Full text of "Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 31-33"

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Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Title: Bulletin, no. 31, 1925 - no. 33
Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg250.6

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STATE LIBRARY OF
PENNSYLVANIA

no. 31 - no. 33

1925

[n.d.]

IN PENN^S WOODS

HANDBOOK OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE

FORESTS

GIVING LOCATIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND HIS
TORICAL INFORMATION OF STATE FOREST
MONUMENTS, STATE FOREST PARKS, PUT?
Lie CAMP GROUNDS AND RECREATION
CENTERS ON STATE FOREST LAND.

Bulletin 31

Compiled by

Office of Information

Pennsylvania Department of Forestry,

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

May, 1923.

31 t,2^

(1)

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry.
Edward Bailey.
Henry W. Shoemak<'i\

Mrs. John L. Lawrence.

(Mary Flinn Lawrence.)

Henry S. Drinker.

Lewis E. Staley, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.
George H. Wirt, Cliief, Bureau of Protection.
John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture
Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.
Joseph S. lllick, Chief, Office of Research.

W. Erdmann Montgomery, Chief, Office of Mainte-
nance.

E. A. Ziegler, Director, State Forest Academy.

(2)

(3)

CONTENTS p^„^

Iiitiodiutiou, *

Map, I

Public Camp (iroiiiids, ^

Law lU^gardinj,^ State Foirst Moimiiu'uts, l'»

Martin's Hill State Forest Monmneiit, !•♦

Jovce Kilmer State Forest Moinimeiit, 1^

Ole Bull State Forest Monument, !•>

Mount Kiansares State Forest Monument, l'>

Alan Seeger State Forest Monument l"^

Mount Logan State Forest Monument, •-'<>

MeConnell Narrows State Forest Monument, . . 21

Bear Meadows State Forest Monument, 2'J

Detweiler Run State Forest Monument, 28

George W. Cliilds State Forest Park, 25

Hairy John's State Forest Park, 2.»

Caledonia State Forest l»ark, 2<>

!^I(mt Alto State Forest Park, 2<

Valhalla State Forest Park 2S

James Buchanan State Forest Park, 2t>

T^onard Harrison State Forest Park, 29

Cherry Springs Drive, ''"

Coxe's Valley View, *^-

How To Obtain Cam])ing Permits and Camp-
Site Leases, '''''

Forest Protection

Forest Fire Observation Towers ^^

Camping Suggestions— Outfit ^b

Cooking and Mess lMiuii)ment, y

Eations,

Camp F'ires,

Camp Cookery,

Disposal of Kefuse *^

Accidents— First Aid, *"

Fires and Fire Fighting ^^

Rules for Sportmen, '^'^

Game and Fish, '^

Miscellaneous, ^

2 (5)

INTRODUCTION

Harrisburg, Pa., May IG, 1023.

The State Forests of Pennsylvania belong to tlie
people of the State. These 1,130,000 acres of forest
land are dedieated to the highest public good — for
wood production, water conservation, and for health-
giving and recreational iK'netits. They are open to
ever^'body, subject to reasonable restrictions prescrib-
ed to assure their perpetuation.

In this handbook, ])repared by Coloiu I Henry W,
Shoemaker, member of the State Forest Commission,
A. O. \'orse, former Cliicf, ()tti<-e <>f Information, ;ni(l
others, are given, in convenient form, valuable and in-
teresting data concerning the recreational advantages
of the State Forests. Within them one finds the best
fishing streams and hunting grounds and the finest
views in Pennsylvania. No citizen of tlie State should
fail to know the State Forest and derive liis share of
enjoyment from them.

The accompanying map i>rei>ared esiK'cially for this
handbook will Ik' found helpful in locating the recre-
ational areas (h^cribed. Any additional infornuition
desired concerning the State Forests and their use
will be supplied gladly by the District Foresters or
the Commissioner of Forestry.

IIOBEKT Y. STUART,

Commissioner of Forestry.

i I

(6)

(7)

J^^

:ift

MAP or PENNSYLVANIA

SKowind State Forest Monuments, Drives & Views (®), State Forest. RrksU)F
Grounds CA), Fire Ok servati on Towers(*),Di strict Foresters HeadcjUarters(®),& Hi

1 warrIn

M^H£AN

POTTER

TIOQA

BRADFORD

'Sayre

CRAWFORD

Warcen

VFNANQO

MERCER

FOREST

LAWRENCE

fcTowanda

Well&l)

oeo

ELK ^-tCAMERON \

CLARION

iCIarion

BUTLER

BEAVER

ARMSTRONQ

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mpoci>A'

SULLIVAN

Dush

orA

LYCOMfNl

CLINTON

<£FFERSON

^LEARriELQ

Renovo

LUZ\

INDIANt

^Uacfi<£)d

iailefonte

Tvron«i

f^LLEQHENY

iMIlroy

lP«t«csbuej!^y^^\ftto>^

1 1 toon a

•<^

PlTTSBURQ»

/fif-.

^<J5fi

^^^.

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FJo^»n»kowi^

WasKin^toi

Li don I «•

SOMERSETf^

I-

Uniontown

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MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA

,tate Forest Monuments, Drives & Views(o), State Forest.Rn-ks(4)PUbhc Can^
Fire OkservationTowers(»).District Foresters Headquarters (•),& Highw^st^

M^H£AN

BRAOrOffD

>Sa^re

/Tov/anda

Welislx

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^\SULLIVAN

mkawanM

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™^

o^ \ 1 1 YCOMfNl

kcranton

Renovo

LUZERNE

(^LEMmLD

V^iUiamspoct

MONFOB

-<^

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r^UNION

-^^ /

il?<

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Stcoudsbu I

sfvof R / ^

iMUroy

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'ottsville

Allentown

V.'

it toons

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lam

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t.T Z«thi£l21u£—

BLIC CAMP GROUNDS IN THE PENNSYL-
VANIA STATE FORESTS

The Department of Forestry has developed and
^nipped eleven public camp gi'oiinds in the State
'orests for the use of automobile tourists who carry
camping outfits with them. The camp grounds are
aot restricted, however, to their use. They may be oc-
upied also by sportsmen, picnickers, and other camp-
ib. No fees will be charged for the occupancy of any
»f the camp grounds by any persons. All that is asked
s that the campers be careful with fire and that they
eave the camp as they would like to find it.
These public camp grounds have been equipped with
space for tents, a fireplace, a supply of puio water,
mfort stations, garbage containers, tables and
nches. Where public camp grounds are located along
tate-owned telephone lines public telephones will be

Itistalled.

The name and location of the Class ''A" public camp
ounds are given in the following table:

(9)

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Fifteen other public camp grounds have been pre-
pared by the Department for the convenience of small-
er camping parties, sportsmen, and hikers. They are
along secondarv roads. Each of them has In^en pro-
vided with an open-front camp, or lean-to; a com-
fort station; a table and benches; stone fireplace;
a garbage container; and a supply of pure water.
Pnblic telci)hones will be installed at camps adjacent
to State owned telephone lines.

Ko camping permits will be issued for the occu-
pancy of these sites, nor will any individual or group
l>e permitted to occupy a site for more than t^^'o con-
secutive days, unless it clearly does not interfen^
with the use of the site by another. If parties visit-
ing the public camp grounds desire to remain in the
localitv longer than two days, they will l>e accommo-
dated on sites other than the public camp grounds.
The camp grounds are located as follows:

«-J N M

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ce i-

I— I

H
O

o«

Otl

t •

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c —

** Is

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e
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ee

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LAW REGARDING STATE FOREST
MONUMENTS

The Act of May 17, 1921, P. L. ^-i^, provides:

"That the State Forest Coiniuission is authori-
zed and directed to set aside within tlie State
Forests, unusual or historical groves of trees or
natural features, especially worthy of permanent
preservation, to make the same accessible and con
venient for public use, and to dedicate them m
perpetuity to the people of the State for their
recreation and enjoyment."

Under authorization of this Act the State Forest
Commission has established the following State Forest
Monuments:

MARTIN'S HILL STATE FOREST MONUMENT

This tract of about 8.5 acres lies at the foot of
Martin's Hill, Bedford County, in the Buchanan State
Forest. The nearest town is Kainsburg. This area
may be reache<l by traveling over a State highway for
a distance of about 20 miles south of Bedford (on the
Lincoln Highway) where excellent hotel accommoda-
tions mav be found. There are also good I'otel aecom
modations at Mc(\nniellsburg. A gorge and mimntain
side is covered with grand old original hendocks. For
further information apply to District Forestc^r, Mc-
Connellsburg, rennsylvania.

:N0TEH: Martin's Hill is rated ns one of the live
or six highest mountains in the Slate, being ^,008 feet
above sea level. A magnificient view in all directions is
obtained from the fire tower on the summit of this
mountain. The path to the top of the mountain and
the tower is verv steep, and similar to some of the
mountain paths \n the Alps or in the Black Forest
of Germanv, and would be admirable for snowshoemg

or skiing during the winter months. There is a game
refuge located on the slopes of Martin's Hill, not far
from the State Forest Monument.

The Martin's Hill hemlocks Avere tirst brought to
the attention of the Department by Captain J. G. Dil-
lin, of Media, who lumb<»red on this mountain 25 years
ago, and who was partly instrumental in the preserva-
tion of the gigantic hemloek« now included in this
State Forest Monument. At Flintstone, near this
Monument was the early home of Meshach Browning,
author of "Forty-Four Years of a Hunter's Life" a
classic in Big Game Literature, recently republisluMl by
J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

JOYCE KILMER STATE FOREST MONUMENT

This Forest Monument is located on the north slope
and summit of Paddv Mountain, Union Count v, in
the Bald Eagle State Foi-est. The tract, comprising
about 20.5 acres of matured hemlocks and a few white
pines, lies about four miles south of the State High-
way (Koute 27) between I>»wisburg and Belief on te.
The town of Hartleton is four miles east, and Wood-
ward is four miles west of the tract. There are liotel
accommodations at Mifllinburg, ten miles east nf the
Monument, and at Millheim, ten miles west. There
is a boarding house at Woodward open during the
summer months. For further information apply to
District Forester. Miffiinburg. Pennsylvania.

yOTE^^: This Monument is named after Joyce Kil-
mer, the young American poet, author of the immortal
poem "TREES", who gave his life in the World War
in France, in July, IJUS. The name of this youth-
ful poet is inse|>arably linked with this Monument
through the Joyce Kilmer Trail, which leads from the
highway to the top of the mountain where there is a
natural amphitheatre known as the Joyce Kilmer Rest.

JOYCE KILMER

I— (
1

A }j;T(mi» (>r Hjit howidtMs nnd imkUs in ii siMiii-cuular
shai)e are siin-uundcd by j;ij;anlic- dark ()V(*i'l»anj,nnji
hemlock trees, it is a titting shrine for anyone to
sit in and ponder over the career of this heroic young
nature lover, and the wonders of the world in general.
At the entrance to the Monument is a large sized
sign giving the poem -TKEES" in full: Also near
the entrance is one of the most remarkable signs in
the United States— "Gypsies Are Welcome to Camp
Here". Joyce Kilmer in one of his letters to his
mother, in commenting on the unfriendly treatment
accorded to gj'psies generally, said that if ever he
owned a piece of woodland he would erect a sign that
gypsies would be welconu'. In his short life he was .
never able to acccmiidish this wish, but Hon. (liiinrd
Pinchot, then Commissioner of Forestry, on hear-
ing of it directed that the sign be placed al the en-
trance of the Joyce Kilmer :\Ionument and Park.

The climb up the Joyce Kihner Trail has been the
scene of several pilgrimages by the Tennsylvania Al-
pine Club and other noted outdoor organiznticms.
The parents of the poet are much interested in this
Monument, and visitors are reipiested to drop a line
to Mrs. Annie K. Kilmer, New Brunswick, New .lersey,
his mother, exi)ressing their interest in the unigue
sylvan memorials erected in his honor.
^ One mile west of the uKUiumeut is located Hairy
John's Park where there are ample parking accommo-
,lnti«ms for automobiles, and where refreshments can
be purchased. It is a popuhir resort for mot(,ris1s
and hikers, and on clear Sundays in summer s general-
ly thronged with people, many of tluMU coming great
distances.

OLE BULL STATE FOREST MONUMENT
This interesting Monument is located in Steward-
son Township, Potter County, in the Susquehannock
State Forest. It lies within the heart of what was

foriiu'ily known ns the Black Forest of IVnnsUvjtnia.
It may be readied by turning west, for four miles,
at Oleona, on the Con dei-sport- Jersey Shore State Pike.
The nearest town is Condersport, 18 miles. The nearest
hotel accommodations are at (.'ross Forks, 5 miles.
There is a boardinj^ house near Oleona, kept by II.
E. Wingert. For further information Jipp'y to l)is
trict Forester, Condersport, I*a.

NOTES: In is:,'2 Ole Hull, the world-famous Nor-
wegian violinist, located his colony in the vicinity of
this Monument. He arrived with about 800 colonists
nnd commenced the erection of several towns to be
r-alled New Bergen, Oleona, X'alhalla, and New Nor-
way. He also started the erction of an imposing
castle on a high cliff overlooking the waters of Kettle
Creek.

Owing to financial difficulties, the colony proved
unsuccessful and all that now remains is the casth*
walls upon which, on clear days, fly the flags of the
United States and Norway.

In July, 1920, a memorable outing of the Potter
Countv Historical Society was held at Ole Bull's
castli'. About 10.000 persons were present and about
2.000 iHitoni(ibil('s were i)arked on the green, at various
pbu'cs. below the castle. Dr. George P. Donehoo.
the President of the I'otter ("onntv Historical Society,
presided. Memorable addresses were delivered by
(lovernor Sproiil and the Hon. Oifford Pinchot, at that
time Commissioner of Forestry, in which the i)resent
progressive |)olicics of the Forestry Department were
enunciated.

MOUNT RIANSARES STATE FOREST

MONUMENT

This tract, of about K! acres, is situated on Mount
Riansares. Clinton County, in the Bald Eagle State
Forest. It may be reached by traveling about l.T miles

soulluasi of Lock Haven, where there are hotel ae-
comm»dali..ns, the •turn off" from the main pike to
Bellefonte being near Salona, where sign reads "lo
Loganton". For further information apply to J)is
trict Forester, JlifBinburg, Pa.

NOTEti- This mouument is named after the Duke
of Riansares, husband of -Maria Cristiua, (iueen Ke-
gent of Spain, who investe.l ;i considerable part ot
the «5.000,000 she received from the sale of the btate
of Florida to the United States in timber and c.ml
lands in .eutral Pennsylvania. She directed that the
highest peak in her Pennsylvania possessions should
b, called after her husband, of whom she was very
fond. Like the Ole Hull col.my, this investn.ent prove.1
a costlv tailur.., and the lan.ls were sold for taxes.
On account ot its height and steepness Mount H.au.
sares for years was known as "The Inscalable Mou,.-

^"'v "few veai-s ago des.-eudcnts of the Duke of Rian-
san-s. one' of whon. was Sc.etary of the ^V'^"';\'^^
l,,ssv at Washingl.m, attempted to instit.it.. h-ga
pro eedings to recover possess!.... of the lands, but
the cases were dropped as the lands had passed through
too manv hands in the meantime.

It is s;,id that about 1870. shortly before his death,
the Duke visited his wife's former holdings and made
the ascent of Mount Riansares by the trail now iise.l
by the State Forestry Department.
• The view from the summit of this 7""*-'" ;;";;,
niflcent in all directions. There is also a CO-foot hi,
tower, a towerman's cabin, several good springs of
water and a game refuge on the summit of this iiioun
Hi 1 There can also be seen the remains of camps
of the huckleberry pickers, who often s,H.n severa
weeks at a time on this mountain at the height ..f th ■
u kleberrv seas.m. (iame was formerly abnndanl

«m this inouiitjiiu, esjieeiallv hears, which hid in great
JissureH in the rocks, but of late years tlie forest
fires have driven them away.

There is a grove of magnificent liemlocks on the top
of the mountain, and the Pennsylvania Alpine (-lub
in 1921 erected a stone i)ulpit for Sunday services
under the giant trees. A beautiful sermon was
preached there on ^fay 8th of tliat year by H(n'. LeKoy
Cohick, of McElhaltan, one of the Chapbnns of tin?
A limine Club.

Prof. J. S. Illick, of the [*ennsylvania l.)ei)artment
of Forestry, discovered many rare and several hither-
to unrecorded species of ])lant growtli on tliis jnoun-
tain.

The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,203 feet.

ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT

This Monument, including about .'^O acres, is situated
along Stone creek, Huntingdon County, in tiie Logan
State Forest. It may be reached by traveling over a
State Highway (Route 2(>1 ) in a nortlieasterly di
rection from Huntingdon, for about 2:j miles, the
turn from the main iiighway being at Reedsville, The
nearest town is Greenwood, and hotel accommodations
will be found at Reedsvilb', Belleville, Lewistown
and Huntingdon. For furtlier information a])])ly to
District Forester, Petersburg, Pa., or Assistant For-
ester, Greenwood, Pa.

NOTES: This Monument is named for Alan
Seeger, another young American jjoet wiio gav<' his
life in Fran<e. Alan Seeger was a great b>ver of
nature and the autlnn' of many beautiful jM>ems on
trees. By a curious coincidence, aft<»r the Monu-
ment was named it was fcnmd that the land had been
originally owned by another Sieger family, but wheth-
er related to the ])oet or not is not kn()wn. The hem-

ALAN SEE6tElt

ORIGINAL HEMLOCKS AT THE ALAN SEEGER STATE

FOREST MONUMENT

lock trees in tins Moinnnent nre of unusual size and
beauty, and there is also a niaj»nifieent j^rowth of
rhododendron, some of the stems of which are 40
feet high and covered with blooms in the latter part
of June. These were Seeger's favorite flowers.

(\ L. Seej^er, father of Alati Seeger in a letter writ-
ten from 40, Kue T)u Colisse-Paris, to Colonel Henry
W. Shoemaker, under date of April 9, 1923, writes

that :

"Our mutual friend, ]Mr. Moulder, has given me
the two photographs which you kindly sent him
and which were taken in the Alan Seeger State
Park in Pennsylvania, lie told me that it was
due to your initiative that the park was named
for my son and I am glad to have this opportunity
to thank vou most sincerely for this great honor
to his meinorv. Nothing could be more pleasing
to Alan than' such a memorial, because it was
always his great joy to take long walks in the
forests and over hill and dale in Mexico and m
France, as well as in our own county".
There is an excellent trail through this Monument,
leading to the various species of trees of which there
are many, including some superb white oaks, also table
mountain pines, buckeyes, wahoos, and other rare

varieties.

It is an i<leal recreation center and camping locali-
ty. Stone Creek, which flows through the Monument,
is a noted fishing stream. The Monument is of easy
access from (Greenwood Furnace, at which is located,
amid gigantic oaks, the former lioine of Henry Rawle,
carlv Ironmaster of the l.K-ality. There is a church
on the pro])ertv. now no longer in use, where, on one
occasion, it is said that General Kobert K. Lee wor-
shipped while visiting his brother, who was manager
of the old furnace several years prior to the (Mvil
War Mrs. Marv Tlinn Lawrence, of Pittsburgh, a
Conservationist and Member of the State Forest Com-
mission, considers Alan Seeger Monument the most
beautiful forest recreation spot in Pennsylvania.

MOUNT LOGAN STATE FOREST MONUMENT

This tract of 47 acrt's is situated on Mount Lo^^an,
Wayne Township, Clinton Connty, in the Bald Ea^le
State Forest. It is near ^McKlhattan, al)ont five miles
east of Lock Haven, which is the nearest large town,
and where there are ample hotel accommodations.
There is a boardin*:: honse near the P. R. R. Station at
McElhattan. The tnrn from the main hij^hway is at
the new iron bridge across the Susqnehanna River
near Chatham's Rnn. Vov fnrther information apply
to District Forester, :MifHinbnrg. Fa.

XOTEf^: Less than one-ipiarter of a mile from
Yonngs<lale station, wliich is tlxe name of the New York
Central Station at McFliiattan, there is an excellent
trail adequately marked which leads to the top of
M(mnt Logan and the snperb original white pines
and hemlocks which compose this ^lonnment.

In the ''Little dap", on the 15ald Eagle Forest,
are several excellent si)rings and the view from the
summit of the M(mument is considered one of the
finest in this State. The ^Icmument is named for
the Indiau chief .lames Logan, the greatest of In-
dian orators, who had a trail across the mountains
from McElhattan to the Sulpliur S]»ring in Sugar
Valley in the old days. The inaccessibility of these
giant trees savt'd them from the axe of lumber
men. Their great spires. like masts, standing against
the sky line of the to]) of the mountain, are an in
spiring spectacb' fnun the West F.iauch Valley for
manv miles, and seemingly "lift one up" spiritually
to look at them.

Uon. R. S. Quigley, Lock Haven business man and
Conservationist, is erecting a handsome stone country
seat near the foot of Mt. Logan, which can be seen
from a great distance. Near the foot of Mt. Logan,
and its sister mountain .Mt. Jura, is situated Shoo

maker's Park, a jiublic camping and recreation gr(»ve
covering five acres maintained for the free use of
the public by Colonel Henry \V. Shoemaker, of Mc-
Elhattan, a member of the State Forest Commission.
There are five good springs of water at Shoemaker's
Park, and it constitutes an ideal camping spot for
nature lovers. For a number of years the park was
in charge of John 11. Chatham, the venerable poet
and Naturalist so well known throughout (Ventral
Pennsylvania, who died recently. The altitude «»f :Mt.
Logan is 2,200 feet.

McCONNELL NARROWS STATE FOREST

MONUMENT

Comprising about 250 acres, this tract is on White
Mountain, Hartley Townshii>, Cnion County, in the
P>ald Eagle State Forest. This Monument may be
reached by traveling along the Karoondinha or l»enn's
Creek to NVeikert from Lewisburg or Hartleton, or
by taking a train on the Lewisburg and Tyrone
ifranch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Montandon
or Lewisburg, to Weikert Station. The most conven-
iently located hotel accommodations are at Lewis-
burg! For further information at)ply to District For
ester, ^Miftlinburg, Pa.

yOTFJS: This Monument contains some of the
most magnitlcient rock scenery in Fcmnsylvania, as well
as stands of superb original hendo.Us and white ]unes
The giant pines are parti.ulaily iH.nitifnl silh<metted
against the sky. on the mountain tops on moonlight

nights. . .

On the southern slope of the White llouutain. wliere
this Jlonuraent is located, is situate.l the famo.is
"Sink", «here the last henl of wil.l huffaloes or bi»»"'

were .losliove.l by Suv.ler County hnnfvs = ut ITJ.t.

The KaroonUinha or I'enns Creek, which flows at the

foot of the White Mountain, is one of the most bean-
tiful streams in the State for canoeing, swimming, or
fishing. It is not polluted anywhere, and the water
flows as pure as crystal. It was named for John Tenn,
a Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania, and grandson
of AVilliam Penu, "Tlie (heat Proprietor".

The Monument takes its name from the Colonel
William C. McConnell, of Shamokin, former State
Senator, who maintained a handsome summer bunga-
low near this i)oint for many years, and where the
late r. S. Senator Holes Penrose spent many of his
leisure hours. V. S. Judge V. IV Witmer, of Sunbury,
and other distinguished Pennsylvauians are owners
of beautiful ])ungalows at the foot of the White Moun-
tain near this Monument.

White M(mntain is about 2,000 feet high at its high-
est ])oint, but to climb it requires unusual skill. The
rocks are of colossal proportions, some of them stand-
iuir erect like chinuievs. and there are vast fissures and
caves among them.

BEAR MEADOWS STATE FOREST
MONUMENT

This interesting tract of about :*>50 acres lies in
the midst of the Seven Mountains, Centre County, in
the Logan State Forest. It may be reached by trav-
eling from Belief onte (good hotel accommodations) to
a point (Galbreath's (iap) about six miles beyond
Boalsburg, passing through Stat<' CV)llege, where there
are hotels. For further information apply to District
Forester, Petersburg, Pa.

yOTES: This Monument, of easy access from
State College, has long been used by the b(»tanical and
forestry students of that Institution. Within it grow
specimens of the pitcher plant, sun dew, and other
plants seldom ionnd elsewhere in Pennsylvania. The

f)0

TUERE IS XU lilOTTEU rLA( I-: TO 1*LAY AND TO
FISH THAN IN THE STATE FORESTS

original growth of balsam flr, tamarack, and black
spruce have been cut and burned, but tbere is a fine
young growth coming on also of laurel and rhodo-
dendron, and there are many fine springs. There is
a path from the I>ear Meadows across Greenlee Moun-
tain near to a forest of original white pine trees,
which takes the hiker to Detweiler Hollow where
another notable State Monument is located.

Bear Meadows is probably the most popular of the
State Monuments on account of its accessibility and
botanical curiosities. It is a vast bottomless quag-
mire, and in some places is said to be very dangerous
to travelers.

Some have claimed that it took its name from an
early pioneer or hunter nameil Baer; others that it
was named on account of the i>revalence of Iwars, or,
as the early settlers sometimes six'lled their name,
"Bare." At any rate, the ((nnniittee which selected
this tract as a State :Monument decided to give it
the official name of "Hear" Meadows.

DETWEILER RUN STATE FOREST

MONUMENT

This tract is situated near the headwaters of Det-
weiler Run, Huntingdon County, in the Logan State
Forest. The nearest town is Greenwood, Hunting-
don Countv, where there is a State forest tree nursery
and a forest fire observation tower. It may be reached
by traveling over a State highway for a dist<ance of
about 25 miles northeast of Huntingdon, where there
are hotel accommodations, on the William Penn High-
way, and there are also hotels at Milroy, Reedsville,
and Belleville nearer the Monument. It comprises
about 50 acres of gigantic original white pines and
hemlocks growing amidst pioneer forest conditions.
For further information apply to District Forester,
Pet6.rsburg, Pa., or Assistant Forester, Greenwood, Pa.

N0TEI>1: Competent studeuts of the early forest
life of rennsylvania declare that the primeval condi-
tions exist more thoroughly in this Monument than in
anv other in the State. As stated above, it comprises
u tangle of gigantic original forest trees, mostly white
pines and hemlocks, with an undercover of tremen-
dous rhododendrons.

In the dark recesses are found some of the rare
warblers and other forest living birds, and the late
Dr. J. T. Kothrock states that the goshawk, one of
the rare varieties of hawks in the State, nests in
these big trees. An interesting feature of the giant
white pines is that some of them have been marked
by the old-time shingle thieves, who, if they found
a tree the least bit defective, would not €ut it, but
if it was all right they felled the tree, ''shaved" the
shingles, and carried them away on their backs, some-
times very long dista.nces to the settlements. The
wolves made one of their last stands in central Penn-
frvlvania in the dark gloomy depths of Detweiler
Hollow, sallying forth at night in search of game,
howling dismally from the mountain tops, or watch-
ing the shingle shavers from the edges of the f(. rests
with their dark, furtive eyos. l>etweiler Uun, a
beautiful stream, flows through the center of this
Mcmument.

STATE FOREST PARKS IN PENNSYLVANIA

The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry main-
tains and administers seven State Forest Parks for
the use of tourists and picnickers. No fee is charged
for their use. They are equipped with tables, l>enche,R,
comfort stations and supplied with puro water. These
parks are a part of the State forests and the same
rules obtain for them as do for the State forests. The
names and locations of the State Forest Parks follow:

25
GEORGE W. CHILDS STATE FOREST PARK

ChiUls Park was deeded to the Commonwealth by
CJeorgo W. (Miildf^, tor many years editor nnd pnlilisher
of the Philadelphia -Public Li^lger '. It is situated in
Delaware Township, Pike County, in the Delaware
State Forest, and contains 58 acres. It may be
reached by leaving the State Highway (Route 1G7)
between Stroudsburg and Milford, at Dingman's Ferry.
As this Forest Park is situated in a suberb summer
resort region, there are many splendid hotels in the
vicinity. For further information apply to District
Forester, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

NOTEt^: The section in which this Park is located
was once the scene of an early woolen industry, es-
tablished in the forepart of the last century, and
designed bv its projectors to be one of the greatest in
the State.' Sheep were brought in on a large scale,
Mud after a number had been killed by wolves the bulk
of the remaiiKler came to an untimely end by eating
sheep laurel. This discouraged the pnunoters and the
industry languished. Uiter the spot was admired for
its beautv bv Mr. Childs, who was noted fur ins i-D'au
thropv, and it is fitting that it has since passed into
the hands of the State as a park for the public s use^
(i(M.r-e W. (Miilds Pnrk is noted for the diversity of
its wild (lowers and it has been sugg<'sted as the
first wild tlower reserve in Pennsylvania, by the State
Wild Flower Preservation Leagui'.

HAIRY JOHN'S STATE FOREST PARK

Situated in Centre County, in the Paid l^iglc St.Ue
Forest along the State Highway (Route 27) between
Tx^wisburg and Bellefonte, and one mile west of Jo>cc
Kilmer State Monument. It contains about hve acres

and is much frequented by the local public for pic-
nics and recreation. For further information apply
to District Forester, Mittlinburg, l*ennsylvania.

NOTES: This is probably the most popular State
l*ark, as the system is now constituted. Travelers
from all over the country stop there, enjoying the tine
cool waters and the siiade of the big trees.

The park was named for Hairy John \'oneida, an
eccentric liunter and backwoodsman who lived tliere
alone for fourteen years. Having had difficulty with his
former neighbors in Sugar Valley, he vowed that lie
would never ciit his hair or beard while he lived as a
iiermit in the mountain. Some of the older peoph'
at Woodward remember him as a small man, liis
face almost entirely covered with hair and wiskers,
going to the store there to i)urchase molasses.

His appearance was a signal for the children to run
and hide, although he was at heart a kindly and
genial man.

It is in every way proper that the memory of this
quaint forest character should be ])erpetuated at the
spot where he spent so many years of his life.

CALEDONIA STATE FOREST PARK

Situated in Franklin Tcmnty, in the Michaux Stat<»
Forest, along the Lincoln Highway, about ten miles
east of ChamlMMsburg. It contains about 20 acres.
Hotel accommodations may be found at Chambersburg,
at resorts along the Lincoln Highway, and at Gettys-
burg. For further information apply to District)
Forester, Fayettevillc, \l. K. No. 2, Pennsylvania.

XOTEH: (\iledonia is named f(>r the old charcoal
iron furnaces which was located in that locality, and
which was once conducted by no less a personage
than the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, famous abolitionist

and stateman, and father of the public school system
of Pennsylvania. There are many legends of this odd
character to be had from the older residents of this

vicinity. , x • i

The location is a beautiful one; being on the Lincoln-
Highway, and sometimes the open spaces are parked
full of automobiles. Many distinguished persons have
camped there and spent the night, including Douglas
Fairbanks and his wife Mary Pickford, who were
Icml in their praises of the scenic iKnxuties of the
region, declaring it the most ideal camp site they had
uwi within their many transcontinental nuAov trips
between New York and California.

MONT ALTO STATE FOREST PARK

Situated in Franklin (;ounty, in the ^^^^'^ J^^J^^
State Forest, about seven miles south of Lincoln High-
wav at Caledonia Park. It contains 2t) acres. K^tel
accommodations may be found at Gettysburg, at re-
sorts alono the Lincoln Highway, and (liambersburg.
;:;;; furlh^r information apply to District Forester,
State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Pennsylvania.

Y0T/;N; Mont Alto State Forest Park was named

fcr the Mont Alto furnace which embracc>s an area (>f

uLn- thousands of acres of land owned by an ^^^^

iron'master. Col. T. A. Wiestling. It ,s a wondeiful do
::2. and has proved an ample forest campu. ^^
the students at the State Forest Academy. Adjoin
;::; :Ms property is the famous Ben Ceorg.^ -^a.
ccmiprising a tine growth of sluut- leaf p n lh^«<
.,,,. \h,. trees which were described by the famous
KiU L-MUist and traveU., F. Andie >nc aux,

sited the locality on his way to I'f f-^^^^^ -
He took some of the seedlings back ^-,^1^^^"^
they are to be fonnd thriving and ^---ng oday in
some of the public parks about Pans, lu.tablj at the
Jarden des Plantes, and Fontaine Dean.

Lumbermen have unfortuuately laid low most of
these noble pines, but it is hoped that some of them
will be spared for a few years at least.

No tourist at Mont Alto State Forest should omit
a visit to the Ben George woods, both for their scenic
beauty and their historical associations. The State
Forest Academy where young men are trained by the
State to become foresters is well worthy of a visit,
the fine plants and surroundings being considered
a model of this kind. The Mont Alto School was es-
tablished by late Dr. J. T. Rothrock "Father of Penn-
sylvania Forestry" in 1903. The "college hall", now
known as Wiestling Hall, was once the residence of
Colonel Wiestling, the old-time ironmaster.

VALHALLA STATE FOREST PARK

Situated in Potter County, in the Snsquehannock
State Forest, and contains live acres. It may be
reached by turning west, for four and one-half miles,
at Oleona, on the Cou<lersport-Jersey Shore Stati;
Pike. The nearest town is Coudersport, where there
are hotel accommodations; also Cross Forks, where
stopping places are provided. For further informa-
tion apply to District Forester, Coudersport, l*enn-
svlvania.

SOTEi^: Valhalla, as staled previously, was the
site of one of Ole Bull's projected towns or cities. Now
all that remains is a stone house which was erected
for the occupancy of the great musician's private
physician, Dr. Karl Joerg. Some of the wood-work
used in Ole Bull's own castle is now a jiart of the
construction of the stone house which at present is
occupied by State Forest Ranger 1). F. (Hassmire.
There is a large lawn in front of the stone house with
benches and tables which al^'ord a pleasant resting

place for passing tourists. The name Valhalla is an
imposing one, being that of the abode of the gods in
Norwegian mythology.

JAMES BUCHANAN STATE FOREST PARK

This area, the birthplace of James Hiulianan, fif-
teenth President of the I'nited States, was deeded to
the State to be set aside and administered as an
historic site. It is situated in Franlclin dnmiy, in
tlie Buchanan State Forest District, and contains
l(;i acres. It may be reached by turning south from tlie
Lincoln Highway at Fort Loudon, Franklin (^ounty,
to the McConnellsburg-Mercersburg Pike. It lies about
one and one half miles west of Foltz, where there is a
road store and refreshment stand. For further in-
formation apply to District Forester, McConnellslmrg,
Pennsylvania.

KOTth"^: Many years ago the parents of .Tanu's
Buchanan, the <mly Pennsyh^mia.i to occupy Wn)
Presidential chair to date, conducted a small hostlery
or wavside inn for the bentit (»f drovers and travehMs
across the mountains to Pittsburgh. It was a wild
region and wolves and other ferocious In^asts were
plentiful in the forest, and in order to prevent then-
little bov from straying away they put a turkey bell
around the lad's neck; and an.ong the Pennsylvania
(ierman drovers the future Presideut was almost in
variblv referred to as Mimmy mit de bells on'

This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal
l»(Mnisvlvanians and historic lovers as it shows fr<mi
what hundde beginnings a great n,an ean rise 1o em.-
nence.

LEONARD HARRISON STATE FOREST PARK

This tract wa« given to the State for re<reation pur-

poses by Leonard Harrison, of Wellsboro. It is s. «■

atod i„ T.oga Countv. in the Ti,>,-a State Korest T>,s-

I<l I

trict, and contains 128 acres. The nearest large town
is Wellsboro, about seven miles distant, where there
are hotel acconnnodations, For further information
apply to District Forester, Wellsboro, Pennsylvania.

.\OTHS: The gorj^e {il)out which this State Forest
fark is located is considered one of the wildest and
grandest in the State. A veritable Watkins (ilen on a
large scale, or (Irand Canyon of Arizona on a small
scah». It is a beauty spot if there ever was one, and
worthv of a visit. Deep down in the gorge tlows the Tm-
daghton, now called Pine Creek, a beautiful stream,
though unfortunately much of it is now polluted by in-
dustrial plants. A comfortable and safe lookout is
to iHi located at the highest point, showing the sur
rounding mountains and affording a grand view up
and down the canyon, with the New York (Hmtral Kail-
road trains running far below.

The generosity of Mr. Harrison in presenting this
wonderful site to the State cannot be praised too
highly. Former (Jovernor William A. Stone, (me of
the early advocates of forest conservation in this
State, wiio aided Dr. Uotlirock greatly in his efforts
to acquire land f(^r State Forests, occupied for many
vears a handsome bungalow along the Tiadnghton near
this i)aik.

CHERRY SPRINGS DRIVE
This drive extends for a distance (it six and one-
half miles in the SHsquehannoek State Forest, along
the Oondersport-Jerse.v Shore I'ike, over Lookout
Mountain near Keating Siuninit. Potter County. It
is situated al.out 14 miles southeast of Condersport
and is approximately 500 feet \vid<-. The nearest town
is Coudersitort where there are hotel aeeonimodations.
For further information apply to I>istrict Forester,
Cimdersport Pen nsy I va n ia .

AOT/;^'- One of the most nohle and lasting achieve
ments of Hon. Gifford Pinehot, while a n.en.her of the
State Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, was Ins saN^
ing of the magnificent timber now called Cheir.v
Springs Drive.

Up to the time of the war this Privc was lined
on L.th sides with a nuvgnificeut forest of or.g.nal
.ardw-Kids. In the fall of tlu- year when they xx-erc.
hriH.tlv colored it was a sight long to he remembered.
J to'thrill one with love of his native State, l.ur.ng
he WorUl War the chen.ical properties of these trees,
,,,in.ipallv actone and hyposnlphate. were needed by
the .Americans and their allies in the manu ac ure
.,f high explosives, and great ca.nps were located along
,L l.rive on privately-owned lands, and tous of
ehemicals were shipped abioad.

Col Charnworth Sin.pson. chief purchaser of nin-

,.iti^;s he British <iovernu.ent for the Pennsyl-

I .district, states that the tV-ts of nortlun. IV.n-

svlvania w,.n the war. as at a cr.t.cal ♦•";<' ■•^'j;;

•ifter the (iernn.ns had broken through -m the ^^ ester.

,■,„,„ ,1... Penusvlvania forests turned the l-de "f 1h.
';;:;. Son.e of .hese chen,icals. as stated before, can.e
from the Cherry Springs Drive.

On the west side of the Drive the land belongs
to the State, and in l-..1ft it had been pla.med to cut

' .„ „t (, „ Mr Pinehot. after his ap-

these magnificent tiees. ->" • > ;,,.,i „,,. n.-ive

„oi.,tn.-ent to the Forest ("on.m.ss.on. v.s, t > e
■ „d WIS struck bv their beauty and educit.on.il valm.
nnd cu thei; preservation. T^ater he const. ..ted
Lm into a Un.a'uc.t .uemorial of the old nor«.e.-n
tvne of fo.-ests. under the forest law ot in21. 1 .<re
He several attractive ca.np sites mainta.ne.l along
h lerrv Springs Drive which will prov.de special
fa cili ies "for automobile tourists tro.n a distance.

The Cherry Spriiij^s lire tower coinmauds a inagnifi-
cent view over endless seas of mountain ranges, and is
considered by some, including Dr. G. P. Donehoo,
historian and State Librarian, as the finest view in
tlie State. The range finder in the tower shows tlie
directions of Pittsburgh, Butfalo, New York, Wilkes
Harre, Willianisimrt, and other important cities.

COXE'S VALLEY VIEW

This tract consists of about 300 acres of scattered
white x)ine and hemlock, and lies on the north slope of
Spruce Mountain in Coxe's Valley, Miftlin County, in
the Penn State Forest. It may be enjoyed by looking
to the east from a point nbout live miles north of Mil-
rov, on the Stale IIi«jhwav ( Koute 20) between Lewis-
town and Bellfonte. The nean^st towns are Lewistown
( South ^ and Centre Hall (North), where hotel ac-
commodations may be found. For further informa-
tion apply to District Forester, Milroy, Pennsylvania.

?^OTh\S: There is no more popular road for motor-
ists than the highway between Hellefonte, (Vntre Ilall,
State College, and I.ewistown. One of the most ]>leas-
ing features is the view obtained from one of the
highest points on the road looking east— the grand
old forests of Coxe's Valley coming into view. These
superb trees are wisely being preserved for all time
and will give tourists an idea of what the old-time
forests were like before lumbermen and forest fires
created havoc among them. Near tl'e Coxe's N'alley
view a road up Laurel Run, which turns off the State
Highway from the right, lesidiiig <»ne to tho Detwiler
Hollow and the Alan Seegar Monuments, makes these
two w<»nderlands accessible for travelers from all
points.

HOW TO OBTAIN CAMPING PERMITS AND

CAMP SITE LEASES

TEMPORARY CAMPS— If the camp site is to
iH' used for more than two days, a permit is necessary.
It can be securiMl from any local forest olficer, who
will assist you in finding a suitable location.

PERMANENT CAMPS— Permanent camp sites may
be leased for periods not exceeding ten years, with re-
newal privileges. After you have selected the site de-
sired, make your application in writing to any local
forest officer. He will give you any further informa-
tion desired. The annual rental for such camp sites
ranges from |7.00 to |15.00.

CAMPINO srOOESTlONS— Be (direful AVith Fire.
Fire in Pennsylvania has Inen nu)re destructive to
timber than lumbering, (lame and fish suffer from

fire. ...... -4.

Make and keep your camp fire safe. Ru.ld it in a pit

surrounded bv earth or stone, and keep it snuiU.

Hunters should never bnild a fire on a nm way.

Tie sure the last spark of your camp fire is ex-
tinguished before leaving it. The last spark can start

'^ Destructive forest fires are freciuently started by
burning matches, cigarettes, cigars, and tobacco.

Dead and down timber luay be used if permission
is first obtained from a forest officer.

Living trees must not be damaged. They are the
source of your future timber supply.

FOREST PROTECTION

For the prompt detection of foiost fin^s 100 steel
servation tow.rs have Ik-cu erected by the Depart-

obs(

ment of Forestry.

Most of them are sixty feet high.

Each lower is ((Hiiu'ctcHl hr tv]v])hinw. with the head-
quiirters of the District Foresters, Forest Kangers,
and other leading tire tighters. Almost 700 miles of
telephone lines have boen bnilt by the Department

of Forestry.

Forest tire oViservcrs are on duty day and night
<lnriiig the tire season in small glass enclosed cabins
npon the towers. From many of These towers it is
possible to over look 3m),0()() acres of forest land. The
observers have been snplied with approved appliances
and with the best eqnipment now available for the
detection of forest tires.

Forest tire lighting crews have Inn-n organized and
have been given special training. They have been pro-
vided with suitable equipment to do their work. Ther
are ready to resi)ond immediately when a tire call is
announced. Wardens are located in virtually every
unit of each forest district. An organization for the
protection of forests from lire, pronounced the l^est
State organization by the V, S. Forest Service, has
been installed and i)ut into operaticm.

FOREST FIRE OBSERVATION TOWERS

The public is invited to visit the forest tire «>bs<"rva
tion towers. The watchmen will be glad to explain
how forest tires are detected, located on a map, and
reported to the nearest tire fighting crew. Indicators
show the directions to large cities, c(mnty seats, no-
table numnlains, etc. The following list includes all
steel towers that have been erected and their locations:

NAME OF TOWBR

1. Oraudall

2. West Pike.

3. Cherry Springs

4. Fox Mountain

5. Tamarack

6. Baldwin

7. Goodall

8. Gleason

9. Maple Kill

10. Holmehurst

11. rump Station. ...

12 Buck Horn

I a Huntle.v

14. Shaflfer's Tatli

l.'». Coffin Kocks

\i\ Grove

17. Whittemoro

18 Boot-Jack

10. Eldrlge

20. Hay's I-ot

21 Boone Mt

22*. Smith l*iac«-

23. The Knobs

24. Snow Shw

25. Raiusares

26. Sand Moun ain. . . .

27. RickettK

28. Harvej's

29 Elk Hill

.30. Scrub oak

:i\ High Knob.

32. Water tJap

aa BlK Poiono

.14. Dry Land

35. Stony Point

36. Glen Sunim t

3i Shickshinny

38. Upper Leh gli

39. Chrlstmans

40. Broad Moun' ain

41. numl>o1dt

42. Brockton ,

43. Mount Pleasant.

44 Aristes

4.\ Boyer's Knub

46. (iood Spring

47. Bitf Poe

48. Greenwood

49. Bald Knob

TiO. Summit

."jl. Glen Canu'lH'!!

ii2. St. Lawrence

53. Higliland Flin«.

.i4. Chickaree, ...

.".r». Lower Yoder

.-)6. Statler

.'»7. Sugar Loaf

58. Negro Mountain. .
.'»». Blue Knob

60. Round Mounta ii.

61. Martin Hill

62. Tuscarora

63. Blue Mountain

64. Big Knoi)

65. Big Flat

66. Flag Staff

67. Bull's Head

68. Long Ridge

69. Stalcy'8 Knol

70. Round Top

71. Cummings

72. Long Mountain, . . ■

73. Sideling Hill,

74. Shermanw Mountain

COD?NTY

STATE FOREST

DISTRICT
ALTITUDE («eet)

Potter Sus(|ueliftnnoi'k,

Potter' '. Susquelianno«'k .

Potter' Susquehannock ,

Potter! Elk.

(ninton ^P""**"'

Tioga, Tioga

Tioga T.ega

Tioga Tjoga

Tioga Tioga

Lycomim; Tiadaghton.

Lycomin« X'."!"** ;'t"" ' '

Lycoming Tiadaghton,

Lycomlnn

Lycoming

Clinton

Cameron

Forest; ■:::.: :....■.• Cornplanter,

JefferKon KittHnni.u.

tjjjj . . .MoshaniKiU.

Clearfleid.' ■.■.■.'.'....• Moshann.in .

Clearfield .Moshannon.

Tiadaghton,

Tiadaghton.

Sproul

Sinnemahonini:.

Klk

p:ik.

Centre,
Clinton, . . .

I'nion

Wyoming.

Luzerne,

Susquehantia

Lackawanna

Pike,

Sproul ,
Bald FaKh'.
Bald Kanlc.
W.voming.
Wyoming.
Lackawaiiiin.
LackauHiiMit.
Delaware.

Monroe Delaware

Delaware.

LackawaiKia

W'eiser,

Weiser. . . .

WyomiuK.

Weiser.

Weisei-.

Weiser.

WeiBcr.

Weiser,

Weiser ,
Weiser,
Weiser

.Monroe

Luzerne

Carbon

liUzerne

Luzerne

CartMU

Carbon

Luzerne

Schuylkill „, ,

Sehuylkill ]li\fZ'

Columbia

Northumbir'.and.

Schuylkill

<^.ntre »*"""'

Huntingdon \'?^*"'

Huntingdon

Centre

Indiantt

Cambria

Blair

Cambria

Somerset

Fayette

Somerset lorbes.

Bedford Buchanan.

Huntingdon Uothro<«,

Bt.dfor.1. Buchanan.

Franklin I- nlt<n). ""

Mifflin

Cumberland: :::::.. MU|h^x,

Carbon «• !^

«<^»>">'«.»''" TUd«i»to».

ar"'". ::::::::: mL^uo.
cent"; .:: ^^'fj'"""'-

Westmor.lan.l l,^', „?.'.. ' "

Cumberland •u"h„"V.. '

Kuiton Buchanan.

{;";JJ"- .::::: Tuscarora.

2,2r,ti

2,350
2,4<K>
2, 40 J
2,250
2.334
2,30»
2 , 000
2,000
2,000
2,150
2.000
2 . 000
1 . 500
2.325
2.100
2,000
. 2.15»
. 1,860
1,050
1,000
. 2,300
. 2.200
2 , 000
. 2.293
. 2,070
. 2,520
. 1,700
. 2.634
2,092
. 2,010
. 1.60O
. 2,307
. 1 . 900
. 2,00«t
. l,9S0
. l,5ai»
l,St2ii
. 1.60O

Logan. .

Mosliauni'ii .

«;allit/.in.

Gallit/.hi.

(^allUzin.

<;allitzin,

Callitz.n.

Forls's,

Forbes,

Bnchanan.
itotlirix'l< .
Tuscarora .

820
<.i8ii
40n
782
7o<(
80.*»
1,62»
2.140
2.30 1
1.70O
2 . 30ti
1 , 960
2.1HM
2.560
2.460
2.720

2.70.">
2. 900
;5.100
3.10.-I
2.080
3,075
2.44U
2,0(J0
2.200
2,0S<t

1,072
2 , 000
1,860
2,208
1 .970
1 . 570

(

NAMK OK TONVI'U

COl'NTY

III

STATE FOKF.dT

DISTRICT
ALTlTt^I»K (tf^t)

76.

77.
78.
70.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

S!).

<M).

!n.

92.
{»3
»4.
95.
!)6.
97.
98.
99.
100.

.TackM Mountain.
Little Flat. . . .

The Loop

Wagner

Middleswartli. .
Faunce,

GraHH Flat. . . .
Wetliaiii

Keating

Wildwood

Wlieelei-

McDadc

Uaricli

("ornwa'.l

Catawissa

L.vk»'ns,

Ifnntingdon Rothrock. •••

<<(>utre Lonan -.4^ii

Hlair. LoKan 2,340

.limiata ll*V"- „• • ;

Sn.vder Bald Lagle . . . •

Cloaiiield Moshannon l.Tou

("learfleld M«-hannon.

Clinton Spronl. .....

Clinton Sinneniahoninu.

Elk. .'..■.; Elk.

AVarren Cornplauter, .

McKean Susquehannofk .

Tioga Tioffa

Lancaster Valley Foik<'.

