedsburg .........-... 1, 48 Trempealeau.......-.-- 74
MBITITMAG ke. ots chit 2 48 | Reeseville.. 2... 22 out 2t 73 TOVOL 22 base anes 60
Middleimlet=..-a-2222 48 | Rhinelander. .........- 48 Turtleduakeses s+ eee 48
Milladore..............- 41,48 | Rib Dake.ce so a2 secon 48 Twin Blutisscscere ss ssc iT
Milton Junction. -.....-. 48 Rice Lake.. .. 48,56, 57,60 Union Center.......-..-- 48
Milwaukee. 1,5,6,48, 51, 60,77 | Richfield ese sceeeaee 48 Union Grove......-- 51, 57, 60
eae URS Sane ASO MEEBO SE 48 Richland Center. .....-- 1 Unity: acceseceenee ore 48
Minong.. Sipe eee a29 48 Ridgelandissess eee 48 Valley Junction ..--.. 30, 48
MONICD = she scces watts 48 Riowc oc See ae ee 48 Vesper. :.--sturetoneeee 48
Montello sn: -: 3<5.. 28305. 41,48 Riponitesseaeece se 1, 48, 51, 60 Wabeno: 5. -se5scm0e see 48, 56
Morrisonville....-...-... 60 | River Falls....... 36,48, 60,76 Wagner.:s.-.5sa2seeee 56
Mountain Ssseres- eos 48 Rosholtheeee ress see ee ee 41,48 Walsh-.<lobesa ances 48, 56
Mukwonago.......-..-- 48 | Royallonsee-cwemees tr 48 Warren: soem 30, 41, 48
MUrrysee week ca cna fenton 48 Salemtecseue ke sees 51, 60 Wiascott..2222cc. semen 56
Wecedahic. :. 2222.0 48 Sanbolué-e: = 25... -eeasee 48 Washburns22:saeeeeee 36
Neananees.2UCsee. Sete 60 | Saronaseeecsene scccueee 48,60 Watertown.. Ret ereae "73
Wekoosa:-:- 32262 24-250% 48 SaukiCitysee-2-ss-cene 48 Waukesha. .
INGSDEOLOL- ces eae ee 48 Scandinavia..-..-....-. 48, 56 Waupaca..-. . 30, 4, 48, 8
New Auburn..-....--.-- 48 Schleisingerville...--.-- 48 Waupuntss.-esseeee ee
New Holstein..--/..--: 73 SCVINOUNS eee e eee eel 60 Wausaucssesassseereree 48, 80
New Lisbon..-.....---- 48 Shawano!ssss-s-2-52s56 48 Wausaukee.......... 48,56, 73
New London........-.- 48, 60 | Sheboygan Falls. -....- 3 73 Wautomare ose. seee ee 48
New Richmond......-.- 36 Shelliakes---c2ee-2 ae 48 Wauwatosa...-.-.....- 60
Newton steesac... Se 73 Shennington...-....-.--- 30 Webster: (oss ae ee 48
North Crandon........- 48 Sheridantass 5-2 seer 48 West BenGicsss-2eee- =. 48
North Freedom......-.- 48 Shioetoniessss= see ee ee 51, 60 Westfield..............- 48,72
Northlines: --5.--.--22- 76 Sirenvesp sees s2 fesse 48, 56 Weyauwega...-..-..--- 1,48
North Prairie. .......-- 48 | Solon Springs -...------ 48 Weyerhaeuser.....-..-- 48, 56
North Tomah........-. 30 Somers¥ssc0se eee 48, 51, 60 Wheeler.....---.-+.---- 48
Oakwood... . 2822.82 60 Somersetizeaseseeee as xe 48 | Wild\iRose-seee- eee eee 41,48
OCONtOrsse 25: =2e ee 48 South Germantown. - 48 Wilson: =5-sesa2eee oe 48
Ogdensburg... -..-.--.---- 48 South Milwaukee. -.--- 60 Wittenberg.-.-..-.-.--.- 48
Omrovese sess ees 1 South Range...-...----- 48 W onewo0c Steen see eee 48
Onalaskane: 222225222 60 Sparta ia Woesese lee 36 Woodrufiiss.3e 48
Oshkosh - -.. - 1, 5, 10, 44, 48, 56 Spencers sf. sse-een ee 48 Woodworth. ..--------- 60
Osseo taste 22 dette 48 SDLUiRNOCK eeeeeeeeee 48, 60 Wryeville.. 2222-22 ARE 48
Oxfordieee sh teo ese eoene 48 SPooner-= <u sees 1,6, 48 Wyocena::s22s22atee ees 48
Packwankee..-..-:.-.: 1,48 Springbrook..........-- 48
Pardeoeville.c2- 2 2t0 22222 48 Stanleymssseese ce woe: 48,60 | WYOMING:
Pelicans 25.2: =.23 255. 48, 56 Starkstees 5. 7ae eee 48 Basinv..<s2-shesss5teae 48
Wembine: 2-222 Ss. SSS 48 State Hospital-.......-- 60 Cod ys. dc ssh 48
Peshtigo sa2< sc et ee.28 48 Stetsonville--.-. 22282. 48, 56 Hgbertass.sgeseee cee 48
PHillipsyass- fees sees 48 Stevens Point......---- 48 Garland!=)2oseeeeee eee 48
Pittsville:.2 222. 2242).2¢ 48 Stiles Junction...--.-...- 41 Lander: cies eee ees 48
Plainfield 222222 2--8225- 48 Stockholm......-....-- 48, 73 Taramie:)eeeeseee cee 10
Pleasant Prairie... -. 51,60 StocktonSsee-eses- sence 48 Lingle.2isnseseee cee 48
Plover 2=ee. = 2-2 Sess: 48 Stoddardke.-2--=-0-- 48 Lostis Dring aaeesseeeaet 48
Portage... 23.2330 2" 41, 48, 72 Stoneibake: 222-5525 48 Manvillesossseaee essere 48
Poskin Lake. 2252-2..- 48 Siriekiand’.-cep esses 48 Neweastle...-.......... 1,48
POpter ween zee ce a 48 Sturgeon Bay 1,3, 32, 36, 38, 48 Powell 22sjcssebaseeneeee 48
POUNG ast. 2 +e see 48 Sugars usheessse eee 48 Rock Springs......-...- 76
Poynette:.=2222i.8. 248 48, 72 Summit Lake........-- 48 Torrington secs eeeceee 48
Prairie du Sac...:..-.2. 48 | Suring Sateen twee 48 Upton... eee 48
Prentice: 02 2.2 05-48, 56 Theresanegevasesss eee 48 Van. Dassellin ieee eee 48
Princeton. ssescce es 48 Thorpe: sxsse=2 555s 48 Worland 2 pees 48
Polaskioss2= eset ee 2 2. 48, 60 Three akes:.....-2.2.: 48
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY
ALABAMA.
Calhoun County:
Aug. 15-23—
DeArmanville. ._..
Jefferson County:
May 1-June 12—
Brimingham.....--
Madison County:
June 21-22—
Hanvestes soc. <<.
Mobile County:
Jan.—
INOUE. Soesaceanee
Ala., State total
ARIZONA.
Yavapai County:
Oct.- Nov.— °
Kirkland ies 2 ne es
Ariz., State total... ..
ARKANSAS.
Benton County:
IRCA AYa clasadoeeaues
Cave Springs. .....
Centerton..........
IRONS Gooe Hoesoke
Siloam Springs. - -.
Springtown.......-
Boone County:
Aug. 12-Dec. 31—
Bergman
Harrison
Carroll County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 19—
Berryville.
Crawford County:
Aug. 10-25—
Mountainburg
Cross County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 5—
Vanndale
n
Franklin County:
Sept. 20—
O 7A keepin ea seo ok
Izard County:
Sept. 23—
Ruddells
Logan County:
Oct. 30—
JETS S Hse otes a RO aren
Green Forest... .._-
\ATTAO is oR ee
~
no
a
Ore omn
a
hob bo
nw
STATIONS.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS.
Table 1.—APPLES.
ARKANSAS—ontinued.
Madison County:
Aug. 1— Cars.
CrOSSOS ee Sees eee 1
Polk County:
Aug. 17—
Hatheld ee sae cee 1
Pope County:
Aug.—
Galaga Naan 2
Searcy County:
Aug.—
TeSTie sseyela tee etn ete 2
Sebastian County:
Jan. 6-Apr. 17—
Fort Smith. aaa 92
Washington County:
July—-June—
Mins oe sect ae 35
Harmington\. se seeneee 14
Greenland): 22 (2 5 5
incon yee 144
Prairie Grove..-.-<--.- 16
Springdales)! sss 230
SUmmMerns ese 33
Montitowne. | eee 40 |
Wiest Horkeay (ieee 3 13
Ark., State total... .- 1,523
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Sept.-Mar.—
Oakland...) 55 4
Pleasanton (222.2342. 1
Eldorado County:
Sept. 30—
Placerville: . 4 ee. 1
Fresno County:
Dec. 8—
Fresnosh {2a sass Setar 1
Kern County:
Dec. 6-Apr. 4+—
iBakerstieldaace essere 1
Mojavesct= suai seas 1
Los Angeles County:
Aug.—_May—
Mancaster ss. eeeee ces 4
GES eye Ee 14
MossAngeles see soas ees 28
Palmdale eos -saseees 13
POMONA =a eee 1
SantiPedroe <2 =. eaceeae 56
Monterey County: ¢
Aug. 19-Dec. 3—
Chiralare see aes 6
Metzeo 6 3. Ado ee 2
Salinas seo eee 1
Soledades ous teases 12
Spreckles Nake se sseesee 7
Watsonville Junction. - 19
Napa County:
June 27-July 19—
INapalss: acess ee eee 17
Riverside County:
July 6-Oct. 17—
Beaumontieeeescecieeee 42 |
Sacramento County:
June 7-July 27—
Sacramento. .........-- 3 |
CALIFORNIA
San Benito County:
Aug. 9-Dec. 19—
Sept. 16-Oct. 15—
San Diego County:
Sept. 25—
July—A pr.—
Aug. 17-Oct. 19—
Sept. 12-Nov.2—
Santa Clara County:
July 6-Nov. 9—
Sonoma County:
July 6-Nov. 11—
Tuolumne County:
Sept. 19-Nov. 17—
Yuba County:
June 4-21—
Alamosa County:
Oct. 7—
Boulder County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 15—
| AUStinees seeeeeneene
AYTOMAas.....-..-...
Hollister. .....-..--
| San Bernardino County:
lesperias esses:
Escondido....------
San Francisco County:
San Francisco... --
San Joaquin County:
Stocktontes-eeeoe os
Santa Barbara County:
Guadalupe....----.-
WOMPOCMaee ees
Santa Maria. -..-.-...-.
VASO Pe Riese ccm eees
Galno Wate eras
Mul itasirss. Se ese sce
isehaldor@wepesodasse
Santa @laracs2 225-5
Sargent sec -eeeiisae
Capitola ssiesaeeeee
Santali Cruzeecoeesee
Watsonville. .:..------
Mundeey sso eseases=
GratonSeeeeessee
Healdsburg. --------
iPetalumarsss-es-es
Santa Rosa. .-------
Sebastopol. .-...----
Shellville Junction
eREen TONS ease eee
Wanoburgees-eseee=-
SONOTa- 5 eee eee
Marysville.....-.--- |
Cal., State total. ...-- 3,340
COLORADO.
| JNibmin}s: B seseesasee
Boulderse-— ee—so—=
Longmont. .--.-------
eVOUSe see eee eeeee
- | Crowley County:
Continued.
Cone
OnTk RR bh
we
~I
a
IWIN WAH Ore
10
i
“Tho Or
52 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
COLORADO—Continued. | DELAWARE. IDAHO—Continued.
Denver County: Kent County: Twin Falls County:
Oct.—Jan.— Cars. | July 1-Nov. 4— Cars. | Feb. 18-Apr. 13— Cars.
MONVOLS = scaeece oles ae 37 | Clayton =! Fi 2. 5.2 70 9 Buble eecee teens Gee 1
Fremont County: WOOdSIideLs soe see eens 64 Kamiberlysee eee eae 3
Oct.—Apr.— : Wyoming ese o eas ee 156 Twin\Malishs ej cneeeene 5
Ganon City 3.52.25 211 | Sussex County: Washington County:
: MIOKONCG! ss2-- oes << sees 2 June 29-Aug. 29— Nov.-Apr.—
Garfield County: Bridgeville...........- 25 Weiser: eee 12
Dec.-Mar.— Marc boro Meee eee 1
Grand Valley...-.-.-.. 42 Idaho, State total.... 361
7 ane (ere aaa 5 Del., State total..... 255 ———
pyscetan ILLINOIS.
IDOYEMPOE Sea ases sesso 6 ' !
Aug. 26-Feb.— . hs £.— aie
Fort Collins ........... 90 Me inne : Coatsburg..+.-+-+-+-- 2
Harmon yeene eee ee ee Si lhoct Meteaecors Sarco aoe a anes eae pace Sot beE ome a
Mess " . Mf eI ISO BS
ae Pate 23— Dist. of Col., total... - 2 Quincy eae 135
CHitonte eet a eee 792 UESB i see ees p eee eee 7
RP bai OTe Ee 168 GEORGIA. Bond County:
Grand Junction........ 251 d Aug.—Mar.—
DOT ee eee Et 1 | Fannin County: Greenvilles- esse seeeee 3
PalisAtlotcee ke ik ae 90 Sept. 29-Oct. 13— Mulberry Grove....... 6
Pattorsoneseen sae ane 9 Blue Ridge.....-..---- 2 Smithboro...........-- 1
Montezuma County: Fulton County: Sorento sensi ae 5
Sept. 19-Dec. 26— Nov. 11-Dec. 18— Brown County:
MD DIOLeS He ee 47 Atlantaleee eee. eeeeee 2 Sept. 1-Oct. 31—
Montrose County: Gordon County: Mount Sterling. weoceeee 14
Aug.Jan.— — July 24— Timewell225.2s2eeeee 25
Montrose.---22-22-2... 87 Oostanaula.....-..---- pect. Versailleseeeeseeeeeeaee 2
Olathe eae PEG 13 | Habersham County: Bureau County:
Otero County: Sool une— Nov.-Jan.—
iia ie orneliaiess ae. eeeneee 57 Princetonseeeeeeeeeeee 4
Wieltzer ec eenes hate 4 | Rabun County: Calhoun County:
Pueblo County: Sept. 25-Nov. 25— Aug. 20-Noy. 19—
Apr. 10-12— @layitonteeercn emer eae 4 Auersss.c2lc5 4 Saeeimene 7
Poeplosas ee eee ee 3 Mountain City...----.- 7 eae a Aor St Soe ne 5
i “is ———— Locks kash Ect
saci County: Ga., State tctal.....- 73 BUTT OAkeeeee eee 14
IT OT Reeee see er cae ee 4 — Calhouns2222222e-oeee ll
Weld County: IDAHO. Chinchis 23 -eneeeeeneee 2
Sept. 1-Dec. 8— Hruitland esses 6
Greeley? acs sas eee re 1 | Ada County: Golden Eagle Ldg....- 21
JOHUSLOWIee fee eee 2 Jan. 7-Feb. 24— Ham burp ee. eee eeseee i7
BOISa An oss Seen e ule 9 Hastings..........---.- 7
Colo., State total..... 2,561 | Adams County: Hogville...... bE) 28
Oct. 31-Nov. 14— Maple Island..........- 11
CONNECTICUT. Council eee eee eee 5 Martins) ac -ecsseeeeee 34
Bannock County: Poppleton... 2))2 22 s2-2= 4
Hartford County: Nov. 6— Reds a. ee aes 13
Sept. 3-Nov. 2— Pocatellowee te ee 1 Rip Rap ssceeeee see 12
sOllinsvilles- as aaee ek - 1 | Bingham County: Ips Do ccsmausoesoe = 2
East Hartford......... 2) Jan. 14-Feb. 24— Sevier. .---: nagationoaes 58
Sims puny nee ee esate ee ee 3 Bis oktoot era see eee 2 Sunset Landing........ 22
Litchfield County: Shelley eect ae eae 1 CUO Crs eee ae eee 46
Oct. 3-Dec. 13— Booneville County: West Pointetee ebesnce 55
Bantams ese. 1 Feb. 14-Apr. 5— W illow Bar... settee 26
Falls Village.-..-...--- 3 Tdaho Falls! 22.92) 1 | Champaign County:
New Milford..........- 1 Tong oad iia) ae 1 July—June—
New Preston.....-.-.- 4 | Canyon County: Champaigneesceeseeeee 36
Washington..........- 3 Oct.—June— Savo0yeesee cee eeeaee 4
West Cornwall...-..-.- 1 MmmMetheseessee sees 1 | Christian County:
Middlesex County: Fruitland): 2/25/2522) 44] Oct. 9-11—
Uae oe Nam vat Ween sents 5 Pana: Wha s yap ea 3
GOP RiVerss: sco cnen'- 1 New Plymouth......-. 10 | ch; ; .
New Haven County: Parmane? iue 4 Ce Ce
Oct.-Feb.— Payette...-.-.--------- 31 Casey ieeinntemeeeen 2
Wallingford =a. ss: seee 5 | Cassia County: Marshall ts snore” 1
Yalesville:2 eco oe ae 3 Oct. 17— Martinsville........... 7
Tolland County: Burleyinc- 52s. --ee eee 1 he ;
Oct. 9-Nov. 25— Kootenai County: lay COUN
AndOVers ee eoe eee none 2 Oct. 25-Feb.— Sate Wie ‘a
Haplevillescss-2s22-02~ 2 Coeur d’Alene......--- 5 DY) C1LUY ao eee oe
Windham County: Grand Junction.......- 1 : fe te ttte tee e eee eee 40
eee 19-Feb.— Post Waliseecteraee eee 12 1 Bee 2-22 eee eee ee ee eee om
bington)= esse. eae 3 | Latah County: JOUIS «~~ 2+ +--+ 2-2-2 eee
Pomtrets 223 18 Nov.-Mar.— EXONS eee eee eee
Ru iiamencese see aera 11 Moscows ce eee res 4 | Clinton County:
—— | Nez Perce County: Sept. 10-Oct. 11—
Conn., State total... - 64 St) oa aatare Keysporti i aieeeeeeneee e4
—— | Cwiston'. 2) se 202 Posey: 235 7355s eees 3
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
ILLIN OIS—Continued.
Coles County:
Oct. 19—
Cook County:
July-June—
Chicagoreegecaas-es-s
Crawford County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 21—
Hutsonville........-..- 3
OMAR be Gosmeacdopenee
ROPINSONE See eee ele =
Cumberland County:
Sept.June— __
Bradbunyeeeesecssee ss: 1
Greenuipeetesseece ssc. 8
HMazeliDells 2.3.2 .2424- E
Effingham County:
Aug. 2-Nov. 11—
SAND ATIMOTUG EP ee se teeth)
SW tS OME ES acratemriejere est
Maclede we eens oe 9
Shobomieree ce sseaet 4
Fulton County:
Oct.—
VAS TORIES ae foceictastan iia 3
Farmington. ..........
Gallatin County:
Sept. 14-Nov. 2—
Omaha te ears
Greene County:
July 11-Nov. 6—
1D) 2) ay a aes ee
Greenfield. - 22202. 2..-- 8
le hlhaGnyaosoosuessoonae
Hamilton County:
Sept.—
ha ckeny ase sece eel: 1
Hancock County:
Oct. 15-27—
DallasiCityeeeeeee eee
IWiarsaweeesee ace aces.
Henderson County:
Oct. 16-Nov. 28—
Gladstone scseene ence 4
Jackson County:
Sept.—June—
BS OS Kay d ell ae eines 2
Carbondalesesesseehs)
Weyenavo bys ooh Tee 4
Murphysboro...-.....-- 5
Pomonaeseeeee aasees:
Nore
Aug.—-May—
West Liberty........--
By eee eee a
Jefferson County:
July 5— :
LD OYE) cll Cael yp yo 1
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
ILLINOIS—Continued.
Jersey County:
Sept.—Jan.— Cars.
Graltonsyees ssa eeee 127
Jerseyville,...........- 89
Johnson County:
June 28-Oct. 20—
Buncomber: : {io . 2 eeaa2 1
Goreville se. ee) Sys 10
New Burnside......... 63
COVA eae ots tay HF 9
Tunnel eee eae: 1
Kankakee County:
July—
Kankakee...-..2.2.... 1
Knox County:
Oct.—
Galesburg a cps ney 6
Watagari. oocysts ea 2
WatesiCitys: sh ses tae 1
Lawrence County:
Oct. 4-Apr. 30—
Lawrenceville. ........ 57
Summers aaa 36
McDonough County:
Oct. 15-30—
Macomb: )25. 2 ieee 1
McLean County:
Nov.-Mar.—
Bloomington. ..-...... 5
Macon County:
Oct.—
Mount:Zioni. ee aes 1
Macoupin County:
Sept. 9-Oct. 25—
Brighton sees : 1
Carlinville. 22 eS 126
1S KAKO eee ee Sao se 1
Medorasqcceneo. eae 2
Pasa eee ae pen 14
Plain VIEW ese eee 36
Shipman'\5. 2 s34seeee 3
Madison County:
Sept. 8-Nov. 7—
Altos 2. fe ah ee 180
Collinsville .). -422oeeHs 1
Hast, Alton) .2s sae 1
Marion County:
July—-June—
Brubaker. syseeo- 9
Gartters ss 555 eee ae 34
Centralia ee soe 42
I Wb cs epee eed tac 20
ee ea cee 36
Kanmundys a2 seca 17
Patokalz. 24527 8) Bees 11
Salemise eye oneal Ble 21
Sandoval ceca 20
Montiel Sec eR eae 60
Welln sec ss cee 7
Walnut Alls: Sahl 33
Montgomery County:
Sept.—Oct.—
ALVIS) Se Se Seco cata eys ors 26
1g yynoakayalo lees Cowes 2
Thomasvilles2 se 5 eee 1
Morgan County:
Oct. 10-12—
Arn OL dG ss) See 2
Jacksonville. ......./-. 3
Meredosiaswens cena aeees 2
WWiaverlyescsoseee eee 2
Moultrie County:
Oct.—
Sullivanteeees cae 5
Peoria County:
July—A pr.—
Peoria sen Se eee 37
Perry County:
Nov.—June—
DusQu0in se eae 16 |
ILLINOIS—Continued.,
Pike County:
53
Aug. 15—-Nov. 21— Cars.
Baliveccactrnsaceerees 176
EUs ie soe ease eee 70
Kinderhook. 2222 21. 1
Ne@DOs ee atc Aa teste 66
New Canton 52
Pear] 175
Pittsfield 42
Pleasant Hill 117
ROCkpPOLU se epee neers 19
Sy Malleyi@ity: ease aeanens 386
Pope County:
Sept.—
Brownfield @ssscesssese 2
Pulaski County:
July 17—
WillasRid gees sess sees 1
Randolph County:
Oct. 16-Nov.20—
Chesterte econ eee 2
Richland County:
July-May—
Calhoun 10
Claremont. . 54
DUNG aS sees eee eit 4
Jonathaieeeseae see 5)
INobl ej: ses esas ae 18
Olneye eee see eee 101
Parkersburg........... 58
Rock Island County:
July—
PorniiByLoneecsnesescee 3
St. Clair County:
Oct._June—
Bellovilletecs= seen ses 8
Broadwaye.-ossease see 1
Mast Ob-sWOUIS). ose sens 48
Saline County:
July 8-Oct. 16—
Stoneforteeretenseosee 3
Sangamon County:
Dec.-May—
Springfield 2 22 sss ee: 10
Scott County:
Sept.—Oct. 16—
FAISOY 22 Ue eee Ov re 2
ING DICSHeee eae eee neetiace 1
Shelby County:
Sept._Jan.—
Cow dents ee eee 3
Hancherteecsaatieeoe 3
LOTLICke ween cise ccs 1
Mod Gateenmacanstceteme- 4
OCONCCr ie se erase 1
Stewardson ...---.-.--- 4
FROWOTeEU lea eayte etter 1
Union County:
June 24-Oct. 25—
INT GORPaSSe steceeseeeee 90
PANTITIS Se eerste ate eek 45
iBalcomeesss eee eee 9
Cobden est asetece a 120
Mongolass ecco see 2
Vermilion County:
Sept. 16-Oct. 25—
Danvillosecpeesceecess 1
Westvilloses Seance 3
Wabash County:
Aug.—June—
Grigesvilless sees 127
Mt) Carmel). 222-2 2 52—2 23
Washington County:
Sept. 12-Oct. 16—
IBOIS'}s ies tae Seco see 8
Irvington... =. 5-2-5225. 2
Wayne County:
Aug. 1-Nov. 3—
Pairfield' so... 3-62-22 29
Gof ee. see ee 12
Sims 3228 Sees 4
54 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—_APPLES—Continued.
ILLINOIS—Continued.
White County:
Whiteside County:
Aug. 18-Jan. 8—
Sterling (Rock Falls). -
Will County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 8—
UORG) ISS Sas cooseeoees
Williamson County:
Oct.—
Creal Springs. .....-
Il1., State total...-
INDIANA.
Bartholomew County:
July 11-13—
Columbuss= eee
Brown County:
Oct.—
Helmsburg.......---
Cass County:
Jan. 1-Feb. 14—
Logansport....--.--
Clark County:
Oct. 7—
IBordenes so: eee aie
Clay County:
uly-May—
IDrazeee zacee sea
* Clinton County:
Feb. 5-11—
Washington.........
Dekalb County:
Noy.—
SJ OO eens bees
Fayette County:
Oct.—
NuUitowiliee seers
Floyd County:
Apr. 17-25—
New Albany.....-..-
Franklin County:
Sept. 18-Oct. 28—
AITO lee ee = ieee
Fulton County:
Aug.—Mar. —
Rochester....----.- 3
LaZelGONe ese ea
Oakland City....---
Princeton... -----
Greene County:
Oct. 3—
Worthington.......-
Hancock County:
Sept.-Oct. —
Greenfield. ......---
Hendricks County:
April 20—
VAIN OOS ean Soloists i
Henry County:
Nov.—
Springport ...-...-...
Jackson County:
Aug.—May—
Reddington.......-.
Seymour...........-
Vallonia.- - <5 7-5
Jasper County:
Mar. 1—
KairOakss haere
Cars.
7
bo
11
00
or
see 1
we bdo
IN DIAN A—Continued.
Jefferson County:
July 29-Oct. 26—
MAGISONE oc celecekee
Jennings County:
Oct. 14—
Butterville......-.-.
Grayiord = estes =e
Johnson County:
Aug. 10-Oct. 13—
Greenwood. ...-.--.--
Knox County:
Sept._June —
Bicknell eae ees e
Westphalia. ...-----
Lake County:
Aug. 16-31—
Highlands....-...--
Lawrence County:
Sept. 15-Nov. 10—
Bedtordsaten-— cee
Marion County:
Aug. 1-May—
Augusta....--------
Indianapolis. .------
Martin County:
Oct. 6-27—
Burns City....------
Miami County:
Sept. 22-Oct. 28—
Monroe County:
Oct. 1—
IDR ALN oG55Soe0s0e
Montgomery County:
Sept.—
Waynetown. --..---
Morgan County:
Sept._June—
Martinsville....-----
Mooresville. ...-----
Newton County:
Sept.—
Ose) bawileeee ee
Orange County:
July 29-Oct. 16—
OrleansSessscsceeeee
Owen County:
Aug. 3-Nov. 13—
Gosports.------ ===
Spencers. eh
Putnam County:
Aug. 16-Nov. 4—
Bainbridge.....-----
Greencastle....-...-
Reelsville......-.---
Ripley County:
Oct. 16—
SPACES ale secs
St. Joseph County:
Oct.—_Nov.—
Walkerton: .-.- 27> -5-
Starke County:
KNORSE Aer ee
North Judson......
Steuben County:
Oct.—
Anpolance tee scenes
Vanderburg County:
Sept.—June—
Evansville.........-
Wabash County:
Oct. 7-12—
Waketonesssoe cs atse
wore
INDIANA—Continued.
Washington County:
Oct. 14-Nov. 2—
Campbellsburg. -.. -
Ind., State total
IOWA.
Blackhawk County:
Jan. 13—
Waterloo=2----eeeee
Cass County:
Clinton County:
Aug.—
Clinton!)
Oct.—
Burlington.........
Dickinson County:
Oct.—
Spirit Lake.........
Dubuque County:
Dee.—May—
Dubuque.......-..-
Fayette County:
Aug. 15-Mar.—
Fremont County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 15—
Sidney2stass reer
Grundy County:
Oct. 16—
Wellsburg...-.---..-
Harrison County:
Woodbine..........
Henry County:
Iowa County:
Oct. 7-18—
Williamsburg. ......
Jefferson County:
Nov.-May—
Hairfield=e-se=]-aeer
Kossuth County:
Oct. 4—Nov. 3—
Liverneee ea eeeeee
Lee County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 25—
Montros@see ee es-eee
Weverincn.-saeeaoee
Louisa County:
Oct. 21—
Newport....--2---:
Madison County:
Oct. 1-30—
Bevington.........-
Mahaska County:
Oct. 7-28—
Oskaloosas- ae ceeee
Marion County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Cars.
4
610
mrmh
24
\
: CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
1OW A—Continued.
Page County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 1—
Shambaugh.........-- 7
Polk County:
Sept.—
Des' Moines. -:---..-..
Pottawattamie County:
Aug. 3-Oct. 16—
Council Bluffs... -.-....- 9
Seott County:
Sept.—Nov. 20—
Davenport... --- suaade
Van Buren County:
Oct.-M:
Ottumipyas case see) hee
Warren County:
Nov..25—
@anlisleweeeeeaeseesice ee 1
Washington County:
Oct.—
iBT chon eee cee 1
Webster County:
Oct.—
Fort Dodge-.-.---------
Towa, State total....
KANSAS.
Atchison County:.
July 30-Nov. 21—
INGO MRO NSS esa seaasee
OpmeilGeecesosaqscsae 4
IROWIGPs doses ssecpobSne
Brown County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 10—
iPad OnIaHaese aes see
IRESCRVC reno eee eee tia-
Cherokee County:
Sept. 15—
Scammon.....:------- 1
Cowley County:
Oct. 11—
Arkansas City..-.----- 1
Dickinson County:
Dec.—_Mar.—
Solomon ®see sett o.:
Doniphan County:
Aug. 4-Nov. 15—
IBETIGEMn aye t sect li -\2
Tibi s Soe Se eeocen dees
Moniphamleree ss 2 ee
Inbwaab nats. ae aes eb
Tata novel ne cet eae ee
IMOnaye saree estes.
Severance. 2025222227
wr
a
iw)
as
DAMMOWEANE DY
Douglas County:
Oct..12-Nov. 27—
LB Chill o ge one ease
a
:
®
B
Q
G9
wy vw
Witla oo. See at
Ellis County:
Dec. 26—
Wi CUOnI ae senses eet
Ellsworth County:
Nov.—Jan.—
KanopolsSsassease eee 4
Harvey County:
Jan. 1-Apr. 30.—
ING witOle eee nec tnecee
i
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
KANSAS—Continued.
Jefferson County:
Oct. 5-28—
S 4
1) eh a POT pe a 1
Winchester.....:...... 3
Jewell Covnty:
Oct.—
Mankatol sea seeeeeeee 1
Johnson County:
Oct. 26-Nov. 3—
Gardner ae. ere sa seae 4
OMI a ye ces sc ee eee 6
Kearney County:
Oct. 26—
IKiCArneyeecne neeeene dae 2
Kingman County:
Oct. 11—
Cunningham.......... 1
Leavenworth County:
July-May—
Jarbalosasesseoseee eee 9
Lansin
Tonganoxie...........-.
Linn County:
Aug. 4Nov. 3—
Parker: so.5) oe seen
Morris County:
Oct.-Mar.—
Council Grove......-.- 6
Pottawatomie County:
Sept. 24.—
Dba Mary/Seee-cee eee ah 1
Reno County:
Aug.-Jan.—
Hutchinson.........-..
Medorai..5 eee ace 1
Riley County:
Nov. 17—
Randolphyat. seen cae 1
Rooks County:
Oct. 9—
Damar sale nee eeee 1
Russell County:
Oct. 24-Nov. 4—
Gorham 7 Mace eee tee 2
Sedgwick County:
Aug. 16-Oct. 18—
Pecks. :..22. eeeeee oe
Wichita sea eee sees
Shawnee County:
Nov.-Jan.—
Topeka ses eke meat
Smith County:
Nov.—
Bellaire: 22s ee seen 2
Smith’ Centers2224eeee 3
Sumner County ia
July 27-Nov. 4—
Belle Plaine. .........-
=
eo?
=
4
fx)
B
-
~I
rH Co bo
Perth. 25.303 eee et
Washington County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 30—
So:
f°
56
Qu
OE
ae
i
Wyandotte County:
Sept. 11-Dec. 5—
Menager Junction. ..-..-
Piper. eeinecasece sees
bore Or
Kans., State total.._.
KENTUCKY.
Breckinridge County:
Sept. 26-Oct, 1—
SS elas
steric... Aner eee ste
Fayette County:
ct.—
exin gion...) see
Hardin County:
Aug. 30—
Henderson County:
Sept: —-May—
askett... 32). ees
J puerson Bee BF
May—
outers Bo ECS
Oldham County:
Oct.—
Oct. 17—
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Nov. 1-Dec. 19—
New Orleans.........-
La., State total. .....
MAINE
Bat palteny ae County:
Sept.-May—
Ip UTTie eee eee
Greene stents: Sere
Bewistonseaeensaeienia
TASHOD FPR ee he
Poland.
WiesteMinotiee ss seems
Aroostook County:
Mapletona- 2 o5-seaceee=
New Sweden........--
Perhams ess 25 eae
North Yarmouth....-.
Portlandia sso eee
owes ose ee hee
Sebago Lake._._. La anes
Steep Ralishte ae a
West Baldwin.......--
West Falmouth.......
re
9)
Cars.
ll.
=
iv)
Hm bob Re OO DOME RO COCO MEN
et at Noite Hs
A yO NT ID OT
56
MAIN E—Continued.
Franklin County:
Sept.-_May—
BStaWALLOnS oer.
Farmington..........-
LUN Sas Ss 5 ea
Jay Bridge...
North Jay....--2..--..
Phillips ieee See ee
EVO) 1 cha epee et are
West Farmington......
Wilton 2 Piensa
Kennebec County:
Aug.-May—
AU DION Sa eeeeee cece eos
North Belgrade.......-
Oakland
Wanthrop>-=sesceceee-
Knox County:
Nov.-Jan.—
Rocklandsesss2 secon cee
Unione ree ees
Lincoln County:
Oct. 24-Dec. 4—
Cooper’s Mills.-......-
Plead Tidessseacss-ase-
North Whitefield. .....
South New Castle... .-
Winslows Mills
Oxford County:
Sept._May—
ethelicesas. seeeseeces
Browntield scuse-n-sen-
Bryant’s Pond... -..--
Brckfieldeeeessess eee
Cantomsscecc-c-ceeeue
East Summer..........-
Fryebur:
Gilbertville. 2.212212...
Hndsonee vee teens
North Bangor..-.......
Staceywille sso e seeseee
Piscataquis County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Dover and Foxcroft. - -
Guilford
South Sebec..........-
Sagadahoc County:
Nov. 7-Jan.—
Bowdoinham.........-
RichmonG see ese se ss
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
Cars.
Re
RmOonmor
eH w
OUR wb bmw Gen
I~]
en
RPNNREAT A ROO
_
eee eh eel
MAINE—Continued.
Somerset County:
Oct. 3-Mar.—
Norridgewock..........
North Anson.........-
Skowhegan.......-....
Solone ke: s2 ses
Waldo County:
Nov.—Mar.—
Oct.—Jan.—
Cars.
Ne
bo
OPN PR OR WOW =~)
bo
Wr WRN woh
|
is)
.
a
_
ay
|
MARYLAND.
Allegany County:
Sept. 18-Nov. 29— e
Cumberland..........-.
Rawlings ye eee
Baltimore City:
July—June—
Baltimore. yeepenansies
Cantonieccseosenereees
Baltimore County:
Oct. 21-31—
Wihiteeallsee sesso
Caroline County:
July 13-19—
Federalsburg.-....-...
Carroll County:
Sept. 1-Dec.—
ASDEStOS! = Sao dace kiebiee
Melrosectessecse cere
New Windsor..........
Westminster...........
Frederick County:
Sept. 23-Nov. 18—
Deerfield.........-.....
Emmitsburg..........
Krederickee tse tens
Miyersvyillo:csesee eee
THULrMONG sess sesso ee
Garrett County:
Nov. 8-Jan.—
Friendsville............
Harford County:
July 23-Noy. 10—
BY NUMES eons ues eee
Havre de Grace...-..--
iWihiteford!. 23.2. --.62..
Queen Annes County:
July-—Dec. 30—
Hoverkolnte. 22 oe en
bo
Bee
mob
1;
MARYLAND—Continued.
Talbot County:
July-Aug. 16— Cars.
Clalbore js. eceeseeee
Washington County:
July—May—
Antietam: s225s22e secs 32
Breatheds.: J-ceee. see 8
Cavetownieseo-eeeeeeee 17
Charltonssseseeeee eee 3
Chewsville............. 73
Clearspring..-......... 13
Eakle’s Mills 12
Edgemont.....- mas 121
Gapland......- 4
Hagerstown Si PPAbl
Hancock.cn. eee eee 325
Highfieldios--ssseeens 5
Keedysville............ 40
Morgansville........... 9
Pearre: 22S sgeesseerens 10
Reid ss sesesseeee eee 6
Rohrersville........... 15
St. Jamesseeneseaee eee 16
Smithsburgessso-epeeee 128
July 31:
Patuxent River land-
Ings: ssn dsceeweeees 1
July:
Potomac River land-
ings: +3.\7 245 eee 1
Md., State total...... 1,350
MASSACHUSETTS.
Berkshire County:
Oct. 23-Feb.—
insdalesee eee eee 1
Williamstown........- 2
Essex County:
Oct.—Apr.—
AMEeSDULYee Hee eee 3
Byfield's.csjaeeeeeeeees 13
Georgetown ae 4
Groveland): 220282 268 3
Lawrences -2-cssseren. 1
Merrimactees-sesessee- 1
Newbury .---------.... 15
Newburyport.......... 27
Rowleya-t-sencceeeeeee ll
Salisbulyeeseeede eee 7
Franklin County:
Sept. 27—Dec. 19—
Bard well jeter bee 4
Bernardston..--.-.--... 4
Buckland Station...... 75
Charlemont..:......-.- 26
Conlway)----e= eee nee 1
Greenfield.....------.. 22
New Salem.....-...... 2
Shelburne Falls........ 208
South River...-.--...- 4
Wihatelyernceanescseee 4
ZOSL eee ae eee 2
Hampden County:
Oct. 5-Nov. 15—
Chester soe esebescese 3
Roussellegaee seems ee 2,
Southwick. 22 S-ce-cn. 4
Hampshire County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Hadleyzecses > sees 3
Haydenville........... 14
Huntington............ 25
North Hatfield......... 1
Norwottuck......-..-.. 3
Williamsburg..-....... 33
Middlesex County:
Sept. 7-Feb.—
IASY CTs: Benene Coser 4
Carlisle! acse2> tesserae 1
Chelmsford: ..-....---- 2
OAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
MASSACHUSETTS—Co
Middlesex County—Contd. e
Sept. 7-Feb.—
Dunstable. <2 .-j-'- 2-1»
East Littleton.
Gleasondale.....---.--.
INODSCObiere csi <lale\sie ete\=
North Pepperell...----
Sherborneaeeeske tec
Shirle
South Acton.-....--.-.-
South Sudbury....-...-
MownSenG@eseseeris lel
Wiest Atctoneseis-n 2 2)-(
West Chelmsford....--
West Graniteville.....-.
West Townsend.....--
Norfolk County:
Oct. 30—
Mediwaynonuccusas-cice
Plymouth County:
ov. 7—
Marshfield Hills...-....
Suffolk County:
Nov.-June—
eee nn tee e eee
Mar.—
MIG CM UTE aeissclre
Gilbertsville..-...-.-...
Harvard...--
Leominster. .
North borotssace sec. 2
North Brookfield...-...
North Leominster.....
Sterling
Sterling Junction...-..
Still RAV erseeeee ses icice
WeSUDOTORe saeco ners =
Williamsville.......-...
Mass., State total....
MICHIGAN.
Alcona County:
Nov. 24-Dec. 19—
Ffarnisville was.
Allegan County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 15—
WATE AT ESE RIBET Mise ci
IBradloyeeee see ees
Shelbyville.........-.-
Antrim County:
Oct.—Jan.—
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
mtd.
an
—
for) —_
NRF OWN ONIN OROWORANE
14
iw)
_
BPNWOORFNNORFNWHNRRrFONTHRWwRR
_
=
oO
nN
r=
|
|
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Arenac County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Sterling sys eeeuiesae
Barry County:
Sept. 1-Nov.—
Cloverdale.............
Nashville iia tae eee
Benzie County:
Aug. 19-Mar.—
Beulah ee eee ieee
Honoree ee aes
Berrien County:
Aug. 5-April—
Baroda seeveseeiues
Benton Harbor.......-.
Berrien Center.........
Berrien Springs....-.-..-
Bridgman 2 see eanys
Coloma eae raha
Der bya: 2a eae ane
Ham Claires tyes sak
Branch County:
Aug.—
Calhoun County:
Aug. 31-Nov.—
TAN LO NaS Ua RE
Cass County:
Sept. 11-Oct. 28—
Dowagiacss. 22 6e 5h aw
Charlevoix County:
Sept. 9-Nov. 14—
Charlevoix: .\. Soe coh!
Hast Jordan: 23.25 202
Cheboygan County:
Sept.—Oct.—
Alohases sso eee
Cheboygan... .... 222)
Clinton County:
Sept. 16—
Vans Harbor.........--
Eaton County:
Sept.-Dec.—
Belleyuensa see ee
Eaton Rapids..........
Grand Ledge..........-
Emmet County:
Oct. 13-24—
Harbor Springs. .-..-.-..-
heverings asec
Petoskeyacesssene nee
Oct._Nov.—
Grand Traverse County:
Aug. 10-Jan.—
Bowers Harbor.....----
Rife Lakes lose Inge
Old) Missions soe esc
Traverse City.....-----
Williamsburg.......-..-.
or
no
WROUNEHEUIIATH
a
ROO
Aanw
Ee ECO on N
wor
oo
20
31
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Hillsdale County:
Sept.-Dec.—
PAL omer e ioe cit 2 aay
North Adams..........
Somerset Center........
Huron County:
Oct. 16-Dec. 22—
Ingham County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 6—
Res lioness oases
Isabella County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Shepherdiepees senaeamets
Jackson County:
Oct.-Feb.—
Brooklyn cai s=
Grass Lake
Rives Junction.........°
Springporte sss eee
Kalamazoo County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Augusta 2254. sees fe
Galesburg2e ees ees
Gull Lake Junction. .-.
Kalamazoo. 2/22. JL o2.
Walliams? 22 neee
Kent County:
Aug. 21-Mar.—
Byron Center..........
Goodin gee arssee once
Grand Rapids
Lapeer County:
Aug. 23-Feb.—
AMONG eee e eee eee
A GEICRS eee cee eee
Columbiaville.. -
Dry deness22snee es s
Hunters Creek.-..--..--.
hmilaysCitysesse ees sas
Leelanau County:
Aug. 24-Dec. 11—
IM pires eee es
Glen Arbor.....--
Glen Haven.......-....
Northport: ~-.-5.:223
Omena: =e See
Q
oS
=
a
= oe)
RCO AN Ad:
es
a
SIN wwon
iw]
i
moh or
58
BULLETIN 667, U. 5S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Lenawee County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Clntoneescss =.
Holloway...------<-
Onsted.......-------
Livingston County:
Oct.-Feb.—
Brighton.........---
GYeEORVes- oe. ===
HMamburg..--..-.---
MOWwell) 223s anes
Pinckney .....------
Macomb County:
Oct. 10-Nov. 20—
Washington.........-.-
Manistee County:
Aug. 1-Dec.—
IAT CAGIA eens seca
Sorensones-4------
Marquette County:
Nov. 1—
Ishpeming .......-..
Mason County:
Aug. 7—Nov. 15—
Gusteriscsost sae
Ludington........--
Mecosta County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 15—
Big Rapids....-..---.
Menominee County:
Oct. 16-Dec. 16—
Menominee. ......--
Monroe County:
Oct.—Dec.—
DUNGECre eee cee ~~
Montcalm County:
Oct. 3-Nov. 24—
Greenville....-.-....
Muskegon County:
Aug. 14-Dec. 21—
Bale Vee eee eer aria
Casnovid-=--) eee eee
Muskegon........--
Slocomeets soc ee ee
Newaygo...--.-----
Reeman..........--
Oakland ony
Elba LORA GU LOREREE CR
Holly: 2-3 22st
Leonard EFe RE ctet-tre
Rone OOF to’
_
28
o
UNwaeOD eon
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Oakland County—Continued.
July-Mar.— ars.
Mhomasseesesses eee 14
Walled Lake......... 4
Wixom os AS cisees ll
Oceana County:
Aug. 16-Nov. 30—
LO beoe cee cece arse lil
Mears: 2 Pose UNS asa mr ie 3
Pentwaters-.2---ascee- 21
Shelbyarssoee especies 52
Ogemaw County:
Oct.—
West branchsess. sees 1
Osceola County:
Sept. 22—
Vantaa. +s Perce at eee 1
Ottawa County:
Oct. 6—Nov. 23—
Conklinie-es2-4s5sesee5 14
Coopersville-< 2. ooo a5 5. 1
Grand Haven.......... 1
Presque Isle County:
Sept. 26—
Rogers City... -.2--6- 1
St. Joseph County:
Aug.—Nov. 2—
Constantine. -..--.--- 4
RADIUS Sse seee eee ee 4
Three Rivers. ...-..- 18
WASEDI esses seeese 1
Sanilac County:
Oct. 28—-Nov. 3—
Ube ssooeos aoe danne 2
Shiawassee Countye
Oct. 26-Nov. 9—
Laingsburg. -.--------- 5
MOrrice = wee ec. o states 7
IPOInyaen essence 4
Tuscola County:
Oct. 1-—Nov. 3—
DXpa 0) OWA ene canes Se nee 2
Maryville ete ee eee 4
Reese as yaahe ee 1
Van Buren County:
July 24-Jan.—-
Bang oneercreseee tees 138
Berlamont:ace--- = ae 20
Bloomingdale..-.-...- 38
Breedsville--....---- 40
Covert arene toe 40
Gobless2caceeeee 2
Grand Junction... -.-. 17
artiordseeeere eee 60
Kapbiess.223 ssa ee 79
Tacotasesen = secre eisee 103
awrence:- 25-22. -- 56
Me wiiOMee cn eeeetie 1
McDonald......----- 16
Pawibawsetereeccees 3
South Haven.......- 361
Washtenaw County:
Aug. 15-Nov.—
AMNVAT DOL =e ei = 2
Chelsea tase teete 4 7
Saleom=s- see ee sic 20
Wayne County:
Oct.—Mar.— ‘
Detrolts 222 saps: 3
Northville se ceceete ee 9
Mich., State total.... 4,215
MINNESOTA.
Beltrami County:
Oct.—
Bemidjiz-cnaeese-n ee 5
Big Stone County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Beardsley~--e besser 1
Clinton 22. speeaeenee 1
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Blue Earth County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Carlton County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 23—
ATltOne sess seecetee
Sept. 22—
abelicsbasaah2554e05
Oct.-_June—
Minneapolis..........
Houston County:
Sept. 9-Oct. 21—
La Crescent.....-...-
Jackson County:
Sept.—
Heron Lake.........-.
Norman:County:
Oct. 13-17—
Halstad=-eeeer seeeee
Ramsey County:
Nov.-Apr.—
Minnesota Transfer...
St. Pauls nese
St. Louis County:
Oct.-June—
Dulutheeeesseeeseeees
Watonwan County:
Winona County:
Nov.—Mar.—
Winonateeessseer seat
Minn., State total... .
MISSISSIPPI.
Tippah County:
Sept. 10-21—
Clarksville: 22 22.22%
Miss., State total... ..
MISSOURI.
Adair County:
Oct. 80—
Brashearisiseceeaee se
Andrew County:
Aug. 14-Nov. 4—
Amazonia.... 2.2.2...
Atchison County:
Aug. 14-Oct. 24—
Pa inlaxk cee e
Audrain County:
Oct. 2-17—
Mexico! 22 ate
Barry County:
Aug. 23-Dec. 20—
Wxeter-.... -seeeesees
Seligman- <2. 25 --- =n.
Wheaton!) te--eeee =
271
ba |
~1
_
Je) onNn~
_
Orme
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
MISSOURI—Continued.
Barton County:
Sept. 16—
tied Bre spa oratclciieie.s 2
Bates County:
Sept. 6-Nov. 6—
moret
Boone County:
Aug. 20-Nov.—
Hallsville
Hartsburg
MCB ainereny ye) ia. 0
Buchanan County:
July-May—
Agency Ford
e Kalb
Callaway County: Fhe 4)
Oct. 10-20—
Auxvasse
Carroll County:
Sept. 14-Nov. 6—
Carrollton
Wakenda
Cass County:
Sept. 15-Nov. 12—
Clevelandaae Nisei.
Chariton County:
Sept.—_Nov.—
MUGS Wi Ck sys =
Daltomeee ee Ney oe eek
Clay County:
Oct. 18-Nov. 8—
Smithville
Clinton County:
Oct. 7—
Ele rm) ese i sai
Cole County:
Oct. 1-31—
Eugene
Jefferson City. -.......-
Cooper County:
Oct. 14-18—
Crawford County:
Sept. 12-15—
(Orb ORK Heya ay Aaa
Dade County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 1—
Everton
Daviess County:
ov.—
Gallatin
Jameson
Gray’s Summit
Labadie
Sullivan
Gasconade County:
Oct. 6-18—
Bland
59
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Bee
ww
moon mb
mh
1 |
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.,
MISSOURI—Continued,
MISSOU RI—Continued,
Greene County: McDonald County:
Aug.-June— Cars. Aug. 1-Dec. 30— Cars.
Boils DJ Arcs pase aseetee 2 Anderson 22
Haseltine). 225.22 0eee 186 Goodman 5
Republichesee sweeties 6 WANA CAN eee see nene 14
Springfield: 22s ekeeen 129 | Macon County:
binds) MaReCEeEOE Leos Gee 3 Sept. 29-Oct. 20—
Willard ise eatere 7 BACON eRe Se yt ae 1)
Grundy County: Maries County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 30— Sept. 28-Oct. 5—
Dunlap eee acre 5 STO bt ga rae ere ener Hr 2
Hickory County: Marion County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 11— Oct.-June—
Weaubleau...........- 5 ann Dale as eee eee 148
Holt County: Montgomery County:
Aug.-Feb.— Sept. 16-Nov. 1—
Coming ae eee 11 15 0(=) | Wage Ste Mcred Ae Br 1
Craigi mance ST hase 27 New Florence.......... 4
Or Des eel Seiwa ieee aitat 33 Hhinelangd= 1510s eae 10
Porest Cityeeee ee ee 109 | Morgan County:
MOTCCSCUC Heine eee 34 Sept. 21-Oct. 14—
Maitland...-. 33 Versailless e202 sesso. ae 2
Mound City 3 | Newton County:
Howard County: Oct.-Apr.—
Oct. 2-Nov. 21— INC OSHO= epee eae seeeneee 21
iio) 9D A ee eee e 13 Stank /Cityprcee sees ses: 4
Hramkiin ss) Sasi G ain 34 | Nodaway County:
New Franklin......... 2 Sept. 20-Oct. 20—
Howell County: Conception: 255-2 2-2-- 2
July 1-Nov. 30— Maryville 22) 25 seen 1
iBrandsville sw peeen eae 8 ‘Rarnell yy as2e0') ean e 6
Burnham ey ssa 3 Skidmoreleiss De oaes 32
Hutton Valley......... 5 | Oregon County:
Mountain View.......- 12 July 3-6—
Olden. jas aS 17 Koshkonong........._. 2
POMONA soe yee eee 27 | Perry County:
West Plains 93s 25425. 23 Sept. 23-Oct. 31—
Willow Springs........ 18 eventy-Six. -. 2. 222.02 14
Jackson County: Pike County:
Aug.-June— June 21-Nov. 8—
Blue Springstsss- ea. 4y PATA Gl Ee epee sae 6
Buckner ses ae eon 1 PAS NUE eeseey eg pees 23
Courtneys eae. 10 houistana ass 20 sees 20
Grain’Valleyaneeaaeeee 5 | Platte County:
HE OIMOS st eeaacscc soe 5 Aug. 1-Dec. 15—
Independence.........- 2 Dearborne ase serene es 10
JOHICY Sites ee eee ne 20 East Leavenworth. .__- 3
Kansas: Cityeessenasre 56 Taber eit 55
Make: City ene yee 1 iF New Market. ... 2.2... 1
Lees Summit: 2020 20)* 5 Rarkvillene se cheecp 30
EO VAS Ye eT ee 1 ilatteCity. 4 eee 1
Sibley Ar sas ates 31 IWieStOnmee se eee tee 63
Jasper County: Polk County:
ov.—Dec— Aug.1-Oct. 1—
Carthage. ue pees 2 Flemington..........-- 2
Laclede County: Pulaski County:
Oct. 10-Nov.— Aug. 21-Oct. 7—
Webanonsy eee ae 8 | IDEXOM es Se eee ease 24
Lafayette County: Putnam County:
Aug. 24—-Nov. 9— Aug.—
Gordersa sp ops muna 3 | Wnionvillessassssece 3
Higginsville.. 2.211... 5 | Ralls County:
Od cess ide tik ame nSiniel 53 | ‘Aug. 21-Nov. 2—
Lexington LaMar ee Pae 97 | Savertont.- 5.52 sean es 49
Mayview £29201) ses 142 | Ray County:
Napoleon LA Wnt ae a Re 1 Sept. 13-Oct. 26—
@SSO. Su deere eee ROCESS 5 | Tri Ck eee ee 20
Waverly. feos ROS 181 | St. Charles County:
Lawrence County: | July iN WNici
Aug. 20-June— M ire prise tbs po rae y
TANT OTS Oey Ne SANG RN 16 | MSCIENS.- -- 2-2-2222 --- d
Tid 5 5 Orchard Farm......... 8
PAN nan eee 29 Perugue i
Marionville...........- 30 | GLA Poti se eae
Misivernone ia! Gann 1 Sis os cls ooo ace eee 9
P St. Genevieve County:
Lincoln County: Want pee .
Sept. 20-Oct. 18— | StéMarys22h) ae 1
Blsberrys Teen vcctn 29 | St. Louis City:
Moscowsths senses 13] Oct. 13-24—
Livingston County: SUSHOUIS ete coe 177
Aug. 24-Oct. 15— St. Louis County:
Chillicothessseeee nee. 2/ Oct. 13-24—
Utica ce ea aaa 5 ! Allenton. seeccceseuee 2
60
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
MISSOURI—Continued.
Saline County:
Sept. 16-Oct. 17— Cars.
GrangPass-t.ccc2ecees 28
Shannon County:
Oct. 3—
Birchtree.cso.cocccc nis ~ 1
Texas County:
Oct. 3—-Noy. 11—
Cabooleeecencoceceeee. 8
Warren County:
Oct. 17-Nov. 4—
Troedale:=22.<.7222-<-2 2
Wright City cess ceo ne: 2
Webster County:
Sept. 7-Oct. 283—
IPPINS sence eases canis 1
Marshfield...... 3
Rogersville 11
ByIMOUD See eeeeecenees 45
Wright County:
Sept. 8-Dec. 27—
BdanGap cps cseeee 40
Mansfield assay 6
Mountain Grove....... 5
Mo., State total...... 3, 328
MONTANA.
Fergus County:
Dec. 4-21—
Lewistown.---......--- 3
Flathead County:
Jan.—June—,
Somers -ssaceeeeeccoe 10
Lewis and Clark County
Jan.—June—
Helena see ees os 2
Missoula County:
Oct.—Feb.—
OWMONseeccetesceee es 4
Ravalli County:
Sept.—Mar.—
BLDY;+.2 scceess tee sss 9
Hlorencestahe ewe ssasess 1
Hamilton 99
WVACEOI AC seen on aecoee 18
Woodside... 48
Silverbow County:
Oct.—Feb.—
IBTUPOL ES aan eee cee nice 3
Yellowstone County:
Jan. 4—
IBillings*uececsnsenciscs 1
Mont., State total.... 198
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Oct. 2—
Hastingsie ee eeems case 2
Boyd County:
Dec. 4—
SPONGE eee mec ceeeces 1
Buffalo County:
Oct. 26-Noy. 4—
ECCATND YE? SRE oe tee 2
Ravenna-. a. scvceocons 1
Burt County:
Oct. 1-31—
Oakland soccesse ceeses 1
Tekamaliis.c see: 4
Butler County:
Nov. 17—
iBrainard-o-e 22 sseeoeaee 1
Cass County:
Aug.-Oct.—
WNabawika sc 22 aie 82
Wnion ee eee 2
Weeping Water...-.... 1
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
NEBRASKA—Continued.
Cheyenne County:
Nov. 25— Cars.
SidnoyaseeeGrcscten. se 1
Douglas County:
gop .June—
WlorenCe.2.cecskcewecee 2
Invinetonesceeteccecers 1
Omaha: fe.nctcescece~s 10
South Omaha.......... 28
Franklin County:
Sept
anislin’ ee se 9
INaponees sees 2
Frontier County:
Nov.—
Wusbishsceee ese asessees 7
Moorefield ; 2
Hall County:
Oct. 2-Feb. 25—
Grand Island.......... 1l
Harlan County:
Sep
hace ys oe ee oa 3
Johnson County:
Oct. 2-14—
Crab Orchard.........-. 2
Tecumschiseeepeeeenene 1
Kearney County:
Oct.—
75-472) U ee ea eyes 3
Lancaster County:
Sept.—Jan
in colneee eet eee 8
Lincoln County:
Nov.-May—
INorthiiPlsttexeszeaees. 1
Nance County:
Aug. 30—
Beloradewe cc. steele 1
Neriane County:
Aug.—Dece.—
Auburn ese ese eee 166
Brownvilles---su oe. e 56
TET OW. aes Cee eae 9
Julian se sesceeesecesee 1
Nemaha City...... Beis 10
Perit ane eee staan eee 21
(Rohrs sewage cetiece 3
Nuckolls County:
Bene 21-29—
AWLOU. Chai aie = cine sisal 2
Otoe County:
Aug. 1—-Dec. 30—
Minersville............. 1
Nebraska City......... 35
Wyoming eee. seen 28
Pawnee County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 12—
Pawnee City:.-.- 2.0... 1
MablevRockseeesseserete 4
Platte County:
Dec.—April—
Columbus...... eR ee 2
Redwillow County:
Si: doe
ODATLON Ses ele elaetleeiaats 3
McCook see voce aeciete 3
Manione=reeenet neater 3
Richardson County:
Sept. 1-Noy. 30—
BWSOD sees co emtarnteae 3
Walls Cityess. suis pues 66
Preston 2 ee seseee seen 1
RAO cee ec moeeceote 22
Salem oo eae 8
Shubert. ee 9
Werdon He ae
Saunders County:
Nov. 10—
Cedar Bluffs........... 1
NEBRASKA—Continued.
Valley County:
Dec. 29— Cars.
Ord .2~ se peese penne 1
Washington County:
Sept. 3-Nov. 8—
Arlingtoneeeeeceeeeeen 47
Blairs: 2... eee 14
Nebr., State total.... 803
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Belknap County:
Oct. 13-Noy. 29—
Alton Baysites-e- eee
Center Barnstead
Laconia... .-
Lockmere...
Meredith.....
Tiltons se eeee Seen
Carrol] County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 20—
Burleyville. .----.22-.-
Madison Ji aeeeereeenee
Cheshire County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 23—
Cold Rivereeceeeeeee
Grafton County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 1—
Ashland. .....-..2.2-.-
NRNR RR De
Lie)
18
ier)
iar}
3h
n
(S>
°
Tae
:
:
:
:
Ho
Oct. 2-Jan. —
_
Antrim 22.2, See eee
Gofistown saceeeeseeee
Greenfield.............
Greenville.............
=
zy
io
fo)
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°
.
:
°
:
:
5
:
:
:
:
IS)
Milford...... oot
New Boston...
North Weare.
Peterboroseanceseeeeee
Riverdaleviase see eee
South Lyndeboro.....-.
South Merrimack... ...-
Wilton: 5h eeeee
Merrimack County:
Sept. 20-Jan.—
BOSCa wens ee eeeeee
Bradtords a eecereecnees
Canterbury..------.-..
Chichestensseaeeeeeenee
it
i=]
Q
n
fo}
B
fs
’
‘
_
BROOM AWAIT NE AN OOH ROO
-
E
i=
au
io)
Ln
'
.
’
‘
‘
_
PEW POWHNRAOUONOP WED
NewbUlynceleeeeeeeeee
Northfield easier alee
West Hopkinton.......
Rockingham County:
Sept._Feb.—
Anderson’). ste ee= eee
Andoveri2.). 2: Meee
De
RON Ny
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
NEW HAMPSHIRE—Contd.
aocine nen County—Con.
Sept.-Feb.—
Greenland Village......
Hampton Falls...-.-..
Hedding
Northampton..-.-....--
Portsmouth ses.) 21:
[Re hyaenoraYol eae Aan a meey
Strafford Guan:
Oct. 4-Dec. 9—
Barrington see 2 (04.
IDeA Oe EAS ddannee
Madlib uve sen scsiocieits-
New Durham.......-.--
Rindgemere.....-....-
Rochester. a ae eee
Sullivan County:
Sept. 1-Nov. 23—
harlestown.....------
North Charlestown. . --
North wiles se seeaee
N. 18 le, State total... .
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
July 13-Sept. 22—
Edgewater Park.....-.-
RUT VORL OMG spy are
Camden County:
July 13-Aug. 15—
Merchantville.......---
Cape May County:
July—-Sept.—
Am eT esea esses e yee
Cumberland County:
July 2-Sept. 12—
Bridgeton. -.3..-..5--.
Greenwich.............
Gloucester County:
Aug.—June—
GIaSSWOLOssseeeen eeeas
Hudson County:
Sept. 15-Apr.—
Jersey City( Warren St.)
Weehawken.........-.
Hunterdon County:
Sept. 28-Oct. 25—
ILO aN Bee A A
Mercer County:
Aug. 1-19—
Hightstown. ......--.--
Middlesex County:
Aug.—
Day Gone Lost ae
James burgess. soe. sssee
Prospect Plains. ....-.--
Monmouth County:
July 25-Noy. 10—
TOTS YE) 80) KG Ws a re a
1S VATS Rel See ea ae
a
—
WODRrRaAIMDo
_
1
3
aH
Nee
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Morris County:
Oct. 6-Dec, 22—
Chester cue.
TRON Taye Gee ante
Somerset County:
Sept.—
Kingston mtofoeinieteleieitetetd
Sussex County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Andover, Dorsteispye lNesanes
Sparta ee ee
WiOLTOD eee eteeaeeeee
Warren County:
Aug. 30-Dec. 22—
ATamuchy eee emcee see
IB elvideren: eos
Blairstown......-.---
‘Columbia
Great Meadows.....-:
Hackettstown.......-.
Hainesburge yee ee
Johnsonburg.......-.--
Vials ieee eta e aie
N. J., State total...
NEW MEXICO.
Colfax County:
Oct.-Mar.—
Cimarron eee eee
Dona Ana County:
Sept. 13-Dec. 11—
Mesilla Parke aos tan
Eddy County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 15—
AT FOST A SSeS aan
Otero County:
Oct.—
Alamogordo NE AES
Tularosa eee et
Rio Arriba County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 14—
Hspanolapeane ses
Santa Fe County:
Oct.—
Santaitexsaseauenuaoe
N. Mex., State total .
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Sept._June—
ZA pamiy aie Me canes ti
Altamont
Selkirk sss ee
Slingerlands..........
South Bethlebem..-..
Voorheesville. -....---
Wemple- eases sees
Belfasteesy es seeds
Mil mOnessasnse eee
Cars.
re
NrorrewynNo
to i
OomOrNwNoawNon
>
©
[e)
for)
12
12
52
tO CO WH MD bo
61
NEW YORK—Continued.
Allegany County—Contd.
Sept.—Jan.—
Nrlendship rien sparen
Ganwoodsiacacweceee.
RAISHOrd Ae seaeaue sence
Swaine ep See
Wellsvilles oc iso2 oo.
Broome County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Binghamton........-.-
Conklin... -.- 2-2...
Whitney Point.......-.
Cattaraugus County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 31—
Cattaraugus.....---.-.--
Conewango..---...--.-
(Daytoreseecs scsaer w=
Ellicottville.......--.-
Gowandare. ea -perceces
Olean ee epeeeeeeeee
POLLY SOULE eae cies eee
Randolphes. scigseseee
West Valley....------:
Cayuga County:
Sept._Apr.—
SAE WaALOLS sae oe
ATID UG eee ces Arye
Cayligateeaeassactaeeee
Genoa seat eee
KAN SSH OLDYicrvaapt oleate tal=
Mapleton J 222-2225 <2
Martvillensceeeasaaes-t-
Merrifiel des ses eee
Morava dees somber eee
North Port Byron. .---
Port Byroueee sees ee
Sennet teeta eee -eeeee
Sterlingte ssa eee eee
Venice Center... ----.--
Wieedsport-2o22- oe eaee
Chautauqua County:
Sept._Feb.—
Ashville se see ete
Cherry Creek. -.----.---
Clymer esse
Dewittville....-.-.----
Tnvin ee sae eeeeeee
Mayvilleso 2 eseoscee
State Line 2 Glee is eps
Wiattsilats sates
Westhelds-s-25--s5s4e-
Oct.-June—
Mimira Gees
Horseheads .....-------
Seeley Creek. ....------
Chenango County:
Sept. 26-Nov. 21—
Aponte ee os ee C ee eee
Greene sees he eee
Norwich 22-45-22 eeeee oe
Oxforde 462-5 eeaee
Sherburne 2. -=--222—8
Sherburne Four
Smiyrnass eee eee eee
meee
wre
00
_
He STH O01 CD
bo
bo lend
we DO DO He tb 9 Co bt bt Or tb C1
_
~
ww
wh
i)
_
[ot el Bel
bot bt
Dw
rr
w
62
BULLETIN
667, Us S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Clinton County:
Aug. 31-Nov. 30— Cars.
Beekmantown........- 12
MDA Saree see es es 10
Mooers Junction. ...-.- 6
Morrisonville........-- 64
LEG) LT A Se ee 119
Pintisburessec cnet. 97
NANG eee ae See
Columbia County:
July 18-Mar.—
ACTA eee eee 2
Boston Corners. - .----- 8
Cannan <2e--- ee 3
Ghatham]->-.--- === 21
Chatham Center. .----- 16
GHOVvIOie =o ee = 3 115
@laverack...4ss20- sve" 128
Copake.-...----------- 6
GCraryqwille. -<:2---\-22-2 2
East Chatham....--.--- 12
Plizaville.-:<22-2-28--- 157
Germantown.....----- 290
Ghentess oe tseeLenees 20 |
Greendale.....-------- 7
Pilisdalewees 222255. 322 11
Hn dsonics 22 = Sense 186
Hudson Upper..----..-- 3
Kinderhook. .-.------- 39
Linlithgo: -..--:--2280¢2 142
Martindale... --..22.-: 1
Mollenville..2. =. b.22. 5
Newton Hook..-..-...-. 36
Niverville: 52s 32
North Chatham... .- 1
Old Chatham.....-.. 3 5 |
Pulvers=22¢s ce eee 3
Bilvermaus:.. <2 «£2222 3
sLockporte-- == 5- see 62
Stockport Center. ...-. 1
Stottville...........- Se 1
Stuyvesant............ 20
Stuyvesant Falls...... 62
Walatie= 522227 14
Cortland County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Blodgett Mills.......--. 6
Cincinnatus... -.2..22: 2
Cortlands2-= 222s sac008 9
Cnayler=2 225228 ses 5
East Homer..-.......-- 3
Homer Sete ves eee: 2
Marathon: === 55. Sra 3
Messengerville. -......- 3
Delaware County:
Oct. 6-Feb.—
Cook’s:Hallsi....28ost2
Davenport Center... ..
Delhigerero. vericn wee
Fleischmanns........--
Halecottville:-=-See: 222 6
Hale’s Eddy........-- 5
Hamdenie. ocean 7
Hobart ..25. Seeks ae 1
Maywood!. 25. 222058. 9
Merrickville_.......... 1
Roxburyes ss. oR 5
SiGUBY cscs eR 2 OM: 7
SLAMLON or eee eae 1
Walton... Sek. 7
MOGUPSS ice ee eee 4
Dutchess County:
Aug. 9-Mar.—
sangall). thie ste 56
sArryLowils.—. 5 eeeeee 32 |
Beacon eso 33k et 3
Wings) 2. 2.5 ees 2
Clinton Corners......-. 36
Cokertown?2. 2.200. 28
Dover Furnace.......- 8
Dover Plains! 2.252): 18
RiSnRG ERS Cee es
20 Ute
|
NEW YORK—Continued.
Dutchess County—Contd.
Aug. 9-Mar.— Cars
Holmes} }s.<222te oie 4
Hopewell Junction... . . 2
LaiGrangessaceee sees: 28
Millbrookss. ses-e cece 33
Millerton) <¢-22e 222s. 18
Moore’s Mills.......... 3
MonnteRioSSes cet enecs 297
Pawling ssessi sao. ee 2
Pine Plains eee see ee 6
Pleasant Valley....-.-.- fl
Poughkeepsie. .....-.-- 49
Roupghguaee asses 19
Reditooksse=seeee ore 54
Rime chitess eee ae 8
Dalgeoulysa ere ee see 22
Sharome Ae See 6
Shekomeko......-.-.-. BY)
StaatSbunee ee eee 3
Stanfordville.........-. 10
STOLMIVILG sean 5
THVOWE ses eee 38
Winedalent. ese ore 1
| Erie County:
Aug.—June—
ANP Ola ne cceeceee 4
Butialosneern = oses a 9
Buffalo Creek. ......-... 1
Clarence Center......-- 2
Essex County:
Aug. 28-Dec. 2—
Crowne ote eee 29
IDSSOKeeee ee eae eraser 5
Montcalm Landing... -. 21
Port lennyare eee aes 3
PorteXent eee ere 6
Ticonderoga. .-........ 28
WWieStpottens eee 1
Whallonsburgh..-....--. 2
Wallsborosseseo- — eae ll
Franklin County:
Sept. 29-Nov.—
BSE Ones sekene ere 1
Constables. 4s aseeee 1
Genesee County:
Aug.—May—
AUS bam aes asses 2
Batavia ee taco cesacee 17
IByrOWeetre sees if
Corfe s2c2 eso enes 2
Danenseee eee eee 4
Darien'Center.....---- 4
Bast Bethany,- ....--- -< 12
East Pembroke-........ 1
Bl ba eet Ser te re. 1
WeOSR Oye aan ae eee 318
Linden. s2se.22 Ves 2 3
North Bergen.......... 1
North Darien...-...... 1
Oakfield =:2 2222223202 4
Payiliones 22. saane cee ee 10
SouthiByronkss-ce eee 3
Wheatville? null a 1
Greene County:
Aug. 8-April—
Athens')25 220755 5.580% 27
Catskills s52525 25 25202. 205
Coxsackielz: = 22220-3220 309
New Baltimore.......- 35
West Athens.........- 23
Jefferson County:
Nov.—
ANtWerpe. a. se eee
C layton. 222 ei
Livingston C Sounty:
Sept.-May—
Avon
Conesus: <25.0\. gaye
Craigs) .o) oo NSM eae
Dansville
Geneseo res 22 aoe oe
Nr
CNNCe
NEW YORK—Continued.
Livingston County—Con.
RENE May— Cars.
reigsville......-.-.-«- 9
Groveland-2..¢i<s2e-23 1
Hemlock:: ses. seeeeee 3
Lakevillec.cecceeeeeoee 2
Leicester 3
3
liven ec 2
Mount Morris...-.....- 14
South Livoria......... 5
Springwater...J--..---- 10
Madison County:
Oct.—Mar.—
De Ruyiterceseeeseeee 10
Earlville? see eee 7
Erietown: - 222 ss eeheese 2)
Georgetown.........-.- 2
Hamiltonteeeeseeeeeeee 4
Hubbardsville......... 4
Tebanonteeeeeeeeeeeeee 5
Leonardsville....-..-.- 3
Morrisvillessoese-eeeee 12
Munns).. Yoeo eee eaee 13
New Woodstock....-... 2
North Brookfield. -.-.- 6
Pratts 2.3252 eee 2
Randallsville.........- 2
Sheds Corners... ..--.-.- 1
Monroe County:
Aug.-Apr.—
Adams Basin.-<-.-..-- 37
Barnard ) oe ll
Bich tone sessssee a 349
Brockportee-seeeeeeee 565
Charlottes==--eeeeee eee 18
Churchville. -....22..- 6
Elm: Groveleeccneseeee 29
Hairport.-ceeeseeeeeeee 6
Garbuttssesa eee 1
Greece... - 2.23 56
Hamlin’ = 222 ose aee eee 35
Henricttareesssseeeeee 2
Bhlton : 2-cee eee eee 181
Honeoye Falls..---..-- 1
endon..'2 = ease 1
Morton.) 2oseee eee 34
Mumford) eee. eseeeee 2
Pittsfordeecesseseeeesee 18
Rochester... -eeeeenee 38
Spencerport ....------- 113
Uptonvillesssesseeeeee 22
Walker .2.25225; 5s 51
Wayneport..--.----2-- 2
Webster --.---2igieee 49
Montgomery County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Pultonvillesssveesseeee 4
South Amsterdam ...-. 1
New York County:
Oct.-Apr.—
New Yorks. 5: Sees eeaeee 64
Niagara County:
Aug.—June—
Appleton:.\-=-S2eeeeere 67
Barker: ..::- e226) 2.582 278
Burt... ss sseeeeeeeee ces 101
Cambria:--cepessateeeee 16
COrnWINS.. ccs. Gaeteeeee 58
Blberta-. e452 sees 65
Gasportaciseeeane ee ae 178
Lewistoni-sc0). secre eee 106
Wockport---.-4-eeeee 662
Mapletonee.--—-es-aeen 1
Middleport22e.-2e sees 450
ModeliGity 22522 -eseees 63
Newfane. -:---csreeeeee 131
Oleott:,...\..:.-.---3o see 24
Ransomville..-..--.--- 95
Sanborn.2.-.--eaeeeee 8
Wilsons. 22.2. epee 68
Wrights). 2.2: eseeeeee 36
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
'
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Oneida County:
Nov.-Jan.—
Chntontesesee cee
Onondaga County:
Sept.—A pr.—
aldwinsville...-.....-
EV aM Wianyjclalesa i=l == =
GATS ONE eee -
Memphis Peece=t1-)- -1-1-
Ona eR eee al
Skaneateles Junction. -
Sila cuscleesesseecese =
ANU eae arate ee an
Ontario County:
' Sept._May—
IN ao wubay, Pen eoceeesenas
Canandaigua....-...---
D
Clifton Soe Wye A
Farmington. . EPE LY
HUShers cesses eccee
MONA eee ee ee
INS DIGS Uaeaee cca rE:
Oaks Corners’. ...-:-.--
innelpseeeeeee: SE eee «
Phelps Junction. ....--
Seneca Castle. ..---: cae
Shonuswilless es. y-eeree
Orange County:
Aug.—Mar.—
CedarnClitiae ese:
Harmimansese sees ee
Tipe rita ss)
Montgomery.--..--.---
Mountainville...-...--
New Windsor.....---.--
Binewslandsaseeene sae
Rock Pavernssssceee.
FROSCLON Sree see
Wanwickee eee ene ss
Washingtonville.-.-...-
Orleans County:
IBTIC On ee Sb pee yn ey a
(CEhrahiomwed y sexe ie
Hamchen erence
Knowlesville..-.------
Lyndonville-.-.....---
Medina eeppeeree ance
Oswego County:
Sept._Mar.—
Hernwoodss-2:-2222- 2)
HL ONRe ess teas eB
TERUG Sees ere eee
Efannipal ees asus.
WS COMA eee ee we
ORR M50) 5 ee ee eee
Pennellville...-----.---
SiO 9) 5S Oe See ae eee
is]
ROW Re ee
tour
oro
_
ONWNWOR RRR Ne
ye
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Otsego County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 24—
Cherry Valley
Cooperstown......-.- WS
Milford
Oncontaee)22eeeeeem one
Otego
Schenewis ag 222 ceeees
Wnadillal st. eae eee
Wells Bridge......-..--
Putnam County:
Sept.-Dec.—
IBLeWSteres-. + -eaeeeees
Carmelite ee see he
Mahopact-c osc estan:
Mahopac Falls..-....--
Patterson’=- 2 esen eee
Rensselaer County:
Aug Apr. —
Ber lin. Ge ele Mies A
P iain Se a mc toch
Castletonss:- 2222s eeeee
Bast Buskirk -2eee-uee
East Greenbush. .-.--.-
East Schodack.....--.-
HOOSICK 35 Sacer
Melrose ier ie nee
INASSAUE se oe eee tee
North Hoosick..-.-.---
Petersbures.ssese eee ee
Riensselaens= 22) se2se-4-
Schodackss:-2ceeteseees
TT O Vee nse eee
Mani oeseneri-..-2 2-5
West Valley Falls.....-
Richmond County:
Mar. 8—
St. George Lighterage.-
Rockland County:
Nov.—Jan.—
Monseyss--cistetsee eae
IPomonaececs cee eee
St. Lawrence County:
Sept. 30-Oct.—
North Lawrence.--..-.-
Potsdam's222 sess sehets
Saratoga County:
July—June—
Ballston Lake........-
Ballston Spa....-..--.-
BNOras ss aeons
Saratoga Springs..-...-
Schuylerville........--
Waterford.....-.3----.-
Schenectady County:
Oct.—Jan.—
IA Queduct= sae
IS PCLaNCC se ser sees
ofmansecno. aeer
Pattersonville........2-
South Schenectady ..--
Schoharie County:
Aug.-_May—
GCobleskall= =: 22ers
Howes Caves . a2. -4-
Hiymndswvallez=. -—-.). 2838
Middleburg 255-4200 5"
Richmondville..----.--
Schoharies2cnesaccecsee
Sharon Springs. -....---
South Gilboa......----
Schuyler County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Alpine s22s*sainaensueee
Beaver Dams...-.------
Montour Nallsse seas
Odessasr wears we
Reading Center.-.-.-.----
Win kins S22 eee eee
oNWeaonN
NONRR&
mb oO
WWW POR WOON WOO RWW ON AI
23
203
Poke
Ore
oxy
i
_
—
WONWWHW
ON Re oO
COWW AIb
63
NEW YORK—Continued.
Seneca County:
Sept. 14-Dee.—
JAYS COCs aso ae teens
Hayts Corners.........
Interlaken uate ot Lee
Ov 1 Be Ae eee eae
Romulus se ses sees sees
Seneca Falls. ..--..2...
Sheldrake Springs. -...
Waterloo.s222 ee
Steuben County:
Sept._Mar.—
NAdISONEE Se aaaeeeeere
ATKpOLtasse ese ee sates
IAVOCE se tae es See een
Campbellz
Higrnell ss) sit a Sanne
Painted! Post. ---228eo."
IROTEW AY seer see eee
Savonaseee. sce eee
Suffolk County:
Sept. 30-Dec. 18—
ALCON POLU sees eee aa
Shelter Island:......-.--
Sullivan County:
Sept. 21-Nov. 24—
Cochectoneseses eee
IEFan kins == ee eeeeeer
Liberty
Livingston Manor..---.
IBD YA0) a GoumccembacnooS
Monticellos 22-2222 -225-
Narrowsburg..-.-------
IROSCOCED eee nae eee
Summityvilletest=<--—=-
Tioga County:
Oct. 9-Mar.—
Apalachin® =e eeea-
IBEEKSHITOS Ss eesee se ea
Cand Onsaiee eee
Flemingville......-..---
Newark Valley - - ------
INiChOISSas ese eee
OWES Osea
SRenCe eae oe eee ee
West Candor-.---..----
Wilseyville.-..-...-----
Tompkins County:
Oct.—Mar.—
IB@semericssee -— eSoeee
. South Lansing. .....---
West-Danbyeees=- ===
Wiallow: Greeksesaaeeeee
NT we
tO crores
w
wows
—
CTO OTN EW WOON OD RD AT IT
Nr
NWWNONNWW DR wie Ww
Dee
wy
WORMOKOUMM 70ND w
64
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Ulster County:
July 2)-Mar.—
Clintondale:..2..2.2.28
Pollen Villes. ose seco aaa
Kon PStone ses su sence
Spring Glen.....-...---
lsteriPank-ceesoseecee
Wielka Soesocs. eee
Wiestibarksyo-cscsceeee
Warren County:
Nov. 24.—
Lake George.....-.----
Washington County:
Oct. 5-Feb.—
Cambridge-.......-.---
Dresden ee sense wee
MOLoAMN eee ee eee eee
Clyde eee ears
East Palmyra........--
East Williamson......-
North Lyons......--..--
North Newark...-....-.
North Rose...------.--
Ralmiyrasee oe ca gseen nn
Sodus Point.--...--...
South Palmyra...-...--
Wallington.....--.----
Walworth essere nese
Westeneeker County:
t.-_Mar.—
Baiawin PIBCOl eee. see
Chappaqua.......-..--
Croton Falls. ...---..--
Golden’s Bridge........
Granite Springs.....---
Katonah
Lincolndale.........-...
Millwood eo acse ee
Mount Kisco......-...-
Ossining i223 32:22
Peekskill” 22222725.
Purdys*22-e eee eee
Malhallac 2a soo- eau
White Plains ie eseee
Wonkers) sos cae
Yorktown Heights... ..-
Cars.
3
or
—
WNORWWRHWOWOEN OW
i
ON oor nwwo
_
mr CO OO hm Or Re rt tote Or
NEW YORK—Continued.
Wyoming County:
Sept.-Feb.— Cars.
Castiles:: Gates case 1
Dale ou sesn ee eee 12
Mardys sees eee 2
Pearl Creek......./.... 29
Perry oes eons k ees 75
Portageville..........- 3
RockiGlen! us ee ee 2
Silver Springs........- 4
WIATSaw >. : (Soe ee 23
Wyoming.) Sooo nee 58
Yates County:
Sept.—-Apr.—
IB STNCSAt eee nee ees 5
Bellona. esc. 2 eee 96
BENtON S-..eeeee eee 58
BhiiPointee-- eed 34
Branchport=s2eces- ses 51
Mresdente-- oe eee 6
Dundee osck ses ees 72
Bar eS eee 21
@lenora: =. 22/5. sce 4
imrTodee sae. gee 21
Middlesex. .-.-.-..---- 13
HO os ee EE Se 5
IRenneviene eee eeeeecce 102
Rock Stream....-.---- 18
Rushville eo esse 82
Stankeyoep cocci: tne 35
N. Y., State total. ...17,579
NORTH CAROLINA.
Alexander County:
Oct.—
Taylorsville-.:......-.:
Ashe County:
Oct. 10-Dee. 31—
Bowles seer ee
Mikilandeeeesseseseeee
Riversidesecs- cee sees ee
Buncombe County:
Sept.—Jan.—
‘AshevillOesstiesccoescss
Caldwell County:
Nov. 15-Dec. 22—
Cleveland County: .
Oct. 12—
Willige eG Woouosaaee
Haywood County:
Aug. 1-Feb.—
Cantonese ier
Lake Junaluska......-.
Waynesville.........--
Wid0drOMmeeceseee seas
Henderson County:
Aug. 19-Dec. 13—
Mletcher 2s sock eee ete
Hendersonyille........
J tee County:
3-Nov. 23—
Mitchell County:
Nov. 15-Dec. 20—
NOCCANIC Hier e ce see ere
Polk County:
Sept. 25-Oct. 17—
Surry County:
SRE: 8-Oct. 25—
ibe Airy Asis bomt sets.4
mr bo
NORTH CAROLINA—Contd.
Yancey County:
Sept. 20-Dec. 23— Cars.
Burnsville: -secu-eneeee 14
Pensacolasce se oseneee 5
N.C., State total.... 466
NORTH DAKOTA,
Nelson County:
Oct. 21—
Richland County:
Oct. 24—
Farmington...........
Stutsman County:
Oct.—
Kensal. isch. seesaeeee
Oct.—
N. Dak., State total..
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
Oct. 1—
Genevas:. 2.3) S528eee
Athens County:
Sept.—Mar.—
HMM NGS). Soccoso soos 2
Guysvidebeeereeeeeeeee
Belmont County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 10—
Belmont:e2----s==eeeee
Carroll County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Aupustasvcesseceuseese
Clermont County:
Oct. 12-17—
Columbiana County:
Aug.-Apr.—
Columbiana. -....-.:<:
East Liverpool......--
Fast Palestine........-
Kensington....--.....-
Leetonia.....----+-----
Negley
Oct.—Jan.—
Mohawk sees cstteereese
Cuyahoga County:
July-June—
Cleyelandss (ee
Defiance County:
Oct.—
Defiance.« = <-sss== see
Delaware County:
Oct.—-June—
Delaware......-....-.-
Lewis Center.....-...--.
.
whe
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
OHIO—Continued.
Erie County:
Oct.-Mar.— Cars.
Berlin Heights.......-- 10
Birmingham .......-..- 34
Ceylomeseeeeeelsesr-lecee 1
WlOrenCewe en -acisiciesee 1
ENRON eee eetaeee ai 1
Sanidiiskksyses ees i= 15
Vermillion.......-/---- 64
Fairfield County:
Aug. 18-Oct. 13—
IBTEMeN Esse eeacicctalel= 1
Lancaster.......------- 3
Pleasantville.....-.---- 1
Stoutsville........--.-- 1
Fayette County—
Nov.-Mar.—
Washington C. H1...-.-. 3
Franklin County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Columbus......-------- 140
Gallia County:
ug.—Jan.—
INU Na es AE esas 3
TO bee el ae eoe 4
(GRIT Rae Ca ee 11
Gallipolis 2223s 225-2 245
OER S Be ee ele tteteieicle oi! 1
Geauga County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Chardon ees 35. 1
East Claridon......-.-- 4
Guernsey County:
Oct. 6—Dec. 8—
Cambridge...-.2..2---- 2
Quaker City...-...-.-- 24
Senecaville...... ey ae 2
Hamilton County:
Aug.-_May—
IBTIPNt OMe es sceeae le 8
Cincinnati eee eee 25
Harrison County:
Sept. 9-Oct. 24—
IREepORtsee so seeecocse 6
Huron County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Belleview eeeeeeeene 3
NOT Wyalee cee sesicie 6
Wiikemanteeeseraae ae 26
Jackson County:
Aug. 21—Oct. 20—
JACKSOMMAH estas ria see 3
Opie 16s eee ane 1
Jefferson County:
Dec.—Apr.—
HIM pIFE Meee see 12
Lake County:
Oct.-Jan. 24—
Painesville: a. 26 s2-- 25. 3
(Wadi onal wearer) 1
Lawrence County:
July 20-Dec. 15—
CoaliGrover esses 24
TOMTOM seep eee eer eat 61
Licking County:
Oct. 5-24—
VAN OVErS sehen seis 4
Newarkitese sone odes. 2
St. Louisville......-... 1
Logan County:
Nov. 2—
Bellefontaine.......... 1
Lorain County:
Oct._May—
iMmiherstesuess ees cscs Se 8
IBY EIB se Es 19
Kap tonssks nai in 2
GOLAN MAR ee ee eae 1
Lucas County:
Oct. 10—
Maumee... .....2..25- 1
44215°—18—Bull. 667
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
OHIO—Continued.
Mahoning County:
Oct.-Mar.—
Meigs County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 31.—
Carpenter sy fe ceceess 2
Dextercsag. averse ss
Rutland: sa aaeeeeeererer
Montgomery County:
Nov. 14-17—
Dayitonseeeeneseneeee 2
Muskingum County:
Nov.-Apr.—
IL TIN Wayans see eeeees
Zanesville. ..2: 5.2.5.2.
Noble County:
Nov. 13—
SouthyOlives. eee 1
Ottay,a County:
Ang.-Nov.—
Danbunyese eee eeeeee
Gy PSI ae eee eee
Perry County:
Oct. 26—
New Lexington........
Pike County:
—
Omega. sas see
wns
Portage County:
Oct.-Mar.—
Mamtuazes. 52 ee
Ee
B
5
5
5
i
i
:
‘
:
;
OCONNWNONt
a
i)
fe)
Fe
n
ot
3
I
Fs
a
Putnam County:
Oct. 13—
WWeipSicye steeper eee 1
Richland County:
Oct. 16 -31—
Bellville: 2 eee eee 3
Ross County:
Aug. 1-Jan.—
Bainbridgese sss. o ses 8
Chillicothe:s=42533-ceee 28
Ken eShony ae a eee 4
Musselman.....-. 22... 23
Roxabelisseeseesese naar 2
Sandusky County:
Sept. 14-Noy. 6—
Cly, deste sh aaeeoee 38
Wickery? ioe acctauceee 7
Stark County:
Oct.—
Minervass i Se eeeens 1
Summit County:
Oct. 13-Nov. 21—
Ed sont: jeg ae eae 3
Trumbull County:
Oct. 24-Nov.—
Bracevillexsssasse ees
Kinsman... ..
Phalanx Wee eee aes
Tuscarawas County:
Dec.—Jan.—
IBOlivansseeese eee 1
1
Roe ran
5
OH1TO—Continued.
Washington County:
Aug. 5-June—
BOIDVO Seni mic oideeawiet as
iC OUSEUUTION see eee
HMISIIIN eee eee eens
Little Hocking.........
Lowell
Wayne County:
Oct. 17-Nov. 4—
Smithville wees sesso
IWOOStTET aya eee aac
Wyandot County:
Oct.—
Whar tODeees se seater
OKLAHOMA.
Adair County:
Sept. 27-Noyv. 10—
Shillwelle ser ente ae
Oct.—
Okla., State total. _..
OREGON.
Baker County:
Oct. 4-Nov. 1—
Hunting tone sete ese
vObINetise-c sane eee
Benton County: -
Oct. 21-Nov. 11—
Convellish =<) ayes nae
Corvallis Junction......
Clackamas County:
Oct. 20-Dec, 2—
@lackamass-25— peerenee
OSweros aise re eee
Crook County:
Dec. 21—
Douglas County:
Sept.-_Feb.—
Roseburgas 3 Sees
Sutherlin] eee
Wal burke os See
Hood River County:
Aug._May—
Hood eRiversssceeee sees
Odea sees
Jackson County:
Sept.—A pr.—
Ashland wae eee eereee
Hacle Point. -saaee
(Gol GERI ee eee
Medtordeeee ns pete
POSNER eee
Rogue River.......:...
Talent ae heen aeemners
Josephine County:
Sept. 5-Mar.—
Grants sRasseeeseeee ee
NMerline =e oe ae eee
65
Ror
rR bo moO
a
—
be
He et et DO ST He bo
1,982
66 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
OREGON—Continued.
Klamath County:
Adams County—Contd.
Jan. 11— Cars. |
Klamath Falls. ....-...- 1
Lane County:
Sept. 30-Dec. 15—
Cottage Grove.........
BS Cy EF ae eee 10
RI PENG es face ee 1
Miryam aes ft ope Ue 1
Junction City../....-.- 3
Linn County:
Nov. 3-Dec. 22—
LAV eY Nth 7 Sinn El gsatete 1
Brownsville.....-.-.... 1
WeeDENOUS eee or ees 2
Manventen sec: oe oe 5
WES DCIO: 22 0. ee 2
Malheur County:
Oct.—Feb.—
Bropante seers sek 4
INV SS era aan eee 1
Ontarioya sete
Marion County:
Oct.—Mar.—
ISTOOKS Eee eee teen 3 2
Chamawareneek eine! 5
Fair Grounds........-- 1
Hubbard: See se il
Salem ss 14), 5. See 14
Wieod Durnie tse eee 2
i
i=
a
IQ
°
=)
b
Multnomah County:
Aug.-Apr.—
Zl S104 eee ee ee
Portland 2222 wee es 5
Polk County:
Oct. 13—-Dec. 19—
IDE ESE Speers 1s ete u
Monmouth. eee 2
Umatilla County:
July—Mar.—
Freewater 20.2.2, 25. 1
Hermiston est ee 10
Milton Soe es 8 206
Stanfields 22ers. 2
Wimatilla. <2 2a2 tee 1
Sept.—Mar.—
COVES Seca See? 2A
Pleinves cca hehe kU 8
imiblers-sa ese see 91
a Grande. 27.2 ste. 26
\Gkrle cee eee eS 34
Union Junction........ 5
Wasco County:
Oct. 4-Mar.—
Di fire eos sor ee 5
MOSICL sesso sone ee nes. 56
Tie Dales 22225 3 13
Washington County:
Sept .-Apr.—
DAUR seas esoset ees
Dilleyeke.. ooo Fe ea
Noroh Plains eos -. ns
Yamhill County:
Oct. 25—Dec. 23—
McMinnville...........
Newberg... 232 2
Oreg., State total.... 3,298
PENNSYLVANIA.
Adams County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 20—
moh
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aug. 1-Dec. 20—
Guildensi-2 5-2 eevee
Jack’s Mountain.......
McKnightstown. ......
New Oxford..-.'...-..-
Orrtanna.- 25. 5steeceee
Allegheny, County:
Oct.—June—
Allechenvi+* 5. <hee ee
Pittsburehic. ses
Armstrong County:
Oct. 2-Dee. 1—
Graigsville= ss. aa.seeee
Putneyville.....:......
| Bedford County:
Aug.—Mar.—
Bedford acc aohaaee ae
Cessnae. e2cce one
Hossilvilles See oeeeeee
Flynn diman= -seeeeee eee
miler eas c.ceeee ee eee
Queens 5s eee
Berks County:
Sept. 25-Nov. 1—
Boyertown eceee. sce
Blair County:
July 29-Nov. 17—
Duneansville..........
East Freedom....--....
Mariinsbulgssseeeeecs
OresHillssseasus soe
Williamsburg. .........
Bradford County:
Sept. 13-—Dec. 21—
7 Ml 0}: eee ee en a IE
Milani sh ss.caeceorecses
New Albany.22.- 2 .-2-
Standing Stone........
Mowandas-eeeeee eoeee
TMLOVate se Baie oese eee
Wiyalusine See Sasa ae
WY SOK. auc ett cetees
Center County:
Sept.—Feb.—
Bellefontews see eec-aece
Coburn 3.2 --asbessease
Onis Halle 7sse yaeee ee
Rising Springs.........
Unionwilletsseeee- esos.
Clarion County:
Aug.-Oct.—
May pOLtseeeeeseeieoae.
Clearfield County:
Dec.—
Kermmooreeanseasee sees
Clinton County:
Sept. 19-Nov. 15—
Lamar oo. Pees
| Columbia County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Benton ).\c2 se cecten ere
Crawford County:
Bendersville--...-.--. 96
Biglervilley = 23 SS 576 |
Pairfield.-3:2222 335 12
Oct.—Mar.—
Spartansburg.-.....-.--
Titusvilles 6-20. 5ee52 =
Nw
Lots)
Lod _
ROR OWNNN Nh 7
_
i
CO He Cor 00
a)
Lol \*)
|
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Cumberland County:
Sept.—Jan.— Cars.
3o0iling Springs........ 15
Bowmansdale. ........ 22
Gardners=: Seeeeee beens 46
Gettysburg Junction... 348
Greason.'.-+-.. aoe 9
Greythorne......25.02- 1
Hay’s (Groveaseoan ee 8
Hunter’s Run.......2. 19
Lees Cross Roads...... 4
DLongsdorien sees 35
Newvilles..2)- eee 8
Shippensburg.......... 7
Starners..- Ree 32
Elk County:
Apr. 22—
Johnsonburg........... 1
Erie County:
COIry 5.0. 250 eee 1
Girard ..4.6553-P Ree 1
Mill Village............ 3
North Baste) ses seeeeee 16
Springfield. ..........- 4
UnioniCityees.-eneae 2
Wiaterfordéa i 2 eeeee 4
Fayette County:
Oct. 12-15—
Connellsville........... 3
Franklin County:
July—May—
Chambersburg......... 166
Conboy... 2 arene eee 18
East Fayettville....... 55
Fayetteville. --. 2.2.2.2 51
Kort oudonse saseeeee 4
Geiser=?:.5.2. epee 7
Greencastles 222222 a. 22 74
ehmasterssaseeeseneee 41
Marionlc. 32s eeeeeeeee 29
Mason Dixon.......... 14
Mercersburg. .........- 1
Midvale: 32. cesate se 71
MontAlto. -. 2 ee 127
Quincy... eee 84
Richmond: -eeeeeeiee 29
Scotland: 2... se2eeepee 48
Waynecastle........... 14
Waynesboro. ......22.- 62
Huntingdon County:
Oct. 3-Dee. 7—
Pennsylvania Furnace.
Union Furnace.......-
Indiana County:
Oct. 26—
Cherry freeune-sereee 2
Jefferson County:
Nov. 11—
Big: Rune. .s-ehemeseece 1
Juniata County:
Oct. 24—Noy. 11—
Honey Grove..........
Thompsontown ......-
Lackawanna County:
Dec.-—Feb.—
Carbondalet: --scse-n-s
La Phimeocss.ceertes
Ro
Ty
°
77)
°
iS)
=
‘
‘
‘
Oreo
Lancaster County:
Oct.-May—
Elizabethtown.........
_
C
~)
8
a
see
5
ri
r
'
'
’
’
‘
’
‘
‘
'
'
‘
wm
Lawrence County:
Oct. 13-Mar.—
New Castle.c2 een
New port.-ceeeeeeeenee.
New Wilmington......
Pulaskios oe eeeetee acl
Lehigh County:
Oct. 27-Nov. 3—
Hosensackt ear pesserer. 3
Rwr tb
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
67
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Luzerne County:
Dec. 8-29—
IDE Ye compete rsComare 2
SIMUCKSTommnivaeaeyersiareyerais 6
Lycoming County:
Aug. 31-Dec. 30—
IBO\lhaS Uo b ooeo sae te 23
EVENT Spr seins tard oA 1
Jersey. Shore. ..-...--.- 1
Larry’s Creek.......... 1
Roaring Branch....... 7
SR TOUUPESUIIR Ee ee Se) 6
Williamsport...-...... 1
Mercer County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Clarks aMall swe eats
Ene Gomiaiae eee. sei
fq?)
5
is
mse
SRE Re
Mifflin County:
Oct. 12-Noy. 2—
Bellevillevas esses ioc)
Monroe County:
Aug. 15-Nov. 10—
Atal ominikes ees 15/5
Cresco mse eee ale seu):
Sovlorsbuts ere MON EA
Mobyhannaeapee ace
Montour County:
Nov. 11-21—
Mooresbunges se. ese hs
Northampton County:
Oct. 1-17—
Danielsville... 2.2.25... 1
Ione ee 2
Philadelphia County:
Nov.—June—
Nwne
bo
Pike County:
Oct. 7—
INESG 1BI@s ooo ceases 1
Potter County:
Oct.-Feb.—
Coudersportece ee. 4-1 =
GCalevontee serene ays.
-Harrison Valley.......
HV DOLte een
Mill Sey ae Sap ere a
OSWayiorset aes
WIMVESES Sone eBeeek Base
Schuylkill County:
Oct. 24-Nov. 1—
Good Springs ses se.
Snyder County:
ct. 21-Nov. 10—
Beaver Springs......-. 1
Selinsgroves 25222 0223. 4
Somerset County:
NNN RRO
On
SHOWESIOMNNS Soo eaeaeen
West Salisbury........
Sullivan County:
Sept.—Mar.—
ID UISHOLeReeee ee eae
Susquehanna County:
Sept. 10-Mar.—
PANIROn Geren sate c ic Ey
HOSUCT ae nee toys er
ain gsleyess ssn. sie
Monitroses seen. 2 2k =~
Springwilless2 i222 25.522 8
Stammiccassae ess ses 4
Table 1.—APPLES
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Tioga County:
Aug. 15-Feb.—
‘Continue
d.
Cars.
IN foyautsyeey sy ye Ie ee 5
ATMO Theat Wei yc 2
Gaines Junction....... 9
EVoybvallee eee ay 11
Tsnoxvillem: jee eae 8
Lawrenceville........- 2
Middlebury. sy :i5. 10
Millerton/sie 2 lane pie 9
INelsonsee te pees Ey hus 1
Potter Brook. ese 2
Sabinsvillesa ee eee 8
TiO payee a es: See nic 8) 13
Tioga Junction........ 4
Trowbridge: +24 5.\5.05 3
Wellsboro tee 2) eaeceeee. 20
Wellsboro Junction... - 10
Wiest hich alse ir as 8
Union County:
Og... 19—
“Vicksburg.....- neiwatyen 1
Venango County:
Oct.—
Raymil tones. sae 1
Warren County:
Nov. 7—
ottsvilless ee aoe 1
Wayne County:
Oct.—Feb.—
Gouldsboroseesee eee 2
Gravity Ue eal 4
Hionesdaley agen ne 34
TalkeWAtra ean Ri aiiene nis 15
Hakewoode: eases 7
Maplewood....-....--- 1
Roymtelle ia yunaeaa ce 1
Starlish (ae eee nn siee 1
Wayman tena a eae 1
Wyoming County:
Oct. 15-Dec. 31—
Taceywilles 28) sacs 6
Meshoppen.........-..- 12
INOxene oe eae 4
Tunkhannock.......--. 8
Wosbure st se an ieee 7
York County:
Oct. 11-Mar.—
Brogueville.-....-...-- 1
IDillls bur seer nen ees 3
Emigsville...........-- 2
INS esas ae TP eS 5
an Over ese e ee ace 1
Hanover Junction. .-.- 1
Mawrele? i ee ih 2
ING Waban 7. nanan 16
Sheers yae is ea sees 10
Stewartstown........-- 25
Murn pikes see eens 15
Wailea So un Se aed 39
RROD ated pace a eile lates peng siais 1
Pa., State total....... 3,909
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
Aug.—-May—
Prowid ences. s22-a65e-6 12
R.L., State total... -- 12
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Brookings County:
Sept.-Apr.—
KCONeE Ee esse Nees uf
Brown County:
Sept.—Jan.—
iAberdeenty: scoeacs oe 6
Columbiaeiaenee sees 1
SOUTH DAKOTA—Contd.
|
| Clay County:
Sept. 11— Cars.
MCTITU OM ees aeeiae a |
Fall River County:
Sept. 1-Oct, 15
ELOt SPINES eee sca. - 2
Hand County:
Sept.—
Ree Heights. ........-- 2
Hanson County:
Sept.—
GULL OMe eee ee ee ate 2
Minnehaha County:
Sept.—Mar.—
SIOUxsHallSee eee Uf
Union County:
Aug.—
IBETCSIOLGR seep meee 3
KP One epee ene 2
8. Dak., State total. .
TENNESSEE.
Davidson County:
July—June—
INashwalle see ce eee 16
Gibson County:
Oct.—
Rutherford asa es eaeaae 1
Johnson County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 1—
SHouUNSe see eee eee 6
Palle yg 55129255 4
Maury County:
June 19-July 17—
Campbellsait2¥ssne sees
Carters Creek. .........
Columpbig=2 ees
Shelby County:
June-May—
Memiphisa see eee seer eee
Sumner County:
June 24-July 20—
AWond ale sia. = sears
POrWande sae
Williamson County:
June 14-Sept. 28—
We LS wae ni tetra ees eee 8
Inia lbbal eee ee 15
9
aT
oR
Wilson County:
June 23-Sept. 30—
Teevillecn 230m heuer 3
Tenn., State total...
TEXAS. ua
Callahan County:
July 22-Oct. 1—
Cly deze is 2s ase sere
Gross)Plains2 425 sose
Comanche County:
Aug. 1-Sept. 30—
Comancheses2ess- ae
Devens. 324 ease
Sipe: Springs 225.2. jee
Dallas County:
July—-May—
Dallasics <2 See
Eastland County:
Aug.—Oct.—
Carboneese 3 sas eeecome 1
Gormanto-e see ones 25
Erath County:
Aug. 4-Oct. I—
Dubin cee se eee
—
No
mt Ordo
68
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
TEXAS—Continued.
Lamar County:
Sept.— Cars.
PATIShRe ete son: Seite 10
Tarrant County:
May 8—
RoMmywOrtht -= cn secene 1
Wise County:
Oct. 12—
IDGCANUN a sien esse css as 1
Tex., State total....- 89
UTAH.
Boxelder County:
Oct.—Apr.—
Brigham. oty oe is 2
DE WO Yat cece oreo 2
Honeyville.....-:....- 1
Tremonton eee seeee see 1
Cache County:
Jan. 29—
FOR AIS paieteisew aie creitoicic 1
Carbon County:
Oct.—
PMCO reas he ater e eis 8
Grand County:
Sept. 3-Nov. 8—
MHoOMpPSoOMs..764- 2 saci 4
Salt Lake County:
July—Mar.—
Salt Lake City. ........ ll
Utah County:
Oct.—
EP LOV ON eee ase 2
Weber County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Opgdens iss a2 eee 3
Utah, State total..... 35
VERMONT.
Addison County:
Sept. 12-Nov. 27—
Herrisburg.2-5.2---2s2- 3
Middleburg............ 62
Orwell ye Ve 4
DAISDULV ee ee ee eee 1
Shoreham.............. 2
Verrennest east he 23
Wibiting ese. ee Se 2
Bennington County:
Nov. 2-Jan.—
JENNI TON see eeoe. 3
East Dorset... ...2...- 3
North Bennington..... 7
North Pownal......... 3
Shatisburyssees- sees eee 1
Chittenden County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 23—
Burlington............ 4
Charlottes joke ee 45
Jonesvillencet so. fae se 1
Shelpnrnsas essen see 30
Shelburne Harbor..... 1
Wnderhilliesne eee 5
Williston 2nh22.— ee 2
Franklin County:
Oct. 2-Nov. 7—
East Highgate......... 20
PWAUCOK:- =. cote eee 1
Grand Isle County:
Sept.-June—
Grand islenses-2. eee 24
Isle, GaMotte ets sce 94
Isle LaMotte Station... 5
Worth eros eee eee 6
South Herol 237222 s 33 |
Lamoille County:
Oct. 6—
Cambridge............. 1!
VERMONT—Continued.
Orange County:
Oct. 4—-Nov.— Cars.
Bradford asaetneweeceeee 4
Blige eee Bets a5 1
Rairleesues. es Gees 1
Ravdolphisesveeeeeeeeee 3
Thetfordssc.c= see cteme 1
Rutland County:
Oct. 4-Feb.—
Clarendonst22-s0- cco. 3
Danby... -- farcry detente 12
Rutlandetcaseees- cena. 17
South Wallingford... .- 3
West Pawlet........... 2
Windham County:
Sept. 23-Dec. 2—
Bellows Falls........-- 2
Brattleboroseceoeceses 10
Dummerston.....---.- 1
Jamaica see eseeeneoe 3
Newilane:..o2..--4sceeer 1
Putne ye eee sews be see ee 7
South Vernon.........- 1
WATdSbOLOM sce peeenece 7
West Townshend...... 4
Windsor County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 24—
Bethel coe ete 4
Chesteres. = ses Sau 25
Proctorsvillesee= asses 5
South Royalton......-- 2
Springfield sae 17
West Hartford........- 6
Woodstock....-.-. Bric 3
Vt., State total... ..-. 531
VIRGINIA.
Albemarle County:
June-Jan.—
Alberene......... soescs 1
Arrowhead....-......- 26
Campbelleiy eee eee 9
Charlottesville: ........ 195
Covesville...........-.. 136
Crozetinntisesn ieee 115
Greenwood. ...-....2.. 46
Dyyiencicteacieatee 21
Mechum’s River......- ll
North Garden......... 8
RedsHil ee 7
Shadwellbeceecssceesee 2
Alleghany County:
Dee. 15—
Alleghany....... So Rs 1
Ambherst County:
Sept. 20-Dec. 20—
Amherst 2c se ese 29
LoweSville: 2s ss. bes 92
WiAMeSAD smc aes aeons 2
Appomattox County:
| Aug. 15-Oct. 1—
Appomattox........... 1
Augusta County:
July—Jan.—
BaSits a seeeene cect eeee 35
Cave Station........... 10
Chrishianssnseee cr ee 81
Crimorasec. caoccececce 17
MiShHervillos pees eee se ne 81
Fort Defiance.......... il
Greenville............. 29
FiarriSboDbe ce css eeeeets 5
HOODS DIESE eae e emcee 35
WynGhwisteeseee eases 17
Mint Springs.......... 29
Mount Sidney......... 6
Sports woodss-c2 see ee 3
Stauntonsceceeee eens 544
Stuart’s Draft...-2-..-- 9
SwOOPeS bein ce eee 21
Waynesboro........--. 49
Weyer’s Cave......-.-- 9
-
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Bath County:
Nov. 30—
Millborones-eesceeeeeee
Bedford County:
Sept. 7-Dec. 15—
Bedfordiea. gee eee
Coleman seeeeeee eee
Botetourt County:
Sept. 13-Nov. 3—
wehanan sj seeseeseee
Springwood............
Troutvilles sesso wees
Buckingham County:
Oct. 9—
Johnsonee-=- ee eeeeeeee
Campbell County:
Sept.-Apr.—
BWYCISS2 es -seeeeeees
Ibynchi buna eesseeeeee
RuStbuLe eee eeeeeeeee
Taberccceeaasseee eee
Clarke County:
July 14-Mar.—
Berry villoss esses
Boyee: ocho eeee eee
White Postecfoceseeree
Craig County:
Oct. 27—
New Castle..-..2.....:
Culpeper County:
Aug. 16-Nov. 20— *
Culpeper. eee eee
Fauquier County:
Sept. 8-Noy. 14—
Broadukuneeesseeeeree
Markham cc e@eeeceeee
Marshall... eae
Franklin County:
Aug. 11-Dec. 29—
Boones Walle eee eee
Frederick County:
July-June—
Clesrbrookeecr esse eaeae
Kemstown.. 3. 5.22--.-
Middletown...........-
Stephens City.........-
Winchestenssscseeesees
Giles County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 10—
NSTrOWSie os eeereeeee as
RichiCreekeeeseuaseee-
Ripplemead
Galaxste tk SOBs
Henrico County:
June-May—
Richmond! sesee sees
Loudoun County:
sen 5-Nov. 30—
3
Leesburg... ..2 scet tee oe
Paeonian Springs......
Purcell villeseeesesseses
Round) Huilleeseeeeeeose
Montgomery County:
BER 4-Dec. 31—
lacksbur:
Christiansburg.........
East Radford..........
Shawsville..........1..
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Nelson County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 15— Cars.
MG OTM es eae yale tertee isis 167
BUTI SOM ase eetelaeeyeeslcl- 100
IMS Lbs oeCEboSse eee 2
WAI Teac iniceieis esi 14
Massrey Mill ees ese) 49
VOCKAS DRM see mere ese 2
slat open meee a peeneeae 72
MV ORANG Ieee eee ees 2
Norfolk County:
June 23-Nov. 16—
THO TAGROSS oe leet siete cy=' == 1
NORTON ee Eye ie ai 5
Port Norfolk........... 1
Northampton County:
Oct. 5-20—
CobhamMarasee see c-- 5
Orange County:
Sept. 28-Nov. 30—
Barboursville-.......-. 20
Gordonsville.........-- 4
Orange eee a. 9
Page County:
Aug.—Apr.—
TO beara Se aaa 68
LADIES oHeCacoe eo aeeee 27
Re yavall Ome eeee ine os < 13
Shenandoah........... 3
a Stauley: separa eeee 14
atrick County:
Aug. 7_Dec. 15—
Patrick Springs.......-. a
SUUaT bee meee ee 201
Pulaski County:
Aug.-Dec. 26—
DIRE y ofS ran ee Ss 7
TD oi ee ee 40
TTS Kel ee ee ee 15
Roanoke County:
Aug.—July—
IBonsackeeesee caer ree 6
East Roanoke......... 153
TONS ee sess eee 18
FvoanOkKesee sees een oe 115
Salemecssass eos shens 73
Starkeysstes ls soe oe: 287
mock brides County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 1—
Buena Vista.......--.. 1
East Lexington........ il
airfield eee ene ns ys 25
GOSHEN MR saan Cee 1
Wexinatomaaek sees aS 4
IRGYO ONE LC ok eR oeeue 7
Rockingham County:
July 1-Mar.—
Broadway ..-.......--- 67
Daphnasse eee seca. 5
IBM ee eibeoaaes path 22
GROtTOeS ae ee nse 4
Harrisonburg .....-.... 153
REA Tvalll 6 MeN cies 76
Mount Crawford......- 5
Pleasant Valley........ 36
Timberville............ 36
Shenandoah County:
July 29-Dec. 30—
Capon Roadeas..2.2--- 14
EGG Une ee oe 25
HSH eT Spel eee eke 60
Maurertown........... 20
Mount Jackson........ 282
New Market -.........- 2
SUrASbDUTe Reem eee es 2 10
MomsyBrooke se. lyse 66
Wioodstockess 02002 118
Smyth County:
July 22-Oct. 23—
@hilbowle ses Oye: 5H 12
Groseclosese eye 5
IMariOneee ees ncoccen. S 3
Seven Mile Ford......- 2
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Spotsylvania County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 14— Cars
Fredericksburg.......- 6
Tazewell County:
Nov. 10—
Din tops:dasaeee eee eee 1
Warren County:
July 19-Dec. 31—
Ash bya ae eine ibe 26
Bentonville. seks eee 10
FrontjRoyalesaseseeere 432
Limetonseeeeeceeeeeee: iD)
Tindenta oe ee 139
IRLVORt ON ses eerie 2
Washington County:
Oct. 5-15—
Creek Junction......... 1
Konnarockseesyseeecee 1
Wythe County:
July 14-Nov. 23—
Barren Springs...-.... 1
Crockettaee ete asesea ae 73
B iral Retreat..-....-. 50
Speedwell! --. 2.222722: 5
Wytheville... :- 2202222 28
June-Aug. 22—
Piankatank River land- ‘
Ings
July—Aug. 10:
Potomac River landings.. 1
June-Aug. 21—
Rappahannock River
landings!) ata zeee et 3
Va., State total...... 9, 263
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
July—-May—
Ben toniay cee tees 7
Hantordigae ss see eee 32
Kennewick......--.--- 204
North Prosser......... 10
IPTOSSER Fee ah eee tees 71
Richland ease sseesecses 1
White: Bluiisw ese 11
Chelan County:
July—June—
rie CAS HIMCT CM aes eaese 1, 484
@helame ae Rees 198
Dry dene eae ee 31
Bntiate eee enue eee 670
Leavenworth.........-. 35
Monitors Seana eee i
Reshastine seeeeeeeeeeee 5
Wienatcheele ne seeeer 2, 892
Columbia County:
Aug. 24-Dec. 22—
Day tone: eee eee 65
Starbucks sees eae 2
Douglas County:
Sept. 11-Dec. 2—
Columbia River..-..-.-- 10
Ferry County:
Nov. 21—
Danivilless sees ae 1
Grant County:
Aug.—June—
Coulee Cityat see ee
Bphratat sae eee ae
Hartline ssceaces secre
Neppel aces ane sass sae 3
Quincy Aes eee
Tninid 8 Gaya ase 1
King County:
Nov.—Apr.—
Humphreyss ss asene 1
Seattles eee sues 4
ONO
69
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
WASHING TON—Continued.
Kittitas County:
Oct. 31-Mar.— Cars
Bllensburg.--.2.-2..-.- 16
ASHORE Bs cdaebecounone. 2
ADINO TP ayaa tat ae tree 3
Ace NTE eee te Amey 20
WAY OT eee ae a 1
Lewis County:
Nov. 24—
Chehalis see soe. 1
Lincoln County:
Aug. 4.-Apr.—
CrestonMes soa eeeceene 85
Davenporteaeaasemss 1 9
Okanogan County:
Aug.—Jan.—
IBTOWStCLeseseeeceae eee 257
Okanoganteeeesee cece 71
Omak aaa eae 261
Pateross32 sees 13
Monasketeesessoee sees 5
Skamania County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 16—
Aug.—June—
Cheney eee sees 1
Deane aa sk aj sche aoots 33
Dishmaiy=teeseee sees 53
IneMHA MOLES Sec sesoobase 6
Greenacreste essere eeee I
Evin’ eee ce ecewee nee 52
Kiieslin gic yee ae 1
atah ee ee ae ae 4
WEVOO eo oshoseadalces 3
Mica We os 9
Millwood -. -- 11
Opportunity 2
Otis Orchards. ..-....-- 248
INO Osorno SeescdsaLcaose 3
Spokanen eras see easeee 307
ard leyrttict ees acing 129
Stevens County:
Sept.—June—
Moonvlsakelssee eee ee 1
Marcusiii2os esse eee 1
Meyers Falls........--- 83
INorthportiseeecesseee ce 2
Thurston County:
Nov. 10-18—
Stu@lainesaeecsee see 1
Stone eee saa 1
Walla Walla County:
Aug.—July—
IPTesCO tu ae ee eee 5
Moucheteessesseeceee ee 29
iWialtsburgsessesessesce 66
Wiallikerey ees eras 12
Walla swWallass7..2--2-< 259
SAV allilasss eee es eae 39
Whitman County:
Sept. 2-Mar.—
TAT DI OTIS ep oter ae ceuenencees 1
Bishop eee eee 1
Colfax eang ene eee 5
Farmington-....-- 14
Gare dee eee 8
Loo pers ase sae seees 17
5a} Crosse yee tamer ee 3
Oskesdalesasseaseeeeee 1
IPaAlOuSe seen ee 2
Pu llimaneeee aes aoe 6
RIG Pat besse sea oe 1
Yakima County:
July—Iuune—
Nhitantmsesssssseae 12
IBairdleume eee ie 3
Clark’s.335 2503 eee 69
Clit en Se eer ae 10
Gongdonkeee es eeeeeee 49
Daltonsee. 20s 62 ete Z
Prxchanvelse-ee ace 107
WainVvIie Wet eee cee 2
70
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 1.—APPLES—Continued.
WASHING TON—Continued.
Yakima County—Contd.
July-June— 7ars.
MOTULUV EUG eases + een eine 7
Cpa OR See ee ae 5
Grint views..os-.--5-. 79
(Cyr tll Gees = Se ee ae 99
Hardwood.......--...- 2 |
Mapton) a. «26 5
MONPANS Sook oe secine a 1
North Yakima......... 3, 396 |
OV ee eee see 54
Omilook.--s-2--=-5- 556 9
AVR OD ee oe nee nnn 8
Pip MON Ge ems ee 1
SEE Ss See 668
SAM ibs jt Sess 85 54
SMCs ease cae S55 7
SEO WAL Garis stele Cin Bee ini 3
Sunnyside -------<---.- 17
ANA Weide ab ogebas {S65 11
RADU Ge eee ee ear 5
MopPewISD == = eee see 198
Van de Water.-..---.--- 14
AWS O Sce aa asad = 48
Witla Otnyhace ose 16
WITHER oe ccscmoeice sete 64
AUT As ee cngous 1,024
Wash.. State total. - . .13, 980
WEST VIRGINIA.
Barbour County:
Nov. 14-Dec. 31—
SRLNP LONE ere ee cence, 3
Berkeley County:
July 15-May—
Bedington .....-------- 21
Bunker Hille eee 202
Falling Waters ..-...-- 16
Lb alates eves sree an ee 600
Martinsburg. .....----- 461
North Mountain......- 3
Ridgeway -----.------- 302
MaplerSaceschc-cieee eee 472
Cabell County:
Aug. 26-Feb.—
Blue Sulphur Springs. - 4
Cox Landing.........-- 41
Giyand Obtes- ewe =e 56
An tinepone- eee 51
TONE eee seen cae 1
Fayette County:
Oct, 5-31—
oly tod s Itt Bes Cente eres 3
Greenbrier County’
Oct. 19-Nov. 18—
HOTh SPINES! o- oe a= == 20
Ronceverte --..-------- 3
Hampshire County:
Aug. 12-Nov. 15—
Hrench esse sasacee 25
ROMMNBYe ee ects seeeee 186
SPrNeveld essen ene 38
Hancock County:
Sept.-June—
Chesteran reese sen ae 14
New Cumberland. ...-.. 162
Hardy County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 7—
MeN eer ie oa ene 7
Jackson County:
Sept.—
Millwood 2. -u2 425 u-ees 10
Ravenswood..........- 7
Ripley-:\-22 4 ckS eee 2
WEST VIRGINIA—Continued.
| Jefferson County:
Aug.—June—
Charles Town. ..-..-..-
Duffield
Bn ele nee pice secre
Halltown
Kearneysville......----
Rippon
Shenandoah Junction. -
Shepherdstown ....-..-.
Summit Pointe... -- 222
Lewis County:
Sept. 27-Oct. 1—
Marshall County:
Sept.—
Woodlands «..2225)..-=.-
Mason County:
July 26-Dee. 16—
Apple Grove..--..----.-
Arbuckle
Gallipolis Ferry-.---.--
Glenwood. 23-2 -ee =
Graham
WEEN Beso ssoSosqore ses
Point Pleasant.....----
Mineral County:
Sept. 12-Oct..12—
Burling tones semen
Alderson
Morgan County:
July 10—Apr. —
Berkeley Springs
Pawabawereesoecere eae
Pleasants County:
Aug. 9-Nov. 18—
IBelmOonipeeesee erates
Pocahontas County:
Nov. 15—
Marlinton:---2---@..---
Putnam County:
Sept. 13-Nov. 4—
Hurricane
Raymond City.....----
Randolph County:
Oct. 25—
BeVOULyseee esas
Summers County:
Dec. 4—
Pence Springs
Tyler County:
Oct. 21- Dec. 7—
Bens han eeeeee eee
ni end yee cee eee a
Wayne County:
Oct.—
Kien0vaeeeecee eee eee
Wetzel County:
Sept. 30-Noy. 1—
New Martinsville
Wood County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Waverly....-.-22200-20
W. Va., State total. .
—
10
10
WISCONSIN.
Ashland County:
Oct.—
Butternut
Barron County:
Oct.—
Barronereaee ee eas 1
Door County:
Sept._Nov.—
turgeon Bay..--......
Eau Claire County:
Oct.—
Haw Claire? s- os) snc
Fond du Lae County:
Nov. 9—
Ripon
Green Lake County:
Nov.—
Berlinisse33 eo eseeees
Kewaunee County:
Oct. 24—
Casco
Marinette County:
Aug. 17—
Marinettol 2 --- ese
Marquette County:
Sept. 10—
HnGeavorw sesso seeeeee
ine}
is)
a
=
B
is-}
©
a
Milwaukee County:
Oct.-June—
Milwaukee.....--..-..-
Outagamie County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 12—
Medina. .2.-- eseeeeeene
Richland County:
Sept. 15-Noy. 16—
Richland Center
Twin Blufis
Rock County:
Dec. 4—
Janesvilleratensss ena 1
Sauk County:
Sept. 14—Nov. 9—
Baraboo
Sawyer County:
Oct. 5—
Hayward
Vernon County:
Sept. 26—
Coon Valley......--.--
Washburn County:
June 1—
Spoonersssee=- eee eeene
Waupaca County:
Aug.—
Weyauwega.....-:----
Winnebago County:
Aug. 25-Nov. 4—
WYOMING.
Weston County:
Oct.—
Newcastle.......-....-
Wyo., State total...-
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
June 9-25—
Ojorayeonel be abe sosooudeH
ORV eE sopeeeabocone
Fresno County:
June 9-July 2—
PMOL yeas leticveseisieveie ins
Los Angeles County:
June 6-24—
Gilencallcwee see er-/)
Los Angeles.....-.:-...
Riverside County:
CALIFORNIA.
Placer County:
Penryn
Sacramento County:
Apr. 4-May 10—
Sacramentorss s-55- <2
San Joaquin County:
May 23—
SCO CktOTMAA as Heme =e
Santa Clara County:
May 14—
SAMOS awe seme.
Solano County:
Apr. 25-May 21—
Wordelianne sees
Sonoma County:
May 26-June 13—
Sebastopols2= 2-22. .-.--
71
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Cars.
Nor
Cal., State total......
COLORADO.
Denver County:
July 13-22—
ID ONV ere Ne ces
3
Colo., State total... .. 3
IDAHO.
Nez Perce County:
July 1-10:
Wewistone sees sales.)
Idaho, State tctal.._.
IOWA.
Marion County:
June 23-28— :
en Oxsvillleseeeeye =. |
Iowa, State total... _.
MARYLAND.
June:
Choptank River land-
ol w
Table 2.—APRICOTS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Bernardino County:
June 9-20— Cars.
Redlands Junction... .. 4
Santa Barbara County:
June 8—
Santa Maria........... 4
Solano County:
June—
Mainfiel decease seeeeee ]
Ventura County:
June 8-13—
JEAN GD gs cee RMS Bie eas i & 7
Cal., State total.....- 84
Table 3.—CHERRIES.
MICHIGAN.
Bende County:
July 15-Aug. 8— Cars.
Pranks onties=se eee ser 2
Berrien County:
July 5—
Benton Harbor........ 1
Grand Traverse County:
July 10-Aug. 26—
Old) Mission-2 see -eere 3
Traverse City.........- 195
Manistee County:
July 15-Aug. 14—
Miamisteesia ci sen ae 2
Onekams see acme 6
Mason County:
July 5-Aug. 16—
Tudinetonssee eee 29
Oceana County:
July 18-Aug. 24—
la rtees ke foe cee 3
IMC am S Sere = ser ne rere 1
Shel bya se cee eee 30
Ottawa County:
July 12—
Grand Haven...-.....- 1
Van Buren County:
June 27-Aug. 12—
IEE Ice eoees Soscmas se 11
South Haven.........- 31
Mich., State total.... 315
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
June—
Minneapolis. ...-..-..- 1
Minn., State total... 1
MONTANA.
Ravalli County:
June—
Hamil toni 22 eases 1
Mont., State total... . 1
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
June 15-July 5—
IBeverlyissece eee ene 8
Edgewater Park.....-. 6
Gloucester County:
June 26-30—
Richwoodesaecse acess 2
N. J., State total....-
WASHINGTON.
Chelan County:
July 15-Aug. 8— Cars.
Roy sh hilo) py ee mee Sat 6
Wenatchee: 22). u5.t. 100
Okanogan County:
July 29-31—
OmMaki 202s sa 5-eee ee 5
Wash., State total... 111
NEW YORK.
Columbia County:
June 23-Aug. 3— Cars
Germantown.......--.. 61
Greendales ias22s22225- 9
Ud Sone sae eee eae 33
inlithe oS sess ase 11
North Germantown...- 28
New York County:
July 20-Nov. 21—
ING wWaNsGE kay eas Tee 2
Ontario County:
July 8-24—
Genevaeeier ieee ans 18
Orange County:
July 10-13—
IOSCLONEe ee eee ee eee 1
Ulster County:
July 13—
Mil KoTi se sac ee sence ears i
N. Y., State total.... 164
OHIO.
Huron County:
June 28-July 28—
Belleville sees seer eer 12
Miami County:
June 28-July 5—
ADTOWetes screen ee eee 3
Ohio, State total... .- 15
OREGON.
Heod River County:
July 12-19—
HoodsRiverct-s--eesse 4
Umatilla County:
June 19-July 15—
Rreewaterean ance eee es 4
Milton o-psc eeee ce 15
Union County:
July 23-Aug. 6—
COoNneree See eee ace 85
Wasco County:
July 6-10—
The Dallesssaes--eeece- 3
Oreg., State total. .-- 61
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie County:
July 12—
North! Bastssec-ceese ae 1
Pa., State total. __-.- 1
72
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
July—
Rennewick: -2.2.0.-24
RFOSSON Soe cuice tone tenes
Chelan County:
July—
Cashmere: ... ees. 68
Wenatchee: ces
Spokane County:
July 20-29—
BOOKANGE sce cremcccicie ss
ARIZONA.
Maricopa County:
July 2-10—
LEAS, WS hee SOS COBEN
Ariz., State total...--.
ARKANSAS.
Franklin County:
Aug. 1-3—
ANTS 2 scence eee
Washington County:
Aug, 1-Sept. 1—
Monwtown:=---sses-cee
Ark., State total ..---
CALIFORNIA.
Butte County:
Aug.—Nov.—
East Gridley ..-..-...-
Midvale
Contra Costa County:
- Sept. 21-Nov. 15—
PONICOLGsaie\a- a setincoe te
Oaskleyi. 52 o ccc = -nicn's
Fresno County:
July 1-Nov. 30—
Bowles 222. co ceescetie
MONCID tals es oe eae
MAKI Or re > opercrcmeniniere
PAT OMe este cae ore ciate
Reedleyesnn-sesen. tose
Imperial County:
June 17-July 31—
Brawley
HliGentrossc-eeee sess
Heber eee seen tecee tales
ibrikel:)uts\ eee See eee
Moeloland test ae cee
Kern County:
Sept. 1-28—
Bakersfield
WrasCOtancc: coccescemns
Kings County:
Aug.—
12 Gs yat Gs) x0 epee ae ae
Los Angeles County:
June 13-Noy. 20—
Arcadia
Bassett
Glendalessea 2 cee
Lamanda Park........
Lankershim ..........-
Los Angeles.....-....-
Owensmouth.........-
Pasadena. ..cce.ese cee
Van Nuys. Koo ee
West Giendal res
Wihittionrssesset Sense
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
is)
o
HPONWNNEADWORHY
Table 3.—CHERRIES—Continued.
WASHING TON—Continued.
Walla Walla County:
July 1-29— Cars.
Walla Walla. --< 2.282% 4
Yakima County:
June 24-July 9—
North Yakima....... aa 10
Ailey Pee ee eee 2
Wash., State total... 116
Table 4.—GRAPES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Orange County:
Oct. 14— Cars
Amahelmeneeceeeeaaee
Santa Anaset aos 1
Riverside County:
June 10-July 6—
Begimontee-seee rere 1
Coachellaeess-eea-e-ere 10
Me ccaiee saseen aemrceraiis 5
Sacramento County:
Aug. 30-31—
Bik Groviesesisce snes ace 1
Sacramento.....------- 1
San Bernardino County:
Aug.-Nov.—
@ucamongares---e-ee- 60
IDeWROSaBE eo neeeeee eee 10
Wiiwandaee seer ercene 86
Gurds tia see ee eect 31
IMUSCAUE Ret sense seee 18
San Bernardino....-.-.- 1
Uiplandeeee ese snc eces 5
San Diego County:
Aug. 6-Oct. 30—
WN Cajoneseeaseeeneees 96
HScondid Obese eee 42
SanDiepoueeenoeeeeoee 35
Santeossereeeresse ese oe 7
San Francisco County:
Nov. 15—
Sanviranciscopesees-e- 1
San Joaquin County:
Aug, 26-Nov. 6—
ING MTN) son honss55 56 1
IG Gls VRE Saar eee 19
WoungstowmMes.noce-.- 4
Solano County:
August—
Boynton essence 5
Sonoma County:
Oct. 2-17—
Sebastopol.......---..- 10
Stanislaus County:
July 18-Nov. 30—
Denar sees scclejie 40
OM pirelee- ssa e eee 32
EU EDSON eae sees eeee 8
KOYOCS sec eee see 1
Modesto caccesere sere 13
Sutter County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Almendraiccesueemeswete 12
HNCiNalE he -s- =seee ere 5
Hartercise. seen stent eens uf
ive Oakes seces esse 2
NueStrotecwsa- cee eee 7
POaSOhe- sseese pees cae 5
Sanders ecweccctat eee 1
Vila Criyeceecsses eee 43
Tulare County:
July 16-Nov. 29—
Critlers foe e tee eee 123
WO XOUCL: cee cictee ae cene 38
Tbinidsay == esn eee 38
North Dinuba........- 365
Sevillesto ee ee 52
Sultana. oo ie eens ones 143
WISCONSIN.
Door County:
July 16-Aug. 15—
Sturgeon
CALIFORNIA—Contin
Ventura County:
Oct. 20—
BY. <= cncaeae
Wis., State total.....
ued.
Santa Susanna........-
Yolo County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Woodlands s22s--sees--
Yuba County:
Aug.—Sept.—
Marysville
Cal., State total......
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Sept. 21—
@nver..-..--......---
Weld County:
Aug. 26—
Greeleya-neseeeee eens
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Del., State total.....
GEORGIA.
Fulton County:
1
Ga., State total.-...-- 1
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Aug. 7-Nov. 23—
Chicagosseseessseseeeee
Peoria County:
poe 23—
Winnebago County:
Aug. 24—
ROCkOVd sa aeeeee ee cen.
Ill., State total.-....-
IOWA.
Harrison County:
Sept. 9-16—
Missouri Valley. .------
Mondamin: -2:--2-.-.-
Keokuk County:
Lee County:
Aug. 20-Sept. 25—
Fort Madison.........-
Keokuk
Montroseseeeeeeeeeeeee
1
1
Colo., State total...-- 2
Nw
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
73
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
IOW A—Continued.
Polk County:
Aug. 31— Cars
Des Moines.....-.-..--
Pottawattamie County:
June-Sept.—
Council Bluffs......--- 77
Wapello County:
Rept. 14—
UU UTA eeenerelet ol sr=lalal= (21s 1
Iowa, State total...-.. 144
KANSAS.
Doniphan County:
Aug. 16-Sept. 10—
la bbe Ua A ee ee waa enaes 1
iWiathena ye ae yo 28 29
Kans., State total...- 30
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Sept. 16-20—
New Orleans........... 2
La., State total...... 2
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
July 15-Dec. 6—
Baltimore ssesscsee ic. = 126
Aug. 31-Sept. 21:
Chester Riverlandings. 1
Md., State total...... 127
MASSACHUSETTS.
Essex County:
Oct. 18—
WWawmen cele tn ee nal 1
Suffolk County:
Oct. 24—Dec. 8—
IBOStoneese eee sae 5
Mass., State total... . 6
MICHIGAN.
Allegan County:
Sept. 5-26—
lemmmvAll eyewash 6
Berrien County:
Sept.—Oct.—
BROCE ae aoanee sue 69
Benton Harbor........ 257
Berrien Springs........ 5
Brig pm ariee ee ene ee 52
Coloma eyeian ie eae Te 22
Mer by aE EN 168
Galiemeeee Risin 54 4
INTTICS ic oe aa een 3
RVeESIGe see ee eee ane 2
Sis UOSOING Soe adebebeue 255
Sawyer 29
Sod is a ue Se | 38
Stevensville...........- 48
Wiatenvilete aay. 2
Cass County:
Sept. 30-Oct.—
ID OWE IAC Ese eae ee 5
Edwardsburg......---- 1
Marcelluseeeeeenecss- 26
Grand Traverse County:
Oct. 7—
Traverse City.....--.-- 1
Kalamazoo County:
Oct.
VV ADIT yas enna a 6
Kent County:
Sept.—
Grand Rapids.....-...- 2
Table 4.—GRAPES—Ccntinued.,
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Mason County:
Sept. 25-Oct. 6— Cars.
Widine tone seeeeeeee 3
Muskegon County:
Oct. 7-23—
Slocum testes eee 3
Ottawa County:
Sept. 8-Oct. 18—
Grand Haven.......... 40
Van Buren County:
Sept. 7-Oct.—
Rant 0Le eee eeeneeee 1
Breedsville..--.......- 1
Decatur eee eeee 18
Hartford ss es sseeeee ee 15
Keend alli asec: 1
Wawnences cle eases 3
ADE IMHO eee oe Sac 336
Mattawanstceeeosceeee 155
IPA WibhaWrresenene soe 272
Mich., State total.... 1,849
MINNESOTA.
Beltcami County:
epi
iBomidjiescasee sees eee 1
Hennepin County:
Sept.—
Minneapolis...........- 4
Minn., State total.... 5
MISSOURI.
Andrew County:
Sept. 14—
IAM AZONIA= Sees teeeee 1
Buchanan County:
Aug. 18-Sept. 14—
Stvosepheeea-ase-r oe 17
Newton County:
Aug. 7-8—
INGOE seas shodadeuase 3
Taney County:
Aug. 19-Sept. 2—
IVollistersssascece eee 16
Mo., State total...... 37
MONTANA.
Silverbow County:
Nov. 3—
Butte sus Sis. wea 1
Mont., State total... 1
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Aug.—
IAS tIN eS ese eee 2
Douglas County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 7—
Devs oltwelacesss esse 3
MLOreN ce seas ets see 28
Omaha eee scence 56
Hall County:
Nov.—
Grand Island =e! 252225 21
Nemaha County:
Aug. 24—
Brownivillece- saeco soe! 2
STL Berane ieee eer 1
Nebr., State total.... 118
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
Sept.—
Wandisvillessesseeeeece 3
Hudson County:
Oct. 18-Dec. 31—
Manhattan Piers....... 179
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Monmouth County:
Sept. 26-30— Cars.
TRC Deepa ores tae eee
N.J., State total..... 184
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Sept._Nov.—
BID ANY oe cescm laste eee 2
Cattaraugus County:
Oct. 3-Nov. 2—
ROLES DUN Sree meets 97
Chautauqua County:
Aug.-Nov.—
Broctonveste-.s oes eee 423
Dunkirk 28
Forestville 137
Fredonia 241
invin poyseeaeeceee 90
ILEKOMIE GSE soscncad 44
Mayville 17
Portland 332
Prospect 16
Ripley eee eeeeiae 352
Sheridante-ses seer 118
Silver Creekasec-seeeee 132
Smiths Malls see -eeee 44
Statemvines--eeeeeseee 133
Wiestihielde sa se. eraecee 148
Columbia County:
Aug.—Oct.—
Germantown.........- 19
Dutchess County:
Sept.—Oct.—
IB ALLY GOWlleaec see 2
Cokertown.. ---.----.- 4
AivOlisstsee sacoec cece 8
Erie County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 18—
AMPOLALAS a2 sae ness 42
Butialoyseeseane seer 2
Don oEswassecsedodsse 3
HdemCenterneesee ses. 47
Harnhampess sees se 2
North Collins....-...-. 66
Kings County:
Oct. 15-Nov.—
Isso idhywas ss sonbaceooe 7
Monroe County:
Oct.—
BTOCKMORUS = cose cies a 3
WnionvEl te eeiae ee 2
New York County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 8—
New Wotlkesne esas 16
Niagara County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Cambriateaaeseceee eae 3
Wbentasecoose-ee= eee 6
Gasportesepeeeoseceees 9
Wockponteeesssse eee 67
ModeliGityze- soccer ee 28
Ransomville...--.-.--- 6
Sanborneseseeeseeescee 12
IWiISONER MAS eee 9
Onondaga County:
Sept.—
SyTacuSezessc-scureeess 1
Ontario County:
Sept. 13-Oct. 28—
Canandaigua..-.-.---- 25
Naplesie 2. 2e<seeeeeee 124
Orleans ieee es eko eee 21
Orange County:
Aug. 22-Oct.—
Cedar Chifiss.2s-=-e-—-- 8
New burghecs ceceeee 2
Roseton's. o: cs kseseeere 17
Orleans County:
Sept.—
HaAnCherseeccceccer eee 3
74
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Oswego County:
Sept.— Cars.
BGDNS oh Gants 32
Richmond County:
Oct. 18—-Dec. 30—
St. George Lighterage.. 70
Schuyler County:
Sept. 1S-Noy. 11—
PABOLOTS oes ioe eee ee 61 |
Mst GI Seiceeaian. ee eee 30
Seneca County:
Sept. 22-Nov. 16—
Gayavond- 2. 2s5.- 292532 14
Renda asso nkeee oe 62
Romulus 2 see 20
Seneca Falls........-..- 4
VEN CWE a ace 1
Steuben County:
Sept.—_Nov.—
Hammondsport....-..- 199
Ulster County: -
Aug. 22-Oct. 26—
Clintondale...------..- 2 |
DSODHS ace. eee eee 9
Miphiandes| so see n= 29
TALI DOLO Se eile ieee 98
MiltONU arte osre See 19
Siblmo.+ 228 ee: 1
Uister-Park..2 42.2.2 49
Wiestibarks conc ets fe 9
Wayne County:
Oct.—
Ontario: 2. 3-230 Gee 6
HOUUS Ssasceeee eee eee 8
Yates County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 23—
Blumeboimter<see- 1 127
Branchport.--------5-- 70
Dresdenaeee as eee ss 20
DUNC. Se: oe au55--7- 1
(Cli a ee ae 1
AMINO se eee seen 32
MI GIESEX oe 2 oe. 137
MTOM ete oe ae ies 1
LEVEY eNO ds apap eal Siar ei 508
Rock Streams: ----.~ =. 2
Starkeyers=. 225... eee 45
NORTH CAROLINA.
Martin County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 3—
EIVGLOUES se ce seis osc 9
Moore County:
July 26—
Aiberdeenee se scsraneee 3
Southern Pines........ 1
N.C., State total.... 13
ALABAMA.
Bullock County:
June 23-Suly 18— Cars
Peacn presses one 5
Escambia County:
July 3—
ACMIOLR eee ee cee eee 1
Marion County:
July 18—
Um DU sae peace se 1
Walker County:
June-Aug. 2—
Jasper. solstice. eee 1
Manchester.2 20. aee 1
Parrish; 22. ck oehse ees 1
Ala., State total. ....
Table 4.—GRAPES—Continued.
OHIO.
| Ashtabula County:
Oct. 1-30—
Ashtabulanecn. sae eene 1
Conneaut: 22sec 3
Genevasce Sst ewes 9
Saybrook 3
Cuyahoga County:
Oct. 26-Nov. 17—
Dover sc xinet thee Rs
Erie County:
Oct. 5-12—
Berlin Heights.........
Ceylonzas: 355. oe ee eee
Onn
Franklin County:
Sept. 8-Oct. 30—
Columbuseeeeseeeeee 9
Geauga County:
Oct. 25—
Chardonee9-seee oes 1
Hamilton County:
Sept. 8—
Gincinnatize-pee-eee eee 1
| Lake County:
Sept. 21-Nov. 1—
Madisone asses eeeee- te
Lorain County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 7—
AN OUNE: Cphaaiay Toes 21
Ottawa County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 8—
Dan bUnVeaeee eee eee ee 1
Pitinb aye eee eee e 1
Ohio, State total. ..-. 268
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
Aug. 3-Nov. 15—
East Portland: -------. 2
Portlandia aesseeeeee 24
Oreg., State total.... 26
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie County:
Sept._Nov.—
Erlel ese e seesse ee 13
Wainmiewias couse cscs 6
Girard sees a seeee ee 9
Harbour Creek... ...-.- 252
MoorheadSteeeree cee 63
Northebasteee-aessenee 666
Springiicldeesseceeeee- 3
Philadelphia County:
Sept.—
Philadelphia......--..- 18
| Tioga County:
Oct.—
Westfield’: - 2. ose 55- 18
Pa., State total.....- 1, 048
Table 5.—PEACHES.
ARKANSAS.
Benton County:
July-Aug.— Cars.
Rogerss22.=.) sete see 52
Boone County:
July 29-Aug. 8—
Bellefonte. .........--. 1
Harrison ence cee- seas 8
Calhoun County:
July—
Thormtonsssseeseeee = 5
Clark County:
June 5-July 21—
ATTY ees Le Dimas eee 32
Arkadelphia..........- 14
Guim Springs........-. 1
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Minnehaha County:
Sept.— Cars.
Sioux Hallseascereasces 10
S. Dak., State total. . 10
TENNESSEE.
Sumner County:
Aug. 31—
Hendersonville........ 1
Tenn., State total.... 1
TEXAS.
Dallas County:
Aug.-Oct. 21—
Dallas... --aeoes soe ee 3
Maverick County:
July 17—
Bagle Bassi see eeeee il
Tarrant County:
July 18-Sept. 22—
Fort Worthese-- esses 7
Tex., State total...-.- 11
VIRGINIA.
Greenesville County:
Aug. 25-28—
Bmp Oras se eeeee arene 2
Va., State total. .---- 2
WASHINGTON. __
Benton County:
Sept. 8—
Kennewick. -....-..--- 1
Yakima County:
Oct. 8-14—
GTang Olea ee esas eee 5
North Yakima.....--.. 17
Selah (so eee scar eee 6
YAU EN WAS eR she cncasson 1
Wash., State total... 30
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
Oct. 2—
Parkersburg. ..:------- 1
W. Va., State total. - 1
WISCONSIN.
Fond du Lac County:
Sept.—
Fond du Lac.....---.- 1
Wis., State total..... 1
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Clay County:
July— Care3
Isto) Wis Aciaoc 254 952 3955 4
Columbia County:
July 11-20—
Mapnoliase sees terres 7
Waldom se eteee eerie 2
Conway County:
July-Aug.—
OM tons). en seeeeee 25
Crawford County:
July 15-Aug. 26—
AM 8).)2)2 sen eee 243
IDK Oe age see gases ce 30
Mountainburg.......-. 12
Ridiye: aoe epee 4
Van Buren. eee eeeee 15
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Franklin County:
July 16-23—
Altus
OETKER enemas toes 1
Fulton County:
Aug.—
Mammoth Springs... ..
Hempstead County:
July 1-Aug. 1—
IBN, | oe Gobcoaueodoee 2
Washington 22s)... 2
Howard County:
July-Aug.—
Mineral Springs........
INashivilleee eee ee
Johnson County:
July 13-Aug. 26—
Cabin Creek. .......-.-
Clanksyillileteemeess eos.
Cop Ib 5 oo Sesadees
Jaleyrianem ee Se ee 6
Lafayette County:
July 18—
sirardlicivjem see eae See 1
Lawrence County:
July 28-Aug. 5—
CANT GT BRUNO Ney NS 1
Ravendensen ii) 42s! 1
Little River County:
July 15-19—
ANSINCKO RAN,” oes saaoade ss
AV Atma Se RY 50
Logan County:
July 15-Aug. 10—
Blue Mountain. ...-- se
Boonewalllesa: meee."
IMialcalziige ee meeen eae a
mw
NOrwewA
Miller County:
June 26-July 12—
NOAA aay arp 6
Ouachita County:
July 3-23—
IDOI, WIT. 4s46555n0e 5
Camdenkeeeese sce se. 8
SAVROSM SC eR a sete 2
Slephensmereteee yc.
Perry County:
July 14-18—
INGMOT OS SS 5 els ara 3
Pike County:
July 5-29—
Polk County:
July 15-23—
Cove io 1
Pope County: Bee
July—Aug.—
ENG aITI Sipe ein etaciis 7
Scott County:
July 19—
Abbott
Searcy County:
July—
Weisman -passuusetnege 4
Sebastian County:
June 22-July 29—
Banlim cymes. Se
Greenwood.-...-.-.--.
HACK UU aeesoia- ssc oes 1
Humtington::. 22.22.42
ILE WAG soca OBE See
NWI Oo
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Sevier County:
July 6-19.—
DelQWe nesses ee
Gillham.
ELOrati olseeeeeeeeeeee ee
WOCkes pune ween eer
Sharp County:
July-Aug.—
Union County:
July—
101 Dorado
SULON gaa eee
Yell County:
July 13-25—
Belleville as eeeeier
Dardanelle: 2224222222:
Wavelandierae amen mans
Ark., State total.....
CALIFORNIA.
Butte County:
June-Aug.—
Rast Gridley. ..2..._.
FVIONS OMI L OMe en
Ril Oral: ea ae en abanainN
Contra Costa County:
Sept. 6-8S—
Concorde aaa ee
Fresno County:
Apr. 22-Sept. 30—
MB OWES WEEE Sees eee
Reedley esis ata
Kern County:
Aug, 1—
TWAS CO ial ese aa teaee ee
Kings County:
Aug.—
Hanford
Los Angeles County:
June 30-July 22 —
ankershim!) cess
os: Angeles: is 5s
Riverside County:
July 6-Aug. 31—
Banning awe eee
Beamon tessa eee
Sacramento County:
July—
Sacramentogsese ames
San Bernardino County:
July 6-Aug. 25—
Cucamongase a
San Francisco County:
July 22—
San /Prancisco: 3252254.
San Joaquin County:
July 22-Aug. 27—
dn oN sacs ee eee
Solano County:
June-Aug.—
Danielsonsyass see
Rairheld eee s ses seen
SUISUNEE eee eee
Wall OL Gaeta ene
Stanislaus County:
July 19-Aug. 29—
Denairy eee
PYG ay Ciityae eerie
cow Ww
mt OrnIT a
CALIFORNIA—Contint
Tulare County:
June 6-July 30—
Cit ere ee ee OMe as
Sultana. ....- SS rier
Nika) haa aa ot a Sa
Yuba County:
June-Aug.—
Reed
Cal., State total. .....
COLORADO.
Delta County:
Aug. 10-Sept. 22—
SATIS UITIER ree eo es
Mesa County:
July 29-Sept. 13—
@littorie aes see eee eee
Colo., State total..-..
CONNECTICUT.
Hartford County:
Sept.—
News Bnitaimkaeseeet se.
Middlesex County:
Aug. 23-Sept: 24—
Maddiletiel dees ese aes
New Haven County:
Sept. 14-23—
East Wallingford. ..-...
Conn., State total. ...
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Aug. 12-26—
Farmington.......2...-
Wioodsidet eae aes
AWayiOTIiin ae geen Sues
Sussex County:
Aug. 8-24—
Bridgevaillessssaseeeeae
Del., State total......
FLORIDA.
Lake County:
May 16-18S—
Wimatillaseeseeseeeceeee
Fla., State total......
GEORGIA.
Bartow County:
June 26-July 25—
AGairsville2-. oo sss
iBMeTsonee sey eee
Hallaee 3. sae
Bibb County:
July 4-24—
ied,
OTH bo
ry
ONNNmNmw
J
_
nN] bh
76
GEORGIA—Continued.
Chattooga County:
July—
Holland
Menlo
Cobb County:
July 18-21—
MSNIBLLT oa oe etic
Coweta County:
July 23-29—
INEVTIET on Gio tai ce
Crawford County:
July 10-21—
TREES SS a ees
LAST SS Seen Beene
DeKalb County:
July 15-17—
Stone Mountain........
Elbert County:
July 13-20—
Middleton. - 2 2 5.<e
Floyd County:
June—July—
Chambers. ..-....-.-..-
Glasscock County:
July 11-18—
Agricola
Gordon County:
July 21—
Waihoune-)--24--ssnc. ce
Habersham County:
June 28-July 28—
Alto
Cormelia® Bos a
Hollywood.......
Hall County:
June 23-July 15—
(Tainesyillossss oc. oe
Hancock County:
June 23-July 18—
Mn Verton:s. 222-6 sees e
Ma yileld ss. cel oa cess
Harris County:
June 30-July 8—
Shiloh
Jackson County:
June 5—-Aug. 15—
Gonimerce® sees oe
PONGErerass:o. sss once
Jasper County:
June 26-Aug. 2—
BOLISDOLOMSe ees ee
Jones County:
June 13-Aug. 15—
BISOIG Ys sor hese
July 10-15—
SHOMISOM 250-5 fen adee
Macon County:
June 8-July 30—
Marshallville...........
Montezuma............
Winchester
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
21
40
RCO
oro
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
GEORGIA—Continue
| Meriwether County:
July 12-29—
Warm Springs
Wood burys228 eee
Monroe County:
July—
Bolingbroke
Dyas
Goggins s223. eassceeeee
Pike County
July 6-22—
Barnesville
Williamson
Zepulon-sessessescece
Polk County:
July—
Rockmarten. ---sse~se
Putnam County:
July 11-14—
Jul
Stewart County:
June 28-July 19—
Renfroe
Sumter County:
July 10—
Americus
Reynoldseee se eee
Upson County:
une 20-July 19—
GreStiecis fechas csneas
Warren County: RAEN eiesiok
July 6-14—
Norwood
IDAHO.
Canyon County:
Aug. 13—
WmmMotiveeseeo ese eens
Nez Perce County:
Sept. 2—
OWISLOD ase ee
Twin Falls County:
Sept. 16-22—
Buhl
Idaho, State total...
ILLINOIS.
Bond County:
Aug. 31—
Greenville. oes es
Bureau County:
Aug.—
Wyaneteo ess 2
Carroll County:
July 27—
Milledgeville...........
Clay County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 1—
Flora
Cumberland County:
Aug. 1-25—
INGORE: oceans
Jackson County:
Aug. 4-Sept. 1—
Makanda
d.
iy
25
| ILLINOIS—Continued.
Johnson County:
Aug. ‘13-17—
Knox County:
July 7-28—
Galesburgzces-oeoeenee
Marion County:
Kell .:.: -.ineeeaneeones
Kinmundy
Walnut Hills
Union County:
July 20-Sept. 30—
Alto Pass
Washington County:
Aug. 24-31—
Irvington s2222 2. eee
Til., State total.......
INDIANA.
Knox County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 1—
Decker =.-- 4 eee eee
Lake County:
Aug.—
Indiana Harbor........
Lawrence County:
Aug, 19-24—
Mitchell. Sooners
St. Joseph County:
July 19—
South Bendeereses sess
Ind., State total... ..
IOWA.
Blackhawk County:
July 27-31—
‘Waterloo: a. Sa ee
Dubuque County:
Sept. 20—
Dubuque
Lee County:
Sept.—
eokuk
Muscatine County:
Aug. 9—
Muscatine
Scott County:
July 31-Sept.—
Dayvenportinese=- seen
Wapello County:
Sept. 4—
ttumwa. -
Iowa, State total.....
KANSAS.
DickinsonCounty:
Aug. 2—
Solomonss--eee-eeeeeee
Saline County:
Oct. 20—
Saline
Kans., State total....
KENTUCKY.
Warren County:
Aug. 1—
Bowling Green
Ky.. State total......
Cars.
mh
N
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued,
Van Buren County:
(4)
LOUISIANA. MASSACHUSETTS.
Caddo Parish: _| Suffolk County:
July 19— Cars. Aug. 1-Sept. 7— Cars
Shreveport.........-- 1 BOS TOMe sa etree tier atenete 4
Claiborne Parish: aan
July 11-14— Mass., State total.... 4
A heer aoabodueeuus 2 ‘ =
rleans Parish: HIG
Sept. 25 MICHIGAN.
ew Orleans.........-. 1 :
Webster Parish: P euonassaanes iague
July 13-16— ATG gam ea ese 2
Minin Lena et: 2 Men ville sued wuae ual Me 71
La., State total. .... 6 Bons Sot
MARYLAND. Beulan ee ae 6
Allegany County: Rramictontest selene 34
Aug. 1-Oct. 21— Berrien County:
Cumberland........... uf Aug. 22-Oct. 12—
AW LIM SSie erste eats 5, = 35 Benton Harbor.......- 684
Mowm Creeks esos... 6 Bridgman 22 asieeenae 2
Anne Arundel County: Coloma eye e tie eit ae 379
Aug. 29-Sept. 4— Derby ees oe teak 27
Comiyiaryanersee ester yac 2 y cau Claines ee aes 9
Baltimore City: ING Tes yes Us Sia eae 2
July 5-Oct. 20— IRAVersid Css ca ieee 6
Baltimorese eee st. 5 = 20 St Joseph easy asian 21
Cecil County: SAW VOL Saco eyes 7
July 25-Aug. 1— Sodus ete yaaa eens 29
Pernyvillew swiss sae: “ 2 Watervliet............- 9
Dorchester County: Genesee County
Aug. 10-27— Sept.—
Cambridge............ 3 WentONac esse oe ne 1
Rhodesdale.......... ae 4) Grand Traverse County:
Frederick County: Sept. 5-Oct. 6—
Aug. 29— Traverse City......-.-- 30
Point of Rocks......... 4 | Kent County:
AR ow ob eraaYo) ars Ue See ace ae 1 Sept. 13-Oct. 9—
Harutord County: : Grand Rapids......... 34
ug.— Lapeer County:
Husband ee Webi, | aeidone Osan
Queen Annes County: (AG ELC a eaters cera 1
Au . pariaes
Tees i a ih | Meniste: County
Talbot County: Ree aie 7
Aug. 21— Co emish RGR ROND Lie 2
Se oan mate : Manistee cst ate 3
OE GOWaiee isin laielniacte clots Ree POMP ME URE RET
Washington County: AEs An RON ee i
_ Suly-Cet. ue ; MEKAM As sees aeeee
IBI SNP OOM ee Geese t 19 | Mason County:
Cherny Rumi 10 Aug. 10-Oct. 26—
Gheweriile SL Ca 5 Custer eee Ce 18
Mdeemonteaemun i lc 6 MTEeSOU ye eee 7
lam COC le aaron 125 Dudington. 22. ea 246
Keedysvillon ses oe) 8 Scottivalle— tee sees a 1
RC ALTO Ree cepa sta to). 3 35 | Muskegon County:
Rohrerswailleszenic 820! 20 Sept. 5-Oct. 3—
Smichsburg 142 Bailey 0b kone aii) 11
_ AWOWenio Tsao Sala sie 1 IBTUMS Wik. semen es 5
Wicomico County: Gasnowlasss eee 19
June 25-July 31— Slocum. fee ae es 14
ae pousbury, Dean 12 Whitehall 2 eres 1
orcester County:
July 25-Aug. 24— LeU Sa
Berlin..-........------ 36 essen 34
July—Sept. 12: Grantee awe ha
i OMS Riverlandings. 10 Pec avil i neem 5
UL Ves Uer amen tie nly SdH EC Ul Oren ins Neenreainaih tg Ua ira Anat
(Gheotante River land- Oakland County:
TAGS) SN ae oe yee 28 Sept. 1-30—
Aug. 3-22: (oh ASonemaseae seaser 40
Nanticoke River land- Oceana County:
MAN oSeeeee sels. ee 5 Aug. 12-Oct. 30—
June-Sept. 8: arts 2 Meats eae 47
Patuxent River land- Mearsieie Mocs ie Oui 3
AIRES hens 18 NewrBrascsseceeee 22 6
July—Aug. 4: Pentwatero.ses-se cece 1
Wicomico River land- Shelbyaeue) Se ese 104
Ings.-.-------+-+++ +++ 4 | ganilac County:
Md., State total..... 576 Oct. 5—
Mc Gregors: accents 1
Aug. 16-Oct.— Cars.
JAN COU See se se oe es 30
Covert cer see eles 72
Grand Junction........ 1
ar tiordeseses cess ese 104
dG] oy Gea aan 67
WA COLA sae Mines aahuers Ree 9
IGA WTONGEsos 825 scenes © J
McDonaldeecce teeee ss 7
South Haven.......:.. 62
Wayne County:
Aug.—
Detroit ish vss e eee 1
Mich., State total.... 2,286
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
Aug.—
Minneapolis.......... 2
Ramsey County—
Sept. 7—
StcBaulecwssc nts sys 1
Minn., State total.... 3
MISSISSIPPI.
Union County:
June 28—July 14—
Ingomar sss) 4
Miss., State total... .. 4
MISSOURI.
Barry County:
Aug.—
BUT yates eens 4
Carter County
ug. 2-9—
bun Gensens sass teen 4
Howell County:
July 30-—Oct. 3—
Brands vallewas eases 76
Jackson County:
Sept.—Oct.—
ansas Citiyiseceseces 2
Oregon County:
July 29-Aug. 12—
Koshkonong..--...--- 117
Mhayencossser ee see 5
Ripley County:
Aug. 7—
Doniphan 22s .2250 2
Mo., State total. ... 210
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Aug.—
IFAS bingsee seco sieee 2
Dakota County:
Aug.—
South Sioux City... - 1
Dawson County:
IN
IAGAMS Mas saeeeeuceee 200
Dodge County:
Aug. 4—
FEMON Ge sco cee 1
Douglas County
July 19—
Omahasseee eee 1
Franklin County:
Aug.—
Hildreth eacveassee 1
Laneaster County:
July 20-Sept. 5—
Bickmans 225 se2esce 2
incolMsssss. see ee 6
78
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
NEBRASKA —Cont inued.
Merrick County:
Oct. 1— Cars.
(Cie wien So Seer see 1
Red Willow County:
Aug.