Columbia Weiser

1.680

2.334
1,200
1 , 82r.

I>auphin,

Weiser. 1,630

Port Clhitoi'
Stony Mountain.

Snow Hill

WestfaU

Barclay

MelioopHiiy .
North .MonntHin.

Gould

Hay'** M'll. . . .
Brush Mountain.

1,600

Weiser 1.640

Delawari-

1,460

Berks >X*i*'^'-

Dauphin

Monroe

PIkt. Delawan-.

Bradford Wyominj:

WvoniluK Wyoming.

Sullivan Wyoming. .

Wayne Lackawanna .

Somerset Forbes. . .

Ijlair GalUtaln.

2..'»20

CAMPING SUGGESTIONS

OUTFIT

Til ontfittinj? for forest travel tlie followinji list
will serve as a {iui<le:

('LOTHISG:

Suit: khaki, whipcord, or overhall material.

Mackinaw or sweater.

Underwear: Medium weight.

Socks: Two pairs medium weight, or one

pair heavy^
Shirt: Flannel or khaki, light or medium

weight, half size larger than usually worn.
Shoes : Stout, easy, with heavy soles. Sneakers

or moccasins for camp.
Boots: Leather, instead of shoes and leggins,

if desired.

Leggins: Canvas or leather, if shoes are worn
instead of boots, (woolen puttees are unsuit-
able.)

Gloves : "Buckskin".

Hat: Felt or cloth, moderately wide brim.

'mO''^im\-

'.^ ■:

^S'^'a*-^'

"%3¥?^

V^Tir^

TUK DEPARTMENT Ol- 1-OUESTUV ''.-^« ™^-;'''''"
1(H> f'UUKST l.'IKE UliSi;inATl>iN TOWKU.^

isEDt^ .\M> i;i:i>i>fy(!-

Air bods an- e(.m(..ital>U'. and they can be
satisfactorily v.s.d ov..,. on bare r.uks. If one
sleeps .m the «ronnd, have the teet slightly
higher than the head, and make a small trench
or depression nbont tw<, inches deep to allow
for the hips. This will enable <me to slee).
comfortably and arise withont stillness. The-
most serviceable b..ldin, is a qu.lt of eadu-

aown or wool with an <-^-' .'"^";""': j'^ "

The qnilt can be sewed or imnu-d w.th blanket

„ins along the bott.nn to form a sleeiung bag.

'r„„.Uets are chosen, it should be. borne n.

,„i„d that two light ones are warmer than a

sinszle licnvv one. ^ , i i

tl bv iiooU lOoune. .anvas, when folded,
will make a .round cloth and an extra cover
.nd i« also nseful to cover camp <Minipmeut in
^al^lohUe. Kememher that tiu^.u.Ms^e
nsnallv cold in the mcmntains and that con
sidera'ble bedding: is required.

Vamv <'q"iP--t used by Il«e T. S. r^i^|^
Service is shown in the following l.st: An out
lit for live men is .iven:

Knives, table .^,

Knives, butcher I . '

Forks, labh' ^

Fork, meat -

Spoons, tea .,

Spoons, table ^

Spoon, stirrinji ^

Plates -

•••

Cups J

Milk pan (serving dish » ^

Dish pan

Frying i)aus, small 3

Stewinj? kottles, half-gallon 2

Stewing pans, assorted 2

Canvas water pail, 2-gallon 1

Can opener 1

Colander 1

< 'offee pot, 1 -gallon 1

J )nt('h oven ( baker) 1

To the foregoing may be added:

Washbasins; pepper and salt boxes (wooden)
oilcloth for table; jjancake tnrner.

Miscellaneous camp equipment:

Shovel: axe or hatchet; toilet kit: stcmt knife;
assorted nails; whetstone; rope; ttashlight:
lantern: folding camp stools or chairs: patent
ej-.g carrier: bread knife: friction-top cans to
carry sugar, butter, tea, etc.

RATIONS

The following ration list is used by the V. S. Forest
Service and may be of service to cami)ers in outfitting.
The list shows the amounts of various articles r«»
(|uir<»d to subsist one man ten days. Supplies for
any numb(«r may be compute<l from the figures given.
A food t(» be useful for camp and trail must contain
tlie maximum amount of nutriment, or food value,
with a minimum of bulk.
Meat aloiu':

Fresh meat j)ounds. . .20

Canned or cured meat pounds. . ,12

Meat combined :

Fresh meat jxmnds. . .10

Canned or cured meat pounds. . . t;

liread. crackers, or flour:

reread pound loaves. . . »

Crackers pounds. . . 0

^lour pounds. . . 8

Baking powder (if alK)ve amount of Hour is

used) pound. . .>4

Lard pound. . . 1

Su^'ar pounds . . '. 4

Sirup quart. . . 1

Coffee, ground pounds. . . 2

Tea pound . . . >^

Milk, canned Hh-. size cans. . . 3

Butter pounds. . . 2

Fruits :

Di'i^.d iK)unds ... 2

Canned (luarts. . . 3

jjicg pounds ... 2

Beans pounds. . .3

Potatoes pounds. . .10

Onions pound... 1

Tomatoes, canned l:«'Jit* <''^i»«- • • ^*

Macaroni pound. . . 1

dieese (American > pimnds. . . 2

F.rbyurst pound. . . Vz

Pickles nnnrt . . . /.

Salt pound... 1

Pepper ounces... 2

Dish towels ( cheesecloth ) yards. . . :>

Twine '''^l^-- 1

Hand towels number. . . 3

Candles number... •<.

Soap (hand. Saixdio and laundry) bars. . 2

Matches ^**^^ '• ^

Paper bags number. . .12

Total weight. 138 pounds.

CAMP FIRES

Camp stoves should be taken whenever they can
be transported. They are safer than open fires, more
convenient, require less fuel, and do not blacken the

(.'ookiiig utensils. Collapsible sheet-iron stoves may be
obtained.

In the absence of a stove an open fife must be
built. A safe and serviceable fireplace can be made
of rocks placed in a small circle so as to support the
utensils. Wliere rocks are not obtainable, poles may
be used.

For permanent camps it pays to build a stone
fireplace. A i)iece of sheet iron will prevent the
blackening of the pans and makes a better draft.

For temporary camps the fire should be built as
follows :

Pig a hole about a foot deep and about three or
four feet in diameter. Shovel away the side toward
the wind. Lay green poles across the hole to support
the pots and pans, and build the fire underneath.

Fire irons are often a great convenience. A piece
of three-eighths inch roun<l iron four feet long is
bent at right angles a foot from each end and the
ends are sharpened. Two of these irons are placed
side by side, the ends are driven into the ground
and the fire kindled lieneath them. Instead of being
made in one piece, the pegs and crossbais may be
connected by rings in the ends. They will then fold
and be easier to pack.

Camj) fires should never be larger than necessary,
and the utmost care should be taken to jireveut
sparks from l)eing carried into the ?ieighboring forest.
Clear away the litter for a considerable space about
the fire. And be sure to IM'T TFIF FIRE OT'T before
you leave it.

A shovel is nearly as important a tool as an axe
in camping. Do not count on finding one along
the way, but put one in your outfit.

During wet weather look for kindling in burned
pine butts, or in pine knots. The under side of a

leaning tree will usually contain dry material. Dead
branches that have not yet fallen are drier than
those on the ground.

Where matches are scarce, or when the weather is
st^)rmy, light a candle and kindle your fire from that.

CAMP COOKERY

It is difficult to pack into camp very many dif-
ferent kinds of foods, and the camper is rec()mnien<le<l
to secure variety in his menu by learning to cook
staple articles in different ways rather than by stock-
ing up with a varied assortment. Directions for pre-
jiaring the ordinary articles of camp fare are given
below :

COFFEtJ.— Fin the pot with fresh water. When
it comes to a boil stir in cottee previously moistened
with warm (not hot) water. Cover closely. Let it
boil for two minutes, stirring from the sides and toj)
as it boils up. To clear it, remove from the fire and
dash over the surface a cup of cold, fresh water.
Or, put the cottee, dry, in the [)ot ; stir it while lieating;
then i)our over it one quart boiling watei- to <'ach
ounce of coft'ee, and set the j)ot where it will keej>
hot and not boil. After standing 10 minutes it is
ready to drink.

TEA.— Bring fresh water to a hard boil. Fill the
teapot with boiling water. When the pot is thor-
oughly heated, j)our off the water and put into the
pot 1 teaspoonful of tea for every cup that is to be
<lrawn and 1 for the pot. Then pour on the boiling
water and set the covered pot near tlu' fire to draw
but not to boil, (ireen ten generally reipiires ."» min-
utes; Oolong tea 8 minutes; English breakfast tea.
15 minutes.

The faults commonly committed in making tea are
as follows:

The water is fiat from having boiled too loiij,'; the
water is only hot and not boiling; the teapot is not
heated before putting in the tea; the tea is boiled in-
stead of drawn (no tea should be boiled) ; the tea
is made too long before it is to be drunk.

BAKIXG-POWDER BRIJAU.—^ix 1 quart of flour,
1 teaspoon salt, 4 teaspoons baking powder. Stir in
enough cold water to make a thick batter. Mix
rapidly and pour into Dutch oven. Bake until no
dough adheres to a sliver stuck into the loaf.

FRYIXa-FAN BREAD.— Mix 1 cup of flour, 1
tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 3 teaspoons baking
powder, and stir in water enough to make a thick
dough. Pour into hot, greased frying pan and place
near fire. As soon as it sets prop the pan nearly
erect before the bkize. When brown on one side turn
it over.

FLAPJACKS.— Two cups of flour, half teaspoon
salt, and 4 teaspoons baking powder. Water to make a
thin batter. (Irease filing pan with lard or bacon
rind and fry cakes when pan is smoking hot. l*re-
pared pancake flours are often satisfactory and have
directions printed on the package.

CORN BREAD (unleavened),— Corn meal, 1 quart,
salt 1 teaspoonful; mix rai)idly with boiling water
and stir until it drops lightly from the spoon. Bake
in Dutch oven or in thin cakes in a frying pan.

Tn using Dutch ovens care should be taken that the
oven and lid are quite hot before dough is placed in
them for baking. During the preparations for baking
the oven and lid should be heated over the lire. When
a good mass of coals has been obtained, the dough
should be placed in the heated oven (the bottom hav-
ing been greased) and the lid put on. The oven should
then be embedded in the coals and the lid covered
with coals aiid hot ashes.

Instead of a Dutch oven two pans may be used,
(#ne Ijeing large enough to lit snugly over the other
as a cover. Plenty of ashes and earth should be
piled on top or the bread will burn.

FRIED FISU.—GleSin and wipe the fish dry, rub it
over with dry sifted flour ; put into a frying pan enough
dripping to well cover the fish; when this is hot, put
in the fish and fry both sides a clear golden brown.
Just as the fish is turning brown sprinkle it lightly
with pepper and salt.

FRIED STEAK.— Clesinse the steak but do not put
it into water. Have the frying pan very hot and dry
and lightly powdered with salt; put in the steak,
cover it with a tin plate, and turn it often. When
cooked put it on a hot dish and season with pepper
and salt. The juices will then escape and furnish
the gravy; or, have ready in a hot dish a half tea-
si)oonful of salt, a quarter of a teaspoonful of pepper,
a piece of butter or beef dripping, not quite the size
of an egg, add two tablespoonfuls of boiling water,
mix well together, put the steak into it and turn it
over once, so that both sides will be moistened with
the gravy, and serve.

Prepare and broil mutton chops, venison and pork

steaks as above.

Meat prepared in this way is quite equal to that
broiled in a gridiron, and this method does not waste
the juices.

For broiling on a gridiron, prepare the steak as di-
rected for cooking in a frying ])an. Have ready a
bed of live coals, and as soon as the gridiron (wiped
clean) is heated put the steak on it, turning often.
If the fire smokes or blazes from the dripping fat,
withdraw^ the gridiron for a moment. It should cook
in 15 minutes.

i^ALT [*ORK AM) /MCOA.— Should Ik* soaked in
cold water for an lionr or two before l)roilin^ or fry-
ing. Ham may be covered with boiling water and
soaked for half an honr before broiling-.

(JAMtj. — The entrails should be takcMi out as soon
as game is killed. If the meat is not to be cooked
at once, hang it np in a cool dry place. Birds should
be kept in their feathers and animals in their skins.

<M.YA7-;D (iOOl)S. — Before using canned goods see
that the ends of the cans are sunk in. If the ends
are swelled or Inilgy, it usually means fermented
contents and spoiled goods.

After a can has been opened jjour ctmtents imme-
diately into enamel or aluminum ware dish. Never
leave food in the original cans.

In the j>rocess of canning all canned goods receive
a cooking varying in length of time from five minutes
to seven hours, according to the character of the
goods, and but little further cooking is necessary.

liOILIMi. — At high altitudes water boils at tem-
peratures too low to cook with, the decrease in atmos-
pheric jiressnre b»wering the boiling point. This <le-
ci"ease amounts roughly to 1 degree for every j^.^i W^vi
of ascent. Thus at 10,000 feet elevation the tc'ruipera

ture of boiling water is onlv 194 degrees.

Other

methods of cooking are not att'ected by altitude.

HIJAXi^. — ^\Vash and soak over night in cold water.
S<;lt water is ]>referable: a little baking siKla may be
used to soft<'n hard water. Drain and put beans into
a pot with encmgh cold water to cover them plentifully.
To 2 (piarts of l>eans add 1 teaspoon of bicarbonate of
soda; cover and boil for 15 minutes. Bemove the scum
as it rises. l*our off the water: replace with boiling
water, ('over an<l boil steadily foi- '2 or .**» hours, or
until tender. Drain and st^ason with butter, i>epper
and salt.

RICE. — The rice should be thoroughly washed and
then placed in a pot with plenty of water (latter at
boiling point). Boil without stirring the rice, for 20
minutes throw into a colander, covering same, and let
stand several mnutes — thus serving a double purpose,
allowing rice to drain as well as steam.

The three cardinal points essential to a satisfactory
result are: First, water boiling frcmi start to tinish,
second, rice undisturbed while cooking; third, thor-
ough draining.

In order to see whether rice is done, take out one
of the grains and ])iess it between the fingers: if well
done, it will mash easily and feel perfectly soft.

One pint of rice will swell to o pints when cooked
and increase in weight from U o\inces to 2 pounds.

One pound of rice contains about three and one half
times as much food as 1 pound of potatoes.

STEWED PRl WES.—Wa^h and pick over the
prunes; put them to soak overnight in the Avater
(cold) they are to be cooked in, using only enough to
cover them. But the prunes on the fire where they
can just simmer during three hours. Do not use an
iron vessel and <lo not let them boil hard. Keep close-
Iv covered.

STEWEi), UlUlin AM) IIV A roii ATIII) AI*J'Li:><.
ArR[COTi< AM) /*/';.U7//;n.— These are ].repai'ed
like prunes except that they riMjuire less cooking. Also
when these fruits are <'ook(Ml put in plenty of sugar
and cook five minutes longer.

During hot weather fruit is likely to sonr when
put to soak overnight.

STEW.— Into a kettle put a layer of meat, (fresh,

salt, game etc. i and season dre«lge with fiour, then add

a layer of jiotatoes, onions, etc., repeating this until

the kettle is nearly fidl, as desired. Over all pour suf

ficient water to cover, and stew slowly from one to

three hours, according to quantity. During the last
hour stir in a quart of batter to thicken; season to
taste and serve hot.

^^TEW WITH CAWED MEATS.—Vtel and slice
the potatoes and onions ; put them in the camp kottUs
season with pepper and salt, pour in sufficient water
to cover them, and stew gently, keeping the lid of the
kettle closely shut until the potatoes are nearly cooked ;
then open the tins of meat, cut up the contents, and
put into the kettle; let the whole simmer for 10 minutes
and serve.

DISPOSAL OF REFUSE

Burn all kitchen refuse in the camp fire; it wll
not affect the cookng. Burn everything — coffee
grounds, parings, bones, meats, even old tin cans — for
if thrown out any where, even buried, they may at-
tract flies. Befuse once burned will not attract flies.

If burning is impracticable, dig a hole for the refuse,
leaving the earth piled up on the edge, and cover every
addition with a layer of dirt.

ACCIDENTS— FIRST AID

First aid packets should be included with the camp
outfit; als(» a P^irstAid Manual, which should be
studied before starting out. In case of any serious ac
cident get to a telei)hone at once and send for a ]^hy-
sician. Directions for preliminary treatment of some
of the commoner accidents are given below:

iror.\7>»V. — To stop bleeding, apply pressure di-
rectly over the wound either by the fingers or by
meann of a comjiress. The latter is preferable.

If the bleeding can not be controlled by this method,
apply pressure to the blood vessel which supplies the

bleeding part, the pressure being applied always be-
tween the wound and the heart.

To make a tourniquet, tie a strong bandage, hand-
kerchief, necktie, etc., about the wounded part. Place
a smooth pebble or similar hard substance directly
over the blood vessel. Insert a stick within the band-
age and twist it tight.

i?L7?AK.— Exclude air and keep parts absolutely
clean. Treat with vaseline or olive oil. Lacking these,
use a solution of baking soda.

Where large blisters are formed, remove the fluid
before dressing. Prick near the edge with a needle
that has been passed several times through a flame, and
gently press out the water.

Where the clothing sticks to the flesh, do not re-
move it forcibly. C'ut it away as close to the burn as
l>ossible and soften with oil before removing it.

FRACTURES. — Send for a surgeon. It is not nec-
essary that a broken bone should be set immediately.
If it is impossible to obtain a surgeon at once or if it
is necessarv to move the injured person, the parts
should be bandaged with splints to keep them from
moving. For splints use thin ])ieces of board a little
longer than the bone and as wide as the injured part.
They should be thoroughly padded with cotton, cloth,
or moss.

»SfPAM/A8.— The part should have absolute rest. Ap-
ply water as hot as can be borne. After the first day
or two apply splints and bandages if necessary.

SUNSTROKE. — The skin is dry and hot, the breath
ing quick, and the heart action violent. Place patient
on his back, with head slightly raised, in a cool, shady
spot. L(»osen clothing. Apply cold water, first to the
head and then to body, until temperature has been
reduced and consciousness returns.

NAM A'/; lilTK. — Use a tonrniqnot between the
wound and tlie heart, loosening; it Ironi tinu» to time.
Cut the wonnd to allow it to bleed freely. If whiskey
18 administered, j»;ive it in snmll doses as needed to
prevent collajisc. not in a large quantity all at once.
The best treatment is hypodermic injections of pot-
assium i)ermanj»anate near the jmneture, with strych-
nine given hypodermieally or in tablets to keep up the
heart action.

REHUSCIT. 1 77 OX O F T H E A P1*A HEKThY
1>I\0\V\ El). — Send for physician at once. Loosen
clothing. The water must be rcMuoved from mouth,
lungs, and stomach. Water and mucus may be re-
moved from the nn>uth with linger. To remov(» the
water from threat and lungs, grasp the patient around
the waist from behiii 1 and raise the hodv so that the
head and feet hang down.

TO INDUCE ART I PTC A r. RESPI RATfOX.—Vhwe
the patient on his back. Draw the tongue forward
and if necessary tie with a handk(»rchief. Kneel at
the patient's head and grasp the arms bcdow the <»1-
bows. Draw the arms upwar<l and backward until
pati<'nt's hamls touch the ground behind his head and
keep in this |i(isition while "one", "two", "three" are
slowlv counted. Then cairv elbows downward slowlv.
doubling the forearm on the arm, ])ressing firmly
against the chest. Kest a few seconds, and rejx'at
about sixteen times to the minute. Do m)t give up for
at least one houi' and a half.

When signs of life a])pear, friction and rubbing
should be applied, and tea, cotfee. or whiskey and hot
water may he given.

49
FIRES AND FIRE FIGHTING

Preventable tires can be prevented only by <>ducat-
iug the public. The Department of Forestry is trying
to do that. Campers can help by observing these
suggesti(uis :

EIGHT TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING

FOREST FIRES

1. CARE.— Be as careful with fire in the woods as
you are with lire in your home.

2. MATCHED,— -Wa sure your match is out. Put it
in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it
away. Make this a habit.

3. TOBACCO.— Thrown pipe ashes and cigar or cig-
arette stubs in the dust of the road, and «tamp or pinch
out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw thera
into brush, leaves, or needles.

4. hoc A TION OF CA3/P.— Select a spot as free as
possible from inflammable material, sheltered from
the wind, and near accessible water.

.5. CAMP FIRES.— l^evor build a camp fire against
a tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build
all fires away from overhanging branches and on a
dirt or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or
leaf mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all in-
flammable material within a radius of from 3 to 5
feet. Make sure the fire can not spread on or under
the ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while
you are in camp, and that it is going to be easy to
put out when you are ready to leave.

6. PUT THE FIRE OUT.—U you discover a forest
fire, put it •out. If you need help, please notify the
nearest Forest Fire Warden. A telephone central will
connect you with him.

7. LEAVING CA il/P.— Never leave a camp fire, even
for a short time, without coini)h'tely extinguishing'
eveiy spark with water or fresh diit free from moss
and leaf mold. Do not throw cliarred rross logs to
one side where a smouldering spark might catch. It
is well to soak thoroughly all embers and charred
pieces of wood and then cover them with dirt. Feel
around the outer edge of the tire pit to make sure no
fire is smouldering in charred roots or leaf mold.
Hundreds of fires escape each year after campers
have thought they were extinguished.

8. HELP ENFORCE THE FIRE LAWS,— They
were made to protect your interests.

These rules have been complied for the guidance of
the public, l)y observing the general practice of for-
esters and other w(K)dsmen in their nse of fire in the
mountains. Most of them have been enacted into
law, and the penalties for their violation are severe.
Campers should observe them scrupulously.

HINTS ON FIRE PROTECTION.— If you discover
a fire, go to it at once and put it out if you can. A
small fire can be put out easily by throwing handfuls
of earth, sand, or dust at the base of the flame. The
flames may also be beaten down with sacks or with
branches, but care must be taken not to scatter the
fire.

If the fire is spreading too rapidly to be attacked
directly, cut and scrape a trail some distance ahead of
it. Do not back fire this is work for an experienced
man. If a fire is serious enough to require this treat-
ment, the work should be left to a Forest Hanger or
a Fire Warden.

The best tools for fire fighting are the shovel, axe,
hoe and rake. Hhovcl or rake a trail through the toji
soil down to mineral soil, and guard the trail.

Pick a rcmte for the fire trail that will avoid brush
])atches, if possible. The crest of a ridge is an excel-
lent location, since the fire naturally checks at the top.

Do not give up because the fire is gaining headway or
because you lack tools. The fire has already been re-
ported by lookouts on towers, and fire fighters, pro-
]>erly equi])i»ed, are hurrying to it. ?>tay and help
them; and in the meantime do what you can to keep
it in check.

SEE THAT A FIRE IS COLD BEFORE YOU

LEAVE IT

Rei>ort all fires to the nearest Forest Officer.

Do not suppose that because a fire is merely burning
in apparently worthless brush it is therefore doing no
damage. Such fires are often the most serious.

52
SIX RULES FOR SPORTSMEN

1. BE A REAL SPORTSMAN.— There is more
honor in giving the game a square deal than in get-
ting the limit.

2. MAKE .SURE ITS A BUCK.— Jf you can't see
liis horns — she hasn't got any.

3. HELP TO ENFORCE CAME LAWS.— dune
and fish are public property and only a game hog will
take more than his fair and legal share. Violations
should be reported to the nearest warden, forest
ranger, or game protective association.

4. RESPECT THE FARMER'S PROPERTY.— Ue
regards the man who leaves his gates open, cuts his
fences, disturbs his live stock, or shoots near dwell-
ings, as an outlaw. Put yourself in his place.

5. BE CAREFUL WITH YOUR CAMP FIRE
AND MATCHES. — One tree will make a million
matches; one match can burn a million trees.

6. LEAVE A (^LEAN CAMP AND A CLEAN RE-
CORD.— Unburied garbage, crii)pled game, and broken
laws are poor monuments for a sportsman to leave
behind him.

a
>

-1^

53
GAME AND FISH

No charge is made by the Department of Forestry
for hunting, lishing, or ordinary ramping within the
State Forests, and their ns(» as recreation grounds is
encouraged. No i)ermits are issned for game pre-
serves or any use of land intended to prevent or re-
strict lawful hunting or tisliing. Forest officers are
irame Avardens ex officio and are active in game and
tish protection in cooperation with the State Fish
and Game Cimimissions.

Licenses are recpiired l)y the State for angling as
well as for hunting. They may be obtained from
County Treasurers.

Tamphlets containing the Pennsylvania game, fish
and forest laws may be obtained from the State Game
Commission, The Department of Fislieries, or the De
partment of Forestry. The laws therein should be
strictly com])lied with.

DEFH. — The bucks shed their horns during the
winter, the new horns iH'ginning to grow in early
s]u*ing. During the summer th(^e are in the velvet —
tender, full of blood vess is, and unfit for mounting.
Later the horns harden, the velvet is rubbed off. and
the buck reaches his jirime condition.

To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin
around the neck well down on the shoulder and breast.
Then cut along the u])per side of the neck to the top
of the head. Thence make diagonal cuts, one to each
horn. Cut off the ears close to the skull, turn them
inside out, and cut away the meat, leaving the carti-
lage. Skin carefully around the eyes. Cut the lips
close to the skull, leaving them attached to the skin.
Split them from the inside and fill tlu' cut with salt.
Never cut the animal's throat if you wish to mount
the head. If it is desired to bleed him, stick a knife
in the breast at the base of the neck.

Rub plenty of salt iuto the flesh side of all parts of
the skin, and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up
hair side in and ship at once to a taxidermist.

To butcher a deer hang it up by the hind legs, slit
the skin along the middle of the breast and belly and
to the end of the tail ; then along the inside of each
lejr. Cut off the feet at the joints and i>eel off the
skin. Cut through the wall of the abdomen without
piercing the intestines; loosen the dia]>hragm at the
back and sides; cut away the lower intestine close to
the bone and empty out the entire contents of the car-
cass. Split the breastbone with a hatchet.

The best cuts of venison are the saddle and haunch.

To make jerked venison, or *'jerky", use lean meat
cut into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these
side by side on a frame made (»f slats or poles su])-
ported about 4 feel frcmi the ground and keej) a small
smoky fire going underneath until the meat is thor-
oughly dry.

Fresh meat shtmld be hung U]) and ]»rotectetl from

flies by cheesecloth.

To preserve the hide, stretch it over a log, a tree,
or on the side of a building, flesh side out, until it is
thoroughly dried, then it will keep and is easily j)acked.

MISCELLANEOUS

Photo(/r(iphs.—V\wio^ri{\)h^ taken in the shade of the
forest" require from 5 to 15 times longer exposure than
those taken in the open.

Compass.— OuQ end of the needle always has a dis-
tinguishing mark, but manufacturers do not always
mark the same end. Make sure whi<h end of the
needle points north and remendnT it.

Candle La nf em s.—WWh the point of a hatchet blade
cut slits about 2 inches long in the form of an X in the
side of a lard pail. A candle pushed into this aperture
will be held steady, and the can will shade it from the
wind and serve ai a reflector.

To Dry Matches. — Carefully blot off as much water
as possible with a soft cloth and then pass them
through the hair a dozen times or so.

A Shoulder Pack. — This can be improvised as fol-
lows: Take a grain sack and place a pebble an inch
or more in diameter in each of the lower corners. Tie
one leg of a pair of oversalls to each of these corners.
(The pebble prevents the knot from slipping off.) To
close the sack tie the mouth of it and the waist of the
overalls tightly with a cord. The legs make comfort-
able shoulder straps.

Chafed Heels.— They can be alleviated by rubbing
soap into the socks. Also, by sticking adhesive tape
on the bare heels.

Getting Lost. — There is little danger of a person
being lost in Pennsylvania mountains during the sum-
mer. Usually the worst that can happen is the possi-
bility of an uncomfortable night in the open. The
realization that one is lost is, however, often accom-
panied by a panicky feeling that may hurry one into
difficulties or even into accidents. Fight against this,
and keep your head. Thirty minutes' calm thought
will be worth more than hours spent in aimless
rushing.

Don't try to travel after dark. Camp as comfort-
ably as you can as soon as night comes on, no matter
how near to camp you think you are.

You can always reach the settlements by traveling
down stream.

IN PENN'S WOODS

A Handy and Helpful Pocket Manual

of
The Natural Wonders and Recreational Facilities

The State Forests

Pennsylvania

Gives the Location, Description, and Historical Informa-
tion of the State Forest Parks, Public Camps, State Forest
Monuments, and Special Scenic Areas on the State-owned
Forest Land.

Compiled

Under the Direction of

Henry W. Shoemaker and Joseph S. lilick

Bulletin 31 (revised)

Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

R. Y. Stuart, Secretary

Harrisburg, Pa.

April, 1925

CONTENTS

Pag*

I. Introduction ^

II. State Forest Parks of Pennsylvania »

III. Public Camps in State Forests of Pennsylvania . 20

IV. State Forest Monuments of Pennsylvania 48

V. Special Scenic Areas and Historic Sites on State

Forests of Pennsylvania ^

VI. Forest Observation towers in Pennsylvania 66

VII. How to Use the State Forests of Pennsylvania . . 70

VIII. State Forest Rules "^^

IX. Helpful Camping Suggestions '^^

X. Maps of Pennsylvania *^

XI. List of Helpful Books for Campers in Penn's

Woods ^

IN PENN'S WOODS

(2)

In only a few places does the natural environment
of man remain in Pennsylvania. When the white man
came to Penn's Woods the entire State, with the ex-
ception of a few natural meadows and several rough
mountain tops, was covered witli a dense growth ol
magnificent forest trees. These great forest stretches
have been destroyed until now there remains only a
small remnant of primeval forest within the only state
that embodies the word ''forest" in its name.

As man increases on the face of the earth the amount
of natural wild landscape decreases and unless some-
thing is done promptly and effectively, all of Penn-
sylvania's original growth will disappear. The re-
sponsibility rests upon us as it has never rested upon
any generation before to see that some scattered rem-
nants of natural character and natural beauty are left
for the recreation and inspiration of generations to
come. We owe it to ourselves and to those who will
come after us to preserve these natural features for
the general welfare of our people.

There are left in Pennsylvania about 13,000,000
acres of forest land, of which 1,131,611 acres are in-
cluded in the State Forests. Most of the forest land
within the State Forests bears a growth of young
trees. Dotted throughout the State Forests are numer-
ous stands of middle-sized trees. Here and there one
can find small areas of sylvan giants that tell the
story of the glory of the greater forests of former days.
It is in these .small remnants of magnificent forest
giants, usually located in remote forest regions, that
one finds the most delightful rest places and beauty
spots within the Keystone State.

Each year vacationists and tourists make a trrowing
demand for camping sites within the forest. To satisfy
this urgent call, special areas within the State Forests

(8)

have been set aside for recreational use. There are
now within the State Forests of Pennsylvania 7 State
Forest Parks, D State Forest ^fonunients, 3 Spocinl
Scenic Areas, and 31 Public Camping Grounds. In
addition there are almost 1,300 permanent camp sites
within the State Forests that have been leased to citi-
zens of Pennsylvania for periods of 10 years at nomi-
nal annual rentals of from only |7.00 to |15.00.

If you are a citizen of Pennsylvania you are one of
the 9,000,000 stockholders in the State Forests. This
gives you permission to use the State Forests to enjoy
yourself. All that is required of you is that you obey
a few simple rules, and this every patriotic citizen is

willing to do.

Formerly our woodlands were so vast and the out-
of-doors so boundless that we gave little attention to
them. With the rapid })rogress of forest devastation
and the equally rapid increase of population we have
been brought face to face with a serious situation that
affects the physical, mental, social, and moral life of
all the citizens. We are just beginning to appreciate
tlie part the forest plays in our everyday life.

A wholesome use of free time is now one of the
major determining factors of good government. It is
the business of government to make it easy for people
to do right and hard for them to do wrong. Every-
where in our social life it is becoming evident the
right use of leisure is as vital to our general welfare
as the right use of toil. It is as imperative to see
that our citizens have a i>roper place to play as it is
that they have good working conditions. To develop
a citizenry on a sane and safe basis and to insure the
moral strength and physical fitness of our people, we
must immediately give thought to the open and full
development of our forests. A jiroper handling of the
State Forests for wise recreational use will be a big
factor in developing healthy bodies and clean minds.
Our part will be well done for the people of today and
for the children that are to <'ome if we provide great

ONLY A FEW REMXANTS OP ORKJIXAL FOREST RE-
MAIN IN PENNSYLVANIA. WITTIIN THE STATE
FOREST MONrM.ENTS ARE liElNC PRESERVED
THE REST STANDS OF ORIGINAL TIMP.ER
FOUND ON THE STATE FORESTS

reaches of forist land to which our people may turn in

leisure to find rest, health, and enjoyment

Play places in the outofdoors are a big factor in

overcoming the evil effects of slum areas, reducmg

juvenile delinquency, and offsetting the evil effects
of crime breeding environments. We are reaching the
stage when human beings have more leisure than they
can assimilate. It has been definitely established
that crime is usually the expression of the idle. As the
day of labor is shortened, the time of leisure length-
ened destructive forces will be increased unless people
are taught how to employ their leisure in a construc-
tive and helpful manner. The organized summer camp
is a great contribution to the educational system of
the world. The camp purpose is primarily the build-
ing of bigger, braver, and better boys and girls. To
tale our people into the out-of-doors and let the sun-
shine play upon their lives is indeed a worthy enter-

^"rhe State Forests of Pennsylvania belong not only
to the present generation but also to the future. Each
year a larger number of the privately owned forests
are being closed to free use, and as this development
continues it becomes more imperative that the public
forests must be developed to furnish play V^<^oento,
our people. The State Forests are our friends. They
call to us to come out into a friendly environment and
there walk and talk among the green trees. If one
interprets the songs and whispers of the fores trees
correctly, one may hear them say "Suffer the little chil-
dren to come unto us. Let them enjoy our beauty, our
shade, and our shelter, and let the light of the sun
play upon their happy faces and make them bigger,
braver and better boys and girls." There is no better
place for tired bodies, weary minds, and depressed
souls than a sylvan retreat with a gala garment of
green. There one finds quiet and rest. There the heart
is lightened, the mind eased, the vitality restored. The
out of doors I'fts us up and casts away our burdens.

If you want to enjoy a day in the open or a week
in the woods, plan to go to the State Forests. It will
do you good and the forest officers will be glad to
welcome you. If you are interested in finding a play
place in the State Forest write to or call upon any of
the District Foresters, who will be glad to give you
helpful information about the State Forests of Penn-
sylvania. There follows a lisc of all the District
Foresters of Pennsylvania:

NAMES OF FOREST DISTRICTS OF PENN-
SYLVANIA DISTRICT FORESTERS
AND THEIR ADDRESSES

FOREST

DISTRICT

HEADQUARTERS

DISTRICT

FORESTER

AND ADDRESS

Michaux

John R. Williams. . .

Caledonia Park, Fayette-
ville, R.D. No. 2, Pa.

Buchanan . . . .

W. L. Byers

McConnellsburg, Pa.

Tiiscarora . . . .

B. D. McPherson . . .

Blain, Perry County, Pa.

Roth rock

Walter Leach

Crum Building, Mount
Union, Pa.

Logan

T. Roy Morton

2 King St., Petersburg, Pa.

Penn

Thos. C. Harbeson . .

Milroy Bank Building, Mil-
roy, Pa.

Bald Eagle . . .

Raymond B. Winter

Borough Building, MilHin
burg, Pa.

Mont Alto . . . .

Edwin A. Ziegler. .

State Forest School, Mont
Alto, Pa.

HoshannoD . . .

William F. Dague. .

County National Bank
BIdg., Clearfield, Pa.

Sproul

F»>ri'P8t H. Dutlivger

118 Sixth Street, Renovo,
Pa.

Siunomahoning

<\ C. Hogelnnd

Driftwood, Pa.

Tiadaghton . . .

Homer S. Metzgor. .

Irwin Building, Williams-
port, Pa.

Elk

Charles E. Bacr. . . .

Fourth St. east of Broad,
Emporium, Pa.

CornplantiT

FT. B. Rowland

Bell Oil and Gas Bldg.,
Warren, Pa.

Siisqii«'li;mnoek

H. E. Elliott

Cor. 2d and East Sts.,
Coudersport, Pi.

FOREST
DISTRICT

Tioga

Valley Forge

Weiser

Delaware . . .
Wyoming . . •

Lackawanna

Forbes ....

Gallitzin . .

iMttanning .

DISTRICT IIEADQU.VRTERS

FORESTER AND ADDRESS

P. H. Mulforil OKI First National Bank

Building, Wellsboro, Pa.
. George H. Wirt.... Dept. Forests and Waters,

Harrisburg, Pa.

.. II. A. Smitb 0 North Centre St., Potts-

ville. Pa.

. R. W. Stadden 018 Main St., Stroudsburg,

Pa.

..A.F.Snyder Cor. Railroad & Market

Sts., Dushore, Pa.
.. R. Uvnn Emerick... 310 Washington Avenue,

Scranton, Pa.

V. M. Bearer Bossart Building, Ligonier.

Pa.
.. E. B. Miller Swank Building, Joins-
town. Pa.

C E Zrrby ^^'r. Main St. and Oth

Ave.. Clarion, Pa.

STATE FOREST PARKS OF PENNSYLVANIA

The State Forests of Pennsylvania are the people's
property. They are administered in such a way that
they bring the greatest benefits to all the citizens of
the State. The aim of the State Department of For-
ests and Waters is to handle them so that they will
produce a crop of forest products and bring a full
measure of other benefits to all the citizens of the
State.

One of the chief purposes of the State Forests is to
provide healthful recreation for the people of Pennsyl-
vania. To make this available there have been set
aside for special development within the State Forests
a number of selected places called State Forest Parks.
These special sites were selected l)ecause of their adapt-
ability to recreational use. Many of them have his-
toric associations as well as natural scenic charm. In
and about them Nature is at her l)est and provides a
welcome and comfortable sylvan environment. They
serve as recreational centers for travelers, tourists, and
other forest users. Here mankind mingl(»s on a mutual
basis and man meets nature in a friendly way.

The State Forest Parks range in size from 1.5 to 42-")
acres. In the aggregate they cover almost 1.000 acres.
In them is ]>lenty of rw^m for rest and play. They are
available at all times for wise use. No class of forest
users is favored. EverylM)dy is treated alike. All that
is required of the users is that the forest and the
equipment be used wisely and not abused. The gen-
eral State Forest rules pertain to State Forest Parks,
but the use of fire arms is not permitted within them.

CALEDONIA STATE FOREST PARK
Michaux State Forest

The Caledonia State Forest Park is the most ex-
tensively used park on the State Forests of Pennsyl-
vania. It is the only State Forest park along the
entire route of the Lincoln Highway and is annually
visited by thousands of tourists, and the local people
regard it as the favorite i)icnic spot.

This park is named for the old charcoal iron furnace
which was located here in 1873 and which was at one
time conducted by no less a personage than the Hon.
Thaddeus Stevens, famous abolitionist and statesman,
and father of the public school system of Pennsylvania,
who was born in Caledonia, Vermont.

Within the park is the homj of the Assistant Dis
trict Forester and a Forest Ranger, and nearby is the
headquarters of the District Forester, a small forest
tree nursery, and some of the most attractive planta-
tions of forest trees within the State. Within tin- park
is a public camping ground that is filled to capacity
during the tourist season. All .Jiout the park on the
State Forest are many desirable summer homes on
leased camp sites. Within the park is an excellent
bathing pool and the famous Graeffenburg Inn and
Public Golf Course adjoins the park.

The Calendonia State Forest Park is one of the most
l^eautiful spots on the South Mountains and it is not
iinusual for all the open spaces to be parked full of
automobiles. Many distinguished persons have camp-
ed here. Douglas Fairbanks and his wife, Mary Pick-
ford, upon spending a night in the beautiful South
Mountain, were loud in their praise of the scenic
beauty of the region, and declared it the most beautiful
camping site they had met on their many transconti-
nental motor trips between New York and California.
This park, which covers 260 a^res, is located in the
Michaux State Forest in Franklin County along the
Lincoln Highway abont 10 miles east of Chambersburg

and 15 miles west of Gettysburg. Hotel accommoda-
tions are available at numerous resorts along the
Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg and Gettys-
burg. The most accessible are Graeffenburg Inn and
Lo2 Cabin Inn, both in the Michaux State Forest.

JAMES BUCHANAN STATE FOREST PARK

Buchanan State Forest

The James Buchanan State Forest park is one of the
most historic spots in the State Forests of Pennsyl-
vania. It includes the birthplace of James Buchanan,
fifteenth President of the United States. His parents
conducted a small hostelry or wayside inn at this place
for the benefit of drovers and travellers who journeyed
across the mountains between the East and Pittsburgh.
In those days this was a wild region, wolves and other
ferocious animals being plentiful in the forest. In
order that little ''Jimmie" would not stray away from
home, his parents put a turkey bell around his neck.
The Pennsylvania German drovers almost invariably
refen-ed to the boy, who lat^r became President of the
United States, as "Jimmie mit de bells on"

This i)ark is named in honor of James Buchanan, the
only Pennsylvanian who occupied the Presidential
chair. The land (181/2 acres) was deeded to the State
and is now administered by the Department of Forests
and Waters. A stone pyramid monument 25 feet high
marks the President's birthplace, although the house
itself has been removed and re-erected at Mercersburg.
In 1913, 3,000 Norway Spruce trees were planted about
the monument. These trees, now 15-20 feet high, adorn
in a most satisfactory way this most historic site. At
the entrance to the forest park is a well-equipped Pub-
lic Camping Ground in the midst of one of the most
beautiful groves of hemlock in southern Pennsylvania.

This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal
Pennsylvanians and lovers of history, as it shows from
what a humble sylvan retreat a great man can rise to

THE BIRTHPLACE OF JAMES lU ( IIANAX. FIFTEENTH
PRESIDENT OF THE FNITED STATES

i;^

the pinnacle of eminence. The park can be reached by
turning south from the Lincoln Highway at Fort Lou-
don in Franklin county, to the McConnellsburg-Mer-
cersburg Pike. At the small town of Foltz is a road
side marker directing travellers to President Buchan
an's birthplace, which lies about ly^ miles to the West,

GEORGE W. CHILDS STATE FOREST PARK

Delaware State Forest

The George W. Childs State Forest Park is the most
picturesque park on the State Forests of Pennsylvania,
It is a sylvan retreat that is hard to beat. Many who
have visited this beauty spot have called it a woodland
paradise. It is a wonderful place to study the birds,
the wild flowers, and rare ferns, and it is a veritable
mecca of trees. It has been suggested as the first
Wild Flower Preserve in Pennsylvania by the Penn-
sylvania Chapter of the Wild Flower Preservation
Society. Within the park are three beautiful water-
falls known as Fulmer Falls, Factory Falls and Deer
Leap Falls.

This park was deeded to the Commonwealth by
George W. Childs, for many years editor and publisher
of the Philadelphia Public Ledger. The site of the
park was once the scene of an early woolen industry,
established in the forepart of the last century, and de-
signed by its promoters to be one of the greatest in the
State. Sheep were brought into the region on a large
scale. After a number had been killed by wolves, the
bulk of the remainder came to an untimely end by eat-
ing sheep laurel. This discouraged the promoters and
the industry languished. Later this beautiful forest
retreat w^as admired by Mr. Childs, who was noted
for his philanthropy, and it is most fitting that it has
since passed into the hands of the State and is now
being maintained as a public park. Within this forest
park is a well equipped Public Camping Ground.

This park is located in Pike county along the Silver
Lake road about two miles west of Dingman's Ferry,

a small town ou the State Highway (Route 167) be-
tween Stroudshnrg and Milford. Many splendid hotels
and superb summer homes are in the vicinity of this
ideal out-of-door play place.

VONEIDA STATE FOREST PARK

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Voneida State Forest Park is the most extensive-
ly used park on the State Forests in central Pennsyl-
vania. Travellers from all over the country stop here
to enjoy the cool mountain stream, the wonderful
spring of pure water, the shade of the big trees, and
the finest forest environment. The park was recently
enlarged to accommodate an increasing number of
local people who come here for picnics and recreation.
It now covers 15 acres.

This park was named for "Hairy John" Voneida, an
eccentric hunter and backwoodsman who lived alone
at this beautiful and remote forest si>ot for 14 years.
Having had ditticulties with his former neighbors in
Sugar ^^alley. Clinton County, he vowed he would
never cut his hair nor beard while he lived as a hermit
in the mountain. Some of the older people at Wood-
ward remember him as a small man goinir to the store
to purchase molasses, his face almost entirely covered
with hair and whiskers. His appearance was a signal
for the children to run and hide, although he was a
kind and gemal man. It is in every way proper that the
memory of this quaint forest character should be per-
petuated at the spot where he spent so many years of
his life.

This T>ark is located in the Bald Eagle State Forest
near the eastern border of Centre county along the
State Highway (Route 27) between Tx^wisburg and
Bellefonte. One mile east of the park is the Joyce
Kilmer SJtate Monument (see page 54 > and the Joyce
Kilmer Public Camp (see page 45).

SNYDER-MIDDLESWARTH STATE FOREST

PARK

Bald Eagle State Forest

AVithin the Snyder-Middleswarth State Forest Park
is the largest body of original growth big timber on the
State Forests of Pennsylvania. It comprises 425 acres
of original hemlock, white pine, pitch pine and hard
woods; mostly virgin timber, for only a small number
of white pine trees have been removed from the tract.
Two hundred and fifty acres have never been touched
and are a majestic remnant of the wonderful origin-
al forest that made up Penn's Woods. Picturesque
Swift Run flows through this attractive park.

Many tourists visit this park annually and in season
the region about the park is a favorite retreat for fish-
ermen and hunters. Within the park no hunting and
fishing are permitted. Ample parking space is pro-
vided for automobiles. Within the park is a plentiful
supply of pure water and camping facilities are ade-
quate and complete.

The park takes its name from t^vo of the most prom-
inent of the old families in this section of the State.
Governor Simon Snyder, born on November 5, 1759,
was the third Governor of the Commonwealth. He
served from 1808 to 1817 under the first constitution of
1790. The name Middleswarth is one of the common
household words of Snyder County. Hon. Ner Middle-
swarth for whom the park was named was long a
member and speaker of State Legislature, State Sen-
ator, Congressman, and a distinguished officer of the
war of 1812.

This park is located about five miles west of Troxel-
ville in Spring tow^nship, Snyder county. It is reached
over a good mountain road from Beaver Springs and
Troxelville, where boarding house accommodations are
available.

MONT ALTO STATE FOREST PARK
Mont Alto State Forest

The Mont Alto State Forest Park is the oldest park
on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. For many years
it has been a favorite play place for the people in
southern Pennsylvania. In by-gone years it was com-
mon for picnic parties from as far north as Hams-
burg and south to Baltimore to frequent this beautiful
spot in the South Mountains. The park was developed
by Col. George B. Wiestling for the Mont Alto Iron
Co., and later operated by the Cumberland Valley Rail-
road.

The jMont Alto State Forest Park is named for the
Mont Alto furnaces, which were located nearby. The
furnace property embraced thousands of acres of m »un-
tain land owned by one of the early iron masters, Col
Wiestling, who was in his time a member of an early
Committee appointed by Governor Beaver to make a
report to the State Legislature on the forest situa-
tion in Pennsylvania.

The park is well equipped for eamping facilities.
During the summer special courses in nature study
are conducted here.

Adjoining the Park is the State Forest School, which
is next to the oldest existing forest school in America.
It was esUblished in 1903. The school at present has
an enrollment of 80 students and from it have been
graduated most of the foresters who are now handling
the State Forests of Pennsylvania. A short distance
from the park is the Mont Alto forest nursery, which
covers about 9 acres and has an annual capacity of
approximately four million trees.

Several miles north of the school is the famous Ben
George woods in which occurs the most northern heavy
stand of Shortleaf Pine in America. These are the
trees which were described by the famous French
scientist and traveller, F. Andre Michaux, who visited
this locality on his way to Pittsburgh in 1802. He took

MATCHLESS MILES OF BEAUTIFUL

TRAILS REACH OUT INTO THE

GREAT FOREST DEPTHS FROM

THE STATE FOREST PARKS

AND PUBLIC CAMPING

GROTTNDS ON THE

STATE FORESTS

THE GEORGE W. CHILDS' STATE FOREST PARK
IS A WOODLAND PARADISE

some of the seedlings back to France and they are to
be found growing and thriving today in some of the
public parks about Paris, notably at the Jarden des
Plantes and Fontainebleau. Unfortunately, the lum-
berman has laid low most of these noble pines, but it
is hoped that some of them will be spared for the
future. These many interesting places about the Mont
Alto State Forest Park make it one of the most attrac-
tive play places in the State.

Tliis park is located in the southeastern part of
Franklin county about seven miles south of the Lincoln
Highway. It contains about 8 acres and is easily
reached over an excellent ''summer road" by leaving
the Lincoln Highway at Caledonia and going to the
park by way of the South Mountain Sanatorium. It
can also be reached on a good cement road from
Waynesboro and over a country macadam road from
Ch amber sburg. It is about one mile east of Mont Alto.
Hotel accommodations are available at the resorts
along the Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg,
Waynesboro, and Gettysburg.

LEONARD HARRISON STATE FOREST PARK

Tioga State Forest

The Leonard Harrison State Forest Park has the
distinction of bordering on the east the most extensive
stretch of forest land in Pennsylvania. It lies a short
distance east of the famous Black Forest of Pennsyl-
vania, famed for its wonderful original forests of white
pine and hemlock. Here is to be had one of the most
commanding and picturesque views of the State. It
overlooks the Tiadaghton, now called Pine Creek,
Gorge, and is regarded one of the wildest and grandest
sections of the State. It is a veritable Watkins Glen
on a large scale or Grand Canyon of Arizona on a

small scale.

This park was given to the State for recreational
purposes by I^onard Harrison of Wellsboro. His gen-

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erosity in presenting this wonderful site to the State
cannot be praised too highly. Former Governor Stone,
one of the early ardent advocates of conservation in this
State, who aided Dr. J. T. Rothrock in his efforts to ac-
quire land for State Forests, for many years occupied
a handsome bungalow along Pine Creek near this park.
This park is located ten miles southwest of Wells-
boro in Tioga county. It contains 121 acres and can
be reached over the New York Central and Hudson
River Railroad from the station Stone. By road it
can be reached over a good rural road by way of
Dexter and Thumptown. The last mile of travel is
over a rather narrow spur of township road.

PUBLIC CAMPS IN STATE FORESTS OF
PENNSYLVANIA

Thirty-one public camps have been developed on the
State Forests of Pennsylvania since 1921. They cover
a total of 470 acres and have been set aside and de-
veloped for the convenience of forest users that hike
afoot and travel by automobiles.

Visitors are welcome everywhere upon the State
Forests, but especially Avelcome in these camps. Here
forest users find a comfortable place to rest and play,
to prepare their meals, and to put up shelter. Each
of the thirty public camps is maintained for the com-
fort and Avelfare of the public. A cool spring, a clear
mountain stream, or a pure well are a feature of all
the camps.

Thirteen of these Public Camps are located along
primary roads and are adapted primarily to use by
automobile tourists who carry camping equipment
with them. They may be occupied by sportsmen, pick-
nickers, and other visitors. These public camps pro-
vide a space for tents, have one or more fireplaces,
tables, benches, comfort stations, and garbage con-

AMONG THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL IN THE SOUTH

MOUNTAINS

MORE THAN 1.2(H) MILES OF ROADS HAVE BEEN HUILT

ON THE STATE FORESTS

tainers. These large aud more accessible camps are
known as Class "A" Public Camps. They cover a total
of 86 choice acres on the State Forests.

Seventeen of the public camps are located along
secondary roads and are used primarily by hikers,
hunters, fishermen, vacationists, and picknickers who
desire to go far into the woods and make their stay
comfortable. Each is provided with an open-front
camp, often called lean-to, and other equipment such
as fireplaces, benches, tables, comfort stations, and
garbage containers. These smaller and more remote
camping grounds are known as Class "B" Public
Camps. They comi)rise approximately 384 aci*es of the
best camping places on the State Forests. Both Class
"A" and Class "B" Public Camps may be occupied for
two consecutive days. If one wishes to remain longer
than two days it will be necessary to secure accommo-
dations on a site other than the public camping
grounds, which may be done by applying for a camping
permit at the office of the District Forester.

PUBLIC CAMPS ON STATE FORESTS OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Name

1. Sizerville

2. The Old Locust

3. McCall Dam

4. Byron Krumrine

5. Smith Place

6. Ravensburg

7. Tea Springs

8. Sprow's Run

9. Laurel Forge

10. Bear Valley

11. Buchanan Park

12. Caledonia Park

13. Coleradn

14. Clear Creek

15. Upper Pine Bottom . . .

16. Laurel Run

17. Sulphur Spring

18. Big Spring

19. Kansas Vallej

20. Childs Park

21. Promised Land

22. Cherry Springs

23. Ole BuU

24. Patterson Place

25. Prouty Place

26. Kooser

27. Baldwin Run

28. Darling Run

29. Joyce Kilmer

30. Adams Falls

31. Laurel Summit

County

Cameron . . . .

Centre

Clearfield . . . .

Clinton

Cumberland
Cumberland
Franklin . . . .
Franklijn . . . .
Franklin . . . .
Huntingdon . .
Jefferson . . . .
Lycoming

Mifflin

MilHin

I'erry

Perry

Pike

Potter

Somerset ...

Tioga

Union

Westmoreland
Westmoreland

Description
on page

24
24
25
27
27
28
29
30

tso

SIZERVILLE PUBLIC CAMP
Elk State Forest

The Sizerville Public Camp (Class B) is famed be-
cause of the natural life-giving mineral water full of
radio activity tliat flows freely from a nearby big
spring. This water is frequently bottled and taken
away by visitors. About 100 miles of roads and trails
make the adjoining forests accessible for hikes, hunt-
ing, and fishing. Near the camp is a game refuge,
which is a great breeding place for wild life. Within
IJ miles is a beaver dam, where one may see (if you
possess patience) the busy beavers at work cutting
wood for food and for the construction of their homes.
Within a short distance of the camp are some of the
favorite fishing grounds of northern Pennsylvania.
Four miles from the camp and at an elevation of 2,400
feet is the Fox Mountain observation tower, from
which can be seen wonderful views of the surrounding
forest region.

This camp is located one-half mile east of Sizen-ille
in Cameron county. The nearest railroad station is
Sizerville on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Good hotel
accommodations are available at Emporium, six miles
from the camp. It can be reached over the road con-
necting Emporium and Keating Summit. For specific
travelling directions to the camp inquire at Fo:est
Ranger headquarters at Sizerville.

THE OLD LOCUST PUBLIC CAMP

Pcnn State Forest

The Old Locust Public Camp (Class B) derived its
name from an old locust tree that formerly stood on
the camp site and was jjrobably planted by Major
Jacob Neff, who settled here shortly after James and
John Potter settled in Penn's Valley. It is reported
that Major Neff made home brew at his log cabin on
this site from about 1840 to 1855 and sold a big mug of
beer and a large piece of ginger cake for five cents.

It is also reported that Mrs. Nefl: in setting fire to a
nearby brush pile to burn a big black snake concealed
beneath it, started one of the largest forest fires of the
early days, which destroyed the Neff log cabin.

This public camp is located along the LewistowTi-
Bellefonte Highway Route Ko. 20 about 1/2 mile south
east of l*otters Mills and 5^ miles southeast of Centre
Hall. It is a delightful camping spot in the famous
Seven Mountains of Central Pennsylvania.

McCALL DAM PUBLIC CAMP

Bald Eagle State Forest

The McCall Dam Public Camp (Class B) occupies
the abandoned site of McCall Dam, constructed about
65 years ago on the picturesque White Deer Creek, to
develop water power for a sawmill and a shingle mill,
which ranked among the largest in their day. A few
years after the construction of the dam, owneiship
passed into the hands of Ario Pardee, who was among
the most famous lumbermen of central I»ennsylvania.
About 1SG1> the dam was repaired and thereafter used
as the second of a series of dams on White Deer Creek
to float white pine logs to the Susquehanna River, the
logs being cut in the winter time and skidded to the
creek. When the s])ring freshets came the dams were
opened, creating a greater body of water to float the
heavy logs to the river. It is said that Ario Pardee
floated 111,000,000 feet of white pine logs down W^hite
Deer Creek, between 1SG6 and 18S0.

This camp is located in an attractive growth of pine
and hardwoods on the beautiful White Deer Creek in
the extreme east end of Miles township. Center county.
It is a favorite spot for fishing, hunting, and recrea-
tion. It can be reached over the McCall Dam forest
road, which links Highway Route 306 with Sugar Val-
ley, this road leaving the Highway in the Brush Val-
ley or 14 Mile Narrows at a point near the Mifflin-
burg Roil and Gun Club and entering Sugar Valley
at Eastville.

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III-

THE STATE FORESTS DIFFER ITNSURPASSED FACILITIES
FOR A SUMMER HOME AMONG THE TREES

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THOUSANDS OF TOURISTS USE THE PUBLIC CAMPS ON
THE STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA

BYRON FOUST KRUMRINE PUBLIC CAMP

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Byron Foust Krumrine Public Camp (Class B)
is a memorial io the late Byron Foust Krumrine, a
newspaper man, naturalist, and World War soldier of
Harrisburg who spent many delightful days among the
pines and hemlocks of Penns Creek. Here he whiled
away many happy hours. Here he hoped to write his
first book, drawing upon his rich store of experience,
and weave them into a tale that would speak of his
intimacy with the various characters connected with
newspaper life. Only a short time after ^Mr. Krumi ine
picked the location for his cabin and helped survey it,
he drowned in Penns Creek by the place where he
had planned to rest and write.

On Memorial Day of 1923 the Pennsylvania Alpine
Club erected a memorial hut on the camp site in his
memory. Since then this camp has been presented to
the State by the Alpine Club and the site designated
as a Public Camp on the State Forest. It is a beauty
spot and a quiet forest retreat in the heart of the
mountains. Here the robins live, the ferns grow, the
lilies smile, the thrushes sing and the deer wade in
the pools at the close of the summer evenings. This
public camp is located along IVnns Creek in Centre
county about five miles south of Coburn along (he
Pennsylvania Railroad.

SMITH PLACE PUBLIC CAMP

Moshannon State Forest

The Smith Place Public Camp (Class A) is named
in honor of John Smith, one of the early pioneers of
Clearfield County. Here he cleared several fields and
established his home in the early part of the eighteenth
century. Adjoining the camp is a steel forest fire ob-
servation tower standing at an elevation of 2,300 feet
above sea level. From the cabin of this GO foot tower
can be had beautiful panoramic views of northern Clear-

field, southern Elk, and southern Cameron counties.
Nearby is the Clearfield forest tree nursery, with an
annual capacity of 5,000,000 trees, operated by the Penn-
sylvania Department of Forests and Waters. Within
a short distance of the camp are interesting forest
tree plantations, excellent fishing streams, and good
hunting grounds. The camp is supplied with water
from a 100-foot well.

This camp is located about 8 miles from Clearfield
and 8 miles from I^enfield. It can be reached over the
Clearfield-Penfield road, which passes through the
midst of the Clearfield Division of the Moshannon State
Forest.

RAVENSBURG PUBLIC CAMP

Tiadaghton State Forest

The Ravensburg Public Camp (Class B) was given
its name because the ravens, now very scarce in l*enn-
sylvania, formerly nested in great numbers among the
unusual rock formations near the camp — natural
gargoyles as menacing as ever looked down from Notre
Dame in Paris. It is one of the most picturesque
beauty spots in Clinton county. Many people from
Williamsport, Jersey Shore, and Lock Haven picnic
here and tourists from many states have been impressed
with the scenic beauty of this sylvan retreat. The
rocks which rise almost sheer to a height of 125 feet
and terminate in gargoyle-like pinnacles are among
the natural wonders of central Pennsvlvaiiia.

This camp is located in Ranch's Gap, Crawford town-
ship, Clinton county, about 2^ miles south of Ranch-
town. It may be reached by leaving the Stat^ High-
way leading from Jersey Shore to Collomsville at
"Lochabar*', the Watson L. Barclay estate, and follow-
ing the main road into Antes Gap, and also by follow-
ing the township road from Loganton to Rauchtown.
The nearest hotel accommodations are at Jersey Shore,
about 10 miles distant, but there are several tourist

lodging places at Rauchtown, at the mouth of Ranch's
Gap, and at Loganton.

TEA SPRINGS PUBLIC CAMP ;^

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Tea Springs Public Camp (Class A) has the
distinction of occupying a part of three counties. A
stone marker within the camp grounds shows where
the counties of Centre, Clinton and Union meet.

For more than 100 years this place has been known
as Tea Springs. In 1835 Jacob Zimmerman, Sr., one
of the most famous backwoodsmen of central Pennsyl-
vania, located here. He enjoyed a ''squatter'' privilege
for just thirty days short of twenty-one years, but by
special arrangement remained here for the rest of his
life. His home was the stopping place for travellers
and teams hauling grain and other produce from Sugar
Valley to the markets along the Susquehanna river. It
is reported that he sold whiskey for 44 years without
paying any license fee. Living in so remote a place in
the mountains and at the intersection of three counties,
he was probably overlooked by revenue collectors. On
one occasion he shot a wolf from his window, while
lying in bed, which had disturbed his nightime
slumbers.

It is related that one day during a winter of excep
tionally heavy snowfall, 44 teams loaded with produce
started from Sugar Valley for a mountain trip via
Tea Springs to the Susquehanna River. The head team
broke its way through the snow for a half mile, then
pulled aside and left the other 43 pass by: then the
second team broke a half mile and pulled aside to leave
the others pass by, and so on until the end of the day
this unusual train of 44 sledding teams reached their
destination.

This camp is located at an elevation of 1448 feet in
the Nittany mountains, at the foot of Tea Knob, about
2 miles east of Sugar Valley. It is now used chiefly

by picnic parties. As it becomes better known, thia
beautiful spot with an unsurpassed mountain spring
will become a great recreational play place. It can
be reached over the Loganton-White Deer turnpike and
it is hoped that soon this historic old road will be
rebuilt, making one of the most beautiful through
mountain drives in the State. Good board and lodging
can be obtained at the noted Zimmerman Hospice
run by a grandson of the pioneer on top of the
mountain, about IJ miles south of Tea Springs camp.

SPROW'S RUN PUBLIC CAMP
Michaux State Forest

The Sprow's Run Public Camp (Class B) named in
honor of the Sprow family prominent in the charcoal
industry of the South Mountains, occupies a beautiful
spot in these famed mountains of southern Pennsyl-
vania. It is a popular place for forest campers. About
the camp are some of the finest fishing streams and the
best hunting grounds of southern Pennsylvania. Rho-
dodendron borders the nearby streams and some of
the best displays of mountain laurel are available in
great profusion near the camp.

This cami) is situated on an improved State Forest
road between Caledonia Park, on the Lincoln Highway,
and Mount Holly Springs. Ten miles south of the camp
passes the Lincoln Highway, on the east of which is
Gettysburg and to the west Chambersburg. The cam})
is about 2 miles from the unique forest community of
Pine Grove Furnace, a favorite and well-known camp-
ing place in the South Mountains.

LAUREL FORGE PUBLIC CAMP

Michaux State Forest

The Laurel Forge Public Camp (Class B) is a
beautiful forest play place on the largest lake in the
State Forests between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
It is located in a region rich in historic lore. Laurel
Lake was created in pre-Revolutionary times as part

of the operation of an old charcoal furnace forge,
which together with the Pine Grove Furnace nearby,
established in 17G3, supplied iron to the Carlisle
Armory and the Continental Army in 1776.

Near Laurel Forge Public Camp is Camp Rothrock,
a Boy Scout camp named in honor of Dr. J. T. Roth-
rock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania, and main-
tained by the citizens of Chester county. Other large
Boy Scout and Girl Scout camps are located nearby.
^'Explorers Camp," the annual outing grounds of the
Explorers, organized in 1872, and the oldest camping
organization in point of continuous camping activities
in the I'nited States, is at Pine Grove Furnace. Not
far from the camp is a large game refuge, and attrac-
tive evergreen forest tree plantations hel]) make a
pleasant environment for the camp. The region al)out
the camp is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing,
and good boating is available on the lake. Numerous
attractive cottages have been erected on permr.nent
camp sites on the State Forest about the camp.

This is truly a forest region, for from the earliest
times until the present, trees have been the most im-
portant crop. Cooke township, in which this camp ii
located comprises about 10,000 acres, practically all of
which is forested and almost all is State-owned.

The residents of the forest community of Pine Grove
Furnace, comprising 12 families, are i>ractically all
descendants of former employes of the iron company.

This camp can be reached over a good road from
Carlisle and Mount Holly Springs and over a good
State Forest road from Caledonia on the Lincoln High-
way. It is about 17 miles north of Caledonia from the
Lincoln Highway and 8 miles south of Mount Holly
Springs.

BEAR VALLEY PUBLIC CAMP

Buchanan State Forest

The Bear Valley Public Camp (Class B ) derived iti
name from the large number of bear that formerly

luhabited this remote forest region. Even today a few
people have explored this remote and densely forested
valley from end to end.

The old historic post road known as the ''Tri-moun
tain Road" constructed by the Province of Pennsyl-
vania westward from Shippensburg, passes within a
few miles of this camp. In 1794 President Washington
travelled over this road from Fort Bedford to Phila-
delphia after visiting the troops under General Lee that
were sent west to quell the Whiskey Insurrection.
Four miles west of the camp lies the famous Path
Valley that in olden days was known as Tuscarora
Path because it contained the regular trail of tlie

Tuscarora Indians.

This camp is located 12 miles northwest of Chambers-
burg and four miles beyond the western edge of the
Cumberland Valley. It can be reached from Chambers-
burg by way of I'pper Strasburg, thence westward for
two miles over a township road to the summit of the
mountain, where one turns south and follows a forest
road for 3 miles. It can also be reached from Shij.-
pensburg by way of Upper Strasburg, and from points
along tlie Lincoln Highway west of Chambersburg the
camp is accessible by way of the Api)le Way road. On
this road one travels by way of the Fred Shumbaugh
l)lace about U miles northwest o»f Edenville and fiom
there westward by a forest road across the North
Mountain for 3 miles into Bear Valley, and thence
northward 4 miles along a forest road. It may also be
reached from Fannettsburg by a township road across
the mountains for 5 miles into Horse Valley, and thence
1^ miles by a forest road into Reefer's Gap, just be
yond which the camp is located. There is a good
tourist's lodging place at Fannettsburg. From the tine
forest growth which abounds. Bear Valley Camp is gen-
erally considered one of the most attractive cam]) sites
in the State Forests. A good description of this region
can be found in ''Travels in Pennsylvania in 1806," by
Thomas Ashe.

BUCHANAN PARK PUBLIC CAMP
Buchanan State Forest

The Buchanan Park Public Camp (Class B) is situ
ated in a beautiful grove of thrifty young hemlocks
near tlie birthplace of President James Buchanan. It
lies within the Buchanan State Forest Park, described
in full on page 11.

CALEDONIA PARK PUBLIC CAMP

Michaux State Forest

The Caledonia Park Public Camp (Class A) is the
most extensively used of the thirty-one public camps on
the State Forests of Pennsylvania. It is located with-
in the Caledonia State Forest Park (see page 10)
along the Lincoln Highway, in the heart of the South
Mountains in Franklin county.

COLERAIN PUBLIC CAMP
Logan State Forest

The Colerain Public Camp (Class A) takes its name
fi-om the Colerain Forge, which stood for many years
a short distance from the camp and was one of the
famous forges of central Pennsylvania. In the early
days of this forge, plows were manufactured and latei-
double-bitted axes were the principal output.

This camp is located on a beautiful si>ot along
Spruce Creek in Huntingdon county. A winding fore.^t
trail connects this camp with Ice Cave Gap, where ice
may be found throughout the year. The camp is a
delightful camping spot. Excellent trout streams flow
fret^ly through the nearby forests. This camp, located
about 3 miles northeast of Spruce Creek, can be reach-
ed over the State Highway between Spruce Creek and

State College.

Near Colerain Camp is the ruins of a stone cabin
once the home of David Rittenhouse Porter, an early
Governor of Pennsylvania, who was at one time con-
nected with the management of the forge.

CLEAR CREEK PUBLIC CAMP

Kittanning State Forest

The Clear Creek Public Camp (Class B) is an acces-
sible beauty spot along the Clarion River. When the
hydro-electric development now under construction in
the Clarion River, is completed, the water will be
backed up to this camp site. There will then be four
miles of attractive shore line on the State Forest ad-
joining the reservoir. This will provide excellent camp-
ing sites and play places. At the mouth of Clear Creek
is one of the few level areas along this part of the
Clarion River. Here was formerly located the boat
yard of the lumber and boat building enterprise of
Frazer Brothers of Pittsburgh.

This camp is located in Jefferson county and is easily
reached by township road from Sigel or Millstone.

UPPER PINE BOTTOM PUBLIC CAMP
Tiadaghton State Forest

The Upper Pine Bottom Camp (Class B) derived its
name from the beautiful stream on whose banks it is
situated. In the early days this spot was famed for the
wonderful white pine forest that clothed all the bottom-
lands about the camp. The original timber has all
been cut, but thrifty young growth has now taken its
place. The streams about this camp offer good trout
fishing, and hunting in this region is good. This camp
is situated along Upper Pine Bottom Run about 2^
miles northwest of Waterville, in Cummings township,
Lycoming county. It can be reached by following State
Highway Route 266 from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek,
passing thru Waterville, about one-half mile across ihe
iron bridge spanning Pine Creek at this point, and
following the main Highway for a distance of about
2 miles; also by taking State Highway Route 106 at
Woolrich and following this Route to a point about

i mile west of Haneyville where this road intersects
with the Upper Pine Bottom road, Route 266, to the
right and follow this route for about 3 miles. Water-
ville is the nearest town with hotel accommodations

LAUREL RUN PUBLIC CAMP
Penn State Forest

The I-.aurel Run Public Camp (Class A) is a beautiful
spot at the foot of the Seven Mountains. The camp site
occupies an excellent play place on both sides of the
Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway where picturesque Still-
house Run empties into Laurel Run. It derives its
name from an old still house that was formerly located
here. About the camp is a wealth of plant and animal
life that makes an interesting environment for recrea-
tion and a great place for nature study. Beautiful
mountain streams are plentiful in the adjoining hill-
side forests. The Joseph T. Rotlirock Memorial
Boulder now standing in the Public Square at McVey-
town, Mifllin county, was taken from a rocky ledge of
Eagle Rocks, a short distance from the camp. Here
Samuel Pearson and Jacob Treaster burned tar years
ago in a pit, the bottom of which is quite well pre-
served and located within the camping ground.

Both Laurel Run and Stillhouse Run offer a ])lenti-
ful supply of pure water. The former stream provides
part of the water supply for the I^wistown-Reedsville
Water Company. Near the camp is a swimming pool,
and bathing facilities are provided for those who wish
to enjoy the stimulating effects of mountain water.

This camp is located along the Lewistown-Bellefonte
Highway Route 29, 2 miles west of Milroy, Mimin
county and 11 miles southeast of Centre Hall. This is
a much travelled thoroughfare and in vacation days the
camp is filled to capacity by local picknickers and
tourists.

SULPHUR SPRING PUBLIC CAMP
Rothrock State Forest

The Sulphur Spriug Public Camp (Class B) is lo-
cated in a beautiful valley that was the boyhood forest
playground of the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Father of
Forestry in Pennsylvania. From tramps into the
woods of this region he acquired a deep and lasting
love for the great out-of-doors. Older residents recall
that when a boy Dr. Rothrock killed a large deer a
short distance up the valley from Sulphur Spring, and
unaided carried it to his home at McVeytown, a dis-
tance of about 8 miles.

To the east of this public camp is the high Black-
log mountain with the famous Blacklog Valley in
Juniata county on the eastern side. The Blacklog
Valley is quite inaccessible and still well timbered. A
tramp to this unusual forest retreat is worth while
and pictures in minature the original forest condi-
tion of central Pennsylvania.

Sulj)hur Spring Camp is located in the deep ravine
like Licking Creek Valley, in Wayne township, Mifflin
county. To reach Sulphur Spring Camp from Mount
Union, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, is a trip of
about eight miles over State Highway, township, and
State Forest roads, with a route as follows: Leave
Mount Union on State Highway Route 121, proceed
two miles southward on this macadam road toward
the towns of Shirleysburg and Orbisonia to the point
where the State Highway leaves the Juniata river,
which is at the well known Silver Fording located
upon the farm of Congressman E. M. Beers and re-
cognized by the brick farm house on the right hand
side of the Highway. From here follow the township
dirt road down stream along the south banks of the
Juniata river, within 2 miles crossing the high wooden
covered bridge at the juncture of Aughwick Creek with
the river and within the next mile crossing the small
bridge over West Licking Creek at its juncture with

the Juniata River. Immediately upon crossing Licking
Creek leave the Juniata river, follow up Licking Creek
about 3 miles to the Sulphur Spring Camp — first using
the township road one mile to the dam at the Mount
Union Rod & Gun Club Camp, then using the Htate
Foerst road 2 miles, passing Camp Elliot on the right
and Camp Frankenberry on the left.

BIG SPRING PUBLIC CAMP
Tuscarora State Forest

The Big Spring Public Camp (Class A) takes its
name from the big spring which flows a gushing stream
of water at all seasons of the year. Since the time of
the oldest settlers it has never been known to be dry.
It was lowest during the serious drought of the au-
tumn of 1860. In 1915 this big spring was walled and
now furnishes an abundant supply of pure mountain
water.

This camp lies in the heart of a forest region which
long supplied successive forest industries with raw
material. Not far from the camp a tannery was es-
tablished in the forepart of the last century. It con-
tinued to operate until 1860. In 1871 the tannery was
converted into an ax handle factory. In the days of
the tanning industry the leather was hauled by mule
teams to Newport, a distance of 37 miles. The present
railroad of this region does not extend beyond New
Germantown, but an extension of this railroad to
Path Valley in Franklin county was planned. About
i mile southeast of Big Spring is a tunnel opening in
the mountain, which is part of the abandoned railroad
project. The State bought a considerable acreage of
forest land in this region in 1906.

This camp is located on the Blain Dry Run road
^ miles southwest of New Germantown, Perry county,
at the headwaters of the North Fork of Sherman Creek.
It is a beautiful mountain spot in the very heart of a
fine fishing and hunting region.

KANSAS VALLEY PUBLIC CAMP
Tuscarora State Forest

The Kansas Valley Public Camp (Class B) takes its
name from the heavily forested Kansas Valley of
southern Perry county. It is said that Lewis the
Robber frequently took refuge in this remote valley.
About one mile west from the camp is Robber Hollow,
a small ravine leading southward into Kansas Valley.
The older settlers of the surrounding region claim
that somewhere in this hollow lie buried treasures of
silver and gold left by Lewis and his band and for
which they have never returned.

The Kansas Valley Public Camp is located at the
old Gibbons Place in Kansas Valley, Perry county,
about 5 miles southeast of East Waterford. It can be
reached by leaving the Port Royal-Blair's Mills St ate
Highway at East Waterford. After leaving this road
one travels about 3 miles through East Waterford
Narrows and at the intersection of Horse Valley and
Kansas Valley roads one passes the "Cole House" on
the left which is now the local forest ranger head-
quarters. Immediately beyond at the top of the hill
one takes the road to the left for two miles into Kansas
Valley. Here in the heart of an extensive forest re-
gion one will find the Kansas Valley Public Camp.
Along this route between the forest ranger's head-
quarters and the camp is a thrifty Scotch pine planta-
tion.

GEORGE W. CHILDS PARK PUBLIC CAMP

Delaware State Forest

The George W. Childs Park Public Camp (Class A)
stands in the front rank of the beauty spots on the
State Forests of Pennsylvania. It is located within
the George W. Childs State Forest Park, described
fully on page 13.

PROMISED LAND PUBLIC CAMP
Delaware State Forest

The Promised Laud Public Camp (Class A) derives
its name from Promised Land Lake, one of the favorite
forest play places of Pike county.

The l*romised Land Lake region was not settled
until about 1840. In 1844 a dam was built at the out-
let of the lake and an old up-and-down sawmill was
erected. Near the camp is the beautiful Promised Land
Lake, which is 3 miles long and at places a full mile
wide. The lake offers good boating and some of the
finest pickerel fishing in the State. About this lake
originally grew great hemlock and white pine trees.
Near the camp are some fine forest tree plantations
which serve as excellent object lessons in practical
reforestation.

This camp is well equipped and nearby is a good
hotel with improved facilities. This camp is located in
Greene township. Pike county, about 11 miles north-
east of Canadensis and 12 miles southwest of Hawley
on the Canadensis-Hawley turnpike. At special points
along the pike are to be had some of the finest views
in the region just north of the Poconos.

CHERRY SPRINGS PUBLIC CAMP
Susquehannock State Forest

The Cherry Springs Public Camp (Class B) occupies
a beautiful spot in the highlands of central Potter
county. About the cajnp is a wonderful stand of birch,
beech and maple trees. The beech trees with their
Quaker gray bark appear to be at their best and frame
the camp picture in a most charming way. This is one
of the coolest spots in IVnnsylvania and is an exccllont
place to study plant and animal life typical of the
Pennsylvania highlands. Near the camp is a wonder-
ful spring of pure water. A few miles southeast of
the camp is the famous Cherry Springs forest fire

Tllb^ltE IS NO BETTER PLACE TO PLAY THAN AMONG
THE TREES. THE PUBLIC CAMPS ON THE STATE
FORESTS ARE AMONG THE FOREMOST FOREST
PLAY PLACES IN THE STATE

EACH YEAR THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE USE THE 31 I'lJBLIC
CAMPS ON THE STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA

observation tower. It is GO feet high, stands at an
elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level, and from its
cabin may be had one of the most commanding views
of northern Pennsylvania. Xot less than 225,000 acres
of forest land can be seen from here. It is situated
along a nine mile drive lined practically the entire dis-
tance on both sides of the road with original growth
hardwood timbers.

This camp is located about 11 miles south of Coud-
ersport, within the Cherry Springs drive, which is one
of the most beautiful and picturesque of its kind in
the State. It can be reached over the well-known
Jersey Shore-Coudersport Turnpike, for the camp bf)rd-
ers this beautiful highland highway.

OLE BULL PUBLIC CAMP

Susquehannock State Forest

The Ole Bull Public Camp (Class A) occupies a
beautiful spot along picturesque Kettle Creek within
sight of the remains of Ole Bull's castle in southeastern
Potter county. It was here that Ole Bull, the world-
famous Norwegian violinist, located with his 800 colo-
nists in 1852. About this camp is a wealth of animal
and plant life typical of the lowlands of northern Penn-
sylvania. Bird's, ferns, wild flowers, shrubs, and trees
are found here in considerable numbers. :Many of the
trees about the camp have been labeled. This makes
tree study easy and interesting. For a description of
the nearby Ole Bull State Forest Monument see page

56.

This camp is located in the heart of the Susquehan
nock State Forest, named in honor of the Susquehan-
nock Indians, which at one time claimed this part of
Pennsylvania as their own. This State Forest includes
172,410 acres of State-owned forest land, among which
are some of the finest hardwood stands in the State.
It can be reached by leaving the Jersey Shore Couders-
port Pike at Oleona and travelling one mile west over

an excellent dirt road. There is an excellent tourist
lodging house near Oleona. The Lyso Spring "water
of light," named and loved by Ole Bull, is located at
Ole Bull State Camp.

PATTERSON PLACE PUBLIC CAMP
Susquehannock State Forest

The Patterson Place Public Camp (Class A) is situ-
ated at a beautiful spot amidst some of the most beauti-
ful birch, beech and maple trees of northern Pennsyl-
vania. The rich plant and animal life about the camp
is typical of the highlands of northern Pennsylvania.
Here is one of the coolest spots in northern Pennsyl-
vania. It is much frequented by tourists. Excellent
camping facilities and a supply of good water are
available at all times.

This camp is located in central Potter county, within
the famous Cherry Springs drive, about 10 miles south
of Coudersport. It is easily reached for it borders
the well-known Jersey Shore-Coudersport pike.

PROUTY PLACE PUBLIC CAMP

Susquehannock State Forest

The Prouty Place Public Camp (Class B) is in the
very heart of the great forest reaches of northern Penn-
sylvania. If you want to camp at a remote spot and
see the backwoods of Pennsylvania, here is an ideal
place. You will find nature at her best in this sylvan
retreat. The road to this camp is dotted with beauti-
ful vistas. The streams are pure and sparkling and
wild life abundant. From early spring to late autumn
the nature lover finds this camp a paradise. The
natural forest cannot be beat in make-up and beauty,
and during the last 15 years more than 4 million trees
have been planted on the Susquehannock State Forest.
They are wonderful object lessons in reforestration.

This camp is located in the midst of an extensive
forest region of southern Potter county. It can be
reached over a forest road by turning westv^^ard on the
Jersey Shore-Coudersport turnpike about 8 miles south
of Coudersport and travelling 8 miles to the west.

KOOSER PUBLIC CAMP

Forbes State Forest

The Kooser Public Camp (Class B) occupies an

attractive and accessible spot on the historic Laurel

Hill of southwestern Pennsylvania. It was across

this ridge that the old Forbes road was constructed

as a part of the expedition against Fort Duquesne

(later Fort Pitt) under the direction of General

George Washington. The clear as crystal and cool as

ice waters of Kooser Run, arising from strong and

sparkling springs nearby, flow through this camping

ground.

This charming camp is located one mile east of the
Summit of Laurel Hill in Somerset county at an
elevation of 2,400 feet. It is 12 miles west of Somerset
and 15 miles east of Mount Pleasant. It can be reached
over State Highway Route 186 between Somerset and
Mount Pleasant.

BALDWIN PUBLIC CAMP

Tioga State Forest

The Baldwin Public Camp (Class B) occupies a high
Bite in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. Its
cool climate makes it especially attractive as a rest and
play place. Deer, l>ear, and smaller game are often
seen about the camp and plant life typical of the north
woods is abundant. Near the camp lies a cranberry
marsh in which there is an abundant growth of cran-
berry bushes. Within a short distance of the camp
very ^interesting forest tree plantations and the forest
seener>' dotted with beautiful pines, hemlocks, and

Aliite bipches, are especially inviting. Beautiful moun-
tain streams are abundant about the camp and fishing
is excellent.

This camp is located in Tioga county off of Highway
Route 22, 9 miles west of Wellsboro and 6 miles west
of the Wellsboro-Tioga State Road. This route is a
township road used locally as a scenic drive. In aj)-
proaching the camp from Wellsboro there is a gradual
mountain climb from Wellsboro Junction at an eleva-
tion of 1,170 feet to a point near the Baldwin Forest
Fire Tower, the altitude of which is 2,334 feet. From
this tower may be had one of the most beautiful views
in northern Pennsylvania.

DARLING RUN PUBLIC CAMP
Tioga State Forest

Darling Run Public Camp (Class A| takes its name
from Darling Run, which empties into the famous
Pine Creek at this camp site. This camp is adjacent
to the Old Manchester Mill dam of far famed lumber-
ing days, and near it was one of the early up-and-
down sawmills of the North Tier. Thousands of feet
of the finest white i)ine produced in the world were cut
at th's mill. Near this camp is Ansonia (Big Meadows)
a great camping ground for the Indians. To this day
arrow heads and imidenients of Indian manufacture
are often found he re. About the canij) are extensive
plantations of forest trees up to 15 years old. Game
is plentiful and it is not unusual to see deer, bear, and
small animals in the vicinity of the camp. Fishing is
of the very best and fine hikes are available to those
who enjoy the mountains.

This camp is located about % of a mile south of the
Roosevelt Highway at Ansonia, Tioga county. It lies
at the junction of Darling Run and Pine Creek adja-
cent to the New York Central Railroad. Its location
at the head of the famous Pine Creek Gorge, formerly

called Tiadaghton Gorge, gives it one of the most
picturesque locations of all public camps in the State.
It can be readily reached over a good dirt road leading
to the camp from Ansonia, which is largely travelled
and in a usually fair condition during the summer
months.

JOYCE KILMER PUBLIC CAMP
Bald Eagle State Forest

The Joyce Kilmer Public Camp (Class B) is named
in honor of Joyce Kilmer, the American boy poet who
made the supreme sacrifice during the AVorld War
and immortalized his name by his unrivaled poem on

''Trees.'*

The camp is located on tlie State Highway Route 27
between Lewisburg and Bellefonte, about 5 miles west
of Hartleton and 5 miles east of Woodward, in Union
county. Near this camp is the Voneida (Hairy John's)
State Forest Park (see page Ui and on the moun-
tain overlooking the camp is the Joyce Kilmer State
Forest Monument (see page 54).

ADAMS FALLS PUBLIC CAMP
Forbes State Forest
The Adams Falls Public Camp (Class A) is situated
in an environment of sylvan beauty, probably unsur-
passed in Pennsylvania. Trails radiate in all direc-
tions into the adjacent forest which abound in natural
beauty. The miniature waterfalls on Adams Falls Run,
almost concealed by the dense growth of rhododendron
overhanging the steep cliffs, prove attractive haunts for
the forest adventurer and nature lover. Near the camp
is the Hollenbaugh Trail, named in honor of Adam
Hollenbaugh, an industrious Hollander who made his
home in this beautiful forest region. From 1850 until
his death in 1884 he manufactured hand-rived and

4(>

hand-shaved shingles and clapboards which replaced
the straw-covered or thatched roofs of former days.
Mr. Hollenbaugh was a constant reader of the Cincin-
nati Star and carefully preserved each issue, and upon
his death keen competition sprung up among the bid-
ders for this complete file of valuable literature.

On the site of this camp selected oak timbers were
cut and taken to Laughlintown, where the first shook
shop in Westmoreland county was established in 1863.
The logs from tliese trees were manufactured into
barrel staves which were sent to Cuba and made into
sugar barrels and molasses hogsheads.

To the north of the Forbes road as one approaches
the camp grounds is the Flat Rock Bathing I*ool,
which is a wonderful water play place for children
because of the broad flat watercovered rock over which
the youngsters can glide with ease.

This camp is located four miles south of the Lincoln
Highway at Laughlintown in Westmoreland county.
It can be reached over a good dirt road that leads to
a good forest road within the Forbes State Forest.

LAUREL SUMMIT PUBLIC CAMP
Forbes State Forest

The Laurel Summit Public Camp (Class B) has the
distinction of having the highest elevation of the 31
public camps in the State Forests of Pennsylvania. Its
elevation is 2,739 feet above sea level.

The removal of the virgin timber from this locality
was not started until about 1900. During the next
seven years 65,000,000 board feet were sawed at the
mill at Ligonier. White pine, hemlock, red oak, and
chestnut were the principal trees of this locality.
From openings in the young growth that has replaced
the virgin timber, may be had excellent views of west-
ern Somerset county, including the town of Somerset,
and a profile of Allegheny and Negro mountains. More
than a million small forest tree seedlings have been

planted within the radius of two mile* of this camp
ground. Many of these planted trees are near the
roads about the camp.

This camp is located on the historic Laurel Hill
separating Somerset from Fayette and Westmoreland
counties. It was across this ridge, about three miles
north of the Lincoln Highway, that the old Forbes
road was constructed as a part of the Forbes expedi-
tion against Fort Duquesne under the direction of
Colonel George Washington. The camp is situated on
the summit of Laurel Hill near the Somerset-West-
moreland county line. It lies 12 miles south of the Lin-
coln Highway at Laughlintown and is 8 miles beyond
the Adams Falls Public Camp (see page 45). It can
be reached over the road through the Forbes State
Forest constructed on the grade of the abandoned
Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad.

STATE FOREST MONUMENTS OF
PENNSYLVANIA

State Forest Monuments are areas of singular
beauty, set aside within the State Forests for perman-
ent preservation in a natural condition. Here plant
and animal life is wild and primeval, according to the
ways of Nature. It is to be preserved in its wildness
undisturbed, that the people of Pennsylvania — our
-children, and their children — may for all time to come
be able to visit selected and choice remnants of the
glorious Penn's Woods of olden days.

Within the State forests are swamp areas, exposed
mountain places with peculiar plant associations, and
regions of rocks, boulders, ledges and precipices of rug-
ged scenic beauty, supporting little other than the
low forms of plant and animal life. These may also be
set aside as State Forest Monuments.

Since the ])rime purpose of our forests is utility —
service toward meeting the everyday needs of life — it
is not possible to preserve all our woods in its original
wild condition and keep it so, but it is most fitting
that the Department of Forests and Waters is vested
with authoritv and direction to "set aside within the
State Forests, unusual or historical groves of trees
or natural features especially worthy of permanent
])reservation, to make the same accessible and conven-
ient for public use, and to dedicate them in perpetuity
to the people of the State for their recreation and en-
joyment."

BEAR MEADOWS STATE FOREST
MONUMENT

Logan State Forest

The Bear ^Meadows State Forest Monument is prob-
ably the most ])opular of the Forest Monuments in
Pennsylvania on account of its unusual make-up and
.^eat botanical interest. It is a bottomless quagmire

(48)

BIG OAKS IN THE ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT

of about 350 acres, which in spots is said to be vei-y
dangerous to travellers. Some claim that this vast
meadow took its name from an early pioneer or hunter
named "Baer." Others believe that it was named be-
cause of the prevalence of bears. It is also said that
some of the early settlers sometimes spell the name
Bare. Some of the foremost authorities on this sub-
ject feel that the name Bear Meadows is the proper
one.

For many years botanists have regarded the Bear
Meadows as a favorite retreat. Students of botany
and forestry at State College regard this as their
favorite place for field study. In this great forested
meadow grow specimens of the Pitcher Plant, Sun
Dew, and other rare plants common to the cold boggy
swamps of the North. The original gro\vth of balsam
flr, tamarack, and black spruce has been cut out, and
what was not cut was burned. There is now develop-
ing a young growth of these coniferous trees. Laurel
and rhododendron are also very abundant, in some
places forming almost impenetrable thickets. About
the meadows are numerous fine springs from which
flows the purest of water.

The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is located
in the midst of the Seven Mountains in Centre county
It may be reached by travelling from Belief on te to a
point at Galbraith's Gap by way of Boalsburg. From
this Gap one travels over a good State Forest road to
the Bear Meadows, a distance of about 4 miles. A
good State Forest road was recently constructed from
the Bear Meadows across Bear Meadows Mountain to
Stone Creek Valley at the upper end of which are lo-
cated the Detweiler Run and the Alan Seeger State
Forest Monuments. This road opens an approach to
Bear Meadows from the historic Greenwood Furnace
and from McAlevy's Fort.

DETWEILER RUN STATE FOREST
MONUMENT

Logan State Forest

The Detweiler Run State Forest Monument com-
prises a tangle of giant original forest trees, mostly
white pine and hemlock, with an under story of almost
impenetrable rhododendron. Competent students of
early forest conditions of Pennsylvania declare that
the forest conditions in this monument picture very
truly the primeval forest conditions of the State.

An interesting feature of some of the giant white
pine trees is the marks of the old time shingle thieves,
who, if they found a tree the least bit defective, would
not cut it, but if it was found all right, they felled the
tree, ''shaved" the shingles, and then carried them on
their backs, sometimes over long distances to the near-
by settlements, where they were marketed. Former
State Forest Ranger Ross, a local authority on the wild
life of l»ennsylvania, states that the wolves made one
of their last stands in central Pennsylvania in the dark
gloomy depths of Detweiler Hollow, sallying forth at
night in search of game, howling dismally from the
mountain tops, or watching the shingle shavers from
the edge of the forest with their dark, furtive eyes.
In the dark recesses of this great forest tangle live
some of the rare warblers and other forest loving birds.
The late Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated ihat the dnck hawk,
one of the rarest varieties of hawks in the State, nested
in these big trees. Detweiler Run, one of the most
beautiful streams of the State, flows through the center
of this Monument.

This monument of about 50 acres, is located at the
headwaters of Detweiler Run in Huntingdon county.
It can be reached from Milroy, Reedsville and Belle-
ville by way of Greenwood Furnace, and from Hunt-
ingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort, from where one fol-
lows the township road along Stone Creek. A new
forest road also makes this Monument accessible
from State College by way of the Bear Meadows.

ALAN SEEGER STATE FOREST MONUMENT

Logan State Forest

The Alan Seeger State Forest Monument is named
for Alan Seeger, a young American poet who gave his
life in France as did Joyce Kilmer. Alan Seeger was
a great lover of nature and the author of many beauti-
ful poems on trees. By a curious coincidence, after
this Monument was named it was found that the land
was originally owned by another Seeger family, but
whether the two families were related is not known.

Within this Monument are hemlock trees of unusual
si^ and beauty — undoubtedly some ot them were
growing here when Columbus discovered America —
and there are stands of oak that have no superior in
the State. Magnificent growth of rhododendrons,
some with stems 40 feet high, border the streams that
pass through this Monument. In the latter part of
June and early July this sylvan retreat is a treat hard
to excel. It is reported that rhododendron was Seeger's
favorite flower.

This Monument is an ideal recreation center and
camping spot. Beautiful Stone Creek flows through the
Monument and an excellent trail has been developed
so that this beauty spot is accessible to the public.
Mrs. Mary Flinn Lawrence of Pittsburgh, ardent con-
servationist and member of the State Forest Commis-
sion, considers the Alan Seeger State Forest Monu-
ment the most beautiful recreation spot in the State
Forests of Pennsylvania.

C. L. Seeger, father of Alan Seeger, in a letter
written from 40, Rue Du Colissee, Paris, to Colonel
Henry W. Shoemaker, under date of April 9, 1923,
writes that:

"Our mutual friend, Mr. Moulder, has given
me the two photographs which you kindly sent
him and which were taken in the Alan Seeger
State Park in Pennsylvania. He told me that
it was due to your initiative that the park was

ALAN SEEGER

named for my son, and I am glad to have this
opportunity to thank you most sincerely for
this great honor to his memory. Nothing
could be more pleasing to Alan than such a
memorial, because it was always his great joy
to take long walks in the forests and over hill
and dale in Mexico and in France, as well as
in our own country."

This Monument, including about 155 acres, is sit-
uated along Stone Creek in Huntingdon county. It can
be reached from Milroy, Reedsville, and Belleville by
way of Greenwood Furnace, from Huntingdon by way
of McAlevy's Fort, and from Altoona by way of Alex-
andria and Petersburg to McAlevy's Fort, from where
one follows the road up Stone Creek Valley. A new-
forest road also makes this monument accessible from-.
State College by way of Bear Meadows.

The nearest settlement is Greenwood Furnace, the
home of a few forest workers and the headquarters of
an Assistant District Forester, who now lives in the
house formerly the residence of Henry Rawle, early
iron master of this locality. There is also a church
at Greenwood Furnace, now no longer in use, and it
is said that on one occasion General Robert E. Lee
worshipped there while visiting his brother, who was
manager of the furnace several years prior to the
Civil War. A large forest tree nursery is located at
Greenwood Furnace, with an annual capacity of three
million trees. On a high point between Greenwood
Furnace and this monument is the Greenwood Forest
Fire Observation Tower, from the top of which are
available commending views of the mountains and val-
leys of central Pennsylvania.

JOYCE KILMER STATE FOREST MONUMENT

Bald Eagle State Forest

"Gypsies are Welcome to Camp Here'^ — is the mes-
sage on a sign at the entrance to the Joyce Kilmer State
Forest Monument. The words are those of the young-

JOYCE KHMER

American poet, Joyce Kilmer, who was killed in the
World War in France, July, 1918. In a letter to his
Mother the boy wrote that if he ever owned a piece of
woodland he would place therein a sign of welcome to
gypsies. In his short life he did not have the opportu-
nity to fulfill his wish, but his message will live long
after him. Xearby this welcome to gypsies stands a
larger sign bearing Kilmer's beautiful poem ''Trees".

The Joyce Kilmer Forest Monument comprises about
21 acres of old hemlock and a few white pines on the
north slope of Paddy Mountain in Union county. The
Joyce Kilmer trail leads to the mountain top above and
to the natural amphitheatre known as Joyce Kilmer
Rest. Here a group of flat boulders form a semi-circle
surrounded and overhung by gigantic, dark hemlocks.
Here is a fitting place to sit and meditate upon the
wonders of the Natural World and share the inspira-
tions that it gave to Joyce Kilmer.

This Forest Monument is accessible from points
along the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway. A good
forest trail extends from the Joyce Kilmer Public
Camp (see page 45) on this highway to the monu-
ment, a distance of one mile. Hartleton is 5 miles
east and Woodward 5 miles west. At Woodward is a
summer liotel. There are hotel accomodations at Mif-
flinburg, 12 miles east, and at Millheim 12 miles west.

OLE BULL STATE FOREST MONUMENT
Susquehannock State Forest

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of Kettle Creek. Owing to financial difficulties the
colony proved unsuccessful. All that now remains is
part of the castle walls, upon which, on clear days,
the flags of the United States and Norway fly.

In July, 1920, a memorable outing of the Potter
County Historical Society was held at Ole Bull's
Castle. About 10,000 persons were present and about
2,000 automobiles were parked on the green at various
places below. Addresses were delivered by Governor
Sproul and by Giflord Pinchot, then Commissioner of
of Forestry, in which enlarged i)rogressive policies for
Pennsylvania Forestry were outlined.

The Monument is located 29 miles southeast of
Coudersi>ort, Potter county. It may be reached over
the Coudersport- Jersey Shore State Pike and State
Forest road turning west for one mile at Oleona. There
is a hotel (Wm. Jones, Prop.,) at Cross Fork, 7 miles
from the Monument, and a good boarding house at
Oleona, kept by H. M. Olson (Cross Fork, Pa.)

McCONNELL NARROWS STATE FOREST

MONUMENT

Bald Eagle State Forest

The McConnell Narrows State Forest Monument
contains some of the most magnificent rock scenery in
Pennsylvania, as well as stands of superb original hem-
lock and white pine. These giant, rugged trees present
a particularly beautiful silhouette against the sky on
moonlight nights. It is a picture that once seen will
never be forgotten.

Near this monument is the famous "Sink," where the
last herd of wild buffalo or bison in Pennsylvania wt^re
destroyed by Snyder County hunters about 1799.
Penn's Creek, flowing below, is one of the most beauti-
ful streams in the State for canoeing, swimming, or
Ashing. It was named for William Penn's grandson, one
of our Colonial Governors. The Indians called it
Karoondinha. It is in a class almost by itself for it

jremains practically unpolluted to this day. Its waters
flow clear as crystal.