TG DANO o> cosets sce 1
Nebr., State total.... 216
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
July 10-Sept. 15—
Hammonton.......---- 189
NANOS WAG se sea cee 120
Wheat Road.-......--- 10
Burlington County:
July 1-Sept. 20—
Beverly. -s--o2e- = 32 -= 41
Edgewater Park..----- 107
JODStOWI He ce eismoe- ee 2
Mount Holly ..-.--.---- 2]
RIVCLLONE eee eee 1
West Moorestown. .. -- - 2
Camden County:
July 23-Sept. 22—
Wimitee: Jase eajeteee 248
Merchantville. .....---- 4
Cumberland County—
Aug. 9-Sept. 9—
Bridpetonee- ee -e- ee = 2
Wineland': -- - =~ eee LOO
Gloucester County:
July 27-Sept. 14—
GTASSDOLOSee eee == 53
IN Se Shams ks aS6Secc 17
Miekleton:-2-5------- 3
RICO OOU sees seis se ee = 23
Swedesboro. ....-..---- 11
Williamstown -..-.---: 11
Hunterdon County:
Aug. 14-Oct. 7—
Califone ssa ten heeer = 8
Flemington. ...-.--.---- 3
High Bridge......----- 22
Mebanon. 2). 2s s2 2845 140
PAttSLOWN << S2 2ee eae 1
White House ..-..--.-.-- 35
Monmouth County:
Aug.—
isteGlishr alle | aio em Se 3
Salem County:
Aug. 26-Sept. 7—
Pedricktown-o--=-4-=- 2
N. J., State total. .... 1,179
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
July-Sept.—
AUDA acces cnen eee 9
Allegany County:
Sept. 3—
CNDaer eee same ote 1
Broome County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 30—
Barkers 2002-2 ste 9
Binghamton..........- x
Chemung County:
Aug. 12-Sept. 30—
lO brite: Seem ae 3
Columbia County:
Aug.—
Germantown........-. 1
Erie County:
Aug.-Sept. 22—
SM al: Sacee ns eee Soe 3
Monroe County:
Aug. 1-Oct.—
Adams Basin.........- 38
Barnard 3... o5.<.28seee 40
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
| Monroe County—Contd.
|} Aug. 1-Oct.—
Brock polue ses so-eeeeers
Char) Otfege-. eos emnercns
Mortimerseess-ce see
MOLUO eiees soe oe or
Rochestenasoe sees oe
Spencerport --.--..-----
Union Eble sae ee
Wiallkeneie ssc see seine
Wrebstereon: tesa dees
Montgomery County:
Oct.—
Amsterdam!--2.-:...2-
Niagara County:
Aug. 10-Oct. 20—
INOS seonsosens[e
Barkenqicc- oo 5see eee
Gaspontine ser sie sec
WeWwAS CONE se eee
lockportias esse eee
Middleport ..-..---2- =
ModeliCityee-----ee eee
INewianemse esuasee= =
Oleottzj ca. e
WilSOME ceca rete oe
Onondaga County:
Sept. 16-Oct. 20—
Syracuse. .2-------2-2-2
Ontario County:
Sept.—
Geneva eee oe ase
Orange County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 15—
GedarniG@lifiassscseaseet
Rinevislandessesee eee
IRMA NS eso 5205-555
Orleans County:
IBLICO rien Sea oreteee
MGI Sees seer eee
Millers: ...222 2853222225
Wraterportieo-cs--- ese
Sehuyler County:
Sept. 12-Oct. 13—
e@Ctorsesosececeee eee
Seneca County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 17—
Caywood epeesan ease ee
JUNIUS so eioe se eee cece
Steuben County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 31—
| Corning? eee ner anal
Suffolk County:
Sept.—
Galvertoteesso.-se sees
Ulster County: .
Aug. 7-25—
Marlboro ee s-o-oceem
Milton s.cScc5 seeinee ee =e
| WistersPark= 5) 262::
| Wrest Park. -4:23282 2 25-
Wayne County:
Sept. 1-Oct.—
East Williamson. .....-.
Mriitland=<- 2 Sessa
NEW YORK—Continued.
Nwre
Nr ath
NEW YORK—Continued.
Wayne County—Contd.
Sept. 1-Oct,—
Ontario. si22-sneeeeeee
SoduSis2 ones een ope ate
Wallington --:--ee=s
Williamson! =: o--eeeee
Westchester County:
Sept.—
(Parry LOW eisee eile
Yates County:
Sept. 26-30—
Bellonat).<2c.5-eeeeees
N. Y., State total.-..
5, 104
NORTH CAROLINA.
Harnett County:
June—
Spout Springs..-....-- 2
Montgomery County:
July 4-28—
Candorssscesesere coer 22
Moore County:
June 5-July 26—
Aberdeen22 5-22 o---- = 31
Eagle Springs. ....-..-- 2
Southern Pines...--.-- 10
Vance County:
June 8-12—
Kittrell Se eeeeeeceee 8
N. C., State total... 75
OHIO.
Cuyahoga County:
July 13-Sept. 25—
Glevelandi=aieee eee 7
Cleveland Pier....-..-- 2
Erie County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 15—
Berlin Heights......-.. 23
GCastalia:. s.seseeneeee 6
Ceylon eee ses eneeee 7
Kelleys Island.......-- 6
Sanduskye-seseee eee 1
Wermillionsaeesseeeeeer 29
Franklin County:
July 13-Sept. 25—
Columbussenee eee 3
Hamilton County:
Aug. 9-Sept. 6—
Cincinnatle se eeeeeeeee 2
Glendale.........- Sete 5
Woodlawn......-.-..-. 6
Huron County:
Oct. 1-15—
Norwalk. 22. eeeeeeere 13
Lake County:
Sept. 21-25—
Jnionville:ss-seseeeee 2
Lucas County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 6—
Maumee) anaes ae eee 1
Toledo. Sessee sae 14
Ottawa County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 19—
Catawba Island 81
Danburyee- -o-- eee 50
GypSun 22 ee eeeeeer 595
Lai Carme@ re permeameter 217
Lakeside........-- 2% 97
Oak Harbors. sesneeee 353
PoriClintons -seeeeeee 405
Putin Bay. eeeeeeeeee 2
Ross County:
Aug.—
Musselman...........- 3
Ohio, State total... .- 2,630
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
OKLAHOMA,
Bryan County:
une 2-July 23— Cars
IBenMIM POMS. <)- s\sr\-1-\- = - 1
IBOKCHUGOME risers clits. 3
Choctaw County:
July-Aug.—
Bos wellesaerecras i.) -1- 1
Fort Towson.......---- 6
ISIS); soe pdancoeodeeeee 18
Haskell County:
June 6-16—
IKGOIE dds SoC OrGRC ep eee 14
Hughes County:
June 13-18—
Holdenville.......-...- 1
Wieuiblaalie sews boeeeae 7
Jefferson County:
June 21—
FEV AS TUT SS Bereeteyeyiorasch= ie 1
Le Flore County:
June 9-10—
IBOKOSHe Rees ee acess: 1
@aimenoneeeee tear tty 1
I OUGAUIS eerie Scr cizsiee's 6
SDILOMeeeee es ceeceice: 1
Lincoln County:
June—
BD ray OM re attache, eters) S 3
McCurtain County:
June 10-July 21—
Nd aie lee ee see 3
Walienis os $2585 Soeeee 7
Pushmataha County:
July 5—
@layiGOMe eee eyefeve crea = 1
Seminole County:
uly—
Keonawiaeeere seneeces-- 10
Okla., State total. ..- 85
OREGON.
Baker County:
Oct. 18—
FAmtine tones. 222-5. 1
Jackson County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 12—
Shilamdgeee eee ns 2 2
Malheur County:
Sept. 16-27—
IBTOSAN Ee eee estes es 5
Multnomah County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 13—
East Portland......-.. 2
Wasco County:
Aug. 13-Sept. 8—
INDE alleshwar ese eee 4
Oreg., State total.... 14
PENNSYLVANIA.
Adams County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 20—
Bendersvilless2-. 2... 5
Biplenvailleeeeeee ss. oe = 28
GUeBnSC yee nae. e 5
Orntannawes- 2s. -s.- - 2
Allegheny County:
Oct. 7-18—
/Mlereany sb geeesoasane 2
Berks County:
Aug. 4-Oct. 14—
Bechtelsville.........-- 2
IsIayan] NA Bowen ap osee 22
Lenhartsville.......-.- 8
imephorgers ss). 5.242 s- 11
Bucks County:
Aug. 14-Sept. 13—
Doylestown......------ 11
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
Chester County:
Sept. 9-13—
PAL KS DUNE cere tetera 2
Cumberland County:
Aug. 9-Oct. 7—
3owmansdale.......... 8
Gettysburg Junction... - 62
Elunter’sT umes sees 45
Mechanicsburg......... 1
Shippensburg.........- 10
Starners ..3) ieee 22
Franklin County:
Aug. 9-Oct. 7—
Chambersburg......... 13
East Fayetteville...... 19
ehmasterseese eee 3
Mason and Dixon....-- 1
Midvale sae peices 11
Mon tyAltow saan renioee 2
Quin Gye eres ne eee 10
Scotlands. aia 15
Waynesboro..........-. 8
William Somes sce sae 3
India County:
Sept.—
ROSSiben eee ece atone 1
Lackawanna County:
Sept.—
Carbondale 2ieh2 2 1
Scrantonsaee eee 12
Lancaster County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 1—
Peach Bottom......... 4
Lawrence County:
Aug. 30-Sept. 26—
INewip on tes eee re
Lebanon County:
Sept. 11—
Myerstown............ 1
Lehigh County:
Aug. 18-Sept. 8—
Wralbert- ss 22 quae 9
Luzerne County:
Sept.—
Hazletonsee teen ames 8
Lycoming County:
Sept. 11-21—
TROUGUR UI emeseeer ate
Williamsport.....-....
Montgomery.County:
Aug. 9-Sept. 12—
INOLEStOWMeeeEeeeeeee
Loe)
Rottstownl cesses
Northampton County:
Aug. 24-Oct. 2—
Bastones se stecsceeh ess 13
Philadelphia County:
Aug. 12-Sept. 7—
Philadelphia..-.....-.- 49
Schuylkill County:
ug.—
Mahanoy City..-....-..- 1
Union County:
Aug. 15—
MillmontasSseemeeeeerer 1
York County:
Aug.—Sept.—
Dillsburgeeseeeeceesee 2
Mount, Wolfi2e-2 sees
Wiley... 225ss-sesseesee5 1
Pa,, State total. -.-.- 494
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
July 22-Sept. 27—
Providences-=-eaessee= 3
R. 1., State total. .... 3
uaRS
SOUTIL CAROLINA.
Edgefield County:
July 4-25-
Meriwether
July—
S.C., State to
SOUTH DAKOTA. _
Minnehaha County:
July 25—
Sioux Falls....
S. Dak., State
tal
total ..
TENNESSEE.
Morgan County:
July— |
Bancing =:
Tenn., State t
Otal....
TEXAS.
Anderson County:
June 28—July 24—
Frankston
Maud
Callahan County:
July—
Cly deren ss= =e
Camp County:
July 8-24—
Leesburg......-
Newsome.....-
Bittsbungessass
Cass County:
July 10-25—
Wanwen eases
Gindenienseene
Cherokee County:
June 20-Aug. 1—
Collin County:
July 8-11—
So osee in
Cookwillessssse-- eee
Comanche County:
July 20-Aug. 15—
DewWeonk- 2 seas. ssee ces
Dallas County:
Aug.—Sept.—
Dallas =e seeeee Soeee ee
Eastland County:
July 27-Aug. 4—
Gonmanktee— eee
Erath County:
July 15-Aug. 10—
Dibline ss seeses ss
Fannin County:
June 21-July 30—
Bonhameees =
Franklin County:
June 23-July 26—
Mt. Vernon..-...-------
Grayson County:
July 17-21—
Wihitesboro- ...----=---
Gregg County:
July—
79
bo
to
or
on
80
BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
TEX AS—Continued.
Harrison County:
June 5-July 24— Cars.
Hi: ay HE ea cee
Seottsville------.-.---- 3
Henderson County:
June 15-July 28—
IN MRS 8 = Scissnoseases 99
Brownsboro. ....------ 8
handle rseesee- ae 31
TEEN ARV 2 3- se settee 5
Murchison ....-.--...... 24
PO WGOLe sees: ae == =e = 1
Hopkins County:
June-Aug.—
Comes - == eee m= 44
RIGKtONE Ss isseace tices 36
SH beh Wa et SSS os 20
Sulphur Springs. ...--- 93
Marion County:
July 10-12—
Jenersons sees e eee 6
Morris County:
June 17-July 20—
OGG RES Bee seuscoeasndo 1
Daingerfield...-....-.-- 1
ING) CSc oe ased goers aaa 25
CHRIS «SRE ei 18
Panola County:
July—
Beckvilless--seoccn ese 1
WaAntnapesnseeno eae ccc 4
Rains County:
June 23-Aug. 5—
PsiOnyerss-- soe =< 14
Red River County:
July 10-Aug.—
TAVGIN a Sansone: Jose nace
Bogata.....-----------
Wr ow
IDNR asoodesb0ose
=)
2
=
&
=
P
:
—
Smith County:
June 23-July 28—
128] OS54ee sas aecsdsocese 7
INES See oheeos 5
Mindaleness Aa aees cee 101
Swan cs Gu eal ee 9
ALO Sa Sh Ges Shs sboce 1
VICI ane cnt cele e ee cle 14
Whitehouse .-....-...-- 5
WoinOnesesceee stn <cisce 176
Titus County:
June 21-July 22—
Mt; Pleasant -:52-222.-- 86
Winfield’ cs sc ease ce 45
Upshur County:
June 21-July 21—
Gilmer. boeees eeates 17
Pritchett. 22. eek 5
Rosewood............- 7
Van Zandt County:
July 10-28—
Grand'Saline:' ose. 10
Wise County:
July 28-Aug. 1—
AV Ord saein ate aes 1
Chico 22 seer eaee ns 1
Wood County:
June 6-July 31—
Mineola seo.) sesesee ee 18
Opburn=3535) Soa 15
Winnsboro-cosses eee eee 5
Tex., State total..... 1,506
Table 5.—PEACHES—Continued.
UTAH.
Boxelder County:
Sept. 1-23— Cars.
Brighanits sso ee ace 51
Willard eases 12
Davis County:
Sept. 11-15—
Hanmineioneaes se seen ae 2
Woods Orossi2-2 setae 2
Salt Lake County:
Sept. 5-9—
HOt prineseeeeceseses 2
Salt Lake City......... 10
Utah County:
Aug. 31-Sept. 16—
Pleasant Grove........ 4
Provo seen eee SUIS 53
Springville sseeeewee sees 27
Weber County:
Sept. 3-15—
CAEN sss kas so Aare 38
Utah, State total..... 201
VIRGINIA.
Albemarle County:
Aug. 5-14—
Crozet sees eee eee 5
Greenwood see. s2ence 1
Botetourt County:
Teoreeaale Sahel iee 6
Frederick County:
Aug. 4-Sept. 14—
Wanchestereeseoeeeeee 15
Loudoun County:
July 31-Aug. 28—
Bluemont......... BS 2
ClarkesiGapeaseeeneeee 51
IRoybuoel EH Ae aS 1
Page County:
Aug.—
Luray
Roexinalisin County:
LOct. 1—
A impersille SS eS OER 21
Shenandoah County:
Aug. 9-Sept. 22—
Mount Jackson........ 5
Strasbireseeaee eee eee 12
Wroodstock=aeneas-seee 1
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
July 1-Oct. 15—
Benton. lobe ees 1
White Bluffs..........
Chelan County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 6—
@ashmereliaaseeenee see 2
Wenatchee ..2225..22:-
Grant County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 28—
Coulee! City otesee ee
Ey phratalens. seeepeeece
Drinidad sso eereeses
Lincoln County:
Sept. 18-23—
Crestons msec eenar ete 3
Okanogan County:
Sept. 12-21—
We oO
Okanogan..... SLs 76
Omak eee f
Pateros=) 72: eee: 2
Snohomish County:
Sept. 23—
UVETObb He ose eeteaets 2
WASHINGTON—Continued,
Spokane County:
Aug, 19-31—
Spokaness a seeeeee ees
Stevens County:
Sept. 27-30—
Meyers Falls........... 1
Walla Walla County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 14—
Walla Walla gece chee 2
Wwihtian ony :
Yakima County:
July 26-Oct, 21—
Buena 60
49
12
SUNMYSIGe see -eeeee ees
Toppenish=!sesseeeeeee 16
Wapatorss =saeeeerereer 29
Wright.) eee 25
148
WEST VIRGINIA.
Berkeley County:
ug. 18-25—
Inwood ):...2ue aren eee 10
North Mountain....... 6
Grant County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 15—
Petersburg. ----..-.2.. 62
Hampshire County:
J a 27-Oct. 19—
Tench - Ge eewees ee 51
Green Spring.......-.. 14
IROMNCYy2= sso eeeeseeae 505
Springfield eee see 103
Hancock County:
Aug. 31—
Chester: - scene eee 1
Hardy County:
Aug. 7-Sept. 13—
MeNeil 2 ee Soper il
Moorefield ............. 12
Mineral County:
Aug. 11-Oct. 12—
Keyser .'. ccc sneeneree 55
Patterson’s Creek. ..... 1
Morran County:
uly 31-Oct. 16—
Cherry ae eee 113
Hancock.: shee eee 34
Paw Paw: sess 15
Wood County:
Sept. 15-22—
Parkersburg..........- 2
W. Va., State total 995
WISCONSIN.
Milwaukee County:
Sept. 16-25—
Milwaukee............. 8
Winnebago County:
July 17—
Oshkosh.) peepee 1
\
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
ARKANSAS. DELAWARE,
Lafayette County: Kent County:
Aug. 17-Sept. 8— Cars Sept.-Oct.— Cars.
IBWIOLSCC) RoE GoHnoaMe se ABE 15 CUbeswoldieive ee eceeee 13
Logan County: Clayton ae eee aia ee wie 7
July 15-July 26— Earning tomeencecceoae 2
SMOACO) Jobe esosdoodeae 2 LEE eee ee A Shae 20
LOUStONa sees eee 3
Ark., State total....- 17 Kien tomy aeeenlee ieee 6
Shanta eats, Wana Gone Gee il
‘ AVAlo) EVE Mean 8
CALIFORNIA. WioodsSideln.Leeeeeaenee 8
WAY OMMLIN Getler 91
Butte County: New Castle County:
July— Sept.—
Hast Gridley..----.--- 12 Mount Pleasant........ 3
RIVAL OT Aes eleeetie ticle 4 Townsend eee 9
Colusa County: Sussex County:
July— Sept.-Oct.—
Colusaeeeseemerr seems 3 Bridgeville.-\- 2. -.-|-.- 17
Contra Costa County: Cannone soe ee eee 4
July 6-Oct. 2— Lincoln City:: 222222322 10
Concordeeeacesee scene 108 Mil fords ce eee 7
Meinertaeeee cee sues 1 Seaford ee eee 21
UIT eee cops ys bles): 78 : a e-
Sanebablowereseeeecce 2 Y21., State total..:.. 240
Imperial County:
Oct 31_Nov. 10— GEORGIA.
BLOC Oye ya srerreys ees tae 3 r
Inyo County: Boeiee County:
Sept. 19— PAN Darmuysneen ss sees aise 1
Wearsarge-----2------.- 1 | Lee County:
Oca Comins July 28-Aug. U—
Aug. 13— Weesburcen eee eae 4
Tehachapi.--.-...-.--- 1 Sana eed Glo 9
Los Angeles County: Thomas County:
July 28-Oct. 3— ,| July-Aug—"—
OSPAMIPe LES! iieece : seals
Halim dale sere ee 38 Thomasville. ---------- as
an Fernando...-.-.-.-.-- 1 x
Riverside County: Ga., State total...-.- 25
July 24-Aug. 25— IDAHO
Bammin gee yseese 10 i
Beamon teen eee eer 1 | Latah County:
EROTIC tee ete eee ciel 3 Sept. 20-26—
IMinmnrietaeeeee eee cece e 1 MOSCOW acne seteeeeeiete 33
Sonoma County: Nez Perce County:
July 24-Aug. 3— Aug. 20-Sept. 24—
Sebastapole eens 2.5.2 5 Mewiston. 2... j52s55- 4
Sutter County: Idaho, State total-..-- U7
Isag bal oosdeesaeseos 1 ILLINOIS.
Yuba City...---------- 3 Clay County:
Ventura County: Sept. 1-Oct. 5—
July 24— NT Oran Otyaistl Mate 31
Santa Susanna......-.. 1 | Clinton County:
Yolo County: Sept. 18-Oct. 31—
June-Aug.— IXGYSD ODE Sesleri 1
Rose Orchard........-- 54 aon Memphis Reonoouae 3
5 UG UW CS sie eretateretsvarotete
peo antye Cook County:
a Sept. 1-Oct. 5—
Howard..-.-.-.......- 1 Chicago 22
Reed .-...-.....-2-...- 54 Crawford County:
Cal., State total..... EN || Cent ti Nes
Sine County:
Sept. 29—
COLORADO. Sree ATU Meda niaunidl 1
Delta County: Jackso Dour te
Aug. 10-Sept. 2— Matacic een ee 10
ae MEAT A Johnson County:
ORO CRE epi dgae Sept. 26-Oct. 18—
Mesa County: New Burnside......--- 2
Aug. 2-Oct. 28— O Zari lee ae 1
CUO coe clioa Reena 148 VieTIN ae ee een eee ene 4
ruita...... socdoogauet 2 | Knox County:
Grand Junction... . 110 Sept.—
Palisade nse ainns av) 40 Galesburg easeeeseneeee 1
—— | Macoupin County:
Colo., State total....- 306 Oct. 1-10—
Shipmaneecseeseeesess 2
81
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 6.—PEARS.
44215°—18—Bull. 667-6
ILLINOIS—Continued.
Madison County:
Sept.-—Oct.— Cars.
PANTOMe set tasuiere ae iereete 1
ASTRAL OMe eteiew eee 2
New Douglas.....-...- 1
Marion County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 26—
@ermtralia seen seeeewieni 58
A inl: Woe ae ar eeeen iaee 2
KOM evosnscuenedeaaoees 4
Ba tOkaee eee Mis egeels 4
Sand ovale ceeeeeeeeee ac 35
Walnut Hills-.-.--.... 14
Pulaski County:
Sept.-Oct.—
WADE ARNO Fo) ee eee 44
St. Clair County:
Aug. 29—
Bast St. Louis-----.--- 1
Tazewell County:
Sept.—
FLINT OM Gee eiesloteieisete 2
Union County:
Sept.-Oct. 6—
IMO) EER G4 sbesaonsane 1
BACT = Ela al see ereta eet 11
Cobdenie een oeeee eee. 16
Washington County:
Sept. 14-27—
Inving tone seeser ease ae i
Wayne County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 21—
SiS Be ataacees menace Y)
Tll., State total...-..- 288
INDIANA.
Cass County:
Oct.—
WoOeanSPoLteenesee-e eel 1
Clark County:
Oct. 18—
Borden. .--- - Bee aR OODe 1
Delaware County:
Oct. 24—
Dalewillessss225ee0eeee 1
Gibson County:
Sept. 7-Nov. 23—
EU DSLAG beers eee
Oakland City...-------
Owensv;lle........----- 1
Rrinceiomesse sense a. 1
Grant County:
Oct. 17—
BD airmMountes-- eee Ht}
Henry County:
Oct. 6-25—
Spicelandeesseseeeeee ae
Jefferson County:
Oct. 24—
Madisonbesascaccecee oe 2
Kosciusko County:
Oct. 13—
Mentonesss2--.ceees == 1
Pike County:
Oct. 4—
IWinslowesceesseee cece 1
Posey County:
Sept. 7-Oct. 14—
oorh
or
Roseyville eee eee 2
Wadesvalle.222- 2225.
Tippecanoe County:
Oct. 24—
ia Hayettescn—-- eee
Vanderburg County:
7
1
New Harmony.-.--.----- 21
3
5
_
82
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
IOWA.
Dubuque County:
Sept. 11— Cars.
iD}F 0) 5 l6 |) C)s See eaeeueee as 1
Lee County:
Oct. 2—
Keeokuk: 22-5 -setdus Sit
MOntroses coe. sea eccen
Marion County:
Sept. —
ISENT atta) Lae ee aes 1
Wapello County:
Sept. 1s—
Giaitumwyascce see sone oe 1
Towa, State total....- 5
KANSAS.
Doniphan County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 4—
PULO Wee ase ane mae
ao
wo
Sept. 29—
Jefferson County:
Sept.—
OSkaloosacresueccsoece 5
Kearney County:
Oct. 20—
EMGaInOyes ace eee ae 1
Kans., State total... 10
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
Oct. 9—
MOMs Ville2ssensean cece
McCraken County:
Sept. 30—
MaAxOneee seen seme cr
=
—
bo
Ky., State total.-..--.
LOUISIANA.
Lincoln Parish:
Nov.—
RMS CON eer ee eee ci
Orleans Parish:
Aug. 18-Sept. 20—
New Orleans........... 4
—
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
July 1-Oct. 23—
IB altMMOLGse= same eee
Baltimore County:
Sept. 14—
Ridgoelyseeepe eas owe 2
Harford County:
Oct. 4-24—
Perryman so sstee ec ce 9
Kent County:
Oct. 10-Nov. 12—
ynCheasscscssesceeee =
won ck
Queen Annes County:
Sept. 23-Oct. 3—
Barclay! ieicc- eee ons 2
Worcester County:
Oct. 5-18—
Berline<s--ceen s2eenne 8
Aug. 1-Sept. 29—
Chester River landings.
Md., State total......
Table 6.—PEARS—Continued.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Middlesex County:
Oct. 17—
Groton:2.- -2s-cenee eee
Mass., State total...
MICHIGAN.
Allegan County:
Oct. 17-31—
IBYavO eeaneee ee mores
Fast Saugatuck........
Hannivillesacessesee sere
Berrien County:
Aug. 1-Nov. 30—
IBSarodae ee ee essere
Berrien Springs. .-.-----
Bridemanteese<-emenee
IBuchananteeseeseeaee=
Colomagas conaeee eee
Derbynencaccccsocn eee
Stevensville.......-----
Grand Traverse County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 17—
OldiiMissione2eseee nse
Traverse City..-..-.-.-
Hillsdale County:
Oct.—
Jonesville...........---
Kent County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 23—
Caledonia=ss-eeeee- eee
WISHEL/ sons se sess cee ae
Goodingecessseeeeeses=
Spattasnscenseeesereces
Leelanau County:
Sept. 26—
Northportanccecsereers
Lenawee County:
Oct.—
Macomb County:
Oct. 19-Nov. 2—
Manistee County:
Sept. 14—
IManiSLeO: 2hecctreetts ont
Mason County:
Aug. 28-Oct. 29—
Dei daine tones sees
Oceana County:
Sept. 8-19—
HL arteteeraceee Beers
Van Buren County:
Aug. 1-Noy. 3—
Paw -Pawherrceee cease
Washtenaw County:
Oct.—
ATNVATDOLSecseee eee
Cars.
1
_
“10
HOWE
wr
Mich., Statetotal..-.
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
Aug.— Cars
Minneapolis.......--.- 2
St. Louis County:
Sept. 5—
Dwulith ees esse eee 1
Minn., State total._.. 3
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
Sept. 29-Oct. 6—
t., JOSODD eee eo ce eee 3
Clay County:
ept. 14d—
Liberty. - co. Ace oe 1
Daviess County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 13—
Gallatin=3-s-e-coeeee 4
Howell County:
Oct. 20—
Olden s..2.:<2)-sjsca=eeee 1
Jackson County:
Aug.—
Kansas Cityerecss-eeee 1
Lafayette County:
Sept. 13-30—
exingbOn ese -seeeeee 3
Pike County:
Sept. 24-Oct. 28—
ouwiSian ates eee 10
Mo., State total...... 23
NEBRASKA.
Buffalo County:
Oct. 20—
Keameyoessse-eneeeee 1
Douglas County: .
Sept. 25-Oct. 30—
Omahaseeeesseeeeee 7
Frontier County:
Oct. —
HustiSises-- eee eee 1
Lancaster County:
Oct. 6—
Incolnl ese eens 1
Nemaha County:
Oct.—
Brownville.......-.... 2
Redwillow County:
Oct.—
Lebanonkeepcsesse=ser= 1
Nebr., State total. .-. 13
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
Oct. 16-25—
Cologness-ccncecenscices 4
Mapnoliapeeeeeseees=-- 2
Bergen County:
Nov. —
Little Wemryeteesose es 1
Burlington County:
Aug. 11-Noy. 7—
Beverly) ect eee setae 36
Edgewater Park 15
Maple Shade...... = 9
Marltonve.eeees 1
Mount Holly....-.....- 15
Rivertoneee es-eeeeee 62
SteVeuS) eee eeee eee 7
West Moorestown....-- 14
Camden County:
Aug. 11-Nov. 16—
Merchantville ........ 47
Mount Ephraim......-. 9
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
83
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Cumberland County:
Aug.— Cars.
Greenwich ..........-. 5
Wil@lenaGh 6 seeeeaddoe 10
Gloucester County:
Sept. 14-Nov. 4—
WiOOd DUTY scare =. --a-1: 16
Hunterdon County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 8—
Flemington.....-.....-. 3
TETUUSHONAT 6 ba poooedeMor 7
Mercer County:
Oct. 7-Noy. 11—
BU UCUSi All Cee ecieles- ose 3
Trenton Junction....-. 2
\ivatinolSorrs | Ao SS aeapuoeee i
Middlesex County:
Oct. —
Prospect Plains.......- 2
Monmouth County:
Sept.—
EVOCUB ame tie ie ce. cis -e 13
N. J., State total..... 284
NEW MEXICO.
Dona Ana County:
Aug. 5-7—
Wasi CruceSteeeccee- es - 11
N. Mex., Statetotal.. 11
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Aug. 1-Sept. 18—
AMlipamiyeee sous cmeen- 40
Coeymians sesso. 2
Cayuga County:
pepe O Oh. rf ;
AYALA eciseiee secs
Crockett es snes 5-4 13
KIN SSP OLGYs ee ssie =) <1 7
Sterling..... jseasosobes 1
Chautauqua County:
Sept.—
IBROCUOM eee saci ini 1
Chemung County:
Sept. 29-Oct. 17—
Eplaminaeeeesseteciss sei 2
Columbia County:
Aug.—Dec.—
Chevioueeeeeenssos sere 62
East Chatham ....-...- 4
Germantown.....----- 139
Greendale.....--...--- 10
EUS Oneal eee eee 130
Hudson Upper.....-.--- 4
MiniG hn gO Meee le 83
Newton Hook.....--.- 1
Niverville.....-------- 3
SLOCKPORteee meee it 40
Stuyvesant Falls. ....-. 1
Dutchess County:
Aug.—Oct.—
Cokertown....-.------- 2
INGOLIBIO Gc See saneeeeae 1
RUMEN eee. -)- = - 2
AUN OW Ss hae eran eee 5
Erie County:
Aug. 28-Nov. 8—
Akron Haliiseee. 2.5.52.
SiO). bos abcodecseees
Genesee County:
Aug.—Sept.—
ISIN ES SogacmoeeeeIee
BAe ee cee Soce
WOpOVerctice seasons ce
Oakhieldeaceee cee seis)
a
NOrbhhD
Table 6.—PEARS—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Greene County:
Aug. 9-Nov. 26— Cars.
Atinon Sie is ioe, ae pes 59
Catskill por oe era 127
Coxsackiousenseneeeee 132
New Baltimore........ 4
West Athens.......... 7
Jefferson Covaty:
Aug.—
Watertown......-...-- 1
Livingston County:
Oct. 24—
TAM WOO disses tiene ite 1
Monroe County:
Aug.—Dec.—
Brightoneseesescemecee 24
Brockportis ce eeeeee 6
BlmitGrovessencsossece 1
GreeCe hs aciaer) setae 3
Hamline esa eeeneees 10
HaGUNOWIA Hoe poomnremoEcos 30
Mortonisises- eels eee 6
Rif istondeea se seeer ieee 1
FP SCMESUCT eye eeerer eee 47
Spencerport. ...----..-- 7
Wailer set ste ecterers 8
Webstensteasteconeere 14
New York County:
Oct. 17-Nov.—
INGie Osea Bosobosesace 5
Niagara County:
Sept.—_Dec.—
Appletonteeeseace eee 4
Bar Kero eereaperas 60
BURG esate eeenelsce ers 23
Mslbertavassscoos sees 5
Gasponti os eee 29
Tua Salles eee ueee eer 5
Lewiston eee 28
Hockportc eee nsec 103
Middleport.-.-.--.------ 26
Modeli City Sees 16
INewian cee ene eee eee 6
Niagara Falls...-..--.- 1
Ransomville......----- 16
Sanlborneeaaasaseeecese 1
WillSOM eae se ee omer 20
Onondaga County:
Sept.—Oct. 30—
SYVRACUSCt ep wselatetttetat= )
Ontario County:
Aug.-Nov. 25—
NTO QUINE ae s-eee eee 2
Canandaigua. -.:.--..-- 6
Geneva ceaee eee 3
Gornhamns sesseeeeee ee 3
Ra ess hs eee 37
olcombs ease eeeeeee a 4
INaplestasterweseeesecee 3
Oaks @ormersi#2=seeseees 1
Phelpstescee snes ape gs 5
Seneca Castle.-..------ 2
Wii CUOL a Sos ace eee eee 1
Orange County:
Aug. 15-Sept. 15—
Pine sland tees eeeeees 2
Orleans County:
AV biomes): Sa aos eee 26
ASHIWiOO de miaeeenas cas 7
Brice veasceemcee sees 6
Carlton ae eee eae 17
Wan Cheney ataceemicaaee 2
Te olen Seve Mee aes oe 6
Rendall ee a eerenes 11
Knowlesville........-- 3 |
Lyndonville. <...--...- 37
Medinatrenecsaceseeee “1 |
IMAL ers eet 6 Haaa a meter 8 |
Wiaterportne “sec secre 21
NEW YORK—Continued.
Oswego County:
Aug.-Nov.—
INU S Separate tetyete aay se
OSWeLOnearereeuee tone:
Seriban cece eee eee 5
Rensselaer County:
Sept.-Nov.—
Castletonisseaeeeer esta.
Schenectady County:
Nov.—
AGuedUcte seems es sae 1
Schuyler County:
Sept. 6-Oct. 21—
EL CtOreS a etme reeteiene
Odessalzeaa-=2--ssceere
Seneca County:
Sept. 5-13—
intenlakenteersereesccs
Kendalaceteassseeseene
Seneca Falls. ....--.-.-
Viale. j2 aac eeaeeeesenc
Suffolk County:
Oct. 30—
INorthporte eee a1 I
Tompkins County:
Aug.—
INFORKE YS SeconatoosssoeS 2
Ulster County:
Aug.—Nov.—
Clintondale.-..---------
HSODUSHer a eree a aaaee
Highland ...----.---.--
IWONGlyassb soe asseos =
Marl boro=eceseeeeseccs
MiltOneE seer e ee eee ee
WiStentPankesases-ser ee
Wayne County:.
Aug.—Oct.—
Olyosocesdeteusospecs=
East Williamson..--..-..
Bruivlandss-esssseeer re
lad
rR CON
De
RON ORE
dc
|
fe)
rs
na
=
INorthuRosessasee-— se
Ontanos esse essere
Redi@reek=see-- oe
Savannahtecesestisceeee
Soduse ec eee eee
Wialwionthieecen cee eae
Williamsont@e==-_-s-——
Wiolcotteeseeese eee
Westchester County:
Sept.—Oct.—
Croton! Ralls®2225---==- 3
Millwood. ------------- 3
Wyoming County:
Sept. 8—
| Pearl Creek. .-.---------
| Yates County:
Aug. 31-Nov. 22—
Bellona ase eeee-. =e
Branchport.------------
| @lenoraeseeeeeee eee
| Middlesex=2------e=--—
Penni wane eee eens
Rock Stream - ---------
Rushwillesseeee ess =
Starke yausceesos = see
N. Y. State total..._. ¢
_
WAT RR OLR NID Ba
_
_
rat
Owe OUR WoO
to
So
iS)
1?)
OHIO.
| Erie County:
Sept. 28-Nov. 1—
14
Castaliaestemaness a eees 1
84
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
OHIO—~—Continued.
Franklin County:
Sept. 1-l4— Cars.
Columbus oss 22252 222 1
Geauga County:
» Sept. 1-14—
mR ast Claridon.......... areal
Lake County:
Oct. 9—
Painesville: ..--2-...2. 1
Ottawa County:
Aug. 16-Oct.—
ManbuLyeiessa-seces cee
Elmorev.=2.2-:2-.:
Gypsum
Wee Garner = sso 522. see
OalkeHarborecessse eee
PortiClintone = see
Sandusky County:
_
OWN RS
Oct. 6-Nov. 2—
Clyde sis. 2252 sss8ee2ece 15
Shelby County:
Nov. 2—
Karlewood: ase s-seanee 1
Stark County:
Oct.—
Greentown..........-. 1
Ohio, State total. .... 73
OREGON.
Douglas County:
Aug. 12-31—
Dillards yessaeeeeesese 20
IRIdd1levs eee aseeen eas 1
ROSe burgesses 10
Hood River County—
Aug. 24—-Nov. 6—
FLOOOURL VOLS -e= sees 92
Jackson County:
Aug. 4 Oct. 29—
Ashland ss osc sc2 sees 2
Central Point.......-.-. 22
Gold velista awe sa 6
Mediord ess - heen 390
Lleol 65 oe eee anos 54
Rogue River........-.-. 2
Palentueszyesaasose tes 7
Josephine County:
Aug. 12—-Dec. 28—
GrantsSyPass. sccm secs 17
Marion County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 10—
Salem's eeu sacteue Ae 11
Multnomah County:
Aug. 13-Sept. 18—
Alpina spe eae 1
Portland: eee ne ets 1
Umatilla County:
Sept. 6-Nov. 1—
Miltonss- oa seeeeer eee. 5
Wasco County:
Aug. 24-Oct. 31—
Mosier ne ssseeseseee eres 3
he Dallesieseweccce = 3
Washington County:
Aug. 19—
Sherwood. -s--- sess 1
Oreg., Statetotal.... 648
PENNSYLVANIA.
Chester County:
Sept. 28-Nov. 1—
Atglenie) foe ssi. s 22
Keltonte ses eeeneeny 1
Cumberland County:
Sept.—
Garaners-)yn sete ee 2
Table 6.—PEARS—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Lackawanna County:
Oct:—
Scrantoue---ss.sesee eee ll
Philadelphia County:
Nov.—Dec.—
Philadelphia........... 14
Snyder County:
Nov. 3—
} Selinsprove....----.-+- 1
Pa., State total...... 51
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Brown County:
Oct. 23—
Aiberdeentatcsceeceeeee
S. Dak., State total. .
TENNESSEE.
a
a
Davidson County:
J ay, 12—
ashialle seater eee
Tenn., State total....
TEXAS.
i
_
Anderson County:
Sept. 12-Oct. 14—
Palestine =: etek aac
Bowie County:
bo
Cherokee County:
Aug. 1-20—
Mis selmanesssee sees
Comanche County:
Aug. 15—
IDeMMeOn es es ore en emeae 1
Cooke County:
Sept.—
Gainesville: eee eee
Wioodbinehesseeee ree
Dallas County:
Aug. 30—
Kole burg see eee eee
Seagovillebeae se eee sees
Denton County:
Sept. 10-27—
~I
me Ne
by
=
=
S
ct
by
io)
Sh,
5
—
;
:
:
be nd
Eastland County:
Aug. 25—
Gorman’.22: 5 eee eeneces 1
El Paso County:
July 27-Oct. 5—
Clinteseeioces se sees
Gregg County:
Aug. 26—
Scotts vallosee secs eee 1
Hill County:
Aug. 31—
Covinetone---seeeee pao 1
Lamar County:
Limestone County:
Nov. 11—
Pallone een aves eee oe 1
Morris County:
Aug.—
Naples sas saeeceercemeee 1
Smith County:
Aug. 15-17—
DWAR s ae saecee setts 3
| TEX AS—Continued.
| Wise County:
July 26-Aug. 31—
Ailvordes2ss sacs ee meee
UTAH.
Grand County:
Oct. 1-7—
Thompsonsteesseeeeees
Salt Lake County:
Aug. 31—
Salt Lake City.........
Utah County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 16—
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
Oct. 29—
Norfolle: i. s5ee ee eee
Shenandoah County: -
Sept. 21—
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 15—
Benton Rss: sees eeeeae
Hantordecnseseen eects
PLOSSCras? Jaa aeee oman
White Blufiss--22 eet
Chelan County:
Aug. 4-Oct. 19—
Cashmereseesceseeeeece
bntiate jo eeeceeeeeone
Douglas County:
Sept. 29—
Columbia River........
Grant County:
Aug. 25-31—
Coulee City eee see naeee
King County:
Sept. 7-19—
Seattleis-.petesceenoee
Kittitas County:
Oct. 26—
White Salmon.........
Lincoln County:
Aug. 23-Oct. 9—
Crestoneeeeeceeee eens:
Walbureseresceeeeeneee
Okanogan County:
Aug. 19-Sept. 12—
Brewstersens2 se eeeeee as
Stevens County: Rhys ee ae
Sept. 11-Nov. 4—
eyers Falls-......-.+-
WishersHe ease eee
_
aw ob Lael o>)
wenn
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
85
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
WASHINGTON—Continued.
Walla Walla County:
Aug. 8-Oct. 23—
WRG Hes eRe aan aes 3
Whitman County:
Aug. 13-Oct. 24—
Gi@O. - sobsodasesesqpRuE
Grandview..---....----
3
8
=)
=
joy)
t
oO
SFPonnwnnwe
iw)
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
June 21-26—
Concorde tees sei: 3
Fresno County:
July 26—
one taneeee sess sei 1
Kings County:
June-July—
[Evamtondmee se seme sae si 6
Los Angeles County:
July 14-Aug. 12—
Los Angeles.......----- 3
POMONA ee eeeiacecls ane.
Orange County:
July 11—
INOS Soe c oot e sane 1
Riverside County:
July 22-27—
BATION OMe eee nte le. 4
Solano County:
June—
Tame eo ecseaesede 2
Tulare County:
May 30-Aug. 2—
Cu blenme nee wee a
North Dinuba.-......-- 2
KSLEN ADU NEE ee eh ee a ee 5
= 4
10
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Sept. 30-Oct. 9—
IBaltimMoreses sees es. 2a.
bo
pe
nm
ct
©
a
oO
ct
fo}
=
©
ton
bo
MICHIGAN.
Benzie County:
Sept. 2-19—
Hrankfontenen oc ec.
Grand Traverse County:
Sept. 5-Oct. 8—
Mraverse\Citye 222252...
Kent County:
Sept.—Oct.—
Grand Rapids.........
Manistee County:
Sept. 4-Oct. 4—
Arcadia
bo
bo
oO
5
B
<)
Nore
He wo
)
Table 6.—PEARS—Continued.
WASHINGTON—Continued.
Yakima County—Contd.
Aug.—Jan.— Cars.
Granger shia oes 14
Moneans=.s5 useeeeeene 1
North Yakima......... 846
Orchard essere 3
Parkeraa.-\cjssccsebiecien 4
Sela lis he ce se We wees 91
Shannon 2. aaeee eee 10
Stewarts ce oeecerep sone 4
Sunnyside............-. 3
Taylors. aes see 2
Moppenishs see eee sees 11
Wapato steeceseeeeees 30
WileyiCity..-7esheeeses 4
Wir ehtes cae moe 1
ZA Se Eee ea 275
Wash., State total... 1,904
Table 7.—PLUMS.
MICHIG AN—Continued.
Mason County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 6—
UUGing tones ssee eee 44
Muskegon County:
Sept. 10—
Wihitehall 2 2s ce8e nee 1
Oceana County:
Sept. 5-Oct. 4—
LAT Ea eee ee el 70
Pentwatercccescnen eons 1
Shelbyoeee: cease eee 12
Mich., State total.... 147
NEBRASKA.
Hall County:
Sept.—
Granduislandee eee 1
Nebr., State total... 1
NEW YORK.
Erie County:
Aug. 28-Sept. 9—
Buffalosenss ase eeneee 1
Niagara County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Barker. neces acacsees
Lockport
Orleans County:
Oct.—
Millers: :. -jewwicee soe ee
Waterport.\-.--.2222255
Yates County:
Sept. 8-29—
Branch port: 2.chesseeer
Middlesexe : 2-2 es
Penne ya nes. ees
_
Nr bh
~
_
N. Y., State total....
OHIO.
Ottawa County:
Aug. 16-31—
IDanbinye eects
a Carnesn as athseciec
Heo
(e)
zs
E.
°
op
(se)
¢
S
io
ot
°
ct
po
=
5
'
'
‘
on
WEST VIRGINIA.
Berkeley County:
Aug, 29— Cars.
North Mountain......- 1
W.Va., State total...... 1
WISCONSIN. tn
Milwaukee County:
Sept. 23-Dec. 30—
Milwaukee............. 2
Washburn County:
Oct.—
SDOOUCI sess eae 1
Wis., State total..... 3
OREGON-
Umatilla County:
July 22-Aug. 22—~ Cars
Brecwater sas 1
Miltonis. ec eee eee 2
Oreg., State total... 3
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Aug.—
Philadelphia.........-- 3
Pa., State total...... 3
TEXAS.
Tarrant County:
June 25—
ortnWOrthieceeee ee 1
Tex., State total._.-. 1
VIRGINIA.
Frederick County:
Aug. 10-11—
Winchester. ........--- 1
Shenandoah County:
Aug. 16-18—
Toms! Brooks 4322 1
iWioodstocks2-seseeene 1
Va., State total. ..... 3
WASHINGTON.
Chelan County:
Aug. 2-Sept. 23—
Cashmereteeeesse- eee 3
Wenatchee*stseeere see 9
Whitman County:
July 20-Sept. 14—
Alm otaseses seek ecco 13
Bishoprsss 5 -te a 4
Wash., State total... 29
WEST VIRGINIA.
Hampshire County:
Aug. 15—
ROMNe yee eee eee 1
Morgan County:
Aug.—
IPawibawas2se-ce nee i
W. Va., State total-. 2
86
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Fresno County:
July 20-Oct. 10— Cars
WelRGy eee ass ee: 1
UL HIG ge Sea eee eee 1
Lt Cae sae eee 1
Los Angeles C ounty:
July S-Aug. 31—
JARED Gt eG ee ee 2
Los Angeles...........- 1
Sonoma County:
Oct. 23-Dec. 22—
Sebpastopol:— 22222. --25- 2
‘Tehama County:
Oct. 23-Nov. 29—
RedeB lute 12. 0-8 2
Cal., State total...... 10
COLORADO.
Garfield County:
Oct.—
Grand) Valley------2--: 1
Colo., State total....-. 1
IDAHO.
Latah County:
Sept. 24-Oct. 4—
NMAC La ee owes ane 2
Keen Gnicks 2. eee cone 3
MOSCOW oe ae nates Sane 1
Idaho, State total..-- 6
NEW YORK...
Livingston County:
Sept. 20—
AVOUSscsemetccre es ss=s 2)
Niagara County:
Oct.—
Wockportee cee teeece ee 1
Y., State total... 3
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
Sept. 10— Cars
Newmark. ......-..--
Riverside Guavitys
Oct.—
Riverside: jo.2 =< asnnsec 2
Cal., State total...... 3
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Oct. 14—
New Orleans........... 1
La., State total...... 1
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Oct. 25—
Baltimore: 23-2 2.2-teee 1
Md., State total...... 1
Table 8.—FRESH PRUNES.
OREGON.
| Lane County:
Sept. 3-29— Cars.
1D) ugene-.-...---->.-- é 13
Marion County:
Noy. 23—
Salem sen std. Sees 1
Polk County:
Sept. §-13—
Dellast Ao see Se ee 4
Umatilla County:
Aug. 13-22—
Freewater....-....--.- 3
MiltionS: £2 sec saute ne 119
Union County:
Sept. 29-Oct.—
COVOst acts acciecs enkees 36
WatGrandenjoccemeeee 1
WMione eas tees 29
Union Junction.......- 1
Wasco County:
Aug. 26-Dec. 4—
Mosiene ss: ante eee es 10
MheyDallesta ses o secs 25
Yamhill County:
Sept. 11-13—
Dundee: ccna ceckewe 3
Oreg., State total.... 245
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie County:
Sept.—
N orthhast=---eeecnces 3
Pa., State total...... 3
UTAH.
Utah County:
Sept. 5-22—
TOVOls-ssoccesecceee ee 9
Utah, State total..... 9
Table 9.—QUINCES.
MICHIGAN,
Mason County:
Oct. 4-15— Cars.
inudine tones seen 1
Mich., State total.... 1
NEW YORK.
Monroe County:
Oct. 1-15—
Wiebsterecs > ces. s shee
Niagara County:
Oct. 1-15—
Lockport
Newian0lescesesessees=
Oct. te i5b=
1
1
1
2
2
Yates County:
Oct. 17—
Penn Wanss-ctceseccsse 1
8
N.Y.,
WASHINGTON.
Chelan County:
Sept. 5-24— Cars.
Cashmer6icc..ceecteuse 2
Wenatchee............. 19
Clarke County:
Oct. 7-13—
Vancoyer een eeaeeeee 20
Spokane County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 10—
Hairficldeoccesces sere 1
SpOReae blac cmciseeeeeee 2
Yardley..2o eee 2
Stevens County:
Sept. 18-26—
fevers Hallstcceseseeee 2
Walla Walla County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 19+
Barrett -ccss.scseee eee 1
Touche. keocoeeseeee 2
Walla Wallacttepccaces 217
Whitman County
Oct. 5-13—
Bi bertonee2 = cess. nisecee 8
Farmington............ 1
Yakima County:
aut 19-Sept. 21—
Clift:.: S222 20s. sae 1
Donaldis.te ee eee 10
Flint: 2 Seeeee sneer 6
North Yakima......... 9
Selah. 222 eee eee 1
Zillah-~.s ieee 17
Wash., State total... 321
PENNSYLVANIA.
| Philadelphia County:
Oct.— Cars
Philadelphia.......... <
Pa., State total...... 1
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
July—
Norfolk. 3. seeeeeeeeeee 1
Va., State total...... 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
87
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
May 31-Nov. 3— Cars
ANIN EEN) S45 cone BeoasBe 1
avingardeerer mess cise 8
NOTE Z Osean eee cine 28
INGE ae oS y ao Gee 3
Oakdalotaccnepe ee cece 1
OEIC! oooFbdoSHeSee 12
Butte County:
June 15-Sept. 28—
IBID PS meee erectsc acre 3
Chico eer een. 1
Mast Gridleyss.-s. 5.2.5 8
Paradiseseseeseen ese 7
INNO IO Mii)4.4 soo saoeee 1
Colusa County:
Aug. 9-Sept. 11—
DAT OU CK OMe erence oc = 11
Contra Costa County:
June 12-Dee. 2—
PANINI OCW Eeteeseeeie cae 3
Concordat ee eeeeenne 107
IDNs cssocaobapeede 11
Martinez sme eens © 2
Oak Cyaan es 7
IRA He ee eee ine 17
AW IMEI os aa soKeooKee 6
Eldorado County:
July 19-Oct. 4—
Diamond Springs 3
mlacervillesseeeg ess ale 198
Fresno County:
June 11-Nov. 19—
Chile esses geoaesuceesee 1]
@aruithenseasaaeenenen ae 12
Chimantiteceseereeese. 9
(Clhowalss see a oe 553
Cone om eee ce es 2
IDOTREVe eee ee 18
Has i resn on eee 75
TRON MES eo osadoonoonsees 156
403
36
41
138
1
1
1
1
39
57
709
SC LITT ae ae = 150
Kern County:
May 22-Aug. 26—
Ham OSOssssee ree ee eee. 10
Gosiordeeeteeeeteee se. 1
MeBarlandeeseneene sla 8
Kings County:
June 8-Oct. 25—
JNMNOM 555 soo sas8Genes 63
Flardiwickeeeaemen wees 7
A aritord aes ee ee 34
HSSMOOre ee IT 3
Los Angeles County:
Jan. 5-Dec. 30—
Wlementstere nen cee 6
Gilertd al cea e sa 2
Lankershim 2
Los Angeles... 234
Pacoima.... ee 1
Ralmdalewes sae yi ee 3
IROMON Seen ee kee 1
Pane Dimasee ee. seks ok 3
WICTMONO ALG z aan see cence 1
Madera County:
Aug. 12-Oct. 25—
Maid Cramenscenccksecess 26
Marin County:
June 24-Aug. 3—
eehlandeeeeeese ss see 1
REG dees ree hers sud
Table 10.—MIXED FRUIT.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Mendocino County:
Aug. 3-Oct. 13— Cars.
Hfoplandeekesseeneeeeee 4
Wika hs. Soe ie See 5
Merced County:
July 16-Nov. 4—
Atwater. poeR sete eicie
Monterey C ounty:
Sept. 15-Oct. 14—
Monterey.. ele se See 6
Napa County: |
June 24-Sept. 20—
Napa scese el sea aveeemee 2
Orange County:
June 17-Oct. 13—
Des Moines......------- 1
ullertons eee eee 1
Placer County:
June 5-Oct. 2—
AU DULM SS see eee ee eeeeee 168
Colfaxsssn eee cceice 119
LY icoln's <2. 28 aes 1
TOOMISS= esse ee eee eee 605
Newcastlet=<-2: sasseeni 1, 503
Penny Mince s oseecee 345
Rosevilleteene ee Are ae 10
Riverside County:
Feb. 15-Sept. 21— ~
Bann in gee eee sere 11
Beaumontessise es eee "i
IBOWEIS. ee ee ecient 1
Coronal sec. sae 1
Prenda ges qsecsceee eee 1
Sacramento County:
Jan. 8-Nov. 17—
Alden 222232 eee eres 26
Bradfordeya Soeeeeseeer 6
Bradshaweeese-eeeeeere 16
IBrightonss-ees eee eee 36
Cofing! Se aes 92
Elk Grove.. eee 91
Hain Oakes hese eee 3
Plorings3 8 occese essen 244
Florin Road... 2
HOISOM sess 187
Gali See ddedgessda 72
Glannvaleweseoseteeere 7
OO eae Ss saeteeeeoee 115
Mayhews.....--------.- 49
Sacramento-.-..--.--.--- 1, 267
Sheldont=tsss-ceeeesere
Walensinveeetee seer ae 1
Walnut Grove......--.- 58
San Benito County:
July 19-Oct. 23—
SAT OMAS eee eases et 23
IFLOMIsterseeede eee 4
San Bernardino County:
Mar. 3-Oct. 12—
Bloominetonss=.--e-2es 2,
Cucamonga....------- 2
TOVCRL so secu we serene 4
Upland......- 1
San Diego County: —
June 10—
Escondido-. Seas 1
San Francisco County:
June 5-Dec. 27—
San’ Branciscoses2- 2-2. 46
San Joaquin County:
May 13-Nov. 22—
ACA POP ease eee eerie 325
18
19
14
90 |
1
2
17
1
1
Lockford eis ee eeoae 10!
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Joaquin County—Con.
May 13-Nov. 22— Cars.
TOT SEG nee see 2,549
Manteca sen asenmanmen 2
Mettler ei nee we 10
Meyers nein ei cenam 7
PEATSONK == arena a2 2
Peterssees ee ee 3
DOM eee seee ere ees 20
Stocktonsesnseseean eae 185
AMaXayrahioyees en Le) 29
Weston.. BRE ADU SEES 1
ny oungstown - SCE 5s
San Luis Obispo County:
July 22-Aug. 5—
Paso Robles... BS eee 5
SansVis ie eee ae es 1
San mateo County:
Oct. 3
Cotaa! Baas cba fe tae eee 1
Santa Barbara County:
Oct. 4—
Bll woods ae i saeulae 1
Santa Barbara.......-- 1
Santa Clara County:
May 10-Novy. 16—
IN Wags cues Se eocose 137
Mawrenceus cee seen e 1
Morganhillessseeee esas 2
DAT OSC mecen a eee 158
Santa Claraseen enue 123
Sargentaseee ss eee eee 35
Wayans one en aes 5
Santa Cruz County:
July 6-Sept. 22—
Santali Cruzes-asee eee 3
Watsonville...........- 8
Shasta County:
July 20-Sept. 22—
PATI G CLSONE sess eee eee 11
Cottonwood........---- 23
Simishe eee eee 1
Siskiyou County:
Aug. 28-Nov. 17—
Ei Gee eee POs 1
Sisson sese reese 1
Solano County:
May 4-Oct. 23—
IB OYMLON ES eee ee eee 1
Cordelig=estesas- ace acne 113
Danielsons-eesese ee ee 303
SUISUN Bases see ee 55
Macawillesese ose sech ec. 1, 214
Wallottakees*e-— eee ees oe esD
Sonoma County:
July 10-Nov. 18—
MG Giese eee 1
Sebastopol.. Gee 8
Shellville Junction..... 16
Mineburese see eae 1
Wiig Gee ee eee yaaa 20
Stanislaus County:
July 18-Nov. 15—
IAUITOLA Sse Asee re cee cone 2
Ceres. - Be 155
Denairs: 22-645 1
Gilman esse ae See 2
iG yeS. 5 ease ee 36
Modesto 24
Salida... 20
Turlock 115
Sutter County:
July 23-Oct. 16—
ive, Oaks- eo eese eee 1
Stafiord 322225 sees -eeee 1
Tehama County:
June 6-Sept. 10—
Coming ee 233
Los Molinos.......- .. 2
Red: Blut 2-22. 39
88 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 10.—MIXED FRUIT—Continued.
oe
oo
Now
CALIFORNIA—Continued. | IDAHO. MICHIGAN—Continued.
Tulare County: Latah County: Berrien County:
Jan. 5-Nov. 26— Cars. Sept. 10— Cars. Aug. 11— Cars.
BRIAR Smet ce ol eee se 5 | IC ONONIGK ens oles Cee Ente 2 Benton Harbor.......- 1
(Clues es 5 Ser eeasene 61 | Nez Perce County: Grand Traverse County:
DINWDE sees = see 446 July 9-Oct. 18— Sept. 9-Oct. 3— ,
IDE.) 1c) O40 2 Oe ee 210 Me wiston soneeae wees 81 Traverse City..........
Farmersville......-.-.- 32 Hillsdale County:
Farmington........-.-- 38 | Idaho, State total.... 83 Nov.—
IIH GSHiy reesei earainet 7 re Hillsdale sje 5- eee wee
North Dinuba.......--- 13 ILLINOIS. Oceana County:
Portervyille-............- 21 Aug. 21-Sept. 26—
Sevillezs.c.s-2-.. His ses 4 | Cook County: Mearses ste eee
Strathmore........-.-.- 1 Jan. 5-Dec. 27— Shelbyi.c tare cet aeereae
SUT ee oe wena 3 (AICHE Oba nee nomena 28 | Ottawa County:
Abn ESAS wepaesnccode 3 | Marion County: July 10-17—
WARAITTY ae SS ae Sbinn 52 Aug. 26— Holland eee
Wioodlaker xe eeesecae 17 Centralian ss osee cies a= 1 —-
Yolo County: Sandoval... 7-2... -.esns 1 Mich., State total....
ae 18-Nov. 10— i wit is ———
AVISEeReecee ee eee esate ., state total..-.... 30
Guinda....-... eines o1 ebay MINNESOTA.
ae Landing....... a INDIANA. Hennepin County:
MOKEON Se eee ee ees 6 | Dekalb County: SBS :
Rose Orchard...-..---- 22 NepeDecees Ra a eae
Winters eee ete eeaen 413 Nora, See 58e bh bee 1 | [isont omen
Wioodland taeseeemaees 3 Wiaterloon ees oseeee eee 1 & epanl
Yuba County: Maer et
pone OO 21 Hs Ind., State total. .... 2 Minn., State total...
Wheatland.........-.-- 1 IOWA.
MISSOURI.
Cal., State total...... 16,679 | Johnson County:
; ee | eA rs y. Perry County:
iver Junction........ 1| Sept. 13-Oct, 1—
COLORADO. Scott County: eventy-Six...........
June-Aug. 11— St. Louis City:
Delta County: Davenportess cheeses 5 June 29-July 24—
Sept. 1-Nov. 1— Wapello County: Shs UES se oobesnas
PAIS UI Tre seas me eielaiea oi 15 Jan. 1-Dec. 31— “Ta
Denver County: Ottoumyyasee eee 17 Mo., State total......
Sept. 19-23— ass —=
ID Sti Giese Reena eee 2 Iowa, State total..... 28 MONTANA,
Fremont County: ——— |
July 11— KANSAS. Yellowstone County:
CanoniCityae-seer cineca . Feb. 26-Sept. 11—
Mesa County: Shawnee County: Bia PS eee eee
July 22-Sept. 6— July 1-Dec. 9—
Chiffon eee e 3 Topekarcne temec coe fern 2 Mont., State total...
Palisade ieee. anemrcmte 83
Kans., State total... 2 NEBRASKA,
Colo., State total...... 104 Douglas Count
uglas 7!
LOUISIANA. June 3-23— :
DELAWARE, Orleans Parish: Omaha.......-........ 2
ay 17-Dec. 18— 7 PTS
Kent County: te aa 107 Nebr., State total.... 2
(bFGa8 VTA ams a aS Tiny) UUM Eom eameNy COTES TRT 3 ah ——
Wifafabee wey oop cosecnac 3 La., State total...... 107 NEW YORK.
Del., State total..... 3 MARYLAND. Albany County:
Oct.—Dec,—
FLORIDA. Baltimore City: AIDS Yin.s co ac) emeeeeane
May 8-Dec. 28— Feura Bush. -o-- secs.
Hillsborough County: Baltimore............. Bronx County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— Oct.-Nov.—
Thonotasassa......-..- 5 Md., State total...... St. Johns Park:2s. 25.1.
Manatee County: Broome County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— Oct. 24—
Blienton: so eee 20 MASSACHUSETTS. Binghamton...........
Cayuga County:
Fla., State total...... 25 | Suffolk County: Sept.—
———— Oct. 21-Dec. 18— rockebts ss ossaeeeenee
Boston eee. wee 11 | Columbia County:
GEORGIA, —- Aug.-Dee.—
Mass., State total... 11 Germantown......-...
Fulton County: = Hudson: 232 eee
June 30— MICHIGAN. Linlitheosseeeeeeeemele
Atlanta: <7 sci. pec se ete 1 | Erie County:
Benzie County: Nov.-—Dee.—
Ga., State total...... 1 Sept. 16-23— Butta los creates =
— Mranktort-< sacereeee 3 Crittendon.: = =~ 2-.- +e -
>
UAW
ee
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 10.—MIXED FRUIT—Continued,
NEW YORK—Continued.
Genesee County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Le Ro
Greene County:
Oct.—
WoxSacklevetecl\-)='--)=\-/
Livingston County:
Monroe County:
Aug.—Dec.—
IBTOCKPOLUE Mees. --
Elm Grove. .----------
IMOntOne mentee si
Rochester:-4:----------
Spencerport....--....--
Wiintioyat Shee eeeeaaas
Wi@SuGRe Secgscodaseeus
New York County:
Gaspontesassisces-------
MOCK DONS eects sist
Middleport.-.-.---.--...-.
Modeli@itycsesei = ee
ING WweaMe sete eee ernie
Onondaga County:
July 17-Aug. 22—
Syracuse aeea---s4-~
Ontario County:
Sept. 13-Oct.—
GOREN Sbsoscéaésasooas
NUE Cit eee eee Gea
Wiaterport.-: 222222552.
Oswego County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Rensselaer County:
Sept.-Oct.—
SChodackweree senescent.
Seneca County:
Sept. 21-80—
UTA S eet Acie ee
Seneca Falls......-..--
Wiatenloonececasscecsa.
Steuben County:
Oct. 31—
Comin gee See.
Ulster County:
July 28—
Marl bonOsses-ta sees 2 =
pow
Pe WWH WOO A
Nee ee oc)
—
=)
WOW NOWHWR~T
He
11
mre
He
NEW YORK—Continued.
Wayne County:
Sept.-Dec.—
TOUS eee ate rereisree
Yates County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 19—
Bellonaiecscceerteetrs
Branch portesecneses-e.
Middlesex: eee eeaseeete
‘Penni Vian nee eaeae
oc
pe en
to
PWN WOIWo~ATS
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wayne County:
June 30—
Mount Olive.........
N.C., State total. .-.
OHIO.
Cuyahoga County:
June 12-Dec. 29—
Clevelandes-eseseeees
Cleveland Pier.......
Franklin County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Columbus 2eGiss5--6
Hamilton County:
June 21—Dec. 4—
Cincinnatitaececseee
Huron County:
Nov.—
Wiakemanie sececnrcce
Ottawa County:
Aug. 16-Sept.—
Danbunyee seroma
Ohio, State total. .--.
OREGON.
Jackson County:
Aug. 15-Nov. 8—
Medford a s3s5- eee
alent 22s essereas
; Marion County:
Aug. 12-Dec. 23—
Salemitouset see ee
Multnomah County:
May 2-Dec. 22—
East Portland...-...-
Rontlandeee ee ceseee
Umatilla County:
July 26-Aug. 19—
Freewater ...--------
Milton eeeeeeeesrser
Wasco County:
July 26-Aug. 30—
ThesDalleste esas
Oreg., State total...
i
rs
Rb
ho
Mr
89
PENNSYLVANIA.
Berks County:
July 20—
Leading
Erie County:
July 14—
North East
Franklin County:
May 6—
Midvale
Pa., State total.....
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Minnehaha County:
May 3—
SiOUxehallSseeeeeeees
8. Dak., State total .
TEXAS.
Dallas County:
Feb. 25-Dec. 24—
IDES Bee ea eee 16
Wood County:
Feb.—
\iVabodotsJ olay dona eee 6
Tex., State total..... 22
UTAH.
Salt Lake County:
- Aug, 2-22—
Salt Lake City........- 3
Weber County:
Sept. 14-Dec. 16—
Og dents Sosema seater: 4
Utah, State total... 7
VIRGINIA.
Henrico County:
Sept. 7—
Richmond sass seeseee= 1
Va., State total. ..... 1
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
July 19-Nov. 23—
IBC TOM eC ar hate o eae 3
IKienne wi Ckese meena 34
IRTOSSER = eee 37
Chelan County:
Aug. 15-Sept. 16—
Cashmeress= 22 ees. eee 17
Wienatchees--aseencee 7
Columbia County:
Aug. 19—
Starbuckssccees-eeeeee 1
King County:
Oct. 31-Noy. 1—
Lincoln County:
Aug. 16-Oct. 14—
Crestongsac. esas 31
Okanogan County:
Sept. 16-Sept. 19—
Okanogane2=s=sseeee=- 2
Spokane County:
Jan. 1-Nov. 20—
SPOkaN elses ae eee 14
Walla Walla County:
July 29-Sept. 11—
Walla Walla..........- 9
Wralltlasoos. hae Sees 3
90
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECIDUOUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 10.—MIXED FRUIT—Continued.
W ASHINGTON—Continued.
Whitman County:
July 13-Sept. 26—
JATRRTD F5 SOe AR a sesee 2
BiSHOMeeea ost eccte =e 35
Garfield: 22-62 oc. 52> 1
WHAWAWSLscsccececee se 1
Yakima County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 17—
BUENA eet cece coor 2
Giuilersseee eens -- c= 1
INUIT TU AS Sao eote 3
Splahbetescareeemacee
ARKANSAS.
Benton County:
Oct. 7-Dec. 16—
ECV. OCR eisai aie imie aime oie
Cars.
sae)
RRemnmesc
Siloam Springs
Washington County:
May 1-Dec. 30—
CALIFORNIA.
San Francisco County:
Nov. 26—
San Francisco..........
Sonoma County:
July 3-Nov. 10—
SebaslOpolia- =. - = 16
Cal., State total. ....- 1
—
~I
ILLINOIS.
Clay County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 1—
KONIG 25 Soe ee 4
Greene County:
Oct. 11-31—
HLvib wee cee ae SI SE 4
Richland County:
Feb. 1-Oct. 18—
INODIGs=- cc see eee eke 1
Olney 3S ees 3
St. Clair County:
Jan. 9—
Broad wayeee- soe 1
Wayne County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Geil) 2a Sec eee
Ill., State total....... 23
or
WASHING TON—Continued.
Yakima County—Contd.
Jan. 1-Deec. 17— Cars
Wapato. eset sn eee 33
Zillah st eee ee 160
Wash., State total... 1,128
WEST VIRGINIA.
Hampshire County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 12—
ROMMDECY; cence 10
Wood County:
July 31-Aug. 29—
Parkers punta teen aes 3
W. Va., State total. . 13
DRIED FRUITS.
Table 11.—DRIED APPLES.
INDIANA.
Dekalb County:
Dec.—
WAtCLLOOs=a-eeEeee eee
Ind., State total......
MARYLAND.
—
Frederick County:
Nov. 4.-14—
Lewistown ......--..--
MICHIGAN.
Grand Traverse County:
Nov. 26—
TraverseiCityee sees.
Jackson County:
Sept._Nov.—
SPU OLte =e see saan e
Monroe County:
Mich., State total. ...
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
May 27—
Minneapolis............ 1
Minn., State total.... 1
MISSOURI,
McDonald County:
May 16—
Lanagane 3c ssenaereet = 1
St. Louis City:
May 9-Oct. 6—
Sti Louise: 26s pees 2
Mo., State total...... 3
NEW YORK.
Allegany County:
Apr. 1—Dec. 31—
oSSbure a et eee. 2
Whitesville:!. 22.2222) 6
WISCONSIN.
Winnebago County:
Mar. 22-July 27—
Oshikosheeeeeereceoeee
Wis., State total..... 3
WYOMING,
Albany County:
June 14-27—
Laramiets. ee -eeeee
Wyo., State total. ... 1
_
NEW YORK—Continued.
Bronx County:
Oct.—
St. Johns panko
Cattaraugus County:
Aug. 15—-Dee. 31—
Cattaraupiissessseeeeees
Conewango............
Cayuga County:
Oct.-Dee,—
Cayugainc. setae eee
Crockett sje s ss eeeee
Rei)
Montezumaneessseeeeee
North Port Byron......
Sterling. =e ae
Chemung County:
Jan. 1-Dee. 31—
Blimirg=) cikchieeeeeeene 3
Erie County:
Noy. 4—
Buffalo: see eee 1
Genesee County:
May 1-Dec.—
@
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Livingston County:
Jan. 9-Nov. 28—
te
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.
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.
.
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Monroe County:
Jan. 29-Dee,—
Adams Basin=.-2..2..-
Barnard S24 ceceeeeee
Brightont'-se-e4ssseeee
Brock porteeseeeeeeeees
Charlottoseeseseeeeenee
Ail tones cies eos
Mumforde-ea-eee eee
Pittsford/sese eee
Rochestersceoeeeeeneeee
Spencerport...........
Union Hille ee eeeeeaee
Walker. : 25/22
Orem oonwMNDawenome mee
New York County:
Oct.—Dee.—
New: York.....0.-Baeenee
co
DRIED FRUITS—Continued.
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
ou
Table 11.—DRIED APPLES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.,
Niagara County:
Oct.—Dee.—
JNO OVC ONS SSUES UAsee eee
TBP yt ete SUE Se eat iis
1
CORO S od suetecasuess
ILOOKOOMKS oA sossoeeeees
Middleport............
Ransomville...........
Ontario County:
June 3-Dec.—
Canandaigua..........-.
Geneva gas sae
WrWwWNwWONOWF
=
INBVOIES Sess sae
Seneca Castle.........-
Shortsville.......:.....
ibaa Ciyee ee ele rece) ae
Orleans County:
fe)
o
ru
n
Q
3S
5
Bp
i)
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C
0
PWN OHS Be AIH
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HAM Cheny Meese see
Knowlesville........--
iyadomyalleeeee ee
oO
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pes)
—
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.
,
.
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.
1
.
.
.
.
.
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:
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Oswego County:
Nov.-Dec.—
Zz
oO
4
a
©
a
Z
wpe
OSWerO sy ee oo. l.
Scoharie County:
Dec.—
Coplesisill were se. 5
Schuyler County:
-Oct. 26—
OCs SouGsoEaSASnEe 4
Seneca County:
Nov.—Dee.—
Hayts Corner .........
Ovid
rm De OO
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
July 25—
Concondmesssces acess.
Kings County:
Sept.—Oct.—
lamfordeeecce asccocs. 2 6
Los Angeles County:
Sept. 10-Nov. 4—
Los Angeles. ........-- 9
Orange County:
Feb. 8—
SanmbawAmaese se set o 1
NEW YORK—Continued.
Steuben County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 30—
Creenwood 5
Tompkins County:
Mar. 31-Dec. 9—
North Lansing........- 5
Ulster County:
Dec.—
Gardiners ses ee wee ee 1
Wayne County:
Oct.—Dec.—
ANG O Deyn ae ee ee 35
Cly dete hair tees Sais 9
Hrurtland sie eee eres 14
TO VOT1S oasis Siaeianeeees 1
NorthvRosel ee eae 19
Ontario ye ey ae ate 5
Palmyra. eee ese oe 2)
RediCreekene a eee 26
Savianmalin ae yoann 4
OMUS IS Heh Cee pe 38
S/ uth Palmyra....._.. 3
Wiallinetonse pens 2)
Walworth: 2 il
Williamson setae e ses 25
Wiolcottee eee nee 13
Wyoming County:
Mar. 25—-Dec. 31—
Pearl Creek-...--.....- 3
Rernye seesnns Wan ayaa 6
Wiayoaitbelys ae seb oaneno- 1
Yates County:
Jan. 2-Dec. 21—
Bellomac seen 7
Branchportasseseeee 6
Renny yan e pene 8
Rushvilleseeeetaee eae 19
N. Y., State total.... 667
NORTH CAROLINA.
Surry County:
Sept. 9—
WEA Ue ooceSuse bbe 1
N.C., State total. ..- 1
PENNSYLVANIA.
Adams County:
May 17-Nov. 30—
Bendersville..........-
Biglervilleseeseeceesee
Table 12.—DRIED APRICOTS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Francisco County:
Nov. 26—
San hranciscOmes sees
Santa Clara County:
Novy. 13-—
Milpitas sisson ceils 4
Cal., State total...... 23
He CO
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Armstrong County:
Oct.-Nov.—
DayuOnenee ae sen a ]
Franklin County:
Oct. 26-Nov. 29—
Greencastleye. eee 1
MountsAltossee se eeeres 2
Philadelphia County:
May 17—
Philddelphid=--- paca. 1
Par,
State total......- 17
TENNESSEE.
Johnson County:
Oct.—
SHOUNSES sees eee ee me 1
Tenn., State total.... 1
VERMONT.
Franklin County:
Dec. 1—
Saint Albans. =). 225.00 5
Grand Isle County:
June 19-Dec. 18—
Grandisleseeen see 2
Vt., State total. ..... 7
VIRGINIA.
Carroll County:
Sept. 25-Dec. 12—
Shybvannbs socks steccsce 5
Frederick County:
Oct. 4-Dec. 1—
Stephens City........-. 4
Wanchester seeeceee ose 9
Montgomery County:
Oct. 2-Dec. 19—
Christiansburg......--. 3
Page County:
Oct.—
Stanleyaisssseee eee ee 5
Patrick County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 30—
Stuanh- oss. o-oo are 7
Roanoke County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 30—
East Roanoke..-...--... 9
Rockingham County:
Oct.—
RIK GOnMS sees acer as 1
Va., State total. ..-.. 43
NEW YORK.
New York County:
Jan. 10-Nov. 21—
ING Wa iOb Kose eee 3
N. Y., State total. -.- 3
WASHINGTON.
Whitman County:
Wash.., State total... 1
92
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.
DRIED FRUITS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Fresno County: »
Aug. 26-Noy. 30— Cars.
IDV Sy ie Se Rnn aS 2
PASO aetna ets sent 35
WONG baleccsnie cmeice im 1
Parlier. sescencce aecines 2
MeeGIO yi =A - pane wa ain 1
San Francisco County:
Nov. l1— .
San Francisco...-...... 1
Stanislaus County:
July 1—Dec. 31—
Madestouee sc. n ce ses 1
CALIFORNIA.
Fresno County:
Apr. 22-Dec. 31— Cars.
BowleSse 22-5. = seecee 20
Dewey cae ssceactices 26
WITESNOL ee vackincec ements 19
Lone Star.....--- 3
Parlier: a= ceeseccs 15
Reedleyec-cses-neo secs 12
Kings County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 30—
Hantordereece- aeeese 20
Los Angeles County:
Aug. 28—
Los Angeles...-.-..---- 1
San Francisco County:
Jan. 15-Oct. 29—
San Francisco...--.-..- 7
CALIFORNIA.
Sonoma County:
Sept. 27— Cars
ebastopol......-------
Cal., State total....-- 1
ARIZONA.
Cochise County:
July— Cars.
INACOS: -cereecr es eoce eee 2
Ariz., State total. ..-- 2
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
eo;
©,
a
o
=)
pu
ol
Butte County:
Nov. 7-22—
Chicotten eee sescenes 9
Contra Costa County:
Sept. 11-Oct. 13—
Fresno County:
Oct. 10-Dec. 14—
yj
4
a
Bi
S
‘
’
Be
Kern County:
Oct. 10—
Bakersfield. ........... 1
Kings County:
July 15-Dec. 30—
Hantorden too: serene
Los Angeles County:
Aug. 8-Nov. 26—
Hdenvaleo2 2 seseces-
Gos Angeles. 3-22 422. 2
Napa County:
Oct. 29-Nov. 4—
Table 13.—DRIED FIGS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Tulare County:
Sept. 15-Oct. 30— Cars.
HW KOTODS Moos oak Satsete ate 1
North Dinuba........- 3
Siltanao cececeucceeccn 10
Cal., State total.....-
NEW YORK,
New York County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
ING WH MOrG ein secs ee 1
Table 14.—DRIED PEACHES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Santa Clara County:
Nov. 24— Cars.
SanwOseveeese sees Put 1
Stanislaus County:
July 1-Dec. 31—
Dyes) yA Se Sees sass oe 2
IMOGeStOM sae cese see see 4
Tulare County:
Apr. 22—Nov. 11—
Gubler eee a Ssen secre 21
PIXOUCES: Uden ce setie sere 1
oY CULCTNM Rees ener aels 1
Cal., State total.....-. 153
NEW JERSEY.
Cumberland County:
Oct.—
Winelan Gee mater eee 1
N. J., State total..-.. 1
Table 15.—DRIED PEARS.
Table 16.—DRIED PRUNES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Riverside County:
Oct. 17— Cars.
Bannin gee ase sseeene 1
San Francisco County:
Jan. 15-Dec. 22—
San Francisco.-.-...--- 25
Santa Clara County:
July 25-Nov. 26—
Gilroy eeeee tee sees 2
Los Gatos---)-2 2-2 23
Milpitasse eee se eat 12
San Osoneesereeceeerse 71
Santa|Claras-2.22cc..-- 26
San Momasvees sesso. 2
Sunnyvale.........-..- 5
Sonoma County:
Sept. 18-Nov. 19—
Healdsbirgts-cese-se- 8
Santa shosateeeseeseees 14
Sebastopoleee 2 22-2. 4
Tulare County:
Noy. 13-Nov. 26—
Tularel meea cece eee ae 2
Visalia. ee ee: 1
Cal., State total........ 300
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 26—
Baltimore: ae cee 1
Md., State total.....- 1
NEW YORK—Continued.
Richmond County:
Oct. 27-30— Cars.
| St. George Lighterage. . 2
N. Y., State total..... 3
VIRGINIA.
New Kent County: -
Aug. 11-Sept. 8—
Walkers: uo eseeeese 7
Va., State total. ..... 7
NEW YORK.
Monroe County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Hiltontcyeeeseeee eae
New York County:
Sept. 7-Nov. 8—
New Yorke ee-eeeeeeeee 2
N. Y., State total...
TEXAS.
Wood County:
June-Dec.—
Golden! cscs sneer ee 4
WASHINGTON.
Okanogan County:
May 31—
Bre WwSter=e--e-eeeee eee
Wash., State total. .-
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Dee. 31— Cars.
Manhattan Piers. ....:- 1
1
N.J., State total...-.
NEW YORK.
New York County:
Jan. 3-6—
New Yorkepeecsessses ys
Richmond County:
Mar. 1—
St. George Lighterage. -
N. Y., State total. ..-
OREGON.
Douglas County:
Apr. 20-Oct. 10—
ROSCDULE Sa -sesee eee
Marion County:
Nov. 15—
Salentn\2.) ope eceeniness
Multnomah County:
Jan. 4-Mar. 8—
Portlnd Seas esee ee
Oreg., State total. --
WASHINGTON.
Clarke County:
Oct. 5-Nov. 27—
\WANCOLNVCL..- se eeeee
-
Wash., State total...
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
DRIED FRUIT'S—Continued.
CALIFORNIA,
Alameda County:
Jan. 22— Cars.
Oaklancdewoeetc cele tu) 2 1
Fresno County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— i
MB OWES eae sais Lill, 24
DOME ya Ne ieee Laois 661
IRESIOO)S ee Geo usbobes 1, 225
Wen royal ss eae aI ams 1
Ib oraXe) (Shufhen aA Ae 100
IMiimuicler nies ueee ayes 24
Tee AUWeyR OE Ae a ee Oa 302
Reedley............... LL,
Kern County:
Dec. 30—
Bakersfield. 2... 2.5... 1
Madera County:
Oct. 10-Nov. 7—
SRUCONRE No ea i OS 8
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Jan. 4-Dec. 6— Cars
Manhattan Piers....... OTe
N.J., State total. .... th
Table 17.—RAISINS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Bernardino County:
Nov. 8-Dec. 22— Cars
Cucamonga aeee eset 12
Devore.) 4) eee 2
Etiwanda) ea 12
San Diego County:
Sept.—Dec.—
ECB] OT eee eee 21
Escondido. seen nt 4
San Francisco County:
Mar. 17-Oct. 5—
TSO eS ia NMA ies 1
Modestos acai asians mines 13
Sutter County:
Oct. 23—
MiubalCity As assee eee 1
Table 18.—DATES.
NEW YORK.
New’ ‘ork County:
Jan. 8-Dec. 15—
New York
93
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Tulare County:
Feb. 1-Dec. 31— Cars.
Cutlenie ere ss pukye 53
Dinwibatgaro sess eer 4
HOLT es el he Lie rf
Orosi
Cal., State total......
NEW YORK.
New York County:
Jan. 29-Nov. 14—
INewiiOnkss2 Siege ee oe 6
N. Y., State total..... 6
NEW YORK—Continued.
Richmond County:
Mar. 13-Dec. 5— Cars.
American Dock Termi-
202) Be CU A Pe 1
St. George Lighterage.__ 4
N.Y., State total. ..- 14
Table 19.—MIXED DRIED FRUIT.
ARKANSAS.
Benton County:
Oct. 7-Oct. 27—
Cenitentoneeessien ao."
Hempstead County:
May 9—
LENO DE Me em ee en eo
Ark., State total.....
CALIFORNIA.
Butte County:
Feb. 3—
CT CO Me ee Meena ea
Contra Costa County:
Sept. 1-Nov. 20:
_
(=;
Sir
a
oO
B
NwNwn
SOA Cyn mien une ns)
Fresno County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 29—
Orange County:
Feb. 8—
SanitaeAmaeee ee. lye! 2
Sacramento County:
Oct. 12—
Bradshaw pees sbe es 2. 1
San Bernardino County:
Apr. 22—
Omntanionsaees sansa. 1
Santa Clara County:
Sept.—
Sa OSOM eee ie eel 3
m
z
B
bo
Sonoma County:
Sept. 16—
epastopolssecs ase so. 1
Sutter County:
Oct. 12—
YGulloz) (Cilin/ aS seuss ueeuee 1
Tulare County:
Noy. 15—
WAI se ae al
Yolo County:
Sept. 26—
(Choma YO Ke), es UIE eee 1
COLORADO,
Weld County:
Nov. 1—
RersOyic/i o/s weiner enna ere
Colo., State total... .. 1
GEORGIA.
Appling County:
July 1-Oct. 14—
IBamMey see oes 23
Ga., State total..._.. 23
IOWA.
Cerro Gordo County:
Nov. 3—
Mason C1tyeees eee 1
Jowa, State total....- 1
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Dec. 6—
New Orleans. ..---.5.~-- 6
La., State total......
MISSOURI.
St. Louis City:
Jan. 27-Dec. 16-—
St shouiseee ema euee 29
Mo., State total._.... 29
NEW YORK.
for)
New York County:
June 24-Nov. 25—
ING WAMOD Kose eeeaeas= 8
N. Y., State total... 8
OREGON.
Marion County:
Feb. 23—
Daler aie oe sees 1!
OREGON—Continued.
Multnomah County:
July 25-Nov. 10— Cars
East Portland!......... 1
POLtlandae ot none ee 2
Oreg., State total... 4
TEXAS.
Dallas County:
Feb. 25-Dec. 24—
Daas eslste Le e eeeee 1
Tarrant County:
Sept, 15—
HOLE NWOnthe Sener 1
Tex., State total..._. 2
VIRGINIA. ° 1)
Campbell County:
Dec. 18-19—
bynch burgesses 3
Frederick County:
Sept. 23—
Winchester 235-22 526— 1
Patrick County:
ec.
Stuart. eee eee 1
Va., State total....-- 5
WASHINGTON.
Lincoln County:
July 31—
Creston2 2. 54-2 soa 1
Wash., State total--.- 1
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
Sept. 27-Oct. 5—
Pankersbursen seesee ee 3
V. Va., State total - -- 3
94
ALABAMA.
Baldwin County:
Dec. 2—
WOXI1OY o 25-23% lex be said
Mobile County:
Nov. 26—Dec. 31—
GraOdUB Aya. soc. n=
AT VINTON sess. eos
Ala.,
ARIZONA.
Maricopa County:
Nov. 11—Dec. 29—
Santa Cruz County:
Oct. 27-Nov. 1—
INGPAIOSES 252s ese sens
Ariz.,
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Butte County:
May 13-—Dec. 19—
OrovilleSneee eee se
Palermoeoes eee seee =
Thermalito:2-s-2-----
Colusa County:
Nov. 11-Dec. 22—
Macnoldessesee==-eee
Fresno County:
Jan. 1—Dec. 25—
Reedley Be a hs eee
Bangers s-ceeses--2 <5 ==
Dec. $-22—
Oriana nse eee
Imperial County:
Mar. 14—
Brawley... -222s22-2 -
Inyo County:
Oct. 13—
KGarsareee sae - =o
Kern County:
Nov. 7-Dec. 20—
Bakersfield ....-------
Kings County:
Feb. 3-4—
Armouse ashes
Los Angeles County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Alhambriae s-o2-2 eee =
AT CAC IA ose sera rte
LMAtReNS [Aas os sccecde
Azusa Avenue..-..-..-
Baldwin Park. ..-.--..-
Chapman.-...------- ‘2
Charter Oak...-..-----
Claremont
Colegrove....-..-------
COvVINE Se ene cee
Downey
DUWAaIter ee eaeee ase
East Alhambra...-----
East San Pedro..-....
BUMontes- ees eee oe
Gardena sc. -eas-e =
Glendale! soo 5.c225e
Glendora-2 2-9-5 -
Mermosillons as. -e eee
Irwindale. ------2---:
VOKO Reece te ae ces
a MITAGa So.) oe ceeace
gankershiml: os eee
State total.....
State total... -
ops 189
3 28
Cars.
1
a
>
~ 1,407
128
CITRUS FRUITS.
Table 20.—ORANGES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County—Con.
Jan. 1—Dec. 31— Cars.
DWasiuomasc..-seasness 34
steen se cce ae seee 82
Long Beach: -..---.-.: 1
MOLrdShburee--eeee eee 929
Los Angeles...-------- 94
Tiros INietoss2e eases cee 8
Monroviaeeeeee ese cee 291
Newmark: i... 22 h-c22-~ 1
North Pomona. -.----- 527
Pacoima sass o-2 sanee 35
Pasadena a ceeee eee 434
1B Qe ncoogoaskeesecooss 65
Pomonassenaseeaee se 963
PUeNtOn een eons eens 1
Redondo Beach...----- 1
IRIVeTr aes actoes station 436
Rossmoyne..---------- 37
Sanvibimassese eo acase ee 592
San Fernando. ...-.--- 306
San Fernando Mission. 33
SaniGapriel ese se ease 58
San) Marino. 22- ----= 163
INTER Qoadino soo se5e 7
Shorbis eee eee 608
Willa VASLaseeeer neces 26
Waelnnteeeseetceeco oe 135
Wibiiuer-ces-- sree 850
Marin County:
Jan. 12—Dece. 31—
lshtvalbyatel oss soboccor 358
Orange County
Jan. 1—-Dec. 31—
Anaheim eee ae eee 744
Buena bavke seer eee 1
DesiMoinessesa-e cee 64
DiModena- sess see 10
Mutlenione esses = eee 789
Garden Grove. -------- 10
Wap apraeeereeeeeeee ae 250
MePhersonmeteeesss— 62
Olive AS eee 262
Orandeeneesse eeeeee ee 1,189
RIiceniiapeeee serene 1,345
Richheldieeeres seer 2
Santa Amaia 2s tec 97
Mishins assests soe 411
Wally lebinies sae oss6ocdse 348
West Anaheim......-- 81
West Orange. .-.-.------ 5
MOLDAe ee aeeeeereeree 1
Yorba Linda.-:.--.--.-.- 2
Placer County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
THOOMIS Sees eee erie 43
IAA AN ookemcsosSocors 5
OC inven ee ett 6
Riosevillesesseecsoee 6
Riverside County:
Jan, 1-Dec. 31—
PALIT G LOTS pete elseter etaiet= 461
CasaiBlancate eee 41
C@onucreteses-eeee ee 26
Coronas. oes eee eee 794
Crestmore Junction 1
IL OIMCb sere eee nee 89
Lab(etaten f= oas5essnGocs 484
May sa sc eres 5
MOGCONeeime ceeecreecrice 4
Ormandheitce- eee 20
ACHAD Aree ssc cep cess 39
Pedley eres seen 24
POrMpuycyenn eee eee 40
Prenda Geto cre sseeacas 31
Riversidetecercice ase 1,071
Wanevilles: secs eee
Sacramento County:
Jan. 6—Dee, 31—
IBYIPD LONE eee ere 7
Main Oaks ences: 157
MOWOM2 525. coca Ree 108
Saeramento.--5-..-.....- 5
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Bernardino County:
Jan. 1-Dec, 31— Cars.
Alta Loma. ses eseeeee 190
Bloomington..........- 159
Coltoniccecas.naseeeeee 274
Crafton S2oveeteeeeee ens 342
Crestmore!ecaesesee eee 31
Cucamongas). 3-2-2225. 908
Del Rosas ee 143
Fast Highlands.......- 981
Btiwandalss see cee eee 91
Fontanatas eee eeeser 12
Bighlandeeceeseeeseeee 19
Mentonessaigescsaseee 114
Narodi6 eee 43
Ontario! 2). eee 525
Pattonic- 70k ees 42
Redlands =2.3223-=—5ee— 2,723
Redlands Junction..... 399
Rialtos eaten eee 902
San Bernardino.......- 199
Upland ahae seen eee 1, 708
San Diego County:
Jan. 10-Dec. 12—
Bl Cajoneaeeteee seer 52
HISCongidaeessee= sees == 55
Miramanrsesceceee ace 2
National City---------- 14
San Diego....--.--..--- 11
San Francisco County:
Mar. 10-Dec. 26—
San Francisco-..-...-.- 4
Santa Barbara County:
Feb. 4-Sept. 15—
Carpenteria..-.-----..- 4
Santa Barbara..-.-.-.-- 32
> Tehama County:
Jan. 5—Dec. 23—
Coming eee eee 21
Tulare County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— .
Cutler eee 19
Exeter. 4c tees sie 437
Temon Covereee=-eee== 329
Tindsays eee eee eee ZU
Merry manees seas eeee 6
North Dinuba....----- 19
Portervillessess === eee 1,120
Strathmoresceeese eer 276
Sultanaeoaseest eee 34
Morra Bellamesese eee 121
Woodlake......--.----- 79
Ventura County:
Jan. 14—Dec. 18—
ulmores-eeee eee eee 448
Nordhottsse-.ee sees 175
Ortonvillezeeseseeeeeee 1
Pitts. 3402s 131
Santa Paulaeeeeeeoeen. 70
Saticoy Seer aeee eee 3
Ventiraveceeeseeeeee 3
Yolo County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 6—
Davises sete eee eeeee 4
Yuba County:
Jan. 19—
Mission: -eeeeeee eee e 1
Cal., State total.....- 37, 796
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Noy. 16-Feb. 13—
PyinstOlens ssa 2
Island Grove..-.------- 17
WOChlOOSaesee =e seeeeer 6
Micanopy..-- = eeeee 36
Orange Hoists: ooktte os 9
Wacahoota.. 2 RLeoH? 1
Waldo 22 eee eteer 12
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
9
CITRUS FRUITS— Continued.
Table 20.—ORANGES—Continued.
FLORIDA—Continued.
Brevard County:
Nov.—Mar.— Cars.
COC ORME mesa Nest 775
Eau Gallie...........-- 46
Opkans eee tees 40
IMGT Taye Se Ouse NW ee eee 171
MIG US wall Osea e ence 295
Broward County:
Noy.-Feb—
ID eho Boao eye 32
Fort Lauderdale....... 6
Hallandale............. 8
Citrus County:
Oct. 18—Dec. 19—
INO Oui sooo sesene 15
Inverness. .........--.- 27
Dade County:
Noy.-—Mar.—
Arch Creek.........-.-- 6
Cocoanut Grove.....-.- 358
TINO RO, Os Web eeeaeoos 11
Gould see ec 70
Homestead......- 56
GWAlsisE 2 Sey Se Ore wene es 137
Lemon City.......-.--- 14
Mian ee SESE eS S 252
IBOTEIME lie ae 3
IBTInGelOnen pepe te 75
De Soto County:
Noy.-May— °
PACA Gia et sey enh 6) 244
AC Onubankece seems cs 110
Bowling Green.....-... 205
Fort Green..-.........- 40
Fort Green Springs. --. 63
Hort; Ogden. 42/222.) . 60
INOGATCE LE wom ue 3. 30
(Ove aS MIS NOc Nahe aaa 141
\ivenorelopleys See ee ee 162
CAO) IOV EN Oe tie ie ay 92
Duval County:
Oct.-May—
Florida Transfer....... 70
Jacksonville. :......... 24
Hillsborough County:
Oct.-Apr.—
TBs ova A a 41
ID XO LS) ees 5 Se eA ae 24
feral Shai S eres een 66
Blan @ity sane ae 116
- Port Tampa City.-....- 4
Senne neen dere ie eis 67
Gheyodhophs s So ce Meek eas 136
Thonotasassa.......... 190
NII COM Ree ee Be 2
NYA OT Clive eae eels 5
Lake County:
Oct.—Mar.—
JARRE UIE i ake as Be 19
@lermonteee oc oe 26
IUIStIS eee are. ee 68
Groveland 222-2 2220... 3
Mees bouT eee MEE. 160
HIS DOTIM Mere ee 10
IMaSCOttenaeme tine sue 2
Monitverdezs 4-22-2222. - Tat
Mount Dora... 2.2.2. Raby Lod
MAViaAneSueeie see ce ok 78
Lee County:
Oct. 17-Dec. 24—
Fort Meyers..........- 48
Manatee County:
Nov.-May—
Bradentown..........- 28
lem tombeee es eyes ee 33
Mamaree wae ern. i
One CORE ee aoe es 23
IPAMMeT tO = 2. ace se 1
ISAT AS O Ceres be etme 1
NZGIICO es mien 3
FLORIDA—Continued.
Marion County:
Oct.-May— Cars.
Zoardimanie eee eee 35
Candlerteaais Sie 17
Olibravzte ae i ae eet eo 55
Grays Landing......... 54
Trine eh) Seis Se 27
Ocalas ys Gy Van ee ies 40
South Lake Weir...... 106
Spar. 28. mee ame ee 40
Summerfield..........- 60
Weirsdale-:ssseeeeeeeee 11
Monrce County:
Nov.—
ARR AiT olay MAME 1
Orange County:
Oct.-Apr.—
AD ODICARE Semmeee secs 20
Clarcona ais Se aeee ae 12
Mockhantewee sees yee 3
Maitland eas eeseeneee 375
OCOCE sea AE Gre ie 98
Ory nodose sess khan eens 55
Riv mouths passe wen es 104
Tildenvillei eee 133
Winter Garden........ 60
Winter Parkes ease 1
Osceola County:
Nov.-Feb.—
Kenansville........... 34
KISSIMIN GOLA ese se eels 205
Palm Beach County:
Nov.-Feb.—
Boyntone- 22.5.4 1
Delray 2k) 20a 5
TUpIer Sasa eee 19
ake Woorth=secsesaees 14
Stuanteeee sos see eee 57
Pasco County:
Nov.-Feb.—
MadeiGityaseesssseee 20
Pinellas County:
Oct.-Feb.—
Coachman] Ss33. eee 58
Clearwateri e224 testes. 105
argon suis ates ee aie 85
Safety Harbor.-....... 16
Sty Petersburge semanas 18
Sutherland en 1
Tarpon Springs........ 55
Polk County:
Oct.—June—
Auburndale sasieesee 38
Bartow:ssscsseaeaenee me 120
Bradley Junction...... 47
Brewsterice.teeeasee 10
Chicorassteasee eee 19
Florence Villa.........- 14
Hlomelandiss 2 yaa 74
Wakelander. agian 225
Mirllbenryes een 8
Putnam County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Pomona sce seen 68
San Mateo seneeseeeee 34
St. Johns County:
Oct.—Jan.—
DETASGIN gE Soae eee ese 31
St: Augustine. nae 9
St. Lucie County:
Oct.—Feb.—
HMorbiPlerces essen ee 104
dieab(pialce es Mee oe Mae koe 23
Okeechobee-.2:.2.....- 91
Sebastian: suneuseaae 93
MerOsee Sees eae 174
Wiel tons eet eee 2
White Ciiyeaee eee ae 7
|
|
FLORIDA—Continued.
Seminole County:
5
Noy.-Apr.— Cars.
(@Anybthooyifze ts ee ee 1
GeneVA ae ssc Je Sree 85
Wonewoodse 25-2 ele 37
Oviedo ase sass e eee 47
Santora ese see 45
Sumter County:
Oct. 16-June 1—
Waldiwoodleczeneaeeeee. 147
Volusia County:
Nov.-Apr.—
BondsiMille ee) oo eee 1
ID) SVLOUA eer ee cece 28
Deiandvessoene ees: 599
De Leon Springs....... 165
Webnsa KS Ce ooo 3
Glenwood... ...5...-.- 59
Lake Helen...........- 105
May tOwileteememceenes 7
New Smyrna......-.-- 141
Oakes eee meee 458
Orange\Cityes ose esse 15
Ormond sates seer 22
PICTSONM Sse cece oe 16
Port, Orangere sees see 11
Fla., State total...... 11,810
GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
Nov.-Dec.—
Savyannaheeseeoseeeeaae 22
Ga., State total.....- 22
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Oct. 26—Dec. 21—
New Orleans........--- 61
La., State total.....- 61
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Jan. 3-Dec. 28—
AltiMOTe keene eee 68
Md., State total...-..- 68
MASSACHUSETTS.
Suffolk County:
July 6-Dec. 26—
IBOSbOMe tases eeeeereeee 50
Mass., State total - --- 50
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Jan, 22—Dec. 31—
Manhattan Piers....---
NEW YORK.
New York County:
Feb. 6—Dec. 20—
New York City
Richmond County:
Sept. 28—Dec. 7—
St. George Lighterage--
co
N. Y., State total. .-
oo
on
96 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CITRUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 20.—ORANGES—Continued.
OREGON. RHODE ISLAND. TEX AS—Continued.
Multnomah County: Prov iden e County: Galveston County:
May 26-Dec. 30— Cars. Feb. 17— Cars Noy: 28—Dec. 11— Cars
Bast Portland.........- 6 Providence. s2ees eee League City.<..-<.-s-<2 3
PON an sens tees 4 Harris County:
R.1., State total..... 1 Nov. 11—
Oreg., State total. ... 10 ——— LaiPorteysnocscs oes 1
Tae TEXAS. Tex., State total..... 19
PENNSYLVANIA. ———
RHIAN SRN i Bren rls pou. WASHINGTON.
adelphia County: Nov. 9—Dec. 12— = i
Philadelphia........... 40 Alyintesdaee on temps 14 | King County:
5 2p Dec. 4—Dec. 12—
Dallas County: Seattl 7
Pa., State total.....- 40] Aug. 16— SS Fee schoo 35 155 meee
DIMER Sc casessesocpse- 1 Wash., State total... tf
Table 21.—LEMONS.
CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA—Continued. CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Fresno County: Orange County—Contd. San Francisco County:
Jan. 23—Dec. 7— Cars. Jan. 1-Dee. 31— Cars Nov. 14— Cars.
DAULOLA Shs. So oasiecece 5 OTdn goeere Nac soem ee 4 San Francisco.......... 1
Los Angeles County: Placentia... .. 8 | Santa Barbara County:
Jan. 1—-Dec. 31— Santa Ana.. 4 Jan. 3-Dece. 31—
J AV AVIS eer ed ee 127 AMIS FUL ye nes eats 229 Carpenteniass2) sean. 48
Azusa Avenue........- 1 Villa Park 138 Santa Barbara........- 216
Barnankees \ ese ees 1 West Anaheim......_.. ll Summerland.........-- 1
Charter Oak? 2-2 22:25. 5 POT OSE ce aCe AR Sie 19 | Tehama County:
Claremonteee eases 2 NAOhel oH} Wakao oe se 60 Mar. 2—
Colegrove......:-.-.--. 39 | Riverside County: Comming 2233-4) see 1
Covina. ee 5 Jan. 1-Dec. 31— Tulare County:
DD WNEY sc oc eee eer 1 Arline Ouse a see ee 142 Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Duasrtes 2a 7 Casa Blancas 2222-222 3 Cutlerc 24ecn eee cee 2
East San Pedro........ 6 @oneretesese see eee eee 1 Exeternie see athe eae 9
HMONte os eee eee 13 Coronas eae 677 Lemon Cove 124
60 Crestmore Junction... 1 Lindsayenstes se sseeeee 34
206 Highgrove 4 Porterville. 40
2 nMan Geese eee 2 Woodlake: so ase sscee 8
2 iIRedleya!seeeere 5 | Ventura County:
7 Porphyry 120 Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
65 Pren dane econ er ae eee 6 Ca¥micle: Sc ao seer 7
72 TRULVETSIG Ossetian 20 MULIMOLe sss eee eee eee 198
1 Wine valle {oe Saeany see 1 Kevet ionic. osteeseccene 6
efinewelli. 2s) sess) 22 | Sacramento County: Montalvoeoseoseeseeese 1
HMOLdsbur pease eoeecee 100 Feb. 7-12— Nordhottes se eeeeeeeee 2
ios Angeles. 2-5. 5s. 108 Molson sass eee eee 3 Ortonvilleseeee secre 19
Monroviseete cote eee 40 | San Bernardino County: Pird nto eee 3
North Pomona 1 Jan. 1-Dec. 31— Santa ea dessa 384
Pacoima a ee esac * 6 SAL TaOMeal eee sieleat= el 51 Saticoy seen eee eee 271
Pasadena.) fei e te 1 Bloomington.........- 53 Bespe. sna al peeeeenee 5
OMOn ae nee eee 66 Coltonis Re ene 6 Vienturaeeee eee neon 158
Redondo Beach........ 1 Cratton sees ee 1
Rossmoyne..-..-.-.-.- 5 @restmoress sss -eeeeeee 9 Cal., State total...... 6,829
San Dimas! re 411 Crcasmonta teasers ne 26
San Fernando.. E 50 DOlGROSa ase eee 24 LOUISIANA.
San Fernando Mission. 64 East Highlands........ 37
San'Gapnieles=.-2 snes 5 Biiwanda ses. seeeee ee 46 | Orleans Parish:
SaniPedrole ss se een ose 15 Montanase ce eeeee ees 3 June 10-Aug. 18—
SOU PIARE es Sema ie 2 uighlends eee se seees 6 New Orleans.........-- 28
Sherman: 2-32 ee 6 Mentonel ss). sceceenen 1
Spalding Spur......... 1 Narodige) ce eases 1 La., State total.....- 28
Wan Nuys so. ee sees i 3 Ontariows oy). 2 ose he if
Vernondale............ 1 Redlandsitec peer ae 16 MARYLAND.
WALL Vistas s242 e552 2 Redlands Junction..... 9
Wen Gece ee 88 ee: 3 Jetta Sepa SonSe OAS 109 | Baltimore City:
Wihittion ote. 22+ sesh 422 San Bernardino........ 1 Feb. 14-Dec. 18—
Marin County: Wiplandeee cesses ener 474 Baltimores. esses eee 42
Jan. 4—Dec. 2— San Diego County: =
Mighland 25s ole 52255 17 Jan. 4—-Dec. 23— Md., State total....-. 42
Orange County: Chile Vistas aeeesee 155 ===
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— BD] Cajon: eee teeuae 4 23
Amatiein site essen 55 il SCONMIG a eee eae 195 MASSACHUSETTS.
Des Moines soso nesses 42 ba Mesan eee teste 8
DikModena ses eee pe ee 20 Lemon Grove.......-.- 2 | Suffolk County:
Mollertonee see eeeeaen 3 Miramar! se eeaee eee 60 Nov. 27-Dec. 26—
Garden Grove.......-.. 1 National City.......... 167 Bostonist sees eee 7
PaiHabras cess ese ee 208 SaniWiepomeeeaeas ete 31 TERE
MCPHers0nEs] ss Seance 3 Pantee: | selene eee se 2 Mass., State total. ..- 7
Olives Pe ahion eRe 29 Wista.. 2255) stacey ie 14 ——
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
97
CITRUS FRUITS—Continued.
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Jan. 10-—Dec. 31—
Manhattan Piers.......
NEW YORK.
Bronx County:
Aug. 1—
St. Johns Park
Kings County:
Sept. 22-30—
IBTOOK Meese cinacie~ «<1
New York County:
Jan. 27—Dec. 28—
New York City........
=
ARIZONA.
Maricopa County:
Nov. 11-Dee. 2—
JELNOaIb.<O ee Ce ea nas
Ariz., State total..... 2
CALIFORNIA.
Butte County:
Lae)
o
=
io}
iz
B
3
(eX)
Imperial County:
Feb. 9—
Him Perla seers eee sali 1
Los Angeles County:
Feb. 21-Nov. 4
INURE. a noagaeHeecsos
(Gfonraliakey Oa os a
IDRIS Ga BOM S Sao Re ee
Glendale....-
Wea Mirad ae eesme: sacs
Los Angeles
IFO TOMES Soe Gon sed eeeES
ow
B
g
B
2
a
_
San Fernando..-.......
SanvPedroeeaseecscs cee
NWR WORE NERD ERR Wwe
Marin County:
July 3-Aug. 26—
each amaee assessor
Orange County:
May 24-July 6—
Hullertoneeessacseseoe-
Wala rawenewece eee
PIACen beeen ies ete
West Anaheim... ....
Riverside County:
Apr. 18-Sept. 27
rArIime Gone eee. = =
Corona. .-22.:...-- aes
Rivedde:
[o>]
eee)
—"
NON or
Noy. 11-17—
HOISOMeP eee cee ee ccs =
San Bernardino County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
NID, Ibo on) 3s eee 2
Bloomington........-- 5
Cucamonga. 22.22.22: 1
East Highlands........ a
1
or
Fontana...........-:.-
44215°—18—Bull. 667:
Table 21.—LEMONS—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Richmond County:
Feb. 12-Dec. 28— Cars.
St. George Lighterage.. 154
N. Y., State total.... 242
PENNSYLVANIA.
Euladelphia County:
Sep iladelphi: Ose seca eee 4
Pa., State totad....... 4
Table 22.—GRAPEFRUIT.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Bernardino County—
C ntinued.
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— Cars.
Men TONGE Me asec aoe 2
Ontarios ee eee 6
Redland saee ya 14
Redlands Junction..... 9
Rialto ae 15
San Bernardino........ 5
Upland ee ees 2
San Diego County:
June 3-July 1.
SCONGId OWN e een rates 5
Santa Barbara County:
Sept: 4—
Carpenteriasisseseeeees 2
Tulare County:
Jan. 5-Dec. 29—
Cutler ee oleae 1
Np. @ 2102) SEE e oe a 14
Lemon Cove.....-...-- 45
Mindsays 2526 eee ees 26
Merryam ances janes 3
NAT AO OR. Shee aen sien 5
Porterville pease 18
Strathmore eee 2
Woodlake sero ses 4
Ventura County
Mar. 7-20—
Nordhofia cise sees 3
PAT ee ae eee 1
Cal., State total...... 355
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Nov.—
Micanopy..- 22-2 sset i)
Wialdowetc facet eas 5
De Soto County:
Nov.-May—
SAT CAC a sl Ae ee eee if
FortiOgdens2e.-e en 40
INoCateeiee Soe ese eee 10
Oman ee a Ns 5 Veena nae = 13
Wiatichul aww neat ee cee. 10
OlIO ee Se eee 12
Duval County:
Nov.-May—
Florida Transfer......- 6
Jacksonville... -....--. 39
Hillsborough County:
Nov. Apr. —
iIBrandoneeecc eee ener 2
Port Tampa Cityeseee 1
Tampere. See 200
Thonotasassa.....----- 3D
WValricosie seen ecucer. 2
qT
TEXAS.
Galveston County:
Feb. 20-Aug. 9—
Galveston22 oo... ees 5
Tex.,
WASHINGTON.
King County:
July 7—
BCatLlOe ese cmeat cies 1
Wash., State total... 1
FLORIDA—Continued.
Lake County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Clermont
INU tISHeere mee
TMAVaneS scan eee aoe
Lee County:
Dec. 22-May 24—
HortiMeyerss ssssses see
Manatee County:
Nov.-May—
Bradentown...........
Ellenton as euloemae ee cbe
Marion County:
Oct.-May—
Devine ote ce een oes
2
ete Gs
South Lake Weir....-- 1
5
5
Summerfield........... 1
\Wieirsdaleveccs ence aces
Orange County:
Sept._May—
carcone pets eis teh RAS clorate
Oslerls yOu
Nov.—Feb.—
IsaSsIMMeCEe Heo. occ
Pinellas County:
Oct.-May—
Polk County:
Oct.-_May—
Auburndale...........
Bartow
Eagle Lake-.
Florence Villas ea
Putnam County:
Oct. 28-Nov.
IPOMODS = ee eeeceecee
Sumter County:
May 16-June 2—
Wildwoods222s225--6-- 6
27—
bo
98 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CITRUS FRUITS—Continued.
Table 22.—GRAPEFRUIT—Continued.
FLORID A—Continued. MASSACHUSETTS. NEW YORK.
Volusia County: Suffolk County: New York County:
Nov.-May— Cars. Nov. 17-—Dec. 27— Cars Feb. 7-Dec. 20— Cars.
De Wand -oscese sk 1 Bostons2=22ie Sea ese 4 New York City........ an
De Leon Springs....... 2 Richmond County:
Pierson ete iee et ee Mass., State total... 4 Nov. 2-Dec. 7—
Fla., State total...... 1,874 oe SS Bb eee eee
MARYLAND. NEW JERSEY. N. Y., State total.... 13
Baltimore City: Hudson Couney, TEXAS.
Jan. 12-Dec. 20— Jan. 6-Dec. 31— ) ;
Baltimorosee ses ene 15 Manhattan Piers......- 63 Dales County:
Mad., State total...... 15 N. J., State total..... 63 Dallas. ..-+.+-+-+--+-+-
—- : Ses Tex., State total..... 1
Table 23.—LIMES.
CALIFORNIA. NEW YORK. TEXAS.
Eldorado County: Orange County: Galveston County:
Oct. 7— Cars. Aug. 20-Oct.15— Cars: Apr. 27-Sept. 9— Cars.
Gpthrin= 3. = seecceseces Bineiislan danse saeas ee 3 Galvestontc. scree sees 6
Cal., State total...... 1 N. Y., State total..... 3 Tex., State total..... 6
Table 24.—TANGERINES.
CALIFORNIA. FLORIDA. FLORID A—Continued.
Los Angeles County: Alachua County: . Pinellas County:
Mar. 4— Cars. Nov. 17—Dec. 20— Cars Dec, 12-22— Cars
= Ban Dames Lye TNE Na 1 Waldo cee Largo. = sae. ce eeeceeee
iverside County: . :
Mar. 18— Meee one Fla., State total...... 12
Highgrove...-.....--. 1 Wachee ee 1 ae
San Bernardino County: Zolto 1
TIE 2s SC ht eater bea eae 2 eRe A Ren ae
Redlands Junction..... 1 | Lee County: MASSACHUSETTS.
Tulare County: Dec. 19—
Dec. 15— Fort Meyers.........- 1 | Suffolk County:
Lemon Cove.....-.... 2 | Manatee County: Dec, 4—
Ventura County: Dec-— IBOSTOReeeeee eee eee 1
Mar. 14— Hllentonit~<-225. 2222 J 2
Nordhoti= =. sseeste = 1 Venicer:+~i cole 1 Mass., State total .... 1
Cal., State total..... 6
SUB-TROPICAL FRUIT.
Table 25.—BANANAS.
ALABAMA, MARYLAND. NEW YORK.
Mobile County: Baltimore City: New York County:
Jan.-—Dec.— Cars. Jan. 3-Dec. 26— Cars. Jan. 24-Dec, 22— Cars.
MOQDiUe cei esac eee 142 Baltimore teense eee 445 New York City.......- 4, 699°
Ala., State total..... 142 Md., State total... .. 445 N. Y., State total.... 4, 699
CALIFORNIA,
Sacramento County: MASSACHUSETTS, NORTE ee
Apr. 10-25— , = 4
Sacramento.......-.- 2 | Suffolk County: New Bacay omy
San Francisco: Jan. 1-Dec. 26— Wilmington 11
Jan. 10-Dee, 5— Bostom site ee ee ae 7 HA ae arma SSS
San Francisco.-...... 11
_— Mass., State total... 2, 213 N, C., State total-—-- - 2
Cal., State total... .. 13
LOUISIANA. NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA.
Orleans Parish: Hudson County: Philadelphia County:
Jan. 1-Dec, 16— Jan. 12-Dee. 27— Jan. 5-Dec. 26— ;
New Orleans........ 5, 367 Weebawken...-.....- 44 Philadelphia........... 780,
La., State total..... 5,367 N. J., State total... . 44 Pa., State total....... 780
’
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
99
SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS—Continued.
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
May 7—
South Providence
R. 1., State total... .
CALIFORNIA.
Riverside County:
June 4-Juye 26— .
Coachell
CALIFORNIA.
San Francisco County:
May 31—
San Francisco.........
Cal., State total
FLORIDA.
Broward County:
June—Dee.—
Dania
Dade County:
June-Dee.—
Little River
Duval County:
June-Dec.—
Jacksonvville=: - 22... =.
Palm Beach County:
June-Dec.—
CALIFORNIA.
Tulare County:
Oct. 12-31—
Lindsay
Cal., State total
CALIFORNIA.
Sonoma County:
June 1-28—
Sebastopol
Cal., State total
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
June 28—July 20—
Ibe CAE a ae eee oe
Lincoln City.--...-..-.-.
Milford
Seaford
Del., State total......
Cars.
1
1
to
Cars.
Table 25.—BANANAS—Continued.
TEXAS.
{
|
|
|
Galveston County:
Jan. 3-Dee. 31— Cars. |
Gallwestoneee acess saan 2, 584 |
| —
| Tex., State total.... 2
|
Table 26.—FRESH FIGS.
Table 27.—PINEAPPLES.
FLORID A—Continued.
St. Lucie County:
June-Dee.— Cars.
Hort Piercesaa: pean 89
TONISETG ECD ah taene ie 74
Werood 2 aes 194
Wialtone oun aS re 7
White City eae eee 85
Fla., State total..... 774
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
May 21-June 21—
New Orleans.........-. 3
La., State total...... 3
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 10-Aug. 17—
Baltimore wees esem 3
Md., State total... . 3
Table 28.—POMEGRANATES.
BERRIES.
Table 29.—BLACKBERRIES.
INDIANA.
Clark County:
June 27—Aug. 1— Cars.
Borden. yank Va eee 22
Sellersburg.......--.--- 33
Floyd County:
June 26-July 22—
New Albany.....==.--- 11
Ind., State total..... 66
KANSAS.
| Doniphan County:
July—
Wathena.--...--------+ 1
Kan., State total.... 1
WASHINGTON.
| Snohomish County:
Oct, 1-Nov.
Everett
pga
Wash., 8
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Jan. 3-Dee. 31—
Manhattan Piers
NEW YORK.
New York County:
June 5-Oct. 31—
New York C ity
Richmond County:
Sept. 28-Dec. 7—
St. George Lighterage..
N. Y., State total._.-
PENNSYLVANIA,
Philadelphia County:
Oct.—Dec.—
Philadelphia
Pa., State total
MARYLAND.
Dorchester County:
June 28-July 1—
East New Market... .-
Talbot County:
July—
Clgibormess-—-eeaeaee
June-July:
Chopt ank River land-
ings SSbseis se cose se at
June-July:
Nanticoke River land-
INES? 22 See eae mers
June:
Wicomico River land-
INGS coe sce eee ees
Md., State total.....
ho
to
i]
100
BERRIES—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
.
Table 29.—BLACKBERRIES—Continued.
MICHIGAN.
Mason County:
July 16-Sept. 7— Cars.
NGI NEON cose aac. a 4
Mich., State total... 4
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
July 17-24—
Died OSAP Nee ee eseec sec 5
Mo., State total.--.... 5
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
July 1-Aug. 21—
Hammonton........-.-. 52
WANCISTILE Ls ooo weencs 7
Wheat Road........... 39
Camden County:
July 25-Aug. 7—
IM aos. eee etiss 18
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Noy.—Jan.— Cars.
ChiGa ZO. 2s s/asee ee 4
Peoria County:
Dec. 22—
IREOT Ws -seteeete aan 1
Tll., State total....... 5
MASSACHUSETTS.
Barnstable County:
Sept. 21-Feb.—
Barnstable... .. eee 3
BassiRiverz cee see ee 5
BOUTMIC +35... 2522 eee 2
Buzzards Bay~.-..---+- 25
East Brewster.......-- 1
East Sandwich. ....... 22
Ralmouthe-sse-eosseee 40
Harwichse eens _ 7
IVADNIS soe eee see Gs 7
North Falmouth.....-. 5
North Harwich .......- 19
Paramores-eeseeeeereee 4
Sandwiches eee on 7
South Chatham........ 6
South Dennis: 22-2... -- 26
West Barnstable.....-- 50
Warmouthisess= - eae 7
Bristol County:
Sept. 14-Dec. 26—
BraleySeee a sseencincieere ll
Hast Cauntoleesses ese 1
INOILODY ote cemer see 14
Middlesex County:
Oct. 28—
South Chelmsford.....- 1
Plymouth County: :
Aug.—Mar. 16—
BiNtaeGere- ao > ee oe 25
IDES 8 /2ls-eoasdoeases358 30
IDs opty s sone code 3
Greenbushe. s-.4- sense 7
Hanoversceres-peee ee 13
KANeStOUTe sess eee ee 4
WaAkeyulbsens- eens 3
DATO one eines seein 13
Marshfield Hills.....-.. 7
Mattapoisett....-...-.- ¥
Middleborole---- 4-2 7
Wemasket-:cass--te sees 3
North Carver...---.--- 159
Pivmonthesstss2 sees 112
ELympLoneeesnsees sas 3
ROCKkace ewe ceceeusocae 21
SHS wore ce nen eeee 3
South Hanson......... 57
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Cumberland County:
July 12—
Witloland se sssa sneer
Monmouth County:
July 19-Aug. 5— .
Breeholdsecs.-- see sae
Cars.
1
TENNESSEE.
Weakley County:
June— :
Greenfield......... ase
Tenn., State total... Ligne
TEXAS.
Wood County:
May 18-June 14—
Winn SbonOueesssecee see
Table 30.—CRANBERRIES.
MASSACHUSETTS—Contd.
Plymouth County—Contd.
Aug.—Mar. 16— ars.
South Middleboro...... 52
South Wareham.....-- 89
Lemon is sa spe ese ces 186
Wareham seen see cese 89
Mass., State total.... 1,151
MICHIGAN.
Grand Traverse County:
Nov. 1-30—
Walton Junction....... 82,
Mich., State total.... 2
MISSOURI tr
Jackson County:
Apr.—
Kansasi@itiyvensnceestine ity wd
Mo., State total...... 1
NEBRASKA. Wow
Lancaster County:
Mar. 14—
incolns-ssees eee 1
Nebr., State total. ... 1
IN[LD\ ICAL OP RASH Op Go eee
Atlantic County:
Sept. 13-Dec. 31—
Pepbanborstuse saan 14
Wilwood sensor eres 4
Mays Landing......... 23
Burlington County:
Bent 1-Dec. 31—
ATSION EY erence eens s 95
Brown’s Mill-in-the-
Pinese sey sees 1
Cookstown............. 10
Hanover Farms.......- 96
Dumbertoneeseeceeeee 1
Marltonssce een sene 6
Mediord: )os2nr ae eee 41
Pemberton Ssbes. sete 1
South Pemberton...... 68
Camden County:
Nov. 17-Dec. 11—
Waterford ee ssiee eee 12
Cape May County:
Nov. 16-Dec. 6—
Tuckahoesss yess sees 2
Cumberland County:
Oct. 5-Dec.—
LeespUurgsctcsctesueee ee 1
BorteNorrisss se eeeeene 1
Winelands <cccieseec 1
VIRGINIA.
June— Cars.
Rappahannock River
landingse.scecteege 1
Va., State total...... 1
WASHINGTON.
Pierce County:
Aug. 28-Sept. 11—
Puyallupseeee eee 39
Wash., State total... 39
e ————
WISCONSIN.
Washburn County:
July 5-Aug. 30—
Minongiyjee ee ee 3
Wis., State total...-. 3
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Gouget County:
gi
Middlesex County:
Nov.—
James bungee seeeeeaee 2
Monmouth County:
Nov. 10-Dec. 27—
Farmingdale........... 10
Hornerstown. ......... 2
Ocean County:
Oct. 20-Mar. 15—
Barnepat--pueeee sarees 29
Mantoloking........... 2
New Egypt Seay 15
South Lakewood....... 17
TomsURiversesseepeenee a
1
NEW YORK.
Suffolk County:
Nov.—
Jamesporticeace= sates
1
N. Y., State total... 1
WISCONSIN.
Jackson County:
Oct. 27—-Novy. 15—
City Pointeeseeencess es
Juneau County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 20—
Mather..o5252 22 SN emo 3 38
Monroe County:
Sept.—Nov. 28—
North Tomah.........-
Shennington..........-
Tomah
oa
Warren. . oes 1
Shawano County:
Oct.—
Tigertonss.nseceoeseee 4
Waupaca County:
Dec. 5—
Waupaca:)tenineeeeecee 1
Wood County:
Oct. 10-Nov. 25—
Babcock ie aeeeen nese 2
CAR-LOT
NEW YORK.
Columbia County:
July 18-Aug. 11— Cars.
Germantown. ......... jE)
N. Y., State total. ... 9
NORTH CAROLINA,
Harnett County:
June—
Spout Springs.........
Lee County:
June 3-24—
IBLOdaW aye meee sci 5
VONESHOROsas seat se) 25
_
MARYLAND.
June: Cars.
Choptank River land-
LW AS Se Sate ame 1
Md., State total......
NEW JERSEY.
=
Mercer County:
June 13-15—
Rrentvoneseneeeeee ces
ww
=
nm
ot
©
Cy
©
+
fo)
ot:
is
z=
‘
‘
oo)
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
July 22-Aug. 25—
Wojwvain ae oie eee ciel pete
2
Cal., State total.....- 2
MARYLAND.
Queen Annes County:
July—
WoveyRoimts saasseceee +
Talbot County:
June—Aug. 13—
Claiborne esses:
Aug. 15:
Nanticoke River land-
THOS EE eas ie nee ere
Md., State total-.....
MICHIGAN.
Chippewa County:
Aug. 14-25—
Sault Ste. Marie....... 29
Mackinac County:
Sept. 28—
Mackinac Island....... 1
Cars.
—
bo
mle
.
CALIFORNIA.
Sonoma County:
May 26-July 4— Cars.
Sebastopol....-......-- 62
Cal., State total.....- 62
SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
BERRIES—Continued.
Table 31.—DEWBERRIES,
NORTH CAROLIN A—Contd.
Lee County—Continued.
June 3-24— Jars.
Lemon Springs........ 10
Sanford: 222s epee i
Moore County:
June 3-27— ;
Aiberd cen sys |Seea ela aay 6
Cameron ieee meee 57
Carthage ase ae 57
ASS eerie eae cer nete ae 17
Richmond County:
June 3-16—
Hamiletose ieee ae secterse 4
EOMmmMancewseecucsee cee 13
Table 32.—GOOSEBERRIES.
NEW YORK.
Chautauqua County:
July 7-Nov. 2— Cars.
Rong ind stan see 88
Ripley essen sae ee 1
N. Y., State total.... 89
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie County:
July 11-12—
Northihast2os.ss-neeee 2
Pa., State total...... 2
Table 33.—HUCKLEBERRIES.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Manistee County:
Aug. 20— Cars
Manistee: Yo ues 2 22 1
Mason County:
Aug. 20-Sept. 5—
Mhudinetony sees 3
Mich., State total.... 34
NEW JERSEY.
Monmouth County:
July 5-17—
Freehold icseseeeeee 5
N. J., State total..... 5
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wayne County:
June 8-17—
Mount Olive..........- 9)
to
N.C., State total....
Table 34.—LOGANBERRIES.
101
NORTH CAROLINA—Contd.
Sampson County:
June 8— Cars.
Clinton). fo cnici. Dee 2
N.C., State total. ... 198
TEXAS.
Wood County:
May 26-30—
\ababal:) ofe)qo)s emer ee 3
Tex., State total..... 3
WISCONSIN.
Door County:
July 16-30— Cars.
Sturgeon Bay.........- 6
Wis., State total..... 6
PENNSYLVANIA.
Carbon County:
July 1-Sept. 1— Cars.
Audentied sss: sesre eee 15
Luzerne County:
July 8-Aug. 29—
Hazletonasesccsecaeees 33
Monroe County:
July—
Reedersace,4 shes cou ccie 2
Schuylkill County:
June 25-Sept. 1—
Oneida sass eee oe 20
Pa., State total...... 70
VIRGINIA.
Rockbridge County:
Aug.—
Riversides.a--e-ceneees 1
Rockingham County:
July 1-Sept. 7—
HlKtOne {eAeenes sees =
Va., State total. ....-. é
102
CALIFORNIA.
Sonoma County?
May 26-June 10—
BULLETIN 667,
Sebastopol........-.... 1
Cal., State total... ... 1
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Aug. 10—
TOBNVOI ee <5 arate osetia 1
Colo., State total. ...- 1
INDIANA.
Clark County:
June 15-July 7—
Borden Goses.= = seinacse's
pellerspure.-2 ocak.
Floyd County:
June 13-July 21—
New Albany...-....-.- 17
Ind., State total. ..... 30
MARYLAND.
Washington County:
June—July—
Rohrersville.........-- 10
Smithsburg............ 14
June-Aug.:
Nanticoke River land-
PPG Reese oo orate vane ee oe 2
June:
Wicomico River land-
PPS ees See eet
Md., State total...... 27
MICHIGAN.
Benzie County:
July 22-Aug. 31—
iran kl Olbes. seca otc 3
ALABAMA.
Butler County:
Apr. 26-May 10— Cars.
BONERS peo. acs tec 2
Chilton County:
Apr. 22—-May 10—
MNOTSDViare -ee s 12
Conecuh County:
Apr. 5-May 10—
Castleberry...........- 135
Cullman County:
May 3-26—
Colimaneeeech: co cctne 50
Hanceville............. 18
Escambia County:
Apr. 12-26—
7.85 010) (ee ee 25
Mobile County:
Apr. 20-May 26—
AN Yé he Sees 17
Sumter County:
Apr. 18-June 5—
CUB Her eee seecesten sess 34
ivingspones soo yolk 30
McConnell =e; -sc2-2--- 25
ork sen see seer ck oe 50
Ala., State total...... 398
ARKANSAS.
Benton County:
May 12-June 2—
VOU ho anise titi ose 10
Cave Springs........... 36
moO
U.
BERRIES—Continued.
Table 35.—RASPBERRIES.
MICHIGAN—Continued, |
Berrien County:
July 9-17— Cars.
Benton Harbor........ 55
Manistee County:
July 1-Aug. 10—
Manistebis. =e ameter 2
“JOneramas ses ees. 6
Muskegon County:
July 17-Aug. 2—
Muskeponsee Sse, cis 8
Ottawa County: ;
July 10-Aug. 31—
Grand Haven.......... 8
Van Buren County:
July 14-26—
South Haven-......-.- 10
Mich., State total..... 92
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
July 3—
Si. Josepheeeesmseerece 1
Mo., State total... ..-. 1
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
June 25-July 20—
Coljene ene erciese eerie 1
Hammonton..........- 185
Camden County:
July 18-Sept. 7—
Pima. C4 8 bees 2 38
Monmouth County:
July 11-14—
@litiwood te. -acinesne eee 11
Wreeholdit-seese eee 4
N. J., State total..... 239
Table 36.—STRAWBERRIES.
ARK ANSAS—Continued.
Benton County—Contd.
May 12-June 2— Cars.
Decaturs.s2geaacte tie 49
Garfield’ oe ieee 14
Gentry ee eee 4
lshyamallee es See St 25
Siloam Springs......... 6
Conway County:
Apr. 28-May 13—
Mormilltoneeece-sences- 26
Craighead County:
May 6-23—
JONESVOTOs-e osoenise eee 12
Crawford County:
Apr. 30-May 25—
Alma oo oe cee ee 134
ID VOT sce 7 Re ele 33
Mountainburg........- 13
Mulberry 1
Rud yesosoeese 10 |
Van Buren 99
Howard County:
Apr. 27-May 28—
Nashivilleee s2-es2 2. .- 23
Independence County:
May 4-25—
3atesville Reece eee - 43
Jefferson County:
May 10-25—
JoDnSOUS*: 2s sash ees 33 |
Lonoke County:
Apr. 29-May 12—
NATO. pee slo seine Cone fore 21
S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
NEW YORK.
Columbia County:
July 19-20— Cars.
Germantown.......... 3
Orange County:
July 4-28—
Cedar Cities oe eens 5
Rosetomxsoes sae 6
Oswego County:
July 27—
New Haven..-....-..... 1
Ulster County:
July 4-30—
BSOpuS . 2c teeaaeee eee 1
Hichland i -peeeseee ee 34
Marlboroi==--0- eee ee 29
Milton oe eee 5
Ulster Parki ss S2e2-- 4
N. Y., State total. ... 88
VIRGINIA.
Montgomery County:
June 1-30—
Christiansburg......... 8
Va., State total...... 8
WASHINGTON.
King County:
July 25-Aug. 15—
I Noob = 55555-5555 3
Pierce County:
July 5-31—
Puyalluppess-teeee sees 77
Snohomish County:
May-Aug.— ;
Snohomish..........--- 3
Wash., State total... 83
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Miller County:
May— Cars
Garmer---2-+-eeeeeeeee
Scott County
May 9-13—
ADDO See see cee 9
Searcy County:
May 18-23—
Leslie: .. ueaee oor ees 5
MarshallJ:cskepeeseeee= 3
Sebastian County:
May 9-13—
Layacas25--ee eee 3
Sevier County:
Apr. 20—:
OPatlO- peepee eee 31
Paraloma:ssrenercurue 1
Washington County:
May 9—June 1—
Farmington............ 65
Fayetteville........... 88
Lincolnse2eesceccuesee 9
Litteral. 2s. -.2 fae see ae 12
Springdale Soe se-eseee- 96
TontitowDe.-peaeeeeeee 13
White County:
Apr. 27-May 31—
ald Knobieeesseeee ae 157
Bradford oe oseceseee 59
CroSby=.:.<s:-5-meceree 5
Mippinson seen eeeseee 39
Judsonisis- so] -seeeeese 330
McRae: 22) :2223e cases 63
Pane put == sees 4
SearCy,.cce eee eee eeeees 38
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
BERRIES-—Continu
ed.
Table 36.—STRAWBERRIES—Continued.
ARK ANS AS—Continued,
Yell County:
May 3-12— Cars.
Dardanelle............. 6
1,650
CALIFORNIA.
Fresno County:
“Apr. 17-May 8—
Los Angeles County:
Apr. 8-May 1—
(Candenaeemeneemcie sec. -
Placer County:
Apr. 20-May 15—
Neweastle.............. 4
Sacramento County:
Apr. 20-May 18—
TBneatoM-Ssoseassedees 1
HilikalGroveseeemeeee na. 11
Inkovattal eS Cee ae ele a 151
Sacramento..........-. 23
Santa Clara County
Apr.-May—
IAW ISO MEE S semienisuise cc's 100
Santa Cruz County:
May— \
Wiatsomnvallesesesas cis 38
Sonoma County:
May 28-June 13—
Sebastopoleseeaescece- 4
Cal., State total......
COLORADO.
Denver County:
June 20-July 7—
Menvienescaeeeee aes
Montrose County:
June—
Montrosesecenaee eee ee 3
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven County:
June 22-July 10—
Brantordsseeeseesiccss
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
June 1-22—
Cheswoldessseeses- 2c. 8
Ht COM Re 6
Brideevill esos eel
(Charanayorn sb Cues Ce
Greenwood.
are eee
in colniCityass. ee
MUTISHOKOMI eee URE ae
FLORIDA.
Bradford County:
Mar. 24—Apr. 24—
Elam pbOneeee ese eeee
Lawley. sei canny
RaifOrd steer eee
Starke: ./ 22 ee
Hillsborough County:
Jan.-Mar.—
DOVOr. ME 2a hei ee
Plant City aweqesee seen
Polk County:
Feb. 5-Mar. 14—
Fla., State total......
ILLINOIS.
Adams © unty:
June 2-20—
Quincyses nee eee
Cook Courty:
May 8-Aug. 5—
Chicago
Haring yeh site woeeeeen
Jackson County:
May 9-June 1—
Johnson County:
May 27-29—
NGhaae Vea aa ee Baie
Marion County:
May 27-June 8—
Centralia eee
Massae County:
May 22-June 11—
JOPPA eee eee seen
Me tropolisieeeee ees
Pulaski County:
May 14-June 8—
St. Clair County:
May 30—
Hast St Ouistessee y=
Union County:
May 17-June 18—
Washington County:
May 30-June 3—
Winnebago County:
June 16-29—
Rocktordtet ss sse-eeees
INDIANA.
Clark County:
May 26-June 14—
Floyd County:
June 4-25—
New. Albany..-....-25.
Marion County:
May 8-17—
Indianapolis...........
30
INDIANA
Washineton County:
May 30-June 12—
Bekins nye ene
Ind., State total......
IOWA.
Des Moines County:
June 14-22—
SUG TON see aetee aes
Lee County:
June 3-21—
Linn County:
June 14-29—
Cedar Rapids..........
Scott County:
May 15-June 20—
Davenportecesssesee ene
Wapello County:
June 4-23—
Ottumiyasesspessaseeee
Iowa, State total.....
KANSAS,
Doniphan County:
Wathena oa ruii tei
Jackson County:
June 1-19—
Leavenworth County:
May 2-June 16—
Leavenworth...........
Kans., State total-...
KENTUCKY.
Hickman County:
May 16-26—
South Columbus. ......
Jefferson County:
June 2-15—
AMChOTALe ss seeee asses
Hous illetatan eee
Warren County:
May 20-June 15—
Bowling Green....-....
Ky., State total......
LOUISIANA.
Tangipahoa Parish:
Mar. 20-May 27—
Amite. 2-34. eae
Hammond....... aS
Independence..
La., State total.......
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
May 23-July 8—
Baltimore.caseeeeee
Caroline County:
May 27-June 21—
Federalsburg...... te Sse
Goldsboro: =
Greensboro......-...---
Ridgely-co-ee ae
103
-Continued,
Cars.
9
85
on
104
MARYLAND—Continued.
Dorchester County:
May 23-June 27— Cars
Cambridge sesceec-2 ace 3
East New Market...... 7
IMAUISONEs eee scme ccs see il
Queen Annes County:
May-June—
Moweleointiercsces cence Nae ee)
Somerset County:
May 18-July 15—
Costen Rete ees 18
paeeele (see Va. )
iden erens ee rie es! 21
Papell S SomaS BCA ate 66
Kings Creek....-.....-. 6
KMPStOM sense cesses 2
WGOLettOues coc ncens nae 3
Wietaleyalaeaeie Be aes ci Ses 420
Princess Anne......... 130
Westover............-. 80
Talbot County:
May—June—
Claibornesse: een cee 2
Wicomico County:
May 21-June 23—
MTOENG eee oosels ser 179
Parsonsburgececese ose 1
PILES IO eee ee ae ee 400
SAlISDULYe eset eee eee 31
IWAISTONSE. somsdueseeee 2
Willardsee oy eee 94
Worcester County:
May 25-June 20—
IBonlina > bynes 122
POCOMOKE eee pcco este ee 6
Quepouco ae 12
SHowellee se ees 68
SHO Wse ee See 18
Whaleyville-.. 59
June:
Chester River landings... 1
May-June:
Choptank River land-
Th aT RS ES ae ears Terai 29
Nanticoke River land-
TUS Sees er seperate eis 31
Pocomoke River land-
ENPS ose oe ee enna ae
Potomac River land-
Theses} aye See a SUN Ta
Wicomico River land-
ATS ee ae a
Md., State total...... 2,298
MASSACHUSETTS.
Barnstable County:
June 25-July 16—
HWalMOthaese seer see 154
Suffolk County:
May 31-June 14—
BOstonse ese Paeaaaeke 6
Mass., State total.... 160
MICHIGAN.
Berrien County:
June 12-July 11—
Benton Harbor........ 188
Prd pmanes sepa mene 22
Bawyerss. 22) cr eas 17
Genesee County:
June 21-26—
Montrose... 2.3055 60 2
Kent County:
June-July—
Gooding. cose saeco 1
Mason County:
June 2+-July 17—
Ludington............. 11
BERRIES—Continued.
Table 36.—STRAWBERRIES—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Muskegon County:
June 18-July 16—
Muskegon..:.....0..2.-
Ottawa County:
June 19-July 27—
Grand Haven..........
Hollands seek see eee
Van Buren County:
June 13-July 14—
South Haven..........
Mich., State total...-
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
July—
Minneapolis....--....--
Minn., State total...-
MISSISSIPPI.
Covington County:
Mar. 15-May 22—
Sanford sseeeee reese
Holmes County:
r. 20-May 8—
(EN Seo desea Soaks
Lauderdale County:
Apr. 19-May 20—
UsSell ese saceee eee
Madison County:
Apr. 21-May 13—
IMadisonerereacceseecce
Rideelande ss ceassesae
Pike County—
Apr. 15-May 18—
Osyikater ere ooceceercee
Miss., State total.....
MISSOURI.
Barry County:
May 18-June 8—
IBubberiicldeaee pees sans
Buchanan County:
May 31-June 12—
St. Joseph.-...........
Jasper County:
May 22-June 15—
Carthage...
Sarcoxie
Lawrence County:
May 22-June 11—
Wi) Fins OO eS eoccoae
Mit. Vietnbontescseesrsise
Pierce City sewecmaceant
Verona ce emcee
McDonald County:
May 15-June 3—
AN GErsOnuseenwe eee
Goodmans eee
Newton County:
May 18-June 3—
Neoshat ooo eneeeaeee
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MISSOURI—Continued.
St. Louis City:
May 18-29—
St; Dovistoe.. cence
Stone County:
May 28-June 7—
Mo., State total......
NEBRASKA.
Hall County:
May 13—
Grand Island..........
Nemaha County:
May 29-June 6—
Brownville--ic.- eee.
Nebr., State total....
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
June 2-30—
Cologne. 42525 seceeoaee
Egg Harbor.-..........
Hammonton...........
Landisville...........-
Camden County: |.
June 2-July 19—
BM 5.5. eee eeeoercene
Cape May County:
June 12-23—
Belleplain = eeese- <==
Cumberland County:
May 25-Aug.—
Bridgetonee-sseeeeeeee
Cedarville. --.. 22-22.
tates EO eA cs sy
ING Wp ONUSE= eee e eer
Rosenhayn
South Vineland........
Vinelandeeesseee eens
Woodrufi’s
Monmouth County:
June 5-July 7—
Freeholdicscemeeereees
Keansbureccereesaae oe
Mata waneeerees.eeeeee
Salem County:
June 4-July 6—
NORMS fee vassee eater
N. J., State total...
NEW YORK.
Columbia County:
June 23-July 18—
Germantown.........-.
Tinlithgouece =o. gece
Erie County:
June 20-July ion
Rosetoniiis aap eee
Oswego County: ;
June 29-July 19—
New Haven........-...
North Scriba....-..-.--
OSWOZ0!) Jiccceeeteceee
Scribact lees speeeeeeee
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
BERRIES—Continued.
105
Table 36.—STRAWBERRIES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Ulster County:
, June 19-July 7— Cars.
Tab felallenavelahi Se ee 49
Mamlporosesseeemaie 2 21
IMI OTA eee eran ue 32
Wilke iierd Teen elke Mo i P
N. Y., State total.... 337
NORTH CAROLINA.
Bladen County:
Apr. 25-May 19—
PAD DOLUSDUR Pee ae ccs 5 4
Bladensboro........... 10
Columbus County:
Apr. 20-May 30—
Chadbourne wee i). 210
Clarendon... 2.1.2.2... 16
Mi Map oreee nue Nk 161
WHE valle nme ene Mes 37
Duplin County:
Apr. 25-May 27—
RosenEa Ee WS anes 92
PRERICIIC V.SHApea eatin 75
ANENUEXGO Cab sus ARR 24
Edgecombe County:
May 27—
Rocky Mount.......... 1
Moore County:
June 5—
ANberdeeme teens 2a 1
Pender County:
Apr.—May—
Rocky! Point... 2.22.2. 38
NIValll tent lS Sia i ae A 6
Wayne County:
Apr. 5-May 22—
a Olivers sven). 90
N.C., State total./.. 765
OHIO.
Columbiana County:
June 19-July 7—
Weetomiawee wees su. 13
Cuyahoga County:
_ June 15—
Clevelamdeesnwe way. 1
Hamilton County:
June 6-Aug, 14—
Cincinna fies 30
Lake County:
June— .
JEGINAV So co RC SOU AES 3
Washington County:
June 13—
Marie ttiaessssees sce... 1
Ohio, State total..... 48
OREGON.
Hood River County:
June 3-July 13—
HOOdMRversee. se. see 109
Oreg., State total.... 109
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie County:
June 15-July 10—
INOnthybaste ease... 2/52 39
Mercer County:
June 22-July 8—
SLONCDOLOs cessed scale) 28
Pa., State total...... 67
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Horry County:
Apr. 21-May 27— Cars.
TOTS eae TA Rae a 56
8. C., State total..... 56
TENNESSEE.
Blount County:
May 27-June 1—
ZATION Assen ees 4
Carroll County:
May 8-23—
Drezevantia sens 38
Chester County:
May 10—
Henderson. eens 1
Crockett County:
May 4-29—
PU ehonkoyien sunita) i le 5
Boellge. ve eA 60
Frier dship Bee 5
Eruivyalects sian ea naan 19
Gadsdenssen ais eee 56
Davidson County:
May 17-June 6—
Nashville scenes sees 31
Dickson County:
May 18—
Dick sone saa eee wee 1
Dyer County:
May 6-25—
Newbernii22 382 Nene 20
Gibson County:
May 1-30—
Bradford 28
Dyers ae a Sea 71
Fruitland 19
Gibsons ae eek 23
Humboldt 329
Medina sae ieee 76
Milan 5/30. Se Te 42
Rutherfordiss eee 23
Trenton...) eee 14
Hamilton County:
May 6-29—
Bakewell voyae see ant 27
Boyce chee een 17
Chattanooga.....2..... 8
Sale Creek... 2.2) 0L2. 32
Hardeman County:
May 4-18—
Grand Junction........ 62
Haywood County:
May 6-31—
Brownsville......... ne 19
Henderson County:
May 8-13—
PUTA Yee eo eae ee 5
Knox County:
May 17-June 5—
Knoxville. Sceemes sere 32
Lauderdale County:
May 2-28—
CUEVGL sis See eres 90
Gates ceo SERA 115
alse ee ee ee ee 67
Riple yes o.5 sees 103
Madison County:
May 4-24—
Jackson.ceseeeeeeeeeeee 103
Morgan County:
May 24-June 10—
ancin gs eee eee 12
Obion County:
Obion eae 26
WUnioniCitye eee eeceeee 50
TENN ESSE E—Continued.
Rhea County:
May 6-June 22— Cars.
IDA YUOM eee a uate eemt ee 164
Evansville. os... 22): 94
Gravsvillesoiee ts. y 528 2
SUCMOLCE Reni iin ueniets 21
Spring Citys 2 ass 145
Sumner County:
May 23-June 10—
Hendersonville........ 190
Hovuptchatolss so mea Fee 22
Tipton County:
Apr. 15-May 23—
AO ae cee on see 1]
Covington! 22 eee 19
Weakley County:
May 8-23—
Dresden woe. ae 20
Gleason sieeaes Roe ine 5
mreenfeldise senseless 49
Sharon joss sees 100
Tenn., State total.... 2,506
TEXAS.
Brazoria County:
Mar. 18-25—
MAU Vins Vo eee ete 4
Dallas County:
May 29-June—
Dallas eens ae eee 2
Dimmit County:
Apr. 6-23—
Carrizo Springs........ 44
Harris County:
Mar. 15-May 8—
Pasadenay eae sees eee 17
Marion County:
Apr. 19-May 24—
Jefiersoniee--e eee seeeee 13
Smith County: °
Apr. 18-22—
Windaleyssesateeee eee ee
Hd BAC) oe ela aI eee tee
W ood County:
Apr. 18-May 7—
IWinnSDOrOleeeeee eee 13
mw
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
May 1-June 18—
IBlOKOM sere ene sees
Hallwoods22he-2 se eaee
Keller......... eS
‘Parksleyskat eases
Tasle yer ese oe
Montgomery County:
May 20-June 25—
Christiansburg. ......-- 8
Norfolk County:
May 8-July 19—
HONtTeSS Aa oe seen 4
Port Norfolk =
Portsmouth so- cee ee
Princess Anne County:
May—
London Bridge...-...- 12
Princess Anne.....:..- :
106
BERRIES—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 36.—STRAWBERRIES—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
May-June: Cars.
Occohannock River
LPG | PY Sc se tee 1
Potomac River land-
PUPS eee On Ce eee ee sate 5
Rappahannock River
LW es Fol qe eee te Sree 9
Eastern Shore points
“ne boat to Crisfield,
tc RR OS 2 Ae pee 19
Va., State total. ..... 966
WASHINGTON. a
Benton County:
June 1-30—
Kennewick. . =. 2% bes. 25
King County:
June 1-10—
AUIDULIS css = cocoons 2
STS} 1] (ea eR Ba 4
ARKANSAS.
Lawrence County:
July 1-Aug. 31— Cars.
OLAS ee ot ee esee 48
Ark., State total. ...- 48
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
Noy. 1—
Los Angeles...........- 1
Sonoma County:
May 28—
Sebastopol: -2-- ssa 222- 1
Cal., State total. ....- 2
COLORADO.
Denver County:
July 13-30—
Denyeresensccescce ose 6
Colo., State total. .-.. 6
KANSAS.
Doniphan County:
June 3—
Wathense.. js. --cec-.-t- 5
Kans., State total... . 5
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 1-July 16—
Baltimore .2-225:22- 6. 5
Md., State total.....-. 5
MICHIGAN.
Kent County:
Oct. 11—
Grand Rapids......... 1
WASHING TON—Continued.
Spokane County:
June 19-July 12—
Spokane ssseecncncseeee
Wash., State total... 84
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
May 11-22—
Parkersburg.....---.-.-
W. Va., State total...
to
i)
WISCONSIN.
Bayfield County:
Ky
ee)
AS
P|
=?)
oO
=
[or
co
Table 37.—MIXED BERRIES.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Muskegon County:
July 26-Aug. 2—
Michillindahers see eene
Oceana County:
July 25-Aug. 23—
Shelby2 ee 22 sce eee
Ottawa County:
July 19-Aug. 4—
Grand Haven .......-- 4
Mich., State total-....
NEW JERSEY.
iw]
Atlantic County:
July 10-Aug. 15—
Hammonton......-...- 14
Camden County:
July 25-Sept. 21—
E
Dim eutectic 9
Cumberland County:
June 2—
Cedarvillesesepsesee oe 1
Monmouth County:
July 21-Aug. 30—
Breeholdese=e pres - eee 31
N. J., State,total....- 55
NEW YORK.
Chautauqua County:
July 24-27—
Dinkins ee eeeeeeee 4
Divi oye er ac 3
Columbia County:
July 22-24—
Germantown........-- 3
Oswego County:
July 3l—-Aug. 1—
New Haven........-.. 2
N. Y., State total.... 12
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Door County:
July 6-20— Cars.
Sturgeon Bay.......... 10
Monroe County:
June 14—July 7—
Sparta: -2eoe eee 4
Pierce County:
July—
River HallSse- seers 1
Racine County:
June 25-July 17—
Racine: 228 cere eee 46
St. Croix County:
June 30-July 20—
New Richmond........ 4d
: Wis., State total-...- 74
OHIO.
Hamilton County:
June— Cars.
Cincinnaheeeeesseeeeee 1
Ohio, State total..... 1
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
June-July—
Philadelphia......-...- 10
Pa., State total_--.-- 10
TEXAS.
Haskell County:
Aug. 23—
Rochestereeses-eeeeeee 12
Smith County:
Mar.—Apr.—
Lindale... a eeereeeeee 7
Tex., State total..... 19
VIRGINIA.
New Kent County:
Aug. 20-Sept. 8—
Windsor Shades ...... 3
Va., State total...... 3
WASHINGTON.
Pierce County:
July-—Aug. 19—
North Puyallup......- 1
Piyallupseeecossceenee 1
Wash., State total... 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
MICHIGAN.
Mason County:
Aug. 14— Cars.
IDUKolVayeiKoNas ee eae 1
Oceana County:
July 25-28—
SOMO ooo sues kee 1
Mich., State total.._. 2
NEW YORK.
Columbia County:
July 15—
Germantown.........- 1
ARIZONA.
Maricopa County:
June 27-Aug. 8— Cars.
Glendale tee seeee a tues 362
IMCS Bee estes. it 8). 24
PHOT e eee eee 105
Ariz., State total..... 491
ARKANSAS,
Crawlord County:
July 10-Aug. 25—
AN Nace een se) et ee 10
Mountainburg.-......- 14
UN eee GaSe eee ae 1
VansBurenssee sen. 57
Hempstead County:
July 1-Aug, 11—
IBA MES Vaasa 37
Blevins Pee ene ae 97
Deany ville 45
IDYouoyal oe een I re 45
McCaskill Eek ery 61
Shady Grove.......... 21
ROTO a ae aby 27
Washington sas 2.002 5- 18
Howard County:
July-Aug.—
Mineral Springs........ 10
Nashville meee oul 66
Johnson County:
June 5-July 18—
Coal eee ea 1
Eagan eee ene ye 1
Lawrence County:
July 25-31—
Walnut Ridge...._.... 4
Nevada County:
July 11-20—
MMe sesee eee LL) 13
Pike County:
July 13-26—
IDNA ayy ai 13
Tented eyoyel a oe ena 1
Polk County:
July—
Granmissysseeees- a 5
Sebastian County:
July 31—
ISRORG hans Cua Be eee 1
Sevier County:
July 9-31—
WerQveenses a Hse. sae 8
Gilllnameter eee. 2522 4
FTOTATI ONE een oo cece 156
Ark., State total..... 716
BERRIES—Continued.
Table 38.—CURRANTS.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Livingston County:
July 15-20— Cars.
Mount Morris.......... 2
New York County:
Jan, 1-Oct. 16—
IN@W? OLR: sures 149
Orange County:
July 5-Aug. 10—
Cedar! Olio e saaeeeeees 9
Rosetoni: + asus eeaereee 15
Oswego County:
July—
OSWe 0); 5. tue ee eles 5
Richmond County:
Jan, 4-Oct, 27—
St. George Lighterage. . 16
CUCURBITOUS CROPS.
Table 39.—CANTALOUPES.
J. ALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Sept. 4—
Oakland ise3ss seer eeee
Fresno County:
July 27—
Gravels 7: 5 -eee ees 1
Imperial County:
May 16—-July 22—
Cars.
1
Brawileyicnseeee reece 2, 260
CalexiGoOe Sra Vee es 587
Calipatriaiete es sh ane 121
Heber. 42/0) a eel 1,215
Imperial 222 e eee 249
Los Angeles County:
June 12-Aug, 18—
Los Angeles.-......... 10
Marin County:
ug. 5—
TEN ACO MA eee reer 1
Merced County:
- July 29-Sept. 16—
Mes Grands ss kei eens 49
Riverside County:
June 9-July 4—
Goachellanen Sseesees 21
Sacramento County:
June 19—
Sacramento....222-4.- 1
San Francisco County:
June 15—
Sani Branciscoeee-sscce 1
Stanislaus County:
July 10-Oct. 7—
Denar tessa seers ae seere 364
Colbaakhalse eens Soe ee ee 22
Keyes us \ iRise 533
Modestor a2 a0g aes 1
Turlock) so aces eee eae 2, 489
Cal., State total.....- 7, 926
COLORADO,
Bent County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 16—
(Gas AmimMas aaa seen 17
Crowley County:
Aug. 18-Sept. 29—
Orxrdwaiyeee seen eens 470
Denver County:
Aug.—
Denversi ina yee wage. 6
Mesa County:
Sept. 7-18—
Clifton sees eae eer 4
Grand Junction........ 1
107
| NEW YORK—Continued.
Ulster County:
July 4-Aug. 10— Cars.
ina ebaKele ee oe 18
MarlDOvOen enamel e eee 40
Millom ree eee ce 15
WISTATEE amine eeneeete 17
NEY oLace totale... 877
WISCONSIN. z
| Door County:
July 20-30—
Sturgeon Bay.........- 7
| Wis., State total..... 7
COLORADO—Continued.
Otero County:
Aug. 16-Noy. 3— Cars
Cheraw 1
Wan Gaevle eee 4
Manzanola.... 7
Rocky Ford 826
SWLIDte eee eee cone 471
Colo., State total..... 1, 807
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
July 27-Sept. 11—
Bridgeville............- 311
Caninonetaee seen 28
Delmarsse ae eee 104
Laurel..._. eel Pn e Alnann 187
Lincoln City 2
AUG Ttihoy at Se scerlnen inte ee a 8
OskiGrovesee ses ares 11
| Sealondeene sas enema 254
Del., State total. .__- 905
| FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
June 12-28—
Clyatieensa sa. Wee roan 1
Gainesville............. 12
| Trentonsisco esate 12
| Gadsden County:
June 28—
Gretnasisnstiesece eee 1
Marion County:
June 13-July 1—
Anthon 31
Kendrick 5
Ocala 6
Sparr 25
Sumter County:
June 8—
Oxford etsenece seeees eee 1
Fla., State total...... 94
|
GEORGIA.
Bacon County:
June 22-30—
Rockingham........... 5
Ben Hill County:
June 24-Aug. 2—
Witz gerald eee. eee 102
Berrien County:
| July—
Rays ME eecesceaes 2
1 Probably including some dried currants,
108 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 39.—CANTALOUPES—Continued.
GEORGIA—Continued. INDIAN A—Continued. MARYLAND—Continued.
Brooks County: Knox County: July-Aug. 17: c
June— Cars. | July 20-Sept. 13— Cars. Nanticoke River land- Se
MLONVOU beet ae ccinee = nen 24 | Deckers). aso aes 150 inps... 2, (16s nee
Coffee County: Oaktown. 20a ee 46 | July BCA? purer
June 22- July 17— WATICennGSseeeee ate ee 453 Potomac River land-
WOM elas see. seen ace 24 | Marion County: ings: ck ee 6-
Colquitt County: Aug. 5-25— Taig TMS RS hy
June 30-July 20— Indianapolis...-....... 3 Wicomico River land-
MOU GIG Rese eee e- eis 11 | Owen County: ings 3
5 SETAE aiigant aoe 8 Sept: 8218" 6 2. NER "seen
ougherty County: GOSPOLrbs. oof cusee eee 2
June 17-24— Posey County: Me Oe ace ie
sora Ea aha e te ma aly Zee 30—
on County: } ew Harmony.......: 19 y.
guns se ‘ Rg ee WEES Seee Melee 112° ie OE! Sh sHlN NS
7X ACS 1 fs Se ees See | Sullivan County: ie D
Houston County: Aug. 1-Sept. 11— as Connie
June— Carlisle neacmeke ese. 44 Bostor 1
IymeVel soe eadeicospasose DS BR PEP ER PTR eee),
ay: : Ind., State total.... 1,070 Mass., State total... 1
Osierfielde=-2-ha-ee-= 9
Lawades Pouaty: j IOWA. MICHIGAN.
une 12—July 17— ite :
gies eae Se eee 4 Plpskuawis County: Berrien County:
Valdostas ca: cence rs 89 Wy terl 9 Aug. 25—
Mitchell County: SME o0,9 62 o00r136 Benton Harbor........ 1
June 21-July 19— Muscatine County: St. Joseph County:
GCamiAge cea ene 133 Aug. 7-Sept. 28— Aug.-Sept.—
LOLTh 0 tae eee es eS ee 14 (Cone apse seen eee 1 Constantine........-... 4
Sale City. eee 9 Fruitland.......-....<- 26 Three! Rivers. sbel..2: 33
Stewart Caney Muscatine. ......-..... 22 ;
July 20— Scott County: Mich., State total.... 38:
Renfroe:-s esse cece. 1 July— —
Thomas County: Davenport........----- 1 MINNESOTA.
SE Uy i g | Wapello County: ;
Meigs BOso6092 23 =s=a55 91 | June 4July 19— Ramsey County:
_ Thomasville. .1..-1 2. Fife le PORES cose esaes 38 2 | Ser Se :
onsen 7 | Towa, State total. -.. 54 ‘ : ; ae
ts ae ta el eS SERRE 17 | He Aazih hed = Minn., State total. ...
urn ahaa
sane M MISSOURI.
Dakota...... SEE ote 11 | Baltimore City:
Worth County: June-Sept. 7— » | Scott County:
June-Aug.— Baltimoreses sess 178 | July 20-Aug. 4— is
Oskteld tee sesh eerie 3 Caroline County: Brooks Junction......- 2
Sylvester senses ee can 30 Ju ly 26-Aug.— Morleyz=-Jceeeeeeeeeeee 17
ederalsburg.......--- 84
Ga., State total...... 562 Preston eens ae 13 Mo., State total...... 19)
RG pel yes see 2 ==
ILLINOIS. Dorchester County: NEBRASKA.
Aug. 1-Sept. 2—
Cook County: East New Market...... 40 | HallCounty:
June 28-Oct. 23— | Bliwveodsa] Ss a 4 July—
Chics rol erereeswee tn 22 | Muirlock eee 174 Grand Island.........- Y
Madison County: Rhodesdale............ 29
Aug. 6— | Williamsburg.......... 3 Nebr., State total... Yl
+ F'oag Beane eee lamar 1 | Queen ae County: ==
nion County: | Aug. 29-Sept. 28—
qoly 17-Aug. 19— : | 5 Love Rola SES ee 3 NEVADA.
TINA re oe cs ers clean 1 omerset County: .
Balcones. ep 100 | Aug. 2-14— Clark County:
Monpoly =ssase Ween 2.) Oo Pinideni eee ye 3 | a Reo
aS ew Loretto SOI Ree fh 2 Wee Beer octiyas oso
State total....... 142 | Talbot County: .
July 31-Aug. 28— ss Nev., State total..... ay 250
INDIANA. | Claiborne....-..- yaeeree Pay
| Wicomico County: NEW JERSEY.
Daviess County: July 12-Aug. 28—
Aug.— Byrdsseenase SE 41 | Gloucester County:
Wi8SDin pron eee eee ub!) Tobin ee) eae 116 see see
Gibson County: Hulton 320 ickleton..-2-.35-- 7.25 By
July 24-Aug. 20— | Parsonsburg.......---- 5 Mullica Hill............ 5.