In McConnell Narrows near the site of this Forest
Monument former Senator William C. McConnell has
maintained for many years a handsome bungalow,
where his friend, the late U. S. Senator Boise Penrose,
spent many of the happiest of his leisure hours.

This Monument lies on the southern slope of White
Mountain, l^nion county, opposite (Mierry Knn Station.
White Mountain rises to a height of 2.1i20 feet and to
ascend its slopes requires skillful climbing. Its rocks
are of colossal proportions, some standing erect like
chimneys, and among these giant boulders are vast
fissures and enormous subterranean caverns in which
the wild animals lind shelter and seek refuge. Cheiiy
Run Station may be reached over the Ixnvisburg Tyrone
Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Monument
is accessible over the road through Laurel ton and
Weikert which branches off the Lewisburg-Bellefonte
State Highway one and one-half miles west of Hartle-
ton.

MOUNT LOGAN STATE FOREST MONUMENT

Ba!d Eagle State Forest

The Mount Logan State Forest Monument is named
for the Indian Chief, James Logan, greatest of the
Indian orators, who had a trail across the mountains
from McElhattan, Clinton county, to the Sulphur
Spring in Sugar Valley. Within this monument are
superb original white pines and hemlocks. The inacces
sibility of these great giant trees saved them from the
lumberman's axe. Their great spires, like masts, stand-
ing against the sky line of the mountain top, aro an
inspiring spectacle from the West Branch Valley for
many miles, and just to look at them seemingly lifts
one up spiritually. Near the foot of Mount Logan, and
its sister mountain Mt. Jura, is Camp Shoemaker, Boy
Scout Headquarters for Clinton county, a grove of

about 5 acres. At Camp Slioemaker are five good
springs and excellent camping facilities are available
for those who delight in being within the mountains*
The park was formerly in charge of the late John H.
Chatham, the venerable poet and naturalist, who is so
well known throughout central Pennsylvania to all
lovers of what is best in outdoor life. Nearby is Shoe-
maker's Park, a public camping ground, with outdoor
stoves, tables, running water, and other facilities.

The altitude of Mount Logan is 2,200 feet and from
it is to be had one of the finest views of the State. This
monument, covering about 47 acres, is situated on
Mount Logan in Wayne township, Clinton county. It
is near McElhattan, about 5 miles ea.st of Lock Haven,
where ample hotel accommodations are available.
There is a boarding house near the Pennsylvania Rail-
road Station at McElhattan. Less than one mile from
the Youngdale station, which is the name of the New
York Central station at McElhattan, is an excellent
trail, adequately marked, which leads to the top of
Mount Logan into the very heart of the State Forest
Monument.

MOUNT RIANSARES STATE FOREST

MONUMENT

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Mount Riansares State Forest :Monument is
named after the Duke of Riansares, husband of Maria
Cristina, Queen Regent of Spain, who invested in tim-
ber and coal lands in central Pennsylvania a consider-
able part of the $5,000,000 she received from the sale
of the State of Florida to the United States. She
directed that the highest peak in Pennsylvania's pos-
session be called after her husband, of whom she was
very fond. This investment, like that of the Ole Hull
cobmists, proved a costly failure, and later the land
was sold for taxes.

A few years ago descendants of the Duke of Rian-
sares, one of whom was Secretary of the Spanish Em-
bassy at Washington, attempted to institute legal pro-
ceedings to recover possession of the land, but were
unsuccessful, as the land had already passed through
too many hands. It is said that about 1870, shortly
before his death, the Duke visited his wife's former
holdings and ascended Mount Riansares by the tiail
now a part of the road system on the Bald Eagle State

Forest.

The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,293 feet. From
the summit of this mountain one can enjoy a magnifi
cent view in all directions. On account of the moun-
tain's height and steepness it was for years known as
''The Unscalable Mountain." Upon the mountain is a
60 foot forest observation tower, and nearby are sev-
eral good springs of water and a large game refuge.
Huckleberry picking is one of the pleasant summer
IKistimes in this region. Game was formerly very
abundant in this mountain, especially bear, which hid
in the big openings among the large rocks, but of late
years many of them have been driven away.

About the top of Mount Riansares is a grove of
magnificent hemlocks. The Pennsylvania Alpine Club,
on a beautiful Sunday, May 8, 1921, ascended this
mountain and near the top among the giant trees a
stone pulpit from native rocks was erected. Here the
Rev. Leroy Oohick of McElhattan, one of the Chnplniiis
of the Alpine Club, preached a beautiful sermon on

the out-of-doors.

This State Forest Monument of about 13 acres is
situated on Mount Riansai^es in Clinton county. It
may be reached by travelling about 15 miles southeast
from I^ck Haven, turning from the main pike between
Lock Haven and Bellefonte, near Salona, where the
road sign reads "To Loganton."

MARTIN'S HILL STATE FOREST MONUMENT

Buchanan State Forest

The Martiu's Hill State Forest Monument com-
prises 9 acres of old original hemlocks within a gorge
of one of the highest mountains in southern Pennsyl-
vania. These hemlocks were preserved largely through
efforts of (Captain J. G. Dillin of Media who lumbered
over this mountain 25 years ago.

Martin's Hill is 3,075 feet above sea level. On its
summit is a forest observation tower from which is to
be had a magnificent view in all directions. A path
to the mountain top and tower is very steep. It is
similar 1o some of the mountain paths in the Alps or
in the Black Forest of Germany, and would be admir-
able for snow shoeing or skiing during the winter
months. Nearby the monument is a game refuge. At
Flintstone, near the Monument, was the early home of
Meshach Browning, author of "Forty-four Years of a
Hunter's Life,'' a classic in Big Game Literature.

This Monument lies at the foot of Martin's Hill, Bed-
ford county. It may be reached by travelling over
State road from Bedford through Rainsburg and to
summit of mountain 2 miles beyond Rainsburg, thence
by forest road 4 miles to the head of the gorge. Suit-
able markers have been erected along forest roads to
direct the traveller to the monument. There are good
hotel accommodations at Bedford and McOonnellsburg
on the Lincoln Highway.

SPECIAL SCENIC AREAS AND HISTORIC

SITES ON
STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA

There are a large number of noteworthy scenic area»
in Pennsylvania. Three are worthy of special mention.
They are Cherry Springs Drive, Coxe's Valley View,
and the Site of Valhalla.

CHERRY SPRINGS DRIVE

Susquehannock State Forest

One of the noblest and most lasting achievements of
Hon. Gifford Pinchot while a member of the State
Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, was the saving
from the lumberman's axe of a magnificent stand of
primeval hardwood timber in central Potter county,
bordering the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, a part
of which is now called Cherry Springs Drive. The land
on the west side of the drive belongs to the State. In
1919 special plans were laid to cut these magnificent
birch, beech and maple trees. After being appointed
to the State Forest Commission, Mr. Pinchot visited
this forest and was impressed by the beauty and educa-
tional value of this unusual tree growth. He immedi-
ately took steps to preserve them for future genera-
tions, and later under the forest law of 1921, he con-
stituted them into a permanent memorial, now known
as Cherry Springs Drive.

Prior to the World War the roadway was lined on
both sides with magnificent forests of original hard-
woods. They were at their best in the fall of the year
when clothed with a glorious canopy of autumnal
foliage. It was a sight long to be remembered and
resulted in a thrill that implanted a lingering love of
Penn's Woods. During the World War the demand
for wood chemicals became so gi-eat that camps were

-• 5 '-■*

l\'%

y'-^'

v^v

•2

located on the privately-owned land adjoining the drive
and large quantities of chemical wood were cut. Col.
Charnwood Simpson, chief purchaser of munitions for
the British Governuient for the Western rennsylvania
District, stated that "the forests of northern Pennsyl-
vania won the war, for at a critical time in 1918 after
the Germans had broken through the western front,
the timely arrival of large chemical supplies derived
from the forests of I*ennsylvania turned the tide of the

war."

Within this drive are the Patterson Plnce and the
Cherry Springs Public Cam])s, Avhicli ] rovide ext client
camping facilities for picnic parties and tourists from
a distance. Near the drive is the Cherry Springs
forest observation tower, from which can be had a
magnificent and insi)iring forest view. This view is
considered by some, including the groat histoiian. Dr.
George P. Donehoo, as the finest view in the State.

The Cheiry Springs drive extends for a distance of
6.V miles along the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike in
the Susquehannock State Forest in l»otter county. It
is about 14 miles southeast of Coudersport and borders
the picturesque highland highAvay. The nearest town
with good hotel accommodations is Coudersport. but
there are also suitable accommodations for tourists at
Olson's Hotel, at Oleona.

COXE'S VALLEY VIEW

Penn State Forest

One of the most pleasant landscape features in the
Seven Mountains is the Coxe's Valley View, which lies
to the east of the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway,
Route No. 29. Here one can get a distant view of the
grand old forest of Coxe's Valley. In this forest are
superb white pine and hemlock trees that have b-en
wisely preserved for all time. They give to tourists an
idea of what the old time forests were like before the
lumberman and forest fires created havoc among them.

This view may be enjoyed to the best advantage at
a point about five miles north of Milroy, near the
Mountain Spring. The big trees are on the north slope
of Spruce Mountain in Coxe's Valley, Mifflin county.
Near the mouth of Ooxe's Valley is a horse shoe turn,
at which point a forest road (not in condition for auto
travel at present) extends westward up Laurel Run
and ultimately leads to the Detweiler Hollow and the
Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments (see pages 51
and 52).

THE SITE OF VALHALLA

Susquehannock State Forest

One mile west from the Ole Bull State Forest Monu-
ment (page 56) is the Site of Valhalla, one of Ole
Bull's projected towns. The name Valhalla is an im-
posing one, being that of the abode of the gods in
>sorwegian mythology. All that now remains of the
Valhalla settlement is a stone house that was erected
for Ole Bull's private physician, Dr. Karl Joerg. Some
of the original wood-work of Ole Bull's castle is a part
of this substantial stone house. The Site of Valhalla
is located 20 miles southeast of Coudersport in Potter
county. It may be reached over the Jersey Shore-
Coudersport Pike, turning west at Oleona.

FOREST OBSERVATION TOWERS IN
PENNSYLVANIA

There are 106 forest observation towers in Pennsyl-
vania, ea^h of which overlooks an average of 130,000
acres of forest land. Most of these towers are 60 feet
high and carry an enclosed cabin at the top. They
are located on the highest points throughout the State.

Thousands of people visit these towers annually.
Some of the most beautiful views in Pennsylvania are
available from these lookout stations. The public is
invited to ascend these safe steel structures that tower

SRK PF.XNSYLVANIA B'ROM THE 106 FORBST OBSER-
VATION TOWERS LOCATED IN ALL FORESTED
REGIONS OF THE STATE

sixty and more feet in the air and look over the high-
lands and lowlands of the State.

Forest fire observers are on duty day and night upon
these towers during the fire season. They are glad to
answer questions about forestry, point out interesting
views, and help the people to know Pennsylvania
better. Each tower cabin is equipped with maps and
other necessary facilities to report forest fires prompt-
ly. All towers are connected by telephone with the
headquarters of the District Forester, Forest Rangers,
and other members of the State's forest fire fighting
organization.

A list of the forest observation towers of Pennsyl-
vania, classified by districts, and giving their location,
name, and elevation is appended:

FOREST DISTRICT
I. Michntix

II. Ruohannn

III. Tuscnrorn . . . .
rv. Rothrock

v. Ijogan

VI. Penn

VII. Bald Eagl.' . . ,

VIU. Mont Alto . . .
LX. MoRhaniion

COUNTY

NAME OV TO WE
I]LEVATION (feet

X. Sproul

CumlKTlniKl Big Flat

CumlKTlanil L«T^g Mountain ....

Franklin Tascarora

Bedford Martin's Hill

Bedford Blue Knob

Fulton Sideling Hill

Perry Sherman's Mountiiin.

Perry Big Knob

Huntingdon Round Mountain ...

Huntingdon Jack's. Mountain ...

Mifflin Blue Mountain

Huntingdon Greenwoofl

Huntingdon Bald Knob

Centre Little Flat

Blair The Loop

Center Big Poe

Juniata Wagner

Union Sand Mountain ....

Clintom Rinnsaros

Snyder Mlddleswarth

Centre v. Round Top

Adams Staley'a Knob

Clearfield Smith Place

Clearfield The Knobs

Clearfield Grass Flat

Ch'arlield Faunce

Centre Summit

Elk BfKone Mmmtain . . . .

Clinton Tamarack

Clinton Coflin Rocks

Clinton Whetham

XI. Slnnemahoning
XII. Tladaghton . .

XIII. Flk

Centre Snow Shoe . . . .

Cameron Three Runs . . . .

Cameron Grove Mountain

Lycoming Pump Station . .

Lycoming Buck Horn . . .

Lycoming Huntley

Lycoming I^ong Ridge . . . .

Lycoming Holmeshurst . . .

Lycoming Shaffers Path .

Potter Fox Mountain .

Cameron Whittemore . . .

Elk Boot Jack ....

Elk Wildwood

)

2.028

1.570

2,440

3.075

3.165

2.350

2.100

2.200

2.080

2.3(10

2.000

2.300

1.7()0

2.400

2..300

2.140

2.200

2.070

2.293

2,127

2.208

1.880

2..300

2.200

1,602

1,713

2.300

1,900

2.200

2.325

2,300

2.000

2.160

2,100

2,150

2,000

2.000

2,000

1.600

2,400

2,000

2,150

2.340

FOREST DISTRICT
XIV. Complunter . . .

XV. Susquehannock

XVI. Tioga

XVII. Valley Forge
XVni. AVelser

XIX. Delaware

XX. Wyoming

XXI. Lackawanna

XXH. Forbes

. Gallitzin

ZXIY. Kittanning

NAME OF TOWER
COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)

Warren Kinzua 2,154

Warren Wheeler 1,950

Forest Eldrldge Summit . . . 1,860

Potter Cherry Springs 2,499

Portter West Pike 2,441

Potter Crandal Hill 2,170

McKean McDade 2,250

Tioga Rarick 2,284

Tioga Gleason 2,130

Tioga Goodall 2.300

Tioga Baldwin 2,334

Tioga Maple Hill 2,085

Lancaster Cornwall 1,200

Carbon Christman's 1,600

Carbon Stony Point 2,000

Carbon Flag Staff 1,475

Carbon Broad Mountain 1,820

Carbon Humboldt 1,980

Carbon Glen Summit 1,980

Schuylkill Good Spring 1,620

Schuylkill Brockton 1,400

Schuylkill R„n-8 Head 1.674

Schuylkill Mount Pleasant 1.782

Dauphin Lvkens 1,630

Dauphin stony Mountain 1.660

Columbia Arlstes 1,700

Columbia CaUwiswi 1,825

B«rks Port Clinton 1.630

Northumberland.. Boyer's Knob 1,806

Monroe Delaware Water Gap 1,600

Monroe Big Pocrmo 2.367

Monroe Snow Hill 1.400

Pike High Knob 2.010

Pike Westfall 1,440

Wyoming RIeketts 2,520

Wyomlnjr Mehoopany 2,820

Luzerne Harney's 1.700

I^i^PTHe Shickshlnny 1.520

Bradford Kahll 2.200

Sullivan North Mountain 2.600

Lackawanna Scrub Oak 2.092

Suaquehanna Elk Hill 2,634

Ltuteme Dry Land Hill 1.900

Wayne Gould 2,380

Fayette Sugar Loaf 2,900

Somerset Statler Hill 2,705

Somerset Negro Mountain .... 3.190

Somerset Hay's Mill 2.940

Westnwrelnnd . . . Bear Cave 2.630

Westmrorelnnd . . . Cum.mlng8 1,970

Westnyirelnnd . . . Kecksburg 1,570

Cambria Lower Yoder 2,720

Cambria Chickaree 2,460

Caml»ria St. La\vTence 2,180

ftidlana Glen Campbell 1.960

Blair Brush Mountain 2,530

Jefferson Hay's Lot 2,011

HOW TO USE THE STATE FORESTS OF

PENNSYLVANIA

The State of Pennsylvania now owns 1,131,611 acres
of forest land. You are welcome on the State Forests.
They are always wide open for proper use.

The State Forests belong to the people of the State.
They are administered by the Department of Forests
and Waters in a business-like way. The primary pur-
pose of the State Forests is to produce wood, but they
are also handled with special regard for their recrea-
tional advantages and to promote health, protect the
flow and purity of our streams, and afford a home
and breeding place for wild life. If you want a day
or a week in the woods go to the State Forests. There
is no better place to play and to rest than among the
vast forest reaches covered with a variety of plant and
tree life that shelter large numbers of furred and
feathered folks.

Within the State Forests there are already about
1,300 i)ermanent camping sites, which are small areas
especially adapted for recreational use, that are leased
to individuals and organizations at a nominal annual
rental. Upon many of these camping sites attractive
cottages and cabins have already been erected. These
forest life saving stations are a big factor in promoting
and maintaining the health of the citizens of the State.
The average annual rental of the permanent camp site
ranges from fT.OO to 115.00. If you are interested in
a fine play place in the forest and if you want fuller
information about the use of the State Forests, write
to the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg,
Pa., asking for Circular 25, "How to u^e the State
Forests."

STATE FOREST RULES

1. The State Forests are for the use and benefit of
all the citizens of Pennsylvania. Forest Officers are
instructed to cooperate with, and assist all persons in
the legitimate enjoyment of them.

2. To provide for the proper use and protection of
the forests, no standing young or old trees shall be cut,
shot at, barked or otherwise damaged or destroyed ex-
cept as may be necessary for proper utilization of the
forests and with the approval of a forest officer, se-
cured in advance.

3. Since uncontrolled grazing by horses, sheep,
cattle or hogs is injurious to young trees, it is prohib-
ited except by special permission.

4. No permit is required to camp overnight, but to
insure the protection of forests against abuse a permit
is necessary to camp for a period of two days or

longer.

5. For the protection of the public health, springs

and streams must not be polluted.

6. If the needs of the State for timber are to be met,
forest fires must be stopped. No camp fires are per-
mitted which are not adequately protected against the

spread of fire.

7. All camp fires must be put out completely, im-
mediately after use.

8. Persons suspected of starting forest fires, inten-
tionally or unintentionally, will be prosecuted.

9. The placing of advertisements is not permitted.

10. For the protection of those who will camp in
the forests hereafter, all waste paper, empty cans and
other refuse must be buried or otherwise disposed of,
before leaving camp.

11. For the protection of wild life, strict observance
of the game and fish laws by campers will be required.

12. For the preservation of flowers, the gathering
of flowers of woody species is prohibited, except on
permission of a forest officer.

HELPFUL CAMP SUGGESTIONS

1. Choose your camp site well. It should be a fairly
open spot, level enough for the tent and camp-fire, but
elevated enough to have good natural drainage. It
should have exposure to direct sunlight during part
of the day, especially during the early morning hours^
In summer, exposure to whatever breezes may blow, is
desirable.

2. Many campers make the mistake of selecting a
camp site solely for its attractiveness, say in a cozy
nook beneath the shade of large hemlocks and close by
a stream side; this often results in poor light, poor
ventilation, undesirable moisture conditions, and an-
noyance from mosquitoes and other insects. It is
better to "build high and dry.''

3. Remember that your tent is to serve as a shelter
rather than a dwelling place, while you are in the
woods. Considering its service as a shelter, it deserves
less consideration than the out-of-doors where the
camper spends the most enjoyable hours that make
camping worth while. It is not necessary to pitch
your tent in the most beautiful forest recess. Often
it is better to keep such places for visitation.

4. Always locate near an ami>le supply of pure
water. While a spring is desirable, the average spark-
ling mountain stream, bubbling over a rocky course
and receiving a plentiful supply of sunshine, can be
depended upon as a source of potable water. A hike
up-stream for a survey of its condition is well worth
while before final selection of your camp site. It
furnishes an unique feature to the many ventures of
a camping trip.

5. Travel "light." One of the recognized values of
recreation in the forest is the lifting of burdens, and
the escape from the thousand and one little things
that necessarily go with the usual routine of everyday
business life. Go camping with a light heart, a care
free spirit — but with foresight. There must be ade-

quate shelter, good food, proper clothing, and some
special equipment— but it should be as little as neces

sary.

6. For shelter use as small a tent as possible. A
standard cushioned sleeping bag or an "air bed" is
preferred by many, with a small canvas lean-to shelter
that can be readily slanted from two stakes, to protect
one's head. It should be slanted to the ground on the
side from which the wind blows.

7. The most serviceable sort of bed that can be
conveniently carried afoot into the forest consists of a
narrow bag made from bed ticking, about 24 by 6J
feet, which may be filled with dry leaves on reaching
camp. It is well to have a rubber blanket to spread
over it and beneath the bed blankets. Remember that
two light blankets are warmer than one heavy one.
If one travels by automobile to the immediate camp
site it is practicable to take a cot, tty tent, and other
accessories that cannot be taken afoot. If, however,
there be a number of persons in the camping party,
even though traveling by automobile, it is well to dis-
|)ense with all extra articles.

8. The clothing of the forest camper should be
strong, soft, light, warm for its weight, and easy to di*y
after wetting. It should be roomy enough to give
free play. Underclothing should be of wool. It is un-
wise to carry more changes of clothing than necessary.
So long as extra clean changes of clothing remain, the
average person is not disposed to wash them. An ac-
cumulation of soiled clothes is a camper's menace of
the first magnitude.

9. Plain, simple foods form the best fare of the
forest recreationist. The greatest food value together
with the least bulk is the first rule of his diet. His
rations should consist of foods that are easily carried,
easily kept, and easily prepared. The preparation of
the campers' meals is, nevertheless, an art worthy of
the experienced. The bulk of his food supply for a
given period should average not more than 25 pounds

a day per man. See books on camping (page 80) for
detailed information on menus.

10. The miscellaneous equipment of the camper be-
sides his mess and toilet articles should be very little.
A sharp pocket knife of the "Boy Scout'' type, a sharp
hand ax, a dry match case, and a first aid packet
should always be taken. A book on camping sug-
gestions, containing First Aid Rules, is recommended
to every forest camper (see page 80). Field glasses,
pocket lens, a canteen and a compass may be desired,
according to the individual. A durable notebook and
vseveral pencils should certainly be carried by every
forest user, in which notes and sketches may be made.
The latter, even though simple, will be of great value
for future reference. A small camera that takes good
])ictures may also be a valuable addition to the neces-
sary equipment.

11. Ever}* forest camper needs a cook fire, and most
will have a camp fire too, for evenings. He must know
how to build them, the materials to select, how to pro-
tect the fire from spreading into the forest, and what
to do if it should s])read.

12. Before starting your fires, gather together a
sufficient supply of suitable materials. Stuff of mixed
sizes is desirable — dry leaves, shavings, twigs, bark,
splitwood, and finally round logs. Remember that a
thick piece of wood will not take fire from the quick
blaze of a few leaves that are soon consumed. In damp
weather it is advisable to make a good supply of dry
shavincra w'th your jack knife.

Build up a small cone of twigs about the shavings
and, when the fire takes well, larger material may be
laid across it and the cone-shape broken down. It is
a hed of hot and gloming cmhers, rather than a ffaming
fire, which is needed for oooking. For the camp fire,
on the other hand, the cone may be enlarged to as
great size, with safety, as desired.

Tt i« often convenient to carry a set of 8 to 12
Rtrniffbt. stiff, iron rods from a foot and a half to 2

feet in length for the gridiron. These rods should be
carried in a long, narrow bag into which they fit
neatly. In use these are laid across the fire from two
logs or stones on either side. A simpler and service-
able substitute for these rods is 2 flat irons about Vs
of an inch in thickness, 1 inch wide, and 2 feet long.

SEVEN TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING

FOREST FIRES

1. CARE.— Be as careful with fire in the woods
as you are with fire in your home.

2. MATCHES. — Be sure your match is out. Put it
in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it
away. Make this a habit.

3. TOBACCO. — Throw pipe ashes and cigar or cig-
arette stubs in the dust of the road, and stamp or
pinch out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw
them into brush, leaves, or needles.

4. LOCATION OF CAMP.— Select a spot as free as
possible from inflammable material, sheltered from the
wind, and near accessible water.

5. CAMP FIRES. — Never build a camp fire against
a tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build
all fires away overhanging branches and on a dirt
or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or leaf
mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all inflam-
mable material within a radius of from 3 to 5 feet.
Make sure the fire cannot spread on or under the
ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while you are
in camp, and that it is going to be easy to put out
when you are ready to leave.

6. LEAVING CAMP.— Never leave a camp fire,
even for a short time, without completely extinguish-
ing every spark with water or fresh dirt froo from
moss and leaf mold. Do not throw charred cross logs
to one side where a smoldering spark might catch.
It is well to soak thoroughly all embers and charred
pieces of wood and then cover them with dirt. Feel

around the outer edge of the fire pit to make sure no
fire is smouldering in charred roots or leaf mold.
Hundreds of fires escape each year after campers have
thought they were extinguished.

7. PUT THE FIRE OUT.— If you discover a forest
fire, put it out. If you need help, notify the nearest
Forest Fire Warden. A telephone central will connect
you with him.

If you are interested in outdoor life, hiking and
mountaineering and wish to become a member of the
Pennsylvania Alpine Club, communicate with J. Her-
bert Walker, Secy., Altoona Tribune, Altoona, Pa., who
will put von in touch with the Secrt^arv of the local
chapter of the Alpine Club nearest to your home.

78
MAPS OF PENNSYLVANIA

Maps are a great help to forest users. A handy and
helpful map of Pennsylvania, with a scale of 12 miles
to one inch, has been issued by the State Department
of Forest and Waters. It shows the location of the
State Forests, State Forest Parks, State Forest Monu-
ments, Forest Observation Towers, Game Refuges, the
principal highways of the State, and other places of
interest. This map is distributed free of charge.

Maps with greater detail (scale 1 mile to an inch)
iiave also been issued covering some of the State
Forests; others are now in preparation. They show
not only the highways but also the secondary roads,
trails, lire lanes, streams, camp sites, and other inter-
esting features of the forest. Twelve of these "Public
Use Maps" have already been issued. They are:

SECTIONS OF STATE
PUBLIC USE MAI roVERKlX HY COUNTIES'

I. Delaware State Eorost .... Monroe and Pike

2 Karoondinha rotate Eon st .. Union, Snyder and Centre

3 Logan State Forest Ontre and Huntingdon

4. Michaux and Mont Alto State Adams. Curr.berland and Frank-

Forests *'"

5 Penn State Forest <'entre nnd Mimin

Q. Sinnemahoning State Eorcst Cameron, Elk. Clearfield. Clinton
7. Sproul State Forest (Minton and Centre

5. Susquehannock State Forest Potter and Clinton
9. Tiadaghton State Forest

(eastern section) Lycoming

10. Tiadaghton State Forest

(western section) Lycoming. Clinton and Potter

II. Tioga State Forest Tioga and Northwrstorn Lycom-

ing

c^ ^ r< t- Porrv Tiiniata Cumberland and

12. Tuscarora State Forest 1 erry, juniaia, v

Franklin

For many years a topographic and geologic survey
of Pennsylvania has been in progress. This woik is
being done cooperatively by the Federal Government
and the State. Pennsylvania is divided into 238 quad

-iE^ of the map. cover only . prt of ih* Coumle. U.ted .bov.

rangle«, of w hicli 138 have already been mapped. The
scale of these maiJs is one mile to an inch. They show
the highway routes, streams, topography, and many
other important land features. These maps, called
quadrangles, can be secured at 10^ each from the
Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pa., or
the Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (stamps not
accepted).

County road maps have been issued for most of the
counties of the State. The scale is 6,000 feet to an
inch, this being slightly smaller than the scale used
in the topographic quadrangle maps. These county
highway ma^js do not show the topography and some
of the other details of the tiuadraiigle maps, but the
road systems, townships, towns, etc. are clearly marked.
These maps may )je secured for 25^ each from the
Department of Highways, Uarrisburg, Pa. (stamps
not accepted).

An attractive and helpful booklet "Pennsylvania —
Facts Every Motorist Should Know" containing lielp-
ful information about all the highway routes, distances,
tourist camps, and many outstanding scenic features,
also has been issued. It contains a road map of all
the State highway routes and pictures in a most pleas-
ing wav inanv of the scenic features of Pennsvlvania.
This booklet can be secured from the Department of
Highways, Harrisburg, Pa.

LIST OF HELPFUL BOOKS FOR CAMPERS IN

PENN'S WOODS

CAMPING

"The Book of Camping and Wood Graf t"— by Horace
Kephart. Contains excellent information on camp out-
fitting, camp equipment, clothing, forest travel, hides
and their tanning, and first aid in accidents. Outing
Publishing Company, New York City.

"Camping Out— A manual of Organized Camping''—
by the Playground and Recreation Association of
America. A detailed manual for organizers and direc-
tors upon camp organization and management, equip-
ment, morale and ideals, camp programs, games, and
training, etc. Contains much information of value to
the individual. 036 i>ages, illustrated. Tlie MacMillan
Company, New York City.

"Manual for Army Cooks." Secure from Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 50 cents
(stamps not accepted).

"Gipsy Life and Gipsy Lore in the l»ennsylvania
Mountains," by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa.,

1924.

TREES

"Pennsylvania Trees"— ))y Joseph S. Illick. Each
tree description accompanied by a full page plate of
line drawings of tree parts, emphasizing the disting-
uishing characteriat'cs. 237 pages. 119 plntes aud 120
photographic illustrations. Fourth edition completely
exhausted. New edition is in preparation. Copies are
now availai»le for reference in all Public Libraries of
Pennsylvania and in the libraries of colleges, normal
schools, high schools, Y. M. C AV., Y. W. i\ A's.
Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Har-

risburg. Pa.

"Common Trees of Pennsylvania" — Joseph S. Ill irk.
A handy pocket manual of 112 pages with 100 illustra-
tions. Price fifty cents. Printed and distributed by
The Times Tribune Company, Altoona, Pa.

"Tree Guide"— by Julia E. Kogers (small pocket
edition) 205 pages. With 211 photographs in black
and white and color. Doubleday, Page and Company,
Garden City, New Y'ork.

"Tree Habits— How to know the Hardwoods" — ^by
Joseph S. Illick. 337 pages, 110 photographic illustra-
tions, 55 line drawings, 24 identification keys and 28
guide tables. Published by American Nature Associa-
tion, 1214— IGth St., Washington, D. C.

"Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs"— by F.
Schuyler Mathews. Numerous full page illustrations
and maps. (i. P. Putnam Sons, New York City.

"Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them — a
popular study of their habits and their [x^culiari ties"—
by Harriet L. Keeler. 533 pages with 178 full page
plates from photographs and 102 illustrations fiom
drawings. Chas. Scribners Sons, New York C'ty.

"Trees Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E.
Rogers. 203 pages. Illustrated in black and white
photographs and color. Grossett and Dunlap, New
York City.

"The Human Side of Trees"— by Royal Dixon and
Franklin E. Fitch. 199 pages with 32 full page
photographic illustrations in black and white and four
in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York
City.

"Our Northern Shrubs and How to Identify them"—
by Harriet Keeler. .■'>21 pages with 205 full page plates
from photographs and 35 illustrations from drawings.
Chas. Scribners Sons, New York City.

FORESTRY

"A Primer of Forestry (Part I and II)"— by Gifford
Pinchot. Distributed by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington D. C, Price ten cents each for
Parts one and two.

"Elements of Forestry"— by F. F. Moon and N. C.
Brown. 392 pages, with 65 figures and a number of

tables and maps. Johu Wiley and Sous, New iork
City.

"Our Vanishing Fori'sts" — by Arthur Newton Pack.
189 pages. A popular treatise with numerous sketches
and cartoons. The MacMillan Company, New York
City.

"The School Book of Forestry" — by Charles Lathrop
Pack. Published by The America ii Tree Association,
Washington, D. C.

WILD FLOWERS

"Wild Flowers Worth Knowing'' — by Neltje Blanch-
man. 270 pages with 48 illustrations in color. Double-
day, Page and Company, New York City.

"How to Know the Wild Flowers"— by Mrs. William
Starr Dana. 340 pages with 48 colored plates and 110
full page drawings. Charles Scribner Sons, New York
Cnty.

"Field Book of American Wild Flowers"— by F.
Schuyler Mathews. 587 pages, with 24 colored plates
and over 300 full page pen illustrations by the author.
G. P. Putnam Sons, New Y'ork City.

FERNS

"Ferns"— by Campbell E. Waters. 362 pages with
over 200 illustrations from photographs and original
drawings. Henry Holt and Company, New York City.

MOSSES

"Mosses, with a Hand Lens" — a non-technical hand-
book of the more common and more easily recognized
mosses of the northeastern United States, by A. J.
Grout. 208 pages, with 39 full page plates of line
drawings, 118 text drawings, and 33 figures descriptive
of moss terminology. O. T. Louis Co., 59 Fifth Ave.,

New York.

MUSHROOMS

"The Mushroom Book" — by Nina L. Marshall. 167
pages, with many illustrations in color, black and

white photographs from nature, and text drawings.
Doubleday, Page and Company, New Y^ork City.

BIRDS

"What Bird is That? A pocket Museum of the Land
Birds of the Eastern United States Arranged Accord-
ing to Season," — by Frank M. Chapman. 144 pages
with 8 full page plates showing 301 birds in color.
D. Appleton and Company, New York City.

"Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music"— by
F. Schuyler Mathews. 262 pages with numerous repro-
ductions of water color and pen and ink studies of
birds and complete musical notes of bird songs by the
author. U. P. Putnam Sons, New Y'ork City.

"Hand-book of Birds of Eastern North America"—
by Frank M. Chapman. 530 pages with full page
plates in colors and black and white by Louis Agassiz
Fuertes and text cuts by Tappan Adney and Ernest
Thompson Seton. D. Appleton and Company, New

York City.

"Birds Every Child Should Know"— by Neltje
Blanchman. 273 pages with 63 pages of photographs
from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York

City.

"The Human Side of Birds"— by Royal Dixon. 246
pages with 32 illustrations from photographs and 4
illustrations in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company,
New York City.

"The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania" — by John
C. French, and John H. Chatham, edited by Henry W.
Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.

"The Bald Eagle of the Susquehanna River"— by
John H. Chatham, with an introduction by Henry W.
Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.

BUTTERFLIES

"Butterflies Worth Knowing"— by Clarence M. Weed.
286 pages. 48 plates (32 in color). Doubleday, Page
and Company, New York City.

"The Butterfly Book"— by J. G. Holland. 350 pages
with 48 colored plates and numerous text illustrations.
Doubleday and McClure Company, New York City.

"The Butterfly Guide" (small pocket edition). W. J.

Holland. 295 figures in color, illustrating 255 species.

Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New

York.

MOTHS

"The Moth Book"— by W. J. Holland. 479 pages
with 48 pages in color photography and 2().^ text draw-
ings. Doubleday, Page and C()ni]mny, Xew York City.

INSECTS

"The Insect Book"— by Leland O. Howard. 429
pages with 47 full page plates and 264 text drawings.
Doubleday, Page and Company, New^ York City.

REPTILES

"The Keptile Book"— by Raymond L. Ditmars. 472
pages with 8 plates in color and more than 400 photo-
graphs from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, New
York City.

FROGS

"The Frog Pxiok — North American Toads and Frogs

witli a study of the Habits and Life Histories of Those

of the Northeastern States" — by Mary C. Dickerson.

2.">3 pages with over 300 photographs from life by the

author. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York

CAj.

WILD ANIMALS

"The Min<ls and Manners of Wild Animals" — by
William T. llornaday. Charles Beribners Srk)ns, New
York City.

"The American Natural History" by William T.
Hornaday. Illustrated by 222 drawings, 116 photo-
graphs and numerous charts and maps. Charles Scrib-
Tiers Sons, New York City.

"Wild Animals I have Known" — by Ernest Thomp-
son Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, (larden City,
Now York.

"Lives of the Huiited" — by lilrnest Thomson Seton.
Doubleday, Page & Company, (iarden City, New York.

"Wild Animal Ways" — by Ernest Thompson Seton.
Doubleday, Page & Company, Carden City, New York.

"Life History of Northern Animals" — by Ernest
Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page & Company, Gar-
den City, New York.

"Wild Animals Every Child Should Know"— by
Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page & Company, New
York City.

"The Human Side of Animals" — by Royal Dixon.
F. A. Stokes Company, New York City.

"Extinct Pennsylvania Animals" Parts I and II, —
by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa. 1917-1919.

*'Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey" — by
S. N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, 1903.

EARTH, ROCK AND SKY

''Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know"— by
Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday Page cS: Company, New
York City.

"Hand-book of Nature Study" — by Mrs. Anna B.
Comst-ock. 938 pages, fully illustrated. Oomstock
Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y.

"Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals" — by
Frederick B. Loomis. (J. P. Putnam Sons, New York
City.

"Astronomy with tlie Naked Eye" — by Garrett P.
Serviss. 240 pages with descriptions and charts of
the constellations, stars, and ]danets. Harper and
Bros,, New York <Mty.

PHOTOGRAPHY

'•Outdoor Photography"— by Julian A. Dimock. 131
pages with full page illiislratiors from photographs
by the author. Macmillan Company. New York City.

"Nature and the Camera : How to photograph live
birds and their nests; animals— wild and tame; rep
tiles, insects, fish and aquatic forms; flowers, trees,
fungi, etc."— by A. Rodcliffe Dugmore. Doubleday,
Page & Company, New York City.

PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE
DISTRIBUTION

The State Forests of Pennsylvania.

IIow to use the State Forests.

Guide to Forestry, Book I.

Tree I'lanting Suggestions.

Lessons in Forest Protection.

Forest Fires : Uow to Fight Them.

IIow to Know the Common Trees and

Shrubs of Pennsylvania.
Why Pennsylvania Needs more State

Forests.
Talks on Forestry.

What Forest Protection has Accomplished.
State Forest School Announcement.
The Forest Situation in Pennsylvania.

Bulletin 37
Circular 25
Bulletin 26
Bulletin 28
Bulletin 35
Bulletin 27

Bulletin 33

Circular 20
Bulletin 32
Circular 27
Bulletin 34
Bulletin 30

Api>ly ^*>i* fi*<^^' publications to —

Department of Forests and Waters,

Harrisburg, Pa.

IN PENN^S WOODS

A Guide to Recreational Opportunities in the State
Forests of Pennsylvania

This booklet sets forth the location and description of,
and gives historical information concerning, the State
Forest Parks, Public Camps, State Forest Monuments,
and Special Scenic Areas in the State-owned forest land.

Compiled under the Direction of
Henry W. Shoemaker and Joseph S. Illick

Bulletin 31 (Third Edition, revised)

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

DSPABTMENT OF FOBESTS AND WATEBS

Charles B. Dorworth, Secretary
Joseph S. Illick, State Forester

Harrisburg. Pa.
1928

\,\0.1 \

^^^^

IN PENN'S WOODS

CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction %

II. State Forest Parks of Pennsylvania 9

III. Public Camps in State Forests of Pennsylvania 23

IV. State Forest Monuments of Pennsylvania 68

V. Special Scenic Areas and Historic Sites in the State

Forests, and High Points of Pennsylvania... 69

VI. Forest Observation Towers in Pennsylvania 78

VII. How to Use the State Forests of Pennsylvania.. 81

VIII. State Forest Rules 82

IX. Helpful Camping Suggestions 84

X. Seven Tested Rules for Preventing Forest Fires.. 88

XI. Maps of Pennsylvania 90

XII. List of Helpful Books for Camr>ers in Penn's

Woods 92

When the white man came to Penn's Woods, the
entire State, with the exception of a few natural
meadows and several rough mountain tops, was cov-
ered with a dense growth of magnificent forest trees.
These great forest stretches have been destroyed until
there is now only a remnant of primeval forest i^j
Penn-sylvania, the only State that embodies the word
"forest" in its name.

As man increases on the face of the earth, the nat-
ural wild landscape decreases in extent, and unless
something is done promptly and effectively, all of
Pennsylvania's original growth will disappear. The
responsibility rests upon us as it has never rested upon
any generation before to see that some unaltered sam-
ples of native character and natural beauty are left
for the recreation and inspiration of generations to
come. We owe it to ourselves and to those who will
follow us to preserve these natural features for the
general welfare.

There are in Pennsylvania about 13,000,000 acres
of natural forest land, of which 1,262,062 acres are in-
cluded in the State forests. Most of these State forest
lands bear a growth of young trees. Throughout the
State forests are numerous stands of middle-sized
trees. Here and there one can still find small areas
of sylvan giants, that reveal the glory of the greater
forests of former days. It is in these small remnants
of the forests primeval, usually located in remote for-
est regions, that one finds the most delightful resting
places and the choicest beauty spots within the Key-
stone State.

Each year vacationists and tourists make a growing
demand for camping sites within the forest. To satisfy
this urgent call, special areas within the State forests
have been set aside for recreational use. Thus there

IN PENN'S WOODS

In the Michaux State Forest, near Caledonia Forest Park,

Are Many Charming Cottages Like the One Pictured Here.

Nearly 2,000 Camp Sites in the Pennsylvania State Forests

Have Been Leased to Citizens of the Commonwealth

The State Forests Offer Unsurpassed FaciJities for
Summer Hornet am^ng the Trees

are now within the State forests of Pennsylvania
seven State forest parks, nine State forest monuments,
three, special scenic areas, and 38 public camping
grounds. In addition there are nearly 2,000 permanent
camp sites that have been leased to citizens of Penn-
sylvania for periods of 10 years each, at nominal an-
nual rentals of |7.00 to f 15.00.

If you are a citizen of Pennsylvania, you are one
of the 10,000,000 stockholders in the State forests.
This gives you permission to use the State forests to
enjoy yourself. All that is required of you is that you
obey a few simple rules, and this every patriotic citi-
zen is willing to do.

Formerly our woodlands were so vast and the out-
of-doors so boundless that we gave little attention to
them. With the rapid increase in forest devastation
and the equally rapid growth in population, we have
been brought face to face with a serious situation that
affects the physical, mental, social, and moral life of
all the citizens. We are just beginning to appreciate
the part the forest plays in our everyday life.

A wholesome use of free time is now one of the
major determining factors of good government. It is
the business of government to make it easy for people
to do right and hard for them to do wrong. Every-
where in our social life it is becoming evident that the
right use of leisure is as vital to our general welfare
as the right use of toil. It is as imperative to see
that our citizens have proper places to play as it is
that they have good working conditions. To develop
a citizenry on a sane and safe basis, and to insure the
moral strength and physical fitness of our people, we
must immediately give thought to the open and full
development of our forests. A proper handling of the
State forests for wise recreational use will be a big
factor in developing healthy bodies and clean minds.
Our part will be well done for the people of today and
for the children that are to come after us if we

IN PENN'S WOODS

Only a Few Remnants of Original Forest Remain in Penn-

Tete^U *r."«'"/5f ^i*^'^ ^^'''' MonumentVAre BelTg
Preserved the Best Stands of Original Timber Found in the

State Forests

provide great reaches of forest land to which our people
may turn during leisure hours to find rest, health, and
enjoyment.

Play places in the out-of-doors are a big factor in
overcoming the evil effects of slum areas, reducing
juvenile delinquency, and offsetting the evil effects
of crime-breeding environments. We are reaching the
stage when human beings have almost too much leisure.
It has been definitely established that crime is usually
the expression of the idle. As the hours of labor are
shortened and the time of leisure lengthened, destruc-
tive forces will be increased unless people are taught
how to employ their leisure in a constructive and help-
ful manner. The organized summer camp is a great
contribution to the educational system of the world.
The camp purpose is primarily the building of bigger,
braver, and better boys and girls. To take our people
into the out-of-doors and let the sunshine play upon
their lives is indeed a worthy enterprise.

The State forests of Pennsylvania belong not only
to the present generation but also to the future. Each
year more and more of the privately-owned forests
are being closed to free use, and as this development
continues it becomes more imperative that the public
forests be developed to furnish play places for our
people. The State forests are our friends. They call
to us to come out into a pleasant environment and
there walk and talk among the green trees. If one
interprets the songs and whispers of the forest trees
correctly, one may hear them say "Suffer the little
children to come unto us. Let them enjoy our beauty,
our shade, and our shelter, and let the light of the
sun play upon their happy faces and make them bigger,
braver, and better boys and girls." There is no better
place for tired bodies, weary minds, and depressed
souls tlian a sylvan retreat with a gala garment of
green. There one finds quiet and rest. There the heart
is lightened, the mind eased, the vitality restored. The

IN PENN*S WOODS

out-of-doors Hfts us up and casts away our burdens.
If you want to enjoy a day in the open, or a week
m the woods, plan to go to the State forests. It wiU
do you good and the forest officers will be glad to wel-
come you. If you are interested in finding a play
place in the State forest, write to or call upon any of
the district foresters, who wiU be glad to give you help-
ful information about the State forests of Pennsyl-
vania. There follows a list of all the district foresters
of Pennsylvania :

FOREST DISTRICTS OF PENNSYLVANIA
DISTRICT FORESTERS, AND ADDRESSES

D^sZJt District Headquarters
iJiSTRicT Forester and AnnRirsa
^Uchaux ....John R. Williams. .CaledonT Park Fayette-
Buchanan ....W. L. Byers MJconn^isL^"' ^

Tuscarora . ...B. D. McPherson. . S^ Perry Co

K''^ ••••?• g- ^rr^ Crum'Bldg?Mt'- Union

Pe^"" ?• ^oy Morton 2 King St., Petersburg

Bald E^l«'"p n ^fw^^'"'* ^"'"^^ ^^^^ Bldg.. Mllroy

Mont^ •••?om n^'5^^!;-, g^'^"^^ ^^^^- Miffllnburg

Mont Alto ...Tom O. Bradley. ...State Forest School, Mont

Mo8hannon...W. F. Dague Cotn^y National Bank

Styrniil n r> rr , . Bldg., Clearfield

Tladaghton ...Homer S. Metzger..28 E. Third St., Williams-

pii, «i . port

'^"' Charles B. Baer. ... Fourth St., B. of Broad

Cornplanter ..R. R. Houpt Be^.Tu'Tnd Gas Bldg,'

SusquehannockH. E. Elliott Se^nd *°and East Sts

-"""^ P»»» H. Mulford...01d°PlrsrNatlonal Bank

Valley Forge..E. F. Brouae Mo^n'f^om^^rT^u^t Arcade

S^liTar; ^- S^«^,T/ « N^Cent'^e^^strntsvllle

wSg ■ • • W S" Iwlntti • • f^ ?""° St- Stroudsburg
luiuias w. 8. Swlngler American Legion Bldg

Utckawanna. . . H. M. Nicholas .... 316^'°°^rhilgtoa Ave^!

Forbes V. M Bearer i .fS!!^?""'

Su'ffing-^- IS-' •••^-"■i Bldg.. .ohnstown
«.ittannin« ...c. e. Zerby Main St. and Sixth Ave..

Clarion

IN PENN'S WOODS

PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST PARKS

The IState forests of Pennsylvania are the people's
property. They are administered so as to bring the
greatest possible benefits to all the citizens of the
State. The aim of the State Department of Forests
and Waters is to handle them so that they will produce
continuous crops of forest products and bring a full
measure of other benefits to the citizens of the State.

One of the chief uses of the State forests is to pro-
vide healthful recreation for the people of Pennsyl-
vania. To make this possible, there have been set
aside for special development within the State forests
a number of selected places called State forest parks.
These special sites were selected because of their adapt-
ability to recreational use. Many of them have his-
toric associations as well as natural scenic charm.
In and about them nature is at her best and provides
a welcome and comfortable sylvan environment. They
serve as recreational centers for travelers, tourists, and
other forest users. Here people mingle on a common
footing, and man meets nature in a friendly way.

The State forest parks range in size from 15 to 425
acres. In the aggregate they cover almost 1,000 acres.
In them is plenty of room for rest and play. They are
available at all times for wise use. No class of forest
users is favored. All persons are treated alike. All
that is required of the users is that the forest and the
equipment be wisely used and not abused. The gen-
eral State forest rules pertain to State forest parks,
but the use of fire arms is not permitted in the parks.

Caledonia State Forest Park
Michaux State Forest

The Caledonia State Forest Park is the most ex-
tensively used park in the State forests of Pennsyl-
vania. It is the only State forest park situated on the

IN PENN*S WOODS

Lincoln Highway, and is annually visited by thousands
of tourists. Local inhabitants regard it as the favorite
picnic spot.

This park is named for the old charcoal iron furnace
which was located here in 1873, and which was at one
time conducted by the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, famous
abolitionist and statesman, and father of the public

school system of

^/j PINEY MX
*;» FIRE,;'TOWeR

Pennsylvania, who
was born in Cale-
donia county, Vt. In
August, 1927, the
Pennsylvania Alpine
Club and the Penn-
sylvania Department
of Forests and Wat-
ers dedicated a hand-
some bronze tablet
on the stack of the
old furnace, which,
with the walls of the
blacksmith shop, is
all that remains of
this early iron works.
The furnace was de-
stroyed by General
J. A. Early's Con-
federate cavalrymen
in June, 1863.
Within the park is the home of the assistant dis-
trict forester and a forest ranger, and nearby is the
headquarters of the district forester. Here, too, are
a small forest tree nursery, and some of the most at-
tractive plantations of forest trees in the State. With-
in the park is a public camping ground that is filled
to xiapacity during the tourist season. All about the
park in the State forest are many desirable summer
homes on leased camp sites. Here, also, are to be

PINC MT.
riRE TOWER

e.t^j

IN PENN'S WOODS

found an excellent bathing pool and the famous Graef-
fenburg Inn. A public golf course adjoins the park.
The Caledonia State Forest Park is one of the
most beautiful spots in the South Mountains, and it is
not unusual for all the open spaces to be parked full
of automobiles. Many distinguished persons have
camped here. Douglas Fairbanks and his wife, Mary
Pickford, upon spending a night in the beautiful South
Mountain, were loud in their praise of the scenic

Among the Laurel in the South Mountains

beauty of the region, and declared it the most beautiful
camping site they had seen on their many transconti-
nental motor trips between New York and California.
This park, which covers 260 acres, is located in the
Michaux State Forest in Franklin County, along the
Lincoln Highway, about 10 miles east of Chambers-
burg, and 15 miles west of Gettysburg. Hotel accom-
modations are available at numerous resorts along the
Lincoln Highway and at Chambersburg and Gettys-
burg. The most accessible are GraeflPenburg Inn and
Log Cabin Inn, both in the Michaux State Forest

;ii!

h
lifc

ill

IN PBNN'S WOODS

James Buchanan State Forest Park
Buchanan State Forest

The James Buchanan State Forest Park is one of the
most historic spots in the State forests of Pennsyl-
vania. It includes the birthplace of James Buchanan,
fifteenth president of the United States. His parents
conducted a small hostelry or wayside inn at this place
for the benefit of drovers and travelers who journeyed
across the mountains between the East and Pittsburgh.
In those days this was a wild region, wolves and other
ferocious animals being numerous in the forest. In
order that little "Jimmie" should not stray away from
home, his parents put a turkey bell around his neck.
The Pennsylvania German drovers almost invariably
referred to this boy, who later became president of the
United States, as "Jimmie mit de bells on."

In honor of that James Buchanan, the only Pennsyl-
vanian who ever occupied the presidential chair, this
park is named. The land (I8I/2 acres) was deeded to
the State and is now administered by the Department
of Forests and Waters. A stone pyramid monument
25 feet high marks Buchanan's birthplace, although
the house itself has been removed and re-erected at
Mercersburg. In 1913, 3,000 Norway spruce trees were
planted about the monument. These trees, now 20-25
feet high, adorn in a most satisfactory way this most
historic site. At the entrance to this forest park is a
well-equipped public camping ground, in the midst of
one of the most beautiful groves of hemlock in southern
Pennsylvania.

This historic shrine should be visited by all loyal
Pennsylvanians and lovers of history, as it shows from
what a humble sylvan retreat a great man can rise to
the pinnacle of eminence. The park can be reached by
turning south from the Lincoln Highway at Fort Lou-
don in Franklin county and by township road to the
Buchanan Highway at Foltz, a distance of four miles;

IN PENN'S WOODS

Memorial at Birthplace of James Buchanan,
Fifteenth President of the United States

«tl

IN PENN'S WOODS

or from Mercersburg west on Buchanan Highway to
Foltz, a distance of four miles; or from McConnells-
burg east on Buchanan Highway to Foltz, a distance
of six miles. At the town of Foltz a State highway
branches off from Buchanan Highway, and leads to
the park, at a distance of one-half mile.

George W. Childs State Forest Park
Delaware State Forest

The George W.
Childs State Forest
Park is the most pic-
turesque park in the
State forests of
Pennsylvania. It is
a sylvan retreat that
is hard to excel in
loveliness. Many
who have visited this
beauty spot have
called it a woodland
paradise. Here is a
wonderful place to
study birds, wild
flowers, and rare
ferns. The tree life
is remarkably varied.
It has been sug-
gested as the first
wild flower preserve

in Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Chapter of the
Wild Flower Preservation Society. Within the park
are three beautiful waterfalls known as the Fulmer
Falls, Factory Falls, and Deer Leap Falls.

This park was deeded to the Commonwealth by
George W. Childs, for many years editor and publisher
of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, The site of the

IN PENN'S WOODS

park was once the scene of an early woolen industry,
established in the forepart of the last century, and de-
signed by its promoters to be one of the greatest in the
State. Sheep of many foreign and unusual breeds
were brought into the region on a large scale. After
a number had been killed by wolves, most of those re-
maining came to an untimely end through eating sheep
laurel. This discouraged the promoters, and the indus-
try languished. Later this beautiful forest retreat was

The George W. Childs State Forest Park Is a Woodland

Paradise

purchased by Mr. Childs, and it is most fitting that it
has since passed into the hands of the State and is now
being maintained as a public park. Within this forest
park is a well-equipped public camping ground.

This park is located in Pike County, along the Silver
Lake road, about two miles west of Dingman's Ferry,
a small town on the Milford Turnpike (U. S. Route
209), between Stroudsburg and Milford. Many splen-
did hotels and superb summer homes are in the vicinity
of this ideal out-of-door play place.

IN PENN'S WOODS

VoNEiDA State Forest Park

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Voneida State Forest Park ("Hairy John^s") is
the most extensively used park in the State forests in
central Pennsylvania. Travelers from all over the
country stop here to enjoy the cool mountain stream,
the wonderful spring of pure water, the shade of the

big trees, and the
fine forest environ-
ment. The park is
being constantly en-
larged to accommo-
date an ever-increas-
ing number of people
who come here for
picnics and recrea-
tion. It now covers
15 acres.

This park was
named for the pic-
turesque hermit and
natural philosopher
John Voneida, who
spent the last four-
teen years of his life
in this beautiful re-
treat. When he died
s^^ he remarked that he
would like to become a tree. During the autumn of
1928, a superb chestnut tree, covered with burrs, was
growing near the foundations of the old philosopher's
cabin, the last of its kind for miles around, a sole local
survivor of the chestnut blight, living on to carry into
reality John Voneida's dying wish. Some of the older
people at Woodward remember him as a small man
going to the store to purchase molasses, his face almost
entirely covered with hair and whiskers. His appear-

IN PENN'S WOODS

ance was a signal for the children to run and hide,
although he was a kindly, genial man. It is in every
way proper that the memory of this quaint forest char-
acter should be perpetuated at the spot where he spent
so many years of his life.

Near this park are many handsome private camps,
erected on State land, which has been leased from the
Department of Forests and Waters.

This park is located in the Bald Eagle State Forest

A Olimpse of Voneida State Forest Park

near the eastern border of Centre County, along the
Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway (Route 45), be-
tween Mifflinburg and Woodward. One mile east of
the park is the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monu-
ment (see page 63) and the Joyce Kilmer Public
Camp (see page 54).

Snyder-Middlbswarth State Forest Park
Bald Eagle State Forest

Within the Snyder-Middleswarth State Forest Park
is the largest body of original growth big timber in the
State forests of Pennsylvania. It comprises 425 acres
of original hemlock, white pine, pitch pine, and hard-

IN PBNN'S WOODS

IN PENN'S WOODS

woods; mostly it is virgin timber, for only a few
white pine trees have been removed from the tract
Two hundred and fifty acres have never been touched
with an axe, and are a majestic remnant of the wonder-
ful original forest that constituted Penn's Woods. Pic-
turesque Swift Run flows through this attractive park.
Many tourists visit this park annually, and in season
the region about the park is a favorite haunt for fish-
ermen and hunters. In the park itself no hunting and
fishing are permitted. Ample parking space is pro-
vided for automobiles. Within the park is a plentiful
supply of pure water, and camping facilities are ade-
quate and complete.

The park takes its name from two of the most prom-
inent of the old families in this section of the State.
Governor Simon Snyder, bom on November 5, 1759,
was the third governor of the Commonwealth. He
served from 1808 to 1817, under the first constitution,
that of 1790. The name Middleswarth is one of the
common household words of Snyder Ck)unty. Captain
Ner Middleswarth, for whom the park was named, was
long a member and speaker of the State Senate. He
was also a congressman, and a distinguished officer of
the war of 1812.

This park is located about five miles west of Troxel-
ville, in Spring Township, Snyder County. It is
reached over a good mountain road from Beaver
Springs and Troxelville, where boarding house accom-
modations are available.

Mont Alto Statb Fobest Park

Mont Alto State Forest

The Mont Alto State Forest Park is the oldest park
in the State forests of Pennsylvania. For many years
it has been a favorite play place for the people in
southern Pennsylvania. In by-gone years it was com-

mon for picnic parties from as far north as Harris-
burg and as far south as Baltimore to frequent this
beautiful spot in the South Mountains. The park was
developed by Col. George B. Wiestling for the Mont
Alto Iron Co., and was later operated by the Cumber-
land Valley Kailroad.

The Mont Alto State Forest Park is named for the
Mont Alto furnaces, which were located nearby. The
furnace property embraced thousands of acres of moun-

Many Miles of Beautiful Trails, Btarting at State Forest
Parks and the Public Camping (grounds, Push Far Into the

Forest Depths

tain land owned by one of the early iron masters, Col.
Wiestling, who was a member of an early committee
appointed by Governor Beaver to make a report to the
State Legislature on the forest situation in Penn-
sylvania. The park is weU equipped with camping
facilities.

Adjoining the park is the State Forest School, which
is next to the oldest existing forest school in America.
It was established in 1903. The school at present has
an enrollment of 80 students, and from it have been

IN PENN'S WOODS

graduated most of the foresters who are now handling
the State forests of Pennsylvania. A short distance
from the park is the Mont Alto forest nursery, which
covers about nine acres and has an annual capacity of
approximately 4,000,000 trees.

This park is located in the southeastern part of
Franklin County, about seven miles south of the Lin-
coln Highway. It contains about eight acres, and is
easily reached over a good macadam road by leaving
the Lincoln Highway at Caledonia, and going to the
park by the way of the Mont Alto Sanatorium. It can
also be reached on a good cement road from either
Waynesboro or Fayetteville. It is about one mile east
of Mont Alto. Hotel accommodations are available
at the hostelries along the Lincoln Highway, and at
Chambersburg, Gettysburg, Waynesboro, and Mont
Alto.

Leonard Harrison State Forest Park
Tioga State Forest

The Leonard Harrison State Forest Park has the
distinction of bordering on the east the most extensive
stretch of forest land in Pennsylvania. It lies a short
distance east of the former Black Forest of Pennsyl-
vania, famed for its wonderful original forests of white
pine and hemlock. Here is to be had one of the most
commanding and picturesque views in the State. It
overlooks the gorge of the Tiadaghton, now called Pine
Creek Gorge, and is regarded as one of the wildest and
grandest sections of the State. It is a veritable Wat-
kins Glen on a large scale, or a Grand Canyon of Ari-
zona on a small scale.

This park was given to the State for recreational
purposes by Leonard Harrison, of Wellsboro. His
generosity in presenting this wonderful site to the
State cannot be praised too highly. Former Governor
William A. Stone, one of the early ardent advocates

IN PENN'S WOODS

IN PENN*S WOODS

of conservation in this State, who aided Dr. J. T. Both-
rock in his efforts to acquire land for State forests, for
many years occupied a handsome bungalow beside Pine
Creek near this park.

This park is located 10 miles southwest of Wells-
boro, in Tioga County. It contains 121 acres and can
be reached over the New York Central and Hudson
Biver Bailroad from the station Stone. By road it
can be reached from Wellsboro over a good rural road,
by way of Dexter and Thumptown. The last mile of
travel is over a rather narrow spur of township road,
with suitable turnout points. Hotel accommodations
can be secured at Wellsboro.

IN PBNN'S WOODS

PUBLIC CAMPS IN PENNSYLVANIA
STATE FORESTS

Thirty-eight public camps have been developed in the
State forests of Pennsylvania since 1921. They cover
a total of 470 acres, and have been set aside and de-
veloped for the convenience of forest users that travel
afoot or by automobiles.

Visitors are welcome everywhere in the State for-
ests, but especially welcome in these camps. Here for-
est users find comfortable places to rest and play, to
prepare their meals, and to put up shelters. Each
of these public camps is maintained for the comfort
and welfare of the public. A cool spring, a clear moun-
tain stream, or a pure well is a feature of every camp.

Thirteen of these public camps are located along
primary roads and are particularly adapted for use by
automobile tourists who carry camping equipment
They may be occupied by sportsmen, picnickers, and
other visitors. These public camps provide space for
tents and each has one or more fireplaces, tables,
benches, comfort stations, and garbage cans.

Thousandt of Touri8t$ Uae Thete Public Campa in the State

Foresti of Penntylvania

IN PENN'S WOODS

Seventeen of these public camps are located along
secondary roads and are used primarily by hikers,
hunters, fishermen, vacationists, and picnickers who
desire to go far into the woods and make their stay
comfortable. Each camp is provided with an open-
front shelter, often called lean-to, and other equipment
such as fireplaces, benches, tables, comfort stations,
and garbage containers. These smaller and more re-
mote camping grounds comprise approximately 384
acres of the best camping places in the State forests.
Public camps may be occupied for two consecutive
days. If one wishes to remain longer than two days,
it will be necessary to secure accommodations on a
site other than the public camping grounds, which
may be done by applying for a camping permit at the
office of the district forester.

More than 2,000 Miles of Roads Have Been Built in the

State Forests

IN PENN'S WOODS

Public Camp Grounds in the State Forests

OF Pennsylvania

Name County

1. SIzerville Cameron

2. The Old Locust Centre

3. McCall Dam Centre

4. B3rron Foust Krumrlne. . . Centre

5. S. B. Elliott Clearfield .. . .

6. Smith Place Clearfield

7. Ravensburg Clinton

8. Tea Springs Clinton

9. Jesse Hall Clinton

10. Sprow's Run Cumberland .

11. Laurel Forge Cumberland .

12. Fuller Lake Cumberland .

13. Hunt Cumberland .

14. Col. Denning Cumberland ..

15. Bear Valley Franklin

16. Caledonia Franklin

17. Colerain Huntingdon .

18. Greenwood Huntingdon .

19. Old Forge Huntingdon .

20. Clear Creek Jefferson

Raisch's Spring Lycoming

Laurel Run Mifflin

Big Spring Perry

Kansas Valley Perry

27. Promised Land Pike

28. Cherry Springs Potter

29. Ole Bull Potter

30. Patterson Place Potter

31. Prouty Place Potter

32. Kooser Somerset

33. Baldwin Tioga

34. Darling Run Tioga

35. Morris Tioga

3G. Joyce Kilmer Union

37. Adams Falls Westmoreland

38. Laurel Summit Westmoreland

Description
on Page

21. Upper Pine Bottom Lycoming 41

22.
23.
24. Sulphur Spring Mifflin 44

25.
26.

42
42

46
47
48
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
54
65
56

IN PBNN'S WOODS

SizERviLLB Public Camp
Elk State Forest

The Sizerville Public Camp is famed because of the
oaturaly life-giving mineral water full of radio activity
that flows freely from a nearby big spring. This wa-
ter is frequently bottled and taken away by visitors.
About 100 miles of roads and trails make the adjoining
forests accessible for hikes, hunting, and fishing.

At this camp is a swimming pool, 60 feet wide by
110 feet long, available for the free use of the public.
Near the camp is a game refuge, which is a great
breeding place for wild life. Within li^ miles is a
beaver dam, on Cowley Run, where you may see (if
you possess patience) the busy beavers at work cutting
wood for food and for the construction of their homes.
Within a short distance of the camp are some of the
favorite fishing grounds of northern Pennsylvania.
Four miles from the camp and at an elevation of 2,400
feet is the Fox Mountain observation tower, from
which can be seen wonderful views of the surrounding
forest region.

This camp is located one-half mile east of Sizerville,
in Cameron County. The nearest railroad station is
Sizerville, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Qood hotel
accommodations are available at Emporium, six miles
from the camp. It can be reached over the road con-
necting Emporium and Keating Summit. For spe-
cific traveling directions to the camp, inquire at forest
ranger headquarters at Sizerville.

Thb Old Locust Public Camp

Penn State Forest

The Old Locust Public Camp derived its name
from an old locust tree that formerly stood on the
camp site and was probably planted by Major Jacob
Nefl!, who settled here shortly after James and John

IN PENN'S WOODS

Potter settled in Penn's Valley. It is reported that
Major Neff made home brew at his log cabin on this
site from about 1840 to 1855 and sold a big mug of beer
and a large piece of ginger cake for five cents. It is
also reported that Mrs. Neff, in setting fire to a nearby
brush pile to bum a big black snake concealed beneath
it, started one of the largest forest fires of the early
days, which destroyed the Neff log cabin.

This public camp is located along the Lewistown-
Bellefonte Highway (Route No. 53), about one-half
mile southeast of Potter^s Mills and 5% miles south-
east of Centre Hall. It is a delightful camping spot
in the famous Seven Mountains of central Pennsyl-
vania.

McCall Dam Public Camp

Bald Eagle State Forest

The McCall Dam Public Camp occupies the aban-
doned site of McCall Dam, constructed about 65 years
ago on the picturesque White Deer Creek, to develop
water power for a sawmill and a shingle mill, which
ranked among the largest of their day. A few years
after the construction of the dam by Johnny McCall,
a pioneer woodsman, ownership passed into the hands
of Ario Pardee, who was among the most famous
lumbermen of central Pennsylvania. About 1866 the
dam was repaired and thereafter used as the second
of a series of splash dams on White Deer Creek to
float white pine logs to the Susquehanna River, the
logs being cut in the winter time and skidded to the
creek. When the spring freshets came the dams were
opened, creating a greater body of water to float the
heavy logs to the river. It is said that Ario Pardee
floated 111,000,000 feet of white pine logs down White
Deer Creek, between 1866 and 1880, to his extensive
saw mills across the river, at Watsontown.

IN PENN'S WOODS

This camp is located in an attractive growth of pine
and hardwoods on the beautiful White Deer Creek, in
the extreme east end of Miles Township, Centre County.
It is a favorite spot for fishing, hunting, and recrea-
.tion. It can be reached over the McCall Dam forest

. road, which links the Highway Route 95 with Sugar
Valley, this road leaving the highway in the Brush Val-

• ley or 14-Mile Narrows at a point near the Mifftin-
burg Rod and Gun Club, and entering Sugar Valley
at Eastville.

Byron Foust Krumrinb Public Camp
Bald Eagle State Forest

The Byron Foust Krumrine Public Camp is a memo-
rial to the late Byron Foust Krumrine, a newspaper
man, naturalist, and World War soldier of Harrisburg,
who spent many delightful days among the pines and
hemlocks of Penn's Creek. Here he whiled away many
happy hours. Only a short time after he selected the
location for his cabin and helped survey it, he was
drowned in Penn's Creek, near the very place where
he had planned to rest and write.

On Memorial Day of 1923 the Pennsylvania Alpine
Club erected a memorial hut on the camp site in his
memory. Since then this camp has been presented to
the State by the Alpine Club, and the site designated
as a public camp in the State forest. It is a beauty
spot and a quiet forest retreat in the heart of the moun-
tains. Here the robins live, the ferns grow, the lilies
smile, the thrushes sing, and the deer wade in the pools
at the close of the summer evenings. This public camp
is located along Penn's Creek, in Centre County, about
five miles south of Coburn, along the Pennsylvania
Railroad.

IN PENN'S WOODS

S. B. Elliott Public Camp

Moshannon State Forest

The S. B. Elliott Public Camp is named in honor of
the Honorable S. B. Elliott, formerly a member of the
Pennsylvania State Forest Reservation Commission,
and author of "The Important Timber Trees of the
United States," and "The Present and Future of Penn-
sylvania Forests." The camp is at the Clearfield nur-

• - : . J

V. K^t\

<*t!\ili

The 8. B. Elliott Public Camp i» Convenient for Visitors to
the Clearfield Forest Tree Nursery

sery, the largest productive forest tree nursery in the
State. It is situated along the Pen field road, nine
miles north of Clearfield and seven miles south of Pen-
field. Along this road are many forest tree planta-
tions. The creation of the nursery and plantings is
largely due to Mr. Elliott's foresight.

The camp is located in the natural stand of white
pine, located at an altitude of 2,000 feet, on a high
plateau area. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery.
This is a region abounding with deer.

IN PENTTS WOODS

Smith Place Public Camp
Moahannon State Forest

The Smith Place Public Gamp is named in honor of
John Smith, one of the early pioneers of Clearfield
Connty. Here he cleared several fields and established
his home in the early part of the nineteenth century.
Close to the camp is a steel forest fire observation tower
standing at an elevation of 2,300 feet above sea level.
From the cabin of this 60-foot tower can be had beauti-
ful panoramic views of northern Clearfield, southern
Elk, and southern Cameron counties. Nearby is the
Clearfield forest tree nursery, with an annual capacity
of 8,000,000 trees, operated by the Pennsylvania De-
partment of Forests and Waters. Within a short dis-
tance of the camp are interesting forest tree planta-
tions, excellent fishing streams, and good hunting
grounds. The camp is supplied with water from a
100-foot well.

This camp is located about eight miles from Clear-
field and eight miles from Penfield. It can be reached
over the Clearfield-Penfield road, which passes through
the midst of the Clearfield Division of the Moshannon
State Forest.

Bavensburg Public Camp

Tiadaghton State Forest

The Ravensburg Public Camp was given its name
because the ravens, now very rare in Pennsylvania,
formerly nested in great numbers among the unusual
rock formations near the camp^natural gargoyles as
menacing as ever looked down from Notre Dame in
Paris. It is one of the most picturesque spots in Clin-
ton County. Many people from Williamsport, Jersey
Shore, and Lock Haven picnic here, and tourists from
many states have been impressed with the scenic beauty
of this sylvan retreat. The rocks, which rise almost

IN PENN-S WOODS

sheer to a height of 125 feet and terminate in gro-
tesque, gargoyle-like pinnacles, are among the natural
wonders of central Pennsylvania.

This camp is located in Ranch's Gap, Crawford
Township, Clinton County, about 2i^ miles south of
Ranch town. It may be reached by leaving the State
highway leading from Jersey Shore to Collomsville at
"Lochabar," the Watson L. Barclay estate, and follow-
ing the main road into Antes Gap, and also by follow-
ing the township road from Loganton to Rauchtown.
The nearest hotel accommodations are at Jersey Shore,
about 10 miles distant, but there are several tourist
lodging places at Rauchtown, at the mouth of Ranch's
Gap, to the north, and at Carroll and Loganton in Su-
gar Valley, to the south of the camp.

Tea Springs Public Camp
Bald Eagle State Forest

The Tea Springs Public Camp has the distinction of
occupying a part of three counties. A stone marker
within the camp grounds shows where the counties of
Centre, Clinton, and Union meet.

For more than 100 years this place has been known
as Tea Springs. In 1802 John A. Zimmerman Sr., one
of the most famous backwoodsmen of central Pennsyl-
vania, settled here. He enjoyed a "squatter" privilege
for just thirty days short of twenty-one years, but by
special arrangement remained here for the rest of his
life. His home was the stopping place for travelers
and teams hauling grain and other produce from Sugar
Valley to the markets along the Susquehanna River.
It is reported that he sold whiskey for 44 years without
paying any license fee. Living in so remote a place in
the mountains and at the intersection of three coun-
ties, he was probably overlooked by revenue collectors.
On one occasion, while lying in bed, he shot from his

IN PENN'S WOODS

window a wolf which had disturbed his night-time
slumbers. On another occasion a panther stood up-
right at a window of the house, glaring on the Zimmer-
man infant that lay just within the sash. Mrs. Zim-
merman was alone in the house. Seizing a rifle, she
fired through the window, the bullet penetrating the
panther's heart.

It is related that one day during a winter of excep-
tionally heavy snowfall, 44 teams loaded with produce
started from Sugar Valley for a mountain trip via
Tea Springs to the Susquehanna River. The head team
broke its way through the snow for a half mile, then
pulled aside and let the 43 others pass by; then the
second team broke a half mile and fell to the rear, and
so on until the end of the day, when this unusual train
of 44 sledding teams reached its destination.

This camp is located at an elevation of 1,448 feet, in
the Nittany mountains, at the foot of Tea Knob, about
two miles east of Carroll in Sugar Valley. It is now
used chiefly by picnic parties. As it becomes better
known, this beautiful spot with an unsurpassed moun-
tain spring will become a great recreational play place.
It can be reached over the Loganton- White Deer Turn-
pike and it is expected that soon this historic old road
will be completely rebuilt, making one of the most
beautiful through mountain drives in the State.

Jessb Hall Public Camp
Bproul State Forest

The Jesse Hall Public Camp commemorates the name
of one of the first settlers in the vicinity of Renovo.
Jesse Hall settled at the mouth of the stream now
known as Hall's Run, and there cleared land for a farm
and erected an up-and-down sawmill. He cut many
thousand feet of virgin timber from the surrounding
forests.

The camp ground contains two shelters and six

IN PENN'S WOODS

tables for the convenience of the public, and provides
an ideal spot for picnickers. Good spring water is

plentiful.

The camp is located in the midst of the mountains,
about four miles west of Renovo, on the south side of
the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. It may
be reached by leaving the highway at Renovo, crossing
the river, and then following the river road up to Hall's
Run. The route leading to this camp offers scenei^
unique in the mountains of Pennsylvania. Wild life is
abundant in the mountain stretches of this region.

Sprow's Run Public Camp
Michaux State Forest
The Sprow's Run Public Camp, named in honor of
the Sprow family, prominent in the charcoal industry
of the South Mountains, occupies a beautiful spot in
these famed mountains of southern Pennsylvania. It
is a popular place for forest campers. About the camp
are some of the finest fishing streams and the best hunt-
ing grounds of southern Pennsylvania. Rhododendron
borders the nearby streams and some of the best dis-
plays of mountain laurel are available in great profu-

sion near the camp.

This camp is situated on an improved State forest
road between Caledonia Park, on the Lincoln Highway,
and Mount Holly Springs. Ten miles south of the
camp passes the Lincoln Highway. On the east is Get-
tysburg and to the west Chambersburg. The camp is
about tpwo miles from the unique forest community of
Pine Grove Furnace, a favorite and well-known camp-
ing place in the South Mountains.

IN PENN'S WOODS

Laurel Forge Public Camp
Michaux State Forest

The Laurel Forge Public Camp is a beautiful forest
play place on the largest lake in the State forests be-
tween Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. It is located in a
region rich in historic lore. Laurel Lake was created
in pre-Revolutionary times as part of the operation of
an old charcoal furnace forge, which, together with
the Pine Grove Furnace nearby, established in 1770,
supplied iron to the Carlisle armory and the Conti-
nental Army in 1776.

Near Laurel Forge Public Camp is Camp Rothrock,
a Boy Scout camp named in honor of Dr. J. T. Roth-
rock, Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania. It is main-
tained by the citizens of Chester County. Other large
Boy Scout and Girl Scout camps are located nearby.
"Explorers' Camp,*' the annual outing grounds of the
Explorers, organized in 1872, and the oldest camping
organization in point of continuous camping activities
in the United States, is at Pine Grove Furnace. Not
far from the camp is a large game refuge; and attrac-
tive evergreen forest tree plantations help make a
pleasant environment for the camp. The region about
the camp is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing,
and good boating is available on the lake. Numerous
attractive cottages have been erected on permanent
camp sites in the State forest about the camp.

This is truly a forest region, for from the earliest
times until the present, trees have been the most im-
portant crop. Cooke Township, in which this camp is
located, comprises about 10,000 acres, practically all of
which is forested and almost all is State-owned.

The residents of the forest community of Pine Grove
Furnace, comprising 12 families, are practically all
descendants of former employes of the iron company.

This camp can be reached over a good road from
Carlisle and Mount Holly Springs, and over a good

State forest road from Caledonia, on the Lincoln L :gh-
way. It is about 17 miles north of Caledonia from the
Lincoln Highway, and eight miles south of Mount
Holly Springs.

Fuller Lake Public Camp
Michaux State Forest
The Fuller Lake Public Camp is located near Pine
Grove and is adjacent to a beautiful artificial lake
nestling close to a precipitous mountain and is very
picturesque. The water in this lake is very deep, but
provides excellent bathing for the experienced swim-
mer. This camp ground occupies an area of three acres
and may be reached from either Caledonia or Mount
Holly Springs.

Hunt Public Camp
Michaux State Forest
The Hunt Public Camp is a small recreational area
on a forest road leading from the Pine Grove settle-
ment to a beautiful Norway spruce plantation. This
is a small tourist camp. It is a very desirable place
for picnicking and is also suitable for the use of those
prepared to camp over night. Pine Grove is accessible
over a good forest road from Caledonia State Forest
Park, along the Lincoln Highway, between Gettysburg
and Chambersburg, or from Carlisle by way of Mount
Holly Springs.

CoL. Denning Public Camp

Tuscarora State Forest

The Col. Denning Public Camp was so named in

recognition of the services performed by Col. William

Denning during the Revolutionary War. He was the

inventor of an iron cannon for which the English

IN PENN*S WOODS

govrrnment offered a large sum of money. As a Revo-
lutiouary patriot he made the canuons for his own
country and refused the offer of the British.

Col. William Denning lived along the Conodoguinet
Creek, about one-fourth mile from the State highway
leading from Newville to Doubling Gap. He had a
forge at Mt. Holly, Cumberland County. In the ceme-
tery at the east end of Newville is a monument, bear-
ing the following epitaph :

"Erected by the State of Pennsylvania in memory
of William Denning, the Patriotic Blacltsmith
and Forger of Wrought Cannon during the Revo-
lutionary War.
Born 1737— Died 1830**

This camp is located in Doubling Gap in the north-
central part of Cumberland County, along the State
highway leading from Newville, Cumberland County,
to Landisburg, Perry County. It is Sy2 miles on good
State highway from Newville, and nine miles across the
Blue Mountain on earth State highway from Landis-
burg.

The Flat Rock is about 2y2 miles southeast from the
camp. From this rock a magnificent view of the Cum-
berland Valley, the southern slope of the Blue Moun-
tain, and the northern slope of the South Mountains
can be had. A good foot-path is the only means of
access to this rock. From the top of Blue Mountain
about 11^ miles west to the camp, along the State high-
way, a beautiful view of the mountains in Doubling
Gap can be had.

Bear Valley Public Camp

Buchanan State Forest

The Bear Valley Public Camp derived its name from
the large number of bears that formerly inhabited this
remote forest region. Even today only a few people
have explored this remote and densely forested valley
from end to end.

)

IN PENN'S WOODS

The old historic post road known as the "Tri-moun-
tain Road," constructed by the Province of Pennsyl-
vania westward from Shippensburg, passes within a
few miles of this camp. In 1794 President Washingtou
traveled over this road from Fort Bedford to Phila-
delphia, after visiting the troops under General Lee
that were sent west to quell the Whiskey Insurrection.
Four miles west of the camp lies the famous Path
Valley, that in olden days was known as Tuscarora
Path because it contained the regular trail of the Tus-
carora Indians.

This camp is located 12 miles northwest of Chani-
bersburg and four miles beyond the western edge of the
Cumberland Valley. It can be reached from Chambers-
burg by way of Upper Strasburg, thence westward for
two miles over a township road to the summit of the
mountain, where one turns south and follows a forest
road for three miles. It can also be reached from
Shippensburg by way of Upper Strasburg. From
points along the Lincoln Highway west of Chambers-
burg the camp is accessible by way of the Apple Way
road. On this road one travels by way of the Freil
Shumbaugh place about 1% miles northwest of Eden-
ville and from there westward by a forest road across
the North Mountain for three miles into Bear Valley,
and thence northward four miles along a forest road.
It may also be reached from Fannettsburg by a town-
ship road across the mountains for five miles into
Horse Valley, and thence 1^^ miles by a forest road
into Keefer^s Gap, just beyond which the camp is lo-
cated. There is a good tourist's lodging place at Fan-
nettsburg. From the fine forest growth which abounds,
Bear Valley Camp is generally considered one of the
most attractive camp sites in the State forests. A good
description of this region can be found in "Travels in
Pennsylvania in 1806," by Thomas Ashe.

IN PENN'S WOODS

Caledonia Public Camp

Michaux State Forest

The Caledonia Park Public Camp is the most ex-
tensively used of the 38 public camps in the State for-
ests of Pennsylvania. It is located within the Cale-
donia State Forest Park (see page 9), along the
Lincoln Highway, in the heart of the South Mountains,
in Franklin County.

CoLERAiN Public Camp
Logan State Forest

The Colerain Public Camp takes its name from the
Colerain Forge, which stood for many years a short
distance from the camp and was one of the famous
forges of central Pennsylvania. In the early days of
this forge, plows were manufactured and later double-
bitted axes were the principal output.

This camp is located on a beautiful spot along
Spruce Creek, Huntingdon County, an excellent trout
stream. A winding forest trail connects this camp
with Ice Cave Gap, where ice may be found throughout
the year. The camp is a delightful camping spot. Ex-
cellent trout streams flow freely through the nearby
forests. This camp, located about three miles north-
east of Spruce Creek, can be reached over the State
highway between Water Street and State College.

Near Colerain Camp are the ruins of a stone cabin,
once the home of David Rittenhouse Porter, an early
governor of Pennsylvania, who was at one time con-
nected with the management of the forge.

Greenwood Public Camp

Logan State Forest

The Greenwood Public Camp takes its name from
the Greenwood Furnace, whose stone ruins remain a

©STATC roREST
MONOMENT

IN PENN'S WOODS

monument to that important period of the great iron
industry of Pennsylvania. It is located five miles from
Belleville, on the State highway leading from Belle-
ville to Alexandria.

A dam has been constructed in Stone Creek, which
affords boating and swimming facilities. A beautiful
growth of white pine here parallels the State highway,

and extends from the

Old Stone Church at
the nursery, down
the creek to the camp
site. It is admired
by the thousands
who pass.

A large forest tree
nursery is located at
Greenwood Furnace;
and on a high point
of Broad Mountain,
north of the camp
ground, is the Green-
wood forest fire ob-
servation tower.
From its sixty-foot
elevation can be seen
the mountains of
Huntingdon, Mifflin,
and Centre counties.
Here one can get an idea of the vastness of our Penn-
sylvania mountains, as they appear to roll in great
waves in every direction.

gCtJ.

Old Forge Public Camp

Rothrock State Forest

The Old Forge Public Camp is located in the rugged
pass where Great Trough Creek breaks through the

IN PENN'S WOODS

gorge formed by the towering slopes of Terrace Moun-
tain.

Just across the turbulent Trough Creek stands an
old stone mansion built more than one hundred years
ago, when the Old Forge was in operation, and the
manufacture of iron by the charcoal furnace process
was at its height. This building has been remodeled
and is now the forest ranger's headquarters.

More than a centui*y ago iron ore was dug from the
mountains hereabout; and at Paradise Furnace, a
short distance up the creek, it was made into pig iron.
At the Old Forge it was formed into solid blooms, and
after being hauled two miles to the Raystown Branch
of the Juniata River, it was floated down the river to
Harrisburg, where it was manufactured into merchant-
able iron. After the decline of the charcoal furnace
industry, due to economic conditions, the forge was
replaced by a water power sawmill, which was oper-
ated by a turbine wheel and water sluiced from a log
dam across Trough Creek. The foundations of the old
buildings and the original turbine wheel may still be
seen. This mill was owned and operated by the father
of former Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh, and here
the latter spent a considerable portion of his boyhood
days.

At the bottom of one of the great rock floes common
to this region, and at the entrance to the camp grounds,
is to be found an "ice cave," in w^hich ice is formed in
midsummer. On a hot summer day one has only to
step near the opening to enjoy the current of cold air
issuing from the cave.

The Old Forge Public Camp is reached from Hunt-
ingdon by following State Highway No. 26 to Markles-
burg, there turning directly to the left, and thence by
township road to the Raystown Branch of the Juniata
River. Enroute from Marklesburg one passes the place
where a great battle was fought with the Indians — the
road skirting the cliff at whose base the remains of

IN PENN'S WOODS

many redmen were found buried. After crossing the
old covered wooden bridge, passing several farm houses
and a piece of narrow bottom land, the traveler crosses
a modern iron bridge over the Great Trough Creek.
Here the old railroad grade, now made into an excel-
lent forest road by the Department of Forests and Wa-
ters, is followed through the Trough Creek Gorge to
the public camp, with every turn a revelation of in-
describable scenic beauty.

Clear Creek Public Camp
Kittanning State Forest

The Clear Creek Public Camp is an accessible beauty
spot near the Clarion River. When the hydro-electric
development in the Clarion River is completed, the
water will be backed up to this camp site. There will
then be four miles of attractive shore line in the State
forest adjoining the reservoir. This will provide ex-
cellent camping sites and play places. At the mouth
of Clear Creek is one of the few level areas along this
part of the Clarion River. Here was formerly located
the boat yard of the lumber and boat building enter-
prise of Frazer Brothers, of Pittsburgh.

This camp is located in Jefferson County and is eas-
ily reached by township road from Sigel.

Upper Pine Bottom Public Camp

Tiadaghton State Forest

The Upper Pine Bottom Camp derived its name
from the beautiful stream on whose banks it is sit-
uated. In the early days this spot was famed for the
wonderful white pine forest that clothed all the bottom-
lands about the camp. The original timber has all
been cut, but thrifty young growth has now taken its
place. The streams about this camp offer good trout

IN PENN'S WOODS

fishing, and hunting in this region is also good. This
camp is situated along Upper Pine Bottom Run about
2y2 miles northwest of Waterville, in Cummings Town-
ship, Lycoming County. It can be reached by following
the State highway (Route 44) from Jersey Shore up
Pine Creek, passing through Waterville, about one-half
mile across the iron bridge spanning Pine Creek at this
point, and following the main highway for a distance
of about two miles; also by way of Woolrich, follow-
ing this route to a point about half mile west of Haney-
ville, where this road intersects with the Upper Pine
Bottom road. Turn to the right and follow this road
for about three miles. Waterville is the nearest town
with hotel accommodations.

Raisch^s Spring Public Camp
Tiadaghton State Forest

Raisch^s Spring Public Camp is located along the
Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, about three miles west
of Pump Station, at one of the few places where water
is found along the Coudersport Pike. While the sur-
roundings at this point are not particularly attractive,
the site was chosen mainly because there is a spring
at this spot. Fireplace, tables, and toilet facilities
are maintained.

Raisch's Spring was named after James Raisch,
who ran a large logging camp at this place, while
much of the timber was being removed from the famous
Black Forest.

Laurel Run Public Camp

Penn State Forest

•Bie Laurel Run Public Camp is a beautiful spot at
the foot of the Seven Mountains. The camp site oc-
cupies an excellent play place on both sides of the

Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway, where picturesque
Stillhouse Run empties into Laurel Run. The first
stream derives its name from an old stillhouse that
was formerly located here and produced large quanti-
ties of pure "Seven Brothers" corn whiskey in the
olden days. About the camp is a wealth of plant and
animal life that makes an interesting environment for
recreation and a great place for nature study. Beau-

Among the Trees Is an Ideal Place to Play. The Public
Camps in the Great State Forests Are Foremost Play

Places in Pennsylvania

tiful mountain streams are plentiful in the adjoining
hillside forests. The Joseph T. Rothrock Memorial
Boulder, now standing in the Public Square at McVey-
town, Mifflin County, was taken from a rocky ledge of
Eagle Rocks, a short distance from this camp. Here,
within the present camping ground, Samuel Pearson
and Jacob Treaster burned tar years ago in a pit, the
bottom of which is quite well preserved.

Both Laurel Run and Stillhouse Run offer a plenti-
ful supply of pure water. The former stream provides
part of the water supply for the Lewistown-Reedsville

Mil

IN PENN'S WOODS

Water Company. Near the camp is a swimming pool,
and bathing facilities are provided for those who wish
to enjoy the stimulating effects of mountain water.

This camp is located along the Lewistowu- Belief on te
nigh way (Route 53), two miles west of Milroy, Mifflin
County, and 11 miles southeast of Centre Hall. This is
a much traveled thoroughfare, and in vacation days
the camp is tilled to capacity by local picnickers and
tourists.

Sulphur Spring Public Camp
Rothrock State Forest

The Sulphur Spring Public Camp is located in a
beautiful valley that was the boyhood forest play-
ground of the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Father of For-
estry in Pennsylvania. From tramps into the woods
of this region he acquired a deep and lasting love for
the great out-of-doors. Older residents recall that when
Dr. Rothrock was a boy he killed a large deer a short
distance up the valley from Sulphur Spring, and un-
aided carried it to his home at McVeytown, a distance
of about eight miles.

To the east of this public camp is the high Black-
log Mountain with the famous Blacklog Valley in Juni-
ata County on the eastern side. The Blacklog Valley
is quite inaccessible and still well timbered. A tramp
to this unusual forest retreat is worth while, for this
area pictures in miniature the original forest condition
of central Pennsylvania.

Sulphur Spring Camp is located in a deep ravine,
like Licking Creek Valley, in Wayne Township, Mifflin
County. To reach Sulphur Spring Camp from Mount
Union, Huntingdon County, is a trip of about eight
miles over State highway, township, and State forest
roads, with a route as follows: Leave Mount Union on

the State highway (Route 522), proceed two miles
southward on this macadam road toward the towns

IN PENN'S WOODS

of Shirleysburg and Orbisonia, to a point where the
State highway leaves the Juniata River, which is at the
well-known Silver Fording, located upon the farm of
Congressman E. M. Beers, and identified by the brick
farm house on the right side of the highway. From
here follow the township earth road down stream along
the south bank of the Juniata River, within two miles
crossing the high wooden covered bridge at the junc-
ture of Aughwick Creek with the river, and within the
next mile crossing the small bridge over West Licking
Creek at its junction with the Juniata River. Im-
mediately upon crossing Licking Creek, leave the Juni-
ata River, follow up Licking Creek about three miles
to the Sulphur Spring Camp — first traversing the
township road for one mile to the dam at the Mount
Union Rod and Gun Club Camp, then the State forest
road two miles, passing Camp Elliott on the right and
Camp Frankenberry on the left.

Big Spring Public Camp
Tuscarora State Forest

The Big Spring Public Camp takes its name from
the big spring which flows a gushing stream of water
at all seasons of the year. Since the time of the oldest
settlers it has never been known to be dry. It was
lowest during the serious drought of the autumn of
1860. In 1915 this big spring was walled in, and now
furnishes an abundant supply of pure mountain water.

IN PENN'S WOODS

railroad of this region does not extend beyond New
Germantown, but an extension of this railroad to Path
Valley in Franklin County was planned. About a quar-
ter mile southeast of Big Spring is a tunnel opening in
the mountain, which is part of the abandoned railroad
project. The State bought a considerable acreage of
forest land in this region in 1906.

This camp is located on the Blain-Dry Run road,
51/2 miles southwest of New Germantown, Perry Coun-
ty, at the headwaters of the North Fork of Sher-
man Creek. It is a beautiful mountain spot in the
very heart of a fine fishing and hunting region.

region one will find the Kansas Valley Public Camp.
Along this route, between the forest ranger^s headquar-
ters and the camp, is a thrifty Scotch pine plantation.

George W. Childs Park Public Camp

Delaware State Forest

The George W. Childs Park Public Camp stands in
the front rank of the beauty spots in the State forests
of Pennsylvania. It is located within the George W.
Childs State Forest Park, described fully on page 14.

Kansas Valley Public Camp
Tuscarora State Forest

The Kansas Valley Public Camp takes its name from
the heavily-forested Kansas Valley of western Perry
County. It is said that David Lewis, the old-time high-
wayman, frequently took refuge in this remote valley.
About one mile west from the camp is Robber Hollow,
that is named for Lewis. This is a small ravine lead-
ing southward into Kansas Valley. The older settlers
of the surrounding region claim that somewhere in this
hollow lie buried treasures of silver and gold left by
Lewis and his band, for which they have never returned.

The Kansas Valley Public Camp is located at the
old Gibbons Place in Kansas Valley, Perry County,
about five miles southeast of East Waterford. It can
be reached by leaving the Port Royal-Blair's Mills
State highway at East Waterford. After leaving this
road, one travels about three miles through East Wa-
terford Narrows, and at the intersection of the Horse
Valley and Kansas Valley roads, one passes the "Cole
House" on the left, which is now the local forest ranger
headquarters. Immediately beyond, at the top of the
hill, one takes the road to the left for two miles into
Kansas Valley. Here in the heart of a great forest

Promised Land Public Camp
Delaware State Forest

The Promised Land Public Camp derives its name
from Promised Land Lake, one of the favorite forest
play places of Pike County.

The Promised Land Lake region was not settled
until about 1840. In 1844 a dam was built at the out-
let of the lake and an old up-and-down sawmill was

Promised Land Lake
47

m PENH'S WOODS

erected. Near the camp is the beautiful Promised Land
Lake, which is three miles long and at places a full
mile wide. The lake oflPers good boating and some of
the finest pickerel fishing in the State. About thia
lake originally grew great hemlock and white pine
trees. Near the camp are some fine forest tree planta-
tions which serve as excellent object lessons in practi-
cal reforestation.

This camp is well equipped and nearby is a good
hotel with improved facilities. This camp is located in
Greene Township, Pike County, about 11 miles north-
east of Canadensis, and 12 miles southwest of Hawley,
on the Canadensis-Hawley Turnpike. At special points
along the pike are to be had some of the finest views
in the region just north of the Poconos.

Cherry Springs Public Camp
Susquehannock State Forest
The Cherry Springs Public Camp occupies a beau-
tiful spot in the highlands of central Potter County.
About the camp is a wonderful stand of birch, beech,

Thousands of People Use the S8 Public Camps Every Year
in the Pennsylvania State Forests

IN PENN'S WOODS

and maple trees. The beech trees with their Quaker-
gray bark appear to be at their best, and frame the
camp picture in a most charming way. This is one
of the coolest spots in Pennsylvania, and is an excellent
place to study plant and animal life typical of the
Pennsylvania highlands. Near the camp is a wonder-
ful spring of pure water. A few miles southeast of
the camp is the famous Cherry Springs forest fire
observation tower. It is 60 feet high, stands at an
elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level, and from its
cabin may be had one of the most commanding views
of northern Pennsylvania. Not less than 225,000 acres
of forest land can be seen from there. This camp is sit-
uated along a nine-mile drive lined practically the
entire distance on both sides of the road with original
growth hardwood timbers.

This camp is located about 11 miles south of Cond-
ersport, within the Cherry Springs Drive, which is one
of the most beautiful and picturesque of its kind in
the State. It can be reached over the well-known Jer-
sey Shore-Coudersport Turnpike, for the camp bordera
this beautiful highland highway.

Olh Bull Public Camp
Susquehannock State Forest

The Ole Bull Public Camp occupies a beautiful ipot
along picturesque Kettle Creek, within sight of the re-
mains of Ole Bull's castle, in southeastern Potter
County. It was here that Ole BuU, the world-famous
Norwegian violinist, located with his 800 colonists in
1852. About this camp is a wealth of animal and
plant Ufe typical of the lowlands of northern Pennsyl-
vania. Birds, ferns, wild flowers, shrubs, and trees
are found here in considerable variet^y. Many of the
trees about the camp have been labeled. This makes
tree study easy and interesting. For a description of

IN PENN'S WOODS

the nearby Ole Bull State Forest Monument (see
page 64).

This camp is located in the heart of the Susquehan-
nock State Forest, named in memory of the Susquehan-
nock Indians, who at one time claimed this part of
Pennsylvania as their own. This State forest includes
172,410 acres of State-owned forest land. Here are
some of the finest hardwood stands in the State. The
camp can be reached by leaving the Jersey shore-Cou-
dersport Pike at Oleona, and traveling one mile west
over an excellent earth road. There is an excellent
tourist lodging house near Oleona. The Lyso Spring
("water of light") named and loved by Ole Bull, is lo-
cated at the Ole Bull State Camp.

Patterson Place Public Camp
Susquehannock State Forest

The Patterson Place Public Camp is situated at a
beautiful spot amidst some of the most beautiful birch,
beech, and maple trees of northern Pennsylvania. The
rich plant and animal life about the camp is typical of
the highlands of northern Pennsylvania. Here is one
of the coolest spots in northern Pennsylvania. It is
much frequented by tourists. Excellent camping facili-
ties and a supply of good water are available at all
times.

The camp is located in central Potter County, with-
in the famous Cherry Springs Drive, about 10 miles
south of Coudersport. It is easily reached, for it bor-
ders the well-known Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike.

Prouty Place Public Camp

Susquehannock State Forest

The Prouty Place Public Camp is in the very heart
of the great forest reaches of north Pennsylvania.
If you want to camp at a remote spot and see the

IN PENN'S WOODS

backwoods of Pennsylvania, here is an ideal place. You
will find nature at her best in this sylvan retreat. The
road to this camp is marked by beautiful vistas. The
streams are pure and sparkling, and wild life is abun-
dant. From early spring to late autumn the nature
lover finds this camp a paradise. The natural forest
cannot be excelled in make-up and beauty. During the
last 15 years more than 4,000,000 trees have been
planted in the Susquehannock State Forest. They are
wonderful object lessons in reforestation.

Near the mouth of Prouty Run was located the
Great Salt Lick, the gathering place of immense num-
bers of bison, elk, and deer in the olden days. Early
travelers and hunters told fascinating stories about
this place.

This camp is located in the midst of an extensive
forest region of southern Potter County. It can be
reached over a forest road, by turning westward on the
Jersey-Shore-Coudersport Turnpike about eight miles
south of Coudersport and traveling eight miles to the
west.

KoosER Public Camp

Forbes State Forest

The Kooser Public Camp occupies an attractive and
accessible spot on the historic Laurel Hill, in south-
western Pennsylvania. It was across this ridge that
the old Forbes road was constructed to facilitate the
expedition in 1758 against Fort Duquesne (later Fort
Pitt), under the direction of General John Forbes.
The crystal-clear, ice-cold waters of Kooser Run, ris-
ing from strong springs, flow through this camp.
Cress Spring, one of the strongest, is on the camp
grounds. Water cress abounds in its sparkling waters.
Panther Rocks lie three miles to the west (on private
land), at the summit of Laurel Hill, rising to an ele-
vation of 2,900 feet. This rock ledge contains many
small and interesting caves.