J ONNSOM seers ree 105 | Salisbury secs ssseeeee ee 146 Swedesboro...........- 86
Patokas:.2-205e0 yale 32 Walstonsee sence eae 8 pWOOdbiITy2 sues oe en 12
Princetous =e. seen 2 | Worcester County: Monmouth County:
Jackson County: } Aug.— Sept. 12—
Aug.7-Sept. 6— Pocomloke: secscaese cus 5 TOGHOLG oss eeeiamear 1
Brownstown.....-...-.- 47 | July—Aug. 24: —
Reddington........-... 24) Choptank River land- N. J., State total..... 107
Walloningvunos coer eres 30 | TE Pec Paes eae as Pare 33 =—
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 39.—CANTALOUPES—Continued.
NEW MEXICO.
Dona AnaCounty:
Aug. 5-Sept. 5—
IDEN OaqbaGcb Sone peea sone
Guadalupe County:
Aug. 25-Sept. 13—
Fort Summer.......... 5
NEW YORK.
Chemung County:
Aug. 12—
Hie County:
Aug. 1—
BU alOp enema oo 2
New York County:
Sept. 28—
New York City........
Onondaga County:
Aug. 14-Sept. 13—
DPA CUSO Bee eect c
_N. Y., State total....
NORTH CAROLINA.
Cumberland County:
July 12-Aug. 1—
Clifton sere es: 1
Fayetteville............ 21
Duplin County:
July 8-29—
Calypsosss= seek 200
aI SON eels epee ease 83
Moore County:
July—
PNberdeen nasser e ese 15
Robeson County: j
July 12-Aug. 5—
IDG Ces Se a 2
umbertomos.s.oss0 22: 5
MERON oeee he sdeoeshae 33
PAN chy ue See 2
Scotland County:
July 6-28—
Wanmichaeleeeesenewnuei 5
SE TMOre see es 79
Gr SO My ay ae ae ea 89
ELAS Gyre seen ene as 66
PORTS eee Kel 66
Maurinburg 2.20.2... 295
NVAoTaIM eee Sus hE 11
Warren County:
July 20-Aug. 8—
IRHG NW Ehis 5 soe R eee 49
Wayne County:
July 6-26—
IDO eL EN Sibel 5 a a a 12
MG @Livems ee teeeae 107
N.C., State total..... 1,141
OHIO.
CuyahogaCounty:
June 19-Sept. 20—
Cleveland ts. 7
Franklin County:
July—
Columbus ee 6
Hamilton County:
June 16-Sept. 6—
Cincinnagiees. geo... 2. 4
17
OKLAHOMA.
Texas County:
Sept. 24-Dec, 16—
MY TONG et sis cere satpeeter
Okla., State total...
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
June 8-Aug, 25—
Hast Portlandeeveccse.
IPortlandseeae eee ee
PENNSYLVANIA,
Lackawanna County:
July-Aug.—
Scrantonss sepa eee
Philadelp xia County:
July-A ag.—
Philadelphia. ..........
Pa., State total.......
Cars.
16 |
63
79
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Bamberg Co.:
July 1-8—
Govan 225 eae
Barnwell County:
June 9-July 30—
Barnwelles22 80: eee
Blackvillescoa eee ee
Kline!) S211 eee
Beaufort County:
May 20-July 15—
Port Royale ssreee ses
Charleston County:
June 10—
Charleston en sy-se cee
S.C., State total.....
TENNESSEE.
Gibson County:
Aug.—
Humboldt eG sees
Maury County:
Aug. 1-17—
Pleasant Grove........
Shelby County:
July 22—
Memphis: Sot eeesen ues
Tenn., State total....
TEXAS.
Colorado County:
uly—
Hagle Lake:) 2225222252
Dallas County:
Oct:
Dallaseia te ste oe
Eastland County:
July 18—-Aug. 2—
Rising Starcserecansee
El Paso County:
Aug. 23-30—
Yslotat ver see Socwecneec
wo
~~
109
TEX AS—Continued.
Fort Pend County:
June 27-July 17— Cars.
VOSOMDUT Es deldets eee 10
Galveston County:
June 20-July 3—
DiIGkinsonu = ue hese 5
ELIE CH COG Keeney seeke = 9
Hopkins County:
July 13-18—
PACKtbOW sie 2 oocids eraentos 2
Milam County:
July 4—
Rockdale: 2. oc sete 1
Tarrant County:
June 22-Sept. 11—
OntAWiONt bees eee see 3
Waller County:
July 20—
Hempsteadzss2-s2s- 2 s- 1
Tex., State total..... 80
UTAH.
Salt Lake County:
Aug. 15—
Salt Lake City......... 1
Utah, State total....... 1
VIRGINIA.
Gloucester County:
July 20-Aug. 4—
HAL MONE eae ae 3
@laybanke se eescees 2
Clements Wharf...._.. 1
King William County:
July 28-Aug. 4—
Wiest phOInteceneeee aes 2
Norfolk County:
July 7-Aug. 15—
INOTfOlk2e na seer 43
York County:
Aug. 6-11—
LOT LOW Ieee eee 2
July 31-Aug. 15:
Potomac River land-
INGS MOB aeeasmece ce 7
Va., State total...... 60
WASHINGTON.
Spokane County:
Sept. 5—
Spokaneea-osceweeeeees 1
Yakima County:
Aug. 26-Oct. 17—
Monaldet 2. e+s--4 2s 1
Grandview....-.......- 15
North Yakima. ...2...- 17
Sunnyside... 22.5-22225 3
Toppenishis.. 2. -2--0-5- 66
Wapatolscss cena ooeee 192
Wash., State total... 295
WEST VIRGINIA.
Ohio County:
July 24-Aug. 22—
Wiheeling2#2 252 s3seees 2
W. Va., State total .. 2
110
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
5288 13-Nov..20— Cars.
RMON th scan ae 2
Gardena. 2352582 2.0.2 1
HODATE oc scenes 1
LTA 2) ee ee 9
Lankershim........... 32
Los Angeles........... q
INO WINETIKe ec cea te 1
Wa nUNILyS teste e lee 12
Orange County:
Aug. 3-Oct. 20—
Plapentigacss<\ ccc. se 30
ALABAMA.
Baldwin County:
May 25-June 26— Cars.
OlBY. Je ssbses. 2028 3
MOK OVictaase seco sseene 1
uth Gide ee eae 73
Ala., State total..... 77
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
June 5-6—
Oakdalewtssiienne. sec 2
Imperial County:
May 27-31—
EFQDOL. A ciss tect ee tts 1
Los Angeles County:
May 2-Dec. 8—
PUMonteee osoce scree 1
ELV TIeS eee oe BEL i233 39
Long Beach. s20-2- ss. 12
Los Angeles......-..-.. 2
RUIVOLa: oo cates kee 1
HaniPedrosesesseeee se. 2
Vernondale............ 2
Cal., State total...... 62
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
June 31-Aug. 11—
Cannon 25
Delmar 7
Mantels cccece: 31
Seaford 86
Del., State total...... 214
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
May 16-June 10—
Archer! o. .2 swe oe 42
Cannons <-2-- 2 seebe ae: 1
Qlyatte - 2. See. 12
lewellenicc cose). 1
Gainesville............. 47
ROCKY POMt usec eco oe 16
Wacahootas- pou vase 9 |
De Soto County:
May 15-31—
Wauchula. seo ect oe 25
Hillsborough County:
Apr. 24-May 25—
PlantiGity. ex oats ae 12
Lake County:
May-June—
Wepspure ss -~ eres oe 29
PASDOM aerate eee 5
Levy County:
May 1-July 20—
Momstoness- ee ae 1
Walliston 2 Sse Bele: 196
Table 40.—CASABAS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
San Joaquin County:
Novy. 17— Cars
StoGktonsecsoousseee hte
Stanislaus County:
Aug. 18-Nov. 27—
Kibyeses eke es sectie 41
Murvlockcces eas eee aden 235
Cal., State total...... 369
Table 41.—CUCUMBERS.
FLORID A—Continued.
Manatee County:
Mar. 22-May 2— Cars
Dilentonsersesee eee 1
Panish:: (sees ae eee 1
Marion County:
May 18-June 6—
Reddickesecoeseeess 3
Orange County:
Apr. 1-May 20—
Oakland sees ese 45
Winter Garden.......- 30
Seminole County:
May 8—
Santordeesceseeee eee 1
Sumter County:
Apr. 7-May 20—
iBushneligs aes ees eee 41
Sumterville............ 15
WiebSterkseece-eessceee 80
Fla., State total.....- 613
GEORGIA,
Chatham County:
April—
Savanna hessscectesccrne 1
Ga., State total.....- 1
ILLINOIS.
Champaign County:
July 29—
@hampaigneee-rssseees 1
Cook County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 7—
Globe. seen eee 3
St. Clair County:
June 19-23—
BaSh sia uOUlS aoe eee 2
| Union County:
June 20—Aug. 12—
PUN eee ceeaet Pe 17
| Balcomtsnvce-ecsoseess 55
Dongola ce nececace ous 117
Mill iCreek., S8:eue2 soe = 20
Ill., State total....... 215
| INDIANA.
Kosciusko County:
} Aug.-Sept.—
| AtWOOGRee <= seaenacenee 7
Mentonetcnssteeeeeers 7
Ind., State total... -- 14
pe ee
| KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
July 26-29—
TOUISVAlLe see ae eee 1
Ky., State total...... 1
WASHINGTON.
Yakima County:
Sept. 23-25—
‘Toppenishien- =r ea-eee
Wash., State tofal... 2
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
May 1-June 12— Cars.
New Orleans..........- 30
La., State total...... 30
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 9-Aug. 2—
Baltimoresss-seeeeeeeee 77
Caroline County:
July 13-20—
Federalsburg.........- 5
Somerset County:
July 1-Aug. 10—
Eden... 3 Stoo 4
Orett0= 2s. eee eeeee 1
Wicomico County:
June 1-Aug. 12—
Byrds¢ Sos see eeectee 93
Mniitlandesssses=seeeee 34
Hulton. 2-8 eee 17
SaliSWULYeceee ee eeeeeee 71
Md., State total...... 302
MASSACHUSETTS.
Franklin County:
Aug. 26—
South Deerfield........ 1
Mass., State total.... 1
MICHIGAN.
Barry County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 9—
IDOSter:. Sheen eee eee
oa
Grand Traverse County:
Nov. 15—
Kingsleys--cee seas 1
Kent County:
May 4-Dec.—
Fisherck. seer eeeeeeen
Grand Rapids.........
McCords sees: gemeernes 4
Jan. 14—
Montcalm County:
Oct. 12-17—
Sheridantesne seme aa 9
Muskegon County:
June 20-Oct. 3—
Muskegon. --- <2. 2 == iets
Newaygo County:
July—
Neway20:-)-----srrasees 3
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
4 ig Ba
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 41.—CUCUMBERS—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Ottawa County:
Aug. 11-Sept. 16— Cars.
Grand Haven.......... 4
Van Buren County:
July 8-Oct. 14—
Bom sorcerer ssesaren sets 3
WikelDYoiaynGls eo Oe eee 7
South Haven.......... 3
Wayne County:
Dec. 8—
IDYe\ iO = SEES odaeee Rene 1
Mich., State total...- 84
MINNESOTA.
Ramsey County:
July 11-Nov. 23—
Eee aU iene hss 13
Minn., State total... - 13
MISSOURI.
Greene County:
Aug. 21-30—
Sprinpheldssss sess. he 3
Jackson County:
June—
Keansasi@ityeer wees ae. 1
Putnam County:
July—
Wintonyaillesaee ee 3
St. Louis City:
July 12— .
S Ga OUISH eee eae 1
Mo., State total...._. 8
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
July 16-Aug. 21—
Landisville....2....... 14
Gloucester County:
July 2-Aug. 30—
Mella ra eens Sn 14
ING wile] yee ae ee 26
Mercer County:
Aug. 1-14—
Meh tstowmas webs 2 14
Monmouth County:
July 14-Aug. 18—
reeholdeasaeesese.. 86
N.J.,; State total..... 154
NEW YORK.
Erie County: :
Aug. 30-Sept. 30—
IButialoneeeere ne ect 2
Orchard Park......... 42.
Nassau County:
Aug. 7-Oct. 24—
CenitraltParkes m2 82. 4
SVOSSC Leet a ens 12
New York County:
June 15-28—
New York City........ 3
Suffolk County:
Aug. 17-Oct. 20—
Greenlaywaeess. 2522.2 1
(Gurieenpontpera:csta..- 3
Northponteses see4s se 1
PICTIG a ae 59
Shelter Island......... 19
N.Y., State total.... 146
NORTH CAROLINA.
Columbus County:
June 12-30— Cars.
Chadburn ates eeeee 30
Calypso ee Wi aaaemne 10
Hgison ii se Siena sae 43
South Rocky Mount... 6
New Hanover County:
June—
Castle Hayne.-......-. 15
Walmingtona nee hens 58
Pender County—
June 12-24—
Rocky: Pointeyaeeesce 18
Sampson County:
June 23—
Parkersburg eso sec aees 1
Scotland County:
June 17, 21—
Wayne County:
June 17-July 5—
Mt Olivers se seeee ores il
N. C., State total... -.
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
June 2-Aug: 6—
Ashitabwlas vs. see see 65
Cuyahoga County:
June 22-July 10—
Clevelamday saa eae 4
Lucas County:
Sept. 9—
Olive Street Junction. . 1
Moled On:t see eee 1
Washington County:
July 14-Aug. 7—
owelle see eae ie
ap
OREGON. A
Multnomah County:
May 4—
East Portland -.......-
2
Oreg., State total... 2
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny County—
Aug. 21—
Pittsbureh esse eee ee
Philadelphia County—
June 12-July 28—
Philadelphias 35222 11
Pa., State total... ... 1
_
bo
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Barnwell County—
June 3-24—
Blackville
Robbins
Beaufort County—
May 15-June 30—
Roriskvoyalese aan 10
Sheldon@elee esac 2
SOUTH CAROLINA—Contd.
Charleston County—
May 25-June 30— Cars
Pe Walsbantplsybbatde yp) 2
Charlestonsuneeese ses 304
John’s Island.......:.. 14
Sip Andrews see lls 107
Yonge’s Island........ 1
Colleton County:
June 10-23—
GreenwPondesss 2455 0. 2
May 16-June 16—
Wbakei City seus sean 19
Cades atte alee 2
8.C., State total..._. 508
TEXAS.
Cameron County:
June—
Brownsville............ 2
Dallas County:
June—
Dallas saan anaes yee ae 1
Suganivands--se-eeeee 6
Galveston County:
June 8-14—
PAT CAC aes sea a een 6
Harris County:
May-June 21—
ELOUSTONE eee ee eee 2
Wrebsterel os. ues ae, 8
Lavaca County:
June 7-July 1—
LP SUpLim es See ee aes 8
Liberty County:
July 29-Aug. 5—
Liberty =. aes eee 2
Tex., State total_.... 35
UTAH.
Davis County:
Sept. 10-30—
IDEA AROS Me ee ASL 3
Utah, State total..... 3
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
June 26-July 11—
Old Point Comfort... . 2
Norfolk County:
May 14-Aug. 2—
Hentress esse eee ees 0 6
Norfolk = -2- 2-2 691
Pinner’s Pointic. cous 1
Port Norfolk... 22.2202 31
Portsmouth... _ 8.22 14
Princess Anne County:
July 6-11—
London Bridge......... 3
Virginia Beach......... 3
Va., State total -.._.- 751
WISCONSIN.
Adams County:
Oct. 1-Dee. 29—
Holmesvilless22 = 6
Columbia County:
Sept. 16-Oct. 27—
‘POLLAVER 2 Ome ese eae 5
112
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 41.—CUCUMBERS—Continued.
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Marquette County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 2—
Montello.: o.oo ecec.
Monroe County:
Aug.—
WVITOM se ces ee
Oconto County:
Oct. 3—
Stiles Junction.........
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Oct. 7
pas
Lansing. ....-.. ee
Stephenson County:
Oct. 14—
BOON sia ehse esse
INDIANA.
Bartholomew County:
Oct. 2-27— :
Columbus? <2- 2-2-2 es
Clark County:
Oct. 12-15—
Greene County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 18—
Worthington..........-.
Hancock County:
Oct. 15—
Charlottesville.-.......
Hendricks County:
Oct. 4-14—
Clay tonipeet asec cece
Johnson County:
Sept. 26-Oct. —
Bargersville..---......
Mainburg. so eee se
TANCHS sede enis enc sene
Knox County:
Oct. 11-17—
Bickneliseesseete~ bee =
Edwardsport..........
Lawrence County:
Oct. 26—
IRLVCLV alee eee ae sos
Marion County:
Oct. 22—
Campy 2-c2-seesencene
Morgan County:
Sept. 6-Oct. 28—
Brooklyises. eae cms
Martinsville
Mooresville.-....
IPATACOM =. ae a=
Shelby County:
Oct. 3-25—
MITIANMS oa ceteh se eaees
Sullivan County:
Oct. 6—
Merom. gaoss pes aee ese
W1SCONSIN—Continued.
‘| Portage County:
1
1
Ill., State total... -... 2
“I
Nor
22
@onwnar-
Aug.-Sept. 26— Cars
Junction City... oess.ces 3
ROSH oltester nea eweeee 1
Waupaca County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 19—
(0) ENE eer Sk chin 1
Wialpacarecceerascares 1
Table 42.—PUMPKINS.
INDIANA—Continued.
Whitley County:
Oct. 21— Cars.
Churubusco....-...... 1
Ind., State total. .... 122
- IOWA.
Muscatine County:
Oct. 12-Noy. 5—
FAT Ones mons Ee
Fruitland
Polk County:
Oct. 27-30—
Cliveneeeee seca ete 2
hob
KANSAS.
Douglas County:
Oct. 10-23—
Wa WIeNCess. se ece sees 2
Kans., State total...
MICHIGAN.
Antrim County:
Nov. 2—
PAT Gene cee eee outs a
Montcalm County—
Oct. 1 —
HaMOLe yee eee ie
Mich., State total.-..
MINNESOTA.
Lesueur County:
ct. 7—
Waterville............. 3
Minn., State total.... 3
NEBRASKA,
Morrill County:
Oct.—
Bridgeport. ..222.5--... 1
Nebr., State total....
_
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Waushara County:
Oct. 12—
Wild Rosesasetent seen
Wood County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 29—
Milladore see ee ccc eee
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
Oct. 4—
Stevens. 2255. ce Gaeneen
Cumberland County:
Oct. 3-Noy. 28—
usted neseenee Meee:
Gloucester County:
Oct. 25:
tt et
Salem County:
Oct. 5-Noy. 2—
NEW YORK.
Chenango County:
Oct. 4-6—
Galena. ese cceeer ee
Madison County:
Oct. 5-14—
Solsville=- =e ce. eeeeee 5
Otsego County:
Oct. 14—
Bly: Creek cise. saseeee 1
Richfield Springs. ..... 1
w
OHIO.
Lake County:
Oct. 24—
Madison ............... !
PENNSYLVANIA.
Columbia County:
Nov. 1—
Bloomsburgeeessesses=
Crawford County:
Oct. 10—
Millers:) suse coe cesses 2
Erie County:
Oct. 31-Nov. 4—
Craytontens--ceeperees 2
Pa., State total. ..... 5
~
CAR-LOT
SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
113
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
Mar. 29-Dec,. 28—
Monte ernreemeiieelsi
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Oct. 23—
ID SMVOT/oceei sco se est 1
Colo., State total..... 1
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
June 1-25—
JOHVLACION GS a gboOaseEEe 13
Duval County:
May 7-Dec, 14—
Jacksonville.-.......,. 2
Hillsborough County:
May 2—
1 Evans (Cihayeeesuoueseaas 1
Marion County: ‘
June 3-7—
IE ckamameeenis ae se ae 2
Seminole County:
May 1-June 30—
Samtondeeser save ee 6
Fla., State total...... 24
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Sept. 25-Dec. 12—
iS)
Gc
i=}
B
og
oo
E
MAINE.
Cumberland County:
Dec. 2—Mar. 15—
Deering Junction......
Onulam deepens sere oe
Oxford County:
Noy. 6—
West Bethel...........
MASSACHUSETTS.
i atopetire County:
for}
el
n
+
.
'
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Plymouth County:
Oct. 25—
North Carver: ..-..2...
Mass., State total. ...
_
ALABAMA.
Autauga County:
July 12-Sept. 26—
Billinesleye ess 7
Boothe ey Pee Oe 12
Barbour County:
July 13-Aug. 1—
Mfaulasee eae See sais 6
Bullock County:
July-Sept.—
Boswellusese2 3 foe 4
44215°—18—Bull. 667.
Table 43.—SQUASH.
MICHIGAN.
Benzie County:
Nov.— Cars
ELODLOT 22 Nasr a see eats 1
Mich., State total... . 1
MINNESOTA.
Anoka County:
Oct. 14-19—
Twin City Stock Yards 3
Hennepin County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 3—
Camden Place........-
Minnehaha... 2.2.50...
Ramsey County:
Sept. 16-Dec, 2—
Minnesota Transfer. .. -
New Brighton. ........
SE ea See aae
Wabasha County:
Sent. 27—
Wid bagels. cr ube tanye aes 1
Washington County:
Oct. 7—
IN@WDOTtiscaeee oe ter 1
who
One
Minn., State total.... 19 |
NEBRASKA.
Buffalo County:
Noy. 20—
Kearney. -. sas eeeeneys
Nebr., State total....
rt
—
NEW JERSEY.
Gloucester County:
Noy. 13—
Mickletons. se. cn acess 1
Mercer County:
Sept. 21—
Yardvillexs see wana
—_
OHIO.
Lucas County:
(I
‘S)
i
oO
Q
iS)
i
:
‘
a
Ottawa County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 27—
Curticeny Geese etee seer 10
Sandusky County:
Oct. 19-Nov. 1—
Clyde...... oad tiseteleeics 2
Wayne County:
ept.—
Burra ts Woo eee 1
Ohio, State total... 14
Table 44.—WATERMELONS.
ALABAMA—Continued.
Chilton County:
July 16-Oct. 1—
Clanton seer nee
Cooper eee 2
Thorsbyie stews soe
Verbenaeseeeceeeeaee 4
Clay County:
July-Sept.—
Hollins#eeee setae eee 2
8
OREGON.
Washington County:
Jan. 26—
Beaverton)...-......... 1
Oreg., State total...
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
May 16-June 29—
Charleston sss -tieee 17
Williamsburg County:
May 26—
@adesi sen -)-s ccs 1
8. C., State total..... 18
UTAH. camp
Box Elder County:
Oct. 7—
Willard. ssseueuba ame 1
Weber County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 26—
gden2 ayes sss 44 Sos 3
Utah, State total..... 4
VERMONT.
Orleans County:
Oct. 17—
Orleans! oye eseeeeeees 1
Vt., State total...... 1
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
Norfolkieie sees 30
Port Norfolk........... 2
Va., State total...... 32
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
Oct. 20-Dec. 8—
Prosseree 2 essS agence see
wo
Yakima County:
Oct. 5—
Poppenisheeeca-eece ea
Wash., State total...
WISCONSIN.
Kenosha County:
Oct. 14-Noy. 8—
Berryville... --.-..2--22
Milwaukee County:
Oct. 5-24— :
Cudahy assess ecee ea 2
Wis., State total..... 5
_
on
oo
ALABAMA—Continued.
Coosa County:
Aug.—Oct.—
Good waters ol seee ee
June 28-July 15—
Mloralasaeeeeeeee ace
114
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
ALABAMA—Continued.
Dale County:
July-Aug.— Cars.
Midland City..-.-...-- 9
ING WiDNoas teenies moos =~ 4
ROG RANG er eet nine salar 12
Dallas County:
July 25-30—
Brrasviulesceocs o- ies oe 2
Geneva County:
June 23-July 29—
Blackcpecwesssesesecs. 16
Geneva. So ctecee 8
Hartford.-.--.-.- 17
Malverne eee. Dee 54
HAMPSON eee senses 28
Slocombe: sesecases ce 34
Houston County:
June 22-Aug. 10—
IY Reese mee seoac 22
ATA oe piseeccaeees 8
AShfords ooo cisccesiacisers 40
CowartsSt.2.ceemecce eee 55
Dothan= sees eahesee 20
Gordons -- ssoeeaaeres 19
RENSC Yio ac ac ew acces 12
Maylorinw ce sosse pose = 3
WEDD reel co sen nots 115
Mobile County:
June 27-July 28—
Dawes. oo.ce sete eee 11
GrandiBaveeoceeeeeee 91
Irvineton<.32 3522 4
SLANT lives ao ee meBecoe 1
Satsuma vase eee 3
DOMMES a eee 9
Theodore ss sese seco. 26
Wilmer =<. 34h 58) 8- 2
Montgomery County:
July—A ug.—
Montgomery........... 7
Ala., State total...... 810
ARIZONA.
Greenlee County:
Sept. 2-11—
Dunean sees eee 2
Maricopa County:
June 17-Aug. 1—
Glendales seis. 32
MCS Baek SP EE 4
PNOeNIXG sos eee ee 24
Yuma County:
June 13-July 16—
BUA sare ee 32
Ariz., State total... .. 94
ARKANSAS.
Bradley County:
Aug. 20-28—
Warren! o-peesl8 soet55 2
Clay County:
Aug.—
NIimMMONS-.2ee2. c=. 7
Craighead County:
July 29-Aug. 5—
EM hlang oe ee soe 2
Hornmns ee eee 1
Crawford County:
July 19—
Rad yess ee etee eee see 1
Hempstead County:
July—
Blevins: a2 c 5 sepe sees 34
Deanyville............. 13
Hopercaeeeste acre 13
Shady Grove.......... 17
Hot Springs County:
June 18-Sept. 2—
REVUE ss tee ace 13
SIM5 ole sees eee 4
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Howard County:
July 28— Cars.
INSSbViU eo ste cc paces 1
Lonoke County:
July 20—
Miller County:
July 18-Aug. 8—
Toexankana:-oceece eee ee 9
Nevada County:
July—
Arcadias. ss. 53.2--esees 15
Ouachita County:
July 18-Aug. 17—
Camdente a eeseeteeee 15
Randolph County:
July—
Big gers eee see eae 25
Ark.; State total....-
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
June 22-July 10—
Oaklands sessee-eeeeeee 3
Fresno County:
July 11-Sept. 16—
RreSnoOsepee reese eee 53
iparlionieeeceeee ees 1
Reedley:Aiwctoccscesscc 8
Imperial County:
May 18-July 11—
Brawileyiseacacece soe 199
Calexico... 17
F1 Centro... - 71
16 (2101: Pa AROS COE r Secs 249
Holivilleee sees 2
Imipernialleece sss eerie 61
Roeckwo0odseeeees-eeeee 81
Los Angeles County:
June 16-Aug. 19—
Arcadia.......4 nes eee 1
Los Angeles.....--.... 5
Red woodeass aes ener 2
Napa County:
Sept. 6—
INADA las acoce = etlas ecko 1
Riverside County:
May 30-July 5—
Conchellate nase e eee ce 40
Indiau. os. ee 5
Thermalyesseet n-ne ee 15
Sacramento County:
June 12—
Sacramento......-..... 1
San Francisco County:
June 9-30—
San Francisco......... 4
San Joaquin County:
Aug. 31-Sept. 2—
Manteca nenrercinnnsete > tf
Santa Clara County:
July 5—
Banwiosere-ceceeneeeees 1
Stanislaus County:
July 9-Oct. 3—
Denar ccs. Seveonc seeee 56
Hug hSous- Seer pee ee ee 8
KiGYES -.osciciecece anette 16
TMirloelke ye ee ee 43
Tulare County:
July 2-Aug. 23—
Cutler. io .ce esac 10
Dinuba:--225--sseeeees 10
North Dinuba......... 76
Sultana: 2300-2 101
Cal., State total...... 1,147
COLORADO.
Conejos County:
July— Cars.
ANTONIO seecneeeeenne 3
Denver County:
June 28-Aug. 19—
Denyverze ceenceceee eens ll
Otero County:
Aug.-Sept.—
PoWIeL 53 cane aeee ace, 30
Manzanola- pees -caeee 52
Rocky Horde ses-eseene 2
Swinks See 47
Pueblo County:
July 20-Oct. 10—
Nepestazcauectesermaseise 12
Pueblos sceeeeer ne 4
Weld County:
Sept. 18—
Groeleyicc- iiss -sccaceces 1
Yuma County:
Sept. 1-30—
WE Wega ca cas SS s0SS9 0 1
Colo., State total..... 163
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 9—
Bridgeville......-.-.-.. 23
Cannone eee eee 2
Delmateeeeeee se aeeeee 304
GeorgetowN...-..------- 6
Laureleaensseecicseeetes 431
Oak Groves-ese sees 13
Seaford Seeeeeeeeeeeerer 69
Stockley sscsssseeeea=== 1
Del., State total.....- 849
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
June 1-July 17—
Ale chuat eames trices ==> 21
Arredonda........----- 12
Bellis Saar eerie e ete 2
Bellamyeceeeeeeeeeeeee 5
Campyille=----eeeeeeee 6
A Vi0StO0ee ee eeeeeeee 15.
Gainesville............- 27
Rochellet so. accents 4
Trentoneeses ee eeeeeeee 228
"Wilcox 2ece sees ee 3
Bradford County:
June-July—
Brooker 38
Dukes. . 4
Graham 7
Calhoun County:
June 27—
Blountstown..-.......- 1
Citrus County:
June-July—
Floral Gity-<-se 1-1 9
Invernesseeesseseeeece 125
Columbia County:
June 22-July 3—
Orb AWinite ss = sete sie 8
De Soto County:
Apr. 15-Oct. 1—
ATCACI Avante see ererece = 1
Bowling Green..-...-.- 155
Fort Green........-.-.- 17
Hort Ogdenteeearecaen: 5
ansing eaper cesses eer 1
Nocatee: >. ececeseer ce = 10
Ona ieee eee 18
Wauchula soe. seine 36
Duval County:
Apr.—July 15—
OWdene =e ence 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
FLORIDA—Continued.
Escambia County:
115
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.-WATERMELONS—Continued.
June 26—July 15— Cars.
(QeiNEHIG-5.644eoeesee 4
TRUOWONLS eee neat tenes 4
Hamilton County:
June 28—
VEMMIM eS ee eee see sie = 28
Hernando County:
June 13-28—
Iistachauaeese see...) 18
Hillsborough County:
June—
DOVE eee cee ecietie.c 1
lA Gyati(CHiNy Soonosheeseee 2
emer ceeemecciie ce 5
Holmes County:
June 16-July 16—
BS OMIA YAmeee ee enee cca = 5
HISTOR e Reseach Hace esl: oe 37
Noman st apes yo. 22
Jackson County:
June 15-July 19—
VIO ROSS ease eeie cinco 7
Malone ni eee oes 0G 126
Mariannasesaeeene -s555 31
Smead shew eee Oe oi 35
Lake County:
May 25-July 1—
PATO OTA Tea E Ss S 50
ESUISTIS eee eese ee 42
Grand Island 47
Groveland 27
Lady Lake 84
Leesburg 46
Wishoneeeemee eens 30
Mascotte 27
Wi@buy IDO Boas ee SNE 18
Okahumpka.. Sa Bau eess 3
NORTE MLO eS sae eee means 54
Wihtitne yaa eae nee 2 20
Lee County:
May 20-June 27—
ort eMeyersmee esses =e 38
Levy County:
June-July—
INOTRISTOM Ss eae nee: 9
Wallistomeeeee ren eo 10
Madison County:
June 22-July 13—
BOVE LUM c res nea ee 12
Manatee County:
June-July:
nilentonseeeeeeeee ee ee 3
Manateee.cneac-cctel.) 14
Marion County:
May 26-July 28—
At bhomyseeeeae ae 21
Candlerte eae ei: 13
Cana Saeeenmeeeneys ee: 4
Ciba ee ae oF 1
Hert Cl Lee Re 7
HRCNGTICKe eee rere oa 13
QCA OY ie dw ae 1
Orange Wake-- 2... 2... 22
SHINS -sacooadese se aie 2
2 South Lake Weir ...-.. 40
Summerfield........_.. 19
WVEITSdalememmmen iets 106
Orange County:
June 1-21—
ANDO) OE ee ee 4
Winter Garden...._... 4
Pasco County: ©
June—
Wad eCitynesses sass 3
Polk County:
May-—July—
Auburndale............ 25
Brewster.........- ecice 5
Chicora ee nose 2
Eagle Lake. ........... 4
Lakeland..... Beers. 25
FLORIDA—Continued.
Putnam County:
June 19-July 11— Cars.
Grandine yes seeeeeeeee 1
Bomion sins ee eeneneeeae 6
Seminole County:
June 27—
Tong woodines sesso 1
Sumter County:
June 2-29—
Coleman 22s saun ae 6
Oxtordsics Cite ee 4
Panasoffkee.........-... 31
Webster! 21a) Gases see 9
Wild woodi sss ssa 44
Suwanee Coutrty:
June 17-July 26—
Houston. 1 oReaesheaeee 41
Volusia € sunty:
July 13—
Barbervilleteeee cee 1
Washington County:
June 28-July 28—
Chipleyait-2-eeeereee 4
Fla., State total...... 2,320
GEORGIA.
Baldwin County:
July 12-Aug. 23—
Stevens Pottery_....._. 23
Barrow County:
Aug. 1-30—
Winder. 5.254 Sat 5
Ben Hill County:
July 12-19—
Bitzgerald 4. ee 3
Berrien County:
dune acy 17—
IM delice cok erie ete 134
Bannockburn.........- 5
Nashwvillesae eee aaa 27
Rays) Mile eee eee 15
Sparks22 222s eee eee 15
Bibb County:
July—Aug.—
Dry branch ae aereees 47
Dizella': 52 o-seeece eee 10
Macont.t2s-eeeeeeeeeee 15
Macon Junction.......- 11
Sofkee i222 th ee 5
Brooks County:
June-July—
Barne ye da. cose 10
Barwick epee 187
Morven) ssc see eeeeoe 113
Quitman. eee 174
Bryan County:
June 27—Aug. 12—
Ellabelle ese eee 3
aniercet ionomers 10
Rembroke=2secesseeeee 5
Bulloch Conniy:
June 21-Aug. 9—
Alderman’ 2 eee eee 7
Brookletsae ep aacee 155
ClitO Resse esas 10
Denmankssesneeseeee 10
Harvilles ee eee 6
JAIN PS eases cere eee 6
Portales scaseaee 2
Stilsonsaeeceeeeeee 169
Watersville 8
Burke County:
June 1-Aug. 27—
Ke ySvilleteenseseee sees 24
StyClainseseere eee re 2
Stevens Crossing......- 7
GEORGIA—Continued.
Calhoun County:
June—
ATMS TOL NEe eee Eee 1
Candler County:
June-July—
Chatham County:
June-Aug. 10—
Savannabeeeesweeu ese 34
Clay County:
June-July—
Hort iGaines:-2 2222... 14
Clayton County:
June-July—
JONESHOLOzea eee mass eee 3
Coffee County:
July—
Douplasie ese eee e ees 22
West Greens 2s sss 10
Colquitt County:
June 17-July 14—
Berlin: seis wee 54
Crosland ees ae ee 70
Doerunseese eae ee 2
Ellenton eee 21
Moultrie.......- MBSE 86
IMunp hiyeeeesesenceeeee 25
INormantParkeec seen 60
TMOkNOL- Sas eee ee 224
Columbia County:
July 7-Sept. 4—
Berzelia totes eee aeee 8
Grovetowleeeesaseeeor 32
Harlemie 7.55. 1
Crawford County:
July 14-Aug. 31—
Beechwood.....-.-.-.- 1
Gaillarde est eee 38
TAS INAS ee eee ea 18
Crisp County:
June—July—
Cordele 222.5. 25-2453 2
Wienonapcsteseseeesses 14
Decatur County:
June 24-July 18—
Donaldsonville......-.- 9
Hidorendosee-ceesseees 29
Wihitese Mil] Sees ae 4
Dodge County:
July 2-28—
C@haunceyAseesse--e eee
IDNR Bes eooeeeoosS
Gresstonteseere ee ereeee
Dooly County:
June-J uly—
wo! co
Dougherty County:
June 17-July 11—
Albay eew se eeet 33
Early County:
June-July
iBlakelyso-s-tee nesses
Corea eee eee eee
ne
Oa
S
rs)
;
:
;
:
'
i
b
nod
RINCONA Ss heen
Emanuel County:
July 13—Aug. 12—
Graymont.<-2:-5---:-
Stillmoresscss-e eee eee
m
4
o
~
=)
77)
ion
o
a
°
'
=
Cobh orn
lox}
oO
=|
®
4
i=
far)
Oe
Fannin County:
June 20-July 14—
Maxwell.....-_- eeeace 14
Fulton County:
June 29—Aug. 22—
IMtlantacie ee sc cee one 14
116 BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
GEORG TA—Cont inued.
Grady County:
June 21-July 26— Cars.
GAIA eras SSOP SO EL 38
@alvaryec-. cscse eee aae 36
Pingwearks. 8 fest cscs 84
VAC 1 ye ee eee ies es 3
Houston County:
June 2-Aug. 30—
|
|
BOUaITAS =. 25 = neon ee 54
Biyronese sone eet: 193
PEO eek eo cca ress 10
Hort Valley: secwsss cee 303
Grovanlas= 5-22-2220 : 8
. Kathleenei cs cecihends 30
ROIs see aoe eee 121
Powersville.oneeeanes 130
WellStoneee 3s ec2 se" 35
Irwin County:
June-July—
MUGSHCS Soca tesa oe 11
ADR pe Se ee cy ea 5
Jefferson County:
June-July—
Matthews: 2222.22 a62 21
Jenkins County:
July—Aug.—
aL BUNTY oie year eer 12
Perkins: s3t2ce bebe 2
SCALDOLONs = once nae 2
Jones County:
July—Aug.—
GTA VLSEre P Sanas eee ee 1
Griswolde ee 53
TRIOS. ho sxc a eR 69
Laurens County:
Aug. 1-16—
AIGOLS: Soaeaf ea tee 3
SRpSOLE eae ere 2
Cad welllescss os. see 4
LD YS.) Ouse See esa rites 1
Dibline ee eee 1
ReUtZo oe eae ene ee 1
Shewmaker-as.ssersees 1
Springhaven.........-- 5
Lee County:
July—
Weeesbure ss shee e ee 7
Smithville: ............ 19
Lowndes County:
June 17-July 21—
DMasheLes ce css sees ll
Waketharke! 6. eet: 6
Dnsleyetesescucpoecceme 24
Weld OStAre ese ee accra 158
McDuffie C vounty:
Aug. 1-23—
Bonesvillessescece-- o-e 8
Macon County:
July 3-Aug. 30—
Marshallville........... 3
Montezuma...-........ 45
Oplethorpe. 5-2 2-2-2024 198
Winchester............ 42
Marion County:
July—
Buena Vista..........- 1
PAvUsmMe. eee cere 9
Mitchell County:
June 21-July 7—
Camillas oc. peseaea se 48
Lis) (beh eee ge Se nee SS 44
Sale City~. = S2s5. 5 .hes 22
Pulaski County:
July 7-8—
Browndale............- 2
Richmond County:
July—Aug. 1E—
Blythe seats eaten 43
Hephzibahesieeefesoses
McBean’ soe ese eee 1!
GEORGIA—Continued.
Schley County:
July-Aug.— Cars.
Pllaville nos. sees 54
EaCrosse ssn. ce cco 80
Screven County:
July 5-Aug. 23—
@ameronteccteeceee ete 5
DOVOLe y.ceee ste ae ne 50
Haleyondale........... 8
Rocky Mordiesesee see. 11
Wihite Bulleeeccueeae 4
Sumter County:
June 15-Aug. 10—
ASMCTICUSE See. ee ee seioe 16
Andersonville.......... 168
0) 8) ores a Se tS ef 4
WOSHOL Sucre ee eee 1
Plgins once cue cee eee 15
Sumters2icccancseeoeee 10
Tabot County:
July—
Junction Citys-25ss252" 1
Taylor County:
Aug.—Sept.—
Butler. ey 2 esse 25
Gharingteareet Hees 4
Reynolds ee epeee-seer 3
Telfair County:
July 14-19—
Helena! sisaske as 6
Thomas Cqunty:
June 16-July 22—
BOStOn me ieee omaeciccae 47
Coolidges es) se282 4b: 68
Meigsie 25th ocecs asec 132
Merrillville ..-........- 20
Ochlocknee...-...-.-.- 75
IPAVOSE MN nc ose cess 69
Thomasville. .....:...- 52
Tift County:
June 15-July 15—
Brookfield ssesessaass 12
Omepars: 722s oeie seers 110
Ditton ee eee AS 163
TYME SB S55 oo 5 ee 37
Turner County:
June-July—
Repeaccae a ee ee eee 20
Twiggs County:
July 26-Aug. 18—
ni ZpaLriCkseess eee 9
Jeffersonville.........- 17
Wayne County:
July—
ahiumtaesse ose scenes 2
Wilkinson County:
J uly-Aug. —
FOrdONE Esse eeee eee 123
TIVOY.o one ese een cee Meee 59
Mcintyre ssn ssee ee oe 18
MOOMSHOLOn sapere eee 16
Worth County:
June 20-Aug. 20—
Bridgeboro.......-.... 79
Oakficldtieca sce 5
Shinglers. oo eee 60
Sylyesters. sce aemenee 7
Ga., State total. ..... 5, 787
IDAHO.
Ada County:
Sept. 6—
Boise SOs eee eee
Bonneville County:
June 25-July 5—
Tdahp Halls ieer ness eee 2
Canyon County:
Aug. 7-Sept. 21—
LOG a 8012) Hella an
Payette sy. eee
25
16
IDAHO—Continued,
Elmore County:
Aug. 25-Sept. 18—
King Billoo. ere: vee
Nez Perce County:
pene 12—
CWISLON: 3. ease ee ee ee
Idaho, State total....
ILLINOIS.
Bond County:
Aug. 25—
Greenyillesin, 22-2 seers
Carroll County:
Aug.—
‘Thomsoneeee ee eeeeee
Cass County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 11—
Arenzvilles. jcncae eee
Blufi Spnnpsieeeeseess
cook County:
ug.—
South Holland.........
Fulton County:
Aug.-Sept.—
Lewistowne=- oe eeeeeee
Jo Daviess County:
Aug. 19-21—
Winittoueeseeeee eee
Kankakee County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 30—
Momence: oes. eeeees
Knox County:
ug.—
Galesburg2-e22eeeeeeee
Lawrence County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 1—
Lawrenceville. .......-
Madison County:
Aug. 21-seRts =
Alton 35... = Su steee
Poag
Mercer Cannie
Sept. 23-Oct. 4—
New Boston...........
Morgan County:
Aug.—
Meredosia.-...........
Peoria County:
Sept. 7-16—
(10) dU: ero S
St. Clair County: :
July 21-Aug. 4—
East St. Louis.........
Sangamon County:
Aug. 29—
Springhieldis: so 2-.ecsne
Scott County:
Aug.—
Reni: s7alefnnsa wee acter
Union County:
White County:
Aug. 9-Oct. 20—
INDIANA,
Daviess County:
Se
Plainville eee ene
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 117
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
INDIAN A—Continued.
Gibson County:
Aug. 7-Sept. 13— Cars.
LRVADIOM da okaseeeoee
MOHNSOMM ss ess ek):
PG COKA Meee cece see =
Emin COtOneyaeeecscl -\=
Jackson County:
Aug. 14-Sept. 20—
Brownstown. .....-..---
Johnson County:
pent 6—
Newton County:
Aug.—
Rose Lawn...........-
Posey County:
Aug. 7-Sept. 14—
Ghabiibai yee ew See Saal
New Harmony........
Poseyivilleweceeeeee sees
Stewartsville..........
BES oseph County:
ug.
SouthwBend se sees 5 2.
Sullivan County:
‘Aug. 17-Sept. 19—
Carlisleng eee ceo:
MECTOM me Heenan Nes,
Ind., State total... ..
IOWA.
Benton County:
Aug. 29—
Wamtoreyss cp ase tyke
Blackhawk County:
Sept. 6—
IWraterloose aun aes < =
Clarke County:
Aug.—
Osceolasneenseetere ee
Lee County:
Sept. 5-Oct. 8—
Fort Madison..........
Keokuk Sone ae es
New Boston..........-
MIO oS eestor eae
Louisa County:
Aug.-Sept.—
Columbus Junction. ...
Montgomery County:
Au
oy
WWaLLISCA Rees eins
-Muscatine County:
Aug. 12-Oct. 9—
Conese eee he Meese
Iowa, State total. ...-
IKANSAS.
Cloud County:
Aug. 5-Oct, 15—
Clyde js o Eee
Cowley County:
Sept. 5-14—
Arkansas City.........
Dickinson County:
Aug. 3-Oct. 30--
Abilene siss2 se crraeicesee
Douglas County:
July 11—
Lawrence.......-....--
Johnson County:
Aug. 30-Sept. 13—
Wild Gra tete sates
Riley County:
Aug.-Sept.—
Manhattan’: 92 4asoe 6
Sedgwick County:
Aug. 12-Sept. 12—
HaysvaillG: 22 5-eeesenes
Wichita eae eee
Shawnee County:
July 25-Sept. 30—
North Topeka.-.-.......
Topeka 24 ee
Kans., State total...
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
June 24-Aug. 15—
Douisville. susss-ssess4
Lewis County:
Aug. 23—
Garrisons. eee cen eases
Ky., State Total.....
LOUISIANA.
Lincoln Parish:
Orleans Parish:
June 26—
New Orleans. .......-.
St. Landry Parish:
Aug. 19-28—
Armandville..........-
La., State total.-.-...
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 12-Sept. 30—
Baltimore sane
Caroline County:
Aug. 16—
Federalsburg.......:.-
Preston. soso eee
Dorchester County:
Aug. 8-Sept. 27—
AUTO Sie IS ee Rea cere
East New Market.....-
Billwoodees ae
lshbineiehesn ese ee
Linkwood = -...22--..-
RieidsiGromenoeneeoceee
Rhodesdale......-...--
Wilennia ee ieee serene
Williamsburg. -.......-
Wicomico County:
Aug. 2-Sept. 12—
Byrds SNE ere
Fruitland eee
Kultone see ee eee
Parsonspurges. see eee
Rockawalking ..-.....-
Salisbury -.-.... Oe EES
Walstons<-)--2. 52252522
w
on
or}
or
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
MARYLAN D—Continued.
July 26-Aug. 16: Cars.
Choptank Riverlandings. 28
Aug. 1-Sept. 27 :
Nanticoke River landings 30
Aug. 2-Sept. 1:
Wicomico River landings 4
Md., State total...... 1,063
MASSACHUSETTS.
Essex County:
July 7—
awrencebenssseeee sees 1
Mass., State total. -.. 1
MICHIGAN.
Berrien County:
Aug.—
Benton Harbor........
Coloma nee ee scctanee
St. Joseph County:
Aug.—
Nore
Mich., State total.-... 4
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
July—
Minneapolis. .........- 47
Ramsey County:
July 1-Aug. 11—
Si Pauleseeen nee 4
St. Louis County:
Aug, 22—
IDDM So ssocceaqssses
1
Minn., State total.... 52
MISSISSIPPI.
Clarke County:
June-July—
Shubutass-sassseeeeees il
Forrest County:
June-July—
Fruitland Park........
Mebaurineeoe. seca
Hancock County:
June 28—
Bay St. Louis -2 -..2-.2
Hinds County:
July 22—
on]
SHAME 5 sense aoeoosoe ee
Miss., State total. -... 29
MISSOURI.
Dunklin County:
July 20-Sept. 6—
Campbellbseeeosaseeeee 144
QlanktonWeseses ees ie 185
BriSbee eeeeeee eee 160
Gibson eee eee 172
Holecombeeseeee r= sees 3955
Hornersville..-.......- 20
I Qerabalsrri ne yee See 263
Maldenics= eet Dine 38
Jackson County:
Aug.-Sept: 19—
Atherton eee e eee eee
Gourineveen oe eee
Keansasi@ityns eee
Mississippi County:
July 29-Sept. 12—
Bertrand’. &3.\s42ss- 222 668
CO A bet
118
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
MISSOURI—Continued.
Pulaski County:
Aug. 30-Sept. 8—
LE be RR See se
Ripley County:
July 20-Aug. 29—
Weaolonssnn cee teste
St. Louis City:
July 27-Aug. 15—
SSAMOLUS cc cacisn acess
Scott County:
July 26-Sept. 29—
Linas sees <a
July 28-Aug. 29—
IBOIMIO=~ a= sos cae hee
Mo., State total......
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Sept.—
Mastings.-- 5 .c<s-5-s-
Cherry County:
Sept. 21—
Walentine--- sos-c-se-'s
Dodge County:
Sept.—
RreMIONG-- 22-52 5-62)- =—
Douglas County:
July—
Omaha. a. eases oe
Hall County:
June-Sept. 19—
Grand Island.-.........
Lancaster County:
July 19-Sept. 7—
ibibilce) (eee acc
Thayer County:
Sept. 1-15—
He BLON as. oeseee see nae
Nebr., State total..--
NEVADA.
Washoe County:
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
Aug.—
Cars.
2
iy
Riverpons-ss--- seems 2
Cumberland County:
Sept. 1-26—
Mauricetown.......-... 48
Gloucester County:
Sept. 6-27—
Clarksboro.....---.----
Swedesboro......-.--.-
Woodbury. s2>-2---- =>
Monmouth County:
Aug.—
mo co
Morgandville........c00 1
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Salem County:
Sept. 8-27— Cars
Pedricktown.........-- 26
Penns Grove ......-..- 7
Woodstown.....--.--.- 1
N.J., State total... -- 95
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Aug.—
Albany. eee 2s acces 1
N. Y., State total...- 1
NORTH CAROLINA.
Bladen County:
~July 20-Aug. 3—
Dublin 222) ee ee 1
Elizabethtown... .....- 1
Cumberland County:
July 21-Aug. 1—
Fayetteville.....--...- 26
Duplin County:
July 2-Aug. 5—
Bowdens...-------.-< 1
CalypSovssteeseseceee 50
WATSON = tenes on nayasee is 28
Henderson County:
July—
Hendersonville....-...- 5
Hoke County—
July 27-Aug. 3—
Raeford x5. 355scs sees: 7
Rockhshs. 2225. ss oie 8
Johnston County:
July 20-Aug. 3—
Claytons-sssee eee 44
Wilson’s Mills......--- 3
Moore County:
August—
Alberdeen = 22 - cache -se> 39
Robeson County:
July 15-Aug. 28— :
2
2
1
7
83
24
60
1
July 15-Sept. 5—
10) With 55 ease somes 55
Gibsons ene eee 30
SEM Asda secoeoDus 9
Johns: fect sere eee 1
Panrinburesos-- sss == 226
Waeram. >... ccsaces-= 45
Wayne County:.
July 19-Aug. 9—
Dudleyseeees ee 27
Goldsboros#=--eeeee ee 18
Mount Olive.....-.---- 45
N.C.,Statetotal.... 853
OHIO,
Cuyahoga County:
June 14-Aug.—
Cleveland) -e=----ceerr 17
Cleveland Pier......--- 1
Franklin County:
Aug. 16—
Coltimpus:-)2-n-ees-e> 1
OH1O—Continued.
Lueas County:
Aug. 17-Sept.— i
Toledos.icect tease eoee 3
OKLAHOMA,
Caddo County:
July 22-Sept. 7—
Cement.si-s5 42 eee
Canadian County:
Aug. 1-Sept. 20—
Bl Reno eee 4
Mustang oceesceneeee 40
Comanche County:
July 26-Aug. 30—
Fletchers eee 30
Grady County:
July 20-Sept. 8—
Rust Springs..........
Jefferson County:
July-Aug.—
Terral’ :Se22-. aces
Logan County:
Aug. 8 Sept. 15—
Crescent. ee oeceecces 19
McClain County:
Aug. 12—
Bilanchardics-ee=senee= 1
McCurtain County:
Oklahoma County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 5—
Wiheatlande. =. cocceee 5
Pottawatomie County:
June 30-Aug. 22—
Shawneesoo--e eee 5
Pushmataha County:
July 15—
Sequoyah County:
July 3—
Marble City....-.-....- 1
Stephens County:
July 25-Aug. 16—
Marlow eco oe esse
Okla., State total. ..-
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
June 17-Sept. 6—
East Portland..-...... 3
Portland 2eeecceeeeee ee 2
Oreg., State total....
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny County:
July 19—
Pittsburehsesee-eeseeee
Lackawanna County:
July-Aug.—
Scranton: c-eeeeaaees 24
Pa., State total. .....
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
119
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
Sept. 6—
IPTOVIGCNCC)seisclsicic cine. -
R.1., State total..... 1
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Aiken County:
Sayan es ee cis 9
AWAITS OT teeta eee crercte 8
Bamberg County:
July 4-Aug. 25—
IDeNMankeesncieilesecisics 41
Govanys teenies 46
Mil chwaiyer-eeeeccccs == uf
Barnwell County:
June 23-Aug. 17—
WMlendalemespesascs ase 125
Ap pletonweceareessas-- 34
Barnwell 72
Barton 168
Blackville 75
Cavebeansce 45
Dunbarton 97
IDI Ugay TARO ee ee asm 16
Fairfax 130
IGT Cigar Setoe etnies 115
ILO ee se ee ee 61
Miyvensi Mil 1a jey sn 97
DCL SUIN See eee eines 58
Snellimesheeer eee. 31
SViGAMORC eee ee aoe e 158
WMmMETs sae ee 192
PENOMe Aaa ena ne 61
Hampton County:
June 26-Aug. 8—
TOS Se are eas Sas a 284
IMITIN AH eee eee ees 125
Garmetieseee seeeeeseee 21
Guiiordyy eee ceca: 50
lamp toneeeeeeeciceeose 6
NOM AA eee eee cote clecis 150
COMA Ne tieeece muss 157
Walentinesesceeeee se. 87
Jasper County:
June 28-Aug. 15—
RinelandWescmecset esse 10
Rid gelandsee seejss a4 79
Mar DOOM eee aac eee ee 8
Rilimaneeeseceeee es. 31
Orangeburg County:
July—
COpes nese ae ees 7
springhel deans a -- 4
S.C., State total..... 2, 665
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Clay County:
nue: 26-Sept. 21—
Crimullioneeseesee 6
Minnehaha County:
July 25—
SOuse WallSemesses sacs < 1
8. Dak., State total... 7
TENNESSEE,
McMinn County:
Aug.—
PAG NENS Pee ee 4
Tenn., State total.... 4
TEXAS.
Atascosa County:
June 28-July 25—
Pleasantonises -eoseeee
Austin County:
July 15-Aug. 24—
Sealy. /o2 saa esa eae
Bastrop County:
July 4-Aug. 10—
HN pint. Nae en ee 83
McDade
Bexar County:
June-July—
Hilmendorie se eee 24
‘Brooks County:
July—
Balfurriass>- seeceeees 2
Callahan County:
Aug. 6—
Clyde. ss 32 ese 1
Cameron County:
July—
Brownsville............ 30
San Ben! 0. eeeseeeere 1
Chambers County:
July 1-Aug. 19—
Stowell’. oe 73
Winnie. 223.23 aes 30
Cherokee County:
June 20-July 20—
Mt? Selman ssncasmenes 20
Colorado County:
June 30-July 13—
Columbus: -. 2.23328 2
Comanche County:
July 19-Aug. 13—
Comanchen eee 2
Dedeon se ease eee 4
Donley County:
Aug. 7-Oct. 4—
Clarendon \ sa aeee eens 2
Hedley 2.224 eee 3
3
El] Paso County—
Aug. 9-16—
BP asovrn. coca eee 3
Erath County:
July 29-Sept. 1—
Dublineyasse eee eeeee 85
Stephenvilles 2422522 2
Fort Bend County:
July 13-20—
SugariWandssssas see 3
Franklin County:
July 19-Aug. 25—
MiViernoneaesceceecee 41
Frio County:
July 1-Aug. 1—
Pearsallei sso geaeceeeee 9
Galveston County:
July 1-Sept. 15—
High Islands ass.os5s 8
Gray County:
Aug.—Oct.—
McClean ie asa soeeeeee 53
Grayson County:
Aug. 20-Sept. 15—
AMDLOSCS sae eee eee 4
Grimes County:
June 28-July 29—
Courtney eeeene eee 10
Navasota senses aeons 112
Guadalupe County:
June 23-July 25—
Seguiny esses eae oeee 26
Harris County:
July 4-Sept.—
Almed ae asa neen ee 3
HOockleysqu sae Sie 2
oustoneeasaneaeee ee 10
euismithiee eee anaes 1
Keatyicer ise Ses ok ie 21
TEX AS—Continued.
Haskell County:
Aug, 5-25— Cars.
RVOCHESLETzsssep anes sees 12
Henderson County:
July-Aug.—
AUN ONS pie cm setae e te eioe 28
Miurchisonigs sess cee 20
Hidalgo County:
May-June—
IMETCedeSe sec ciyanemeticete 1
MISSIONS Shee sue ees 6
Hill County:
July 22—
Eb bards aces sees 1
Hopkins County:
July-Sept. 15—
Como eixsaeteccceeeeee 168
iPicktOneesssececee cee 5
Saliillose eee e eens 5
Sulphur Springs....... 158
Houston County:
July 12-Aug. 4—
Grapelandeeeeosnseseee 22
Howard County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 28—
Coahomateesesseeesaee 4
Hunt County:
July 28—-Aug. 23—
Campbellno 322265 se 52 8
Neyland aaa 4
Jefferson County:
July 15-Aug. 13—
Hamshires ea asain eee 10
Sabine) Rass:eesea lease: 5
Jim Wells County:
July— s
Sandan see eet 6
Matagorda County:
July 19-Oct. 3—
BayiCliye Sec saceaceees 4
Palacioswaneeeesesenane 35
Milam County:
Aug. 15— °
Rockdale ssaseeeeaeseee 4
Montgomery County:
July 15-Aug. 20—
Security. .
Willistsse
Morris County:
July 15-Aug. 12—
Daingerfield'-= 32-25-22 3
Naples ten Mer euaee ones 4
Omaha eanaee 30
Nacogdoches County:
July 18-22—
Sacul
Parker County:
July-Sept.—
Garmersie ee aan 10
‘Weatheriord- 22.520 22as
Rains County:
July 17-28—
Emory
Red River County:
Aug. 1—
BOCAS a: Sass esse ce soe 1
Runnels County:
Aug. 26-Sept. S—
Ballingenss cases eeeeee 5
Rusk County:
July 15-Aug. 5—
Owertonee ita eoeeeee 26
Tarrant County:
July 24-Aug. 15—
Tarrant: 52.2 eee 13
Titus County:
y 29—
MtSseleasan tese-seee 1
Waller County:
June 22—Aug. 17—
Hempstead .-.......... 964
Prairie View........... 281
Waller: :S2Gtsai eee 149
120 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CUCURBITOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 44.—WATERMELONS—Continued.
WASHINGTON—Continued.
TEX AS—Continued. VIRGINIA—Continued.
Wichita County: Dinwiddie County: Grant County:
Aug. 2-Sept. 5— Cars. July 17-Sept. 7— Cars. Aug.-Sept.— Cars.
Burkburnett........... 28 POtersDULP sce cect 10 Neppele eee oi Soaceee 13
Wilbarger County: Hanover County: King County:
July 28-Oct. 5— Aug. 5-Sept. 16— Oct. 6—
WernOU es toads =2 15 AHIGB ee Rese eee cepoait ae 10 Beattlecs...ce-o serene 1
Wilson County: East Atlee............. 26 | Walla Walla County:
June-Aug.— HManoversassscnssa seas 5 Sept. 6-l1—
Calaveras o.205) os segenic 36 Oldi@hurch-ca2e--se—eus 4 Walla Walla..-.2.2..5. 2
Stockdale. o--.2 sen deae 19 Pamunkey sews 9 | Yakima County:
Wise County: CAO re Re tera naa 2 Aug. 13-Oct. 11—
Aug. 4-Sept. 8— James City County: Donald 4
DOCAUITseasmcre sc rcao == 6 Aug. 2-Sept. 5— Grandview 1
Wood County: DYE Seis [ol shy de 4 North Yakima 28
uly— Dighttoots------sesecue 3 Parker... 2 \vesobemewene 11
Guldenee sess. Sec kiec ats 14 OLECi sans caientebetewe 23 Toppenishis ceeeweenees 100
OPbDurn ee cco see 6 Moan ee des sees seeeene 80 Wapat0.inwcceceseceue 53
— | King William County: ?
Tex., State total..._. 3,324 July 6-Aug. 30— Wash., State total... 224
== WieStibOInt ee sereree sre 123 ===
UTAH. Nansemond County:
July 1-Aug. 8— WEST VIRGINIA.
Boxelder County: Miyrtlenc vsti ents oon 2
Aug. 22-Sept. 2— Sito re ee a 8 | Mason County:
Brighams>. oe o-sekesn 8 | New Kent County: Aug.—Sept. 29—
Davis County: Aug.-Sept.— Letart<cesecceneseeene 1
Sept. 6— Wanexa eo seacot eee 29 Point Pleasant......... 26
Woods Cross..----.:-.. 1 White House.-.-........ 2 | Wood County:
Emery County: Norfolk County: . July 11—
Sept. 26— July 10-Sept. 20— Parkersburg....... 4... 1
Green River....-...... 1 Norfolk. is ces esecte Le5 555
Salt Lake County: RontiNonolkeeceseeeeee 302 W. Va., State total. . 28
June 22—Aug. 29— Roanoke County: ——
Salt Lake City......... 6 June 30— WISCONSIN.
Weber County: ROANOKes eee eae
June 23-Sept. 28— Aug. 1-Sept. 6: Eau Claire County:
Ogdenes: seuss ees 5 Rappahannock River July 22-Sept. 10—
BUOY eee not Sao naaes 1 lanGin gs)ee ee seen eee 1 Bau Claire: 222222 eos. 2
—. Rock County:
Utah, State total..... 22 Va., State total...... 1, 239 Suara
———— — anesyill@sccee ee ee see 2
VIRGINIA. WASHINGTON. Winnebago County:
July 21-Sept. 2—
Charles City County: Benton County: Oshkoshie sa. -eeeeae 5
Aug. 7-Sept. 9— Aug. 12-Sept. 13— =
FROX DULY see RPene enon 40 Kennewick.........-.- il Wis., State total..... 9
SOLANACEOUS CROPS.
Table 45.—EGGPLANT.
FLORIDA. LOUISIANA. NEW YORK.
Alachua County: Orleans Parish: New York County:
May-June— Cars. June 14— Cars. Oct. 3— Cars
Rockysbolnteee sees 6 New Orleans..........- New Yorkice-esssseeee 1
Duyal County: —- ==
May 4-Dec. 9— La., State total.....- 1 N. Y., State total:... 1
Jacksonville..........- 4 —— —
Hillsborough County:
May 10-June 25— MARYLAND. PENNSYLVANIA.
TAMPA Mace ree asics one 30
Manatee County: Baltimore City: Philadelphia County:
May 20-July 1— Sept. 28— Aug.— :
Terra Cela: aos. sees 46 BaliMOLe saa s eee 1 Philadelphia....-...... 3
Marion County: ————— tend
May-June— Md., State total...... 1 Pa., State total...... 3
Orange Lake........... 2 —— | ed
Polk County:
June 6-July 20— NEW JERSEY. VIRGINIA.
Bartowhos a Leese 22 | a , Nnonee
. : mah oucester County: orfolk County:
Fla., State total....... 110) “Aug 18-Oct. 4— uoue B0-Sent DY f= ik
= ineaR ys Swedesboro.......-.-.- 6 (Ono Lee Seer estates
ILLINOIS. Salem County: Portsmouth.........-. 1
Union County: Aug. 2-Oct. 7—
Apr. 24-25— Pedricktown........... 40 Va., State total...... 121
Cobdensinl ies se 2 Penns Grove.....---.-- 8
Ill., State total..... 2 N. J., State total...-. 54
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS
Or
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
121
SOLANACEOUS CROPS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
Oct. 21— Cars.
Los Angeles...........- 1
Sacramento County:
Aug. 3-Sept. 18—
Sacramento............ 5
San Francisco County: -
Mar. 17—
San Francisco..........
San Joaquin County:
Sept. 21-Oct. 26—
Stockton esses: 9
Cal., State total......
FLORIDA,
aureeie County:
ate 20-July 29—
OS bas CoC cOoBCE OR RAaE
Cyl BSCS Heres a
Eivinston...-.-...----.
tc Orr 0O
Duval County:.
Apr. 30-Dec. 14—
Jacksonville........... 3
Hillsborough County:
June 28—
Blan ti Cibyes.cecccece 1
Lee County:
‘May 18-Dec. 30—
HOrtiMeyerseececc sock.
. Manatee County:
May 10-June3— .
Palmetto. ..........-.- 7
25
Polk County:
May 20-July 6—
Bartow essen cn as
St. Lucie County:
Mar. 12-May 20—
Hellsmeressesee eee 4
Fla., State total......
121
GEORGIA.
ebalding County:
Nov. 11-16—
IPOMONa Recetas 6 2
ARKANSAS.
Carroll County:
July—
Green Forest_...-......- 4
Ark., State total.....
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Nov: 11-17—
HA VAWALM sees ics. a 3 ce
Imperial County:
May 16-Sept. 19—
no
Table 46.—PEPPERS,
LOUISIANA.
East Baton Rouge Parish:
July 15-27— Cars.
Baton. Rouge.........- 4
Orleans Parish:
July 8—
New Orleans........... 1
La., State total. ..... 5
MARYLAND,
Baltimore City:
Sept. 23—
iB AltLMOre sete eee 1
Md., State total...... 1
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
une 10- ater
rystal Spr‘ags........ 1
Pike County:
June 24—
Osykai. 2 Sa sesteeseaeee il
Miss., State total..... 2
MISSOURI.
Mississippi County:
July—
Bertrands.2 eee sere 2
Mo., State total.....- 2
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
July 18-Sept. 23—
andisville sys. eeseeae 150
Cumberland County:
June 13-Nov. 8—
Bridvetonssca-eeneeeee 41
Cedarville Boeri eat 81
Maar toni ia ORs ness 56
Greenwich. ..22.2..0..2. 55
Husted 2h oe eee 7
Mauricetown........... 3
NeWportis oe cues 21
Rosenhayny sas aes 21
South Vineland... 17
Minelandas 222 aA 2
Woodruti’s see eacne 5
Gloucester County:
July 18-Nov. 16—
Forest Grove.......-.. 4
Malapaiss.2k2 i Geeta 2
Mickletonisctssateneeee 2
Table 47.—TOMATOES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County:
Jan. 7-Dec. 13— Cars
Central Avenue........ 1
E1 Monte 20
Gardena.--. 133
Glendora Bae 1
osj Angeles - oo 20850 267
Los Nietosii: sea eee 26
Newmank=22 2 enuen rei 18
Norwalksois Js 2 Senee 1
Pico e eee eee 20
Redondo Beach... -.._- 11
Rosemead... ea
Rowland- cece cueeees
San Fernando. ........
San Gabriel cceceene eae 1
San Pedroe oeeenectine 6
Torrancels|s ee eae
‘REOPICOM een ease cece
PHOTON
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Gloucester County—Contd.
July 18-Nov. 16— Cars.
Newheldzi55 03 Uae. 214
Richwood...... 17
Swedesboro. ........... 70
Monmouth County:
Sept. 6-Oct. 14—
Matawan. .02si).0-028 20
Salem County:
July 17-Nov. 11—
Blmerssonyee eos 8
INOTmMal es ee he are as 43
IRCdnICKtOW seen emenes 28
PennsiGrovesscssesnees 16
Union County:
Sept. 19-Oct. 11—
Berkeley Heights...... 10
N. J., State total..... °893
NORTH CAROLINA.
Duplin County:
Jul uy 26-Aug. 3—
BISON. shine cale|zciebe cee
Pender County:
July 26-Aug. 3—
Rocky Point..22--4.--- 6
N.C., State total......
S
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
ct.—
Philadelphia....-.-.---- 5
Pa., State total. ..._- 5
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Marion County:
Sept. 22—
IMUlinSeyeease sees sees
TENNESSEE.
Gibson County:
Tenn., State total ...
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
June 30-Noy. 1—
Novfolis SUR Yen era ee
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County—Con.
Jan. 7-Dec. 13—
Vernondale
’ Watts -
Cars.
Wilmington Road.....
Merced County:
June 17-July 19—
Merced: atten at cee ae
Orange County:
Sept. 6-Nov. 10—
Buena hark 2242.22 =
Rullertonseecse eee eee
Garden Grove-.....-..-
Northam. =o222 ssceeeee 2
VillasPark-2) 22 sanes
West Anaheim. ...
Yorba Lindas ss. .4s ee
122
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SOLANACEOUS CROPS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Riverside County:
June 4-24—
Coachella.-....<.2.....
PGCCA Mere cece atene ss =
AMnGy ort) Eo a
Sacramento County:
July 7-Noy. 18—
Sacramento............
San Diego County:
Sept. 27-Nov. 24—
HScONGIGa == ee. =e soon
San Francisco County:
Oct. 14-Dec. 21—
San Francisco. --...-..
San Joaquin County:
June 15-Oct. 9—
MSNTOCR Sees pence eee
Santa Clara County:
Aug. 11-Nov. 13—
BUMISO se oce see oe a nlan =
IPalOPAltOues ea sae cise
Tulare County:
June 8-Dec. 31—
Yuba County:
July 11-Aug. 15—
Manvsvilerenss=accecne
Cal., State total.-....
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Apr. 1-Oct. 28—
ONVELS st t= skate.
Mesa County:
Sept.—Oct.—
Grand Junction........
Palisade: oi: ssf .c2- 22.
Colo., State total.....
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Aug. 14-Oct. 25—
Brentford sce sacccees :
Claytoniess- sini 2. ee
Hartley: steebes ses 5s
WiOlB 5 ecb lemaentecos
WWOOUSIdG ss enuence cee
New Castle County:
Oct. 3-20—
Blackbitd Ss\esse-s2e oe
TOWDSONM sc scecnce ems
Sussex County:
Aug. 7-Oct. 30—
Bridgeville............
IBTOR CUI kee aes
Cannon =) s3Ree eh
RULE leo aste wee eee cere
Milford Eee ee thes
Benford’. 2: ase tees
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
May 26-June 28—
Clyath.222 252. 2252s
Cars.
16
5
1
85
He Or
5
FLO RIDA—Continued.
Brevard County:
Mar.-June—
Ha Galieec ner eee
PIODKIOS eee sooo eee
Melholimnesseasesneeee
ET Gs vial 6 eee
Broward County:
Mar.—June—
Mantans cecwee womens tee
1Xeyeeh afWol) si .5 so ascu0se
Dade County:
Mar.—June—
ArchiCreekcas =e sane nee
Cocoanut Grove.......
Mlorida(Cityee-ss-eseee
hin fOrd eee eee
Goulds acbeoees
Misamis sea eeene Meee See
Perrine. -.
Princeton...
Duval County:
May-Dec.—
Hillsborough County:
May 1-June 30—
lant City==seeeeeeeeee
MAMPSr meee toe cesses
Lee County:
Nov. 26-Dee. 21
Fort Meyers. -.-........
Manatee County:
Apr. 26-June 25—
RES Dee nee reee eee ee
Marion County:
May 18-July 25—
Anthony sacs sees eee
SantOs-ese-se see eee eee
Sparricctestressastosee
Monroe County:
Apr.—May—
Central Supply .---.-...
Jewish eeeseecwen coer
Orange County:
June 7-28—
OnlandOseereeereer recs
Palm Beach County:
Mar.-J une—
Stuart: .s2 228 eee ences
West Palm Beach. ....
Polk County:
May 18-June 15—
BartOWeesscicecscucsne
St. Lucie County:
Mar.—June—
WellsMeres- fae seasee eee
Okeechobee..........-.
Sebastians cs seureeees
Seminole County:
May 1-June 30—
Sanford: i272 223827 -esse~
Cars.
Nr ore C00
NOR, CON
Table 47.—TOMATOES—Continued.
FLORIDA—Continued.
Sumter County:
May-June 15— Cars
Bushnelete ee seeeeeeoe 20
Colemaniee es eee 69
Panasofikeei.-- ss esceus 3
Sumterville........ as 10
Websters iti sae area 18
Wildwoodteess-saeeeree 4
Fla., State total...... 6,184
GEORGIA,
Thomas County:
June-July—
Thomasyillesense- see 2
Tift County:
June 23-July 14—
Tifton: sssse-eeeeeeee : 3
Ga., State total....... 5
IDAHO.
Twin Falls County:
Nov. 6—
Buhl. 252262. ao eee 1
Idaho, State total.... 1
ILLINOIS.
Adams County:
Aug. 8-24—
Quincy-<2:- eee 6
Cook County:
June 17—Dec. 11—
Chicago:25sese nese 19
Dunning? see eee 1
Effingham Gangs
Aug.-Oct.—
Masonisco.iccespeeeeee 2
Moctasint=seeneseeeaeer 10
Weatson-s.tc: een eee 20
Jackson County:
Aug.-Oct.—
Makanda ies eeeseeee 29
Kankakee County:
Aug. 30-Oct. 30—
Momence!sceeeceeeeeene 6
Madison County:
Sept. 12-Oct. 27—
St) Jacobsesceeeteeeeees 5
Pulaski County:
July 11-Aug. 26—
Grand Chain! .-... 22.5 6
Willa Rid pekessas esses 2
Union County: :
July 1-Aug. 30—
Alto Pass.... 19
ADAG. oc5ee2 Seno epee 14
Cobden....... 98
Dongola-g eee eee 65
Wabash Contes
Aug. 21-Nov, 12—
Bellmontisee-e eee eee 26
Mouut Carmel......... 8
Ill., State total....... 336
INDIANA.
Bartholomew County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 18—
Columbusieeee cepa ll
Benton County:
ov.—
Sheff-scsceeecsemee eee 1
Clark County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 20—
Bordenv. 22. eee Lo.
Clinton County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 5—
ichigantown.......... 35
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
F BOTS AND VEGETABLES.
123
SOLANACEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 47.—TOMATOES—Continued.
INDIAN A—Continued.
Dekalb County:
Aug. 29-Sept. 19— Cars.
IBIS smaaceoeaoadope
Delaware County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 29—
PASI O MUyaeparataysteteraicietle sal 24
Gibson County:
Aug. 11-Oct. 24—
UOMMUNC ON Wooo nese SaOEESH 21
Oalklandi@itivees sso" 26
Grant County:
July—Oct. 31—
Ine WbATOL bes pee boodoRe 87
Maniomeensneerccosec eo. 10
Matthews..-...2.-5---5-- 22
Wamnlbmnemes\-e yee) . 15
Hancock County:
Aug. 25-Oct.
Charlottesville.........- 23
Simic coseuosooesooEee 15
SWalllkaims ome sees ane cco 47
Hendricks County:
aes Pane 14—
SSE IEA SEe sania 29
Pininteld RPA RAEI 45
Jefferson County:
Aug. 16-Oct. 20—
IDOI oo obobsooRoSDUE 36
Madisoniisssa nnn 1
Middle Fork..........-.- 70
Jennings County:
Sept. 4-Oct. 18—
Buatlenville ess es 20
Johnson County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 13:
Bargersville.........:.- 19
Madison County:
Aug.-Sept.—
@resesweeers ei seis 37
Summitville......22 22. 42
Marion County:
Aug. 18-Oct. 16—
Canrh yee eens 56
Indianapolis.......-.... 42
Montgomery County—
Aug. 19-Oct. 31—
Crawfordsville.....-.... 15
Darling tonsee. esse 17
Morgan County:
Aug. 17-Oct. 23—
Brookhynye eee 17
Martinsville............ 25
Mooresville............. 2
IP ATA ONES ea aaa iy 18
Owen County:
Aug. 18-Oct. 15—
Eireed ome au. 24
Pike County:
Aug. lI-Nov. 1—
Waltelloyyooobaaacuaueeee 26
Putnam County:
Aug. 23-Oct. 6—
Hl rvone eee en 15
Limedale.. SBBadee 1
Randolph County:
Sept. 16—
Peuid cevallemaseupee oh i 2
Tipton County:
& Aug. 28-Oct.
f Kempton... 12
Vermilion County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 31—
(OBI ABIEE S| he oie ea a 11
Vigo County:
uly 24-Oct. 14—
PRIMO O Meee g sea 59
Riley... Bee eke Hy 16
r Seelyville - MMB sh Leet 4
MerresElate so ota. 8 36
Ind., State total.....- 1, 156
IOWA.
Des Moines County:
Aug. 3— Cars.
Burlington se seeeeeene 1
Lee County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 10—
MONtROSC te eaatereee ner 3
Seott County:
June 14-Aug. 2—
Davenpontessncemeereisc
Iowa, State total..... 6
KANSAS.
Leavenworth County:
July 18-Aug. 9—
Leavenworth........... 15
Shawnee County:
Aug. 9—
Mopekals sas -meeesse ces 1
Kans., State total. ... 16
KENTUCKY.
Carlisle County:
Aug. 10-Oct. 26—
Berkeley. 3 -2haeeee: 38
Hickman County:
Aug. 8-Oct. 21—
Oakton..s-22252 acces 23
Jefferson County:
July 22-Aug. 17—
Wouiswilles.222a5---eio5 19
Ky., State totalieee- 80
LOUISIANA.
East Feliciana Parish:
June 3-28—
Norwood cee eee 37
Orleans Parish:
June-Dec.—
New Orleans..........-. 21
La., State total. ....- 58
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Feb. 26-Aug. 30—
Baltim ores Sse esses 196
Caroline County:
Oct. 5-26—
Tuckahoesscseeeme ceca 29
Carroll County:
Oct. 380—
A'S DeStOS hs eae 1
Dorchester County:
Aug. 10-Sept. 28—
Linkwood-eeceeuscee: 121
Harford County:
Jan. 17-Dec. 21—
Joppa: 2 oes 15
Rocks 252 eeeseces 47
Somerset County:
July 1-Sept. 15—
Biden ee Soci as ees 1
Kings Creek.......:--- 49
Loretto eee eeeas= 10
Princess Anne.....-.-- 21
iWiestOvera.- seca ceeres 20
Wee Oct.:
Chester River landings. . 18
July-Oct.:
Choptank River land-
INGSH ese See 3
Aug. 3-Oct. 3:
Nanticoke River land-
TTD SE See Ee Bice 2
+} Aug. 4-Oct. 27:
Patuxent River land-
INES EA eaeceeeseete 12
MARYLAND—Continued.
June-Nov.: Cars.
Potomac River land-
bh a a OE CPE OMCCIICCC 91
July 31-Oct. 2:
Wicomico River land-
AT OS eee tar. wajeemimats 8
Md., State total...... 644
MASSACHUSETTS,
Essex County:
Aug. 1—
WawrenCessueck esse. 1
Suffolk County:
Aug, 1—
BOStOniieseeericaeeces 3
Mass., State total... 4
MICHIGAN.
Bay County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Baya Cit ype teeta te 44
Kent County:
July 14-Sept.—
Diuttonse soar 3
Grand Rapids......... 3
Mason County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 13—
Wudineton=sseeese-eee 10
Monroe County:
Oct.—
Federman..........--- 18
Tae Sab seed Bay. 1
Muskegon County:
July 14—
Muskegoniecerss-eenias 7
Ottawa County—
Aug. 11-25—
Grand Haven.....---- 2
Mich., State total.... 88
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
Aug.—
Minneapolis.........--- 4
Minn., State total.... 4
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
May 29-July 15—
Crystal Springs. ....-.. 771
Gallmanesseearsas-2ee 182
Gatesville: ose sees 22
Georgetown...--.-..--- 12
Hazlehurst=.-c-ace cease 402
Hopewell ee 77
Martinsville...........- 13
ROCK porte) -2-seeeeese 18
AWiGSSON Ses eect eeeeeee 9
Hinds County:
June 2-24—
erryesase saan ee eee 90
Jefferson County:
May 26-June 21—
Hayetteme-saeneeas ones 13
Lincoln County:
June 3-29—
Brookhaven... ......:.- 9
Walthall County:
June 1-27—
Tylertown.....-..2.--- 27
Wilkinson County:
May 31-June 20—
Centerville:ccessescses= 18
Miss., State total..... af
124
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SOLANACEOUS CROPS—Continued.
MISSOURI.
Laclede County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 30—
Novy. 1—
St. Louis City:
June 9-Aug. 24—
Sieelio mise cree
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
Aug. 16-Oct. 20—
ROLUIMDUS) see ese tees
Mount Holly...........
IPembertonyc csc ccne oe
Smithville. cio 227222... -
Cape May County:
Aug.—Sept.—
Goshen.......-. Sean
Cumberland County:
Aug. 2-Nov. 10—
Bridpeton:. 2. assn045-- =
Cedaryille...2 52023562. 2
GIT COM a scee eee 1
Rosenhayn...-.........
South Vineland........
Wineland .. -JS Seer
Gloucester County:
June 30-Sept. 30—
@larksboro! os cece
Mullica Hill.
Richwood. .
Hunterdon County:
Aug. 15-Novy. 15—
|
Flemington............ 15
Mercer County:
Aug. 17-Oct. 14—
Robbinsville.......2... 71
Wardsville so.) odes Sass 1
Middlesex County:
Aug. 9—
Lower Jamesburg...... 1
Monmouth County:
July 21-Oct, 23—
Glifftwoods ase 4
Cream Ridge........... 39
MALOU LOM ess see teense oe 14
resold 2s ester: 27
Keanspurpece toate cane 105
Matawan... 125
Morganville. 1
Redspankss ee eee 21
Ocean County:
Aug. 30-Oct. 14—
New Egypt....--.-..-- 53
Salem County:
July 8-Oct. 16—
Alloway Junction......
Nornia:-. 7 Sea
Palatinez.c: i. beatae
Pedricktowotese cee 95
Penns Grove.....:-.... 44
Woodstown............ 154 |
N..J., State total..... 3,122
NEW MEXICO.
Eddy County:
O
ct.— Cars.
Dayton. oe hee. 2
N. Mex., State total.. 2
NEW YORK.
Cattaraugus County:
Sept. 6-Oct. 12—
Perryspuree cesses eases 6
Chautauqua County:
Aug. 28-Nov.—
IBTOCLONINA-e ee ence ee nee 4
Forestville. ....2....... 5
Previn aio st ae ae ces 1
aon a eee eon 1
IRipleyisecceasomenaoes ate 14
Sheridane Sees ee 1
Silver Creek... ....22.. 5
Smiths eMail ssesee eee 11
Erie County:
July 1-Noy. 11—
AN POlaSeee Ue wee seat 36
IButialoweesae tegen eeeee 2
Harmham eee aes 17
North! Collins# see sea 18
Monroe County:
Aug.—Oct.—
Barnard Sesser 1
HVOCHCSLCL== ee eeeeeeee 8
Nassau County:
Sept. 23-Oct. 17—
Syossetinbecce ees 10
Niagara Oounty:
Sept.—-Nov.—
Mintese i: 3 a asec 10
Gasponte eae eeeee 20
Loe port ctr et atin tela 12
Middleporta= se -eeeeee 2
Ransomville........... 7
IWaISOnS ee ece cee ered 11
Orleans County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Carltonien hiss sccsesie cere 8
Mancher spaces ocean 31
Lyndonville...-.-..2..- 2
Suffolk County:
Sept. 6-Oct. 26—
aurel.c 227. saa 17
Ulster County:
Oct.—
SODUSSeeereeeeeee eens 2
N. Y., State total.... 262
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
Sept.-Oct.—
shtabulacceseemeececs 5
Geneva). 4225. 532552 see 1
Butler County:
Aug. 15-Sept. 22—
West Middletown...... 9
Clermont County:
Aug.—
Ameliguvcterecteececce 4
Cuyahoga County:
July 31-Aug. 2—
Clevélandiaiyene scans 4
Defiance County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 11—
icksyalleles se eee 16
Erie County:
Oct. 5-12—
Sandusky.........-.-.- 1
Franklin County:
July—
Golumbuse cece eeeeee 1
Fulton County:
July-Aug.—
Metamora. .......~-.-2 32
Table 47.—TOMATOES—Continued.
OHIO—Continued.
Hamilton County:
May-Aug.—
Cincinnati... 2.22.22...
Harrison-sceneeeseeeaee
Lake County:
Sept.—Oct.—
Madisone.-ss-cessenase 6
Lucas County:
July 31-Sept. 11—
Olive Street Junction. . 1
Toledorssctrton pe ears
Meigs County:
July—
Rutland o-oo aeee eee 2
Ottawa County:
Sept. 2-Nov.—
a Carmen aces aces eee 1
Seneca County:
Aug. 28-Oct. 18—
Postoria econ ae eeenees
Washington County:
July 17-Oct. 18—
Lowellcss seas eee
13
34
Wood County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
Bloomdaless2ee-eesssee 43
Bowling Green......... 1
Dunbridpelssssemeeene 56
Pemberville.....-2..... 4
Westonk.ccmaceenoeees 89
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
Oct. 14-Nov. 7—
East Portland’... .2 2...
Portland 22-2 es sere
Umatilla County:
Aug. 17—
Freewaters.~.-2tc2ah au 1
Oreg., State total.... 3
me
PENNSYLVANIA.
Beaver County:
Aug.—
Genevalesseessee eee 2
Erie County:
Sept. 25—
Jorth Baste sce. .cegere 2
Lackawanna County:
Aug.—Sept.—
SCranvonts) 2-eeee eee eee aed
Montgomery County:
Aug. 2-Oct. 25—
Norristown)... -2.-2-.<6
Philadelphia County:
July 19-Oct. 31—
Philadelphia...........
Shackamaxon.........
Westmoreland County:
Aug —
Madison)-25>---~ eens 2
York County: 4
July 15-Nov. 30—
Red Lion! sss2sesessee 7
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
125
SOLANACEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 47.—TOMATOES—Continued.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
June 20-Aug. 1— Cars
IBeaiOnpHeaaaereee el. 2
OLi Oval es eee ey L 3
Charleston County:
May 8—June 8—
Charlestonieetee eee 3
Jasper County:
July 10-31—
ideelamdweememe secu 2
8. C., State total..... 10
TENNESSEE.
Crockett County:
June 15-July 25—
Gadsdenmmener iia aera 35
Davidson County:
July 28—_:
INashivillleaeseeeete 1
Gibson County:
June 20-July 29—
ipradiondeeeeeeeeee se. 12
nuivlan dees ee eae eae 60
Gibson... ..- 198
Humboldt 130
Medina enya aeee ns 2 20
UVa cara popes pee sa 156
Lauderdale County:
July 1-Aug. 2—
Galese ean ue ers 8
Tes ee Reale Ll 112
Is OlAhGgeueeedouesauee 3
Madison County:
July 10-18—
JACKSONMS tate ee ree sass 7
Maury County:
Aug. 21-Oct. 3—
Var ime paeome pees 5
Sumner County:
July 1-25— :
Hendersonville......-. 25
Weakley County:
June—
WigiRala yy SCC e eau oeEHBe 24
Tenn., State total.... 796
TEXAS.
Anderson County:
June 10-July 14—
IDNA h Sane a soebeesees 6
ramikstoneecee + see cate 46
ALABAMA.
Baldwin County:
Apr. 19-Sept. 5— Cars.
Bay Minette........... 9)
IROL yee seiccs ce 39
WOXIOVIe ee see eis liek 3
Silverhill yayen hee 5
Covington County:
May 2-Dec. 31—
PATI GAIUS Meteo ciao snie.e 4
Cullman County:
Aug. 12-Sept. 25—
Calman eres sis 6
Hale County:
June 14—
PNET OME cic eos talons 1
TEX AS—Continued.
Cameron County:
May 24-June 6— Cars
Brownsville........... 2
IRAKG LE WohaoKor ys HUI 8 3
SanvBenitoe esac 7
Chambers County:
June 1-July 15—
Stowelleco yyy eee, 7
Cherokee County:
June 1-July 9—
Alto..... Sate ee ee 218
Craftie. seal See 64
Dialvilloss ee aaseeees 88
Gallatin 74
Jacksonville: fsseeas 297 |
May dellese teh ceeny 24
Mts Selman sgn ey 39
Pomtan vee yaaa Ne 12
TRUSTe) Ue ae re of 28
Dallas County:
June l-Aug.—
Dallaseeie Sak ee eee ae 9
Dimmit County:
May 10—
Carrizo Springs........ 4
Mongtomery County:
May 24-June 21—
Wallis}hs (22a inant 29
Nacogdoches County:
June 15-29—
Nacogdoches....-....-.. 3
SACUIE hae Ae ee 9
San Patricic County:
May 22-June 7—
Arkansas Pass......... 1B
Smith County:
June-July—
Lim Ge eee 67
Ty ericge es Sah he Gee 77
White House..-...-... 17
Tarrant County:
July 22-Sept. 29—
Mortewionthinnsuee eee as 6
Walker County:
June 5-18—
Modgesc cee es 6
Tex., State total..... 1, 153
UTAH.
Boxelder County:
Sept. 28-Oct. 16—
Brigham pases enti 4
Utah County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 2—
‘PROVO RR eee eee eee 3 |
TUBER CROPS.
UTAH—Continued.
Weber County:
Aug. 30-Dec, 5- Cars.
Ogdeniss eae ae te 46,
HO Vperstscnente eee 1]
West Weber........... 3
Utah, State total..... 67
VIRGINIA.
Campbell County:
Nov. 2-20—
Weesvillewe ce Pease 3
Elizabeth City County:
June 20-July 27—
Old Point Comfort .... 22
Norfolk County:
July 3-Aug. 19—
Norfolketeeeeeteeeseccs
Roanoke County:
Sept. 15-Oct. 6—
Starkeys.ssuecee secre 4
York County:
July 26-Aug. ;
Worktownlee ce --csessee
Aug. 1-Oct. 3;
Piankatank
TN ES ace os eee ee oes
June-Noy.:
Potomac
LTS Te a alent Ne
June-Sept. 7:
Rappahannock River
landingsteersnesnen cae
Va., State total......
i)
or
WASHINGTON.
Yakima County:
Aug. 4-Sept. 1—
North Yakima.........
WikipatOescesemaeem nea.
may
Wash., State total...
(oe)
WEST VIRGINIA.
Morgan County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 30—
iFancockene sco eee 7
W. Va., State total... 7
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES.
ALABAM A—Continued.
Mobile County:
Apr.—Dec. 31— rCars.
Dawes see Peet OR ee 18
GrandyB aye aes 5
Irvine tome goes See 2
Mobilexcaseimees ee sonee 63
StyHlmowe jaeaaeeeeae 6
Semmes Neceee sees 1
TRA COTE Ao BNI eae 14
Theodoresscceeeeeeeee. 27
Sumter County:
May 10-Sept. 15—
MODke ese aati 16
Ala., State total...... 215
| ARIZONA.
Coconino County:
Maricopa County:
June-A pr.—
Glendalextuseesas eee
| ARKANSAS.
Ashley County:
May 25-July 1—
| Portland eae eee eae
| Chicot County:
| June 10—
| PUG OLA eee eee 1
oo
126
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
ARKANSAS—Continued.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Clark County: Imperial County:
June 10-July 10— Cars. Feb. 23-May 19— Cars
Arkadelphia........... 2 | Brawley)-- «<eeossaecee 1
Columbia County: Controls tseesenae was 1
July 10— Kern County:
MACTIOU Asp coe Sac 2 cece 1 June 6-July 24—
Crawford County: Bakersfield... ...-.-- 8
June 6-30— Shaiter.--<o52c5 anak 16
7 ALT 33 es eee 30 Strader./-..s4aeeeous cae 1
MIN Ra 3 soos es ont een ge 6 | Lassen County:
Franklin County: Oct. 24—Nov. 23—
June 15-July 7— Omirbis tans en Saas 3
Branch ssa. -cscccee css 6 Wendels-c tos cese tee 1
Gharleston-es eee oe 23 | Los Angeles County:
White Oake. . 22/07: 2) Apr.—Jan.— ;
Jackson County: ATCACIA se. cos .ateee cee 128
Julv— Baldwin Park..-.....-.. 66
INGWDOIG=- <3 eee 2 IBassetitcn: 26 opes nates 7
Jefferson County: Central Avenue........ 1
June 10-Dec. 20— Cigremonte eps aaeeee es 1
ROD UROY +5 eee seen 18 } Compton 2 seen 21
Johnson County: DOWNe VE ce ne naomi 10
June 28— HT Montene eee es 80
rartman =. ee tos ie 1 EIS eBtinid ONS eeeee sees 1
Lincoln County: NIOLENCO eu aecee eee 122
June 10-Dec. 20— Gardenaetnnenenrreee 1
Warner: jocec cee ee 6 Hobarti cee seas seks 3
Logan County: Inwind ales saa2 sas 30
June 6-July 7— Kester Junction. ...... 1
Booneville............. 25 Los Angeles.......-... 146
IPatis Mae eos een 2 Marion: 6 ota iees ie 25
Lonoke County: MOnTOmaTe eens 19
June-A pr.— IN OT Wall key ae alee ee 1
TGONOK Ces ace sense 12 Owensmouth.........- 17
Miller County: Rasadenae--eeceeeener 1
June 1— PICO nook aeons 4
Mexarkana- oo. 55- 2 ROMOn gee eee eee EEE 1
Mississippi County: LEN TEs scien woe 36
June 8-22— ISO B sean ena : 16
Osceola esses esose es 4} Rowland - 2212-12 1
NWVaISOM ies soe icmeioe 3 San Gabriel............ 14
Pulaski County: shin Leteshto)= 3595865505. 68
June 26— Sauguss se ei ateeeee 2
Wiexander- 2260. 2t5. 1 | Sylmar eae eee eee 21
St. Francis County: | Morrance seen eeneae ae 5
June-Apr.— TTOPICOL ee eae Gane 4
RorestiCityess2--22sc- 2 Weta INA Se Ssongacdsn0r 59
Sebastian County: Watts s:, ee eek 26
May 31-Mar. 31— Madera County:
Barliniesre te eee =< 12 Jan. 13-Apr. 3—
Bonanza: sess a <= 17 Chowchilla teens eae 10
LiMn ar) sycothne ia a es 313 | Modoc County:
Greenwoodis2 =o. cs. 13 Oct. 31-Dec. 31—
Hackettrecc.s ~sreencet 4 ATGOras eee ea cee eae 1
Huntington........... 2 Davis Creek. .......... 4
avy ACA seetts t o eeie 12 | Monterey County:
LOD oop F Te eee 10 | Aug. 5-Dee. 30—
Union County: Blanco eo seo eee seeces 13
May 25-July 1— Chialars-e es ers. 1
DOLE Oreeeeacee cee 3 Salinas eccceserace 8
Spreckelsen so esa il
Ark., State total..... 537 | Orange County:
os Apr —Jan.—
CALIFORNIA. Anaheim ie. 22% Sekt 25
Buena banka ssee poe 28
Alameda County: | HMullertoneo ee eee 7
June-Mar.— Garden Grove......... 23
AISMBOAS jc sone sae a | La Habrass ee 2
Oaklands sor esa 16 Placentia. cee shee 6
Contra Costa County: Richheld sos 5 peer 1
July-Jan.— San Juan Capistrano... 1
ANTIOCH EC eee eae 12 eanta Ana ues eee 2
OTFWOOdE a see ee ee 123 | Stanton Junction...... 1
Eldorado County: | West Anaheim. ..-.... 23
Noy. 20-Feb. 22— Winterburg-22) sons 3
Camino... ape ace 2 | Placer County:
Fresno County: |} Nov. 11—
May 13-Dec. 8— Penryn) cc) oe se eee 1
Burkhead) -ssseeee 1 | Riverside County:
TOSNO soe = cate io ee 2 May 29-Nov. 15—
atone’: Seo aces 1 Beaumontesss-sescnees 1
Minklers23 2-32 =. cacce 32 PerriS. see 28
Nanpers.. ote cso 2! Temecula.......... S50c 7
CALIFORNTA—Continued.
Sacramento County:
June-May—
BIVaS. x. o< <5. See
Sacramento. ...-.....
San Bernardino County:
June 12-Dec. 18—
Alta Lonia= \jeesseese= 1
Coltoniscee- soa 1
Cucamonga : 5
Del Rosas 2) See 3
2
2
San Francisco County:
‘ June-May—
San Francisco. ........ 1,008
San Joaquin County:
June-May—
Holt.35. 2 Se ee
Middle River...22.22-:
Stocktonss=- sees eee
San Mateo County:
Apr. 26-June 15—
Colma: - Se Eee
Santa Barbara County:
Feb. 14-Nov. 6—
Guadalupe-. -....22..2
OMpocseesaeeeeeeeeee
Santa Barbara.........
Santa Clara County:
July 25-Dec. 9—
Quito: ee eee ii:
Santa Cruz County:
July—Apr.—
tt
ADPtOS!\ssccset cesen ones 1
Watsonvilles eee 113
Shasta County:
Oct. 28—
Avid ersonsss2 eee eneee 1
Siskiyou County:
Nov. 10—
Hornbrouk= = eeeseeeeee 1
Sonoma County:
Nov. 4-Dee. 13—
Sebastapol...-.2....1.: 9
Stanislaus County:
Aug. 16—
Turlocka soo eee eee 1
Sutter County:
June 22-Dec. 16—
Yuba City seen
Tulare County:
June 22-Aug. 1—
Cutler. (52220 - eee 1
Visaliasccecsee essere 1
Yolo County:
July—
Kiesol: -cesceeceeneenee 1
Yuba County:
June-Apr.—
Marysville............. 5
Rid:Ososemeeee eres 4
Cal., State total...... 7, 605
COLORADO.
Adams County:
Oct. 2-Nov. 18—
Brightonsseeesere ser z
Hazeltinee seer -ceeee= = 5
Alamosa County:
Aug. 25-Nov. 3—
Alamosal..seceeseeattes 9
Hooperse-=ssseeeeeaee 22
Archuleta County:
Oct. 12-Dec. 16—
Pagosa Springs. .-....-- 6
Cheyenne County:
Oct. 21-Feb. 16—
Kat Carsone seeseesenee 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
COLORADO—Continued.
Conejos County:
Aug.-May— Cars.
PATIUOMICOR eee eiae cia. - 23
VOMeOR se cee o ts 28
Delta County:
Sept. 1-Jan. 1—
ISTE E iste a eisc' 2 45
Doltae eee Sees le 424
OMIA eee ee 4
Denver County:
July 14-June 19—
Denverrssssesse sels. 33
Eagle County:
Aug. 31-May 18—
PASVOMM oobi ees isis ss 65
BS ASaTt ye saints o' 141
APIO Mes eee 334
Roum os a oe a Seen 9
VOSUMReP eee neues 94
WICC NCCE ae Ssoaneatere 1
StateiBridge: i502 5 222: 1
SVVOLCOLTR ene certs Sete 4
Elbert County:
Oct. 27-Nov. 15—
Hl beRt eee ae cetecte 3
Garfield County:
Sept. 15-Feb. 10—
Carbondale uss. 2.2. - 879
War Gay HAs spe LES 13
Glenwood ounes is eae 16
GrandeValleysassc=--- 45
INewcastleseecsec. sci 130
UGS Cae GGacareaueeee 114
Silt aa aes see 82
Hinsdale County
ay 5—
WakkeiG@itiyeres sac sees 1
Jefferson County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 20—
imerGrovercnacec. 2... 4
Kit Carson County:
Nov. 1-18—
Siebenbeepeecsceeccecce 4
Lake County:
Oct. 21-23—
IAN VAMIS eset teinia eine 2
La Plata County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 31—
ID UNAM S ONE arte ee 10
Larimer County:
Oct.—Apr. 26—
Hort Collins =). 52-25: 30
Lincoln pounty: .
Nov. 24—
NETRN OTE eae anicjecieielele 2
Logan County:
Dec.-May—
IRWEWASS Gobue cadbodoneed 1
Sberling see ayscemeccsie = 5
Mesa County:
Sept. 9-Apr.—
@) 18Xsonte Sa daoeseases 6
TIE Sse ohecsssoseaeee 45
NEO Nets sole atcfolorsiasic'= il
WhO 2 (Aes Ses ebesseee 2
ISAC Ges - ss cicisis cle t's 2
Moffat County:
Dec.-Feb.—
TEATS Sapo b OSU OBOOBBS 6
Montezuma County:
Oct. 5-Dec. 3—
Dolores 21
Mancos 3
Montrose County:
Aug. 22-June 13—
@imarrone sass. 1s 15
IMOnbTOSOH e:3< 2 -\< <\cciei-- = 679
Ole - os a egeeesasese 522
Morgan County:
Sept. 18-Mar.—
nun. sscasepeeaeuces 19
Fort Morgan.......---- 8
Goodricheet ne. acces m= 2
COLOR ADO—Continued.
Morgan County—Contd.
Sept. 18-Mar.— Cars.
Oxchardee eee eee cee 10
Sry. der ee eeeeces saucers 2
Weldon ao, ieee a. 2
Ouray County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 25—
Ito Een secedeneanes 11
Phillips County:
May 12-13—
EOlyOkee eee acenee eine 2
Pitkin County:
Oct.-_May—
(ASPENS cis jer criciweatnercee 9
Pueblo County:
July—Dee.—
Ruleblomecaiteasceecects 4
Rio Grande County:
Aug. 25-Jan. 9—
ID eClIN Orbea seseceices 288
Montesvasta sa sueeeece 1,723
Routt County:
Oct.-Feb.—
DeeriParke sess 1
Ela Gene p tee one 10
Milena eee a 2
OalaCreekstaeeaeneees 3
Side yee ees 22
Steamboat Springs % 3
Tap Pens she aes et 1
Saguache County:
Aug. 22-Nov. 13—
Centers cos ste eee 118
Mineral Hot Springs... 1
Sedgwick County:
Sept.-Feb.—
Jules burese see sere meets 40
Ovid Ee 10
Sedgwick aise ore soe 2
Teller County:
Oct. 27-Nov. 2—
1D rinse Veale ai 2 ee te 2
Woodland Park...-..-. 2
Weld County:
Aug. 31-June 20—
ISAC REMI la ET eden 741
Cleverly ae 200
Crest ee eles ae ae 3
IOP AO A a yt wee 1,267
Gale tone yes Sen eke 206
Gilerests ss 2 season ae 14
Cr Degg a oh Ia 116
Gowand ae 222 eae 3
Greeleyae eles cases 708
GTOVETA ne eens 26
ardina sere 6
Hungerford me 1
Johnstownete-s-oeeeeee 2
TREO ta NS eae 1
Kiersey ise see etc aac 183
Tua Salone eae te ee 58
Mecerme ss aasoeseeee eee 3874
upton eeseeeeess 1
Mastersacanncscesaceeee 1
Mien dint ore erro ces 1
PICTCO 4, oo eee wee 149
Severance. - =. .2- 2205 314
WAS ORS meee ee 18
Additional shipments
Intboxicarsesueeesee
Yuma County:
Nov. 2—
NH 6 Ra ae Sap ee cae 1
Colo., State total. .... 11, 028
CONNECTICUT.
Hartford County:
Oct. 11-Nov. 19—
East Windsor.......-- 1
Sutiield ase acces 1
CONNEC
Litchfield County:
Aug. 24-May 13—
New Pre aon
Tolland iCouuity:
Oct. 11-29—
Ellington
Conn., State total... .
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Aug. 10-Nov.—
Hartly ssa8025 Let
Way ODI eee eee
New Castle County:
July—A pr.—
Midd CtOWI wecaeee ee
Townsendr sss. sees ee
Sussex County:
July 1-Mar. 8—
Bridgevillesesesaseeene
Cannon... sae. 25 2S
Delmar << --cggeee O52 2.
Frankford....... Ae
Georgetown bor
nee BE RAE ROR One Eae
Seaford BS St oe PS EOBEE
Del., State total.-.--..
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Wannee!.3 02-222 0ss5. 2
May 19-31—
Clay County:
May 9-17—
@rangePark.... 2-21 ee
De Soto County:
May 6-20—
Fort Green Springs. .--
Wauchula... 2222222
Duval County:
Apr.—Nov. 18—
lorida Transfer .-...---
Jacksonville.....------
South Jacksonville... -.-
Hillsborough County:
ores f
ING Re) Pa ee oesee Soe oS
Levy County:
May 13-23—
mlliStone sees ceseses
Marion County:
May 29-Nov. 2—
Agithony---- = 2=- =e
Okiswahateocss esse oc
127
STICUT—Continued.
mich
i
iy
_
WH DEHN ONRRONIOORAIN SD
_
iS]
=
sn
10
35
To)
Bon
128
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
FLORID A—Continued.
Orange County:
May 20-25— Cars.
Oakland. shes. sete.
Onlando ee ceeenet aac 11
Polk County:
May 18-June 3—
IBantOWeoeseecdacesn cic 8
GHicorisee cane eeees 1
HGAKOIANG! so. oes so ctecas = 6
Putnam County:
abr r.—June 1—
BOSLWICK emo sceec ss ane ll
Crescent City ....-----. 10
East Palatka.......... 153
Federal Point........-. 132
Orange Mills..... pee 53
Palat kawe ie Boe 3
An MaLeo see seoece ees 4
St. Johns County:
Apr.—May—
Armstrong......------- 37
IBAVAld oes 5 pe cesar 1
Bunnell. oo ea sease2 24
DiTPONt. nae sees 54
IASG LOCOl=e= s- scant 50
Mikton 2 22 oe esse ees 347
WSPANOla senses see 9
ETASEIN PS cco eet e sees 757
caer Et opmiicceleei :
St. “eae Wey seme e 11
St. Johns Park 1
Spuds see. eo eee 42
Melvineton.-s2 5) sess. 50
Seminole County:
Apr.—May 31—
Santord=o=. ees lee 7
Fla., State total...-.. 2,004
GEORGIA.
Bryan County:
ee ‘
ays Station.......... 2
Chatham County:
Mar.—Feb.—
PAVANN Asses ee 83
Grady County:
Apr.-May—
CRiTO Rea eceees sess 23
Calyanyeenes coe eee 1
sa ee County:
Apr.—
Thomasville........... 3
Tift County:
Mar. 14—
Tifton’. |: s-nicatiensoes este 1
Wayne County:
Mar. 14—
Nahuntas- cose seeeee 1
Ga., State total.....-. 114
IDAHO.
Ada County:
Feb. 19—
IBOISS stance sescaeoeeke 2
Merigianijts cet eee ee 1
Adams County:
Nov. 20-31—
Council’. 22 see so ones 2
Bannock County:
Oct. 21-Mar. 16—
DOWDGY.25. ose seas aoe 19
Oxiord ese eos eee ee 1
ROCHLBUOS oe sees ore 13
Bear Lake County:
Oct. 18-May 25—
Montpelier............. 2
IDAHO—Continued.
Bingham County:
Sept. 11-June 16— Cars
Aiherdeenivccesecceene 9
Blackfootaee cscs esas 653
rth es Ae eee 318
Wor tHallessy ses ee 1
Pinpreer sone e teense 8
Shelleyacee esos 944
Stenlingeés se scm nans 11
ardent ues er ee 1
Blaine County:
May 6-11—
MOOL6L 2. nen nee 2
Bonneville County:
Aug. 25-June 13—
MUG 1G seat are ys, eae Bey Riel 4
VidahowWallsiatsseeaseos 2,091
ODDS Se eee 64
Lincolneaeen eee ae 1
Wicorineecrr eke eee 299
Canyon County:
Aug. —Apr. 9—
Caldwell ea ereeens 227
niblanid see eneme secs
Nam paar tee tanes 2
New paimieaen SEESASHE 2
INO tUIS Seer see ene 4
PANT eee ee ne 2
Payettesce eee ae eens 10
Cassia County:
Sept. 19-May 26—
Burle yeas chee coe eee ce 282
Marshfielden assess see 60
Franklin County:
Oct. 6-25—
iphelidtinges scessees see = 1
Garnerns ee eee 1
Prestoneos ae eee cers 2
Wrestonieg ase e ee 4
Fremont County
Oct.—Mar.—
A Shton shennan nee es 2
Sie eAnthonyeeeseere sce 10
Gooding County:
Noy.-June 8—
Goodimespere sss eee 8
Wendelliqgge eo tae 21
Idaho County:
Nov. 4-29
Grangeville-:....----.- 2
Jefferson County:
Sept. 19-May 31—
INAS Seren aarate os 2
TGOLENZON ee aes 45
Menian: ees iiesiuly te 53
Rigby peo e Meeeees 189
Robertssee een. 21
Kootenai County:
Noy.-June—
Coeur d’Alene.........- 1
A et 0 0 a a Se 4
PostiWallsseeceeee see 3
Latah County:
Oct. 26—Dec. 14—
Deary si eekeen cs Sere 3
Genesees eee 2
Kendrickteniieneee see 1
Kennedy Ford 2
MOSCOW: Sot eee 8
RG ULAt CH Ene eee 3
Princetonsets see. 1
Massar< 350. 200 tae 1
Wellesleysun oie ses cee oe 2
Lemhi County
Oct. 21—
Salmon! -c-e sect eee 1
Lewis County:
Oct. 28—
INGZSPErCessstese eee ae 1
Lincoln County:
j Nov.-Apr. 23—
WW1etrICh >. fe ee eee eee 11
JeLomiol se eee eee 32
IDAHO—Continued.
Madison County:
Oct.-Apr.— Cars
Rexburg. 2... ceseeeeee
Ririe:-23s- 2b oe 34
Dhormtonse sy weeereeees 23
Victor eater 1
ac County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Eden sss ve cena 40
Hazelton’..ccneeeee eee 6
Hey bum sees sese ose 13
Minidokaeesteeecceeeee 9
Rupperteseoeeseeeeeees 198
Nez Perce County:
July 24—Nov. 24—
Culdesac.< 23) 4s5 seer 3
Lewiston.) 20. aseaete 4
Oneida County:
Oct. 21-Nov. 7—
Owyhee County:
Nov.-Jan.—
Homedaler-seeeesee nae 10
Shoshone County
Mar. 14—
Wallace: ci .veses. oboe 1
Twin Falls County:
July 28-June 9—
46
261
Hansen: aes) aoe 37
Kam berlyceeeeeeeeeeee 154
Murtauphieeeesses = see 44
Tewin.i'a 1SSeeee eee 434
Washington County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 6—
Weisers. 20s. teen cece 5
Idaho, State total.... 6,808
ILLINOIS.
Adams County:
June 12-Dec. 18—
Quincy... 22a esse 14
Alexander County:
July-May—
Cairo; 24 cecks saeeneple 12
Bureau County:
Jan. 26-May 18—
Kasbeels a. sees eee 2
¢ Princeton.......-.2.-.. 2
Cook County:
July—June—
Blue Island......- Lee/585
Chicagoy-coe~eseeeee 105
Franklin Park 3
Morton Grove.....--.-- 4
Norpauleeeeseesseeeeee 92
South Holland..-....-.-- 5
Fayette County:
Oct. 22—
Vandaliaice.-s-es+= erie 1
Fulton County:
Oct.—
Canton 2] seer qe 1
Kankakee County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 2—
Wichertee-csee-eee aes 2
Knox County:
Nov.—Jan.—
Galesburg. ....---.---- 8
La Salle County:
May 12—
Mendotas!:---=+- eer 1
Lee County:
Oct. 16-May 6—
AmpDOyeseeee ese eee 1
Scarboro.......-.------ 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
129
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
ILLINOIS—Continued.
Madison County:
June 1-Sept. 4— Cars.
PAS HOM ee eee) 2
Edwardsville.-........ 59
HULU Gee ae eager cies ete cals 2
INameOkibeeecmeeoe seal. 87
Morgan County:
Dee.—Jan.—
Jacksonville. .......... 3
Ogle County:
May 8-June 3—
HEV aye VUES teveee sees oye
Keine Steerer riae sane LT
Peoria County:
Sept. 24-Mar. 23—
ROOT are ee etc 12
Perry County:
Dec. 16—
DUOMO Meese eee le 1
Pulaski County:
May 3-Julv 1—
Grand Chain..........-. 1
RedeBude ae erry 3
Putnam County:
av 17—
IPOD TS Coa w ee ey 1
St. Clair County:
June 21-Nec. 31—
Noe
Fast St. Louis:.......2. 30
Hreeburg.. ees 51
Sangamon County:
June 21—
Williamsonville........ 1
Stark County:
June 21-July 1—
Castle fons meunn ange! 2
Stephenson County:
May 3i—
German Valley. -.-.-.... 1
Whiteside County:
July-May—
Ome ee 52
3
1
Sterling (Rock Falls)..
Will County:
Oct. 11-Apr. 25—
VOlictas aes seewaeneee 7
Winnebago County:
June 8-July 20— i
HVOCIS ONG ee memeseen cet
Ill., State total....... 1,293
i)
no
INDIANA.
Allen County:
Sept.—Jan.—
BATCOLA rete 252) 1
Fort Wayne. ......-2.- 12
Grail oe 1
Benton County:
Sept.-Nov.—
WECGIR SOSA CR ae Beeeme 2
Blackford County:
~Sept.—
artiordyCityesess csc. 1
Carroll County:
Mar. 24-Apr. 27—
Gamdenie eau rn
INO Ses ess sBe cone
Cass County:
Apr. 20-June 23—
OLANSPOLt Mess sales cee 2
Clark County:
July 28-Aug. 24—
He On
Jeffersonville.......... 5
Clinton County:
ov.—
ENossvalleweence see ee 1
44215°—18—Bull. 66
INDIAN A—Continued.
Dekalb County:
Oct.-May— fi
AT DUTY Ee oe eeeee eee 42
Wistula se Saye ae
iWalzarisaasseea ines
Floyd County:
Sept. 9-Nov. 22—
New Albany...........
Fountain County:
Apr.—
PNA Wap er Sie yaits CO 1
Fulton County:
Apr. 27-May 25—
Kewannas: i ceseeccnce 7
Grant County:
Aug.—June—
G2
(>)
a
Ss:
oO
B
'
OheR eho
op)
is)
n
e)
Ee
et
~
a
a
Howard County:
Dec.-Jan.—
FRO KOMO a Ses we paeeere 3
Jackson County:
Oct.-Dec.—
SOVMOUT Ae ese eee 2
Jefferson County:
pr.—
IMiaidiSOmie ye ise eens as 2
Kosciusko County:
Mayv—
Bina Greens. ss.e ee 2
Lake County:
Dec.—Mar.—
East Chicago.....2....-
Hammonds) se -.eeeee
orn w
iS)
nan
ay
©
e
=|
‘
'
:
:
'
an
bai Crosseseseesen cee
Milli Creekenc se
Stillwelleesas eae
Union Center.........-
Union Millst2: Secs
Wianatah oc sescee eee
NW IES Uva eiayenee eee eine
Madison County:
Dec.—
WOO sees saseeeeeee
Marshall County:
Oct._May—
Bourbons Sesser eae
—
SW R WOR ROW oO
i
Blymouth\s nee eens
Meegardentenseeanascee
Tym Ones seataec eee ae
Miami County:
Oct.—
Converse.....--.-- Ce Pee 1
Montgomery County:
Apr.—
Waynetown..-.-.2..-- 1
Newton County:
Dec.—
IMOTOCCOM esse ee se eee 1
7 9
Doe De Ore
INDIAN A—Continued.
Noble County:
Dec.— Cars.
Kendallville..........- 4
WaiOLtO: ssse ee coe sone 2
Porter County:
Nov.-Apr.—
CODUTE Rs eoaeeseaseiee 3
Wa lParaisO: cesses ceeee 7
Pulaski County:
Apr.—
Denhaniseean. epee see 1
Winemactecwes sees = i
Randolph County:
Sept.—Apr.—
iRidgevillese-ssneeeeee 3
St. Joseph County:
Aug.—June—
Crumstown...........-
ibakevilletsseseeee eee
Zz
°o
=
=a
|
i=]
[ory
n
[>]
=
Reo
Warren County:
Mar.-May—
West Lebanon........-
Williamsport.........-
Wayne County:
Sevt.—June—
Richmond ssssessse soe 10
White County:
Sepnt.-Dec. 9—
mb
ee
Whitley County:.
Jan. 5-May 22—
Churubuscols. 2 eeseceer 2
Collinshtete eee sseeeeee 2
Columbia City. .......- 9
Ind., State total.....-
IOWA.
Allamakee County:
Noyv.—
Waukon Junction.....-
Benton County:
Nov.—
BelleyPlainese---- acces 1
Blackhawk County:
Oct.-Nov.—
IWiaterloOseececaseeeees
Boone County:
Nov.—May—
BOonee A Goes See eees
Madrid
Buchanan County:
Mar. 11—
Rowley..cree cece ncoe 1
Buena Vista County:
Oct.-Nov.—
i
bo
Or
id
<4
po
my
sv
cot
=e
°
i=}
'
'
'
‘
'
‘
’
'
'
hm bo or
Sioux Rapids........--
Butler County:
May —
BIIStOWAceea 5 eee
te
a
ioe)
4
S
'
‘
'
Doe He
‘
130 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
TOW A—Continued. IOW A—Continued. } 10 WA—Continued.
Carroll County: Hamilton County: Scott County:
Oct. 10-May 16— Cars. Sept.-Apr.— Cars. Sept._May— Cars.
ATCAUI ee on cea eset 2 BIBINS DUTP es eee eee 1 Davenport............. 9
S\N | Dae eee ae 4 Stratiordemeceoseesmeree 1 Dixons. jase aces 1
BIN N cece ec atte 3 Webster City........... 6 Donahtienaaavseuscseee 1
MANTING 22 cate saeo= 9 | Harrison County: Fldridge Junction. .... 5
Cedar County: Aug. 25-Sept. 9— Walcott ho ss2aaeepeees 5
Apr. 28— OTSON en cee cee nes Oe ee 4 | Sioux County:
Benue l ses saseae == 1 | Howard County: Nov.-Apr.—
Cerro Gordo County: Oct.—Mar.— : Alton 24323 2
Oct. 31-Nov. 21— CreSCOe ssa. mac cece eee 1 Boyden: s.2:e-e eee 1
Mearioakescsecoscoce 1 iD) Neck eens ee eee 1 Hawarden-a..loseeeees 6
Dourherty...---.--.-.- 1 Lime Springs.......... 2 THe eee aas ee eeee i
Mason City.+.-==-<25-- 3 | Ida County: Tretonn : eae eee 3
Ventura. os accsssele es 1 Oct.-Apr.— Perkins se s=eeeeee LE ee pan
Cherokee County: Galvan. sos sae 1 Rock Valley............ 2
May 15— Holsteinnsceeeoceeceeee 2 | Story County:
LANG Ra Sao 1 | Jackson County: Oct.-Apr.—
Chic’*-asaw County: Oct.-Dec.— AMOS Jo. 0.555. ate 4
Oct.— Maquoketa. ......-...- 1 Collings :3352- 48a ee i
Bassethacwans sseec ee cee 1 7, WiDSle sac jan eee eee 1 Colo. eee eee 1
TONG Soe esisacsceer sere 1 | Jones County: Maxwells. uheenoaee 1
New Hampton......... 1 Oct.-—May— Slater: josh. sages 3
Clay County: Center Junction........ 2 Story Cityeeeeceet ene 1
Nov.-May— Martetle:) 32.2 aes: 1] Tama County: -
SVC ee see aA eo 4 | Kossuth County: Oct.-Apr.—
Clayton County: Oct.—_Dec. 20— J Chelsea sles eee scene 1
Dec.— Algona::= 352222 Sages 2 Garwill= eee eeeeeee ee 2
MCGIELODe ene aaeaccee 2 Duvermesi.. cesta 7 Potter/ss-sssssna seen 1
Clinton County: Wesleyercvnccscteeene 1 Tamas. vase seeceeeeeee 2
Dec.-May— Whittemore. .........: 1 | Wapello County—
Calamus=oee--e-—= eee 1 | Linn County: Nov.-Feb.— :
Chutonses--oeeae eee 9 Sept.-De>.— Ottumwasssceseeeoeeee
Grand Mound.......-.. 1 Cedar Rapids....-..-.. 20 | Wayne County:
Tivos es Soe en eee 1} Lyon County: Oct.-Nov.—
Crawford County: “Apr. 8-28— Sewali . 3.3332 eRe 1
Oct. 10-18— AL VONd sa scisscesceeeeee 1 SeyIMNOutee- sesso eee 1
West: Side-.....s-oseea2 2 George. 12. coer 1 | Webster County:
Dallas County: Mahaska Cony Oct.—
Dec.-May— Jan.— ! i 1
TAG bx eaacioe seeeeee sae 2 iLakontac---eeeeene eee 4 ig 1
DGS OLOlss enone seas 2 | Marshall County: Winnebago County:
lb bitel gas ie at ee 1 Oct.— Mar.—
POrh atte cc tee neon ae 1 Rhodes etc 526 o-eseene ft Dake Millsse eee eeete 1
Redfield. <2. oe. 1 | Mitchell County: Winneshiek County:
WV AIK ERs oon roe 3 Oct.-June— Oct.—
Delaware County: Carpenters=s.ssseeeeeee 8 Ridgeway. .-....-..--- 1
Oct.— Mitchell2 os aececehseeee 5 | Woodbury County:
Oneidareies-Sescee eee if Osageriee Ne ecceeeens 6 Aug.-June—
Des Moines County: Otrantoss in eee 12 Salix 7s seam 1
Nov.— SteAmspars saat ee 77 Sergeant Bluff-...-.... 35
Burlinvton............. 1 optenvilleseeee eases 21 Sioux Center.:...---.-. 6
Dic’inson County: Monona County: Siouix: City-seaeeeeeeeee 128
Apr.— Sept 14-20— ; Sloans2. -. 22s aoe ee 2
Spirit Lake............ 1 Blencoe y | Worth County:
Dubuque County: Whiting Ae eae OEE IN 2 May—
Dece.-June— PENG Sate ha gees ean Hanlontown.......---- 3
DTDUOIG eee eee 15 | Muscatine County: Wright County:
Grafasessis iyi ee? 2) Nov— Oct.-A pr.—
Worthington..........- 1 Wilton. ...-.........-- 1 WaglelGroveee ee eeeeee 4
Emmet County: O’Brien County:
Oct.— Deo.—Apr.— Towa, State total... .. 645
RAiNgSled. enone a eee 1 Sheldone-yae come ees 7 ==
Fayette County: F Osceola County: KANSAS.
Sept. 28— — Apr. 25-May 19—
West Unione. s3s--.5 1 felvin.... g | Atchison County:
Floyd County: i aaa Re eT Sept. 16-Noy. 3—
Oct.-Jan.— Palo Alto County: (Atchison -eweee seeeeeee 8
Wharles\Cityes-so2a.--- g} Dec—Apr.— Cowley County:
Fremont County: Emmetsburg.-.-.....-- 2 Aug. 4—
Oct. 13-Nov. 1— Pocahontas County: Winfield Bese onioe -booo 1
iverconer sss seen rre 2 Yov.— Douglas County:
a ee Af tng her- pis alee he 1 FOnda ere ete 1 AUB. Peat 19— rai
xreene County: -C we Sudora
244 26-Nov.— uae erie Lawrence 77
PRULOA seen eer saat 1 Des Mojnes 11 | Franklin County:
GOO DBe ce oe econ eee 1 ; Wits Shite Ooi Aug. 17-19—
Grand Junction........ 1 | Pottawattamie County: Ottawa ssa 3
AOMGrOON es. See ae 2| Aug.—Dec.— Jefferson County:
Grundy County: Council Bluffs. ..--.--- 8 | Feb. 19-25—
Oct.-Mar.— Sac County: | Grantvilles 2 p-ssse emacs 14
Gontante seers mene 2 Oct.— Newitatl-s-senemeeeees 6
Grundy Center......... 26 Barly ces rene eee 1 | POUry 2. . oo eee eee 72
Weollsburgcs>-eoese toes 1 LsytLoT ees see es 2 Williamstown. .-...--- 50
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continucd.
13]
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued,
KANSAS—Continued.
Johnson County:
Aug. 28-July 6— Cars.
IDEISOLO MMe eiecne oc 160
Olathe er 1
WA ere ee. 84
ZENE SS CAS SoS SASEeseae 1
Kearny County—
July 22-Aug. 11—
eae Veer eeess hc 3
Kingman County:
Oct. 1-16—
Cunningham..........- 2
Leavenworth County:
Aug. 31-May—
Leavenworth.........- 4
Wenapemecsetesne si! | 31
Ibphaiyooro ns oon Dae 93
Logan County:
Oct. 17—
Oakleyenscteccss ss oc. 1
Marshall County:
Jan. 24-Apr. 5—
IS ORLLICM em Wane ms asl! 1
Marysville............. 1
Mitchell County:
May 12—
IB Clolitemes see ee ec 1
Pawnee County:
Oct. 19—
arnedeayye etn 1
Pottawatomie County:
Dee:-Apr. 6—
SuyGeorgerse neo... ! 1
Wainer om saat aee sey 88
Reno County:
July 7-Aug. 9—
Eitchinsoneeeee ss: 14
Saline County:
Oct. 28-Jan. 18—
Sel bhad re Ss ae Caron 2
Shawnee County:
July 1-Apr. 6—
TEE 0) So AC bo ea a
North Topeka. ........ 17
vOSsvlleteeeaeee ce cee 1
Mecwumseh eae ae 9
Mopelkawse oe saeeenss 367
Wabaunsee County:
Aug. 18-23—
Wiabamseesseaeen see. 2
Hanovenseeee eee ee 2
Wyandotte County:
Aug. 25-Dec.—
Bonner Springs........ 5
Edwardsviile.......... 108
Torin geese ccs oe oes 48
Kans., State total.... 1,411
KENTUCKY.
Bullitt County:
Oct. 31—
Shepherdsville. .......- 1
Fayette County:
July 21-29—
Chilesburg..-....-. BARE 3
Henderson Countg:
' Jan. 5-May 8—
Henderson=sos----2-.--- 3
Jefferson County:
July i-June 30—
WAmehorages+-----\-+--s= 20
Burechelys see 228 115
Jeffersontown.....-.--- 23
Makelamndweecce atso-c- 5 2
Moauwisvillesso 33s sc). - 556
yndon® Ja5..-- 163
O’Bannon..-...- ovata i by?
IBROSDECtNs oe senciaeess 34
St. Matthews. ..:.....- 326
KENTUCK Y—Continued.
Laurel County:
Feb.— Cars.
Mast Bernstadt........ 1
McCracen County:
July 28—
LPEYhb VS OSS aooeeeacee 8
Oldham County:
Aug. 4-23—
Crestwood. ......21---- 26
Whitley County:
Jan. 19—
Williamsburg. .......-- 1
Ky., State total...... 1,399
LOUISIANA.
Assumption Parish:
May 10-June 15—
Chula ae see 2
Labadieville........... 10
Navoleonville.......... 6
Avoyelles Parish:
May 12-June 17—
Bunviens cess sceeeeeoe 19
Cottonport {sea 6
Verenee nosso eeem 4
Long Bridge.........2: 2
Marksvillegayohgan ius 2
Bossier Parish:
May 19-30—
Bentoneeseueseseceee 5
Caddo Parish:
May 27—
Shreveport. ........... 1
East Baton Rouge Parish:
May 20-June 10—
Baton Rouge.......... 21
Bullion sees ees 2
East Feliciana Parish:
May 15-June 1—
Clinton saa eete sees 21
McManus 2-ser aemneenns 13
Slaughterssereeee see 18
Evangeline Parish:
June 2—
WillasPlatterseceneseee 4 1
Iberia Parish:
June 16—
New lberia.-:........- 7
Tberville Parish:
May 6-June 14—
Bayou Goula...-....-- 2
Grosse\Meters sean cece 2
Maringowines 9ssese5-ce 13
Plaqueminess acess aes ll
White Castle........... 28
Lafayette Parish:
June 3-16—
afayetesn.-saeceesees 5
Scotties sas Nae 1
Lafourche Parish:
May 15—-June 18—
Wafourcheseeeeseseseee 54
ockportassse sss eece 218
Thibodauxesseessscees 2
Natchitoches Parish:
May-June 1—
DernyecssasSecice eases 3
Natchitoches. ........- 1
Orleans Parish:
May 20—Dec. 29—
New Orleans......-..-- 370
Ouachita Parish:
June 16—
Monroe® cases -neseoecs 2
Pointe Coupee Parish:
May 12-June 10—
NeweRoadss-e-seesesee 20
LOUISIAN A—Continued.
tapides Parish:
May 14-Dec. 31— Cars
Morelandiesees scenes 1
St. Helena Parish:
May-Dec. 31—
Grangeville so... neses 4
St. Landry Parish:
May-Feb.—
Arnaudville 21
Leonville....... 3
MorrowStecee cee eeenee 1
Opelousas S--2-ecpeeene 6
SUNSCU eee core 3
St. Martin Parish:
June 3—
Cade exe eee soe ee 1
St. Mary Parish:
May 10-June 17—
Adeline: -.\..: soups. =</-< 2 1
BOeuisssheeeaens Seu 1
Morran Cityaneeeeeeeiee 1
Tangipahoa Parish:
May 31—
Natalbanveemsescssseee 4
Tanpipahoa.-csessecess 1
Terrebonne Parish:
June 6-14—
Schricvers.s.- eee 11
Vermilion Parish:
May 20—
HTabnens ses sescose Sees 1
Washington Parish:
May 21-July 2—
Bogalusaeece = eee e 3
West Baton Rouge Parish:
>
Qa
(oy)
=
77)
.
‘
‘
‘
‘
'
.
.
‘
‘
.
.
mm
West Feliciana Parish:
May 21-July 2—
IBaYOUW Sarda. oseesesen=
~I
La., State total....... 1,25
MAINE.
Androscoggin County:
Aug. 15-May 27—
Auburn’: sseachc eee
Greene Sees. ta Saas j
WieSteMinotes--- seuss
Aroostook County:
Aug. 14-June 17—
Adaline! 2. sasssse\-2=-) 14
Ss AShIand sss. ccs sseseere 318
Bridgewater ....-.----- 511
IBugheeeass--cc cece eeee 67
Caniboustesceancoeeeeee 3,347
Caribou Road.......-... 224
Carsonbeseerenecacce ce 107
Colbysssaseen ceaee seer 137
Crouseville-.. ..-....-.- 145
Orystale cease renee 184
Dyer Brooks <<: --0 <2 149
Baple Dake: sic concceee 61
MaStOnS otas pec eeeae 949
Hainmounte so-so eeaes 383
Fort Fairfield.........- 1, 702
HOrteKent= ecu ace eee 537
MORe coe ee ees eee 85
Frenchville=-...-:...-- 289
Goodnicht----esseseee os 590
132
MAIN E—Continued.
Aroostook County—Contd.
Aug. 14-June 17—
Grangasie=-----e-----1-
Grimes Mill......--- ote
aCOMecses eee mee ==
Island Falls.........---
Jemtland...
Keegan... --
Lille. ......------------
Maple Grove..--.-..----
Manletonesse-seerc ===
MATPISOM Se -oqe1- =~
Marsip eee asec ease
MaSaTdiS = = 2 cece eee
Maysville...---.-..--..
Monticello. .---.-.-----
New I imerick---...---.-
New Sweden...-..-..-
Oakheldiec-----s-----
LHD ei sooSeeaciecoo
Rresque wslesoeecee
RANdSFe es ease tees
St. David-.------------
StJohna2 5222 ee
Sheridan! == 2222222. :
Smyrna Mills...---...-
Soldier Pond...-..--.---
SOWIE EET eR ena
Stockholme.2= 2222225. -
SWeGON soos ene
WaniBuretts os: =. sen 2
Wallaprass::=- 222-2225.
Washburn. ese =>
West Caribou......----.
Wiestheld2e2252s22e.2 8
West Prescue Isle... --
Winterville: 2) o 5c.
Woodland Center.....-
Wytopitlock.-.......--
Cumberland County:
Feb. 12—
(Portland iener see =
Franklin County:
Aug. 20-May 29—
East Waltons -2s2os. =
West Farmington. .....
Hancock County:
Aug. 25-May 31—
Bucksport-= =< -0s2-e:
Goodwins-22 Jee sea.
Nicolin:-...2.-:-.-----
Kennebec County:
Aug. 23-May 20—
TAT DLOTIG cos to eae ers
AUIPUSUA sees came ae cer
Chink. 22.5 eee eee ees
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MAIN E—Continued.
Kennebec County—Contd.
Aug. 23-May 20—
AVVATISI OWA ie ees aes
Winthrop eee sece an ceine
Nov.—Jan.—
Wmion See ate ees
Lincoln County:
Nov. 3-May 2—
South Newcastle. ..-.-.-.
Winslows Mills......---
iWiscassetese eo. es eee
Oxford County:
Sept. 26-Feb. 25—
ipucktieldse2 eee
Byron: *-22beets fre S ee
East Hebron..........-
ITY CDUT Ree sae oeeneoe
Southbeeanrishecsesseees
Penobscot County:
Aug. 25-June 10—
Dre Wie aec eeneeee ee
Binfield ese eee
Kingman RP ee eee
Lincoln souees abecihes
Lincoln Center........-
Mattawamkeag........
Newport Junction... --.
North Bangor.-..-.---.-
Northern Maine June-
Patten Licence eters cet eas
South Lagrange.-...-....
Stacyivilleseee cease.
Wanna ese Selects.
Piscataquis County:
Aug. 18-May 31—
Abbot Village...-..-.--
Blanchardeteeecee-eece
Erbe Su lS eae
Dover and Foxcroft..
Bast Doverss-eo-5 snes
Greenville Junction... -
Guilford) een eeeeeeeee
Mil se geneenee se
Monson Junction
Sangerville...... uae
Shirleyeessese cee
South Sebec..........-
Sagadahoc County:
Nov. 3-Mar. 10—
Richmond sss. eeeee a -
Woolwichoseesesece see
Somerset County:
Oct. 9-May 27—
PATISON' 2 wico eomiaee sateen
Cars.
1
14
wor
em CORR
MAINE—Continued.
Somerset County—Contd.
Oct. 9-May 27— Cars.
Hartland........-....- 143
Hinckieytrte sce eeencee 57
Knoxe oat ance ene 2
Madisoni ess. cee neceon 9
Norridgewock......... 188
North Anson.......... 29
Pittsield eases 26
Shawmut....... . if
Skowhegan..... eareae EN
SolotticAce te cere 100
Waldo County:
eeRe 15-May 1—
elfasti ru soU ee opens 1
Brooks serra eeseeees 150
Burnham Junction... .. 68
rankiontesecessenesees 13
Palermo eons eenaeseee 59
Prospect ase ete 5
Stocktonsecee: caeee eee 2
Unity fee ae eeee 85
Waldo 220 2 eee 12
Winnecook:. 222 2-- sase- 17
Wantenportes---eeeeeer 25
Washington County:
Sept. 28-May 24—
yer’s Junction......- 20
BLAIS! OSE eee aeons 2
Columbia Falls.......-. 1
Danforth =a- eee 118
Dennysville........--- 6
Baton.3 2325 eee cee 2
Horesta ise soe an eeaeet 2
JONCSDOLO=tee seers 1
Pembroketesaseeesees 3 1
Perryeus 2 se cece eee 5
‘Princeton eee eee 385
York County:
Novy. 25-30—
Buxtoni: seen 1
Bastwood:.-22-----sn- 1
Me., State total.....- 31,228
MARYLAND.
Allegany County:
Anne Arundel County:
S96 t. 20-Feb. 16—
ON WAY eeeeseee ssa
Millersville
Naval Academy June-
tlON 2 joe ee oe eeeer
Baltimore City :
June-May—
Baltimore. ...- Sea
Baltimore County:
Aug. 25-Ocet. 31—
Arcadia. vi eens
Hydes.....--------.---
Carroll Gonna
Aug.—Dee.—
Greenmount.........--
Hampstead...........-
Hoods Millsiiceceeme
LIne borOe ee oe eeteaie
Maple Grove...........
Melrose: cesenseeeereees
Westminster.........-.-
Woodbine.............
Cecil County:
Sept. -Oct. 27—
JOHOWINEO- nese
Dorchester County:
May 25-Dec.—
Bast New Market......
Hurlock
aD
_
ae oO
_
Se NAR Oe
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MARYLAN D—Continued.
Garrett County:
May 15-Oct. 20— Cars.
Deer Park Village..... 1
Ohalid bhiveles Sua ae Aaedee 2
Harford County:
May 16—
IOVS OEM eve lereie ciciejereve 1
ent County:
Aug. 14-Sept. 14—
Chestertown....------- 3
Siiulleeondesese ese. ci. 1
WOH Nd cessqqde sean 23
Prince Georges County:
May 5-Dec. 26—
BROW Messen e ae eiei-'a2 2
Cheltenham.........-. 2
MATIN leet eee sce = 34
Momlinproteee seem cce. 8
ITN so4 desea eseee 1
Queen Annes County:
May 3-Nov.—
Movereoimteessee ae sce 6
Somerset County:
June 27—Apr. 16—
COSTER ee ee 142
oat (see Va.)
SRA e Alte i veeietean 7
Heoaeell Haan Geen 1
Kings Creek.......-..- 28
Rone stoners seeeen Bes 27
WOTTON Shee each: 15
WDE se gueseoneasea oe 96
Princess Anne........- 88
Wiestover=a2o2-s¢-- ca. 24
Talbot County:
May 3-Sept. 20—
Ghai. bee 2
Clnihormeneeseeeeee ace. 6
COCO ES 5 Suesdsonadade 1
Wicomico County:
June—-Feb.—
Hruitlands: 2.2.2. 52¢ 222 2
Rockawalking af 3
Salisbuny.cs sss assesses 1
jWalstons: e222. 22228 © 5
Worcester County:
June 3-A pr. 30—
Beaver Dam........--- 172
Berlina esses ae 3
Hriendshipecs.-s.--s-- 2
Gindletrees ses -sseeenee 59
FEMITS] Cy eee es 300
IROCOMOKeR ete so see 302
Qweponcowsgaeee mee 39
Sie Wikrinials aos osaseseos 6
Showelleess 3
SMO Wer Ree oe ese. Sei 309
Wihaleywille se. oo. 2
May-Oct.:
Chester River landings... 25
May-Nov.:
Choptank River land-
ANOS ALS 1 LS 1
July-Nov.:
Nanticoke River land- y
TES) cass SH GB Bear oBeteae 7
May-Nov.:
Patuxent River land-
THs A osu SOS BER eae are 4
May-Nov.:
Pocomoke River land-
THO ee AT ee Rees 626
May-Noyv.:
Potomac River land-
LSet eee eda win dee ce 3
Mayv-Nov
Wicomico River land-
Wes SLES Se 9
Md., State total.....- 4,675
MASSACHUSETTS.
Berkshire County:
Oct.-Dee. 11— Cars.
IAC IMS ena eeeeee cies 1
Great Barrington...... 1
Lenox Dale. 22.22. -5. 1
Ruichmond)g2 se cee sees e 1
Williamstown......... 4
Essex County:
Oct. 1-Apr. 18—
Beverly ceacveeee cere
Lawrence.......... Se 9
Manchester
Franklin County:
Aug. 10-May—
Charlemont............ 11
Deerfield ee ae 1
Hampshire County:
Nov.-June—
Ambersteesaseeeeeeree 2
Fasthampton.......... 1
Northampton.........- 4
Williamsburg....... ye 1
Middlesex County:
Noy.-June—
Manlboroecasenseneats 4
Stonchame sees seaee 2
Wialthameee asses cesee 2
Suffolk County:
June 8-Dec. 5—
BOSTON Eee eee sesseaeee 59
Worcester County:
July 25-May 15—
JASCO Sh SOU eae eee 5
@lintonee tees essere renee 44
OtterPRinenr-eeeeeeeeeee 3
Winchendon.:-2---.).... 1
Mass., State total - - 160
MICHIGAN.
Alcona County:
Novy. 7-May 27—
Greenbusheceseteseere 1
Harrisvilless 52 s2see-— 4
Allegan County:
Sept. 1-May 31—
‘Adlegan} Uses ae eau 146
IBTA VO) eae sees ee nema 3
Ben 13
Hilliards.. 21
OD KINS eee sees acer 9
Martinis eer teeceeeen ee 14
Molinesssseseneeeeeeeee 1
Monteitheseeeereerogee 6
New Richmond...-.... 1
OTSER OM ase eee 34
laine lls eerste 59
Shelbyville-.:-..--..-- 27
Wiawland ees heeee eels vege EE
Alpena County:
Sept. 1-May 29—
Machinesexs-s cesses 24
Antrim County:
Aug. 20-June 10—
UN) oy: ate Seer ee 42
VAN em eis See ye eee 42
AM GRIME eee aes 1
Bellairexeeseco see 40
Central) Lake. -2S228382 93
MI kKRapIGSease see 48
MlIsworthkess-seeeeeeee 61
Mancelona...:-..------ 15
Baraga County:
Oct. 8-Nov. 9—
IBaracae esa setee eee 10
Cowingtones sss soee er 2
Keweenaw Bay......-- 3
TPAmSeact aces eseme eee 1
133
MICHIGAN—Continued.,
Barry County:
Sept. iL Mar. 11—
Delt on sone aencadeataoe ap
DGstor ee oes
Freeport Ds Slat a bele ee eee
ELS StINGS 2 oe eee ais nee
Milo Secale wae eles ee
Benvie County:
Sept. 29-June 5—
BendOneees seus seeebe
Bela con se suoseee
Fmpire Junction......
Tanitonisoeeee ee eee
FLONOL ssc dlspies notraces
Ta evArins cancer ne
Platte Rimes: aseseees
Thompsonville.....-..
Berrien County:
Oct. 6-May 19—
Benton Harbor. ___....
Berrien Center...
Berrien Springs. .......
Bichansnes- a eeseseeee
Colom ase=s sees neeeeeee
Aug.—Dec.—
Quincyseteeeeeneneeee
WnioniCitye mesecee eee
Calhoun County:
Mar. 1-Apr. 1—
Marshallese sscseeeaase
Cass County:
Nov. 6-—Mav 24—
@assopolise-- saeeees
DowatiaGi=.ssoessschee
Fdwardsburg.-........
Marcellus = ce eseces see
Wakeleexiet sears cee
Charlevoix County:
Oct. 31-May 16—
Bayi Shorese-sesseeeeee
Boyne Citv
Boyne Falls-.-.-......
Charle\ oix.
Gianion 42 esses
East J Ordaniseeemeees
Cheboygan County:
Oct.—Dec.—
TOWEL sce e cae cee
Wolserne’-e2o2---4.
phippeye County:
Ae Wakeley Sree
Clare County:
Mar. 31-May 9—
Qlarets = see e see eee
Wake sheeseteee ens
Clinton County:
Noy.—
Nred etic =-4- see eee
SROnnS Sao -e eee
—
wSHwORaaAnNay:
yNore
co
OR wOUnNrKFooro
to
OO Ae OR Aah ae
ORM AO he
i]
—
“Th He bo Co bo Go
ea
hoe
maour
OO
134
’ TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MICHIG AN—Continued.
Delta County:
Oct. 21-June 19—
Bark -Riverss.25.5....-
Brampton............-
MSCAnADAs sso clk. cece
Warentano sss see oot
VansiHarbor: =... 22)...
Dickinson County:
Nov. 3-June 21—
HFONOULO eco c eee s cnc
Metropolitan..........-.
NORWAY ARE eee eee
Waucedah li. 222.5.
Eaton County:
Oct.—
Vermontville-...-.-...-.
Emmet County:
Oct. 1-June 13—
AIANSON Cassese ace ees
Garprliake- cece eae
Wetoskeye ese eee eee
Gogebic County:
Oct. 26—
Bessemer 222222250. 220
Grand Tra’ erse County:
Sept. 22-May 19—
Bifetbakesco ee
Grawnssrercais sews
Kein Psleyesa= eee ea nee
Old Missionss.2 22 =25-2
Trarerse City222.--- =~
Welton aes eee
Walton Junction.......
Williamsburg.........-
Gratiot County:
Bate 20-May 20—
Hrrerdalersssesee eee
Hillsdale County:
Nov.—Deec.—
Reading so5ss ee
Houghton County:
Oct. 30-Nov. 13—
St. Marys Junction....
Huron County:
Oct. 1-Noy. 1—
Kindess-ss.sseee- ose
Tonia County:
Oct. 5-June 15—
Orleans: +. 226 se epee
Portlandess-csseeve ces
Saranacs sc otopeeesvee
Shilohe see ccs see
Iosco County:
Nov. 3-May 8—
AUSADIES cae sere
East Tawas.........s-2
Widwas City<: -caseemece
Whittemore...........
NONKHAQD
ae)
ie
MICLIGAN—Continued.
Isabella County:
Aug.-June— Cars.
Blanchard s-ss-epeene 123
Weidman stake eens 45
Jackson County:
Nov. 21-Apr. 19—
JACKSON ieee oe ecient aeee= 8
Splrinepont«s-eeceeeeeee 1
Kalamazoo County:
Sept.—June 2—
(NEN DyesBewasqoospaC04 47
ATIPUSLA eee msaecee cee 2
Galesbutepeen a steeees 2
iealamazooneeceeceeeee 41
Pagilioneesee-eseeeere 2
Schoolcraft 3
SCOULS= epee eee 6
WMicksburese-e-eeecesce 5
Williams Eee acacesses 11
onkvilletesneeneneesee 1
Kalkaska County:
Oct. 3-May 18—
Kalkaskaeeccasecisccce 118
RapidiCityeseccceeeeee 55
Rowleyessecs- cee ceee = 129
Sigma. oes 12
South Boardman...... 84
Kent County:
Sept.—June 15—
Ada 10
Alto 6
Byron Center... lil
Cedar Springs 180
Misheraecs. see ceeeee 2
Grand Rapids-....--... 86
Marvardeseseeeee sae 235
Kent Cittve s--eseeeeeee 7
Dowellegiteeseccceetee 32
McCordstee- eee eeeceee= 1
Moseleyeccvesesaccee sere 63
Rockiordies----eeeeeeee 127
Sand Lake:.......--2-- 146
Spates ose = cose. 41
Late County:
Nov.-May—
10
60
60
13
Columbiaville.......... 12
Hunters Creek...--..-- 1
UMS seee see eee me 11
Metamora spsecere 3
North Branch......... §
Ottersbakesss sesso. 23
Leelanau County:
Oct.—June 18—
CedanCityzn-cesere see 187
HMpiress.- eo asewencok 2
GlenvArbors=--- sess Z
Glen Haven........... 20
Noxnthportoceeereseeeee 81
Omena tsetse ee 53
Provenlont-ee eee oe 120
Solonzease ee 13
Suttons Bay..........- 368
Lenawee County:
July—Dee.—
Adrian 1
Clinton ¢ 1
Rolin eees Jcteeoisee es 15
Tecumseheaeeoeeseeee 2
Wioodstock=2 3 Valea 1
Livingston County:
Mar. 17-May 30—
Briphton.? ac ee eees 3
Howell. 2 sseeeeeseneee 1
Luce County:
Nov. 20—
MeoMillan 2 ceereessce == 1
MICHIG AN—Continued.
Sprinrdale
Marquette County:
Oct. 26-Dec. 12—
Mason County:
Nov.-—June 30—
Custer. 25322405. --steseee
Mecosta County:
Nov.-June—
Barrylone pesca eee
Bie iRapidseeees seers
Mecosta
Paris...
Remus. -
Menominee County:
Oct. 1-May 24—
Midland Couaty:
Nov.—
Sanfordsj-.o--eee eee eee
Missaukee County:
Nov.-June—
Falmouth-~ 3-252 --...
Lake Cityomee=reeeeae
hUCaS este eee eee
Mc Bainiie ese eerreeees
Monroe County:
Oct.-
Sept.-June—
Greenville. -...
Howard City.
Lakeview.....
MeBridestisssee-e seme
Pierson- savaceae eee
Sidney...cicsepeeneeere
Mestabure.sc-s-sseeeme
Vickeryville...........
tN
NAAWO RU
ere
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Montmorency County:
Nov.-Mav— Cars
HET aM eee setsere sisclel=< 7
OWASTONE ncjee elec cs = © 2
Muskegon County:
Oct.—June—
Balleyereeceeeccess > 71
IBMUNS WiC Keele cle sci--i-ie 20
WaSnOVIasesmemcicc ee sce 20
ISTO Boose dcoeseae 24
Se MONT eUemaseme scien a. = 28
Muskeronses feoc.. 5.2. 12
SlOGUIM eer eeee secs ce 30
Newaygo County:
Oct.—June—
Bitely 4
80
66
14
15
3
18
Oakland County: -
Sept. 15-Dec. 31—
Glankstoness acs. 1 5
(OhyGles ese coosaoesaseeae 4
nicimlandeeccewwecse sce 2
HO llivseereeee emcee 19
Weonand ace see ss aces 8
Mion eee eaeeesee ea 30
WVOCHESLER wseeneeae = 1
Rose Center-...--.----- 6
Wraterlondesssee esse 2
Oceana County:
Oct.-June—
Hianteeeencese-s = sce 584
IMIGRES Sree mea cetsicts aie 44
New-Hras2:<:.25------ 121
Rentwatereesaeeeaee-= 70
Shelbyemsceeicccnecesces 141
Ogemaw County:
Oct.—June—
Wuplonees-ee-eee ea = 5
RoseiCityz.sces-s--225- 3
iWestiBranchs.-..--.-- 8
Ontonagon County:
Oct. 10—Dec. 10—
Bruce’s Crossing... ---- 4
Ontonazonseasses---e' 2
Paynesville...........- q
Rockland s.-2--4-2+--- 1
Osceola County:
Oct.-June—
JAGMIG Soccsouuseuesss 38
Dichponeeseescece= Heo 221
Mivanteeseese cose ce 140
IES /o a soecosaqoacdeS 65
ILD RON /ecoseteboessoees 80
Mariomss: Ste ceses- 35
Reed Citivess---------- 90
SHES So sSedbessedsoougs 18
QiBnlite SaS4ecteoososeae 126
WeSE EE aStine sss ceec- 19
Otsego County:
Oct.-May—
iniminae ese ce sce 6 - 62
Gaylordisse--.--- - 110
Johannesburg 4
Wanderbiltzesssccc-+--- 21
Ottawa County:
Nov._May—
(Omiidtinsseeecusanaouee 15
Coopersville...-.-.------ 3
OMAN Gee cca s ces 1
Mrieslandes ss. esc-c--- 1
West Olive. - . Bees 1
Wegibmnl. sseeuseessosoe 5
Presque Isle County:
Oct.—Mar.—
IMG iz eee ere ciessase 10
Millersburg..-..-------- 5
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Presque Isle County—Con.
Oct.—Mar.—
IROSAM 2s eich mses
HVOLELS Cli Vice eee
Roscommon County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Roscommon.........--
Saginaw County:
Aug.—Jan. 1—
BirchiRinesssecceeee ea
Sagitiawiucaeseereeaanst
St. Clair County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Port Huron::<-.-----2-
St. Joseph County:
Weonidassenceseesee
Mendoneee reese ceee a=
INottaWwateeenereeeceser
Scureiseeee cee eeeeeee
Sanilac County:
May 29—
McGregor: .-.-----.----
Schoolcraft County:
Oct. 17-Nov. 29—
Blaney..-..--------+----
CooksiMille2 essere
Manistiaue-:.--.-.----
Whitedale...----------
Tuscola County:
Oct.- May—
Mostoria- o.+---- = “
Mayville. ...-----------
Silverwood. .----------
WaASSAD! oe seeeciciceriein=
Van Buren County:
Oct.-June—
Bangor... .-------------
Govlestenee epee eee eee
Kend alleeeeeessse ee
Kibbicsecccesse cee
Washtenaw County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Manchester. .--..------
Saline@seeeoscceeeeeeee
Wayne County:
Mich., State total...
Cars.
4
1
ww
ow
-_
C2 00 09 et 1 00 100
_
aT
eb
MINNESOTA,
Aitkin County:
Oct.-June—
UU CG yes oe taal oe eee
MCGTOS Ola oe sete ae 'ae
IMISSISSID Pisseresne = sees
PaliSties wpesemsaceaes
TeiayolsWajop 2 5 ee se ss -
SwWataraoaseecccces cere
Mamaraclcs pre wise sereees
Anoka County:
Sept.-June—
ATI OK 2eeee nee ciee beeants
Bethel: asasccecseeeres
Cold Springs..........-
Coon Creek. . ....-..-..
Davtoneescesesee sees
Twin City Stock Yards
Becker County:
Sept. -June—
Audubouveeererceeee =
Callawayereeeseeeene eee.
Detroiteecaesee ee eee
Wage Coeee resem eee
SaukRapids:-..--2----
Bigstone County:
Oct._May—
Beardsley... .---sscee=s
OdeSSa ese wees
Blue Farth County:
Oct. 7-May 29—
Good Thunder.....----
Oct.—_Dec.—
INe@waUlimese. = assessor
Sleepy Eye-.----------
Carlton County:
Oct.—June—
AGkinSOBe= --\-s2se eee
Cloquet....--.---------
GromvellPassen--—--- =
Kettle River.-..--.------
Mahtowase sass es=n >
Moose Lake....-.---.---
Wrenshall. -.-=.-..-<--
Winghtasee see eoe ee
JAN ONE So Seecess-c585
Carver County:
Mar. 30—June 3—
Mayer. Jo----= SaAcSeco
New Germany. .-.------
Norwood. ..-----------
Waconiaes-se----s-5=——
Young America..-...---
Cass County:
Oct.—Dec.—
Boy River..--.---------
GassHiakegeeee =o ==
Pillavereee eee
Walkers sees eee
135
oO
ee
FD tt te
136
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Chippewa County:
Mar. 2-May— Cars.
LE ne es 3
NEN ORS Se eee ep oe il
phikogo & County:
5 ee —June—
enter City.--.-.-..... 45
Chisago City Bs Mote wesc 41
TS See eee sais seis 70
Ibnhaekings) ess SES see 50
North Branch. ........ 198
MUSH Oltivecececetreree 197
SNalerssieecse scissor ce 48
Htaceylewe cassettes 82
Taylor’s Falls.....-.--- 2
WAY ODN DEES aeons eee 17
Clay County:
Sept.—Tune—
BS Akers eee 278
Barnesville... 3-22 476
Comstocks.. cea sastee: 95
Dilworthiess. seme aee 196
Mawes. 2 sees 139
Mellon ee. os-ci-cse see 35
Georgetown......-..--- 3
Glyndone eae eee 95
Age yens2-ste-beese 586
tterdal esas asseeereee 118
Meragnes: hele 2 suse 145
Manitoba Junction... .. 10
Moorhead’... ssnee ener 36
IMpISKOM ARS een aee eee 67
Rustad eo ae 57
SS Dine ee eee een 536
10) Hae eee ee as 138
Clearwater County:
Sept.—VMay—
IBagloyer se. sees tesa 36
Clearbrook sssenereree 9
GonNicls! poe canoer ecce 9
Meonard soon. eee encacs 6
Shevlin ek ees cies 24
Crow Wing County:
Sept.—_May—
Brainerd 5
Caynnale s23552.6855 0 1
Deerwood 1
Fort Ripley 7]
Dakota County:
Mar. 25-June 30—
Hamptons oot asses 3
Randolph sae serene. 1
RICH VAS ye ee ene 2
FROSSMOUT bee eens oe 10
South St. Paul-...._..-. 1
Dodge County:
Jan.—May 24—
Dodge Center.......... 3
dfs ere Gamers are roe ie 1
Douglas County:
Sept.June—
Alexandria. .....2..5.2 33
Brandon) - 222) soot 9
C@arlos;3: 9) eee: 88
Evansville...:-2...0... 4
Poradan 2222525522 E 4
Garfield pete Ea 8 RQ
Melby ao ee eae ee 2 5
Nelsons: 2. 22.2:202525 1s
Osakas Yc ssac see 66
Faribault County:
Oct. 1
Witnsbazo Pei aetetee sw 1
Freeborn County:
Apr. 26—
Wal ake oo Stopes 1
Goodhue County:
May 13-23—
Cannon Falls.......... 1
Coodhuessss oobi) 1
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Grant County:
Oct.—June— Cars.
ASH DYiearseeececeneeee 1
Barrette coco tn aeees 3
Elbow Lake........... 2
Hermaneien cecseeenenee 3
INOLCTOSS a= einer 1
Wendell... cs. asceeeeg 1
Hennepin County:
Aug.-July—
Camden Place......--- 64
IDaVtON) 22k seer ee ce 13
Hameliet: Soon ceeae eee 5
THOTNOtlIO cape ee eee il
Maple Plain. 5----.--.- 2
Minneapolis.....-.-.-. 211
Minnehaha. ooo 2s eee 23
OSSC0 saci Po eee bote 216
Oxboro Heath......... 27
Robbinsdale..........- 3
IROPerSs thee ate ase eer 93
St. Bonifacius=- cio s.2 4
Houston County:
Nov. 3—
Caledoniawe--. o-neseece 1
Hubbard County
Aug.—July—
AKOLOY 26 ee tistics tins 50
IN@VISss eee theo cscemen 30
IParkeRapigSesse-eeesee 186
Isanti County:
Aug.-July—
iBrahambeeee esac ree 234
Cambridge.......--...- 661
Grand yirese co see eer eeoe 445
Sates ee oe 621
Itasca County
Oct.—June—
IBOVCYse es eee cemennne ik
Cohassetteccscaeeece co 14
Grand Rapids 35 57
Keewatin........ 1
Konnedyierccosserrene 29
SwaniRiverseo-cscseene 49
Wier bases bosch ieee eee 22
Kanabec County:
Aug.—June—
Grasstonis. seers ees 125
OTR) case eemes eee 396
Opilviee ee oot eee 141
Kandiyohi County:
Oct.-June—
Atiwaten='s sss as Genes 3
Hawick... 22 -Sisaseee 1
New London. ...--...- 2
Raymond !s>. > seseeeees 3
Spicer. --2-- Sener ee 6
Kittson County:
Sept._May—
Bronson=eepersneenene 16
Donaldson............. 9
alloc ee eee one 4
alma ey Ae ee 32
Phimboldpaee esse 1
Ganeastereessesce cecece 26
Northecotesecscetaes ee 6
NOVESE sonra ean Ne 5
Lac ou Parle County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Bellinghamy ere eevee 6
Louisburg 2 305s es 1
Mariotpacs sane sea ee 3
IN ASSAIL SSSA coe ae 5
Lake County:
Oct.-Mar.—
MOPS? - seeSaeeedaeee ee 14
Lincoln County:
Sept.-Apr.—
PAT CORSO ee RCE Ue 3
Lake Benton. ........- 60
Werditses: ) ae eee 9
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Lyon County:
“Mar. 23-June 16— Cars.
Cottonwood........... 4
Minneotasa--poes eee 7
Russell scence eemee 2
McLeod County:
May—
Hutchinson 2
Plato.icco cep shereeee 1
Mahnomen County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 23—
Mahnomen=enseeensee 5
Waubunt,.( i pkebeee 7
Marshall County:
Oct.-May—
Argyle: safeevccaaaee 4
Holt.:2 5 es eae 14
Middle River.........- 2
Newfolden.....-.....-- 1
slo. cee See 2
Ragtime seeeseeeeees 1
Stepheniat ss -ceheeeene 9
Viking. -feeeesseeeee 1
Warren: sca es teetnee 1
mee County:
Jan. 15-June 24—
Darwineercd penbeneeene 1
Dassel are ves sees 2
Eden Valley..-.------. 3
litchiieldse- peereeeeee 1
Watkins). eseeeeeees 5
Millelacs County
Sept.—A pr.—
Boek: ..=.sSaseeeeree 31
HorestOne. se seee eee 76
Milaca. ates eee 29
Onamige- ie pseces oes 1
Princetone-.---sseeeeee 1,329
Wahkon east eeeeee 3
Morrison County:
Sept._June—
Belle Frairie... 5
Bowlis2eeueees 3
Cushing 3222 eaeeneeeee 3
Genolacwo. tebasceee aoe ll
Lincolns. Chee eeseeseee 7
HittleWelssee sees
Motley. Joecie eee 33
Randall eee eae 2
Royaltonss=-eeeeeeeeee 50
Swanvillosse scares 28
Mower County:
Oct._Feb.—
Lhe HOY seer ssmanieeeees 1
Lyles Asses hesceee reas 1
Rose Creek. ........... 18
Nobles County:
Sep a
Adrian See ick 2 se eeaee 1
DllSwortheees ee eeeeee 3
Wilmonterecescsonsmne 1
Norman County:
Sept.-June—
Ada. 2: cSeccsespepeeer &4
BOFUD - dace keep eee 39
Gary: iicaceeeceaeeeee 24
Halstadteteesead Dich ee 176
Heng nis seeseiee meres 21
Lockhart. 2s. faeaceses 7
Perleye 2 sess ace bes 35
Shelly..-2335 3 79
PAPO esen cos she s29 3548 2
Twin Welly oe seaeoese 41
Olmsted County:
Oct. 5-15—
Haverhtlis seers seeeee 2
Ottertail County: .