IN PENN'S WOODS

Kooser Public Camp is readily accessible. It lies
along the State highway (Route 31), 12 miles west of
Somerset, and 15 miles east of Mt. Pleasant.

Baldwin Public Camp
Tioga State Forest

The Baldwin Public Camp occupies a high site in
the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. Its cool
climate makes it especially attractive as a rest and
play place. Deer, bears, and smaller game are often
seen about the camp, and plant life typical of the north
woods is abundant. Near the camp lies a cranberry
marsh in which there is an abundant growth of cran-
berry bushes. Within a short distance of the camp
are some very interesting forest tree plantations; and
the forest scenery, dotted with beautiful pines, hem-
locks, and white birches, is especially inviting. Beau-
tiful mountain streams are numerous in this vicinity,
and the trout fishing is excellent.

This camp is located in Tioga County, 10 miles west
of Wellsboro, and six miles west of the Wellsboro-Tioga
State Highway (Route 84) on a township road that is
used locally as a scenic drive. In approaching the
camp from Wellsboro, there is a gradual mountain
climb from Wellsboro Junction, at an elevation of 1,170
feet, to a point near the Baldwin Forest fire tower, the
altitude of which is 2,334 feet. From this tower may
be had one of the most beautiful views in northern
Pennsylvania.

Darling Run Public Camp

Tioga State Forest

Darling Run Public Camp takes its name from
Darling Run, which empties fnto the famous Pine
Creek at this camp site. This camp is adjacent to the

Old Manchester Mill dam of far-famed lumbering days,
and near it was one of the early up-and-down sawmills
of the "North Tier" counties. Thousands of feet of the
finest white pine produced in the world were cut at this
mill. Near this camp is Ansonia (Big Meadows), a
great camping ground for the Indians. To this day ar-
row heads and implements of Indian manufacture are
often found here. About the camp are extensive plan-
tations of forest trees up to 20 years of age. Game is
plentiful and it is not unusual to see deer, bears, and
small animals in the vicinity of the camp. Fishing is
of the very best, and fine hikes can be taken by those
who enjoy the mountains.

This camp is located about three-quarters of a mile
south of the Roosevelt Highway, at Ansonia, Tioga
County. It lies at the junction of Darling Run and
Pine Creek, adjacent to the New York Central Rail-
road. Its location at the head of the famous Pine
Creek Gorge, formerly called Tiadaghton Gorge, gives
it one of the most picturesque locations of aU public
camps in the State. It can be readily reached over a
good earth road leading to the camp from Ansonia,
which is largely traveled and usually in a fair condi-
tion during the summer months. Hotel accommoda-
tions can be found at Wellsboro and Ansonia.

Morris Public Camp
Tioga State Forest

Morris Public Camp is situated on the State high-
way (Route 84), about 10 miles from Wellsboro and
two miles from Morris. It is named after the above-
mentioned town and township.

Morris camp was started by a number of citizens
of the townships of Morris and Liberty in Tioga, and
Pine in Lycoming Counties, who met annuaUy in sev-
eral family reunions, and felt the site most appro-
priate.

IN PENN'S WOODS

A "bee" was held that was attended by about 100
persons, the men doing the heavy work and the women
preparing the food. A spot being chosen, the trees
for removal were selected and the men fell to, mak-
ing by this improvement cutting a pleasant opening
with fine shade in a dense hardwood thicket. The
usual buildings were erected, supplemented by several

tables and benches.

The site is along Wilson Creek. The stream is one
of beauty, but its water is contaminated by the effluent
from nearby coal mines.

Deer, bears, and smaU game are often observed by

parties visiting the camp.

Nearby is situated the town of Morris, which dates
back to the old-time lumbering days. But though
those days have passed, the town still survives and
boasts a sawmill and an acid plant.

A large flat accommodates many visitors, and the
excellent condition of this scenic earth road (Route
84), between Williamsport and Wellsboro, brings many
a traveler to rest in this pleasant place.

Near this camp is the Anna S. mine of the Fall
Brook Company, where the coal is carried in buckets
on a suspended cable across the valley to Antrim where
it is prepared for delivery.

Joyce Kilmer Public Camp
Bald Eagle State Forest

The Joyce Kilmer Public Camp is named in honor
of Joyce Kilmer, the American boy poet who made the
supreme sacrifice during the World War and immor-
talized his name by his unrivaled poem "Trees."

The camp is located on the State highway (Route
45), between Lewisburg and . Bellefonte, about five
miles west of Hartleton, in Union County. Near this
camp is the Voneida ("Hairy JohnV) State Forest
Park (see page 16), and on the mountain overlooking

the camp is the Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument
(see page 63).

Adams Falls Public Camp

Forbes State Forest

The Adams Falls Public Camp is situated in an en-
vironment of sylvan beauty, probably unsurpassed in
Pennsylvania. Trails radiate in all directions into
the adjacent forest, which abounds in natural beauty.
The miniature waterfalls on Adams Falls Run, almost
concealed by the dense growth of rhododendron over-
hanging the steep cliflfs, prove attractive haunts for
the forest adventurer and nature lover. Near the
camp is the HoUenbaugh Trail, named in honor of
Adam Hollenbaugh, an industrious Hollander who
made his home in this beautiful forest region. From
1850 until his death in 1884 he manufactured hand-
rived and hand-shaved shingles and clapboards, which
replaced the straw-covered or thatched roofs of former

days.

On the site of this camp, selected oak timbers were
cut and taken to Laughlintown, where the first shook
shop in Westmoreland County was established in 1863.
The logs from these trees were manufactured into
barrel staves, which were sent to Cuba and made into
sugar barrels and molasses hogsheads.

To the north of the Forbes Road, as one approaches
the camp grounds, is the Flat Rock bathing pool, which
is a wonderful water play place for children, because
of the broad, flat, water-covered rock over which the
youngsters can glide with ease.

Laurel Hill cooperative trout nursery, where is lo-
cated the residence of the game refuge keeper, and the
Phillips Game Refuge of 2,100 acres, lie one mile south,
along Linn Run Road.

Iscrupe Rocks, which rise vertically for 90 feet,
lie one mile east, while the abandoned bluestone quarry

IN PBNN'S WOODS

is two miles south. At this place, "Llgonier" or "Bel-
gian" blocks were quarried. These **blocks" were used
for street paving and to a lesser degree for building
purposes. The "dust" was also used in highway con-
struction. The quarry was closed soon after the Pitts-
burgh, Westmoreland, and Somerset Railroad, cross-
ing the Forbes State Forest, between Ligonier and
Somerset, was abandoned in 1916. The Linn Run Road
now occupies the old railroad bed.

This camp is located four miles south of the Lincoln
Highway, at Laughlintown, in Westmoreland County.
It can be reached over a good earth road, connecting
with a forest road in the Forbes State Forest.

Lattrbl Summit Public Camp
Forbes State Forest

The Laurel Summit Public Camp has the distinction
of occupying the highest elevation of any public camp
in the State forests of Pennsylvania. Its elevation is
2,739 feet above sea level.

The removal of the virgin timber from this locality
was not started until about 1900. During the next
seven years 65,000,000 board feet were sawed at the
mill at Ligonier. White pine, hemlock, red oak, an<l
chestnut were the principal trees of this locality. From
openings in the young growth that has replaced the
virgin timber, may be had excellent vistas of western
Somerset County, including the town of Somerset, and
a profile of Allegheny and Negro Mountains. A forest
thinning has been made near the camp, and more than
a million small forest tree seedlings have been planted
within a radius of two miles. Many of these planted
trees are near the roads about the camp.

Spruce Flat, northeast of the camp, is a plateau hav-
ing an elevation above sea level of approximately 2,725
feet. It includes swamp lands more than 500 acres in

IN PENN'S WOODS

extent. From the camp ground a trail to the north-
west leads through Spruce Flat, following the divide
for a distance of about six miles to the Lincoln High-
way.

This camp is located on the historic Laurel Hill that
separates Somerset from Fayette and Westmoreland
Counties. It was across this ridge, about three miles
north of the Lincoln Highway, that the old Forbes
Road was constructed during the expedition against
Fort Duquesne in 1758, under the direction of General
John Forbes, a former cornet of the Scots Greys, and
a veteran of many wars. The second in command was
the celebrated Colonel Henry Bouquet.

The camp is situated on the summit of Laurel Hill,
near the Somerset- Westmoreland County line. It lies
12 miles south of the Lincoln Highway, at Laughlin-
town, 12 miles north of Somerset, and eight miles be-
yond the Adams Falls Public Camp (see page 55). It
can be reached over the road through the Forbes State
Forest, which was constructed on the grade of the
abandoned Pittsburgh, Westmoreland, and Somerset
Railroad.

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STATE FOREST MONUMENTS
IN PENNSYLVANIA

State forest monuments are areas of singular beauty,
set aside within the State forests for permanent
preservation in a natural condition. Here plant and
animal life is wild and primeval, according to the
ways of nature. These restricted areas are to be pre-
served undisturbed in their wildness, that the people
of Pennsylvania — our children and their children —
may for all time to come be able to visit selected and
choice remnants of the glorious Penn's Woods of olden
days.

Within the State forests are swamp areas, exposed
mountain places with peculiar plant associations, and
regions of rocks, boulders, ledges, and precipices of rug-
ged scenic beauty, supporting little other than the low
forms of plant and animal life. These may also be set
aside as State forest monuments.

Since the prime use for our forests is utility — service
toward meeting the every-day needs of life — it is not
possible to preserve all our woods in their original wild
condition and keep them so, but it is most fitting that
the Department of Forests and Waters is vested with
authority and direction to "set aside within the State
forests unusual or historical groves of trees or natural
features especially worthy of permanent preservation,
to make the same accessible and convenient for public
use, and to dedicate them in perpetuity to the people
of the State for their recreation and enjoyment."

Bear Meadows State Forest Monument

Logan State Forest

The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is prob-
ably the most popular of the forest monuments in
Pennsylvania, on account of its unusual make-up and
great botanical interest. It is a bottomless quagmire

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of about 350 acres, which in spots is said to be very
dangerous to travelers. Some claim that this vast
meadow took its name from an early pioneer or hunter
named "Baer." Others believe that it was named be-
cause of the prevalence of bears. It is also said that
some of the early settlers sometimes spelled the name
Bare. Some of the foremost authorities on this sub-
ject feel that the name Bear Meadows is the proper

one.

For many years botanists have regarded the Bear

Meadows as a favorite field. Students of botany and

forestry at the Pennsylvania State College regard this

as their favorite place for field study. In this great

forested meadow grow specimens of the pitcher plant,

the sun dew, and other rare plants common to the cold,

boggy swamps of the North. The original growth of

balsam fir, tamarack, and black spruce has been cut

out, and what was not cut was burned. There is now

developing a young growth of these coniferous trees.

Laurel and rhododendron are also very abundant, in

some places forming almost impenetrable thickets.

About the meadows are numerous fine springs from

which flows the purest of water.

The Bear Meadows State Forest Monument is located
in the midst of the Seven Mountains, in Centre County.
It may be reached by traveling from Bellefonte to a
point at Galbraith's Gap, by way of Boalsburg. From
this gap one travels over a good State forest road to
the Bear Meadows, a distance of about four miles. A
good State forest road was recently constructed from
the Bear Meadows across Bear Meadows Mountain to
Stone Creek Valley, at the upper end of which are lo-
cated the Detweiler Run and the Alan Seeger State
Forest Monuments. This road opens an approach to
Bear Meadows from the historic Greenwood Furnace
and from McAlevy's Fort.

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Dbtweilee Run State Forest Monument
Logan State Forest

The Detweiler Run State Forest Monument com-
prises a tangle of giant original forest trees, mostly
white pine and hemlock, with an understory of almost
impenetrable rhododendron. Competent students of
early forest conditions in Pennsylvania declare that
the forest conditions in this monument picture very
truly the primeval forest conditions of the State.

Some of the giant white pine trees in this forest
monument bear marks made by the old-time shingle
thieves. If they found a tree the least defective, they
would not cut it; but if it was suitable, they felled
the tree, "shaved" the shingles, and then carried them
on their backs, sometimes over long distances, to the
nearest settlements, where they were marketed. For-
mer State Forest Ranger Ross, a local authority on the
wild life of Pennsylvania, says that the wolves made
one of their last stands in central Pennsylvania in the
dark, gloomy depths of Detweiler Hollow, sallying
forth at night in search of game, howling dismally
from the mountain tops, or with dark, furtive eyes
watching the shingle shavers from the edge of the
forest. •

In the dark recesses of this great forest tangle live
some of the rare warblers and other forest-loving birds.
The late Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated that the duck hawk,
one of the rarest varieties of hawks in the State, nested
in these big trees. Detweiler Run, one of the most
beautiful streams of the State, flows through the center
of this monument.

Containing about 50 acres and located at the head-
waters of Detweiler Run in Huntingdon County, this
forest monument can be reached from Milroy, Reeds-
ville, and Belleville, by way of Greenwood Furnace,
and from Huntingdon by way of McAlevy's Fort,
whence one follows the township road along Stone

IN PENN'S WOODS

Creek. A new forest road also makes this monument
accessible from State College by way of the Bear
Meadows.

Alan Seeger State Forest Monument

Logan State Forest

The Alan Seeger State Forest Monument is named
for Alan Seeger, a young American poet who gave his
life in France, as did Joyce Kilmer. Alan Seeger was
a great lover of nature, and was the author of many
beautiful poems on trees.

Within this monument are hemlock trees of unusual
size and beauty — undoubtedly some of them were grow-
ing here when Columbus discovered America — and
there are stands of oak that have no superior in the
State. There are also groups of the rare Table Moun-
tain pine. Magnificent growth of rhododendron, some
with stems 40 feet high, border the streams that pass
through this monument. Here is an ideal recreation
center and camping spot. Beautiful Stone Creek flows
through the monument, and an excellent trail has been
developed so that this beauty spot is accessible to the
public.

This monument, including about 155 acres, is sit-
uated along Stone Creek, in Huntingdon County. It
can be reached from Milroy, Reedsville, and Belleville
by way of Greenwood Furnace; from Huntingdon by
way of McAlevy's Fort; and from Altoona by way of
Alexandria and Petersburg to McAlevy's Fort, whence
one follows the road up Stone Creek Valley. A new
forest road also makes this monument accessible from
State College by way of Bear Meadows.

The nearest settlement is Greenwood Furnace, the
home of a few forest workers, and the headquarters of
a forest ranger, who lives in the house that was formerly
the residence of Henry Rawle, early iron master of this
locality. There is also a church at Greenwood Furnace ;

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Big Hemlocks in the Alan Seeffer State Forest Monument

IN PENN'S WOODS.

and it is said that on one occasion General Robert E.
Lee worshipped there while visiting his brother, who
was manager of the furnace several years prior to the
Civil War. A large forest tree nursery is located at
Greenwood Furnace, with an annual capacity of 3,000,-
000 trees. On a high point between Greenwood Fur-
nace and this monument is the Greenwood forest fire
observation tower, from the top of which can be had
commanding views of the mountains and valleys of
central Pennsylvania.

Joyce Kilmer State Forest Monument

Bald Eagle State Forest

"Gypsies Are Welcome to Camp Here" — is the mes-
sage on a sign at the entrance to the Joyce Kilmer
State Forest Monument. The words are those of the
young American poet, Joyce Kilmer, who was killed
in the World War in France, July, 1918. In a letter
to his mother the boy wrote that if he ever owned a
piece of woodland he would place therein a sign of
welcome to gypsies. In his short life he did not have
the opportunity to fulfill his wish, but his message will
live long after him. Near this welcome to gypsies
stands a large sign bearing Kilmer's beautiful poem

"Trees."

The Joyce Kilmer Forest Monument comprises about
21 acres of old hemlock and some white pine on the
north slope of Paddy Mountain in Union County. The
Joyce Kilmer trail leads to the mountain top above,
and to the natural amphitheatre known as Joyce Kil-
mer Rest. Here a group of flat boulders forms a semi-
circle surrounded and overhung by gigantic, dark hem-
locks. Here is a fitting place to sit and meditate upon
the wonders of the natural world and feel the inspira-
tions that the forest always gave to Joyce Kilmer.

This forest monument is accessible from points

I 63

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along the Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway. A
good forest traU extends from the Joyce Kilmer Pub-
lic Camp (see page 54) on this highway to the monu-
ment, a distance of one mile. Hartleton is five mile^
east and Woodward five miles west. At Woodward
is a summer hotel. There are hotel accommodations at
Hartleton, six miles east, and at Millheim, 12 miles
west.

Olb Bull State Forest Monument

Suaquehannock State Forest

The interesting Ole Bull State Forest Monument
lies within the heart of what was formerly known as
the Black Forest of Pennsylvania. It marks the vi-
cinity to which Ole Bull, the world-famous Norwegian
vioUnist, came in 1852 with about 800 colonists from
Europe. Here he commenced the erection of several
towns, to be called respectively New Bergen, Oleona,
Valhalla, and New Norway. He also started the erec-
tion of an imposing castle on a high cliff overlooking
the waters of Kettle Creek. Owing to a flaw in the
title to the lands, the colony proved unsuccessful. All
that now remains of it is part of the castle walls, upon
which, on clear days, the flags of the United States and

Norway fly.

This monument is located 29 miles southeast of
Coudersport, Potter County. It may be reached over
the Couderaport-Jersey-Shore State Pike and the State
forest road, turning west for one mUe at Oleona. There
is a hotel (Wm. Jones, Prop.), at Cross Fork, seven
mUes from the monument, and a good boarding house
at Oleona (kept by H. M. Olson, Cross Fork, Pa.).

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McCoNNELL Narrows State Forest Monument

Bald Eagle State Forest
The McConnell Narrows State Forest Monument
contains some of the most magnificent rock scenery in
Pennsylvania, as well as stands of superb original hem-
lock and white pine. These giant, rugged trees present
a particularly beautiful silhouette against the sky on
moonlight nights. It is a picture that, once seen, will
never be forgotten.

Near this monument is the famous "Sink," where the
last herd of wild bison in Pennsylvania was destroyed
by Snyder County hunters about 1799. Penn's Creek,
flowing below, is one of the most beautiful streams in
the State for canoeing, swimming, or fishing. It was
named for William Penn's grandson, John Penn, one
of our Colonial governors. The Indians caUed it Ka-
roondinha. It is in a class almost by itself, for it re-
mains practically unpolluted to this day. Its waters
flow clear as crystal.

In McConnell Narrows, near the site of this forest
monument, former Senator William C. McConnell has
maintained for many years a handsome bungalow,
where his friend, the late U. S. Senator Boies Penrose,
spent many of the happiest of his leisure hours.

This monument lies on the southern slope of White
Mountain, Union County, opposite Cherry Run station.
White Mountain rises to a height of 2,220 feet, and to
ascend its slopes requires skillful climbing. Its rocks
are of colossal proportions and gleaming whiteness,
some standing erect like chimneys; and among these
giant boulders are vast fissures and enormous subter-
ranean caverns, in which the wild animals find shelter
and seek refuge. Cherry Run station may be reached
over the Lewisburg-Tyrone Branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. The monument is accessible over the road
through Laurelton and Weikert, which branches off the
Lewisburg-Bellefonte State Highway iy2 miles west

of Hartleton.

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Mount Logan State Forest Monument

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Mount Logan State Forest Monument is named
for Chief James Logan, greatest of Indian orators,
who had a trail across the mountains from McElhattan,
Clinton County, to the Sulphur Spring, in Sugar Val-
ley. Within this monument are superb original white
pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of these great
giant trees saved them from the lumberman's axe.
Their great spires, like masts, standing against the sky
line of the mountain top, are an inspiring spectacle
from the West Branch Valley for many miles, and just
to look at them seemingly lifts one up spiritually.
Near the foot of Mount Logan, and its sister height,
Mount Jura, is Camp Shoemaker, Boy Scout head-
quarters for Clinton County. It consists of a grove of
about five acres. At Camp Shoemaker are five good
springs, and excellent camping facilities are available
for those who delight in being within the mountains.
Nearby is Shoemaker's Park, a public camping ground,
with outdoor stoves, tables, running water, and other

facilities.

The altitude of Mount Logan is 2,200 feet, and from
it is to be had one of the finest views of the State. This
monument, covering about 47 acres, is situated on
Mount Logan in Wayne Township, Clinton County. It
is near McElhattan, about five miles east of Lock
Haven, at which latter town ample hotel accommoda-
tions are available. There is a refreshment house near
the Pennsylvania Railroad station at McElhattan.
Less than one mile from the Youngdale station, which
is the name of the New York Central station at Mc-
Elhattan, is an excellent trail, adequately marked,
which leads to the top of Mount Logan into the very
heart of this State forest monument.

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Mount Riansarbs State Forest Monument

Bald Eagle State Forest

The Mount Riansares State Forest Monument is
named after the Duke of Riansares, husband of Maria
Cristina, former Queen Regent of Spain, who invested
in timber and coal lands in central Pennsylvania a
considerable part of the |5,000,000 received in 1821
from the sale to the United States of the land that is
now the State of Florida. She directed that the high-
est peak in her Pennsylvania possessions be called
after her husband, of whom she was very fond. This
investment, like that of the Ole Bull colonists, proved
a costly failure, and later the land was sold for taxes.
A few years ago descendants of the Duke of Rian-
sares, one of whom was secretary of the Spanish em-
bassy at Washington, attempted to institute legal pro-
ceedings to recover possession of the land, but were
i) unsuccessful, as the land had already passed through
too many hands. It is said that about 1870, shortly
before his death, the Duke visited his wife's former
holdings, and ascended Mount Riansares by the trail
which is now a part of the road system in the Bald
Eagle State Forest.

The altitude of Mount Riansares is 2,293 feet. From
the summit of this mountain one can enjoy a magnifi-
cent view in all directions. On account of the moun-
tain's height and steepness, it was for years known as
"The Unscalable Mountain." On the summit of this
mountain is a 60-foot forest observation tower, and
nearby are several good springs of water and a large
game refuge. Huckleberry picking is one of the pleas-
ant summer pastimes in this region. Game was for-
merly very abundant in this mountain, especially bears,
which hid in the big openings among the large rocks,
but of late years many of them have been driven away.
This State forest monument of about 13 acres is
situated on Mount Riansares in Clinton County. It
may be reached by traveling about 15 miles southeast

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from Lock Haven, turning from the main pike between
Lock Haven and Bellefonte, near Salona, where the
road sign reads "To Loganton," and again at the tower
sign along the Loganton road.

Martin's Hill State Forest Monument
Buchanan State Forest

The Martin's Hill State Forest Monument com-
prises nine acres of old original hemlock within a
gorge of one of the highest mountains in southern
Pennsylvania. These big trees were preserved largely
through the efforts of Captain J. G. Dillin, of Media,
who lumbered over this mountain 25 years ago.

Martin's Hill is 3,075 feet above sea level. On its
summit is a forest observation tower, from which is to
be had a magnificent view in all directions. The path
to the mountain top and tower is very steep. It is
similar to some of the mountain paths in the Alps or
in the Black Forest of Germany, and would be admir-
able for snowshoeing or skiing during the winter
months. Near the monument is a game refuge. Here,
too, is a saltpetre cave, from which Elijah Huff is re-
ported to have mined saltpetre, for the use of the gov-
ernment in making gun powder during the Revolution-
ary War. At Flintstone, near the monument, was
the early home of Meshach Browning, author of "Forty-
four Years of a Hunter's Life," a classic in big game
literature.

This monument lies at the foot of Martin's Hill, Bed-
ford CJounty. It may be reached by traveling over the
State road from Bedford through Rainsburg, and to
the summit of the mountain two miles beyond Rains-
burg, thence by forest road four miles to the head of
the gorge. Suitable markers have been erected along
forest roads to direct the traveler to the monument.
There are good hotel accommodations at Bedford and
McConnellsburg, on the Lincoln Highway.

IN PENN'S WOODS

SPECIAL SCENIC AREAS AND HISTORIC
SITES IN THE STATE FORESTS

There are many notable scenic areas in Pennsyl-
vania. Three are worthy of special mention. They
are Cherry Springs Drive, Coxe's Valley View, and the
Site of Valhalla.

Cherry Springs Drive

Susquehannock State Forest

Bordering the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike is a
magnificent stand of primeval hardwood timber in
central Potter County, a part of which is now called
Cherry Springs Drive. The land on the west side of
the drive belongs to the State; and most of the trees
on the right side are to be saved through an agreement
with the owners, who recognize the scenic importance

of this drive.

Prior to the World War, the roadway was lined on
both sides with magnificent forests of original hard-
woods. They were at their best in the fall of the year,
when clothed with a glorious canopy of autumnal
foliage. This was a sight long to be remembered, and
it implanted in the beholder a lingering love of Penn's
Woods. During the World War the demand for wood
chemicals became so great that camps were located on
the privately-owned land adjoining the drive, and large
quantities of chemical-wood were cut. Col. Charn-
wood Simpson, chief purchaser of munitions for the
British government for the western Pennsylvania dis-
trict, stated that "the forests of northern Pennsylvania
won the war, for at a critical time in 1918 after the
Germans had broken through the western front, the
timely arrival of large chemical supplies derived
from the forests of Pennsylvania turned the tide of the

war."
Within this drive are the Patterson Place and the

IN PEH^N'S WOODS

Cherry Springs Public Camps^ which provide excellent
camping facilities for picnic parties and tourists from
a distance. Near the drive is the Cherry Springs for-
est observation tower, from which can be had a mag-
nificent and inspiring forest view.

The Cherry Springs Drive extends for a distance of
G^2 miles along the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, in
tLe busquehannock State Forest, in Potter County. It
is about 14 miles southeast of Coudersport and borders
the picturesque highland highway. The nearest town
with good hotel accommodations is Coudersport, but
there are also suitable accommodations for tourists at
Olson's Hotel, at Oleona.

Coxb's Valley View
Penn State Forest

One of the most pleasant landscape features in the
Seven Mountains is the Coxe's Valley View, which lies
to the east of the Lewistown-Bellefonte Highway,
(Route No. 53) . Here one can get a distant view of the
grand old forest of Coxe's Valley. In this forest are
superb white pine and hemlock trees that have been
wisely preserved for all time. They give to tourists an
idea of what the old time forests were like before
lumbermen and forest fires created havoc among them.

This view may be enjoyed to the best advantage at
a point about five miles north of Milroy, near the
Mountain Spring. The big trees are on the north slope
of Spruce Mountain, in Coxe's Valley, Mifflin County.
Near the mouth of Coxe's Valley is a horseshoe turn,
at which point a forest road, passing through beauti-
ful tree growths, extends westward up Laurel Run,
and ultimately leads to the Detweiler Run and the
Alan Seeger State Forest Monuments (see pages 60
and 61).

IN PENN*S WOODS

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IN PENN*S WOODS

IN PENN'S WOODS

The Site of Valhalla

Susquehannock State Forest

One mile west from the Ole Bull State Forest Monu-
ment (page 64) is the site of Valhalla, one of Ole
Bull's projected towns. The name Valhalla is an im-
posing one, being that of the abode of the gods, in
Norwegian mythology. All that now remains of the
Valhalla settlement is the ruin of a stone house that
was erected for Ole Bull's private physician, Dr. Karl
Joerg. The Site of Valhalla is located 20 miles south-
east of Coudersport, in Potter County. It may be
reached over the Jersey Shore-Coudersport Pike, by
turning west at Oleona.

Pennsylvania Mountain Peaks

In addition to the three special scenic areas just
named, there are dozens of other points in the State
which afford notable views. Naturally the most ex-
tensive views are to be had from the peaks of the moun-
tains. Perhaps it would be more fitting to say the
summits of the mountains, as the highlands of Penn-
sylvania, which are said by geologists to have been
originally among the high places of the world, have
been worn down by centuries of erosion into rounded
knobs. Although even the highest of these is low, in-
deed, compared with the world's great peaks of the
present day, the outlook from these Pennsylvania high
points is of surpassing beauty.

The mountains of Pennsylvania run consistently
northeast and southwest, with one exception. Sideling
Hill, which bisects the other ranges in a northwest
and southeast direction. The two principal ranges
are the Kittochtinny, or Blue Mountains — ^in Pennsyl-
vania German "Bluen Barrichen" — on the east, and
the Alleghenies, on the west. East of the Blue Moun-
tains is a broad farming valley, known at various parts

of its length and breadth as the Kittochtinny, Cumber-
land, Lebanon, and Lehigh Valley. Between the Blue
Mountains and the Alleghenies, and as far west as the
point where the Alleghenies drop away to the Ohio
River, are high or mountain valleys, and the deeper
valleys of the Susquehanna, the Juniata, the Mononga-
hela, the Youghiogheny, and the Allegheny Rivers.
These valleys constitute what is known as the Valle-
mont Region of Pennsylvania.

The rivers of Pennsylvania, instead of circling around
the mountains, break through the granite ridges. The
little but lovely Juniata River, for example, pushes its
way through no fewer than 13 ranges of hills between
its source and its junction with the Susquehanna River
at Haldeman's Island, not far from Harrisburg.

The mountains of Pennsylvania were once covered
with superb stands of timber— hemlock on the lower
slopes, near the streams; white pine on the higher
levels, and hardwoods on the summits— the finest trees
that the sun ever shone upon. Some few of these re-
main in inaccessible points, where the lumberman's
axe and the ruthless forest fire have not reached ; and
it is among these, on the rugged combs and crests, that
the network of trails sought by the out-of-door people
of Pennsylvania will some day be constructed. The
remnants of Pennsylvania's wild life, once the most
varied on the entire American continent, still find
refuge in these wild places.

Few are aware of the grandeur of the Pennsylvania
mountains. Recent surveys show that Pennsylvania
has elevations considerably higher than she was pre-
viously believed to possess. In 25 of her 67 counties
are to be found really notable high points. In five
counties there are elevations of 3,000 feet or more,
which afford views of indescribable grandeur. These
counties are Somerset, which leads with 11 such
elevations; Fayette, Westmoreland, and Potter, with
two each, and Bedford, with one.

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Eight counties have elevations of 2,500 feet or more.
To the five already named may be added Blair, Susque-
hanna, and Wyoming.

Those who delight in high places may like to ascend
some of these elevated points. For the information of
such persons the following list of high points in the
State has been made. It names the most noteworthy
elevations in each of the 25 counties.

The highest point in the State is Negro Mountain,
in Somerset County, which is 3,220 feet above sea level.
This height was named in remembrance of a giant
negro slave, who belonged to Col. Thomas Cresap, and
who was ambushed and slain by Indians, while march-
ing to join General Edward Braddock. Col. Cresap's
slave was buried on the slope of this great hill.

Other points in Somerset County reaching an ele-
vation of 3,000 feet or more are these : Big Spring Sum-
mit, 3,169 feet; Laurel Run Summit, 3,135 feet; Peck's
Peak, 3,120 feet; Old Fort Hill Summit, 3,100 feet;
White Oak Church Knob, 3,100 feet; Mount View
School Knob, 3,100 feet; Glade Mountain, 3,040 feet;
Winding Ridge, 3,032 feet ; Burnt Cabin Trail Summit,
3,000 feet, and Forge Road Summit, 3,000 feet. Sev-
eral other points in Somerset County reach elevations
only a little short of 3,000 feet.

In Westmoreland County both Indian Creek Sum-
mit and Panther Rock Hill attain a height of 3,000
feet.

Fayette County also has two peaks of the same
height. They are Clay Run Summit and Sugar Loaf
Mountain.

Bedford County's highest point, 3,075 feet, is Mar-
tin's HilL Two other notable points in that county
are Dunning Mountain, 2,512 feet, and Warrior's
Ridge, 2,310 feet

Potter, the only other county that contains an eleva-
tion of 3,000 feet, has Dyke's Peak and Big Savage

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Mountain, both of which reach that height. These
mountains are close to the Potter-Clinton County line.
Other high points in Potter County are Peaslee Hill,
2,990 feet; Hovrefeld, 2,600, and Mount Brodhead,

2,500.

Blair County has Wopsononock Summit, 2,750 feet

high. Susquehanna County has Elk Hill, 2,700 feet.

North Mountain, which is in both Sullivan and Luzerne

Counties, reaches an elevation of 2,600 feet. Other

high points in Luzerne are Penobscot Knob, Wyoming

Mountain, and The Haystack, each of which is 2,000

feet high. Blue Head is only slightly lower, reaching

1,860 feet. Wyoming County has Rickett's Peak, which

is 2,500 feet high. Sideling Hill, in Fulton County, is

only a little lower, as it reaches a height of 2,396 feet.

In Clinton County, Mount Riansares rises 2,293 feet,

and Mount Logan is 2,200 feet high. Lackawanna

County has Moosic Mountain, of 2,300 feet elevation ;

Panther Hill, 100 feet lower, and Mount Pisgah and

Big Shiney Mountain, both of 2,000 feet.

Indeed there are many peaks in the State of about
2,000 feet. Mount Montour, in Montour County,
reaches that elevation. So do Mount PameU and Jor-
dan's Knob, in Franklin County. Lycoming County
has Balbfleisch and Table Mountains, which are re-
spectively 2,150 and 2,000 feet. In Cameron County,
Muley Head and Mount Barclay both reach a height
of 2,100 feet. So does Mount Nessmuk, in Tioga Coun-
ty. Centre County has High Head, 2,000 feet, and two
peaks that are slightly higher— Ganderstep Knob and
Indian Grave Hill, each 2,300 feet. In Monroe County
Big Pocono reaches up 2,113 feet.

Other elevations, though not so lofty, present mag-
nificent views. Among these lower heights are Spech^
Cup, 1,509 feet; Magilligan's Rocks, 1,500 feet, and The
King's Stool, 1,200 feet, aU in Dauphin County;
Mahanoy Mountain, 1,300 feet, in Northumberland
County; The Pinnacle, 1,700 feet. Round Head, 1,600

IN PENN'S WOODS

feet, and Deer Path HiU, 1,000 feet, in Berks County ;
Stone Head, 1,300 feet, in York County; Mammy Mor-
gan*s Hill, 1,200 feet, in Northampton County, and the
Eagle's Peak, 1,000 feet, in Lebanon County.

IN PENN'S WOODS

The Most Magnificent Views in Pennsylvania Can Be Had
from the 116 Observation Towers in the State Forettt.

Visitors Are Welcome

IN PENN*S WOODS

FOREST OBSERVATION TOWERS
IN PENNSYLVANIA

There are 116 forest observation towers in Pennsyl-
vania, each of which overlooks an average of 115,000
acres of forest land. Most of these towers are 60 feet
high and carry an enclosed cabin at the top. They
are located on the highest points throughout the State.

Thousands of people visit these towers annually.
Some of the most beautiful views in Pennsylvania can
be had from these lookout stations. The public is in-
vited to ascend these safe steel structures that rise
60 OP more feet in the air and overlook both highlands
and lowlands.

Forest fire observers are on duty in these towers day
and night during the fire season. They are glad to
answer questions about forestry, point out interesting
views, and help the people to know Pennsylvania bet-
ter. Each tower cabin is equipped with maps and other
necessary facilities for reporting forest fires promptly.
All towers are connected by telephone with the head-
quarters of the district forester, forest rangers, and
other members of the State's forest fire fighting or-
ganization.

A list of the forest observation towers of Pennsyl-
vania, classified by districts, and giving their locations,
names, and elevations is appended :

NAME OP TOWER
FOREST DISTRICT COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)

L Mlchaux Cumberland Big Flat 2,080

Cumberland Long Mountain 1.670

n. Buchanan Franklin Tuscarora 2,440

Bedford Martin's Hill 8.07S

Bedford Blue Knob 8,166

Fulton Sideling mil 2.S96

in. ToMxrora P«T]r 9iennan'« Mountain ... 2,100

Perry Big Knob 2.200

IV. Rotbrock Huntingdon Round Mmmtain 2,080

Huntingdon Jack'i Mountain 2,860

Mifflin Blue MounUin 2,000

Fulton Rock Hill 2.820

IN PENN^S WOODS

FOREST DISTRICT
V. Logan

VL Penn

Vn. Bald Eagle

VIII. Mont Alto

IX. Modiannon

X. Sproul

XI. Slimemahonfng
XII. Tiadaghton ...

Xm. Elk

XIV. Cornplanter

XV. Susquehannock

XVI. Tioga

IV II. Valley Forgt
XVIIl. Welser

NAME OF TOWER
COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)

Huntingdon Greenwood 2,800

Huntingdon Bald Knob 1,700

Centra Little Hat 2.400

Blair The Loop 2,360

Centre Big Poe 2,140

Juniata Wagner 2,200

Centre Purdue 1,840

Union Sand Mountain 2,070

OUntoD Rianaarei 2,298

Snyder Middleswarth 2,127

Centre Round Top 2,208

Adama Staley'a Knob 1,880

Clearfield Smith Place 2.800

Clearfield The Knotw 2,200

Clearfield Grass Flat 1.662

Clearfield Faunce 1,718

Centre Sandy Ridge Summit. . . 2,800

Elk Boone Mountain 1,900

Cninton Tamarack 2,200

Clinton CotRn Rocks 2,826

Clinton Whetham 2,240

Oentra Snow Shoe 2.000

Cameron Three Runs 2,160

Camoron Grove Mountain S.IOO

Elk Winslow 1,000

Lycoming Pump Station 2,160

Lycoming Buck Horn 2.000

Lycoming Huntley 2,000

Lycoming Long Ridge 2,000

Lycoming Holmeshurst 2,000

Lycoming Shaffer's Path 2,060

, Potter Fox Mountain 2,400

Camnon Whittemore 2,000

Elk Boot Jack 2,150

Elk Wildwood 2,840

Elk Hanley 1,098

Warren Kinzua 2,164

Warren Wheeler 1,960

Forest Eldrldge Summit 1,860

Warren Sheffield 2,000

Warren Cole Hill 1,960

. P(Mer Cherry Springs 2,499

Potter West Pike 2,441

Potter Cranrtal Hill 2,170

McKean McDade 2.250

McKean Prospect 2,800

.Tioga Rarick 2,284

Tioga Gleaaon 2,130

Tioga Qoodall 2,300

Tioga Baldwin 2,834

Tioga Maple HIU 2,086

.Lancaster CTomwall 1,200

.(krbon Maucb Chunk 1,686

Carbon Stony Point 2,000

Carbon Broad Mountain 1.820

IN PBNN'S WOODS

FOREST DISTRICT

XIX. Delaware

NAME OF TOWER
COUNTY ELEVATION (feet)

Lucerne Freeland Platform .... 2,000

Carbon Humboldt 1.980

LuEeme Penobscot 2,U0

SchuylkiU Good Spring 1,620

SchuylkiU Silver Greek 1.748

SchuylkiU Mount Pleasant 1.782

Dauphin Lykens 1.630

Dauphin Stony Mountain 1.660

Columbia Aristea 1.700

Columbia Catawiasa l.»26

BCTks Port Clinton 1630

Northumberland . . Boyer's Knob 1,806

.Monroe Delaware Water Gap. . . 1,600

Monroe Big Pocono 2.181

Monroe Snow Hill 1.400

XX. Wyoming

Pike ...
Pike . . .
.Wyoming
Wyoming
Luzerne
Luzerne
Bradford

XXI. Lackawanna

XXII. Forbes

XXIII. Gallitzin

XXIV. KitUnning

High Knob 2,010

Westfall 1,**0

Ricketta 2,520

Mehoopany 2,820

Harvey's 1,700

Shickshinny 1,620

, Kahili 2,200

Sullivan North Mountain 2,600

Lackawanna Scrub Oak 2,092

Susquehanna Elk Hill 2,684

Luzerne Dry Land HiU 1.900

Wayne Gould 2,888

Fayette Sugar Loaf 2,900

Somerset SUtler Hill 2.706

Somerset Negro MounUin 8.190

Somerset Hay's MiU 2,940

Westmoreland ....Bear Cave 2,630

Westmoreland . ...Morris Point 1,970

Westmoreland . ...Kecksbiftg 1.670

Fayette Goodwin Knob 1.190

Fayette Work HUl l.*70

.Cambria l^wer Yoder 2,720

Cambria Chickaree 2,460

Cambria St Lawrence 2.180

Indiana Glen CampbeU 1.960

BUlr BtmA MounUin 2,580

..Jefferson Hay's Lot 2,011

Venango Victory 1.608

IN PENN'S WOODS

HOW TO USE THE STATE FORESTS
IN PENNSYLVANIA

The State of Pennsylvania now owns 1,262,026 acres
of forest land. You are welcome in the State forests.
They are always wide open for proper use.

The State forests belong to the people of the State.
They are administered by the Department of Forests
and Waters in a business-like way. The primary use
for the State forests is to produce wood, but they are
also handled with special regard to their recreational
advantages, and to promote health, protect the flow
and purity of our streams, and afford a home and
breeding place for wild life. If you want a day or a
week in the woods go to the State forests. There is
no better place to play and to rest than among the
vast forest reaches, covered with a varied plant and
tree life, that shelter large numbers of furred and
feathered folks.

Within the State forests there are already nearly
2,000 permanent camping sites, which are small areas
especially adapted to recreational use, that are leased
to individuals and organizations at a nominal annual
rental. Upon many of these camping sites attractive
cottages or cabins have already been erected. These
forest life saving stations are a big factor in promoting
and maintaining the health of the citizens of the State.
The average annual rental of a permanent camp site
ranges from $7.00 to |15.00. If you are interested in
a fine play place in the forest, and if you want fuller
information about the use of the State forests, write
to the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg,
Pa., asking for Circular 25, "How to Use the State
Forests."

IN PENN'S WOODS

STATE FOREST RULES

1. The State forests are for the use and benefit of
all the citizens of Pennsylvania. Forest officers are
instructed to cooperate with and assist all persons in
the legitimate enjoyment of them.

2. To provide for the proper use and protection of
the forests, no standing young or old trees shall be cut,
shot at, barked, or otherwise damaged or destroyed,
except as may be necessary for proper utilization of the
forests and with the approval of a forest officer, se-
cured in advance.

3. Since uncontrolled grazing by horses, sheep,
cattle, or hogs is injurious to young trees, it is prohib-
ited except by special permission.

4. No permit is required to camp overnight, but to
insure the protection of forests against abuse a permit
is necessary to camp for a period of two days or
longer.

6. For the protection of the public health, springs
and streams must not be polluted.

6. If the needs of the State for timber are to be met,
forest fires must be prevented. No camp fires are per-
mitted unless proper precautions are taken to prevent
their spreading to the forest.

7. All camp fires must be put out completely, im-
mediately after use.

8. Persons suspected of starting forest fires, inten-
tionally or unintentionally, will be prosecuted.

9. The placing of advertisements in the State for-
ests is not permitted.

10. For the protection of those who will camp in
the forests hereafter, all waste paper, empty cans, and

m PBNN'S WOODS

other refuse must be buried or otherwise disposed of
by those who bring them into the forest.

11. For the protection of wild life, strict observance
of the game and fish laws by campers will be required.

12. For the preservation of flowers, the gathering
of flowers of woody species is prohibited, except on
permission of a forest officer.

13. For the preservation of fish life, and the com-
fort and consideration of campers, the use of motor-
driven boats on lakes, ponds, and dams within the
State forests is prohibited.

IN PENN'S WOODS

HELPFUL CAMP SUGGESTIONS

1. Choose your camp site well. It should be a fairly
open spot, level enough for your tent and camp-fire, but
elevated enough to have good natural drainage. It
should have exposure to direct sunlight during part
of the day, especially during the early morning hours.
In summer, exposure to whatever breezes may blow, is
desirable.

2. Many campers make the mistake of selecting a
camp site solely for its attractiveness, say in a cozy
nook beneath the shade of large hemlocks and close by
a stream side; this often results in poor light, poor
ventilation, undesirable moisture conditions, and an-
noyance from mosquitos and other insects. It is bet-
ter to "build high and dry."

4. Always locate near an ample supply of pure
water. While a spring is desirable, the average spark-
ling mountain stream, bubbling over a rocky course
and receiving a plentiful supply of sunshine, can be
depended upon as a source of potable water. A hike
up-stream for a survey of its condition is well worth
while before final selection of your camp site. It fur-
nishes an unique feature to the many adventures of a
camping trip.

5. Travel *light." One of the recognized values of
recreation in the forest is the lifting of burdens, and
the escape from the thousand and one little things

IN PENN'S WOODS

that necessarily go with the usual routine of everyday
business life. Go camping with a light heart, a care-
free spirit — but with foresight. There must be ade-
quate shelter, good food, proper clothing, and some
special equipment — but it should be as little as neces-
sary.

7. The most serviceable sort of bed that can con-
veniently be carried afoot into the forest consists of
a narrow bag made from bed ticking, about 2^^ by 6^4
feet, which may be filled with dry leaves on reaching
camp. It is weU to have a rubber blanket to spread
over it and beneath the bed blankets. Remember that
two light blankets are warmer than one heavy one.
If one travels by automobile to the immediate camp
site it is practicable to take a cot, a fly tent, and other
accessories that cannot be taken afoot. If, however,
there be a number of persons in the camping party,
even though traveling by automobile, it is well to dis-
pense with all extra articles.

8. The clothing of the forest camper should be
strong, soft, light, warm for its weight, and easy to dry
after wetting. It should be roomy enough to give free
play. Underclothing should be of wool. It is unwise
to carry more changes of clothing than necessary. So
long as extra clean changes of clothing remain, the
average person is not disposed to wash them. An ac-
cumulation of soiled clothes is a camper's menace of
the first magnitude.

9. Plain, simple foods form the best fare for the
forest recreationist. The greatest food value together

IN PBNN*S WOODS

with the least bulk \b the first rule of his diet. His
rations should consist of foods that are easily carried,
easily kept and easily prepared. The preparation of
the camper's meals is, nevertheless, an art worthy of
the experienced. The bulk of his food supply for a
given period should average not more than 2% pounds
a day per man. See books on camping (page 92) for
detailed information on menus.

10. The miscellaneous equipment of the camper, be-
sides his mess and toilet articles, should be very little.
A sharp pocket knife of the Boy Scout type, a sharp
hand axe, a waterproof match case, and a first aid
packet should always be taken. A book on camping
suggestions, containing first aid rules, is recommended
to every forest camper (see page 92). Field glasses,
a pocket lens, a canteen, and a compass may be de-
sired, according to the individual. A durable notebook
and several pencils should certainly be carried by every
forest user, in which notes and sketches may be made.
The latter, even though simple, will be of great value
for future reference. A small camera that takes good
pictures may also be a valuable addition to the neces-
sary equipment.

11. Each forest camper needs a cook fire, and most
everyone will have a camp fire, too, for evenings. He
must know how to select materials, how to build a fire,
how to prevent the fii^e from spreading into the forest,
and what to do if it should spread.

12. Before starting your fires, gather together a suf-
ficient supply of suitable materials. Stuflf of mixed
sizes is desirable— dry leaves, shavings, twigs, bark,
split-wood, and finally round logs. Remember that a
thick piece of wood will not take fire from the quick
blaze of a few leaves that are soon consumed. In damp
weather it is advisable to make a good supply of dry
shavings with your jack knife.

Build up a small cone of twigs about the shavings

m PBNN'S WOODS

and, when the fire takes well, larger material may be
laid across it and the cone-shape broken down. It is
abed of Jiot and glowing embers, rather than a flaming
fire, which is needed for cooking. For the camp fire,
on the other hand, the cone may be enlarged to as great
size, with safety, as is desired.

It is often convenient to carry ten or a dozen
straight, stifif, iron rods, approximately two feet in
length, for the gridiron. These rods should be carried
in a long, narrow bag into which they fit neatly. In
use these are laid across the fire from logs or stones on
either side. A simple and serviceable substitute for
such rods is two flat irons about one-eighth of an inch
in thickness, one inch wide, and two feet long.

IN PENN'S WOODS

SEVEN TESTED RULES FOR PREVENTING

FOREST FIRES

1. Garb. — Be as careful with fire in the woods as
you are with fire in your home.

2. Matches. — Be sure your match is out. Put it
in your pocket or break it in two before throwing it
away. Make this a habit.

3. Tobacco. — Throw pipe ashes and cigar or cigar-
ette stubs in the dust of the road, and stamp or pinch
out the fire before leaving them. Do not throw them
into brush, leaves, or needles.

4. Location of Camp. — Select a spot as free as pos-
sible from inflammable material, sheltered from the
wind, and near accessible water.

6. Camp Fires. — Never build a camp fire against a
tree or log, in leaf mold, or in rotten wood. Build all
fires away from overhanging branches and on an
earth or rock foundation. Dig out all rotten wood or
leaf mold from the fire pit, and scrape away all inflam-
mable material within a radius of three to five feet.
Make sure the fire cannot spread on or under the
ground or up the moss or bark of a tree while you are
in camp, and that it is going to be easy to put out when
you are ready to leave camp.

6. Leaving Camp. — Never leave a camp fire, even
for a short time, without completely extinguishing
every spark with water or earth free from moss and
leaf mold. Do not throw charred cross logs to one side,
where a smoldering spark might catch. It is well to
Boak thoroughly all embers and charred pieces of
wood and then cover them with earth. Feel around
the outer edge of the fire pit to make sure no fire is
smoldering in charred roots or leaf mold. Hun<lreds
of fires blaze up again and escape each year after
campers have thought they were extinguished.

IN PENN'S WOODS

7. Put the Fire Out. — If you discover a forest fire,
put it out. If you need help, notify the nearest forest
fire warden. A telephone central operator will connect
you with him.