Oct._May—
Battle Lake........... 17
Bliiitoney.tieeeer eee 25
Clitheralt)) sie eeeees 2
Deer Ureek..........-- 199
Denti: 2) 5.220 eee 3
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
13
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Ottertail County—Continued.
Oct.-May— Cars.
Elizabeth 3
ITM ATRUSee eect ieci- eles 23
Fergus Fall 7
SOMME eee cee clenicis 16
New York Mills....... 63
Ojtten tails sees 6 2 3
Parkers Prairie........ 250
Pelican Rapids........ 61
Renate eee are aise ts io 120
Ri Chivalle epee ese ce. cee 4
Underwood:........... 8
Wien Pee matoeetericic mists 29
Pennington County:
Sept._June—
emetilainese = cess ae 2 5
Thief River Falls.....-. 46
Pine County:
Sept.Iune—
INS KON he sissies cits ce 44
BrooksBarkee ves sons. 17
IB TUIMO Mee sees Se isaclee 8
Wenh ames eee ce ea 4
IMAL aSOM ese sciisiewe 21
Groningen 14
ieonnictten squeal: 75
Is haved Ga aaoenedeseee 74
ROTM CK sete ety a 9
Marksville.....22..0.4- 5
INickersonemee sea at 1
PANIC eee ce ees 119
Rroclsi@reek: 2/525. -22 45
SaTHAS TOME Mae eeeielciee 6 14
Sturgeon Lake......... 6
Willow River:.......-- 16
Pipestone County:
Oct.—Apr.—
Hd partoneeesecse seuss 3
Je yAi) Cla Re Sus eee a 1
DET era eee an ees 1
VASDOL Sse sees ic ceiawns 25
Pipestoneleeeee senssasc il
TRrOSksype eset aces wees 2
Polk County:
Sept.—May—
Beltramniseesese sees set 13
Chimay eee ey Aiea 423
Grookstonteessseeenseee 17
Dugdale eee esses 1
East Grand Forks..... 159
IDG HYG a ay ae 44
Brskinete eer eee el 16
LDWTON CES Cee yee ae aay 1
eniiletwen ss we saa 54
TTS aVer Ris 3 Ui A 10
HOSSTOM Men eet ee ae sene 11
Glenwood. .-:......--.- 2
Gru yee eae sia aiase 5
ICG Oho Nes sob ee soaoee 6
EOWA eer loieine cs eciess 2
MeImtoshess cece cseecee 14
Ma Ony eee sous ene 43
Mentone ces yee sicie 10
INES OES Oh ene es ee 4
NNelswalles ee seas oe oe 271
la NY Loe te eee 2
AVA POT Ree ck 6
Pope County:
Oct.—A pr.—
Cys eee eels 2
Farwell 2
Starbuck 1
WAI Eat 2205 Bie err 9
BWESUDOLL. ce sce sec elnnn 2
Ramsey County:
Aug.—July—
Hamline Transfer--.--- 1
Minnesota Transfer.... 126
New Brighton.......-- 3
Steaua ee eee 50
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Red Lake County:
Oct.-June—
BROOKS). ee eubeee eee 4
Red Lake Falls-....... 5
Redwood County:
May 13—
BelWiewiecccec ames 1
Renville County:
May 20-June 10—
Hector
Rice County:
May 8-June 13—
Northficld ees sseeees 3
Rock County:
Nov.-Mar.—
PALVeTNe)-- Ss eee eae
Manley) Paceaca ees se
Roseau County:
Oct.—Dec.—
Badger
Greenbush? i222 J25..-.-
ROSCA Lay eaette cree
Cars.
Rawr
=
i.)
5
H
I
is)
[or
t
:
’
‘
t
'
:
‘
‘
‘
a
owws
St. Louis County:
Sept.July—
BrOOkStonmseneeeesenios
Chisholm eee
Dinh ee eae
es)
=
iS)
fo)
A:
=
lo}
ate)
a
i
~
WWwWOWr bd
AVabeteaha dees ms eae
Scott County:
Sept._May—
Prior dake:2s cairn 2
Bio bake kai ae Eanes
Stearns County:
Aug.—June—
All baniy 2k! 2s eae
AN OTN 2 ea See
HT CEPONL Oe ee cee
Greenwaldee tees teaae
Kimball Prairie......--.
Melrose aie sean need
New Munich
Paynesville.......
Rockville........- ae
SexClou dl ae eae
SiWosephiteesteesesee
Sartell LNA SEC es
woo
WOON RR DROR OI
eke,
oe
=}
a
Q
oO
B
cot
o
4
a
Steele County:
Sept. 15—-Nov. 10—
IBImDyisece cee eee
TOPO ea ere RC ae
Owatonnaekeeenseerene
DW et
Jan.—June—
\s)
5
E
2
o
A
Swift County:
Sept.—June—
Appleton tet seeeeee ee
Oo
B
4G
a=
a
De Grates. . ee
Hollowaysesesenseeeeee
Kerkhoven......--.----
Mund GkAe aes taeeeeee
Todd County:
Aug.—July—
O10) He Rt Rt OO OD
MINN ESOT A—Continued.
Todd County—Continued.
Aug.-July— Cars.
Grey. Bagless sco 22s 22
TOWLE cine cebbeben es 76
Long Prairie. ..- soot ASD
Philbrook . eee 16
Round Prairie......... 17
Staplesvcee Jeu leeos eee 3
West, Union. ........0. 6
Traverse County:
Mar.—June—
Browns Valley......... 1]
WiieatOneseeeeeess sees 1
Wabasha County:
Oct.—June—
Wiping cece eee 9
Kellogg. askeeeteeeseee 16
Plainwieweecseee eee ce 16
Wadena County
Oct.—June—
AINGTICN kyocera cen 90
Menaheaceteees eoeeeer 68
Sebeka {arte yee ee 42
Merndales 25 22322 ene 254
Wadenaiscers -acem nee 281
Washington County.
Oct.—June—
Copassene ees season ee 35
F orest Lakes. 2322 ! 21
BS tep = ets ac ye eae 2
Wales IM bse pan oososas 1
Dakeland2aeeessseneee 1
Stillwaterseeseosseenee 15
Withrowese-eeeeeeeee ee 25
Watonwan County:
Nov. 1—
Madeligus sete nee 1
Wilkin County:
Sept._May—
Breckenridge........-- 6
Camp belitene see naemes 2
DOPE Mee ee eee 1
Kentire ce a aes 8
FOCUS peer er seer oe 206
Wrolvertoneessseeseceee 104
Winona County:
Oct.-_May—
iBethanyaes2 ees eee 1
Lewiston sae eceseee 10
Staucharlesseeaeaesee 1
Wit Cate seer ee See 2
Winona. cn. eee eee 2
Wright County:
Aug.—June—
Albertvilless=seees oe see 88
Clearwaters-2..22.--..- 5
Gokatoleas222csseeee 2
Delano:’.'s: acess s-e ee 7
TAS EY. cee cee eee ee 13
Howard Lake woeckeeces 4
Mapleibake2s2n222=e-= 8
Monticello. <2 5. S=2s--- 43
Montrose:s--2sesseseeee 3
Waverly.\ 5. -2-5-So-ese 1
Yellow Medicine County:
Oct.—June— }
Hecho se Reese see ae 2
Granite Falls. .......-- 2
Hanley Falls.--.-----.- 1
Minn., State total. ...18, 191
MISSISSIPPI.
Adams County:
May 26-June 10—
INatchez2 55.) eee eee 31
Stantone-sesee eee ~
Amite County:
May-—June—
GdosterS. 24225. ceSe8 8
138
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN “667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
MISSISSIP PI—Continued.
Copiah County:
May 11-June 20—
® | Crvstal Springs........
Hawahurst coe ccseeee
Forrest County:
Mav 31-July 3—
ELAGhOSpUre eee eee
Mebannintas sce .teon
George County:
May 1-June 15—
Evanstones.......2..c0
TCedalesecicees ooo sene
Harrison County:
Mav—
IBHOX See peewee cee en
Jefferson County:
Mav 31-June 7—
MeNaing* .- = seavectee
Jefferson Davis County:
May 27-June 12—
ETENUISS 5 ysoso penta
Jones County:
June 13-21—
IUr bias) Renee ee are
June 3-8—
Sumrall’. és .esase
Lauderdale County:
June 1-13—
Lauderdale............
Lawrence County:
May 31-June 3—
Silver Creek. ...-......
Lincoln County:
June 17-23—
Brookhaven...........
Marion County:
May 26-June 9—
Colambiaiise. ec ccas<
Patho m eee ess sees
Sandysrlook-- 3-05-06.
Pearl River County:
May—
May 31—
Maced: <2 450 24 ee see
Mav 30—
Miss., State total.....
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
July—Mar. 26—
StJosephesess sees
Chariton County:
July—-Sept.
BrunswicCk.2.5255 sacece
Dalton..i2-2.22 202228
Clay County:
July 13-Aug. 25—
Excelsior Springs Junc-
NON Aaa eee eee
Missouri City........-..
Greene County:
Dec. 30—
Springtieldss.-s-- ees
Holt County:
Aug. 8-Oct. 28—
Crates. ce. ee eee
Forest City: asses. 2206
Heed port
July-Mar.—
Atherton Chi Saeaeee eee
Blue Springs. 2
Rengses City ees sees
wr
s100
eS)
RoR
eS |
Nr
27
48
MISSOURI—Continued.
Lafayette County:
Oct. 1—
INapoleone=.ceceeneeens 1
Osaze County:
Sept.—
Chamoistaeerescsensees
Ray County:
July 1-Nov. 16—
—
St. Charles County:
Sept. 30—
WieSteAulton==s-eeeeeee 1
St. Louis City:
May 5-Dec. 27—
StpUouise ee eeeeene 111
MONTANA,
Beaverhead County:
Sept._June—
DORs eae
ATMSTCAC eee eee eee
ie)
S
aa
=
S
B
5
:
:
H
;
‘
‘
‘
‘
CO RO
Big Horn County:
Oct. 3-31—
Hardineeessssseaeeeee
Blaine County:
Nov.—July—
Chinookcee seeee eee eee
wo
ev)
=i
—
E
.
.
'
'
'
’
'
‘
‘
Ore O1 01 00
Carbon County:
Nov. 1—Dec. 30—
Fast Bridger..........-
Silesia. 225) Soya aaa
Cascade County:
Aug.—June—
ATIMINE TONES eee eee
mo
MWNONAaWRL
het
Simms”. 9; -sese seen
Chouteau County:
Apr.-May—
Big Sandy-............ 9
Fergus County:
Apr. 21-June—
—
c
>)
4
S
n
ct
rs
=
B
‘
‘
‘
‘
‘
‘
'
‘
’
’
’
a
Flathead County:
Aug.-July—
Columbia Falls........ 23
Kalispell sss, esses 169
SOMErS so). 5s oes 69
Gallatin County:
Oct.-June—
BoOremanoe oe eeecees
Hill County:
Oct.—-June—
Box Elders... -csaeae Se
Chester eisjcccsssece ne
FLAvre cle c-- woseereee ee
=
3
iS]
o>
+
i)
re
'
'
‘
'
wn
Mm hoe orto
Kremlin: 25 cconeees eee
Nov.-
MONTANA—Continued.
Lewis and Clark County:
Dec.—June—
WolfiCreck2 =e
Lincoln County:
Nov.-—Mar.—
Eureka
Madison County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Jefferson Island........ 39
Meagher County: /
Nov.-May—
JuUdIthiGsprseeseese ones 1
Shawmuts-o---eeeeeee 2
Oat —June—
WO) MW) 5 55-55-22 5- 8
Musselshell Ganatee
Oct.—
Musselshellele nesses 1
Powell County:
Jan. 1-July 7—
Deer Lodge...........- 1
Race lrack!--eeeseaees 2
Ravalli County:
Sept.—June—
Darby: .ocsseeceseceenice 4
HIOTERCC. 2. co-e seen 2
Victor:=-=5=secbe-eseeee 23
Woodside= =. -enecaeee 65»
Richland County:
Nov.-Dee.—
Pairviewe-oseeeeee eee 4
Sheridan County:
Nov.—Mar.—
Bainvilleseereeseeee
Miaxvilless-eeeseoeseee
Medicine Lake......--.
Redstoves-.ss-eeeesece
Silverbow County:
Oct.-June—
Butteyonsceceacmeceeee 22
Oe Re he
Noy.-June—
_
Power
Qa
fr]
ot
ive]
i)
=)
+. an
Wem aro
Dec.-June—
Devon 2.2 Se speanee Seemtete
Shelby22222 822222 se=-—
NONr WH
Virdeniieeeeeseesee ee
Valley County:
Dec.—
Tampicoeecrssce see
Yellowstone County:
July 19-Dec. 10—
Billings. .. 2.2 scce==-=e 2p
e
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Oct.-Feb.—
]
i=]
o
=|
Tj
ct
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:
‘
:
‘
’
'
‘
‘
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NNwwon
_CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 139
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NEBRASKA—Continued. NEBRASK A—Continued. NEBRASK A—Continued.
Antelope County: Hall County: Sheridan County:
Oct.— Cars Aug.-Mar.— Cars. || Nae nite eg Ms Per
1D) EN). oooonsosupsaasdd Doniphaniyemecwsasees a 2 Goran : 0509
Boone County: Grand Island......-.. 7 Hay Springs es ae eet 1 ¢
Oct.— \ Wood River........... 2 » Rushville rs aaa eee 244
Stray diwandsiryje cic 'cie se 1 | Hooker County: i Sherman County:
Box Butte County: Oct. 16-31—" May 15— Be
Oct.-May— Millon iy non saeeretcte 3 Loup City 1
PAVIA CO a ametyesicciccisls 437 | Howard County: ThayerCounty:
Berea....+------------- 16] Nov. 1— Oct. 15-Nov, 30—
Hemingford.......-... 407 Dannebrog...-...----- 1 Henrie see g
Cab ane crelesieieteisis cls cs ~ 8 | Keith County: Thomas County: icc i eae
iNWOeL coneee eee eee 6| Feb. 1-12— Oct. 10-Nov. 27—
Brown County: Briley cic ceweotecigaee 1 Seneca : 5
Sept. 5—Dec. 31— UN AO oS catiaoodacdob 4\ Valley Coun ty: ” ae eaaaey “4
Wimsworthsee../..-... 184 Ogallalay uuu jnsetunen 4| Oct. 5-Nov. 7—
Johnstown......-..---. 33 Kimball County: Ord... 14
Long Pine...........-- 56 Sept.-Apr.— Washington County:
Buffalo County: 1B) bg ate oe a Atos 17 Sept. 1—
Oct.—-June— kim bal ee eeeecmene 153 Fort Calhoun 1
Elm Creek. ..-.-------- 2 Oliver. weer eee eerie ee 1 Webster County: 4 atau ONS
IKGARNO VRE ee moncececs = 22 | Lancaster County: Nov. 6-25—
Butler County: Aug.-June— Red Cloud 2
Oct.— Rancolnieeueeeceecene 2. 20) 4 NS alae eae
IRASINGICitiye ce. telco ee 1 Raymond sesweeeaeaeee 2 Nebr., State *~*al 3,125
Cherry County: Lincoln County ‘ a
Oitee Bt aa Nova ARE — NEVADA.
OOKStON....--------- CTSHOY--o se eeeiscie neces :
Merriman.........----- 2 INGLERET Acton ene S Churchill County:
Walemtineseeee esses 22 Sutherland............ 1 | Oct. 18-Nov. 24—
WioodliWalkes essen ese: 1 | Logan County: HWallone seseeecsaseeee 7
Cheyenne County: Mar.— Lahontan......-.-..--- 2
Nov.—Mar.— Stapleton’ ose sees 5 Douglas County
Daltoneeseerse sess.) 21 | Madison County: Nov.-Apr.—
Lodgepole..........-.. 2 Aug.—June— Minden............---- 4
ROLLEI eee ees ceee 7 Madison une eee eee 1 | Esmeralda County:
Sipnoys eee suet 17 Notfaliest cucargine g| Nov. 4-25—
Colfax County: Morrill County: Millers.....------------ 6
Nov.— : Sept.-May— Lyon County:
Sohyjlerecsso-0... 2+ 1 ‘Angora 9: UA. eee 4 | Oct,May— :
Custer County: IBAVATG oar eine wees 13 Churchill.......------- 59
Sept. 10-Nov. 20— Bridgeport......------ 3 Dav ton.....----------- u7
Wmsloyeets es cisteccce ces 2 Broadwater.........--- 8 Fernley...------------- 1
Broken Bow...---.---- 2 Northport.......-.--.- 10 Lyon...------++----+-- 3
@omstockssee sense sees 1 | Nuckolls County: Mason POETS OO SOTO SECS 323
Mernamwetece ects cs. 21° Feb. 26— fabuska...----------» 59
Sargentesesscls.so-cs 0: 2 Ele rd ya deces eee ee 1 Weel's...-------------- 7
Dakota County: Otoe County: __ verington...--.------- 59
‘Aug. 22-Sept. 15— Sept. 6-23— Mineral County:
Dakota City..........- 6 Nebraska City.......-. 1g OSE Vises
Dawes County: Palmyray een 1 Mina...-...---+------- 1
Aug.-May— Platte County: Oamsby County:
Belmont aces ce sts: -0-- 122| Feb. 16-Apr. 29— Sept._Fep.— Fs
@rawiorduesee se oe see. 17 Oconecse eee 1 | ww, Carson City..---------- 24
Fort Robinson.......-- 1 Platte Center ssseeen eee 2 | V pasha COuRiyE
Marslanciae seeks eeu 63 | Redwillow County: Aug.-May—
Wilt yy7s oon ee edsonee 1 Oct.— Pranktowi------------ 1
Deuel County: Te banon=eeee a eeeeaee 2 Huflakers...----------- =
Oct.— McCook bss os2 50 sc00! 1 oO act: Sanna 2
Big Springs: ..::<..-.-- 1 | Rock County: Sparks...-------------- 28
Ge VWerdis-e eee eons 1
Chappelle eee 22. 1 Oct. 2-10 Wad h 15
Dodge County: Newport ass se eeeee 2 Was Ee orth.....------- 3
Aug.-May— Saline County: SMES Samana SS 3
Hremonte. <2. 26225 cc aN 7 Nov. 16— Ney., State total..... 820
= oun BX lo seBuscenee 1 e Westerns aaa ene clee ae 1
ouglas County: aunders County: Ss a
Open y Sept. 13-Oct. 95— NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Omahateeees see rst 30 Cedar Bluffs.........-- 1 | Belknap County:
Well ityc co c6eBeeeeeeeoee 1 Wesharassecceceece cece 1 Nov.—June—
Gage County: Wiener se aaeeereseeter 13 Center Barnstead.....- 7
Oct. 18— Scotts Bluff County: Daconia. coc scene aevoes 19
Clatontaes scorns. -- 1 Sept._May— Meredith (:-ccseeesee eae sl
Garden County: @enneeseeeeeeerceeeee 1 | Cheshire County:
Oct.-Apr.— Flentyeeeeseaseees 12 Sept.-_Aug.—
Wewellenmescssc-.-0--' 8 McGrew...---.--- 6 Keene: see~ ass cseeee ee 76
ISCOMPIe a see cisccic so. ei= 11 Melbeta.-- 252-5525 o 3. 4 Wialpoleveceseccceseeee 1
OShixosheeessce oc cs 3 -e- 6 Mitchellessceasseeccsas 118 | Coos County:
Garfield County: iMornilleeereseecseeees 234 Sept.June—
Oct. 12-Nov. 8— Scotts Bluff........--.. 97 (Colebrook.----4-—>s-——= 124
BS thiane lepers caters cieicinisicie 3 Tooheyiereteecece eeaacc 1 GrovetOnec-c--sos eee 3
Grant County: Seward County: ancaster.--eseesee see 2
Oct. 26-Nov. 7— Oct. 13— North Stratford...-...- 10
ASH DYeerecee se ecesee == 2 TeX ckdudoccasoccassabs 1 TERA paddoassesosecoss= 3
140 BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NEW HAMPSHIRE—Contd. NEW JERSEY—Continued. NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Grafton County:
Gloucester County:
Sussex County:
« Oct. 11-Nov. 4— Cars July 17-Nov. 6— Cars. Nov. 7— Cars.
ASH and ce. cose 2 PATTIE So ose Soe: 43 Branchville..........22 1
Blackmount........... 6 Clayton a Ae eeee Se ae 5 | Union County:
IBTISLO Ace ene sec e tice 2 Glassboro: = aeeeen ores 3 Feb. 3—
TASDO Mee ek ae 1 Harrisonville........-.. 49 Blizabeths.speseeeeeee 1
Oliveriane soe. 6 Michletones. Laces. 3 | Warren County:
SwWalNDONO. 2 sae bene 6 Mullica Ailes a2 eee 119 Sept. 8-Dece. 27—
West Thornton.......-. 1 Upmann eb see 11 Allamuchiy =o = seseene 4
Merrimack County: Richw OOdE 2S asheeoe te 58 Belyideres.e et a2 eeeeee 16
Oct.-May— Sewell......... 2 Blaitstownlesseeee sees 1
EPSOM aseeencer te ote 3 Swedesboro. .- ae 6 Columbiaues-se-e-eeee 1
Lenynrelatel OS eee 2 Williamstown........- ll Stewartsville........-.- 4
Rockingham County: WiOOdbUTYeeee eeeeenees 5 ;
Oct.-Dee. 8— Hudson County: N. J., State total..... 13,007
WP PINE soedan secs cee 1 Feb. 4-Dec. 29—
: SAlomiaeee ek eae ecie eee 1 eae PieNS.c- =~ = 22 NEW MEXICO.
trafford County: Weehawken-..........- 1 : } A
Aug.-Jan.— Hunterdon County: Bernelite Coats
Rochester: w-a-eecrceae 1 Sept. 23-Oct. 23— Albuquerque 4
Somersworth..-........ 6 Ammnandale-2 secs. sees. 2s onawAna County: te Op OE
Sullivan County: Mercer County: July 6-12— H
May 4-15— Aug, 1-Nov. 17— Dona Ana 1
New pOnt-nsacesscn eins 3 Hightstown....-..----- 920 | McKinley County:
awrence. -- see ee inne 116 Oct. 10-30— ;
N. H., State total.... 287 Princeton Junction...- 158 aren 3
E oD Otis. Be OteroCounty:
WEIR SS sAoos aca ‘
NEW JERSEY. Trenton Junction....-. 1 2 sera! soe 32
Wiindsor-: =. 2ueseeemee 193 Rio Arriba County a ee
Burlington County: Viard illawecenmean ene 999 Dee. ‘ais ae
July 27-Dee. 31— Middlesex County: Chao 1
Atsion.........-.------ 4) AueJan.— San Juan County:
Birmingham......-.-.. 9 Cranburyee sss pene ee 390 || “Nov. 6=2
Bordentown........-.- 49 Dayton eee 6 Ne 1
Ula Soe aici 4 Jamesburg...........-. 143 See ee oT
ookstown.......----.- 23 Lo-ver Jamesbure...... 143 e
| SOS aE SEAR <1 12 Monmovth Junction... 3 N: Mex. Stale tov) 27
CwiStowl......-----.- LaiSDOLOS =e ee eee eae 34 ; <
Grumberton..------2--- 67 Prospe*t Plains........ 300 NEW YORK.
Maple Shade........... 1 | Monmouth County: mLbany County:
Marltonicce 2 cso Ls 8 Julv 12-Dee. 31— Oct.— \
Masonville. = 22223422 30 Ny Casas ofe CAD erly enna 2 Albany. - bese <a Seeees 5 \
Medford eae 5 eee 38 Belmanends tse wens 40 | Allegany County
Mount Holly ‘ 69 Branechport.........--- 19 Sept.—June— {
Pemberton....-...- 21 Cream Ridge........... 9 Almontieeacce poe aii |
Smithwilles. 2. sceesee 55 Da tisuessus TOMAR ie a 90 ANGO"Crgetcene canes 97
Stanwick Avenue...... 3 iatanto winnie eee il NOCH so see eee 9
Vincentown.........-.. 81 Englishtown. ..-....-.- 417 Birdsall eases 0b ery ‘
West Moorestown...... 21 Farmingdale........-.- 97 Burnss2h.c- cee eee 6
Wrightstown ..-....-.. 36 Nrecholdene tee menses 1,152 Canaseraga............. 110 ‘
Camden County: Hazlet an tae ee 176 Gancadenseeeen aaa 3 :
July 15-Sept. 6— ELO wells 2 eat Sonne uate 997 Ceres. os.0-2 oleae eee 2
Blackwrood!2. 252-2224 2 Imlavstown........---- 196 Millmore = ese-s eee 30
Grenloche eee Senet 9 Manasauan........---- 11 cartoot. eee eee eee
ape Mav County: MaATIDOLO Sees oemeneeele 831 Garwo0dSt---- ee eeeeee
E peer lie u Middletown 40 9
Cape May Court House 1 Red Bank. - 173 a
Dennisville..........-. 1 Sharon. ....- 143
Cashier eee ane a 1 Shrewsbury... 113 2
Reterspureeese arene 1 Spring Lake Wie y
Rio Grande. !.22...2... 1 Tennent...--..-.....-. 769 54
Seavilles sas esse oe 1 Wickatinke eee n. 225 Whitesville....-....-.- 61
South Dennis. snccsn2 1 | Ocean County: Broome County:
: Aug. 21-Nov. 20— Sept.-May—
Cumberland County: Tnlkcowood ie mete as 2 Bineghampton.......... 1
July-June— New Esypt.......----- 47 Center Village......... 1
Bridgeton............. 400 Toms River............ 1 Chenango Bridge.--... 1
Cedarville-~-- 2... 1 | salem County: Chenango Forks....-.. 5
Fairton...........-.... 16 July-Apr.— Conkling et ce ae emereeiee 5
LON bh es eeeee soca seo5 52 Maretowileesseceeeeeses 418 Kaillawoge i cececteosene 4
Greenwich. ----.-----.- 149 Bilmer ee eee 469 KeairkwOoule eeeeeeeeeeee 3
Heislerville 2c ee--p aes G) Monroeville.........--. 47 Lisles 2 ib ee eases 19
EUS CCG ene see eeeeea 234 Norma. oii oun eee 13 Nineveh cs eee 15
ISCOS DUP mae eee 2 Palatine: cc homens 289 Tunnel] 525 es eee 6
Mauricetown...-.....-. I Pedrizcktown...2....22. 10 Union! oo secs 4
Millville. .-2-- 2-222 7 22. 13 Penns Grove.......-.-- 2 Vestal 222 Sees eee 8
Port Norris......-....- 4 Quimton ase 50 Whitney Point........ 13
Rosenhayn ante eee rene 2 Shien sto alee ae 659 Windsor. 2 sce eeeeeee 4
Woodruff’s.........-.. 11 Woodstown.........--- 534 | Cattaraugus County
Essex County: Somerset County: Oct. 23-31—
Oct.-Apr.— Aug. 24-Sept. 22— Hreedom.3.-5--eeeeeee il
ING Wario oc ouset eee 1 Kaneston cee t iene secs 10 Randolphire.sseseeeae 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
141
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Cayuga County:
et._May— Cars.
ANON SS Sey a Sebaaee 8
Genoae ee eisai ices 3
Matyi eee eal. 7
Montezuma.........--. 1
IMIOG AMT Ae ceiiceiele w sicinleie 55
North Port Byron. ..-. 38
Senne eeens seeersciccice 13
Venice Center.......-.. 2
Weedsport......-..---- 24
Chautauqua County:
Nov. 2-June 24—
Jamestown......---:-.. ]
Ii OW egeeae dec eeOaBee 2
Chemune County:
Nov.-Feb.—
ARTA: oa ye at pad Gaerne 1
Horseheads .....-....-- 5
INANE Reem Soseoneas 2
Wiamwu items sens soe as 3
Wellsburnge sees esa: 2 1
Chenango County:
Sept. 9-Nov. 15—
ACOT Seay. Bearers 39
Greene ee seo. edits sce. 11
Mount Upton...-..-- ae 2
New Berlin...........- 8
New Berlin Junction... 3
Norwich 1
Oxford 9
Rockdale 2
Sherburne 56
Sherburne Four Corners 2
ian eS Sobe Seen oee 10
South New Berlin..-.. 2
Clinton County:
Sept.—_June—
INOMEN SOUR ese oeeee Eos 24
Ausable Forks........- 10
Beekmantown......... 1
Chyohamilleu agadeaseeneus 251
Cherubuscos se eae: 61
Membres sees oe fala
TOW RoGEGsoues Skee 1
Mooers Forks.......-.. 6
POT eee tee rae ei 135
Pl atitSbuLrgeee eee ascese 1
IRURSTIE}2 > Guo pooueasemaee 5
Columbia County:
Sept. 30-Dec 10—
Boston Corners -.--..-- 2
Fast Chatham......... 3
Cortland County:
Sept.-May—
Blodzett WMS AS cesesee il
CincinnatuUsese.- sj... -.-!.
Gonhlandessenaeaaccce. 31
wuyles onal A Se 11
4
4
6
29
41
40
21
11
10
17
MntEXtOM eae eee aes i seine 1
Delaware County:
Oct. 83—Nov. 21—
Bloomvilless.2 oo 52. 2
Da enport Center....-. 14
Doth eine oe ceesaices 7
ELAM SIIee eee ce cic -i6 2
LO Dante ees esse 7
Kortright Station. ...-- 1
WE AOU aaa eee apaoaoes
2
1
29
Delaware County—Contd.
Oct. 3-Nov. 21—
Wie Gomme eae apreteeistae
WOUnmoSw ites saan ee ae
Dutchess County:
July 23-Dec. 15—
Bancall yee eee
Pine Plainse eee eg see ei
Poughquag BOIS SP OBOAL
Winedale
Erie County:
Aug.—June—
0 (6 Ke) cE ay sya eee Ce
Buiialozesceeeeneeeceae
Buffalo Creek...
Chaffee. - -
West aT RCS HAS ants
Essex County:
Nov.-—Mar.—
Bloomingdale.........-
POLtiNentaeeesne eee
Miconderogar sjcsiss en
Fran‘ lin County:
Brushton - -
Burke.....
Chateaugay
Constable
Lake Clear Junction...
Moon Walkesss-. secs
Malone... ------es/--/-
Genesee County:
Oct.-May—
iMlabamaveseatecceesee
Darien Center.-.....---
D.L. & W. Junction...
East Bethany..-..-----
East Pembroke..-.-....-
DepROVeseaeeseee
Oakfield. ......-
Pavilion Center
Pembrokereeescesecese
South Byron.-..-.-----
Staflordas2seccsce ssn
Greene County:
Sept.— :
Watskallea race ees cs
Herkimer County:
Oct. 27-Nov. 8—
Gedarvilles-4e sea-ice
South Columbia
South Little Falls......
West Winfield........-
Jefferson County:
Oct.—
‘Cape Vincent......----
Carthageteso-cescee cee
Lafargeville.........---
Philadelphia--.....----
Sacket Harbor-...------
Kings County:
Oct.—
iBrooklyn=eo-eeeseee—
NEW YORK—Continued.
Cars.
on
See eo
_ we
SN Fe orto oe ll is i)
— i=)
Nor BN we we
HR Re
Pt pe et
NEW YORK—Continued.
Lewis County:
Oct.—-Nov.- Cars
Wy ons Walisieesouesae as 3
Livingston County:
Oct.-June—
ASMOMNI 22k oeiae eteieicia eid © 26
@aledonias supose teases 3
COn@SIIS#as sauce eee eames 3
Daltontese ecmereeee ces 31
Dansvillowrss2 oe sobre. 39
ELemlOCcKeesteceuea see 8
PIN Geese see eae tees 29
INVOIMNESS teltcce mere nee 5
TAM ek eetsecceoeees es 21
Wivioni ges: paces cere 23
South Lima--.2. 2 coca. 1
South Livonia......... 1
Springwater........... 18
Madison County:
Oct.-May—
Chittenango........... 1
DepRuyter--teeeesse-- > 22
Harlvillestts-ses-sseee 6
PTICtOWM =< csesee-ceinae 3
Georgetown......--.--- ?/
Hamilton. -..... Peet 1
Hubbardsville.....-..- 14
Mebanoneeyecccisc-uecce 1
Leonardsville.....-...- 4
New Woodstock ...-.-- 6
North Brookfield..-...- 7
North Chittenango-.--.- 1
Poolvillesseeeeseee a 5
Randallsville...-..-.-- 3
Sheds Corners....------ 10
Solsvilleseeeeeeeeeen ce. 1
West Edmeston..-.--.- 1
Monroe County:
Sept.—June—
Adams Basin.--.---.--- 10
IBrockportiee-c---see ees 12
MlmeGrovesscr--eccees 1
Mainponuee.cuscee tose 38
Garbutteeceees-- ee se= 1
Hamline ss sseeseeesa 1
Hennriettassossesscesee 5
Eu toner ease eee eee eee 1
Honeoye Falis..-.--..--- 35
Mend orient ercnemacee 12
Mumfordeeees-sescecee 15
IPittsiondeesaeeeeeeeee 1
Rochester eeeecee ee 5
Rochester Junction. - - - 19
RUSH Se Seen aa 1
Spencerport..-.....----- 10
Wadsworth Junction... 1
Wayne portent esse 9
West Henrietta.....--- 25
Wiesh Rush =ee-eeeeeeee 3
Nassau County: ;
Sept.tIan.—
Central Park2-- 22-22 15
East Williston......--- 1
Farmingdale.......---- 20
bickswillececaseseeseee 12
Massapequa. ......----- 5
ShyMOseal he Goes se 2 += == 7
New York County:
Aug.July—
ING@wantOLkeceneee soe 110
Niagara County
ov.—
Ban kenseee seco 6
Gasponie eo. -ee eee 1
North Tonawanda..--- 1
Oneida County:
Sept._Nov. 9—
lossvalesece-eee eee 1
Bridgewater ----------- 2
@amulen sens) = eee 2
Olintonl 2-6 ee 2
Deansboro- .----------- 1
142
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Oneida County—Contd.
Sept. oy 9— Cars
AVIS eine woe aes eho ee ei 5
Richfield Junction..... 10
LUE ee eee eee 4
Waterville. 2.3.2 ooo. 5
Onondaga County:
Aug.—July—
PAM MI Asc ee asec cecemc ae 138
Baldwinsville.......... ll
SO ATOHIUS2 coe ie shes ee 1
(CLE ee Ss = See 1
ISUWA Ys ccccs Se 6se ch <i 12
WOTGAN Ge ose oe cane Ses 7
Lat aions 0) Cee Coe apes tae 8
WAMSONee en orice = sae 13
MATOISCO cmece sneak oem as 32
Memphis= 32555542024 15
Onativia 2
OPA cee ss clock omen See 1
Skaneateles Junction... 57
SVTACUSG-- 5-6. Seceec ee = 7
Vie oe ooo eee 67
Ontario County:
Oct.-June—
Clifton Springs......-.-. 70
RanmMin eons sn eeeeesee 19
WISHOLS Meee ene see eenee val
Genevanocscreseesecen 13
1 Tee ee eee 37
Manche-ter........-:-. 2
Mentensities aoc -2c.cs6 1
INaplesieee os cccoueseae 53
Oaks Corners........-- 13
PHELPS ss22 = neiticlirs 84
Phelps Junction......- 22
Seneca Castle.......... 4
PHOTresvilles. jason oem 1
WiChOlee seco se Ren 53
Orleans County:
Nov.—Dec.—
AN DION os sac cemce wack 4
ASHWOOd = cn noes tecaee 6
Knowlesville........... 3
MeGIna ase. oe ocean 2
Oswego County:
Nov.-Mar.—
Bernhards 1
NI GON Se = sere once imere nein 3
Hannibal 3
Kasoag if
New Have 4
South Granby 7
Otsego County:
Sept.-May—
Cherry Valley......:.-. 7
Cooperstown.........-- 4
East Worcester........ 47
Hamestonsaceesessn-=— 18
ily Greek. -2-scteeees ss 6
Gaurens. -3.--2-022 Se 4
Maryland.......... 14
Mount Vision 3
Oneonta 222: Species 9
Otepost S25 5055.2 16
Richfield Springs..-... 5
Schenevus..........--- 21
Schuyler Lake......... 9
1Oprtrte hi ee eee 2
Wells Bridge.-......... “5
Worcester---- s2nc2es cee 87
Rensselaer County:
Sept.—Mar.—
SBE She Ronson rene oe 2
Buskirk? 20 ca eee 38
Hoosick......2 eset 35
Hoosick Falls.......... 7
Johnsonville..........- 40
North Hoosick.......-. 10
Petérsbureg:-.2- ses ooe 3
Schaghticoke....-...-- 10
Stephentown. ...-....-- 1
NEW YORK—Continued.
Rensselaer County—Contd.
Sept.—Mar.— Cars.
Valley Walls. ease ll
Van Hoesen... Boe 1
Wealloomsacisa-pece ans 12
West Valley Falls..... 3
St. Lawrence County:
Oct.-—Mar.—
‘avian af oaitninitate ie sie eae 1
WBenie sic. s ccm eee 3
North Lawrence......- 15
IPO fSGaintes == see 1
Saratoga County:
Novy. 6—Dec. 7—
Gansevoort. .--..------ 3
Schuylerville.........- 8
Schoharie County:
Sept.—_Dee.—
yndsyille- = see-ee=-4- 1
Middleburg......------ 1
Richmondyille......--- 15
Schoharie: ss 22-226 1
South Gilboa......-.--
Schuyler County:
Oct.-May—
A PING! eee sees ee ene 6
Beaver Dams_-..------ ll
Odessa tsb eee eeaaes 21
Watkins? cee essere eee 2
Seneca ( ounty:
Oct.-Nov.—
Caywood......-.------ 1
WUNUS See ee eee 17
Oise a see ee eee 2
Sheldrake Springs... -- 1
Wialenlooneseeeseeenr ae 6
Steuben County:
Sept.—Iune—
Ad GISON eee rere pea oes 6
IACrianee an ce eens eee 3
ATM ONbeeee sae erence 163
Atlantantgeoes daecen se 124
ANVOCR- soe cse neoeeeeeee 74
Bathe ssc seats Sea 15
Cameronttoceceee ere 11
Cameron Mills...-.---- 1
Camp pelleapesseeeeeee
GanisteOn ee eeneneee ae 12
Cohocton...- 114
Coopers... - 5
Coming sess s-ee sees 2
MTeBIMAN ee cee eee se eas 4
Greenwood.....------- 23
Hammondsport..------ 12
Hone ep eeee ee nee esae 48
LigmmeGy5552s0bdiocese55 36
Windle vecw seceeseeee : 2
Painted Post....-..--- ul
IROrbwayeen tee eeasece 77
Prattsburgh. -.........- 18
Resviulleseee. seseor see 43
Rogersville....--.----- 115
SSVONSh ee coc wechioanees 4
Wa llaceeeme accent era 174
Wayland. - 275
Wiheelecee mesa cmemec 18
| Suffolk County:
July-May—
Amagansett........-... 1
Aquebogue-..-..-------- 360
Bridgehampton......-- 287
Calverto0uere s-- ees. 122
Gutchogtele.e-se--ess- 316
DeentParkeeecosss-eo=e 5
Easthampton........-- 4
East Moriches..-.-..-..- 4
Hast polveeeeeee eee eeree 3
Greenlawiivess elke 6
Greenport. souess= nese 23
Huntington........---. 3
JAMES POle eee ere eee 191
Kings Park... :--s.0s-:~ 1
NEW YORK—Continued.
Suffolk County—Contd.
July-May—
Laureél.wcwsseesceteeee 105
Manorville:cen- eee 16.
Mattituelkpecceeseesmeee 257
Medfordieeencsece lates 2
Millers Place........... 14
Northportecesce: seen 10
Orlient=\..ctatecosees ae 228
PeCONIC. 15 Sree eee 140
Pine, Laws. se cseenee ll
Port Jefferson.......... 5
Riverheade se sseeeeees 605
Shelter Island.......... 5
Southampton.......... 73
Southold seteeeeeeaeees 259
Wading River......... 13
Wainscott...... vf 53
Watermill ieee 200
Wyandanch.......-.4. 1
Yaphankeeseeecnseaeee 2
Sullivan County:
Sept. 11-Nov. 6—
CochectonSeess-2--ss2— 2
Narrowsburg.......... 3
Tioga County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Apa lachingeer sees "41
Bartonit sso eeeee eee ec 2
Berkshireseeee- eee 17
Campvilleseeesceeees BAS iG
‘Candorseeeeeeeoee 19
Flemingville 10
bockwoodseessssesseet 3
OUDSHELG YAR eee 4
Newark Valley......-- 13
NicholSiteeeeceeeeeeens AO
North Spencer....-...- 1
Owego ieee ree 32
Richtorditeneereeeeeaes 38
Smithboros-se-eeeneeee 1
Spencers! ee -eesee eee 9
Moga Centerecsesse as 4
/ WiestiCandorseesesoaaee 5
Wilseyvillesecs seers 3
Tompkins County:
Oct.—June—
Brooktonkee-- = -eseeee 10
Carolineseneeaeee eee . 3
Dry dens2 saaesass eee 42
Hila: sce eee ee eames 6
Groton 2c. ewes ae 15
Ithaca esses ee eeeeae 1
Take Ridgeseen-c--eee- 1
McLean. si iceeee canoes B8
Newfield 2etecaseeeeee 1
North Lansing..-.....-- 12
Ulster County:
Oct.—Nov.—
BE)SODUS: 2-aeeseeeeee aes 1
Kanestoneeeeesee eee 10
Washington County:
Sept.-May—
Cambridge. ..-...-.--.- 88
Fort Edward..--.-..... 36
Granvilloweesceens ame 13
Salemec.ne) ce -tcantes 89
Shushanesvees eens 37
Smith’s Basin 42
White Creek.......--.. 8
Wayne County:
Oct.-June—
ClYd6is 2 ose esas eee 1
East Palmyra....-.--.- 2
Ti VO0S ssh e2 =e eeReee 41
Macedon...--......-.-- 4
Marlomrc snceeeeeeeee 6
Ne@ War ks cree e ese ates 26
North Macedon 12
North Newark. ... 4
North Rose. > eee 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
Wayne County—Contd.
Oct.—June—
Weal ltinvetioyn 25 Rees
Wralwontheeeseperce.: ss
PETAR CIV Semis cis sares circle se =
PROTA LOHR E E cscicls S-
RockiGlensessscsaesees
Yates County:
Oct.-Dee. 29—
1438
‘TUBER CROPS—Continucd.
ee TR TO
ao or
NSD ANWWNHNREbe
—
N. Y., State total. ...10, 765
NORTH CAROLINA.
Ashe County:
Mar. 19—
IRULVIERSIG Gee eee) seis
Avery County:
Jan. 28—
Montezuma. s2.-.--.-.-
Beaufort County:
May 15-July 1—
BISHCDICTOSS Hwee 5 =
IWrashineponesies > -c- -/-
Bladen County:
June 28—
Abbottsburgsess vs. 3:
Buncombe County:
Aug. 12—
IETS Socasoseeacous
Camden County:
June 13-29—
IB CICK OSSiaeener esc sniaae
Carteret County: *
Dec.-Jan.--
Morehead City...--..---
Catawba County:
Apr. 26-June 15—
COnOVOLs bb ecaseseecere
Columbus County:
June 10-13—
Chadbournke=.- 2.23...
Lake Waccamaw....-.--
Craven County:
June—July—
ING WIDCEO tse scene nae
Cumberland County:
July 22-Aug. 5—
Fayetteville......-.-.-
Currituck County:
June 2-July 5—
MOYOCK ss sacs. sce 2
Sa WDOLOsee teres scsncie
Peninsula shipments
via Elizabeth City...
Duplin County:
Edgecombe County:
June 6-28—
South Rocky Mount...
_
rt OOD
225
6
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
NORTH CAROLIN A—Contd. | NORTH CAROLINA—Contd.
Gates County:
June 14-July 12—
Sunbury
Halifax County:
June 10-25—
Elobgoodesaasceecerame
Palmiynaee secs ser
Haywood County:
Aug. 1-Nov. 20—
Canton
Henderson County:
Aug.-May—
MatwROCKee ue mcmeesiee
Hleteher.s ss seseccseoeee
Hendersonville....-...
Johnston County:
July 20-Aug. 3—
@layitoneteecseceeenete
Lenoir County:
June 14-July 6—
KGS TON ace eee eee
Martin County:
May 20-June 28—
HrveretiSencceceseet eee
Parmele ic cecsseeee nee
Robertsonville........-
Mitchel] County:
Nov. 3—
Sprucebineseseeene
New Hanover County:
June 2-20—
Castle Hayne........--
Wilmington sscesseees
Pamlico County:
June 1-Aug. 1—
Orientals ie-cee sae
Pasquotank County:
June 10-24—
Elizabeth City (see Cur-
rituck County.)
Okiskos i ocssseser eee.
Pender County:
May 29-June 10—
Rocky Points..-.-e2e2
Perquimans County:
June 14—
Chapanoke....2...-22.
Pitt County:
June 13-16—
Grimesland 2222 -eeee ee
Simpsons soe sess e eee
Polk County:
June 10—
Saludasseaseeaece sarees
Robeson County:
June 6-July 14—
Mumberton esse. aces-
Parktonee-seeasesesees
Sampson County:
June-July—
Clinton eases seeere
Surry County:
Aug. 22-Oct. 15—
MountvAiryefcceseseeee
Swain County:
Aug. 15-Nov. 1—
Wihi tiers sacs eee
Washington County:
May 1-30—
Plymoutheeeeseee seers
Wayne County:
May 31-July 17—
Dudley ease eee
Goladsboros ess -nceee
Cars
1
bho
to
bo
3
wor
H= to
wo
Wayne County—Contd.
May 31-July 17— Cars.
tROTIM Cre cadelcerrets as 410
Pilkevilleboassmacnmeneee 2
N. C., State total..... 2,282
NORTH DAKOTA.
Barnes County:
Oct.-June—
IDazeyerounees sees octets 20
MiGa ls <'sersrras so ce Soe 7
WitChvillese aces sseeee 1
OTISb ae chess aeeeE oe 3
Paillsbttinyes sess ae 20
OFOLSse soe ac see 3
San DOLUeecee ease sees 7
MalleyaGityeeeceseneeee 2
Wiaimbledonts: sess ase 5
Benson County:
Oct. 4-Dec.—
Bal Cisjc|onfs~ roe eevee 2
Brinsmade. cues soe 2
Esmond.......- peers 6
MulMore vec. eae oe 3
Les Mere asses eee 1
WGGdSeo cece scence 4
Maddock aeecsseseusese 1
Minnewaukan......... 2
Oberon 323. 2 sseaonee 3
Pleasant Lake......... 1
NOI Oss osc merece 1
Mor kwariasien oes sceeee 2
Bottineau County:
Oct. 14-Dee.—
IBOLINEAUS ess aster ee 9
Garbutyjesccccesssceeee 1
Murdse ss s2Ussssceee eee 1
andes. s cesses 3
Wansfordscasees- hence eee 1
INE wibULRo os ccee eee 19
Omemeesse eee te 9
Rothe sos oss nieebeeeos 1
Souris. aeeeeee teres i
Wresthone.-.ecenscerece 4
Willow: Cityacesseeccee 4
Bowman County:
Dec.—June—
IBOWINAT Ese aeeeoe see 12
Burke County:
Nov.-Apr.—
Columbusiseesesseeoecs 1
Powersiliake...ccsscons 2
Burleigh County:
Oct.-June—
IBISMALCK s0 sane sees 12
Burleighe- see eee 2
MOttbisenc cons cee eee 1
Regan ness. 25t eee 1
Cass County:
Aug. —June—
(ADSALakasoscos.seceeee 46
HAM eTIAS sca cose ee ee ene 17
AATUNUT cece accssceeeees 14
IAC ee was os oe ees 56
Burialosessesesascsoeee 45
Gasseltons.-+enosseecee 5
Ghatieete.> cise 22
Davenpoct........-..-- 1
TICE acer eeee oe cceeere 23
17
1
1
15
2
17
107
25
16
144
NORTH DAKOTA—Contd.
Cass County—Continued.
Aug.—June—
aT aaa eene coe sae
RBIOSpelass=-52ee<saesee
Tower City.-........--
WRARROI tee este ss = =
Ww heatland ne aan ac cna
Munich..... Sade eee
Osmaprock.2--4e eee ease
Sarles..--------~--------
Dickey County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Piendsalex sass -ee-esee
Divide County:
Nov.-May—
Eddy County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Brantford......-.---.--
Foster Conte:
Sept.—Mar.—
Bordulace-sece aa eee
Carminetoneo esessee ae
GlenGieldeses seea see:
Grace City.
MCHERIYicmsaeeeeceseee
| GrandForks2 221222212.
Honeylord........-..--
Kempionees-o- sense:
Manveolhi ee oes
Reynolds 35 sy sssece sce
Griggs County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Binfordeet sso. sone
Cooperstown...........
Hannaford.............
Hettinger County:
Oct.-Dee.—
MOUG! cess se S02 eee
Kidder County:
Oct.-Dec.—
De BW SO. oe pore
RNWN ROW We ee
NONNAwW
wal
Lol)
Oro
_
_ _
One Onr
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NORTH DAKOTA—Contd.
LaMoure County:
Marion esuid o pa CAS HOLES
VELOUR Ro tng. asos pee een
MeHenrv County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Bantryeeoees sees
Wiphami se eee
McIntosh County:
Mar. 11-May 23—
FASO Vee ae ae eee
McKenzie County:
Oct.—Dec.— ’
Alexander: s.o. cee
Watiordiss5 5 ese
McLean County:
Oct. 10-20—
Underwood woken uameare
Oct.-Dec.— _
PT aZen soos a eae
May 29—
Raleigny = .osyaa pee
Mountrail County:
Nov.—June—
White Nantes 3s sctee
Nelson County:
Sept.-June—
Ame ta Shs ak haat
akotaye Sel" Babee eek
Michizane Gog se eo
eee Be See ee
Wihitmante ae sarees
Oliver County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Mort Clark. Soman asercakic
Saneert ase eee ieee
Pembina County:
Oct.—June—
Backoor see eee
Batheates.. lo deesee se
Cavalier’. 2.223262 aheet
Crystal ease SoSHAR
Dray Loner acc eeee
Glasston. 2252 5oeeia-
Walhalla. oss eae
Pierce County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Bartonine cess seceee ae
RRUED Yo ae eee meceleee ee
Ramsey County:
Oct.-A pr.—
Church’s)Hermy2seeseae
Derrick: Awe ee
Cars.
NWR oO wn ROR One hme
HD
NeW
ar
BROMO CO
wre
Nr
—
CTR Wh or wo
mr
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
NORTH DAKOTA—Contd.
Ramsey County—Contd.
Oct.-Apr.—
POD vase svcd ee
Ransom a
Oct.-Dee.—
Buttzville.............
Englevale. 2-25-25.
Lisbon. 32s sseeeeees
Renville County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Richland Counts:
Oct.July—
Abercrombie.........--
Barnyj-—- 5 aeeeeeoee
Hankansonbe.- a. sees
Lidgerwood......-2.2--
Mantador=3 a aeeae
Wahpetoneiss aes
Walcott. Sse
Rolette County:
Sept. 25-Dee.—
Dunseth seers
Sargent County:
Nov.-June—
Bran plo neeeseeeeeeee
Cayuga. -2 oe seas
Cogswell. . s
De Lamere
Rutland see eee
Sheridan County:
Oct.—
McClusky eececeeneeeee
Steele County:
Stutsman County:
Sept._Feb.— p
Buchananey see
Woodworth:.-..--.--..
Towner County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Bisbee: 22 8oceee cee
Traill County:
Oct.-July—
Blanchard: 222s sesesee-
Cumminpsiyes, seeeceee
Galesburp ten eeeeeeeee
JET STO A eee
Rwr
— row
_
NKPONW BAIR DEW
ORAM OAT
—_
Noort
_
NNER UOCNH~I1th
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
NORTH DAKOTA—Contd.
Maywvillestose. 22.2
Pontlan Geaseeteett la r1--\-
Walsh County:
Sept.-May—
PAT COCK s-t-lelete risers = == 21
Grafton
Ward County:
Oct.-June—
IBentnoldeatere sees -ic
WD OSHUAES Hee eater se ee
(elantlamdicneeeececeees =
ICON AS TOMA ee mecca
AMOMITIATC Heise iejtaete t=
IORI Sou eebaesabeae
Wells Ghoti
Oct. 11-Nov. 29—
Oct.-Jan.—
PENI Dea eas NU
WWHLUSROSe Hee eat
Wallistom gees eeee
NeeNe HPwWNNEN ee AD
re
OrRNR Ee
N. Dak., State total..
=F
or
ire)
OHIO.
Allen County:
Niven —Apr.—
entanula County:
Sept._May—
nid overneeen ae nane
ENS Iba Ula ees sete cele
Ashtabula Harbor.-.--
Connesut Ey SS EES
hemos yall epee eee) =
SUMANMOMS Hees see Le
Auglaize County:
Nov. 9—
Step MianySteeseeiseiscc ees
Belmont County:
May—
Martins Ferry...-...--
roepaien County:
t
Clark County:
Oct.—
Greenwilles 2220.25 225-2
Clermont County:
Oct.—
Columbiana County:
Aug.—Apr.—
Golumpiana. 2-27 /522.-
East Liverpool.....-..-
Kensington) 2220525.
[PAS WODBE Ee re cian t=
44215°—18—Bull. 667.
i
aay
HwoORe~aIO~TH
Nowaehpre
OHIO—Continued.
Columbiana County—Con.
Aug.-Apr.—
New Waterford........
Salem ee ee
Summitville.........0.
Washingtonville.......
Coshocton County:
Jan.-May—
Coshoptonseeieees cease
Crawford County:
Aug.-Nov.—
IBUCVEUS seas eeeeerter
Robinson yee eee eee
Cuyahoga County:
Aug.-June—
Cleveland eee eee eee
Erie County:
Nov.—June
TANVOL Wisc eee He ea ey
Berlin Heights........-
Castalia: eee
Sanath eae ae ae
Franklin County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Columbusecscteeeeeane
Fulton County
Payette ase OUR RS et efen erat
Geauga County:
Nov.—Mar.—
East Claridon........--.
Greene County:
Nov.—Apr.
INOTI AY [eek s OS ee ee ae
Guernsey County:
Oct.—Jan.—
@am brid gests ses sa aes eee
Hamilton County:
Sept.—June—
@incinnatiz je sseeee see
@lEVeS 2 Ses See ees
Hardin County:
Oct. 20-—May—
Huron County:
Oct. = une
Norwalk foe 2 seeseecier
Jefferson County:
Dec.-Feb.—
Steubenville.........-.
Knox County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 14—
Ankenytown....--.----
Danvilles<sesteseeee=
Lake County:
Nov.—June—
Madison Scncccseseioces
Mentor
Licking County:
Nov.—
INewarkeiieeee see ees
Logan County:
Nov. 1-27—
Bellefontaine......-.--
Lorain County:
Oct.—
Brighton sceceesssese at
10
Cars.
Ronn
ee
wow
WON k-=I
i
BOR w
OHlTO—Continued,.
Lucas County:
Oct.-June—
Madison County:
Oct.—
Wondon es mace mcctee cd
Mahoning County:
Apr.—
oungstown..........-
Marion County:
Oct.—Dec.—
Medina pour:
Nov.- May—
Burbankesesseeeeee eee
Monroe County:
Oct.—
Montgomery County:
Dee.—Jan.—
Dayton nagess saat
Muskingum County:
Nov.-May—
Zanesville. .-29e....---
Perry County:
Dec.—
New Lexington.......-
Portage County:
Oct.—June—
Mahonin seen eceece
IMantiarsss- veseeescscs
Wa ylan Geet ceessemee
Putnam County:
Apr.-May 2—
Columbus Grove...-..-
Richland C ounty:
Aug. 23-Oct. 23—
Bellevillasvee esse
Butlentsee 2 os eae eee.
Mamnshelde ast scccccnes
Ross County:
Sept. 15-Dec. 3—
oe hillicothe#eeee-22-c-2
Sandusky County:
Aug. 31-Nov. 6—
Seneca County:
Nov.-May—
Green Springs
Old Fort-...-..-
Stark County:
Dec.-—Mar.—
PAlligncE Rests =a een
Canton eeseeeeoseaae
Oct.—Dec.—
AkTON ssseccceceeeeoece
Trumbull County:
Sept.-Dee.—
Kinsman ...-...--------
gee County:
May—
New Comerstown...--.-
Van Wert County:
May—
Van Wert. .222. Sees
145
Cars.
noe
tt et
146
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
OHTO—Continued.
Washington County:
Aug. 18-Nov. 2— Cars.
PROVO ee ee oc cee tae 5
MIATIOLA cate a caceece me 3
15251 |) ee Rp its, ee 2
Sat | Gee ae ee 3
Winhlppleses. een sen 2
Wayne County:
Sept. 12-Nov. 2—
MODES COM eree epee iciaa'e'= 3
TRU eas eee Seren ee ?4
Orrvilletsss-—e- 10
Smithville... tie 17
WOOSTER So sisecnce = Sarat 5
Wyandot County:
Oct.—
Upper Sandusky......- 1
Wihantonts otis: <eesice 6
Ohio, State total. .... 821
OKLAHOMA.
Beckham County:
Mar. 2-20—
PTI Chae se erst stance 2
Cherokee County:
June 28-July 1—
Mahlequahecccsen-cseae 3
Haskell County:
June 14-20—
McCurtain: <2°22 2-5. 5. 3
SPs es cs te nee 6
Hughes County:
June 21-23—
Wetumka. 2522-222... 3
La Flore County:
June 9-July 14—
IBOKOSHOSe e+e sans cae = 1
Gameron:22 25-22-55. - 2
OU PENS eeeeeee aac 1
1) 02) Dee se ei 13
Shady Point....-...-.-- 1
SIMU se iokeisesocoso ccs 249
McCurtain County
May 29-30—
Woda beleees scene acca 2
McIntosh County:
une—
Lore (bl Ee ae am eee 4
Muskogee County:
June 2-Jan. —
IBIAP RS eer eeeeaasesee 26
Fort Gibson...-.------- 461
PAS ice heres Neceec cme 14
Keefetonses a. -s- <=) 2
Muskogee. .-----..-.--- 47
OTE to cc ce sree erie 1
Webbers Falls.......-- 166
Waybark.- acpthcke a= 64
Okfuskee County:
June-July—
CaStléence=- wmsoee ae 8
Okemaneecccc. saceser- &
Weleetkas.2s5--caecce 33
Pottawatomie County:
June-Jan.—
IDEAL See Saeco Sse sae 5
Shawiee*=—- ee o-.-sre = 57
Seminole County:
June—
KOURa Wate ce eeeeeeeeeee 2
Sequoyah County:
June 8-Nov. 3—
GANS: 22 cece nese eae 16
OPT ye a esac se 68
Minldrow occ ere 41
Redland... ooerescras 19
ROWAN so emcee 3
Ballisaw.-5-cesessesea=t 1
OKLAHOMA—Continued.
Tulsa County:
May 9—
DUIS er sean cee neiecee
Wagoner County:
June 19-July 5—
North Muskogee......-
Redbirdeec-eececs ese
Cars.
1
nue
Okla., State total.... 1,424
OREGON.
Baker County:
Oct.—June—
Bakers... -waneeeers 52
Haines...
Robinettsss: ates eee
Benton County:
Oct.—June—
Alpine ceeeeacereae ce
ad
=
°
3
5
°
» ©
1:
‘
‘
‘
A
.
5
‘
'
.
‘
.
'
a
en tor
Clackamas County:
Aug.—_May—
Banloweececeeeee seen
Canbyeesseweccrose cece
Eagle Creek.........-.-
HStacad amare maaan aere
Taberallcs pest eoceae
Molalla ee ee
Oe
NORONHROM RA RoOb
fo)
=
©
oa
is)
3
Q
Ss
ct
4
:
t9 00
OS WOO Mesecs wooed
Columbia County:
Sept.—June—
Deertslands=<-- =
Houltonees-eeceeceaee.
n
Ca
rc)
=
rc)
=}
nan
.
‘
'
‘
‘
Or Rt
Crook County:
Nov.—June—
eS)
©
Q
B
fe)
i=]
p
mOoOb
Douglas County:
Oct. 27—Mar.—
is)
4
2.
5
.
‘
.
.
.
.
mee OO
Hood River County:
Oct.-May—
Hood River...........-
Mohs! esse ce orton:
_
wCOnan
HarlesP olnteec--naseces
Goldubillzeaccesesceece
Rogue River.........-.
Talent tee ois coe coeme
Jefferson County:
Nov. 1-May—
FALOWAY cr se ce smn ace =nle
Madras 72. scmscdieae
Metolius? ccm serene
Opal Cityes2tee seen
Klamath County:
Feb. 19-May 2—
Klamath Falls........- 3
Noe eee
Rone
OREGON—Continued.
Lane County:
Sept.—June—
Bear Creek......-..-.<<
Coburgigaercs. see
Cottage Grove.........
Creswellinzc<csiccscp eben
EUZene@ secs perepeeeeee
Fall Creek...) seneeaee
Goshen: ..05.secne sees
Irving 32sec ee see
Junction City us
Lowell... -ccseeeen eens
Mohawk Junction... ...
Springhelds=eeeeeeeeee
Veneta... See
Lincoln County:
Noy. 15-May—
Chitwood!=222---eeeees
Linn County:
Sept.—May—
Albany 22 cece. ceee seer
Brownsville
Crabtreez*-e-eeeee
Malheur County:
Nov.-Feb.—
NYSS@isc oscesn ce eeenee
Ontarlonseeeseceeneeoee
Marion County:
Aug.—June—_ ,
ATIMSWIIO see eee
GervaiS.....-...
Hubbard
Jefferson! o.2. cede meee
Marion. 22ers eee
Salem :'...- Suseeseee eee
Turner: ..scese eee
West Stayton.........
Woodburnese--esee seer
Brooklyneeesssseeeeere
Burlinetonieeessessseee
Corbettszztttecse corte
Bast, bortlandeeseeesse
Bast St. WouuSeessscere
Mairvie we eens sas eeemmet
Gresham ses secemeeece
Linnemann Junction...
Montavillaseeseeceeeee
DOIrrys.- 2 eceeeeees
Sherman County:
Feb. 10-19—
Kenty.scs2sssesemee
ee
—_
Cr Cn Co oe et
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 147
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
OREGON—Continued. PENNSYLVANIA—Contd. PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Tillamook County: Berks County—Continued. Chester County—Continued.
Oct.-Feb.— Cars. Aug.—-May— Cars. 1d ie -Apr.— Cars.
PPM CLATID A isineteiyeciniccs s'-/+ 1 eeesports: 2) eeeseeaee 5 Jincoln University.... 7
OWENS Sancitonicieclce ste c\cl 1 Lenhartsville.......... 15 Nonthbrooks.23s-2.s5-= 2
Umatilla County: Maiden Creek.......... 14 (Ops (0) ito EER Sane eee 11
Aug.—Apr.— Mertztown............- 2 PArKSDLITS Stajecanceemee 5
Hormdalevescaasste detec 3 Reading... ce See eae ee. 1 Wagontown........... 1
Mreowatelercente neces. 1 Shamrock: oes 2 | Clarion County:
HM TOME swe aoe oie 1 Shoemakersville-...... 5 Nov.-Feb.—
Summyside nse se see 5 Doptoniy-2ee jee seein. 4 es Giicte aes saa du opie 2
Union County: Virginville: ye oeeses 38 peaee County:
Sept.-June— Bradford County: Sept.-Jan.—
Bacon 1 Oct. 1-Mar.— 3erwindale..........-. 9
Cove 5 Alba. Soo tea soaneee 4 Smoke Run............ 3
Elgin 12 Cantons sess ere ee 9 | Columbia County:
Imbler 49 Cowley... 22 sekeee te 4 Sept.-Apr.—
La ane 21 Gilletiieaseeasece 1 GatawisSsass. stueseeeeee 55
Uni 5 Grovers seeks aye 2 | Crawford County:
Wallowa icnunis: Milanese. ie cape 5 Oct.-June—
Nov. 2-Apr.— New Albany........... 5 Cochranton\- 20 secon 13
INGOEDLISC sseiscieeciselce 7 Standing Stone........ 5 Conneaut Lake-.-.-.... 1
TOSePHAess ees. Sees 1 Mowanda-peesacceteeee 6 ESDYiViUlebeets iscsi 3
Wralllowaseceacccccec ces 2 TROYs ssc ee eRe 4 Geneva ssn eesesecee es 4
Wasco County: Wilawana.......:.-..- 5 Hydetown.....-..---.. 4
Aug. 30-Apr.— Wayalusingseseeeeneses 12 Tinesyille:- - cagee--->- 8
Dia errseyemiciiee e 7 IWGYSOX: coe ee ee 32 Meadville........-..... 1
Wieybh osha eee ae ma 3 | Bucks County: Spartansburg.-..22-.-.--5 7
MOS TET eee 1 Aug.-Apr.— DbUS Wallen ee relma 5
Shanikomeeeeeeeeeceraes 1 IBTIStO LEA aie ee eracee 1 Tryonvillenis cess seers 5
Ther alleseaseee meee se 4 Buckingham........... 5 | Cumberland County:
Washington County: Churchville.2 22222-2522 25 Oct.-Nov.—
‘ Sept.-June— Groydonte eee i 6 Mechanicsburg..-....-.. 1
TEENS oases Ca ee 16 T oylestown........ Hit) Wao | Slammers - 60 - o- eeesen= 2
Beaventonecceceesce se: 34 George School.......... 3 | Erie County:
BUONO 6 Wahaska) cee 16 Sept.—A pr.—
Gonnelius see 26 Imanghorme ees set eseose 4 UAL Di OTe ye Sar ates alla 1
IDGN ac uateeeueeuenee 1 Morrisville)! Site ou 87 Crayton. <2 o-s0op 4
Forest Grove....-.---- 10 Neshaminy Falls. ..... 2 Blk Creeks © een eseaes 8
Gaston ees 14 New Hope: - siete sae 3 Hrie..--.--------5-<--- 2
TEGUNS IRDS Wo weeeoeeues 60 Newtown......222221.: 4 Fairview-.-..---------- 5
North Plains.......... 20 Roclotsseeseae eee 22 Girard... .....--------- 6
Reed villeweeeee ues 11 Mrayim Oressee soe seeenee 2 Mill Village.....-----.- 7
Sherwood 39 TTOVOSCS. sick cdieloaeeeee 1 North East .......---.-. 2
Tigard...... 6 Mullytownee ec gjeseeess 99 North Girard .......... 1
Timber ....- 2 Wialberts 20. eee 1 Plategiaien nee sess cceeee 1
Tualatin 18 Woodbourne........--- 3 Springfield............. li
Wilkesboro....--....-- 3 iWaycomber se ceeteen 47 Swanville...--..-.----- 1
Yamhill County: Wardleyae. seesee sees 14 Union City.--....--.-- 3
Oct.-June— Cambria County: Waterford -.-..-.-.-... 2
Canltonte eee etn 4| .Sept.-Jan.— Fayette County:
IDE RAIS eee eee 8 IFLaStin SSsce sl ese ee 6 Oct. 10-26— -
TDNEEAVaTTe ult co ae a 6 Patton see eee eee 19 Somerfield. ....--.---.. 2
McMinnville........... 3 | Carbon County: Franklin County:
Newberg eb re ee tach 9 Sept.—Mar.— Sept.-Oct. 9—
Sheridansesensee i): 21 Ashfieldie sce ces sseees 1 Midvale.........-.----- z
Varnihill se cine ie ee ye 1 Germans sees 5 Waynesboro....-.-.-.. 2
ehighi Gapseeeseaete 1 Indiana County:
9 Lizard Creek Junction. 3 Cc BYiey
Oreg., State total... 2, 644 Weathers ; jun fone 3 Cherry Tree. won conanee ‘
Vei r eming Summit..--...
PENNSYLVANIA. NUDES cocsesoe3s me Fe TTY Wee es 1
: Center County: an 5
= Plumvillesssee- cone 14
Adams County: Oct.-Nov.— Gace Ses ae 8
Sept. 15— Coburn DES SISO SOS OSOSO 1 Shelocta on AN RC oe Be a 2
Br plervill eee =i-cls ici 1 1 | Jefferson County:
ueeneny County: Nov.-Apr.— s
Sept.— IBictRUNeee cers ee eee 9
Springvale............. 8 62 Brookville -.2)22. 122222 2
Armstrong County: 7 Reynoldsville.......... 1
Oct.—Nov.— 1 Sprankle Mills-..-..... 1
Craigsville............. 3 2 | Lancaster County:
11 ENVIS SSE Baaeeenees 3 71 July-Apr.—
Worthington........... 1 1 iBarevilles=-sscssss sores 33
Beaver County: 2 Bird in Hand.......... 8
Nov.— KA eWaseenenaeeeees 21 Ghristianiaeee see 20
Beaver Malls: : 22... . 2.2 1 Hl vers0n-- eeseeeeeeee 15 TOE Gy qa Dive Rae os 2
Berks County: Embreeville--.......-. 3 Elizabethtown.-..-.... 3
Aug.-May— Glen Moore........<-:. 1 Wainmountescccesceseae 43
DARL teeat te uise.cets 2 Honey Brooks2 see sne 4 HMlorinecssesen ee cencoee 1
eam burs ees see Soe 3 Kelton 54 eee oes 30 Fulton House...-...... 3
OTN A Se esse Senco 16 IKeennette cance meee noe 14 Gapre eee eee 14
KCOmplOMen s<cics cesses 205 Landenberg............ 6 Gordonville:*22222-==2 2
KReutztowilscc-s-5- 5... 24 Menapesrencasecencsens 2 Goshenicets ss eeeeeeee 19
148
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Lancaster County—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Perry County:
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Wyoming County:
Oct. 22-Mar.—
Lacey wille.ssasaenene
Meshoppen........--.-
Vosbure-<as3ecaeee ae
50 | York County:
July-Apr.— Cars. Nov.-Jan.— Cars.
Landisvilles--2 22.2222 2 Millerstownl. 22cssse- 5
Leaman Place......... 9 | Philadelphia County:
DOORS.) eemieee = 6 July—June—
ithe one os 28 Philadelphia..........-
McCalls Ferry. -....... 8 Shackamaxon....--... 2
Manneimi---ssereececse 11 | Potter County:
New Holland ..:....... 27 Oct.-May—
New Providence....... 1 Andrews Settlement... 3
Quarryville...........- 68 Consvillecceceeee Ss 4
HURGOMS so-so een ee ses 2 Coudersport.....---.-- 42
ROMES)Ayeacninecemece sks 2 Galotonie. acest ll
Spruce Grove.......... 3 Genesee see eee 34
STEIN 52 Seas Sesae 3 Harrison Valley. ..---- 4
Wihite Oaks 92. 252225. 2 Millporteccusee tees 2
White Rock..-.2 525.22 39 Millis see 4
Lebanon County New ‘eld Junction.-... 9
ct.—A pr.— Oswayoul Pre cease 35
Lebanon..-..----...-.. 1 Rose Lake 2
sheridan. 42a sas 2 Ulysses 8
Lehigh County: Walton 7
Sept._June— : West Bingham........ 6
AUD IIEhISS oe eeseee eee ae 15 WOO Villenee eee een ]
penton SSaRoR Ae cSsat a3 Schuylkill County:
SPORT ot yaa ea DES Oct. —Apr.—
Centre Valley.-........ 3 TRG RODS 6
Chapmanwnss went 18 Dr hi oe a a 8
WMAUS Soe Se 6 cae oe Weenpecssaes 3
Germansyille..-......- 399 Gand S Reco por cat eeos 5
Hokendauqua--......- 50 Gu, 4 poe i
Tieyrin pores eee 149 Mill Wlssonsscase 7
Machineie =e omens 57 N Oia asen tS
Siatedaie ceo) oe ean i 8 ew Ringgold 20
Slatineton s Sait eae eee Sees we 16
PAO G Re SpA Seed Sor Snyders see 4
Trexlertown-.......-.- 54 AAUON Sco s cee
DELP OMS 5> eye nee eee 76 | Snyder County:
Wanamakers.-........ 108 Nov.—Feb.—
Zionsville ot ee 6 Beavertown.......-.-- 1
Se ecaiiy. Selinsgrove... ---------- 1
ept. 6-Nov. 3— :
Beach Haven.- 2.22... 7 pat a y
Pern Glencccssse = esse 1 Berlin cece eee 24
Jeddor esse se =a aeae 1 Boswellinyc. 32 Sees 35
Lycoming County: Con "uence hte Spake bee CE 1
Oct.-Feb.— med ens is eee 6
Roaring Branch. -..... 4 Garretts ee 1
Mercer County: Grey eet ih a 1
Oct.—June— Meyersdale.---..-..--- 1
Clarks Mills....-......- 1 Salisbury Junction... - 3
WreGOnMae cea newman 2 Sand Patch 3
Jackson Center..-...... 4 Stovestown 2
Mercer.-.......--.---:- 10 West Salisbury........ 4
andy Lake 3 A
SHaronee Wea | Sullivan County:
5 Oct. i6-Nov. 29—
Stoneboro 4
Transfer 1 IDUSDOLeE Sse see eee 16
Montgomery County Susquehanna County:
Apr.— Aug. 15-Dec. 30—
Palms cae atanicen toe 1 ey Center! seaci2-% ;
. 2 Rin psloy a wosacstemcise
pleat le yee Montrose osa2-enaeeee 6
Bathe oe oe eames 7 | Tioga County:
SBLiaSE 2 Se eee 1 Oct. 4-Mar.—
Chapman Quarries. 10 Lawrenceville..-...... 2
Danielsville... 1 Millertonmecssnct cane ee 1
Hast Banpor. -22accccce 2 Sabinsvilletss- =. 7. ene 2
MASLOUL nce se eecioee 1 Tioga Junction: ---:..- 3
detest arg as? rece 1 Wellsboro Junction... . 1
acksonville........... 3 7, of
Martins Creck......... 2| ae county
INAVANDO = = sae = ose 1 Oil Cityacnty eee eeeeer 1
Nazareth oo i ice oes 2 SOREN Cicer > a aban
Portland.........: Bae 3 | Washington County:
Siegfried. ........---... 10| Sept.-Dec.—
Stockertown........... 6 Burgettstown.....-...- 1
Treichler. ......---.2-. 24 Primrose....---.-.----- 1
Weaversville........... 1 Washington........- + 3
Wind Gaps cess. ae 4 | Wayne County:
Northumberland County: Nov. 4-16—
Nov.-—Mar.— Honestsle: 2 os. . scorn 1
Dornsiiels. 2 sae eases 4 Poyntelle ss oceee tesa 1
Aug.-Apr.—
Bridgeton .-22--ses tees i
Brogueville:...-.<-sc0= 85
Dallastown........-...... 7
Delta o.2-.s2.2seeieeeae 1
Fawn Grove. ...-.<.--. 20
Feltonjc-2-5055-chp ees 44
Glatielters. io 25.5 cen 5
Glen! Rock2es-p sence Fs 14
Glenville ys. aaaeneseese 20
Hanover=-2-csaeeeeaes 1
Hanover Junction..... 4
Highrocks:ssueuseee eae 27
HokeS =.s.<:tsecneeees 5
Laureliacks 6 saeeoe iets 19
Muddy Creek Forks... 23
New Freedom...... Le 22
New: Park? 52a: dotneas 38
Red Lionas cts cece 31
Shaffer 2-csace5 se. eee 25
Shrewsbury.........-.. o
Siusheimee ee eeeeeeee 6
pays) oe seaso---5- Be 6
Spring Grove. .......-. peel
Stewartstown.........- 50
Turnpike sees seseeehee 50
Wiley sie es hoe eee 27
Wondbines =o ieasesae 17
York. siccecudssecaeeees 2
Pa., State total...... 3,819
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport County:
Aug. 2-Sept. 18—
Melville... : 25% sen eeoen 2
Providence County:
Aug.—July—
AUbDULN Es F550 ees 1
Providences. -ssaeeseeeete 18
Washington County:
Sepnt.—Jan.—
Sloctums essence aeeeee 36
R.I., State total. .... 57
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
May 15-June 30—
Beawlortiee-sess- = apis 7
PortiRoyaleere sss: ee 25
Selgin. eee 56
Charleston County:
May 16-June 12—
Charlestoneeesseeeeeaee 319
John’ sisiandieeseasees 395
Meggett.......-....- mbye¥ oer T 1)
Yonge’s Island........ 180
Colleton County:
May 28-June 2—
Green| Pondes sete esee 6
Georgetown County:
May 31-June 11—
Georgetown...........- 4
Hampton County:
May 20—
PUDIMNS Wa.) ne eee 1
Horry County:
May 29-June 15—
ANON soe aoe eee eee 5
Myrtle Beach.........- 47
Jasper County:
May 20-June 20—
Ridgeland.........- ae 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
149
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
SOUTH CAROLINA—Contd.
Marlboro County:
June 1-8— Cars
(Obbio ye guna ne Sas
8.C., State total..... 1, 264
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Aurora County:
Sept.—
Wihitewlakeseereyci)-1-. 2
Beadle County:
Sept.—A pr.—
Ca OUne eee eatcrsl< oc) 10
inten Cor ke eee 4\-1-)- 9
EON See cies eicyomyocic = 24
WAU a A BS eR aR 1
NEED GA I UC a 1
Brookings County
Sept.—A pr.—
PAUITOT Aa wees lae cmc = 12
IBTOOKAN ES 2-1-1) <jeleesterese 25
STU COM taeiieteieierek clam 100
OMe eercrecisnesere cine 44
Sine acscesasow fessauee 9
Mol eae ss cir > eae aa 38
WWM soe onece AUN oi 130
Brown County:
Oct.—June—
Aihendeen esas seetie/elei- = 90
ISH ate see se Seen 2
@laremonte ssi eeee 35
Colum ia eee a
INO MEA os ooooseoee sees 3
REC Crick eee meeps 5
GROOMER ese aeeeteeite cic 4
eC latn eee Nee aciae ss 1
HOUGHTON ee eceee 5
lehatiioloe sya teens 11
AIMIOS He see errs jeriey Noo 2
Ondwiavisscseeneercnse. 1
TRUIG MO Vise soe elarcte prewar 4
Randolph 1
Stratlondtesseeee reso. 3
Wiest porteeecicsssecee oe 19
IWIATMe rere lee 15
Brule County:
Apr. 4-June 3—
LeGhaal REM See eae 1
TRUM GaSe OA Bea 4
Butte County:
Sept. 9-Noy. 15—
Belle Fourche...-.-.---. 16
1
7
15
1
8
6
1
4
1
17
Codington County:
Sept.—-June—
IMIOLENCEE sess. e eso 8
GrOVerseeteeae ce jeclseee 19
HETLOTIGV eee eee eae 5D
Kampeska 2325052... 4
Keranz bungee a se) 5 13
South Shore 17
Wallace... .. 9
Watertown 48
Corson County:
Oct. 28—
MOnNISETOWM =) 22.502. 3
Watauga........ fate fear 1
Custer County:
Oct. 20-Mar.—
WTSTOI eee eee eis as 1
Tefnbated Soe ee aaa 3
SOUTH DAKOTA—Contd.
Day County:
Aug.-May— Cars.
ANCOVer I aaeeuseemeed 1
BriStole2 tics eeenep eae 1
Hlolmquistiaieeanace 1
1 Diy eee |-Y-152)), 1
Rierpontesee eee 3
Wiatlbaiy. ce seeeeeeeeee 4
Webster ....... are rae 7
Deuel County:
Sept.-Apr.—
Aliamontseseseeere eee 2
ASTONIA ane eee eee eno 15
Bemis st ie Seas 3
Brand tessa eee 37
GOOd Wins. wees 19
Douglas County:
Nov.-May—
Imelmaont se eee eral 4
Edmunds County:
Oct.—June—
Bow dle! ae esc 20
Boyaltonmen ese neue 2
Mima ee Na Tea acai 3
FROSCORH Asa cose eee 5
saree County:
aie —Jan.—
Chelsea ieee ecen ewes 3
BRaullktoneeeseceeeeeeee 5
Seneca ess ieee none 1
Grant County
Apr.-May—
Albee fice iaibouay peers 2
ea BOG eee aes 1
Strand burgsse see ee 1
Gregory County:
Mar. 2-June 13—
IB UTKe! aie Wee tenet 1
Gregonye ites scenes 5
Hamlin County:
Sept.—A pr.—
ING Mews sonosecoooe so 19
Bstellines. Geese aces 52
hazels cues ee 4
Mhomas:e2se eases eee 3
Hand County:
Sept. 22-Nov. 9—
Millers 248i see a ee 3
Ree Heights. --..-:.... 2
St. awrence}- ee 2 ci 1
Hanson County:
Sept.—
Hanmer eae ase 1
Hughes County:
Sept. 15-Oct. 15—
UIT O Seye ee ere See 4
Harrold eee aes 3
Hyde County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 28—
Highmore: .22-sss:cees 3
Holabird) see eeeseee 1
Jackson County:
Oct. 28—
Interionssss sacs seas 1
J gaule County:
. 14-June 12—
apoE Sree eeee ener 4
Wessington Springs. 1
Kingsbury County:
Sept.—Apr.—
Arlingtons ee s-eeesee 7
Bad gerseece-eeeeeeeee 12
Bancroft 3
J e Smet... 3
Erwin... 1
Hetland 17
Lake Preston 22
Oldham 43
Lake County:
Sept.-May—
Chestenss eee eae 4
JUNIUS Es aha seeeee 15
IMadisonseneer cscs acre 16
SOUTH DAKOTA—Contd.
Lake County—Continued.
Rept May— Cars.
SULT CY oie alates eorse 12
Wentworth............ 8
Wintredit sas Se 2
Lawrence County:
Sept.-May—
!‘ead wood 1
1
4
St. 29
Spesrshisr. 2 .s geass 55
Wihitewoods2 22. oe2. 2
McCook County:
Nov.-June—
Spencer weeks hee 3
McPherson County:
Oct. 20-May—
unekay eee Aeeremieie ey 1
Leon ey ceeer 8
Marshall County:
Sept.-May—
IAT GYS (ae eae es ees 7
Britton’.- 2-2 ae eee 14
Burch eeeee eee 5
Laneford --.-.o8 93
IN@Wwarkeis semen 3
Veblenv i=... =f sous 5
Minnehaha County:
Oct.-June—
Boge: 3s. eee eee 1
Brand on’. s2ckeeeeee pee 3
TIS Patera she ee ee 2
GarretSoOne: --22e lose see 4
Shermanes-eeeeeeeser a. 8
SOx) Malls esse eee 29
Moody County:
Sept.—June—
Colman 3
Flandreau 12
IST R EE eo ye S 7)
Wrandkyie see ae 11
Pennington County:
Sept. 4-10—
Rap di Ciiyeceeseees oe 2
Potter County:
Nov.-~May—
LOVE Ree nn ee ees 1
ebanonus-Seseeeeee see 15
Roberts County
Oct.-June—
Ortleyee2eeeseeeeseee 4
SUMMiteeeeoe eee aes 6
Wailmotitesds2 2 3-2 sbaee 1
Sanborn County:
Feb. 19-June 5—
Artesiaines eee eae 2
etchers.: = 22.5255 ssp 3
Spink County:
Sept.—A pr.—
IBrentiordese sss oeecese 5
Crandon=*2ct ss eee 1
MFC) Chale URS EE etek a 517 Sa 1
Manshelddves ste-eaae 1
Mellette:2 Satta e ee a
INorthvillesseeseeenees 16
Turton jo. .esseee eee 6
Sully County:
Oct. 1-L ec. 15—
Agar: < See eee 4
Tripp County:
Soph eb
Winners s.cace2se-sooes 15
Walworth County
Oct.—June—
Glenham=s---2-e- eS 6
Selby sce pees ees 7
Yankton County:
Oct.—
Wankton=s sss eas 2
S. Dak., State total.. 1,622
150
BULLETIN 667,
5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
TENNESSEE.
Davidson County:
June 17-27—
SneISONS--ssee eae
Edenwold.....
Goodletts...... Aad
Nashville so ceseeaar =
Gibson County:
July 1-14—
TehstrrhelU le ino Sheree sae
Weddings sss. sos ee-
Lincoln County:
Sept.—
Howellimossss22): SS lace 1
Marion County:
Aug.-Oct.—
WASPER ase osteo s ees 5
Marshall County:
Jan. 15- 29— --
Om eR
om
Maury Cc cease
June 30-July—
ASHWO00G®: <2. occas <'
Carters Creek.....-..--
Columbia sseceees secs ee
Morgan County:
Nov.-Feb.—
WANCING rasa ee one ee
Sunbright.~ cos 25-2022
Sumner County:
June—
Hendersonville... -..-.- 1
Warren County:
July 15-Aug. 22—
MeMinnville.........-- 2
White County:
July-Nov.—
Chitty nt ais eeese 5
Wilson County:
Nov.-Dece.—
Silver Springs..--..-.. 2
He CO
moO
Tenn., State total... 43
TEXAS.
Anderson County:
July—
Helnarbe cee cee ee
Atascosa County:
Apr. 26-May 13—
SLOG U sees eee 9
i7)
June—
Maud soot a eset eh. 1
Cameron County:
Mar. 24-Apr. 20—
Brownsville....-.....-.
Main asseoseriss cee oe
Santa Mariawccccsetse:
pan Beniton-o-3.seeene 5
Camp County:
June 7—
Newsome wos Se ee 1
Cherokee County:
May 30-July 31—
Jacksonville...-....... 12
Colorado County:
May 4-June 14—
Hagle dake: ..csssest.-
Mldridges 2a. - soeeeee 18
Matthews: .85 ees ees 5
Cooke C ounty:
Dec. 3
Gains Hie css ances 1
Dallas County:
Dec. -May—
Dalldse cc cuss te ceee 8
3
1
RioWondos..5.2 oe 1
4
0
TEX AS—Continued.
El] Paso County:
June 17-Sept. 8—
HV RaSOwcctnreecscaceee
Fannin County:
June 12-Sent. 15—
Bonhanizewesassen soe
Fort Bend County:
May 2-June 29—
Mulshearseshe.iseeoseeee
DiMONCONeasese see ee
Sugar Wands steeeesees
Gregg County:
May 27-June 14—
Glad water 2.2 5.255.222
Harris County:
May 23-June 30—
Hallsvilleseseeaee see see
Harrison County:
May-June—
Marshalleaeassaceerer
Hidalee County:
May—
McAllen clon cinice eee
June—
Houston County:
May 19-26—
Crockettessee enon eters
WatexOnmecesosgess cee
Kleberg County—
Jan. 25-Mar. 10—
Riviera Station........
Lamar County:
June—
Parise sstcsssee senses
Matagorda County:
June 7-10—
Pledger's.)-c sss aeose
Mitchell County:
June—
Coloradoysesasceeae eee
Montgomery County:
June—
Morris County:
May 31-June 10—
Waingerfield . 2: 025.% 2)
Navarro County:
June 14—
Corsicanaenasesece eee
Parker County:
June 13-30—
Garmersene=—oe een ra
Weatherford..........-
Smith County:
Titus County:
June 3-16—
Mt, Bleasant- <<... ---=.
Van Zandt County:
June—
Hidpewood ee-2 senses
Wills Point
Washington County:
June 9-17—
Brenham\sc-s222 cece
Wharton County:
May 4-June 29—
Bonus). esceteses eee
E sypt FO as toe
Lane City ca ope eee
WiSTtOn =|. s-seeee eee
41
to
to
_
Rwn
ae
= 00
TEXAS—Continued.
Wise County:
June 7-16—
fae
Mineolae.--2seceneee Ne 18
Tex., State total ...-- 1,649
UTAH.
Beaver County:
=
>
5
[27]
'
’
‘
'
'
.
’
to
Boxelder County:
Aug. 14-Oct. 28—
Garland 2s3-4eseeeeeeee
Cache Re
Sept. 1-Apr.—
ache Junction .-......
Cornis
Trentoneeere ese see ees
Carbon County:
Sept.—
PriCé s~ie2gncseere eset 10
Davis County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 13—
Clearfield/S-222322--ee
ay tonecceesseseeoeae
Tron County:
Nov. 13—
om
Morgan County:
Dece.—Mar.—
Morearteseeneeeeneeetat 9
Salt Lake County:
July-June—
EO Sprnesee esses 1
WIRY. sccosedeso- 3
IRUVeELtOM secs =s eee eee 1
Salt Lake City-......--. 27
Sandiyeeeseeseeeeeeeees 2
Sanpete County:
Dec.-Feb.—
Moronilsecienete reer
Mount Pleasant -..-----
Spring Clinjaeeee=s eee
Sevier County:
Oct. 10-J ec. 10— .
MD Soloed) SS S65s5655055- 5
Richtieldias sees seeeeene 6
Saline= toe. Jo ceceeeeel 14
Uinta County:
Noy.-May—
AMErICan aeons sesceeees 6
Utah County:
Sept.—Mar. —
American Fork.......-. 20
inden seece= see
IPaySOD|sseeee ener
ome
Washington County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Midvale sncosesaeeeesar 1
Weber County:
Uintah’ .s2s. eee
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
151
VERMONT. VERMONT—Continued, VIRGINIA—Continued.
Addison County: Windsor County—Contd. Norfolk County:
May 17-June 1— Cars. Sept. 6—Mar.— Cars. May 15-! ec. 22— Cars.
[BRISCOE eee 43 South Royalton........ é Bieritresseee ee 8.) eae 180
Middlebury.....-...... 1 Stockbridge............ 8 Hickory Ground....... 20
Bennington County: oe NOLO eee eee eee eee. 4,111
Oct. 2-Nov. 11— Vt., State total...... 314 INOnthiwesteeenreces sons 62
North Pownal......... 2 ————— PAniners se Olnit-ree oounte 6
Shattsbuinyseccesssccce. 1 VIRGINIA. Port Norfolk........... 1,397
Caledonia County: IPOLSSmouthesee sce seeee 28
July—A pr.— Accomac County: SUM Ti Ges weeme aes sees 5
East Hardwick........ 2 May-Apr.— Northampton County:
GHOUWO Mo soonssepedquobee 2 BellotHavenere nese 344 June-A pr.—
St. Johnsbury..--..... 1 Bloxom 562 BayiView/:c-2n euscseds 319
Chittenden County: 301 IBINASINGStsemeponeeeess 343
Oct.-Feb.— 118 Cape Charles........... 1,989
Jioneswilleveseceess- 2. - 6 485 Capevillaz sence cones 531
RichmoOndeseeess csc. = 2 Q 501 Cheritonss-cooacetene es 476
Whelan, ee ooosandade 3 HeiCatorssne see 197 COBDSeeeete a eeeeee 456
Essex County: Makemie Park......... 336 HMastville: posi ae celss. 466
Sept.-Feb.— Masonic sneteneccece 160 KIM OLOsyssese ete 672
sland Pond..-...-...- 4 WIENS EB EG ahmooseuaoguCe 225 Kendall Grove......... 196
Maidstone..-......---. 10 WIE Ca crncechopsSocc 548 Kciptopeke-e se eesee ae. 271
Franklin County: New Church........... 348 Machipongores- ss senec. 698
Oct. 9-Jan.— Oalcatal ieee aerce 446 Nassawadox........... 667
East Highgate-........ 1 Onleyessaeneeeeeee sarc 494 Plantation-same. 222. 397
IRIKG Mio sooo veooebAGes 1 Ralntenesteee esac 683 Townsendeea-ee sesee 456
Sie, Allens ccosceuaosee 4 Ranks eyeeseeneceer eee 269 Wilerwood - see = 22 5 449
Swanton......-.-..--.- 2 AAS yb copecousoenasds 468 | Orange County:
Grand Isle County: Augusta County: Aug. 3-14—
Aug.-May— Aug. 19-Sept. 22— Gordonsville. ........-- 2
JNO UIA sah caeageadene 1 Harristoneceeecaaeseri 1 | Page County:
Isle La Motte station -. 2 Stuarvs Draftaeee 2 Oct.—
Lamoille County: Campbell County: Ura yale eee ee 13
Sept.—Mar.— Apr. 10— Shenandoah........... 2
IE ev arkansas. 8 Lynchburg..-.....-. 1 Stanley eas 3
Jeffersonvills..-.-..--.- 1 | Elizabeth City County: Patrick County:
JOnMSON sees esse 4 June 25-J ec. 31— Sept. 1-! ec. 31—
Morniswillessss2eeases.- 21 Hampton.....--..--.-- 1 fiarthe ee oe 10
IWiolcottaaaa sees aa 12 Old Point Comfort..... 110 | Princess Anne County:
Orange County: pe ED OCDUS er steerer etter 4 June 21—-Dec. 20—
Oct. 6-Nov. 9-— Giles County: Kempsvilletessssessee 100
IM Wesonococecacnquaeedd 1 Oct. 11— London Bridge. ..----- 57
Ran dolpheesseecae- 6 Ripplemead........... 1 Wynnhaveneecsssneee 45
Orleans County: Gloucester County: Princess Anne........- 8
Oct.—Mar.— June 8-Nov. 21— Virginia Beach........ 11
TRAIAN SSonbasouadeanon 10 VA ond Seeeonseceaca 19 | Pulaski County:
Centreseeeraseaseose ce - 1 Clary bankseaeee ease. 29 Aug. 31-Nov. 13—
Merb yeluinessas ose e 15 Clements Wharf.....-.. 12 Diraperds so eee eeee 4
IN@aila WRN Seoseocdosed 2 Gloucester Point....... 63 | Roanoke County:
Ornlednseas ses e AES 3 | Grayson County: Nov. 27-Feb. 8—
Rutland County: Oct. 20— Roanoke eee eee eee 1
July-May— Galax.......-.--------- 1 Stankeyonceeeeseteeees 1
iBTanGOneasee see nase 11 | Hanover County: Rockbridge County:
Castleton sesso -s.-c'-1 8 Nov. 25-Apr. 5— Nov.—
Cuttingsville........... 2 East Atlee-......------ 1 Raphinesessssceesenee 2
Wanbyaeessenscecesae. 4 Old. Churcher res -s-—= 1 | Rockingham County:
East Clarendon .-...... 2 | Henrico County: Oct. 1-Dec. 31—
East Wallingford ..-... 9 June-May— Broadway..----------- 1
Healdville--........--- 1 Richmond........--.-- 16 EM Tictoneeseee eco e sees 9
owlimeryserraceseia< = === 16 | Isle of Wight County: Smyth County:
Ulan desea es esie = co 6 June 15-Aug. 14— ‘Aug. 6-Sevt. 27—
Wallingford... 3 Windsor eee eceestitest 9 Chilhowie...------ Ssost ll
West Pawlet 390 | James City County: Groseclose...----++---- 2
West Rutland 2) 5 oi Be NOY 10— A Marion nies sees 4
- : Jascund.. --...------- o Seven Mile Ford....-... 5
Wee laa Lightfoot BOSD COSC OONOOS 17 Sugar Grove.-.---.-.-- 1
IB ATO Ree esses ecole 3 Norge...----------+---- 34 | Washington County:
Middlesex sess ee sss 9| _, Toano.--.-.....-- Loess BeN)|| OSS allles yo oe
Montpelier.........-..- 1 | King William County: Creek Junction....-..-. 1
Nonthtieldmee 2825222 3 May 2-Dec, 27— BI IKQnnarockseoeeseseeer 1
Plante ld ee eajensnee <1 5 M Nest Borat Hike Wythe County:
VOKDULYIe eee oon els - 2 CRE Om eRe Ue Aug. 10-Nov. 28—
i Sept. 1-Nov. 14— eed 51
Windham County: Christiansburg. ..---- 6 Crockett...-..------- %
Sept. 1-Nov. 30— East Radford.......- 1 Foster Falls.....---- z
AMALCA.--- 2-222 2 oe 2 | Nansemond County: Ivanhoe. -..- Sr ee 0
INewianes se srt toe t. 2) May 15-Dee.— Rural Retreat.....---- 5
‘ 5 Io TE Aeelone Recerae 8 Speedwell.-..--.-..-.-. 9
Windsor County: Myrtle. ......-..- Wytheville 9
Sept. 6-Mar.— Sullolicseee ce eeeee cee 91 ih aati en eee ST a
Chel eae seca 9 | New Kent County: York County:
Chesteriass. es 1 July 21— June 15-July 24— 4
och estemes ccc sete. 7 WANeXaee jose eeee ee 1 Yorktown. =2-sse=-- 8
152
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
May-Nov.— Cars.
Occohannock River
IBTIGINES ese ee , 038
May 2-Nov.—
Piankatank River
landi UneS Be ers 68
IDES Ree eae canes 3
July-May—
Rappahannock River
[ANGIESsese oe ee 104
June 16-Aug. 8—
York River landings. .-
Eastern Shore points by
boat to Crisfield, Md. 895
Rn
Va., State total...... 24,042
WASHINGTON.
Adams County:
Aug.— ;
Othellos nea ee ee. 7
Benton County:
June 27-Dece. 13—
Kennewick. 2... 54)... 21
North Prosser.........- 1
Prpsser.2 =: 232022 2-4 es 7
Chelan County:
Nov.—May—
Cashmere's-.o-=- secs 1
Chelanzecre so. a5. 12
Wenatchee: ..52 5. s.c50 1
Clarke County:
Aug.—June—
BaTRerbon nce cee cee 14
Battle Ground......... 10
Camas -7 6222.22. 22k ne 3
Ridgefield :. 222-2558 12
Siftones cee snes ception 1
WManCouver:. <n cners 25
Washoural or e-caeee 5
Columbia County:
Dec. 8—
DUMaS» 2 wee eee eee 1
Cowlitz County:
Oct.-June—
Castle Rockit: sce ce. 21
KOISO 4: a ancs se eceanee 16
CO) (yc hts ie gs Se aes 2
Woodland 222s ssses. 5
Douglas County:
Oct.- May—
DOUgIAS sete aa nena ve 6
Mans (eld. cca... a oe 3
Ferry County:
Ocv.-Mar.—
Curlew ss aeeeteee one 9
Day Greoeccuccteele
Repu lice eee 2
Franklin County:
Oct. 15-‘far. 18—
Connell eet eee ee 2
Grant County:
Jan. 1-June 30—
AOGMAU Seon ecee cise ee 1
1349) (59:4 e:WSee oe ees Se 1
Grays Harbor County:
Novy. 27-Apr.—
Baleh 2 yee ee aceon 1
Carlisle 2 2k ees: 1
King County:
Sept.-July—
Auburn2sc toh. is eee 35
Black River. .22...... 1
Duvalle. ee eRe 2
Kent 32
Pickering 2
Seattie........ 125
Skykomish 4
Taylor 1
ROME 208 Se Oe as ee 2
WASHING TON—Continued.
Kittitas County:
Oct.-May—
Ellensburg
Kattitase ss ee
Ab nyzih eats Sheet Brae
Lewis County:
Oct.-May—
AUDA Ee cs as ck seme cccke
Waders ouiste cotecie
Lincoln County:
Sept.—Mar.—
Davenport... .-----4..-.
OUESSa ee ee eames
SPLAGUe-- ereeesnsecee
Okanogan County:
Nov.-June—
IBTEMSUBI= pele asm emieerns
Molsonis o- = qascece tre
Okanopanes. ote ueeee.
Orovillese rs. sc ces ome -
IPALtCTOS. cece nc eeeere
Riverside soc. asoctes
TRODASECU See eee eerie
Pend Oreille County:
June—
INOWiD OTUs nis eels
Pierce County:
Sept.-June—
Skagit County:
Sept.—_June—
IAT ACONLES=2- eae seme
Contretecs---Ga5s2c2ae0
TEVIM ase ee aceite bees
Rockportpe. ences ee
Sedro-Wooley.......--..
Snohomish County:
Sept.—_May—
Byverett <<: = te epic Some
MONTOC..-:<'s)- eho ties
Snohomish. -----s-ee--
Stanvwoods-. cceeeeeese
Spokane County:
Sept.—June—
Stevens County:
Oct.-June—
ra,
Hen Nee HWE
100 WOON
a
or
Pari bat ng Gore et EU KO Os Sho Pa
WASHINGTON—Continued.
Stevens County—Contd.
Oct.-June— Cars
Colville soe ace eene 49
Marcus - syacenee cece 3
Mevers Falls. .......... 20
Spring Dalev op we-eees 1
Thurston County:
Nov. 30—
Independence.......... 1
Walla Walla County:
July 18-Apr.—
Attalia. . -cveseeenueeee 1
Pinch... ces eee pene 1
Walla \Walla--seccseeee 76
Wallala2 825 eeu 5
W. eos County:
Dec.=~May—
Bellingham...........- 2
Custer sec e ee eee 8
Ferndale........- ye eeere 5
Whitman County:
July—June—
AlbiOn 0 c2acee eee 20
Almotaoseeeeeeene 2
Colfax soe stse see nee 13
BI bertonseee- -aseeeee 3 3
Rarmineton eeeene pee Uf
Garfield: :3tikeeseenes 8
Mallen. oo ccracneeeee 3
Mockonema 1
Oakesdale..... 8
Palouse ...- 17
Pinre City. 6
Pullman 2
ROSS 118.5 ee eee 34
St.John 252. san eee 1
Tek0a..... soca neeee ee 14
ThOmpon.-=---- seen 7
Uniontown -soeeeeseeer 7
Winona: oa ene al
Yalima County:
June-May—
A CAUOMY- <-> anaemia eines ae 1
AN TanUIN eee eee eee 21
Congdont eee es sees 1
Exchange. ...-... 2
Marronee sees 2
Grandview... 153
GYAnPer a= eee 86
Harwood: -scheeeeeeeee 16
Mabton) == ccn--ssacenee 3
NacheS-2) soscee eeene 3
North Yakima......... 1,324
Orchard®:22-seeee=eeree 3
Outlookieh. 22. eeeee 158
Quarry SpuLseeeee eee il
Selah. .:.;<etceetieteoas 4
Sunnyside-.--.-.--.2... 151
Taylors tess ees esate 1
Toppenishe==--- --eeseee 586
Wapato:....-4eeeacesee 5
Wesley Junction....... 1
Westbrook 2 .nueces-eee 4
Wiley Cityene--rheenees 49
Zillah) o. .feseceee saree 25
Wash., State total.... 4,338
WEST VIRGINIA.
Barbour County:
Aug. 31-Oct. 26—
Belington.........-...- 3
Philippi esees eo seeeeee 3
Greenbrier County:
Dec. i—
White Sulphur......... 1
Hardy County:
Oct. 17—
MeNeu ic. 2 eee 1
Jackson County:
Oct.—Dec.
Millwood-22seseeeneeee 8
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
WEST VIRGINIA—Contd.
Marshall County:
Oct.—
Glen Mastone eb. ose. k\.
Mason County:
‘Monroe County:
Nov. 13—
MIMerSOMs sess se piciss/ats 1
Ohio County:
July—A pr.
AWA CONN reac eisiclg 2
Pleasants County:
Nov. 2—
Belmonteenseecssee eee 1
Meee BiGounty:
Alerts SaEoe
Recdsvillessne 212)
:
:
‘
'
mtb
Oct.-M
ro)
4
a4)
3
n
‘
0
t
‘
‘
p
0
’
5
'
4
'
O
‘
é
5
‘
Reo
pminers County:
Nov.
AG ante HAW 1S a are 1
Wood County:
Aug.- Dec. 9—
Belleville a 6
Parkersbureskesseaccca. 1
Wiallice rc re ae a els 1
W. Va., State total... 59
WISCONSIN.
Adams County:
Oct.-June—
Adams. ee eS 36
STOO KS Nee eee eee sees 58
Grand Marsh........... 85
Holmeswilless 2250. - 117
Ashland County:
Oct.—May—
Buivennulseesees caceeee 8
High Bridge............ 3
Nanlbornekeseee aces eee 3
Barron County:
Sept .—June—
PAIIMEN Bese ae eK eee ci. 24
Baprone: cee 22222505. 16 105
IBATRONCL Sees eee ee 8
Wamenrone eee ese 20
Camboneeds ase 252 5L 23
@hefelke es 2-0 eyo. 191
Comstock 2
Cumberland 7
Dallasweyss2 124
Haugen 6
Poskin Lake “ 26
Rice Lake 138
Turtle Lake 26
Bayfield County:
Nov.-Apr.
Capletee es. lscsecec bse 24
Grandview............. 1
TronvRivers.c- 2.5242 4
IMaSonmeee is Ae ouihs 3
Brown County:
Aug.—June—
De Pere.....- EAR a Goes 2
Green Bay 24
PRreMDLe eee see ots ee 6
Buffalo County:
Oct.-May—
Cochrane). 22....2..-- 53
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Burnett County:
Oct. 26-May— Cars
Danburyernneeereneene 15
Grantsburgseseeeee ee 111
SILC cas kinies Mee kee se eRe 42
WiebSter-ccces cueueeLobe 75
Calumet County:
Oct.
Potter kee see 1
Chippewa County:
Aug.—June
Alhbertville..........2.- 16
Bloomers ees eee 276
Boyd..... 10
Cadott 10
Chippewa Falls......... 68
Cottenancconsseoneeene 8
Hagle Pointssviecs cece 13
New Auburni..... 2.02. 142
Stanleyescescseeeee eee 3
Clark County:
Nov.-Apr.
Ab botsfordeeeseeree sere 1
Colby ae un ea ea 3
Dorchestereaasereeeee il
Jim bind Sas ae eer 20
THOTRO so seh eee eencen 35
Columbia County:
Oct.—June —
Camibriaisiceass seen 16
Doylestown snes 20
aR venseee ees eean tee 4
Friesland 28
Teal bourne sesame eee 99
andeevilleien ee oan 66
Portagers 2 eae res 99
Poynette lee SEA Ee 9
RIOR eh ee 13
WENO CON AEE es cian aaan 40
Dane County:
Aug.—May—
Crossielainss eae eee al
Madisons 22222 asec 9
Dodge County:
Nov.-June—
Brownsville.........--. 4
Te OMUITARee eee Eee eee 25
Theresa wie aes 6
Door County:
Oct.—~Dec.—
Sturgeon Bay.......... 15
Douglas County:
Oct.—June—
Bennettess see acmmees ere 2
Gordon eee eee eens 5
Hawthorne...........-- 2
Lake Nebagamon....-. 3
Solon Springs.........- ®)
South Range..........- 2
Dunn County:
Sept._June—
Bovicevillecseseecaee se 35
Colfax Se ae We 45
Eke MOUTC eee eerie 24
Menomonie.-.........-- 3
Ridgeland sewers 42
iWiheclersssae See ee see 29
Eau Claire County:
Aug.—June—
Cleghorne sesso eeseese 8
Ha) Claires: ee eeeseee. 1
Wainchi] desea eesonese 41
Fall Greeks soso secisee 36
Florence County:
Nov.-Feb.
Plorence:2.25-52 22256 6
Fond du Lae County:
Nov.-~May—
Campbellsport........-- 53
Fond du Lac...-..----- 1
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Forest County:
Sept. 23-A pr. Cars
Armstrong Creek...... 2
Cavour ties ence oo. 2
Crandonstheepeuvecee: 4
Laona Junction........ 2
North Crandon....... 70
WabenovaAs ese 5
Green Lake County:
Nov.-June—
Berlina wees stated 16
Daltonarn est vel enee 2
Princetomss see eee ee 59
Tron County:
Sept. 12-Nov. 27—
Gurmeyicge sete. Joe . 5
Mereer seve ine: scabcce. 6
Jackson County:
Nov.-June—
Amal Centerseseessaenae 21
Black River Falls...... 2
Hixtonicisieet lesen see 12
Jefferson County:
May 1—
Jefferson... ...- ag 1
Juneau County:
Sept.—June—
Camp Douglas......... 16
Blroyeoeses ete eee 17
ERUSHere ele eee ne eae 21
Lyndon. nee eee 115
Maustomessi222.5 Soe 167
Necedeh:. 2253522 90
New Lisbon: 22222200 - 27
Union Center.......... 12
IWIONEWOCE,. oe coe 110
Kenosha County:
Oct.—
SomerSaivea teense 5
Kewaunee County:
Oct.—
AlZOMAss oa eens = 1
La Crosse County:
Jan. 4—May 27—
Bai Crosses. soseeeeeee 9
Langlade County:
Oct.—Mar.—
ANTIZOS 222550 ee 134
Bryantuyns ee tee 24
Meerpr Gok. eee eee 1l
Summit Lake.........- 2
Lincoln County:
Oct.—June— ~
Heafford Junction..... 4
Trimet ccitieesests See 1
Merril a sticoreeeee oes 14
Tomahawk. cc. seeeecee 17
Manitowoc County:
June 3—
Kail 3s SUS SS ER 1
Marathon County:
Oct._May—
Athens S22 asehee osoese 10
Daneyess-- sees. dase 19
Elderon.....:-:- 99
Hatleyor.ceiet sete ee il
Keelliyess cose ot caecue 25
SS} lca ee St 6
Unity) sss2sts see See 1
Wausausta tee ere? 13
Marinette County:
Sept. June—
Amberpecstsk (eS SS 30
Bagley Junction....... 33
Bea verse neces 14
GolemanSe2s5 3 sco-seee 31
HS unchioneeeeeeeee 10
Middle Inlet........-.- 3
Rembinesess coseeceeee 14
Peshtigorc: ese ee eet 40
Pound: <<< sas. Re 2
‘Walshi. 2.2 tS ee 8
Wausaukee...:-.-2...- 48
154
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 48.—WHITE POTATOES—Continued.
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Marquette County:
Noy.-June—
Endeavor 44
Glenoak 29
Montello 59
Neshkoro 104
Ostords o.sssccae S325 47
Packwankee........... 4
Weeosthelditisnseecee-- 249
Milwaukee County:
Aug.—June—
Mllwaukee............. 5
Monroe County:
Oct. —Mey—
Keondalls: 28) -csccce.<,- 2
Valley Junction. .....-- 1
Warrene 25-2. 225- 2055 9
Wiyewlle= S22 32226 -Pe 2
Oconto County:
Oct.-_May—
TONS 25 shied tess te sere 3
Mountain= ey), .--2eesces 5
Oconto... 52532 sec 17
SHEN TIT eel eA ye tees ae 6
Oneida County:
Sept.—Apr.—
Hazelhurst 2c sc.n2e5< 8
Minocqua less seco see 3
MORICOS -jocoaccnmseeee 1
ReNCANRS 2 0.\13- Sse 6
Rhinelander..-.-....... 102
Starksas sco. -eeeee- 35
Three Lakes..........- 39
WMoryelybbimoaycnaquseacc 10
Outagamie County:
et.-Apr.—
Appleton ssen- 50 eee 2
Wales sk ccc lesceccessr 6
Hortonville- === -erace 31
Medina): 2s3secix5'ctsje5 16
SupaniBushhernicre sce 6
Pepin County:
Oct.—Feb.—
Stockholm. .........:- 7
Pierce County:
Oct.—-May—
Beldenville.........-..- 1
RiVerewalls eons seen ee 89
Polk County—
Sept.-_May—
Centuria 3
Claytonses cesar 2
Dresser Junction....... 20
NEederict pos meee oe 26
Wek eos ssencn Sec cen 8
Portage County:
Sept.—-June—
AMON eree stearic 317
AMNeCrstooe = cece se Sek 456
Amherst Junction..... 75
AT NOU eo see scene eee ees 26
IBSACTOLb ea). ~ nce. 1 192
Custer eeacenoe onedeee 5
Junction City.......:. 55
Plover. cess cane eamne 50
ROSHON sees: -seeeae ee 62
Stevens Point...-.-..... 177
Stocktouy 2... ees ne 121
Price County:
Sept.-Apr.—
CatawDa: = 2<3ces =\3-5 22 2
Bifield: 32.4 see seace 1
Phillips: 2 ees eseee see 19
Prentice sasacccs betes 5
Racine County:
Oct.—
Burbugtones. ene ens 3
Rock County:
Mar. 15-June 1—
Clinton Function. .....- 6
Janesville... cece 1
ima Center: cs... ces 1
Milton Junction... ...-. 1
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Rusk County:
Sept.—Apr.— Cars.
BIUCR2 wd st cc aseth eee 36
Pa WikiDS 7, shoeeen needs 1
MUrny soa cce maces 3
Strickland: of oc. ceecese 3
Weyerhaeuser........- 3
St. Croix County:
Aug.—
Somerseticsee-ese- ee cee 3
WilSonS 2. oe eee eee 1
Sauk County:
Oct.—June—
JAbleman'-2--2-0-seece 21
IBarabo0men4s-e eae 39
ba Valle. ier irsg 1
Mermimache-neceaseeeee ll
North Freedom. ....-. 6
Prairie du Sac...-...... 1
RepdSDUTE a eee eee 7
SawleCitye. joekeeeeeee 2
Sawyer County:
Oct.—Jan.—
HW X@laNn Geass se eeeceeee 15
ayiwardeeesesssacssae 31
Radissoneessseeeeeeees %
Stoue Wakes.-2----se-- 17
Shawano County:
Sept._June—
Birnamwood.....-.-.- 10
IBOWIED sess sesosineces 3
Green Valley. .-.-...--. 1
Inyndhurstecceseecsee. 14
WEN TIONS Sooeesscsocscc 1
PUlaSKige sss sseos acne 8
Shawanoseeceseeeeeee 97
Splitghock@e-ese--eeess 10
Migertonea---eecee sees 8
Witten bere aaceeeeapeer 4
Taylor County:
et.-A pr.—
Dubliners ca ect- acces 4
Medfordiesssse-eecee ee 6
RibiMakerns--eseeeeess 2
Stetsonville...-.--.-.--- 9
Trempealeau County:
Sept.—May:
Blair Gasca 10
Galesvilleneoseaeeemece 2
Independence........-- 1
OSSO0 S22 225s case eee 1
Vernon County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Chaseburg...-.----.--- 5
Stodd andieeaseeee resents 7
Vilas County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Conoverecicscese sy sene 3
Eagle River...-.--..-.. 20
Washburn County:
Oct.—June—
DampSolesseeceeecee 4
Minvneesceee serene see 14
Shab igass ais aeserr= 5
Shelliake seen cesce 3
SPOUGCIe eee eee ene 29
Springbrook. .......... 10
TrOZOWs elon mene eee oe 66
Washington County:
Sept.-June—
AlTentoOmets re-center 16
Colgatepssiteecenccceee 1
Germantown. ........- 1
Martiordeseceenereee ee 18
JacksSont:.):1%sir0poeemee 12
Kewaskum. ......---.- 58
Richtield!: 2 sa. scs-eeees 7
Schleisingerville....... 15
South Germantown.... 1
West Bend....2.....:. 42
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Waukesha County:
Oct.-—Jan.—
DouSmMencaeoeeeeeeeeee 3
Mukwonago. .......... 4
Northibraine:s)-eeeeee 3
Waukesha.......-..... 2
Waupaca County:
Sept.—July—
Clintonville: Soseseeeeee 36
Embarrass ae eee 63
Fremontese sss sseaecens 80
Tolas..2%2. 2 c0ceeeee eee 339
Manawanat cc sere 47
Marionssiss «=e eee 1
New London.......... 60
Ogdensburg.... 52
Royalton...... F 69
Scandinavia..........- 184
Sheridantes-csesseeeaae 187
Waupacaecs.-boeeeeee 456
Weyauwega.......---- 168
Waushara County:
Sept.—June—
Colomaesadesseeeeieeeee 338
Hancocksssepeseeeeeees 301
Plainteldbeespeesessen= 139
Red Granite..-........ 145
Watton a ee eee eeeeee 360
Wild ROSeheoseeteeeetes 487
Winnebago County:
July 7-Nov.—
Larselsaackeen-bokeneee 4
Medina Junction--...... 1
Oshkosh-osseeecseeees 2
Wood County:
Oct.-May—
Babcotkisssas-saeseeee 1
Grand Rapids......... ela
Milladoreseceeee- eee 2»
Nekoosaiaseesscesseseee 50
Pittsvilleteceesssceseee 21
VeSper:: «= -s-seeeeeeeas 18
Wis., State total..... 11, 281
WYOMING.
Bighorn County:
Oct.—
BaSid: scsat ccepeemeeeee 6
Converse County:
Oct.—Apr.—
Dosti Sprineeeeseeeess 7
Fremont County:
Nov.—Mar.—
Lander ~). «c<-cise= -eeeee 8
Goshen County:
Sept. 20-Dec. 31—
Din gles s2eeeecaeeeee 5
TOIriIN E COU see me seiciemete 30
Laramie County:
Nov. 6—
He berticcscesacee eee 1
Niobrara County:
Aug.-May—
Man villosseceese ree eee 18
Van Tasselly esas eeaae 41
Park County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Codyieeeesauceeece eee 14
Garland S235c-osseee nee 5
Powellic. -ccceeeaterectee 22
Washakie County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 31—
Worland2).-c-necetee a 12
Weston County:
Oct.-June—
Newcastle........-...- 1
WpPtonl: = sme cieeeeeeieiee 1
Wyo., State total.... 171
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
ALABAMA.
Baldwin County:
Aug. 1-June 7—
Bay Minette........... 58
Oly Aresneincieccies aces
IEVUITMI CANO eyetisicicicts ~ </<16 13
ILO EN cece cate coosebeRe 21
Covington County:
' Oct. 1-Dec. 31—
PAV altisiaereies i. le - cle
Cullman County:
Aug. 15-June 1—
Cullmaneeeeesncs.. <= =
Houston County:
Aug. 15—
Golumbiatteeceea. se
Lee County:
Aug. 11—
Opelika cc. scltie
Mobile County:
Jan. ]—-Mar. 1—
GrandhB aye ceee aca
Irvin evOnesesmces ce oe cle
ANAK )5 Sau asoobbenee
Sumter County:
Aug. 1-June 7—
BYKON Kydes aii ecaias otal ale
Ala., State total....--
ARKANSAS.
Ashley County:
Nov. 5-Dec. 31—
lam burgesses csiccc aos.
May 24-25—
VOPOTSH ee eee cuits
Bradley County:
Dec. 12-20—
IWiATTeMe eels eye aia< cee a2
Columbia County:
Aug. 15-Jan.—
(BINT OD eye icicielelale.cicix 1
Wild omeeeijeateesscen.a
Crawford County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 27—
PANETTA eee eeete isso aleavcern
Dallas County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 27—
DATA ae ieee 3
HONG CO Ma se) sonnieiaiere
Drew County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 10—
Monticellos si ----<---.. /
Franklin County:
Aug. 1-Dec. 27—
IBTanchee ssc sass. ose
(OVA ele Aa oe alae
Howard County:
Feb. 1-10—
Nashville mere cccee eae
Jackson County:
Jan. 8-Feb. 16—
Auvergne
Gril bSerescecetiosce.
Lafayette County:
Oct. 3-Nov. 14—
IB UCEMenA eee seecee
/ Stamps Measiees sce ee eee
Rogan County:
Aug. 1-Apr. 6—
Booneville.......-...-.
Lonoke County:
Feb. 24—
Warlisles. Sse M4. c cesses
419
to
moO
ARKANSAS—Continued.
Miller County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 10—
Dexarkanaeeseaweste cele
Monroe County:
Aug. 4—Mar. 16—
Clarendonsetesee.seeece
Holly: Grovezi.. 62.23.
Riceville se ate eens
Ouachita County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 10—
Bearden ease sees
Pope County:
Sept. 1-May 6—
AVG Ramses ii shiner eee
Pulaski County:
Feb. 2-Mar. 28—
Mittle Rocka ceeense.
St. Francis County:
Oct. 1-Feb, 24—
Horest Cityzjeeeseee ses.
Sebastian County:
Aug. 1-Jan. 12—
Hort: Smithieescteseeee
Union County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 10—
HED oradons--neeceecee
White County:
Oct. 1-Feb. 24—
JUGSONIa=ee ee eeee tees
Yell County:
May 1-6—
Wardanelleatascssease
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 49.—SWEET POTATOES.
Ark., State total... .
CALIFORNIA.
Madera County:
Jan. 15—
@howchillaseseeeeeceee
Merced County:
Aug. 4—Mar. 24—
Atwaters oases sncescsee
Divingestonsesscsne osene
Merce di Gi eee ace
Sacramento County:
Nov. 18—
Sacramentosesssese esos
San Francisco County:
Sept. 2-Oct. 5—
San Francisco.........-
San Joaquin County:
Oct. 9-Nov. 6—
Santa Clara County:
Sept. 6-Dec. 1—
SanwWOsesen cece seeeee
Stanislaus County:
Aug. 9-Feb. 18—
Keyesin sche seeceecee
COLORADO.
Mesa County:
Nov. 24-Dec. 20—
Ib dbihiPaouueEoosSosseaS
Colo., State total.....
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Oct. 25-Jan.—
arnin eto css seat
FLOUSU OU seme ie ne sane
Wiolaty cree vee ae wale
Sussex County:
July 1-May 4—
Cannons pesnsssiscemeee
IMGT OR Gees eee meee
INASSAU ca ecco latiecteeee
Del., State total......
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Calhoun County:
Mar. 17-May 4—
Althea cceciesisiceieele see
Escambia County:
Aug. 1—
Molin OSeamceeneeee eee
iolmigs eunty:
Aug. 1
Bonifay Sas Seiineeen anes
JacksonCounty:
Aug. 17-Dec. 31—
Marianna =e-eepeeeeeee
Marion County:
Mar. 17-May 4—
ITVING's ott osec ce caesee
Nassau County:
Dec. 5-Feb. 2—
Callahanteeseen cesses
lstibitrelsesceasanosd =e
Fla., State total.....-
6
GEORGIA.
Appling County:
Oct.—
Basdleyeecscccsassscces
Brooks County:
Nov. 25-Dec. 18—
Charlton County:
Oct. 10-Dec. 31—
Winoktress 0 eee eee
Decatur County:
Dec. 9—
JAMStErGamM=seeeneeeeee
Early County:
Nov. 4—
Gainoes seine eos eseee
Pierce County:
Sept. 3-June 18S—
Blackshear..........-.-
Hobokeneaeeeeenscsee
Thomas County:
Sept. 3-May 9—
Coolidgere ee Seen s—
too
Nore
156
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 49.—SWEST POTATOES—Continued.
GEORGIA—Continued.
Tift County:
Nov. 22-June 18— Cars.
Chnlas Set et eee 1
OMBra Tes EO 1
Ditton ce 1
Wayne County:
Sept. 3-June 18—
Higkoxe 2S os Sogn icek 3
Scraven.tene couse 15
1
Ga., State total......
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Aug. 23-Jan. 18—
Chics ans ee foes a2
Oct. 4—-May 8—
=
Union County:
Nov. 1- May 1—
Alto Pass
Ill., State total.......
INDIANA.
Ind., State total..... 1
IOWA.
Cerro Gordo County:
Nov. 7—
MasoniCity;....2s2-s2-6
Lee County:
Oct. 18—
Museati e County:
Sept. 28-Oct. 3—
Proitland! -c2- see .5-- =
Iowa, State total..--
KANSAS.
Douglas County:
Nov. 2—
LawreCce. -.--..-.. eee
Pottawatomie County:
Noy. 30-Jan. 16—
Bi. (Georvescs se eeeee
WiaMeLOs. se cccseene eee
Riley County:
Dec.—
Manhattanss. soon cesees 1
Kans., State total....
KENTUCKY.
it
“aH
Graves County:
Mar. 7—
Mayueld: tooo eeee
Jefferson County:
Oct. 3—
VOUS yIliO: ss. -eeeee 1
McCracken County:
July 21-teb. 28—
Paducahte se ese anns 4
_
LOUISIANA.
Assumption Parish:
Mar. 18—
Napoleonville.........-
Beauregard Parish:
Oct. 14—
CarsoDis.oconeceekes ole 1
Bienville Parish:
Sept. 15-Dee. 9—
Bienville
CaStor?..a aoe ckareseee 6
East Baton Rouge Parish:
Apr. 7-Dec. 23—
BOUn es scene eee envos
Baion) wetenessoeee ae
East Feliciana Parish:
Apr. 7-Dec. 23—
TO ac) bee ee ee
Iberia Parish:
Apr. 7-Dee. 23—
Loreauville.-.-.-.-.-..
New: Tberiaees sc cee ce
Lafayette Parish:
Aug.—June 16—
Carencro
Lafavette..----- xz
WQueSsaasawoencussemens
Lincoln Parish:
Feb.—Mar.—
RUSTON ac ynaceemee eee 3
Orleans Parish:
Nov. 28—
Nev Orleans....-...... 1
Ouachita Parish:
Oct. 15-Feb. 21—
MOnroenisa-27- cece eee
Rapides Parish:
July 2-Jan. 6—
Aiexandniaeecc- ene = 27
Cheneyville....--.-..--
amorieeaceees cesses 2
Mofaeeeecre Pesce sae ene 2
Richland Parish:
Oct. 27—
IAT Chip aldeeeeeeeee nee 1
St. Charles Parish:
Jan. 1-June 23—
Destrehane jo e-------- 3
St. Helena Parish:
Feb. 25-Apr. 18—
Rreweresee eee eee
St.John the Baptist Parish:
Jan. 23-June 22—
Montegtta= sca = ancien 2
St. Landry Parish:
Aug. 23-Feb.—
ATHATIGWUUC fees ieeeet 7
Meleillessecoeeececaee 1
Opelousasi-ns--- eee 9
SUSE bee ee ero nenee ae 40
Tangipahoa Parish:
Nov. 24-—Dece. 1—
Kents Mila a. oan 2
Vermilion l’arish:
Jan.-beb.—
Ap peyille: sess eee 2
Vernon Parish:
Oct. 28-Nov. 2—
FVOSCTEUM BE set ected 2
Washington Parish:
Dec. 20—
WATDertOnicc-cicsae => 1
Webster Parish:
Aug.—
Siole
moO
~! Orbe
Ob
“ds1
ay
West seliciana Parish:
July 9-24—
Bayou Sara.....:.....-
La., State total....-.-
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Aug. 15-June 17— Cars.
Baltimoressceesoeese eee 237
Caroline County:
Sept.—Tec. 31—
Henderson: aeeeeee 13
Dorchester County:
Sept. 1-Dee. 31—
East New Market.....-. 10
Hurlock..2h3-cenerreree 2
Queen Annes County:
Nov.-May—
Love! Point. sseeeeee 4
Somerset County:
Aug. 1-Nov. 30—
Costen ........s24seneenee 44
Crisfield (see Va.).
Eden: ..2 20.2 22a eens 1
Loretto s+---sessseeeeee 3
Princess Anne......... 6
Talbot County:
Nov.-May—
Claiborne). .--<..-esee5 6
Wicomico County:
July 15-Dee. 31— :
Byrds) 22 cceeeseensaeee 21
Bri tangs eeeeeeree 32
ultonl-seeeeeee ee eee 9
Rockawalking......--. 10
Salisbunyee see eee eee 128
Worcester County:
July 15-Dec. 31—
Beaverdantes case seein 89
Girdletreel: teeene es 53
EUS ey eee eee 7
Pocomokese se seees sees 164
Showell-:2 =s4222-ceee— 6
SNOW Halleeeseeee eee 10
May—
Chester Riverlandings. 1
Oct.- May—
Choptank River land-
meses sas ka aa 2
Sept.-_May—
Nanticoke River land-
INZSs24324 eee eee 13
Aug.
Patuxent River land-
ingSs2h5e see 3
Aug. 24-Nov.—
Pocomoke River land-
INE SS she soe 317
May—
Potomac River land-
INGScosecaeeeseneee 1
Oct.-May—
Wicomico River land-
IN 2S {02 eee ee 4
Md., State total.... 1,196
MISSISSIPPI.
Chickasaw County:
Dec. 27—
Houstonsssseeseeeee te 1
Claiborne County:
July 1—
Carlisle Sst asesn emcee 1
Clarke County:
Mar. 1li-Apr. 20—
Quitman: eee seeeeeee: 4
Covington County:
Apr. 14-May 25—
Arbo. 2. fee 5
Collinsie: 2*eaeeeeee 18
Mt; Olive: -:2ss2s2-ee50 7
Sanford: -222ssceneoes 2
Forrest County:
Apr. 5-May 5—
Fruitland Park.....-..- 8
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 157
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
Table 49.—SWEET POTATOES—Continued.
MISSISSIP PI—Continued.
George County:
Aug.-Apr.—
EM AMS TOMA eeieciee cee
May 13-18—
GrlpOnteee eects aie 5
Jefferson Davis County:
May 8-30—
IBASSHOLU eee cei ieee «
PPTOMUSS eee cle sacle x
Lauderdale County:
Sept.-Mar.—
Kewanees.....--..-2 it
PRUIISSOL eee.
Lawrence County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 15—
“NNN aaah tS ese SIE ae
Silver Creek. ....-....-
Lincoln County:
Sept. &-30—
Brookhaven... 026...
Madison County:
Oct. 19-23—
Cantontsersanasse aoe al
MOIS OMe coe cee eas
Marion County:
Oct. 22-Dec. 1—
Columbia ee eee
Pearl River County:
Nov.-Feb.—
Warnrlenesss Sone) o
IBeehblaGls Sees oeeee eee
Prentiss County:
Mar. 1-19—
Booneville coo: 02 22.
Simpson County:
Nov.-—May—
Mendenhall. .....-....-
Jan. 6—
MISSOURI.
Dunklin County:
Avr. 15—
Cars.
3
7
-_Se
—os
Wwe n
nw
CONN Otte ee cas ce mice sine I
Jackson County:
Aug. 25—
IMATIS ASI OMG Wis oc a) inin- 2
St. Louis City:
Dec. 7—
SU IBOUISH eae ee Earn
Mo., State total.....-.
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
Nov.-Feb.-——
Colosmee ete se ioe
WiheatiRoad. ioe...
Cumberland County:
Sept.-May—
Cedarvyillen es sss
MAIMPOM Asana! 2 aos slccia
MCCS HUGE yea.
RosenhaynNesacsee-cee
South Vineland.....-...
Waneland ee eon oe
NEW JERSE Y—Continued.
Gloucester County:
Aug.—June— Cars
Na h a apy anes Pt pr an 8
Clarkshoroseaee setae 43
Harrisonville.......... 3
Miclcleton yee ancien 8
Mullica’ Eile eet 66
Richwood Meuss sence 14
Swedesboro....-....--- 793
Woodbury..... ee Ege 12
Salem County:
Aug. 25-Dec. 26—
NOT ae
Petrie town
Penns Grove
N.J., State total.....
NEW MEXICO.
Roosevelt County:
Nov. 18-Dec. 14—
Portales: erie ee 2
N. Mex., State total... 2
NEW YORK.
New York County:
Oct. 2—
INGW ior keblaae ee a a 4
Orange County:
Aug. 6-Sept. 15—
New Hampton......-.-.- 2,
N.Y¥.,Statetotal..... 6
1, 536
|
NORTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
Carteret County:
Feb. 7-Apr. 9—
Ne@W port. .o- 8 Sees 5
Catawha County:
Apr. 28-June 14—
Glaremont22etcescn ae. 1
Conovent see ierwe eames 2
ELIG OGY cases ace 5
INewtonen.)2 33s seer 3
Columbus County:
May 18-24—
Mita Mab Oneene secrete 1
Craven County:
July-Aug.—
Newbenneynieecisceuses 225
Currituck County:
July 18-A ug. 26—
Peninsula shipments
via Fli abeth City... 407
Pamlico County:
July—June—
Orientalose a7 Soe een 12
Vandemere..-.---..--- 26
Pasquotank County:
Jilizaheth City (see Curri-
tuck County).
N.C., State total. ..-.
OHIO.
Franklin County:
Dec.—
Columbus saan eese se.
Portage County:
Oct. 5—
TGV GTI Biase yerter toasts ele
Wayne County:
Noy. 2—
Crestonmes te we eeeenccis
Ohio, State total. ..--
OKLAHOMA,
King sher County:
Oct. 20— Cars.
Kein giishers oo. vapaaene 1
McClain County:
Oct. 9—
Purcell Susser cu cai 1
Mus'ogee County:
July 13—
Hort Gibson: 2). cscecdues 1
Okfus'ee County:
May 7-22—
Castleicid. Sactwiasaacees 3
Secuoyah County:
Nov.—
ignsonteee apiece taqtsee 1
Okla., State total.... 7
OREGON,
Benton County:
Nov. 2-7—
Corvallisttee st ec seas ne 3
Multnomah County:
Oct. 6-Nov. 15—
Portland seccee sees 10
Oreg., State total. ... 13
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
Philadelphiaesssacesses 12
Pa., State total.-.-... 12
TENNESSEE.
Carroll County:
Dee —Jan.—
Entine done csteeee ce 1
McKeniiGr 21. Soosecke 38
PrOZeVaN tate e ese ste 9
Gibson County:
Sept.—
Milanesie i. cecias ewes 1
Ruthertorde 2... 1
Henry County:
Sept. 9-Dec. 31—
IPATiSMes cage Sclceiaee ee 16
Tipton County:
Nov. 10-Dec. 28—
Covine tonite .sccssesce 6
Weakley County:
Sept.-May 17— 8
Gleasoneat toon eee 9
Tenn., State total.... 170
TEXAS.
Anderson County:
Oct. 20—
Palestine. 2 2-( S6 <2 Soe 1
Angelina County:
Oct. 2-Dec. 30—
Dia GNA ter tae eet 5
Atascosa County: :
Sept.—
IR Obeet. ss ese aw teme cee 2
Bowie County:
Aug.—May—
Texarkana coceseseeee 4
Brazoria County:
Nov. 6-Dec. 6—
East Columbia........- 1
SWeCLYss detocuoccew ese 10
Callahan County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 7—
Gly d@:22<ss52sacssces=8 28
158
TEXAS—Continued.
Camp County:
Aug.—
INSWSOMB=s2-.t cose.
PItESHULE...- sc sceneees
Cass County:
Nov. 27—
Queen: City.. tee ee.
Chambers County:
Chero’xee County:
Oct. 8-Dee. 23—
Comanche County:
Feb. 23-Mar. 10—
Comanche=-..-----...:
Eastland County:
Sept.—
Carbon. 2.222. eteee ee
Erath County:
Sept.—
Dublin ase ccs s ee
Fannin County:
Oct. 1-Dee. 30—
Frio County:
Jan. 1-Mar. 31—
Gregg County:
Sept. 1-May—
Longview...---- woteeee
Longview Junction. ...
Hardin County:
Nov.-Feb. 2—
Harris County:
Aug. 10-Mar. 14—
Houston
Harrison County:
Feb. 29—
Barlevoveess-eesaae
Marsnalluecercese spice
Henderson County:
Nov. 21—
PAPHOS See eee isl
Hopkins County:
Aug.-Mar.—
Com@ee ss. seers aee a=
Pickton seer o--se =~
Sulphur Springs.......
Houston County:
Nov.-May—
Crockettqse-=- cers
Jasper County:
Sept.—Mar.—
(ibe eee sg ocos-
Kairbyvilloscs see coe 5
Jefferson County:
Oct. 1—
Hamshire > -us--.-0-
Leon County:
Oct. 28—Nov. 4—
Elynn eee emeuee wee
TUBER CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 49.—SWEET POTATOES—Continued.
mown _
to
oe
_
TEXAS—Continued.
Liberty County:
Oct. 14—
Hightower.~..~...22.0
Limestone County:
Nov. 1l—
LOGY (1) eWsee acrepre ta bE
Matagorda County:
Oct. 6—
Bay City... 2280 estes
Morris County:
June 1-18—
Dec.-Mar.—
errett...co 28a Le ee
Rains County:
Sept. 29-Nov. 7—
WIMOLY ete ce ene ne
Smith County:
Sept. 19-Dec. 28—
AMTOUD Scan ccee crema ane
Trinity County:
Sept. 8—Mar. 10—
Groveton. ....- ep pror eee
Tyler County:
Sept. 25-Dec. 30—
Warren. cent eee ence.
Van Zandt County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 31—
Edgewood...:.-.-.-..:
Waller County:
Wharton County:
June 14—-Oct. 19—
Nov. 17—
Chicos Aossech oe ececeees
Wood County:
Oct. 14—-Nov. 18—
Cars.
1
Tex., State total.....
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
Aug.—Jan.—
Belle Haven...........
BlOxXOM eee ene
Franklin City......---.
Greenbush eosossess
Hallwood. . mts
IES fo) se a
Melfa...... SSE ESSA
New Church...........
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Augusta County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 12—
Spottswood..-.-....... 2
James City County:
Aug. 21-Sept. 26—
Diasecund 2
Tosue cents een bee 1
Norfolk County:
Aug.-June—
Fentress. 0s... aeons 10
Norfolk: 2 eeeseecse eee 368
Port iNoriolkesscesoeees 133
South Norfolk. ........ 4
Northampton County:
Aug.—Mar.—
Bay. Views. c-ecsbeaeie 20
Birds: NeSt=-5--eeaseee 69
Cape Charles...-..-.... 46
Capeville: 22-22 neeee 57
Cheriton fcwee. oscar 35
Cobbs i232 caceseeeeeee 19
Bastvilless 2 sss-ee seen 28
Exmore.. . 2 ose eee ee 265
Kendall Grove.......-. 18
Kiptopeke:o;seeesessee 24
Machipongo 105
Nassawadox 213
Plantahoneeeees: oseeee 34
Townsendsre = ---seeeee 39
Wierwoodnccees-eeeeee 37
Princess Anne County:
Oct. 6-Nov. 18—
Kempville............. 1
Lynnhaven............ 3
Roanoke County:
Noy.-—Jan.—
East Roanoke. ........ 18
July—Noy. 24—
Occohannock River
landings 2eeo-seeeeaes 694
Sept._Noy.—
Piankatank River
landings Sees ee eeeee
Oct.—
Potomac River landings 1
July 18-Nov.—
Rappahannock River
Jandin esses eaeee eee 31
Aug. 1-Sept. 26—
Eastern Shore points by
boat to Crisfield, Md. 94
Va., State total...... 7,147
WASHINGTON,
Snohomish County:
Sept. 28-Oct. 2—
Hverett-ncsre aces cents 1
Yakima County:
Nov. 7—
North Yakima......... 1
Wash., State total... 2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Sent. 23-Dec. 20— Cars
Centerville.............
Decotow- ete cose ote 1
Nestea eee 14
Oakland eee eese esc e. 2
Los Angeles County:
June 8—
Gardendscanscences so. 1
Orange County:
Oct. 6—
Santa Amare... 1
Sacramento County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 17—
SACramentOnees sen. == - 2
San Francisco County:
Jan. 15-Oct. 11—
San Francisco.......-.. 4
Cal., State total...... 30
ALABAMA.
Mobile County:
June 5-18— Cars.
Mheod ore cece ss- secs 3
Ala., State total...... 3
ARKANSAS.
Crittenden County:
Aug. 2—
Manloens see asetes vases 2
Little ISVeE County:
July 27.
Ogden. Fe Gece eieseweae 1
Sebastian County:
Nov. 3-Dec. 5—
HOnuSmitheeecessces ce 3
Ark., State total..... 6
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
Aug.—Mar.—
Antioch 33
Orwood 27
Fresno County:
June 8-Nov. 28—
BIOSSOM Bee renees cca 2
HMRESNOE Secece ccc hesseas 5
INT AIE Seas etees seme 3
Shima. so-cécaq0bceseae 2
Imperial County:
Apr. 10-July 1—
IBTA WIC Yeececieeisice =< 53
Calipatriass <2. s...c-.- 2
Hamipenialewec cr rcisicescle< 14
HROCKWOOd sesso c- cess e 1
Kern County:
June 19-July 7—
iBaikerstiel dacs « s<c-\2 2 3
Los Angeles County:
June-Mar.—
UM GWalless asetew cece. oe 2
CIONE Sa eee cece 1
Los Angeles........---- 14
IMOnrOWIdeE noe nso- nin 1
TREES Soo ane eee 3
RIV CLA eps erreciccceaisis 6
Wein IND Sa oeceesseseee 1
\WWGiiiS 2 Js ceneeaeaeaeoeee 3
Monterey County:
Oct. 11-Dec. 13—
SUITES heaters selec cies 4
Riverside County:
Apr. 15-June 3—
Goachellaeesss-js-s--= i: 82
APHCTIN AE eee cise ccicln 166
BULB CROPS,
Table 50.—GARLIC.
LOUISIANA.
Ascension Parish:
July 12— Cars.
1
Avoyelles Parish:
June 17—
EVErereenisseeeneeee oes 1
East Baton Rouge Parish:
May 17—
Baton Rouge.....----. 2
Iberville Parish:
June 5-Oct. 10—
Grosse! Teter ieeeseacns
Maringouin: 2.22.8 222.3
Planuemine............
Lafourche Parish:
May 31—June 31—
Mhibodauxae ase eee 1
Orleans Parish:
May 23—Oct. 13—
veo)
New Orleans........... 20
St. Charles Parish:
June 23—
Destrehanseeeeeesesees 1
Table 51.—ONIONS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Sacramento County:
June 28-Dec. 16— Cars
Breeporteccceoseeeecens
15 Koyole MORSE e re Secboacac 5
Sacramentolsscomencsce 67
San Benito County:
Sept. 29-Oct. 10—
IAT OTN AS. 20 Ser piercer 1
HOllisters se eece eee eee 1
San Francisco County:
Jan. 6-Dec. 30—
San Francisco.......--. 167
San Joaquin County:
June—Mar.—
Ol be sete cleecweeeias 8
Middle River....--.... 30
Nilegarden 2s oceseees 2
SEOCKLONE sao eer epee 1,375
San Luis Obispo County:
Oct.—Feb.—
Oceanos=cesasceeece ee 4
San Luis Obispo. ...-..- 1
Santa Barbara County:
Oct.-May—
Gaudalupel-cecaeceeses 25
MOMPoCsee ee eeee eee 64
Lompoc Junction...... 16
Santa Barbara....-.... 1
Santa Clara County:
Sept. 28—
Gilroyues eee once 1
Santa Cruz County:
Nov.—
Watsonville: .:5.-2.--.- 2
Stanislaus County
June 16—
Modest0na--eceeeeeeees 1
Tulare County:
July—
Sultanaseeos-eeeeeeeee 1
Cal., State total...... 2, 201
COLORADO.
Adams County:
Jan. 28—
Hazeltin@ssceeeece sees 1
Arapahoe County:
Sept. 7-Nov. 22—
Bnglewooda-.acceccsne 1
Wittletoneeose oes 14
Delta County
Oct. 1-Nov. 30—
AUISHINE Sie ecce csc scee 8
159
LOUISIANA—Continued.
St. John the Baptist Parish:
June— Cars.
MORLER Tee ee ee eee 1
St. Mary Parish:
May 13—
Morgan City.-...-..... 1
La., State total...... 31
NEW YORK. | =
New York County:
Nov. 17—
ING MODIC oes a= = see 1
N. Y., State total.... 1
OREGON.
Umatilla County:
Nov. 13—
Hreewater. osccclecc cnc 1
Oreg., State total.... 1
COLORADO—Continued.
Denver County:
Sept. 14-Feb.— 3
Denver .osonec. -eecoee 19
Larimer County:
Oct. 7- an: —
eI
"OF
Le |
oe
ad
iS}
at
[=r
B
We
0
,
moo
Montrose County:
Sept. 19-Feb. 16—
iMontrosese ences sececee 19
Olathessee ao- 2 es aaceee 222
Sedgwick County:
Jan. 8-10—
JUleSbunese w= see 2
Weld County:
Sept.—A pr.— ©
AGS aeons so eorre 15
Cloverly2eaeenee caper 1
Eaton
Wattenbereessesasceee
WindsoMmaceet= ose eee
Colo., State total... --
CONNECTICUT.
Hartford County:
Nov. 1—
East Windsor...-.......
New Haven County:
Nov.—
Millard see ease ee
Conn., State total...
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
May 23—
Archer 2s.) ose eee 1
_
GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
May 17-Aug.—
Savannah.......-...-
160
IDAHO.
_Ada County:
Oct.-Jan.—
3 OISG eee nn oon ll
Canyon County:
Sept. 2)-Nov. ll—
ieoitland: <<: soc...
©
=
B
PSs
:
‘
Nea
Minido <a County:
Dec. 17—
Meyoutne tenes J. ses} 1
Shoshone County:
Oct. 2i—
Twin Falls County:
Oct. 9-Jan.—
Idaho, State total.... 57
ILLINOIS.
Boone County:
Feb. 1!-2;—
Belwidere: 22. 222t25 5 5
Cook County:
June-Mar.—
ASV ONOSIOS -2 2a eee 5
Bernice... = +5226 S272 15
Chitacos. 22 2S SS 42
Dolton.) 2s ee 90
Dimnmine 2 See ee ees = 7
Evergreen Park.....-.. 2
Glenview. caso ecem eee 1
Globes see eee 1
Jefferson Park...-.-..- 30
ansine’s Sys aa tes ae iee 55
MoelrosesPark. 22222252 3
Morton Grove......... 46
Norwood Park. -.....-- 18
Oak. Glen. 722 Seen 4
Orchard Place. ...-...- 12
RIVerd alec es= sake eee 55
South Holland. ....... 133
Thornton Junction. ... 9
Kan‘a‘ee County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Momence sense 45t2522- 4
Wi-chert 45
Rock [sland County:
Jul i 1k-Nov. 11—
ampton.....-..--.-.. 6
DOSES Eee tee sate te eee 1
POLPEB VIO =~ 322 osc 2
Rapidsi@ityoecs bee 4
St. Clair County:
May 15-Aug. 15—
East St. Louis.--.-....-.- 7
Union County:
May—
PATA ee ee ren Seine 1
Dongola hese so eee 3
Vermilion County:
Oct.—
Danville+ oss sce.) ede 1
Whiteside County:
Sept. 12-23—
Bultonees..2.asceaate es 3
Will County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Joliet. eo -2se see eee 6
Tll., State total....... 616
INDIANA
Clark County:
July 6-15—
Jeffersonville.........-.- 8
BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
BULB CROPS—Continued.
Table 51.—ONIONS—Continued.
INDIANA—Continued.
Dekalb County:
Aug.-Jan.— Cars
ALDOUS nemesis 55
Butlenisesess-cssauess 33
Garretts c5 eo ae 10
ING Wi Eras cao ene = 6
Sumimifeseece se. cases 3
Waterloo. sces aes case 2
Elkhart County:
iy at
VOPAK OL oo oc acini 2
Napantest io Mee aace 54
Fulton County—
Aug. 25-Oct. 25—
AUTON cee eiene eiemevtoe 13
Grant County:
Aug.—
Marioniv. jscscessmaset 1
Jasper County:
Oct.-Feb.—
De Mottes.s-s---5-s55 2
Rensselaer 13
Kosciusko County:
Bept .Jan.—
BWOOd seer cece e ese e ee 2
Etna Green.....-.----- 7
Leesburg. .------------ 5
Milfordioga3 seswe=cose 19
Hacrauge County:
. 5-7—
South Milford's2e-2-ss- 2
Strohissss2222 a22 5222552 5
Lake County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 10—
iohlandseeeee eee 6
Schererville.......----- 4
Laporte County:
Sept.-Apr.—
PAs 5 Saco ses sc 4
Milk@reek = 222222225 2
Stillwelleeseeesse-eeee 22
Union Center...------- 2
Marshall County:
Julv—Mar. —
Bourbonsess2-2> ese 5
Brement-: 2.2 22525525. 7
Culver sess aaa 7
TVNOT ee eres tees ate 10
Newton County
Oct.—
INOSs cee eee eee 4
Noble County:
Aug.—Feb.—
Kendallville Aide shoe 97
eo 0154
13
5
Porter County:
Oct. 4—
CODE aaa sane 1
Pulaski County:
Aug.—
Monterey.------------- 4
St. Joseph County:
Sept.-Nov.—
Garden City..----.---. 1
ake valles seas seestee ens 1
New Carlisle......----- 3
North Liberty.-...--.-- 11
South Bend s<-?------- 20
Wralkentons-sesee see 18
Starke County:
Sept.—F eb.—
Tamleves seas ees eae 25
Knox. eoiesee eee eeesns 46
North Judson. -.-.-..--.- 4
Obers 252s seers es 2
Steuben County:
Aug.-Mar.—
Ashley Hudson......-- 51
Fremont.2:2522-28 5 2
Helmer feces eee 21
Pleasant Lake....-.--. 4
AGRICULTURE.
INDIAN A—Continued.
Sullivan County:
et. 1-15— Cars
Carlislez see e on wcaeaeme 2
Whitley County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Churubusco......--- Pea ky
Collins ./30-2 ee eee 145
Columbia City..-.-..-. 47
Larwihts thee etecesses 2
Ind., State total. .... 1,161
IOWA,
Cerro Gordo County:
Sept.—
Clear Lake: sacvseencome 14
Clinton County:
Sept. 25-Oct. 5—
Delmar Junction......- 1
Teed’s Grove....--.-.- 1
Hardin County:
Oct. 6—
Dawn) Bul eseeeeseeeeee 1
Harrison County:
Sept. 25-Oct. 6—
California Junction. - .. 16
Modsleseeeseere seen 9
Henry County
Aug. 26—
Wayle...2---esseeeeee 1
Iowa County:
July 23-Sept. 15—
AM&ng. 3 she sees eee il
Hlomestedd ee ecneseeee 3
South Amana.......-.. 9
Mitchell County:
Aug.-Nov. 14—
Carpenteraa-s- sass 2
Mitchelle se tesc ee eesene 24
Osagess i235. beeen 11
Otrantossseses seer 8
St. Ansvar-Jsct saeeees 49
Stacywille: sos sees 2
Tootervalles cena eanes 1
Muscatine County: :
Aug.—
Nicholseseceereoese ene 2
West Liberty-.-.-...-.- 1
Osceola County:
Sept. 28—
Harris'sccoe eee eee 3
Polk County:
Oct. 28-Dec. 9—
Clive... scvsenicceeeeee il
Des Moines.-.--.5<s04= 1
Scott County:
July-May—
Bettendortesseseseeeees 15
Blue Grass. -..~2.ssse—- 1
Davenport..-.-.------= 45
Dixons sees ee sone rte 15
Le, Claine:---e.ves eae 1
Pleasant Valley..------ 176
Story County:
Mar. 4-16—
Nevadaaiseecsecee eines 2
Woodbury County:
Sept. 25-Oct. 23—
Sergeant Bluff. ...-.--- 8
Towa, State total...--. 434
KANSAS.
Douglas County:
Feb. 5—
Lawrence: --..-----.--- 1
Montgomery County:
= . 6—
Yofteyville-.---2=----.- 1
Saline County:
Mar. 10-21—
Salina): 2=s-eeeseeeae 16
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
BULB CROPS—Continued.
Table 51.—ONIONS—Continued.
KANSAS—Continued. MASSACHUSETTS.
Shawnee County: Essex County:
Aug.-Jan.— Cars. Oct. 13-Nov. 25— Cars.
Ope kaeebeeysisact cal 4 21 Ta WLONCOL Ls aeeaeeins 2
Franklin County:
Kans., State total... 39 July 29-Apr. 5—
———— Deerfield see eee 43
IKENTUCKY. Hast Deerfield......... 4
5 Greenfield eee. ae 7
Hisar steamed Millers’ Fallss22. 222 1
Anchorage AAI es bi hts 6 Montague :cteen sarees 54
Buechel eins 43 Mount Hermon........ 13
WGursernora). LUye Deke 20 South Deerfield........ 1,113
LOU TIG oelee Leal La | eR Ee Seb ee ete no 156
St. Matthews.......... 52 ampshire County:
Joly ced or
: MMOrSt sehen cies ei 199
Ky., State total...... 317 Cushman Macnee: 1
AQLOV (ea rerettcisteete ite 460
ee: Hatfield... en eamnnan 500
Assumption Parish: Northampton.........- 92
May 20-27— North Hatfield......... 553
Labadieville........... 2 Norwottuck.-...-.....- 2
East Baton Rouge Parish: Middlesex County:
May 20-June 9— Nov. 2—
Baton Rouge......... 6 Marlborosisete 4. eee 1
Iberia Parish: Suffolk County:
May 17—June 29— July 6-Dec. 26—
New Iberia...-.--..... 3 Boston:s io skeeeee eee 9
Me haa : Mass., State total. ... 3,210
May 16—June 7— aa
Beaten Ga aa 3 MICHIGAN.
Grosse Tete......-....- 9 | Allegan County:
Maringouin.........-.- 8 Oct.-Jan.—
Plaquemine aes 4 Allegan’. 1222 Nese e sees. 9
Lafourche Parish: Brad Leyes eesti 1
May 15-July 24— BTA VON alone eae are te 1
Watourche aes see - 12 1) Orr ee are Seas 15
IWockpOntas css seen ee 103 Hiamiltonsc-. se sseeseee 2
Mihipodawxeee seen see 2 Martin: ok eee aes 47
Orleans Parish: Moline: :..:= S822 cece 7
Apr. 20-—Mar.— Pearle. 5.) Nae 2
iINewsOnleansesscor sch! 319 Shelby ville<- Soca 24
Pointe Coupee Parish: Wayland....--. aes 13
May 16-20— Barry County:
New Roads...-........ 5| Sept. 13-Jan.—
Rapides Parish: Dosters) 2. aacee ese 56
May 26— Bay County:
AllexamGniaenjenerece ee 1 Oct. 3—
St. Marys Parish: BAN One st teaee scree 1
June 17— Berrien County:
IB OS URN seas. 1 Sept.—Nov. 3—
Terrebonne Parish: iBAnOdaaeeme ese ee Beets 1
May 16-July 9— Gallien erase eee e ee 7
EVOUIM AR ae eis cds 6 INI SORE BAS sboooucoacoe 8
WChTTeVeTAU ence a ela! 1 | Branch County:
West Baton Rouge Parish: Oct.-Dec.—
May 25—June 6— Winion! City) -6 sees 10
Brwanwvallesv wees sat: 12 | Cass County:
Oct.—
La., State total. ..-..- 497 Glenwoodejoa- a--s--2e5 10
Huron County:
MARYLAND. Jan. 31—
EMI GOM ae eerie mene 1
Baltimore City: . Jackson County:
Apr.-Feb.— Jan. 24—
Baltimore. .\s.-.---+.-- 73 Jacksonteeresseeemecters 1
Carroll County: Kalamazoo County:
July—Dee.— Oct.—
MGTROSeR Ue esuete Ne 3 Williamseseeesee leaner 3
Westminster i025. 225 22 | Kent County: ~
Somerset County: Sept.—Jan.— bs
June 26-Aug. 10— Byron Center......---- 25
Crisfield (see Va.) Cedar Springs.-.-.-.--- 4
June-July— Grand Rapids....-.--. 1
Pocomoke River land- Grantccqa were senses 6
LTE SUC ay ea Le oi 45 Owe lles sea eee 5
June—July— Lenawee County:
Potomac River land- Aug.—Jan.—
TRS Se Ke BEG Oee 2 Cadmus: sseseee esses 1
HEmmis---...-.-2---2=--- 7
Md., State total.../.. 145 Rolling ee eee i
Tecumsehe/s 52-2) sk = 1
44215°—18—Bull. 667. ala
161
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Oakland County:
Aug.
Bay City
Ottawa County:
Oct.—Mar.
Zeeland
Saginaw County:
Aug.—Nov. 28—
Saginaw
Van Buren County:
Sept.-Nov.—
Decatur
Mentha
Washtenaw County:
Sept. 16-Feb. 23—
Chelsea
Mich., State total... .
MINNESOTA.
Anoka County:
Aug.—
Twin City Stock Yards.
Blue Earth County:
Oct. 2-3—
Good Thunder.......
Clay County:
June—
Moorhead........._..
Dakota County:
Aug. 30-Dec. 31—
Lakeville
Rich} Vallevys-saaeee se
Rosemount. .......--
Dodge County:
Sept.—Dec.—
Dodge Center.._...-..
Freeborn County:
Sept.—
Albert eas a eee
Goodhue County:
Oct. 6-7—
IXeny Ol essere eeee
Hennepin County:
Sept.—June—
Camden Place. ......
FS mel ees ee
oretvtoree sees ee
Minneapolis......-....-
Minnehaha. ........-.
Ramsey County:
Sept.—Mar.—
Minnesota Transfer...
St Baulee ss aac eee
Scott County:
Sept. 23-Oct. 24—
Savarvesss-tore eer ee
Steele County:
Oct. 4—
Owatonna: 2-22-42 -6
Wazeppaecen sacar
Plainviewe= 2-2-2 4---
Washington County:
Nov.—
1
Bro
~
Ore bo
ao
162
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Winona County:
Oct. 5-Noy. 16— Cars. |
VEN a eee eae 7
Minn., State total.... 459
MISSISSIPPI.
Marion County:
June 1—
Sandy Hook..........- 1
Miss., State total...-. 1
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
Oct.—
St-Joseph..: —- 222222. 3
Carroll County:
Oct. 18—
Do lWithlet 25..-.2 222 1
Charlton County:
Oct.—
BUNS WICK = o- =. eee ~~ 2
Jackson County:
Oct.-Jan.—
Kansas City..........- 9
Wachons#ee.-ee eee eet 2
Ste. Genevieve County:
July 6-Aug. 3
Ste. Genevieve......-.. 7
St. Louis City:
May 16-Nov. 18—
Sip bois. ---ssees5 ee 14
Mo., State total...-.- 38
MONTANA.
Lewis and Clark County:
Jan.—June—
Helena ese acess etic sie 2
Ravyalli County:
June 30-Oct. 31—
amilton=s 026 sees = 1
WACLOD SSeeemcise ese ei = 1
Wroodside:..-2222..222. 2,
Rosebud County:
July 25—
WMiNnChesssse sees tee =a 1
Mont., State total.... 7
NEBRASKA.
Adams County:
Sept.—
IHGShin gS see eee eee. 7
Buffalo County:
Sept.—
CAIN OVoeeaser ae memte 1
Douglas County:
Sept. 20—
Omahan. —areee on sacl 3
Washington County:
Oct. 27—
Fort Calhoun.......... 1
Webster County:
Oct.—
Cowles: -=:--:e-sueeers- 2
Nebr., State total.... 14
NEVADA.
Churchill County:
Oct. 31-Jan. 17—
Mallon. s<is: 522-525-250 2
Havens 22tiessicaesee 1
BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
BULB CROPS—Continued.
Table 51.—-ONIONS—Continued.
NEVAD A—Continued.
; Lyon County:
Oct. 21-Jan. 14— Cars.
Me@SOn Sa se eee ee
IWabuskarkscpecssee ncn 1
Washoe County:
Oct.—Mar.—
IRONO Sitcree ee eee eee 5
SPAankssee oo ose teens 38
Wadsworth........-..- 2
Nev., State total..... 50
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Cheshire County:
Sept. 27-Oct. 14—
Wialpolesserccreeesaeee 3
N. H., State total... -. 3
NEW JERSEY.
Cumberland County:
June 6-Sept. 27—
Bridgetonse.-se- see 17
Cedarvalle:2 sss ee sees 182
MAI ONS Sena eee 90
ING WipOLusseeeeeeeenee 40
IPOnuINOLNSS- pee eeeese ee 1
South Vineland......-. 1
IWioodrufi/S:-csssmee 1-5 2
Gloucester County:
June 22-July 21—
Richwoode=.---s-neeee 10
Hudson County:
July—Jan.— £
Hopokens- ce - eee 3
Manhattan Piers....... 277
Weehawken......----- 4
Sussex County:
Sept.—Jan.—
SUSSOXM steer eeees 13
Wernon aieseiec-tesesen 3
Warren County:
July 10-Oct. 28—
AV amiichye mn ---ceene 8
Great Meadows..-..--- 258
Oxford Furnace...-..... 9
N. J., State total..... 918
NEW MEXICO.
Bernalillo County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 15—
Albuquerque........-. 4
San Juan County:
Oct. 28—
ATCC a= asiaasinee eee oe 1
N. Mex., State total.... 5
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Nov.—
APA s-e-leeiee aeeeeee J
Allegany County:
Oct. 25-Nov. 28—
Bums rceiatecceesc see 2
Bronx County:
Sept.-Oct.—
t. JobDnsS Parkee=n- ce se 3
Broome County:
Nov. 29—
Binghampton..........
Cattaraugus County:
Sept.-Feb.—
WNEWANZO...----.---- 17
AGRICULTURE.
NEW YORK—Continued.
ga County:
ug.-Nov.— Cars.
Crockett )-ss-c-.2-:-eeee
Port; Byron-* 2-2-ss-ebe
Chatauqua County:
pat
erry Creek.........-
Chemung County:
Ca
Columbia County:
Nov. 18—
Mellenville-se-e-ee ener 1
Erie County:
Oct.—
Buffaloes see e-aeeeeeee 2
Franklin County:
Nov.—
Constablessazeee- eereee 1
Genesee County:
Oct.—Mar. 21—
Batavia. dass J22 gas
Le Roy2:2.- bees eee
Livingston County:
Oct.-Apr.—
AS O11 eee eee
South Lima
Madison County:
Aug. 23-Mar. 17—
Canastotaler=-seeeeneee
North Chittenango... ..