OUTDOOR ORGANIZATIONS

If you are interested in outdoor life, hiking, and
mountaineering and wish to become a member of the
Pennsylvania Alpine Club, communicate with Secre-
tary Philip Krouse, 2111 Washington Avenue, Al-
toona. Pa., who will put you in touch with the secre-
tary of the local chapter of the Alpine Club nearest to
your home.

There are many hunting and fishing clubs in favor-
able localities in the Pennsylvania mountains. District
foresters can furnish information concerning these, as
well as concerning available camp sites that can be
leased in the State forests. Boy Scout masters, secre-
taries of Girl Guides, Camp Fire Girls, and Bird Clubs
can be found in nearly all towns in Pennsylvania.
They will gladly send details concerning membership,
etc

IN PENN'S WOODS

MAPS OF PENNSYLVANIA

Maps are a great help to forest users. A handy and
helpful map of Pennsylvania, with a scale of 12 miles
to one inch, has been issued by the State Department
of Forests and Waters. It shows the location of
State forests. State forest parks, State forest monu-
ments, forest observation towers, game refuges, the
pi'incipal highways of the State, and other places of
interest. This map is distributed free of charge.

Maps "with greater detail (scale 1 mile to an inch)
have also been issued covering some of the State for-
ests; others are now in preparation. They show not
only the highways, but also the secondary roads, trails,
fire lanes., streams, camp sites, and other interesting
features of the forest. Fourteen of these "Public Use
Maps" have already been issued. They are :

SECTION OF STATE
PUBLIC USE MAP COVERED BY COUNTIES

1. Delaware State Forest Monroe and Pike

2. Bald Eagle State Forest

r southern section) Union, Snyder, Centre

3. Bald Eagle State Forest

(northern section) Union, Centre, Clinton

4. Logan State Forest Centre and Huntingdon

5. Michaux and Mont Alto

State Forests Adams, Cumberland, and

Franklin

6. Moshannon State Forest Clearfield, Elk, Centre

7. Penn State Forest Centre and Mifflin

8. Sinnemahoning State Forest.Cameron, Elk, Clearfield,

Clinton

9. Sproul State Forest Clinton and Centre '

10. Susquehaiinock State Forest.Potter and Clinton

11. Tiadaghton State Forest

( eastern section) Lycoming

12. Tiadaghton State Forest

(western section) Lycoming, Clinton, Potter

13. Tioga State Forest Tioga and northwestern Ly-

coming

14. Tuscarora State Forest Perry, Juniata, Cumberland,

Franklin

IN PENN'S WOODS

For many years a topographic and geologic survey
of Pennsylvania has been in progress. This work is
being done co-operatively by the Federal government
and the State. Pennsylvania is divided into 234 quad-
rangles, of which 151 have already been completely
mapped and printed for distribution. The scale of
these maps is one mile to an inch. They show highway
routes, streams, topography, and many other impor-
tant landscape features. These maps, called quadran-
gles, can be secure<l at 10 cents each from the Topo-
graphic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pa., folded,
or the Geologic Survey, Washington, D. C, rolled
(stamps not accepted).

County road maps have been issued for most of the
counties of the State. The scale is 6,000 feet to an
inch, this being slightly smaller than the scale used
in the topographic quadrangle maps. These county
highway maps do not show the topograpliy and some
of the other details of the quadrangle maps, but the
road systems, townships, towns, etc., are clearly
marked. These maps may be secured for 50 cents each
from the Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pa.
(stamps not accepted).

An attractive and helpful booklet, called "Pennsyl-
vania Highways," beautifully illustrated and con-
taining helpful information about all the highway
routes, distances, tourist camps, and many outstand-
ing scenic features, also has been issued. It contains
a road map of all the State highway routes, and pic-
''tures in a most pleasing way many of the scenic fea-
tures of Pennsylvania. This publication can be se-
cured from the Department of Highways, Harrisburg,
Pa.

IN PENN'S WOODS

LIST OF HELPFUL BOOKS FOR CAMPERS
IN PENN'S WOODS

"The Book of Camping and Wood Craft" — by Horace
Kephart. Contains excellent information on camp out-
fitting, camp equipment, clothing, forest travel, hides
and their tanning, and first aid in accidents. Outing
Publishing Company, New York City.

"Camping Out — A Manual of Organized Camping" —
by the Playground and Recreation Association of
America. A detailed manual for organizers and direc-
tors concerning camp organization and management,
equipment, morale and ideals, camp programs, games,
and training, etc. Contains much information of
value to the individual. 636 pages, illustrated. The
Macmillan Company, New York City.

"Manual for Army Cooks." Secure from Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, 50 cents
(stamps not accepted).

"Eldorado Found — A Guidebook to the Pennsylva-
nia Mountains" — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona,
Pa., 1916. (Out of print, but can be consulted at the
State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.)

"Gipsy Life and Gipsy Lore in the Pennsylvania
Mountains" — by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa.,
1924. (New edition in preparation.)

Trees

"Pennsylvania Trees" — by Joseph S. Illick. Each
tree description accompanied by a full page plate of
line drawings of tree parts, emphasizing the distin-
guishing characteristics. 237 pages. 119 plates and
126 photographic illustrations. Fourth edition com-
pletely exhausted. New edition is in preparation.
Copies are now available for reference in all public
libraries of Pennsylvania and in the libraries of col-
leges, normal schools, high schools, Y. M. C. A's, Y. W.

IN PENN'S WOODS

O. A's, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and
Waters, Harrisburg, Pa.

"Common Trees of Pennsylvania" — Joseph S. Illick.
A handy pocket manual of 112 pages with 100 illustra-
tions. Price 50 cents. Printed and distributed by The
Book Shop, New Cumberland, Pa.

"Tree Guide" — by Julia E. Rogers (small pocket
edition). 265 pages. With 244 photographs in black
and white and color. Doubleday, Page and Company,
Garden City, N. Y.

"Tree Habits — How to know the Hardwoods" — ^by
Joseph S. Illick. 337 pages, 140 photographic illustra-
tions, 55 line drawings, 24 identification keys, and 28
guide tables. Distributed by The Book Shop, New
Cumberland, Pa.

"Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs" — ^by F.
Schuyler Mathews. Numerous full page illustrations
and maps. G. P. Putnam^s Sons, New York City.

"Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them — A
Popular Study of Their Habits and Their Peculiari-
ties"—by Harriet L. Keeler. 533 pages with 178 full
page plates from photographs and 162 illustrations
from drawings. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York
City.

"Trees Every Child Should Know"— by Julia E.
Rogers. 263 pages. Illustrated in black and white
photographs and color. Grossett and Dunlap, New
York City.

"The Human Side of Trees" — ^by Royal Dixon and
Franklin E. Fitch. 199 pages with 32 full page
photographic illustrations in black and white and four
in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York
City.

"Our Northern Shrubs and How to Identify Them"—
by Harriet Keeler. 521 pages with 205 full page plates
from photographs and 35 illustrations from drawings.
Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.

IN PBNN'S WOODS
FORBSTRT

"A Primer of Forestry (Parts I and II)"— by Giflford
PiDchot. Distributed by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington, D. 0. Price 10 cents each for

Parts I and II.

"Elements of Forestry"— by F. F. Moon and N. 0.
Brown. 409 pages, with 77 figures and a number of
tables and maps. John Wiley and Sons, New York

City.

"Our Vanishing Forests"— by Arthur Newton Pack,
189 pages. A popular treatise with numerous sketches
and cartoons. The Macmillan Company, New York

City.

"The School Book of Forestry"— by Charies Lathrop
Pack. The American Tree Association, Washington,

D. C.

Wild Flowers ,

"Wild Flowers Worth Knowing"— by Neltje
Blanchan. 270 pages with 48 illustrations in color.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

"How to Know the Wild Flowers"— by Mrs. William
Starr Dana. 346 pages with 48 colored plates and 110
full page drawings. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York

City.

"Field Book of American Wild Flowers"- by F.
Schuyler Mathews. 587 pages, with 24 colored plates
and over 300 fuU page pen illustrations by the author.
Q. P. Putnam's Sons, New York City.

Fbens
**Ferns"— by Campbell E. Waters. 362 pages with
over 200 illustrations from photographs and original
drawings. Henry Holt and Company, New York City.

Mosses

"Mosses, with a Hand Lens"— by A. J. Grout. A
non-technical handbook of the more common and more

IN PBNN*S WOODS

easily recognized mosses of the northeastern United
States. 208 pages, with 39 full page plates of line
drawings, 118 text drawings, and 33 figures descriptive
of moss terminology. O. T. Louis Co., 59 Fifth Ave.,
New York City.

Mushrooms

"The Mushroom Book" — ^by Nina L. Marshall. 167
pages, with many illustrations in color, black and
white photographs from nature, and text drawings.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

Birds

**What Bird is That? A Pocket Museum of the Land
Birds of the Eastern United States Arranged Accord-
ing to Season" — by Frank M. Chapman. 144 pages
with 8 fuU page plates showing 301 birds in color.
D. Appleton and Company, New York City.

"Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music"— by
F. Schuyler Mathews. 262 pages with numerous re-
productions of water color and pen and ink studies of
birds and complete musical notes of bird songs by the
author. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York City.

"Hand-book of Birds of Eastern North America" —
by Frank M. Chapman. 530 pages with full page
plates in colors and black and white by Louis Agassiz
Puertes and text cuts by Tappan Adney and Ernest
Thompson Seton. D. Appleton and Company, New
York City.

"Birds Every Child Should Know"— -by Neltje
Blanchan. 273 pages with 63 pages of photographs
from life. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden
City, N. Y.

"The Human Side of Birds"— by Royal Dixon. 246
pages with 32 illustrations from photographs and 4
illustrations in color. Frederick A. Stokes Company,
New York City.

IN PENN*S WOODS

"The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania"— by John
C. French and John H. Chatham, edited by Henry W.
Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.

"The Bald Eagle on the Susquehanna River"— by
John H. Chatham, with an introduction by Henry W.
Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa., 1919.

"Birds of Pennsylvania"— by Dr. B. Harry Warren,
illustrated with reproductions of the famous Audubon
prints, Harrisburg, 1890. Now out of print, but can
be obtained for use at the State Library, Harrisburg,
Pa. This is the standard work on the Pennsylvania
birds.

Butterflies

"Butterflies Worth Knowing"— by Clarence M.
Weed. 286 pages, 48 plates (32 in color). Doubleday,
Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

"The Butterfly Book"— by J. G. Holland. 350 pages
with 48 colored plates and numerous text illustrations.
Doubleday and McClure Company, New York City.

"The Butterfly Guide" (small pocket edition)— W. J.
Holland. 295 figures in color, illustrating 255 species.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New
York.

Moths

"The Moth Book"— by W. J. Holland. 479 pages
with 48 pages in color photography and 263 text draw-
ings. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City,
N. Y.

Insects

"The Insect Book"— by Leland O. Howard. 429
pages with 47 full-page plates and 264 text drawings.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

Bbptiles

*The Reptile Book"— by Raymond L. Ditmars. 472
pages with 8 plates in color and more than 400

•«

IN PENN'S WOODS

photographs from life. Doubleday, Page and Com-
pany, Garden City, N. Y.

Frogs

"The Frog Book — North American Toads and Frogs
with a Study of the Habits and Life Histories of Those
of the Northeastern States" — by Mary C. Dickerson.
253 pages with over 300 photographs from life by the
author. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City,
N. Y.

Wild Animals

"The Minds and Manners of Wild Animals" — ^by
William T. Hornaday. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New
York City.

"The American Natural History" — ^by William T.
Hornaday. Illustrated by 222 drawings, 116 photo-
graphs and numerous charts and maps. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons, New York City.

"Wild Animals I have Known" — ^by Ernest Thomp-
son Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden
City, N. Y.

"Lives of the Hunted" — ^by Ernest Thompson Seton.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

"Wild Animal Ways" — by Ernest Thompson Seton.
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

"Life History of Northern Animals" — ^by Ernest
Thompson Seton. Doubleday, Page and Company,
Garden City, N. Y.

"Wild Animals Every Child Should Know"— by
Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page and Company, Gar-
den City, N. Y.

"The Human Side of Animals" — ^by Royal Dixon.
Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York City.

"Extinct Pennsylvania Animals (Parts I and II)" —
by Henry W. Shoemaker, Altoona, Pa. 1917-1919.

"Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey" — ^by
S. N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, 1903.

"Pennsylvania Deer and Their Horns" — ^by Henry

IN PBNN*S WOODS

W. Shoemaker. Reading Eagle Company, Reading,

Pa., 1915.

"Sharp Eyes"— by W. Hamilton Gibson. Harper
and Bros., New York City, 1892. Out of print, but can
be consulted at State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

Works of George W. Sears, "Nessmuk," the founder
of the outdoor movement in Pennsylvania. Out of
print, but are available at State Library, Harrisburg,

Pa.

"Thirty Years a Hunter"— by Philip Tome, 1854.
Reprint by Aurand Press, Harrisburg, Pa., with intro-
ductory preface by Henry W. Shoemaker, 1928.

"Forty-four Years a Hunter"— by Meshach Brown-
ing. Out of print, but available at State Library, Har-
risburg, Pa.

These old books are classics among the volumes on
nature observation and big game hunting in Pennsyl-
vania.

Earth, Rock, and Sky

"Earth and Sky Every ChUd Should Know"— by
Julia E. Rogers. Doubleday, Page and Company, Gar-

den City, N. Y.

"Survey of Nature"— by George R. Green, Professor
of Nature Education, State College, Pennsylvania.
Slingerland-Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca,
New York. This important and authoritative book
comprises more than 300 pages and about 150 illustra-
tions. It gives a survey of the entire field of nature
covering all the more important groups.

"Handbook of Nature Study"— by Mrs. Anna B.
Comstock. 938 pages, fuUy illustrated. Comstock
Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y.

"Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals"— by
Frederick B. Loomis. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York

City.

"Astronomy with the Naked Eye"— by Garrett P.
Serviss. 246 pages with descriptions and charts of
the constellations, stars, and planets. Harper and
Bros., New York City.

IN PBNN'S WOODS

Pennsylvania Indians

"Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania" — by C. Hale Sipe,
Butler, Pa., 1927.

"Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania"
— by Dr. George P. Donehoo, Telegraph Printing Co.,
Harrisburg, Pa., 1927.

"Indians of Berks County" — ^by Prof. G. M. Bruner,
Reading, Pa., 1872. Out of print, but available at State
Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

Photogbapht

"Outdoor Photography"— by Julian A. Dimick. 131
pages with full-page illustrations from photographs
by the author. The Macmillan Company, New York
City.

"Nature and the Camera: How to Photograph Live
Birds and Their Nests; Animals — Wild and Tame;
Reptiles, Insects, Fish and Aquatic Forms; Flowers,
Trees, Fungi, Etc." — by A. Radcliffe Dugmore. Double-
day, Page and Company, Garden City, N. Y.

Publications Available for Free Distribution

The State Forests of Pennsylvania Bulletin 37

How to Use the State Forests Circular 25

Lessons In Forest Protection Bulletin 85

How to Prevent Forest Fires Bulletin 40

How to Know the Common Trees and

Shrubs of Pennsylvania Bulletin 33

Plant Forest Trees on Idle Acres Circular 28

Forest Tree Planting Recommendations. ..Circular 29

Forest Trees to Plant Circular 31

The Allanthus Tree In Pennsylvania Bulletin 38

What Follows Pulp and Chemical-Wood

Cutting In Northern Pennsylvania Bulletin 43

Forest Conversion Experiments on Scrub
Oak Barrens of Southern Pennsyl-
vania Bulletin 41

Auxiliary Forest Reserve Laws Circular 33

For additional copies of this booklet, Bulletin 31,
and free publications in the foregoing list, apply to
The Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg,
Pa.

Talks on Forestry

GIFFORD PINCHOT

BULLETIN 32

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner

May, 1923

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
STATE FOREST COMMISSION

R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry.
Edward Bailey.
Henry W. Shoemaker.
Mrs. John L. Lawrence.

(Mary FUnn Lawrence.)
Henry S. Drinker.

Lewis E. Staley, Deputy Commissioner of I'Orestry.

George H. Wirt, Chief, Bureau of Protection.

John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.

Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.

Joseph S. Illick, Chief, Office of Research.

W. Erdmann Montj^omery, Chief, Office of Maintenance.

E. A. Ziegler, Director, State Forest Academy.

(2)

INTRODUCTION

The "TALKS ON FORESTRY" by Giflford Pinchot made in
1920, while Commissioner of Forestry, are so concise and helpful
that they should be made available to all citizens of the State in-
terested in the restoration of Pennsylvania's forests. The Depart-
ment of Forestry has secured the consent of the Governor to their
use in printed form. I hope that all Pennsylvanians will read these
talks thoughtfully and with full knowledge of the fact that WOOD,
the product of the forest, is essential to our welfare and happiness.

Every citizen of the State can help in restoring Penn's Woods.
You can prevent forest fires by being careful with fire in the woods
and by urging others to be careful. If a forest fire occurs, try to put
it out yourself, or, if assistance is needed, notify the nearest forest
fire warden. The Department of Forestry is glad to cooperate with
owners in the proper protection and care of their forest lands.

The forest is one of our best friends. It serves us every day of
our lives. In return for these services it merits our constant care
and helpful hand.

Robert Y. Stuart,
Commissioner of Forestry.

Mav 2, 1923.

CONTENTS.

TALK PAGE

1. The bare facts, 7

2. Timber deficit our own problem, 8

3. Conservation — what it means, 9

4. Give the trees a chance, 10

5. Maintaining the timber level, 11

6. Industrial eflFects of devastation, , . 13

7. Responsibility of timber owners, 14

8. How lumber costs have mounted, 15

9. Forestry a business proposition, 16

10. Forests and floods, 18

11. Forests and agriculture, 19

12. Forests and recreation, 20

13. The forest and everyday things, 22

14. Why the woods burn, 23

15. Forests to burn, < 24

16. Why Pennsylvania owns forests, 26.

17. Our forests of the future, 27

(4)

(5)

TALKS ON FORESTRY
By Gif f ord Pinchot

(«)

THE BARE FACTS

The one word which properly describes the facts surrounding the
forest and lumber situation in Pennsylvania is "bare."

Wasteful lumbering and fire— lack of attention to the tree-growing
lands of the State — have made bare millions of Pennsylvania acres
which by all that is reasonable should be growing one crop of trees
after another, for that is all they can be made to grow.

Pennsylvania has 5,000,000 acres fit only for growing trees— an
area greater than the entire state of New Jersey. It used to be
covered with the richest forests. At present it is producing little or
nothing for the use and benefit of our people. An area that produces
nothing is a desert. This is Pennsylvania's desert.

The Pennsylvania Desert costs the people of the State $100,000,000
a year — twice as much as it costs to run the State Government.

It works out like this. We use in Pennsylvania about 2,300,000,000
feet of lumber each year. We might grow nearly all of it at home,
but we have been letting the fires run instead. As a result we arc
paying not less than $25,000,000 a year in freight charges on lumber
brought into the State. This freight bill grows and will soon ex-
ceed $40,000,000 every twelve months.

In addition, and apart from the freight, we pay $50,000,000 more
each year for the 1,700,000,000 feet of lumber we import.

This is nearly pure loss, but it does not tell the whole story. The
other losses due to forest destruction and the closing or removal of
woodworking industries are very great, and there is besides the
loss from floods, the loss of business to the business men of the State,
the loss to newspapers through the excessive cost of newsprint
which might just as well have been produced at home, tlie loss of
population driven to other States to find employment in lumbering,
the loss of fish and game, the loss of summer resort business, and
other losses, which combined we may very conservatively place at
$25,000,000 a year. The total loss is one hundred millions.

The direct damage from fire is the smallest of all— probably less
than half a million— because outside of farmers' woodlots there is
so little valuable timber left to burn. It is not what the fires burn
up, but what they prevent from growing, that truly measures
the damage they cause.

(7)

Taking it altogether, we are well within the truth in estimating
that the Pennsylvania Desert keeps out of the pockets of our people,
and puts into their cost of living, not less than $100,000,000 a year.

Until 1897, Pennsylvania was a lumber-exporting state. Then
we started importing lumber. Now we import four times as much

as our forests produce.

From 2,300,000,000 board feet produced in Pennsylvania forests
in 1899 there was a drop to 510,000,000 board feet estimated for 1921.

Tree cutting goes on without regrowth of trees. This means
forest devastation. It means neglect of our true economic interests
that borders on the criminal. For this condition Pennsylvania is to
Ijlame— Pennsylvania in its capacity as a Commonwealth of intelli-
gent people.

The remedy lies in renewed protection and care of our forests
and in true statesmanship on the part of our lawmakers and law
administrators.

TIMBER DEFICIT OUR OWN PROBLEM

Pennsylvania's timber situation is Pennsylvania's own problem.
We cannot pass the responsibility to the rest of the country or the
rest of the world, because we have the land for producing all the
timber we need and sufficient to make exportation of Pennsylvania
timber one of our profitable industries.

The 5,000,000 acres of what is now Pennsylvania's Desert can be—
and should be— growing timber all the while it is furnishing timber.

A shortage in most staple crops can be made good in one year,
but timber is a long-time crop.

To mature a timber crop requires from 50 to 100 years, or more,
and no urgency of need nor amount of money and effort can shorten
the period. Within less than fifty years, at the present rate, timber
shortage in the United States will have become a blighting timber

famine.

Pennsylvania's duty is to begin now the policy of timber produc-
tion and timber conservation which will restore its woods to their
former value and insure the people of the State against the evil day
of timber famine which we know to be not far ahead.

Pennsylvania should own most of the land fit only for growing

trees because:

The care and attention which the State as such can and will give
is greater than the care and attention a private individual or cor-
poration can and will give.

The timber development of the State affects every other industry

and is, therefore, a people's question.

The State as such must supervise the cutting of trees if the for-
ests are to continue.

Privately owned timber must have protection from fire and care-
ful supervision to preserve it from devastation. The present timber
and woodpulp shortage has developed out of the existing practice
of lumbering, which is based on the careless assumption that "we
have timber enough to last." Under past and present lumbering
practice, mature crops of native timber have been harvested wholly
without regard to succeeding crops. No provision has been made
for the starting of new forest growth, for protecting it from fires
which follow lumbering, nor for the care of young timber. No ef-
fort has been made, by private concerns, to keep forest lands grow-
ing timber. As a result, lands which have been at work, century
after century, producing forests that maintained and renewed them-
selves without care or cost, are transformed by the lumbering into
non-productive wastes of blackened stumps and bleaching snags.

This is forest devastation.

Pennsylvania's duty is to stop devastation.

Our timber deficit is our own problem. The State in its duty to
its people must meet this problem— and solve it.

CONSERVATION— WHAT IT MEANS

Conservation does not mean the holding back of production. It
does not mean hoarding.

What conservation does mean is the wise use of whatever is to
be conserved. The conservation of natural resources, which have
been given to all the people by the Almighty, means their use in
a way that will benefit the greatest number of people for the longest

possible time.

In these articles we are dealing with the wood and lumber prob-
lems. Unless we practice conservation in forestry we shall drift—
if we do not plunge— into a scarcity of wood that will amount to a
timber famine, the effects of which will be felt by every man, woman

and child in America.

Pennsylvania's forest conservation problem is of deep concern
to every person in Pennsylvania, because every person in Pennsyl-
vania uses wood.

During the war there was immediate demand for supplies ot
every kind, and there was much waste. Waste comes naturally
with war. Therefore, what was done during the stress of war times
may now be overlooked, but may also well be used to point a moral.

There was extraordinarv demand for mine props when the caU
for coal came. People saw the chance for big money and quick
money. They rushed in the axemen and down came the trees.
Thousands of acres of young growing timber were devastated.
Young trees that had weathered their roughest years and were on a
rapid road to real value were hewn down and hurried to the mines.

and in cutting them no protection was given to the trees that re-
mained. The result is that as timber producing areas the woods
that were cut over were thrown back fully fifty years.

While this was being done there were left standing in the forests
many times more than enough trees of proper sizes and kinds to
supply the mine props that were furnished locally, and do it with-
out devastation. Young chestnut, subject to blight, which ought to
be cut to protect and develop the forest, could have been had in
great abundance, and other usable growth as well.

All this happened in war. But in normal times this sort of lum-
bering is inexcusable — yet it did not stop when the fighting was
over. Pennsylvania has far too much of it now.

It is the duty of the people to protect themselves against this
and every other form of needless forest devastation.

The exercise of the public's powers along such lines as this is
necessary for real conservation. Understanding of the situation on
the part of the people, and the sure appreciation which comes with
understanding, is what we need to make conservation an effective

thing.

We must keep the land which is good for nothing except to grow
trees busy growing trees, for that is the wisest use than can be made
of it, and the wise use of a natural resource is conservation.

GIVE THE TREES A CHANCE

It is not so much what forest fires destroy that makes them so
costly, but what they prevent from growing. It is the same with
careless lumbering.

When a tract of timber is cut without giving the necessary pro-
tection to the young growth, it is easily possible for the operation
to destroy for the future far more timber than it has cut for pres-
ent consumption. How this adds to the ultimate cost of lumber is
easily seen. The wise lumbering operation is the one that is un-
dertaken in a sound, practical systematic way and with a view both
to harvest the ripe timber and to conserve the young growth and
keeping the forest in shape to continue producing trees.

Cutting and skidding should be done when possible in the wui-
tcr months, because at this season the least damage will occur to
the young growth. Danger from fire in the winter is at a minimum,
and spring sprouting to follow will be most vigorous. Logging op-
erations are most economical in the months when plant life is dor-
mant, and when the ground is frozen. The product can be manufac-
tured at the mill and marketed during the summer months to better
advantage from the standpoint both of the lumbermen and the em-
ployer. During these months the forests would be let alone for
the young growth to get started.

Pennsylvania has seen too much of devastating lumbering. The
Department of Forestry has ended it as far as the State forests
are concerned. But the Department's duty extends to all forests.
It is the people's job to put an end to unnecessary forest devasta-
tion, just the same as to forest fires, on all purely timber producing
lands.

No Forester wants to grow trees on land worth more to farm.
But neither does he want land to lie idle that could just as well
or better be growing trees.

On a well-handled forest the trees to be cut are first carefully
selected and then marked so as to avoid any mistake. They are
selected in such a way as to get what the owner wants, while at
the same time the welfare of the forest is not overlooked. Then
each tree is thrown where it will do the least harm to young growth
in falling, and any small trees bent down under its crown are re-
leased at once. After that the branches are lopped down to a cer-
tain size (say three inches in diameter) and the brush is scattered
so that it will rot as quickly as possible, or piled for burning.
Through it all the essential thing is neither to cut nor to injure any
young tree that can be spared.

The public generally can appreciate the reasons for carefully
avoiding forest devastation in all lumbering. It is a people's ques-
tion. Conservative lumbering will not work a hardship upon lum-
bermen, and it will be a great aid in ending the devastation of the
forests.

The effects of careless lumbering are felt by the people of Penn-
svlvania in a dozen of ways. When a citizen builds a home, when
he buys a pair of shoes, or when his wife goes to market for food
for the family, they feel the pinch because the cost of the wood
which enters into the manufacture, transportation, or sale of every
commodity purchased is part of the reason for the excessive prices
charged. When a man travels on a railroad or by motor car in any
part of Pennsylvania, he sees in bald hills and barren wastes the
awful results of letting forest fires make lumber scarce, and of
short-sighted selfishness in lumbering.

Give the young trees a chance. They will grow if you will let
them.

MAINTAINING THE TIMBER LEVEL

By cutting only the right trees, by giving young trees a chance
to grow up as fast as the mature ones are cut, and by keeping the
fires out of the forests it is possible for Pennsylvania to maintain
a steady level of production in its lumber industry.

Pennsylvania uses great quantities of wood each year. Expressed
in simple terms the Commonwealth's annual consumption of wood
amounts to the equivalent of about five billion board feet. So much
lumber, stretched end to end would mak a wooden belt for Mother
Earth, with plenty of room for buckling and overlapping, an inch
thick and forty feet wide.

Not all of this lumber is used in building operations and manufac-
turing. It includes also railroad ties, fencing, mine timbers, pulp-
wood, shingles, slack cooperage, tight cooperage, wood for distilla-
tion, veneer logs, telegraph poles, and firewood.

Nearly the whole of it could and should be produced in Pennsyl-
-vania, with a great deal left over for export as well.

In 1890 Pennsylvania's lumber cut was in excess of the State's
consumption. A few years later we started to import lumber. To-
day our lumber users must go outside the State — and in most cases
pay for freight hauls of thousands of miles — for more than half
the lumber necessary in the industrial life of the Commonwealth.

To maintain Pennsylvania's normal level of forest production, it
is, however, necessary first to get back to it.

Before all else, the reclamation of our forest lands is what we
need. First, we must keep down the fires; second, we must put
an end to forest devastation. In other words, we must see that
young trees are permitted to grow where mature ones have been
removed.

The penalties the Commonwealth must pay for not maintaining
its timber level make themselves felt in the loss to the consumers
of wood in every form, in the high prices they must pay, including
freight charges; with corresponding increase in the cost of living;
in the loss caused by floods, the loss in soil values, the loss of
wages, and many other losses acutely felt by all of the people.

The mere statement of the fact that from a lumber-exporting
State we have fallen to a lumber importing State is sufficient to
arouse the interest of the people of Pennsylvania. The reason for
this is not found in the increase in population and manufacturing.
We have less manufacturing of lumber in Pennsylvania than we
had twenty years ago, and our per capita consumption of lumber
has not increased.

The big answer to the loss of our timber level is found in the
bald hills and barren wastes so familiar to all who travel over the
State.

When we conquer fires and put an end to forest devastation,
when we give the young trees a chance to grow, we shall have
started on the return trip. Then conservative lumbering under
sound practical flirection will maintain Pennsylvania's timber level
and immeasurably increase the prosperity of our Commonwealth.

GIVE THE TREES A CHANGE
They wiU grow into valuable timber if fires are kept out

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INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS OF DEVASTATION

The exhaustion of a forest creates losses which are felt far be-
yond the neighborhoods actually devastated. As lumbering comc!>
to an end, leaving in its wake enormous areas of idle land, a great
shifting in population, commerce and industry takes place. As the
lumber camps support the forest communities, so the forest com-
munities in large measure support the neighboring towns and cities.

There are whole counties in Pennsylvania where no argument is
needed to support these statements. Potter, Lycoming, Tioga,
Cameron, and numerous other counties that were once chiefly
noted for their lumbering, all contain striking examples of what

forest devastation will do.

Residents of those counties who are still young can vividly re-
call the rapid passing of prosperous communities into abandoned
and desolate groups of buildings, such as the towns of Cross Fork,
Gardeau, Medix Run, Norwich and many another.

If the cut-over areas of Pennsylvania had been put to work
growing trees as rapidly as they were shorn of their original tim-
ber growth, there would be little cause to lament the fact that the
lumber had been cut. For even though temporarily the local tim-
ber supply was lost, the time of its return would not be too far
ahead. But devastated lands are a total loss. They not only grow
nothing profitable themselves, but are a real menace to all the
surrounding country, and the balance of the State, by its import
of timber, pays out the money and lends to distant forest regions
the prosperity which should be kept at home.

It would be just as reasonable that Iowa should import com,
or that California should depend upon Florida for its oranges, as
that Pennsylvania, with thirteen million acres of forest lands, should
depend upon the Pacific slope for its lumber.

When lumbering shifts from exhausted to new and unexploited
regions only a small part of the commerce and industry it devel-
oped can shift with it. Most of it fades out and dies. As region
after region is lumbered and cut out, prosperity is not merely
shifted, but much of it is permanently lost. , . ,,r

This prosperity can be saved and stabilized in Pennsylvama. We
are guilty of a gross economic crime if we fail to save and stabilize

If we adopt the principles of forest conservation, the forest!
which will grow from now on will not be tangles of wilderness,
left untouched for a century or so and then ripped off so as to
leave the country desolate and poor. Instead they ''••' ^^^/'f ""j
tended and protected and, once established, will be P«™>«n«°t^
productive. Work in the forests will become a regular and per-

manent business. The new forests will be cut no faster than they
grow, just as the stockman keeps up his herd and still sells off his
increase.

The coming of the new forests will make steady and profitable
odd-time and full-time work for the neighboring settlements. With
them will come more people, new wood-working industries, and
better local markets for farm products. When there is pulp and
cordwood, logs and lumber to be shipped out, it will be possible
to get and keep such road and railroad transportation as farming
land alone could not maintain.

No island of farming, mining, or manufacturing industry can
ever be as valuable in an ocean of idle waste as when surrounded
by steadily productive forests. The use of the poorer soils for for-
est crops will be profitable to the men and women who are engaged
in every sort of occupation, for it will cut down the cost of living
and increase the general wealth.
. But before this can happen forest devastation must stop.

RESPONSIBILITY OF TIMBER OWNERS

No good citizen lets his property go to waste. The responsibility
of the owner of timber land is similar in kind to the responsibility
of the owner of farm land. In degree, the timber owner^s respon-
sibility is greater than the farmer's.

The farmer who would permit his fields to run down and lose
their fertility, to grow nothing but weeds and thistles, would very
quickly become an outcast among his brethren. When we come to
think of it, the lumberman who permits his lands to be stripped of
their timber, and then allows fires to run, and takes no care of
the young growth, is exactly in the class of the outcast farmer.

The fault of the careless lumberman, however, is the greater, be-
cause a ruined farm can be brought hack to a fair degree of fertility
and productiveness in a few years, while a fire-swept and denuded
timber tract cannot be completely restored, however good the work
put upon it, in the ordinary span of a man's life.

The day when timber tracts could be devastated without at-
tracting attention has gone by. An awakened public interest de-
mands that wasteful lumbering shall stop.

The responsibility of the timber owner extends not only to his
own property, but also to the entire countryside around his prop-
erty. The weeds in the run-down farm may spread their seeds over
the immediate neighborhood, but the damage which comes from
a forest area that has been destroyed spreads far more widely. The
destruction of a watershed which follows the wiping out of a forest
may cause havoc to people and property for many miles. And this
has actually happened in many sections of Pennsylvania.

Our flood problems would be less were our forest areas growing
trees. Our water supplies would be constant and reliable in places
where now they are inconstant and unreliable because of the in-
ability of devastated forest lands to conserve the rainfall. Towns
and cities have been brought face to face with serious water
troubles because of forest devastation.

It is the positive duty of the owner of lands valuable only for
tree growth to keep forests growing upon these lands. We know
enough about our forests to keep them growing. To get young
trees growing in the ground ,and to protect them from fire and other
enemies, are operations well within our present powers. They are
not so involved, difficult, or highly technical as to require further
detailed investigations, studies, and researches before starting to
])ractice what we know already.

It is true that much remains to be learned about our numerous
tree species. It is true that a systematic and comprehensive pro-
o-ram of forest research is urgently needed. But it is equally true
that we have now knowledge enough to grow and protect valuable
tree species upon any land where forests should be grown. We
know it can be done because it is being done. Further studies will
doubtless give us better practice and cheaper methods, but well-
tested practice and efl'ective methods are available. We are all
ready to go ahead.

There is no sound or scientific reason for delay on the part of
timber land owners in taking the simple and obvious steps nec-
essary to insure an adequate and dependable supply of forest pro-
ducts, and to make permanent the economic advantage which
comes to all the people from the forests.

The responsibility of the timber land owner to our general econo-
mic welfare is unescapable.

HOW LUMBER COSTS HAVE MOUNTED

W. U. Hyde and Company, of Ridgway, quoted a lumber price
of $7.00 a thousand feet for sizes from two by four to two by twelve,
j.nd from twelve to sixteen feet long, in 1885. Today the price paid
at the mill for the same sizes and kinds of lumber is $53.00 a
Ihrnisand feet. Special sizes, running as high as fifty feet in length
could have been bought from Hyde and Company in 1885 for $10.00 a
thousand feet. In 1920 the price is $65.00 a thousand feet, but it
is not Pennsylvania timber.

ITpon the passage of a resolution introduced by Senator Capper
of Kansas. Congress in 1920 ordered a report which dealt with
comparative lumber prices and this report has been made pub he
by the ITnited States Forest Service. In a table of average whole-

sale values for the eastern markets this report shows that in 1840
first quality soft woods sold for $20.91 a thousand feet. In 1900
the price had risen to $34.06 per thousand, and in 1920— figures
based on the first three months of the year— the price has reached
the amazing height of $131.55.

The wholesale price for one-inch plain oak boards in Philadelphia
in February, 1915, was $60.00 a thousand feet. In February, 1920,
this same kind of lumber sold at wholesale in Philadelphia for
$200.00 a thousand feet.

It is but fair to consider that the very high prices for lumber
now prevailing are due in part to the abnormal conditions in busi-
ness generally. Much lumber is sold at "spot" or at auction, where
bidding prevails, and where prices are determined by the desire
of the purchaser to get the lumber, rather than by a consideration
of its real value.

But this does not explain it all. The rise in lumber prices has
been gradual and is due to the law of supply and demand. Forests
have not been maintained as lumber producers and operations hnve
been moved to where lumber is most plentiful. The less timber we
have, the higher price we must pay. Even before the war, prices
had risen tremendously. In 1917 the average price of retail lumber
had increased forty-eight per cent, over the prices of 1905.

As lumbering shifts to distant points one of the biggest items in
the cost to the consumer is transportation. Here in Pennsylvania we
pay an annual freight bill on lumber of more than $25,000,000. Al-
ready transportation absorbs as much as 23.9 per cent, of the retail
price. In 1919 the percentage was 21.6, while the percentage of
freight increase over 1905 was 72.8 per cent.

In its summary of principal conclusions in response to the Capper
resolution, the National Forest Service, commenting upon the
national situation as to prices, says : "If large-scale production had
still been possible in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and
the lake states, there can be little doubt concerning the beneficial
effects upon market stability and lumber prices."

Here in Pennsylvania we must remember that how high prices
go and how steady prices are depends largely on how soon we can
bring about the restoration of Pennsylvania's timber production,
and put our State once more among the great forest growing com-
monwealths.

FORESTRY A BUSINESS PROPOSITION

Forestry may be defined in several ways. It is the art of raising
repeated crops of timber on soil unsuited for agriculture. It is
the common sense way to handle woodlands for what they can

A DRY STREAM BED

Clinton County's water supply suffered when this streams' headwaters were denuded.

and fire followed the lumbermen

A REFORESTED WATERSHED
A supply of pure water is assured

EFFECTS OF DESTRUCJTIVE LUMBERING
The hillsides are eroded, and fires sweep through the slash

OLD TREES AND THEIR YOUNGSTERS
Tht mother trees cast their seeds and nature does the rest

produce. I think the best definition of forestry, however, is that
it is the art of handling forest land in such a way that it will be of
the greatest service to man.

Forestry should be practiced by all persons who own timber
lands. Unless it is practiced, these lands can not produce what they
should produce, either in returns to the owner or benefit to civiliza-
tion. It is strictly a business proposition.

It was on June 13, 1898, that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
bought its first piece of forest land, and started the practice of
forestry. From then until now the Commonwealth has purchased
lands in different parts of the State until its present holdings amount
to 1,077,520 acres. In these twenty-two years the Commonwealth
has paid to townships for school and road purposes $562,419.77 on

its forest lands.

Purely as a business investment the State Forests show up as

follows :

Total purchase price, $2,456,300.08

Total amount expended for administration, develop

ment, and improvement, 3,613,211.85

Total expenditure, $6,069,51 1 .93

Present value of forests, $11,000,000.00

Total investment and expenditures, 6,069,511.93

Net gain on investment, H930,488.07

In other words, the State is about five million dollars better off
than if it had never bought and paid for an acre of forest land, and
in addition it is growing large amounts of lumber and wood which
will be ready for the use of the people just when they will be need-
ing it most. .

The town of Zurich in Switzerland has for centuries had what
amounts to a woodlot of several thousand acres. It has been under
careful management since long before Columbus discovered Amer-
ica During all that time it has produced crop after crop of val-
uable timber, the young trees growing up to take the place of the
old trees cut down. The point is that the forest is conserved
and renewed instead of being destroyed by lumbering.

Not only is it not destroyed, but it becomes steadily more val-
uable and its products more important every year. It produces
annually from every acre a net revenue about three times as large
as the amount Pennsylvania has paid per acre for the forest lands
it owns ; and unless the forest is destroyed by violence or fire, will
keep on doing it for centuries to come.

■I'

I speak of the City Forest of Zurich from personal knowledge
because I got part of my training in forestry under its maples and
ashes, its beeches and spruces, and because I have visited it again
and again as one of the most interesting and instructive forests

in Europe.

Remarkable as this forest is, it does not stand alone. I know
of many towns in Europe whose whole municipal expense before
the war was paid from the annual net revenue of their forests;
and the beauty of it is that under wise methods of cutting the
longer these forests are operated, the more timber is cut from
them under skillful management, the more timber they produce,
and the greater is their net return.

Forestry with them means an endless succession of valuable
timber crops from the same land.

We can do the same thing in Pennsylvania if we want to.

FORESTS AND FLOODS

Where there are forests there are seldom floods. Well-wooded
lands are natural reservoirs that store the rainfall for gradual dis-
tribution throughout the year. Conditions which have caused tre-
mendous losses of life and property, time after time in Pennsylvania
will be largely overcome when the hills of the state are again
thickly wooded, when the fires have been stopped, and the waste
areas that now exist have been returned to their original estate

of growing trees.

When forest lands have been devastated there remains little or
nothing to hold the rainfalls. Torrents rush from the higher slopes
to the surrounding valleys, carrying with them debris, destruction,
and death. Not only that— they carry as well the rich soil and hu-
mus so necessary to forest development, and in doing so retard the
return of the forest.

The forest cover is a powerful factor in reducing the surface
run-off of water produced in such larcre quantities, especially in the
early spring, by falling rains and melting snows. The water, in-
stead of rushing away in uncontrollable torrents, is absorbed by
the reservoirs of humus and mineral soil from which it is given off
graduallv to the springs and streams. This retention tends to de-
crease the high water run-off in the spring and other flood periods,
and to increase the low-water run-off during dry seasons. Both
results are good, and can be realized by maintaining a complete
' cover of trees on all forest lands.

This means that the fires must be conquered, devastation in lum-
bering stopped, and new forest growth protected and encouraged.

There are few towns in Pennsylvania that do not know what
flood damage means. I would bring home to everyone the import-
ant fact that the reforestation of Pennsylvania's watersheds will be
of the greatest help in bringing to an end those terrible flood con-
ditions which are so keenly felt by our people all over the State.

On the other hand, there are many towns throughout the Com-
monwealth which feel, during parts of the year, the terrible pinch
of low water. It is not uncommon to see such signs as "Save the
Water", "Boil Your Drinking Water" posted in conspicuous places
in Pennsylvania towns during the summer months.

A serious fire in a low water period may mean millions of dol-
lars of loss to a municipality. Entire neighborhoods have been
stricken with epidemics because the water grew scant and carried
the disease-producing bacteria, which prosper in low and stagnant
water, into the domestic supply of the community.

The forest problem and the water problem in Pennsylvania go
hand in hand. With the reforestation of millions of acres fit only
for growing trees, will come that other benefit so greatly to be
desired — the holding back of floods from our streams, and the
subsequent equal distribution of water supplies.

"Save the forests and conquer the floods" is a slogan that could
well be adopted by those communities which know from painful
experience what flood conditions mean. Floods in flood season,
and water scarcity in the dry seasons, will surely continue until an
unbroken forest cover is established and maintained on all the
forest lands of our State.

FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE

The farmer is the great consumer of wood in the United States —
more than thirty-five per cent, of our national production of lumber
and more than fifty per cent, of our production of all kinds of
wood, is used on the farm. Wood is the farmer's chief construc-
tion material. No substitute will make building so easy and rapid
or fill so many of his needs. Whatever raises the price or lowers
the quality of his timber supply adds to his troubles and cuts

down his returns.

There was a time when the Pennsylvania farmer looked upon the
forest merely as an obstruction to be got rid of before he could put
his plow to work. Brush and stumps were hard to contend with, and
wood for fuel and construction was to be had for the taking. Today
the farm forest plays a growing part in the profitable working of the
Penn^vlvania farm.

•

The woodlots of the eastern farms contain a very large part of
the total supply of hardwood left in the United States. They are
soon to become of vast importance, both to their fortunate owners
and to the nation. In this Pennsylvania will play a large part.

To the farmer the woodlot furnishes material for fuel, fencing and
construction, and the chance for the profitable use of otherwise slack
time. The sale of surplus woodlot produce becomes constantly eas-
ier and more profitable. With the rising prices which the national
shortage in good hardwood has brought about, the owner will find
it increasingly to his interest to keep up his woodlot and to extend
it to lands otherwise idle or of low value for other purposes. What-
ever works against keeping the farm woodlot in good condition,
works damage not only to the owner but to the people at large.

For the settler in the cutover regions, forest devastation has
created great opportunities and great dangers. Forest devastation
has put many millions of acres upon the market, and has opened the
way to shameful speculation and unmitigated fraud. Innocent pur-
chasers have been enticed to buy lands of little or no farm value, and
then left to make a losing fight against hopeless odds. Attempts
to farm low-grade cutover lands have made thousands of families

into paupers.

There are communities in many parts of Pennsylvania where
lumbering has been abandoned because the trees have all been taken,
and where families have tried and tried hard to eke out a living
on ground that is not fit for agriculture, only to fail. The result
has been degeneration of the whole neighborhood. Hardships and
crime provoked by hardship have produced a race of people unfit
for citizenship. Such a local calamity as this may be charged direct-
ly to forest devastation.

There are doubtless some cutover lands in Pennsylvania that can
be made profitable for agriculture, but the rule is that forest lands
are of the greatest service both to their owners and to the state when
they are continued as forest lands. The great thing is to keep the

land steadilv at work.

So lomr as lands are at work and at profitable work, what crop
they are raising is of minor importance. Lands which can best
produce farm crops should be kept at it. Lands which can best pro-
duce forest crops should be kept at work growing timber. If, later
on. the land can be made to pay better in other crops, the most pro-
fitable crop will have the right of way.

FORESTS AND RECREATION

The woods are the people's playgrounds, and were intended by
Nature to be such. Why else were they filled with the shaded
vistas, the sparkling streams, the bubbling springs, the placid lakes?

SPORTSMEN ENJOY FREE USE OF THE OLE BULL PUBLIC CAMP,

POTTER COUNTY.

TIRED BUSINESSMEN FIND REST IN THE STATE FORESTS

THERE ARE MILLIONS OP LOAFING ACRES IN PENNSYLVANIA.
SHOULD BE ACQUIRED BY THE STATE, AND
PUT TO WORK GROWING TIMBER

THEY

ANOTHER FIRE IN PENNSYLVANIA'S DESERT

Here are the game and fish which make the worker forget his toil.
Here are to be found quiet, rest, clean pleasure, and health renewed.
While the forest is growing lumber it is also furnishing for the
people who live in the cities and towns the refuge that attracts them
when play time comes. Our duty in protecting the forests is not
confined, therefore, to the growth of lumber and wood. Pennsyl-
vania has playgrounds, and the possibilities of playgrounds, second

to no other state.

There is a materialistic side to this feature of forest protection,
too. When our forest lands are restored as they should be, and as
they are going to be ; when good roads traverse them, and all their
beauties and their uses are brought out, they will aflford a resort
country eclipsing in beauty, accessibility, and comfort all other re-
sort systems in America.

The people of Pennsylvania in search of outing are losing valuable
opportunities when they fail to take advantage of the rare chance
which is theirs to spend a part of every summer or fall in Pennsyl-
vania's woods. There are few points in the state that are too far
distant from a forest to make it too expensive or too difficult for the
people of the community to enjoy what Nature made for them.

The forests protect and increase game ; the more forests we have
the more fish we have the chance to catch. The game sanctuaries
established in Pennsylvania forests in recent years have increased
the deer, the squirrel, the bear, the turkey, the rabbits, and other
kinds of meat-producing forms of wild life. In Westmoreland
county there had not been a deer killed for decades; eighty-three
bucks' were shot in the season of 1922, after but a few years of forest

protection. , ,- i j

On its own forest lands the Commonwealth has established
twenty-six recreation and camp grounds for the use of the public
and its aim is to establish many such places on each State Forest.
The Hairy John recreation center in Union county, Caledonia and
Mont Alto parks in Franklin county; Pine Grove in Cumberland
county; Ole Bull State Forest Monument in Potter county: are
instances that illustrate the point.

The State Forests are the real playgrounds of the people. They
are open to the public, and the people are welcome to make use of
them. They alone of all the woodlands in the State, can never be
closed to the enjoyment of all the people. To maintain them for
the pleasure and benefit of all alike and to develop their potentiali-
ties, the fires must be stopped, devastation must cease, and trees
must be given a chance to grow.

Every sportsman, every vacationist, every nature lover is or
should be an earnest protector of the forests. Their help will count

more than they know, and more than anyone can tell.

Forestry with them means an endless succession of valuable
timber crops from the same land.

We can do the same thing in Pennsylvania if we want to.

FORESTS AND FLOODS

When forest lands have been devastated there remains little or
nothing to hold the rainfalls. Torrents rush from the higher slopes
to the surrounding valleys, carrying with them debris, destruction,
and death. Not only that — they carry as well the rich soil and hu-
mus so necessary to forest development, and in doing so retard the
return of the forest.