Monroe County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Brockpottee = =-5-seeeee
Fairport cs eee ane 2.
Henriettas: 2. ss-seesee
Wayneporbe ss ssssseeee
New York County:
July-June 8—
New Yorkocs.acceeeere
Niagara County:
Oct.—
Lockport
Middleport. -
Oneida County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 2—
HR
Onondaga County:
Oct.—
East Syracuse...--...-
SylacusSe:snsseeeeeeeeere 7
,Woodward-..----.-. 2. 2
Ontario County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Wishers:: .:Asseeheeeee eee
Genevairsnje2eee ners eee
Victor. ataeeeceeee ree 1
Orange County:
July—Jan.—
Wlorida.c Ssceseeseeee ae
Goshen! 23:2 ceemeniree
Middletown.....-...... 9
New Hampton.........
Orange Farm....-.....
Pine lslandeeae eee
Port Jerviss=p-ceeeeroce 3
Wartwick:..-.-eo-eeeees 1
Orleans County
July-Aug.—
Albion’... 23s cseceeseree
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
BULB CROPS—Continued.
Table 51.—ONIONS—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued. OHIO—Continued.
Oswego County: Hamilton County:
Sept.—Mar,— Cars. Aug. 2-May 13— Cars.
mtral Square........- 13 Cincinnatis. 52 2iwe. ee 14
Hultone eas ae LS 23 Columbia see eee eee |
SUUEMISS Heer te 20 Hermaldeess oon 4
eal Bae eh NN) 10 INC WiUONE- Eee nen eee enine i
SWeg0...---------.--- 6 | Hancock County:
Rensselaer County: Seat 8 ote frpates
Oct. 13-31 — Mamie iy ane aac aa 15
__Reynolds...........-.. 3 | Hardin County:
Richmond County: Aug. 5-Apr. 3—
Aug.Jan.— INGEN ae ats sta oi ash A 191
St. George Lighterage.. 128 Alger...... 158
Seneca County: Dole! | Sioa a
Oct.— HOTA er ay amen 105
UI Beater -)1-|= 5 Kenton ee eee ill
Steuben County WAC HT ode 554
ov.Jan.— Holmes County: .
Arkport Dob Sess5560g5555 1 Sept.-_Nov.—
i Wayland Peeeree oo 4 NE IOs conemaae cud 4
Suffolk County: Walco ville ea eee 1
July 13-Aug, 30— Huron County:
Greenport............. OF Oct Deckel
OIG. 255335 Ghoeeees 29 Chicago Junction... ... 11
Ulster County: New London i 22. 8
Jan. 22-Apr. 30— Lake County:
Accords. 2 s2e hea. - +o 4 Sept. —Apr.—
Wayne County: IMadisone esate eae 75
Sept.-June— Mentors cea 1
NOI. = 555535 sacoone 1 iPainesvilleseeeseee 16
Clyde. .-.-.-..--.------ 18 Berrys eee eee 86
East Williamson... ... 13 Union villes=s meee 2
Fruitland..-........... 24 | Logan County:
Dyons.--.-----...----- 20 | Sept. 6-Oct. 13—
Macedon.............-- 20 BelleiGentens-eseeeses 19
Marion....--.......-..- 42 | Lucas County:
Newark. - 22220652 .20- 79 Sept. 2-Dec. 30—
North Macedon.._-_....- 1 TO Ed O Sade bee ee YW
North Rose...........- 53 | Medina County
Ontario. ears VAAL 40 Oct. 6-31—
Palmyra SoSS FSOS SOR 3555 9 NOG 1s neo ee ee ean 12
Port Gibson........... 1! Ottawa County:
Red Creek............. 6 | ~ Feb. 3-Nov. 27—
Sodus-.-..-..-.-------- 8 Curticesea tee hes
Sodus Center.......... 38 Gypsum 1
NoduspEOMtyeeee esas. 28 Wey Obisit. 4.2 SA RAR ENS 5
South Palmyra. ....... 1 Oak Harbor...-.....-. 1
Bat woul BEG PRS SRE Os 1 Mrowibrid se seeeeeeeee ll
LAL ES OTR) i-/-—1-/-1-\-/-)— 39 | Portage County:
Wiolcotttes face ae eoes 44 ‘Aug. —Jan.
3 9
NeWGnstatetotal...2)270| yon ap
Wighiabe Goce seodasocaSe 1
- Morante ses). Sheweee 19
NORTH CAROLINA. Ravenna iene emer ile
Suftield) seas sepa eee 1
Surry County: Richland Gone:
Aue. 15— Sept.—_Nov.—
IMs ANIA Sooo sosenaes 1 IPLyam ou heemeseseeer 39
——— | Seneca County:
N. C., State total... - 1 Sept. 16-Oct. 26—
Alvedaits) cao neu aes
Stark County:
OHIO. Aug.—Feb.—
@antonie tec se-e-e—- = 1
Ashtabula County: Hartville .....--------- 38
Sept.—Mar.— Lawrence. ...---------- 1
Wonmeauit ees ace 1 | Summit County:
Genevaneeeee esos coe. 7 Oct. 12-Nov. 29—
ikenmpsville see os 22 ; ud sone seca ere ees 3
ILGOINS 5565 SSOSRe eee Aeee aes
Wayne County:
Saybrook...........--- 5 | Awe. 10-Dec. 30—
Champaign County: Greston ee ee 3
Sept. 1— Tend ee 0 ae eee 294
St. Paris_..----------- 1 Ormvilleeee eee 17
Cuyahoga County: Niths
June 22-Oct.11— Williams County:
@levelandiee eo ks 2 Aug. 31-Oct. 11—
Cleveland Pier........- 1 Blakesley .-:---------- 1
Franklin County: Edgerton -...-.-------- we
_ July—-Jan.— Edon ...--------------- 27
Goltimipbusssss se see 6 Pigneerceceectce seo 1
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
OHIO—Continued,
Wyandot County:
Aug. 3\-Nov. 24—
Careyast see Sao ee
Ohio, State total.....
OKLAHOMA,
Bryan County:
July 25—
MCAS cccause ees
Pottawatomie County:
Nov. 16—
Shawnee. ties. .s2 55260:
Okla., State total ....
OREGON.
Clackamas County:
Nov.-Feb.—
Canby athe Aces sere
Clackamasteces seeeeeee
Milwaukie....¢.......-
Oregon City .....------
Oswegorsseteesess eee
Wilsonville sees
Columbia County:
Jan. 2-Feb. 17—
Clatskanie Junction...
Jackson County:
Oct. 7—
Medford
Lane County:
Sept. 16-Dec. 29—
Coburekiet ene eases
Cottage Grove..-...----
Creswell
Gosheneeeeeeeeseeeees
Linn County:
Dec.-Feb.—
Lebanon. ....- SS ae:
Malheur County:
Marion County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Barone. sete -weswecces
BrOOKSH once ec ee eee
Genvyaiss eas eee eae
Hubbard
Mount Angel
Salem sae ost see esiceeee
Woodburn. ...-.-.-----
Multnomah County:
Oct. 31-Feb.—
Brooklyn
East Portland --.-.-...---
Portland sae eeee eee
Troutdale scasenseeeeee
Umatilla County:
Oct. 19—
Mreewater. : -2 so -sce ne
Union County:
Oct.—Mar.—
Imblericseasste ee --ee o=
Unione see se
Washington County:
Sept. 29-Feb.—
iBankseeeee see eee eos
Beaverton. ..----------
Comelius®! 22 sos-2
Garden Home.-.--------
Gaston ...-------------
St-ManysSeeeeeseeseeee
Sherwoods:2--s-ee-5e=-
Tuslatinsesss see
Oreg., State total - - --
16¢
1, 956
bt ht et pe
w
i)
Ne
Crk bo mm 7 0
ho
bo
mH OR
bo
bet ND het OT et bt TO ND
—
wo
he
a
=~!
|
|
164
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny County:
June 28-July 16— Cars.
Alléeheniy:. 2.226 eich.’ 4
Bradford County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 1—
Snedikermtcseca3-02.-- 1
Bucks County:
Oct. 1-Dee. 30—
Roelofs. ...... Saleraeetoe 1
ULL VOW eee min nee 1
Crawford County: ,
Aug. 28-Dec. 1—
Conneaut Lake-.-.-..-.- 12
TENG VA see ierisscecees 2
Harmonsburg..-..-.---- 2
Wimesvillosee kc cease 46
Erie County:
Nov.-Apr.—
Cray tones cee aces
MaITVIeWie~ = = Scans tos
Girard sees sone ec oeee
PpLineheld) sae eee
Lackawanna County:
Nov. 11—
Carbondale -22..-----<- 1
Luzerne County:
Nov. 14-21—
Haz letoniee eset aaa 3
Philadelphia County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
mwOnN
Philadelphia...>.-...-. 110
Tioga County:
Oct. 1-15—
Wellsboro Junction. -.. 1
Y ork County:
July 5-Aug. 30—
Brogueville...-.-.----- 12
Hawn Grove. ...-----.- 5
Welton ee eee oe cee coerce 17
GlentRockses- cee -eocee
Glenvilleres= shes. tees
PIO KES Eee eine eee
New Freedom-.-..----
INewihankss = -secesa-se
Vii oetot Ga eeseesee ase
Pa., State total. .-..-
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
Aug.-July—
PAUIDIITE 5/202 cies ieros
Providentes- a0 -se4-
R. I., State total-....
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Lake County:
Oct. 16—
Madisoneees cnce- ste ne
Minnehaha County:
Oct. 13—
BSS ees | eae tee 1
S. D., State total... -. 74
TEXAS.
Atascosa County:
Apr. 18-May 26—
Poteet == 2-52 .eoeremee 58
Bexar County:
Apr.-May 26—
Elmendorf.
1G Se mee BE shat 1
Cameron County:
May-Sept.—
ew oIr Or
to
or
wo
olwoan
=i
Brownsville........... 1
anlingen's!= Co hacsces 3
Liyfords et canS poee 1
SAMIBANICO” o-eesee cee 43
BULLETIN 667,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
BULB CROPS—Continued.
Table 51.—ONIONS—Continued.
TEX AS—Continued,
Collin County:
July 7-Sept. Cars.
MeKinneyia a oaacieee 56
Princetonse--)e aes 11
Comal County:
June 10—
New Braunfels. ......-. 2
Dallas County:
Feb.—
IDallasi-s-ccmeutencasoee 1
Dimmit County:
Apr. 26—June 10—
FA SHertOnin oespnen sae 656
IBIENWOelISheececree nce 197
Carrizo Springs.-...... 213
IBS One ion aeias 2
Frio County:
Apr. 8-June—
Derbyiensenect siecceerece 75
Dilleys Coe a cee, 12
Pearsall eee ecto 169
Hidalgo County:
May 1-20—
INI TONI. et eee se meier 3
McAN ene eecescneeece oe 17
iMercedesaceeve-rerants 10
MISSIONS eee ceases cee 300
ODEO eee mane 22
IPATIMNUTS tee eee eee 18
IPDATT eae i cry e aes eee s 7
Jim Wells County:
Apr. 15—
Premontteeesseeceeces 1
Kleberg County:
May 15—
Riviera Station........ 1
Lasalle County:
Mar. 30-June 10—
Cotullags eee 113
ncin alee ee eee 23
Fowlerton............- 28
Millettare seen eee 3
Maverick County:
Apr.—
WarlewPassiee ses eeewee 16
Medina County:
May 25-31—
Devine see Noses 11
Nueces County:
Mar. 8-31—
Calallenweceeieteacces 10
Corpus Christi-........ 30
Tarrant County:
May 19-22—
MOLVA OLULemas eee ere 3
Webb County:
Mar. 1-June 19—
Tbared O}- eee Sete oe 2,330
Zavalla County:
Apr. 16-May 20—
Onystali@ityeecnece cass 308
Wavbry Onesies soar ane. 8
Tex., State total....- 4,778
UTAH.
Boxelder County:
Oct. 18-24—
Garland!) see ee eee seas 1
Tremontonessceeeceeee
Willard aoe aa Soe 1
Cache County:
Oct. 18—
Wellsville eee eee 1
Davis County:
Sept. 28-Oct. 17—
WVOOGS|Crosspesemce nee 8
Morgan County:
Sept.—Jan.—
IMOTPaN Cs sesueeserine ders 8
AGRICULTURE.
UTAH—Continued.
Salt Lake County:
July 21-Mar. 9—
MUPTa yy Soa aah lees
Salt'Gakecl sss ussees 2
Utah County:
Oct. 19-Nov. 18—
American Fork........
Pleasant Grove........
PLOVO es Skies see eke Reni
Spanish Fork.........-
Weber County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 18—
Ogden seis. ne oee eee 5
Utah, State total... 43
VERMONT.
Windham County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 20—
South Vernon......... 4
Westminster. ..2..2-22: ae
Vt., State total...... 6
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
June 25-Aug. 15—
Belle Haven.......-.. ¢
Bloxomls= -eeeee-eeee
— ore bo
to
i}
i=
Zz
lo}
{2}
Q
_
NOD WNR Ne
Keller
Mason jcnen cece eee
)
B
o>}
=
enh
anosny
Old Point Comfort... .. 1
Norfolk County:
July 1-7—
Norfollkscc2eauseeeeee ee 1
PortiNoriolkseweeeeeeee 1
Northampton County:
June 1-July 15—
Cape Charles. ...-.....-
EI XIMOreeseeeeeeeeneaee
Looe SMe)
July 19-Oet. 12—
Rural Retreat......... 4
June-Aug.—
Occohannock River
landings eeeeeeeseeeee
June-July—
Potomac River land-
ings. sees nee
June-July—
Rappahannock River
landingsiwoncs.eeaeee 2
Eastern Shore points by
boat to Crisfield, Md.. 80
Va., State total.-.... 319
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
Nov. 2—
Prosser.i: 4k }secemere cies
Chelan County:
Oct. 16—
Wenatcheeeeeese sere 1
Clarke County:
Dec. 30-Apr. 6—
Battle Ground........- 1
Wancollyen.<tecneeseree 5
_
‘CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
W ASHINGTON—Continued.
Pierce County:
Aug. 14-21— Cars.
IMGT ay 1 OO a a 2
_ Spokane County:
Sept.-Feb. 19—
leniblhyenclye sea seen wees 2
Spokane ses seese wee ese 20
Mardleycesct esses. 13
Walla Walla County:
July 13-May .22—
IAT GeSialsee)-eaeieia. 232 5
I Cheers ees 3 6
AVENTIS) OUD se Aone eee 2
Walla Walla.........-. 522
Yakima County:
Sept.-Feb.—
IDO KG tee G ane doe apes 1
Grandview ---...---.- 1
North Yakima........- 31
ASAE Ae COS pee 1
MOppeMiShee se Lee 45
WET BIL Oe eee 2
Wales @itiyaenwe ise. o 2 1
Wash., State total... 662
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Oct.-_Nov.— Cars.
Chicagoxeesceeererce ccc 11
South Holland......... 34
Winnebago County:
Oct. 17-Nov. 7—
VO CK t OM eee ee cee al 4
Tsistate total.co./2/ 49
KENTUCKY.) |i a.
Jefferson County:
May 26-June 24—
Wows viulless ee ae 35
Ky., State total.-.... 30
LOUISIANA.
Jefferson Parish:
Feb. 16-May 10—
Kener eat see se eee 5
Orleans Parish:
May 3-13—
New Orleans..-.......- 7
La., State total.-....- 12
MASSACHUSETTS.
Franklin County:
Nov. 9-29—
Wihatelypeeeacess i.e: ye 4
Mass., State total. -.. 4
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
May 8-June 10—
Crystal Springs .-.-...- 22
Mavlehhirstee. se S se 2
Table 51.—ONIONS—Continued.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Ohio County:
July 25— Cars.
Wheeling ic. 2s eneee |
Wood County:
Aug, 18—
Parkersburg... citer |
W. Va., State total. . 2
WISCONSIN.
Columbia County:
Oct. 16-24—
Kal bourne eee cele 2
Dodge County:
Sept.—
Chester. 6. See ssetereee 1
Fond du Lac County:
Nov. 7—
ARUP OD as asistmeneremeate 1
Kenosha County:
Aug,.—Jan.—
IBerryaville Moe creeeelcteeiee 153
Héenoshaesesecmesn eee 24
Pleasant Prairie. .-..... 2
Salemlersss a keene neers 1
SOMIOerS eee al eee ete 22
ROOT CROPS.
Table 52.—BEETS.
MISSISSIP PI—Continued.
Madison County:
May 20-27— Cars.
Ridgeland eae esteceer 2
Miss., State total..... 26
NEW YORK.
Ontario County:
Sept. 30-Dec. 27—
PAN OG UIm eel eee 1
Canandaigua........... 2
Gorham) aeeeeaesseeee 2
Seneca Castle.........- 6
Stanley ssecsae eee 3
Suffolk County:
Aug. 5-Oct. 20—
Orient ounce ses 1
Yates County:
Noy. 10—
Bentonecaacessaceeeee 1
N. Y., State total... 16
NORTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
May 15-July 1—
Washington ts-uueee.s 10
N.C., State total... 10
OHIO. wa
Lueas County:
Sept. 24-Nov. 27—
Monclowas.h2- eee oeee ee 20
Medina County:
Aug. 29-Oct. 24—
Odie ee eee ee 3
Paulding County:
Oct. 19-Nov. 21—
Broughton seweeeeeeeee
BULB CROPS—Continued.
165
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Milwaukee County:
Sept.-May 19 Cars.
Sor
Outagamie County:
Oct. 11-18—
Shioctoneee eee sees 2
Racine County:
Sept.-Jan.—
Corliss 2h cene2 seeepee 9
PVCU Gee ates seete ee 15
Racine Junction ....... 10
Usion Grove..:........ 2
Rock County:
Oct. 2-6—
3S OlOivs sare aeoen eee 2
Trempealeau County:
Nov. 18—
Independence.......... 1
Wis., State total..... 260.
OH1IO—Continued.
Putnam County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 21— Cars.
Millersi\@ityeo. -sceeeees 13
Sandusky County:
Oct.—
Clydereoer se Aacecenee 2
Van Wert County:
Oct. 6-Nov. 14—
Dixons!acsiceabwes eee 18
Wood County:
Oct. 6-26—
atloness-aace tee ee nee 7
IWeSTON 2 fee sites ancee 13
Ohio, State total... - 97
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
Jan. 27-June 9—
Charlestoneeso-caceece= 67
S. C., State total... .- 67
VERMONT.
Vindham County:
July—
Westminister -........- I
Vt., State total. ....- 1
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
May 25-June 14—
Old Point Comfort.--.- 2
Norfolk County:
May 6-June 29—
Norlolk! 24h eee 61
Port Norlolk-nsseceeeee 7
Portsmouth=2-.sess—s5— 1
Va., State total -....- 7i
166
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
June 21—
Los Angeles
Sacramento County:
May 25-June 22—
Sacramento............
San Francisco County:
Apr. 6—
San Francisco
Cal., State total... ...
COLORADO.
Arapahoe County:
Feb. 17—
Englewood
Denver County:
Noy. 7-Feb. 21—
Deniverie =o. te eee cae
Weld County:
Feb. 26—
GGreeleyeeee meen = 1.
Colo., State total....-.
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven County:
June 26-July 5—
Newlaven:-\..----- ==
Conn., State total. -.-.
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
June-Mar.—
|DYbEako ponte Chee Rae
Lansing
Morton Grove...-......-
Osk Glenc. 23.24 S
Dupage County:
en 20-A pr. 7—
Bensenville..-..-.....-
Kankakee County:
Nov.-—Mar.—
Wrichertucis.ce a. s2hcke
Ill., State total......-
INDIANA.
Laporte County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Marion County:
June 16—
Indianapolis
Ind., State total
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
June 7-27—
Wouwisville 258s 52
Ky., State total... ---
LOUISIANA.
Jefferson Parish:
Feb. 16-May 30—
Kenner
Orleans Parish:
Apr. 29—
New Orleans evn se
="
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
ROOT CROPS—Continued.
Table 53.—CARROTS.
LOUISIAN A—Continued.
Ouachita Parish:
May 30— Cars.
Monroe
St. John the Baptist Parish:
May—
Montegut
Tangipahoa Parish:
Feb. 12-May 27—
Independence
Roseland
La., State total
MAINE.
York County:
Sept. 15-Oet. 15—
Wells Beach
Me., State total
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Oct. 9-Nov. 20—
Baltimore sates se BA
Md., State total.....-
MASSACHUSETTS.
Berkshire County:
Oct.—
Lenox Dale ce222- 4-1 1
Franklin County:
Oct. 21-Nov. 25—
Greenfield
Wihatelyer isc ssssse-ee
Hampshire County:
Apr. 7-Nov. 7—
Northampton
INorwoubuckeeaseeee 2
Nore
Mass., State total. ..-
MICHIGAN.
Antrim County:
Nov. 4—
Arenac County:
Oct. 25—
Oct. 3-30—
Bay County:
Oct —
Bay City
Benzie County:
Oct. 31—
Beulah
Berrien County:
Oct, 12-17—
Niles
Ingham County:
Sept. 1-Dee. 30—
Mason
Jackson County:
Feb. 17—
Jackson
Kent County:
Nov.—
Lowel
Leelanau County:
Dec.—Jan.—
| Suttons Bay. .--.-..--- 1
Lenawee County:
Nov.—
Tecumseh
+o
AGRICULTURE.
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Missaukee County:
Dee. 20—
Falmouth
Saginaw County:
Oct. 31-Nov. 30—
Saginaw > <2 4 caer
Van Buren County:
Dec. 2—
McDonald
Mich., State total...
MINNESOTA.
~
St. Louis County: Wd 3
Oct. 6—
Duluthee eee eee ;
Minn., State total...
MISSISSIPPI.
jae
tw
Copiah County:
May 11—June 24—
Crystal Springs.-......-
Hazlehursh.t2 ce s--e0e
Hopewell
Pike County:
May 12—
Osyka. 5-222 e te oe
116
Miss., State total..---
MONTANA.
Ravalli County:
Nov. 7—
Hamiltons---2 see eee
Mont., State total... .
NEW YORK.
Cattaraugus County:
Aug. 15-Dee. 31—
Conewango...-.-.--.--
Clinton County:
Oct. 15—
Beekmantown........-. 1
Cortland County:
Dec. 29—
121
i
—y
w
Kings County:
Mar. 1—
Brooklyn
Livingston County:
Nov. 1—Dec. 2—
Caledoniasveoseene-eeer
South Limateess-seees
Monroe County:
Oct.—Nov. 28—
Hairportecsasceeneenee 1
Henrietta......
Mortimer. ...-
Rochester
Uptonyillot cs. s-eeee
Wayneport
New York County:
on;
POH w ROS
Z
®
E
rm
g
fat
a
Ontario County:
Oct. 10—Dec. 30—
Orleans
Phelps Junetion.....--
Seneca Castle
SPR Te Re
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
NEW YORK —Continued.
Orleans County:
Oct.— Cars.
Medinge cs oie ee. 1
Oswego County:
Nov. 17-27—
IE MOS Go oGcbodeboRGS 1
OSweeg one temeenecciccls 1
Rensselaer County:
Oct. 18—
Reva oldseeescenee -cls- 1
Suffolk County:
July—Mar.—
Cutchogue............. 16
Greenport............. 17
Jamesport: .o2..2..0... 3
Matt Ckeeeenme ect ones 6
Oriente Nee a5. 41
Southold yee 2 28
Wayne County:
Sept.—Jan.—
INMaTIOne yee oe Nee cs 10
Newark ees 10
Sodus Center.......... 8
Yates County:
Oct. 24-Nov. 10—
Bellonaseee scree a sis< clei 3
N. Y., State total.... 217
NORTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
May 15-July 1—
iWashine tone sener mass 2
» N.C., State total.... 2
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Nov. 7— Cars.
DONO eee al. 1
Colo., State total..... 1
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Nov.-June—
Chicas oneaeee sca see 5
DeswPlaines#:.. sss05-5- 2
DUAN ga eee 3
Kankakee Gouny:
Nov. 16-21—
WWALCHOr Gees ayes eye 3
Til., State total... .... 13
ALABAMA,
Butler County:
Mar, 28-May 2— Cars.
Greenville............- 2
Escambia County:
Apr. 6-16—
IBTeWHONE 5-2 24 selec 1
Ala., State total....- 27
ARKANSAS,
Hempstead County:
Apr. 8-18—
Blevins erase ete cee 5
Ark., State total....-. 5
ROOT CROPS—Continued.
Table 53.—CARROTS—Continued.
OFTO.
Ashtabula County:
Sept. 17-21—
Ashtabula. cesses 2
Hardin County:
Oct. 6-Dec. 13—
=>)
j=)
=
°
=a
eo
i
or
Lake County:
Oct.—
POrTrye ne eee ees 1
Logan County:
Oct. 3—
Belle Center..........- 1
Lucas County:
Aug. 17-Sept. 11—
Boledovy cee eyes 4
Ottawa County:
Jan. 17—
Curticeson gems 1
Stark County:
Oct. 4—
Hartvillosseeneees ces
Wayne County:
Sept.-Oct. 30—
UT a aed aa 5
—
PENNSYLVANIA.
Crawford County:
Sept. 25-Dee. 9—
ines villosa sees ee 26
Erie County:
Oct.—
Philadelphia County:
Apres dy—
Philadelphia........... 9
Shackamaxon......... 1
Table 54.—PARSNIPS.
INDIANA.
Noble County:
KANSAS.
Shawnee County:
Feb. 7—
Kans., State total... -
MICHIGAN.
Ingham County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 31—
Mason oie so seeeiaeya cee 15
Mich., State total....
Table 55.—RADISHES.
CALIFORNIA.
Los Angeles County:
Mar, 23—
IbostAngelessaaasaeeeer
Cal., State total...... 1
GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
Jan. 24—
Savannah eis se seeer see 1
Ga., State total.....- 1
167
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
Feb. 18-June 9— Cars
Charleston... 0-5. 06 8
S.C., State total..... 86
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
June 7-22—
Old Point Comfort..... 1
Norfolk County:
Apr. 28-July 14—
INOrfolksie. tee. cecee ce 6
Va., State total.....- 7
WASHINGTON.
Yakima County:
Sept. 16—
North Yakima......... 1
Wash., State total... 1
WISCONSIN.
Brown County:
Oct. 6-27—
GreenvBayzeees ee eeoee 1
Kenosha County:
Nov. 8—
IBenrysvalleeseeeeeese ce 1
Milwaukee County:
Oct. 23—
CudahyA-e ene eee 1
Wis., State total..... 3
OHIO.
Lake County:
Nov.— Cars.
Berryece nea see 1
Ohio, State total..... 1
WISCONSIN.
Milwaukee County:
Nov. 10—
Cudahyz.--2s ee. sass 1
Wis., State total..-.. 1
ILLINOIS.
Alexander County:
ay 2-6— Cars.
@acherss ene see eee 2
Ill., State total. ....-- 2
INDIANA.
Vigo County:
May 8-28—
Perkins=esese sees eeeee ~
Ind., State total....-. 4
168
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
May 26-June 2—
HODISVMIGss. = ee aac
LOUISIANA.
Tangipahoa Parish:
Mar. 10-Apr. 24—
Roselandieeee eae ese
ALABAMA,
Mobile County:
Feb. 1-24—
heodoreeeee eee paseoes
Ala., State total.....
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Oct. 30—
Chicasor epee trea
Will County:
Oct. 26—
Johetse: o: 5 jee a
Cars.
_
—
Ill., State total.......
bo
MICHIGAN.
Alpena County:
Nov. 11—
machines 2222s) 225 ec
Delta County:
Oct. 21-Nov. 8—
Narentase no. -2-sa-i2-cce
Wenig lai stoons Sonase
Grand Traverse County:
Dec. 6—
Traverse City........--
Houghton County:
Nov. 4—
Dakemlinden: ... 2.2.2:
Marquette County:
Oct. 31-Noy. 2—
Lawsons: pose etter ees
Repuablichanmeneecer es
Menominee County:
Noy. 1l1—
Spalding yes oe.
Montmorency County:
Nov. 7—
Bliman's se oes
Osceola County:
Oct. 6-28—
Marion Ses ee soeee sel
Schoolcraft County:
Nov. 18—
Manistique-= 5222-2... -
cue
Mich., State total-....
MINNESOTA.
Aitkin County:
Nov. 6—
PU Cityc. 52 e ekeeine
Clearwater County:
Dec. 15—
Gonvickon 2 aos) seeect
Itasca County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 30—
ROOT CROPS—Continued.
Table 55.—RADISHES—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
MISSISSIPPI.
Copan County:
Apr. 18— Cars.
Crystal Springs.......- 1
Miss., State total... .. 1
OHIO,
Cuyahoga County:
May—
Cleveland Pier......... 1
Ohio, State total. .... 1
Table 56.—RUTABAGAS.
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Marshall County:
Oct. 14—
TOM dc SONAR ES
Pine County:
Sept. 30-Oct. 14—
UCOTLICKs2 aia eis
— as
Polk County:
Nov. 1—
McIntosheeeesesasesree 1
Ramsey County:
Oct. 2-Feb. 20—
St eau eee eee a
St. Louis County:
Oct. 18-Nov. 3—
Vcr him Te see eres 2
Todd County:
Oct. 5-Nov. 4—
Browerville.;..........
Long Prairie..........-
12
for)
Minn., State total... .
PENNSYLVANIA.
Somerset County:
Sept. 20-Nov. 6—
Pa., State total. --¢..
VIRGINIA.
Wythe County:
ug. 10-Oct. 23—
Crockett saeeeueeeeeee
Rural Retreat.........
ele
—
Nr
Va., State total.....-
WASHINGTON,
Yakima County:
Oct. 6-Apr. 17—
Grandview..........--
istshmyifeforsl ese
North Yakima........-
SUunnySidGree lees see ere
eee
Wash., State total. --
WISCONSIN.
Barron County:
Oct. 4-Dec, 22—
|
Cumberland.......---- 6
3
8
Comstockis she tees 3
1
RiceWake pe .saceshane 1
AGRICULTURE.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
Jan. 20-Apr. 11— Cars.
Beaiiontece =... sees 9
Port Royallesseeeecees 12
8. C., State total..... 21
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
Apr. 30-Noy. 17—
Orfolke. saci aes 370
Port Norfolk be 1
Portsmouth es eae ee 4
Va., State total...... 375
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Brown County:
Oct. 4—Nov. 23—
Green Bays eee
Burnett County:
Nov. 29—
Siren: 3.5238 soe 1
Columbia County:
Oct. 21-Nov. 1—
HallvRivenseeene seas
Kail b ou a eee
Douglas County:
Oct. 21-Nov. 4—
Gordonseeeeee ee eeeeee
Lake Nebagamon....-.
Wascott ee aeeeeeeneee
Florence County:
Dec. 30—
Elorenceleesscecniseeees 1
Forest County:
Noy. 20—
a
eoe
Marinette County:
Novy. 7-11—
Bagley Junction .--.....
Wargnerticitcetctenss
Walshitcousscoswenscees
meee
Nov. 5-25—
Pelican sincececsesceet 2
Ozaukee County:
Oct. 16—
(Belgiimeeeer eee ee : 1
Polk County:
Oct.—
Centunia-f ss eee eeeeeee 2
Price County:
Noy. 1-15—
Catawha..22.22. 220 5ces
Prentices---eeeeeer eee
Rusk County:
Oct. 4-Nov.—
Momny,..c Sesser emcee eee
Weyerhaeuser..-.......
Sawyer County:
Nov. 6-23—
Elaviward)s2o-eremeseiss 3
Taylor County:
Nov. 25—
Stetsonvillesso Sosa il
Washburn County:
Oct. 19-Nov. 4—
Dreégot: Siete ner 3
Waupaca County:
Nov.—
Scandinavia .-....-..-- 1
Wialipacaeiseenere encase 2
Winnebago County:
Oct. 27—
Oshikoshi--k i eeee carer 1
W ood County:
Nov. 39-Dec. 15—
Marshfielde2seeeer cere 3
as
He
CAR-LOT
ALABAMA,
Mobile County:
Feb. 1-17—
Theodore
SHIPMENTS OF
Ala., State total......
ARKANSAS.
Randolph County:
Aug, 1-25—
Biggers
Ark., State total
CALIFORNIA,
Los Angeles County:
Nov. 22
Los Angeles...-........
Sacramento County:
. May 1-12—
Sacramento............
—
Cal., State total......
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Sept. 19-Nov. 1—
NE REN BROS Atta
Weld County:
Sept. 30—
Lucerne
GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
Sept.-Oct.—
ENON soe Wee ae
Ga., State total......
5
1
Colo., State total..-.. 6
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Feb. 9-Dec. 14—
Chicas oneness nuk
Dupage County:
Nov. 18—
Nov.-—Jan.—
Wichert
St. Clair County:
Nov.—
East St. Louis
Will County:
Oct. 9—
Joliet
no
INDIANA.
Fulton County:
Sept. 26-Oct. 3—
Akron
Jasper County:
Oct. 31-Nov. 1—
IDE? OER EON ei ie aaa
Laporte County:
ov.-Apr.—
amma see cia oe
Umiion'@enter 2. 22.6.4:
St. Joseph County:
Nov.—
North Liberty -:
Ind., State total
wo
bo
Coe
FRUITS AND
ROOT CROPS—Continued.
Table 57.—TURNIPS.
KANSAS,
Johnson County:
Oct. 3-Dec. 4— Cars.
DeSoto ase eee 6
Wiilder-2 2 5).cuemeeeeeel. Bi!
Leavenworth County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 28—
Tren apes. vu eie alae 3
inwoods eee steele 2
Wyandotte County:
Oct. 25-Jan. 12—
Bonner Springs....-.-- 14
Edwardsville.........- 8
Turners. See see 3
Kans., State total... ° 70
KENTUCKY.) ne
Jefferson County:
Dec.-June—
Wouisville ees see 10
Ky., State total...... 10
' LOUISIANA.
St. John the Baptist Parish:
Jan. 23-June 22—
Montegit see meee nets 3
La., State total-..-.. 3
MAINE.
Aroostook County:
Dec. 18—
Houlton
Sagadahoe County:
Dec. 30—
Bowdoinham
Washington County:
Oct. 18-Nov. 14—
Ayer’s Junction.....-.
Columbia erates
pa
|
ll co | comets
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Feb. 17-June 26—
Baltimore xe se eee
Worcester County:
June 17-July 17—
ie)
Beaver Dam.../....-.- 7
Pocomokesatiereweeace 8
Snow, Hull Soe eee eee. 2
Nov.:
Choptank River land-
TNS: Se JOAN 1
Nov.:
Wicomico River land-
IDES AA ee AU 1
Md., State total.....- 28
MASSACHUSETTS.
Barnstable County:
Oct.—Dec.—
North Eastham.....--- 4 |
Berkshire County: |
Nov.—
Lenox: Dales sae 1
Pitts iiel yeas ees 2
Essex County: |
Dec. 9—
Wawrence sate aeoe see 1
Franklin County: |
Nov. 9—
Shelburne Falls......-- 1
VEGETABLES.
MASSACHUSETTS
Suffolk County:
Oct. 3-Nov. 18
30ston
Mass., State total. ...
MICHIGAN,
3arry County:
Nov. 7-15
DW OSterses sn sin seen
Emmet County:
Nov. 6—Dee. 17
Harbor Springs........
Ingham County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 31—
Masonips- rae actoeieie She
Tosco County:
Jan. 11—
Me livers cers(qesenen- ee
Saginaw County:
Oct. 21—
SAPiMe Wiese eee
Wayne County:
Feb. 2-Dec. 27—
Detroiter es sets. = ouie We
Mich., State total.-..
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
Sept.—Dec.—
Minneapolis.....-.-.---
Ramsey County:
Oct. 6—
St. Paul
Todd County:
Oct. 31—
ongpbrainiesaee- ss
Minn., State total..-.
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
Apr. 7-May 16—
Crystal Springs
Miss., State total... -
MISSOURI.
Clay County:
Sept. 9-Oct. 17—
Birmingham....-.- aE
Ray County:
Oct. 28—
Orrick
St. Louis City:
Oct.—
StSo0uis ate eee eee
Mo., State total-...--
NEW JERSEY.
Cumberland County:
July 7-Oct. 9—
Bridgetont<: 22 -s2sccce
Monmouth County:
July 5-Sept. 13—
Breehold.-222.25-- 32"
Port Monmouth.....--
N.J., State total_...-
NEW YORK.
Clinton County:
Nov. 8—
Beekmantown...-...---
169
Contd.
i
rs
170
NEW YORK—Continued.
Erie County:
Nov. 20— Cars.
Orchard Park.........- 1
Kings County:
Jan. 29—
IBrooklyneet on cec be
Madison County:
Noy. 2—
Hubbardsville......... 1
Otsego County:
Oct.-Noy. B—
International Siding. . -
Mount Vision.....-....
Suffolk County:
Apr. 4-Dec. 22—
ridgehampton........
Greenlawn...........-.
Nore
Northport... --2.2/9- <5
Port Jefferson........-.- il
Wayne County:
Oct. 31-Dec. 18—
N.Y., State total....
NORTH DAKOTA.
Pembina County:
Novy. 4—
Pembina: 2 <<. sec ee eee 1
N. Dak., State total... 1
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
Dec. 14—
i
Ashtabula Harbor.....
Medina County:
Oct. 21-30—
Woditss SAE Sete 4
Putnam County:
Oct. 13—
TiPIPSIC=mrace so cee oe 1
CALIFORNIA.
San Mateo County:
Mar. 4-5— Cars.
Colmaie cee esse coe 2
C State total...... 2
NEW YORK.
Suffolk County:
Aug.—-Nov.— Cars.
Peconic: :35 ssAncsueet: 100
N. Y., State total..... 100
ALABAMA.
Mobile County:
Apr. 20-June 1— Cars.
Bayou LaBatre.......-. 1
MOUUB Ss van ee 176 |
AISSO)E = ees, Se oe
BULLETIN 667,
10 |
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
ROOT CROPS—Continued.
Table 57.—TURNIPS—Continued.
OHITO—Continued.
Wayne County:
Oct. 16—-Nov. 23—
Orryalless eee eee eee 2
PENNSYLVANIA.
Bucks County:
Feb. 10—
Neshaminy Falls.....-
Philadelphia County:
Feb.—
Philadelphia..-.-.....- 3
Susquehanna County:
Noy. 24—Dec. 14—
Kingsley......-- pele nants
MONTLOSC see emeeee sens
Wayne County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 25—
Honesdale... -.- 22. ----- 7
Pa., State total......
UTAH.
Utah County:
Noy. 11—
American Forks......- 1
Utah, State total..... 1
VERMONT.
Bennington County:
Noy. 10—
North Bennington.....
Orleans County:
Noy. 11-Dec. 11—
i
a
i
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
June 15-July 15—
Bloxomsse- =e eee ee
Talli woodeerescseesees
OO RO
BRASSICAS.
Table 58.—BROCCOLI.
OREGON.
Douglas County:
Feb. 18—-Mar. 30—
Roseburg.-.....-------
Oreg., State total....
Table 59.—BRUSSELS SPROUT
Table 60.—CABBAGES.
ALABAMA—Continued.
Mobile County—Continued.
Apr. 20-June 1— ars
t,o): asses 5
Taconey oo eee oer 69
Theodore.t. eee 194
AGRICULTURE.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Norfolk County:
May 5-June 3
Oriol: ob cise
Northampton County:
June—
‘BirdsiNesp.c-oeeeee eee 1
Wythe County:
Aug. 4-Oct. 26—
Rural Retreat......... 1
Va., State total...... 17
WASHINGTON.
Walla Walla County:
June 24-Oct. 31—
Walla Wallies eeceee 5
Yakima County:
June 25—-Nov. 3—
Grandview ...2.....22- 1
North Yakima......... 10
Toppenishe=-2- eee eee 1
Wash., State total... 17
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
Nov. 4—
Parkersburec--cecesese 1
W. Va., State total. - 1
WISCONSIN.
Barron County:
Nov. 1—
Rice Lakesss2eseee= ae
Brown County:
Oct. 4-Dec. 31—
Green Bay..-.----.----- 6
Racine County:
Oct.—
Union Grove: =------- 3
Wis., State total... .- 10
iy
ALABAMA—Continued.
Sumter County:
June 15-July 15—
Work. roca pepo
Cars.
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. bg
ARIZONA.
Greenlee County:
Dee. 6—
IDINCENNS ABaoeeedetoare
ARKANSAS.
White County:
CALIFORNIA.
Imperial Couhty:
June 16-July 8—
hp en alse je\-\-\- «1
Los Angeles County:
Jan. 24—Dec. 30—
Gardena ee sen cs. 6.
Lelio Sve EsoRe nee
Inglewood........-.--
IGESTCM AE eseenino ee cca
Kester Junction --..--.
Los Angeles....-.----
GOSUNTEUOS seein.
Mount Olivet......---
San Gabriels....-/--.-.
MaMENiy Si miecsccc-s or
Vernondale.--..-----.
Wid GES erecta ici
Wihittier senses: ese
Wilmington......----
Orange County:
Mar: 3-Nov. 21—
Olihyasrsdse sense seer
San Juan Capistrano...
Stanton Junction...--.
West Anaheim... -..--
PYLORI Aeyseeeemcie cw ecine
Sacramento County:
May 5-Dec. 22—
Sacramento.....------
San Francisco County:
Mar. 3-May 30—
IMdiined SaSsseneepose
San Brancisco...-2.---
San Joaquin County:
Oct. 23-Nov. 25—
WUOCKUONEtee as eteels/ <1
San Mateo County:
Sept. 13-May 17—
Olas ee hs tece ue
Race Track Junction. -
Tehama County:
Aug. 1—
WoSewood.-/5.,--5-/8t..
Yolo County:
Nov. 15—
Dv Seeteet sat ayeie sie =
Cal., State total. .-...
BRASSICAS—Continued.
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
| COLORADO, FLORIDA—Continued,
Adams County: Lake County:
Ce ee ONG oS nr Deesrine: e Cars.
SW pe eBrick tance mutant sonills whine ou eaaae teeta a7
Danlow.ueceoiee 4 wir hasta ge are Bie gare 4
— ASE Laon ea nae Wiobhni Choe Bnrincemee ne 15
Ha, iti PESO GOOCH HE 20 | Levy County:
Barone BIO e ae Jan.—Apr. 10—
AULOIU. 22 we ewe ewe ew wee t Tillie
Wrestminstennecssesee: 5 Raat ilistou tori seat 9
___1| Arapahoe County: Dee skp ew.
1 Sept a Ow 22— 14 Bradentown........... 15
Tama Petersburg... De abana th 9 Seer Re lake es oe
Denver County: Marion County:
July 8-Nov. 7— 5 ari Mor Sue
Denverenceeee eee 772 : Seine 4
78 | Eagle County: Cantos enim Chie oy 3
INR EN pe caccc SO a RCs ;
eeieva 1 South Sides=2- s------ = 30
4 | Fremont County: Fe Com Ba
3| Aug. 11-Oct. 28— Lae est 200
a MlorenCesseeee-eeaeeeee 1 I eTLON Rags cae ad
5 Wmion 22) Setenmeees se 1 cla Conieatera i
28 | Larimer County: Seminole County:
3| July 15-Nov. 26— Jeu: tea ees 3
1 Hort) Collinsteceeeeese: 81g es Cot pap Ee RR oe =
7 Harmonye neeaseceee 1 Tone Kou Wg
1 TMimima these pee eaten 5 Guise 12— abe
3 | Morgan County: P pa Ba Neal ee ee
4 Oct. 6-20— . anaso L COP eee ata oS)
1 Bish eee aa 2 Sumterville..--.-..---- 22
os Pueblo County: Wildwood. .----------- 3
1 sub Pee: mat Liat a0 1 Fla., State total.:..-- 867
36 Rie blots We an ete 17 i 7
23 | Rio Grande County: GEORGIA.
Ae Oct 327 :
4 Monte Vista_.........-. g | Dougherty County:
2| Sedgwick County: Aug. 11— 1
4 Aon 1 72292 Albany...-------------
2 Julesburg.. 2-22.22 g | Fulton County:
5 | Weld County: Apr. 19 55
8 July—Feb.— Atlanta. .-~------------ 2
3 PRE ston oo ee here 117 Spalding County:
1 Chery bu an ce es 5 uly 15—
Raion ces #5 | | Pomona..------2-+.-+
20 | GHP «1 |< Ga, State total...... 4
20 Greeley. oo: soe 396
95 ONG ae aN PA 143 IDAHO.
6 MOTSO VAL. s soe cee 5
13 Oa if a ee TED. Ay Bingham County:
2 Wicermes eee cence 41 Nove eb.— z
9 Tapboneseccemne eee cee 260 aad FORO ORO DOSES 4
1 Mallikeriee secon eeeeeers 61 Shelley...-------------
5 Plattevilleto aes ae 17 Cassia County:
163 St svrains |. eee ae 4| Nov. 4— 4
4 Severancesweseaceena- 14 Burley. ------------- ae
FUL O = raetom eee esis 20 ; iS
EE Bea ores at Idaho, State total.... 13
"6 WandSOLS-eeseeeerea eee 23 ILLINOIS.
; iS) , alesis 2, 7:
Colo., State total » 740 nating County:
June 2-July 15
rl FLORIDA. TOLiney ae es 39
Alexander County:
Alachua County: ° Oct. 19—
18 Jan.-May— (ObTtRD So soso sseososceses 1
Clyatt oss peso eerensae 9 | Cook County: :
PD vilStoleecese ee esses 50 June-—Jan.—
81 Gainesville.....-.----- 8 Bernices.o-. 43-4 1
3 Keinkwood -552-ts-- 1 8 GHIicatOse— = sees =
7 Micanopy-.----e--c=——- 7 Dolton ees ss == —a-e a 21
Wacahoota...-.--..--- 5, | Globe®s-0---- =< =e 6
Hillsborough County: | Homewood .----------- i
1 Jan. 25-Mar. 23— | Wansing eso se eee 27
DOVELs \sseeeeeer csr. 2 Riverdalese-ees-eseooe = 21
PlantiCitysecsesss eos. 10 Thorntobecce see se sees 6
1 MborCitysece eee 5 | Kankakee County:
— | Jackson County: Aug. 4-Oct. 1S—
953 | Feb.— Momence sss. oseeaee 4
ST Ge Marian feces cece 1 Wichertsseo-s-—--= see 12
172
ILLINOIS—Continued.
Knox County:
July—
Falasburg ook. .---6 5..<
Lake County:
Sept. 27—-Nov. 27—
RIND BAA = hon 8 cae es a
HIBDLOU Ses oe cnn conse ee
Winthrop Harbor....--
St. Clair County:
June 22-Nov. 2—
Bast St. Louis.--.-----
Vermilion County:
June—
Westville
Will County:
Nov.—Jan.—
WOLICLoP ss ekee eae
Winnebago County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 28—
Ill., State total..-.-.-
INDIANA.
Dekalb County:
Nov.—
Auburn
Elkhart County:
Aug. 22-Sept. 29—
Napaneen. 2c soe
Gibson County:
July 23—
1ejut (C2) (0) Remeeap ee
Hamilton County:
Oct.—
Westseld . 5-225 See
Kosciusko County:
Sept.—
MISO so? on eee
Lake County:
Sept.-—Oct. 28—
Ei hands oo eso
Laporte County:
Aug. 8-Nov. 28—
anna Sees scse eee
St. Joseph County:
Sept.-Oct.—
New Carlisle... 5-2-2
North Liberty.-.-....--
Walkertonee sss sseeee
Starke County:
IOWA.
Cerro Gordo County:
July—
Clear Lake noose ce so.
Des Moines County:
July 17-Sept. 14—
Louisa County:
Aug. 1—
Oakville
Mitchell County:
Aug. 16-Sept. 25—
St. Ansgar...-..-- Sie
Muscatine County:
July 1-Nov. 15—
Fruitland’. 25225 230s:
Emmetsburg
Scott County:
July—Aug. 30—
Blue Grass). <) Sete oes
Davenport. , zee eee
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
Cars.
12
10
185
iv)
Rowe
_
or
~I
aa
31
—
BRASSICAS—Continued.
TOW A—Continued.
Wapello County:
May 9-July 15— Cars.
Iowa, State total.:... 367
KANSAS.
| Allen County:
June 20-27—
—
iS)
2
©
NS)
Atchison County:
Nov. 17-Dec. 9—
ACCRISONEe ease eee 3
Leavenworth County:
Oct. 14-19—
Leavenworth.........- 2
Montgomery County:
May 15—
Coffeyville..........-.- 1
Saline County:
Jan. 18—
Salina ees ce ae eee 1
Shawnee County:
May 2-Oct. 31—
Topeka: 2545 eee
Kans., State total...-
KENTUCKY.
Bullitt County: :
July—Aug.—
Medora. oe cee
Jefferson County:
June-Feb.—
Bueche See see es 2
Mouisvilleeeseeese seen. 167
McCracken County:
July—
Raducahteseseerereecss 1
Warren County:
June 27—
Bowling Green......-.- 1
Ky., State total...... 176
LOUISIANA.
Iberia Parish:
Feb. 12—Mar. 6—
NeW dlberia = Seb eet = ae
Jefferson Parish:
May 2-16—
or
bo
Orleans Parish:
Apr. 26-Dee. 30—
ew Orleans...........
Pointe Coupee Parish:
Apr.—May 25—
NewsRoadsss-e2ueeee
Rapides Parish:
Jan. 1—Dec. 31—
Alexandria sag--2 2-52 7
St. Charles Parish:
Jan. 1-June 23—
Destrehanls sen s5- esse 79
Habtivilleesesseeseeeer 4
St Rosenessseeesereee 79
St. John the Baptist Parish:
Jan. 23-May 27—
MONITOR IGES: aS anon: sees
St. Landry Parish:
Apr. 15-May 27—
Arnaud ville
St. Tammany Parish:
Apr. 10-—May 28—
Slidell
Tangipahoa Parish:
Apr. 11-May 19—
oseland)./=45:sene ee
Tangipahoa Bee
Wickiaw loner sae
34
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
LOUISIANA—Continued.
West Feliciana Parish:
May 10-13—
Bayou Sara. -2 22. eres
La., State total......
MAINE.
Cumberland County:
Nov. 14—Dee. 27—
Porblandeemeseeeoeeee
Scarborotee es sceeeeeee
Me., State total......
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 7-Feb. 12—
Baltimorefecee == -e eee
Baltimore County:
June 15-July 13—
Bengies: eteceneeaceere
Sparrows Point.-......
Wicomico County:
Feb.—
Salishuryeee=-= eee
May-Nov.—
—
MASSACHUSETTS.
Berkshire County:
Sept. 23-Oct. 28—
AdamS:-s2esscteceeeee
Denox; Dale.2s 2-3 22--—
North Adams
Rittshield= steer e=- fs
West Pittsfield. ......-
Essex County:
Sept.26—
awrenee:=-sesereee=e
Franklin County:
Nov. 8—
Greenfield 3222 2=-2-===
Hampshire County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 2—
Hadley ss2-c- sees
Northampton..-.-------
Suffolk County:
June 2—Dec. 13—
Bostoles eco eee eee
WNNRS
Lal S}
wo
Mass., State total... -
MICHIGAN.
Baraga County:
Oct. 20-Nov. 9—
Baraga.<-..c2 soe ee es
Keweenaw Bay
Benzie County:
Oct. 30-Dec.15—
Beulah. heen eeetas
Frankfort...2:.--------
Berrien County:
EeRe 15-Nov.—
Saroda...-.-.---------
Branch County:
Sept.—Jan.—
sold water=- sere e--
Quincy. oe sese- pees
Eaton County:
Dec.—
Charlotte. - pense emmsa-
Grand Traverse County:
Dec. 6—
Traverse City---2-- 2-2.
oo.
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. ]
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Hillsdale County:
Sept.—
VOoMesvallGsee s-s-i- ce.
Witchiel deer ean ssc. Bs
Houghton County:
Sept.—
PAUSTOM eee ees Sone eee
Ingham County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 30—
MESON oes eee eas eebBe
Jackson County:
Sept.—Mar. 4—
OiMNOVGrasugssseosossee
VEKOSOld 45555 bbSsesees
Kent County:
Oct.—
Byron Center........--
Manistee County:
Menominee County:
Oct. 25—
(Chinn echacseossee ray
Monroe County:
Nov.—
Ottawa County:
Oct. 14—Nov. 283—
Nov.—
FMC CWRIVICLES® «(1-0 -s-
NAV ESCY ORS So is See
Saginaw County:
Aug. 31-Dece.—
Shen y/ecesescosoueae
Saginaw, E. Side......
Saginaw, W. Side......
Mieh., State total...
MINNESOTA.
Carver County:
Dec. 12—
VACUO AME aeons eer
Dodge County:
July—Nov.—
Dodge Center.....-....
Freeborn County:
July—
Alber tHeeaees.cseieie nee
Hennepin County:
July 20-Jan.—
Camden Place..-.--.--..
Minneapolis.........--
Minnehaha e252. 2 02.
Robbinsdale
Marshall County:
Oct. 14—
LOM G epee acs eines:
Mower County:
Oct. 4-6—
Pine County:
Oct. 2-Jan.—
Brooks barks. 26 oosss.5s
PANGdStOMe mess eases.
Polk County:
Oct. 25-26—
MOIS Mes eacce fea.
Ramsey County: ;
Aug. 17-Nov. 2—
June—
Red Lake Falls......-.
Rice County:
Mar. 3—
INontb fields 2 22/2).2 2
—
~“J
a
BRASSICAS—Continued.
MINNESOTA—Continued.
St. Louis County:
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
Oct. 28-Nov. 1— Cars.
Dahith se eee 2
Stearns County:
Oct. 11—
Kimball Prairie....... 1
Wabasha County:
Aug. 8Jan.—
Polen a ee ieetatcieee 7
Kellogg..2 2 eeteeaseetee 39
Minneiskas feces ete 1
Plainview see eseeseaes 55
Wie bash aie smertectete reise 34
Weavers iicirscctesen tices 5
Winona County:
Sept. 13-Oct. 30—
JAN GUT Os Seer fotete ray 9
Rethanye-eneeeeeese 7
WbewiStone = Seer eee ees: 19
Stockton: ss seereeea ea 2
Sugar Woah accesses 2
NWWinonden seeeseee (etetats 7
Wright County:
Oct. 21-24—
Albertville: 22sec cheese 2
Minn., State total.... 266
MISSISSIPPI.
Adams County:
May 20—
Natchez seeeesace ese 1
Copiah County:
Apr. 18-June 10—
Crystal Springs.-.....-. 250
Gallmanweeeeeeenece 52
Gatesvilles eee eee 2
Georgetown....-.------ y)
iazlehurst 226 cee 46
iHopewelleanssseseae oes 2
Hinds County:
Apr. 24-25—
Berrys lon oe eeieertereess 3
Jackson County:
Apr. 12-27—
Pascagoulac: ase 3
Jefferson County:
Apr.—
Hayettesssec sass yeece 115}
Marion County:
May 19-June 6—
Columbiaeeeeaecee ee 7
Newton County:
May 8-—June 13—
lickorv <2 J5s2s2se0 sales 5
Newton aseeesseeaeee 4
Walthall County:
May 16-June 2—
Tylertownl-22:5-222-5-- 5
Miss., State total..... 395
MISSOURI.
Buchanan County:
June 28-July 19—
Sb: Josephine eee errs ace 8
Jackson County:
June—July—
Kansai Citys. see 7
Leeds aces o. Caen es 3
Mo., State total...... 18
MONTANA.
Beaverhead County:
Oct. 31—
Dillon aesoss sane ee 1
Lewis and Clark County:
Jan.—_June—
IH elenaeyceseee dsc e 3
~I
~
MON TAN A—Continued.
Missoula County:
Aug. 21- Cars.
Missoula
Ravalli County:
Oct. 21—
WiOOUSICCIE carl cman cat
Mont., State total....
NEBRASKA.
Dodge County:
Oct. 26—
Fremont
Douglas County:
July 26-Aug. 2—
MIOTEN CO ro > ==> atari
Franklin County:
Oct.—
INaponee sa see =e sae
Garfield County:
Oct. 12-Nov. 18—
Binwellee seater =
Hall County:
Apr. 26-May 18—
Grand Island. .
Kimball County:
Sept. 18-Oct. 28—
Keim Dates meet
OWaSCOs ee oer eere eee
Morrill County:
Sept.—
Bridgeport ci siie=il
Nuckolls County:
Oct. 14—
SUPChOLe esse eee
Polk County:
Oct. 30—
Stromspurgeee ee eee see
Scotts Bluff County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 8—
Mitchells. <<a
~s
Nebr., State total... .
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 4—
Bordentown. .-.-.....-
Lumberton. ------- 2.2.
Hudson County:
June 14—
ODO KeN eee eee aee ee
Monmouth County:
June 5-Aug. 26—
Marlboro: =---e.-=e ee
IRCdRBanikeeee = = eee
TENnneN tesco ese eee
| Union County:
Nov. 20—
Blizabetheses- 2] -ee eee
w
DO He ee
_
N. J., State total. .--
NEW MEXICO.
Bernalillo County:
June 25-July 30—
Albuquerque...-..-----
Dona Ana County:
June 6—July 11—
Dons ANa = paseseee eee
wow
N. Mex., State total.
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Aug.-Nov.—
Aillbanyes ss scssssseee
BOlKITKSS Sie soc sacsees
et OO
174
NEW YORK—Continued.
Broome County?
Sent 9-Dee. 16— Cars.
Cayuga Gannty:
Sept.—Apr.—
FAUT Miheneuse ce mete m=
wo
CroonaIwonwny =i
MED IBCOM sare iciejeinw ie /=-)= 1
Merrifield.----..-......
IMOLAV IE ee cists ie
North Port Byron...--
North Weedsport..-..-
Owasco Lake.....-..--
~I
Weedsport--------..---
Chemung County:
Dec. 5-Feb. 2—
Elmira nob Ascedcaboocs
<
p
=}
&
os
co
@
ne
aan County:
Pepe: 13-Dec. 16—
{Ons Meee eco soe eee 22
Galenaeeetesenccrcr sh 10
(CUE Gaenecaes008 1
Mount Upton....-...-.-. 1
NORWICOE. 0 oo 222 tio ced 2
Oxsfordiccsstc lest eeem: 3
Sherburne........-.--- 05
Sherbourne Four Cor-
MIOLS =i. ssa = os isice eee 18
Simi Se aesonqsepedace 26
South New Berlin. ...- 6
Clinton County:
Nov. 2—
Beekmantown.....-...- 2
Cortland County:
Sept.—Feb. 19—
Blodgett Mills......- ot 12
Corplande= = 3.2.38 143
(City Ge ease ssoseaaeoee 10
ast Freetown........ 1
East Homer.........-. 15
HT OMODE eee sets = 54
TOY OLE ce ces cs. 92
McGraw sere des sacle 16
Marathon es-ca-asaccene 9
Messengerville......... 4
North Harford......... 3
PTIEXDOM Ss srice et cie batts 10
Delaware County:
Oct. 21-Noyv. 30—
Delphic s-eecereemesse se
Sith eas esaenoossnene 7
Dutchess County:
Noy. 5-14—
Poughquag. ...--.-..-. 2
Erie County:
Nov.-—Mar. 25—
ETON WAN See cee cielo
Clarence.........
Clarence Center
Crittenden............-
Dell woods. 3.2 s=s--='5
Getzvilles- 2 csal es ate
RDN oR
Genesee County:
Oct.—Mar.—
AAD ATH ee meine eres
GOrlteso- me
East Bethany
East Pembroke........
Lith Ba arabes 25-6 ae
_
WOrKAaCNwONGHH
BRASSICAS—Continued.
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Genesee County—Contd.
Oct.—Mar.—
Oakheldiiecs st. o.o.2 5 10
Pavilion Center.......- 2
Pembrokesececessccace 9
Greene County:
Nov.—
Catskille esse ocee sce 1
Herkimer County:
Nov.—
Hrankforte-s ee eeeeeeee 4
EeGrkimene cee cee sas 2
Little Walls; -:2-2-. 2.2 1
Salisbury Center.. .... 1
Kings County:
Sept.-—Feb.—
IBrooklynsaesee see see 10
Livingston County:
July—Feb.—
ASOD eekten s See 8
Caledonia 5
Conesuse.3: 22.5252... 8
Geneseos.2: =. 555.55 12
Hemlock 3
Inverness 9
Lakeville 11
PINS seems cose cence hee 72
Winw oO0dbe-eeneeceeeees 6
VODA ssesce ce eeeeorc 48
Southwbimaeeenereseee 4
South Livonia......... 3
Madison County
Oct.—Jan.—
Ballingeercesseeeeeeees 8
i) OvRiy Cleese ene a= 5
Harlvillesensseeeseceeee 4
IB WOWANS oousooessees 2
Hamil ioneaeeee essere 7
Hubbardsville......... 32
Mormisvilleseeeensaeenee 11
New Woodstock.....- 10
Poolvillevettes ae ece eee 2
Randallsville.........- 30
Rippletoneeescssseeee- 1
Sheds Corners........- 10
Solswillewsy- ees emcees 3
Monroe County:
Oct.-Apr.—
Adams Basin.........- 53
IBLOCK POLL se siecle 34
@harlottes-csseneeeees 7
Chilis a aesserecier 9
Chilii@enterse.co essere 2
Churchvillessseeeneeeee 13
BImiGroveumcne seen 87
IDEM OO ps aooveosos acOlk 128
Garbuttac so 265 -tensee 3
GTCCCOS sae ee aeiseeeee = 8
Hamlin. . 17
Henrietta. . 56
bone ae aoc sneer: 16
Honeoye Falls........- 83
imdusthy sesso oeaseaee 2
Mendonk ass eteeaes. 9
Morton Seer ns sccsacee 2
Munitlordeeeeseseneeeee 35
Piftsiord esa eee eae 14
Ridgveland -sseee secs 7
Rochester. seseeeeeeseee 12
Rochester Junction... - 15
Rush eens eee 2
SHEN les ost ese 3
encer suo RicYelataaieer 102
ean Beer ae cac 52
Uptony she Seehs San os Sho 6
Weadsworthte-se-- esse 7s
Walker? 9: 233252 eee ll
WistyDeport. <- s.---esee 7
WieDSteN ceo sae semen mes 32
West Henrietta.......-. 42
WestuRush 2c 522 eee 3!
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Montgomery County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Amsterdamc.. cease 13
Fondawtil.2feceaeeeree 2
Nassau County:
Aug. 15-Nov. 10—
Central Pankoesseen scar 7
Farmingdale........... 6
Locust Valley........- 2
Syosset esses coe 33
New York County:
June 4—Nov.—
NewiWiork.+--ceese see 5
Niagara County:
Aug.-Apr.—
Appleton ses eeeareeae 121
IBarkerises- sec nee 16
Burt.c. ooo eee 4
Corwinstexcspeesee ene 30
Gasporte-seee er nee 4
Mockporteecersceeseree 44
Middleport bs 5
Newfane........-. 75
North Tonawanda 1
Olcott? ae a-eh peers 9
Pendleton Center...... 15
Ransomville........... 2
Wilson coseeeeeeees 10
Wrichtssaees- ee eeoemeee 109
Oneida County:
Oct.—Dee.—
Greenway. == <=. -2----= 3
Utica 23 .ae sascorese eee D
Whitesboro.....------- 2
Onondaga County:
Sept.—Mar. 5—
ApUlels= eee eee 71
Baldwinsville.........- 64
Camillus: -- 22222 2
Clay: Si3seee eee 23
East Syracuse 3
Fayetteville... -- aS oc 1
Haliwayeseeee-eeeeree 48
Jameswileteceerer eee 23
JOrOaN See ee eee ll
Karkville see Sees 13
Mamsonescescceenereee 13
Manliis!= eee eee eee 2
Mariscos. eee eee 374
Memphis. -.---2-2-2-.- 6
Onativiase saceceerees aa 91
Skaneateles Junction.. 178
ShywGNOUG ss 5555 5ads5s5cc 1
Tullys2 ee esses eee eer 287
Warners. enero neers 12
Ontario County:
Sept.—Feb.—
Aloguin# sae eseeemeee 62
Canandaigua........... 32
Clifton Springs......--.. 64
Farmington--....-.-.. 12
Wishers (esse eee 10
30
74
120
8
lil
2
2
44
8
80
Phelps Junction ....-... 85
Seneca Castle...-...... 252
Stanleyecee see aeeeee ae 77
WictOLs: ts. 5. eeee eee 78
Orleans County
Oct.—Dec.—
18
58
11
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
NEW YORK—Continued.
Orleans County—Contd.
oO
Waterport......--....-
Oswego County:
Aug.—Dec.—
FERIBIDIS Slesereteiseieieieieieiiels =
New Haven..
INO bINe Soo 5aGmeedooRE
Otsego County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 10—
Fly Creek.......--.---
International Siding. .
Oneontatesseeecescl: -<!-
be gorsetercisciects cele =
South Edmeston......
Rensselaer County:
Oct. 18-Dec.—
Hoosick Falls.........-
Rensselaer...----------
Reynolds. -s-.5---.-/-
Rockland County:
Oct. 31-Nov. 16—
Monse
St. Lawrence County:
Oct.—
1B abe cooogseEnooue
Schenectady County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Aqueduct..--..-------
LOMMANS eaeeeesecalel>
Niskayuna....-.....--
Schenectady... 2..2--.-
Schoharie County:
Oct. 31—
Middleburg. --..-------.
Seneca County:
Sept. 21-Dec.—
IMTS ee eeccecec se = -
MeDougall......--.5--
Waterloo....-.-.--.---
Steuben County:
Nov.-Mar.—
IAGIGINEOIE coos ddosoooRke
Suffolk County:
Sent. 8-Dec. 6—
Bridgehampton....-.--
Greenlawmls 22.20.2222
EUNntinetone j2- 22s.
KeangsyPankes sss <0
Miller’s Place.....-.-.--
INORthporteece ces. 6
Shelter Island.....-.-.-
WW RINISCOLD Acs sec nceces s
Tioga County:
Oct. 3-Feb. 17—
Tompkins County:
- Oct. 27-Dec. 10—
Ulster County:
Nov.—
KSI ESTOS eae ticle
opm Sond
NRW We IW db
a
Pet et
—
J
ww oo
het
WOwWNWr ORO
SS ieetans
34
10
BRASSICAS—Continued.
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Wayne County—Contd.
Sept.—A pr.—
‘ast Williamson...
Mpuitland So secrete
WU VOUS keel scence
Westchester County:
Nov.—
Wyoming County:
Nov. —-Mar.—
Beaufort County:
May 15-July 1:
Carteret County:
Mar. 2-May 26—
Craven County:
June 9-July 4—
Currituck County:
June 13—
Henderson County:
July 12-Aug. 8—
Lenoir County:
Apr. 27-May 20—
Mitchell County:
Oct. 4-27—
Pamlico County:
June 1-Aug. 1—
Surry County:
Aug. 8-Oct. 25—
Mt. Air
Wayne County:
May 17—
Marion. cceeeoer es
ING Wark it clerceies eters
North Macedon.....
North Newark. ...-.
North Rose.......-.
Palmyra: se-eeeee ere
Port’ Gibson’ <s- <1
Red Creek......---.
Savannahs. ceeeree
Sodus ye seaceseere
Sodus Center.......
Sodus Point........
Wialwortht cess
Williamson.......-..
Wiolcotteeoce-eereee
Yorktown Heights. .
Benton a. sceeeeeees
Dundee teases
Renny Yvanteeeeeee
Rushvillesceeeeescae
Starkeyetcccssecsnne
N. Y., State total.... 6,
Washington.......-
Morehead City. .....
Newbern....-......
Moyock. eeenmeecne
Fletcher... eeisie sefsisie
Kin estomeeeceesusce
Spruce Pine........
Oriental aaseeecee
Goldshoroseeeesseee
N. C., State total. .
ose 24
NORTH CAROLINA.
C2
Sec 5
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
NORTH DAKOTA.
Grand Forks County:
Jan.—
Grand Forks..-.......
N. Dak., State total. .
OHLO
Columbiana County:
July—
WISDON: ciecsies cesewsinnee
Cuyahoga County:
June 15-Oct. 4—
Clovelandeecscen.-seee
Erie County:
Oct.—
EVN OME eee riers oleate
SanduSky-eceee seme
Franklin County:
July—Jan.—
Columbus -seiesaees
Hamilton County:
June 5-Aug. 11—
Gincinn atie sce ee role
ING WitODS = eremyetecinicicielatere
Hardin County:
Aug. 23-Nov. 28—
INCH SB GsoneesooSeno ot
Mc tufly aera ee eictece ace
Huron County:
Nov. 28—
Monroeville...-.-.------
Lake County:
Oct.—
Perry
Lucas County:
Sept. 12-Nov. 6—
INCA POMS Sem atteleieeimieiela =
Moled Oss eeesaeeceseciee
Medina County:
Aug. 7-Sept. 21—
TOOT. see eee een
Samdusky County:
Aug.—Nov. 13—
Seneca County:
Aug. 25-Oct. 28—
Green Springs. ..-----.
OJGRH OLt ee cessor
Washington County:
June 24-July 26—
eowelltees scence erae
Wayne County:
Sept. 3-Nov.—
101d eee aeeess.
Wood County:
Sept. 9-Nov. 8—
NVeStoneee-eoseee oes
175
Cars.
Nore
Rp
Ohio, State total.....
OKLAHOMA.
Grady County:
July 13—
G@hickasha5 ee ee
June 9—
SPMOsesease sees eee eee
| Pottawatomie County:
Nov. 10—
Shawnee:ss 5 ssccseeee
Okla., State total. ..-
176
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
Oct.—Mar.— Cars.
Bast Portland....-.... 19
BOKUIEANG sees. aoe aR 1
MroupaMlGrss sce secon 5
Oreg., State total. ... 25
PENNSYLVANIA.
Adams County:
Oct.—
Guermsey:--~-----.-...- 2
Bradford County:
Oct.—
Wyalusing..-.-.-..-..- 1
Carbon County:
Nov. 4—
Weatherly-....-..-...- 1
Columbia County:
Oct. 3-14—
@atawissa-.2---.-.- 2° 4
Crawford County:
Nov. 15—
Spartansburg-.--..-.--. 1
Erie County:
Oct. 1-Dec. 6—
Mill Village. ..-:.--.-.- 3
Waterford. .:--:-----.-
Indiana County:
Sept. 27-Oct. 6—
jeltisemybll Scag ssSsecads 2
Jefferson County:
Oct. 28-Nov. 9—
idste IMiWElsa6 $e se sobosoas
Punxsutawney.--.-----
Lackawanna County:
Oct. 23—
Gntthyalsso-bosoousdoaso 1
Luzerne County:
July 26-Noy. 20—
IDF Se eb oSonodaasesese
Hern Glenesesse. sae
Rane stones: -eeeeeeeaee
Montgomery County:
Oct. 18—
Zieszlersville...--.--.--- 1
Philadelphia County:
June 18—May 27—
Philadelphia-.-...-..--
Schuylkill County:
Nov. 4-15—
Brandonville.....--..- 1
WMenmMGdlesse see eeermeaee 2
Ringtown...----..--..-. 13
Somerset County:
Sept. 30—
Benlineee-—2-epeeeee ee 1
Susquehanna County:
Nov. 1— :
A fordiese2 senee eee see 1
Tioga County:
Oct. 21-Dec. 10—
Tioga Junction.....-..- 4
Wayne County:
Oct. 31-Nov. 8—
eb
Ber
Maplewood.........-.. 2
Wyoming County:
Noy. 2—
TACBY WIC 32 see lemn atone 1
York County:
Fawn Grove....-...-.. 4
Melton: sees es aes 3
Stewartstown....-..... 7
TAMU ts ane 5
Pa., State total...... 182
BRASSICAS—Continued.
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
Aug. 25-Mar. 14— Cars.
Providence...........- 4
R. I., State total..... 4
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
Apr. 26-June 29—
@harlestoneses sees
Moeprottntetetenteacses 50
Yonge’s Island....-.-- 3
Georgetown County:
May 8—
Georgetown...-.......- oi}
S. C., State total..... 1,011
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Minnehaha County:
Oct. 24-Nov. 7—
ROIS uae eee ects eae
S. Dak., State total. .
TENNESSEE.
Davidson County:
July 1-14—
Nashwille a. 3-6 ee-eeece 3
Gibson County:
May 27-July 1—
Gibsons een 42
Biuimbold tease eeeseeee 29
Weakley County:
July—
Manbinsencmcccer creer ces 11
85
Tenn., State total....
TEXAS.
Cameron County:
Jan.—_May—
Brownsville. -..-.....-
HADEBeMLO meneame ce
Chambers County:
Jan. 20-June 13—
Stowe lleetie eee are 7
Dimmit County:
June—July—
Carrizo Springs...-..-- 3
ISR AS Ossie eeeetitae 1
Hidalgo County:
Jan. 29-May 10—
IDYos ate a Gdddsisoseed 12
i dinbureseee semeeeesie- 7
Mc Allene aes eeeeer ent 25
Mercedes: =: 2-22 2------- 105
IMG SS1OT sae erie er metenstatete 400
Pharnhee eee rate ate 15
SHIMANE R Mp AS. ao s6 ac 5
Nueces County:
Feb. 23-Apr. 8-—
Calallen...... ERaOO OK 3
Corpus Christi. ...-.--- 19
Smith County:
Mar.—
LV IOR = sas asta aie ctalsiole 1
Walker County:
May 15-27—
WOdP Ca aeiestee ee eeetne a 2
Webb County:
Jan. 1-Mar. 8—
IGATE CO! asain eareiaelsrels 86
Tex., State total..... 1,115
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
UTAH.
Cache County:
Jan. 25— Cars.
Logall:!2.23 3-2; sees
Morgan County:
Jan. 15—
Morean: eee 1
Sanpete County:
Oct.—
Ephraimsee-c esse sees 1
Moroni -22 ashen pees .3
Weber county:
Aug. 8—
Ogden’. 2525-5) eee 1
Utah, State total..... 7
VERMONT.
Bennington County:
Oct. 14-Nov. 9—
North Bennington. .... 7
South Shaftsbury....-.- 2
Chittenden County:
Dec. 10—
Burlingtone-seeseeeeeee 1
Vt., State total...... 10
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
June 1-July 15—
Bloxomeaeenees=seeeeee 8
Hallwoodsseeuee=eeeeee 2
Keller: sean eee 2
Melfat 2 ces tec eee 1
Onléyi2-<255h2 Seeseeeee 2
Painter...) he: oieeecaee 2
Augusta County:
Aug. 12—
Stauntones eee ee eeee 2
Bedford County:
June 20—
Horbst ss heese ees see 1
Dinwiddie County:
June 26-July 7—
. Petersburgees]eeeeeaee 1
Elizabeth City County:
May 18-Nov. 16—
Old Point Comfort... .. 17
Hanover County:
June 17-July 5—
Bast Atleese cee seer 2
Old'Churchiseecesseeer 1
Henrico County:
May 31-June 19—
Richmond seeeeneseeaa 2
King William County:
June 9-29—
West Polnteae ances 2
Norfolk County:
May 8-Dec. 22—
ReNteSS ce pee eee 1
Norfolk. ....- eceereteiete ie 1, 723
Port Norfolk...... eee Kee WOOL
PortSmoutheeeee eee eee 20
Northampton County:
May 20-July 15—
Bay Vie Weeeseee Camere 46
BirdsiNeSt-ceeececereee 12
Cape Charles..-.-.....- 216
Capevilleieere--eeee 3
Cheritonieseteee=- eer 35
Cobbs2eb keer eecenee . 59
Hastvilleseee cerca fs 88
EXIM OLOl eee seee eee 4
Kendall Grove......--- 6
Machipongo....--...... 15
Nassawadox....-..--.- 6
PIANtatlOU See eran 1
Tow DSCNG hes = scene 4
Wierwood.....-.-.....- 12
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
BRASSICAS—Continued.
Table 60.—CABBAGES—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Continued. WISCONSIN.
‘Patrick County: Ashland County:
Sept. 1-Dec. 31— Cars. Oct. 23— Cars.
SOULE ee Ur eer 10 Shem dis wei ete cee 1
Princess Anne County: Barron County:
May 17-June 24— Oct: 3=17—
Kempsville............ 37 ATION A Sein eratiey teil es 9
London Bridge........ 5 Comstockseneeeeeceee 5
Virginia Beach......... 3 Rice Walkeu. ss) eo ee we 1
Smyth County: Brown County:
July 22-Nov. 8— Aug. 15-Dec. 14—
ANA CoTI OSLER ETO es ct a 79 Big Suamico 6
Grosecloses eject: . 60 De Pere.....4 30
EURO is Meets a Gis 7 86 Green iB aviuasemeneanis 89
Seven Mile Ford....... 11 | Chippewa County:
Wythe County: Oct.-Jan.—
July 4-Nov. 2— Cotiene a jie eee oe 17
Crockett eee eae 117 Stanley see vee 30
Rural Retreat.......... 185 | Columbia County:
Speedwell.............. 1 Oct.—Jan.—
May-July: CamMpriay ire ciiceserenct 82
Occohannock River Hrieslang \)/ sees sea 10
Ley ave lit oveegsy sh ess 15 | Dane County:
June-Nov.: Oct. 26—
Piankatank River land- Morrisonville.......... 1
TESS) Sil gaa Be cS a Bn 1 | Dodge County:
June-Nov Oct.-Jan.—
Rappahannock River Chester terse sake beet 1
IbyaKolibayeye Se RO Ee 2 Toming ns. fee. 7
Randolph 4
Wa. state tobale. 2) 3,289 | Dunn County:
Oct. 31—
Blk Mounds ss ce 1
WASHINGTON. Eau Claire County:
Sept. 8-Jan.—
King County: CATT OT ie SUS eaten anig a 2
Oct.—Jan.— Cleghorn mance eer 2
PACA Io TTT ere repetegere i Ca 3 Ha Claire eas eealn.: 10
EG rate ie ee 6 Rall Creek: (yn ae ee uf
Heatblen aloe ee Ly: 10 Mosteric 2d isaseaveeee V2 2
Pierce County: Fond du Lac County:
Nov. 28— Aug. 30-Jan.—
PRACOMIA CS Se jeans 1 FRAUD OTL se Lee ee ret 142
Spokane County: Wipes ae Skee eiaa 29
Oct.—Jan.— Jackson County:
TS ONB yey Cola I as 5 Oct. 19—
SPolsan east w ee ase 3 Mima Center oitnetses2 1
Yardley ee eee nds 1 | Kenosha County:
Walla Walla County: Aug.—Jan.—
June 17-July 26— ‘ Berryville. -..-..-.--- 210
Walla Walla..........: 25 Bristol..-...-------.-+- 8
i 5 Ten osha ene yeaa 96
Whitman County: Pleasant Prairie....... 22
Sept. 21-Nov. 3— Salome eee We 7
Colfax. --...-.-.------- 1 Somers. 1) C1 sgiGaniah 462
(Gehan Velo lsouia at Neen tae 1 RTO OLS le aoe GA 20
Yakima County: Woodworth)... 20325 6
July—Jan.— La Crosse County:
North Yakima.......-- 3 Sept. 27-Oct. 3—
Wal Crosse sau ease ee 1
Wash., State total... 59 Onalaskac seats ee 5
——— | Manitowoc County:
WEST VIRGINIA. G etiowoe tee 5
Wood County: Marathon County:
Noy.-Jan.— © Oct. 16—
Parkersburg se 2. 3 Wausau. -------+----- 1
Williamstown........- 7 | Milwaukee County:
Sept.—Mar.—
W. Va., State total. . 10 ‘Brown Deer seeeee sees 13
———— Cudahy: 22) 32 ee eee 14
Table 61.—CAULIFLOWER.
CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Alameda County: Los Angeles County:
Feb. 26-Mar. 19— Cars Oct.-—June— Cars
Decotow yo. wale be 9 J Nahe AUN ee Ae See
AE OREM ZOU SER le) TU 7 WAT CAC Bails “es meee Sere 1
Oalkelamdi hs dees 6 TATEBSLA 2.2 5 freee dee eau 2
44215°—18—Bull. 667. 12
Li
WISCONSIN—Continued,
Milwaukee County—Contd.
Sept.-Mar.— Cars,
Milwaukee............. 1
OPwoodisncsaeesveeee 53
South Milwaukee. ..... 24
Wauwatosa..........-- 5
Outagamie County:
Sept.—Feb. 15—
INGay ol eay aie Hols ose ls Be 349
Appleton Junction..... 63
SOaTACTECKKE eee ec ue 49
BlackiCreske: essen. 62
Greenvillesn.. cela h eee 127
EVOL TONVIIIG- 22s ce nate 53
Mittle CHuter ese eee ce 1
MGGin ag eae eee 14
Soymloliteerse cee sees 12
BULOCUON Ee see see tenes 659
Pierce County:
Sept. 9-Nov. 26—
Beldenville............ 5
APUV CT AMAA eres esate S 49
Racine County:
Sept.—Jan.—
Caledonia......- eu)
Corliss...) OE 2.0.0. 503
DOWEL aera teecenchesce 4
MraTiksvALl@ eects tereicescte 81
KansaSville 2 pic ncm on 36
TRACING Ser eisicyeyste ety oleae 101
Racine Junction-......- 8
UnionGrovessos. ee 162
Rock County:
Sept. 14-Jan.—
Beloltesie a. sceceece see 45
Clinton seco eee 9
Tanesvallesisessctes eee 4
Shawano County:
Oct. 1-Nov. 30—
Green Valley.....----- 2
PUN A'S Kal oe Sars Seema 10
Splat ROCK ere sreseewiserel= 1
Sheboygan County:
Oct. 28—
Riandom)lake=- 2222.2 1
Walworth County:
Sept. 16-Jan. 20—
IDE aie e emer seseeie 3
Genoa Junction. -.----- 97
Washburn County:
Oct. 13-18—
Saronavssicesseeseeeecer 1
Trev Osesesese esa ee eee 1
Washington County:
Oct. 1-31—
Colgates-c4-s-e5--- = 3
Waukesha County:
Nov. 15—
HMagles -.kescesecesees = 1
Waupaca County:
Nov. 10-Dec. 15—
New London. -.-..----- 3
Winnebago County:
Oct.—
Neenahiticasesecse-eece 3
State Hospital....-..--. 1
Wood County:
Oct. 15-Nov. 10—
Marshfield csssseccees 3
Wis., State total....-
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County—Contd.
Oct._June— Cars.
IBandimies seca sees 2
Cienega 25282. soe 15
Clesrwatersst.seuecee 3
178
BRASSICAS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 61.—CAULIFLOWER—Continued.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County—Con.
Oct.—June— Cars.
Clement Junction.....-. 1
Compton. oe teen 320
DIG WHEY a enc an na 21
POTMLONER eas sees 19
WLOTEU COs ecient elect = 180
Gp anteeee eee eset ee 5
Home Junction. ......- 1
FEOSLODa eee enn me ae 1
Los Angeles...........- 155
Mount Olivet.......-.- 8
NOWalktsates ese cm n-ce 7
ITV BLS ee sae eee 7
San Gabriel.....-.--..- 1
SamPpeearouoc= sce secce 30
DAU PUSiaseaa- concent 6
ERTOpICOeee ee nee 1
Vernondale.....-. 24
WSUS seo Scan some aerere 172
Orange County:
Mar. 17—
aria prasssneaee Beene 1
Sacramento County:
Feb. 16—Mar. 9—
Sacramento........-- ze 5
San Francisco County:
Nov.-June—
San Francisco......--.-
San Joaquin County:
Oct. 26—-Dec. 13—
Stockton ss osseewee ceo 1
San Mateo County:
Sept.—June—
Colmar rsa ee 241
Mill bragecces tose see 7
Race Track Junction. - 13
San Bruno-s--e oes eee- 14
Santa Clara County:
Dec. 24—Mar. 7—
Milpitasse eee asasee o- 4
Cal., State total.....-. 1,326
FLORIDA.
Polk County:
Jan. 1-Feb. 1— Cars.
BALLOW reese 5
Fla., State total... .- 5
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Feb. —
Baltimore. so. <2 -=-\- 7
Md., State total....-. 7
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
Oct.19-Mar. 21— Cars.
BROC Mapas na eepe 1, 269
Orwoode teseeeeasee. 3
Los Angeles County:
Sept.—July—
Almitos Beach.......-- 6
Comptonec. i: a2eeceee 4
Downey ese eee 4
BE Montes ts oeeeee see 514
PIOTeNCelo. hese eae a= 1
|
COLORADO.
Denver County:
Sept. 10-Oct. 14—
igen cbers Son sSesee
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
June 26-Dec. 11—
Chicago oeesaeciee
Ill., State total......-
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
June 7-24—
Wouisville=s-25-e--Ae-
wo
bo
Ky., State total... ..-
LOUISIANA.
Iberville Parish:
Jan. 1-31—
White Castle
La., State total... --.-.
MARYLAND.
ov.—
Choptank River land-
Table 62.—KALE.
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
Oct. 10—-Nov. 21— Cars.
Old Point Comfort. --.- 1
Norfolk County:
Oct. 9-June 1—
Princess Anne County:
Oct. —
London Bridge..-...-..-
Va., State total_....- 2, 567
SALAD CROPS.
Table 63.—CELERY.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Los Angeles County—Con.
Sept.-July—Continued. Cars,
Gardena eerste ee 3
Los Angeles........--. 118
Newmarkssocscoeeeres 2
Picoe 22) see eee 39
MRLVELS: oo ccs emotions 1
San Gabriel............ 3
San Pedro.-toese been 2
Vernondale...........- 13
Watts eee ee ae 7
NEW YORK.
Delaware County:
Aug. 11-Nov. 3— Cars.
Arena ise the here A
Dunrayenss sce neereene 10
Margaretville.........-. 18
Erie County:
Oct. 2-Dec, 2—
Buffalo. 2... setae 4
Orchard Park.......... 161
Suffolk County: .
Aug.-Jan.—
romero ee wars ua eRe ee 6
Calvertonsass eke eee 208
Cutchopue!--eeeeeeeeee 48
Greenportsaae-eereeeee if
Jamesport. --5-vsseseee 65
Manorville... -.5.2..220. ll
Matihiticke: ses sees 61
Orientise. ste ee 3
Peconies.-.o-ss2tueeenes 150
Riverhead so. esee sees 514
Shelter Island..... is 24
Sonutholdics--e-ceeeeen eo
N. Y., State total.... 1, 483
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Sept.—June—
Philadelphia-s-seeseese 23
Pa., State total.....- 23
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
May 5-June 14—
INorfolkeas3 5545 10
Va., State total...... 10
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Monterey County:
Dec. 13— Cars.
| Watsonville Junction. - 1
Orange County:
Nov.—Mar.—
Garden Grove...------ 1
Huntington Beach....-. 9
Wa) BOlsacperereseeae se 5
Los Alamitos.......--- 7
Santa| Ana ceco-veeaene 50
TSN oe seeeeereeeEer 1
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Sacramento County:
Oct. 13-Feb. 9—
Sacramento......-...-
Walnut Grove.......
San Francisco County:
Mar. 2-17—
San Francisco....-..-
San Joaquin County:
Oct.—June—
Stockton ease
San Mateo County:
Dec. 9—
Colmar ere seee ss
Santa Clara County:
Oct.-Nov.—
PalovAltonse sees =.
SamMOs@ee acne. eee
Cal., State total... .
COLORADO.
Adams County:
Oct. 12-Oct. 29—
IBM eHTOUN asses <4.
Arapahoe County:
Oct. 17-Nov. 4—
Petersburg.....-.---
Denver County:
Aug. 5-Nov. 2—
WMenivenke 205 Swe
Pueblo County:
Sept. 15-Oct. 2—
Weld County:
TOME Sees wea
Traceyville......---.
Wattenberg.....-..--
Colo., State total...
FLORIDA.
Hillsborough County:
Jan. 5-May 30—
lant: City sss.
TRAMP Be scales
Wimawumans 2.2 e 2
MiboniCityeees nese
Manatee County:
Jan.—_May—
Hientons 2 esos. <c-)5-
Manat COM ane see tees s:
Onecosee ss ease
pani Shee wesc ec
MerraCeiaeccess) 225%
Orange County:
Feb. 3—
Orlandore eaos2 2s:
Polk County:
Feb.—
a keland ee ioe.
Seminole County:
Jan. 15-June 15—
SAMTORG ease cere
Fla., State total...
IDAHO.
Ada County:
Oct. 19-Dec. 2—
IBOISC EEE Rees eee
Idaho, State total. --.
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Aug. 6-July 16—
Whicagotsee ess. 2222
Tll., State total... .-
Cars.
376
o
a
bo
—
ra
ry
a (oa)
C101 OO >
12
_. 2,326
3, 002
SALAD CROPS—Continued.
Table 63.—CELERY—Continued.
INDIANA.
Dekalb County:
Dee.— Cars,
Waterloo was se neeteamest 5
Ind., State total... .. 5
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Oct. 5-Apr. 26—
Bal tiinore sis eee 22
Carroll County:
Sept. 1-Oct. 30—
IASDESTOSUa enone stoaees 6
Md., State total....-. 28
MICHIGAN.
Allegan County:
ec.—
DOr he ea ae ek 8
Cass County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Glenwoodesitaessesces: 21
Kalamazoo County:
Aug. 1-Nov.—
Comstocks sees aces 41
Kalamazoo: +52. 4c6 2 398
Portager esc supe 167
Kent County:
Nov.—Dec.—
Byron Centers. 2222 9
Grand Rapids: 22252: 2
VOSS oars cece enone cetera 2
Lenawee County:
Sept.—_Dec.—
Onsted ~ 2... Jee ss 1
Mecumsehac see eee 44
Tecumseh Junction. --- 37
Tip tOD es ese es yee 15
Muskegon County:
June 13-Nov. 12—
Montages. aco. teen 5
MUS econ. Sees ase 813
Wii telah eens 3
Ottawa County:
June 23-—Dec. 5—
Grand Haven.....--.- 331
Van Buren County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Decatur... -eoece Bare (See 250
Washtenaw County:
Oct.—
Manchester...-.------ 17
Mich., State total.... 2,164
NEBRASKA.
Hall County:
Oct.—
Grand Island..:...-.-- 1
Nebr., State total... 1
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Dec.—
Weehawken...-..-.-- 1
Warren County:
July 20-Oct. 21—
‘Alphanoe se ee ewes 5
Great Meadows.-..-.-.-- 89
N.J., State total... -- 95
NEW. YORK.
| Allegany County:
Oct. 16-Dec. 9—
BuUrnS Sawa see Cen es 12
Cattaraugus County:
Aug. 18—Dec. 31—
Conewangor J225.- 23:2 5
Lig
NEW YORK—Continued.
Cayuga County:
Be ess Cars.
MOCK OU cscins meare wong 2
Gs Soviet secon seeiber }
Port ByTOu: ese eee 37
Chautauqua County:
Nov. 1—
JAMCStOWM seo e ce neous 1
| Genesee County:
Nov.-Dec. 23—
East Bethany.......... 5
WUD Siete cleat se cioteaeew ea 20
Le ROVe wep missy ices seen 4
North Bergen.......... 7
Livingston County:
Aug. 7-Nov.—
Caledoniascss 552 sees 1
THIOL a ae seen aan eee 1
SouthiLimal 225.5282 132
Madison County:
Oct.—
Canastotassac-ssseesse- J
North Chittenango....- 2
Monroe County:
Oct.—Jan.—
Barnard: .....08 eee 17
Brock portene. 2: bens 3
Mairponles sco eeeraceee 14
lenriettiges te aseseen= a. 4
Bilton2 ts see eeseice 7
Miimford ek eeuee ass ce 9
FVOCHEStCLE 2 saa eee 66
Unionseh lls 14
Wiptonvillesss-e eee ee 40
Wayneport.-2255 222222 5
Wiebsteners: ee ca sects, 15
West Henrietta. .-.-. Ts 1
Oneida County:
Oct.-Dec.—
FVOME See Le Bae Post 5
Onondaga County:
Oct._Dec.— —~
OLGA seen ee ees 4
Siyracuseulceaccsscwee 14
Ontario County:
Oct.-—Jan.—
INTO GUI esc oe 3
Canandaigua.......--.- 3
Farmington.........-- 4
Genevaletas. Sosneeerce 22
Hiolcompsessssesseeeee 23
Phelps Junction. -..-.-..- 1
Seneca Castle.....-...- 3
West Bloomfield.-...-.- 13
Orange County:
Aug. 2-Dee. l1—
Wake cciae See tecm cote 1
Middletown......--.-.- 47
New Hampton.......-- 7
Pinedsland 2-295. 40
Vails Gate Junction-.-- 1
Orleans County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Al plon= ses cence eee 3
Foley ee te nee onee she 2
ECOL SE See esa eens 8
Oswego County:
Oct. 4-Feb. 1—
Central Square--....--- 10
Rultone.o) see sIES 58
INUPNISS!. oe eee <
Oswero2elena st anese 4
Seneca County:
Oct.-Nov.—
McD ouralltes = eee 6
Wiaterlooe: teas cee 17
Steuben County:
Sept. 2G-Nov. 24— Cars.
ATENOLtA eee ecee see aes 71
Wa ylandiae = ese ee ee 3
180
NEW YORK—Continued.
Suffolk County:
Novy. 8-22— Cars.
OTIS ess. te ei 2
Wayne County
Sept.—Dec.—
WWOGN eee coe eee ce 7
East Williamson....... 55
ori bland eee 31
(eyonuss.-. 2 seeee ae 87
Maced ons ssi ie etry 46
Marion joie ot a 34
INO WAT ato TA 12
North Macedon 1
North Newark......... 15
NortnRoseiyes chee 88
Ontario. yi ees 71
Ralmiyras on. . eruehe 2
Red Creek... ..-..:.:- 53
SOGUS Ses... Sey apie 53
Sodus Center.......... 7
Williamson eno see 241
WWWOlCOLE Soa 2 eee een 33
N. Y., State total.... 1,658
ARIZONA.
Maricopa County:
Jan. 27-Apr. 36— Cars.
Glendale: she. sec 10
IPH OGIEX ee een 7
Ariz., State total..... 17
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
May 16-20—
AIQMEdS te wee acest 2
Imperial County:
Feb. 18—Mar. 29—
Brawley s+ cnces-scebee 7
I ebers fs ease se seeeeee 16
Los Angeles County:
Sept. 23-Apr. 28—
Bangin. .cceeeces 33
Berpamoteeeere ssceeses 8
Central Avenue....-..-. 34
Coniptonee. -cecesnet es 8
DOWNOVscn conte enccne 1
UMOntG ese cee sees 39
WTONENChe cree sere rene 2
Gardensaeieen ees. 12
GlendaIE ete esse. Zz
ELODaT ieee eco er eeenice as 10
Home Junction........ 18
EiyNes see one ee cee 7
Inglewood.......--.-.-.- 6
Kester eeeeae ase set 6
Long Beachisssveec. ct 4
Los Angeles...-.--.--.. 597
TOS NIGLOS =. aeeeae es ae 6
Mount Olivet.......... u
Newmstks- i soe eases. 77
Palms eee eos 7
IPUCHLE ee ese ese eee daen.. 6
Riversssc soe -eooeescae 43
ROSCOs.2 52 dee eee = 1
RoSemead.--...:.....- 2
Rowland eee. 1
San Gabriel... 69
San Marino...... 1
Santa Fe Springs. 4
Saveus see se scace 1
UTOPICOs cn ones eae eae 12
Want Nirysoo ce acceue 3
Vernondale.........--. 68
WALES oe ay coeeenes 25
SALAD CROPS—Continued.
Table 63.—CELERY—Continued.
OHIO.
C uyahoga County:
Bepie Cars
‘leveland Pier.........
Medina C ounty:
July 24-Oct: 7—
MOGULS Soom mae cae 28
Portage County:
Sept. 19-Nov. 30—
Kent eee enter 2
Stark County:
Sept. 15-Nov. 27—
Hartville®ssesssseesens 2
Ohio, State total... .. 33
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
Dec. 28— ‘
East Portland 222222 e-- 1
Oreg., State total. ..- 1
Table 64.—LETTUCE.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Orange County:
Apr. 25— Cars.
HModenasean ses -eeeee 1
Sacramento County:
Oct. 23-May 27—
Sacramento...........- 52
San Francisco County:
Aug. 9-Jan. 14—
San Francisco........- 24 |
San Mateo County:
Aug. 19-Sept. 28—
Colman c= sceon eases 22
Cal., State total. ..-..- 1, 244
COLORADO.
Denver County:
June 29-Noy. 3—
Wenversese eases en eee 22
Weld County:
Nov. 2-Dec. 2—
Wattenberg............ 2
Colo., State total... .. 24
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Dec. 16-Apr. 30—
iChyattreeeeetareneaseee 46
ByiNS TOM eee ea ni 2
Karkwoodees sees 1
peMicanopyeccues sce =-i- 19
Rocky Point... .-.-.-.- 6
Hillsborough County:
Jan.—
NADOLICLLY Ack Sete 1
Manatee County:
Jan.—Mar.
Ellentoniceces ose 34
IPATISUM ne scene tla eeters 13
Terra Coin eis sos tees 3
Marion County:
Jan. 1-Apr. 1—
ANTNOUVE sees tessa se 5
Hickman. ae 2
Orange Lake ne 16
South Side............. 34
SPAT 2.2 eee ene ae es 5
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny County:
June 27-Dec. 30— Cars.
Allegheny! . S252 2252. 9
Thiladelphia County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
Philadelphia..........- 80
| Tioga County:
Sept.-Nov.—
Ww ellsboro Junetion.... 177
Pa., State total...... 266
TEXAS.
Dallas County: |
Jan.-Feb.—
Dallas). 72 ae ee Oe
Tex., State total..... 2
WISCONSIN. =,
Racine County:
Dec. 12-29—
Racine: Jen see seneas 1
Wis., State total..... 1
FLORIDA—Continued.
Orange County:
Dec. 15-Apr. 15— Cars.
Oaklands... seepeeee ee 81
Tildenville esse ease 17
Winter Garden.......- 185
Polk County:
Dec.—Mar. 13—
Bantoweee senses eer “a6
Seminole County:
Dec.—Apr. 6—
Sanford assess eee eee 993
Fla., State total-.... 1, 528
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Dec.—Mar.—
Chicagoljct--seceseeene 25
St. Clair County:
May 18-20—
Bast St, LOuiSe ses een = 2
Ill., State total....... 27
IOWA.
Scott County:
May 25—
Davenport.........--.-- 1
Towa, State total..... 1
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Feb. 15-May 30—
New Orleans........... 12
Ouachita Parish:
May 5—
IMR ye seein pAcingsaod 1
La., State total.-.... 13
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Nov. 8-June 10— Cars.
Baltimoresee sa. Saih 2 4
Md., State total...... 4
MASSACHUSETTS.
Suffolk County:
Dec.—
IBOStODe earieeee oe cess
Mass., State total... . 1
MICHIGAN.
Muskegon County:
June 16-Nov. 9—
IMiISke OTE aM nec eels = 13
Oakland County: :
Sept. 30—
DEL OMV eae emo eins ce 1
Mich., State total... 14
MINNESOTA,
St. Louis County:
* June-Nov.—
IDI Voi os Oe ee os ee 21
Minn., State total.... 21
MISSISSIPPI.
Holmes County:
May 3—
IDWraAN besos ceo 1
Miss., State total... .. 1
MISSOURI.
St. Louis City:
May 18—
iewUOUISe sete ae 1
- Mo., State total...... 1
NEW JERSEY.
Cumberland County:
May 25-Oct. 14—
Cedarvillesc2. S252. 22 5
ING ACO) tise seaaraesere 2
South Vineland..-.-...-.- 4
Warren County:
June 24-Oct. 19—
Great Meadows....-..-- 77
N. J., State total..... 88
NEW YORK.
Cattaraugus County:
Aug.— -
Conewango......--..-- 5
Cayuga County:
Nov.—
BORG Byron 22-5 <.\-.'s 3
Erie County:
Aug.—Nov. 2—
Ba OMe stele celia 1
Orchard Park <.)25.22..- 1
SALAD CROPS—Continued.
|
Table 64.—LETTUCE—Continued.
NEW YORK—Continued.
Genesee County:
Aug. 1-Nov.— Cars.
Batavid: aceon g oe. 15
ret aL ya Et eR aE 197
Livingston County:
July 17—
South Lima..... Pein eee 1
Monroe County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Bilton as vo. aoe ees 2
Rochesterens ee eee 1
Wiebsters es ae 2
Oneida County:
Sept.-Oct.—
VOM Obese uaa ners 5
Orange County:
July 10-Sept. 28—
East Chester..........- 10
Middletown...........- 3
Orleans County:..........
Aug. 16-Nov.—
JN oyKoy abe) «areal age 3
Han Che release ene 104
Holleyie Yaa ee 4
Kendalleiage eine aie 2
(Me dima) sie Sie aiarneae 17
Oswego County:
July 19-Nov.—
RU GOTT eee pert ae 406
UTMLISS ee Seah eee 1
Seneca County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Wi terlOOn oases ete 2
Steuben County:
Aug. 14—
Wayland te sents 1
Wayne County:
July 20-Dec.—
East Williamson....-.- 88
Bruitland eo eee 3
Marion: ji sana tas 15
North Roselascsse sen 7
Ontario Sse eee 16
SOdUSs a2 ae ees 69
Sodus Center.........- 6
Wrilliamison ee ues 69
Wyoming County:
Aug. 1-Oct. 15—
Gainesville....-.-.-.-.- 3
N. Y., State total.... 1,062
NORTH CAROLINA,
New Hanover County:
Apr. 3-Nov. 20—
Castle Hayne: ..--...-- 25
Wilmington..-...-...- 58
N.C., State total. --.- 83
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
Jan. 8-Mar. 10—
Ashtabula esse sce 75
Hamilton County:
July 15—
Cincinnati. 22s eases 1
Wayne County:
July 3-26—
SUT Keo ee Seer araenecteres 2
Ohio, State total... .- 78
VEGETABLES. 181
OREGON,
Multnomah County:
Mar. 30-Dec. 20— Cars.
East Portland......... 2
Portland. cissenccse bane 1
Oreg., State total.... ‘
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 31—
Philadelphia........... 63
Tioga County:
Aug. 1-Oct.—
Bikland Si soece a-see ee 2
Wellsboro Junction... .. 46
Pa., State total...... 111
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
Feb. 10-A pril 30—
Beaufort--- .- ope o- 22 14
Port Royal....... 96
Sbeldone eee sees 1
Charleston County:
Apr. 4-22—
Charlestoneepese- sees 21
8. C., State total....- 132
TEXAS.
Cameron County:
Jan. 1-Mar. 25—
Brownsville.....-- 5-5 5~ 2
San Benitos -eeaces--2- 63
Dimmit County:
Feb.—
Carrizo Springs...-....- 4
Hidalgo County:
Feb.— ;
IMISSIONG © - Jenene eee 6
Lasalle County:
Jan. 10—-Mar. 25—
Cotullae eee eee 24
Rowlertonje--s-2- see 8
Tarrant County:
June 7-Aug. 28—
Hort WOLthe se. -ceeeee 7
Webb County:
Jan. 4—Mar. 1—
ared Overseas. ceteee Se 8
Tex., State total--_-.-- 122
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
May 8-Nov. 28—
Old Point Comfort..--- 16
Norfolk County:
May 1-Nov. 27— .
Nioriolk:s3-33seeeseee 106
Port Norfolk-2s2o2ssee6 1
Portsmouthtes-s225-e—— 1
Va., State total...... 124
WASHINGTON.
| King County:
Aug. 7—
Seattlet<!22s2252e4—=— 1
Wash., State total. -- 1
182
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Apr. 26-May 26—
New Orleans..........-
La., State:'total......
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
Nov. 17-Jan. 19—
AMUIOCH Ss see 3 Lhee Sek
San Francisco County:
Nov.-—June 16—
San irancisco.....-...-.
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Mar. 2-Apr. 7—
Lorenzo.....------ Bee oe
Contra Costa County:
Mar. 22-May 19—
ATITLOCHE sea ee ne
Imperial ‘ ounty: ernie
Mar. 9-A pr. 30—
Sacramento County:
Mar. 11—Apr. 21—
Sacramento
Walnut Grove.......:-
San Francisco County:
Mar. 2-Apr. 20—
San Francisco
Cal., State total......
ILLINOIS.
Jackson County:
Apr. 4-June 1—
Makanda
La Salle County:
May 4-30—
Ottawa
Madison County:
May 6—June 6—
Goditeys2-- 3-2 eee oe:
Union County:
Apr. 17-June 12—
Cobden
MARYLAND.
May-July—
Chester River landings.
May—
Choptank River land-
ings
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
SALAD CROPS—Continued.
Table 65.—PARSLEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
)
| Philadelphia County:
|
Cars. Nov.— Cars.
5 Philadelphia......-.... 1
5 Pa., State total....-- 1
PERENNIALS.
Table 66.—ARTICHOKES.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
| San Mateo County:
Cars. Feb. 16-May 20— Cars.
6 Colmase eae seeeeetns 24
Elan Mooneeen eee eee 13
| Salada Hise oyeewats 19
244 |
Cal., State total....-- 306
Table 67.—ASPARAGUS.
| MARYLAND—Continued.
May: Cars.
Cars. Wicomico River land-
6 INES ei emaery cee sees
Md., State total...... 14
204
117
li MASSACHUSETTS.
; Barnstable County:
29 | May 19-22—
North Eastham.....-... 1
75 Lots
5 Mass., State total...- 1
59 MICHIGAN.
622 | Muskegon County:
ns June 23—
MusSkegonenn- cence ace
Mich., State total..-. 1
8 NEW JERSEY.
| Camden County:
4] June 2—
IDs Bo seen aoo se sae 1
yg | Cumberland County:
45 | May 15-July 13—
Bridzetvone-eossesee eee 8
ud Greenwich. ..-.25...5.- 33
Oo | Greenwich Pier.......- 38
=I We 7 0! ‘ "
142 | Gloucester County:
aS | May 13-July 1—
Richwood. = +-5--22-2-- 38
Swedesboro.-..-..--:-- 15
Monmouth County:
May 15-July 13—
12 Rreeholdtet ete 53
Keansburg....-.-.----- 16
Marlboroveie2 ss secs e 39
1! Port Monmouth......- 41
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
Oct.-June —
Norfolk
PENNSYLVANIA.
| Philadelphia County:
Dec.—
| Philadelphia
_ Pa., State total
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Monmouth County—Con.
May 15-July 13— Cars.
Ried Banik sosneaeees 117
Wickatuni*eneseee=— 4
Niji, statentoralee ees. 403
PENNSYLVANIA.
Bucks County:
Apr. 29-July 5—
Tullytowitessesse sees 40
Pa., State total...-.- 40
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Barnwell County:
Apr. 3-May 10—
Williston. Gos Ge eee +22
Charleston County:
Apr. 3—May 5—
Charlestoneess-see-eeee 12
Saluda County:
Apr. 3-21—
Ridge Spring. ..-.---.- 9
S. C., State total... .- 43
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
May 21-24—
Norfolk: ss sees eccecee 1
May-June—
Rappahannock River
landings eee secon 4
Va., State total. ....- 5
WASHINGTON.
Walla Walla County:
July 10—
Walla Walla......2.-.- 1
Wash., State total... 1
CAR-LOT
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Mar. 3-Apr. 20— Cars.
Pay War Gene ctt lists -the 3
NWVOTENZOseeee eeecieices ls 134
San Leandro........... 5
Los Angeles County:
Nov. 14—
RA COM epee iteisie 1
San Francisco County:
Mar. 16-28—
San Francisco...-...-- 4 3
Cal., State total.:.... 146
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven County:
May 15-23—
New.Haven...........- 4
Conn., State total.... 4
FLORIDA.
Hillsborough County:
Apr.-May—
PlantiCiyeeeeee ae eee
Fla., State total......
ILLINOIS.
Vermilion County:
Aug.—
Westville A eu Kee
ALABAMA.
Autauga County:
Oct. 1—
iBillumesleyereses seca. 1
Mobile County:
May 11-31—
IMO Wien eee eS eee 26
MACON erent set tee 1
MMIneodore senses ei sce 1
Sumter County:
May 17-July 10:
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven County:
July 5—
New Haven......- als 1
Conn., State total... -. 1
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
Oct. 7—
incoln' City... 22... -.. 1
Del., State total....-. 1
SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
PERENNIALS—Continued.
Table 68.—RHUBARB.
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Apr. 28— Cars
Chicago! {esas
Jackson County:
pr. 4—
Makan daiiyracmccresee ae 4
Kankakee County:
May 6—May 17—
Kankakee maeneencas 5
Union County:
Apr. 22-June 12—
AITO Pass neste eye 42
ATM Ayes co aa ce ete 3
Cobdens eee eee 47
Ill., State total-...... 102
INDIANA.
Vigo County:
May 1l1—
Terre Haute ssyse.- se tial
Ind., State total..... 1
PULSE CROPS.
183
OREGON,
Clackamas County:
May 16-Aug. 5
Canby seems alien staat
Umatilla County:
May 15-Aug. 5—
Freewater............. 1
Oreg., State total.... 4
WASHINGTON.
Walla Walla County:
May-June—
Walla Walla...........
Wash., State total...
Table 69.—GREEN LIMA BEANS.
NEW JERSEY.
Cumberland County:
July 20-Oct.— Cars
Greenwich! sss se paeoee 1
Mees Ure ys see ees or 10
Mauricetown........-. 2
POLrtuNOrnise see eee ee 17
N. J., State total. .... 30
Table 70.—STRING BEANS.
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
May 1-30— Cars.
Olyathi tie ae ee 40
IDNARAG ROA oe eee Lee 17
Flewellenss)a2 2925282 1
Gainesville rie ae 5
HE ASTM BMA Ge ee anna pire 1
Micanopys.cssaee ue nee 6
Rocky Pointe sees 1
Wiacahoota ns)... aan 4
De Soto County:
May 9-21—
Bowling Green ........ 4
Monts Greenwimees sees 3
Fort Green Springs... -.- 2
Wiauchula ls seeeaee oe 16
LOU ee ee a eee 1
Gadsden County:
Oct. 10-26—
Quincy sess se eee 7
Hillsborough County:
Apr. 5-May 30—
iPlantiCityeseseeseceees 2
Marion County:
May-June—
Ocalaer See eared
Orange Lake....:.....
R60 dicks 2s sees Pas bike
onrwnmw6
NEW YORK.
New York County:
June 26-Nov. 27—
INewAy ork e bene
Richmond County:
Apr. 20-Aug. 24—
St. George Lighterage. -
Suffolk County:
June-Sept.—
PCCOBIC!/s5522-255-2255
Cars.
o
bo
FLORID A—Continued.
Polk County:
May 13-18—
IBartawsn-coseceee stese 2
Putnam County:
Oct. 10-14—
Grandinaeeee ese
Seminole County:
May 1-39—
Sanford
to
| GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
May—
Savannah
he
Ga., State total
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
June 22-July 8—
Villa Ridge...
184
PULSE CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 70.—STRING BEANS—Continued.
ILLINOIS—Continued.
Union County:
July 1—
Mill Creek 5 ooh sox 1
Tll., State total.......
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
June 14-15—
Wonisvillos ee ceisce. Ue
|
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Apr. 26-June 14—
‘New Orleans..........
Tangipahoa Parish:
May 20—
Woseland 2-2 eae cans
30
i
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
June 8—-Oct. 7—
Baltimore j2teo eces,ss,-
Somerset County:
May 24-Aug. 4—
1070 ir ees eee eee
2
EOLOLLO sss ch. ssteone ss 3
3
1
Wrespover® oo 2)s.dahe
Wicomico County:
June i—-Aug. 10—
reitlan dees. Ss: rae sae 2
Aug. 31-Nov. 1—
Choptank River land-
ANNES eee ees oan as 9
July-Oct. 14—
Wicomico River land-
LOPS esac cea ae 6
Md., State total......
MASSACHUSETTS.
Suffolk County:
Aug, 15—
BOSLOM ss sees pide 1
Mass., State total-...
MICHIGAN.
Kent County:
Aug. 30—
Grand Rapids........-
Lapeer County:
Aug. 1-15—
Clifford
Montcalm County:
May 17—
LAT ergs is eee eee ie
Six Lakes
Ottawa County:
July 5-18—
Grand Haven.,....-....
Van Buren County:
July 27-Aug. 24—
South Haven.........-.
31
i]
a
on
—
Mich., State total.... 41
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
May 12-June 17— Cars.
Crystalicio= eteeees 98
Gallmaneevse- ccs aero 6
Georgetown .....-.-..- 3
Mazlehurst:-2e-ce eens 25
Hopewell 2 2— ce Saco 6
Walthall County:
May 16-25—
Pylertown. 22 eae ces 3
Wilkinson County:
May 27—
Centenvilles eee asso 1
Miss., State total.... 142
MISSOURI.
St. Louis City:
June—
St Wiouishe-- cece sees 1
Mo., State total ....- il
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
June 30—
Wandisvilles sss seseee = 1
Burlington County:
June 27-Sept. 22—
IBeverlyer oc asiac meee 3
Delanco. LM f ees 1
Edgewater Park....--- 20
ivertoneecs sesso 2
Camden County:
July 24—
Elmisstess ssa eee 1
Cumberland County:
June 21-Oct. 14—
Bridgetone- 32 22s25s50- 6
Cedarvillos*2sse-—--55- 27
Martone acme creas 5
Greenwich.....-..-.--- 12
INe@wWporisccces---- n-ne 236
POTINOLEIS essere eee 20
South Vineland......-- 20
Salem County:
July 7-Oct. 9—
INOLMG se. se essences 32
N.J., State total..... 386
NEW YORK.
Chautauqua County:
July 30-Aug. 15—
Irvine: acces ence ce 5
Erie County:
Aug. 1-Sept. 23—
ANPOLS 3/0152 cL eta 40
BuTralo.s...-22 sees U
MASE -AULOla sea eeee se 2
North Collins...--.- ide 8
Genesee County:
May 27—
East Bethany......... 1
Kings County:
Aug. 18—
Brooklyne et seeceseeeere 3
Livingston County:
July—
Dimas es oar ep. yeaa 3
New York County:
June 15-Oct. 31—.
NoewiYorkolelaseeeer ce 12
Wyoming County: PS
uly—
Gainesville...........- 5
Yates County:
July—
Starkey ic. cwkace seers 1
N. Y., State total... -- 87
NORTH CAROLINA.
New Hanover County:
May 26-June 16—
Wilmington..........-
Pender County:
May 26-June 16—
Rocky Pomt) eee
Wayne County:
May 27-June 17—
Dudley: !2535 ss. see 5
Goldsboroe-eneeeseeeee 37
Mt. Olivesceeeeeeeneeee 20
Pikeville sae eee 1
N.C., State total. -..
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
June 28—July 1—
Philadelphia....--..-.-
York County:
June—
Redulionsesene sees
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
Apr. 17-June 14—
Charlestonae-eeeseeeence
Florence County:
May 1-June 1—
Lake City2ncreceenenee
Williamsburg County:
TENNESSEE.
Davidson County:
June 17-27—
Nashvillete saree eeer rice
Gibson County:
June 12-13—
Humboldtessssessss-==
1
Tenn., State total.... 3
i~)
TEXAS.
Cameron County:
Apr. 15-May 11—
3rownsville see 3
San Benitoewc. seer ees 16
Dallas County:
June-Nov.—
VERMONT.
Grand Isle County:
Aug. 15-Oct. 1—
Isle La Motte Station - -
Vt., State total......
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
VIRGINIA.
Elizabeth City County:
June 8-Oct. 7—
Old Point Comfort
Norfolk County:
May 4-Nov. 10—
Norfolk
Port Norfolk
Portsmouth
ALABAMA.
Barbour County:
Houston County:
Mar.—
Columbia
Ala., State total
CALIFORNIA.
Contra Costa County:
July 18—
Whitman
Imperial County:
Mar. 14-May 25—
Brawley
Heber
Los Angeles County:
Mar. 24—
San Gabriel
Sacramento County:
at 21—
Walnut Grove
San Francisco County:
Apr. 8-Nov. 20—
an Francisco
San Mateo County:
Apr. 28—
Colma
Santa Cruz County:
Sept. 20-29— ~
Watsonville
Cal., State total
COLORADO.
Mesa County:
Aug. 23-25—
Grand Junction
Colo., State total
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven County:
June 22-July 10—
New Haven
Conn., State total... -
DELAWARE.
Kent County:
Sept. 20-Oct. 10—
OM TOs lacs ccciarciers aioe
Del., State total
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Apr.—
185
PULSE CROPS—Continued.
Table 70.—STRING BEANS—Continued.
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Northampton County:
Cars. June 1-Oct. 15— Cars.
6 Cheritonet cece neue 4
Roanoke County:
June—
935 East Roanoke.......... 8
14
12
Table 71—GREEN PEAS.
GEORGIA.
Barrow County:
Cars. Mar. 1-30— Cars.
3 Winder... 9.5520 payee 2
Ga., State total...-.- 2
1 =—
ILLINOIS.
4
Alexander County:
May 20-29—
Cache *s. 3. Scene ce se 5
Cook County:
y 5-8—
1 Chicagol seems eseerecies 1
Madison County:
Oct. 7—
11 Alton! 2.2 {bssseue eee 1
iL ees
Til., State total....... 7
1 INDIANA.
Vermilion County:
1 June 1—
Cayllgaeescteaee seme 1
Vigo County:
18 May 30-June 16—
IBCLKINS = sis aeeeeeee 10
Terre Haute....-----.- 31
1
Ind., State total....- 42
5 IOWA.
39 | Lee County:
———— Sept. 10-Oct. 20—
Montrose sso eaeeesee oe 2
Iowa, State total..... 2
2 KENTUCKY.
2 | Jeflerson County:
June 20—
IFOuiSvilleses seen eee 1
Ky., State total.._..- 1
9 LOUISIANA.
9 | Claiborne Parish:
SS Jan. 1-Apr. 30—
Haynesville...-...----- 25
Ouachita Parish:
May 5—
Monroe sao ssn eee 2
15
La., State total....-- 27
15
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
May 23-June 14—
Baltimoreteeseaeeeeene 7
3 | Dorchester County:
ss May 20—
3 Cambridge.....-.-..-.- 22
== East New Market... :-- 6
VIRGINIA—Continued.
York County:
June 8-22 Cars.
MOLKtOW Lee eateoee eee 4
Vu., State total.....- 983
MARYLAND—Continued.
Somerset County:
May— Cars.
Princess Amne......... 1
May-— =
Pocomoke River land-
INS ea ese ee eres 16
Md., State total.....- 52
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
Apr. 15-May 20—
Crystal Springs........ 62
Hopewell.......-...... 2
Forrest County:
May 29-June 16—
Hattiesburgs-cess-.-+. 2
Miss., State total...-- 66
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
June 6-26—
IBOVCLIY So: -ceetaoeeaee 20
Delancoss tee aes 12
Edgewater Park......- 28
Cape May County:
June— .
Goshenisscssjace oe 2
Cumberiand County:
June 9-29.
South Vineland......-. 7
Hudson County:
May 29—
Jersey Cityens-sssee == 1
N. J., State total..-.- 70.
INCEN WA) ORURGS | amr
Chautauqua County:
July 15-Aug. 1—
SIVA Sea eee een 5
Erie County:
July 1-Sept. 10—
Ame Ola Li ae Ace eee ees 6
Biuttalovcs-ce.- eee 2
Hamburg ee cesses 30
Kings County:
Aug..12—
BrooklyNe +s ceee see 1
Madison County:
July 10-Aug. 15—
Hamiltoniasee. =e 22
Hubbardsville.......-. 6
Morrisville 355-— eee 7
Poolyillees2eee-¢ soe 16
Randalisviile........<2.- 31
SolSvillece 22 ee ae 18
N.Y., State total.... 144
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wayne County:
May 4-June 17—
Goldsboro
186
PULSE CROPS—Continued.
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Table 71.—GREEN PEAS—Continued.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
Apr. 10-May 30— Cars.
PORU ARROYO e see een 7
Charleston County:
Apr. 12-May 10—
Charleston. .-......-.-. 20
S.C., State total. ..-. 27
TENNESSEE.
Haywood County:
May 13-17—
PLanLONnck. soso e nb see 2
Tenn., State total... - 2
TEXAS, si
Henderson County:
June—
Murchison....- epee asst 2
Tex., State total....- 2
ALABAMA,
Barbour County: Cars.
MTA as seos eee eels 15
Butler County:
Chapman’ iss. 5-e ee a
Covington County:
Ganttee ns oc bee eco 33
Houston County:
Se) 9s ae eee 1
Colm donse oes eases. 6
Montgomery County:
BIN Clee ee eine as ar 3
Pike County:
WMWOOG s- bec aaaeoo a 1
Ala., State total...... 66
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Centerville): 35222 0e 1
Contra Costa County:
Odkleyz---. sab ste: 2
Kern County:
SHACME see ceene ye coes cok 1
Los Angeles County:
BROS e a ee oe ese 6
os Ampeles ieee ko woe 3
Os Nietoszecs cep ec cto. 1
Pico 1
San Pedro 16
Santa Monica 2
Sawtelle 2
Wilmington 2
Orange County:
AMANGIM 4 uci. noc eens 13
Garden Grove... --..5.2. 3
APMING sce chee cee nee 487
San Juan Capistrano..... 93
SAaNtav ANG oy ieee eee 37
Pmeltzerseve ae ses ceeoe ets 2
MUSH: ce coccpeew noes 12
Sacramento County:
Sacramento- 22. eee nce san 14
San Diego County:
Cardiff 33... aeons 9
WNCiINITAS: S2 ore eee eee 5
San Francisco County:
San Francisco............ 439
San Joaquin County:
SEOCKLONE se see cco ee ener 103
Wioodsboro 2 2.222 cece 3
VIRGINIA.
Accomac County:
May 15-June 15—
Belle Haven..--.-:-2--
Onley rate eee ee
Painter
Elizabeth City County:
May 12-June 4—
Old Point Comfort... .-
Gloucester County:
May 17-29—
Allmondsville........-.
Claybaniksss seeeeeeeee
Clements Wharf......-
Gloucester Point.......
Norfolk County:
May 2-Nov. 10—
Notfolk: secs ence seine
ORR Re
DRY PULSE CROPS.
Table 72.—DRY BEANS.
CALIFORNIA—Continued.
Santa Clara County:
pee Walid Kopi ope myers Pas a le
Santa Cruz County:
WVatSOnwille nes seeeeciae = 1
Stanislaus County:
Modestone= 2 ea ssesee ee
Tulare County:
Bindsayeeeee ose wcee ene 1
Ventura County:
MontalvOes=seeee= so -cee 2
Oxnardseaisec ssc oat 3
2
Cars.
o
Cal., State total......
COLORADO.
Adams County:
Wibert soe shee Getmee hee
Logan County:
Stexrlinp yy tae eeceeeecere
Weld County:
GYOVGDee ses cen te cee
a
N
|. rg C
= BDlebenNnNOre FP WN
Colo., State total...-.
FLORIDA.
Alachua County:
Karkwioods 2.5). este eee
Fla., State total.....-
GEORGIA.
Emanuel County:
Morristown ........------ 1
Ga., State total...... 1
IDAHO.
Latah County:
IDEAL Ys <2i. cc es aenctee eee 4
Idaho, State total...
—
>
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Northampton County:
May 15-June 10— Cars.
Birds Nest...:.... eee 2
Cheriton sts Aone eee 3
Cobb... ae 1
ExXMOrers eee eee 2
Nassawadox..-........ 3
York County:
May 15-June 1—
Yorktown: = =2c.ee-. 5
May—
May-—June—
Piankatank River land-
INES hoes oe Ae 3
May-June—
Potomae River land-
ings) 2c. ae eseeeeee 1
May-June—
Rappahannock River
landineseo = eeeenee 28
Va., State total...... 430
ILLINOIS.
Cook County: Cars
Chicago: 2 Sasa eee 2
St. Clair County:
Broadway aeeceseueeeeees 1
Tll., State total....... 3
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
New Orleans.........-..- 12
La., State total...... 12
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
iBaltim Ore eee sass eee 58
Md., State total...... 58
MICHIGAN.
Alcona County:
Harrisvillestesseeeeme reat 4
Allegan County:
Shelbyvillezeneseeeeeeeee 3
Antrim County:
Bellaire... bc22 Saeseeeeeeee 3
Central Lakelisss eee. 3
BIS wortheseeeseaeeneeee 6
Arenac County:
Au, Gros). lan Bioneers 6
Pine: Rivereeee-eeee 17
Turmer: sheen ueeo nee 59
Twining “she eee 23
Barry County °
Doster 23:5. sake Soe ees 1
Freeport: =. .c.JGaeenoee 4
Hastings. cfeeecen ooeee 3
Woodland tees cenesee 15
Bay County:
BayaCliyeeeeeeees ee eeeee 40
Benzie County:
Beulah. oi Aas. eeeee ee 3
Clare County:
Parwelle: 2220s 8
Clinton County:
Stiohns2eeeeeeeeeeee 43
4
6
20
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
187
DRY PULSE CROPS—Continued.
Table 72.—DRY BEANS—Continued.
MICHIGAN—Continued,
Emmet County: Cars.
IPOLOS Kiyisteteeereye<iciais'sios = 1
Brnesee anata:
Hentonewee es atsscesece ss 14
BENT ee ENG eloererajacicte « 34
(Giaines her sa ds ci Seeteiieen' 6
Mount Morris..........-- 8
Gratiot County:
IBANTUSLCL sete aetece cele 6
Breckenridge...-....---- 75
ORES bE Mee nee secs. 6
INOGGHYS tanser ere se areis\-\= = 13
Ship Web eee ee 13
RWINCRLOM As eee! oe. 13
Huron County
BdbAcxe Mane ane 25
1eehy IO nase Geoee ee ese eee 18
PE GOTMER eae em as 96
OnieAuistimesseee 2h. 16
POLUPELOPOL ee eneenes se 21
Ingham County:
PINTS ce SOB DOS BOCREE 55
IMAS OM Messen se Oke 3/52 2. 27
Tonia County:
Mire see aes eee oe uf
ontland=:= 22 gehee == ose 23
WAT ANAC ha neyee ys nena 31
Tosco County
Ea ete eee ost 3
MICH aT eee ee rs sien Se 1
NVihittemore saa ses 22 14
Tsabella County:
Mount Pleasant.......... 75
Shepherdeeseeeetesae ee 35
Jackson County:
AG SOME eer tee 26
Kent County:
PAYG] iene a LN 29
Cedar SPMNESseee eee s- 10
NOW LIES E Eee es iiss = 12
Sandiake? Se sees ren Ss. 15
Lake County:
NO Herne os ana 1
Lapeer County:
mall aya Olivas are assis 1
INOnihU Branches -ss5-- 5 13
Leelanau County
HT PING See eee 2
Livingston County:
HO well eer ee 8 a2 3.2 1
IRINCKNGYyAe eee ee see 8
Manistee County:
JN CTE NL Ce Oo eae 4
Copemisheeees reso a4-5= Uf
BN OR Wiallkee eats ote oc ei 52 1
Onekama eee ee oS 9
Mason County
IO UMIbALTIS ae oye er reiera == = 11
Mecosta County: ) :
ISB a ONG Seeoaeaaee aces Bao
IBigw@RapIGSE ose cece 83
Ro odney SS ba Gene Rone ene 1
Midland recariey:
Golemarntes seen esos 22 7
Sant OLdeeeeeeeee cece fee 8
Missaukee County:
INEGI ALTE ae) rare 20
Montcalm County:
JANITOR 7
IBiitenaubperae sce lsiesl= = = 10
Howard! Citys: 222i 52 620 28
WAKeVAICW sone looses. se ce 50
AIOTSOMP eens ace Acces 2
Pidme yaw yen ee SaaS 2
Stanton...... 2
Vickeryville.. 9
Muskegon County:
IPaileyaeee naa. ieee sae 7
olocuny een 5
ewaygo County
mae int ECC OO SEES OE ACE ll
ING WAY PO saiccc cnn cise ce 4
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Oakland County: Cars.
Cly deus cc.) keg nenoeee 1
Oxford 3. eee 2
Oceana County
(a © J arp 33 |
Pentwater......... aiaiyorte
Ogemaw County:
ROSA City Ae eee eee emer see 2
Osceola County:
ET OLSON ce) co coe
Marion. 22.52): a. sceeeneneee
DOals = c28 ce eee eee
Ottawa County:
Coopersville: oes 4
Zeeland: oo Aisle ces. 6
Saginaw County:
Birch Run ss se eeseeeeasey 5
Merrill s+) a4: Specs es 21
Saginaw aweeeeseeesteae s 6
St. Clair County:
POLUSELUT ONES eee eee 64
Sanilac County:
Carsonivilleseaeesteereo 61
McGrezor ee steeeeenenees 1
Minden: Cityecpeeeeeceere 5
Shiawassee County:
Byron: oA eeeee eer 4
ennon? Sean eee 23
OW.0SSOS 4 eo eeee eee 41
RELY 2 is joe eee 11
METTION Ere re 25
Tuscola County
VASHON = =2 eee eeaete mis ems 6
Haingsrovestes eee eee 25
Hiostorias 2 Ns oe ee 2
Gilford’ See ee ee 12
VASSAT! 2 2.c ane eee eee 20
Wexford County:
Mesick. i222
Mich., State total.... 1,758
MINNESOTA.
Isanti County:
Camibrid fete eereneee=sneee 5
San tess) - oe eee 16
Millelaes County:
IDTINCCLON ee een seem 1
Todd County:
IBTOWCENILICE cenesceeee cee 2
Minn., State total...- 24
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Manhattan Piers......-.- 9
N. J., State total...-. 9
NEW MEXICO.
Colfax County:
Springertateesseeec een = t
Curry County:
Melrose. 2 ea ee ok 2
Lincoln County:
Coronas) eee ee eRe 1
Mora County:
Shoemakers=- -seeseeee ee 2
Rio Arriba County:
Bispanolasses-sseeeeeeel = 1
Santa Fe Gaiman
Santa Fe..... Saco agoosene 2
Stanleyeeece c= eee 12
Torrance County:
Hstaneios== -seeeee aeseee= 64
MOUNtAINaILE = se eae cee 84
| NEW MEXICO—Continued.
Union County:
Clayitoneniae oobissos ee 75
Dedman aaeees awe 3
DesiMioingsesee sopeeee eee 1
N. Mex., State total... 251
| NEW YORK. ;
| Allegany County:
Be Ifast FO De Op Ca 1
Canaseraga 23
VOSSDULE Sees oe oe eee 7
Clinton County:
Beekmantown............- 1
ElaviSDUree esas oe eee 2
Erie County:
Miarill op e e s eee gro 5
| Franklin County:
Fort Covington...-....... ]
Genesee County:
| Darien Center.....--.-. Be 7
| LeRoy 2s ee 69
Linden. ..-< cgi. - 2202 3
Livingston County
ASV OME? =o eee se 13
@onesus +2225. eee 6
li *Geneseou.2s2.- bene eee 11
Lakevilleiesto-s ee eeease. 1
TuUSCATOLA=< === -+-~--0-2-- 56
Monroe County:
lime ELoneo ye Hallse sen. . see 7
New Y ork County:
New York. 13
| Ontario C ounty:
Geneva eee eee 13
Seneca County:
NMG ourallee sees eee see 4
Steuben County: e
Bathe et eee ee ‘
Suffolk County:
J AMES POLbse- =e eeeee see 12
Wayne Gane
Sodus‘Center--::-- 2252222 2
Wyoming County:
PeatliCreek sesso seem ae 13
IRCLRYy eee soe sea ae 15
IRortacevilles=sesese-=— ee i
IWialSa Wissen ss -eeeeececee 8
Yates County:
Branch ports sees seen ane 2
IVOCKS LRCAM eee ee 1
RUusShvilles eee one een ee 27
N. Y.; State total. ...- 347
NORTH CAROLINA.
Beauford County:
Mid watdscecces cates eeease 1
Pamlico County:
Wandemere....-.---2-::-- 2
N. C.,.State.total_.-.- 3
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Shackamaxon.....--.---- 1
Pa., State total--..-. 1
TENNESSEE.
Johnson County:
NOUNS Sse sesee ese 2
Tenn., State total.... 2
188
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DRY PULSE CROPS—Continued.
Table 72.—DRY BEANS—Continued.
TEXAS.
Hartley County: Cars.
PROMOLOL eee ee ee Sie no ies 5
Tex., State total.-... 5
VERMONT.
Grand Isle County:
Grand Jslen.--> saws sa 4
Both ererose ss oe oy 8
Vt., State total....... 12
ALABAMA.
Autauga County: Cars.
Autaugaville.........-.-. 1
Dallas County:
BuIMsVillese ees ee esas 2
Dekalb County:
No ndethn Reade en saeneone 1
Lee County:
Opelikaee co secden scr 3
Pike County:
in wO0d ess. secee see Bates 1
Ala., State total...... : 8
ARIZONA.
Santa Cruz County:
WNopales! 22 o. oeeciscienise 57
Ariz., State total..... 57
ARKANSAS.
Columbia County:
MIMETSONS. soho cee emer ee 2
LIE; tg 010) [Cee eee eee 9
WU RIDO Ssh eee eet ee 4
Union County:
HipDoradOsesssscsee cee 3
Ark., State total..... 18
CALIFORNIA.
Orange County:
Abin) ses Sees Agsaccuse 1
San Francisco County:
San Mean CiSCOhse= eases. 15
Cal., State total...... 16
COLORADO.
Conejos County:
FATITONIDOS © iohceiae tee eere 44
ROMCOSSe os ee = eae aeeais 42
Costilla County
ISA CVC es esac Sees 4
MeSita etc sees Sie eke 3
Denver County:
DENVeIe tere aoe 2
Colo., State total..... 95
DELAWARE.
Sussex County:
BLOCKIGY =: <5 on-set seers 8
Del., State total...-.. 8
IDAHO.
Fremont County:
St Anthonyee sc. ac. 3
Idaho, State total.... 3
VIRGINIA,
Campbell County: Cars
MyM ChDUrroeesscemeee ec 7
Henrico County:
Richmond s20eC eae 9
Roanoke County:
Roanoke). sasane semaine 1
Va., State total...... 17
WEST VIRGINIA. _
Wood County:
Parkerspurgecccssae se ccies 1
W. Va., State total... 1
Table 73.—DRY PEAS.
LOUISIANA.
Lincoln Parish:
UUSTOT ee ae neptoumelse
Orleans Parish:
INewsOrleanS-.-es- secs
MICHIGAN.
Alcona County:
HMarnisvillewsaeaee neces
Arenac County:
PINWATITL Se see eens ae
Delta County:
Vans elanboreseseneccees
Emmet County:
Harbor Springs
Huron County:
DNAS bop ctessooabocdss
Isabella County:
Mount Pleasant........-..
Leelanau County:
INOL ih pOnisasese see eee
SUPTONS ID Aiea eemereiee
Carney
Darpettossertose-semoece
St. Clair County:
Io 47 VEEL aoa es
Sanilac County:
Minden\G@ityese: se ssseeee 2
Mich., State total......
MINNESOTA.
Ramsey County:
Stebauleereeeaeecsceeece 2
Minn., State total.... 2
MONTANA.
Gallatin County:
IBOZOMan eee eet eeisscee 48
Manhattantc..o- s-seeeae 2
Silverbow County:
Buttes oo. a. oe sees
Mont., State total....
NEW JERSEY.
Hudson County:
Manhattan Piers.........
N.J., State total....
WISCONSIN.
Columbia County:
Fall River
Portage...
IPOYNCLLC.cpecse sete sneer
Marquette County:
Westfield.......
Waushara County: |
Coloma ...-s2 355 cheers
NEW YORK.
Chautauqua County:
Jamestowne eee esseeeeee
Genesee County:
Le Roy
Richmond County:
St. George Lighterage....
N. Y., State total....
1
1
New York seeeeeee Spabsoo 5
5
NORTH CAROLINA.
Perquimans County:
Nicanore. 22:2 -eee sees
N. C., State total... .
OHIO.
Ashtabula County:
Ashtabula Harbor .......
OREGON.
Jackson County:
Medford. 22 2eesecee eee
Oreg., State total....
PENNSYLVANIA.
PhiladeJphia County:
Philadelphia.............
Pa., State total.....-
VIRGINIA.
Henrico County:
Richmond = wesceee eens
Suffolk
Va., State total.-......
WASHINGTON.
King County:
Seattlessseceeseseamenaene
Wash., State total ---
WISCONSIN.
Barron County:
Cumberland ..:....-.---.
Calumet County:
Haytonee sees sae eeeeerae
New Holstein.-..-.....-- '
Chippewa County:
oHagleboint=s-caseseeeees
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
189
DRY PULSE CROPS—Continued.
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Dodge County: Cars.
ORM AKO eee ainciuicle cele ate 1
Reeseviile...............- 15
_
IBTAN COME secineeiscc nme. «
Jefferson County:
AWIAUCLUOWID ne eeiciclarcin occ 2 5
Kewaunee County:
PANISO TT ae eS
CALIFORNIA.
Imperial County:
May 8—
IRC OnULO ey tse - =)e'<' =
Stanislaus County:
Oct. 13—
MLO C Kee eae
Cal., State total......
FLORIDA.
Cars.
—
to
Seminole County:
May 1-June 30—
DATITOTCeee eee Bees
6
Fla., State total...... 6
ILLINOIS.
Champaign County:
Aug. 25-Sept. 5—=
PHOS eum Gee ete eee are
McLean County:
Aug.30-Sept. 2—
Osman ee sale os 4
Madison County:
July 8-16—
POR ene Nee ath
Shelby County:
Aug.—
Hancheryess es
Tll., State total.......
INDIANA.
Johnson County:
Aug.-Sept.
Bargersvaillevee oe.
Edinb tnsss ad ee se
Randolph County:
Aug. 23-Sept. S—
Saratorawe 2 Woe ss. 2s.
Vigo County:
ug. 18-27—
TerresElautes.).5:..-.-- 4
Ind., State total. ...-
IOWA.
ssa
Delaware County:
Aug.—
Manchester ss: 250-23
Iowa, State total....- 7
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
July 31—
MOuISVillegses sees se 1
2
n
=
©
=
o
ot
°
ot
©
=
pan
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Manitowoe County: Cars.
KS OL 2 Ace ae eee epics 9
Maribel..-/22 252 5A oe 38
Marinette County:
CAV OL'. 20's ansteiiee ee aaa 11
Qoleman'. 2occcespeblsene 9
Wausaukee..........05-- 1
Oconto County:
TONG aie \- a{serdcts Sachets cote
Table 73.—DRY PEAS—Continued.
6 |
WISCONSIN—Continued.
Pepin County: Cars.
SLOCKNOM Ss cs pe clane ns oe 1
Sheboygan County:
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.
Table 74.—GREEN CORN.
LOUISIANA.
Lafourche Parish:
Apr. 10-Dec. 20— Cars.
Riaceland\ | Neeaseeenaae 150
Orleans Parish:
May 23-July 13—
New Orleans........... 95
La., State total...... 245
MAINE.
Oxford County:
Sept. 13-28—
Kast’ Hebron)... i202. 1
Hast Sumnerseie eee il
Me., State total.....-. 2
MARYLAND.
Caroline County:
July 17-Aug. 2—
Federalsburg.......... 3
Harford County:
July-Oct.—
Rocks .n2.sS aac 3
Md., State total...... 6
MICHIGAN.
Montcalm County:
Aug.—-Sept.—
Lakeview ..-.......--- 20
Stantonite see 3
Newaygo County:
Aug.-Sept.—
Newaygousseseacct eae 5 |
Mich., State total.... 28
MISSOURI.
Franklin County:
Aug. 17—
Gray’s Summit........ 1
Greene County:
Aug.—
Hlasel tinesaseeenceee cee 1
Mo., State total...... 2
NEBRASKA.
Dodge County:
Aug.—
Mremontseasoesenseecee 3
Nebr., State total... 3
Sheboygan Falls......... 17
Vernon County:
INO WiLOMG ss so antacian petite 2
Wis., State total..... 272
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
July 10-Aug. 4— Cars.
Bewverlyits2 oct 5s--ee se 1
Delancoesemecre 54
Edgewater Park....... 108
Monmouth County:
Aug. 21-Sept. 5—
Freehold oLnZ
N. J., State total....- 165
NEW YORK. |
Cattaraugus County:
Aug. 20—
Perrysbureeeees so seeee 1
Livingston County:
Oct. 2-12—
PASV OT Sra uence nb 10
Lakeville eeuGs see 3
South wbimaee eee anes 1
N. Y., State total. ... 15
NORTH CAROLINA.
Beaufort County:
June—
Hdwardtencsseseeceoee 2
Duplin County:
June 3-July 18—
MAISON ce Jose soe oes 7
Rose Enea eae ee ee 58
Wallace. 22 5essoce see 19
Pamlico County:
June 27-July 4—
Viandemeretse.s-cecee- 2
Sampson County:
June 20-July 20—
Clintoniaee. ecco cene 72
Turkey 2s sess
Wayne County:
June 24-July 14—
Mts Olivessos. Sasso ceeee 2
N.C., State total.... 204
OHIO.
Clark County:
| Sept. 2-3—
Bowlusville...........- 2
Fayette County:
Sept. 27-28—
Washington C. H...... 2
Lucas County:
Aug. 17-Oct. 2—
Toledo eceeetesc cesses 37
Ross County:
Aug. 23-Sept. 1—
ig bys eeeeroe seecrisees 1
Richmondale.........- 3
Washington County:
Aug. 9—
Towels eee eee eee 1
Ohio, State total..... 46
190
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 74.—GREEN CORN—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
uly—
Philadelphia...........
Pa., State total
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston County:
June 17—
@harlestonss-2-2--- 3... 1
S. C., State total..... 1
TEXAS.
Hidalgo County:
May 17-24—
Missione ste 9s 225. 2 2
Tex., State total..... 2
UTAH.
Weber County:
Oct. 6—
Oden tees econ ane ee 1
Utah, State total... 1
CONNECTICUT.
‘New Haven County:
May 23-June 22— Cars
New Haven........... 2
Conn., State total... . 2
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Nov. 19-Dec. 4—
@hicaroze ea ee sessee. 1
Union County:
Nov. 13-Dec. 2—
IB ICOM) ot Bee
Ill., State total.--...- 9
MARYLAND. _
Baltimore City:
Jan. 26-Dec. 29—
BaItiMOre sees 39
Md., State total......
MASSACHUSETTS.
Hampshire County:
May 3-10—
North Hatfield........ 3
Mass., State total.... 3
MISSOURI
St. Louis City:
May 16— |
SESLOUIS. Ssseee 1}
Mo., State total...... 1
ALABAMA.
Elmore County:
July 11— Cars.
Consad a -\ane ce ee 1
Mobile County—
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
MODUGH Oo. oc retes ase s
DHGOU OLOR cee sce oe 2.
|
|
|
VERMONT.
Chittenden County:
Sept. 8-18—
ONeSViOY oe csc maten
Windham County:
Sept. 21-Oct. 4—
Hast Putney sca-sseeee
Westminster
Vt., State total. .....
Cars.
8
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
July 5-23—
INorfolkeae- tees <cceees = Sie,
Northampton County:
July 29-Aug. 2—
Cheritonuea-cereeee 2
Table 75.—SPINACH.
NEW JERSEY.
Monmouth County:
May 18—
Marl borosenee ee cssnece
N. J., State total
‘NEW YORK.
Chautauqua County:
Novy. 1—
Jamestown
Kings County:
Nov.-Apr.—
Brooklyn
Livingston County:
June 7-15—
South Lima
Seneca County:
July 12—
Meb ougalle seamen <i 1
N. Y., State total... .
PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia County:
Nov.—Dec. 2—
Philadelphia... . rue 4
Pa., State total. ....- 4
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence County:
May 10-18—
ATIDUDDE eee eer Stier i
R.1., State total....- 11
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
Aug. 19—
Parkersburg...........
W. Va., State total...
WISCONSIN.
Shawano County:
Sept. 9-15—
Gresham jas neeee nee
Trempealeau County:
Aug. 24-Sept. 1—
Trempealeau...--......
Wis., State total
TEXAS.
Cameron County:
Feb.
Brownsville....-......:
San’ Benitoseeeeeenees
Dimmit County:
Mar. 15—
Carrizo Springs... -......
Fort Bend County:
Mar. 7-11—
Sugar Land---......--
Travis County:
Jan. 3-Apr. 20—
Austin: :o3-b ese eoseee
_ Webb County:
Jan. 4-Feb. 24—
Laredo
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk County:
Oct. 25-May 11—
WentresSeck «te sone eee
Princess Anne County:
Nov.-Apr.—
London Bridge. .....--
Va., State total. -....
Table 76.—MIXED VEGETABLES.
ALABAMA—Continued.
Pike County:
Mar. 30— Cars.
Linwood Sac) we pte eine 1
Ma); Stabe: wee eee 29
ARKANSAS.
Sebastian County:
June 10-July 10—
Fort Smith
Ark., State total
10
Cars.
13
Cars.
2
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
19]
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 76.—MIXED VEGETABLES—Continued.
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda County:
Mar. 10-June 20—
Butte County:
July—
Speedway. -\-- 30-2.
Los Angeles County—
Jan. 3-Dec. 31—
Compton ess. -
BMUMomte ee eeee as
JNNO RES Ae ese hs ae
VO banteneree sence - fi
IERV MCS Re eerie yeisie ccc
MOS TCT eal yralee tee aiate
MoneeB each ey eee ke
MossAngeles2)2 0. 0525. :
INewmarken See a.
IRE is oo bee HceBeeos
Tatiana yi Oe use
Rowland...-.......-.-
ALOPICORs pe rete el
Mermondaleny. 2 ees 2 i)
AVEC TS iay eet eRe Cantus
Wilmington. .........-.
Orange County:
Feb. 22-Oct. 18—
iBuenayearke see
INNA os Lae
Plumas County:
July 23—
Quincey Junction.....-
Riverside County:
Feb. 3-Aug. 7—
Banningeeeseees ee soe
Sacramento County:
Jan. 15-Dee. 30—
TOO Gye ny EE 2.)
Walnut Grove........-
San Bernardino County:
Aug. 15-Dec. 18—
JNGEY IDO TAe =O OLS ae
WWirolFeinye Le eae
San Francisco County:
Jan. 6—-Dec. 30—
San Francisco..........
San Joaquin County:
Jan. 6-Dec. 27—
manteee eM TR cae ol
Nov. 4-Dec. 29.
Colima eee. sre
Santa Clara County:
Dec. 7-8—
Santloseweer cee ccns 6
pacseus ScunEy
Aug. 2
Tirleck Ae ete re a
Yuba County:
Sept. 10-27—
Mary Sivillle wan rs a
IMESSIONIE eee sass aa iaie
w
co
RW DORN OONRNa
NNwnNre
re
297
Om
61
COLORADO.
Adams County:
July 24-Oct. 7—
Brighton eeweo sane ae
Hazeltine: . 2.222. ee e's 4
Arapahoe County:
Sept. 7-Nov. 22—
Englewood............ 1
Littleton...) 22 eeu 8
Denver County:
Feb. 8-Dec. 16—
Den vert. ies 71
Fremont County:
Oat: 11- 22—
Larimer County:
Sept. 18—Oct. 14—
Hort)iCollins/ 2 ees PA 8
Montezuma County:
Nov. 14—
Doloreszce.5-eeeeeeeee 1
Montrose County:
Sept. 16-Dec. 26—
Olathe aay Sea
Pueblo County:
Sept. 28-Dec. 2—
Jan. 5-Dec. 22—
Gilles Eee
IGUCEENE REAM Aer 4
Up tome eee ereeeen
IBIi@T CG) yeu at tener
CONNECTICUT.
Litchfield County:
Noy. 3—
jes}
oo
=]
ct
e
B
Rb
New Haven County:
July 5-7—
New? Haven sees. e528 3
Conn., State total... . 6
FLORIDA.
Hillsborough County:
Apr.. 28-June 20—
Plan tiGityaeceneeeeees-
Lee County:
May 27-Dec. 24—
Hort: Meyersseae ess 11
Manatee County:
Apr.—June—
Bllentoneesweseas-ese = 71
Orange County:
Apr.—June—
Tildenville...2.:--.--.- 17
Fla., State total...... 116
GEORGIA.
Chatham County:
Apr.-Nov.—
Savannale-2o2e eee 70
Ga., State total -.-.--
IDAHO.
Ada County:
July 27—
Latah County:
Nov. 19—
MoSco warriassenm sees be 1
Idaho, State total... a 2
ILLINOIS. ;
Cook County:
Jan.-—Dec. 31-
@hicagowmesass sss seeee
DUNTINe see een eee s 13
Orchardi Places. ..2- 122
St. Clair County:
May 16-Oct. 12—
Hast St. Wouisessseeees 7
Union County:
Apr. 22-Dec. 30—
ANNA toyractaene aoe ete 60
Balcomesceseeetees S35 29
Cobdente se ssa eee 10
Ill., State total....... 211
INDIANA. ."
Fulton County:
Sept. 30—
AKON ees oes es eee 1
St. Joseph County:
May 17—
Walkertonizes23-s52-" 1
Ind., State total. --.-- 2
IOWA. RT)
Woodbury County:
Feb. 19-Oct. 6—
Sergeant Bluff......--- 3
Towa, State total..--- 3
KANSAS. aye:
Leavenworth County:
Oct. 18—
Ibenape esses se 1
Shawnee County:
Feb. 24-Dec. 9—
North Topeka....-.---- 2
Mopekaehe cece asec. see 7
Kans., State total... -. 10
KENTUCKY.
Jefferson County:
May 31-Aug. 8—
Houisvillessse-—- eee ee 43
Ky., State total...... 43
LOUISIANA.
Calcasieu Parish:
June 19—
Lake Charles.......--- 1
Iberia Parish:
Mar. 18-June 19—
New Iberia........-..- 2
Jefferson Parish:
Apr. 27-May 24—
Kenner: cs tee ares soneine 10
Orleans Parish:
Apr. 26—Dec. 31—
New Orleans. ........- 136
Rapides Parish:
Apr.—June—
Alexandria. ..........- 3
192
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 76.—MIXED VEGETABLES—Continued.
LOUISIANA—Continued.
St. Charles Parish:
Jan. 1-June 23— Cars.
Mestrehan - a. cccenceeer 33
Hahnivilles so: eens. = 8
Taaling Teo oe cc seed 168
St.John the Baptist Parish:
Jan. 23-June 22—
Montegut. ...--.22.5.4.. 23
Tangipahoa Parish:
Apr. 10-May 6—
Wekiawiessc-c ence cacse 10
La., State total...... 394
MAINE.
Oxford County:
Noy. 28—
NORWAY «se ces ate cee ; 1
York County:
Nov. 10—
Buxton o.0-o = cmeeee 1
Me., State total...... 2
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City:
Mar. 12—Noyv. 21—
Baltimore. 2ssseseeeee 49
Md., State total...%.- 49
MASSACHUSETTS.
Essex County:
Jan. 25—
PAWIENCE fee see se cae 1
Franklin County:
Aug.—
Nortbhfieldmesses. eee 3
Mass., State total.... 4
MICHIGAN,
Alpena County:
Nov. 19—
bachine ys sscasedesae 1
Baraga County:
Oct. 20-Nov.9—
Keweenaw Bay.......- 4
Bay County:
Sept.—
Bay City 2 cose eeeee eS 3
Delta County:
Oct.12—
ESCaNaDa eee aeeeeoene 1
Emmet County: :
Dec. 4—
Oct.2
>
Van:
m7)
oy
°
B
:
4
ee
Ingham C County:
ept.-Dec.—
MASONS = o\ Scion eee eee
Marquette County:
Nov. 1—
Ishpeming-- 2 c22 oboe
State total...
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
July 22-Aug. 19—
Camden Place........- 17
Minneapolis... ...-.-..- 17
Itasca County:
Noy. 9—
Grand Rapids........- 1
107
—
Mich., 121
MINNESOTA—Continued.
Pennington County:
June— Cars
Thief River Falls.....-
Pine County:
June—
Sandstone. 2 oo 5... oe i
Ramsey County:
July 6-Dee. 31—
StiRa tl te ee cass 45
St. Louis County:
Nov. 3—
Virginia sos cekemeeecee 1
Washington County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Stillwatersasecosceace 5
Minn., State total... 88
MISSISSIPPI.
Copiah County:
May 3-June 20—
Gallman eee ee 47
Gatesville. ...2..2..-22- 2
Hazlehursteeceeeeeee eens 20.
Hopewelleeesnesecaseee 10
Harrison County:
Jan. 1-Nov. 16—
Mongibeach=..-ceesee 192
Pike County:
May 26—
Osyikarenstwekecctie 1
Miss., State total.... 278
MISSOURI.
Jackson County:
Oct. 13—
Kansas Citiviecessenceiee 1
St. Louis City:
Jan. 21-Dec. 28—
StwWwotlist eceeesaees 6
Mo., State total.....- i
MONTANA.
Lewis and Clark County:
ug. 26—
ETelomars tyes ee 1
Ravalli County:
Jan. 1-Nov. 6—
Hamiltoneeeeeeeeseeee. Z
Woodside......--...-.. 7
Silverbow County:
Nov. 10-24—
BittOteoe te soeemeserce se 2
Yellowstone County:
Apr. 8-Sept. 20—
IN PSSeeee eee 9
Mont., State total 21
NEBRASKA.
Buffalo County:
Novy. 1—
Keamey:-....c2oncte sees 1
Douglas County:
July 144—
Omishae sesso seers 1
Hall County:
Nov.—
Granduisland ese. cence 1
Lancaster County:
June 9-Aug. 15—
TalnCGlne oer eon eee 2
‘ Neb., State total..... 5
NEVADA,
Clark County:
Mar. 9—
'Oventonisnce caeee eee
Washoe County:
Feb. 3-Nov. 9—
RENOEssereresee ene s
5
Nev., State total..... 6
Cars.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Coos County:
Oct. 10—
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic County:
July 5-Sept. 30—
Landisvillepseesee-esee 3
5
Burlington County:
July—
Fdgewater Park.-...... 1
Cumberland County:
July 12-Aug. 25—
Cedarville
Fairton.......-
ee Oe
Port NOmis=-eseeeeeee=
Gloucester County:
July—Sept.—
Malagaice nc. pends 21
Richwood) -eeeereeee= 3
Monmouth County:
July 12-17—
Morganville........-...
Port Monmouth. .
N. J., State total.....
NEW MEXICO.
ie County:
Otero County:
Sept. 25-Dec. 12—
Cloudcrolthereeeeeeeee=
N. Mex., State total. -...
NEW YORK.
Albany County:
Aug.—
Allbpantyassueereceeeeeer
Cayuga County:
May 23-Dee.—
Crockett
Moravia
Sennett: -aeeeereneee ete
Nov. 25—
Homers. se. ceeeeee 1
iy
Ree
aa}
i)
B
ao)
ic}
B
ee
Sidney .alueewace eel
Erie County;
Aug. 12-Dee.—
Akron Falls....--<....
Butialoseseeeenciee me
Crittenden: o>... .- 1-1
Genesee County:
ROR
ey
J
io
= go
i
'
;
RNR R
Kings County:
Apr. 1-Oct. 15—
TOOK yi ee ee eeae sane 14
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
19S
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 76.—MIXED VEGETABLES
NEW YORK—Continued.
Madison County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Camastotae ees.) c2i. 2 ‘
Mebanonwerewiee css ccece 1
Solsville 1
Monroe County:
Sept. —Dee.- —
Cars.
°
QO
=
oO
n
+
fe)
AL
‘
'
’
We Ree cone
Nassau County:
Sept.-Dec.—
Farmingdale........... 7
New York County:
Feb. 5-Dec. 20—
New York
Niagara County:
Oct.-Nov.—
Middleport............ 5
Onondaga County:
Oct.—Dec.—
Lal iwayeceee ene enact 3
Martisco :
Skaneateles..:......... 1
Ontario County: ;
Oct.—Dece.—
Clifton Springs......... 1
BRET DS eye ee ea 4
Orange County:
June 23-Oct. 7—
Middletown... -.--......
‘New Hampton
Oswego County:
Oct.-Dec.—
Central Square
Fulton
Se oa)
Otsego County:
Oct. 16—
lye Creeks: ashame sce 1
Seneca County:
Oct.-Nov.—
MMT Seen closes
Suffolk County:
ov. &-15—
Wyandanch
Ulster County:
Dec. 23—
=a
Za
ev)
ot
fae)
faa)
=
(2)
°
.
‘
L oH a
_ Wayne County:
Sept.—-Dec.—
Cl des aa
Teun So bub oeen Sea RES
nn
f)
_
co
a
,
e)
B
Es
Pp
ah
iS)
;
'
'
ied os
HON OH WIEN OANane
WVGICOUG Helene ie neice
Wyoming County:
Oct
ct.—
North Java). 2.:-2-2:- 7
N. Y., State total.... 242
NORTH CAROLINA.
Currituek County:
June 10-July 5
Di MON OC ost laterstaletetel stat ats
New Hanover County:
May-July—
Castle Hayne..........
Pender County:
M: ay pion
i aRocisyalp ovntesesmeenee
Surry County:
Aug. 31-Sept. 7—
Mt. Airy..
Wayne County:
June 13-July 25—
Goldsboro
Mt.
Yancey County:
Sept. 30-Dec. 1—
Burnsville
N.C., State total....
OHIO.
Cuyahoga County:
June 14-Dee, 23—
Cleveland
Franklin County:
Sept. _-
Hamilton ( Sinise
July 29-Oct. 13—
Cincinnati
Lucas County:
Aug, 22—
Olive Street Junction. -
Medina County:
Sept. 1-22—
IUINONAE Beso edeecdeonde
Washington County:
July 20-Aug, 15—
Owe. eee seeee eae
Watertord
Ohio, State tofal..-.-
OKLAHOMA.
Pottawatomie County:
May 31—
Shawnee cee serecmaer ite
Okla., State total. ...
OREGON.
Douglas County:
Dee. 15—
Roseburg
Lane County:
Feb. 17—
Eugene
Multnomah County:
Jan, 22-Dec. -30—
Fast Portland
Portland 22essscce- rela
Mroutdaleterece sacee- =
Umatilla County:
July 18-Dec. 2—
Freewater-:- 2-2. -.-/.--
Oreg., State total....-.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Crawford County:
Nov.—
Titusvillele een ese ee
Erie ( ounty:
Nov. 6—
Union City.
44215°—18—Bull. 667——_- 13
to
on
_~
|
|
1!
| Cameron County:
-Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA—Contd.
Lackawanna County
Dec, 1
Carbondale .
Philadelphia County:
Nov.-
Philadelphia fe a water 25
Potter Cc ‘ounty:
Tov
to
Schuy Sm ( ‘ounty
Nov
Maciaetiaeet serdar J
Tioga County:
Sept.-Oct.-
Wellshoro J
York County:
Aug. 17
3rogueville.....
unction.... yi
Pa,, State total...... 55
SOUTH CAROLINA
Beaufort County:
Jan, 20-July 3—
IBGatiOnsee see eee 4
Charleston County:
Apr. 1-June 29—
‘ harleston
Williamsburg County:
May 31-June 9—
Cades
299
8. C., State total....-
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Lawrence County:
Oct. 12-Nov.—
Lead
Pennington County:
Sept. 7—-
Rapid City -
S. Dak., State total. - 4
TENNESSEE.
Maury County:
June 24—
Columbia
- Tenn., State total...-
TEXAS.
Mar. 27-Apr. 19—
Brownsville... :....--- 1
Harlin gen:22s2seseesee
San Benito
Santa Maria. <2. son
Dallas County:
Jan.—Dec. 24—
Dallas wet pees eee
Harris County:
May 31—June 2i—
Houston
| Hidalgo County:
May-June—
Bdinburges-- eee j
McAllen
Mercedes! ao. ee
Mission
Webb County:
May -June—
Tiared0:. {Sees seen 4
Tex.,
194 BULLETIN 667,
U.S;
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 76.—MIXED VEGETABLES—Continued.
UTAH,
Boxelder County:
| Patrick County:
VIRGINIA—Continued.
Sept. 29-Oct. 14— Cars June— Cars.
SMeNAUICn sence er eee 1 Stilarbasencs Getta eee
Morea Chante: Sp Peaeeees male es Anne County:
: une 28—
Oct, 14-23— Wesel
Morfanes) on en nee. 18 | ondon Bridge........
Salt Lake County: Wythe County:
Sept. 6-Dec. 6— Aug. 18- —Sept. 15—
salt Lake City....--.-- 5 Crockettees Seta paar 4
Uinta County:
Oct. 31-Noy. 10— Va., State total..__.. 23
AMOVICAN |. se cae cet 2 | =—
Weber County:
Aug. 10-Dec, 13—
Ocdenteeeces rote eee 26 | WASHINGTON.
Utah, State total..... 57 | Benton County: ©
=—— July—
VERMONT. Kennewick ...:......-- 1
IPTOSSELS aes eee nena 1
Orleans County: Clarke County:
One May 22— ~
NEN DOLEe eect eee 1 Gumne 1
Windham County: : CRUD VER, Coens id Ay
ei HB
Ss FELON seeee eee 1 uly 3—-Dec. 18—
outh Vernon eos Seer eeNe RGR 5
Vt., State total....... 2 Spokane County:
=== Jan. 1-Oct. 28—
VIRGINIA. Spokane=2..:-2iees 14
iy) 5
Campbell County: Ww ae ENov. 30
May ae ; ACh 1
TGC DUL Es ae ec ont lan Mer mere Te EE
Hanover County: Walla Walla. .--222.... 180
July 5-15— Yakima County:
WASOLA TICE 2 soc hse. 2 Jan. 1-Dec. 8—
Old Church....... genre 1 Grandview ....------.. 1
Norfolk County: North Yakima....... 17
May 10-Noy. 19— Outlookeeeen ae eee 1 ae
Norlolicts2o23) ee 7 Sunnyside 2
Port Norfolk......----- 2, Toppenish +2 3
Page County: WitDat0O.seee=--eeeeeeee 6
Aug.—
Shenandoah........... 2 Wash., Statetotal... 232
ptanley: sehen tis 1 ==
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wood County:
July 8-Nov. 4—
Parkersburg
W. Va., State total...
WISCONSIN.
Ashland County:
" Nov. 4—
Ashland... .. “
Brown County:
Oct. 5-Nov. 4—
Green Bae eat Sees
Eau Claire County:
Aug. 3-Oct, 22—
Haw Clairele es eens
Pierce County:
Dec. 4—
River Falls
Polk County:
A
Racine County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 30—
Rusk et sa; ae ae
Oct. 9-24—
St. Croix Coie
Aug. 1-10—
Northliness ees seeee
Shawano County:
Oct. 22—
Green Valley
Wis., State total
WYOMING.
Sweetwater County:
Nov. 10—
Rock Springs
Wyo., State total....
Table 77.—MIXED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.
ALABAMA,
Chilton County:
Apr. 22-July 31— Cars.
AOLS DYE maces oka sd 4
Ala., State total...... 4
ARKANSAS,
Jefferson County:
Nov. 15-Dec. 8—
Pine wel: eee eee 2
Ark., State total..... 2
CALIFORNIA. }
}
Alameda County:
Mar. 16— |
TOrenZz0....- -eeeeeeeees 1 |
Imperial County:
June 5-19—
Brawley, os. Ssoceeeee 1
FE] Centro.......... bake 1
fLos Angeles County:
Jan. 22-Dec, 15—
Los Angeles.........-.. 133
San Fernando ye
Vernondale:._..2.....- 1 |
CALIFORNIA—Continued. |
Riverside County:
June 12-July 1—
Cars.
haa
Sacramento County:
Jan. 7-July 22—
SacramentOs.-2-e 46k -
May 15—
Rialto
San Francisco County:
Apr. 10-Oct. 23—
San Francisco....-..-..
Stanislaus County:
Aug, 24-28—
Keyes
Cal.,S
COLORADO,
| Boulder County:
Nov. 23—
LYONS di aspera oe
Mesa County:
Aug. 23—
Chiftonesd. Sieve ance
GEORGIA.
Lowndes County:
Aug. 19—
Valdostarcess-sesueeese
ILLINOIS.
Cook County:
Jan. 1-Dee. 31—
Jackson County:
July—Aug.—
. Makandan... 0 cccsscss
Pulaski County:
July 15—
Villa Ridges. i265 does
St. Clair County:
May 29-June 21—
East St. Louis
Union County:
July 6-Aug. 26—
Anna
INDIANA.
Marion County:
July 18-Sept. 21—
Indianapolis
ca
or
=
ee
—
Cars.
i
we
&
|
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 77.—MIXED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES—Continued,
INDIAN A—Continued.
‘Owen County:
Aug 3— Cars
Gosponteemercas- isi
St. Joseph County:
Aug.—
WV EIKO NUON eye atat= \oa)escie 1
Ind., State total... .. 6
IOWA.
Linn County:
Mar. 1-Dec. 25—
Cedar Rapids....-.-.---. 15
Muscatine County:
Sept. 1-17—
Ini BMEW Ls CodeseaseBee 2
Polk County:
Jan. 8-May 29—
DesiMoimeseeecer. «4-14 16
Iowa, State total....- 33
KENTUCKY.
Fayette County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
Wexingtomere nese se #0208
Jefferson County:
Apr. 24-Dec. 27—
Louisville.........- SN LT
Ky., State total.....- 225
LOUISIANA.
Orleans Parish:
Mar. 19-Dec. 21—
New Orleans......-... 145
La., State total...... 145
MAINE.
Franklin County:
Nov. 10—
West Farmington...-.- 1
Me., State total...... 1
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City: —
Mar. 6-Dec. 30—
Baltimores= 22.22. -5:-- 362
Caroline County:
Federalsburg.......... 1
Garrett County:
Ov. 24—
Deer Park Village...... al
Md., State total...... 364
MASSACHUSETTS.
Suffolk County:
Aug. 31-Dec. 27—
IB OSCOnPeeee ence oss cse 19
Mass., State total. ... 19
MICHIGAN.
Allegan County:
Sept. 14-Nov. 18—
CURES Skea aren See 124
(CUICTI | A Meer aseaetes 186
Pig COVCsen. 2. -s--e0: 186
Saugatuck. 22.2.2... 124
MICHIGAN—Continued.
Berrien County:
July 11-Nov. 18— Cars.
Benton Harbor........ 1,600
SUA JOS D ieee eee eeerare S11
Clinton County:
Dec. 7—
Shepardsville...... walsh 1
Emmet County:
Sept. 22-Nov. 11—
Harbor Springs......-.- 1
Retoskivaenseaeenemne ee 5
Manistee County:
Dec. 14— A
Kale valey eee eee rier 1
Muskegon County:
Sept. 21—
Muskegoniclsceeeeeseee 3
Ottawa County:
July 11-Novy. 18—
Grand! Haventeenereces 3
Folland ay seese een. 306
Van Buren County:
Sept. 14-Oct. 30—
South Haven.......... 186
Mich., State total.... 3,537
MINNESOTA.
Hennepin County:
Sept.-Oct.—
Minneapolis.......:... 73
Ramsey County:
Sept. 9—
Staal sous ee eens: 1
St. Louis County:
May 10-Oct. 14—
DUlWthe seers 34
Minn., State total.... 108
MISSOURI.
Carroll County:
Oct. 5—
Wakendaas-eeeeceeree 1
Jasper County:
June-Oct.—
Jopliny 4 S-eeeeereaes 54
St. Louis City:
June 3-Oct. 25—
Stadouis*eceeeeeeseee. 5
Mo., State total...... 60
MONTANA.
Silverbow County:
Aug. 24—
BULGE At. Veen eee 1
Mont., State total.... 1
» NEVADA.
Washoe County:
Apr.—Oct.—
IRENO sam cee seers 15
Nev., State total..... 15
NEW JERSEY.
Burlington County:
June 19-Sept. 26—
Beverly sce se cee 16
Edgewater Park......- 32
Cumberland County:
Apr.—Nov. 30—
iBridgetonesseeeeaseaa= 4
Greenwicheeeness-ce 4
Vineland seas ee 4
WiOOdruitS)eeeeeecce at 500
NEW JERSEY—Continued.
Gloucester County:
Aug. 15— Cars.
RACK WOOd= se —ese eee 1
Monmouth County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31—
ELAZILOLS oemeeee cee vieteee 1,132
N. J., State total....... 1,693
NEW YORK.
Allegany County:
July—Aug.—
Canaseraga cic oc ec ccna c 1
Erie County:
July 31-Aug. 2—
Bittaloces =e onan Sere 15
New York County:
June 19-Aug. 17—
ING NOM pec esdesccoe 10
Onondaga County:
July 20-Dec.—
al iwayeesre cer asecine
SyLACUSCl2- 5 - alee = alee
Ontario County:
May 18-Dec. 8—
AT OC WIM ctetetatelalo = aialal= 1
Clifton Springs--..-.--- 1
Gorhammerrecee ee seta l= 4
once
Seneca County:
July 12-Dec. 16—
McDougall.....--...--- 13
Tompkins County:
Nov. 1—
Dry 0 Cleese elcisise ellie 6
Wayne County:
Aug. 16-31—
AVC Se aaa cedcisnonce: 1
Yates County:
Sept. 16-Oct. 26—
Bellona.....-.---------
N. Y., State total.... 88
“NORTH CAROLINA.
Sampson County:
June 21-July 20—
MuULKe Vee eeseosesec eine = 8
Surry County:
Aug. 16-Sept. 27—
ING INNS eccostacoosebs 13
Wayne County:
June 8-July 7—
Mts Olives -----=-----=-
N. C., State total. -..-
OHIO.
Cuyahoga County:
May 4-Dec. 28—
Cleveland 2sce--sssse== 98
Erie County:
Aug.—
Sandusky.---.-------.-
Hamilton County:
Jan. 1-Dec. 31— A
Gincinnatloce=s-<=-s-ee~ 592
Ottawa County:
Sept. 2—
Oslksbarbor--o-s--se— 1
Washington County:
July 12-Aug. 21—
owelle eee eee 12
Mariettases oo —=-e--=— 3
Ohio, State total... --
or
196
BULLETIN 667, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS—Continued.
Table 77.—MIXED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES—Continued.
OKLAHOMA,
Pottawatomie County:
June 20—
Shawnee:. <2 sie 222+
1
Okla., State total... 1
OREGON.
Multnomah County:
Dec. 12—
East Portland ......... 1
Oreg., State total. ..-
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny County:
May 26—
IPittSDULeh esses eases
Berks County:
July 3—
RCAGING op eee ase ee 1
Lackawanna County:
Dec. 6-29—
Cathondalesse-eeeeoee- 5
Philadelphia County:
Jan. 3-Dec. 30—
Philadelphia.....-.....
Susquehanna County:
Nov. 4—
e
Tioga County:
Dec. 10-31— __
Tioga Junction....-....
1
desu ed
Pa:, State total. ..... « 431
TEXAS.
Cherokee County:
July—
Jacksonvilles.-- ee ca. <
_
TEX AS—Continued.
fastland County:
Aug. 4-9—
Rising Star...-....-... 2
Harris County:
June 7-10—
oustoneeeeeereeesees 2
Hopkins County:
June 20-July 17—
ICKC OM etree mee eens 9
Tex., State total..... 14
UTAH.
Salt Lake County:
Sept. 27-Oct. 11—
alt Lake City......... 2
Utah, State total. -..
VIRGINIA.
Campbell County:
Noy. 2—
yNCDDULe Sp ese sees
Norfolk County:
May 9-15—
Bont Noriolk-s2ss2. oaae 3
Page County:
Aug.-Nov.— Berean G
Shenandoah..........-
Roanoke County:
Noy. 8—
INGA la ocd Messbekne 4
Washingtop County:
Aug.-—Nov.—
APINSTONe = 2s eesse see 8
Wythe County:
Aug. 12-Sept. 30—
Crockettsenee seemaeecee 3
to
to
WASHINGTON.
Benton County:
July 12—
White: Blufis: 202.)
Spokane County:
Jan. 1-Dece. i6—
Spokanes-)-—-e.eeeeee 9
Yakima Count 7:
Aug.17— |
North Yakima......... 1
WEST VIRGINIA.
Hampshire County:
Aug. 3-10—
ROmne yee: eee eee 2
Mason County:
Aug. 5—
Letanticemers scenes
Wetzel County:
Oct. 18—
—
New Martinsville......
W. Va., State total. -
WISCONSIN.
Milwaukee County:
Jan. 3-Dec. 27—
Milwaukee.............
Racine County:
Sept. 21—
Racine: simeceeecreeeeee 35
Wis., State total.....
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
20 CENTS PER COPY
Vv
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv May 21, 1918
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED.
By P. V. Carvon, Assistant Agronomist, Office of Acclimatization and Adapta-
tion of Crop Plants—Cotton Breeding.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
The waste of select cotton seed....-...-.-.--- 1 | Method of planting in hills............ Se ceee 7
Planting distinct types of cotton........-.-.-.- 3 | Method of planting in drills..........s......- 8
Planting cotton seed with beans or peas.. --- 3 | Advantages in nurse planting................ 10
Rate of combining cotton with other seeds... - 5
| Summ anype sce. sainse te sane eee eae 12
Delinting cotton seed for nurse planting - - --- 06
THE WASTE OF SELECT COTTON SEED.
How to avoid waste of select cotton seed is a problem confronting
every cotton breeder. In order to improve varieties and to main-
tain select stocks on the highest plane of superiority it is necessary
to increase rapidly the best progenies. A relatively slow increase
is all that is possible if the usual methods of planting are employed.
The waste of valuable seed may prove to be a distinct loss not only
to the breeder but to the cotton industry as well. If the waste of
seed could be avoided, superior selections of cotton could be estab-
lished in cultivation one, two, or more years earlier than is now
considered possible.
The usual methods of increasing select cotton seed are wasteful
in several ways. Though differing somewhat in detail, the main
steps are essentially the same in all methods that have come to the
writer’s attention. The seeds of a select plant are planted first in
hills in what is called a progeny row. Only one plant in each hill
usually is desired, but it is customary to plant five to eight or more
seeds. This is held to be necessary in order to insure a stand. Per-
fect germination is hardly to be expected, and many of the young
seedlings do not survive. A single seedling may be unable to break
through if the surface becomes crusted, but several seedlings by
combined effort can push out. Under favorable conditions it would
not be necessary to plant so many seeds in a hill, but such condi-
tions can not be foretold and hence enough seed must be planted
to secure a stand in an unfavorable season.
The natural result of a heavy rate of planting is a thick stand,
in the reduction of which it frequently becomes necessary to destroy
46177°—Bull. 668——18
2 BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
50 to 75 per cent of the plants. To thin out large numbers of sur-
plus plants, each of which probably would be capable of producing
practically as many bolls as any of the plants left in the row, is
extremely wasteful when the potential value of every seed that
could be produced is considered.
The planting of so many cotton seeds in a hill has still another
disadvantage from the standpoint of increasing valuable selections.
The supply of seed when planted in the usual way often does not
permit planting in more than one place, and the destruction of that
planting, resulting from cold, hail, or any other cause, may mean
the total loss of the progeny. A method making possible duplicate
or triplicate plantings would reduce that danger of loss and at the
same time afford an opportunity for studying the progeny under
different conditions of soil and climate.
The waste of seed continues in all the later plantings of the seed
produced in the progeny row. If the quantity is sufficient for a
regular field planting, a mechanical planter is likely to be used, the
seeds being drilled in as many rows as the supply will permit. The
seeds thus planted produce under favorable conditions many more
plants than it would be advisable to leave to mature. In thinning
to the desired stand, 10 or more plants may be destroyed for every
one left, depending upon germination, season, and spacing.
The loss thus experienced by the breeder during the three or more
years that are required to obtain in quantity seed of his selection is
enormous and makes plain the need of having less wasteful methods.
Such methods would have a special importance in connection with
the breeding of new varieties and would be of even greater practical
importance in helping to maintain the uniformity of superior strains
by continued selection. Methods that make possible a more rapid
increase of select cotton would also be of special value to farmers,
who do not, as a rule, practice selection because the process of produc-
ing sufficient quantities of pure seed appears to require too much time.
With the need of improved methods in mind, experiments were
conducted in 1917 at the United States Experiment Farm at San
Antonio, Tex., in cooperation with the Office of Western Irrigation
Agriculture, the usual methods of increasing select stocks of cotton
being compared with others in which a number of different nurse crops
were used. The object of these nurse plantings was to determine
whether as good a stand of select cotton can be secured where other
kinds of seed supplied the lifting force necessary to break the soil
crust as where only select seeds were planted. Could this be done,
there obviously would be a material saving of select seed.
To discuss the observations made during the progress of these ex-
periments is the purpose of this bulletin.
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED. 3
PLANTING DISTINCT TYPES OF COTTON.
One way in which seed of a valuable selection may be conserved is
by planting it with seed of another variety of cotton which is so
different that its seedlings can be distinguished and removed when
the stage for thinning has been reached, thus securing the advantages
of a heavy rate of seeding without the unnecessary waste of valuable
seed. To do this successfully, however, a careful choice of varieties
must be made. Obviously, the seedlings of each must possess dis-
tinctive leaf characters, so that in thinning only plants of the select
strain may be left to grow; otherwise, the purpose of selection would
be defeated, since the stock would be contaminated by crossing.
It is doubtful whether two Upland varieties could be found whose
seedling characters are different enough to enable the breeder readily
to distinguish between them with accuracy; but the fact that other
nurse crops can be planted with safety renders unnecessary the selec-
tion of another variety of Upland for that purpose.
The danger in planting combinations of varieties of the same
general type can be avoided by using varieties of distinct types.
The seedlings of Upland and Egyptian cotton, for example, can be
distinguished at a glance, thus enabling the breeder to remove either
kind with ease, according to which variety he is increasing. The
same is true also of Upland and Sea Island seedlings. But it is not
possible to mix Egyptian and Sea Island cotton with impunity, as
the seedlings of these two types are very difficult to distinguish.
Both lack the red spot at the base of the cotyledons which is so
characteristic of Upland varieties. Their cotyledons also are of a
lighter tint of green than those of most Upland varieties and have
a somewhat more distinctly waxy appearance.
Asiatic types of cotton are even more distinct from Upland varie-
ties than is Sea Island or Egyptian, and since they do not cross with
American types they may be found useful in nurse planting.
The value of Upland cotton as a nurse crop for Egyptian, or vice
versa, was demonstrated in a test at San Antonio. Equal lots of
delinted! Lone Star (Upland) and Pima (Egyptian) seed were
thoroughly mixed and then planted by means of a mechanical
planter in a row 264 feet long. When the seedlings were about 6
inches high it was possible to thin to an almost perfect stand of
either variety in any section of the row (fig. 1).
PLANTING COTTON SEED WITH BEANS OR PEAS.
A very simple and effective method of avoiding the waste of select
cotton seed and at the same time securing the desired crust-lifting
force of several seedlings is to plant beans or peas with the cotton
seed. This combination appeared especially advantageous at San
1 See under “ Delinting cotton seed for nurse planting” (p. 6).
-f BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Antonio, since the peas or beans came up before the cotton planted
in the same hills, thus opening the way for the more tender seedlings.
All things considered, however, beans seem to be better suited to this
purpose than peas, owing to the habit of beans in raising their
cotyledons above ground. <A strong-growing variety of cowpeas does
very well, but in leaving its cotyledons at the depth the seed was
planted its lifting force is reduced.
In choosing a variety of beans for planting with cotton seed, the
size of the beans should be considered. It appears that a variety of
beans having large seeds makes a stronger early growth than one
having small seeds: that is, the power to break through a soil crust
Fic. 1.—Upland (Lone Star) cotton planted as a nurse crop for Egyptian cotton,
delinted seed of these varieties having been mixed in equal proportions and planted
with a corn planter, using a 6-hole plate: A, Section of the row before thinning,
when the plants were about 8 inches high, showing the uniform stand obtained ;
B, section of the row after thinning out all the Lone Star plants, showing Egyptian
plants standing approximately 18 inches apart. In another section of this row an
equally good stand of Lone Star cotton remained after removing all the Egyptian
plants. The seedlings of these two types can easily be distinguished. (Photo-
graphed July 11, 1917.)
is greater. Thus, for example, the pinto bean was found to be better
in this particular than the navy, and the navy better than the soy or
tepary. But on the other hand, smaller beans have certain advan-
tages over larger ones, as will be shown when the methods of plant-
ing are taken into account.
The early habits of growth of different varieties of beans and peas
should also be considered. Large beans, like the pinto, and cowpeas,
such as the Black-Eye variety, usually develop broad first leaves.
This may be an advantage under some conditions, since the broad
leaves would provide a certain protection for the cotton seedlings,
but these overspreading leaves are likely at the same time to shade
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED. 5
the cotton seedlings, thus preventing normal growth. This habit
of the Black-Eye cowpeas was especially noticeable in the plant-
ings at San Antonio, the growth of the cotton seedlings in the cotton-
pea hills being retarded more than in the all-cotton hills or the
cotton-bean (tepary) hills. The tepary bean germinates quickly,
seems to have suflicient lifting force, and makes a comparatively
early growth. The soy bean might do well also, as its size is about
what is desired from the standpoint of mechanical planting, but in the
tests conducted at San Antonio it did not germinate satisfactorily.
In one instance this may have been due to the fact that an inferior
variety was the only one available. Later, seed of the Haberlandt
variety was obtained and somewhat better results were secured.
Still another point to be given attention in choosing a variety of
beans or peas for planting with cotton is the extensiveness of the
root systems of the seedlings. This is especially important in so
far as it bears on thinning out the bean or pea plants. It ~<s ob-
served that the pinto bean, for example, had developed a network of
rocts by the time thinning was considered advisable. These roots en-
tangled those of the cotton plants in the same hills, making it nec-
essary to exercise extreme care in thinning, to avoid injury to the
cotton plants when the bean plants were pulled up. The cowpeas
were not so bad in this particular, nor were the navy beans, but both
were worse than the smaller beans, such as the tepary. This danger
of injury to the cotton seedlings could, of course, be averted, if the
case were such as to justify extreme care, by cutting or pinching off
the bean or pea plants instead of pulling them.
RATE OF COMBINING COTTON WITH OTHER SEEDS.
The number of seeds planted in each hill should be varied, of
course, according to conditions which are not controllable, such as
germination, soil, and climate. Probably the best that can be done
is to plant enough seed to provide against poor germination and the
possible crusting of the soil. While it may not always be practicable,
owing to a limited quantity of seed, to determine the percentage of
germination of select cotton, it should be ascertained when conditions
permit. It is always practicable to make such determinations with
seed of the nurse crops. Knowledge of the viability of these seeds
would suggest the rate of planting to employ.
Tf a maximum increase of a selection is desired, one select seed and
three or four beans will be found to give good results. A perfect
stand can not, of course, be expected, as it is not likely that all the
select seed will germinate. This method of planting was followed at
San Antonio (fig. 2) where Tuxtla cotton progenies were planted
with pinto beans, and a germination of 90 per cent was obtained, or
99 plants from 110 seeds. If two cotton seeds instead of one had
keen planted in each hill, it is likely that an even better stand would
6 BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
have resulted, but in that case plants could have been grown in only
55 instead of 99 hills.
If the breeder were interested in obtaining for comparative study
a uniform stand of his progenies rather than maximum increase, two
cotton seeds in each hill, with as many nurse seeds as previous deter-
minations on percentage of germination would indicate, should be
ample provision against almost any condition that may arise to pre-
vent the emergence of the seedlings. The chances are good that at
least one of the two select seeds planted will grow, and one select
plant in a hill is all that ordinarily is required, especially where fur-
ther selection is to be-made. The beans, peas, or other cotton seeds
planted in the same hill could be depended upon to help the select
Fic, 2.—Cotton progenies planted with pinto beans. One cotton seed and two or
three beans were planted in each hill. In 11 of the 110 hills planted no cotton
plants came up, owing to the failure of some seeds to germinate. Had two cotton
seeds been planted in each hill, a perfect stand might have been secured; but by
so doing only 55 instead of 99 hills could have been grown from the same quantity
of seed and the maximum increase would not have been obtained. (Photographed
July 3, 1917.)
plant through the soil. If the select seed should have a lower germi-
nation than 50 per cent, it would, of course, be advisable to plant
accordingly.
The rate of planting to be employed when further increase plant-
ings are made depends upon the seed combination, percentage of
germination, and the kind of planter used. This feature will be dis-
cussed more in detail in another place.
DELINTING COTTON SEED FOR NURSE PLANTING.
The planting of cotton seeds with beans or peas is greatly facili-
tated by delinting them. This can be done with ease and little ex-
pense by immersing them for about 2 minutes in commercial sul-
phuric acid. After being delinted they should be washed in run-
ning water for at least 10 minutes in order to remove all the acid.
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED. 7
This treatment does not seem to injure the seed and may actually be
beneficial, especially as regards germination. Moreover, it was found
while treating seed in this manner that during the washing process
the seed could be very easily separated according to weight. That it
would be advantageous to remove the lighter seed was indicated by
the results of several germination tests under field and laboratory
conditions. Further experiments along this line are in progress.
Among the advantages to be gained by delinting cotton seeds which
have a direct bearing on the present discussion may be mentioned the
ease with which they may be handled in hand dropping and the pos-
sibility of using a corn planter in making increase plantings. It is
a simple matter to take one or two delinted seeds from a bag, but it is
more diflicult to take only that number when not delinted, as the fuzzy
seeds tend to adhere to one another. For the same reason, it is hardly
possible to mix thoroughly the fuzzy seeds of two varieties of cotton
or of one variety with beans or peas. Furthermore, there probably
is no machine that could be used effectively in planting seed mixtures
of which fuzzy seed formed a part. But the corn planter, as will be
shown, can be used to good advantage when the cotton seeds are de-
linted.
METHOD OF PLANTING IN HILLS.
Much improvement is possible in the methods of hill planting that
are ordinarily practiced. The usual method is for one man to open
a shallow hole with a hoe and another man to drop the seeds, the first
man covering them with the hoe and compacting the soil about the
seed with the hoe or the foot. The chief objection to this method is
that considerable care must be exercised to guard against planting the
seeds too shallow or too deep. Even under the most favorable cir-
cumstances there is usually rather too much variation in this re-
spect. Moreover, it is not always practicable to cover the seeds with
moist soil, dry soil often rolling to the seeds before proper covering
can be accomplished.
This method is further complicated where nurse plantings are
made, though this is not so serious a matter if the cotton seeds have
been delinted. It is necessary for the man dropping the seeds to drop
the select cotton seed with one hand and the beans or peas with the
other. This operation requires a little more time than where cotton
alone is being planted, but the gain through the conservation of se-
lect seed very likely would more than offset the loss of time involved.
In the experiments at San Antonio the writer found that a simple
hand corn-planting device could be used advantageously in planting
cotton or cotton-bean or cotton-pea combinations. This planter was
designed by the Office of Corn Investigations and was being used
in planting some experiment plats with corn on the San Antonio
farm when it came to the writer’s attention. Briefly it may be de-
scribed as follows: A wooden strip, 3 inches wide and 36 inches long
8 BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(fig. 3), is faced with galvanized iron so shaped as to form two par-
allel tubes running the entire length of the board. At the top end
the tubes are funnel shaped. At the bottom end they empty into a
kind of hopper. To this hopper a spring and a lever are attached,
Fic. 3.—Hand corn planter, designed by
the Office of Corn Investigations, suc-
cessfully used at San Antonio in 1917
in planting delinted cotton alone and
in combination with peas and beans.
The use of a planter of this type ap-
pears to have a number of advan-
tages over the usual method of
hand-dropping progeny rows. (Pho-
tographed July 2, 1917.)
by means of which the mouth of the
hopper can be opened or closed
as desired. At the top of the back
of the baseboard a handle is at-
tached. At the bottom there is a
flange by which the depth of plant-
ing can be regulated.
One man can operate the planter
very easily. Rapid progress can be
made if the seeds to be planted are
carried in a pouch attached to each
hip, cotton seed in one and beans
or peas in the other. One kind of
seed can be dropped into one of
the tubes and the other kind into
the other tube. Then, by thrust-
ing the nose of the planter into the
ground at a marked point and giy-
ing the planter a forward lifting
movement, the seeds may be depos-
ited at a uniform depth in the moist
soil. The spring on the hopper
closes the latter automatically as the
planter is lifted again. As the op-
erator steps forward to plant the
next hill he can step lightly on the
hill just planted, thus compacting
the soil about the seeds, meanwhile
dropping more seeds into the tubes,
to make ready for further planting.
METHOD OF PLANTING IN
DRILLS.
Nurse planting in drills is prac-
ticable only with delinted cotton
seeds, for reasons already given.
With these it becomes a simple operation, since the ordinary corn
planter can be used.
Mixtures of Lone Star (Upland) and Pima (Hgyptian) cotton,
cotton and cowpeas, and cotton and beans were planted successfully
with a corn planter at San Antonio in 1917 (figs. 1 and 4). In the
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED. 9
«
first instance, delinted Lone Star and Pima were mixed in equal
proportions and planted through a 6-hole corn plate. The stand ob-
tained made it possible in thinning to leave the plants of either
variety about 18 inches apart. In the other rows also it was possible
in removing the beans or peas to leave the cotton plants approxi-
mately 18 inches apart, though the actual distance varied with the
number of holes in the corn plates used. The total number of plants
destroyed in thinning these rows varied between 300 and 500 to the
row, 264 feet long. Of these, only 7 to 25 per cent were cotton plants,
the remainder, 75 to 93 per cent, being peas or beans. This loss of
cotton plants was not more than one-fifth (in one case, only a tenth)
Fic. 4.—Cotton planted with a nurse crop by means of a corn planter. Only 7 to 25
per cent of the plants removed from these rows when thinned were cotton plants,
75 to 93 per cent being pea or bean plants. The total number of plants destroyed
in each row, 264 feet long, varied from 3800 to 500. In the check rows on each
side of this plat, which were planted in the usual manner, using an ordinary cotton
planter, the number of cotton plants taken out was 453 and 573, respectively. This
represents 75 and 80 per cent of the total number of plants in the rows. Not
more than one-fifth and in one instance fewer than one-tenth that number of
cotton plants were lost where nurse plantings were made. The number of plants
in each of the rows shown above approximated 140, the extremes being 120 and
150. The average distance between the plants was 18 inches, the actual distances
varying somewhat with the number of holes in the corn plates used. (Photo-
graphed July 11, 1917.)
as great as that recorded in check rows planted in the usual manner
on each side of the nurse plantings. In thinning these checks, 453
and 573 plants, respectively, were destroyed, representing a loss of
75 and 80 per cent of the total number of plants in the rows.
In using a corn planter for these plantings a nurse crop with
seeds about the size of the delinted cotton seed was found to be best
suited to the method. Large beans were cracked to some extent even
by the large-hole plates, and they would not feed through the plates
containing more and therefore smaller holes. The 6-hole plates
appeared to feed at about the proper rate in some instances, but it Is
probable that a 9-hole or 10-hole plate would be preferable if small
10 BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
beans, such as the tepary or soy, were used as the nurse crop. <A 9-
hole plate was used in planting a mixture of cotton and soy beans,
but owing to the low percentage of germination of the latter the
stand secured was rather poor.
In making these plantings the seeds were mixed on the basis ratio
of 1 to 1. Some rows were planted with mixtures containing less
than half cotton, but none containing more than that amount. Where
a 1 to 2 mixture was used the stand of cotton was not as good as
desired. However, the cotton used had a relatively low percentage
of germination. With a variety giving a better germination the
1 to 2 mixture might prove to be satisfactory. Here, again, the rate
of mixing must be determined in each instance on the basis of the
percentage germination of the different seeds used and the size of the
corn plates used in planting.
Under specially favorable conditions it may not be necessary to
plant a nurse crop in order to conserve select cotton seed. Mr. D. A.
Saunders, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, obtained very satisfac-
tory stands in 1917 at Greenville, Tex., by planting delinted Lone
Star cotton seed alone with both a 4-hole and a 5-hole corn plate.
The seeds were dropped 12 to 18 inches apart, and one or two plants
grew in each hill, as the soil conditions were favorable to good germi-
nation. As no thinning was necessary, a maximum increase of seed
resulted. But under most conditions the chances of obtaining a
good stand would be greater were a nurse crop used.
ADVANTAGES IN NURSE PLANTING.
The chief advantages to be gained by using a nurse crop in in-
creasing select cotton seed are the saving in select seed and the result-
ant possibility of more rapidly increasing the supply of such seed.
The saving involved in planting seed mixtures in hills, as sug-
gested herein, might easily amount to 30 or 60 per cent where three
to six seeds are planted in each hill. In subsequent increase plant-
ings the saving might be even greater, as most of the plants removed
in thinning would be nurse plants and not select cotton plants.
The following hypothetical example will serve to illustrate these
advantages of nurse planting: Assuming that from a select plant
there has been gathered a quarter of a pound of seed cotton contain-
ing 600 seeds and that all these seeds are to be planted in a progeny
row, the number of hills that may be planted will vary between 100
and 600, according to whether the seeds planted in each hill number
six, five, four, three, two, or one. Assuming further that only one
plant in a hill is to be left to mature, and that each will produce, as
did the parent plant, 600 seeds, then on the basis of 3,600 seeds to the
pound, the increase in seed will vary from 17 to 100 pounds, depend-
ing on the rate of seeding used. (Table I.)
OO
NURSE PLANTING SELECT COTTON SEED. 1]
Taste I.—Comparative seed increase of cotton when planted ia progeny roics,
the number of sceds in a hill being varied from one to six.
ity pine Number } Seed pro- ue aia Number | Seed pro-
Rate of planting. ouniliswilrduced...| Rate of planting. | ofnitis,. || duced,
|
|
Pounds. | | Pounls.
Orseedsiomilleeenecccs onc. 100 U7))||ROISEGS;UO MULL sje sssete see eee Ww 33
Srseedsitowbillliges sc. 6----- =<. 129 20 |\s2fseedsitonill:*o2222.02-...0- 300 50
A Coasky Kolo es cooeor aE aoe 150 251)||) Mseeditoi hills 25ers ; | 600 100
In carrying the example farther, it is sufficient to compare only the
4-seed and 2-seed rates. In the one case, 600 cotton seeds might be
planted four in a hill in the usual manner, making a total of 150
hills. In the other, 600 cotton seeds, if nurse planted two in a hill,
would give 800 hills in all. After thinning out the surplus plants in
each hill, there would remain, therefore, 150 cotton plants in the first
instance and twice that number, or 300, in the second. The total pro-
duction of seed from the 150 plants would be 25 pounds, as compared
with 50 pounds from the 300 plants, a gain of 100 per cent. ' nurse
planting were practiced the second year, the gain would become 400
per cent. The 25 pounds of seed produced by the progeny row
planted in the usual way would, for example, plant 1 acre if planted
with a cotton planter, while the 50 pounds from the nurse-planted
progeny row would plant 4 acres if delinted, mixed in equal propor-
tion with beans or peas, and planted with a corn planter. By carry-
ing this procedure through the third year, as shown in Table II, it
would be possible to plant in the fourth year only 3,040 acres with
the stock of seed increased in the usual manner, while with the nurse-
planted stock it would be possible to plant 16 times as much, or
48,646 acres.
Taste II.—Comparative increase of seed when select cotton is planted in the
usual way and under nurse planting.
Plantings at the rate of 25 pounds per acre.
lirst year (progeny = = SS aa
EOM aS Second year. Third year. Homa b
Method of planting. | 2 ar:
Cotton 7 | | Se esa
seeds panel Sa peeks oe ee — Area
hill, hills. | duced. planted: duced. | Planted.) qucea, | Planted.
. | |
cae | | | -. 7 = =
|Pounds.| Acres. |Pounds.| Acres. Pounds. Acres.
[Wis Wall eee ee co (icin casein 4 150 25 1) 15.382 55 | 76,010 3,040
Nurse (half cotton and half nurse |
CLO) Peper Cece Se cate cece 2 300 50 4 5,528 440 |508, 086 18. 646
It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that at least one and prob-
ably two or three years could be gained in increasing select cotton
seed if the method of nurse plarting herein described were followed.
Such a gain would more than repay the extra time and labor ex-
pended, as well as the cost of the beans or peas. This would often
be true even if the saving of seed were much less, for there is no
basis for estimating the value of a particularly desirable selection
of cotton.
12 BULLETIN 668, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The saving of seed through nurse planting makes it possible also
to duplicate or triplicate the planting in other fields. Such a pre-
caution would provide against the total loss of a selection because
of hail. floods, or other factors. Duplicate or triplicate plantings
also afford an opportunity to study the behavior of the selection
under a wider range of soil and climatic conditions.
While this method of nurse planting seems to be especially well
suited to the needs of breeders, it is possible also that such a method
would prove advantageous to the farmer who pays a high price for
a small quantity of select seed. It appears that he could thus in-
crease his seed to an extent that would enable him to plant his entire
farm one or two years sooner than if he employed the usual method
of increase. In order to avoid all danger of crossing, however, it
probably would be best for farmers to use beans or peas as a nurse
crop instead of different types of cotton.
A way in which nurse planting small stocks of cotton seed could
be of immediate practical importance is in connection with the con-
gressional distribution of seed. The method of distribution is, first,
to send out quart packages of superior seed and follow these the
second year with half-bushel lots to those farmers who show by their
care of the quart samples and their report on the behavior of the
varieties the proper interest in establishing and maintaining a seed
supply. By nurse planting his half bushel of seed a farmer could
obtain a much greater increase of the variety than would be pos-
sible by the usual methods of planting.
SUMMARY.
The present methods of increasing select cotton are wasteful. The
number of seeds planted far exceeds the number of plants that can
be left to mature. Usually 50 to 75 per cent of the seedlings are
destroyed at the time of thinning.
The method herein suggested substitutes other seeds, those of a dis-
tinct type of cotton or of beans or peas, for those select cotton seeds
that produce surplus plants. Thus, in thinning, the number of se-
lect seedlings that have to be destroyed is greatly reduced, most of
the surplus plants representing other seeds (beans or peas). These
plants are as effective as the select plants in breaking through a soil
crust, which is the chief purpose of planting at a high rate.
At San Antonio, Tex., where experiments were conducted, suc-
cessful plantings of seed mixtures were made by improved methods.
in hills and in drills with both hand and mechanical corn planters.
The use of corn planters for planting cotton seed was made pos-
sible by delinting the cotton with sulphuric acid.
3y utilizing this method of nurse planting in increasing cotton
selections, it is believed that a gain of at least one year and prob-
ably three years in time can be effected, as 30 to 60 per cent more
land may be planted each year with select seed than is possible by
present methods.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1918
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
j BULLETIN No. 669
Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry
JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief
Washington, D. C. Ww November 18, 1918
THE MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM
CHEESE IN THE FACTORY.
By K. J. MarHeson and I’. R. CAMMACK,
Of the Dairy Division.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Important factors in successful production... 1 | Experimental work on the manufacturing
The manufacturing process...--.--.-- ead OM ee DEOCESSE os nasayannast eens Aes ou anaes
1 | Experimental work on keeping qualities of
2 Ne CheeSe Mes aeee eee ee igs Mase Seeman a
Methodslotpackimes iss. Qe Vi oi sl. a
Yield of cheese per hundred pounds of milk. .
IMPORTANT FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL PRODUCTION.
When Neufchatel and cream cheese are manufactured on a com-
mercial scale it is important to use methods that will assure a uni-
form, attractive, and wholesome product. Very little detailed in-
formation dealing’ with the making of Neufchatel cheese upon: a
factory scale is available. In fact, in many cases the trade secrets
of this branch of the dairy industry have cost manufacturers large
sums of money. In outlining the methods of making the cheese
several factors should be taken into consideration :
Quality of raw material.
Healthfulness of the cheese.
Economical use of labor and equipment.
Reduction of losses to a minimum.
Conditions influencing the keeping quality of the cheese.
Ci oS) le
QUALITY OF MILK.
Formerly starters were not used in the making of Neufchatel
cheese on a commercial scale. Under such conditions a mixture
of night’s and morning’s milk was deemed more desirable than fresh
milk. With this system the normal fermentations were often super-
seded by gassy fermentations in warm weather and especially in the
1 1
70784°—18—Bull. 669
9 BULLETIN. 669, U.. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
spring months. This resulted in injury to the quality of the cheese
and also greatly reduced the yield. At present practically all manu-
facturers pasteurize the milk, necessitating the use of a starter, but
thereby preventing abnormal fermentations and insuring a uniform
product from day to day. In either case, whether pasteurized or
not, a sure and rapid development of the acidity is: necessary in
order to make the. cheese successfully.
FACTORY SANITATION.
The room where the milk and cheese are handled should be con-
structed with a view of maintaining strict cleanliness. Cement walls
and floors are almost’ imperative if they are to be kept in a sanitary
condition by- daily washing and flushing. The water used in the
factory should be filtered or should be obtained from a source free
from all possible contamination. The equipment and utensils in a
soft-cheese factory should be so arranged and constructed as to be
easily cleaned. Only such apparatus as is daily needed to facili-
tate the rapid and proper handling cf the milk and cheese should
be left in the workrooms. Precautions should be taken also to
have all heating and cooling pipes below rather than above the
place where the cheese is drained, so as to guard against falling par-
ticles of dirt and rust. All windows and doors of the factory should
be provided with fine-meshed screens, to keep, out flies and. other
insects.
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
The process of making Neufchatel and cream cheese in the fac-
tory is essentially the same as that on the farm, as. described in
Farmers’ Bulletin 960. The handling of large quantities of milk,
however, requires more elaborate and extensive equipment in order
that the numerous operations may be performed rapidly and effi-
ciently. Vats of about 600 gallons’ capacity are commonly used for
heating the milk. After a preliminary warming with the addition
of rennet and a starter, the milk is run directly into shotgun cans
holding about 4 gallons each, which are filled by means of a con-
necting pipe. The cans are then set side by side in a concrete-walled
room, commonly known as a cellar, or, if the room is small, placed
one upon another. Along the sides of the cellar are steam pipes
that regulate the temperature so as to induce proper fermentation.
After the milk has ripened for 15 to 18 hours the coagulum is poured
upon draining cloths supported by means of special drain racks
placed side by side. After a large part of the whey has drained 'off,
the corners of the cloths are folded together, tucked in, and the re-
sulting bags placed on ice in order to prepare the curd for pressing.
After pressing, the curd is salted, ground by means of a roller or
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM’ CHEESE. 3
other mixing device, and sent through a special molding machine
which molds and cuts the cheese to the proper size. The cakes of
cheese are then wrapped in tin foil or aluminum foil and boxed for
shipment.
The details of the various steps of manufacturing are as follows:
PASTEURIZATION.
| The principal reason for pasteurization in the making of soft, un-
ripened cheese is to remove the danger from disease-producing organ-
isms. In working with cheeses of the Neufchatel group, Schroeder !
found that of 82 samples of Neufchatel cheese tested none were in-
fected with tubercle bacilli; of 31 samples of cottage cheese tested
1 was infected with tubercle bacilli; of 181 samples of cream cheese
tested 18 were infected with tubercle bacilli. In each case the tubercle
bacilli found. were of the bovine type. The desirability of pasteuriz-
ing milk for the making of such cheese is therefore evident.
If proper. pasteurization is practiced, together with the use of an
efficient starter, there are a number of other advantages, which may
be enumerated as follows:
1. The cheese produced is more nearly uniform.
2. Gassy fermentations accompanied with excessive curd losses are prevented.
3. The yield is slightly increased.
4. Cheese of uniformly higher quality with less danger of bitterness when
aged is insured.
5. Milk for making the cheese can be held for a longer time.
Tt is unquestionably true that cheese made from unpasteurized
milk and without the use of a starter possesses a characteristic aroma
at first not so readily observable in the pasteurized cheese, but the
difference becomes less marked in the course of a few days. The
initial aroma may be produced by some volatile substance that is
partially driven off in the course of the pasteurization. To obtain a
safe product, however, it seems desirable either to use milk from
tuberculin-tested, cows, or to pasteurize the milk and use a starter,
even though the initial flavor is sacrificed to a slight extent.
Milk may be pasteurized by either the holding or the flash system
of pasteurization, although the first mentioned is the better. Where
new factories are being established, the holding system is always
recommended. With the flash system the milk is heated to 165° or
170° -F. for a moment and then cooled to the desired temperature.
With the holding system the milk is heated to 145° F. and held at
that temperature for 30 minutes. For small-scale operations the milk
may be pasteurized by heating in a jacketed vat and cooled by water
without being‘removed from the vat. For large operations the most
economical kind .of pasteurizer not only pasteurizes but cools and
1“ Public Health Studies Concerning Cheese,” a paper read before the International
Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors by H. C. Schroeder, at Washington, DP. C,,
Oce 17.) L917, ;
4 BULLETIN 669, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
mixes the milk. From the standpoint of quality of the cheese there is
practically no difference between the two processes; and in either case
the milk; after pasteurization, should be cooled quickly to 80° F. for
Neufchatel or 83° IF’. for cream cheese. It is possible so to regulate
the flow of brine or water in the coil as to bring the temperature of
the milk to the desired point without rewarming.
STANDARDIZING THE MILK.
It is desirable to use whole milk testing 34 to 4 per cent for
making Neufchatel, while for cream cheese sufficient cream should
be added to the milk to bring the resulting mixture to from 6 to 8 per
cent fat. In some factories the milk is skimmed and cream enough
is added to obtain a 6 or 8 per cent milk. The milk always should be
‘standardized before pasteurization.
With 4 per cent milk available, if one-third of the quantity is run
through a cream separator and the resulting cream added to the
remaining two-thirds, milk testing approximately 6 per cent is
obtained. If the milk tests only 3 per cent it will be necessary to
separate one-half of the quantity and add the cream to the remaining
half. For extensive operations it is advisable to use a Babcock
tester to standardize the milk accurately. The following diagram
illustrates an easy method of determining the proportions of milk
and cream of different per cent of fat needed to make up 6 per cent
milk:
Cream and milk on hand. Proportions to be used.
34 per cent cream. 2 parts cream.
Six per cent
milk desired.
4 per cent milk. 28 parts milk.
The desired per cent of fat, in this case 6, is placed in the center
of the square. At the upper left-hand corner the per cent of fat
in the available cream is placed, in this instance 34. Immediately
below, in the lower left-hand corner, the per cent of fat in the
available milk is placed, which in the instance cited is 4. Next sub-
tract diagonally across the square the smaller from the larger num-
ber and place the difference in the upper and lower right-hand
corners respectively. In the upper right-hand corner 2 represents —
the number of parts of 34 per cent cream, and in the lower right-hand
corner 28 represents the number of parts of 4 per cent milk neces-
sary to make 6 per cent milk.
If it is desired to make up a definite quantity of 6 per cent milk, ©
for example 60 pounds, the procedure is as follows: Two added to
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE. 5
28 makes a total of 80 parts of 6 per cent milk. The quantity of 34
per cent cream necessary is 2, 60, or 4 pounds, while the quan-
tity of 4 per cent milk is 38 > 60, or 56 pounds,
STARTERS.
A rapid development of acidity is necessary. The addition of
commercial lactic starter aids in hastening subsequent drainage and
checks objectionable fermentations. From 1 to 14 per cent of
starter is recommended for best results. The curd of the starter
should be broken up into a fine condition before adding it to the
milk. When pasteurization is practiced sufficient starter must always
be added to make the development of acidity certain, and there is
little danger of developing the acidity too rapidly. “A slow-acting
or impure starter is sure to cause disappointment and losses.
Too much attention can not be given to keeping the starter vigorous
and pure. Satisfactory starters may usually be obtained from any
reliable starter company. The method of handling the starter on a
factory scale may be outlined as follows:
1. Place:a clean agitator in a shotgun can that is bright, clean, and
free from rust. (A 2-quart fruit jar and a long-handled spoon will
be satisfactory for 2 small-scale operation. )
2. Put a quart of fresh skim milk in the can or jar and heat to
175° F. and hold at that temperature for 30 minutes.
3. Cool the milk to 75° F. and add the entire contents of a pack-
age of solid or liquid commercial starter, stir vigorously, cover, and
set away until coagulation takes place.
4, Heat several gallons of skim milk in a starter can or in a 10-
gallon milk can to 175° F. and hold at that temperature for 30
minutes, then cool to 75° F.
5. By means of an agitator break up the coagulum in the shot-
gun can into finely divided particles and then pour it into the starter
can or 10-gallon milk can containing the pasteurized skim milk.
6. Each day repeat steps 4 and 5, but instead of preparing a fresh
starter as in 1 and 2, use about 1 quart of the starter prepared the
day before to each 10 gallons of pasteurized milk.
TEMPERATURE FOR SETTING.
The temperature at which milk is usually set to ripen is 80° F.
for Neufchatel and 83° F. for cream cheese. In certain factories
the milk is set at 78° F’. and the temperature is raised several degrees
after coagulation has taken place. Experiments have demonstrated
that temperatures from 75° to 85° F. for setting may be safely used.
The object of the higher temperatures for setting is to favor a rapid
coagulation, which in a measure reduces subsequent fat losses by
quickly checking the rising cream. The temperature of setting de-
6 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
termines to a great extent the softness or firmness of the curd. Under
normal conditions it requires from 45 to 60 minutes to curdle milk;
the exact time to set a given lot of milk will, of course, depend upon —
the temperature, acidity, rennet, and composition of the milk. ,
RENNET OR PEPSIN. i
Commercial liquid rennet, one-third of an ounce, or five-sixths of
a gram of powdered pepsin, is added to each 1,000 pounds of milk.
The rennet should be diluted in a half pail of cold water, or if
pepsin is used, the powder is first dissolved in a little cold water
and then handled in the same manner as rennet. ‘There is some ad-
vantage, in the case of cream cheese, in using half an ounce of liquid
rennet or 1 gram of powdered pepsin per 1,000 pounds of milk in- |
stead of the quantities specified. Sometimes powdered rennin is used
as a curdling agent, in which: case the quantity depends upon its
strength. One gram of powdered rennin is usually equivalent to:
4 or 5 grams of liquid rennet. )
The powdered pepsin or powdered rennet should be weighed. o onan —
accurate balance and then dissolved in 20 times its allel! of water i
warmed to 105° F. The solution is. then poured through a strainer
cloth into a dipper of cold water in order to remove any solid par-
ticles. Under no circumstances should powders be dissolved until
needed for use. Pepsin has given nearly as satisfactory results as —
rennet and is less expensive.
All liquid curdling agents should be kept in a cold place in dark-
brown bottles which are kept tightly corked. |
FILLING THE CANS.
After being pasteurized and cooled down to 80° or 83° F. and the
curdling agent added, the milk is drawn off from the faucets of the
setting vats, which should be placed close to the cellar. The work
must be conducted rapidly so that the contents of the vat may be
removed within half an hovr, to avoid agitating the milk after it
has begun to set. Unless a sanitary connecting pipe is used in filling
the shotgun cans it requires several workers to remove them as
rapidly as they are filled. If not very carefully cleaned and
thoroughly sterilized daily, the connecting pipe can not be kept
in sanitary condition, and its use should be avoided. The shotgun
cans are usually filled in the forenoon in order that the curd may be
ready for drainage the following morning.
DUMPING THE CURD.
The following morning, if the termentation or ripening has
progressed satisfactorily, there should be about a quarter of an inch
of whey, which is sufficient to form a scum on the surface of the
curd. This is a fairly accurate sign of a proper fermentation, while
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CHERSE. yi
the absence of whey on the surface and a puffed appearance of the
curd indicate either a poor starter or improper pasteurization.
Usually between 5 and 6 a. m. the cans of curd are poured upon
the cotton-sheeting draining cloths which were spread over the
racks the previous evening. In emptying the shotgun cans the con-
tents are poured carefully against the side of the drain cloth rather
than in the center, in order that any cream which may have risen
may not be leached unnecessarily by the rapidly escaping whey.
The contents of each can should be so poured as to break the jelly-
like curd or coagulum as little as possible. No curd should be left
adhering to the sides of the can. If the curd has a tendency to stick,
Fig. 1.—Gassy curd and normal curd.
which is more often the case when pasteurized milk has been used,
it may be loosened by striking the can against the floor.
When emptied, the shotgun cans should be washed immediately,
‘first in cold water and then scrubbed thoroughly in hot water con-
taining washing powder, after which they should be rinsed again
with warm water and thoroughly steamed.
The cans may be transported from the place of setting to the
draining racks either by overhead trolley or by hand; in either case
several men are needed to do the work promptly.
DRAINING.
The draining should be completed in about three hours, depending
somewhat upon the kind of cheese, for cream-cheese curd drains
much more slowly than partially skimmed Neufchatel curd. A
gassy curd drains much more rapidly than a normal curd, and the
losses of curd are excessive.
8 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
For the first two hours the coagulum is left undisturbed, in order
that the free whey may escape and that the curd may acquire a con-
sistence that is not readily broken to pieces. Finely broken curd is
unfavorable for drainage. During the last hour the curd is worked
toward the center of the cloth by means of a tin or wooden ladle.
The ends of each drain cloth are then loosened and the cloth and its
contents placed in a boxlike rack which rests upon a wide, flat board,
after which first the sides and then the ends of the cloth are alter-
nately folded over the curd. The end pieces of the cloth are then
tucked in, giving each drain cloth and contents a baglike appearance.
Fie. 2.—Draining equipment in a modern factory.
After the preliminary draining just described the manner of han-’
dling the curd in the bags will depend upon how soon they are to
be pressed. If the cheese is to be pressed the same day the pro-
cedure is as follows: After draining for 30 minutes the bags are
piled one upon another in a rack, where they remain for about half
an hour, after which the bags from two racks are placed in a single
pile. Usually two or three racks are placed one above another and
the bottom sticks are removed. For about an hour the three or four
dozen bags remain undisturbed, save for a rearrangement which
occurs once during the period, when the position of the bags is
reversed.
When the curd is not pressed until the following day, the bags of
curd are placed on ice at once.
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE, 9
ICING.
When the cheese is made ir large quantities, the bags of curd are
always: in alternate layers of cracked ice prior to pressing. Usually
a large rectangular box about 3 feet high, 8 feet long, and 3 feet
wide is provided in which alternate layers of ice and bags of curd
are placed. Under the first system of draining, the curd may be
cool enough in a few hours to permit pressing, while, if the pressing
is not to be done until the following day, the bags are left on ice
overnight. The object of chilling is to harden the curd so that it
does not so readily pass into the meshes of the drain cloths and in-
terfere with draining, and also to give it sufficient body to be
molded.
PRESSING.
After chilling, the bags of curd are placed in a lever press pro-
vided with ratchet and pawl, where firm but increasing pressure is
applied gradually, in order to allow the escape of whey and incor-
porated air. Without this precaution there is danger of anvlying
so much pressure as to break the drain cloths, which is more liable to
occur at first with a comparatively light pressure than later when
more pressure is applied. The pressing should continue until a
yield of 18 to 20 pounds per 100 pounds of milk is obtained for
cream cheese and 14 to 16 pounds for Neufchatel cheese. This is
equivalent to a yield per bag (30-pound unit of milk) of 54 to 6
pounds of cream cheese and 4} pounds of Neufchatel. The acidity
of the whey at the beginning of préssing is about 0.50 to 0.55 per
cent.
WORKING AND SALTING.
After pressing, the cakes of curd are salted and worked by ma-
chinery into a more or less buttery consistence. This is accom-
plished by either of two machines, namely, (1) a grinding machine
consisting of a hopper and two grinding cylinders, which are rotated
in opposite directions by power, and (2) a. bread mixer or similar
mixing device, which consists of a tilting mixing box provided with
knives revolving in opposite directions, operated by electric power.
Salt is sprinkled on the cakes of curd, usually at the rate of 1 pound
of salt to 100 pounds of curd. Some manufacturers salt as high as
14 pounds to 100 pounds of curd; the amount of salt to use will of
course depend upon the trade demands. Either of the machines
mentioned is used to distribute the salt uniformly throughout the
curd; the rest of the work necessary for a cheese of smooth consist-
ence is to be performed by the spiral screw of the molding machine.
The mixer type gives the curd a very soft consistence, so much so
that it must be kept at a low temperature for several hours or over-
night before it will be in a fit condition for molding. On the other
hand, the grinding machine is less vigorous in action and handles
70784°—18—Bull. 669 2
10 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT? OF AGRICULTURE.
the curd more rapidly. In this case, after coming from the machine,
the curd is ready to mold at once.
The cheese, as it comes from either the mixing or the grinding
machine, is transferred to the refrigerator or to the molding ma-
chine in large cans or square wooden boxes holding from 80 to 100
pounds.
MOLDING.
A special machine designed for molding may be purchased and is
in use in most of the large soft-cheese establishments. The curd is
placed in a hopper from which a spiral screw forces it into a molding
tube that delivers it to an automatic cutting device, which cuts the
curd to the desired lengths for wrapping. Operated by skilled work-
ic. 3.—Curd mixer and press.
men with the curd in the proper condition, the machine can mold and
cut from 2,400 to 2,500 Neufchatel cheeses an hour, and cream cheese
in like proportion.
Two conditions are necessary for the proper working of the ma-
chine: (1) The curd must have the proper temperature, about 50° F.;
(2) the curd must not contain too much moisture. A yield of from
18 to 20 pounds of cheese per 100 pounds of milk seems most satis-
factory. With a lower yield the cheese runs through with difficulty ;
with a higher yield it is often too mushy to handle satisfactorily.
Only one person is actually required to operate the machine, although
several are necessary for wrapping. The curd should be worked from
the hopper into a feed screw by means of a ladle. The issuing roll
or ribbon of cheese is automatically cut to the desired size and car-
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFOHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE. 11
ried by means of a canvas conveyer, which is about 10 inches wide and
12 feet long, to the place of wrapping. Along either side of the con-
veyer are seated girls who dexterously remove, wrap, and replace the
cakes of cheese. At the end of the conveyer the wrapped cakes are
removed by a girl who places them in suitable boxes.
Pimiento-cream, or pimiento-olive cream cheese is handled a little
differently. The curd and pimiento peppers are first run through a
meat chopper and are then ready to be sent through the molding
machine. A cylindrical Neufchatel attachment in the shape of a
tube sufficiently small to pass to the bottom of a 4-ounce glass jar is
used for filling purposes. The curd is forced into the jars until they
are completely filled, when they are scraped over the end of the at-
tachment ‘so as to give a smooth appearance to the surface of the
end and leave few if any air spaces throughout the curd mass. Some-
times the tops of the jars are leveled off by means of a milk cap.
Tlic. 4.—Wrapping and packing Neufchatel cheese as it comes from the molding machine.
METHODS OF PACKING.
The cakes of Neufchatel and cream cheese are wrapped in tin or
aluminum foil with parchment paper. The foil when purchased is
cut to the proper size and stamped with the desired brand and weight.
The commercial life of the cheese may be considerably lengthened by
skillful and careful wrapping. Each wrapper should be drawn se-
curely about the cheese before it is placed in the wooden box (“ flat”)
in single layers, and each package should be well shaped and present
a bright, attractive appearance.
Cream cheese is packed a dozen in each box, but the Neufchatel
cheese is marketed in boxes containing 1 or 2 dozen cakes, and
sometimes 25, to the box.
Often the cheese is shipped in tubs or cans from the factory to the
distributing center before molding. Such a system reduces labor
iho BULLETIN. 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and freight charges to a minimum, and the keeping quality of the
product is likewise improved.
_ The glass jars of pimiento or olive-cream cheese are first covered
with paraflined disks of paper cut to the proper size and then with
screw caps.
SIZE OF PACKAGES AND PRICES.
Standard Neufchatel packages in tin foil are about 14 inches in
diameter and 24 inches long, and weigh from 24 to 3 ounces. At
present they retail at about 7 cents a package, while the wholesale
price is about $1.40 a box of 25 cheeses.
The cream-cheese packages in foil are 3 inches by 2 inches by 1
inch and weigh from 3 to 34 ounces. Such packages retail at about
15 cents each; the wholesale price is from $1.30 to $1.40 a box of 12.
The pimiento cheeses, in glass jars, weigh 34 ounces net and retail
at about 15 cents a jar. ;
The size of packages has been fixed by experience. Larger pack-
ages have been tried by manufacturers, but the practice was quickly
discarded as being impractivable. A small package of cheese may
be consumed at a single meal, whereas larger packages would require
special and effective refrigeration to prevent the development of
mold ancl deterioration of flavor.
YIELD OF CHEESE PER HUNDRED POUNDS OF MILK.
The yield of Neufchatel and cream cheese varies with the composi-
tion of the milk and the methods employed in making. One hun-
dred pounds of milk containing 4 per cent fat yields from 14 to 16
pounds of Neufchatel cheese, and milk containing from 6 to 8 per cent
fat yields from 18 to 20 pounds of cream cheese. Higher yields some-
times are obtained, but cheese with a much higher yield is too soft
to handle satisfactorily. Pasteurization ordinarily increases the
yield from one-half to 1 pound per 100 pounds of milk. Usually
when a lower yield is cbtained the cheese is gummy and unattractive
to the average buyer. If made from milk containing less butterfat
correspondingly lower yields are obtained, as is the case when Neuf-
chatel cheese is made from partially skimmed milk, such as one-
third, one-half, or even two-thirds skim.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
Experiments were conducted to determine the most efficient methods
to follow in the manufacture and subsequent handling of the Neuf-
chatel group of cheeses. The manufacturing phase of the work
requires a consideration of the methods that will (1) reduce losses
to a minimum, (2) insure:‘a safe product, and (3) make the cheese
most economically. The second phase of the work considers the
»)
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL. AND CREAM CHEESE. 13
various factors which may influence the keeping qualities of the
cheese. Very little previous work hag been done along this line.
A study of each of the important steps has been found necessary
to gather definite information with regard to the most efficient sys-
tem of manufacturing, which includes a consideration of three fac
tors: (1) Initial condition of curd; (2) rapidity of drainage; (3) fat
losses. The following subjects have been consideréd:
Effect of different quantities of rennet.
The use of pepsin as a substitute for rennet.
Effect of temperature on the making process.
Effect of starter on the making process:
Effect of pasteurization and starters on the making process.
Effect of pasteurization on the moisture content of the cheese.
Effect of homogenization on the making process.
PCE OU SEN)
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF RENNET.
A definite quantity of rennet is necessary in the manufacture of
the Neufchatel group of cheeses in order to obtain the characteristic
curd, which must be neither too soft nor too brittle. The high cost
of rennet requires that the curdling agent be used judiciously.. So
‘far nothing has been published regarding the most efficient and eco-
nomical quantity of rennet to use for these cheeses. The quantity
of rennet necessary depends not only upon the rate at which the
whey is expelled, but also upon the breaking up of the curd and
upon the fat losses caused thereby. :
To determine this point, commercial liquid rennet in proportions
varying from one-fourth of a cubic centimeter to 4 c. c. per 100
pounds of milk was used, with the results shown in Table 1. In
each case 250 c. c. of lactic starter was added to each 30-pound unit
of milk. Thirty pounds of milk was used in each of the experiments.
All the whey was collected and measured from the time the coagulum
was poured upon the draining cloths until the curd was in fit condi-
tion to ice, or in some cases for only part of that time. In any case
the different parts of each sample were handled in the same manner.
Fat determinations were made of each unit of a sample. .
It is noticeable that the losses of fat increase with the higher per-
‘centages of fat-in the milk, and there is also a slight increase in
losses with the higher proportions of rennet. The losses of fat in the
whey appear to be greatest when the large quantity of rennet causes
the coagulum to be so brittle that it appears to break up more readily
than when the lower proportion of rennet is used. Rennet in as
small quantities as one-half of a cubic centimeter gave fairly satis-
factory results with Neufchatel cheese, though the curd of cream
cheese appeared somewhat too moist. When 3 or 4 ¢. c. of rennet per
14 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
100 pounds was used, the curd was too dry to be satisfactory and the
draining period was not shortened. There is a gradual increase in
the whey expelled with the larger quantity of rennet until about 4
c. c. is used, when the drainage appears to be checked slightly.
Rennet used at the rate of from one-half to 2 ¢. ¢. per 100 pounds
seems to be the most satisfactory for Neufchatel cheese, whereas 1 ¢. ¢.
to 2 ¢. c. seems most desirable for a like quantity of cream cheese.
15
JREAM CHEESE,
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND
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16 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
PEPSIN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR RENNET.
The scarcity of rennet has caused cheese manufacturers to look for
a substitute. Table 2 shows the results of pepsin tests with cream
cheese in quantities of one-sixth to one-twenty-fourth of a gram per
100 pounds of milk and fat determinations made of the whey.
TABLE 2.—Fffect of varying quantities of pepsin upon fat loss and condition of
curd for cream cheese.
]
oe |
Sota Quantity of curdling agent per | Fatloss | Fatin Setting Stareu pry Criticism
Rs 100 pounds of milk. in whey.| milk. | temperature. | Sounds, of curd.
Per cent. | Per cent.
Bepsinys!/6 cramensseeeeeseeeeee 0.18 5.8 |27° C. Ge 6° F.)} 200 c. c....| Too dry.
RepSins 8 erame | eee seas ee 14 e6i| ao ed Once ..-do...-...| Good.
1 Repsins/12ieram sone eee eee eee -14 Dah Saictes ao =fo eee ~2GOn seem Do
Pe irincis REpsins1/L6jerame see see ee 15 Et Fen (Ok Geese) ocelO. se <y55- Do.
Repsiny 1/23 pramen2 So =) ee eees 14 Sets) Bases do.. idowneeas: Too moist
Rennet, LCE Cones oi ee ee -14 Sy fi Mogae do ibys 4e sido lee ood,
Pepsin Geram = senee eee see -08 5.9 |29° Ss ale ANID RD O.C5 55 - coe
Pepsin: 1/8 grams sone sneee eee -10 SHU passes seecsac Edosseeee Good.
Denese Pepsiny ti2zierameee eee eee -08 DOE see a Beery 5 ‘idonsi am Do
é Pepsin§ 1/24 grams -10 SOF Semee dote= ce 1dobaaeaee Too moist
Rennets lic Case een eee eee -08 DON ecce dot -do. Goo '
Pepsin used at the rate of about one-twelfth of a gram per 100
pounds gave the best results. With one-sixth of a gram for an equal
quantity of milk the curd was too dry, while it was too moist when
only one-twenty-fourth of a gram was used. The fat losses in the
whey were practically the same for both the pepsin-made and the
rennet-made cheese,
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE MAKING PROCESS.
The literature about Neufchatel and cream clieese shows different
opinions relative to the temperature to use in their manufacture, the
figures varying from 20° to 25° C. (68° to 77° F.). In our experi-
ments to test this matter somewhat higher temperatures were found
preferable. Temperatures ranging from 15° to 344° C. (59° to 94.1°
F.) were used. There was a degree or two of variation between the
temperature of setting and that of pouring. The average tempera-
ture is given in the table. The method of making was the ordinary
one prev iously described. The results are seen in Table 3.
It is noticeable that the losses of fat increase in the samples with
the higher percentages of fat, and that the losses with the low-
setting temperatures are somewhat high. A temperature below
25° C. (77° F.) or much above 30° C. (86° F.) did not prove desirable
for the setting of either type of cheese.
17
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18 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
EFFECT OF STARTER ON THE MAKING PROCESS.
Very little information is available as to how much starter may
be safely added to ripen milk for making Neufchatel cheese. When
milk is pasteurized the need of carefully determining this point is
obvious, for the desirable development of acidity must be assured
or the cheese will be rendered unfit for sale. The effect of varying
quantities of starter upon the fat loss in the whey is another point
to be noted.
Samples of Neufchatel and cream cheese were made without
starter, while others contained from 1 to 1,250 c. c. of starter per
30-pound unit, as indicated in Table 4.
TABLE 4.—ZFffect of starter on fat loss and drainage.
Set at 25° C. (77° F.).
Sample 1 (Neufchatel). Sample 2 (cream).
Rennet 14c.c. Fat 3.1 per cent. Rennet 14¢.¢e. Fat 6.3 per cent.
Quantity of Whey per Criticism Quantity of Whey per Criticism
starter. Fat loss. unit. of curd. starter. | , Fat loss. unit. of curd.
Per cent. Grams. : Per cent. Grams.
LV CNCHose sans 0.15 ~ 8,150 | Good. None...--- 0.6 9,170 | Off flavor.
INOS Os 55556 15 8,160 | Good. LQeNGe seen -3D 5,580 | Good.
AXIO, Osaccce Sil 9,170 | Good. DUCE CHEE See -30 7,020 | Good.
ZOUICN Cre see -30 7,430 | Good,
1,250¢.c..- -35 8,490 | Good.
Set at 284° C. (83.3° F.).
Sample 3 (Neufchatel). Sample 4 (cream).
Rennet $¢c.c. Fat 3.8 per cent. Rennet 1e.c. Fat 5.6 per cent.
Quantity of | 7 Whey per | Criticism Quantity of Whey per | Criticism
starter. Fat loss. unit. of curd. starter. Fat loss. unit. of curd.
Per cent Grams. Per cent Grams.
IN ONG zt eai=e 0.6 9,060 | Gassy. None.....- 1.1 10,180 | Gassy.
LON Caer eet 06 8,150 | Good. LONG Cae -10 7,810 | Good.
DVICSCoeeasme - 06 8,620 | Good. DUCHC re cme -10 9,060 | Good.
ZOU CHC seers 07 8,830 | Good. 250.¢. G..... 10 8,150 | Good.
1,250 ¢. c.... -19 8,380 | Fair. ie bO Cn Came -10 7,110 | Fair.
The loss of fat shows the desirability of using starter instead of
depending upon the normal fermentation, which may be gassy.
Gassy fermentations are especially liable to occur in the spring
months. Such fermentations may be sufficiently vigorous to cause
the curd to run over the sides of the setting cans and often greatly
reduce the yield of cheese, as well as lowering its quality.
MANUFACTURE OF NEUPCHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE. 19
Little difference was noted in the cheese made with varying quan-
tities of starter. The use of heavy starter, as in case of samples 3
and 4, had a tendency to check drainage rather than encourage it.
The same effect is caused by milk that has been ripened to a high
degree before setting. As indicated in Table 4, there seems to be an
Rayantagel in setting the milk at 284° C. (83.3° F.) and using rennet
at the rate of 1:c. c. per 100 pounds rather than setting the milk at
95° ©. (77° F.) and using 14 c. c of rennet for an equal quantity.
There was very little aificte ence in the flavor of the cheese made with
different quantities of starter up to 250 c. c. per unit of 30 pounds.
EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION.
The primary object in the pasteurization of milk for Neufchatel
and cream cheese is to render the resulting cheese safe from disease-
producing organisms, and as a secondary object to reduce losses to
a minimum. In addition, with the use of vigorous starter there
should be little danger of a gassy fermentation after pasteurization.
Several trials were made with pasteurized and nonpasteurized cheese
to study their effects upon fat loss and drainage, as indicated in
Table 5.
TaBLe 5.—Lffect of pasteurization on fat losses and rate of drainage.
Neufchatel.
Sample 1. Rennet 4 C.e. set at 25° C. | Sample 2. Rennet -4 c. c. set 25°C.
Besiourizaton vem Jera- (77° F.). Fat, 3.2 per cent. (77° F.). Fat, 4 percent.
: Whey Criticism of Whey Criticism of
Fat loss. | yer unit. curd, Fat loss. | per unit. curd.
g Per cent. Grams. : Per cent. Grams.
Not pasteurized..........- 0.2 7,360 Good. 0.2 7,420 Good.
GOOF (ES 12) See eeee seeee Shs 20, 6, 730 Good. ay 6,720 Good.
Gs? Oy LOY 19.) Cae eee ~25 6, 900 Good. <2 7,180 Good.
TOPO) (GES? 1 eee eepeSereae 320 7,130 Good, 2 6, 830 Good.
Cream.
Sample 3. memeh $C6.C. Sample 4. Rennet $c.c. | Sample 5. Rennet 4c. c.
Set 25°C (77° F.). Fat Set 25°C. (77° F.). Fat Set 25° C.(77° F.). Fat
z pspourization tempera: 5.9 per me | 6.3 per cent. 5.8 per cent.
|
wat | Whey |criticism| Fat | “yer” | Criticism} Fat Wee® | Criticism
loss unit. | o curd, | loss. ante of curd, | loss. ses || curd.
P.ct. | Grams. P.ct. | Grams. P.ct. | Grams. 4.
Not pasteurized. ......--- 0.25 | 9,°490 Good. | 0.3 7,380 Good. | 0.25] 6,430] Good.
GOOCH 40 SsRE ES. 8 .30] 7,130 Good. ES 5,940 Good. .30| 5,390] Good.
O52 CO) (GLOP12D Ase eeeeeee .30 | 7,700 Good. 38 6, 000 Good. .35 | 5,660 | Good.
ZAP CE CGS DD eee ee .30 | 7,300 Good. .35 | 6,680 Good. -35.| 5, 660 | Good.
90 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Comparatively little difference was found in the losses either with
or without pasteurization, or with the different temperatures for pas-
teurization. These figures show that where milk is pasteurized for
making Neufchatel cheese the resulting curd tends to retain more of
the whey. While theoretically the fat losses should be reduced some-
what by pasteurization because of the slowness with which the cream
rises to the surface of the milk, yet the results fail to indicate any
marked difference.
EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE CHEESE.
Pasteurization tends to give a higher percentage of water in Neuf-
chatel cheese than is the case in that made from raw milk. It appears
that the pasteurized curd is more retentive, possibly because the curd
particles are more finely divided than those from raw milk. When
the pasteurized and the raw product are handled under the same con-
ditions as far as we are able to control them, there is about 24 per
cent greater yield in moisture with the pasteurized cheese. Table 6
illustrates this point.
TABLE 6.—Water in pasteurized ‘and unpasteurized cream cheese.
Not pas- | Pasteur-
Sample No. teurized. ized.
Per cent. Per cent.
moisture. | moisture.
Le nstscteeetatoeid eee 46.18 51.26
De ese R eae eee aise 48. 82 50. 06
Suse He Gon CGATOOnotDeae 46.00 45.06
AV OLAS Oben eitmeicomiericis | 47.00 49.46
These figures are from chemical analysis by Dr. J. N. Currie, formerly of the Dairy Division.
EFFECT OF HOMOGENIZATION ON THE MAKING PROCESS.
The cheese made from homogenized milk seems to “ handle” very
well, and the whey from the curd was remarkably clear. While it is
possible that not all the fat is measured by the ordinary Babcock
test, yet it is believed that such determinations give at least a very
close approximation to the fat loss.
With cream cheese the fat losses are liable to be excessive. With
the object of reducing these losses; milk was first standardized and
then homogenized at a temperature of 43° C. (109.4° F.) and 2,000
pounds’ pressure. The homogenized and unhomogenized samples of
the same percentage of fat were taken from the same lots of milk.
Cream cheese was then made in the usual way and the fat losses de-,
{ermined,
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CILERSE. PAA |
TasLte 7.—Hjffect of homogenization on fat losses in cream cheese.
Quan- R |
; rennet
Loss | Fat in| Temperature | “tY Of) added |
Sample No. of fat. | milk. ofsetting. | aa | per 100 Criticism of curd,
leaariths }pounds,
: Perct.| Per ci. Oe. (OP(O
i Homogenized=--...---...-...- 0.015 6.2 | 30° C. (86° I.) 250 1| Good curd, whey
. very clear.
2. Homogenized...............-- . 020 6.2 |e Cha) aes 250 1 Do.
3. Homogenized............-...- 020 6.2.) 2a Ose scoc% | 250 Ll Do.
4. Hlomogenized..-..-..:.....-.- . 025 6.2) eae Clo) Rea aees 250 i Do.
OMILOMOLEMIZEM eRe -cijs--------- 015 6:2) |Saaee Osean sen 250 i Do.
6. Not homogenized............- . 200 6:2) eee Cho eeaebeae 250 1 | Good curd.
(@eElOMOPeNIZedas\.-0------.--- . 04 6.0) | eae One cose 250 1| Good curd, whey
very clear.
8. Not homogenized_..-.-....... . 150 6.0 |22eee Owes ejie len 250 1 | Good curd.
There is a slight advantage in homogenization in reducing the fat
losses, but it is doubtful whether there is sufficient gain by this
process to justify the added cost of such treatment.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON KEEPING QUALITIES OF THE
CHEESE.
Neufchatel and similar cheeses are very perishable products, the
length of time that they can be kept depending upon the manner in
which the cheese has been handled and the nature and quantity of
the added ingredients. In the study of this problem the following
points were considered :
1. Influence of yield on quality.
2. Influence of salt on keeping quality.
3. Influence of the holding system. cf pasteurization.
4, Effect of homogen:zation and of the flash and holding systems of
pasteurization on keeping quality.
5. The use of powdered pepsin.
6. Influence of pimiento peppers.
INFLUENCE.OF YIELD ON QUALITY.
Tn order to study the influence of yield upon quality, cream cheese
was made in the customary manner, with the exception that some
samples were pressed more than others. The samples were made to
give yields varying from 15 to 24 pounds per 100 pounds of milk,
and some were pasteurized, while others were not. The samples were
kept at 10° C. (50° F.) and 20° C. (68° F.) and were judged by a
number of persons at various intervals, with the results shown in
Table 8.
In this and succeeding tests (Tables 9 to 13) the number of per-
sons judging the cheese varied fron» time to time. This was un-
avoidable, as it was not practicable to have the same number each
time.
22 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLe 8.—The effect of yield upon keeping quality of cream cheese in storage.
[Samples held at 10° C, (50° F.).]
Sample 1. Sample 2. Sample 3.
Yield from 100 pounds of Yield from 100 pounds of milk, | Yield from 100 pounds
milk, not pasteurized. | of milk.
s/% (4/8 18.1] s ¢ | 6 | 2 aaa
g)Sg) Bs lesi 82) 3 | 1. | ale |e |e | oe) eile
yo nm oO nao aN 2 n n n na o o na ae nod wo x
al |S) reyes) lpheney i! vist eS al eS emle eSee aliaees 2 | gk | oa loN | os
Ss |B3/88/82/88| 5} 21/28) 8)2/ 21] -8 |38)s2) 88) 88
eailarlar|eelag}] @ | ai|/al/altal& | o@ | asl| arias) es
<a Sp SB Wes Sl ee ee Stel oes iS =
Days Days. Days
Lee 12 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2
givers DP eee SI ae Ze (lt mee > |e meth yl 6 | ee ao tae 2
iu less 1 2 2 1 6 0 2 0 0 0 8 2 3 1 1
15.. 1 3 2 2 7 0 3 1 Deletes 11 1 2 2 1
13>. 2 2 1 2 8 0 1 1 0 0 13 1 2 1 1
21.. 3 3 2 1 11 0 0 3 0 1 15 2 2 2 2
20.. 2 2 2 1 16 1 0 1 0 Oe peered secacrs Sage |Ssocod lasaaee
a eeraellwakenie| ocoste laces | seeeice 18 2 3 2 1 MD Reece Besse aiosecl bcc eoodoe
1 The figures 1, 2, and 3 in body of table indicate the number of people expressing a preference for partic-
ular samples of cheese. In this and subsequent tests it was impracticakle to have the same number of
judges for each set of samples.
The samples that yielded highest appeared slightly more acid than
the low-yield cheese, although the differences were not especially
marked. The low-yield cheese seemed much more “ gummy” and
more quickly developed a Cheddarlike flavor after being kept several
days. The majority of the judges preferred the cheese giving a yield
of 18 pounds per 100 pounds of milk, while nearly as many preferred’
the cheese giving a yield of 21 pounds. With a yield of much more
than 20 pounds per 100 pounds of milk, much difficulty will be ex-
perienced in running the curd through the molding machine. Be-
cause of that fact there is ttle danger of manufacturers making too
moist a cheese. _
INFLUENCE OF SALT ON KEEPING QUALITY.
In order to study the influence of salt in cheese upon its keeping
quality, cream cheese was made in the usual way from milk testing
6.2 per cent fat, and portions were salted at the rate of 4, #, 14, and 13
per cent. The cheese was wrapped in tin foil and held at 10° C. (50°
F.) and 22° C. (71.6° F.) and examined at various periods. Table 9
gives the result of the experiment.
a
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND OREAM CHEESE.
KT
TABLE 9.—Influence of salt on keeping quality of cream cheese.
Held at 10° ©. (50° TP.) Held at 22° C. (71.67 I.)
Age of cheese. Per cent of salt. Per cent of salt.
, i 14 1 RI a 1
Days
Si ON ae Se oe 10 5 3 3 0 ;
Goto a Malan aa ane 0 3 3 1 0 2 3 D
Seite em eietseesies 0 1 4 0 0 0 5 | 0
ih eas eee ee 0 2 3 1 0 1 { 0
1 Stee eM AR 0 1 2 (0) er Rete, sees Lae ae er | AB.
1G) OR ae or ee 0 1 1 Olas oe: |p. 2 Sees SAE aes oy ee
Dae ee ee RAE OS 0 1 2 ne eS Ne Ee ok aa
ORT ee a ee 0 0 1 | (Oy Beer ey EMO Oe E TS geo
|
Meee eures in body of table indicate the number of people expressing a preference at paeHoniae kind
Most people seem to prefer a cheese containing from three-fourths
to 14 per cent of salt. The cheese with one-fourth per cent salt was
pronounced flat and insipid, while that with 14 per cent wee usually
considered too salty. The cheese with the one-fourth per cent salt
spoiled more quickly than the other samples. When a few days old
a slight: bitterness developed in the cheese containing 14 per cent
salt, while there was a distinct “ off flavor” in the low-salted cheese.
The cheese containing three-fourths and 14 per cent of salt seemed
to keep equally well. In general the lower proportion of salt, about
three-fourths to 1 per cent, is to be preferred, because a higher per
cent has a tendency to hide the finer flavors of the cheese.
INFLUENCE OF THE HOLDING SYSTEM OF PASTEURIZATION.
To test the keeping qualities of pasteurized and unpasteurized
cream cheeses, some experimental cheese was made at a commercial
factory and sent to the laboratory of the Dairy Division. The
cheese was shipped by express and upon arrival was placed in rooms
maintained by an electric control at 20°, 15°, 10°, and 5° C. (68°,
59°, 50°, and 41° F.), respectively.
The initial heating of the milk was accomplished by running it
through a pasteurizer where a temperature of about 62° C. (143.6°
F.) was maintained for 35 minutes or longer. The milk was then
run over cooling coils and cooled to the proper temperature for
setting. One and one-half per cent of a vigorous starter was then
added and the milk thoroughly stirred, after which the making
process was carried on in the usual manner. The cheese was made
from milk testing approximately 6 per cent fat. Samples were col-
lected on successive days from the 200 or 300 pounds of experi-
mental cheese.
The keeping qualities of the pasteurized and unpasteurized cheese
held at various temperatures were determined by submitting samples
of both, marked only by numbers, to individuals who recorded their
preferences, as shown in Table 10,
24 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 10.—Keeping qualities of pasteurized and unpasteurized cream cheese in
storage.
Held at 20° C. (68° F.). |Held at 15° C.(59° F.).|Held at 10° C.(50° F.).| Held at 5° C.(41° F.).
gf. +e lee 1, | See. |
S 3 {313 a j|od | 8 ers. | 6 Bll es 5
ele | Bee 2!) 8 eee 8 So) 2
© S) 5 SS & 5 23 3S — 33 € E 35 &
S — =) as 2 =} ag 2 = as 2 3 as 2
& 5 = Soo a s oy Bt tH oe a % ae al
5 o0 a iS) ° g rs) ° R iS) S 4 iS) °
75) < a Z Z me Z Z eu AZ v4 ion G Zz
Days.
5 18 4 1 6 6 1 9 4 0 9 1 0
8 8 3 1 10 2 | RE eee eens era Spe Selle au.
9 7 1 0 7 1 0 7 1 0 6 1 1
1 12 4 1 2 4 1 2 6 1 0 6 1 0
14 3 iro: 2 5 2 1 4 3 1 5 B} 0
| 16 3 6 0 5 3 1 2 6 ] 7 2 0
5 6 2 0 5 2 1 5 2 1 a) 2 1
vi 6 3 2 6 3 731 a eae (aaa Ne Rape aly a oe Ht mee
Dee hae 10 6 4 2 7 3 2 6 4 2 6 4 2
12 0 2 =i 1 1 i [hee een Inu Se lfoc SAS eee lls = 2a
14 0 3 2 4 1 0 2 2 1 3 2 0
4 4 2 1 4 1 v2 3 1 3 4 1 2
6 |, 5 2 5 7 2 5 1 es Segre (eee ee ty 8 il
Dew oe ee 8 2 2 4 2 2 4 5 3 0 4 2 2
10 | 2 2 8 0 Ui Sod Se RASS o's ea eters Wiad io caw ei SARI re | aS
| 12 1 | 5 3 1 3 5 2 3 4 | 4 4 1
en Benes in body of table indicate the number of persons expressing a preference for a certain kind
The results seem to indicate that for about the first 10 days the
preference was in favor of the pasteurized product for all tempera-
tures. From 10 to 15 days the preference was for the pasteurized
cheese held at 15° C, (59° F.) and 5° C. (41° F.) and for the un-
pasteurized cheese at 10° C. (50° F’.) and 20° C. (68° F.).
In nearly every case the texture of the pasteurized product was
judged superior to the unpasteurized. The difference may be par-
tially accounted for by a small increase in water occasioned by the
pasteurization.
EFFECT OF HOMOGENIZATION AND OF THE FLASH AND HOLDING SYSTEMS OF
PASTEURIZATION ON KEEPING QUALITY.
To determine the most desirable system of handling milk prior
to manufacturing it into cream cheese, so far as the keeping quality
of the cheese is concerned, the following methods were studied:
1. Homogenization of the milk.
2. Flash system of pasteurization.
3. Holding system of pasteurization.
4. Check (where milk for cheese was neither homogenized nor pas-
teurized ).
The samples of cheese compared were made from milk coming
from the same vat, having therefore the same percentage of fat.
When homogenization was practiced the milk was sent through the
machine at 48° C. (109.4° F.) and with 2,000 pounds’ pressure. Pas-
teurization by the flash system was carried on at 76.6° C. (170° F.).
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE. 95
“ev
In the holding system of pasteurization two temperatures were
used, 62.8° C. (145° F.) and 76.6° C. (170° F.). The milk was heated
to these temperatures, held for 30 minutes, and then cooled to the
setting temperature.
The milk was manufactured into cheese in the customary manner
and the samples judged at intervals, as indicated in Table 11.
TABLE 11.—Hffect of homogenization and the flash and holding systems of pas-
teurization upon cream cheese in storage.
Sample 1, held at— Sample 2, held at— | Sample 3, held at-
HORCMI5C.. | 20°C. BM Sale as
(50° F.). | (59° F.). | (68° F.). eee 00 ti) 10° C. (50° F.).
zi 25.9) PB eS r Pele [4
SS |S rR Cee
d 9 oid. |: 4 EQ k= :
Pam e |G | Slo. | og ae Be Soul dia edie es Se,| &
S/e/S1/e/8/e/8) 2 | 8 2S 2883/8) 2 | 12s 22/5
Semis) 2 | Shae) S | Baiada alee |S | eee te)
Mieseeests | sisi] se| 4a ® 135145145) 3 | a S i/sqlesl45l| z
MEMS ale fos | Se le | Sees te gl S| Bl eS eo
Omens ies | g | S| a | © |-g size lial S| OF) g eae s |oc | &
@ S 3 iS) S) iS) S So S | SS)os |u| © a Oo |S0al/eS!l6en] 6
PA |) lank |] yzzq Westen a ezzqi eats Veena a {If fs [soe cal Yea Z HIE |ER1E°| 5
Ds. Days. Days
Sule 0 7 0) 7 0 3 1 2 3 2 1 ie} 2 1 2 2 0
5 7 0 7 0 i 0 4 1 1 3 2 1 5 1 2 2 2 0
uf 3 (0) 3 0 3 0 6 1 1 3 2 1 8 1 1 2 2 1
LON |e (0) 4 0 4 0 7 0 1 2 1 1 11 1 1 2 2 1
13 3 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 1 UIE see iyo irs | eer ess | es Bee
17 4 0 4 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 1 Bae Beees saad ocean hess Rae
21 2 0 2 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1G eats Sees Geou Sade hosac leecet
onesall>coodls cas 6|>e0gd asoen conse pooes 12} 0 0 1 1 Op ee eee Es: ses | eae lao eee le eee
Siaioersl| are ail a Sele Ipereleccs Bee te sell exer 2 15 0 0 1 1 0) ee Baad hen ae hScmel ema boos
}
1 The figures in body of table indicate the number of persons expressing a preference for a particular
sample of cheese.
It may be noted that with the cheese from homogenized mill
results were not the same for samples 1, 2, and 3. In sample 1
there was a peculiarly bitter, rancid flavor, which in most cases could
be detected also in samples 2 and 3, but was much less in evidence.
At other times Neufchatel cheese made from homogenized milk test-
ing about 4 per cent fat had such an extremely rancid flavor as to
render it unfit for market purposes. It appears, therefore, that
there is greater danger of developing this characteristic homogenized
flavor with milk of low fat than with milk of high fat content.
The process of homogenization seems to be responsible for the
bitter flavor observed in the cheese, for this bitter flavor is readily
observed in the fresh cheese and does not develop further in storage.
The only justification for the use of homogenization is to reduce
the fat loss to a minimum. The process, however, is practically un-
necessary, because under normal conditions the fat losses may be
reduced nearly as much in other ways and there is far less danger of
developing a bitter flavor in the cheese.
There is very little difference apparently in the keeping qualities
of cream cheese made from milk pasteurized by the flash system as
compared with the holding system,
26 BULLETIN, 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
THE USE OF POWDERED PEPSIN.
Owing to the reduction of imports from Europe, rennet has risen
to a very high price. Pepsin has been recommended as a substitute
for rennet in the making of American cheese, but not for Swiss,
Limburger, and other sweet-milk cheese. Experiments have been
‘arried out with the different forms of pepsin in the manufacturing
of cream cheese. The cheese was handled in the usual way and then
placed at different temperatures, as indicated in Table 12.
Aly ABLE 12.— Comparison of use of rennet with powdered pepsin in manufacture of
cream cheese held in storage.
Sample 1. Held at 10° C.| Sample 2. Held at 20°C. |Sample3. Held Samal 4. Held camp er or
(50° F.). (68° F.). at 10° C. (50° F.).|at20°C. (68° F.). ra ieent
Unpas- Pasteur- Unpas- | Pasteu- Unpas- Unpas- Unpas-
teurized. ized. teurized. rized. teurized. teurized. teurized.
g r= g g & & &
2 Fst a | 2 a el} og & | 2 a | 8 Fy
z 3 3] 28 aloes ee Z| 2 3/2 3
as{[ei/si/o|s]« Sle| Sl ale] 8 ]als ls tea lees
° ne) uo) ° Ls) Le) ° =| 43) ° g ue) ° = Ke)
Syeeie els) e@ | s15 les) e821 288 pene
q)/ere)} me] a < Ai | | A <q Sela; yal _aetpa |] a] we] Be
Days Days. Days. Days Days
4| 14 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 6
6 5 2 3 4 6 2 2 3 12 3 3 5 3 3 7 2 3
8 2 1 1 2 8 1 2 1 14 2 1 7 2 iby alt 3 4
11 2 2 2 2 il 3 2 2 17 2 2) 0) 2 ¥) |) 1133 3 3
14 1 2 1 Di etoesis [ates | since |poeiats cise cie 20 1 1 13 2 if 17 3 2
18 2 2 3 11 Re el ee ee eee 24 2 2) Geoee| asses | emacs 21 1 2
22 1 1 1 Se boa | Sone |S oecc| Goce el beens 27 2 Dec Soja eo re eres rere | errata | ees
1 The figures in body of table indicate the number of persons expressing a idiwencenn for a particular
sample of cheese.
The results indicate that there is practically no difference in keep-
ing qualities between cheese made from the powdered and that made
from scale pepsin, or a difference so slight as to be negligible.
INFLUENCE OF PIMIENTO PEPPERS.
In order to study the influence of pimiento peppers upon the keep-
ing qualities of pimiento-cream cheese, samples were made from milk
testing 6 per cent fat and salted at the rate of 1 pound of salt to 100
pounds of curd. Varying quantities of the peppers were added to
the cheese, which was placed in glass jars and capped, and samples
kept at 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° C.. (41°, 50°, 59°, and 68° F.), respec-
tively. Other samples were made at the same time without the pep-
pers and placed at similar temperatures for comparison. The sam-
ples of cream and pimiento cheese were made from the same lot of
milk where their keeping qualities are compared at a given tempera-
ture. Table 13 gives the result of the trials.
MANUFACTURE OF NEUFCHATEL AND OREAM CHEESE. 21
TaBLe 13.—Injfluence of pimiento peppers on the keeping qualities of cream
cheese in storage.
Held at 5° ©. (41° F.), Held at 15° C. (59° B.).
Sample nae of —— ~—
0. 30. ile, es roy
N MECH Pimien- | Pimien-| Pimien- | Cream Pimien- | Pimien- | Pimien- | Cream
to 1/10. to 1/20. | to 1/40. | cheese. to 1/10. to 1/20, to 1/40. | cheese.
Days
4 14 2 2 0 3 3 2 0
6 9 8 0 0 9 8 0 0
8 5 3 0 0 3 5 0 0
1 13 5 2 2 0 4 3 2 0
18 3 2 1 (0 BRS epeAc A BoSeRe raed reoceeesee Ker: prec”
28 3 0 1 Ob | Posi sectom| shaee dame cous cece aeonee anes
43 2 0 1 OF ia Fone |Secccodcer|poeescccslbaseoeeeen
Held at 10° C. (50° F.). Held at 20° C. (68° F ).
10 Gay eeisceee es | Berea Sowa 0 5 | Ciewise re ete le ee opi, 1
17 Bl ecabeocteo|sadsopemda 0 AL | ee aes gel |e Bee 1
2 21 CH ates il nt | ONE Sauces | Bie ece cone omen netee | seats ceeiee
27 hl Eee aR AL ts 2M ODE eB Sea oe ae eC eee
35 AN, eri me SS On| SRE eee |; sapieiee lass
1 The figures in body of table indicate number of people showing preference for particular samples.
& high percentage of pimientos seems to improve the keeping qual-
ity of the cheese kept at 5° C. (41° F.) and 10° C. (50° F.).. When
held at 10° C. (50° F.) the pimiento cheese kept in good condition
for a month, at which time it was edible, although some acidity had
developed. No undesirable flavor had developed as in the case of
the plain cream cheese. Either the pimiento-acts as a preservative
or it tends to cover up any undesirable flavor. When kept at 15°
C. (59° F.) and especially at 20° C. (68° F.) both the cream and
the pimiento cheese became excessively sour in the course of a few
days. There was a marked difference in this sour taste in the cheese
held at 15° C. (59° F:) and 10° C. (50° F.). Pimiento-cheese held at
5°-C. (41° F.) was still edible after six weeks, although some of the
surface of the cheese had to be removed.
SUMMARY.
The process of manufacture for Neufchatel and cream cheese is
‘the same, except as noted, For Neufchatel use whole milk that tests
about 4 per cent; for cream cheese use milk standardized to from § to
8 per cent butterfat. Obtain clean, fresh milk.
Pasteurize the milk by heating to 145° F. for 30 minutes and then
quickly cool to 80° F. for Neufchatel and 83° F. for cream cheese.
Add 1 per cent of a freshly made and vigorous lactic-acid starter.
Add either commercial liquid rennet at the rate of one-third of an
ounce or five-sixths of a gram of powdered pepsin to each 1,000
pounds of milk for Neufchatel cheese. For cream cheese use half an
ounce of liquid rennet or 1 gram of powdered pepsin for each 1,000
pounds of milk. Either curdling agent should be diluted in half a
pail of cold water before being mixed with the milk.
©
28 BULLETIN 669, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Stir the mixture of milk, starter, and curdling agent and then run
it into shotgun cans, 30 pounds in each can, and set away. to curdle.
In from 16 to 18 hours pour the contents of each can on cotton
sheeting and allow to drain undisturbed for from 24 to 3 hours.
Then work the curd to the center of the cloth, loosen the ends, and
make each unit into a bag by folding over the cloth. Place the bags
of curd between alternate layers of cracked ice for a few hours or
overnight.
Press the curd until each unit (bag) weighs 44 pounds for Neuf-
chatel, or 54 to 6 pounds for cream cheese. This means a yield for
Neufchatel of 15 pounds and for cream cheese of 18 to 20 pounds per
100 pounds of milk, which seems most desirable.
Remove the cakes of curd from the drain cloths and salt at the rate
of 1 pound to 100 pounds of curd. Run the curd through a grind-
ing machine, or use a mixing machine and incorporate the salt uni-
formly.
Pass the curd through a molding machine which shapes the cheese
into the desired commercial package. Wrap in tin or aluminum foil
and place in special flat boxes.
The homogenization of milk for making cream cheese is not recom-
mended.
The addition of pimiento peppers at the rate of 1.part of peppers
to 10 or 20 parts of cream cheese greatly prolongs the keeping quality
of the cheese.
Keep the cheese at a temperature of between 40° and 50° F. until
consumed,
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
5 CENTS PER COPY
4A
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
“Contribution from Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering,
LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director.
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 14, 1918
THE RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS OF ROAD-
BUILDING ROCK IN 1916 AND 1917.
By Prevost Hussparp, Chemical Engineer, and Frank H. Jackson, Jr., Assistant
Testing Engineer.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
Crushing strength or compression test....-.- 1 | Table III.—Geographica] distribution of rock
Interpretation of results of physical tests..... 2 samples tested to January 1, 1918.......... 28
Table I.—Results of physical tests of road- Table 1V.—General limiting test values for
building rock in 1916 and 1917.--......-..-- 3 brokenistonepereissetesdcssese secs = ss cae= 29
Table II.—Results of compression tests of
rock made prior to January 1, 1916........- 24
This bulletin supersedes United States Department of Agriculture
Bulletin 537 and supplements Bulletin 370, which gives the results
of the more common physical tests of some 3,650 road-building rock
samples, examined prior to January 1,1916. Tests of 655 additional
samples examined in 1916 and 1917 are recorded in Table I, the rocks
being classified as to their location. It will be noted that in a number
of cases, in addition to other tests, the crushing strength of the rock
also is given. This test is not made ordinarily when examining rock
to determine its suitability for use in the various types of broken-
stone roads, but is employed often when considering a rock for use
in the manufacture of paving block or as railroad ballast. Table IT
ives a complete record of all of the crushing strength tests made
y the office prior to January 1, 1916. A brief description of this
test as made by the office follows.
CRUSHING STRENGTH OR COMPRESSION TEST.
This test is made upon a cylindrical test specimen 2 inches in
diameter and 2 inches high. Both ends of the specimen, which
have been sawed at right angles to the axis of the cylinder, and
properly faced, are bedded in plaster of Paris. The cylinder then
is crushed in a 200,000-pound universal testing machine. A small
2-inch spherical bearing block is placed between the moving head
of the machine and the upper surface of the specimen. The aver-
age of at least two determinations is reported as the crushing strength,
calculated in pounds per square inch. Crushing strength tests are
made upon samples of road-building rock only when specifically
requested.
46175°—18—Bull. 670——1
yy} BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The percentage variation in strength of 153 granites and gneisses
and 156 limestones and dolomites, the total number of these types
of rock tested up to January 1, 1918, is shown graphically in Fig-
ure 1. In this chart the percentage of total samples tested having
various values for crushing strength are plotted as indicated. As
an example, the chart shows that 7 per cent of all granites and
gneisses tested have a crushing strength of 21,000 pounds per square
inch. Thesum of all per cents to the left of the 21,000-pound line
totals 50; that is, 50 per cent of all granites and gneisses tested have
a crushing strength of less than 21,000 pounds. On the other hand,
7 per cent of all the granites and gneisses show a crushing strength of
20,000 pounds per square inch, and by summing up all the per cents
to the right of the 20,000-pound line, it will be seen that 50 per cent
of the samples tested have a crushing strength greater than 20,000
pounds per square inch. In other words, the average crushing
strength of this type of material les between 20,000 and 21,000
pounds per square inch. By a similar interpretation, the average
crushing strength of limestones and dolomites lies between 18,000
and 19,000 pounds per square inch. Further study of the chart
shows that the crushing strength of limestones and dolomites closely
approaches that of granites and gneisses.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS.
To interpret the results of the physical tests made of road-build-
ing rock, the office has adopted a table of general limiting test values
for broken stone for the various types of road construction which
is printed on the back of the form for reporting tests. For general
reference, these limiting values, together with comments upon limits
shown, are given in Table [V. By comparing the results of tests
on a sample of rock with the limits shown in the table, a general
idea of the types of road construction for which it is best suited
may be obtained. Table III contains the total number of rock
samples received from the various States which have been tested
up to January 1, 1918.
Gage dea
te
Pe WA eM
LIMES TONE & DOLOMITE
156 testo
SAMPLES
TOTAL
we
°
i
Zz
ww
Uv
c
w
a
°
CRUSHING STRENGTH —LBS. PER SQ. IN.
Fic. 1.—Variations in the crushing strength of rock.
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BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
22
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24
BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE II.—Results of compression tests of rock, made prior to Jan. 1, 1916.
ARKANSAS.
cra sane
eria ’ : - strengt
No. Locality. County. Name. pounds p or
square inch.
6331 | Bald Kmob............ Wihite:+- 5.0/5.5 22.0 5ae Nandstone. .221 22520. eens eee 19, 860
CONNECTICUT.
OTOL GONECOse eke Windham teens. ier IBiotite granite cess see ee 16,635
ILLINOIS.
Limestone wise cain cele cee ee 17,300
Dolomite... 1.2035 eee 23,060
Omran: res am as hi (AMS 103 Soo 7 16, 880
Argillaceous dolomite. -........-- 15, 730
Sandstone: .5)0) (22.0 See 19, 150
Argillaceous limestone............. 25, 780
eases sreaabes=2o||4a5oe GO oan oe eae eee eae 28, 400
Dolomites. 2055s eee 20,610
eA a ee ocd ae dos: 351 oie 17, 710
Argillaceous dolomite --........... 20, 830
Delonte BE ees CNS ES soao bs 11, 660
Benniale elton ein ets Seria CLO meiseine Se ie a ae te 13, 500
Reniieente dolomite=e=seeeeeees 25, 850
satin dO! 2.2 Le 20, 000
Seeee GOl.3 20). eee ae eee 19, 800
ean do... ee 19, 700
Dolomite........... Babsoss05s00o9% 17,050
Argillaceous Dolomite..-.........- 16, 700
imestone- 2-20. ee 15, 100
Argillaceous dolomite............- 18, 640
d 18, 180
19, 510
INDIANA.
5534 | oranport..--sess6-o- CASS. 2 noc cee sh see Limestone. . . 6252.2 2-02 secs aes 20,350
4655 | Greensburg....-.-...- Decatur Dolomite... 22552 20s Re ae 17, 960
SESPanls 2 ea eee dose ee Limestone. 625). 5 2 eee 18, 400
Dolomitic limestone 20, 000
2 ee don ea es 20, 510
Limestone... ...- 19, 800
Argillaceous dolom 12, 250
imesfone: cast!) cca epete eee 6, 900
PO doles cack ee 6, 450
ieee dOl.3. 2 onde ee 16,000
O78s4|POSE00d meets es ocnee IRipleyics ascce =» soot teen Gort... Ure eee 14, 470
4657 | Wabash..............- Wrabashes: 3202. aaee Dolomitic limestone............-- 18, 790
IOWA
Cedar Rapidsrercceene VALI. elon eee Dolomite limestone...........-.-- 19, 950
5526 | La Grande........-..- Marghaii Be es ool nea GOL ose: eee ee 14, 850
KENTUCKY.
5552 | Princeton............- Caidwellioe:-:-. te eee Dolomitic limestone..............- 23, 860
7686))\ Cedar Bluffs) 228s =o) |e dole. net ee Argillaceous limestone...........-- 25, 720
5921 | Limestone............ Carter. .8 0) eae Dimestone .\.\-92c0 eee eee ee eee 14, 900
5922"| Carters. cc lee oes ee dost: eee Siliceous limestone................ 13, 400
RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS OF ROCK, 1916 AND 1917.
25
TaBLE II.—Results of compression tests of rocks, made prior to Jan. 1, 1916—Contd.
MAINE,
Serial Crushing
eria . strength
No: Locality. County. Name. pounds p Ae
squareinch.
7438 | Swans Island.......... Hancock... -|.... eae IBIOLIteleranite)./.....22+s2sss5-60s 18, 400
8745 | Vinal Havyen.......... Snoxe cs 2... ae Granite 20,020
SHG Gm | NOuen CONS Geman ecsnes|bereeCOrcu noc... 2. qemeleeies COT ee eects 22, 800
SAGOR VAL OIA VOTeemesns chef Seed oQuilsc 1... aaaleees ek esse Cae ee 20, 930
BiG Sue COLE Geren cans (soe SOMO ees cece eco e eee. Chops Rn, Ne ier pee Ie Soe Be Bs SAA 18, 780
Oefals) flu odias CLO Meee eleeicisea| nem GOn latins Cae eRe CLO Re le UW btaensteataetees 17, 150
OS9Gs lon eiCovemer en. ce ous |) 528500. 0s... ee CLO sete en Mul ete tee 17,540
Oda5yvanaluclaventscc..o06 i... (Cae. IBiOvItere rant messes seems ees 21, 220
10366" St George.....5...-.2:|....- GOs. Lee eee COTO BS eee eee 27,050
7439 | Frankford............- Wialdol </05). 2.) coe eee LOR e See, Rye ve enigiee = 20, 600
MARYLAND.
5611 | Mount Savage June- | Allegany.............. Siliceous limestone...............- 34, 930
tion.
4884 | Frederick............. Mrederick....).\.....- ae GIMESTONO Ree eee aceon 17, 580
5694 | Havre de Grace....... Harfordsse) oe Gneissoid granite..................- 34, 410
5695 |....- OBS Seer tciicticrsciea| seats dows eeis i ae SELICIUG A CIISS een tes seme eee 20,090
S696) Penn ClO) ebaonpaceecaces eer downs | a Gneissoid granitess.._ 5... ae 21, 670
5697 |...-- GOS sacemee Rees Lidice | auc GO ow See Am phiboliteeeeeeeecee eee eeceeree 34, 380
5698 |....- ClO eS Sees teen ese Peele doesn oe Gneissoid granite..............-... 35, 210
5699 |....- OWrsetecrscneceees|sceae Gon o22) lu, aes QUASI AE Eve eyes eee 22,190
MASSACHUSETTS.
G8OTROCGKpOLteeceeicinc cc << ISSO St yas... ee iBiotite eranitesa--en esc eee eee ees 22,370
6892 |....- CO Bea ee Cee ee ee GOS, La ee Os ROE Ue eee 23, 610
6893 |....- (CLO WaRR ECR aE Ls ean ie Gos coo. ee 0 eee et cant won seem 22, 670
6894 |....- GOSS eee e -cicuecioea| Sais doses). See (elope ers tS dee oe 5 a ee aera er 21, 600
SOG) | Serer C10) 5s aS seen pete eee dosee 2 colt: ee CLO 2 ces etree a eee a > 23, 830
OTM NVestmeldeeecems loo. 2 Tam pPden. ss sccse eee ‘Allteredidiabasenme seen seseee comeee 32, 850
S862) Westiordee. sc acccss.- Middlesex..........ce% Granites soso oe ene aes coaeeee 13, 980
8874 |....- C10) 5-H SaSceSEOEOER EH EEaBe dor 2 eee (6 (ype eee a YA ae 17,000
GBB lloasoe OME Bee Se sale. dOs.eseeee s,s omnes eee Ieee, ay 16, 250
5988 | West Auburn........- iWiorcester 200.222 am IMacaigneissisa sot sei sc. cee | 21, 950
MICHIGAN.
9593 | Calcitesee-- (CE ene Presque Isle... .. 2 222 IbIMeStONE ss 1-42 ssesehssss seo ee 10,300
MINNESOTA. 7
5524 | STOCKtONEReete ese acne. WAT OT aes. ).. eo ees Argillaceous dolomite..........-.-. 16,000
|
MISSOURI.
6375) | PRvocheforties s ssese2 2.2 * Boones 25.64: - 25a IG IMESTON CG aoee ee eee cee see 13, 900
G37 | Sweeneye-...2225-2-.- Cooper egos s) ae Argillaceous limestone.........---- 14, 900
NEW YORK.
Plagioclase gneiss... -- Ae 18, 500
BVI OXONE ENEISSHss. see eee 20, 500
Molomite 225 322A: .. 5 eee ee 34, 450
canoe COisc stew setae. see eee 29, 050
Cherty limestone 16, 700
BB OROCOUCEDOSOSS |Se5Ge COS See es ee 31,180
Biotite gneiss 14, 585
Granite saeeoe oe ee eee 21, 600
aSCHepeacosmepeciccedd GOS eR SSeS SEE”. eee 26, 180
Bee eee | sade dO ee eee 14, 150
See eco bisgt~ soee eee COs ee ee eee eee 14,390
Gneissoidisranitessscceseae soe ee =e 17, 600
Granites joer sere ooo cee eee ae 27, 200
@abbroitic diabases esses. ee eee 31, 300
Siliceous dolomite.......2.....---- 22, 200
1 Exact locality not known.
26
BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE II.—Results of compression tests of rock, made prior to Jan. 1, 1916—Continued.
NEW HAMPSHIR
E.
a cae
Seria : strengt
No Locality County. Name. poun ape
squareinch,
15, 050
16, 640
14,870
18, 230
16, 600
13, 420
13, 900
15, 100
8396 Granite cat.i:sockests eee 13, 140
8397 Hypersthene gabbro.--......-.... 11, 880
8682 Feldspathic quartzite... Sense ReueRee 31,520
8881 Quartziteis23- 0 eee 17, 100
8576 'Biotite granite ease.) hee eee 26, 000
5373 Sandstone.2 oe joke eee eee eee 22, 600
9038 GYAN tes ecces Anions nee eee eee Eee 16, 070
5956 J Granitejeneisss2=s- cess eee ee eeeeeee 23, 220
5496 | Sansbury...........-- ROWAN ene neaeenee Granite «sj. - see 22 bk eee eee eee 33, 750
BO7IEIIBOSHICL ccc coe nee Rthertordess esas sees IBIOUILE SNeISSe 4... eee eee eee eee 16, 100
5497 | Mount Airy........... ULB s ois vee tees See Granite 7.0302 eke ae eee 18, 400
7433) | San CLO eset een | Oe AO cle asset ere ame | docis2 Eka Ree 15, 200
COMIN Es Coes haaecescsseetos Bosse GA Ra SEemosscsa beac s CO.) os ee ae 5, 100
DOTS BEd ceeees aceasta AG ieee ae emer rap GO obec ceed Se eee 16, 440
8419 | Granita (near)........] Wake...............-. Biotite granite 14, 160
3807 | Wise Warren Granite 18, 240
3808 |..--. GOs eens oaees dese aamee Gon eis cis red Saas donee 18, 560
a8¥/4 || O)ssagaackacosedocoseas Yancey Quartzite 12,900
OHIO
8, 690
18, 960
31,790
27,900
24,790
26, 990
: 24, 900
E 19, 400
5e 21, 850
575: 18, 530
(PE Eee ab Beare Aas Sep ent ae son dost co eee || Limestone. 22s eee 20, 810
5505 |) Marble Cliff 22222222 Hiraniklimerenn. eaceeee| cece GO ae ee 16, 750
B50Gh| bene (LoS Pats ie BTS oe Oe ae aie a (co Te UR ee TE OS awe 12, 350
SHON RColam bus). 2 722 eee ee ee GOs) eee eee eeeee HM errureineous sandstoneLseeaeeeeee 21; 800
AbQSNmeaLtersoler soos. sees Hardin. 23 eee pelorate ee es icine 11, 360
ODS WO UD kab Ket ena as chs cscc| seen On seeeatee emeee neo On) 1 ccenaeressenme 26, 200
4707 | Hillsboro. Chierty limestone. ...... 15, 590
8347 | Clarksfield............ Calcareous sandstone. ...- 9, 490
4656 | Big Springs Argillaceous limestone 16, 380
6054;)|/DVaTICAT ees a eee Siliceous linestone...........-.-.-- 25, 480
6057) eLolland eeeepees eee ice e- Ose eee Areillaceous limestone eeeeeeene 19, 430
8402 | Toledo, 10 miles west of|..... GOs te bss. cocoeeee Dolomite: {ess eee 11, 600
6052 | White Rock........... Ottawa. cic. 2 ee leeee Ow. cicece bosentan 16, 620
5556 | Bloomville...........-. Senecas.ee ce) 2 eee) Limestone: of). i122.) a 20; 250
5555 | Middleport............ Warn Wertes esse sees Dolomites: . 2s oboe sen weer eee eee 25. 200
OKLAHOMA.
DOSS MGATANILS: «7c ekeR! cee Greer. cars eee Granites. Pa ee eee 18, 000
1 Exact locality not known.
RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS OF ROCK, 1916 AND 1917,
27
TaBLE II.—Results of compression tests of rock, made prior to Jan. 1, 1916—Continued.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Crushing
Serial c : : ‘ strength
Noi Locality. County. Name. ooniAs sar
square inch,
DPOZH MELyNOMAantioe.s coc. . ce Bedford .. 25.2... .aee Impureilimestoné..-...+---ssseeee 24,150
5603) | acre COR ee ae GOB aoe. 2.25 ee Siliceous limestone.............-.. 21, 860
5632 | Birdsboro............. Berks Sos. 2. . eee Altered diabase ss 22-2. cseenes. bse 39, 215
S245 WUUNIAbA seas secls cco e- Blaine 8os2. 3. Argillaceous limestone...........- 15, 480
Dera ratte te etal teats eNO. cic cece co ate ae On eee SEs Sos 20, 880
So. ee Blast-furnace slag. ........-..-.--- 9, 000
cASjve ocie oo See Proxeneiquartzitecs.- lessee ntewe- 31, 800
Ne ein we oo cM MICH SCHISIZ Js). 5 scene ee aoe 23, 500
slolo,w o\a'n no w noth ctatniata LO) atala(dtetetstats wn! aw aa dina aed atotemiee 23, 900
ie eicin cle ooo Argillaceous limestone 18,710
.-| Siliceous limestone.... 26, 500
PA MIbIIMeStONG? s. sc- ce co soe wale ei 8,510
ee oles oto on SG totic OO Neiinten foto nee rat anew ane eIes 19, 250
Saisiers'ecicie = oa wiliceous\dolomiter sso sesesssuse oe 9,640
RR os Ferruginous sandstone...........- 14,150
Scie els oie oe 3 Ce Calcareous sandstone.............. 37,740
Siosioceet soc Cee IS Oo Sc sooo 3, 450
BYE OUSCOOROIES 0+ isacahtMa dor octscccashotescaacosece 26, 050
5604 | Water Street.......... eetintedon “\sis.0'e'- oe eldspathie sandstone......-..... 22,330
Sa |) Nive ee awrence 3/23). )ae Ibimestone: -)\o2snss-- 2... eee 27, 500
6153 | Porter Township...... Wycoming.. 5)... 2a Argillaceous limestone...........- 28, 580
6154 |..... COS oS JAAS SOON SEC SEs (Cee eeme = | || 57 OR Onn NS 2 San at iene 26, 860
6155 |-.---. COS 5 SAB CRR CERO RE OE RES OS aa mEEeEee || 5 atten COR SRE LS | er ge eee 18, 610
6156 |.-... COM epee rse weer Seeemdote vols. 35 aaa ee (ON )3 ee RE Et 22,930
Gibyeleeaoe GO ae Geos MiIMeSTONO = see cee secon 21, 900
GUS) seme COM ee EO ciale oie cc obec. ce ee eee Gon ae eee 14,160
7980 | Port Allegheny... Feldspathic sandstone 9, 680
S022 () Reese se solstice = Ferruginous sandstone........-..- 12,130
SO 2 SM) eprerine ester me AIL) ee ins le ol. Se GOO en ee ad Sa 14, 000
COE Od GETS SSN TN (9 ie anes = ea I | SI GO year et Saas es ees 12, 480
3243 | MeSpadden Sandstone ae a ees ae 26, 900
USssOhlmeromptomys eo oo. - Feldspathic sandstone........---- 26,340
5605 | Blairsvilleintersection| Westmoreland........ Siliceous limestone...-.........-. 32,560
(CBSA NGOS ais SSA ena tee 40) da ee SE Sc Dolomitie;marble: 2 s502 1. sb eeee 27,400
RHODE ISLAND
8867p VVICSLELLy sees cosines sce Wrashington:.......222 Graniteme csceas sec eee cs ecscos eee 11,740
8868 |..--.- OMe ee oe oeke ese cele boas Oxf... ee eee COM R isc! 5c tese oe vesacooee 20,300
8869 |..... GO Meieneeeceedetc |e wees GO ie:c:ojonies oo oe | eee CORR se Soe ets 20,750
SOUTH CAROLINA
8389 | Williamstown........- AMGELSON).|.sc2-5- se eee Granitertes cen. sce cewnc eee esos 12, 990
GANAS | ROT CBS asa oseeboeEe airfield’. (2.22... aie CC Khe pene meme ar 2 Fa ee 29,180
5586a |..... GO eae cae ee en| ae Se GO). jo. ecsscs ose eee GOS 325 Se eae oe 25, 790
5586D |----- oe aes fe dotsc.. 2.2. eee doree as: See St. 19, 240
5586c |-.--. COR rcsemceweensleccee Ch SponeeoennoSsdace GOs Sb es ne ets sc 38 33, 880
TENNESSEE
OO Me MOUALLY ask teenies ce cas Cantente sites eee MGiMeStONe Ss ses «2.6 Jesse eee 22,750
5502 | Straw’ Plains.-.-...... Jeftersoms 620. 2oo5. eee GOR re Crees 0 ae 21,730
5504s (ease CO eA Gs Sie eee eee CAG eEERe SRE scss||5= she OSE ee eee ae eee eee 28, 340
5 Osh | wane YO) See a a Ce Wa Gon a2 ee ID Glomitetes sate hee {oe See ees 38, 070
6533 | Knoxville...........-- NOR ec osek eee tees Mar ble vgeece ae eet a epee ieee 17,970
VERMONT.
5543 | East Wallingford...... Rutland’. 5 s-secesc cas Altered diabase =~ <—e=e- -- cose eae ae 16, 800
SSosed MB AMC ees ce cciveeuice sss Washington.......---- (GPAs Ge Ee ee Sn Se BS 19, 560
1 Exact locality not known.
28 BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLE II.—Results of compression tests of rock, made prior to Jan. 1, 1916—Continued.
VIRGINIA.
Serial : Seiad
Seri ali 7 stren,
No. Locality. County. Name. Dp Mea ae
square inch,
S804 WAT DATE. 5. <5 canteens Bedfordeccet. J. caeoee Granite gneiss: 2. -...cceeeaeeeeee 13, 820
67305 | Nh Q)eeemncacanman eee Dinwiddie: <.-..--253. Granite).) censor es eee eee 13, 150
4900A | Broad Run...........- Wauquierss! 2. -- -2- sees QUATEZ.-< Sot oacaeciosectemee see eeeee 28, 400
4900B |..... G1)5 SS me eaee soot -leeacic aon coborososeds< IU PIGOSILC secs aaee tenant eee 28, 000
5923 | Strathmore.....--....|, Hluvanna...-.--..-282 Chlorite epidote schist............. 13, 210
5678 | Eggleston (mear).....- Gilesio2)-s5iee o.oo -ceee Dolomitensc3.. .. os eceseeeeeees 45, 690
5924 | Boscobel.............- Goochland’-54-.--s- Granite) gneiss:.- 2... lc sesseeeeaeee 13, 550
6615 | Korah Station......-. Henrico pesos scene BiouitePraniie. seca e nee ee meee 20, 300
5925 | Greenway............- INeISOn’ss.5- -<='oacnntoee Feldspathic quartzite............. 16, 500
5492 | Nokesville....-.......| Prince William Ferruginous sandstone 17,780
5920 | Greenlee. ....---..-.-- Rockbridge... -| Dolomitic marble.......... 36, 900
5382 | Bluff Water Station...| Rockingham... Limestone 21, 450
5385 |----- {i ame oancce one eaclaacae Obeeeee== Sante 4 Seepeomeeceeasamassscs=- 40, 850
S874) || (Sip IPERS Ree son INRIA LS ss6cbescdse|asos- Oo agp aonsisecacaccoscsoocce == 17, 600
7217 | Burkes Garden........ Tare welle ee een ce Dolomitic sandstone.............- 21, 500
1 Exact locality not known.
WEST VIRGINIA.
5365 | Berkeley.........-..-. iBerkeleye5 2... cccroseee Limestone .\..2so.cececcceseeee eee 23, 350
5917 Greenbrier -| Crystalline limestone “ 21, 300
5918 IODan Sen ccoeomeeek | aoeae Be Sopaoenoscosccas Limestone... olebecceesueeee nese 17, 450
5919) | Snow, Hace ics ccescae| some GO wien nc ccesemceenels aes UR SABE HSeRO See baa soncocdce 13, 550
7475 il peraripetiieG Be eee Siliceous limestone....--.22.2..5-- 34, 400
AIG noe ( (ORAS aban ean redo Basae Gomme rent closc sees Quartzites 55. h-ccstoeceanese eee 15, 050
6109 | Spring Hill............ Keaniawihaesesceceer eee Sandstoneul Manche oecor eee 12, 400
9132) (Hairmontecesccceocece Marionoeeas ss. eSsheee|ece se DO vievcirde tebe ed cee seeeeeeeeene 5, 420
S133] sacs Os Seicascasocedss sasos OMe nee . vencneee| name dota h cakes aaa 5,720
O134 eee ce dose sec se ea eee GOL SH 2 sc eewecte| bos 3 2dO Qoua2 28 cccaoodomeeee eee 6, 080
5610 | Sturgisson...........- Monongalia..........- Siliceous limestone...............- 22,440
Gy Pa ee Ow Seeeebew wocet nu eae Chea eee ae Limestone 0 ncaa cotbee eee 17,910
Dols | passe GOSapeerscccnoocse| eects (fee Sa Argillaceous limestone........-.-- 14, 300
15a} Uebel RS DOz semen ccsesceeclaoee. Op oo Noe ne enone Calcareous sandstone. ...........-- 29, 840
2 eee eee || impure limestoneessseeeeeeeeeneres 19, 650
..-| Argillaceous limestone 24, 850
Feldspathic sandstone 11,910
WISCONSIN.
5523 32, 600
3448 20, 000
8656 23, 020
Alabama. ....-.=. 2) Keansasereerercisce 33 {| New Jersey....... 82) | Utaheeeeneceeere 13
ATIZONA 2-1) eeeee A Kentuckyoececess 47 | New Mexico...... 1) Wermonte-ss-eeee= 55
Arkansas......... 20 | Louisiana....... sa 8 | New York........ 155, | Vinginidene eeepc 439
California......... HOSH iP Maink seme sesne ae 103 | North Carolina... 162} Washington...... 213
Colorado sae. 28 | Maryland........- 126) | ROMOES eee. cae 173 | West Virginia - ee LOS.
Connecticut....... 56 | Massachusetts.... 220] Oklahoma.......- 52/|| Wistonsin= ss aeeee 154
Delaware......... Dla EMC ane pe ecsepnel Q7a| MOTELOD)= osname sioae 14 | Wyoming........- 3
Hlorida sce sce eces: 13 | Minnesota........ 21 | Pennsylvania..... 625) Canaddirere-oeeoas 55
Geprgiasseeesaee 272 | Mississippi.-..-..-- 14 | Rhode Island..... 43 | Cubatosespeee eee 4
Tdang-e eo eer eee 103) MOSSOUCL gee eee ceee 43 | South Carolina... 39) || OLTORLCOsceee eae 12
UUinGIseeeeeeee eee 134 | Montana.........- 4] South Dakota. ... 15
Indiana...-:.-.... 185 | Nebraska.......-. 12) Rennessee- = =. 24. 85 Dovel 4,325
LOWwasseese ners e ce 25 | New Hampshire. . SoU OXAS Socclsiemmsicsae 69
RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS OF ROCK, 1916 AND 1917.
TaBLE IV.—General limiting test itlues for broken stone.
Type of construction.
{
Traffie.1
Water-bound macadam, plain or with
dust palliative treatment.
Macadam with bituminous carpet......
Bituminous macadam with seal coat... .
Bituminous concrete
Binder course for sheet asphalt or
Topeka type.
Portland cement concrete
Stone paving block 3...................
Broken-stone foundations . -
Moderate. . Siitmeassssee-.
Heavy... . Sameer seer
Light to moderate.........
Moderate to heavy
Light to moderate.........
atederate to heavy.-.-.--..
ANY... 2.2220 pees eee
ANY. :...- CSeeepeee eases
plight faa, 0 oc alee cess yale
AS)
Limiting values.
French
coefficient
of wear.
16 or over..
5 or over...
7 or Over...
7 or Over...
10 or over...
7 or Over...
7 or over...
8 or over...
3 or over...
Toughness.|
Bitolgrys 242
10 to 18... .}
19 or over..
5 orover...
10 or over...
7 or over...
13 or over..
6 or over...
8 or over...
9 or Over...
3 OF Over...
Hardness,
10 to 17.
14 or over,
17 or over.
(2)
(2)
(2)
16 or over.
Sor over.
1 Light trafficis assumed as less than 100 vehicles per day, moderate traffic between 100 and 250 vehicles,
and heavy traffic over 250 vehicles per day.
2 Numerous tests have shown that limits for hardness are unnecessary if the material possesses the re-
quired French coefficient of wear and toughness.
3 Crushing strength, 20,000 pounds or over per square inch, is frequently required.
Cementing values should in all cases show over 25 if mate.:al is to
be used in water-bound macadam construction.
Granites, gneisses, schists, sandstones, and quartzites should not,
in general, be used in the wearing course of water-bound macadam
roads.
Shales and slates should never be used in this connection.
Cementing value tests have therefore been discontinued on these
materials.
For further details and explanation of results in this table and also
for tests on all materials to January 1, 1916, see United States
Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 370.
30 BULLETIN 670, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RELATING
TO ROAD IMPROVEMENTS.
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Road Models. (Department Bulletin 220.)
P Portland Cement Concrete Pavements for Country Roads. (Department Bulletin
249.)
Progress Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1914.
(Department Bulletin 257.)
rane for the Examination of Bituminous Road Materials. (Department Bulle-
tin 31
Methods for the Determination of the Physical Properties of Road-Building Rock.
(Department Bulletin 347.)
Brick Roads. (Department Bulletin 373.)
_ Economic Surveys of County Highway Improvement. (Department Bulletin 393.)
Progress Reports of Experiments i in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1915.
(Department Bulletin 407.)
Convict Labor for Road Work. (Department Bulletin 414.)
Earth, Sand-Clay, and Gravel Roads. (Department Bulletin 463.)
Results of Physical Tests of Road-Building Rock in 1916, Including All Com-
pression Tests. (Department Bulletin 537.)
The Results of Physical Tests of Road-Building Rock in 1916 and 1917. (Depart-
ment Bulletin 670.)
Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads. (Farmers’ Bulletin 311.)
Macadam Roads. (Farmers’ Bulletin 338.)
Benefits of Improved Roads. (Farmers’ Bulletin 505.)
Road Drag and How It Is Used. (Farmers’ Bulletin 597.)
Rules and Regulations of Secretary of Agriculture for Carrying Out Federal Aid
Road Act. (Circular 65, Office of the Secretary. )
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Object Lesson and Experimental Roads and Bridge Construction, 1912-13. (De-
partment Bulletin 53.) Price, 5 cents.
Progress Reports of: Experiments i in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1913.
(Department Bulletin 105.) Price, 5 cents.
Vitrified Brick Pavements for Country Roads. (Department Bulletin 246.) Price,
10 cents.
Construction and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges from July, 1913, to December,
1914. (Department Bulletin 284.) Price, 10 cents.
Relation of Mineral Composition and Rock Structure to the Physical Properties of
Road Material. (Department Bulletin 348.) Price, 10 cents.
Use of Split-Log Drag on Earth Roads. (Farmers’ Bulletin 321.) Price, 5 cents.
Road Materials of Southern and Eastern Maine. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin
33.) Price, 20 cents.
Dust Preventives. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 34.) Price, 15 cents.
Examination and Classification of Rocks for Road Building, Including Physical
Properties of Rocks with Reference to their Mineral Composition and Structure.
(Office of Public Roads Bulletin 37.) Price, 15 cents.
Methods for Examination of Bituminous Road Materials. (Office of Public Roads
Bulletin 38.) Price, 10 cents.
Road Material Resources of Minnesota. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 40.)
Price, 10 cents.
Physical Testing of Rock for Road Building, Including Methods Used and Results
Obtained. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 44.) Price, 15 cents.
Oil-Mixed Portland Cement Concrete. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 46.)
Price, 10 cents.
Descriptive Catalogue of Road Models. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 47.)
Price, 15 cents.
Repair and Maintenance of Highways. (Office of Public Roads Bulletin 48.)
Price, 15 cents.
Bitumens and Their Essential Constituents for Road Construction and Maintenance.
(Office of Public Roads Circular 93.) Price, 5 cents.
Naphthalene in Road Tars: Effect of Naphthalene Upon Consistency of Refined
Tars. (Office of Public Roads Circular 96.) Price, 5 cents.
Progress Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1912.
(Office of Public Roads Circular 99.) Price, 5 cents.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology
L. O. HOWARD, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. June 21, 1918
THE DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES BY
LABORATORY METHODS.
By ArtHur H. McCray,
Apicultural Assistant,
and
G. I’. WHITE,
Hzpert Engaged. in the Investigation of Bee Diseases.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page
METOMUCHONMM Meee ete nec emcee Geo. ctne 1 | Diseases to be diagnosed—Continued.
Walboratonyemeuhods 2 Amsco. Ss 3 2 Sacbroodeestceresteen se eben es 10
Diseases to be diagnosed.......--.---------- 4 Other abnormal conditions of the brood. 11
European foulbrood........-.-.--------- 4 INOSema diseases ss! ss=- ton ceee iar cee 13
American foulbrood..-....:-2--..-----.- 8 WILECLAbULO steer se ee ee a dae sae 14
INTRODUCTION.
Already some of the States have established laboratories for the
diagnosis and investigation of the diseases of bees. The number of
State laboratories where a rapid and accurate diagnosis of suspected
material can be made will no doubt increase in the future in pro-
portion as State laws for bee-disease inspection and control are insti-
tuted and perfected. Inspectors realize that there will be always
some suspected brood and many conditions among adult bees which
can not be diagnosed in the field, but which will require laboratory
methods for diagnosis. In addition to the demands made by in-
spectors for the examination of suspected material, there will be
numerous independent requests from beekeepers.
During the past several years the writers have examined a large
number of specimens of suspected brood and bees sent to the Bureau
of Entomology, and have developed: and perfected methods and
technique in the diagnosis of the known diseases of bees which, it is
believed, will prove valuable to others. It is the aim of this paper
to present these methods of diagnosis for the benefit of those who
may engage in similar work.
47164°—Bul. 671181
2 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
For the understanding and application of the methods herein out-
lined, a preliminary training in general bacteriology, supplemented
by a special knowledge of the pathogenic bacteria and the methods
pursued in the diagnosis of diseases in general, is essential. As efli-
ciency depends largely upon a knowledge of pathology, too much
emphasis can not be given to it. With such general and special train-
ing as a basis, and with a knowledge of the bee diseases, the acquisi-
tion of the special methods necessary for a laboratory diagnosis of
them becomes a comparatively simple matter.
One of the authors (White) began his investigations on the dis-
eases of bees in 1902, and from this date to 1909 examined and
diagnosed about 500 samples of suspected material and during the
period developed the laboratory methods as given in the present
paper. Since 1909 the senior author (McCray) has carried on the
work of diagnosing the samples received by the Bureau of Ento-
mology and up to the present time has examined and diagnosed
about 5,000 of them.
LABORATORY METHODS.
OBTAINING THE SAMPLES.
For a satisfactory diagnosis of suspected brood the material at
hand should be adequate. The size of the comb containing the af-
fected larvee should be ample. A piece about 5 inches square is suit-
able, provided it contains a sufficient number of larvee. All samples,
no matter how far sent or how long in transit, should be inclosed in
wooden boxes to prevent crushing during transportation. Paste-
board boxes are apt to allow the sample to be crushed, while samples
inclosed in tin boxes are often covered with a rich fungous growth
when received. Both the crushing of the sample and the fungous
growth obscure the gross features which form an important part of
the examination. The sample should not be wrapped in cloth or
paper, as this will tend to retain moisture and further encourage
fungous growth. If thin paper is used, it frequently adheres so
closely that its complete removal is difficult. The sample should con-
tain no honey, as a small amount of it in a comb is sometimes sufl-
cient to cause an unsightly mass, owing to leakage through the pack-
age in transit. As complete a history as can be obtained should
accompany each suspected specimen as an aid to diagnosis. The
Bureau of Entomology for several years past has sent out a printed
question card with blank spaces for answers by the beekeeper sending
the suspected brood. Some of the more important of these questions
are as follows:
jt
Is there any bee disease in your neighborhood?
If so, what disease?
Have you brought colonies from a distance? If so, give source.
ww
DIAGNOSIS OF BED DISEASES. 3
4. Have you fed honey from other sources than your own apiary? Give source
if known.
5. Is the diseased brood mostly capped or is it mostly uncapped?
6. What is the color of the larve (grubs) soon after death ?
7. Later, what is the color of the decaying larvae?
8. Are the dead larval remains ropy?
9. Do you notice any disagreeable odor in the hive?
10. Does there seem to be an unusual number of queenless colonies in the
apiary?
11. What disease do you suspect?
12. Give location of the apiary from which sample was taken by town (or
township) and county.
While a diagnosis sometimes can be made from larve which have
been removed from their cells, and sent without the comb, such mate-
rial is not satisfactory. It is far better to examine the infected larvee
in the comb in which they die. The diagnosis of bee diseases should
not be based upon the examination of honey alone.
EXAMINATION OF THE SAMPLES.
In diagnosis both gross and microscopic examinations are made of
the suspected material.
GROSS EXAMINATION.
The following points are to be taken into consideration: Character
of the caps; regularity of the brood; proportion of affected brood;
position of diseased larvee within the cell; age, color, consistency, and
odor of the affected brood; and kind of larve affected, whether queen,
drone, or worker brood. These factors will be taken up in detail
as each brood disease is considered separately.
In the gross examination of the comb it should be held in such
a manner that a good lighting of the interior of the cells is secured.
This is especially important in examining for scales. The best
method of examining suspected brood is to hold the comb in a ver-
tical position and about level with the eyes; then, by gradually in-
clining the top of the comb toward the observer, a point is reached
at which the greatest amount of light is thrown upon the floor of the
cells. This brings out the scales with great prominenée and permits
of their close scrutiny within the cells. In examining the affected
brood for consistency and adherence to the cell walls in the scale
stage, a small pair of curved forceps is convenient.
The gross examination of the adult bees will be considered under
Nosema disease.
In routine diagnostic work unstained water mounts have been
found very satisfactory in searching for spores, and stained prepara-
tions are made for the vegetative forms. Carbol fuchsin is a suitable
stain to use.
4 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION.
The number of larvee or pup to be examined in a given sample
depends upon various factors. If the case is a typical one, one larva
or pupa dead of a disease usually is sufficient. If, on the other hand,
the gross appearance is not so definite and the microscopic picture
from the first dead remains examined is unsatisfactory, others must
be studied. While much might be written concerning the microscopic
appearance of smears from larve or pupe affected with the various
brood diseases, as compared each with the others and with smears
from healthy brood, such elaborate descriptions are not deemed ad-
visable in this paper. Only the more salient features of the micro-
scopic picture will be given for each disease considered, as it is
believed that such descriptions will best serve those for whose benefit
the paper is prepared.
It will be understood that when the authors write of the recog-
nition of certain organisms by microscopic examination, as, for
example, that of Bacillus pluton or Bacillus alvei, either in stained
smears made from tissue or in stained smears made from agar plates,
they refer to the recognition of the organism under observation only
in a general way, meaning rather that the microscopic picture sug-
gests the organism. The identification of the organism is complete,
naturally, only after a consideration of its cultural characteristics
also.
CULTURES.
In culturing the affected brood agar as ordinarily prepared in the
laboratory is used in making plates. Those larve or pup are
selected which upon microscopic examination have shown evidence
of disease. Of course as many additional ones may be cultured as
desired. The cultures are incubated for different periods of time, as
will be noted in the discussion of the diseases.
Dead, not living, larve are examined.—In the laboratory examina-
tion of diseased bee brood, the affected larvae are always received .
dead, therefore nothing will be said relative to symptoms and appear-
ance of affected living larve.
DISEASES TO BE DIAGNOSED.
EUROPEAN FOULBROOD.
European foulbrood is an infectious disease of the brood of bees
caused by Bacillus pluton (White, 1912).
GROSS CHARACTERS.
(a) The caps and regularity of the brood.—Uarve that die of
European foulbrood do so usually before they reach the age at
which brood is capped. Brood dead of the disease is therefore usu-
ally found in uncapped cells. When the larve die after capping
DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES. 5
the caps usually are entire, but may be punctured. The caps may be
slightly sunken, but usually are not. Owing to the fact that such
a small percentage of the affected brood becomes sealed, a comb of
brood affected with European foulbrood with its few sealed cells and
large amount of young uncapped brood presents a distinctive appear-
ance (PI. I, fig. 1) and shows a marked contrast to the solid areas
of brood of uniform age in healthy combs.
(>) Proportion of affected brood—Kuropean foulbrood usually
has made rather extensive ravages by the time the beekeeper detects
it; hence in many samples received for diagnosis a very large pro-
portion of the larve in the comb are affected. Toward autumn,
however, it 1s not unusual to receive samples containing a small num-
ber of affected larvee.
(c) Position of larve within the cell—The usual position for
larvee affected with European foulbrood is that of lying curled at the
bottom of the cell. Other affected larve lie extended in the cell,
but these are few in number.
(d) Age of the dead larve—tn most of the specimens received
for diagnosis by far the larger proportion of the affected larve are
young, lying curled at the bottom of the cell as just stated. Besides
this comparatively young brood, older larvee, including a few sealed
ones, may be found affected.
(e) Color—A change in color is one of the first abnormalities
noted in brood dead of European foulbrood. Yellow or gray and
combinations of these two colors are among the first to be noted.
Later the yellow and gray gradually deepen, until quite a dark brown
is attained. Larve dead of this disease often present a peculiar
appearance, as though they were melting away under the influence of
heat. The transverse tracheal branches stand out prominently. This
melting appearance of the larve, the yellow, gray, and brown colora-
tion, prominent tracheal branches, and large amount of uncapped
affected brood are characteristics not easily confused, in the majority
of cases, with those of other diseased conditions of the brood.
(f) Consistency.—Larve dead of European foulbrood are com-
paratively friable. However, larvee which are somewhat viscid. usu-
ally may be found. Perhaps slimy, rather than viscid, expresses
better the consistency of some of these larve.
(g) Odor.—A slight, inoffensive odor is frequently to be noted in
European foulbrood. The yeastlike odor which has been described
is not constant in brood affected with European foulbrood. <A simi-
lar odor may be detected in samples other than those which contain
Kuropean foulbrood.
(h) Kind of brood affect d.—Sometimes samples are received
which contain only affected drone-brood. Most cases, however, con-
sist only of worker-brood. _ Queen larve also may be attacked.
6 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(7) Scales.—Scales are formed by the drying of the affected
larve, and from the foregoing description of the dead brood some
conception may be gained as to their form and appearance. Scales
of European foulbrood, like most of the affected larvee, are small and
he at the bottom of the cell, from which they can be separated with
ease. The color of the scale is in general yellow, gray, or brown,
and the cross markings formed by the transverse tracheal branches
usually are still in evidence. This is the usual type of scale found
in European foulbrood. Occasionally there will be received, how-
ever, a sample containing only a few scales, or perhaps a single
scale, in marked contrast to the scale just described. These scales
are always few in number in a given comb area, are usually dark
brown in color, are less easily removed than the small ones, and are
not brittle but rubberlike in consistency.
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS.
The appearance of Bacillus pluton, the etiological factor in Eu-
ropean foulbrood, in stained preparations usually is sufficiently char-
acteristic to render its microscopic identification comparatively cer-
tain. Besides Bacillus pluton, the following secondary invaders
may be found: Bacillus alvei, Streptococcus apis, Bacillus vulgatus,
Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus orpheus, and Bacterium eurydice.
Without careful observation Bacillus pluton and Streptococcus apis
might be confused. Upon careful examination it is found that
Bacillus pluton presents considerable variation in size and morphol-
ogy in the individual organisms. Some of them occur in the form’
of cocci, yet the general picture is that of an organism with more
or less pointed ends. Thin smears should be made in order to obtain
details of morphology.
It is important to have a true conception of the microscopic appear-
ance of Bacillus pluton. 'The essential facts are the typical mor-
phology and the manner of grouping of the individual organisms.
The general shape of the group is often more or less circular, although
numerous groups of more or less irregular form may be observed.
Groups of varying shapes and sizes will be noted as successive fields
are brought into view. It is the presence of these groups, containing
a sufficient number of organisms with the pointed ends described,
that serves to differentiate Bacillus pluton from Streptococcus apis.
Streptococcus apis usually occurs in forms which are sufficiently
coccuslike to lead to little or no hesitancy in differentiating it from
Bacillus pluton. Forms which are sufficiently pointed to resemble
B. pluton do occur, however, and if only a few are present in a field
the differentiation of these species is not possible. By making a
sufficient number of smears from a sufficient number of larvee, forms
DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES. wf
in abundance typical of either 2. pluton or Strep. apis usually can be
found. In stained smears of Strep. apis the organisms are found to
be spread out over the whole field with no tendency to grouping as in
the case of B. pluton. Sometimes in examining European foulbrood
larvee the microscopic picture shows practically nothing but 2B. pluton.
More often, however, Strep. apis, B. alvei, and other rod forms are
found. Some larve will disclose B. alvei alone, others Strep. apis
alone, and still others, these two organisms without B. pluton. Con-
tinued search is sometimes necessary before larvee are found reveal-
ing B. pluton, either alone or with one or more of the secondary
invaders just mentioned. The authors have found Bacillus pluton in
the small yellow, gray, and brown scales as well as in the soft melting
larve. ‘They are not prepared, however, to state the length of time
that the organism persists in the dried state. Mention has been
made of larger scales of rubberlike consistency which occur only
occasionally and in small numbers in a given comb. Such scales
always yield microscopically Bacillus alvei in abundance, ana usually
this organism alone. The microscopic appearance of B. alvei in the
spore stage is rather characteristic, the spores practically always
showing vestiges of the rods clinging to them. This aids in dif-
ferentiating it from B. vulgatus and B. mesentericus. Bacillus
orpheus may be recognized microscopically in the spore stage by
the position of the spore in the rod, it being eccentrically placed.
Bacterium eurydice is a small, slender organism which does not
form spores.
CULTURES.
At the present writing no medium suitable for growing Bacillus
pluton has been devised, hence agar plates made from European
foulbrood larvee show only the secondary invaders—B. alvei, Strep.
apis, B. vulgatus, B. mesentericus, and B. orpheus. Bacillus alvei is
encountered very frequently and is always secured on culturing larve
in which the microscopic examination has revealed the presence of the
organism. Streptococcus apis occurs occasionally. Bacillus vulga-
tus and B. mesentericus frequently are met, but usually in small
numbers only. Bacillus orpheus in large numbers is occasionally
encountered. Bacteriwm eurydice, as a rule, does not appear in the
cultures. Bacillus alvei is the only organism occurring with any
marked degree of frequency and in any great numbers on agar
plates made from affected larvee of any of the known infectious brood
diseases of bees. Rarely do cultures from larve dead from any
cause other than European foulbrood show the presence of this
species.
The appearance of B. alvet on agar plates is rather characteristic.
The colonies usually occur in abundance, often being innumerable.
8 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
When a few colonies are present there is seen, under low magnifica-
tion, a granular center for each colony surrounded by numerous
smaller but similar growths. There is little chance for error in the
identification of B. alvei, assuming that the gross characters of the
suspected material cultured had suggested European foulbrood and
that the microscopic examination of the material had suggested the
organism.
Cultures should be incubated until the second day in making a
diagnosis of suspected European foulbrood material, since spores of
B. alveé are not produced in abundance until that time. Two days,
then, is the minimum time in which a report can be rendered on this
disease. B. vulgatus, B. mesentericus, and B. orpheus may be recog-
nized, when present, by their morphology and cultura] character-
istics (McCray, 1917).
AMERICAN FOULBROOD.
American foulbrood is an infectious disease of the brood of bees
caused by Bacillus larvae (White, 1907).
GROSS CHARACTERS.
(a) The caps and regularity of the brood.—A large amount of the
affected brood is capped, and many of the caps may be sunken and
many perforated. The coloration, the sunken and perforated caps,
and the irregularity produced by the capped and uncapped cells
present quite a characteristic appearance (PI. I, fig. 2).
(6) Proportion of affected brood—The proportion of affected to
healthy brood in American foulbrood is, as a rule, high, although
specimens secured early in the attack may show a considerable pro-
portion of unaffected brood.
(c) Position of the larve within the cell—Inasmuch as most of
the larve in American foulbrood die after the time of capping, the
position of the larve is that of extension along the floor of the cell.
But the dead larvee quickly lose their form and symmetry, so that a
dark, shapeless mass soon occupies the lower portion and bottom of
the cell.
(d) Age of the affected larvew.—tThe usual age at which the larve
are found dead of American foulbrood is just after the time of seal-
ing. This fact is of importance in considering the size of the scale
and its position within the cell. Rarely is young unsealed brood
found affected in this disease.
(e) Color—Most of the dead larvae when received for diagnosis
will be of a dark chocolate color. Only rarely are larve of the lighter
shades of brown seen. The late stages of decay are very dark brown.
(f) Consistency.—The consistency of the affected larve is char-
acteristic and pathognomonic. The larve are strikingly viscid, so
PLATE I.
Bul. 671, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Fia 1.—ComB CONTAINING LARV4 DEAD OF EUROPEAN FOULBROOD.
ginal.)
(Ori
About natural size.
Fic. 2.—COMB CONTAINING LARVA DEAD OF AMERICAN FOULBROOD.
inal.)
o
>
About natural size. (Ori
AMERICAN FOULBROOD.
EUROPEAN AND
Bul. 671, U S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
- " : —— = 7
SS hs hee ty
* Ba
* ee
‘ 4
7
<
3 C2)
- >
2 “ey .
Filia. 1.—COMB CONTAINING LARV4Z DEAD OF SACBROOD.
Natural size. (White.)
') 18 r] é
aris os 'y Ui ‘
em . hh VN
,' ee
oly
wyt, Vey!
ise. >
Fic. 2.—STAINED SMEAR PREPARATION SHOWING SPORES OF NOSEMA APIS.
Highly magnified. (Original.)
SACBROOD AND NOSEMA SPORES.
DIAGNOSIS OF BER -DISRASES. 8)
that on thrusting the forceps into the brown larval remains and
withdrawing them a portion of the decaying mass adheres and is
drawn out, often to a distance of 8 or 4 inches. The viscidity is
often referred to by the term “ropiness” in beekeeping literature.
In the rare instances in which young uncapped affected larvee are en-
countered the ropiness is less pronounced.
(g) Odor.—The odor is characteristic and may be described as
unpleasant. Often it is feeble or absent altogether, probably having
disappeared after the removal of the diseased brood from the hive.
Affected brood-comb will absorb other odors if given the oppor-
tunity, thus masking the original characteristic odor. Such dis-
appearance and masking of the odor has been observed where speci-
mens of diseased brood in combs from various sources had been
thrown together and allowed to lie about preparatory to being de-
stroyed (McCray, 1916).
(h) Kind of brood.—It is affected worker-brood that is most often
encountered in American foulbrood samples, although drone-brood
is sometimes affected. ;
(c) Scales—The scales of American foulbrood are distinctive and
are characteristic of the disease. If they are present in sufficient
numbers the disease can be diagnosed from the gross appearance
alone. The lower cell walls can be easily illumined by tilting the
upper portion of the comb toward the observer, as previously de-
scribed. The scales appear extended along the lower cell wall, are
quite dark in color, and adhere closely to the floor and base of the
cell. Sometimes they adhere so closely as to break when an attempt
is made to remove them from the cell. Often a semblance of the
form of the pupe is evident in the dried-down mass forming the
scale. Some of the mouth parts of the pupz sometimes protrude
sufficiently to adhere to the roof of the cell.
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS.
In considering the microscopic appearance of stained smears from
infected brood in this disease, there usually is only Bacillus larvae
in the spore form to engage the attention of the observer. In some
instances, however, samples containing the disease in its earlier
stages are received and then Bacillus larvae in the rod or vegetative
form maybe encountered. Such a sample usually is more difficult
to diagnose. To receive a sample in which some older larve con-
taining spores of Bacillus larvae can not be found, however, is a
very rare occurrence.
Tn a stained smear made from an infected larva and mounted in
water, the microscopic picture is rather characteristic. The most
striking feature of the mount is the large number of spores adher-
ing to the cover glass, floating with the current, or dancing free in
10 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the water medium. Many of the spores stain slightly about the
periphery, which aids somewhat in the observation. Good results
may be obtained from an unstained water mount. The vegetative
forms of Bacillus larvae, when they are present, are observed to be
slender rods, which tend to occur in chains.
CULTURES.
In culturing affected larve it is the absence of growth on the agar
plates that is important in the diagnosis of American foulbrood.
This is because the spores of Bacillus larvae will not germinate and
grow on the ordinary media of the laboratory, and other growth is
absent because there are seldom secondary invaders present. Occa-
sionally there will be a spreading growth of B. vulgatus, or B. mesen-
tericus, and very rarely of B. alvei. On quite rare occasions a con-
siderable number of colonies of B. vulgatus or B. mesentericus have
been found. As both of these species form spores, as a rule, within
24 hours, their differentiation from B. alvet usually can be made in
this way. A report on a sample of American foulbrood, therefore,
nearly always can be made within a day.
SACBROOD.
Sacbrood is an infectious brood disease of bees caused by a filter-
able virus (White, 1913 and 1917).
GROSS CHARACTERS.
(a) Character of caps and regularity of the brood—Larve usually
die after capping in this disease, some of the dead brood being un-
capped by the bees later. Occasionally the caps are punctured. An
area of comb affected with sacbrood therefore presents an irregularity.
So far as the age of the affected larve themselves is concerned, there
is considerable uniformity owing to the fact that death in this disease
occurs after sealing during the two-day period of rest just preceding
pupation. The affected brood, however, is interspersed among healthy
brood of varying age, which adds to the irregular appearance of the
affected comb (PI. I, fig. 1).
(6) Proportion of affected brood—As a rule there is not a large
proportion of affected brood in a given comb area. Often there will
be an affected larva only here and there.
(c) Position within the cell—The position of the affected larve is
that of extension lengthwise along the fioor of the cell, against which
the dorsal portion of the larva lies. The head is turned upward, to-
ward the roof of the cell.
(d) Age—The brood dies after it has been sealed.
(e) Color—Usually by the time brood is received for diagnosis the
color of the affected larve is brown or quite dark—often almost
black. If the brood is in the earlier stages of decay, however, the
DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES. 11
color may be light yellow, light gray, or light brown. The lighter
shades soon deepen to the darker ones.
(7) Consistency—tThe consistency is characteristic. The cuticular
portion of the body wall of an affected larva is decidedly resistant so
that the larva may be grasped with forceps and removed from the
cell intact. After removal from the cell the larva has the appear-
ance of a small closed sac. When the sac is ruptured the contents
will be seen to be watery. Suspended in the waterlike fluid will be
noted numerous fine brown granules.
(g) Odor.—There is no distinctive odor to sacbrood combs.
(h) Kind of brood—The greatest ravages occur in the worker-
brood. Affected drone-brood may be encountered.
(2) Scales—The scales when dried down are quite black and the
surface appears somewhat roughened. They separate readily from
the cell wall and may be lifted out intact by means of forceps.
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS.
The striking feature of the microscopic examination is the absence
of microorganisms. Rarely a few rods may be observed. A large
amount of detritus is always in evidence, consisting of the brown
granular material seen on gross examination after rupturing the
body wall of the larva. These granules are in a large part the re-
sult of the disintegration of the fat body of the larva.
CULTURES.
As might be expected from the microscopic examination, agar
plates inoculated with infected material are practically always nega-
tive as to bacterial growth. Even the presence of organisms of the
vulgatus group is rare. No other growth occurs unless from chance
contamination.
OTHER ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE BROOD.
There are noninfectious abnormal conditions of the brood of bees
which have been confused with one or more of the infectious diseases.
Among the more important of these may be mentioned chilled brood,
starved brood, overheated brood, drone-brood resulting from laying
workers, and brood dying after removal from the hive. The names
given to most of the foregoing conditions are sufficient to indicate in
a general way the probable cause of death. These conditions are less
likely to be confused with American foulbrood than with either one
of the other two infectious brood diseases of bees. The specimens
that resemble European foulbrood in the gross consist of soft, easily
ruptured, gray, yellow, and light-brown larve. The irregularity of
the brood, the age, the color, and sometimes the scales bear a strik-
ing resemblance to many cases of the disease.
On microscopical examination of the affected larve the smear
often discloses microorganisms, yet they lack the definite, clear-cut,
12 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
positive picture desired in the diagnosis of the disease. If, on cultur-
ing, the agar plates are free from Bacillus alvei the specimen is usu-
ally considered negative.
Occasionally specimens are received resembling sacbrood that tend
to cause confusion. The head in some of these has a tendency to turn
upward, resembling sacbrood, but unless there is present the tough
body wall and watery granular contents, a diagnosis of sacbrood
should not be made. A resemblance to the disease is sometimes noted
after the brood dries down to form a scale, dark in color and sepa-
rating readily from the cell wall. The microscopic examination and
the cultures are often negative as in sacbrood. In such cases, when
there are only a few affected larvee, it is impossible to make a diag-
nosis. Samples of comb containing only pollen without brood or
scales have been received for diagnosis. Such specimens are always
unsatisfactory and insufficient for diagnosis.
TABLE 1.—Differential features in the diagnosis of the brood diseases of bees by
laboratory methods.
European foulbrood. | American foulbrood. Sacbrood.
General appearance of
brood.
Proportion of affected
brood.
Position within cell... .
Age of the larvee........
Coloration= psn...
Kind of brood affected..
pcales.s = Leesa eee
Microscopic findings...
Cultures Soe cosscse sen
Brood irregular. Large
amount of affected brood
unsealed.
Varying number of young
larve affected, usually
many
Neyseatin) curled at bottom.
Larve soft, with melting
appearance.
Usually die before capping. -
Larve yellow, gray, and
brown.
Slight, inoffensive...........
Soft, rather friable..........-
Often considerable amount
of drone-brood as well as
worker-brood.
Usually small and lie at bot-
tomofcell. Yellow, gray,
or brown in color. Some-
times a few larger, brown,
rubberlike scales. All
scales separate readily
from cell wall.
Bacillus pluton always.
Bacillus alvei usually.
Streptococcus apis some-
times. Bacillus orpheus,
Bacterium eurydice, Bacil-
lus vulgatus, and Bacillus
mesentericus, occasionally.
Any of the above organisms
except Bacillus pluton.
Very irregular; affected
brood sealed, sunken
and perforated caps
present.
Usually a large amount
of brood affected.
Extension along lower
cell wall. Larvee soon
become a _ shapeless
mass.
Usually die after capping
Usually dark chocolate...
Usually strong charac-
teristic odor. More or
less offensive.
Viscid, can be ‘‘roped’”’
out a distance of 3 or
4 inches.
Any considerable
amount of drone-brood
less likely to be seen.
Extension along lower
cell wall dark
brown in color. Sur-
faces Somewhat
smooth. Separate
from cell with diffi-
culty.
| Usually only Bacillus
larvae. Occasionally
Bacillus vulgatus. and
Bacillus mesentericus.
Frequently negative.
Never Bacillus larvae
on common media.
Brooaless irregular,
perforated caps pres-
ent, dark sunken
caps not so pro-
nounced asin Ameri-
ean foulbrood.
Small amount of brood
affected.
Extension along lower
cell wall. Head
turned upward.
Normal form main-
tained.
Almost invariably die
after capping.
Soon become dark
brown to almost
black.
None.
Contents watery and
sranular. Larvee can
e@ removed from cell
without rupturing
body wall.
Greatest ravages among
worker-brood.
Extension along lower
eell wall. Dark in
color, often black.
Somewhat rough-
ened appearance.
Benarate readily from
wall
Negative as a rule.
Nearly always wholly
negative.
DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES. 13
"?
NOSEMA DISEASE.
7
Nosema disease is an infectious disease of adult bees. It is the only
adult disease which at the present time can be diagnosed by labora-
tory methods (White, 1918). Sixty years ago Dénhoff (1857) ob-
served an infectious condition among adult bees in which, upon
examining the stomach of affected bees, small oval bodies were
found. This work had been practically forgotten until Zander
(1909) reported some interesting findings in a disorder of adult
bees. He found that the stomach wall of bees taken from colonies
suffering from what he called “malignant dysentery” contained a
protozoan parasite. To this parasite he gave the name Vosema apis.
In England (Graham-Smith, Fantham, Porter, Bullamore, and
Malden, 1912) Nosema infection in bees has been associated with a
disorder referred to as the Isle of Wight bee disease. Recent in-
vestigations in Scotland (Anderson and Rennie, 1916) have lead to
a somewhat different view. As Nosema apis occurs in cue group
Microsporidia the name “microsporidiosis” has been given to the
disease (Fantham and Porter, 1912).
Nosema disease is widely distributed. It occurs in Germany,
Australia, Switzerland, and England at least. The junior author
(White, 1914) has found the parasite Vosema apis in samples of bees
from a large number of the States of the United States and from
Canada. The disease weakens and even kills colonies and is there-
fore one of interest to beekeepers. The exact losses from it are not
known, but in America they are less than has been attributed to it in
some other countries.
OBTAINING THE BEES.
Either dead or living bees are suitable for examination. Dead
bees may be dry and still be suitable material. Living bees for
examination can be sent very satisfactorily in mailing cages such
as are used by queen breeders; dead ones may be sent in any con-
venient way. A complete history of the colony and apiary as to
disease should accompany the bees.
GROSS CHARACTERS.
The presence of various symptoms has been mentioned as being
of importance in the diagnosis of Nosema infection. Among these
are noted the spotting of the hive with feces, abdominal distention,
the presence of shiny bees devoid of hair, and the activity of the
bees, either in the cages or when free. These are of questionable
value. It is upon the presence or absence of Nosema spores that the
diagnosis is based. Bees otherwise apparently healthy may, upon
examination of the stomach, show the presence of spores of Nosema
apis in large numbers.
14 BULLETIN 671, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS.
The bees if alive may be killed easily by crushing the thorax be-
tween the jaws of a pair of dissecting forceps. Then the thorax is
grasped by the thumb and finger of one hand, the tip of the abdomen
is grasped with a pair of forceps held in the other, and by gentle
traction the ventriculus (stomach) and hind gut usually come away
entirely and may be teased apart for examination, or the whole gut
may be crushed under a cover glass and examined. In making a
diagnosis at least 10 bees should be examined. Spores of WVosema
apis if present are easily recognized, being oval, highly refractile
bodies (Pl. I, fig. 2). Usually they occur in large numbers crowd-
ing the field. They stain with difficulty, and for diagnostic pur-
poses water mounts unstained are satisfactory. The young forms
of the parasite when present are quite difficult of detection, and
should not be depended upon in the diagnosis.
Occasionally protozoa other than Nosema apis have been en-
countered in the examination of adult bees. These have no relation
to Nosema disease, however, and may be disregarded in its diagnosis.
LITERATURE.
Much has already been written on bee diseases. The journals on
beekeeping contain numerous articles pertaining to them. Bulletin
No. 98 of the Bureau of Entomology briefly reviews a number of
papers, published prior to 1912, dealing with the causes of these
diseases. The papers reviewed and the publications cited, together
with the papers in the following list and the references which they
contain, comprise a fairly comprehensive résumé of all the literature
detailing work done on these diseases.
With regard to further papers to appear soon, it is announced
that studies have been made on American foulbrood and European
foulbrood, similar to those on sacbrood (White, 1917) and Nosema
disease (White, 1918) and that the results are now being prepared
for publication.
ANDERSON, JOHN, and RENNIE, JOHN.
1916. Observations and experiments bearing on “Isle of Wight” disease
in hive bees. Jn Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., Session 1915-1916, y. 20,
pt. 1, p. 28-61, 1 pl.
ARISTOTLE. (B. C. 384-822.)
1783. Histoire des Animaux d’Aristote avec la Traduction Francoise (Notes
sur Histoire des Animaux d’Aristote) par M. Camus [Greek and French
on opposite pages]. Paris. 2yv. 4°.
Volume 1, Book IX, page 615: Bee diseases.
1910. The works of Aristotle Translated into English under the Editorship
of J. A. Smith [and] W. D. Ross. Oxford. v. 4, Historia animalium by
D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
Book IX, p. 626b: Bee diseases.
DIAGNOSIS OF BEE DISEASES. 15
CHESHIRE, KF. R., and Curynr, W. W.
1885. The pathogenic history and history under cultivation of a new bacillus
(B. alvei), the cause of a disease of the hive bee hitherto known as foul
brood. In Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], ser. 2, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 581-601,
pl. 10, 11.
DzIERZON, JOHANNES.
1882. Dzierzon’s Rational Bee Keeping; or the Theory and Practice of Dr.
Dzierzon. Translated from the latest German edition by H. Dieck and
S. Stutterd. Edited and revised by Chas. Nash Abbott. London.
DONHOorFF and LEucKART.
1857. Ueber die Fadenpilz im Darm der Biene. Jn Bienen-zeitung [Bich-
stadt], v. 13, no. 6, p. 66-67.
FANTHAM, H. B., and Porrrer, ANNIE.
1912. The morphology and life history of Nosema apis and the significance
of its various stages in the so-called “‘Isle of Wight’ disease in bees
(Microsporidiosis). In Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., v. 6, no. 2, p.
163-195, col. pl. 14-16.
Page 189: References.
GRAHAM-SmiTH, G. S., FantHAM, H. B., Porter, ANNIE, BULLAMGu., G. W..
~and MALpEN, W.
1912. Report on the Isle of Wight bee disease (Microsporidiosis). In
Sup. 8 to the Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], v. 19, no. 2. 143 p., 5 pl.
Pages 139-1438: Bibliography.
McCray, A. H.
1916. Some difficulties in gross diagnosis of the infectious brood diseases
of bees. Jn Jour. Econ. Ent., v. 9, no. 1, p. 192-196.
1917. The spore-forming bacteria of the apiary. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr. Jour.
Agr. Research, v. 8, no. 11, p. 399-420, 6 fig., pl. 93-94.
Morrror-MUHLFELD. :
1868. Die Faulbrut, ibre Entstehung, Fortpflanzung und Heilung. Jn
Bienen-zeitung [Hichstadt], Jahrg. 24, Nro. 8, p. 93-97.
ScHIRaAcH, A. G._
1771. Histoire Naturelle de la Reine des Abeilles, avec l’Art de Former
des Essaims. Le Haye.
WHITE, G. F.
1907. The cause of American foul brood. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Cire.
94. 4p.
1912. The cause of European foul brood. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent.
Cire. 157. 15 p., 10 fig.
1913. Sacbrood, a disease of bees. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Cire. 169.
5 p.
1914. Destruction of germs of infectious bee diseases by heating. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bul. 92. (Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology.)
8 p.
1917. Sacbrood. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 431. (Contribution from the Bu-
reau of Hntomology.. Professional paper.) 54 p., 33 fig., 4 pl.
Literature cited, p. 53-54.
1918. Nosema disease. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. —. (Contribution from the
Bureau of Entomology. Professional paper.) (In press.)
Literature cited.
ZANDER, HNOCH.
1909. 'Tierische Parasiten als Krankheitserreger bei der Biene. Jn Miinch-
ener Bienen-zeitung, 1909, Heft 9. 11 p., 3 fig.
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 672
Contribution from the Bureau of Biological Survey
E. W. NELSON, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. June 21, 1918
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH.
By ALEXANDER Wetmore, Assistant Biologist.
CONTENTS.
< Page. Page.
MITEOUMC LION emer acer cleans aetieciccsclewieces- ee 1 | The duck sickness—Continued.
PEM STOGyAM Uaioe @eec-s-sccce ssl ee ~~ 2 WinbenablespheOries saecen sea einen eee 13
Reports from other regions. -.....-.--------- 5 MHE\CaAUSe? vss se oe Ces iets: lone =i 15
Omilinevoticldaworkes .8-2-55-----c---s---% Ge (@Riemedialimeasunressss: see eces cee -/-- Seo oe 18
MMTCYENTIGKSSICKMESSemaetiacescecs- steer -t tees 7 Increase of summer water in streams... - 19
Symptoms and description ........-.---- 7 Drainage of affected areas.........-----.- 19
Areas where sick birds are found -- -.---- 11 GUTOONSICK DINGS se sere seer eee 20
peciosiatected sac s2-4-4-sc-sc--------- 11 | Release of banded birds. .-.-...-..-----.--- atte 25
INTRODUCTION.
Since 1910, annual losses from disease of large numbers of wild
ducks in the Salt Lake Valley have attracted much attention from
sportsmen and others interested in waterfowl. Thousands of these
birds find suitable breeding grounds in the marshes formed in the
deltas of the rivers draining into Great Salt Lake, while the great
extent of these areas and the abundant food supply found there at-
tract vast hordes of others that pass in migration during spring and
fall. Early reports of losses from disease among these birds were ex-
ageerated in many cases, but it soon became evident that ducks were
dying in such numbers as to make it a serious matter. In the first
years the trouble was little understood. Various theories advanced as
to its cause were one by one rejected. Local interest was greatly
aroused, and many attempts at investigation were made. It was
recognized that the problem was of great importance, as a serious
mortality among wild ducks in Utah would soon be reflected in a
diminution in their numbers in other regions, some perhaps far
distant.
Dead ducks from the affected areas were sent in to the Biological
Survey and were transmitted to the Bureau of Animal Industry for
Nore.—This bulletin is a final report on an investigation of mortality among ducks and other water-
fowlin marshes about Great Salt Lake, Utah. Itisfor the information of sportsmen and othersinterested
in the conservation of game birds. A preliminary report was published in 1915 as Department Bulletin
No. 217.
46651°—18—Bull. 672——1
9 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
study. Agents of that bureau also made investigations in the field.
In order to determine, if possible, the cause of the mortality, a short
preliminary examination of the affected areas was made in August,
1913, by an assistant from the Biological Survey, and in the follow-
ing year work was begun in July and continued during the summer
and fall of 1915 and 1916. A preliminary report covering the work
of the first year was published in the spring of 1915.1. The present
bulletin covers the entire investigation in so far as is pertinent to
a discussion of the conclusions reached.
HISTORY IN UTAH.
Sick ducks had been noticed in the Bear River marshes at the
northern end of Great Salt Lake for many years, though the trouble
is not known to have been serious until 1910. The fact that there
were sick ducks previous to the severe outbreak in that year was
not generally known, some overlooking it and others refusing to ad-
mit it. It is well established, however, that sick birds were present
in small numbers. Several hunters and guides who have shot on
these marshes for many hunting seasons have recalled that sick and
dead birds were found at an early day. ‘Twenty-five years ago the
hunting season began on September 1, and in certain areas, as in
the region known as the North Shore, it was not unusual to find
many dead ducks on this date. Occasionally, sick birds were found,
and in some cases the rushes were full of decaying bodies. These,
however, apparently attracted little attention. Some of the early
settlers in this region have reported sick birds at earlier dates.
A few ducks are known to have died on the New State Gun Club
grounds at the mouth of the Jordan River in 1902 or 1903, and sick
birds were first reported from the mouth of the Weber River at
about the same time. Helpless teal, found on several occasions dur-
ing 1904 in the tules on the Weber River marshes, near the North
Shore Gun Club, caused comment among the hunters. There are
no records of sick birds during the next four years, but in the sum-
mer of 1909 a few were found in the Jordan River marshes, and
late in fall others were reported. ‘These late fall birds, found when
ice was closing the marshes, may have been affected with some other
trouble. Many hunters considered them to be cripples that had es-
caped during the shooting season. It is said that a considerable
number of sick birds were found during that summer on the Weber.
It was not until 1910 that attention was definitely directed to the
duck sickness. The summer season of that year was dry and the
water level of the rivers far below normal. In mid-July reports
were current of a peculiar disease among wild ducks in the marshes
1 Wetmore, Alex., Mortality among Waterfowl around Great Salt Lake, Utah; U.S. ee Agr. Bul.
217, pp. 1-10, pls. 3, 1915.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 3
at the mouth of the Jordan River. As August passed the reports
became more numerous, and later a few sick birds were noted at the
mouth of the Weber. On September 5 about 50 ducks, dead or help-
less, were noticed in the Bear River marshes by A. P. Bigelow, of
Ogden, and within a Week hundreds were found. At the sare time
the trouble increased in the other localities mentioned. Many thou-
sand wild ducks died on both the Jordan and the Weber, while on
the great mud flats in the Bear River delta the mortality is said to
have been almost beyond belief. Dead birds rotting in the sun
dotted the water in the shallow bays, and long windrows of bodies
were blown up on the shore lines and against the rushes. The birds
died in such great numbers, and the causes of the mortality were so
obscure, that a strong prejudice arose against killing and eating ducks
that were apparently healthy. The gun clubs in the Bear River area
were not opened that year, and few ducks were killed elsewhere.
Many persons were even afraid to be near or to handle the sick birds,
and stories were told of people and domestic animals that had con-
tracted disease through contact with the ducks. Large numbers of
dead ducks were picked up by men hired for the purpose on the New
State Gun Club grounds during this season. The birds were piled
up in heaps and covered with lime, and many of these piles were still
intact the following spring. With fall rains and a rise in the rivers,
due to the turning in of the flow used for irrigation during the summer, -
conditions were ameliorated. A few sick birds were present as late
as October 21, but soon all had disappeared.
In the Jordan River district the cause of the mortality was attrib-
uted to typhoid or some other obscure infection due to the presence
of sewage in the water from the Salt Lake City drainage. In 1911 the
sewer was continued beyond the marshes to a dumping ground on
the lake front, so that sewage was in a large measure eliminated.
In 1911 the trouble began again late in summer and, while preva-
lent in the same marsh areas, was much less severe than during the
preceeding year. As the sickness was considered infectious or con-
tagious, effort was made to remove or bury all dead ducks lying in
the water in the channels of the Weber River.
In 1912 conditions were more serious. The marshes about the
New State Gun Club are supplied with water through a series of
canals, and this year the water was diverted early in the season, so
that the marshes were dry, driving out the birds; consequently few
died here. The grounds were not flooded again until September 20,
when preparation was made for the fall shooting. On both the Weber
and Bear River marshes, however, conditions were bad, and attempts
were made to clear the marshes of dead birds. W. O. Belnap states
that about 30,000 birds were picked up on the Weber River flats,
while on Bear River, from records kept by V. F. Davis, it is learned
4 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
that the bodies of 44,462 wild ducks were gathered and buried
between August 22 and September 21.
In 1913 a few sick birds were noted in the Bear River marshes
early in summer, but the trouble was not serious until September.
On September 4 Joe Cook reported 600 or more dead birds on some
recently flooded flats near the mouth of Channel 3. Three days
later men were brought down to pick up the dead birds, and the
work continued until September 26. In this period V. F. Davis
records that 46,723 ducks were buried. Attempt was made to
clean up only those birds lying in the open. These formed but a
small part, so that the figures given probably represent less than 20
per cent of the birds that actually died. In gathering these birds
men traveled over the soft mud of the flats. The dead ducks were
speared with pitchforks and thrown into tubs or boats. Where the
soil permitted, these bodies were buried in trenches dug for the pur-
pose. Elsewhere they were piled up, covered with rushes, and
finally mud was thrown on them. Some of these piles of bodies
were still to be seen during the summer of 1916. In both 1912 and
1913 the sickness ceased shortly after the opening of the hunting
season. During the first few days of October in those years sick
birds were common, and hunters often set out helpless ducks in front
of their blinds as decoys for the healthy birds.
In 1914 sick birds first appeared about July 1, and although the
trouble developed to a considerable extent, conditions were much
better than in any other year since 1910. Comparatively few birds
were lost in the Jordan River marshes, but conditions were not so
satisfactory on the lower channels of the Weber. On August 21
probably between 8,000 and 10,000 ducks lay dead along the north
channel in a distance of 2 miles (Pl. I, fig. 1). At the same time
many helpless birds were in the stagnant water, and a large number
unable to fly walked off across the flats at near approach. Birds
continued to die here until about September 20. On the Bear River
marshes two sick birds were found on July 15, and others had been
reported earlier. Sick birds were numerous on August 11, and by
August 20 the trouble was at its height. The last sick bird for the
Season was seen on September 27.
In 1915 the Jordan River marshes were drained, and the ducks
frequenting them were driven elsewhere. The season proved to be
abnormally dry, and practically no water passed the irrigation dams
across the rivers after the 1st of July. The broad flats at the
mouth of the Weber River were entirely bare and remained so until
fall. In the Bear River region North Bay was dry, while only a
narrow channel led through South Bay to the lake. The major part
of the ducks normally found here were forced to go elsewhere, and
conditions were such that there were few sick birds among those that
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 5
remained. A few were found when the water rose in the fall, but
it was estimated that not more than 500 birds died during the season.
During 1916 practically no sick birds were found on either the
Jordan or Weber Rivers. On Bear River the first were noted on
July 3, and the trouble was at its height by August 30, with no
abatement until September 25. It was practically at an end before
October 1, though occasional sick green-winged teal and spoonbills
were noted until October 17.
REPORTS FROM OTHER REGIONS.
Around the shores of Owens Lake, Cal., Dr. A. K. Fisher, of the
Biological Survey, found many dead eared grebes and shovellers in
June, 1891. He estimated the number of dead grebes at 35,0001
In November, 1914, the writer found many birds of these same species,
with a few individuals of others, dead in this locality. Apparently
the cause of death was similar to that producing the duck sickness in
Utah. Considerable numbers of grebes and ducks come to Owens
Lake in the fall and remain through the winter. The greater part are
said to die before the end of February and are cast up along the shore.
Sick ducks have been observed in the Tulare Lake basin for more
than 20 years, according to Tipton Matthews, deputy game warden of
Kern County. These birds were found around Goose Lake and on the
-Widgeon Gun Club grounds at Brown’s Knolls when the water supply
was lowinsummer. In 1909 sick birds appeared around Soleta Lake;
and in 1910 many thousand ducks died on Soleta, Goose, Buena
Vista, and Tulare Lakes. Sick birds were found in these areas during
the three years following. Frank C. Clark, a special assistant of the
California Fish and Game Commission, made an investigation into
the sickness at Tulare Lake in the fall of 1913.2. In 1914 Soleta and
Goose Lakes were dry, and no sick birds occurred on Buena Vista
Lake, which was filled with fresh water. Tipton Matthews and the
writer estimated that in this year at least 15,000 birds, the greater
part of which were pintails, had died on Tulare Lake. Long lines of
bodies had washed up along low levees on the south shore, and dead
birds were scattered across the drying flats or lay along the dikes
where they had crawled out of the water. Since 1914 few sick birds
have been known here.
From the Lake Malheur region, in Oregon, a malady apparently the
same as the duck sickness of Great Salt Lake has been reported, and
in 1916 and 1917 sick ducks were reported from Baca Lake, 35 miles
south of Malheur Lake.
An outbreak that occurred at Lake Bowdoin, near Malta, Mont.,
in August and September, 1915, killed large numbers of shorebirds
1 North American Fauna No. 7, pp. 12-13, 1893. 2 Cf. Condor, XV, pp. 214-226, 1913.
6 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and many ducks. <A few birds were still affected after the 1st of
October. Individuals examined at this time had the same malady
as the ducks in Utah, but it can not be stated definitely that all had
died from this trouble.
Sick birds in large numbers were reported in the Cheyenne Bottoms,
near Great Bend, Kans., in 1914 and 1915. From information fur-
nished by Dr. N. P. Sherwood and Dr. B. T. Clawson, of the University
of Kansas, it would seem that these may have been suffering from
some bacterial affection.
Other reports more or less indefinite have come from other regions
in the West.
OUTLINE OF FIELD WORK.
A preliminary examination and study of conditions was begun by
the writer in the Salt Lake Valley on July 12, 1914, and continued
without interruption until October 30. Conditions on the Bear,
Weber, and Jordan Rivers were studied thoroughly, and visits were
made to the Willard Spur, Promontory Point at the southern end of
the Promontory Range, and Locomotive Springs, a large isolated
marsh area on the northern shore line of Great Salt Lake near Kelton.
In connection with this work the writer visited the Tulare Lake basin,
in California, from November 3 to 11, where he was assisted materially
by Tipton Matthews, deputy warden of Kern County, whose services
were made available through cooperation of the California Fish and
Game Commission. Following this, conditions were studied at
Owens Lake, Cal., from November 12 to 14.
In 1915 work was begun in Utah on May 15 and continued until
October 25. As the investigations of the previous year had estab-
lished that the affection was apparently identical in the three large
areas involved, it was decided to carry on intensive work in one area
and to visit the other regions when necessary. The marshes and
shallow bays in the delta of Bear River at the northern end of Great
Salt Lake, offered a great expanse in which conditions were varied
and in which waterfowl were enormously abundant. A small tem-
porary field laboratory was erected here, and pens and cages for use
in experimental work were built as needed (PL. IV, fig. 2). This year
was unusually dry, and large areas were bare which were covered
with water under normal conditions. The New State Gun Club
marshes were drained by order of the club authorities early in the
year and remained dry during the whole summer season. The entire
volume of water in the lower part of the Weber River was taken out
for nrigation, and the flats at its mouth were dry until fall. On Bear
River the amount of water in the stream was greatly reduced, and
large marsh areas, normally covered with from 1 to 10 inches of water,
dried and baked in the sun. North Bay was dry, but a part of South
Bay remained, and here many ducks congregated. Work was carried
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. |
on in the Bear River region until October 28. Lake Bowdoin, near
Malta, Mont., where sick ducks had been reported, was visited from
October 2 to 9. On August 25 the lakes and marshes west of Salt
Lake City were inspected in company with J. C. Smith, of the State
Fish and Game Commission. In October one visit was made to
Promontory Point.
In 1916 the field laboratory on Bear River was opened on May 15.
Experimental work begun in the previous years was carried on to
completion, and a large number of birds were handled and studied.
The Locomotive Springs marsh near Kelton was visited on August
29. Work terminated on Bear River on October 25.
Acknowledgments are due many organizations and individuals for
kindly assistance rendered in many ways, without which the in-
vestigation could not have proceeded nor could much valuable
information have been secured.1 The Bureau of Chemistry has
cooperated in making analyses of water, alkaline scale, and other
material.
THE DUCK SICKNESS.
SYMPTOMS AND DESCRIPTION.
The symptoms of the duck sickness in large part indicate a paralysis
of the nerve centers controlling the muscular system. In exercising
their powers of flight birds exert a maximum amount of energy,
and a decrease in these activities is one of the early indications of
the duck sickness. Birds affected may be able to support themselves
in the air for short distances only, or may have the wings entirely
helpless. Between these two stages all intermediate conditions are
found. The paralysis is most marked at first in the great pectoral
muscles that direct the wing in its downward stroke. The smaller
muscles that support the wing when folded also relax and allow the
carpal joint to drop from its normal position, so that the wings in
birds at rest droop from the sides of the body (Pl. II, fig. 2). In
swimming the anterior wing joint drags in the water, often forcing
the wing tips up conspicuously at an angle above the back.
With this affection of the wings the paralysis gradually spreads
to the muscles of the legs. Birds become unable to support the body,
though still able to swim. Some individuals, though apparently
helpless, are able to make off at a great rate by aid of both wings
and legs. In individuals of species that have the legs greatly de-
veloped and specialized, as the avocet and the black-necked stilt,
1 Especial thanks are due to the officers of the Duckville Gun Club for living quarters in the clubhouse
and to individual members for assistance in field work; to the Bear River Club for permission to use a
tract of ground utilized in experimental work, and other facilities; to A. P. Bigelow, of Ogden, Secretary
of the Bear River Club Co., for aid in many ways; to L. B. McCornick for valuable assistance; to
V.F. Davis, superintendent of grounds of the Bear River Club, for information of value; to Clarence Adney,
of Corinne, for assistance; to W. O. Belnap for aid in work at the mouth of the Weber River; to the New
State Gun Club for quarters while working on the Jordan River marshes; and to the State fish and game
commissioner for permits for shooting and handling birds as needed in the work.
8 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
these lower extremities become affected almost at once, and the
bird sits on the full length of the tarsus instead of standing on the
toes. These birds are unable to escape when approached, but strug-
gle with beating wings to rise to a standing position. In a short
time they sink on the breast in the mud and then are entirely helpless.
In ducks and most other species, except the shorebirds just men-
tioned, the legs become affected more gradually. Individual ducks
are able to swim for some time after they are unable to support the
body in a standing position. Slowly the muscles become more
helpless until, capable of slight movement only, the feet remain in
normal position under the abdomen. Sick birds seem to sense this
increasing helplessness, and, when able, endeavor to work their way
out of the water on mud bars, or seek shelter, if available, in rushes
or other aquatic growth.
In the next stage of the sickness the neck muscles weaken and
the head is supported with difficulty (Pl. I, fig. 1). Birds remain
quiet unless frightened, and when disturbed the head, with slight
control, sways drunkenly from side to side. Finally the bird lies,
unable to move, with the head prone on one side (PI. III, fig. 1).
At this point, if the individual is in water, death comes by drowning,
but on land the bird may live for some time longer. Many, however,
avert drowning by throwing the head on the back, where it lies in
an unnatural position.
Affected individuals early show considerable difficulty in breathing,
and as the trouble progresses this is more acute. Inspiration be-
comes increasingly difficult and may be spasmodic, while the number
of respirations per minute is lessened. In a great majority of cases
death comes from cessation of breathing due to paralysis of the
muscles controlling this function. In some birds the muscles slowly
become passive, until finally only those in the anterior thoracic
region respond. The intake and outflow of air is slight, and on
casual observation such birds might be considered dead.
In severe cases the heart also is affected. Normally the pulse in
a wild duck at rest and not unduly excited averages 120 beats per
minute. With any struggling or attempt at flight it jumps at once
to 180 or 200. In some severe cases of the duck sickness the heart
action was weak and irregular. One mallard lived in the laboratory
for two days with the heart beating only 30 times each minute and
the respirations reduced to 8 for the same period. The body tem-
perature (rectal) in sick birds remains about normal unless the heart
is affected. With a decrease in the circulation the temperature
falls slowly from the normal register of 104° F. to 109.8° F. (mean,
106.7°) to less than 100° F.
One important external symptom, easily overlooked, remains to be
mentioned. Besides upper and lower eyelids birds possess a third
Bul. 672, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, AS PLATE I.
B15723
Fla. 1.—Ducks DEAD FROM THE Duck SICKNESS.
Photograph taken on the North Channel at the mouth of the Weber River, Utah.
, BI5730
Fla. 2.—View OF DRYING MuD FLATS AT THE MOUTH OF BEAR RIVER, UTAH.
Ducks are made sick here by alkalis taken into solution when these areas are flooded by rising
or shifting water.
Bul. 672, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
BI6261
Fie. 1.—PINTAIL WITH THE Duck SICKNESS.
The eyes are affected, and the bird has difficulty in supporting the head.
BI7114
Fic. 2.—CINNAMON TEAL UNABLE TO STAND.
The lower mandible hangs loosely and the wings droop from the sides.
Bul. 672, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.
Bi7itl
Fia. 1.—Sick MALLARD.
This bird was entirely helpless, but recovered under treatment.
Fia. 2.—GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
This figure illustrates a method of tying ue wings of more active birds to prevent escape during
andling.
Bul. 672, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
Fic. 1.—GRoupP OF SICK BIRDS.
These birds were collected on the Bear River Flats and now await transfer to pens.-
BI6234
Fic. 2.—Row OF EXPERIMENT PENS AT MOUTH OF BEAR RIVER, UTAH.
The building is a temporary structure erected as a field laboratory. Other experiment pens in
use at this time are not shown in the photograph.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 9
eyelid, or nictitating membrane, that lies concealed at the lower
angle of the anterior corner of the eye. In winking, this membrane
is drawn rapidly back across the eyeball to the posterior corner. In
birds with the duck sickness paralysis early affects the muscle (the
pyramidalis) controlling this third eyelid, so that its action is more or
less weakened. Winking is very slow at first, then the nictitating
membrane can come back only part way across the rounded eyeball.
Gradually the action of the muscle lessens, until finally the third lid
lies motionless in its normal position at the anterior canthus of the
eye. To test the activity of this membrane it is necessary only to
hold the bird’s head firmly and then with some slender object, as a
bit of grass stem, a toothpick, the handle of a scalpel, or a pair of
tweezers, to touch gently the eyeball near the posterior corner and
observe the action of the third lid. When this is unaffected it will
spring back at once, perhaps several times, in an effort to protect
the sensitive surface of the eyeball. In birds with the duck sickness
it operates as has just been described. This one reaction serves as a
ready means of distinguishing the duck sickness from any other dis-
eased condition of waterfowl known to the writer.
In connection with the symptom just described is another of inter-
est. Lying within the orbit on the anterior surface of the eyeball is
a large gland, known as the Harderian gland. This secretes a fluid
that reaches the eyeball at its anterior corner below the nictitating
membrane. In the duck sickness this gland always seems more or
less affected and in most cases is considerably swollen, so much so, in
fact, that the eyes are protuberant. Following this swelling the dis-
charge of colorless, watery fluid from the gland becomes more copious.
Normally it escapes at the anterior corner of the eye through two
canals that unite and lead into the nasal chamber. In sick birds the
secretion becomes greatly augmented, however, until these openings
are not able to care for it, the eyes appear watery, and the fluid
escapes between the lids. In some pintails kept under observation
the escape of this fluid moistened the feathers of the entire side of the
head. In a few hours this discharge becomes viscous and more or
less opaque, and cements together the eyelids, while the augmenting
supply held within puffs out the lids all around. The portion that
escapes through the ducts passes through the inner nasal openings
into the mouth. As the opening into the trachea (the glottis) lies
immediately below, the fluid clogs it and imterferes greatly with
breathing. After two or three days the secretion becomes caked and
cheeselike. When it thickens in large quantity it sometimes closes
the trachea and causes strangulation. In a few cases the fluid pen-
etrated to the bronchi, filling them completely and killing the bird.
A severe irritation of the mucous membranes of the eye, including the
nictitating membrane, is coupled with this discharge. In one case
46651°—18—Bull. 672 2
12 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
died in far greater numbers than any of the others; the green-winged
teal seemed to have the least resistance, and the pintail was a close
second; while mallards, spoonbuls, and cinnamon tea! died in smaller
numbers. The redhead was the only member of the group of deep-
water ducks that suffered to any extent, though ruddy ducks were
found dead occasionally. Sick gadwalls and widgeons were seldom
found. Among the great group of shorebirds, avocets and stilts per-
ished in great numbers, but only occasional individuals of other
species were found. In some years the avocets on the Bear River
marshes were almost exterminated. In 1915 a great number of
immature snowy herons petished, and annually a number of sick
white-faced glossy ibises were observed. California and ring-billed
gulls were common among the sufferers, and many sick and dead
coots were found. Land birds were found sick only occasionally.
The trouble was not entirely restricted to birds, as occasionally
muskrats were affected, and frogs (Rana pipiens) that apparently
had died from this cause were found at times. On Tulare Lake great
numbers of predacious diving beetles (Cybister sp.) were cast up with
the dead birds. Other large beetles (Dytiscus sp.) of the same family
were found dead or in a more or less helpless condition several times
in the Utah marshes. Circumstantial evidence might indicate that
these were affected as were the other animals.
In all, 36 species of birds were found that unquestionably had con-
tracted the so-called duck sickness. Thirty-five are listed on field
observations made by the writer, and one, the horned lark, is included
on the authority of W. H. Meal, of Ogden. Sixteen other species of
birds were found under such conditions as to indicate that they had
died from the same trouble. The following Iist, arranged in sys-
tematic order, includes only those known certainly to have been
affected:
Western grebe (2chmophorus occidentalis). Coot ( Fulica americana).
Eared grebe ( Colymbus n. californicus). Avocet (Recurvirostra americana).
California gull (Larus californicus). Black-necked stilt (Himantopus mexicanus).
Ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis). Long-billed dowitcher ( Mfacrorhamphus g. scolopa-
Forster tern (Sterna forsteri), ccus),
Black tern ( Hydrochelidon n. surinamensis). Pectoral sandpiper (Pisobia maculata).
White pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). Least sandpiper (Pisobia minutilla).
Mallard (Anas platyrhyncha). Red-backed sandpiper (Pelidna a, pacifica).*
Gadwall ( Chaulelasmus streperus). Western sandpiper ( Lreunetes mauri).
Widgeon ( Mareca americana). Marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa),
Green-winged teal ( Nettion carolinense). Lesser yellow-legs (Iliornis flavipes).
Cinnamon teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Killdeer (Oxycchus vociferus).
Spoonbill, or shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Horned lark (Otocoris alpestris subsp.).
Pintail (Dafila a. tzitzihoa). Magpie (Pica p. hudsonia).
Redhead ( Marila americana). Yellow-headed blackbird (Xanthocephalus zantho-
Ruddy duck ( Lrismaiura jamaicensis). cephalus).
Canada goose (Branta canadcnsis),. Rusty blackbird (Huphagus carolinus).?
White-faced glossy ibis (Plegadis guarawna). Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon l. lunifrons),
Snowy heron ( Lgretta t. thula). Pipit (Anthus s. rubescens).
1 Found at Tulare Lake, Cal, 2 Tound at Lake Bowdoin, Mont.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 13
UNTENABLE THEORIES ADVANCED.
Interest in the duck sickness has been so great among sportsmen
and others that many theories as to its cause have been propounded.
One of the first and most important attributed it to a disease of
bacterial or protozoan origin. A few birds examined early in the
outbreak revealed many coccidia, and for a time these were considered
the causative agents of the disease. Later investigations, however,
did not support this, and all efforts to find and isolate an organism
capable of transmitting the trouble from one bird to another failed.
For a brief account of the investigations made by the Bureau of
Animal Industry the reader is referred to the preliminary report.'
Superficially the duck sickness presents many resemblances to
avian cholera. Examination of many hundreds of specimens by
the writer failed, however, to show any lesions whatever in the
viscera (except the irritation in the intestine that has been described).
Many blood smears were examined from the peripheral circulation
and the heart, with no result. In addition, a large number of experi-
ments were made in attempting to transmit the trouble. Healthy
birds were confined with sick birds or were given grain treated freshly
with feces taken from affected individuals. Some were fed forcibly
on fragments of organs or the entire stomach and intestinal content
of sick birds. The mucous lachrymal discharge in birds far gone
was transmitted to the eyes of some. Intravenous and hypodermic
transfusions of blood were made. All these experiments gave
negative results. It has been said that domestic fowls are very
susceptible to the duck sickness. Attempts to transmit the trouble
to hens were without effect.
During three field seasons many hundreds of wild ducks were
kept in confinement. After the nature of the trouble was under-
stood (in 1914) healthy and sick birds were confined in the same
pens continually, with no attempt to avoid possible transmission
of the trouble, and in no instance did any of the normal birds contract
the sickness. Sick birds were handled constantly by the writer
and his assistants, but in no case did ducks or other birds tamed and
kept as pets around the laboratory contract the trouble. A young
great blue heron, reared by hand in 1916, was, with no ill effect,
fed often on the flesh of birds that had died from the duck sickness.
This same year a considerable number of young wild ducks were
reared for use in experiments. Once or twice a week these birds
were fed a bran mash containing a quantity of meat. When fresh
fish were not available, the bodies of ducks and other birds newly
dead from the duck sickness were ground up and fed to them, with
no harmful result. If the sickness had been contagious or infectious,
cases would have resulted under such treatment.
1U.S Dept. Agr., Bul. 217, p.5, 1915.
14 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Another theory that attracted much attention was the supposition
that the birds were poisoned by sulphurous or sulphuric acid resulting
from waste from the great smelters near Salt Lake City. It was
believed that sulphur from the smelter smoke, depositing on vegeta-
tion, was washed into the streams and marshes by rains, and that
in combination with moisture it formed sulphurous and sulphuric
acid. It was supposed that the ducks in feeding found this in
quantities sufficient to be fatal. It was found, however, that small
quantities of these acids, diluted as they must be in nature, had no
effect upon ducks, and birds were able to withstand for a con-
siderable period solutions strong enough to be very sour. In these
experiments the characteristic appearances and actions of the
duck sickness were not produced. Further, the fact that the sick
birds are found in the Tulare basin and elsewhere where there are
no smelters, and where there is no other appreciable trade waste
of sulphur, serves at once to refute this theory.
Many contended that waste water from the settling ponds of the
sugar factories was at the bottom of the trouble. This seemed
plausible, as sugar factories are located on each of the three rivers in
Utah on whose drainage sick ducks occur. Those who supported
this theory attributed the affection either to sulphuric acid used in
great quantities in the factories and allowed to escape through drains,
or to toxic matter from bacterial agencies generated in the catch
ponds that receive the factory drainage. The first supposition has
been shown to be untenable. As regards the second, the drainage
from these ponds enters the rivers in quantity only during the season
that the factories operate in fall. By the time this drainage reaches
the marshes in abundance few ducks are dying, and finally the mor-
tality ceases while the mills are still in operation. In 1914, drainage
from these settling ponds emptying into the Weber came down with
the rise in the water level consequent upon the cessation of general
irrigation in mid-September, and there was sufficient toxic matter
present to kill large numbers of carp and chubs in the lower channels.
Many fish-eating birds (all subject to the duck sickness under proper
conditions) were attracted by the abundance of fish floating helpless
on the water and fed here until these fish disappeared, but no birds
were found sick. During late summer many sick ducks had been
found along the lower reaches of the Weber where it spreads out on
the lake front, but with this rise in the water, conditions among the
ducks improved immediately. As in other cases the fact that the
duck sickness occurs in areas where there are no sugar factories serves
to militate against the theory that toxic matter in factory drainage
is the cause.
In addition to these, the trouble has been ascribed variously to the
presence of sewage in the water, parasitic nematodes, arsenic poisoning,
and other minor hypotheses, none of which has been found tenable.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 15
THE CAUSE.
In the course of the investigations it has been established definitely
that the duck sickness in Utah is caused by the toxic action of certain
soluble salts found in alkali. In other words, it may be said that it is
due to poisoning by alkali, as that term is used in the West. By
actual experiment it has been found that the duck sickness may be
caused by the chlorides of calcium and magnesium. Experiments
have indicated that other salts may be incriminated in Utah and
elsewhere, but this statement is made with reserve, as it has not yet
been definitely established.
The Salt Lake Valley is well cultivated and productive and owes
its fertility almost entirely to irrigation. In the last 15 years the
amount of arable land actually under water has greatly increased, and
the stream flow at the river mouths has correspondingly decreased.
In midsummer of ordinary years little or no water now passes the
irrigation dams on Bear River. The water found at that season in
the lower channels comes from such small tributaries as enter below
the dams and from seepage from water used inirrigation. Practically
the same condition holds in the other streams that flow into Great
Salt Lake. Thus irrigation has decreased the amount of water sup-
plying the marshes on the lake front, and the resulting slow drainage
induces stagnation over large areas. After June 15, as the spring
waters in Bear River recede, great expanses of mud flat are laid bare
in the sun. Surface evaporation and capillary attraction rapidly
draw the salts held in solution in the mud to the surface and there
concentrate them. As the mud becomes drier these concentrates are
visible as a white deposit or scale (efflorescence). This in many cases
is exposed only an inch or so above the surrounding water level
(Pl. I, fig. 2). In the large bays strong winds bank up the water and
blow it in across these drying flats. As it advances it takes rapidly
into solution the soluble salts, largely sodium chloride, but containing
calcium and magnesium chloride also. This inflow of water carries
with it quantities of seeds and myriads of beetles, bugs, and spiders,
washed out of crevices and holes in the dried and cracking soul. The
ducks come in eagerly to feed on this easily secured food and work
rapidly along at the front of the advancing water, each bird hurrying
to get his fill, Many individuals in this way secure a sufficient
quantity of these poisons to render them helpless. As the water
recedes again small pools are left in shallow depressions, and other
ducks and shorebirds feeding in these are affected.
When this phenomenon was understood the writer was able in
many cases to predict that with certain strong winds sick birds
would occur in numbers in certain localities, and after a proper
interval to send out and have them brought in to the laboratory.
The alkaline deposits at the mouth of the large channel known as
Brown’s Overflow were specially strong in the chlorides of mag-
16 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
nesium and calcium. In September great numbers of ducks gathered
in here at the eastern end of North Bay to feed and rest. At inter-
vals heavy north winds drove in the water over large areas of dry
flats, and after 10 or 12 hours many sick teal would be found. Fol-
lowing each storm sick birds would be abundant for two or three
days. The water in pools left as the wind died down was salt and
bitter to the taste. The sick birds lay along the mud bars and in
the shallows, while numbers of them came over into the overflow to
drink the fresh water coming in from the river. Many hid in growths
of cockle-burs and rushes on shore, while the open water was dotted
with dead bodies. On September 17, 1914, 150 birds were secured
here, all that the boat would hold. On September 9, 1916, a heavy
storm from the north covered these flats, and the following day 80
ducks were captured, while more were brought in on the days
following.
Rains have the same effect, and as here they are usually accom-
panied by strong winds, the two are conjoined in this destruction of
bird life. With light rains small pools form everywhere on the
alkali barrens, while with heavier downpours these pools become
shallow lakes, the water of which is strong with salts held in solution.
Ducks flock in to feed upon floating seeds and insects and upon the
fleshy, succulent saltweeds (Salicornia, Atriplex, and others) and are
affected as described before.
In the fall of 1916 the opening of the hunting season on October 1
was marked by a storm that lasted three days. Spoonbills and teal
in great numbers were flying back inland to feed, and a number of
sick individuals were found, though most of the sickness on the bays
had ceased several days before. Had the bays not been filled by the
great supply of fresh fall water, many more would have been seri-
ously affected, as on returning to rest from their feeding expeditions
they would have had to drink only the stagnant summer water
already more or less charged with salts.
On the Weber River flats the trouble may come from shifting
water that floods the flats on the lake front or from general stagna-
tion. The South Channel at present carries more or less running
water all summer save in exceptional years. No sick ducks have
been known to occur on it. The North Channel is well drained only
when the river is high in spring and fall. Here the water lies in
shallow isolated ponds or in long connected reaches. Late in sum-
mer, surface evaporation from these water areas is very rapid, and
the concentration of the salts held in solution is great. At the mouth
of the Jordan River the sickness occurs in areas where the water
becomes stagnant. Such areas become more pronounced as the
lower portion of the marsh near the lake front is approached.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 17
The great prevalence of the duck sickness beginning with 1910
must be attributed to the lessened supply of water in the streams.
Coupled with this, however, must be other factors not wholly under-
stood. It seems probable that changes in the water level of Great
Salt Lake may be prominent among these. Through the courtesy
of Otis West, of the Engineering Department of the Southern Pacific
Railroad, there is available a graph showing oscillations in the lake
level between the years 1850 and 1914. This chart shows a steady
decline in the water level from 1886 to 1902. From 1902 to the
beginning of 1906 the water remained about the same, except for
the usual rise and fall that occurs each year. A rapid rise began
then, so that the lake at its highest point in 1910 was nearly 8 feet
above the minimum in 1905. From 1910 there was at first a slight
drop, then the level was more or less stable until 1914. In 1914 and
1915 the water lowered again somewhat.
The soil below the surface in the Bear River marshes is strongly
saline, and the ground water permeating it is heavily impregnated with
salts. Though water in the lower channels and bays was fairly fresh,
a hole 10 to 15 inches deep at the water’s edge usually yielded an
abundance of strongly saline water. The great rise in the lake
water would, in this region of low elevations, cause a correspond-
ing rise in the water table of the soil and bring salines in quantities
to the surface or near it, perhaps for a considerable distance inland.
Thus poisonous elements might be available in abundance in areas
where ducks formerly had fed with impunity. The effect of the
rising salts in the soil is readily seen tn the great areas in which the
rushes have been killed in the lower portions of the marshes that
border the lake front. In many places there remain of the former
growths merely the bulbs with short projecting stubs, or again the
plants may be newly dead.
Ducks may establish a slight immunity to the alkali when they
gradually become accustomed to it in diluted amounts. In the spring
numbers of sick birds were said to be found in the lower channels on
Bear River when the birds returned from the south. This was verified
when many bodies were seen on the banks of the overflows in May
of 1915 and 1916. These birds must have died during the early
spring, otherwise the spring water and the ice would have carried
them away. Following this there are practically no sick ducks until
the first part of July. If the water rises in May or June a good
many young avocets and stilts are killed in the salt pools formed on
the flats, and occasionally sick coots or young ducks are found. In
May, 1916, there was a curious instance of the way birds seemingly
exempt from this trouble may be affected. A large flock of chif
swallows was driven down to the flats about Duckville by a heavy
18 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
storm that covered the mountains with snow. After the storm the
sun came out warm and bright, and a number of the swallows gath-
ered about the shallow pools on the barren flats. Apparently in play,
they were forming mud pellets such as they use in building their
nests. The strong alkalis concentrated in this surface mud affected
many of these birds severely, so that during the next few days I picked
up several swallows about the laboratory unable to fly, and there is no
means of telling how many escaped unnoticed in the salt grass. The
affection in the cases examined was similar to that found in the ducks.
Though mortality among ducks and other birds ceases when the
fall water fills the rivers, yet many birds are still more or less seriously
affected. During the hunting seasons in the years 1914 to 1916,
inclusive, the writer examined many hundreds of ducks as they were
cleaned and prepared for the market in the duck houses at the gun
clubs on Bear River. In birds examined during the first week or 10
days there was severe irritation in the intestinal tract in almost every
case. After October 10, there was a great influx of migrants from
the north. These birds were shot in many cases before they had
been long on the marshes, but still many of those examined had the
intestine much irritated. In cases of severe affection that do not
terminate fatally individual ducks use up their stores of fatty tissues
while recovering from the duck sickness and become thin and poor
in flesh. When shot in this condition they are culled by the duck
pickers as unfit to eat. I was told by men familiar with conditions
that many more ducks are thrown out now than previous to 1910.
Certain observations made by the writer seem to prove this. In
1916 sick ducks were last found in numbers in the eastern end of
North Bay. After the hunting season opened a larger percentage of
culls was noticed among the birds killed in this area than elsewhere.
REMEDIAL MEASURES.
Fresh water is the only agency that has been found of value in
combating the duck sickness. Birds slightly affected, and even
many entirely helpless, recover in almost all cases when given
plenty of moderately fresh water to drink. With an abundance
of good water in the marshes sick ducks are infrequent, as when the
bays are well filled and well drained many birds that become affected
recover in a few days. For remedial agencies, therefore, measures
must be adopted that tend to supply fresh water or to drive ducks
out from areas where they are liable to obtain alkalis in harmful
quantity. Three methods of treatment that promise success in
dealing with this trouble are concerned with (1) imcreasing summer
water in streams, (2) draining affected areas, and (3) collecting sick
birds for treatment. These methods as outlined in the following
pages will prove applicable also in areas outside of Utah where birds
are subject to the duck sickness.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 19
INCREASE OF SUMMER WATER IN STREAMS.
Though an increase in the midsummer water supply in the marshes
would go far to alleviate the mortality among the waterfowl, it is
obvious that it is difficult to increase the stream flow in the lower
courses of the rivers at this season under present methods of cultiva-
tion by irrigation. At the time when relief is needed in the marshes
the demand for water in the fields and orchards of the uplands is at
its maximum. Water is then at a premium, and it is difficult to find
any surplus. Only by storing water higher up, in the mountains,
and releasing it when needed, could the proper result be obtained.
And were this done there might be trouble in passing this extra
supply through the irrigation dams below, especially in seasons
when the general supply is scanty. More land is being reclaimed
and put under water each year, so that the demands made upon the
midsummer flow in the rivers are constantly increasing. On Bear
River the increased demand is gradually extending to the lower
courses of the stream, as pumping stations are being established to
raise the water where it is not possible to draw it out directly through
canals. While suggested here, this method of meeting conditions is
hardly considered feasible, and under such conditions recourse must
be had to other means.
DRAINAGE OF AFFECTED AREAS.
Areas where the birds may become poisoned are frequently small
or local, and some of them, as pools or channels, may be drained
with little effort, and in this way opportunity for affection may be
removed. This method has been utilized with success in some small
areas. In the Jordan River marshes controlled by the New State
Gun Club this means of meeting the situation is particularly appli-
cable. The shooting grounds here have been formed artificially in
large part by diverting water from the Jordan River through canals
and controlling its flow and direction through the channels by means
of well-constructed dams, levees, and head gates. The larger part
of this marsh may be dried with little difficulty, and this should be
done whenever sick ducks appear, in order to drive the birds out to
more favorable localities. In general, it will be found that it is
necessary to drain the marshes about July 15, though it may be
necessary to draw the water from certain pools during June. When
the water used in irrigation is returned to the river, usually about
September 20, the marshes may again be allowed to fill. Some areas
will remain along the lake front where sick birds may occur, but
these are small compared with the entire marsh.
Serious objection has been offered to this plan on the ground that
it kills off the duck foods in the marsh and that shooting in the fall
is poor in consequence. After examining the marshes here it is con-
sidered that this objection is not entirely valid. The main food
20 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
supply attracting the ducks apparently is found in the seed heads of
the tules or rushes and other similar growth found with them that
cover great areas. Draining the marshes at this season should not
affect these growths, as the water table will not be lowered far
enough to deprive them entirely of water. It is true that it will
destroy the leaves and plants of the potato moss (Potamogeton
pectinatus), as this is entirely an aquatic growth. Tubers of this plant
will often remain, however, and it is largely upon these that the ducks
feed. In normal circumstances, where water stands in the marshes
all summer, hunters usually attract the ducks to certain parts of the
marsh by baiting with grain.
At the mouth of the Weber River it may be possible to remedy
some of the existing conditions by improved drainage. The North
Channel in summer is marked by shallow pools with very slight
current, while at either side are smaller bodies of water entirely shut
off. It is in these that the ducks die. The South Channel has
higher banks and runs directly through the flats; in summer it carries
drainage from the irigation canals. As has been stated, no sick
ducks are found along its course. Ditching the course of the North
Channel and drawing the water from the shallow pools might aid
conditions here, as it would leave less of the dangerous area for
birds to use.
On Bear River it is not practicable to use these methods of drain-
age, because the areas involved are too great and because the land
is too near the level of the lake to permit peace the water
in canals.
CURE OF SICK BIRDS.
Birds with the duck sickness recover in a short time (unless too
far gone) when placed on water that is moderately fresh. A large
number of ducks were cured by this means at the field laboratory
on Bear River, and it has been proved that recovery is permanent.
In past years men have been employed to gather and bury the dead
birds on the marshes. If they were set to work gathering the sick
birds and bringing them in, a large number of ducks could be saved at
comparatively small expense. This method is one that is strongly
recommended for bettering conditions among the waterfowl in severe
outbreaks in Utah and elsewhere.
In the course of the present investigation 1,211 individuals belong-
ing to the seven species of ducks most severely affected were treated
in this manner. Of these 284 died and 927 recovered. Among the
ducks treated were a large number of very weak birds that were
so far along that ordinarily they would have been disregarded.
Eliminating these, the ratio of recovery was about 90 per cent o
those brought in. Table I shows the number and percentage o
recoveries and deaths among individuals treated in the seven impor.
tant species affected.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 21
TasLe I.—Record of ducks treated.
Died. Recovered.
. Number
Species. treated. |
Number. | Per cent.) N umber. | Per cent.
Op US Sollee Mee ere strc © DL Mee Ret a a 604 151 25 453 75
SI ee rere ala lelste ac ielelsiciaielsinis ove Siseisielanje me 861 84 23 277 77
sont locedtié bec 57 ANGE EOHHAt Hae i an. - a 112 21 19 91 81
odo steels SURE C ES SES8 GHGS GeO eE eee 62 13 21 49 79
Odd Sd ER COU Og oa eS ae ee aie one Ene | aa 43 9 21 34 79
me honda DOS Oe ae IOC CSE OO CCS EE area oe 15 2 13 13 87
Ree eI RR Ney e ht tainttoh olin Sale ciwlalek a bolle c 14 4 28 10 72
Se EO Mintaro teel ls, 1,211 284 23 o7| 77
Green-winged teal show a low percentage of recovery, but this
ay be explained by the fact that few of those most severely affected
ecovered. Among mallards and pintails many individuals are
illed by lead poison due to eating shot; these have been eliminated
rom the table. Besides the species enumerated in the table a certain
umber of redheads are affected, but these seldom recover. This
ay be attributed to the circumstance that nearly all are young
irds that have no reserves of fat to sustain them during the period
hen they can not feed.
In the three marsh systems in Utah in which birds are affected a
mall number of men can care for the sick ducks with little trouble.
n both the Jordan and Weber River areas artesian water is available.
n Bear River recourse must be had to the water in the main river,
hich, while far from fresh, has proved pure enough for practical
se. By experiment it was found that the water served for this
urpose in the channels far down toward the bays as long as it was
owing steadily. In fact, many sick birds congregate in the lower
arts of the overflows, and there is no question that a large number of
hese recover naturally.
The sick birds brought in to the laboratory were confined in pens
placed at the river’s edge, half on land and half in water, where the
water at the lower end of the pens was not more than 18 inches deep.
These pens were built 6 feet wide, 12 feet long, and 4 feet high.
The framework was made of two by fours, save along the bottom,
where one by four material was used. An 18-inch door was placed
in the shore end. This frame was covered with wire netting on
sides, top, and bottom. To confine the larger ducks, 2-inch mesh
wire was used. For teal it was found necessary to use wire with
1-inch mesh, as many individuals were able to escape through wire
with a larger opening. When the wire resting on shore did not
sink in the mud it was covered lightly with salt grass or rushes to
give the ducks a comfortable resting place and to protect their feet.
Pens of this size are handled by two men without much trouble and
may be moved back and forth as the river rises and falls. Larger
24 BULLETIN 672, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and mallards were not far behind in this respect. Some of the birds
treated in this way became tame at once, while others seemed never
to lose their sense of fear.
Birds vary somewhat in the degree to which they are affected and in
the manner in which they recover. A few pintails and green-winged
teal handled during 1916 seemed to suffer some breakdown of the
nervous system as a result of the severe paralysis. As these indi-
viduals recovered from their helpless condition they had little or no
control over their muscular movements, though they seemed normal
in other ways. There was a constant trembling of the head, and
with any attempt at movement head, wings, and feet were thrown
about convulsively. As it raised its head in attempting to drink,
such a bird might throw itself completely over, or in trying to swim
to shore might dash in circles about the pen, turning over and over.
Birds affected in this way, however, were comparatively rare. None
of those under observation recovered.
Birds that are seriously sick get very thin as they recover, but
soon regain their normal flesh. Sick ducks in captivity should be
fed morning and evening. The writer used wheat and barley mixed
in equal parts as food for the larger ducks. Teal seldom eat any-
thing but wheat. The grain was placed in shallow wooden troughs
5 feet long, from 4 to 6 inches wide, and 14 to 2 inches deep. These
troughs were placed across the pen a foot or so from the edge of the
water. In this way the grain was brought to the notice of the birds
as they went in and out of the water. In addition to grain it is well
to have a small pan of grit in each pen.
During hot weather half of each pen should be covered with rushes
in order to protect captive birds from the sun. Though able to
endure intense heat when free, birds may succumb when confined in
a narrow space unless protected. On Bear River it was necessary
to inclose that part of the pens projecting into the water as a pro-
tection against the inroads of the numerous carp. Along the river
banks in low water during summer a margin of mud is exposed that
separates the roots of the riparian vegetation from the water. This
deprives the carp of a large part of their natural feeding grounds, so
that grain and excrement about the duck pens proved a great attrac-
tion to them and they frequently dug out the mud under an entire
pen in the course of a night. Racks 6 or 8 feet long were made of
lath sharpened at one end and nailed to crosspieces, with half-inch
spaces. With these a fence was built in the water 3 feet beyond the
pens and the same distance from either end. This permitted free
circulation of water and at the same time kept the carp from digging,
as the lath were sunk from 6 to 12 inches in the mud. It is neces-
sary to fill in the duck pens from time to time, as the more active
ducks continually dig away the mud from the shore.
THE DUCK SICKNESS IN UTAH. 2D
RELEASE OF BANDED BIRDS.
Aluminum bands were placed on the legs of about 1,000 ducks that
were cured and released at the mouth of Bear River. From these
banded birds data have been obtained upon the permanency of the
cure and the subsequent longevity of individuals that have recovered.
The bands used thus far are of two types: Each bears a number
stamped upon one side; on the reverse, one is marked “Notify U.S.
Dept. Agr., Wash., D. C.;” the other “Notify Biological Survey,
Washington, D.C.” These bands are light and in addition are little
_affected by salt or alkaline waters. Returns have come in at the
present time from about 170 of these ducks. Many of these were
killed locally, but nearly always under circumstances that indicated
that they had fully recovered. Others have come from greater
distances. Individual records range west to the Pacific Ocean in
California, south to the Mexican border in New Mexico, east to
Joplin, Mo., and north into southern Saskatchewan in Canada.
Three birds banded in 1914 were killed by hunters during 1916, °nd
another released at the same time was reported in 1917, so that there
can be no doubt that the birds treated recovered fully.
Valuable information has been obtained from reports on these
banded ducks as to the lines of flight pursued by waterfowl during
their migrations. ‘This is of the greatest importance, and it is desired
that sportsmen or others who chance to kill these banded birds send
immediately full details to the Biological Survey as to the number of
the band, together with date and place of capture.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATING TO BIRDS.
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Eleven Important Wild-Duck Foods. (Department Bulletin 205.)
Mortality. Among Waterfowl Around Great Salt Lake, Utah. (Department Bul-
letin 217.)
Birds of Porto Rico. (Department Bulletin 326.)
Propagation of Wild Duck Foods. (Department Bulletin 465.)
The Duck Sickness in Utah. (Department Bulletin 672.)
Some Common Game, Aquatic, and Rapacious Birds in Relation to Man. (Farm-
ers’ Bulletin 497.)
Food of Some Well Known Birds of Forest, Farm, and Garden. (Farmers’ Bulletin
506.)
Bird Houses and How to Build Them. (Farmers’ Bulletin 609.)
How to Attract Birds in Northeastern United States. (Farmers Bulletin 621.)
Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer. (Farmers’ Bulletin 630.)
Duck Raising. (Farmers’ Bulletin 697.)
How to Attract Birds in Northwestern United States. (Farmers’ Bulletin 760.)
Game Laws for 1917. (Contains the Texts of the Federal Migratory-bird Law; the
Treaty of 1916 Protecting Birds Migrating Between the United States and Canada;
the Canadian Migratory-birds Convention Act and Other Matters Relating to the
Protection of Birds.) (Farmers’ Bulletin 910.)
Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit. (Separate 504 from Year Book
1909.)
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 673
Contribution from the Forest Service
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 19, 1918
nr
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES
IN 1916.
By Franxuw H. Samira and Atsert H. Prerson, Statisticians in Forest Products.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
PORT CMOH ee eree Mee 22S. cs leases 1 | Lumber production by species—Continued.
Total lumber production..............2..... 2 BYECIPE sone tea oo ee Nan pe Pe 25
Lumber production by classes of mills...___. 3 Getar! 22a 28. ct eet 26
Cut and capacity of reporting mills..__.___... 8 12.71 RESO eee eae Ol Re Soe eee F 27
Lumber production by States............... 8 fT EEE: (US Rm ei Mi i ER 23
Lumber production by kinds of wood. ...... 13 BASSWOOUceinass tke SS 28
Lumber production by species..............- 14 ED] ae oe OF ee ee See eens Lae 29
Pricltcuvagrileeree ne 15 FE Cia PIRES IY Rein hy RE a negieng 30
DURA TA eee ns 16 Cotionmoud ts JA SLES SEW 30
OF on ee 2 Eee on 17 Wilhbe fires: 5-394 o.oo ee 3k
“SGHEYD CHG hae 18 SUIPAT) FANIGE ene Sh ks oostece ee 32
teste are es Fh 19 PRCR GRRL oe sees 22> 22 oS ies tires 32
Westernyellow pine-............-..--.. 20 LE STi ee ee ee 2 ee ye 33
SHISTeT. 2 ae 20 NSLP CTF, eS = ann ae a ape tape 33
Sey pte meee ee ee. AS 21 Sip Oat eee hde. AP ey ees x
SNES Ore oO ace dak bean in See a6 22 anor gepale pire ae 2) oe ee ee 34
(EL Gi 2. eee ee 23 MinlOr/S PECIeSU- =e. ee oe oa 35
Mcliamapopiarts 6s 22220502... 220. 25 {| SASHES Se OSs Ee es SY 35
LESS i}. . 222 Ss SS ood Weliitile. Size, gb) Ot aa: aan ee 36
LATOR 2112. oe 22. Lumber values sono ce ee ee eee 37
MOLEC E = eet Jan 2 cole ce vous 25) | Detadedisnmimary. {2322 . se ee 38
INTRODUCTION.
In this bulletin, which is one of an annual series covering the
period 1904 to 1916, inclusive, with the exception of 1914, are
detailed statistics on the 1916 production of lumber, lath, and
shingles. A detailed summary of the 1914 lumber production is
given in Bulletin 506, which contains the figures for 1915. Prelimi-
nary statements issued in April, 1917, summarized the production
statistics for 1916. This bulletin details the 1916 data and presents
comparative figures from the annual reports for earlier periods.
NotEe.—Acknowledgment is made for assistance in the compilation and review of this bulletin to R.S.
Kellogg, secretary of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association; A. B. Strough, New York Con-
servation Commission; and to H. N. Knowlton, Miss Frances R. Waters, Quincy Randles, Miss Maud A,
Bell, Asa L. Brower, C. A. Kupfer, H. B. Oakleai, and C. W. Gould, of the Forest Service.
46657°—18—Bull. 673——1
2 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Compilation of the figures for the Western States was made by the
district products offices of the Forest Service at Missoula, Denver,
Albuquerque, Ogden, San Francisco, and Portland. Figures for
New York State were furnished by the New York Conservation
Commission. The work in all of the other States east of the Rocky
Mountains was done by the Office of Industrial Investigations of the
Forest Service, Washington, D. C.
The entire project was carried on in cooperation with the National
Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, which not only contributed
financially, but, through its affiliated organizations, assisted ma-
terially in making the statistics complete.
TOTAL LUMBER PRODUCTION.
The estimated total production of lumber in the United States
during 1916 was 40,000,000,000 board feet, or approximately 5 per
cent greater than in 1915. The quantity actually reported by
17,269 active mills was 34,791,385,000 board feet.
Production of lumber, particularly the more commonly used
building woods, was exceptionally heavy during the spring and
early summer, reaching its apex in May. Then followed a severe
curtailment, which was carried on into July. From July on pro-
duction was again increased until a maximum was reached in October,
to be followed by the usual decline upon the approach of winter.
The output of the sawmills of the country in 1916 was restricted to
a considerable degree by an unprecedented shortage of cars, by
increased wages and an insufficient supply of labor, and by the
largely inflated cost of supplies. Building operations, however, were
on a record-creating scale throughout the United States; and this
condition was responsible for the heavier production in 1916 than
in the previous year, since a proportionately greater quantity of
lumber went into domestic consumption than under normal world
conditions. Exports of both softwoods and hardwoods were con-
siderably reduced through lack of available tonnage. The pro-
duction of certain woods was stimulated by world-wide war de-
mands, but on the whole the lumber industry profited little directly
by the impetus given many industries in 1916 by the war.
In Table 1 is shown the cut reported each year from 1899 for
which data have been compiled, together with the number of active
mills reporting. The estimated total cut for each year is also given.
The statistics for all of the years are not directly comparable, since
the intensiveness of the individual canvass made must be taken into
consideration. The enumeration for 1899 and 1909 was practically
complete, since the field agents of the Bureau of the Census in carry-
ing on the decennial censuses reached nearly all, if not all, mills.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916, 3
Jn other years, as in 1916, the work was conducted almost exclusively
by mail. The tabulation shows a reported cut in 1916 almost
4,000,000,000 feet greater than in 1915, but smaller than in any
other year since 1908. The estimated cut for 1916 is the smallest
for any year shown except 1915.
TABLE 1.—Quantily of lumber reported, number of active sawmills reporting, and esti-
mated lolal cut, 1904-1916.
Number
, pies Estimated
ro: Reported cut | of active pee pasd
Year. eitGuiber: mills eae ou of
reporting. um. ber,
Board feet. Board feet.
35, 084, 166, 000 31,833 | 35,084, 166,000
34, 135, 139, 000 218,277 | 43,000,000, 000
30, 502, 961, 000 11,666 } 43,500, 000,000
37, 550, 736, 000 22; 398 | 46,000, 000,000
40, 256, 154, 000 287850 | 46,000, 000,000
33, 224, 369, 000 31,231 42, 000, 000, 000
44 509, 761, 000 CEE Peek OS
40, 018, 282,000 231,934 | 44,500,000, 000
37, 003, 207, 000 2 98) 107 43, 000, 000, 000
39) 158, 414; 000 299'005 | 45,000 000, 000
38, 387, 009, 000 291° 668 | 44, 000, 000, 000
37,346, 0237 000 2 27,506 40, 500, 000, 000
31, 241) 734, 000 216,815 3g, 000, 000, 000
34, 791, 385, 000 217,269 | 40,000,000, 000
1Custom mills excluded.
2 Mills cutting under 50,000 feet excluded.
3 Including mills which manufacture lath and shingles exclusively (1,500 estimated).
4 Includes 4,543 mills cutting less than 50,000 feet, and all cooperage, veneer, millwork, box, furniture,
and other factories cutting any lumber at allin 1909.
LUMBER PRODUCTION BY CLASSES OF MILLS.
As in previous years, the mills were arbitrarily divided into classes
according to the quantity reported cut. These classes are shown in
Table 2, with the computed! number of mills and production (p.
—) and with comparative data for other years.
The figures in Table 2 indicate the relation between the mill classes
and production, and this feature is emphasized in figure 1 (p. 4).
It is especially significant that 925 mills, or 3.08 per cent of the
number computed as operating, cut more than 23,000,000,000 feet,
or 58.56 per cent of the computed total production. The smaller
mills—21,037 operations—constituting 69.93 per cent of the com-
puted number, cut but 4,027,912,000 feet, or 10.12 per cent of the
total output of all the mills.
All of the mills which reported for 1916 have been classified ac-
cording to production and further arranged by States in Table 3
(p. —). The tabulation well illustrates the extended character of
the lumber manufacturing industry and at the same time shows the
concentration of large units in a few States in the principal producing
1“‘Computed”’ is used in this bulletin to characterize results which were obtsined by an extensicn of
the figures compiled from actual reports, so as to give the totals for approximately all mills, including
those from which no reports were received.
4 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
regions. For instance, of the mills reporting a cut of 10,000,000
feet or more in the South, 121 were located in Louisiana, 70 in Mis-
sissippi, 59 in Texas, 31 in Alabama, and 38 in Arkansas; in the
West 126 were in Washington, 62 in Oregon, and 36 in California
and Nevada; and the Lake States were represented by 23 in Minne-
sota, 35 in Michigan, and 49 in Wisconsin.
_CLASS 5 — 10.000. M.-F Tl. AND OVER
A228 Se (6.08 P.O)
Ws
Za ASo. 5 1000T0 45997, MoT
SQ 5,858,675 M.FT.— (4.72 PC)
RBORVVY
TI. Peso TOSgos. Niskae
Yy <— 4,594 MILLS ~ (5.27 PC)
Fear M.FT.~ (2.78 PC)
WE |— 50 TO 499 M.FT.,
Ws 057 MILLS — (69.95 PCF
NG 4027, 912 ee PC)
The character of the timber and the concentration of the supply
in the several regions are reflected in the number and size of the mills
operating in the different States. Further, it is noticeable that as
the timber in the older lumbering regions is depleted the larger
operations give way to the smaller outfits. New York, with more
than 1,100 mills, has the greatest number of class 1 mills operating
Fic, 1.—Relation between the mill classes and production in 1916,
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916, 5
and an additional 624 mills cutting less than 50,000 feet of lumber
each. North Carolina, Virginia, and Pennsylvania also have a large
number of mills which fall into class 1.
Since no vast bodies of unexploited timber remain to be opened
up, the relative importance of the producing regions is likely to con-
tinue unchanged for several years.
TaBLEe 2,—Reported production of lumber 1909, 1912, 1913,
1915 and 1916, by classes of mills.
1914, and computed totals
Mills. Quantity reported.
Classes. Number
Year. | report- |.Percent.| Feet B. M. | Percent.
ing.
PAN DET? Rel as CS pee yah ee eins oicreinlereityu re mim oa arma wesc ere 11909 42,041 100. 00 | 44, 384,795,000 100. 00
1912 29,005 100.00 | 39,158, 414, 000 100. 00
1913 21,668 | 100.00 | 38,387,009, 000 100. 00
1914 27,506 | 100.00 | 37,346, 023, 000 100.00
21915 29, 951 100. 00 | 37,011, 656, 000 100. 00
21916 30, 081 100.00 | 39, 807, 251, 000 100. #0
Class 5—10,000,000 feet and over per year........-|f 1909 888 2.11 |19, 126, 223, 000 | 43. 09
: 1912 926 3.19 | 21, 259, 274, 000 54. 29
1913 974 4.50 | 23, 211, 667, 000 60. 47
1914 867 3.15 | 20, 934, 446, 000 56. 06
24915 846 2. 82 | 20, 669, 746, 000 55. 84
21916 925 3.08 | 23,310, 137,000 | 58. 56
Class 4—5,000,000 to 9,999,000 feet per year....-..-|/{ 1909 7 1.86 | 5,291, 606, 000 11. 92
1912 608 2.10 | 4,311,063, 000 11. OL
1913 .740 3. 41 4, 303, 122, 000 11. 21
1914 547 1.99 3, 910, 370, 000 10. 47
21915 453 1.51 | 3,224,448 000 8.7
21916 484 1.61 | 3,513,767, 000 8. 82
Class 8—1,000,000 to 4,999,000 feet per year.......- 1909 5, 443 12.95 | 10,068, 592, 000 22. 69
1912 3, 747 12.92 | 7,009, 608, 000 17.90
1913 3, 265 15.07 | 6,319,753, 000 16. 46
1914 3, 291 11.97 | 6,078,730, 000 16. 28
21915 3, 191 10.65 | 6,201, 864, 000 16. 76
21916 3, 041 10.11 | 5,858, 675, 000 14.72
Class Z =500,000 to 999,000 feet per year.......----|{ 1909 6, 468 15.39 | 4,315, 636, 000 9.7.
1912 4,420 15.24 | 2,951,068, 000 7. 54
: 1913 3,148 14.53 | 2,049, 642, 000 5.34
1914 4, 261 15.49 | 2,780,184, 000 7.44
21915 4,198 14.02 | 2,941, 264, 000 7.95
21916 4, 594 15.27 | 3,096, 760, 000 Fer
Class 1—50,000 to 499,000 feet per year.....ee.--|{ 1909 28, 459 67.69 | 5,582,738, 000 12. 58
1912 19, 304 66.55 | 3,627,401, 000 9. 26
1913 13, 541 62.49 | 2,502, 825, 000 6.52
1914 18, 540 67.40 | 3, 642, 293, 000 9.75
21915 21, 263 70.99 | 3,974,334, 000 10. 74
21916 21, 037 69.93 | 4,027,912, 000 10. 12
1 The total for 1909 differs from that shown in other tables because 4,543 mills cutting 124,966,000 feet, or
less than 50,000 feet each, are omitted above.
2 The data here shown for both 1915 and 1916 are computed totals by classes of mills.
BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
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46657°—18—Bull. 673-2
8 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
CUT AND CAPACITY OF REPORTING MILLS.
Yor the purpose of determining within a reasonable degree of ac-
curacy the relation of the cut to capacity of the mills of the country,
data was asked of the mills as to the quantity of lumber that could
be cut if the price and demand were very favorable. More than one-
half of the total number of mills which reported furnished figures on
capacity, and these figures are compiled in Table 4 below. The
computations bear out the generally accepted statement that the
larger the plant the nearer to capacity it is operated. The figures
themselves show that the class 5 mills reporting ran to approximately
71 per cent of capacity, class 4 mills to 64 per cent, class 3 mills to 50
per cent, class 2 mills to 34 per cent, and class 1 mills to but 17 per
cent. The aggregate quantity reported cut by the mills making
returns as to capacity was approximately 55 per cent of the capacity
of the mills as a whole. It should be taken into consideration that
much speculation must necessarily enter into the individual calcula-
tion as to quantity of lumber which could be produced economically;
and that each case would be modified by varying factors, such as
capital, log supply, equipment, labor, markets, and shipping facilities.
TaBLE 4.—Reported cut and capacity of reporting mills.
2 ; | Number
Sut of mills of mills . .
reporting report- eapaahy roe Total cut.
capacity. ing ca- IONE So Be
pacity.
Feet b. m. Feetb. m. Feet b. m.
POtal in jecceg-s'seceesor essen 20, 847, 608, 000 9,566 | 37,942, 157,000 17,269 | 34, 791, 385, 000
(ye 5 ey a gee 14, 271, 909, 000 540 | 20,052, 040, 000 907 | 23,011, 296, 000
“CLS IE en ena ee es ai Rig 1, 825, 068, 000 | 251} 2,868,515, 000 464 | 3,365,902, 000
SECS a SE pT ae 2,561, 037, 000 1,321] 5,155, 422,000 2,363 | 4,575,926, 000
CIPS se ie Pa ga 1, 006, 886, 000 1,491 | 2,969, 126, 000 2,577 | 1, 736, 787, 000
GIGS. idee pe es oe I aed Sa 1, 182,708,000 5,963 | 6,897,054,000} 10,958] 2, 101,474,000
LUMBER PRODUCTION BY STATES.
The growth and decline of lumber production in the several States
is traceable in Table 5 (p. 9-11), which details by States for 12 calendar
years the total number of active sawmills reporting and the quantity
of lumber reported sawed. The accuracy of the 1915 and 1916 figures
is comparatively greater for the Western States than for the Eastern
States, since the district offices of the Forest Service are in more
intimate touch with the mills than it is practicable for the Washing-
ton office to be with the larger number of mills east of the Rocky
Mountams. More reliable computed figures can also be given for the
Vest.
The tabulation not only permits of a comparison by years for each
State, but records the results of events which have served either to
retard or accelerate the production of lumber in a State or group of
States. For Washington is shown a cut in 1916 that is three times
as great as the 1899 cut. [Douisiana’s mill output has been all but
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916, 9
quadrupled in the same period. Many of the other States have
increased their production during the last decade, including Missis-
sippi, Oregon, North Carolina, Alabama, and Florida. Conversely,
production in 1916 shows a decline from. that of 1907 in Texas, Wis-
consin, Michigan, Minnesota, Arkansas, Virginia, West Virginia,
Maine, and Pennsylvania, though the decline is not so great as might
be expected under conditions of continued heavy cutting.
TasiE 5.—Total number of active sawmills reporting and quantity of lumber reported or
conuputed, by States, 1899-1916.
1916 (30,081
1915 (29,951
1914 (27,506
1913 (21,668
6 15, 672, 0CO
miills).1 mills). miils).2 mills).
Fect b. m. Feet b. m. Fect b. m. Feet bh. m.
BING RED MP SN fone orci baiccaje abaiwteloes 3 39, 807, 251 000) 537, 011, 656, 000 |237, 346, 023, 000 | 38, 387, 009, 000
“SLO ey 4, 494,000,000 | 3,950, 000, 000 | 3, 946,189,000] 4,592, 053,000
OUI Mg) <i 5) pa 4, 200, 000,000 | 3,900, 000; 009 | 3,955, 434,000] 4; 161, 50, 000
Mscissin pie Mme eee hee ag Sle! 2,730,000, 000 | 2; 300,000,000 | 2) 980,966,000} 2,6107581; 000
“OPUR DA: is SoG DES ACE cae aoe Ee ae 2” 229’ 000, 000. L, 690, 000; 000 te , 817, 875, 000 2, 098, 467, 000
MioniMOALOMN ae e cic waco ss cic aie om 2. 100, 000; 000 2, 090, 000; 000 2 , 227, 854, 000 1, 957, 258, 000
2REONS. sue hodud se aes aa re 2,100, 000,000 | 1, 750,000,000 | 1,554, 005, 000 2,081, 471, 000
VERSES SS BNE LESS eae eee 1, 910, 000, 000 1 800, 000, 000 L , 796, 780, 000 1, git” AAT 000
1 AIBN BRET a ei Se eee L, 720, 000, 000 L 500, 000, 000 ify 494, 732, 000 1) 593 9355, 000
Wisconsin Sa GUS sb Pe AS ee ere a 1 ¢ 300, 000, 000 i 210, 000, 000 il? 391, 001 000 fe 493, 353, 000
Orem ene vce cision bt eclepacte ne 1, 425, 000; 000 il 110, 000, 600 ifs 073, 821, 000 1,055, 047, 009
' SEN LTSIPAH ENS Gosek! oA eee Be a a 41, 420, 000,000 | 41,130,000,060 | 1,303, 183, 000 1 , 183, 380, 000
Virginia ee enews ncle eed ie ae L 330 000) 090 ri 500, 000, 000 1, 488, 079, 000 alg 273, 953, COO
SSLW AMMEN Een) C5 9s Sil ie ily 939, 000, 000 1, 100, 000, 000 1, 214; 435, 060 1, 222, 983, 000
West Virginia ile 999, 009, 900 il 100, 006, 000 il 118, 480, 000 1, 249, 559, 000
Minnesota 1, 220, 000, 600 if, 100, 000; 000] 1, 312, 230, 000 1, 149, 704, 000
Georgia 1,000, 000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,026, 191,000 844, 284, 000
TSHERU ETD Ao la a 935, 000,000 ik 000; 000, 000 "992, 594, 000 834,673, 000
South Carolina : -.| 857,000,000 | 800, 000; 000 701, 540, 000 752, 184, 000
ESERIES RG a a 849, 600, 000 777, 009, 000 763, 508, 000 652, 616, 080
Pennsylvania 750, 000, 000 950, 000, 000 864, 710, 000 781,547, 000
LC HBV DIAC DSI BVO ht cE GN 700, 000, 000 860, 000, 000 885, 035, 600 872,311, 009
ESE TUG IA Kay Meee pret ape Meares 2 ois ne = ee at 525, 000, 000 560, 080, G00 596, 392, 000 541, 531, 600
HNIC WARAOD Knee een eee ie UES 400, 000, 080 475, 000, 000 486, 195, 000 457, 720, 000
Be wpelamipshire eee jece so te eae 385, 090, 000. 500, 000, 000 482, 744, 000 309) 424, 000
SMO Raila Cee to ees es aes ama taper a 383, 900, 000 328) 000, 600 317, 842, 000 357, 974, 000
OTTO ER eRe eke eee be ee 280, 000, 000 400, G00, 000 285, 083, 000 414, 943, 000
eracinrasip epee key aici. os yt sitters 270, 000, 000 350, 000, 000 298, 571, 000 332, 993, 000
ANUTSSNOWITE OE OR pee ee 260, 000, 000 350, 080, 000 370, 571, 000 416, 608, 600
Te AWONIR earn eco si on =~ cei oie Se 240, 000, 000 930, 000; 080 200, 594, 000 149, 284 000
BES SCHCHTESE GUS ee cise uetars cise odie ciclo see 210, 000, 000 250, 000, 090 143, 094, 900 224, 580, 000
VGA INNS Has 8 woe RA er ae a 200, 060, 000 260, 000, 000 249, 608, 000 194, 647, 000
EAA DOA) 2 Saree Re a 93, 270, 600 75, 915, 000 78, 667, 000 77, 363, 000
RSE URRY LOSE O Mere eee IEE ape icya ws wscye wtsiste Sis 91, 600, 000 65, 787, 000 57, 167, 000 65, 818, 000
itil dnanemmean RG kt ece sens 90, BT, 000 165, 000, 000 162, 097, 000 140, 469, 000
(Chellsancke) 2 BE Re a ee eae 77, 580, 000 74, 500, 000 102, 117, 000 74, 602, 000
Wonmectioutesatesaas iseck G22 see cie cee 75,.000, G00 90, 600, 000 81, 883, 000 93, 730, 000
TOURS 5 5 RNA a 60, 000, 000 110, 000, 000 66, 227, 600 102; 902’ 000
> TNS: UISSESTONT ss a a a 40, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 48,748, 000 97, 248, 000
SougapDakcotalesnel ee stWek Sr as 99, 650, 000 22, 552, 000 18, 744, 000 19, 103,000
LO Wie aeons S Sislsisiceintiee eles eiere 20, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 11, 443, 000 21, 676, 000
SWay Olin oman: oo See Coed coca 18, 495, 000 17, 000, 000 11, 852, 000 12,940, 000
Rhode Island 18, 000, 000 15, 000; 000 15, 902, 0 600 14, 984, 000
IDelawanesseseee se. 12, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 25, 517, 000 18, 039, 900
Openers 2 ee Oke wee 9,385, 000 10, 892, 000 8, 680, 000 5, 403, 000
IKONS cost oo CRORE GEESE eeeeeerace 534; COOU ee acedo clicisid lowes cea ake sana] coset area
PAUTFOUH EIB S UabOS homes soe cce cincnenejce seins |seiccicieae meee (®) § 19, 461, 000
1 Figures shown are computed totals.
2Custom mills excluded.
3 Mills cutting less than 50,000 feet per year excluded.
4 Includes cut. of 2 mills in Nevada.
5 Kansas and Nebraska mills reported less than 50,000 feet each, and these States are therefore omitted.
6 Includes Kansas, Nebraska, and Nevada.
10 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Tasre 5.—Total number of active sawmills reporting and quantity of lumber reporied or
computed, by States, 1899-1916—Continued.
1912 (29,005 1911 es 107 1910 (31,934 1909 ae
mills). mills). ills).
mills).1
poe
Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m.
Datel 2. Cer Leis ee ee ae 239, 158, 414, 000 |237, 003, 207,000 |240, 018, 282,000 } 44,509, 761,000
Washington Ss wenc ence eee 4,099, 775,000 | 4,064,754,000 | 4,097,492,000] 3,862, 916,000
Louisiana............ SSebededeotooseass 8, 876,211,000 | 3,566,456,000 | 3,733, 900, 000 a 551, 918, 000 -
MISSISSIPPI eee eae ec eec cca aneos 2,381, 898, 000 2) 041, 615, 000 | 2,122, 205,000 2; 572, 669, 000
(OHO Re SARS a eigeimcita SORE SERBeSESeOE 1, 916, 160, 000 1, 803, 698, 000 2; 084, 633, 000 1,898, 995, 000
North Caroling vers .-sscseeee ee ereeees 2, 193; 308, 000 1; 798, 724, 000 rs 824, 722, 000 2 177,715, 000
MOxAS eee ee tne ce eek se Sereeecies 1,902, 201,000 } 1,681,080,000 | 1,884, 134,000 2,099, 130, 000
INR NSaS Ree See een tire 2 1) 821/811,000 | 1,777,303,000 | 1,844;446,000 } 2; 111,300,000
Ia paboae es wee eee been e Een cee 1,378, 151,000 | 1,226,212,000°] 1,465,623,000 | 1,691,001, 000
Wisconsin sehen en gets wOn ge 98 1, 498,876,000 | 1,761,986,000 | 1,891,291,000 | 2,025,038, 000
NOMIGR Restore seen ere eee cee nice 1, 067, 525, 000 983, 824, 000 992, 091, 000 1, 201, 734, 000
OI Oma RE Ae sapcesesacs sc sees cee 1, 203,059,000 | 1,207,561,000 | 1,254, 826,000 1, 143, 507, 000
Wirrinia serene) Hemrekanee Sa sarheh, ASABE 1/569, 997,000 | 1,359,790,000 | 1,652;192°000 | 2; 101,716, 000
Michipantc-c., dee ad eles 1,488, 827;000 | 1/466,754,000 | 1,681,081,000 | 1, 889, 724, 000
West Virginia........_- 8/4 eee Wiles 1/318, 732,000 | 1,387,786,000 | 1,376,737,000 { 1, 472, 942, 000
Win CSOla = seas -aeenee eeeerene ate e-Eee 1,436, 726,000 | 1,485,015, 000 1, 457, 734, 000 1,561, 508, 000
Georpiaest sits eee es ee. ccs tee bees se 941, 291, 000 801, 611,000 } 1,041,617, 000 1,342, 249, 000
IV ain! eae sterner n tie clos Mis sic aes 882, 128, 000 828, 417, 000 860, 273, 000 rig 111, 565, 000
Sorin Carolinas. sense een chin enen aD $16, 930, 000 584, 872, 000 706, 831, 000 ” 897, 660, 000
TAGE Ne) oe = Soa ema ear die ee 713, 575, 000 765, 670, 000 745, 984, 000 645, 800, 000
Pennsylvania hese scncee ee eee eek cine 992,180,000 | 1,048, 606,000 | 1,241,199, 000 1, 462, 771, 000
Mennesscen se sft caste se ace dation 932, 572, 000 914,579,000 } 1,016, 475,000 1, 223, 849, 000
Kentucky bo co-asedccssbotseenseuseee 641, 296, 000 632, 415, 000 » 753, 556, 000 360, 712, 000
ING WANGODIG! ce Ste ee ee RE A 502, 351, 000 526, 283, 000 506, 074, 000 681, 440, 000
INewsrHam pshirermccesesace -ssecaaesene 479, 499, 000 388, 619, 000 443, 907, 000 649, 606, 000
MON ANS Se. Y ee neeey cee ESOC LE 272, 174,000 228, 416, 000 319, 089, 000 308, 582, 000
ODIO ee ee ee Aare ete nene toes ater 499, 834, 000 427,161,000 490, 039, 000 542, 904, 000
HNC Tans eae eee en et Ak ORI 401, 017, 000 360, 613, 000 422, 963, 000 556, 418, 000
IMASSOUDIE Soak Sothern ea pie seis mere 422, 470, 000 418, 586, 000 501, 691, 000 660, 159, 000
(jmlahiomas =o eet ee ne Toh ae 168, 806, 000 143, 869, 000 164, 663, 000 225, 730, 000
IMASSHCHUSeLESH tomer ttn nee cee 259, 329, 0CO 273, 317, 000 239, 206, 000 361, 200, 000
WeTnnOn G27). sa stare seem einee seca emaetc 235, 983, 000 239, 254, 000 284, 815, 000 351, 571, 000
PAIZO ASS ccc Mee eRe rua een ond 76, 287, 000 73, 139, 000 72, 655, 000 62,731, 000
New, Mexico: 2 $8783 eee eee retenio: ac 82, 650, 000 83, 728, 000 83, 544, 000 91, 987, 000
TILE tra (a Ds RE a YD guar 174, 320, 000 144,078, 000 154, 554,000 267, 939, 000
Colorado ees oe so eT SEMA 88, 451, 000 95, 908, 000 121, 398, 000 141, 710, 000
(Wonsechicut ses eee eee eee 109, 251, 000 124, 661,000 126, 463, 000 168, 371, 000
Tiinigis eases Lae Ne Aes 10 122, 528, 000 96, 651, 000 113, 503, 000 170, 181, 000
ING wANBISOYAy- cmiacmem ceo seam ces oeenios 34, 810, 000 28, 639, 000 36, 542, 000 61, 620, 000
SonthiDakotas. 42m une 2 e Nene 20, 986, 000 13, 046, 000 16, 340, 000 31, 057, 000
Tow amee ne ccc eps Cee Sie a us 46, 593, 000 59, 974, 000 75, 446, 000 132, 021, 000
WYOMING Pens anes Sema mine oh cee 13, 560, 000 33, 309, 000 30, 931, 000 ~ 28, 602, 000
Rhode lslande pes akan Sas t eee 14, 421, 000 9,016, 000 14, 392, 000 25, 489, 000
Delawareoscne sa eeeronePeneee-ose ne nne 28, 285, 000 23, 853, 000 46, 642,000 5B, 440, 000
u tah..... 9,055, 000 10, 573, 000 11, 786, 000 12, 638, 000
BSAS 52 5 Fee a EN Se coke cola oe ate jeter ce ee es iene
All other States 8 22, 525, 000 3 11,786, 000 3 12,594,000 3 15, 946, 000
i Includes also exclusive lath and shingle mills reporting (1,500 estimated).
2 Mills cutting less than 50,000 feet per year excluded.
3 Includes Kansas, Nebraska, and Nevada.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916.
11
TABLE 5.—Total number of active sawmills reporting and quantity of lumber reported or
computed, by States, 1899-1916—Continued.
1908 (31,231
1907 (28,850
mills).!
Feet b.m.
33, 224, 369, 000 | 40, 256, 154, 000
3,777, 606, 000
2,972, 119, 000
2,094, 485, 000
1, 635, 563, 000
1, 622, 387, 000
2, 229, 590, 000
1, 988, 504, 000
1) 224, 967; 000
2, 003, 272, 000
839, 058, 000
1,345, 943, 000
1, 412, 477, 000
1, 827, 685, 000
1,395, 979, 000
1, 660, 716, 000
853, 697, 000
1, 103, 808, 000
649, 058, 000
513, 788, 000
1, 734, 729, 000
804, 968, 000
912; 908, 000
848, 894) 000
754, 023, 000
343, 814, 000
529, 087, 000
504, 790, 000
548) 774, 000
140, 015, 000
364, 231, 000
373, 660, 000
72, 134, 000
113, 204, 000
213, 786, 000
134, 239, 000
140, 011,000
141, 317, 000
39, 942; 000
34, 841,000
144, 271, 000
17, 479, 000
32) 855, 000
50, $92, 000
14, 690, 000
1904 (18,277
mills) .*
1899 (31,833
mills).
Feet bh. m.
34, 135, 139, 000
2, 485, 628, 000
2,459, 327, 000
1, 727, 391, 000
987, 107, 000
1,318, 411, 000
1, 406, 473, 000
1, 680, 536, 000
1, 243, 988, 000
2, 623, 157, 000
812, 693, 000
1,077, 499, 000
949, 797, 000
2,006, 670, 000
855, 889, 000
1,942, 248, 000
1, 135,910, 000
863, 860, 000
609; 769, 000
2117 447 000
1, 738, 972, 000
775, 885, 000
586, 371, 000
581, 976, 000
491, 591, 000
236, 430, 000
420, 905, 000
563, 853, 000
553, 940, 000
32) 730, 000
262, 467, 000
337, 238, 000
55,601, 000
81, 113, 000
166, 469, 000
141, 914, 000
69, 376, 000
211, 545, 000
44,058, 000
13, 705, 000
281, 521, 000
7,990, 000
15, 398, 000
30, 416, 000
12; 630, 000
Feet b. m.
35,084, 166, 000
1,429, 032, 000
1,115, 366, 000
1, 206, 265, 000
734, 538, 000
1, 286, 638, 000
1,232, 404, 000
1, 623, 987, 000
1,101, 356, 000
3,389, 166, 000
790, 373, 000
737, 035, 000
959, 119, 000
3,018, 338, 000
778, 051, 000
2,342, 338, 000
1,311,917, 000
784, 647, 000
466, 429; 000
65,363, 000
z, 433, 278, 000
950, 958, 000
774, 651, 000
878, 448, 000
572, 447, 000
255, 685, 000
990, 497, 000
1, 036, 999, 000
723, 754, 000
22; 104, 000
344, 190, 000
375, 809, 000
36, 182, 000
30; 880, 000
183, 711, 000
133, 746, 000
108, 093, 000
388, 469, 000
74, 118, 000
31, 704, 000
352, 411, 000
16, 963, 000
18, 528, 000
35, 955, 000
17, 548, 000
mills).
Feetb, m.
NON pon eSoe see DOCS OC eee Eee rE BaeEs
AVSSUM POT entareiarcteijacicicricicisis chet eoc « 2,915, 928, 000
ILaniiiiSSena) 55 GLE Bi) ia aang ee 2,722,421, 000
MESSISSID Ole eee ns uneee nee koe lone Se 1, 861, 016, 000
regon..... oor oo de Dade Se bREeopeaeeeose 1, 468, 158, 000
INoriaCarolinagy ese se s2a lec! es. 1, 136, 796, 000
EREPSCAS PE ea aoe chose es 1, 524, 008, 000
Pecacmnr i TTT 1) 656, 991, 000
JMRICE EI; Sob bob be See oe Spee Sane Eee 1, 152, 079, 000
Wisconsin 1, 613, 315, 000
HUOUIC Cee eR ees es Sout oem lciek Saree cle 730, 906, 000
Waliiontianneensemecceselsek elisa htk. 996, 115, 000
WAN citi pee er mes len inl hee 1, 198, 725, 000
Wii CniIGe N.S obec ae Seu Oe een ree 1, 478, 252, 000
RVGS ORV CIMA Ee eT kee ks 1, 097, 015, 000
MMe SOL MEe na et bb uae 1, 286, 122, 000
CEO tcc Roose ee 904, 668, 000
WENO bs 226 SESE a ee seer ea 929, 350, 090
outbiCarolinals:s.0202. 0220... ais elaetelon 560, 888, 000
Idahow e222 scocegossduacesdsoussugeun ue 518, 625, 000
PonnSwivenian emcees laws. 2k aseS 1, 203, 041, 000
PREMMESSCO Meee eaten ae! Vale 790, 642, 000
USE TGC kayeeee eee sesh ne occ e obese 658, 539, 000
ING WARVIOR Keefe sees oe ake os 781, 391, 000
Wewatlamipshire sss. el5 ilo ocean es 606, 760, 000
Montanaro accuse csc a-niae ssc b eee ee 311, 533, 000
COTOMPR REC ad se GS US 459, 259, 000
IER CHO 3 SUS Seni os Se Sila area ares 411, 868, 000
TANS SOUT obeS Gan E Se CEES OEE ERE eee 458, 938, 000
OUI RHOTMAM EES Sete es cose che cies cote 158, 755, 000
Massachusetts-iuns2o2 22222 /osse acces 384, 526, 000
MWenmoniteees ecw. ees eestess 304, 017, 000
PANGIZ OMe eons, cai ow a ele hei ies 43, 287, 000
ING WaMORICONsess ceo nein wcen-e ue pk Se 79, 439, 000
[Miarayi ameter ais) ARM yas lo ticles 168, 534, 000
Colonadoepisen secs conse neet ws esesee 117, 036, 600
WONTMeCtiCUt see ae fee ah ek ee 137, 855, 000
HUTOISEM PEPE seiaeta ae sicisleat=-6 ciseeeeee 123, 215, 000
ING WHICESC VME aes -itee on et meat 34, 930, 000
DOULMEM Also tases sees se ceee et = eee 25, 859, 000
ONOmccoasd sbcb donssaresSesoBEo sds deee 97, 242, 000
\WV@inaline. 5s Soap oosbacaeeEeabae se seose 18, 822, 000
Ulod eplslamd (jet eineisieien/cieci= =/cle Scie a 30, 528, 000
IDI EW eROesacgeedoscanaseneneeeeeSocUane 41, 184, 000
15, 059, 000
10, 627, 000
35, $91, 000
423,245, 000
|
424, 646, 000
1 Includes also exclusive lath and shingle mills reporting (1,590 estimated).
2 Custom mills excluded.
3 Includes Kansas and Nevada.
4 Includes Alaska, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, and North Dakota in 1899.
12 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TasLe 6.—Quantity of cach kind of lumber reported, 1899-1910, and computed total
production in 1915 and 1916.
Kind of wood. 1916 1915 1914 | 1913
Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m.
Pee ope o oa nae ckeie «Paces 139, 807, 251, 000 |137, 011, 656, 000 | 37,346, 023,000 | 38,387,009, 000
CULO 2 ae inl ers ele ely Pay 15, 055, 000, 000 | 14, 700,000,000 | 14, 472,804,000 | 14, 839, 363, 009
Saas i TS SRE SEES eS eee 5, 416, 000; 4. 431, 249, 000 4 763, 693, 000 5, 556, 096, 000
te apr ga RA lv el page ato gaa 3, 300, 000, 000 2) 970, 000, 000 3. 278, 908, 000 3) 211; 718, 000
EEE NaF SIAL somes Lary inde Ms 2, 700,000,000 | 2,700, 000, 000 2 632, 587,000 2) 563, 636, 009
BURGER Se) oe yale Wego cdaean Lie 2,350, 000,000 | 2,275, 000, 000 2, 165, 728, 000 2, 319, 982, 000
Western VeuOw ples. \- 2-2 es Ee 1,690, 000,000 | 1, 293,985,000 | 1,327, 365,000 1, 258, 528, 000
ARGO side ct. Fe AN oe ue. Be 1, 250, 000, 000 1, 400, 060, 000 1, 245, 614, 000 1 046, 816, 000
Pa ait 2 Dae Sie ek Sl eae RE es etd 1, 000, 000,000 | 1,100,000,000 | 1,013,013, 000 1; 097, R 247° 090
ETT id biel 7a Ree cae oles prot he 975, 000, 000 900, 000, 000 909, 743, 900 901, 487,600
RT MOG SAD Sy fae. Sag =o osteo , 000, G00 655, 000, 000 675, 380, 000 772, 514, 000
PeiNiwapu lar. oe fe ee a ee 560, 000, 000 464, 000, 000 519, 221, 000 620, 176, 000
phason SEG o> aS. See. eae nie Bigbne se, 535, 000; 000 490, 000; 000 540, 591, 000 505, 802, 000
490, 850, 000 420, 294, 000 535, 199, 000 510, 271, 000
455, 000, 000 375, 090, 000 358, 561, 000 395, 273, 000
450, 000, 000 415, 000, 000 430, 667, 000 378, 739, 000
410, 000, 000 420, 000, 000 499, 903, 000 358, 444, 900
360, 000, 000 360, 000, 000 376, 464, 000 365, 501, 000
275, 009, 080 170, 000, 000 124, 480, 000 120, 420, 000
275, 000, 000 260, 000, 000 264, 656, 000 257, 102, 000
240, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 214, 294, 000 214, 532, 000
210, 000, 000 190, 000, 000 189, 499, 000 207, 816, 000
200, 090, 000 180, 000, 000 195, 198, 000 208, 938, 000
190, 000; 000 125, 048, 000 112, 627, 600 88, 109, 000
IP RTIDING bie de ar aes ice oe eae 169, 250, 000 117, 701, 000 136, 159, 000 149, 926, 000
USAT ted 3: oF aa rans Nae 228 eee 125, 000; 000 100, 000, 000 116, 113, 600 162, 980, 000
SSK TER US Tepe ess ic CRN Raa 125, 000, 000 100, 000, 090 125, 212,000 93, 752, 000
SSE Spe ee SIA Se ae Rey Nes 90, 090, 000 90, 080, 000 25, 573, 000 40, 565, 000
SUI OT Dre. 5 my Sa eee ee See ae 40, 090, 000 25, 000, 060 22, 773, 000 , 804, OF
eB PEPOlE PINC..-. 2-4 oloe een beeen oe 30, 800, 000 26, 486, 000 18, 374, 000 20, 106, 000
PUMP geINGS = $275 Nae sere eee 40, 35L, 000 47, 893, 000 55, 624, 000 85, 366, 000
Kind of wood 1912 1911 1910 1909
Fect b. m. Fect b. m. Feet b. m. Fect b. m.
RE Bie cp ee ae sane cl SA 39, 158, 414, 000 | 37,003, 207,000 | 40,018,282,000 | 44,509, 761,090
POU PEIO =. = 482 ace? ant fot ec wh csetee 14, 737, 052,000 | 12,896, 706,090 | 14,143,471,000 | 16,277,135, 000
14102) 2 S| ee ie eh ag tae ae 5, 175,123,000 | 5,054, 243,000 | 5,203,644, 000 4, 856, 378, 000
ELE ES EI Se BS 1 att 5 eae AiR 3,318, 952,000 | 3,098,444,000 | 3,522,098, 000 4, 414, 457, 000
WiPiGe ENG. oe eee sees Sk eS 3,138, 227,000 | 3,230,584,000 | 3,352, 183,000 3, 900, 034, 000
POIMIOC KS 2 oe eee ee eso ee 2,426, 554,000 | 2,555, 308,000 | 2,856,129, 000 3, 051, 399, 000
Vestern yellow DINGY ANG. cic cake 1,219, 444,000 } 1,330,700,000 | 1,562, 106, 000 1, 499, 985, 000
PLULE . 22. eee eee eee een ne 1,238, 600,000 | 1,261,728,000 | 1,449, 912,000 1, 748, 547, 000
SADLGSS oe ee o. d eager es Beene oh tenes 997, 227, 000 981, 527, 000 "935, 659, 000 , 635,
BDO Ps hay ee Bie ce = Loe oe 1, 020, 864, 000 951,667,000} 1, 808, 637, 000 1, 106, 604, 000
tHE Ted and SAD. '...secun so ccoe ice ee 694, 260, 000 582, 967, 000 10, 208, 000 706, 945, 000
rellow poplar... 3-222 Pe te LL 623, 289, 000 659, 475, 000 734, 926, 000 858, 500, 000
MOS EMG os ates oS ee hee Si ee 554, 230, 000 529, 022, 000 535, 049, 000 663, 891, 000
Med WOOG sfc ols ae eercns Denes a repehe 496, 796, 000 489, 768, 000 543, 493, 000 521, 630, 000
PATCH as olen orctaise ee eee tee eee ee 407, 064, 000 368, 216, 000 382, 514, 000 421, 214, 000
SIECH Oats soe tb oa pera eee eee. 388, 272, 000 432, 571, 000 420, 769, 000 452, 370, 000
dar. 25 3c = Set eae eee 329, 000, 000 374, 925, 000 415, 039, 000 346, 008, 000
SRO CH Sete te cae Stn alo ne sel nein 435, 250, 000 403, 881, 000 437, 325, 000 511, 244) 000
pelos ates ao eo access hee cs Shee 122) 545, 000 98, 142, 000 92, 071, 000 96, 676, 000
SASBWOOd Ess Suan i a eo ah ec ee a 298, 717, 000 304, 621, 000 344, 704, 000 399, 151, 000
PL ele eee SS a ee ee 262, 141, 000 236, 108, 000 265, 107, 000 347, 456, 000
XS) GPR = SEE SOA Mt tra ira OAT ee ary 234, 548, 000 214, 398, 000 246, 035, 000 291, 209, 000
OELOD WOO oe ea EE ey 227, 477, 000 198, 629, 000 220, 305, 00C 265,600, 000
Winite firs 2 se A E: Saenoee 122,613, 000 124, 307, 000 132, 327, 000 89, 318, 000
UP aT ING 2. se ee o Bey aes n aASe | 132, 416, 000 117, 987, 000 103, 165, 000 97,191, 000
Rickorgy =o sae eee eae ee Lee 278, 757, 000 240, 217, 000 272, 252, 000 333, 929, 000
SHISAM Ps) .<3is eee see eee eee 84, 261, 000 83, 375, 000 74, 580, 000 108, 702, 000
Vat oe 5 ss eee ee ie Senne Se 43,083, 000 38, 293, 000 36, 449, 000 46, 108, 000
IS CATIOTO}S S87, an een ee eee 49, 468, 000 42, 836, 000 45, 063, 000 56,511, 000
yodvepole pine LA. nce ec ee 22,039, 000 33, 014, 000 26, 634, 000 23, 733, 000
i other ands! 28.5 520 Sasa eee soe | 82, 145, 000 69, 548, 000 68, 428, 000 62, 151, 000
1 Computed total production by kinds of wood.
Ee
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 18
TABLE 6.—Quantity of each kind of lumber reported, 1899-1910, and computed total
production in 1915 and 1916—Continued.
Jind of wood. 1908 1907 1904 1899
adltae b.m. Feet bh. m. Feet bh. m. Feet bh. m,
ONG Ted rete esate 2 ass < cjonia<iacs.e 3, 224,369,000 | 40,25 56, 15 14,000 |134 , 135, 139,000 | 125, 084, , 166, 000
BAD LOWE Osteo raiats.<)ce,< <2 2\os =: 0's iaie «010 Ul, 236, 322, 000 | 13,215, 185,000 11, 521,681,000 9 +65 57, 676, 000
LD nye(EI BS ithe one cee eeeeo see sSSOSEESeeeee 3 67 5,114,000 | .4;748, 872’,000 2, 928, 409, 000 1738, 507, 000
(Cuy REE ot oR One ea a 27-771) 511,000 3,718, 760,000 | 2,902, 855,000 4, 438, 027,000
AON D jopttaye 2 a ae ee ee | 3, 344,921,000 | 4,192,708, 000 5, 332,704,000 7,742, 391,000
Grid OCKM PP EOEEEeee sec coe eet cee 2, 530,843,000 | 3,375,016,000 | 3,268,787,000 | 3,420,672, 000
Western yellow pine.............s...6. 1,275, 550,000 | 1,527,195,000 | 1,290,626, 000 945, 432,000
PRU CO me eee techie ccieicisie ac + aeinnime 1, 411,992,000 | 1,726, 797,000] 1,303, 886,000 1, 448, 091,000
COMLCSSPeee Cr sec nce ce occecececcccees 743,297,000 757, 639, 000 749, 592,000 495, 836,000
IOI S88 ot eG CEOS e ee See ea ee 874, 983, 000 939, 073,000 587, 558, 000 633, 466, 000
Gumbredandisaps ss. .-)-...--.+----ane 589,347, 000 689,200, 000 523, 990,000 285, 417, 000
Dac llowenOplan=seraicccc.k.-sslsc0- ce. 5 654, 122,000 862, 849, 000 853, 554,000 1, 115.242,000
ORTOS TMU Uae oie ke co eac eset eee tec amen 539,341, 000 653, 239, 000 243, 537,000 206, 688, 000
PCN OOM eee elie. occ --cis se cicecae ee 404, 802, 000 569, 450, 000 519, 267, 000 360, 167, 000
ILSRG.Sb556 So oC H ORO C SORES EEE eEEE eee 382,466, 000 324,509, 000 31, 784,000 50,619, 000
TRIG. occbte SoOU SEO EEE aE eee eee 386, 367, 000 387, 614, 000 224,009, 000 132, 601, 000
C3081. cocado Aste ua CE EEE Eee eee 272, 764, 000 251, 002,.000 223,035,000 232, 978, 000
HROUC HEME MEAS Sooo obae cece ocecsiesies 410, 072, 000 430, 005, 000 (2) (2)
UPSET nooo cabo SUSE eee ee ee eee eaeroae 69, 170,000 68, 842, 000 (2) (2)
PPaSS OOM eee secjschicn ce 5 leseels'seelsiclee 319, 505, 000 381; 088, 000 228, 041, 000 308, 069, 000
TEU 3c oo nGas GUCS OH EOE EE BEE CCSeE aor aes 273, 845, 000 260, 579, 000 258,330, 000 456,731, 000
Alias 5Seietoseeee eee ee ae 225, 367, 000 252, 040, 000 169, 178, 000 269, 120,000
Gartonwoode eee be eek ake 32,475, 000 293, 161,000 321, 574,000 415, 124, 000
hi beyaeeee ne toc cinta a-cce-esqee ee 98, 120,000 146, 508, 000 2 Ce
‘SU 2yP OE SL Be OR ee eS See a ae eee eee 99, 809, 000 115, 005, 000 (2) 53, 558, 000
TRO RON coc cc pS c CES non ae eee eee 197,372,000 203,211,000 106, 824,000 96, 636, 000
IDalsern TPS, Gael 69, 956, 000 53,339, 000 (2) (2)
WV DIRIEIG S ssoc Scent Ce pata e tee ee eee eam 43, 681, 000 41, 490, 600 31, 455,000 38, 681, 000
Si GEHIOIOs o-SocoSSScsne Tee eeeeenee Cee | 43, 332, 000 46, 044,000 18, 002, 000 29, 715, 000
POM eepOleMINes= sence. saeco s- ss ecGee+e 2 (2) (2) (2)
PNothomicindsess those. tense e sabe ee | 47, 873, 000 27,734, 000 496, 461, 000 514, 721, 000
1 Includes lumber cut in Alaska. 2 Not separately reported.
LUMBER PRODUCTION BY KINDS OF WOOD.
Ready comparison of the cut of the different woods for 12 years,
the same period for which the cut is given by States in the preceding
table, is made possible in Table 6 (p. 12). The computation indicates
an enlarged output each year, with but a few exceptions, for such
species as southern yellow pine, Douglas fir, western yellow pie,
cypress, maple, red and sap gum, birch, cedar, tupelo, sugar pine,
and walnut. On the other hand, the cut has remained practically
stationary or declined for such other woods as oak, white pine,
hemlock, spruce, yellow poplar, chestnut, beech, basswood, elm,
ash, cottonwood, and hickory. Natural laws of supply and demand
have but partially governed the cut of different species, smce exploita-
tion of some woods has resulted m an mereased demand and produc-
tion, while other woods have suffered through heightened values
due to diminished supply and the substitution of less costly species.
Figures 2 and 3 supplement Tables 5 and 6 by showmg graphically
the computed figures on 1916 lumber production by States and by
species, respectively.
14 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
LUMBER PRODUCTION BY SPECIES.
The tabulations in the following pages give the cut by species,
summarizing by States the number of mills reporting, the quantity
of lumber reported cut, the average value per 1,000 feet f. 0. b, mill,
BILLIONS OF BOARD FEET
MISSISSIIP RIG = soe eee 8 iy Oe ae SE PTET,
OREGON: nwo ee emer 5s __ Eee
NORGE; CAROLINAS. eee eee Pen nee
ARKANSAS
ALABAMA
CALIFORNIA (INCLUDING NEVADA) .
NRE RS TINA set SNS a ag at aS | NE WL Vs oe
MINNE SOwAL cee oo. Pek Salo Saas
GEORGIAN Cr ee Ca: 9 =
STE NINES SEE ae ies ol eae et ee eeabtes
1 el NPI OY os Cee ae ees Ege Cra See
NEWIGIER'S Ryeeceg sem warrants
SOUTH DAKOTA
RHODECUSEAND.22 ee
DELAWARE cassie cols oe a
Fic. 2.—Computed total lumber production in 1916 by States.
and the computed total production. The computed figure for total
production is given because it is not possible to obtam returns from
every sawmill throughout the country through correspondence, par-
ticularly where the furnishing of data is purely voluntary. The need
of accurate statistics is generally understood by lumbermen, so that
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES TN 1916. 15
returns from the larger organizations are almost complete. In
making the computations, carcful consideration was given to all
available data and the figures may be regarded as conservatively
correct.
It is not practicable in this bulletin to distinguish the several
species which go to make up a given kind of wood, such as yellow
pine or oak, because no universal classification exists among the
lumbermen. ‘The result is that the several ycllow pines are grouped
in a single table and the oaks aro treated in the same manner. —
Not all of the mills which reported their production returned mill
values cf the lumber, but the figures given are those of more than
one-half of the 17,269 mills that scheduled data on their output.
_ ., , BILLIONS OF BOARD FEET
OF i NPRM; | 4 | 15) Ce Ones IO. ce Mh Nets 1s eae P15 1g
Wie ROVV INE 2 5 RETR GE ST EVIL RAE Pt PES OT "
DOUGLAS Fuliineserser elliot fist
WHITE PINE........___.. festa
HEMLOCK........__._____ fxs!
WESTERN YELLOW PINE.
ANVAVFIEA Ge soon a
GUM (RED AND SAP)_____
YELLOW POPLAR_....__..
Fic. 3.—Computed total lumber production in 1916 by kinds cf wood.
Variations in the prices shown are directly « eu but able to conditions
affecting the mills located within the State, the principal factors
being the quantity and quality of the fas cut, proximity to con-
suming markets, and character of the stock produced. Comparison
and analysis of the prices returned on each schedule insured results
of considerable accuracy.
YELLOW PINE.
Under the broad classification of yellow pine is included the various
yellow pines grown in the eastern and southern sections of the United
States. The three species contributing chiefly to the aggregate out-
put are longleaf (Pinus palustris), loblolly (Pinus teda), and short-
leaf (Pinus echinaia).
46657°—18—Bull. 673 3
16 BULLETIN 673, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
The reported production of yellow pine in 1916 was 13,411,411,000
feet, an increase of 1,234,076,000 feet, or approximately 10 per cent
over 1915. Increased production is in evidence in all the States
listed with the exception of Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and
Kentucky, where decreased output is recorded. The only change in
the relative rank as producing States was in the displacement of
Arkansas by Alabama in fifth position, due to a greater output in the
latter State by approximately 157,000,000 feet without any material
difference in production in Arkansas. Reports were received from
6,592 active mills in 1916 as contrasted with 6,006 in 1915.
The computed total production of yellow pine in the United States
is nearly 2.5 per cent greater for 1916 than for the preceding year—
15,055,000,000 feet as against 14,700,000,000 feet.
There was an advance in the average value from $12.41 per 1,000
feet in 1915 to $14.33 in 1916.
TaBLE 7.—Reported production of yellow pine lumber, 1916.
(Computed total production in United States, 15,055,000,000 feet b. m.)
Number of Quantit a ETRE
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent. Mfeot,
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
United Statest ei sas-- chic bet Some oo 6,592 | 13, 411, 411, 000 100.0 $14.33
NVORISIARG Sop ee ee aa ee i eg cs 236 | 3,063, 468, 000 22.9 14.89
IMUSSISSED Pluie sacha ee ee cco ee neon ee ee 497 | 1,963,285, 000 14.6 14.77
PRBS AG EE oo Pere obs Paes note WG Se Bein Rai mito abit 272 | 1,649,334, 000 12.3 15. 22
INopuh Carolinas § 22: Seen ce mee sean oe sere cicbioce 1,322 | 1,232, 849,000 9.2 13.20
PAVE) otras 2S ee Sete ae | are, OF ee A ee ae | eee ee 693 | 1,180,318, 000 8.8 13.06
IATRONS AS se coe eT ee Rae a Be ale! 410 | 1,075,973, 000 8.0 15. 26
NCO AE ots See See sc gnec es beeen ee etic Sone ap eae 214 976, 516, 000 7.3 13.85
DOM Carolinas. < .saseecaseeoe snc epeecae nee cboue 437 643, 586, 000 4.8 13. 67
ait: 8 SE et ee eee ees eee ee. See See 995 632, 649, 000 4.7 13.96
LOG gait: a aes Se ae 699 621, 419, 000 4.6 12.96
Oklahoma. . 48 207, 501, 000 1.6 13. 82
Tennessee. - . 247 42, 697, 000 3 13.11
Maryland... 125 28, 786, 000 22 13. 7.
DUUK EY big lertegr Betis =o teat Bear Ges Hae AnRs 1 i clei: SA A 91 26, 851, 000 2 13.21
Ie TA QoS ae See 4S Seon GE Eee Paeat series Jette Sees 191 12, 633, 000 atl 15. 01
All other States (See summary, p.38)..-....-.......- 205 53, 546, 000 Bee eee ee eee
DOUGLAS FIR.
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), which is the principal commer-
cial species of the Western States and of which more exists in standing
timber than any other one species, was produced to the extent of
5,413,431,000 feet, nearly one and one-quarter billion feet (31.33
per cent) more than in 1915. The quantity cut approaches the
record of five and one-half billion feet made in 1913. <A feature of
the 1916 figures is the increase in Oregon over 1915 of more than 100
in the number of active mills and nearly 500,000,000 feet in the cut;
the State’s proportion of the total quantity cut grew from 27.2 per
cent to 29 per cent.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES EN 1916. 17
Because of the better facilities for securing data on Douglas fir
production, which insured reports from all but a few mills, the com-
puted production figure is only slightly larger than the cut actually
reported.
The average value for 1916 is $10.78 per 1,000 feet, an advance of
but 19 cents from 1915. The increase in value did not keep pace with
the greater output; nor does the sum mentioned approach the
advance in the f. o. b. mill value of some competitive woods.
TaBLE 8.—Reported production of Douglas fir lumber, 1916.
(Computed total production in United States, 5,416,000,000 feet b m.)
Number of Q Average
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| 'M feet,
porting. f. 0. b. miil.
Feet b. m.
MILES babeS ae csctececinssucs occcaesasevecccecs 1,175 | 5,413, 431,000 | 100.0 $10. 78
iS ghene Gast) 6 Seen rr 349 | 3,546, 532,000} 65.5-++ 10: 5
OTOH OW eee eeieeeectisicic.ecccie nec sice tesswincetsscce 430 | 1,572, 469, 000 29.0 10. 28
WalitonmiavandeNevadas sooo. k es cess ewe tec ceceeee ces 100 141, 200, 000 2.8 12. 84
AULA ORR pe ereete eres striate laie o cccysiaeicccinls Uviciecie ceed dames 140 80, 632, 000 1.5— 11. 28
IMMOTIATIA Sete aesetee clon sie cre cic S coacee etbieccdeeneee 59 56, 845, 000 pil 3. 88
Ali other States (see summary, p. 38).-.---...-----..- 97 15, 753, 000 (OL nilleseueemeteee
CAK.
Oak ranks third in importance in the production of this country’s
woods, and has a wide distribution. Commercially the oaks are
classified as red and white, though there are more than 50 species in
the United States. Statistically it is impracticable to do more than
show the production of all the oaks together.
The cut of oak is declining, but some of the older producing regions
continue to saw annually a surprisingly large quantity. The pro-
duction figures for 1916 show 2,164,633,000 feet actuaily reported by
9,400 mills, as compared with 2,070,444,000 feet by 9,517 mills the
preceding year. The per cent of increase is 4.5
The production rank of the several States shifted to a considerable
extent between 1915 and the suceeeding year. West Virginia and
Arkansas remained in first and second places, respectively, in 1916;
Kentucky succeeded Tennessee in third place; Mississippi moved up
from tenth to sixth position, displacing Ohio, whose rank became
ninth; and North Carolina took Pennsylvania’s position in seventh
place. The trend in oak production is further indicated by the
increase in cut during 1916 in Virginia, North Carolina, Mississippi,
Alabama, and Texas.
The computed cut for 1916 is placed at 3,300,000,000 feet.
There was a substantial increase in the average value, $1.33 per
1,000 feet—from $18.73 in 1915 to $20.06 in 1916.
18 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLe 9.—Reported production of oak lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 3,300,000,000 feet b. m.]
ae of Quantit = peo
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.! “Sr feet,
porting. f.0. b, mill.
Feet b. m.
United i Statess set secs cook oats sarees See 9,400 | 2,164, 633, 000 100.0 $20. 06
BWieSt WATEENI Asc 7 tance a 3 ce Lee sc gee otis Sa ES 459 298, 189, 000 13.8 20. 96
CAT EANSAS Oe Se seein Meme on ee ws oak eee ee eee 441 246, 264) 000 11.4 18.75
Maennesseghct a soo Rew a feild ot peat ae 729 295, 645, 000 10. 4 21.06
RRO UUCK Yee cote ee eee ee ne Cet Se eee 563 212, 768, 000 9.8 21. 21
WAR PTRIE= Pe ace ee eens 2 El ee a ee 857 184, 226, 000 8.5 16. 21
MISSISSIPPI osc ee oe LG A DERE Rn ae 269 129, 131, 000 6.0 19. 86
North Carolina: 2-326. 25s. Be ae ainda eRe = ame 841 129, 124, 000 60 16 37
Jegeteh asi Oyfz tah) ala AG eR a La Me ai ea ae ET 750 113, 780, 000 5.3 21. 08
CON GTS eg es Sh ee eR EMS OS Ce Ena 513 102, 405. 000 4.7 26. 00
AMISSO TUL a oe ce ctoce CER s ae ee oe 5 nee EES 357 95, 850, 000 4.4 17.90
mn Gian ae es: $e yn. se te oe eee es OE Se 431 83, 674, 000 3.9 29. 71
isi 90 71, 968, 000 3.3 18.79
345 41, 881, 000 1.9 15.57
100 39, 114, 000 1.8 17.10
229 24, 006, 009 1 17.91
664 23, 926, 000 1.1 25.13
109 20, 972, 000 1.0 19.91
1, 653 121, 710, 000 BiG etek =
WHITE PINE.
White-pine data as given here include four species: The white
pee (Pinus strobus) and Norway or red pine (Pinus resinosa) of the
Lake States, New England, and Appalachian regions; western white
pine (Pinus Horie of the Inland Empire region; and jack pine
(Pinus diwaricata) of the Lake States. To some extent Norway
and jaek pine are mixed with the lower grades of white pine and sold
as the latter, since these species are aS well adapted as white pine
for the purposes for which it is used.
White-pine production continues without any remarkable change,
the reported cut of 2,330,831,000 feet in 1916 being an increase of 1.7
per cent over the 1915 figures of 2,291,480,000 feet. A reference
to the tabulation reveals Minnesota’s share of the country’s reported
cut to have been 41.5 per cent, which is an increase of 3.5 per cent
over the previous year.
With the exception of the three leading producing States—Minne-
sota, Idaho, and Maine—and North Carolina, where the quantity
cut was almost doubled, the production of the several States listed
shows a decline from 1915, slight in nearly. all instances, but none
the less significant.
No change was made in the computed total production of white
pine for 1915, since it is generally conceded that this wood has reached
the maximum cut.
The number of mills reporting in 1916 was less by 137 out of a
total of 3,212 than the year before.
The average f. o. b. mill value was $19.16 per 1,000 feet, an advance
of $1.72 per 1,000 feet.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 19
TABLE 10.—Reported production of white-pine lumber, 1916.
{Computed total production in United States, 2,700,000,000 feet b. m.}
1
Number of | A verage
active Quantity re- | boroent.| Value per
mills re- ported. ECan M feet,
porting. f.0. b. mill.
cae) )_ANes ie |
|
f Feet b. m.
LUCTUG CUMS LAUCS He mae att <5. oie,sfojnie,ciawcie,e jae eee 8,212 | 2,330, 831,000 | 100.0 | $19. 16
WVIAC OURS Se ee 154 962, 765, 000 41.3 18. 61
HGEIND 2.350 ob Oa 0 USER CHE SORE Seen Eten aaa ES 36 304, 055, 000 13.0 19. 34
NIGHA). CoS SS SCC OLDE OSE En eet eee aie ae. 476 272, 025, 000 1157 19. 00
RUS CONS ee et Sele boe cick te hee bee d cee 237 187, 447, 000 8.0 23.30
New Hampshire i 272 184, 728, 000 7.8 17.72
Massachusetts 218 101, 567, 000 4.4 16. 62
Washington 30 64, 128, 000 2.8 16. 62
Michigamee ees... c ls. 155 64, 040, 000 PG 23.17
New York..-.. 753 50, 145, 000 2.2 3. 82
North Carolina 126 32, 833, 000 1.44 15. 54
Gms WARY hee ORE LA. < occas chee nck beck 322 31, 732, 000 1.4— 24. 07
VW@ORTIOM 226 200 SEAGER ES ae ati ae 100 13, 924, 000 6 19. 03
RMCSUBMICIniEe en ees ere REED oe eM a ee 53 11, 619, 000 5— 19. 92
NIGH et et te le eee 10 10, 497, 000 .5— 16. 40
UUMOCHICULEEN er cess ce ea ee ae 65 10, 283, 000 4 19. 64
All other States (see summary, p. 38).............-..- 207 29, 033 000 SAE REE A eae
|
HEMLOCK.
Hemlock is cut in both the Eastern and Western States, the prin-
cipal species being Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga heteroph ylla in the
respective regions. The wide distribution of the species is indicated
by the number of States listed in the tabulation.
TaBLE 11.—Reported production of hemlock lumber, 1916.
{Computed total production in United States, 2,350,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of c Average
active Quantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent. M fee i,
porting. | f.0. b. mill.
Feet 6. m.
HUIS CUS GALES Uc clei mjorcnicieclorinicee i wees we aieete - 3,538 | 1,986, 653,000 | 100.0 $15.35
WSS RSI ong gouSe pe onan apeee ess ce boesSesnEpescssone 234 527, 465, 000 26.6 | 15. 53
WitielaGonipeeiycee ae). Hose Sok Ue) tie i Se tet eee 229 324, 720, 000 16.3 | 15. 40
\WasS MTOM Sse eee ee See ee ee See oe 80 267, 313, 000 13. 5— 10. 23
amin hi@il Ske Sehaed see eeeeeeeeceses SEereeebsc Gooc 29 243) 810, 0G0 12.3 19. 49
hen, Wirstinag ss dss Seepeesesenenes aeeseeeeceaecososS 133 161, 554, 000 8.1 17.01
Fie tita Cem tec eeyae ie opens a/ ata = ns sloleeicin lose! cis =<) + stele 439 96,300, 009 | 4.8 | 15. 91
INGW WOKg 5 Sassheseseseebeeseaose- Seep ESepeeeseccsce 1, 007 79, 880, 000 4.0 19.18
CREE oot GRC ae aE eI 23 70, 014, 000 3.5-+ 10. 04
Ne WeElomapShite sc = sn - «orci == mises ie = ee 212 43, 165, 000 | 2.2 15. 80
NOP Chino ih see aes aa ee eRe RSS soo 77 42,916, 000 | PE Vs oe 14.83
Wingo) 30 ot Soe ee SEES Goes Bee eemesonocc 73 35, 952, 000 | 1.8 14. $4
Tennessee 2 25, 977, 000 1.3 13. 32
WSO 63 A SU et nese Se Be eEoR eS sede 270 25, 257, 000 | 1.3— 16. 87
Massachusetts 117 15, 770, 000 | -8 17, 48
Kentucky 58 15, 649, 000 | -8 15. 86
_ Ail other States (see summary, p. 115 10, 911, 000 | 5a, [ices ee
A decrease of slightly less than 2 per cent in the cut was actually
reported in comparison with the 1915 figures—i,986,653,000 feet in
1916 and 2,026,460,000 feet in 1915. Wisconsin produced more than
one-fourth of the reported cut of all the States, the figures indicating
an increase of 53,000,000 feet over 1915; Michigan’s cut deep eee
48,000,000 feet for the same period. Hemlock production for the
0 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
United States as a whole has been well sustained during the last
seven years.
The computed cut was placed at 2,350,000,000 feet, an increase of
75,000,000 feet; or about 3 per cent.
While 3,538 mills reported their cut, this number is 201 less than
‘or the previous report.
The average f. o. b. mill value advanced from $13.14 to $15.35, or
$2.21, the largest increases being in the eastern product.
WESTERN YELLOW PINE.
Western yellow pme (Pinus ponderosa), which is cut in practically
sach one of the Western States, gained nearly 35 per cent in reported
»roduction m 1946 over the previous year, the figures being 1,684,-
387,000 feet and 1,252,244,000 feet, respectively. The noteworthy
nerease is largely accounted for by Oregon’s cut being almost twice
3 great as in 1915. Oregon ranked third in the list of producing
States in 1915 and cut approximately 15 per cent of the total quantity
of western yellow pine reported for all States; in 1916 this State sup-
ylanted Idaho in second place in the list with 24 per cent of the total
ut to its credit. With the exception of Colorado, the output in all
wf the other States was accelerated. The largely increased cut of
vestern yellow pme places that wood in sixth place according to.
juantity produced for all species, displacing spruce in that position.
The computed total output of 1,690,000,000 feet for the country
s an increase of 31 per cent over 1915.
The average value of the lumber f. 0. b. mill for 1916 is $14.52; the
year before it was $14.32.
TaBLE 12.—Reported production of western yellow pine lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 1,690,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of acct iverens
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “nF feet,
porting. f.o. b. mill,
Feet b. m.
United States: ! see eee we te hacisai- Saces 787 | 1,684,987,000 | 100.0 $14. 52
PAUNGTOID 5. ee Se oe ws eB ee oe 33 494, 973, 000 29.4 15. 40
PEGEDD NS 6/5. 5 oeoee ose eS cae cota he ceccen ae 163 399, 102, 000 23.0 13.75
RBG YE. rll bie ae oe BS 118 240, 160, 000 14.2 14. 47
Washington ae 119 188, 215, 000 11.2 12. 94
Montana 223i eee saee aes eee 65 138, 206, 000 8.2 14.76
ACLU ae eee Dime ets Me) Br) Pee Ee se 16 92, 133, 000 5.5 15. 80
Sew Mexico 5 51 72,004, 000 4.3 13.50
WOLOTAMO cee eee eee Ee eae (een aa eee 52 27, 848, 000 1.6 13.96
south Dakota 25 25, 466, 000 1.5+ 19.05
\ll other States (see summary, p. 38) 45 6, 880, 000 Pa di as ta sir ks, <
SPRUCE.
Red spruce (Picea rubens) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) form
he bulk of the spruce production, the former being manufactured in
che New England and Appalachian regions and the latterin Washing-
on and Oregon.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916, 21
The reported total cut of 1,129,750,000 feet is 5.4 per cent less than
in 1915. This decreased output of lumber is in a measure accounted
for by the quantity of spruce timber which was cut for pulpwood
rather than for saw logs; New Hampshire’s output was less by one-
half and New York’s less by one-quarter than the reported cut of
1915. The two States mentioned furnish much spruce to pulp mills.
The three leading States in the production of spruce—Maine, Wash-
ington, and West Virginia—enlarged their cut in 1916; but the in-
crease in these three States was not enough to offset the decrease in
the other States. A feature of the tabulation is the position of Ore-
gon in fourth place in importance of production, the State having
occupied seventh position in 1915. Oregon’s greater cut, as well as
that of Washington, is attributed to the heavier demand during the
year for spruce airplane stock.
The computed total cut of spruce is given as 1,250,000,000 feet,
which is a decrease of 10.7 from the year before.
The average f. 0. b. mill value of $17.58 is higher by exactly $1 than
the 1915 value.
TABLE 13.—Reported production of spruce lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 1,250,000,000 feet b. m.]
Rureber ouahe -Average
of active Quantity value per
mills re- reported. |Percent.) “oy feet,
porting. f.o. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
WinmtreduS tatessen wc <\scc ess jcc ac cisisaceclee cneemes 1,477 | 1,129, 750,000 | . 100.0 $17. 58
DVDr CMa eC er talo sie Sareea cas Siviote wicie SiSieele aise nee 357 376, 820, 0CO 33. 4 19, 22
VST ASTON S on de ORGS REE See RCC Peet OCR teen Ree o sors 65 221, 295, 000 19.6 14. 08
VFES UU ROMMT eee acca Near ame cw ccc cine s Agee 19 111, $65, 000 9.9 20. 40
Oresone says. i525 3. res ais Ee eck oleae ae ete ae lee ate ee 23 96, 245, 000 8.5+ 11. 96
VLC GITAO MU eters care ola isis ase aieteloieleie ciciaieie > wimie elceeiers 264 66, 812, 000 5.9 18. 96
ING AEA TMP SWIGO Reyes loess ain,c:> \eccisielsjonses swim =a cineeiee 127 54, 337, 000 4.8 19.10
INORGHRCaOliMAw ee See accinc see cciemee 7 45, 540, 000 4.0 21.37
Ion NEOs? oA CaSO be Ce DE Re Oa BEE Ose COC eS AOEeEEEe 5 sce 223 41, 551, 000 3.7 21. 25
MINMESO Messer acse actos ccs = 72 25, 357, 000 2.2 17. 25
@oloradomeeeene ess ase cece cs 55 42 18, 614, 000 Ard 16. 35
Massachusetts... as 38 14, 638, 000 1.3 19. 41
Chitionnhe 4 obacsesbeseeseeEar se 2 18, 871, 000 1. 2+- 14. 44
TOTO) ue oo Gecuen aor Heese uy 22 13, 537, 000 1. 2— 13. 42
All other States (see summary, p. 38) 216 29, 138, 000 2.0% os| Soc cece eee
CYPRESS.
Cypress (Taxodiwm distichwm) production, as reported, reached a
total of 945,330,000 feet, or 2 per cent more than the cut of the
preceding year.
The output of the mills in Louisiana, North Carolina, and Missis-
sippi was slightly less in 1916 than in 1915. Louisiana, while still
the leading State of production, cut but 56 per cent instead of 61
per cent of the total reported cypress cut in all States. Cypress pro-
duction has been maintained at about the same rate since 1909, the
exploitation of timber in recent years in States hitherto little logged
tending to make up for the smaller output in the older cypress log-
22 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ging sections. The computed total cut of the country, however, is
1,000,000,000 feet, which is 9 per cent less than for 1915.
The average f. o. b. mill value advanced from $19.85 in 1915 to
$20.85 per 1,000 feet in 1916.
Tasie 14.—Reported production of cyp-ess lumber, 1916.
{[Cemputed total production in United States, 1,000,000,000 feet . m.]
| |
Number of Quantit mrlte
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.) “j feet,
porting. f.o. b. mill.
Fect b. m. ‘
MUNTL OU IEC ALCS ae mcm. oon oe eee wee cee ccies 726 945,350,000 | 100.0 $20. 85—
DUST ON Ae eee ee eee cic Se esi e eae 97 527, 425, 000 55. 8 21, 45
TOUS g ES ee oat a ak tk he A AS A 42 188, 799, 600 20.0 22. 24
RCO rae 5 eS ee ae ee oe ee 64 54, 305, 000 5.8 20. 06
DOU CALOliNare see as Ae oe Pe cpiee cee ee ase 38 44,810, 000 4.7 17.14
TALES PERE dard ils et lp ee i tt 137 36, 347, 000 3.8 18. 02
MMSSSOUIIG Se ook tat ee cee ce ns cece Meike eet ae 50 25, 555, 000 2.7+ 16. 55
Nabe Carolinas esos he eeu cise meinlnn ooebine 90 25, 500, 000 2.7— 15. 65
MISSISSIPDU oho eee Osten ee SE eS 74 17, 417, 000 1.8 22. 18
All other States (see summary, p. 38)--...-.---------- 134 25, 172, G00 PE OM Wes fpr ee oe
MAPLE.
Hard or sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and silver maple (Acer
saccharinum) are the two species chiefly lumbered in the Northern
States, and red maple (Acer rubrum) in the Southern States.
The quantity actually reported cut in 1916 was 809,341,000 feet,
an increase of 4.9 per cent over the 1915 figures. The cut of maple
has remained almost uniform during a period of 10 years. Michigan
continues to put out more maple lumber than any other one of the
States, the proportion being 45 per cent of the total for the country.
The computed total production was 975,000,000 feet; the previous
year it was 900,000,000 feet.
There was an advance in the f. o. b. mill value during the year
of $3.03 to an average of $18.24.
Taste 15.—Reported production of maple lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 975,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of eaant AVEraEe
active uantity re- |» value per
mills re- ported. Percent.) “M feet,
porting. f.o. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
itiked Stakes ec eect eer tation 4,131 809, 341, 000 100. 0 $18. 24
Michigans 2 ta Nk pte Seago ase wee AE Se ae, 271 365, 456, 000 45. 2 18. 90
Wistonsins $5532. eave titas Foe ie Ae tee 278 146, 480, 000 18.1 16.15
WrestiVirpinin: 0 eee oe ee ire een ae 208 70, 900, 000 8.8 19.11
New York! ea taepey Sere. teehee get Sa Se ee 846 50, 551, 000 6.2 19. 90
Pennsyl Variiact (oat an Cem te pe ciet Maelys 453 43, 422, 000 5.4 17. 44
QOhigs ?: BEE Fo ee ER Ce ee Pa 359 25, 733, 000 3. 2 18. 46
Tiger Re OR an eles eee pent eee 321 19, 730, 000 2.4 22.31
Vermont i352 £2 yet ee AY les RE a eo 216 18, 465, 000 2.3 18. 22
Varpinin-t. «nce sna ob opening 85 19, 090, 000 1.2 16.91
All other States (see summary, p. 38)........--------- 1,094 58, 514, 000 Codi SS ek ees
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 23
RED GUM.
Red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), the sapwood of which is also
commercially called “‘sap gum,” was reported cut to the amount of
651,879,000 feet. The eitput was 36.3 per cent greater than that
reported for 1915. The increase is partially accounted for by or-
ganized exploitation of uses for the wood.
Hach one of the leading producing States, with the exception of
Tennessee, Missouri, and South Carolina, measurably increased its
cut, the output in Arkansas increasing 35.3 per cent, that in Mississippi
49.6 per cent, and that in Louisiana 92 per cent—a combined in-
crease in cut of 145,000,000 feet.
The computed total production was 800,000,000 feet in 1916 and
655,000,000 feet in 1915.
Along with the enlarged cut of gum there was an advance in the
average mill value from $12.54 per 1,000 fect in 1915 to $14.64 in 1916.
Taste 16.—Reported production of red gum lumber, 1916.
[Computed totai production in United States, 800,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Q ’ Average
active uantity re- ‘ value per
mills re- ported. Percent. “a fest,
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
KOimaiGedeS tatesses hector clues cic leicieleyels « circles 1, 845 651, 879, 000 100.0 $14. 54
a a ff a
PAT ATI GHG Mee een ete sa alc wel aim ditieciesiei ins ceca ee 245 207,148, 000 31.8 14.14
IVITSSISS IO liegepeetersne ofa onic iainln scleaieisie ne seetatetele(ein c\si staal 174 164, 949, 000 25.3 16.19
WHOUISIAM A eeaes Cees aele cw eset. -e mee htaeew ace semis 77 75, 926, 000 11.6 14.01
PNOTMESSC eee Nee es oe cia si aisuayt meine! aja s penne 186 23, 917, 000 all 16. 27
North Carolina 141 23, 647, 000 3.6 15.13
MOXOSEeicicis isi 49 23, 592, 000 3.6 14.75
Alabama...... 92 22, 813, 000 —3.5 12. 08
Missouri.. 60 21, 951, 000 3.4 14.81
South Carolina. 43 20, 297, 000 shal 13.57
Virginia.......2.2.0.3 SobnacHesoounocoucusEosooderoode 111 16, 008, 000 —2.5 12. 20
Goer eee eee mes ee a a sae chic wiee weet 43 12,396, 000 1.9 14, 89
All Ginee States (see summary, p. 38)....-....-...-..- 624 39, 325, 000 6.0 | Pacas sees
YELLOW POPLAR.
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) production statistics show
a tendency since 1909 toward a restricted output. The cut actually
reported in 1916, 394,854,000 feet, was 4.6 per cent greater than
for the year previous.
Kentucky dropped in rank as a producing State from second to
fourth place, Tennessee and Virginia moving up proportionately.
Ohio, once a large source of Pople timber, Deets eighth place as
against sixth place in 1915.
The computed cut of 560,000,000 feet was larger than that of
1915 (464,000,000 feet) and that of 1913, but below the reported cut
for a series of years.
While practically all other woods show statistically an advance
in average mill value for 1916, the poplar figures of $21.89 indicate
a slight loss.
94 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, —
TABLE 17.—Reported production of yellow poplar lumber, 1916.
{Computed total production in United States, 560,000,000 feet b. m.]
Nuniber of | 2 Average
active uantity re- value pert
mills re- ported. Percent.| “x7 feet,
porting. f.0. b. mill.
: Feet b. m.
United States..... be PEE SCR ety 2,906 394, 854, 000 100.0 $21. 89
Waekk Vanpnenteyitt! Pieler hyve | geen Chl ge 304 102, 515, 000 26.0 25. 52
AN TREY KEE che i a a 2 ER reat Ras, 8 a 394 47, 591, 000 Ze 22.90
Wikiiatess TES. Re aaek a 8 SO Pt en, SeeE 365 47, 022, 000 11.9 20. 50
UXGNS aT (Re 0 ee SRE Lk ania a 7: 337 40, 544, 000 10.3 22.13
Nekth Gareltan! 60.60). 6.--.Jyi5. Tie SY ec 284 |* 37,272,000 9. 4 17. 54
GREE) HEE ee Sina sels Daten ik eGR aa ey Cau an ake 110 28, 569, 000 ae 18. 17
PDR eee ee po PAN et ot ea ae 164 27, 265, 000 6.9 15. 55
OS PS 4 INL tLe Ee, ne ee ge A yO Eg 204 18, 494, 000 4.7 20. 33
semsnoaraling. -fe 5 Gk sho eo onl eee 73 16, 350, 000 4,1 16. 66
Mississippi . . 81 10, 841, 000 2.7 19. 59
‘All other States (see summary, PUSS) eee ao scence 590 18,391, 000 Sil Aw Soe as
CHESTNUT.
Chestnut (Castanea dentata) lumber production was partially
influenced by the efforts to utilize the timber killed by the chestnut
blight. The reported cut of 419,581,000 feet is but 5 per cent more
than the quantity reported by the mills in 1915.
Massachusetts operators made the best showing, relatively, in
increased output among the individual States. Connecticut and
New York also increased their cut over the preceding year. |
The computed total production of chestnut for 1916 was
535,000,000 feet.
Tie average mill value was $17.05; in 1915 it was $16.17.
TaBLeE 18.—Reported production of chestnut lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 535,000,000 feet b. m.}
Number of éaiienth yeneee
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.) “af foot.
porting. f.o. b. mill.
|
Feet b. m. |
United Statese: = Aes eas see 3,197 419, 581, 000 100.0 +$17.05
Wiese Mirpaiastib 7 S350 6 oa Byes ead ose ke 331 132, 192, 000 +315 17. 39
Penns Wan ee yuo eis tale yak Getic ver steiatcio clofae elcteiciois 633 51, 146, 000 12.2 17.45
Neri @Carohmasl 7... SS. - a). . Sa a es PS ols 236 46, 497, 000 it 17.41
WATPUNIS 2 or ce cele on ak steel cca sfeereit aj cere waters eee 318 37, 270, 000 8.9 15, 28
CONNSChiCU bso 8 soc SO as etn es eee eee caewes 143 30, 722, 000 Bio 18,50
TTERTIBSSED sic Sere ade Rat eas DCIe sh oe mee Eton 257 26, 844. 000 6. 4 16. 10
Massachusetts). Josie 4 edb SEIS 8 129 23, 135, 000 +5. 5 16. 69
STINT U2 cain cs tsi gk at ete (lag Bed 2 ae ae 244 17 416, 000 4.1 16. 26
INO AOE RA Rede J on, SEAL. oSeLAR Je ade « anodes 438 15, 540, 000 3.7 17. 68
Maryan goa. ee ie eae So ECE ht ge Coed 89 9, 572, 000 2.3 14. 41
ING JONSe HA. 8 bos SSN 5h eS 77 8, 704, 000 21 16.53
All other States (see summary at Of) Peeneemes eet oe 302 20, 543, 000 DO mes scenic) =
REDWOOD.
Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and bigtree (Sequoia washing-
toniana), which are without distinction marketed as redwood, are
cut exclusively in California, though the range of the former extends
into southwest Oregon.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 25
The tabulation shows an increase of two mills in the number
reporting and a total cut of 490,828,000 feet, or 17 per cent more than
the quantity reported cut in 1915. The figure given is believed to
include practically all redwood lumber manufactured.
The average mill value of $13.93 per 1,000 feet was an advance
of 39 cents per 1,000 feet over the 1915 value.
TaBLE 19.—Reported production of redwood lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 490,850,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Average
active Quantity re- S value per
mills re- ported. Percent.) “yy feet,
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
|
4 Feet b. m.
Ulaitiog SRE S) SESE eee se na ee 34 490, 828, 000 100.0 | $13. 93
(CHO TUNES. SWRA KAS SSS Aen eS et ee 34 490, 828, 000 100.0 | 13. 93
LARCH.
Western larch (Lariz occidentalis) and tamarack (Larix laric’~2)
are the two species of larch cut in the Western and Eastern States,
respectively, the output reported in 1916 aggregating 376,731,000
feet. This is an increase of 8.1 per cent over the cut of 1915, and is
m line with the annual production of the last 10 years.
Montana mills sawed nearly 50,000,000 feet more m 1916 than the
year before, bringing up that State’s proportion of the total output
of the country from 33 to 43 per cent. The cut in both Minnesota
and Oregon was less by nearly one-half than in 1915.
The average value f. o. b. mill for 1916 was $12.49, an advance of
$1.74 over the value for the previous year.
TABLE 20.—Reported production of larch lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 455,000,000 feet b. m.]
Average
Number of F STON Gee
active mills Sey Te- | Percent.| * ened
reporting. pO as
=i f.o.b. mill.
Feet b. m.
WIG AAES Cabeseee cit ence aise tila eje'<wicivleictelele's wie ice 559 376, 731, 000 100.0 $12. 49
IO TI cht ENE Se eas oe Sohn. c ale d clelnaiciee cisieisioweeseice 33 163, 829, 000 43.4 12.87
Tdah 5 50 107, 827, 000 28.6 10. 69.
Wisconsin 138 32, 607, 000 8.7 15.81
Washington oe 46 30, 534, 000 8.1 9.7.
Michigan SAGA 113 16, 568, 000 4.4 15.99
Minnesota. eee 104 15, 557, 000 4.1 15.53
Oregon | 13 8, 478, 000 2.3} 12.00
4Ac]] other States (see summary, p. 38) 62 1,331, 000 ee: Jcteseeseees
BIRCH.
Yellow birch (Betula lutea) and sweet or cherry birch (Betula lenta)
are the two species which constitute the bulk of the birch production
of the country. The reported cut in 1916 reached a total of 365,-
943,000 feet, which exceeds the 1915 cut by 3 per cent.
26 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Wisconsin, Michigan, Maine, and New York, the leading States
in production, show an increased output. Wisconsin’s proportion
of the aggregate cut of the country advanced from 46 per cent to 49
per cent. . My
The computed total cut of 450,000,000 feet is in line with the pro-
duction of the last three years, aetna which time much has been
done to foster the demand for birch.
The average mill value reached $19.59 per 1,000 feet in 1916; in
1915 it was $16.52.
TABLE 21.—Reported production of birch lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 450,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of P Average
active eae Te- | Percent. eye per
palis ported. ee
3 f.0. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
WUnitedsstatess ee ee ses oh eee cosa cian eee 1,849 365, 943,000 | 100.0 $19. 59
Wisconsin 245 179, 549, 000 49.1 19. 51
Michigan. foe ere See Sire 2 alee len ABE ule eRe 165 59, 251, 000 16.2 20.75
Maine. Laat e 191 28, 088, 000 bs 19. 94
Reon a ‘ s ais| 22/980,000| a 19:20
Jermont....... 80, .3— ;
West Virginia 112 16, 590, 000 4.54 20. 40
ae Haim pSHiIve ese oe eee eae ites wee hen ese 107 10,376, 000 5 8 15. 25
TIMICSOCD: A sca OEE Re RE as: ce ee ae 65 8, 341, 060 oO 16.76
PEnUsvVANiAe sk =e ee, Ck ee 220 7, 839, 000 2.1 18.29
All other States (see SUDMIMALY:; 3: 38)2 i552 3. ae 342 9, 737, 000 De hates saa ses oe
CEDAR.
The term ‘‘cedar,” as used in this bulletin, embraces several species
which make up the bull k of the cut in the respective regions. Western
red cedar (Thuja plicata) is the species cut in Washiaetout Oregon,
and Idaho; Port Orford cedar (Chamezcyparis lawsoniana) in Oregon;
northern white cedar, or arborvite (Thuja occidentalis) in the Lake
States and Northeastern States; incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)
in California; southern white cedar, which also is called ‘juniper,”
(Chamzxcyparis thyoides) in Atlantic Coast States; and red cedar
(Juniperus virgumana and J. barbadensis) in Tennessee, Florida, and
Alabama.
In rather sharp contrast with the production of other woods, the
cedar cut in 1916 of 322,003,000 feet is smaller than the reported cut
for 1915. The decline indicated is 8.6 per cent and is directly trace-
able to the decrease in Washington of 46,060,000 feet in the output
and 13 in the number of mills reporting. Washington cut 57 per
cent of the total for the entire country in 1915 and but 48 per cent
in 1916.
In 1915 Michigan and Wisconsin held seventh and eighth place,
respectively, in rank among the producing States; but in 1916 these
positions were taken by North Carolina and Tennessee.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916, 27
The computed total cut for 1916 is given as 410,000,000 feet, which.
is 10,000,000 feet less than for the preceding year.
Consistent with the decreased cut was the depressed average mill
value of $15.24 per 1,000 feet, a drop from $16.10 per 1,000 feet in
1915.
TABLE 22.—Reported production of cedar lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 410,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of | Average
active Quantity re- | p.., value per
mills re- ported. Percent. M feet,
porting. * f. 0. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
UUriawtyacexal (S\UFaY esis} eset eap ee Uc Minae a L 649 322,003,000 109.0 $15.24
VAY GSS) UIT OW) fo ie La Be irae a ee A 89 155, 532, 000 48.3 13.46
OED Goce 4 do de SE SORE Cee ae cee See eae eee 43 46, 138, 000 14.3 15.35
TIGUENING) (EEE Mach ee 9 35, 981, 000 11.2 10.32
VATA 3 Sao de SUE ee Ate aaa A SOBER TSE 23 21, 230, 000 6.6 30. 61
(CRMMO TTAB, Gea oe Se NS MN Ss Ae Bae Op ee a0 47 16, 587, 090 ip 13.05
NEHGS o's bs Sec PCHOe SEG ee ae ite ea 71 9) 582, 000 3.0 16. 88
INIGUEUIO (CHARON OS eee ie ere dg Me 36 6, 883, 000 2.14 18. 48
PROTIMESS RO mere ate esiaie a cvater-is cise cis wiensis, izle) nicisve.sye]araie aluyerete 2 6, 675, 000 2.1— 30.74
MOGI Ga Coote ROCA Ea REE eS eee ee ee 31 6, 369, 000 2.0 14.04
NVISCONGIMNE ee ao. ke oe eae 41 5,034, 000 1.6 | 15.39
All other States ieee SUMUMATY), DSS) see sete son — ect 177 11,992,000 5 a (on) | ee =
BEECH.
Beech (Fagus atropunicea) is another one of the hardwoods in which
annual statistics show a tapering off in production during the last
10 years. The cut in 1916 was 6.7 per cent less than that in 1915.
The total reported output for 1916 was 283,363,000 feet.
The lessened output was apparent in nearly every one of the
States listed in the accompanying table, with the exception of
Michigan, which cut approximately 330,000 feet more than in 1915,
and Indiana, which moved from sixth into third place in production
rank.
The average mill value for 1916 was $16.20; in 1915 it was $14.01.
TABLE 23.—Reported production of beech lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 360,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Q Average
active uantity re- | pene value per
mills re- ported. |PeFcent-| af feat,
porting. | f.o. b. mill.
|
Feet b. Mm. |
itedi Staves secs: on - 8s ce eee Oe Nees 3,162 | 283,363,000) 100.0 | $16.20
[Michrcarieeeerin eS 52S) oe Sauk. Se rami 194 | 66, 316, 000 23.4 16.50
Renee ia eee een ey gaa iS ves se Riise cee 444 38, 712, 000 13.7 | 16.75
Sa einy eee ey ier eerste pce see sislaitie Meeise ve Se eee 366 37, 082, 000 13.1 | 18.53
VV OSE, WY TSE AS Se a ae ee ee EE a RS ee ee 209 35, 634, 000 12.5 14. 66
INO Wa4OR Keener es 2 lod secieeeeeieec=@eecises 552 30, 350, 000 10.7 } 17.13
Olan® -. oss aoganubedtacee Speen senoos Joo SSoodUsuSsSsasoos 378 22,777, 000 8.0 16.07
Gia, CESSES Sue eco edisninee oeescococe Sa Sneereseee ss 254 17, 170, 000 6.1 13.10
WONTON | seS3auke SaSeSS yee oe seGbse sa lelcessesesseses 165 9, 345, 000 3.3 15.88
“Nera ESINEG) 5 oo ERE Wee eo cscaccasuadeeeor Dane 170 7,411, 000 2.6 | 13.7
Mewetrapshire. IE ee 58 5, 153, 000 18 14.04
a ee
All other States (see summary, p. 38)......-----..---- 372 13, 413, 000
28 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
TUPELO.
Tupelo statistics, as given in this bulletin, cover production of cot-
ton gum (Vyssa aquatica), commercially called tupelo, and black gum,
or pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica). Prior to 1915 many of the mills
reported their cut of black gum with red gum.
The reported cut of tupelo in 1916 of 214,239,000 feet is 40 per
cent more than the quantity reported produced the year before; the
increase is correlative with the increase of 36.3 per cent in red gum
as previously noted,
A feature of the output for the year is the enlarged cut in Louisiana,
which is 81 per cent in excess of the year before, and which advanced
the State’s production from 41 per cent to 53 per cent of the total for
all States. Several other changes occurred in the relative rank of the
larger producing States, Alabama assuming second from fourth place
in 1915 and North Carolina dropping from second place into fourth.
The computed total production was 275,000,000 feet; it was
170,000,000 feet the preceding year.
The average mill value of $13 per 1,000 feet was an increase of
75 cents per 1,000 feet over the 1915 value.
TaBLE 24.—Reported production of tupelo lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 275,000,000 feet b. m.]}
Number of ee ee
active uantity re- value per.
mills re- ported. Percent. M feet
porting. : f.o. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
Led STA TOS ap tee icims cian cianje Shc clopieras Sate ce nip 618 214, 239, 000 100.0 $13. 00
4 bfeisttss 2 Wk Sa ed nee Ine SIMee aoe Ae Saacaet eae 50 118, 115, 000 52.8 13. 56
ATeBana TA TAR etal besos eewer kos allio 43 22, 416, 000 —10.5 12.43
Wargimase os. sone Re See ences tue e cence 31 21, 235, 000 9.9 12.41
INOntnCATOMNA So ace onac mee inianrnniel dewice cin meceuios 38 8,338, 000 3.9 10.70
MISKISSIDD Woe oon ce oe ee ne AgbMe oscar eine t on 43 8, 216, 000 3.8 12.67
South'Careling 2224. Fae ees os it ae de Ste se oe eee 17 7, 363, 000 3.4 13.46
(MISSOURI teen ee ce eee tee cere Orne cee meee 24 6, 329, 000 3.0 11.65
TTNENNOSSCO: Fa eea'c lam iefa sateen em wero) - eels waters Sioa 68 6, 083,000 2.8 10.92
AT KANSAS Ses Fe ote 2 OE MOLE he ee Use SRE NE IN 56 5, 497, 000 2.6 12.06
All other States (see summary, p. 38).....-...---.---- 248 15, 647, 000 (OO ecco nn soe
BASSWOOD.
Basswood, sometimes called linden or linn (Tilia americana) is cut
mostly in the Lake States, and white basswood (Tilia heterophylla)
and other species in the Appalachian Mountain region.
The reported cut of 209,275,000 feet in 1916 is less than 1 per cent
more than that scheduled for the previous year. The peak in bass-
wood cut statistics was reached in 1909, and since that year the out-
put has gradually diminished.
Wisconsin, Michigan, West Virginia, and New York remain the
leading States in production, each having a reported cut of approxi-
mately the same quantity as in 1915.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 29
An increase of $2.16 per 1,000 feet in average mill value, which
reached $21.05, was recorded for 1916.
TABLE 25.—Reported production of basswood lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 275,000,000 feet b. m.}
Number of Average
active Quantity re- | ,.,..4 | Value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “W feet,
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
Winilieal GVOUOS oC Be ee aeRO See Ee Eee CEE reer 2, 668 209, 275, 000 100.0 $21. 05+-
Wasa) a oe 269| 72,618,000] 34.7| 21.15
MCI MPC Mee acer soe cae ncldvactionecaccace 217 36, 756, 000 17.6 22. 07
West Virginia.... Stra oredr ata SWS unlink us 2 187 28, 955, 000 13. 8 20. 82
ies, Wonk 0 Ell ea a eg ee epee 708 14, 630, 000 7.0 22. 98
WEIS Ae eM aeee eases fs beluoeUadbeseeceoje dee 57 7,030, 000 3. 4 21.18
Iyer ila, (CEE M RoW Ee ye! 5B a a 87 7,028, 000 3.3 19. 83
ETD ESO Ure ee oases oclzraiw aiole aie aletbawaneici ara bitureta 66 5, 985, 060 2.9 17.15
WTI Sock COGSU SGN SR CORB EEEE BEE SE SES oC See emeaeee 163 5, 868,000 2.8 19. 27
PROMOS SC Geen stetrinre rise oh sib of ovina Avjaelais Gewemedceccket 59 5, 107, 000 2.4 19. 76
(OUD eocccc CSOSA eel nT 174 5, 049, 000 2.4 22. O7
All other States (see summary, p. 38)..-....---.--..-. 681 20, 249, 000 Yel one dessec
ELM.
Kim is commercially classified as soft elm and rock elm. White
or American elm (Ulmus americana) and slippery or red elm (Ulmus
_ pubescens) are generally sold as soft elm. Cork elm (Ulmus race-
mosa) is the real rock elm and distinguished as such by the lumber
trade.
The production reported in 1916 totaled 195,266,000 feet, which
s an increase of 9.8 per cent over the preceding year’s cut. Pro-
duction for the last few years has remained almost stationary.
Wisconsin and Michigan enlarged their output slightly in 1916,
and their eombined cut amounted to nearly one-half of the produc-
tion for the entire country.
The computed cut was 240,000,000 feet.
The average mill value was $19.46 per 1,000 feet.
TABLE 26.—Reported production of elm lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 240,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Q Average
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.) feet,
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
Fee b. m.
Wiami@al Sasi sesreasaugassessseeotescssccsseause 2, 681 195, 266,000 | 100.0 $19.46
Ti TRGT EST « 3 3 Cl ae em ae i a acre a cee 265 51,946,000 | 26.6 19. 27
Michigan. hie aj Aoi Sees ere = alee 226 42, 479, 090 21.8 22.15
TERETE) = 0 cco See ep Oe int Deere a uA 301 19, 039, 600 9.7 21.50
dg STS ESL OT RS ae ee ae Pee ae EE Sete or ok 93 17, 948, 000 9.2 17.74
CO no enn ad einai thew ome ieieieie sis cminets 278 10, 681, G00 5.5— 19. 67
ORSON. 5205 ee a ee asa see eetar bc 121 9, 836, G00 5.0 15.92
ING RVANAO Ree oie oid Soils ww wieenln oe nincne = selec ese 487 8,353, 000 4.3 19.10
ANOIC OSS EC). oS eee ee aac oe Sco uaeeeeeesoc 129 8, 230, 000 4.2 18.29
IMTS SISSNDTO § o's Re Soe ee ae Soon oSoSaapsoS 66 7,161, 000 S57 18.34
All other States (see summary, P. 38).-.-.-..--------- 715 19,593, 000 LOUO.~ ee ee Sane
380 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ASH.
Ash production is largely of three species—white ash (Frazxinus
americana), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and green ash (Frazxinus
lanceolata)—though trade customs characterize the species as white
ash and brown ash, the latter being the black ash. The white ash
is found largely in the central hardwood region, the New England
States, and the Lake States. Black ash is cut in the Lake States:
he Southern States provide the green ash.
The older settled States are being displaced as the principal
sources of supply for ash, Arkansas and Louisiana now ranking
first and second, respectively, with Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan
taking lesser rank.
The reported cut in 1916 was 156,204,000 feet. This quantity is
2.3 per cent less than the 1915 reported cut.
The computed cut of 210,000,000 feet indicates but a small reduc-
tion from the output of the country during the last five years.
The average mill value of ash in 1916 was $23.85.
TABLE 27.—Reported production of ash lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 210,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Guanits vee
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent. M feet,
porting. f.0. b.
Feet b. m.
United Statess set ye ee ee a SS 3, 493 156, 204,000 | 100.0 $23. 85—
JATKANSAS 5 SSA LEOR RSet ee ASSESSES see eae 107 23, 117, 000 14.8 22. 43
MAO DISIANIO oe ao ncenion yes eee ae coceeoaeEe sere 57 16, 175, 000 10. 4 23. 50
Wisconsin 210 13, 621, 000 8.7 21. 46
PERTIMCSSCO se ee ne eee ee Soci Bee vane mae ee 180 12,020, 000 7.7 25. 90
Mississippi 86 8, 524, G00 5.5— 24.97
CATIA £0 eo caine SPE tala nce Cee ees 237 §, 190, 000 5.2 31. 07
West Virginia 128 7,710, 4.9 25.57
FAT O 1S rh en oe ee Ce nt el COAL oh hen 292 7,476, 000 4.8 31.12
New York 647 7,359, 000 4.7+- 25.10
BN DCL AY 02 8 Taps rm ee pe a ma oa Reg NY 180 7, 273, 000 4.7— 22. 53
All other States (see summary, p. 38)---.........-.--. 1,369 44,739, 000 2816) Gs ee ehet 2. cd
COTTONWOOD.
Cottonwood, produced largely in the lower Mississippi Valley
States, is of several related species. The greater portion of the
cut is the common cottonwood (Populus deltoides).
Of the reported cut of 134,980,000 feet in 1916 nearly two-thirds
was sawed by mills in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Statis-
tics show the output of cottonwood has dwindled during the last
10 years. Between 1915 and 1916 the decrease was 2.4 per cent.
The average mill value of $17.42 is but a few cents higher than
the value established for the year previous.
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916,
TABLE 28.—Reported production of cottonwood lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 200,000,000 feet b. m.)
31
Number of heatit Average
active uantity re- Saabs value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “Mt feet
porting. | f. 0. b. mill.
Fect b. m.
MUTT CUMSUEUCS eerie ac wieeinic o.clibin wiles wicie we 'eaisicts 928 134, 980, 000 100.0 $17.42
IVETSSESSUID DM tetas cioicicleis(Scisie.c.e use sjslaciclec were cee slas 42 85, 398, 000 26. 2 19. 65
- Arkansas... AQ 27,524, 000 20.4 16. 87
Louisiana . 33 18, 405, 000 3.6 18.79
Minnesota 74 11, 863, 000 8.8 3. 29
Missouri. . 54 5,331, 000 4.0 90.11
Alabama. 24 4,095, 000 3.0 15. 28
Tennessee 28 3, 699, 000 2.8 18. 74
IMAC era celles ere a, ae merle dia sjalahhteye eta o sibere 37 2, 834, 060 Pil 13. 82
COW AE eter ere eieleleieinsd oj02 sieiejescleie c.cieninis owe sa eleials 42 2, 566, 000 1.9 20.3
All other States (see summary, p. 38).............-.-- 537 23, 265, 000 ily a) |e ee eee
WHITE FIR.
White fir (Abies concolor) statistics as given in this bulletin include
several other species which are marketed as white fir, including grand
fir (Abies grandis), silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir, sometimes
erroneously called larch, red fir (Abies magnifica), and alpine fir
(Abtes lasiocarpa).
The somewhat remarkable increase of 56 per cent occurred in the
1916 over the 1915 reported production, the figures being 189,699,000
feet and 121,653,000 feet, respectively. The greater output was
general, since the California and Nevada cut as well as that of Oregon
was one-third larger. Idaho’s cut increased by nearly one-half, while
Washington’s output was almost three times as much as that reported
in 1915. The explanation of the bigger cut is in the fact that with
the general increase in lumber prices, white fir sold at a price above
the cost of production.
logged with other species instead of being left in the woods.
The average mill value of $12.25 is next to the lowest value sched-
uled for any species.
TaBLE 29.—Reported production of white fir lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 190,000,000 feet b. m.]
Higher values resulted in white fir bemg
Number of Average
active Quantity re- a value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “M feet,
porting. | f. 0. bumiil.
}
Feet b. m. |
[Bm MNS LaTeS are acct ele icin close lw cisco wisieleleetere =i[nfete 231 189, 699, 000 100.9 | $12. 25+-
@ainormiaand Nevada... -- 6 ee<c cece sees snes eee== 64 8, 918, 000 45.3 | 13.06
emrcioememmrn ten Cera ee 45 60,344, 000 31.8| 12.14
Re OMe a scene nie wie loins se cmisiniel =i = = mosis 47 20, 451, 000 10.8 | 10.10
Washington! -. 2. 0-2-6 - moo eee === 34 18, 042, 000 9.5 | 10. 75
NGM Ge). Segee eee seaeseor eee co aee lc SSS SeseSSo ROUSE 5 3, 408, 000 1.8 | 13.77
All other States (see summary, Pp. 38).--------------- 36 1,536, 000 -8: |seceeeen ee
32 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
SUGAR PINE.
Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) production in 1916 was the largest
for any one year for which data are recorded. It totaled.169,247,000
feet, an increase in itself of 47 per cent over the quantity reported cut
in 1915. The figures are those for 65 mills, in comparison with 42
mills which reported in 1915. To the larger number of operations
may be attributed the greater proportion of the much swelled output,
though apparently the mills found it expedient to enlarge their cut.
The average mill value of $16.77 per 1,000 feet is slightly under the
1915 value.
TaBLE 30.—Reported production of sugar pine lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 169,250,000 feet b. m.)
Number of ae ‘ Average
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “Ar'fedt ,
porting. f. 0. b, mill.
Feet b. m.
WOnited tS tabeS =~ aes ~~ ne ndoosaseosbasadoqss 65 169, 247, 000 100.0 $16.77
Onliner eeaes sue ease see design an sansapsosana sean 54 165, 461, 000 97.8 16.87
Orepon!. -. 25-2 = an =e ening - = = sees eee se ~ nei il 3, 786, 000 222) 12.53
HICKORY.
Hickory lumber production in 1915 showed little change from that
reported for the two years preceding. The 1916 reported cut of
93,454,000 feet is 8.6 per cent in excess of the cut of the year before.
Five species are cut in the main—shagbark (Aicoria ovata), shellbark
(Hicoria laciniosa), pignut (Hicoria glabra), bitternut (Hicoria
minima), and mockernut (Zficoria alba). The quantity of hickory
cut into lumber or plank has substantially decreased in the last
few years, since the principal consumers want the material cut into
dimension stock; it is also generally realized that the supply of
hickory timber is diminishing.
The average value of hickory as reported by the mills was $23.84
per 1,000 feet; in 1915 it was $23.35.
TABLE 31.—Reported production of hickory lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 125,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of int Average
active uantity re- value
miils re- ported. Percent. M ete
porting. f. 0. b. mill.
|
Feet b. m.
United States etc ln ute he te etentaticln ster 2,500 | 93,454,000 | 100.0 $23. 84
e Sea a Lael Dewees Gira! ae nd ns
ATKSNSAS: , alin 5 SES ee oe See Ne ee oe ee aes 135 | 13, 311, 000 14,2 . 25.39
Maennescee. We. Oe Ween so ek Beene cee 217 12, 013, 000 12.9 25.08
West Virginig,.. 22221100 le Se 2 Rae aed VN 209 9,909,000 | 10.6 20.
Rentuaky, Seo. 5. PARR aa eee oes ape 179 9,788,000 | 10.5— 20.03
10s 62 Oe ee orwiab cam oastotsgoeadane sae daness pr 76 7,639, 000 8.2 28.84
IRSIESID D1 ae eee ee eee eee eee ee ere Nee aoe 68 6, 700, 000 7.2 29:01
OW SS ebe Sse cecbaat ts to Snondo mance: chageeas dete ae 322 6, 575, 000 7.0 26.43
AGO ISIADD «Eon oe le teenie ee ae racer aes eee eee 31 4,370,000 A.7 20.0)
2 Tt Oe ee rE BeOS eH rind sca s sas Mel eR icieeeene 93 4, 063, 000 4.3 29.11
Pennsylvania 5236.2 25s bee ee ae 228 3,310,000 3.54 21.30
All other States (see summary, p. 38)............-.--- 742 15, 776, 000 L659) aieeeoes cate
fT TTT TT TT TT
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 33
BALSAM FIR.
The production of balsam fir (Abies balsamea), also known simply
as balsam, was increased 36 per cent in 1916 in comparison with the
reported cut for the year before. The total cut reported was
97,165,000 feet.
The computed cut of 125,000,000 feet marks an almost unbroken
advance in the production a this species, which was regarded as of
little worth when other woods were more bee peal
The average mill value of $16.49 per 1,000 feet is an increase of
$2.70 over the year previous.
TABLE 32.—Reported production of balsam fir lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 125,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of | | Average
active Quantity re- : value per
mills re- ported. | FPercent-| “we foot,
porting. f.o. b. mill.
_ eee =a
: Feet b. im. }
Tyiaierd, STG a 57 97,165,000 | 100.0 $16. 49
ENGR SCG SARS Se CN Ee ee ee ee 241 53, 781, 000 | 55. 4 pT
meneame bi yon 70 16,320,000 | 16.7 14.19
CYST Ga Bale gee ae ee see eee 47 10, 373, 000 10.7 16. 60
Wi VETO AGL cos ake CI geal a 102 8, 042, 000 8.3 17.49
Me arlammpsmingye Soa) Ake We el ged el ol 32 4, 854, 600 5.0 16.73
VV TR OCS 6, Ob oc bene LENE ee Ree ee matte 40 1, 726, 060 | 1.8 16. 37
HPS CLINISCUUS Seema: oe oe SA CE os ne Fide mein cee ne 8 1, 293, 000 | 1.3 | 14.5
All other States (see summary, p. 38)....--.-...------ ou 776, 000 Bitte a ecseibeteel =
WALNUT.
Walnut (Juglans nigra) production was stimulated in 1916 nearly
as much as it was the year before. to meet the continued exceptionally
heavy demand for gunstock material, but the cut reported fell short
by 6 per cent of the 1915 figures, The reported output was 61,167,000
feet and the computed cut 90,000,000 feet. With the exception of
Kentucky and lowa, the States listed in the tabulation reported a
decreased cut in comparison with the output of the year before,
which would confirm the belief generally shared by lumbermen that
heavy inroads have been made upon the available supply of the
common black walnut.
TaBLE 33.—Reported production of walnut lumber, 1916.
fComputed total production in United States, 90,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of | | ae rage
active Quantity re- | p, | value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| ‘4 feet,
porting. } f. 0. b. mill.
Feei-b. m. |
Unwitiae! Sim@idssosaeeeesoe stoe: Ghee essbecosaEsosE 1, 204 61, 167, 000 | 100.0 $42.38
MEGGOUL Ss 6 ac eed eeee eee RS eee 73 | 12, 149, 000 19.8 46.33
FERMI oo 8 2B ACS OR ee eee Se Seecssoeseses 203 10, 691, 000 17.4 43.95
“in ESE 5 6 oe i a ee ee meme ros | 144 8, 658, 000 14.2 | 36. 87
‘EC p mI vg WS S See eb otod Eade BoE RBEE oe: Sceocecpesoor 153 8, 188, 000 13.3 | 37.18
FEE on ss cbide o- SUR SS RU ee eR eee Ec cooncarcrt 32 6, 497, 000 10.6 | 57.26
OND. po bobbe 2 1b Sogn an eee eee oaeesoe 160 6, 026;.000 9.9 40.63
LATTE. oo oo. SoeS SSE Roe Be en eeeE Mee ec oceeeess 20 3, 169, 000 5.2 } 44.45
“NT 3p WTAE) Oo Sone a ce re 96 2, 253, 000 Sat 34. 68
WHat)... oe So ea gee ee ga one ERO ND SuSE Oo SeS som enoe 54 1,334, 000 2.2 23. 65
Ail other States (see summary, p. 38). --------------- 269 2, 261, 000 Shit | |sacccosesa: .
et
84 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The average mill value dropped from $48.47 per 1,000 feet in 1915
to $42.38 in 1916.
SYCAMORE.
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) is produced chiefly in the Missis-
sippi Valley region. In 1916 the total cut was 28,035,000 feet, an
imerease of 4.2 per cent over 1915. The computed production is
given as 40,000,000 feet, since much is sawed by the very small mills
and finds utilization on the farms.
The average mill value was $14.65 per 1,000 feet; in 1915 it was
$13.86.
Tas ie 34.—Reported production of sycamore lumber, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 40,000,000 feet b. m.]
Number of Quantit ea neee
active uantity re- : value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “M4 fodt,
porting. f.o. b. mill.
Fect b. m.
TRETVEGIS FATESES oo are eee 2 See re Ca ease se 931 28, 035, 000 100.0 $14. 65
BLY KERTAS EAS 7 ANS O22 NRE Nea Es SR Shope Se 55 7, 231, 000 25.8 12. 73
ridiand Joya Nat ke ee eee dp Re oe 204 3, 958, 000 14.15 18.15
HRERTIBSS CG assists te Se faces ate rs Se ages 74 3, 680, 000 13. 2 12. 51
AWESE VARGIN ames cm women. sol a eee eae 32 2, 360,.000 8.4 17.15
IRON ETIC Ky eo ee een Oe ee eet en Oe oe eee 107 1, 933, 000 6.9 14. 48
CO} U1 (ae SP Se AD Rae ho att ION Oe Bi Be 111 1, 827, 000 6.5— 18.53
IMESSOVINI Soe ca ne Cote nee Re pt Meme Leen en 95 1, 789, 000 6.4 14.10
SET TT OIS EPSON: oe seme een mee ee an oa Uy ede a epee 48 1, 297, 000 4.6 14. 22
All other States (see summary, p. 38).-........--..-- 205 3, 960, 000 14; ieee secs
LODGEPOLE PINE.
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) is one of the woods for which
additional use is being found each year and the production of which
shows an annual increase. Even a greater quantity is cut into mine
props, ties, poles, and other rough products than is manufactured
into lumber. The reported cut increased 24.5 per cent in 1916 over
1915, reaching a total of 28,226,000 feet.
The average mill value advanced from $13.57 per 1,000 feet in 1915
to $15.13 in 1916.
TABLE 35.—Reported production of lodgepole pine lumber, 1916.
{Computed total production in United States, 30,800,060 feet b. m.]
Number of Guat avoraee
active uantity re- value per
mills re- ported. Percent.| “M feet,
porting. f. o. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
United States: = asec Si pees ee ewe eae 102 28, 226, 000 100.0 $15. 13
Colorado. shes: cee Aa Bees ae ae ee 18 14, 466, 000 51.2 15. 06
Wryoming 038 35500 0 aloe ee ter ee ees oe ee 28 9, 114, 009 32.3 15. 05
Tdahoe os. Ss ates a ee Se eae re eine eee ee 25 2,097,000 7.4 16.13
Montana e355 hele lth Cat come pe ote oe eae mem ae eee 17 1,631,000 5.8 14.07
Wale, 5-32 SE ee eae ee ee eee ee 14 918, 000 3.3 16.77
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916.
35
MINOR SPECIES.
The production figures of a number of woods, both native and
foreign, which are not of sufficient importance to tabulate and discuss
separately, are given in Table 36. Tho foreign woods, such as ma-
hogany, Spanish cedar, and Japanese oak, reach the United States
largely in the form of round or squared logs. Not infrequently, some
of the native species listed are mixed with and sold by sawmill opera-
tors as more commonly recognized woods, though several of the
minor species have special uses, for which a ready demand exists.
TABLE 36.— Minor species, 1916.
[Computed total production in United States, 40,351,000 feet b. m.]
Q ' A Ver AE
a uantity value per F
Kind of wood. reported. M fect, States reporting.
f.o. b. mill.
Feet b. m.
NG UEN Se Sages eee Sa eeSee 32, 879, 000 $57. 29
Mano Ramya Wace soe ce. ese 13, 244, 000 107.47 | La., Cal.
CHER Pe een cece wee ene 7, 872, 000 28.34 | W. Va., Pa., N. Y., N.C., Tenn., Mich., Ind.,
Ohio, ’Va., ” Mass. Ky. Wis. , Comn., N. ist
IBUCKCY Ouran e em <n oeice s+ -= 3, 161, 000 15.44 | W. Va., Tenn., N. C., Va. , Ky ., Ala., Ohio.
Cinguimibperee sees S- cia =i 1, 900, 000 21.08 | W. Va., Pa., N. Y., Ohio.’
WillntyGwac do6cR aoe dee aa eeeee 1, 610, 000 13. 76 | La., Miss., Pa., N. Y. hse; aoe Tenn.
MaiemOli ae ectsmamcjesis = <is/aieeie's 1, 359, 000 14. 41 Tex., La., Miss., Ala. Ga, Ss. wa
LDGTSNoSdbas sont oqueSSneenaCrE 712, 000 19.29 | Pa., y Ark. Wien Vide NLC. THe 2) Val, rides
S
Japanese oak....--..-.-..---- 553, 000 62.00| Cal.” uy
Bacay isteerse sees sce cn = 500, 000 30.00 | Cal.
BUGbeRMUteee epee sce ce c 495, 000 20.62! W. Va., N. Y., Ind., Mass., Wis., N. C., Ohio,
Vt., Va., Iowa, Pa., Tena. Mth.
Hackberry se cecsees ooo. 421, 000 15. 30 Ark., La., Mo., Ind. , Ohio, Ala., Tenn., Ga., Tl.
NE AUIT Cae eo acon e oice = 300, 000 40.00 | Cal.
OCA eee oe cafe alas 140, 000 14.96 | Ark., La.
PELSUMMIM OM sere ae jane c cne = 123, 000 20. 66 Miss., SuG., Ga. , Ill., Ark.
PACE T RRO Ree aie ys ieiinls ne cinta’ 119, 000 12.55 | Wash. , Oreg., Cal.
[Winyar tl OMe erty seic mice cls nicinisicie 81, 000 112.00 | Oreg.
IRGGL DE sesso eee Suse oeeeeEeae 81, 000 12.09 | Ga.
JapanesewbinGhes ccc. ic... 0- 69, 000 150.00 | Cal.
Boxeider ae 64, 000 112.00 | N.C., Til.
Hollyace- 35, 000 19.34 | Ala., La., Tenn.
Jenisero 18, 000 30.00 | Cal.”
Sassafras... 13, 000 21.46 | Tenn., S.C
Hornbeam. 6, 000 25.00 | N. H.
Mil bermtiyerrsistictecicis = -1--\ <1 3, 000 23.33 | Ga.
1 Arbitrary value assigned.
LATH.
Lath production in 1916 increased 15 per cent over that of 1915,
1,770 mills reporting a cut of 3,163,029,000 pieces. The enlarged
output may be ascribed mainly to the 22 per cent increase in the value
of building operations of the country in 1916 over the year before,
which indicates a larger consumption of building materials, and to
the higher cost of substitutes for lath, which led to a return to the
more commonly used product of the sawmill. There was sub-
stantial enlargement of lath production in Maine, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Oregon, and Idaho. The production in detail is given in Table 37.
The making of lath as a by-product of the larger operation 1s
indicative of the closer utilization of timber.
36 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Tas iE 37.—Reported production of lath, 1916, 1915, and 1912.
Number of active mills Quantity reported (feet b. m.).
reporting.
1916 1915 1912 1916 1915 1912
United States. _........- 1,77 1,689 | 2,586 | 3,163,029,000 | 2,745, 134,000 2,719, 163,000
Maitios-t. as. os hee ea cce 139 122 172 396, 935, 000 172, 346, 000 210, 023, 600
TOMISIAN AE Scere ne ae 69 66 65 354, 551, 000 418, 554, 000 330, 474, 000
Mishipan:... 22. foe ne: Sees 32 80 74 135 335, 846, 000 124, 548, 000 173, 415, 000
Marmesgnact 6. So. oes te Sess 53 54 74 267, 788, 000 230, 686, 000 269, 095, 000
Wisshtingben. 2 222d 2c. dec 22 64 val 69 264, 690, 000 389, 995, 000 336, 538, 000
WWASCODSIM se erm me ses 121 116 192 218, 598, 000 179, 193, 000 257, 657, 000
Mississivayi 225. 2 SE cee 30 29 22 162, 689, 000 123, 011, 000 81,315, 000
Orespn eae eee eee 46 28 32 142, 352, 000 95, 801, 000 131, 734, 000
HGRHO Ss ee eae Ee 24 29 20 117, 365, 000 85, 672, 000 50, 895, 000
Wrest Virginia: - 2c 22 5S sae 80 70 121 96, 665, 000 82, 561, 000 159, 119, 000
North: Carolina: sei ee 111 106 116 86, 551, 000 96, 474, 000 94, 086, 000
Mlonidas oe. bc hack Sack 28 23 26 85, 187, 000 89, 860, 000 51, 078, 000
PATEAUSAS lee osc s Uwe acne sc 30 48 43 78, 157, 000 97, 185, 000 90, 216, 000
Ail other States (see summary
Ds 8d) welsccs a cco aes eee Soe ees 895 853 | 1,499 555, 655, 000 559, 253, 000 483, 518, 000
SHINGLES.
Table 38 shows the production of shingles, by States, in 1916, and
for comparative purposes the quantity reported in 1915 and 1912.
Shingle output statistics were not secured for either 1913 or 1914.
The production of 9,477,077,000 shingles in 1916, while 12 per cent
more than the output of the year before, is considerably below the
production of 1912 and the immediately preceding years, in which
the cut exceeded 12,000,000,000 annually. The number of active
mills given in the tabulation as reporting—1,939—probably does not
include all the plants making shingles, smce many shingle mills are
small and impermanent in character. Only a systematic county
canvass in each State could secure an approximately correct enumera-
tion. However, Washington produced 71 per cent of the total cut
reported in 1916; and this and other important producing States in
the West were covered intensively by the district offices of the Forest
Service, so the production figures are believed to approach closely
the actual output.
TaBLE 38.—Reported production of shingles, 1916, 1915, and 1912.
SE eae mills Quantity reported (feet b. m.)
1916 1915 1912 1916 1915 1912
United States.........-- 1,932 | 1,648 | 3,615 | 9,477,077,000 | 8,450,378,000 | 12, 037,685, 000
Washington. ascot o cee. Se 238| 239| 387 | 6,739,388,000 | 6,313,335,000| 7,996, 251, 000
Orpven!s!). 2257..24557 553 50 48 66 471, 672, 000 336, 652, 000 271, 205, 000
MiGdinbnd 0 eee as 53 45 51 | 40472637000 | 385,610, 000 718, 026, 900
Gaiifomias: 2: Rltoseeeis: 52 25 61 346, 622, 000 200, 755, 000 471, 592, 000
Mae do Be 200 | 187| 277} 2217059'000 | 268/004” 000 393,772, 000
Miftican!.cnidan A O37) 69 63} 159} 201;171,000 | —_250/ 6407 000 459, 359, 000
Agbaia 2 fe ae ee 113 82} 184| 18376627000 67,629, 000 126) 205, 000
Wisconsin.......2222..0.. 73 77 | 159| 175/455;000 | 1227889’ 000 267) 945; 000
Florida....... So A am 51 31 76} 131,795,000 | 116.0547 000 309, 081; 000
Gestacst HASTE us| ai1| 240] 131/763,000 69,308, 000 216, 688,000
NorihiCaroling) 32 O20. reece 135 125 303 123, 959, 000 74, 773, 000 196, 943, 600
Idgho Ss (if att ey ey OF 9 il 8 79, 960, 000 49, 512, 000 37,641, 060
ASIZGTISURG Sy coe cee au tne ee ae 42 31 78 45, 411, 000 20, 501, 000 114, 458, 000
Wcities uaa epee gt 61 50 | 240 43’ 387,000 49; 758,000 27,7527 000
All other States (seesummary,
DAE OS) steer eee Oe 638 523 | 1,326 175, 440, 000 133, 965, 000 430, 767,000
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916. 837
LUMBER VALUES.
The compilation of average lumber values by species emphasizes
a number of differences, such as might be expected to exist, between
large and small mills, efficient and inefficient equipment and manage-
ment, good and poor timber, proximity to and distance from impor-
tant markets, and other factors which go to make up the individual
operation. Not all of the mills which reported their cut for 1916
included average prices, but approximately 50 per cent of the report-
ing operators provided information used as the basis for Table 39.
Mills operating under every condition in every section of each State
contributed the figures from which the average for each species was
determined, so that the figures can not be literally applied to the
value of the product of a particular mill.
It is worthy of note that the average value of all species for 1916
is $15.32 per 1,000 feet, whereas it was $14.04 in 1915. Each one of
the softwoods listed, with the exception of cedar and sugar pine,
shows an inerease in value over that of the year before, with which
the 1916 figure is directly comparable. The same generally higner
range of values applies to the hardwoods, among which the recessions
are also limited to two—yellow poplar and walnut. While certain
variations may appear to the lumberman as contrary to the figures
of any one operation in which he may be interested, the values given
are unquestionably typical.
TaBLE 39.—Average value of lwmber per thousand feet, b. m., by kinds of wood, for speci-
Jied years, 1899 to 1916.
Kind of wood. 1916 1915 19121 1911 | 1910 1909 1907 1904 1899
Aull fenntdls. Satedeeteoasoeceaae $15.32 | $14.04 | $15.35 | $15.05 | $15.30 | $15.38 | $16.56 | $12.76 | $11.13
Softwoods: ‘
Mellowspinee ss ---5-<---- 14.33 | 12.41] 14.36] 18.87] 18.29] 12.69] 14.02 9.96 8.46
Mouslastinsses ssc sels. 10.78 | 10.59 | 11.58| 11.05] 13.09} 12.44] 14.12] 9.52 8.67
VAIO SPINE Se aew oe 19.16 | 17.44 19.13 18. 54 18.93 18.16 19. 41 14. 93 12. 69
Miemilock matey. Wks. : 15.35 | 13.14] 13.68] 13.59] 13.85] 13.95| 15.53] 11.91 9.98
NORU COM eee ems cli. - 17.58 16.58 17.02 16.14] 16.62} 16.91 17. 26 14. 03 11.27
Western yellow pine....- 14.52 14. 32 13.62 13. 62 14. 26 15.39 15. 67 11.30 9.70
GiypLesse ie eee se ass 20.85; 19.85 | 20.09) 20.54) 20.51; 20.46] 22.12; 17.50 13.32
MVCOWiOOGK foe cioc css. cee 13. 93 13. 54 14.13 | 138.99 15. 52 14.80 | 17.70] 12.83 10.12
Cece eae LL 15.24 | 16.10 |214.45 | 18.86) 15.53) 19.95] 19.14] 14.35 10.91
Larch (tamarack)...-..- / 12.49 | 10.78 |}311.96 | 11.87] 12.33] 12.68] 13.99 11.39 8.73
iWiltibe fit. Sales soe. 12.25 | 10.94 9.86 | 10.64) 11.52} 138.10] 15.45 (4) (4)
Sugar pinels sce. alco... 16.77 | 17.40 (4) 17.52 | 18.68} 18.14] 19.84 (4) 12.30
TS@usGhan vite. Wag Mae eee ames 16.49 | 13.7 (4) 13.42 | 14.48 | 13:99] 16.16] (4) @)
lodgepole pine. .-.------ 15.13 | 13.57 (4) 12.41 | 14.88} 16.25 (4) (4) (4)
Hardwoods:
Oak 20. 06 18. 7. 19.63 | 19.14 18. 76} 20.50] 21.23 17.51 13.78
21.89 | 22.45) 24.06] 25.46 | 24.7 25.39 | 24.91] 18.99 14.03
19.59 | 16.52) 17.438) 16.61} 17.37) 16.95 | 17.37] 15.44 12.50
16.20 | 14.01 | 18.51 | 14.09 | 14.34] 18.25] 14.30 (4) (4)
19. 46 16.98 | 16.87] 17.138 | 18.67] 17.52} 18.45] 14.45 11.4
23.85 | 22.45 |) 20.27 | 21.21 | 22.47 | 24.44] “25.01 | 18.77 15.84
17.42 | 17.36 |&20.44 | 18.12] 17.78] 18.05] 18.42] 14.92 10.37
23.84 | 23.35] 23.29] 22.47] 26.55] 30.80] 29.50 23.94 18.7.
42.38 | 48.47 (4) 31.70 | 34.91 | 42.79] 48.31] 45.64 36.49
14.65 | 13.86 () 13.16 | 14.10} 14.77] 14.58 (4) 11. 04
Ae
11912 values based on limited number of reports. 4 Data not obtained.
2 Western red cedar only. 5 Southern cottonwood only.
8 Western larch only.
38
DETAILED SUMMARY.
BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In Table 40 is summarized the data presented in the individual
species tables, showing,
by States, the number of active sawmills
reporting and their cut of each wood, and in addition the produc-
tion of lath and shingles.
TaBLe 40.—Active sawmills (cutting 50,000 feet and over) reporting, and reported eee
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916.
Number Softwoods.
pias Aggregate. Total.
porting. Yellow pine. | Douglas fir.
Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m.
United States..........----- 17,269 |34, 791,385,000 |28, 576, 292, 000 |13, 411,411, 000 | 5, 413, 431, 000
AUR DAIS setos cn he eee eee 744 | 1,310, 653, 000 | 1,185,323, 000 | 1,180,318, 000 Eid le? iF
IATA OE es on Soop obep aS SOOSIROOs 17 92; 872, 000 927.872, 000) Seen eee eeeee 634, 000
WAT KANSAS A: Sans comes AE 706 | 1, 668, 493, 000 | 1,112, 440, 000°} 1,075,973, 000 |. 2.2 222.222
California and Nevada.......----- 182 ty 413, 541,000 | 1,411, 939, 000) Seo eee 141, 200, 000
Colorado: 22262. 3. st 96 67, 368, 000 67, 221,000 | ooo e ten ew eee 5, 596, 000
Connie cticuim ee oes e asec ease 145 60, 163, 000 13, 995, 000 ye U8 Ue ay Sa SL
Melt wWaATe Mee Pes oo eee eee 34 9,356, 0CO 7, 163, 000 1h 065, O0ON 542 eee
Tlic eee ek See ae eee a Se 225 | 1,179,717, 000 | 1, 165, 518, 000 976, SIGKOODM Ecce eer eeeeece
GIDE Re ee ret er ey ar a 710 753, 930, 000 677, 724, 000 621, 419, (LD AS oo eae
TUG EUs Cee tate ass ee a a, a 190 846, 107, 000 844 660, 000) | Pee teesecce= ee 80, 632, 000
HAD Gta\eytsis Ae es ON ee Ee RA 114 43, 731, 000 2, 036, 000 150} 000} eee aase oe
Wheto pts) als We, s aan Ni oek ON EN Bets os eM 471 209° 354, 000 8, 000 52 O00 R cne a poem 2
Towa sd Seber 7k 2 Mae Cae Fe ar 61 18) 027, 000 55,000 50+ O00n a2 eae ears
WKWeansas oe seh obec cea e jane betes 5 584) O00} Son. <b emictemidin olor eee ene eee eee eee ae
Ren tuckeye nha a8 o02 2 2S 597 374, 074, 000 35, 900, 000 12} 68a sO00NSaee ore cee ces
MUOTHSIANa se Oe SS ee ee ee 329 | 3,910, 866,000 | 3,550, 893,000 | 3, 063, 468, 000
Mtinoeretecn ce cameo te eee nen 606 866, 749, 000 817, 590, 000 8. 251, 000 |
Manylands =: es. oes She ee 213 68, 988, 000 31, 663, 000 28, 786, 000
Massachusetts - 260 176, 268, 000 138, 864, GOO 5, 202, 600 |
Michigan ...... 341 | 1,019, 183) 000 430;,304, 000/222 eeeeee
Minnesota. s3--.t sete ese 211}, 1,063, 046; 000%) 1,,025,525,,000)!.. 22-2 soe ose.
IMISSISSIP Places cero we eee 627 | 2, 353, 891, 000 if 980, 702,000 | 1,963,285, 000 |...-...-.....
MiISSOUMI Sees nous nce eneeeen sce ees 389 | °219, 2447 600 52, 706, 000 26; S51 O00 eee me meee ee
NOn borin serene ec ementns ee 103 | 383,884,000 | 383,818,000 |_.............- | §5, 845, 000
New Hampshire’: ..-22-2222--...- 305 336, 064, 000 297, 078, 000 SY6595, 0009) Se eeemsene fae
ING@wiJOLsey.cecichete sek coseseene 109 30, 925, 000 10, 618, 000 8,/Gb0sC00 Aaa eareres, oo.
INGW? MOKICO aoe facet amin ctenes Dee 55 80, 406, 000 80}4065 000) | ass se eeeeneeee 7, 382, 000
ING wey Onkeeee oo. be Ea ie PEA AL 1, 260 349, 908, 000 172,932;.000: |. cee see Se eee
North Carolina). scene 1,532 | 1,657, 032,000 | 1,386,521, 000 | 1,232,849,000 |.............-
Ong 2a ere eee ee 546 219, 042, 000 1, 210, 000 TSS COO ME eremerce ncee
Oklahomasess boot sss eer eae 91 232, 198, 000 208, 252, 000 207, 5017000 ieee see eee
Oregon 2205 ehek Poce ce eens cease 525 | 2,221, 854,000 | 2,216, 769,000 |-- 2-22 Seceoacs ' 1,572, 469, 000
Pennsylvania. so. 2 2o.02 see ook 934 565, 895, 000 287, 677, 000 11, 642, 000 | ph een
Rhode Island’! 3 Me Ree e 19 7, 827, 000 g, 512, 000 | cs see eeeeereees
outh Carolina.2-) Sess ee eee 443 746, 301, 000 688, 517, 000 6435586; CO0MES Se ee ete
South Dakota’. -: 2s eas ee eee 27 26, 450, 000 25, 466,000 ccc. 2 fiancee see eee
Tennessde: 1.5 be eee 768 488, 242, 000 88, 572, 000 42° 6070001) eceateec sense
OXAS odo coc tenes urs cena deb an sacs 301 | 1,723, 826,000 | 1,651, 232,000 | 1, 619, 334, (0) 000) Se eae
Utahke Joto 230 be se ae 76 9, 383, 000 9) 097,000) |Scceeccn enemas 957, 000
Wermont. 22227... 2 ee Ee es. 335 180, 234, 000 114, 738, 000 40 O00 Saeceee ces. 5
Wirginia. 0522. 6S ee hee 1,210 | 1,036, 209, 000 704, 429, 000 632; 649) O00 )|*ee eee acs. ==
Washington 2). 2 eee ae 444 | 4, 492,997,000 | 4,491,591,000 |.....-........- 3, 546, 532, 000
West Virginia... 2202.0 66.0.220- 475 | 1,009, 156,000 | — 287, 247, 000 2OsAOD0 MeL eee. 3:
Wisconsin 49.2 5 Sec ees Boe eboe 386 | 1, 240, 778, 000 7095705; 000 eects aoe teen a) eee rte cele
Wyoming) 2 Se ee el Be 52 16, 619, 000 16, 606,000 |......-2..---2- 1, 184, 000
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916,
39
Taste 40.—Active sawmills (cutting 50,000 feet and over) reporting, and reported produec-
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916—Coutinued.
United States...
ATabama. occ ecce see
PAIZO Meee cine de secie
PATKONSAS 22-5. Sccsecens
California and Nevada.
Colorado... 2.6... anes
See
wee e ewe oeee
Maryland
Minnesota
Mississippi--.--2..:.--
WASSONINS 2 Ssoseccciccoos
Montana
New Jersey.....-......
New Mexico
Ohio
TOPO Ssace secs ck ls
Pennsylvania -.-.....-
Rhode Island - - . i
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Softwoods—Continued.
Whi . by Western
White pine. | Hemlock. yellow pine.
Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet bh. m.
2,330, 831, 000 /1, 986, 653, 000 |1, 684,987, 000
re nn. ie S58 000)| See e eee eee
IRR SANSA E DWM oye 3 92, 133, 000
pea ee ee 3. 1517000 | 40asGT Se 000)
“occa a aes 60,000 | 27,848,000
3, 039, 000
1, 450, 000 540, 000
304, 055, 000 27,000 | 240,160,000
|
aes PF? GiOOOs tes fecesse 251 IGRasS Selene
SOU oscaeconauscee IBS ROCeOOS Sar
7°76} 363, 000°|’° 715,649, 000 |.2222212.21212
“272,035,000 | 96,300,000 |...1.......0..
1,861, 000 $2050003 |=" 52a eeemeeee
101,567,000 | 15,770,000 |.............-
64,040,000 | 324,720,000 |..............
|
962,765,000] 2,125,000 |.........2..--
“710, 497,000 {22722252 22122.|""138, 206, 000°
184, 728, 000 8351655 000" ceecesccenene
| pecaSecCeOaeae 275 000)/tae~=seeemeene
ARMS ROE Ae Wile ee es Zee | 72,004, 000
50,145,000} 79,880,000 |.............-
32,833,000] 42,916,000 |.............-
502, 000 552; 000 |2eebecanack Mee
i ee 86,000 | 70,014, 000°
31, 732,000 | 243,810,000
7,965, 000 545, 000
"6,966,000 | "25,977,000
“43, 924, 000 | 25, 257,000
3,514,000 | 35,952,000 |..............
64,128,000 | 267,313,000 | 188,215, 000
11, 619, 000 1695 554:\000: Soe eecisaee
187,447,000 | 527,465,000 |..............
S15 000: cat eee sce | 2,716, 000
Spruce.
Feet b. m.
1,129, 750, 000
{
Cypress. | Redwood.
Feet b. m. Fect b. m.
945,330,000 | 490,828, 000
13, 871, 000
18,614,000
14, 638, 000
8, 234, 000
25,357, 000
6, 790, 000
54,337, 000
eee eee e ete n ene
"96, 245, 000°
457,000
2, 554, 000
66, 842, 000
1, 596, 000
221, 295, 000
111, 965, 000
5,474, 000
2, 897, 000
4,562,000 |
haere 457000 a|\-veneasapens
/188, 799, 000
54, 305, 000
SP AITEOOO |< stho seme
25, 555, 000
6, 133, 000
133-000) |= cee
1, 852, 000
| aw ee ee ee ee ee eee eee eee
eed
40 BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLe 40.—Active sawmills (cutting 50.000 feet and over) reporting, and reported produc-
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916—Continued.
Softwoods—Continued.
: ses | Sugar Balsam | Lodgepole
Cedar. | Larch. White fir. pine. fir. pine,
| |
Feet b.m. | Feetb.m. | Feetb. m. | Feetb. m. | Feetb. m. | Feet b. m.
United States........-.- 322, 003,000 |376, 731,000 |189, 699, 000 |169, 247,000 | 97,165,000 | 28, 226, 000
Mlabamac: eet cenin Ge cnc 418, 000 a
PAS TZOD Wes cee apie cece ese Kate aie = pone
Arkansas... .. a 120, 600
California and Nevada..-......- 16, 587, 000
WOlGMAdO on crescent soma e oS uets Ae aca ces sabes aoe = Ore
Connechictt sac o25s35. 22 25 ee 118, 000
WIGIBWANG- -cscppacn hese sbheee 33, 000
AY (cho (Se eS eee 203, 000
Georgian. cena eens sae eee ee 10, 000
FASO. ss csiedescccet cess - dene S 35, 981, 000 |107, 827,000 | 60,344,000 }............|..---.---.-- 2, 097, 000
MIN NOIS ss = ssee Reals os bse ome] occa eccoemalsccsecmostpalncs-nescsetnlbapicacsie sae Se Ee Seen mee | ae emnere *
16 (0 EN SV a ar a a Ser 49, 000 LUA 6, 1) Er ae as | etic [ a ce Hee
WOW 2 ose sek occ e con cbe cee) caacccesioce|s dtbcc tense escccecccle cic tempeetn ea bik Dee eee een
RATISAS soo ete seein cis wicle's open aa Saloimieleinioe sim] sick seloeicioieinis | aaleiwisicicie sicie= bowie lela iaaiataiates | See
enti chy .- ssuan tes ask eners ODS GUO) |e eeecweiscces | peena nein A Aigg SEES site 5 sa accnesollscn- nese 2
WMOUISIANG).» 2ces-8Se 2 sea cine wc |oc ci Seb sms] omit emisletee |e celine eimialale, fle alee a's cle tate] Meee etete ete eee c
MAMCS oom ae oa secede 9, 582, 000 S21 000) bs aascane cel eee castes DST OEsOUUn meee mance ss
War vlan dic gees eer ian -ne ante 33) 000) | omient is nce aeeeyipte aio oe oe peels mame iate =] See ee nee eee ee
Massachusetts. 22-20. s<<ssn6s 290, 000 TOS QUO WEs see ene < c= lope eran ire sbwudy aed eae
Muehicon’ sssece snes sccateee 4 6, 369, 000 | 16,568,000 |...-..... pelos Sa%6e:- 10, 373, 000 |..-...-... =
Minnesotans 2. c cosh ee ees 3,401,000 | 15; 557, 000 ane noe ecco cloemneeneo ans 16, 320, 000 }........... s
MISSISSIP PIs aisews beer se cate | win b= eibicine| some ae cee See | Seiisiciscwsicneloe sete atee en See eee eel eee
MASSOUD So i Eee ee nee eas 300} 000; | oo -t.s aes ana|oecicweiccecsclecan.c om /elayae| Seem m ee | Seen sree
MONTANA 3. jc se cnscenst chee 2,612, 000 |163, 829;000 | 3,408,000 |.....-..-...]---......... 1, 631, 000
New, Hampshire: . 2.22.5 2.¢55 300, 000 BYOOY a ssshes Soaaiasco- = s55-- 4, 854,000 |..........- a
New Jersoy:- jase ose ccssices 1, 929, 000
New MoxiCol «sche. c0cneraspedlbeaes ce seco slembinoe ee caus
New York..... 463, 000
North Carolina. . 6, 883, 000
OWions soe shee se Sane. cee shee 20, 000
Oklahoma: sass es ss 5.b 2257 1,000
Oreron ee ae cea Laie 46,138,000] 8,478,000 | 20,451,000 | 3,786,000 |..........--|..-.-------<
PennsyiVvanias..cpe ase -ssees- 3, 000 33; OOD om emp «mene =| Sei Sees es | Seen eee tel eae
Rhode Island...............-. CED BRAS SS S856 50! 545 s4568es Ses 2555 --S4||5+ ss sssc55-.//s2--- 555-5 - m
South Carolina........-.....-. UBL On BERR e RRs RES shoo HoocseOoomocoeaccsastcc} <s20R Ss: =
SOME Dakotas jane oc occieajneaa| peace 7 See anes mee sabe [cin ssa wcle's'os | Seisieia vols sis ea Meee eee aaa :
Pennessee) « -asuaeeer gasp aeeee 6, 675, 000 83 (000M Ree ecaee --| aeeaameanels SU KOCU Reena tincinete
BNSC Ce siamese Hes = 29 540 7 amaee EEO Bee esnoteas4 Sesceboopned bdacseesoscc 2c Scasssauss|sosusse sess -
WSR oaks Sone ceine cee Oe aie an =< a cheb shiek ome soe ee AU SUUUUN ER ASESAR Ses scosSesotc 918, 000
Wenmontaescneensaaetereeeeees 552, 000 81 COD ae eee eneees| aaa pee ee 8, 042, 000 |.-......-.- :
Warginias. sae eee ee 3 eee PAL PAIE NON | Roassqcoads., ~oeosce 5 269) < co eeRonee 25/000) | ooo enesee
Washington!=ssaseoncs seb aeeee 11:55; 582 000:'| 80: 534: 000i 18; 0425000! |-cas cose sanc|sacesen ements terme cmenae
West Virginian 2s5.. .o.hge8 5 4, DOO}. sectcec mmc aiscmleisis mae aie] taste oh oar cel meso meee el eaeeee ea eae
Wisconsin....... selec cone Cees 53.034, 000!|32; G07, 000M Es sees eres sass ees ceee LTO ODO oie epcnniss ate
WFOMING 22g See ees Sa 10; ODDN Bee aee. sce; BY SBR ss S6hd lococostsec2 -| 9,114,000
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916,
41,
Tasie 40.—Active sawmills (cutting 50,000 feet and over) reporting and reported produc«
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916—Continued.
Arizona
Arkansas
California and Nevada... .
Colorado
See
ete eee eee eee we
Michigan
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Worth Caroling: 00.2.2). -
Ohio
See ey
Pennsylvania...........-.
Rhode Island
SOUDH DWAK Ot seecsececcicc
phlenmesSeee see oe je
Ur Ti ee) eas a
GIST ara Ves 0) 0 ee
\UOSE \Waigatiaie SASS eee ae
BEMIS COMSIM lene eee csk oe
Wyoming........ Brace shes
Total.
Feet b. m.
Hardwoods,
E eas Yellow ey ie ‘haa
Oak. Maple, poplar. ted gum. | Chestnut,
Feet b. m.
Feet b. m.
Feet b. m.
Feet b. m.
Feet b. m.
419, 581, 000
=, =
218, 000
30, 722, 000
83,000
15, 540, 000
6, 663, 000
51, 146, 000
6, 460, 000
6, 215, 093, 000 |2, 164,633, 000 |809, 341,000 1394, 854,000 |651, 879, 000
125,330,000 | 41,881,000 | 287,000 | 27,265,000 | 22,813,000
~" 556, 053, 000 | 246,264,000 | “6,092,000 |~"* 784,000 |207, 148,000.
1, 552, 000 30, 000 Sha. Ren el Seg
rE 00 |e a ORR ps es Tel | SN I Si fie
46,168,000} 11,097,000} 846,000 GA fig ee Ree
2, 193; 000 1) 268; 000 12} 000 101,000 495, 000
14) 199° 000 895, 000 1,000] 804,000} 7,070,000
76,206,000 | 24, 006;000 401,000 | 28,569,000 | 12,308,000
SAAT CDD) eee. Anes cole e ee eet obama eae kms # oa
41,695,000 | 20,972,000 | 1,322,000 542,000 | 3,539, 000
209, 246,000 | 83, 674,000 | 19, 730,000 | 6,690,000 | 4,014,000
17, 972, 000 3, 702, 000 RNC Dl Bye ae Oe ae
534, 000 241,000 Sg Ll A SF ll er EA
338,174,000 | 212,788,000 | 6,192,000 | 40, 544,000 | 9,851, 000
319,973,000 | 71, 968, 000 19, 000 511,000 | 75, 926, 000
49, 159, 000 @;,.656;,0008|, 6, QO440D0) aca d! aatwaleet see ne
37,325,000} 16,860,000 | 3,548,000 | 1,060,000 | 2,399, 000
37, 404, 000 6,692,000 | 1,949, 000 iTaai1 11) (4a
588, 879, 000 7, 320,000 |365, 456,000 SOE |e oe oasek rss
37, 521, 000 6, 392, 000 Palle eae uo | a
373, 189,000 | 129, 131,000 931,000 | 10,841,000 \164, 949, 000
166,538,000 | 95,850,000 | 6,352 000 254,000 | 21; 951) 000
GON ODD) Toren as Sak U0 a eee enn gt Repeal 2.
38,986,000 | 10,818,000) 6,057, 000 BSTUO0N | cocce ssa see
20, 307, 000 9, 273, 000 434, 000 225, 000 417, 000
"176, 976,000 | 23,926,000 | 50,551,000 | 2#,000| 32, 000 | 15,540, 000
270,511, 000 | - 129,124,000 | 6,564,000 | 37,272,000 | 23,647,000
217,832,000 | 102, 405,000 | 25, 733,000 | 18,494,000 | 2; 017, 000
23,946,000 | 14, 226, 000 SPL 0 0) ae Me 5, 710, 000
5,085, 000 ALT OOORI SIE BB21000\| ssa teense ag tok | aes mei
278,218,000 | 113,780,000 | 43, 422,000 | 6,193,000 | 868,000
9,315, 000 2, 445, 000 125,000 BoTOUONIEEE Se:
57, 784, 000 7,664,000 | 1,627,000 | 16,350,000 | 20, 297, 000
984, 000 PEK IE ip pseSer S2-P Si 4 Ss ME a ES Ne cae MN A
399,670,000 | 225,645,000 | 6,451,000 | 47,591,000 | 23, 917, 000
72,594,000} 39, 114,000 Se O0Ua vey tk nace oe 93, 592, 000
ABBE OODE eases cece cal eee eke esearch 6 nae eae
65, 496, 000 PRU AL LUT ey SHUI) |Wogue Ganeecad Mee Ben RE
331,780,000 | 184,226,000 } 10,090,000 | 47,022,000 | 16,008, 000
1) 406, 000 82, 000 DS. O0O\ so ee doi tiles sacs 5-2] ei
721,909,000 | 298,189,000 | 70,900,000 [102,515,000 | 2, 913, 000
281025, 000! te 212; 788, 000) 1462800000) 2 cont voce ad|kewa ess. a] eee nee
13, 000 10,000 etre Bacau wel Stee sh meee let tect cacce | = ema
42
BULLETIN 673, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 40.—Aective sawmills (cutting 50,000 feet and over) reporting, and reported produc-
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916—Continued.
Hardwoods—Continued.
Beech. Birch. Basswood.
Fectb.m. | Feetb.m. | Feet b. m.
United States. ./283, 363, 000 |365, 943, 000 |209, 275, 000
AJabama...22.2-55 1, 133, 000 8, 000 183, 000
AMIZONa ESS Sa oe ee Ue Le SSI Be SS Eh SR Seen oe acaae
lAricansas = ={. 2. 322 45, 000 1, 000 383, 000
Cotton-
wood.
Feet b. m.
134, 980, 000
4, 095, 000
Elm. Ash.
Feet b. m.
195, 266, 000 |156, 204, 000
605,000 | 2, 268, 000°
505, 000
Hickory.
Feet b. m. | Feet b. m.
93, 454, 000
Wloridals2.2tsh 5222 11, 000 2 O00 meine
Georpiasce st sccsee 246, 000 74, 000 285, 000
Osboo oe ac Jo554 oobsoncaseslaapaton sesh selscade sous
Tinos! 2/5522 sac). = 589, 000 35, 000 106, 000
nidiansa Assess 37, 082, 000 223,000 | 4,828,000
FoWasstcee messes 5, 000 147,000 | 1,393,000
ONSAS She SLE ios ate ectie seo essences 15, 000
Kentucky <.tisec =. 17, 170, 000 498,000 } 4,833,000
Louisiana......... A855000 hehe s ese e 33, 000
Maine esc. cb oe soc. 2, 837,000 | 28,088,000 | 1,517,000
Maryland! 2222 -.: _ 399,000 497, 000 896, 000
Massachusetts. .... 1,346,000 | 2, 498, 000 316, 000
Michigan. o-cc- 66, 316,000 | 59, 251,000 | 36, 756, 000
Minnesota........- 11,000 | 8,341,000 | 5,985,000
Mississippi-....-.. ASE 000! | BASS eer ene 50, 000
Missouri. ..--.....- 33, 000 91, 000 246, 000
Montana ss Pos ore ete ON Ee Bee eee eee
New Hampshire...| 5,153,000 | 10,376, 000 730, 000
New Jersey.....-.. 99, 000 38, 000 14, 000
IND Want ext coe ea ber NN i eee tha eo Bae es
New York........- 30, 350, 000 | 23, 192,000 | 14, 630, 000
North Carolina....| 1,280,000 | 2,416,000 | 7,028,000
LOS ohaedo eae: 22, 777, 000 570,000 | 5,049, 000
ORI ahom assess A Spe yt Wan eee ene 30, 000
OTC OMe ee Pe tetera elie ne | kee bee btal Ae ee eens
Pennsylvania 38,712,000 | 7,839,000 | 4,194,000
Rhode Island..... 50, 000 70, 000
South Caroling <a 54 no. oc he sek | 2s beisee on toca bene
SonthsDakotare toss cessaoe. co| tao c hoe cee Seen a
Tennessee......... 7,411,000 | 1,189,000 | 5,107,000
LOKAS S24 ee eet 77, 000 3, 000 61, 000
WR AREER sc. Cae Salt ae Reet e a s aeee ae Oe ea IE a eee
Mermont,. 22 fs sease 9,345,000 | 22,980,000 | 5,868,000
Wireinias = <2 2, 591, 000 582,000 |} 7,030, 000
IWisshing ton £52 ee | sa iy ears | A ESL ne a ck a area
West Virginia. .... 35, 634, 000 | 16,590, 000 | 28,955, 000
Wisconsin......... 1, 699, 000 |179, 549, 000 | 72, 618, 000
Wiyomiinic <2 ee Ree cote neem ecn ees eee
976, 000
1,315, 000
2, 566, 000
120, 000
675, 000
18, 405, 000
11, $63, 000
35, 398, 000
5, 331,000
66,000
2847 000
1, 193, 000
519, 000
764, 000
2, 006, 000
1) 215, 000
328, 000
11,000 | 1,765,000 | 917,000
344,000 | 4,315,000} 712,000
2,118,000 | 1,684,000 | 1,058, 000
19) 039/000 | 8,190,000 | 7,639, 000
2,256,000} 267,000] 241,000
73, 000 5,000 35,000
1,186,000 | 3,860,000 | 9,788,000
3, 516,000 | 16,175,000 | 4,370,000
357,000 | 1,853,000 |..-.-------
79,000 | 389,000} 956, 000
8,000} — 822,000] 109,000
42, 479,000 | 7,273,000} 380,000
3,329,000 | 1,375,000 1,000
7,161,000 | 8,524,000 | 6,700, 000
9, 836,000 } 2,223,000 | 4, 063, 000
pay 77,000 | 1,021,000 "6,000
280,000} 208, 000 455, 000
“1,193, 000 | 8,353,000 | 7,359, 000 |” 923, 000
220,000 | 3,270,000} 2, 447,000
10,681,000 | 7}476,000 | 6,575,000
438,000] 576,000} 253,000
A ee 1; 496; O00 eee
1,261, 000 | 4)064)000 | 3,310, 000
50, 000 30, 000
478,000 | 3,350,000 | 110,000
“"8/930, 000 | 12, 020, 600 | 12, 013, 000
721,000 | 4,950,000 | 2)063,000
*"""966, 000 | 3,312,000) 10, 000
76, 000 790,000 | 2,144,000
RN Us he ia SO;000N eee neat
1,130,000 | 7,710;000 | 9,909, 000
51, 946, 000 | 13,621, 000 66,
3, 000
yen
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH, AND SHINGLES IN 1916,
43
TasE 40.—Aetive sawmills (cutting 50.000 feel and over) reporting, and reported produc-
tion of each kind of lumber and lath and shingles, by States, 1916—Continued.
United States. .
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Nevada
wee ee eee
Kansas
Maryland cue
Massachusetts... -
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana ‘
New Hampshire...
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Oregon
South Carolina...
South Dakota...-
‘Tennessee
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia... -
Wisconsin
Wyoming
wee cece
Hardwoods—Continued. Lath. Shingles.
Num- Num-
A nf ber of ber of
r syca- inor active ers. J ACLive Poe
Tupelo. | Walnut. aay). species. | mills Quantity. mills Quantity.
re port- report-
ing. ing.
Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b.m.| Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b.m.
214,239,000 /61, 167,000 |28,035,000 |32, 879,000 | 1,770 |3,163,029,000 | - 1,932 |9,477,077,000
22, 416, 000 51,000 | 90,000 96, 000 39 | 64,922,000 113 | 183, 662, 000
oct Oe te] LESS oat NUNN [mete eR tte Ga 248018< 000) Ihe sais | eee es
5,497,000 | 205,000 |7,231,000| 503, 000 30 | 78, 157, 000 42| 45, 411, 000
ae niet satel is usin steinail nce eieieie sid 1, 460, 000 19 | 39, 713,000 52 | 348, 622,000
BR Se eo a eo as vo Eo ee 5 | 5,954,000 3 172, 000
9,000 19,000 5, 000 4,000 5,| 12, 805,000 5 202, 000
DONOOO! |e aPeseec|e tne. col eee ee SE 30, 000 3 89, 000
AGT S72 OOO) NSE gene ees | Sit RRR 28 | 85,187,000 51 | 131,795,000
1,850,000 | 100,000 | 355,000} 111,000 46 | 49,316,000 148 | 131,763,000
BARGE IN SON Ba a | 24 | 117,365,000 9| 79,960,000
4,272,000 | 3,169,000 |1, 297, 000 15,000 4 |e unl O45 4 O00NI be an 4| seem ep eeee =
1, 470,000 }10, 691,000 |3,958,000 | 308,000 15 825, 000 4 162, 000
Sonesta eo 6, 497, 000 91, 000 8,000 1 DUO000D EC -eeis~ ncleeeeeeosaeee
ehh 27,000 155000 i1| ere ee eee Merc aeNel nonce con en ok lec\l cen alle bran seve cle
3,175,000 | 8,138,000 |1,933,000 | 147, 000 32} 9,340,000 20| 4,672,000
113,115,000 1,000 } 374,000 |15,075, 000 69 | 354, 551, 000 53 | 404,263,000
Laat Bae Pee SHOOOH eps. Ss [Eee aeers Ment 39)|t8964035. 000 200 | 221,039,000
144,000 | 101,000 | 383,000 |..........- 95| 5,774,000 19 | 1,601,000
ae 698000) |e eS h000 17] 2,036,000 18 865, 000
ne 175,000 | 135,000 | 115,000 80 | 335, $45, 000 69 | 201,171,000
MOE, SROOOH PS. l Seehee miners 53 | 267, 788, 000 12| — 6,577,000
8, 216, 000 64, 000 499, 000 591, 000 30 | 162,689, 000 29 25, 195, 000
6, 329, 000 !12, 140,000 |1, 789, 000 50, 000 8! 1,332,000 7 998, 000
eS CSCS BUS BEB SB Scesic Socrorneme Isposuacodas 12 25, 522, 000 3 16, 266, 000
2 era OR OOOH ee chee 7, 000 19 | 18,398,000 37 | 3,543,000
64,000 40,000 4000) | Seeteeeeeee 32} 5,808,000 32 | 17,876,000
ee co LT I 2) Sane 5 | 10,851, 000 1 320, 000
20, 000 34,000 | 77,000 | 770,000 121 | 12,829,000 111 | 9,577,000
8,338,000 | 567,000 | 413,000 | — 909, 000 111 | 86,551,000 135 | 123,959,000
647,000 | 6,026,000 |1,827,000 | 128, 600 39 | 6,976,000 2 | 125, 000
BC RI Si 189,000 | 466,000 |........... 3| 19,711,000 4 | 220, 000
Be is hr ee stele ea ES 95, 000 46 | 142,352, 000 50 | 471, 762,000
581,000 | 423,000 | 212,000 | 1,885,000 187 | 63,016,000 105 | 8, 652, 000
Ee Ge DOSOOO) | Senses EL: rai| Seep Meee | Mea |e bee cates 1 125, 000
7, 363, 000 19,000 | 282,000 45, 000 41} 44,967, 000 48 | 24,382,000
Lose Sanne Sep posccoces leopanombeo|ccossccsa6- 7 7,055, 000 5 334, 000
6,083,000 | 8, 658,000 |3, 680,000 | 1, 132, 000 48 | 13,795,000 54| 9,176,000
316, 000 39,000 | 33,000 | 591,000 20 | 42,686,000 42 | 32,749,000
3c aA SRE Sa | eee eee ee 13 979, 000 3 392, 000
eee 60,000 |.......-.-| 11,000 25| 9,990,000 52 7,993,000
21,235,000 | 1,334,000 | 526,000} 482,000 94 | 63, 263, 000 61 | 43,387,000
se nS | RRR eI Ae [er 100, 000 64 | 264, 690, 000 238 |6,739,388,000
1, 942, 000 | 2,253,000 |2,360,000 | 8,099, 000 80 | 96,665, 000 13 | 2,800,000
eo as 45,000 |.........-| 64,000 121 | 218, 598, 000 73 | 175, 455,000
2 aN be ageaeae ate tate, (3 ome 6 289, 000 5 | 376, 000
a
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 674
Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry
JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER May 15, 1918
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.
By Henry J. WASHBURN,
Senior Pathologist, Pathological Division.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
Wh aTAChELISULCSumemslce na cijsinc os ceccaaoos ecewee ID MDIaeNOSISseseeeencesae sees Wowace os sleoaeice © 7
LEINSTIGYAV S365 GOR SSO SBE EDUC Ee ens nie a ae 2) Preven tlone ye setjccilcas eke Seles st sees sega 8
Cause of the/disease...-. 2... 6. ccc eee oce Oi MERea tment eete acters ssae eos ooclate acictessiserete ae 9
IMU VOMIS Sere eee so elo stele aa cies vies sin ele tice. 5 |. Disinfection of premises............-..-.-.-+s 9
ATA LOMICALChAMOCSineciccesincess-caccesccccss 6
CHARACTERISTICS.
Hemorrhagic septicemia is an infectious disease, attended with a
very high mortality, which attacks various species of animals, espe-
cially cattle, sheep, and swine. Young animals are more susceptible
to the disease than older ones, and those that are thin and poorly
nourished are most liable to be affected.
The disease is a septicemia, or poisoning of the blood, wherefore it
often runs a short course and the affected animal quickly dies. In
suddenness of attack and high mortality at the beginning of an out-
break there is great resemblance to anthrax.
In hogs the disease is known as swine plague. The acute form is
usually fatal to hogs within a few hours from the appearance of the
first symptoms. In chronic cases the affected hogs gradually become
weaker and thinner and may linger for several weeks.
Fow! cholera represents the avian form of hemorrhagic septicemia,
and its attacks sometimes cause great losses. Pigeons and geese are
susceptible to hemorrhagic septicemia and the introduction of the in-
fection into flocks of birds of those kinds may lead to numerous
fatalities.
The disease usually results in death so quickly at the beginning of
an outbreak that no forms of treatment have time to become effective.
The apparently healthy animais should be separated from the dis-
eased and placed in clean, uninfected quarters, where they should be
46449°—Bull. 674—18
2 BULLETIN 674, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
given the best. of feed and water. Bacterins, which may be purchased
from the various manufacturers of biological products or from their
agents throughout the country, have proved to be effective in many
instances in checking the spread of an outbreak and in protecting the
unaffected portion of the herd or flock.
HISTORY.
The disease occurred many years ago in this country in the form of
swine plague. In 1885, through bacteriological studies that were car-
ried on in the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Bacillus bipolaris
suisepticus was identified as the cause of swine plague in the United
States, and at the same time the disease was identified as the
“Schweineseuche ” of German writers.
Hemorrhagic septicemia appeared among cattle in Kimble County,
Tex., in 1896. It was noted that many deer in Kimble County were
affected at the same time, and the fatalities were very numerous.
Those that were carefully examined showed typical lesions of hemor-
rhagic septicemia similar to those found in the affected eattle. It was
not determined whether the deer or the cattle were the first to con-
tract the disease.
In 1898 cattle owners in Tennessee lost many of their young ani-
mals from hemorrhagic septicemia. In this instance the infection
appeared to be spread over a considerable area, and the disease
seemed inclined to assume an unusually chronic character.
Several outbreaks occurred among cattle in Minnesota in 1900.
The cases were carefully studied by Brimhall and Wilson, and the
cultural characteristics of the microorganisen that was isolated from
the affected cattle were definitely established.
A year or two later some young cattle were affected while on a
hilly pasture in central Virginia, where they had been feeding about
one week when the disease appeared. Removing all the drove to a
lowland pasture stopped the losses promptly. It was reported by the
owner that it was necessary to abandon the mountain lot as a cattle
pasture, as the disease recurred each spring if cattle were allowed
to run over the infected areas.
During the month of December, 1911, the Department of Agricul-
ture was notified by the Department of the Interior that a fatal
disease had appeared among the buffaloes in the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, young animals being most susceptible. In all, 22 buffa-
foes died between December 38 and December 15. Examination of
specimens of affected organs at the Washington laboratory of the
bureau revealed an infection with the specific microorganism of
hemorrhagic septicemia, and pure cultures of those bacilli were
obtained. In order to prevent a recurrence of the infection in the
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 3
spring the entire herd of buffaloes was vaccinated with material
prepared from the pure cultures obtained in Washington. ‘Two
vaccines of different strengths were prepared. The vaccine for the
first inoculation was prepared by growing the organism 5 days at
49.5° C. (108° F.), while the second was cultivated at the same tem-
perature for only 2 days.
This experiment was probably the first instance in which auto-
genic vaccines were used in the United States for the prevention of
hemorrhagic septicemia, and its success was so marked that similar
steps were taken afterwards to check outbreaks among cattle, sheep,
and goats, so that at the present time bacterins for the inoculation of
infected herds and flocks are prepared by severai firms which manu-
facture biological products and may be purchased in all parts of the
country.
Anthrax appeared in several counties in Texas in 1913, and during
the investigation of the outbreak two cases of hemorrhagic septi-
cemia were discovered, one in a horse and the other in a sheep. The
organisms recovered were identical with the bacilh, which recency
have been recovered from outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in
cattle and goats.
During the fall and winter of 1915-16 many cases were reported
to the Bureau of Animal Industry in which young stock cattle that
had been purchased in carload lots at some of the large stockyards
had developed hemorrhagic septicemia within a few days after their
arrival, At the same time two flocks of sheep and one of goats were
found to be affected with the disease. Cultures of either the hemor-
rhagic septicemia group of organisms or cultures closely related to
the colon or paratyphoid B group were recovered from these cases.
“CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.
The organism of hemorrhagic septicemia, the Bacillus bipolaris
septicus, belongs to the group in which the bacilli of chicken cholera,
swine plague, and rabbit septicemia are to be found. This group is
known also by the name Pasteurella. The individual organism is
an ovoid, nonmotile, polar-staining bacterium with rounded ends,
1/38000 of an inch wide by 1/20000 of an inch long, sometimes seen
in pairs or chains, but usually appearing singly. It stains readily
with the stains usually used in bacteriological work, and in many
cases shows deep staining at each end, while the middle of the bacillus
shows but little coloring.. It forms no gas and quickly destroys itself
while growing on solid culture media by the development of acids.
The organism may be cultivated readily in bouillon and on agar
and gelatin. The reaction of the medium should be slightly alkalin
or neutral. It does not liquefy gelatin, coagulate milk, or produce
indol.
4 BULLETIN 674, U. S,. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The bipolar staining property of the organism may be demon-
strated readily in preparations made from the tissues or body fluids
(kidneys, blood, ete.), cultures of the organism usually giving less
pronounced results in this respect.
Attempts have been made during an outbreak of hemorrhagic
septicemia among cattle to transfer the disease from affected to
healthy animals by means of rubbing saliva from diseased cattle into
the mouths of healthy susceptible animals, and by injecting serum
from the blood of a diseased yearling beneath the skin of susceptible
young cattle, but without success. Many attempts to infect hogs by
natural means from diseased cattle also have failed. In one in-
stance, however, a colt that fed from the rack with a number of
diseased sheep contracted the disease and died.
The spread of the disease seems to depend nearly as much upon
the condition and susceptibility of the animal as upon the contagious
nature of the disease, as thin, poorly nourished young stock most
frequently become infected and die of septicemia.
In a number of outbreaks of a disease resembling hemorrhagic
septicemia in all its manifestations and anatomical changes an or-
ganism which differs in cultural characteristics from the true B. bi-
polaris septicus has been recovered. ‘This organism proves to be
virulent for experimental animals (rabbits and guinea pigs), pro-
ducing in them changes suggestive of hemorrhagic septicemia. In
preparations from affected tissue or body fluids the organism stains
bipolar, and usually occurs singly or occasionally in pairs. It differs
from the true B. bipolaris septicus in that it appears slightly larger,
possesses a sluggish motility, and produces gas in sugar media. In
its cultural characteristics it corresponds in most instances to bac-
teria of the colon group, although some of the characteristics pos-
sessed by the paratyphoid B group have been noted.
Bipolar ovoid bacilli which closely resemble the organism of
hemorrhagic septicemia are widely distributed in nature. They
have been found in the soil, upon various plants, in stagnant water,
and upon the moist nasal membranes of normal calves and hogs.
In several instances these harmless organisms have been so increased
in virulence by passing through animals that they finally proved to
be fatal when injected into pigs, and in those instances the tissue
changes, which were found at the autopsy of the pig, were similar
to those found in swine that had died from swine plague.
It is thought by some writers that after the organisms have be-
come virulent enough to cause an outbreak among animals, they will
iater, after that infection has been overcome, return to their previous
harmless stage. The increased virulence which is made evident by
an attack of several animals of a single species appears to be effective
only in animals of that particular species, and the disease does not
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 5
spread to individuals of other species. For example, hogs and sheep
that are pastured with a drove of cattle in which several deaths
occur from hemorrhagic septicemia usually remain unaffected, al-
though on another farm the sheep or the hogs alone may contract
the disease and all the cattle escape. If any exceptions to this rule
occur they are extremely rare.
SYMPTOMS.
In cattle the disease develops very rapidly, running a course of
from 1 to 8 days. There is usually a steady elevation of body tem-
perature until from 104° to 107° F. (40° to 41.67° C.) is reached.
The animal refuses its feed. Swelling may appear beneath the skin
of the head, throat, or dewlap. These enlargements are somewhat
soft and pit on pressure. The tongue is often extensively swollen,
and the animal drools and slobbers because of the irritation to its
tongue and throat. There may be difficulty in breathing, depending
on the degree of involvement of the air passages and of the lungs.
Occasional coughing may occur. Muscular trembling may be evi-
dent. There may be a blood-stained discharge from the nostrils, and
strings of mucus may hang from the mouth. Examination of the
nostrils often reveals the presence of many small hemorrhages just
beneath their lining membranes. The eyelids become highly in-
flamed and as a result tears flow down the cheeks.
There is an intestinal form in which the changes are chiefly found
in the abdominal cavity, or the intestinal form may develop after
the disease has appeared in the lungs. The stomach, intestines, and
kidneys and the lymph glands belonging to them become studded
with hemorrhages of various sizes, and the intestines become in-
tensely inflamed. The consequence of the developments is that diar-
rhea sets in, accompanied with the passage of shreds of mucus and
of bloody feces. The intestinal form is rare, as most cases show
severe involvement of the lungs and the symptoms of croupous pneu-
monia. The animals may stand with their forelegs wide apart in
order to breathe more freely. They lose flesh very rapidly when
affected with hemorrhagic septicemia, their abdomens become
“tucked up,” and the eyes quickly become sunken. A staggering
gait, caused by the extreme weakness of the patient, is sometimes
noticed.
A disease has been described under the name of septic pleuropneu-
monia of calves, which is a form of hemorrhagic septicemia, and is
caused by the Bacillus bipolaris vitulisepticus. The symptoms shown
by the affected calves are quite characteristic of hemorrhagic septi-
cemia, and the post-mortem findings are also those found in that
disease.
6 BULLETIN 674, U. S.. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In sheep, young animals which have just been weaned ere found to
be most susceptible, the disease manifesting itself in an acute form.
There is marked depression, high temperature, labored respiration,
loss of appetite, muscular trembling, and frequently colicky pains.
A subacute and a chronic form of the disease are also recognized, the
latter affecting principally older sheep. Aside from the febrile
changes, weakness, etc., there is noted in the subacute form a dis-
charge from the eyes and nose which at first is serous, later becoming
purulent. There may be also pulmonary impairment (pneumonia),
or there may be evidence of enteritis. Occasionally the symptoms
subside only to return in a more chronic form, which manifests itself
principally as a chronic affection of the lungs, with gradual emacia-
tion of the animal. Sometimes the joints are involved, swelling of
the knee joints being noted in some cases.
In swine the disease sometimes manifests itself in a peracute form,
the animal showing symptoms of a general septicemic condition.
Red spots may be noted on various parts of the body, especially
around the ears and on the neck and rump. When affected with
this form of the disease the animal usually dies within a few hours
after the first manifestations of symptoms. In acute swine plague
the disease usually occurs as a necrotic pleuropneumonia. There is
labored respiration, dry, spasmodic cough, a slimy discharge from
the nose, sometimes a purulent conjunctivitis, cyanotic membranes,
constipation followed by diarrhea, the feces sometimes containing
blood. The animal becomes greatly emaciated and usnally dies in
from 1 to 2 weeks. Sometimes the acute form changes into the
chronic type, in which case the acute symptoms subside, and the
cough and evidence of pulmonary involvement continue for a con-
siderable time. Progressive emaciation occurs and a chronic inflam-
mation of the joints may develop. The animals die in from 3 to 6
weeks from complete exhaustion. Sometimes, however, the lung foci
may become encapsulated, and the animals may even be fattened in
spite of the condition of the lungs.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES.
Swellings will be found in the subcutaneous tissues. If these
enlargements are examined they are found to consist of collections
of jellylike material tinged with blood. Occasionally they are lim-
ited to a single shoulder or flank, when they may be mistaken for
blackleg. The lymph glands are enlarged and are injected with
blood. The mucous membranes which line the respiratory tract
are similarly affected. False membranes composed of fibrinous exu-
date may develop in the throat. The spleen remains normal. Hem-
orrhages are constant in the connective tissues around the kidneys
and within the walls of the intestines.
HEMORRHAGIC SHPTICEMTA. i
In the pectoral form the lungs are darkened in color with their
fibrous tissues much thickened from the collection of bloody serum
in their meshes. The diaphragm, heart sac, and heart walls show
numerous bloody points and larger hemorrhages.
In the intestinal form hemorrhages into the intestines will be
present and sloughing of the lining of the intestinal wall will be
observed. as a result of which the intestinal contents will be wrapped
in a covering of bloody mucus.
In acute forms the animals may die suddenly and the changes that
are present in such cases will not be very marked. Microscopic ex-
amination of the body fluids in these cases will demonstrate the pres-
ence of numerous specific coccobacill.
DIAGNOSIS.
Because of their acute course, high fever, and rapid termination
in death, some difliculty may be experienced in distinguishing an-
thrax, malignant edema, and blackleg from hemorrhagic septicemia.
The differentiation of hog cholera from hemorrhagic septicemia of
swine also presents many puzzling points.
There may be edematous swelling of the throat or neck in either
anthrax or hemorrhagic septicemia. An examination of the spleen
of the affected animal will give a conclusive diagnosis, for the spleen
of an animal dead from anthrax nearly always becomes acutely
swollen and its pulp becomes softened. Small hemorrhages are usu-
ally present in the kidney fat in cases of hemorrhagic septicemia.
Bacteriological examination will demonstrate quickly the presence
of the specific organisms of anthrax or of hemorrhagic septicemia,
and a test should be applied in all cases in which doubt exists. The
value of a definite diagnosis will be recognized when the lasting na-
ture of an anthrax infection and the more transitory character of an
outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia are considered.
Blackleg and malignant edema may be detected usually by the for-
mation of gas within the swellings upon the body, and the bubbles
-thus developed will produce a crackling sound if the fingers are
pressed over the affected area. Further, in blackleg the marked
change in the affected musculature and the characteristic * rancid-
butter” odor noted in cases of blackleg facilitate a differential diag-
nosis.
Hemorrhagic septicemia of swine, commonly termed swine plague,
usually appears in the form of necrotic pleuropneumonia. The
symptoms shown by the affected animal readily point to an attack
of pneumonia, but the presence of roundworms in the lungs may
use identical manifestations. The long course of the Jatter disease
chould be taken as an indication that the pig is not affected with
swine plague.
8 BULLETIN 674, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
It is very difficult to distinguish swine plague from hog cholera.
The two diseases may occur in the same animal. Should the out-
break seem to be but slightly contagious and not inclined to spread
from the premises upon which it first appeared, it is probably not
hog cholera, but, on the other hand, if it spreads rapidly throughout
the neighborhood, it is undoubtedly due to hog-cholera infection.
The presence of bipolar oval bacilli does not alone establish a diag-
nosis of swine plague, since those organisms are frequently found as
secondary invaders in true cases of hog cholera, and again they are
often present in the noses and throats of healthy swine.
PREVENTION.
Animals and fowls may be protected experimentally from contract-
ing hemorrhagic septicemia through the use of bacterins. Cattle,
sheep, swine, rabbits, and fowls, if treated with heated cultures of
hemorrhagic septicemia germs obtained from animals or birds of the
same species as that to which they themselves belong, will almost in-
variably become protected against injections of living cultures of
the same germ, even though applied in comparatively large quanti-
ties. Tests made by this bureau have shown that the use of cultures
from animals of another species often affords similar complete im-
munity. Sheep have been made immune from virulent cultures
obtained from other sheep by the use of prepared cultures from cat-
tle. Rabbits have been made resistant to hemorrhagic septicemia
cultures, derived from a variety of different species of animals, by
treatment with prepared cultures coming from animals of other
species. They have been protected perfectly from inoculations with
virulent cultures of the true Bacillus bovisepticus in doses four times
as large as that required to produce fatal results in a rabbit receiv-
ing no previous treatment. Fowls have been protected from injec-
tions of deadly quantities of virulent fowl-cholera organisms by the
use of prepared bouillon growths of the same germ, or by the use of
strains of the fowl-cholera bacillus possessing but little virulence.
However, when the colon or paratyphoid B group of organisms is.
found to be responsible for the deaths, the bacterins should include
these germs.
As a result of these investigations, and of others reported in medi-
cal literature, it is customary, at the present time, in manufacturing
bacterins for the protection of stock from attacks of hemorrhagic
septicemia to use several cultures coming from a number of out-
breaks of the disease for treating the same species of animals as that
from which the cultures were obtained. For example, the bacterin
for bovine hemorrhagic septicemia is being prepared from strains of
the B. bovisepticus and not the B. suisepticus, or vice versa.
HEMORRHAGIC SHPTICEMIA. 9g
In the October, 1916, issue of the American Sheep Breeder, Dr.
W. H. Lytle, Oregon State Veterinarian, reports very satisfactory
results from vaccination with an attenuated or weakened culture of
the living organism. About 3,000 sheep were treated with the ma-
terial. After 48 hours subsequent to the vaccination of the flocks
only nine sheep were lost, although previous to inoculation several]
animals died each day. Bacterins made from the killed organisms of
hemorrhagic septicemia have been used also with considerable success
in Oregon bands of sheep.
TREATMENT.
In most cases treatment of a fully established case of hemorrhagic
septicemia in an animal of any species is quite useless. All appar-
ently well animals should be removed from those that are sick by
placing them in separate, noninfected quarters. If new cases de-
velop among them in a few days after their removal, the healthy
ones remaining should be removed again to another locality. In
that way the unaffected animals soon will be out of danger of further
contamination, especially if their strength has been supported by an
abundanee of good feed and water during the period of their separa-
tion.
DISINFECTION OF PREMISES.
Premises usually become infected with hemorrhagic septicemia
by stock cattle that have recently passed through some of the larger
cattle markets. Owing to this method of infection the stables and
yards may not be so completely contaminated as they would be if
the disease had developed spontaneously. In any event, all stables,
sheds, or yards that have contained infected animals should be dis-
infected. The interior of the stables, especially the mangers and
manure trenches, should be washed with a disinfectant, such as lhquor
cresolis compositus (U.S. P.) or carbolic acid, 6 ounces to a gallon
of water in either case. The yards may be disinfected by the appli-
cation of a solution made of 5 ounces of copper sulphate to a gallon
of water. The best means of applying disinfecting solutions is
afforded by the use of a spray pump such as is used in the spraying
of orchard trees. All refuse and material from the stable and barn-
yard should be removed to u place not accessible to cattle, sheep, or
hogs. The manure should be spread on fields and plowed under.
A plentiful supply of light and air should be provided for the con-
taminated stables. Open fields or pasture lands are cleansed rapidly
by the action of sunlight upon them.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO
DISEASES OF ANIMALS.
AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.
Milk Fever and Its Treatment. (Farmers’ Bulletin 206.)
The Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis. (Farmers’ Bulletin 351.)
Rabies or Hydrophobia. (Farmers’ Bulletin 449.)
Tuberculosis. (Farmers’ Bulletin 473.)
Methods of Disinfecting Stables. (Farmers’ Bulletin 480.)
Methods of Exterminating the Texas-Fever Tick. (Farmers’ Bulletin 498.)
Texas or Tick Fever. (Farmers’ Bulletin 569.)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (Farmers’ Bulletin 666.)
Sheep Scab. (Farmers’ Bulletin 713.)
Prevention of Losses of Stock From Poisonous Plants. (Farmers’ Bulletin 720.)
‘Tuberculosis of Hogs. (Farmers’ Bulletin 781.)
Anthrax or Charbon. (Farmers’ Bulletin 784.)
Contagious Abortion of Cattle. (Farmers’ Bulletin 790.)
The Sheep Tick and Its Eradication by Dipping. (Farmers’ Bulletin 798.)
Hog Cholera. (Farmers’ Bulletin 834.)
Screw-Worms and Other Maggots Affecting Animals. (Farmers’ Bulletin 857.)
‘Cattle Lice and How to Eradicate Them. (Farmers’ Bulletin 909.)
Important Poultry Diseases. (Farmers’ Bulletin 957.)
Directions for the Use of Blackleg Vaccine. (Bureau of Animal Industry
Circular 23, fourth revision.) ‘
Blackleg; Its Nature, Cause, and Prevention. (Bureau of Animal Industry
Circular 31, sixth revision.)
Actinomycosis, or Lumpy Jaw. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 96.)
The Contro' of Bovine Tuberculosis. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular
175.)
Bighead in Sheep. (Leaflet A. I. 3.)
Glanders and Farcy. (Leaflet A. I. 13.)
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Immunization Tests With Glanders Vaccine. (Department Bulletin 70.) Price,
5 cents.
The Granular Venereal Disease and Abortion in Cattle. (Department Bulletin
106.) Price, 10 cents.
The Effect of the Cattle Tick Upon the Milk Production of Dairy Cows.
(Department Bulletin 147.) Price, 5 cents.
Ophthalmic Mallein for the Diagnosis of Glanders. (Department Bulletin 166.)
Price, 5 cents. :
The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease. (Department Bulletin 260.)
Price, 5 cents.
Experiments in Vaccination Against Anthrax. (Department Bulletin 340.)
Price, 5 cents.
10
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. aki
An Intradermal Test for Bacterium Pullorum Infection in Fowls. (Department
Bulletin 517.) Price, 5 cents.
The Control of Hog Cholera. (Department Bulletin 584.) Price, 5 cents.
Tuberculosis of the Food-Producing Animals. (Bureau of Animal Industry
Bulletin 38.) 1906. Price, 40 cents.
Necrotic Stomatitis. (Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin 67.) Price, 10
cents. )
Ostecporosis or Bighead of the Horse. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular
121.) Price, 5 ceuts.
Infectious Anemia or Swamp Fever of Horses. (Bureau of Animal Industry
Circular 188.) Price, 5 cents.
Lip-and-Leg Ulceration of Sheep. (Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 160.)
Price, 5 cents.
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis by Compiement Fixation, With Special Reference to
Bovine Tubereulosis. (In Journal of Agricultural Research, January 3,
1917.) A-26. Price, 10 cents.
Some Facts About Tuberculous Cattle. (Yearbook Separate 476.) Price, 5
cents.
Special Report on Diseases: of Cattle. Price, $1.
Special Report on Diseases of the Horse. Price, $1,
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1918
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BULLETIN No. 675 4
Contribution from the Forest Service
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester
Washington, D. C. W June 25, 1918
RANGE PRESERVATION AND ITS RELATION TO
EROSION CONTROL ON WESTERN
GRAZING LANDS.
By ArtHurR W. Sampson, Plant Heologist, and Lron H. Wry, Grazing
Eranviner.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
imp osevohuhestudyeencces---cecec secs e-s 1 | Preventive and remedial measures........-..- 27
Damage caused by erosion..............- we Maintenance or restoration of the vege-
Factors determining the amount of erratic TatIVe\COVCEA EM means eee cee cee ee 27
TUM OMAT CCT OSTOME ais ye iio cope cre wise esis ei 6 Remedial measures where thorough re-
Relation of erosion and soil depletion to vege- vegetation by ordinary means is im-
ENGIN) PRONG D ech Se hg ae a ea eee 18 DOSSIDle wa ae Mesos ks tock sees eee ele 31
Relation of erosion and soil depletion to Summary of preventive and remedial
MOVERCLALIONG ees se Sk once ketecsclewce 22 IMCASUIRES Seay sue ee cece actor westae aes 34
Influence of grazing on erosion and stream Conclusionsiaacaea oon ee erick eee mee Sake 34
(LO Wee eee lo aho oth Sets Serine Suis ee 24
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
The aim of this bulletin is to show the relation between range
preservation and erosion and its control on grazing lands in the
West. It is true, perhaps, that topography, climate, and soil are the
primary factors in determining erosion; but, on the lands under dis-
cussion, the combination of these factors with the vegetative cover
is such that erosion is sight where the natural conditions have not
been disturbed and may be made serious by any influence which
upsets the balance established by nature. Grazing may become such
a disturbing influence by changing or destroying the vegetative
cover. Numerous instances are on record where serious erosion was
unknown until the ground cover was largely destroyed. On the other
hand, in localities where the destroyed vegetation has been reestab-
lished, a few typical cases of which are pointed out in the body of the
report, serious erosion has been stopped.
46360°—18—Bull. 6751
2 BULLETIN 675, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The data in the bulletin were obtained, for the most part, on the
high summer range of the Manti National Forest in central Utah,
where the conditions influencing erosion are similar to those prevail-
ing on many of the mountain ranges in Utah, Wyoming, Idaho,
Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, and to some extent in other
western States.
To complete the study will require a number of years, but the data
already available on the decrease in the productivity of the soil
resulting from erosion, the increase in the difficulty of revegetating
the lands as erosion and soil depletion advance, and the influence
of range preservation in preventing destructive erosion are of so
much importance that their publication, together with the accom-
panying recommendations, should stimulate closer observation on
the part of those in charge of the range lands throughout the West
and bring about improvements in the management of these lands,
which, in view of the needs of the Nation, should not be deferred.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY EROSION.
Every drop of rain that falls on more or less exposed soil has the
power of removing soil particles, and with them the soluble salts
essential to plant growth. Where the vegetative cover on a water-
shed has been largely destroyed the washing off of the surface soil
may remove infinitely more decomposed vegetable matter and solu-
ble plant food in a single season—indeed during one violent storm—
than would be deposited by the decay of the vegetation in years.
More than this, the resulting erosion, with its rush of water and
débris, frequently ruins the lands where the débris is deposited and
puts out of commission roads, trails, power plants, and other im-
provements. In many localities loss of property from this source
has been appalling. ;
The greatest damage from erosion on range lands occurs where the
areas have been badly overgrazed and the ground cover destroyed
or seriously impaired. Before the ranges had been overstocked and
the ground cover impaired, erratic run-off and erosion were practi-
cally unknown. After the breaking up of the vegetative cover in
the early nineties, however, many streams originally of steady year-
long flow and teeming with trout became treacherous channels with
intermittent flow through which the water from rainstorms was
plunged, or rose and fell according to the size and frequency of the
storms and carried so much sediment in the water that fish and
similar life could not exist. (PI. I, fig. 1.)
The damage is not confined merely to the decrease in the forage
yield on the range lands eroded and to the silting over of adjoining
agricultural land to which the torrential floods carried the débris;
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 3
the efficiency of the watershed in maintaining a permanent flow of
irrigation water is greatly decreased.
The importance of preserving the upper few inches of soil on the
high ranges, and with it the vegetative cover, in order to regulate
the stream flow, to maintain indefinitely the forage crop for grazing,
and incidentally to prevent destructive erosion, is not always fully
appreciated by the stockman and farmer. This is more especially
true in localities where there is not an ample supply of irrigation
water.
In the belief that more water would find its way into the irrigation
canals if the vegetative cover were appreciably thinned out, there
has been a tendency in some localities toward destructive grazing.
For instance, several sheep owners have expressed a desire to be per-
mitted to graze Ephraim Canyon so closely as to pack the soil
firmly and to decrease appreciably the present density of that vege-
tation. They believed that a large amount of the water that is
returned to the air in the form of evaporation from the vegetation,
as well as that held by the rich surface soil, would, by thinning out
the ground cover, be made available for irrigation. While it is true
that if a given canyon were grazed destructively more water would
undoubtedly rush down the water channels, and as a result a greater
acreage of farm land could possibly be irrigated in early spring,
there would be less water for subsequent irrigation at a time when
the crops were seriously in need of it. With the destruction of the
vegetative cover not even the lands most advantageously situated
would have the benefit of a continuous stream flow for subsequent
waterings during the season when even a light irrigation might
result in the production of at least an average crop. In addition an
enormous acreage of choice farm land would be destroyed by sedi-
mentation, to say nothing of the high cost of upkeep of the irriga-
tion ditches themselves.
Most farmers and live-stock growers adjoining the National For-
ests who are dependent upon the watersheds within the Forests for
their irrigation water are likewise dependent upon the cool summer
ranges for the maintenance of their stock.. To graze dny portion of
the range destructively defeats the necessary economic balance
between the range and live stock, on the one hand, and the farm land
and farm crops, on the other. Much of the agricultural land ad-
joining the National Forests is so remote from railroads as to make
the live-stock industry a necessity in the economic harvesting and
marketing of the farm crops. And aside from the loss of various
public and private improvements as a result of torrential floods and
sediment deposits, there would remain only a small amount of forage,
mostly inferior, on the watershed after three or four seasons of
4 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
excessively heavy grazing. The farmer-stockman can not afford
to do without this feed. The temporarily larger profits that might
be derived from overgrazing would soon be offset by the somewhat
more moderate but continued profits accrued from a stable stock
industry in which the lands are grazed on the basis of a sustained
yield.
If instead of grazing merely one canyon beyond its carrying
capacity the entire forest unit, and, indeed, all forest land of irregu-
lar topography throughout the West were likewise grazed, untold
injury to farm land and other property from destructive erosion and
floods would result, a sustained stream flow would no longer exist
on the watersheds, and there would be neither a normal supply of
water for the irrigation of the adjoining farm lands nor of forage for
the live stock on the extensive forest ranges. Without these produc-
tive elevated range lands upon which.to summer the stock, homes on
many farms could no longer be maintained; and it would not be
long before the lands would revert to the original wild state.
Within the boundaries of the Manti National Forest of Utah there
is a belt of approximately 47,000 acres of land along the east side
of the divide which is badly depleted as a result of overgrazing and
erosion, making necessary a regulation protecting the areas from
grazing part of the year. Along the west side of the divide there is
a similar belt of about the same acreage where erosion is also causing
damage. These belts are practically timberless, and are of value
chiefly as watersheds, from which stream flow for irrigation is sup-
plied, and for the grazing resources which they afford. That these
and similar eroded lands would originally support a cow or the
equivalent in sheep on from one-third to one-fifth the acreage re-
quired at the present time is evidence of the enormous loss annually
to the live-stock industry alone. The soil and plant foods on these
already relatively unproductive lands continue to be carried away
by the run-off following each storm; and the destruction, where well
advanced, is sure to continue until preventive measures are fully
established.
Typical instances of the damage caused by erratic run-off and
erosion are well worth citing. On July 28, 1912, a rainstorm oc-
curred at the head of Ephraim Canyon, on the Manti National
Forest, within a belt of 2 miles and between elevations of 9,000 and
10,500 feet. There was no rain in the valley or on the mountain
below, approximately, 8,000 feet. The storm of 0.41 of an inch of
rain fell intermittently, but at no time with special violence, for a
period of two hours. <A flood of sufficient force developed to reach
to the city of Ephraim, 10 miles below, covering the streets and some
farm Jand, and filling the basements of buildings with mud and
débris. Laden with silt, logs, vegetable matter, and, during the
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 5
most violent period, with rocks containing as much as 30 cubic feet
of material, the flood destroyed wagon roads, trails, and water
ditches.
Another typical example of flood and erosion occurred on July 30,
1912, when a flow of torrential violence originated at the head of
Becks Canyon. A rain, amounting to 0.55 of an inch, the greater
part of which fell within an hour, started at 11 a. m., and at 11.45
a.m. a flood was pouring out of a small side canyon which drains
into Becks Canyon from an area of less than 1,500 acres, at an ele-
vation of about 10,000 feet. This area is virtually treeless and is
fan-shaped, the main drainage channel originating at the head of
a steep canyon which drops into Becks Canyon at the rate of about
1,000 feet in less than a mile. The soil is of a clay-loam type, and,
considering the area as a whole, is of fair depth, there being but
little outcrop. The slopes are moderately gentle, and because of
this fact the area:had not been included in the adjacent one which
was protected from grazing until late in the season. An examination
after the flood showed that the soil had been very densely packed
by grazing previous to the storm. The whole of this small water-
shed was well marked with gullies. The flood was not observed
until it reached the mouth of the side canyon. Here it presented a
front approximately 8 feet wide and 1} feet high. The water was
so infiltrated with sediment that it did not run but rolled over and
over, picking up small rock and gravel. The flow increased to a
front of from 10 to 25 feet wide and from 6 to 8 feet high. The
velocity and force of the rolling mass down the steep slope were
appalling. The main flow lasted approximately one hour, varying
in volume as.had the rain 30 minutes previous. Owing to the enor-
mous deposits of débris, the course at the mouth of the channel
changed three times. As the stream changed its course from one
side to another enormous quantities of material were deposited only
to be carried away later. At one time approximately 5,000 cubic
feet of the bank was torn out in a few minutes as the old bed filled
up with material from above. All these tons of soil, vegetable
matter, and other material were carried down by the rushing water
in less than two hours after the rain began to fall.
In addition to the direct loss of personal property, damage to the
range itself in the way of decreased forage production and soil de-
pletion has a most vital effect on a community. Such loss is seldom
fully appreciated until the stockmen must, of necessity, limit the
number of animals grazed on the lands. Following the action of
a few destructive floods, the productivity of the grazing lands may
be so decreased that only the more inferior drought-resistant plants
will thrive. Where the farm lands, upon which supplemental win-
ter feed is grown, are remote from shipping points, as is true of much
6 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of the farm land adjacent to the National Forests, it is evident that:
the crops produced can not be marketed profitably except by feeding
to live stock. Even where suitable shipping facilities exist the farm
lands are of value chiefly in the production of winter feed for the
live stock handled on the National Forest ranges. Thus the deple-
tion of the range not only presupposes a decrease in the number of
stock grazed but tends to unbalance the agriculture of the locality.
As the forage production on range lands is decreased as a result
of erosion, the water available for irrigation purposes decreases. The
surface soil, containing as it does the decomposed vegetable matter,
is the chief absorbing and retaining agent of water. A series of
tests to determine the water-holding power of soils at different depths
was carried out by obtaining samples of a noneroded soil of lime-
stone origin in the spruce-fir type at 10,000 feet elevation, the results
of which were as follows: Water-holding capacity, from surface to a
depth of 6 inches, 56.4 per cent; 6 to 12 inches, 46 per cent; and
12 to 24 inches, 32.4 per cent. The percentage of organic matter con-
tained in the soil samples was 15.8, 11.8, and 6.8, respectively. Hence
the amount of water these soils retained against the force of gravity
is roughly in direct proportion to the amount of organic matter inter-
mingled with the soil particles. In the absence of this rich sponge-
iike soil surface, the water is readily carried away by gravity, and
the stream flow for irrigation purposes is extremely erratic and avail-
able only for a short time following rainstorms. Obviously, it is
often impossible for the farmer to avail himself of this flood water
for irrigation purposes for at least two reasons—the water may as-
sume torrential magnitude and carry with it so much sediment as not
to warrant its use for irrigation purposes, or owing to its unexpected
occurrence the farmer may not be able to make use of it.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF ERRATIC RUN-OFF AND
EROSION.
The foregoing pages are intended to point out briefly the extent,
occurrence, and economic aspect of erratic run-off and erosion on.
range lands similar in conditions to those studied. In order to be
able to offer rational recommendations as to methods of prevention
and control, however, it was necessary to study more in detail the
factors involved. This has been accomplished by the selection and
study of two areas where floods of unusual violence have originated
at various times.
In the spring of 1912 two areas, designated as A and B, as similar
as possible in topographic, soil, and climatic conditions and vegeta-
tion, were selected for the study. (See fig.1.) The areas are located
in the Manti National Forest at the head of Ephraim Canyon, on the
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. ff
rim of the Wasatch divide, where fan-shaped drainage basing are
characteristic.
Practically all the torrential floods which are responsible for the
most serious destruction of property originate near the heads of the
watersheds, usually at high altitudes. On the Manti Forest the most
vital part of the watershed is that lying between altitudes of about
9,000 to 10,500 feet, within what is known as the spruce-fir type.
Settling
tank and
Shelter °
bo
a
a
Yerrow-WNeed/egrass-Cinqueto/!
Yarrow - Douglas knotwood (Semi-barren )
Adder's tongue-Larkspur—S weet Sage
Currant-Gooseberry-Yarrow
Sluegrass-Wheargrass-Nee dlegrass (Semi-Scabland)
Giant Larkspur - Blue faxglove Douglas Knot wood
Yellow brush - Sweet Sage-Pee vine
Spruce
fider-
Ory ritls
AMOSe
MBL
t
i
t
Fic. 1.—Erosion areas A and B, head of Ephraim Canyon, Manti National Forest, Utah.
It is on these elevated lands that the rainstorms are the heaviest and
most violent, the slopes are steepest, and conditions in general most
favorable to erosion.
The greater part of this upper mountain region consists of large
fan-shaped basins which drain through narrow canyons into the
valleys below. These canyons are relatively short and have a steep
grade. Ephraim Canyon, for example, has an average grade of about
22 per cent, or approximately 1,160 feet to the mile. So rapid is
8 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the drainage of water from these high basins that, in rushing through
to the steep canyons, relatively little of the rain is absorbed by the
soil; most of it plunges into the valleys-below. Obviously, therefore,
if the run-off from such areas is to be properly controlled, steps must
be taken to maintain the soil cover. Unfortunately, it is these very
basins that have been damaged most from overgrazing, consequently
the soil and the ground cover are in the worse condition. Originally
they supported a superb lot of feed especially suited to sheep, and
being less broken in topography, less brushy, and more easily acces-
sible than other parts of the range, generally they were the areas most
sought for.
As is shown by the accompanying topographic and type map of
the selected areas, A and B (fig. 1), seven rather distinct plant
associations occur, viz: Yarrow-needlegrass-cinquefoil; yarrow-
Douglas Knotweed; adder’s tongue-larkspur-sweet sage; currant-
gooseberry-yarrow; bluegrass-wheatgrass-needlegrass (semi-scab-
land); giant larkspur-blue foxglove-Douglas knotweed; and yellow
bush-sweet sage-peavine. The density of each of these associations is
shown on the map. Most of the species are valuable as forage and as
soil binders.
The soil is of limestone and sandstone origin, though chiefly the
former, and yaries in depth from a few inches to several feet. While
there is some outcrop on both areas, the soil for the most part is
fairly well decomposed. The principal drainage channels vary from
2 to 9 feet deep. In many places wherever a vegetative cover is
lacking rills occur, though most of these are less than a foot in depth.
Although the two areas, as stated, are as nearly comparable as
could be selected locally, yet several dissimilarities as to soil, slope,
drainage, and vegetative cover occur, which occasion a much greater
run-off from area A than from area B, other factors being equal.
First, as shown in figure 1, area B has a vegetative cover exceeding
that on area A by a density of 20 per cent. Accordingly, the soil on
area B is bound together much more firmly by the plant roots than
that on area A; the erosion is in a less advanced stage; and the
greater amount of organic matter makes possible a greater absorption
and retention of the rainfall. Area A, on the other hand, with its
steeper slope lacks vegetation most where the greatest slope occurs
and this tends greatly to increase run-off. Finally, area A has a
different type of drainage system from area B. In cross section area
A is broadly V-shaped and the main drainage is confined to one large
channel running lengthwise through the area. Area B, on the other
hand, is relatively flat in cross section and the drainage is divided
among three principal channels. Naturally, there is more resistance
to run-off which is distributed over the drainage than to run-off
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 9
thrown together into a single channel, as on area A, where the force
of the water is accumulative. Thus the sum of conditions favor a
larger run-off from area A than from area B. There is no permanent
stream on either area, and run-off occurs only after rainstorms or
from melting snow.
MELTING SNOW.+*
The accumulation of the winter snows of 1915-16 showed a water
equivalent of 9.1 inches on area A and 9.2 inches on area B. This
represents approximately 826,800 cubic feet of potential water on
each of the 10-acre areas awaiting the spring thaw. What becomes of
the water from the melting of this snow? The water registers show
that 292,998 cubic feet ran off area A, while only 42,216.8 cubic feet
ran off area B. This difference in run-off is due to the fact that
the soil on area B contains more organic matter and has a better
ground cover than area A. A small part of the snow water, of
course, evaporates into the air, but the greater portion of that not
accounted for in surface run-off is absorbed by the soil. Part of the
water that percolates into the soil finds its way to the main drainage
channels and serves as irrigation water in the valley below; the
remainder becomes an important factor in the promotion of growth
of range forage. The run-off occasioned by the melting of the
‘snow accumulated in 1915-16 caused the removal of 172 cubic feet
of soil from area A as against 82 cubic feet from area B.
As might be expected, there is less sediment per cubic foot of run-
off from melting snow than from summer rainstorms. Further, the
total amount of sediment brought down is less than that deposited
by the single rainstorm of July 21, 1915, although the stream flow
from the melting snow was approximately seven times greater.
1JIn order that the water, both from melting snow and from rainstorms, which flows
from the areas may not escape through lateral rills and the record of stream fiow be thus
impaired, the gullies along the sides of the areas have been dammed. In order to measure
accurately the run-off and sediment, a settling tank of adequate size, provided with weir
and water register, has been installed at the lowest drainage point on each area. The
amount of sediment deposited from each individual rainstorm and from the melting of the
season’s accumulation of snow is determined on the basis of the dry weight.
Owing to the intimate relation existing between run-off and erosion and certain climatic
factors, the more important features are recorded throughout the year. Two standard
rain gauges have been placed on each area. In addition, a tipping bucket rain gauge,
located midway between the two erosion areas, records the amount and duration of each
storm, as well as the rapidity of the rainfall. Snowfall measurements are taken at regu-
lar intervals of from 7 to 10 days throughout the winter season. In the spring before
thawing occurs a detailed snow survey is again made. In this way the annual and the
monthly precipitation on each area are known and the intensity and duration of the indi-
vidual rainstorms accurately recorded.
The temperature and wind velocity are recorded by means of the thermograph and the
anemometer, respectively, in the usual way. Temperature, like precipitation, is taken
throughout the year, while the wind velocity is recorded only during the main growing
season.
46360°—18—Bull. 675
BY
on
BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
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RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. LE
In correlating the meteorological data with stream flow from melt-
ing snow it was found that the stream flow follows very closely the
fluctuations in temperature. The relative behavior of these factors
is shown in figure 2. The flow increases with the rising temperature
of the day and reaches the maximum at practically the same time
that the mercury is at the highest point. The flow practically ceases
between 8 p. m. and. 10 p. m. and remains practically at zero during
the cooler hours of the night, only to rise again with the increased
temperature of the following day. High winds are found greatly to
increase the rate of evaporation of the snow cover, but they affect the
run-off relatively little.
Any medium, such as an effective vegetative cover, which serves
to insulate the heat from the snow cover, breaks the effect of high,
dry winds, and at the same time intercepts the run-off more or less,
will tend to conserve the snow, regulate run-off, and make possible
the absorption of a larger amount of water. This fact has been
demonstrated on the wooded portion of the selected areas as well as
on the extensively denuded, sparsely vegetated, and timbered lands
on the forest generally.
To sum up the facts concerning the action of melting snow: Ero-
sion from melting snow is a more serious factor than generally sup-
posed when the vegetative cover is sparse and the slope steep. Both
run-off and erosion from melting snow vary in intensity more or less
directly with the character of certain climatic factors, especially tem-
perature. In general, the soil is not frozen under a cover of a few
inches of snow if the latter falls before cold weather early in the
winter; so whenever melting takes place erosion may occur unless the
soil is held firmly in place. The most rapid melting of snow and
the most serious erosion occur where there is a lack of vegetation.
In general, snow lies the longest on timbered lands.
RAIN.
An examination of the accompanying tables showing rainfall and
the resulting run-off, or lack of it, disclosed several interesting facts.
In the first place, out of the 26 rainstorms for the year 1915 (Tables
1, 2, 3), distributed over the four months from June to September,
inclusive, only one storm—that of July 21—produced run-off. At
this time, according to the record of the four rain gauges, 0.70 and
0.71 of an inch of rain fell on area A and 1.48 and 1.38 on area B,
within a period of 65 minutes. From area B the run-off was 335
cubic feet and it carried 94 cubic feet of air-dry sediment, as com-
pared to 3,019 cubic feet of run-off on area A and 717 feet of air-
dry sediment (fig. 83). It should be kept in -mind that the run-off
from area A was enormously greater than on area B in spite of the
12 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
fact that area A received less than one-half as much rainfall as
area B.
The other 25 rainstorms of the year 1915, with the possible excep-
tion of one or two in June, produced no run-off, because they were of
a much gentler nature, so that the soil was able to absorb the moisture
as it fell. Exception is made to certain storms occuring during
June, since there was at that time a continual flow from the melting
‘ 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 q
RECIPITATION e 5
#186 QUIVALEN OF BNOW INCHES
IIE
BREESE SE KHOR
AREA-A 416¢ STREAM FLOW
10
WINTER eae
SNOW
STREAM Flowbee
(eae
PRECIPITATION
REA- B ;
EROSION
AREA- A 1415
AREA-B 1giS\ STREAM FLow NY
a
EROSION L__]
SUMMER
eae preciPiT AT cn oe
STREAM FLOW BSNS NA
EROSION). (annriarann]
AREA-A “
PRECIPITATION
den FLowISS)
EROSION ea |
Erosion and run-off from melting of accumulated winter snow and from rainstorms.
AREA-B qi
BiG. 3.
of snow on the areas. The effect of rainfall upon the stream flow
during the presence of melting snow could not be ascertained.
On July 4 a fall of 0.36 and 0.84 of an inch, respectively, were
recorded from the two rain gauges on area A, and 0.43 and 0.40 of
an inch on area B, over a.eperiod of 3 hours and 25 minutes. This
resulted in no run-off. On September 2 and 3 there was a fall of
0.65 and 0.65 of an inch on area A and 0.62 and 0.63 of an inch on
area B, covering a period, of 8 hours and 45 minutes. This produced
no run-off. These latter two cases, in which the rain fell at an
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 3
average rate of from 0.08 to 0.10 of an inch per hour, represent the
rapidity of rainfall characteristic of the storms throughout the sea-
son. As a rule, storms as mild as this have little effect in causing
run-off or erosion.
During the rainy reason of, 1916 conditions were somewhat dif-
ferent from those of 1915. There were several storms covering
periods of from two to five days successively. Naturally, storms
of such duration have a greater effect in causing run-off than short
mild storms. It was found that the rain for a time, depending upon
the prior condition of the soil as to dryness and compactness, was
absorbed and there was no surface run-off whatever; but after the soil
became completely saturated and the rainfall still continued, run-off
occurred and with it was carried a large amount of sediment. (PI. I,
fig. 1.)
TABLE 1.—Rainfalv on erosion areas, season 1915.
Area A. Area B.
Date. =
Upper Lower | Upper Lower
gauge gauge. gauge. gauge
BETO epperen eS lem th Sie Set Sara Leche erelejaje ed cialis slcie le emreletoreiae, 0. 75 0. 75 0.75 0. 75
JUNO Boo ndecoS been eee SeG ee See Bere eee meee Enea cams 15a 4e8 25 25 25 25
RUUITR CRS pepe cere ee ee Bad Dak octets de oo desis sieteetisiee 12 12 12 12
UUM Ooo. c558 cde SH GeOU EEOC GO IE Ee ee See ae ey at, alee -99 95 95 95
BUT tO eee eet oo nae hale Sotibinisuend elecjoiele witeein diners - 02 02 02 02
YRINO 1933 03, boGac dodeREESe BBO E HE ne Ieee ee Be ener ser Emme sees 03 03 03 03
2.12 QAZ 22 2.12
RCL VAAN rece eae ASS me Sra TN SU ae reer eee 36 34 43 - 40
UE BH © 5.5 cat eR EE oS ee na eer eer Syed RE 70 .71 1.48 1.38
ulyp 2a Meet Nase a tadee leet ll tee ucindistecssseesces 04 04 - 04 04
UGURY Be ous dos GSR Se ce BEDE SE BOSE eS eE eRe RESbEroncc son sceraees 10 - 10 09 10
BIN 2b Mnpert ee ear ne ee otal larcico weS' =< niwin oie aise oewmsics ee eeieseicine 15 13 12 12
alive 26 berets te ecise eee cee Soa eee ses becom sge see aioe eeeeee 07 .07 07 07
MEL po Come eee ese ela lanine Masinia canis we se oc acct eae ee meets 11 sill 11 ll
1.53 1450s | geyn 2334 2. 22
IMB, Bo cc cok seek eC eS ee Soe eee Belay ssa ee Ie 01 01 -01 | 01
PANTIE Ge temne yer sat eis ine ciow et noet uid cieice sce ie ceeo - 10 -08 09 01
BAN Op A eters erecta sole sete ee ok hinds o ete SMES toe | 01 -O1 01 01
ANUS WG Ss 5.5 BUSSE Ee See SoG aol ie re ae ne res es oo a AS rece 22 - 20 | 14 -16
(ND Das bons CSRS RON SE EC CODES SS SEE e aE Hae eee yecce es Seatn ue 02 02 | 02 02
36 584 | 27 30
MGM iaer meen ontet Anche ecto a LRRD eaticedms seme pase Eeeceien oatee 15 15 13 13
SOS Basco é GeuS Se OR ESE SH IS Seater eae eee rin eee se aie 65 65 - 62 63
CDs eerie eiesinwn ce Net cicee eae peat Epic ee Cumetre teen aalil 12 - 10 09
SISOS U7 Scats SUE Ses se Se SIE tS rn ee ra are a hey ae -05 05 05 05
SO, Bos5 56S Gee aR ase a tse ae he a nate eth Seta ena tree eee Span - 26 21 32 27
epapleleemmmrsmee eee cc ke ae le Bea sowie Mee Grete 18 18 18 18
SDs 1 5356 Se. Ae Ae RECS ene reece Nee neat UP eect at ia ae 03 03 02 02
SEO Dc oi SSS Ae Seat eet ea CP ee Rn ee te OL a .39 29 36 44
ehh eines «ced See eos Seldom se Someeee see eae 1.82 1.68 1.78 | 1.81
otaltonubetounmonthseres-eseee seen he cee eet eeeceee 5. 85 5. 62 6.51 6.45
IASESURENED = Bia a eg ie en ett Sein as Gene a | 5.79 6.48
1 This was the only storm of the season to produce run-off.
14 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TABLE 2.—Precipitation record on erosion areas, 1916.
Duration of storm. Area A. Area B.
Character of Pon ;
precipitation. Beginning. Ending.
| Upper| Lower) Upper| Lower
gauge.| gauge.| gauge.| gauge.
Month. Day.| Hour. Month. Day.| Hour. rad (aii iste
Snow, 4inches.| Mays Maun 52 20 | 8.30a.m-.} May.....-.. 20 | 1.00p.m.} 0.84; 0.93 | 0.58 0.59
Snow, 2inches.| June. .....- 21 | 10.00 p.m) June......-. 22 }3.00a.m.} .01 -01 | Trace OL
Rai July Cf || GalOreprerk aie 6 5 - 7 | 9.30p.m. 06 - 06 5 - 06
8 | 2.00 p.m.|..... GOs sc 8 |3.30p.m.) .04 - 03 03 . 02
9 | 3.30p.m.|.-... doss-- 9|5.00p.m.| .03 - 03 . 03 02
14 | 6.30a.m.]..... doze. 14/1.30p.m.) .07 . 09 ath 09
5 lls OD mere Sere dosises 15 | 2.30p.m.| .12 13 -10 -10
16 | 10.30 a.m].-... Gosence 16 | 12.00m.. 31 36 32 32
PAU lay agen |e Se = doses 21} 8.30p.m.) .16 -16 -16 17
24 | 12.45 p.m)..... dosache 24 |5.45p.m.| ° .27 27 27 27
2p) 8-15. ae dde|os ae dose 25 | 2.45p.m.| .30 .30 .30 30
26 | 7.45a.m_|..-.- dot se: 26 |9.15a.m.| .16 -12 -39 31
26 | 4.30p.m.|....- doiees 26 |5.00p.m.; .07 07 - 08 08
27 | 6.15a.m_|..... G0se ase 27 | 6.45a.m. - 06 -07 07 07
27 | 11.30 a@.m).---. doweeee 27 |4.00p.m.) .15 15 ~25 20
31 | 12.55 p.m). -.-- dort 22 31 }1.40p.m.| .10 .14 -16 15
iDoweaenner | August... 1 | 4.05 p.m.) August... 1/|6.30p.m.) .04 04 04 04
DOr sesene esse dose 2) | 11-40 /arm). 222 Osa 2/12.00m..| .29 32 38 39
DOer Spee eeleosee donee 2.945 pe ms | cee does. 2/10.45p.m) .15 -16 . 28 24
Doses [Pte domes 3 | 11.15 a.m}..... dose 3] 11.25a.m) .04 04 -09 06
DOGS .ss=2|Sees. dosenee 4] 1.00 p.m.|..... doleeee 4|2.30p.m.| .09 08 -10 09
Doreen tree dosasee 5) | 02!20;pem| 2-2 2 dows: 5 | 3.40 p.m. 25 25 - 28 27
Dos. se ascs| eee dopmees dia lile5 OO ae eee doeyeee 7 | 1.00 p.m. 05 05 - 06 05
D Oke = ease Gees do esees dal iG {SD iPata | seme Govan 7 | 6.45 p.m. T At} -O1 OL
Dow. 22222) 2 2: Goetae- 12 | 11.10 a.m).-.... GW 5552 12 | 10.30 p.m 55 57 54 53
Doss ss) ss|'ee8 dose=ss 16 |6.45a.m_]_..-. domene: 16 ; 10.00 a.m 07 07 08 06
IDO nee aae September. 2|1.40p.m.| September. 2 | 4.00 p.m. 12 .12 13 12
Doz seetele ss doseite. Sol 251 5 pense ee dows 8 | 4.10 p.m. 10 08 13 li
15 Ft epee Sa ee dons || eons abe doses 9 | 10.15 a.m 14 Sily/ 18 12
SNOW Soscseeocleeces dosais: 22 | 5.00 p.m.}..... dose 22 | 10.30 p.m 15 -14 sil 15
Rain and snow})..-.. doers» 30 | 11.00 p.m| October... 1 | 4.00a.m.- 45 -52 61 64
SHOW. obec October... Gi lae sacs eee a eee ne coew eee aeeeeelleeeeecemes . 83 - 83 - 83 . 83
IDoSsS5kbSalbaose doprsss 10) [cee ete asc| doc ceccnosen leeeenelosseee eee - 48 -48 |] - .48 48
DOR ee Cpe ae dopeeee Tb Ves eee ai Sire et et TS Seetial e Mera - 06 07 06 07
Doese sere |e. 2 downass: 115 eS eaRee Meee oesesne looted bac sacemor 64 87 64 87
1) Ose See | peer dose DOE to ecns ence) sastaee peace c lee eaeeaee ene nilt/ 20 17 20
SOCAL ren | se ae tierere clea lee reste inte ie eicen] soteinteeate eciel steer mtall etame cine are 7.42) 7.98 | 8.17 8.09
SASNV.OTAL GS! in ins Aeieisae a Secrets | mie ore ate eretee | ersten eine nee | etaie wie’ | Selo rae 7.70 8.13
TABLE 3.—Hrosion and run-off records, 1915 and 1916.
Area. Date.. Character of storm. Pr ete Run-off. | Erosion.
Cubic feet. | Cubic feet.
A.....| July 13,1915 G 230. 91
Bice June 29,1915 (3) 184. 82
Nias July 21/1915 .70| 3,018.96 716.92
Bye Saree Go0se- sree . 43 335.15 94. 29
y tase July 8, 1916 “10 | 292, 998. 19 172. 36
Bee June 15,1916 120 | 42) 216.75 82. 62
Renee July 16, 1916 |. 34 114. 76 8. 45
A.....| July 2471916 97 100. 80
Bue ee July 26, 1916 -14 86. 40
Ai. oss | Bae do 255-54 -07 108.00 19. 30
A.....| July 27,1916 06 41.76
UNE SSD, 5 doi sen 36 LO 86. 40
ese Aug. 2,1916 "30 608. 68 105.54
Besse see Gon ae -38 257.15 26.34
Ts eg iecaad Naa does wD 37.44 4.54
eee eee do: Sale 26 80. 62 8.93
Al...) Aug. 5,19i6 25 589.96 56.52
Bisaeeleees doit Bete GO ak. Bice e ee eae ee ane 27 439. 40 24.54
Aen Cee Oct. —,1916)|' Rain'and/snowes- jseaes acer] sae eee eee 2.32 492. 48 3.14
Boole see GOs soe lteeee (6 (Saha es oe is ee ae Be ee ee a 2.32 58. 38 0.00
i Only those rainstorms that produced stream flow are here given. Note that several storms produced
run-off on area A but not on area B.
3 No records,
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL, 15
A significant feature to be noted from the 1916 precipitation and
run-off records is the fact that run-off occurred on area A as a result
of storms that produced no flow from area B, in spite of the fact that
area B received just as much or generally more rain than area A.
Surface conditions again account for this fact.
- Table 4 summarizes the rainfall for the two years 1915 and 1916
and the resulting erosion and run-off. It shows the comparative
effects of gentle storms and storms of unusual violence, such as not
infrequently occur in the higher mountain region of the Manti
Forest. From Table 4 it is apparent that of the summer rains of
1916, totaling 7.70 inches on area A and 8.13 inches on area B, 14
storms on area A and 8 on area B were effective in producing run-off.
In 1915 there was but one such storm, yet the erosion from this sin-
gle storm was very much greater than from the several storms of
1916. The most significant fact shown is that the per cent of sedi-
ment carried in the run-off is proportionately higher as the velocity
of the flow increases. Thus if we apply the established formula,
namely, that the transporting power varies directly as the sixch
power of its velocity, it is evident that if the velocity of a flow is
increased two times its transporting power is increased 64 times. It
is understood too, of course, that the larger the flow the greater is
the velocity of that flow.
To sum up, the extent of erosion and run-off depends upon (1)
the rate at which the rain falls, (2) the steepness of the slope, (3)
the presence of well-established gullies, (4) the character of the soil,
and (5) the density and character of the vegetation. _
TABLE 4.—Run-off and erosion from rainstorms.
Total 4 Effec- Effec aes AA
x number Tota tive! aaeetAn edi- edi-
Year. Area. | of storm | rainfall. | storm aN Run-off.| ment. ment.
days. days. :
Inches. | Cubic feet.| Cubic feet.) Per cent.
LOO RS eee Naito sacs Ae See ae 26 5.79 1 0.70 | 3,018. 96 716. 92 23. 70
1S ee ee ns aes Be aces 26 - 6.48 1 1.43 SoORLO) 94. 29 28. 13
TONG. 25 Eee eee ae Ueonesss 36 7.70 14 4.05 | 2, 266. 68 197. 49 8. 70
TONG eS GSS sae e aes Bierce 36 8.13
8 3. 23 835. 55 59. 81 7. 20
| Effective here refers to storms that produced run-off.
WIND.
In addition to the conspicuous action of the gully or shoe-string
type of erosion described above, erosion caused by the action of the
wind more or less uniformly over the soil surface is a factor of high
importance in determining the fertility of the soil under certain
conditions.
Following the destruction of the vegetative cover, either entirely
or in part, the wind movement becomes particularly active in the
16 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
translocation of soil. In practically all regions wind is sufficiently
strong to cause soil particles, not firmly bound by vegetation, to be
carried from one place to another and subsequently to be transported
downward by water. On elevated lands enormous quantities of soil
are often carried away, not uncommonly causing uniform removal
of several inches of the surface soil (Pl. I, fig. 2). This is in part
due to the sparseness of the vegetative cover, especially of tree
growth, and its failure to break the wind. On the more elevated
lands the vegetation is usually less dense than at lower altitudes, so
that the wind has considerable more effect and its velocity is con-
siderably greater, as Table 5 shows.
TABLE 5.—Monthly wind movement in miles in the spruce-fir type (elevation
; 10,000 feet) and in the aspen type (elevation 8,500 feet).
Month. Year. | Aspen. Aprile:
Miles per | Miles ial
: month. ger ‘i
1915 3, 081 50
Ae a Oy eC aa eh ag Mena Penk aioe 1916 3,020 7119
July 1915 3, 055 6, 807
pte aaa 2 Cn? cd At EERO PAM PRN OMOOE Eifrrgreie © ah oe MERA ry ae 1916 3, 697 5, 505
1915 3,339 4,83
gine cree erin on raleeee teeta amir gl gre cs Gaeta or 1916 3, 198 5 116
1915 3, 008 7, 63
SOD er De Ae oc oie cinco oo RC eee eon oe oa 1916 3) 080 6,873
1915 12, 483 25, 776
Dobalper heres whee sas s37 i235 te “Teaser phaaaae ey Aree { 1916 12) 995 24) 613
Considering the two locations month by month for the period
given, it is evident that the wind movement during the growing sea-
son, which is practically the only time when the soil is exposed and
subject to wind erosion in the higher type, is approximately 100 per
cent greater in the heart of the spruce-fir type at 10,000 feet elevation
than in the aspen type 1,500 teet below.
In order to show more in detail the periodic behavior of the wind
during the season when the soil is exposed and subject to movement
by the wind, the maximum and average wind velocities recorded in
1916 have been summarized by 10-day periods. The results are given
in Table 6. ;
TABLE 6.—Maxrimum and average wind velocities (miles per hour) summarized
by 10-day periods, season 1916.
| |
June. July. | August. | September.
|
Type. Wind. l
1-10 11-20 21-30, 1-10
|
11-29 21-30, 1-10 1-20 21-30 1-10 11-20!21-30
| |
| Maximum | 13 9 9 20
fos faz 2
nen slovatiar eye abst? 10 |14.]12 |12
Aspen, clevation 8,750 tet - WW veragbae|| 1451 rb. Ole fallen { 4.2 so hol 43 3.7| 5.0| 3.8] 4.0
bees uke cay jMaximum | 27 | 26 | 24 | 1B | 12 |22 |19 |34 |16 | 33
BE rare ar, elevation 10,000) ityeraceleel ura itns adr a) 7.3) 7.1) 0.5 8 2 6.7; 12.5] 6.6| 9.9
— — $$$
PLATE |.
Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
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PLATE II.
Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
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RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 107/
The above summations show clearly that the maximum velocity of
wind in the spruce-fir type exceeds by about 200 per cent that in the
aspen type at certain periods. These gales on the elevated plateaus,
especially where the ground cover is sparse, have a marked effect on
the movement of the soil and without doubt are an important factor
in causing erosion when the surface soil is dry and exposed (PI. IL).
It is especially important, therefore, that the vegetable cover on
these elevated lands be maintained in a maximum state of density in
order to bind the soil firmly.
VEGETATIVE COVER.
While the foregoing data indicate that the extent of surface run-
off and erosion are determined by the combined action of a number
of factors, the vegetative cover is the most important single control-
lable factor under the conditions in question. Man has little control
over climate and topography, and improvement in soil conditions
most favorable to the control of erosion on the range lands under
discussion must be accomplished chiefly through the improvement
in the vegetative cover. Even this possibility of control is limited
primarily to what can be accomplished by management of the lands
so as to favor the development of the native vegetation to the great-
| est possible extent because western range conditions in general are
| not favorable to the planting of cultivated species. This importance
| of the native vegetative cover in maintaining conditions unfavorable
to erosion may be considered both a drawback and an advantage, for,
on the one hand, certain precautions must be taken in harvesting the
forage crop in order to preserve and maintain the vegetation; but on
the other hand, there are relatively few lands which, under proper
management, can not be revegetated enough so that serious erosion
and destructive floods may be prevented.
Anybody on a virgin or completely vegetated range during a
heavy rainstorm can not fail to notice to what a great extent the
vegetation, whether grass, weed, browse, or timber, protects the soil
and increases its power of soaking up the water. Instead of the
entire force of the rain falling on an unprotected and exposed soil
surface, as in the absence of vegetation, the rain is intercepted more
or less by the vegetation, so that by the time the water reaches the
soil surface its original force is broken. There are several reasons
why a well vegetated surface offers the best condition for absorp-
tion and underground storage of water. The foliage and stems of
the vegetation form a storage place from which water drips slowly
to the ground for considerable time after each rain; and the leaves
‘and stems, in a more or less advanced stage of decay, absorb mois-
3
46360°—18—Bull. 675
18 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ture with each heavy rain and tend to hold the water back. The
records taken on the selected areas in connection with the run-off
and erosion from melting snow showed clearly that the snow lies
longer under a vegetative cover than in the open, and more water
is therefore available for absorption by the soil in the spring of
the year in the presence of a good plant cover. Aside from the
vegetation protecting the snow from the direct rays of the sun, the
roots create minute channels for the ready entrance of water into
the earth. To destroy this vegetative cover as shown in Plate III,
then, is to decrease materially the power of absorption of the soil.
The soil on fully vegetated lands contains a much larger amount
of organic matter than on denuded areas and this. greatly increases
both the water-holding capacity of the soil and its power of ab-
sorption. Accordingly, on fully vegetated lands there is practically
no erosion except during violent rainstorms of short duration or
after prolonged heavy rains, and even then the erosion is seldom
serious. On denuded or sparsely vegetated slopes, on the other hand,
run-off and erosion may occur after very small rainstorms.
RELATION OF EROSION AND SOIL DEPLETION TO VEGETATIVE
GROWTH.
It has long been known that different plant species may exhibit a
great difference in the amount of water required in various soils to
produce a unit of dry matter, a function of profound economic im-
portance in the agricultural development of a region of limited rain-
fall. Carefully conducted experiments have also proved that when
certain fertilizers are added to a soil lacking in plant foods the
amount of water evaporated from a plant in the production of a unit
of dry matter is considerably reduced, and that the stand of vege-
tation may be dense or sparse according to the fertility of the soil.
In view of these facts, it seemed probable that the sparseness of
the native vegetation generally observed on lands whose soils have
been subject to more or less serious washing and leaching for a num-
ber of years, the short stature of the plants, and the virtual lack of
seed production, might be accounted for by the low fertility of the
soil and lack of sufficient moisture coupled with a relatively high
water requirement of the vegetation in the production of growth.
In order to determine the difference, if any, in the potential crop
production and water requirement of plants grown on eroded and
noneroded soils, samples of identical origin and type were selected
for comparative study. The soils in question were selected in the
spruce-fir type on typical summer sheep range at approximately
10,000 feet elevation. After being carefully sifted and thus freed ~
of the larger pebbles, etc., the soils were moistened moderately and
ee
a ee
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL, 19
tamped firmly in cans 14 inches wide and 17 inches high. Six large
test pots were used, three of which contained eroded and three non-
eroded soil, and each was planted to five seedling plants as follows:
One set, consisting of one pot of eroded and one of noneroded soil,
to a pedigreed field pea known as Kaiser variety; one set to native
bromegrass, locally called wild oats (Bromus marginatus semi-
nudus); and the third set to a wetigueed wheat known as Kubanka
No. 1440.
The pots were hermetically sealed and so arranged that all the
water loss from the soil had to pass through the plants in the form
of transpiration or evaporation. The pots were weighed at regular
intervals and water was added to the soil so that the moisture content
was kept practically constant. Throughout the experiment the aver-
age moisture content was about 30 per cent, a supply ample to pro-
duce the most vigorous growth on both soil types.
Owing to the action of the elements on the two soils studied there
was an interesting and significant difference both in their chemical
and physical properties. The percentages of salts important t= the
growth and development of plants in these soils are as follows:
TABLE 7.—WSalts important to the growth and development of plants on the tivo
soils studied.
Phos-
+ F Total Loss on
Soil. (aa. | Gaon | eugde | nitro- | ignition
(P:05). gen. | (humus).
| Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
s Z 1. 26 1.53 0. 22 OFR156) |e 6. 64
»Noneroded2 2.522... - SESE G aaC COCs. Be ae ne semaEser 1.49 1. 30 -33 - 488 | 14.65
In all the constituents considered except potash, the noneroded
soil is much the richer. The greatest difference is found in the total
"nitrogen content, one of the most important of plant foods. This is
due to the fact that a large proportion of the nitrogen compounds
are more or less soluble in water and consequently had been largely
washed out of the eroded soil.
The chief physical properties are those which affect the total water-
holding capacity of the soils and the amount of water that can be
absorbed from them by a plant. These properties are intimately as-
sociated with the amount of organic matter in the soils. The eroded
soil was found to have a maximum water-holding capacity of 46.8
per cent as compared with 67.2 per cent in the case of the noneroded
soil. At the same time the soil moisture which can not be absorbed
by the root hairs of the plant, and which is therefore termed “ non-
available” water, was found to be 15.6 per cent in the eroded soil
and 19.3 per cent in the noneroded soil.. Owing to this the combi-
9
~
0 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
nation of higher water-holding capacity and higher percentage of
available water when the soils are saturated there remains for the
plant 16.7 per cent more water in the noneroded than in the eroded
soil.
Tables 8 and 9 and figures 4 and 5 summarize the results as to vege-
tative growth and the water requirements of field peas, native brome-
grass, and cultivated wheat grown in the two soils. In the case of
each of the three plants the table shows that a much greater amount
of water was required for the production of a unit of dry matter in
eroded than in noneroded soil.
TABLE S8.—Pounds of water required by peas, bromegrass, avheat, and wheat
heads per pound of dry matter produced.
|
3 | Brome Wheat
Soil. Peas. grass. Wheat. howals,
— — ———— — | ae
Rrodade tac ee erie O63 RATT, OB ARIS AEE S41 | 1,339 472 | 1,370
IN'GRELOd ECM aes ates ee eee oe Ste Fe wtecartarere eee pe re rae 467 | 1,110 343 407
Penicentaditrerencencn. cote. os ene eee Or Eee 80.3 | 20.6 37.6 2. 66
TaBLE 9.—Summary of vegetative growth and water requirements of peas,
bromegrass, and wheat.
ae
Water | Used per
: a Number} Leaf D pound
Plant and soil. of leaves., length.1 SEH, used SBE dry mat-
Pp ; ter pro-
duced
Milli-
Peas: meters. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
Broded: Sollee ewes oeooe - Baek Doss ccah ease eee 42 | 791 0.79 667 841
NOTISTOPeCESO) Eee sepsis semencon ss ee ae 712 2, 634 6. 55 3,051 467
Native bromegrass:
TM TOCEG) SOU seas sees eo ees fies cee aoe 35 | 2, 902 -41 553 1,339
iNonerodedisollse eee sat eee tae = lal) See 84 | 5, 218 -85 944 1,110
Wheat: . |
Broded) Soll -te eens eee eee eee 22 4,474 5. 52 2,516 47
INoneroded'soUl ae eee enema see ee ates 47 | 10,080 12.09 3, 820 343
1 In the case of peas the length of stem is given instead of the leaf length.
Figure 5, summarizing the vegetative growth and water require-
ment of peas on the eroded and noneroded soil, shows a remarkable
contrast in the vegetative growth and other activities. The number
of leaves is as 1 to 2.7; the leaf length, 1 to 3.3; the total dry weight
produced, 1 to 8.3; and the water used per plant, 1 to 4.6, all in favor
of the noneroded soil. In the water requirement per unit of dry
matter, on the other hand, the ratio is reversed, being as 1.8 to 1 on
the eroded and noneroded soils, respectively. Hence there are a great
many more leaves, greater stem and leaf length, and more dry mat-
ter produced on the noneroded than on the eroded soil, with a notably
smaller amount of water (Pl. IV). The latter fact, of course, is ac-
PLATE III.
Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
UTzZVID IT
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Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
Poon —
THE MEANING OF SoiL EROSION.
Canadian field peas (left) grown in poor or eroded soil and (right)
in good mellow soil of the same type which has not been sub-
jected to erosion.
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. yA |
counted for by the more luxuriant growth of the individual plants
on the noneroded soil regardless of the smaller amount of water re-
quired for the production of a unit of dry matter.
In the case of native bromegrass and wheat the same behavior
holds as to vegetative growth and other facts as in the case of the
peas. Hence 2.4 and 2.1 times as many leaves of bromegrass and
wheat, respectively, were produced on the noneroded as on the
eroded soil; the leaf length, dry matter, and water used per plant
15 :
/4
43
42
4
70
—S
Peas ; Brome Whear Whear heads
Water requirements per unit dry weight
esas froded so//
Non-eroded sor/
ome /er cen? afference
Fic. 4.—Relative water requirements per unit dry weight for peas, native bromegrass,
and wheat grown in eroded and in noneroded soils of the same type.
CA
were greater on the noneroded soil by 0.8 and 1.3, 1.1 and 1.2, 0.7
and 0.5 for native bromegrass and wheat, respectively. And here,
again, the water requirement per pound of dry weight was greater
on the eroded soil by 20.6 per cent and 37.6 per cent for the native
bromegrass and wheat, respectively.
Erosion is detrimental to plant growth chiefly because it brings
about the two following conditions of soil impoverishment: (1)
Lack of adequate soil moisture for the full development and seed
22 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
production of the vegetation due to the lowered water-holding ca-
pacity of the soil, and (2) lack of adequate plant nutrients in the
soil for good growth due to reduction of the soluble plant foods.
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RELATION OF EROSION AND SOIL DEPLETION TO REVEGETATION.
The establishment on eroded soils of a dense vegetative cover made
up of desirable forage and other deep-rooted, soil-binding species,
similar to the original type, is a most difficult task. In the first place,
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. Dis
owing to the low moisture content due to exposure and lowered
water-holding power, seed germinate poorly. Moreover, about nine-
tenths of the plants which do come up die early in the spring while
still in the seedling stage. The remainder usually dry up before the
end of the season.
Interesting contrasts have been recorded on the mountain ranges
of the Manti National Forest as to the rate of revegetation and the
character of species being established on overgrazed and subsequently
eroded lands as compared with lands which have not been seriously
overgrazed, and where the soil, therefore, is relatively productive.
During observations extending over four years (1913-1916) it was
most exceptional to find on the more seriously eroded soils an increase
in the number or appearance of new deep-rooted perennial species of
any kind. On the less seriously eroded soils, on the other hand,
shallow-rooted perennial species, both seedlings and matured speci-
mens have gradually increased in number each season; and on some-
what overgrazed, but not eroded lands, deep-rooted perennials have
increased relatively rapidly and steadily.
On analyzing the data recorded as to the rate and character of
the revegetation it was found that by noting the seriousness to which
the soil has been eroded, and hence its physical condition, including
the relative amount of organic matter contained in it, it is possible
to predict with much precision not only the rate at which the ground
cover may be restored but the particular kind of plants that will
occupy the soil for a temporary period prior to establishment of a
permanent vegetation. As a general thing, many years must lapse
before the more desirable forage species can reoccupy the site upon
which they formerly predominated. The reestablishment of the
deeper-rooted perennial species, if this type of vegetation is desired,
and it usually is, can be accomplished on these eroded soils under
range conditions only by certain rather inconspicuous plants first
gaining a foothold on the land and gradually reinstating the vege-
table matter and plant foods which are invariably lacking.
The replacement of one set of plants by another through a series
of successive invasions is known as plant succession. Where the fer-
tility of the soil has been seriously impaired only rapidly growing
and early maturing annual species first occupy the soil. Several
species of this type of vegetation begin germination and growth
promptly in the spring, and before the soil has dried out to a point
where the vegetation wilts beyond recovery and further growth, the
plants have developed fully and ripened an abundant seed crop of
good germination strength. The ramifications of the roots of these
inferior plants through the soil season after season, the aeration
of the upper soil layer as a result of the innumerable penetrations
24 BULLETIN: 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and subsequent decay of the roots; and the addition of humus to the
soil by the decomposition of the portions of the plant developed both
below and above ground, finally accomplish wonders in improving
the physical and chemical condition of the soil, provided, of course,
that serious erosion in the meantime has been checked.
As the soil is improved and absorbs and retains more water than
in the beginning, the annual plants develop more. luxuriantly. At
this point, however, the space occupied by the annual species is
gradually encroached upon by slightly deeper-rooted, more robust
annual plants, usually accompanied by a few shallow-rooted biennial
and perennial plants. As the fertility of the soil is further improved,
even the more robust annual species disappear and the more perma-
nent perennial type of vegetation predominates as formerly. For
many years after the latter type becomes conspicuous, however, less
forage is produced, and of a poorer quality for stock generally, than
before the soil became depleted.
From the above facts, then, it is evident that soil depletion, as re-
lated to forage production and revegetation, does not imply merely
a temporary change in the character of the vegetation and. nutritious-
ness of the forage; on the contrary, the time element enters as a
highly important consideration. To reestablish completely the more
desirable and permanent species, such as occupy the soil before it
becomes depleted, often requires years of time coupled with expert
management. Too much care can not be exercised by the stockman
and farmer in preserving the dark surface layer of soil, for that
portion is the very life of any land. Preserving the surface soil in
the first place is much cheaper than replacing it, and this is not a
difficult matter if proper precautions are taken when incipient
erosion becomes apparent.
INFLUENCE OF GRAZING ON EROSION AND STREAM FLOW.
While it is evident that the extent of run-off and erosion are
roughly proportionate to the effectiveness of the ground cover in
binding the soil, other factors being equal, the question as to whether
run-off and erosion are augmented or retarded by grazing is one upon
which opinions vary widely. Some stockmen contend that if a soil
is cut up more or less by the trampling of stock, or the surface pretty
thoroughly pulverized, more water will be held and subsequently
absorbed by the soil than if the surface is undisturbed. Others are of
the opposite opinion, contending that the packing of the soil, which
unavoidably results from grazing, especially if the soil is fairly moist
when stock travel over it, prevents the rain from being absorbed in
maximum amounts. In carying out the details of the experiment on
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 25
the selected areas, strikingly significant results as to the effects of
grazing and nongrazing were obtained.’
On July 21, 1915, when both areas had been protected from graz-
ing since August, 1914, a heavy rainstorm occurred in which area
B received approximately twice as much precipitation as area A:
but only about one-twelfth as much run-off and one-ninth as much
erosion was recorded from area B as from area A. On August 5,
1916, area B was grazed closely by sheep, area’ A being at that time
ungrazed. Late in the day of August 5, a rainstorm occurred in
which both of the selected areas received an average of 0.25 of an
inch of rain. Practically the same amount of run-off was recorded
PRECIPITATION Gaz
INCHES
AREA-A< STREAM FLow AXANSNASAN
EROSION 2 3
REDS|OF CulFs.
PRECIPITATION
JULY 21-1415
UNGRAZED
AREA-B< STREAM FLOW
EROSION | Oar |
PRECIPITATION
2 area-A STREAM FLOW UNGRAZED
wn EROSION ey
-
3
& PRECIPITATION Bl
AREA-B ¢ STREAM FLOW GRAZED
\ EROSION 0
Fic. 6.—Relation of grazing and nongrazing to erosion and run-off.
from the two areas, and the erosion from area B was one-half that
from area A, as shown in figure 6.
Tt will be noted, then, that the ratios of precipitation, run-off, and
erosion on area B as compared with area A were changed from 2/1,
1/12, 1/8, respectively, to 1/1, 1/1, 1/2, respectively, as a result of
grazing area B and not area A. Since grazing was the only factor
changed as compared with all previous records, it appears safe to
1The grazing of the areas was carried out as follows: Both pastures were grazed mod-
erately close by sheep at practically the same time in the season in 1914-1916, inclusive.
The prescribed time for cropping the areas is when the forage is sufficiently developed
to afford good grazing, a time which corresponds fairly closely to the grazing of the
unprotected adjacent range. In case the ground is sufficiently wet to injure the vegeta-
tion seriously by trampling, or to cause harmful packing of the soil, grazing is deferred
until a later date when soil conditions are normal, A band of sheep of the average size—
about 2,500 head of ewes and lambs—is grazed on the areas. The sheep are allowed to
graze at will, being worked over the pasture only to the extent of assuring uniform crop-
ping. The vegetation is grazed closely but by no means destructively, the grazing corre-
sponding in this particular to that on the adjoining range.
26 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
conclude that the change in the ratios of run-off and erosion showing
a marked increase in erosion on area B was due to grazing. Instead
of a large proportion of the rain being absorbed, the soil surface on
area B was so hard-packed by the trampling of the stock that the
run-off was appreciably increased. Much of the sediment deposited
was carried directly from the gullies, a large amount of loose dirt
having been worked into these depressions as the sheep traveled
over them. .
The example of increased erosion due to grazing as given on the
selected areas under date of August 5, 1916, is merely an exact meas-
urement of a condition which has been observed in many other cases.
Excellent examples of results of varying intensity of grazing and of
protection of the lands from stock have been observed on two ad-
joining watersheds on the Manti Forest. Until 1904 Manti Canyon
flooded oftener—and the floods did more damage—than perhaps any
other canyon on the entire Forest. From 1904 to 1917 this canyon
has been grazed very lightly by cattle, while the adjoining canyons
have been grazed fairly heavily each season. Though there is still
abundant evidence of past erosion and innumerable gullies at the
head of the Manti watershed, the gullies have rounded out and the.
soil, having assumed an angle of repose, now supports a stand of
grass and weeds. The fine soil, with its increased organic matter, is
so loose and mellow that a saddle horse sinks into it over his hoofs.
At the head of Becks Canyon, 3 miles north of Manti Canyon,
sheep have grazed each year. Instead of a loose soil it is hard-
packed, the gullies are relatively deep and V-shaped instead of
rounded, and they support practically no vegetation either on the
sides or bottom. Each of these watersheds has been under observa-
tion during various rainstorms and the amount of precipitation re-
ceived at the head of each canyon has been recorded by means of rain
gauges. A rainstorm that is completely absorbed without surface
run-off on the Manti drainage often produces innumerable muddy
rivulets in a few minutes on the Becks Canyon drainage. It would
take a very heavy rainstorm—considerably heavier than has oc-
curred during the past eight years—to produce a flood in Manti Can-
yon. From Becks Canyon, on the other hand, floods have occurred
as a result of 0.55 of an inch of rainfall; several floods have origi-
nated in this canyon during the past few years.
Another instance showing the relation of grazing to erosion and
floods occurred August 2, 1912, in Twelve Mile and Willow Creek
Canyons. A committee of sheepmen, cattlemen, and Forest officers
-who were inspecting the range in Twelve Mile Canyon on the day
of the storm which occasioned the flood testified that these floods
came from mountain areas adjoining the Manti Forest which had
been used as lambing grounds for several successive years, The ob-
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 27
mH
servers stated that the storm was uniform over the areas under pro-
tection in the Forest and on the adjoining grazed area. The small
amount of run-off that occurred on the protected lands was clear
and the streams were little more than normal in size; the flow from
the unprotected and heavily grazed. areas tore out bridges and roads
and was laden with bowlders, mud, and débris. As a result of the
inspection, the committee requested that the areas from which the
floods originated be made a part of the Manti Forest and that eraz-
ing be discontinued until the vegetative cover could be restored.
From the above data and general observations there can be no
doubt that the moderate grazing of sheep on the relatively sparsely
vegetated range upon which the topography, climate, and soil are
favorable to erosion and upon which erosion is at least in the incipient
stage, will appreciably increase both the run-off and erosion. This
increase for a given area will vary according to the closeness with
which the lands are grazed and the particular methods of handling
the stock. It is evident that once the vegetative cover has been
broken up and the soil laid bare, grazing tends to promote rather
than to retard run-off and erosion.
PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES.
MAINTENANCE OR RESTORATION OF THE VEGETATIVE COVER.
The need for maintaining the vegetative cover at all times in order
to prevent destructive floods and erosion, and the importance of
placing the live-stock industry on a substantial, permanent basis,
both so far as concerns the range forage crop and the marketing of
the farm products through live stock, has been shown. It remains
now to show how and to what extent the vegetation may be utilized
by live stock year after year without serious destruction of the vege-
tative cover. The maintenance of a maximum cover of vegetation
and continuance of grazing are naturally antagonistic at best, and
unless certain recognized principles of range and live-stock manage-
ment are put into practice there is danger of impairing the ground
cover.
AVOIDANCE OF OVERGRAZING.
The first precaution is to. avoid overgrazing, which can best be
accomplished by accurately estimating and then adjusting the number
of live stock a range unit or allotment will safely carry. Excessive
grazing will first show itself in the weakened condition or disappear-
ance of the choicest and most palatable forage plants. This is usually
accompanied by the appearance of incipient gullies, followed by
erosion of varying seriousness. If the carrying capacity of the lands
is promptly adjusted so that there is ample feed for the stock through-
out the season, the vegetative cover, provided the lands and stock
are otherwise properly managed, should be maintained indefinitely.
98 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
AVOIDANCE OF TOO EARLY GRAZING.
One phase of mismanagement which is often overlooked by the
stockman and which is responsible for serious destruction of the vege-
tation, is that of permitting stock on the range too early in the
spring, when the herbage is very young and succulent, and when the
soil is well-nigh saturated with moisture. A week to 10 days after
growth starts in the spring the forage has very little “ substance”
and is rather deficient in sugars and protein as compared with forage
which has been growing twice as long. At no time in the season is it
more essential that a plant be permitted to develop its leafage, which
is the laboratory for the production of food, than early in the spring.
A few days’ delay in the time of grazing following the inception of
growth will not only insure the production of a much larger forage
crop for that particular season but in subsequent seasons as well, and
the herbage will have much more strength and fattening qualities.
Then, too, the bad effects of trampling over the loose, wet soil is
largely avoided and the exposure of the roots and subsequent drying
out of a large proportion of seedling forage plants is prevented.
THE PRACTICE OF DEFERRED AND ROTATION GRAZING.
In the case of virgin range lands there will be no difficulty in main-
taining indefinitely the vegetative cover provided the lands are not
grazed beyond their actual carrying capacity and too early in the
spring. But where the range has already been overgrazed and the
original ground cover considerably thinned out, but not all of the
seed plants destroyed, merely keeping the number of stock down to
the estimated carrying capacity and preventing too early spring
grazing are not in themselves effective means of reestablishing the
desired vegetative stand. In such instances deferred and rotation
grazing must be applied.
In applying the deferred system of grazing, such portion of the
range as is consistent with the welfare of the range as a whole is re-
served for cropping until after the maturity of the seed of the main
forage species. Upon the maturity of the seed the range is grazed
closely, but not destructively, by the stock allotted to the lands. The
following year, owing to the large proportion of seedlings de-
stroyed, especially on areas grazed early in the season, the forage
is not to be cropped until another season’s seed has been produced.
If, after the production of two seed crops of the choice native forage
species, an ample number of seedling plants have been established,
a second area in need of seeding is selected and the tract upon which
grazing was previously deferred is then grazed before seed maturity.
This same plan is continued season after season, alternating the de-
Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
TURF-FORMING GRASSES BIND THE SOIL FIRMLY.
Kentucky blue grass, where it thrives, affords excellent protection against soil washing. Being a
turf-forming grass it protects the soil surface uniformly well.
Bul. 675, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.
iy
ly
t
S
RS
Ww
S
w
~
a
.
UNDERGROUND PARTS OF A YOUNG GRASS.
Slender wheat grass commonly reproduces vegetatively and sends up shoots at varying intervals.
Though it is a bunch grass, this species is a good soil binder.
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 29
hed
ferred grazing first on the one area and then on another, until the
entire range has been rejuvenated. After the vegetative cover ha
been established, however, the deferred grazing is alternated or ro
tated from one portion of the range to another in order to permit
of the fermation and distribution of an occasional seed crop by
means of which the old plants may be replaced. In this way the
range is brought bacix and maintained in its maximum state of pro-
ductivity without the loss of a season’s forage crop during the period
required for revegetation.
ARTIFICIAL RESEEDING.
The lack of fertility and moisture in eroded soils, as pointed out,
makes it necessary first to build up the depleted lands before even the
most drought-resistant, well-adapted native perennial species can be
reseeded. Cultivated forage plants, even of the most drought-
resistant kinds, are more exacting in their requirements of plant
foods and soil moisture than native species; consequently artificial
reseeding can be recommended as a paying proposition only where
the soil of mountain range lands is above average in fertility and
where the moisture conditions are favorable to growth throughout
the summer season. Incipient meadow erosion may in some in-
stances be held back by seeding to cultivated plants of a soil-binding
type, like Kentucky bluegrass, but under such conditions the scat-
tering of a little seed of aggressive, turf-forming native species on
the exposed soil is still better. (See Pls. V and VI.)
CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE STOCK.
One of the most common causes of range depletion, even where the
carrying capacity of the lands as a whole has been carefully esti-
mated, the season of grazing adjusted, and the deferred and rotation
system of grazing adopted, is the excessive grazing of one area and
the nongrazing or very light cropping of another as the result of
poor distribution of stock, improper salting, and faulty handling of
the stock, especially sheep.
There is a tendency among cattle and horses to drift to and con-
gregate on the more elevated plateaus, though the feed may be at
its best at lower elevations. While they may not reach the moun-
tain ranges for some time after growth has started, far more ani-
mals may remain on certain lands than can be grazed without injury
to the vegetation. In the meantime the forage at lower elevations
dries up and becomes less palatable, the temperature becomes too
high for the stock to make maximum gains, and as a consequence
much of the forage is wasted.
30 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The most effective means of holding cattle and horses on the por-
tion of the range desired, and at the same time obtaining even dis-
tribution, are properly located salting and watering places and
drift fences. The salting places can be located in such a way as to
compel the animals in search of salt to travei over the range lands
desired. This, of course, is aisc true of the location of places where
water is to be developed for live-stock purposes, though, of course,
the latter is much more difficult to control than is the distribution
of salting places. Likewise, under certain conditions, drift fences
constructed in suitable places are the most effective means of protect-
ing the range from excessive grazing and undue trampling by stock.
In the case of sheep two conditions (aside from overestimating
the carrying capacity of the lands) are chiefly responsible for the
destruction of the vegetative cover, (1) bedding too long in one
place, and (2) too close herding and the excessive use of dogs.
Bedding sheep several nights in one place necessitates trailing to
and from feed to such an extent as to uproot and destroy much of
the ground cover. In addition, the bed ground itself is completely
denuded of vegetation and years are required fully to reestablish
the stand. ve
Trailing back and forth from range to an established bed ground
should be replaced by the “burro ” or “ blanket.” system of herding,
that is, camping wherever night overtakes the band. Numerous
sheep raisers who have abandoned the use of the regular bed ground
would never think of going back to the practice, for the reason that
ine feed is infinitely better than formerly and because appreciably
larger gains are made by the sheep. When no regular bed ground
is used and the sheep are given all the freedom possible consistent
with the grazing of suitable range, the band is more content and
easier to handle and there are less losses from poisonous plants. At
the same time the all-important ground cover is not destroyed, pro-
vided the “leaders” and “lagers” of the band are not excessively
dogged and roughly handled. Often as much vegetation is de-
stroyed through the excessive use of dogs as from overgrazing and
subsequent run-off.
On lands where the sum of conditions favoring floods and
erosion—such as deficient vegetative cover, steep slopes, and the
presence of numerous gullies of the incipient and advanced type
exist—it is the safest plan to undergraze rather than utilize the
herbage so closely as possibly to injure the existing vegetation. In
general, greater injury is done on such lands by trampling than by
actual grazing; consequently, unless the range is excessively rough
and irregular, it is often a distinct advantage to graze the lands by
cattle rather than by sheep.
”~
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL. 81
REMEDIAL MEASURES WHERE THOROUGH REVEGETATION BY ORDINARY MEANS
IS IMPOSSIBLE.
TOTAL EXCLUSION OF STOCK,
On the more important fan-shaped basins at high elevations,
where the original vegetative cover, including tne seed plants, has
for the most part disappeared, ana where the fertility of the soil has
‘been seriously depleted as a result of erosion, the best plan is to
discontinue grazing entirely. The small amount of forage pro-
duced, consisting, as it usually does, of annual weeds and many
poisonous species, by no means compensates for the further skim-
ming off of the already deficient organic matter and tearing down
into the gullies of the loose soil. In most instances stock will not
have to be excluded longer than during the period required to re-
establish the fertility of the soil and the incoming of the deep-rooted,
permanent type of perennial vegetation, provided, of course, that
light grazing and proper handling of the stock are at all times
resorted to. On’ the other hand, where the soil fails to regain its
former productivity within a reasonable length of time, as indicated
by the character and density of the vegetative cover following the
exclusion of stock, grazing should be permanently discontinued. ‘To
graze such lands after a few years of rest, even though they pro-
duced a little feed, would be to undo in a season all that nature has
accomplished in building up the soil during the seasons that stock
was excluded.
‘
TERRACING AND PLANTING.
There are local areas, mostly of small size, where the proper regu-
lation of grazing and, indeed, the total exclusion of stock from seri-
ously eroded lands is delayed until the vegetative cover can not be
effectively reestablished and the erosion thus eliminated. The estab-
lishment of a dense cover of vegetation should not be hoped for on
the bottom and along the sides of deep, vertically cut gullies where
the water rushes by after each rainstorm of appreciable size. The
force of the water does not permit many seeds to lodge, and in the
beginning the soil is too thin and dry to favor growth. Depressions
of the more prominent gullies which have been revegetated, how-
ever, would still serve as drainage channels following heavy rain-
~ storms, but the resistance afforded by the vegetation would tend to
hold ine water back; and since the soil would be held firmly by the
roots, the channels would tertd to flatten out rather than become
more prominent.
Where it is no longer possible for the vegetation to hold the soil
intact, some means of artificial control is necessary. The gully
32 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
systems can usually be effectively broken up by the construction cf
terraces laid out approximately at right angles to the gullies but so
placed as to allow water to be carried through their channels. If
reinforced: by small rock fills. built into the washes at sufficiently
frequent intervals to check the run-off before the cumulative effect
of the water’s force becomes uncontrollable, the terraces appear to
be effective.
ny
imu _ (= en BAP |
AUER 4
wl
ez A Sen
ae Sanu ROME
peers 5
i x
Slae| nalts oli alll le ip el
ES pe butt
——"— Ory rill }
—> Continues
—Y Plays out
Fic. 7.—Tree and shrub planting to check erosion.
The place of successful attack of an evil like the one in question
is at the origin of its source. In order thoroughly to test the value
of terraces located near the heads of the gullies and planted to soil-
binding species, a badly gullied area was selected on a southwest
slope at an elevation of approximately 10,000 feet. This study is
till in an experimental stage. As shown in figure 7, the distances
between the terraces which were established vary considerably, being
determined by the number of gullies and other topographic features.
In establishing a terrace, strips are plowed about 4 feet wide, or
even wider on the steeper slopes, following which the loosened soil
RANGE PRESERVATION AND EROSION CONTROR. 33
is smoothed out by means cf a homemade terrace drag (fig. 8). The
drag is‘constructed in a V-shape and can be made any width provided
the proportions are followed as given in the sketch. In order that
the drag may work effectively one or two men usually stand on the
crossplece supporting the side beams. As soon as the terrace is well
smoothed it is ready for planting.
Planting early in the spring before growth has started has given
the best results; and since the soil can not be worked satisfactorily
at that time terraces can best be established in the autumn. At the
intersection of the more prominent gullies and the terraces, the
former are built up with rock butts and overlaid with soil. In order
to hold the terrace soil as effectively as possible, the terraces are
planted to such soil-binding species as wild gooseberry (Grossularia),
mountain elder (Sambucus), yellow brush (Chrysothamnus), sweet
sage (Artemisia), yarrow (Achillea), and several species of sub-
uy 60°
3"/ogs flattened an upoer surface
Fig. 8.—Terrace drag.
alpine grasses. Since seed of native grasses, which soon become
firmly established on the terraces, can not be purchased from com-
mercial seed houses it has been necessary to collect seed wherever a
good crop developed, naturally. However, following the establish-
ment of the terrace a great deal of seed of native species is caught
during the natural seed dissemination period in the autumn, and in
two seasons or so the terraces become fairly well vegetated. As
the soil is enriched through the accumulation of decayed vegetable
matter, conditions for growth are gradually made more favorable
and the vegetation develops luxuriantly.
The area experimented with, prior to the establishment of the ter-
races and fill work, had been subject each season to serious erosion.
Since the establishment of the terraces and supplemental work, no
erosion whatsoever has occurred and the lands are generally becoming
.
34 BULLETIN 675, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
e
revegetated. The establishment of terraces and subsequent planting
to suitable native species, therefore, offers considerable promise on
lands that have eroded to such a point that revegetation is extremely
slow and the subterranean parts of the vegetation uneffective in
binding the soil and in preventing erratic run-off. The cost of the
establishment of terraces will vary greatly according to the depth and
number of gullies and the amount of fill work necessary. Where a
moderate stand of native vegetation occurs within the vicinity of
the terraces it will not be necessary to plant directly, provided a satis-
factory seed crop is produced.
CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS.
In various parts of Europe, notably in the Swiss Alps, and to a
less extent in this country, elaborate earth, stone, and concrete dams
have been constructed where the less expensive contour terraces are
inadequate in preventing continued destructiveness from erosion in
critical localities. Obviously, the construction of elaborate dams is
expensive and their use is limited to situations where the destruction
to personal and other property is of much more than average seri-
‘ousness. Problems of this character properly fall under the scope
of engineering.
SUMMARY OF PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES.
The maintenance of an effective vegetative cover may be accom-
plished by the following means:
1. Avoidance of overgrazing.
2. Avoidance of too early grazing.
3. Deferred and rotation grazing.
4. Artificial reseeding (in choice sites only).
5. Proper control and distribution of stock.
Where the depletion of the soil and the formation of long estab-
lished gullies make thorough revegetation impossible, destructive
floods and erosion may be controlled in the following ways:
1. Total exclusion of stock.
2. Terracing and planting. .
3. Construction of dams.
CONCLUSIONS. “
1. Erratic run-off and erosion have been responsible for a great deal
of damage on western ranges where the vegetative cover had pre-
viously been materially decreased or practically eliminated.
2. Though the damage from erosion usually is measured merely
by the injury caused to farm land and works of construction, the
damage to the forest range lands upon which erosion occurs is often
|
|
|
|
RANGE PRESERVATION AND BROSION GCONTROL. 35
greater and shows itself in decrease in carrying capacity of the
lands.
3. While topography, climate, and soil are the primary factors in
determining erosion, the combination of these factors on the lands
under consideration is such that erosion is slight where the native
ground cover has not been greatly disturbed. The seriousness of
the erosion, therefore, is largely determined by the extent to which
the ground cover is maintained.
4, Serious erosion on western range lands is due chiefly to the
destruction of the vegetation as a result of overgrazing and mis-
management of live stock. .
5. The sum of conditions favoring destructive run-off and erosion
is most pronounced in the fan-shaped drainage basins of the spruce-
fir type (on the Manti National Forest between 9,000 and 10,500
feet), where the ground cover is naturally rather sparse, where there
is a characteristic sparseness of tree growth. and where the most
desirable summer sheep ranges are located.
6. To maintain an effective vegetative cover, overgrazing and 100
early cropping of the herbage must be avoided, deferred and ro-
tation grazing should be applied, and stock should be properly con-
trolled and distributed at all times in the season.
7. In the case of incipient erosion, only slight changes in the use of
the lands are generally necessary, and these changes do not neces-
sarily imply even a temporary financial loss.
8. Where erosion has had full play for a number of years, the
reestablishment of the ground cover, even though grazing is dis-
continued, does not always afford adequate protection. In such in-
stances, which fortunately are relatively rare in this country, a
combination of terracing and planting or, in exceptional cases, the
construction of dams is justified.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
10 CENTS PER COPY
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 651
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. v May 8, 1918
A FARM-MANAGEMENT STUDY
IN ANDERSON COUNTY
SOUTH CAROLINA
By
A. G. SMITH, Agriculturist
CONTENTS
Introduction
Summary
Description-of the Area
General Characteristics of the Farms . Combination of Enterprises -
Cost of Producing Crops Crop Rotation
Methods of Measuring Success in Farm-
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 652
(Revision of Department Bulletin 71)
Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering
LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 6, 1918
THE WET LANDS OF SOUTHERN
LOUISIANA AND THEIR DRAINAGE
By
CHARLES W. OKEY
Senior Drainage Engineer
CONTENTS
‘Description of Reclamation Districts
Results of Investigations of Reclaimed Tracts
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 654
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. June 14, 1918
FARM ORGANIZATION
IN THE IRRIGATED VALLEYS OF
SOUTHERN ARIZONA
By
R. W. CLOTHIER, Agriculturist
CONTENTS
Object of Investigations .
Summary of Results
General Description of Tocalition |
Method of Investigation .
Standards Used in this Bulletin for Measuring igueteaaa
Types of Farming . :
_ The Adaptation of the Farm Eniocaviges to ane Size of the rae
The Relation of Capital Invested and Size of Farm to Farm Income
and Labor Income
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 659
OFFIOE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief
Washington, D. C. June 17, 1918
A FARM MANAGEMENT STUDY OF
COTTON FARMS OF ELLIS COUNTY
TEXAS
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE INVESTMENT IN LAND AND
EQUIPMENT, COST OF OPERATION AND OF PRODUCTION OF
ad AND INCOME FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF TENURE
IN 1914
By
REX E. WILLARD, Agriculturist
CONTENTS
Definitions and 7 omeaieay of Terms
Area Surveyed fy S i‘
Tenure s
Type of Farm .
Size of Business
Quality of Farming .
Farm Organization .
Cost of Production .
Las}
SENN a we
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 660
Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering
LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director
Washington, D. C. Vv September 12, 1918
HIGHWAY COST KEEPING
By
JAMES J. TOBIN and A. R. LOSH
U. S. Engineer Economists
Reviewed by
HALBERT P. GILLETTE
Consulting Cost Engineer
CONTENTS
Page Page
Part I. Cost Keeping in General. . . 1 | Part Il. Cost Keeping for Highway Work
The Fundamentals of Cost Keeping 1 —Continued.
Cost Elements. ........ 2 ' Method of Obtaining Class and Oper-
Fixed Charges. . . .-..... 9 ation Number from Code... . 17
Highway Cost Analysis ..... 10 Use of Code in Operations. . . . 18
Units of Measurement ..... 11 Detail of Cost Accounts and Neces-
Part I. Cost Keeping for Highway Work 13 Sary: Codesireyos) ic) meierblen tall serena
Essentials of a Cost System ... 13 Recording Forms. . .... .. 23
Classification of Expenditures. . . 13 Immediate Use of Cost Data ... 30
Operation Code ........ «16 Final Disposition of Cost Data .. 30
Method of Obtaining Class and Oper- Definitions of Operation Terms . . 39
ation Number from Code . . . . 17 Appendix .... +. + +++ ++ 42
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING. OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 664
Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry
CARL L, ALSBERG, Chief
Washington, D. C.
April 25, 1918
THE PREVENTION OF BREAKAGE OF
EGGS IN TRANSIT WHEN SHIPPED
IN CARLOTS"
By
M. E. PENNINGTON, Chief, Food Research Laboratory, H. A. McALEER,
Investigator in Poultry and Egg Handling, and A. D. GREENLEE,
_ Assistant Chemist, assisted by F. X. DAILEY and H. C. ALBIN
CONTENTS
Reason for the Investigation . . . « »
' Amount of Damage to Eggs During
Marketing. . . 2.» » » » « »
Progress of the Investigation:
General Plan ..... 2.2 2 «
Conditions at Point of Origin:
The Eggs and the Package. . .
Transfer of Eggs from Packing
HousetoCar ......-.
Stowing the Load. ... +... >
Placing CasesinCar ... » »
Buffing the Load with Straw . .
Buffing the Load with Wooden
INFAINES!'?s.forsc. ie et el we
Bracing the Load .... .
The Railroad Haul . .... »
Conditions atthe Terminal . . .
Page
1
2
Results of the Investigation:
Factors Contributing to Transit
Damage
The Size of the Egg
The Soundness of the Eggshell .
The Character of the Package .
The Position of the Egg in the
Rackage: cio clita ial=an elrette
The Position of the Case in the
GCarceiree th cael eile
The Character of the Buffing and
Bracing of the Load . .
The Construction of the Car
Shocks During the Haul .
Handling at the Terminal .
Summary
os e@ ee ec ae em ee
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 667
Contribution from Bureau of Markets
CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief
Washington, D. C. Vv June 8, 1918
CAR-LOT SHIPMENTS OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN THE
UNITED STATES IN 1916
By
PAUL FROEHLICH, Assistant in Market Surveys
CONTENTS
Explanatory Statement . ...... Tables of Shipments of—
Total Shipments by States ..... 6 Solanaceous Cropp - ..... - 120
Index of Shipping Stations, with Key to Tuber) Cropay -)is. sense e antes 125
UE) Gy SR ee Pe 14 Balb)'Grops) 2 ssi cic oeee leew 159
Tables of Shipments of— — Root Crops . .... - netic Mien Aes
Deciduous Fraits ....... 51 Brassicasy.\, of Ae ove taker tome anenrs 170
Dried Fruits .......+.-. 90 Salad /Crope'e)< citre) le) <b otc eee 178
Gitrosiruitey sos 6 ee 94 Perennials) ss (26.4056) «Je «lle lie 182
Sub-Tropical Fruits. . . .. . o 98 Pulse: Crops\.) Ses! =) «cn es telks 183
SEITIGS erie, a) iuisce. allie veivel) a) |e 99 Dry Palse Crops . .... +e e 186
btelinetiai altel jie Miscellaneous Crops ... + « «
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 669
Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry
JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief
‘| Washington, D. C. : Vv November 18, 1918
THE MANUFACTURE OF
NEUFCHATEL AND CREAM CHEESE
IN THE FACTORY
By
K. J. MATHESON anv F. R. CAMMACK
Of the Dairy Division
CONTENTS
Page Page
Important Factors in Successful Produc- Experimental Work on the Manufactur-
tion j é 5
The Manufacturing Process ‘ ets
E tal Work on Ke ualities
Methods of Packing 7perimental Werk on Roepe.
Yield of Cheese per Hundred Pounds of of the Cheese
Milk :
ing Process 12
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 673
Contribution from the Forest Service
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 19, 1918
PRODUCTION OF LUMBER, LATH
AND SHINGLES IN 1916
By
FRANKLIN H. SMITH and ALBERT H. PIERSON
STATISTICIANS IN FOREST PRODUCTS
CONTENTS
Lumber Production by Species . .. -»
Lath
Lumber Production by Classes of Mills . Shingles
Cut and Capacity of Reporting Mills . . Lumber Values
Lumber Production by States ....
Lumber Production by Kinds of Wood .
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
_UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 675
Contribution from the Forest Service
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester
Washington, D. C. v June 25, 1918
RANGE PRESERVATION AND ITS
RELATION TO EROSION CONTROL
ON WESTERN GRAZING LANDS
By
ARTHUR W. SAMPSON, Plant Ecologist
and LEON H. WEYL, Grazing Examiner
CONTENTS
Purpose of the Study .
Damage Caused by Erosion
Factors Determining the Amount of Erratic ten: off aad Ercsibiy
Relation of Erosion and Soil Depletion to Vegetative Growth .
Relation of Erosion and Soil Depletion to Revegetation
Influence of Grazing on Erosion and Stream Flow
Preventive and Remedial Measures *
Conclusions 4
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918
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