The forest cover is a powerful factor in reducincf the surface
run-off of water produced in such lar£^e quantities, especially in the
early spring, by fallinqf rains and melting snows. The water, in-
stead of rushing away in uncontrollable torrents, is absorbed by
the reservoirs of humus and mineral soil from which it is given off
^raduallv to the springs and streams. This retention tends to de-
crease the high water run-off in the spring and other flood periods,
and to increase the low-water run-off during dry seasons. Both
lesults are good, and can be realized by maintaining a complete
cover of trees on all forest lands.

This means that the fires must be conquered, devastation in lum-
bering stopped, and new forest growth protected and encouraged.

FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE

into paupers.

So long as lands are at work and at profitable work, what crop
they are raising is of minor importance. Lands which can best
produce farm crops should be kept at it. Lands which can best pro-
duce forest crops should be kept at work growing timber. If, later
on. the land can be made to pay better in other crops, tbe most pro-
fitable crop will have the right of way.

FORESTS AND RECREATION

The woods are the people's playgrounds, and were intended by
Nature to be such. Why else were they filled with the shaded
vistas, the sparkling streams, the bubbling springs, the placid lakes?

SPORTSMEN ENJOY FREE USE OF THE OT.E BULL PUBLIC CAMP.

POTTER COUNTY.

TIRED BUSINESSMEN FIND REST IN THE STATE FORESTS

THERE ARE MILLIONS OF LOAFING ACRES IN PENNSYLVANIA. THEY

SHOULD BE ACQUIRED BY THE STATE. AND

PUT TO WORK GROWING TIMBER

ANOTHER FIRE IN PENNSYLVANIA'S DESERT

Here are the game and fish which make the worker forget his toil.
Here are to be found quiet, rest, clean pleasure, and health renewed.

While the forest is growing lumber it is also furnishing for the
people who live in the cities and towns the refuge that attracts them
when play time comes. Our duty in protecting the forests is not
confined, therefore, to the growth of lumber and wood. Pennsyl-
vania has playgrounds, and the possibilities of playgrounds, second
to no other state.

There is a materialistic side to this feature of forest protection,
too. When our forest lands are restored as they should be, and as
they are going to be ; when good roads traverse them, and all their
beauties and their uses are brought out, they will afford a resort
country eclipsing in beauty, accessibility, and comfort all other re-
sort systems in America.

The forests protect and increase game; the more forests we have
the more fish we have the chance to catch. The game sanctuaries
established in Pennsylvania forests in recent years have increased
the deer, the squirrel, the bear, the turkey, the rabbits, and other
kinds of meat-producing forms of wild life. In Westmoreland
county there had not been a deer killed for decades; eighty-three
bucks were shot in the season of 1922, after but a few years of forest

protection.

Every sportsman, every vacationist, every nature lover is or
should be an earnest protector of the forests. Their help will count

more than they know, and more than anyone can tell.

THE FOREST AND EVERYDAY THINGS

Few people realize just how intimately the products of the forest
enter into their everyday lives. When they do realize this their
personal interest in protecting the forest will surely increase and
they will insist on maintaining a timber level high enough to keep
forest products within reach of the public at reasonable prices.

The clothes we wear, the things we eat, the house in which we
live, the materials we use in our work, whatever it may be, are de-
pendent to a greater or less degree upon the forest. With prices
of forest products high, the reflection is felt in increased prices of
everything necessary to your daily life and mine.

Consider your shoes. They could not be made without the forest.
Before you can buy them a calf must be born in a wooden barn;
])astured in a field surrounded by a wooden fence ; sold to a butcher
and driven to slaughter in a wooden wagon, and the hide removed
on a wooden slab. Then the hide must be shipped to the tannery
in a wooden freight car ; treated in a wooden vat with acids secured
from wood and with bark from a tree. The leather must be cured
on a wooden board ; cut on a wooden board ; and shaped over a
wooden last. When the shoes are finished they must be packed in
a pasteboard box which is made from woodpulp, shipped in a wooden
]>acking case ; and placed on a wooden shelf. Finally the shoes are
sold over a wooden counter, and in your service spend most of the
remainder of their days on floors made of wood.

But you say, "We don't eat wood". True enough, but the ground
that grew your bread was prepared by a plough with wooden handles,
and a point of steel in the making of which charcoal was used ; the
grain was cut with some instrument, be it cradle or binder, partly
made of wood ; it was hauled to the barn in a wooden wagon ; stored
in a wooden mow; threshed in a wooden separator; hauled to the
mill in a wooden wagon, or in a freight car with wheels made of
woodpulp; and stored in a wooden bin. When it became flour it
was mixed in a wooden tray, rolled on a wooden board, sold over a
wooden counter, and eaten oflF a wooden table.

Wood helps the housewife do her shopping. If it is by telephone
her message is carried over wires stretched on wooden poles, or
encased in a wooden conduit. If she walks it is in shoes tanned with
the bark of a tree and largely on wooden floors. If she rides she
cannot escape the use of wood. If she carries a basket, this too, is
a product of the forest.

In the office, a man works on a wooden desk, sits in a wooden chair,
uses wooden pencils and paper made from wood. Our pictures
are framed in wood, our windows are cased in wood.

When the doctor comes his prescriptions are written on paper
that comes from wood, and his medicines are in a large measure de-
rived from the forest.

Look where we will in our everday lives we cannot escape the
importance of wood in everything around us. When the forests are
despoiled, everything that is demanded by modern civilization is
injured, and we who consume must pay.

Next to a prosperous agriculture nothing is of greater importance
to the public than a constant and dependable timber supply. There-
fore every citizen is interested in the forests, whether he will or no.
From the cradle to the grave he never lives a moment, never draws
a breath, without owing his comfort, safety, and welfare to the
things the forest gives him or which it helps to provide. From
birth to death we live with the help of the forest.

WHY THE WOODS BURN

Ninety-nine per cent, of the forest fires that occur in Pennsylvania
are preventable. Only a few are caused by lightning and they are
usually small in extent. The others in one way or another are set
by people. Really accidental fires are rare, although many are re-
ported as accidents.

Anyone who takes time to study the causes of forest fires will
not stop with the mere action which is outwardly apparent, but
will try to reach the real cause. To discover the state of mind of
the person responsible for the fire is usually important because it
is certain that our forest fires are either intentional, or in the last
analysis, the result of carelessness and indifi'erence.

Many forest fires are set from pure malice by incendiarres who
are determined to destroy property and injure their neighbors.
Fires have been set in order to "get even", to force the sale of
timber, to get a job fighting fire, to cover trespass or other crime,
to improve pasturage, to gather nuts, to uncover rocks or soil for
prospecting, to improve the huckleberry crop, to drive away snakes,
to surround one's own land with a safety belt, "to see it burn," and
for many other similar reasons or excuses. Last spring a fire was
set at midnight on both sides of a road, and in about twenty-five
different places in an attempt to burn over some good hunting

ground.

The largest percentage of forest fires whose cause is known come
from the operation of railroads. Sparks are thrown out of stacks,
or drop from the fire boxes or ash pans ; clinkers, or pieces of red-hot
arch brick are jarred from the engine. Rights of way are carelessly
burned; tie piles on fire are left without guard; matches and smok-

ing material are thrown from car windows. Rarely a piece of over-
heated brake shoe may be cast off, but in most cases the causes go
back to the negligence or thoughtlessness of some one person.

Probably the largest group of fires comes from those who camp,
hunt, fish, or travel through the forests. The smoker is the worst
offender. Force of habit in dropping half-consumed tobacco on the
street is stronger than the need for caution while in the forest. Camp
fires often are wrongly built or imperfectly guarded, and trouble
usually follows. Children playing with matches cause a number of
fires each year, and some vicious or rattlebrained youngsters want to
"see it burn," too.

Those who burn brush or rubbish are often careless and choose
the wrong time to burn, make fires too large, or start at the bottom
of the hill instead of at the top. If trouble threatens such persons
seldom have help, water, or tools enough at hand to keep the fire
within bounds.

Lumber operations are responsible for a very small part of our
fires. Sawmill engines, logging engines, and woodsmen do start
fires occasionally, but what is far more important, the way brush
is left after lumbering helps to swell the danger and damage from
many a fire.

There are also many unusual causes of fires, among them burning
buildings, broken electric transmission lines, and fire works. Occa-
sionally we hear of fires starting by the focusing of the sun's rays
through glass, or from the rubbing of branches. Perhaps in rare
instances they do, but they amount to little or nothing in the great
forest fire problem of the state.

When the people of our great Commonwealth realize the unques-
tionable fact that our forest lands — even our ordinary brush land

are valuable; that they belong to some one and do some good to
everyone; that they are inflammable and will burn; and that every-
body else loses when timber burns, then they will exercise more care
and there will be less forest fires.

Forest protection cannot succeed unless it has public sentiment
behind it. The best way to get that is to develop it while our future
citizens are young, and that is one good reason why forestry should
have a place in our common schools.

FORESTS TO BURN

The people of Pennsylvania do not have a cord of wood to waste,
yet thousands of acres of forest growth are burned over year after
year. Brush and young trees, the beginning of future forests, arc
destroyed, and even the older trees are killed.

Fire in the mountain has been so common that in some localities
it is looked upon as inevitable, like the seasons. Indifference to
its existence or to its results has been and still is far too general.
This waste and indifference is wrong, both morally and econom-
ically.

When it is understood that forest fires are preventable the wrong
stands out more clearly and demands correction. "Wilful waste
brings woeful want."

The damage to existing growth or to the land burned over is the
smallest part of the loss resulting from forest fires. This immediate
loss is of sufficient consequence to demand attention by forest land
ovx'ners, but it usually amounts to much less than half a million
dollars a year. The destruction of what would be future forests is,
however, a different story. That is the real loss to the Common-
wealth. It is certain that without forests in Pennsylvania there
will be no local supply of wood to meet the demands of our people.
In that case they must pay for its transportation from distant states.
IVIost of the labor necessary to grow, harvest, transport, and manu-
facture the wood used in Pennsylvania has now gone to other states,
and the business resulting from such labor and industry has been
lost to us. The land that ought to be producing timber of value
is kept barren and so becomes a burden upon land that does produce.

The removal of the forests does harm to the stream flow within
the state, the climate, the agricultural crops, the public health, — in
short, to the general welfare of our people.

Rut the purpose of the state government is to "provide for the
future welfare" of its citizens. Therefore it is the state's duty to
sec that forest fires are prevented, and to have repaired, as rapidly
as possible, the damage already done.

This principle was recognized in Pennsylvania as early as 1794,
but unfortunately little or nothing was done until recently to put
it into action. In 1915 an effective state forest fire organization was
provided for and with sufficient funds can be depended upon to
produce satisfactory results. Already its activities have reduced the
average size of a forest fire from 315 acres in 1915 to 133 acres in

1919.

But it is not enough to have an organization. Good men of course
must be found, organized, and kept at work. They must be on the
nlert, prompt, and efficient. But we must have equipment for the
prompt detection of forest fires, means of rapid communication, to
let the fire fighters know quickly that they are needed, and tools
for fire fighting always at hand.

The state must build more fire towers, put up more telephone
lines, buy more tools, lay out more trails, and do whatever else is
necessary to maintain the fire protective force at the top notch of
efficiency. Above all its men must receive a wage commensurate
with the work they do.

The loss to the people of the Commonwealth on account of forest
fires is estimated to be not less than $100,000,000 a year.

Surely it is not beyond reason to provide one-half of qnt per cent,
of this amount annually for prevention and putting- out fires.

WHY PENNSYLVANIA OWNS FORESTS

Why does the Commonwealth as such own forests? The answer
is that only forests owned by the State are permanently safe, and
that the privately-owned forests of Pennsylvania have been or are
being rapidly destroyed. If we were to wait for private owners
to reforest the areas they have cut over, we should find instead ever
increasing wastes and barrens where timber ought to be growing.

The interest of the lumberman centers in results to be obtained
at once. I am not reproaching the lumberman. The majority of
them want to see the trees grow, and many of them are bending
every eflfeort to assist in the work of reforestation. Nevertheless
all human experience proves that reforestation will not be secured
except through the work or control of the state in its organized
capacity.

When a timber tract is cut over without provision for new t^rowth
it is the public that suffers most. Every acre put out of production
means an ever-increasing bill for timber products. As the remain-
ing stand dwindles and the volunteer young growth is wiped out
by recurrent fires, the public pays the bill.

Straiq:ht upon our organized government, therefore, falls the re-
sponsibility for seeing to it that new forest growth is secured and
a new supply of the nation's most valuable product — wood. Why?
Because the general welfare demands it.

Were w^ood of minor importance in the life of the nation, the prob-
lem could be left to future generations ; but the thinking American
is unwilling to pass a devastated heritage to his children.

The protection of watersheds is another reason for state-owned
forests. The purity and regularity of stream flow is vital. No
state can afford to entrust the health of its future citizens to private
initiative.

As in agriculture, so in forestry, intensive investigations are re-
quired to solve forest problems which are clearly public. The state
should give every encouragement to private individuals in the pro-

duction of timber and should be prepared to offer competent advice
upon the best methods to follow.

Pennsvlvania now ov/ns approximately 1,100,000 acres of forest
lands. There remain nearly 5,000,000 acres more which the state
should own. At present these five million acres are producing
nothing of value. As they stand they arc desert, and more, they
are a menace to (^her property, and to human life, and present
an economic zero which is a reproach to the Commonwealth.

Pennnsylvania should own these acres and put them at work.

OUR FORESTS OF THE FUTURE

When we speak of the forest of the future, it is more than merely
guessing. Combining our knowledge of the past with our experience
of the present, we can speak with some exactness about the future
as it applies to our forest lands.

Of course there are ifs and huts to be considered. IF we keep
down the fires; IF we put an end to destructive lumbering and
other forms of forest devastation; IF we apply the knowledge we
have and so keep trees growing on the lands which should have tree>
upon them; and IF we take over the Pennsylvania Desert and re-
forest it ; THEN the Pennsylvania forests of the future can be spoken
of with confidence, and their usefulness fifty years hence can be
rU'finitely predicted now.

l»;'q\_ii,iless these things are done: unless the people of the
State, casting aside their indifference, actually do what is necessary
for forest development; unless the fires are stopped; unless further
devastation is prevented: and unless the Pennsylvania Desert is
transformed into forests and set to work—then our prediction will

surely fail.

One of two things is botind to happen to the forests of the future.
Ivther thev will be i)rogressively more and more productive, or they
v.ill be as they are now — only worse.

I have strone faith in the good sence of the people of Pennsylvania
:ind because of that faith make bold to predict the forests of the
future. I am confident that my readers are a unit in their desire to
assist the Commonwealth in its plans to extend the pub'ic forest
work to the point where it will actually succeed.

With reasonalde apDroi)riations. with public sentiment running
strong against forest fires, and with the Department of Forestrv on
its toes, there can be no question whatever as to the forests of the
future.

They will no longer be areas of desolation but carefully protected
f'lctories of wood. Work in the forests will become a regular and
permanent business. Pennsylvania's forests will be again the crown-
ing glory of the Commonwealth, furnishing pleasure and profit for
all the people, and producing practically all of the timber that an
increasing population demands, at prices within reach of all, and
sure to take their part in reducing the excessive cost of living.

HOW TO KNOW

THE

COMMON TREES AND

SHRUBS

OF
PENNSYLVANIA

Native and Introduced

By
Geo. S.

BuUetin 33
PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND

WATERS

PENNSYLVANIA STATE LIBRARY

DOCUMENTS SECTION

FOREWORD

The notes which foUow "IJ^^fZX'ot^^^^
ob«ry.Uon and .tody of fte t'^^^^aiMt d-Slption.

planta met in the wide outdoors.

While intended primarily for Jho-e with ^^« ^^1^*^

hiXer plants and their -^^^^^J^.^/^^e^^^e^^^^
technical terms «« employed ^nd ^ve^^^e ^^,^^

every statement °^^*1«- J;,%^^!,'''oo4 ^^ necessary in tb«
and symbols is a departure fr^ !!!l^ marked with an

inter^t of brevity. ^^^^^'^^^.Sfic^am^ and arrange-
aaterlsk. With two exceptions, scienunc "»"*^
asterisK. rr . ^^ ^^ international Code.

..t^ Their absolute importance cannot b^^^^ .p.

,ted. To know themj. the first rt^pW^^^^^ ^, ^^^^
preciation, proper f »*««»'"" "„„ ietaure hour in the op<rti
ment. This knoT'^-lKV*"' /'I'LnSn of the powen of
with wholesome interest and "*™°\'*'Xnte«^rin «i>d *•

^..;?o forSlrs tS?y ,^, be n«ful 1« -If «.-•«* •—
m»t. Qeo. S. Perry.

Pro/w*or of Dendrology and BlMouhwrt.
Pennsylvania Stete Forest Sdiool.

Mont Alto, Pa.
January, 1924.

KEY TO GENERA

OF THE

WOODY PLANTS OF

PENNSYLVANIA

(Numbers in parentheses refer to type species of each genu,

in the descriptions.)

1. Leaves needle-or scale-like ; sap resinous ^^^9

1. Leaves net-veined; sap not risinSur. "" i?

CONIFERS

2.
2.
3.

3.
4.
4.
5.

6.
6.
6.
7.

8.
8.
9.
9.
10.

10.
11.
11.

Fruit a berry
Fruit a cone

^Jmli^cris^^'^^'^^ ^'*'''' *opp^te';;'whoVi;d

Needles not oppositi'ir'whoried '.'.'.*■'*' TaViiil
Leaves linear to needle-shaped .. ''^^^^
Leaves scale-like, close overlapping '.

se'edUni"^ '"' "' ^ '' ^' ""^^^ ^° '^i^^^^
Needles solitarir' ;;'i;,' Vo;;t*tVs*;f mi^e Vhan^"""

Needles deciduous ^^uau u . .

Needles persistent, — evergreen

Needles solitary and in rosettes* *ei«pt in l-ir'-

old trees • •'.'

"rd"*':^ only;-:^any on knV'tWigsJ^^^

Needles minutely staked* '.'.*.*.■;;" *^^*Sc!^

Needles not stalked -^su^a

Needles leave twigs rough whei ' sM *.'.*.".' picea

Needles leave twigs smooth when shed

Buds very acute,— red brown, scales numer-

Twfi ^^"''* 2' ^'^'"''^^ • «>ne-sc*aie8 decldous AbfeS
Twigs very flat; cone-scales overlap ....Thuy?

cones globose, scales val-

(38)
(42)

(2)

6
11

6
7

(19)

(34)
(33)

(23)

9
10

Twigs flattened ;

(29)
(30)
(36)

vate

Chamaecyparis (35)

(4)

BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH SIMPLE
LEAVES ARRANGED ALTERNATELY

Leaves fan-shaped with di^.^^^^/.^ •^;«^^.*:° ^^^ 18
Leaves not fan-shaped or divided at UpB

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Leaves

14
69
15

16
U9
17

^ZZ oppoSfor whorled in whole or part . . . .

Leaves simple

Leaves connpound . . . ;

Twining or climbing vines '•

Erect trees or shrubs *.'..*...*.

Thorny climbers ^

Smooth climbing vines Lvcium (260)

Half-erect, often unarmed SraSS (44)

Climbing briers • • ■ • : Cclastrus (185)

Twining climbers ; leaves sm^ ^* ViSs (206)

Tendril-climbers; leaves large viv^ ^

Buds with but one scale ' gl

Buds with two -rShTrshed-in-iMck-s^rtg. ^^^

Leaves narrow ;
and very slowly

large, thin

21.

21.
22.
22.
23.

23.
24.

24.
25.
26.
26.

26.
27.

27.

28.

28.
29.
29.

Leaves broad; bark shed in '"-pj^^^^g (i28)

Lerf'stalks*;;rVt;'o;'horizontally flattened
Fruit a cone-like structure ^^^

flattened : * " * * \' * *

Leaves not lobed or t'runcate . • — ••••; ' cones
Buds hairy withm or ^^^^"^^'j^^^^^ (113)

fleshy ..•......•*■**'''** II

hairs • *^'oii nnA lieht Betiua C^^)

Ck)ne scaly ; seeds very /J^.^^^^^.^'^^ted T^
Leaves P i ^ n a 1 1 fi e d ;-sweet seen ^^^^ ^^^^

L:av':s usuailV wide;,' margins' oitVn entire ; scent

absent or P«»K^°^ ' * ': *; V VIiV/- bark tight,
Seeds borne on a 3-pointed bract, ^^^^^^^^ (^i)

SeX^oY borne' on 3-Pointed bract • • • • •

Seeds borne in PricWy J*"^^ V;! " •";;;.*;

Seeds not borne in pnckly burs

22
23
27

26
26

29
30
81

Wk Seeds triangular; bure amaU and weakly

*^^ ....Fagua (88)

aO. Seeds not triangular; burg larger and sharply

«- J^ Caitanea (85)

JJi. Jfruit a nut borne singly in a basal involucre 82

81. 'Fruit not a nut 33

32. Involucre around nut leafy Corylus (80)

82. Involucre woody and cup-like; buds clustered to-

00 T^*^ ^^ **^ ^^** Quercus (88)

88. Leaves unequal-based and terminal bud absent 34

Oil. Lieaves symmetrical na

M, Seeds flattened, surrounded by papery wing -leaf

84 r!^^TI^^^ ^ ; ui™»» (1^)

84. Seeds fleshy or dry nutlets 35

35. Leaves 3-nerved; pith chambered in part; nutlet

fleshy, later dry ; , Celtia (108)

85. Buds oblique; pith continuous; dry nutlets at-

toched to leafy bract Tilia (209)

80. Leaves variable & entire on one and same tree 87

m. Leaves aU lobed or all entire on a given tree . . . 88

87. Sap milky; fruit a fleshy aggregate ....Moras (109)

m ?w!.''Vk'*^'^'"'*°'*''*'J ^'^ * ^P« ..Sassafras (119)

88. Twigs thorny at nodes 7;

Sa Twigs unarmed except for modified twigs in a

few species ^

M ^l I ^°'^' **? ""^^'^ . .*. .'.'.'.'.V.'cratacgui (143)
sv. JJTuit an orange-size aggregate ; sap milky . . " . .

AD T^«, ^u^\^ e -^ Madura (112)

tat. Low shrubs; fruit a many-seeded berry; thorns

40. Fruit like a small banana; buds red-velvety,

i}' "Sl^^ ^^^ typical taste and odor ^

Jo i!^^P without specially distinctive flavor .... 4ff

4^. Fruit a fleshy drupe ^

42. Fruit a several-seeded berry or' dJ^'cipsiie* *.'.'.*. 44

43. Seeds stony; twigs with odor of bitter

almonds p /ir7\

43. Seeds bony, thin-shelied;* 'twi^'with *skunk-lik^

48. T^ iU;r'*;"l Benzoin (120)

Twigs leathery-tough; sap acrid; buds sub-petio-

^' ^J^ etar-shaped; t^igs usuilly* * * iirk^

rtdged Liquidambar (128)

«. hwrm not lobed or twlgt corky . . . /.TTIT??: sm

46.

Leaves peach-like; sap sour; fruit m terminal

panicles Oxydendron 238

46 Twigs scurfy tipped; buds flattened Hamamchs (1^)

Bark exfoliates in papery layers

Bark not papery

Leaves small ; fruit a dry capsule Physocarpus a^)
Leaves large; fruit a fleshy aggregate ^^^^^ ^^^^^

Twigs very fine, golden brown, «"°^|'«!J.^^- (131)
shrubs '^

47.

47.
48.
48.

49.

49.
50.

60.

51.
51.

52.

48
49

53* Berry black, nauseous, usually 2-8ee<led Rhamnus

S- ^„l ,oo>ato-.ike; ^•''^-'^"^^ .^Ti^^Z i^D

52.
53.
53.

53.

54.
54.
55.
55.
56.

57.
57.

58.
58.

58.
58.
59.

59.

Twigs intermediate to heavy

Twigs bright green; leaf 2-«errate, acute,-Wrc^ ^^^^^

Twigs gray to brownish or leaves small & entire

Fruit a pome or several-seeded berry

Fruit not a pome or several-seeded berry

Fruit a typical pome ; flowers 5-part ........••

* ^^ Pyrus and Amelanchier <1^>

EVuit a berry \: "^" ' 'V.V U'llll!-.'.! (203)

m
54

seeds (often 1

herbaceous

Berry with several bony /iqi\

in I ooaca) Ilex & Ncmopanthus (181)

in 1. opaud/ ^ ^ ^ „™oll • ahrnbH

Seeds small.

leathery; leaves small; shrubs

Gaylussacia & Vaccinium 2dl
Fruit a bean-like pod; leaf cordate ...Xcrcis ^^^^'^^

Fruit not a bean ; loaf not cordate ^

Leaves 3-nerved fyj

Leaves not 3-nerved • • • • • ' " * * ' *

TwigB^dead at tips; -'» .«^- J^^ (204)

Leaves clustered at tip of twigs

Leaves not clustered at tip of twigs . . '•••'' — ,^^

Low creeping evergreen * ' ' * * ; ^P^Ba^*

Small tree; fruit a «nall. ^'^^^^J^^^,^^i,^ (221)

Flowers showy ; capsules oblong Rhododendron (^)
Flowers showy ; capsules globose . . . . . •Kalmia U^^
Fruit a drupe; leaf-scars show 3 f. ^-^""^^^ ^322)

Fruit « penrfatent. dry, globose rapsnle: ^^^ .
shrub ^

BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH COM-
POUND LEAVES ARRANGED
ALTERNATELY

60. Leaves palmately compound 61

W. Leaves pinnate — or double-compound Q2

61. Prickly shrub or %-herb with fleshy aggregate

fruit Rubus allegheniensis (150)

61. Smooth vine with tendrils disc-tipped ; leaf-

lets 5 Psedcra (205)

62. Leaves 2-compound as a rule 63

62. Leaves not 2-compound as a rule 64

63. Twigs "clubby"— prickly Aralia spinosa (215)

63. Twigs very heavy, smooth ; buds sunken

Gjrmnocladus (165)

64. Leaves sometimes 2-compound; irregularly spiny

Gleditsia (1G6)

64. Leaves never compound 65

65. Sap mUky Rhus (173)

65. Sap not milky 66

66. Fruit a nut enclosed in a husk 67

66. Fruit not a nut 68

67. Pith chambered ; husk indehiscent .... Juglans (62)

67. Pith continuous ; husk more or less dehiscent-

valvate Caiya (65)

68. Fruit a small pome in large flat cymes

Pyrus americana (139)

68. Fruit a fleshy aggregate; prickly shrubs, scarcely

woody Rubus (146)

68. Fruit a small leathery button ; prickly

shrubs Rosa (153)

68. Fruit small flashy capsules ; prickly shrubs pun-
gent-aromatic Zanthoxyliun (170)

68. Seeds flat, surrounded by leaf-like wings, leaf-
lets 3 ptclea (171)

68. Seeds flat, surrounded by leaf-like wings; leaf-

lets many ; odorous Ailanthus (172)

BROADLEAF SPECIES Vv^ITH

SIMPLE LEAVES ARRANGED

OPPOSITELY

69. Both opposite and alternate leaves on same

*ree Broussonetia (HI)

69. All leaves opposite or whorled TO

70. Leaves simple 71

70. Leaves compound ",* ' * i *q

71 Leaves commonly in whorls of d

?| L:aves midium; fruit a ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,^^,

72. li^/ee 'small; fruit a dry ^^^^^^^^^^ (227)

73. Buds sub-petiolar; twigs bright ^rown^^ -^ (1^2)
73. Buds not sub-petiolar in fact, but sometimes seem

84
72
73

ISO

74. Buds not black silky but scaly • • • •

75. Fruit a typical key borne in pairs Acer ^^^'^^

7*^ Fruit not a key nor borne in pairs ' '„' * j

^6: Twt. Pithy/bright brown; Icat ^^^^^^^^ ,^^^,

7fi TwieB with smaU pith or hollow between nodes 77

??: ^Z boUow; leaves large at times^^«^oried ^^^^

Pith continuous; leaves very rarely "■'"^J'y ^g

whorled '.V * Ut!:Vl

Twigs 4-angled in tendency, green with white

gtriDes Evonymus (186)

Twigs terete in general or not green with white ^

stripes ••• • gd

79. Fruit a dry many-seeded capsule ^^

79 Fruit a drupe or berry • ^■ '.' * " 'c"'

''' Laves narrow-obloog, punctate; ^^^^^ ^^13)

77.
78.
78.

80.

80.
80.

Leaves ovate; twigs medium, ^^g^^^^yj^ ^257)
L^averovai;riwigs*iaiily heavy, terete; buds

blunt, large Syringa (249)

81. Fruit a berry with several seeds ^

81. Fruit a drupe with but one seed ••••••.••;*•• /oftS)

82 Twigs fine, leaves small Symphonc^os (26d)

II; Twifs and leaves medium; some Bpeci^s^^twme ^^^^^

^'^ •an-'oU;er-fi;;^:clu^^^ ^^^^^

Frui^t a* VmalV -drupe- -with an oval,^^at^^e^ ^^^^

Fruit a small drupe ; seed not flat ; leaf coria-

^^T^- - •biuer'^wre '2
properties

83.

83.
83.
83.

BROADLEAF SPECIES WITH
COMPOUND LEAVES ARRANGED

OPPOSITELY

84. Leaves palmately compound Aesculus (200)

84. Leaves pinnately compound

85. Trifoliate with bladder-like fruit shrubs Staphylea (187)

85. Leaflets more than 3 (often only 3 in A.

Negundo)

86. CUmbing vine . '.*.*.*/. T^ioi^ (255)

8(5. Shrubs with pithy stems; berries Sambucus (271)

86. Trees; fruit, — symmetrical keys Fraxinus (241)

86. Trees; fruit, unsymmetrical keys; leaflets 3 or

^ Acer Negundo (194)

FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF THE

COMMON TREES AND SHRUBS

OF PENNSYLVANIA

NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.

1. »Maiden-Hair Tree or Ginkgo.— Ginkgo

biloba, L.
Leave, ian-.Upei Uke those of Maiden-Hair Fern, but
coriaceous ; deciduous. ,

. Buds red-brown, conical, obtjise, ^th few s^lea^
* Ttoias pale yellow-brown, relatively heavy, sparse, ngm
ofZml^^^ori spurs and el^n,aUngjko^^^^
Tree has normally strong monopodial tend^^cy.
A rather rare ornamental exotic from China where u was
long considered sacred.

PINES,— PINUS, (Tourn.) L.

. ^ ■ 1 ^* o frt R with filmy basal sheath, which
yeedles *»»/««7jf „«V.2 ^^^'l^^^^J ^^r.,,), but shed at

is perftianent %n the Hard ^*"«* ;/-J.. (^yhite Pines).

end of the first season tn the Soft fxnes v>vui
Twigs of but one type.
Cones require two seasons to mature.

o \Kih\^f- Pine — Pinus Strobus, L.

2. White rinc, x smooth.

un^*rJi.a^tr;;;i^:ennvir.^zVcL™^^^^^

green appearance m naass.
grnr»t^..erunU'eS Ver. resinous at maturity.

3. Pitch Pine,— Pinus rigida, Mill.

Tijnias heavy, golden-lrown, angled %n .a^'/.^^?**^*

K relb-t^ and resinous ^ ^^^^^^^^^f^,^^ yellowish

•Needles 3, rarely 4; heavy, stiff, 2% "-5 iong, y

^Tones with short rigid pncWes, wide base, tUcU HvP^
scales; sessile and very verm^^nt^ .^^^^^ ^^^^^^^

Growth irregular; fo'^^l <>^®?, P^J'J.*'!-ear forest fireB

Common on poor, sandy soils and areas wnere

have raged. ,

.Trees not native to Pennsylvania are marked with an MteriA.

(11)

4. Shortleaf Pine,— Pinus echinata, Mill.

Twigs pale glaucous to pwrpZe-brown; <Arcular x-section.

Buds striate ; with pale gray-brown, close-lying, acute scales ;
very seldom resinous.

Needles 2, 3 or even 4 ; slender and rather flexible ; 3" — 4"
long, dark green, close-set on twigs, not tuHsted.

Bark much like Pitch Pine but slightly smoother.

Cones narrow-lased; with thin-tipped, weakly armed scales.

Growth irregular. Form excellent.

Occurs on medium to good soils and at rather low elevations
in Pennsylvania.

5. Jersey Pine, — Pinus virginiana, Mill.

Twigs usually slender and curved, flexible, terete, glaucous
"brown to purple.

Buds brownish, more or less resinous.

Needles 2 (very rarely 3), diverging and twisted, 1^'— 3"
long, stout, dark green, fragrant, sparse on ticigs.

Crooked tree of poor form unless crowded; with smoothest,
thinnest bark of any native pine. Crown open. Growth ir-
regular.

Tree of poor soils, but absent at higher elevation in Pa.
Often killed by bark beetles.

6. Table Mountain Pine, — Pinus pungens, Lamb.

Needles 2, very stiff and sharp; 2" — 4" long.

Cones as large as the clenched fist; scales very thick, with
stout claw-like spines. Seeds triangular.

Otherwise like Pitch Pine; but usually of poorer form, be-
cause it grows on the most adverse sites; common on wind-
swept mountain ridges.

7. Red Pine, — Pinus resinosa, Ait.

Twigs heavy, ridged; yellow-brown to red-brown.
Buds large; brown at first, later silvery; scales loose-lying
and fringed.

Needles 2, rather slender and flexible, 4" — 6" long.
Cones unarmed, glossy brown. Growth regular. Form ex-
cellent.

Tree of poor, dry soils; sparsely occurring in mountainous
Northern Pa.

8. ^Northern Jack Pine, — Pinus Banksiana,

Lamb.
Twigs olive-green to brown; angled.

• ,. rvou' K trees have less resin and longer
Buds very resinous (jou-g tret-

needles.) . . -..^..^^ or twisted, I" — li" }^^'

Khin- Zl^toTZ::^^ ^^regular; .ery rapid. Fonn

n-o„e, «nanne. when mature, „„s>,n»etrica,. often persist
"Zuvl to'Sr-StateB, and northern New England north-
„„d Introduced for forest planting.

9. *Lodgepole Pine,-Pinus contorta, Loud.
(Variety)

0„«« UU Jersey and JocU Pine In general. Form fair.
^Xd' Lt': rounded, resinous, with knobs that indicate next
'Ts^d e'xTeSme" in forest planting. Native to western
North America.

10 *Scotch Pine-Pinus sylvestris, L.
Tv,U,s fairly stout, brittle, oK„«-6--»«». ^^^j^

rSr.""yrr/'orXra «« «» .«.,• bme-green to

%^or;.UX7fa;rU*. but not priClr. scales narro.

'"^m^'nei Pine i» *-* «■«" «««"'""' »' '^"""" '"^
""SrnTy planted in P^- « = -fCS^v^'S^ iy^ows
*? rrt'wTth ro^'u'prifr^i-it. roUa^e sKcu,, veUo^s.

., .„• Pine Pinus montana,

11. ♦European Mountain Pine, rinus

Mill.

.i.e scotch rjiro^i^ftrs'i^^etr "'=""•

mostly of poor Z"™ .''"'' ?"'LL,°,k .tout needle*.

!r,„ig, dark, ^^yj^'^^l^ ::l?es usually more or less re-

Buds resinous, witn rringeu ov«
flext. Native to Europe.

12. ^Western Yellow Pine.-Pinus ponderosa,

T^ios >.^.«r ri-^ea, .K-co- ^"^ "> '»"'' ''"^'^'"'°-

M orangf^"' "'"' ""''"' *" """ ^ ^^ ^ap has odor of oil
Growth regular but slow.
Cones larger than those *of native hard pines • scales f h,VW

Etar^ss --"' """«'• NO"- toVa^mcTn'ri^';;^

13. *Japanese Red Pine,— Pinus densiflora, Sieb.

et Zucc.

L^e Scotch Pine in general bat foliage is loneer and mo,.

Buds wine-red with numerous re/!ea?* filamentous amU»
^^Growth very rapid. Form fair. Cones bT'e at ve^^^^^^^^^^

14. ^Japanese Black Pine,-Pinu5 Thunbergii,

Pari. y

Jnt\tT^C^'''' ^1^ /•'^^ *" ^^^^^ b"t nec(«c* are much
sUner and sharper; buds more silvery and twies paler Ma^

^oro=en?Jf^ri:L^^^^^^^^^ i/.apanXrtis a^Sf-
hair ^NiLrt'o Ji^pl?: '''' ^^^^"- ^^ P-' ^-t less

15. *Austrian Pine,--Pinus austriaca, Hoss.

Similar to Jap. Black in general, but darker'in appearance
th^-out, and needles are closer on twigs aPPearance

Buds usually have broad basal scales reflext.

sou?hrrn E'^pe!''''"' '' ""'"^^^ ^°^ "-"°«^- Native to

16. *American Nut Pine (Pinyon), -Pinus edulis,

Engelm.

tJltll *'*^.'*^«f^« i° bundles of 2 or 3 and lying so close
tc^ther dunng their first season as to seem fused Primal
foliage common on young trees. Foliage durZ firsflZs^n
^my'sfrifte.*"' '^ ''^'^'•"^*' ^^"^ ^^^' BudaTmS'sirder?
but'^finrsoir'' '^''' ^° ^"- ""^ ^°"° P^«^' ^^^^Jy- best on dry

«J^«"^^T?.?'°^" ""^ "Perimental interest because of its larire
seeds. Native to eastern foothills of Rocky Mounteins

17. ^Himalayan White Pine,-Pinus excelsa,
Wall.

Twigs rather heavy, smooth glaucous-green.

rr'^a^oiVrtna as a minimum, more or less droop-
'"'Csually of poor fom. in Pn. In general quite like White
^%\^;'r:r:s :" aren'aL^ative to Himalayan Mountains
of Asia.

18 *European Stone Pine-Pinus Cenibra, L.
Twi.s covered with Short rust.^
Otherwise quite liKe ^^hU^^/ !]Jl\fKut Pine A rare orna-
Sar Civrt r^o^ CZJ ^opTana to C.nt«i
Asia.

LARCHES.-LAEIX, (TOURN.) Adans.

Needle, rfmcfi.o,,,,, ocourvinR s-«fv on el..gaii»g shoot, and

in rosettes of 10 or more o.- ».c '*";' "^J^J^^, ,„ „„, season;
Growth irregular and rapid. Cones mature

borne upright.
19. American Larch-Larix laricina, (DuRoi)
Koch.

FoUaoe U,^,reen; trJ"" B«nche."crooli^'.na v.ry Ir-
Twigs glauoous rose-irown. Brancneg icw

"Sark darli brown. Cones about J" long.

20 *European Larch,— Larix decidua, Mill.

?S%e«.^rBran*es as^Hng r^^^^^^^ ^^^ .„,
Bark gray-brown. Cones U long, xsative ro uur
central Europe.

21. *Siberian Larch,-Larix siberica. Leb^doun
Like European La. oft but needles «e longer and w.d«.

form is even better, and !ir«nc?.c» are sparser. Native
em Asia.

22. *Japanese Larch.-I-arix leptolepis, Gordon.

Nteiles aioiicom 6eneo()i. „,„,,..,,,

?::rhr."'aisrUvrf''ra:'r'aV'"Nre to central Japan.

16
SPRUCES,— PICEA, LINK.

Needles occur singly and leave tranches quite rough when
thed; 4-ani:led or flattened; persist 7-10 yrs.

Buds with imbricated scales.

Cone« pendant, unarmed ; mature in one season.

Growth half-regular (i. e. — Leaders and laterals of current
ytar are commonly unbranched, but branches develop during
second season from irregularly located buds.)

Form very good.

23. *White Spruce, — Picea canadensis, (Mill.)

BSP.

Needles callus-tipt ; at first pale blue, usually becoming dark
blue-green; when crushed sap has typical odor like that of
Spice Bush.

Buda and twigs yelloxo-gray ; latter often glaucous.

Cones about 2" long; pale brown. Native to northern North
America.

24. Red spruce, — Picea rubra, (DuRoi) Dietrich.

Foliage yellow-green. Buds red-hrown.
Twigs orange-brown with a very fine short pubescence.
Cones 2" or less in length ; red-brown witli entire margined
scales.

25. Black Spruce, — Picea mariana, (Mill.) BSP.

Like Red Spruce hut foliage is hlue-green with needles
round-tipt; cones smaller, more persistent and with jagged-
tipt scales.

The commonest spruce in Pa., — ^growa slowly and is essen-
tially a swamp tree.

26. *Colorado Blue Spruce,^ — Picea pungens,

Engelm.

Needles very rigid and acute, often incurved.

Twigs and buds like White Spruce but heavier, not glaucous.
Bud-scales often reflexed.

Cones about 3" long with irregular papery-tipt scales.

Tree of rather slow growth, but adapted to drier soils than
most spruces. Native to Rocky Mountain region.

27. *Sitka Spruce, — Picea sitchensis, Carr.

Foliage in general like White Spruce, but needles are flat-
tened, rather flexible and lack the disagreeable odor.

Buds and twigs gray-brown with yellow wist.

Cones 2^" — 4" long; scales papery-tipt and toothed. Native
from Alaska to California.

28. *Norway Spruce,— Picea Abies, (L.) Karst.

Needles sharp; 4-angled, ^"^ ^^reen u^d-scales reflext

Twigs bright red-brown with buds darker , bud scales wn.
on tipB of vigorous shoots.

Cones r—T long. Native to Europe.

29 *Douglas Fir,— Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Britt.

Needles solitary, flat, round to ^^TJ^^.^^^^^^^J^P^ ^^^^^t
on top, stomatiferous beneath; mul-nb prominent, persist
about 8 yrs. ; blue-green to dark green.

Twigs terete; resin-blisters on young bark.

Buds very acute, red-brown; scales imbricated

em Mexico.

FIRS,— ABIES, (Tourn.) Hill.

yeeile, flat in "-' /P-'- j, -"^Z =s "a? and 'Lo./"^V
toe"-like appendage, leaving a rouna scar

"co^^lorne «prt,fti; fall apart at mat«ritv leaving pe.^

"'Re°8in"lTsters prominent on smooth yonng bark.
Growtli }-regular. Form very good.
30 Balsam Fir,— Abies balsamea, (L.) Mill.

stomata beneath; very fragrant.

natural range. t • Ji

31. *American Silver Fir.-Abies concolor, Lmdl.

& Gord.

J-5:i-nr^omatrra«fr^p\';^^^^^^

Nattvfto wester/unit'ed States and northern Mexaco.

32. -Nordmann's Fir,-Abies Nordmann.ana

Spach.
Needles like Balsam^ Fir but longer, heavier and glossier,-

obviously notched at tips. ^^ ._,,, Native to southeast-

Buds red-brown, scaly, not restnous. i^auve

ern Europe and A«ia Minor.

I IH

33. Hemlock, — Tsuga canadensis, (L.) Carr.

Needles of two types, — larger ones comhed apart to stand at
right-angle to the twig, smaller ones lying on top of twigs
and parallel to them; about V long as a maximum; mounted
01% minute stalks (sterigrnata) ; two white bands of stomata
beneath round or notched at tips; persist about 3 yrs.

Twigs very fine, pubescent, rough when needles are shed.

Bark shows alternate layers of brown and red when cut.

Cones 3" long, ovoid, unarmed.

Form very good ; growth very irregular ; leaders nod.

34. *Bald Cypress, — Taxodium distichum, Rich-

ard.

Deciduous. Has apponrnnee of pinnalC'Compoitnd folicge in
summer, because of numerous fine twigs which are also decid-
uous.

Buds inconspicuous. Permanent twigs yellow-brown. Scarcely
hardy at Mont Alto.

Bark fibrous; cut into flat ridges.

Cones globose, 1" thru, rugose, fall apart easily ; seeds angu-
lar and nearly as large as scales.

Form very good. Atlantic Coastal and Mexican Gulf tree,
native from New Jersey southward.

35. Southern White Cedar, — Chamaecyparis thy-

oides, (L.) BSP.

Foliage scale-like on flattened twigs; blue-green; glandular
below.

Bark shreddy.

Cones i" thru, globose with peltale scales; small wingad
seeds.

Small tree of slow growth ; form often poor in open. Oc-
curred originally in a few swamps in southeastern Pa. Now
extinct in Pa. except as an ornamental.

36. *Arborvitae; Northern White Cedar, — Thuya

occidentalis, L.

Like preceding tree hut twigs are flatter; cones oblong,
nearly i" long with 6-8 scales.

Sap has typical odor. Form fair. Native from Quebec to
North Carolina, but not within Pennsylvania.

37. *Oriental Arborvitac, — Thuya orientalis. L.
Lik0 No. S5 but foliage and twigs are flatter; seeds are

wingless, look like those of an apple but gray-brown with typ-
ical basal scar; cones are larger and scales have projecting
curved pTickles.
Form rather poor. Size small. Native to China.

JUNIPERS,— JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L.

• ..J,nrU of 3 or opposite. Buds small to minute.
Leaves tn whorls «^J^ ?r X^^,.. Bark shreddy.
Flowers dioecious. I^rwit a uerry.

38. Red Cedar.-Juniperus virginiana, L.

rXeTu-u^/lf. TX aS*in\ho.e of 3. T.ese
'"'^e^Tn-f t"o',s^"olttrrop ana a« always ,«Ue

'"Ser,. about T thru, ^^•^'^^^rn^'l^';^ ^l^^'^^o.tTZ'o
requires one or («o reasons to mature, coma.

seeds. _ ^j

Growth slow. Form good.

39. Common Juniper.-Juniperus communis, L.
^„. He. Ce.arj»« ^:f'^'^%7^:j ^tt^f^ro^^r

rwho-Ss w^^f .rx™^^^^^^^ e-nu .ee.

Often only a prostrate shrub , at Dest oui »
40 *Chinese Juniper.-Juniperus chinensis.

LiKe nei Ceiar ^ut sloj^i^tlurand t^^e^'atl' Ced .fnis

commonly in whorls of 3. ^ .. . China, Japan and the
An attractive ornamental. Native to kjux

Himalayan mountains.
41 ♦Japanese Common Juniper.-Juniperus ngida.

2.eed.e. ^-e of o«r ^^rrsunrerberinr'rn^/"'
sharper; foliage gray-green m summer
tointer with a yellow cast. ornamentally to a

42. Ground Hemlock; American Yew.-Taxus
canadensis, L.

berry. * *« i -r<»r»< • about S' taU.

Habit procumbent to i-erect, aow»*

43. *English Yew,— Taxus baccata, L.

Quite like American Yew but erect in habit, attainina
small tree size.

Rarely completely hardy against winter-cold and summer
drought. Native to Europe, northern Africa and western
Asia.

GREEN BRIERS,~SMILAX, (Tourn.) L.

Woody, climbing briers with simple net-veined leaves.
Fruit a small nearly dry berry.

44. Common Green Brier, — Smilax rotundifolia,

Leaves deciduous, green on hoih sides.

Stalks angular in tendency, green, with minute variegated
dots and scattered, stout, straight thorns.

45. Saw Brier,— Smilax glauca, Walt.

Leaves partly persistent, glaucous below and at times above.
Stalks terete, glaucous brown, variegated with obvious speck-
les; stout curved prickles.

WILLOWS,— SALIX, (Tourn.) L.

Leaves usually narrow and short-stalked.
Buds 1-scaled; terminafbud absent.

Trees and shrubs; usually of poor form; associated with
moist habitats.

46. Black Willow,— Salix nigra. Marsh.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate-attenuate, smooth and bright green
when fully developed. Persistent h-o-val stipules, or sometimes
small ovate ones soon deciduous. Buds conical-acute. Tioigs
fine, brittle, many deciduous. Bark dark, deeply fissured or
rarely plated.

47. *Weeping Willow,— Salix babylonica, L.

Leaves very slender-attenuate, sharp toothed.
"Duck-hiir buds close apprest to twigs.
Twigs fine, drooping, weakly attached to branchlets.
Common ornamental tree of unique habit. Native of Asia.

48. *Crack Willow,— Salix fragilis, L.

Leaves coarseserrate, silvery beneath; medium wide for a
willow, as is also true of twigs.
Buds of apprest "Duck-bill" type.

Twigs always smooth, yellow in winter, brittle. Native to
Europe and Northern Asia.

21
Gray bark breaks into plated ridges witb exfoliating ten-
dency. , v„^« f^^P on fertile and moist loils;

pr^aTtin/r.-u'^'eir Sot reaS--. by it. brittl.
branclies. Native to Europe.
49 ♦Purple WiUow.-Salix purpurea, L.
L.e. oZnceoUte .o ion.ue.^apei, aUghtiy serrulate.

™itS «... reaio P«7i^-"?«\-r.rPub:s«utt?rard

Ttoigs rather tough and heavy, usually p
tips. Native to Europe.

i- ^t- Pparh-leaf Willow, —

50. ^American Green or Feacn leai

Salix amygdalina, L.
Leaves pale or glaucous ^e^-; ^^-der petioles i -1 long.
Duck-bill buds, at times ^'^^^^^Z^^ted to basketry.

»;rsm^s? iT'^:^^:-^^^^^^^ -n. Nativ. of

Europe.

■ 51 Glaucous Willow.-Salix discolor, Muhl

;.:„„«. coarsely tooi^eS, o«--l.»'ir„;:™ ^r.\."S "
"'Sburit- rk^m%"ef rralTa^ger and fuller witb

«t:.r^a?f^'Vfi rar;rUnnLknn.a. S^l
smoother; red-purple to dark green.

rarely scaly. , . gj^all tree; occasionally

Usually a stream-bank snruD or

planted. . .

52. Sage or Dwarf Gray WiUow.-Sahx tnst.s,

^"^gr'slender, densely tomentose.
Tufted shrub, less than 4 tail.
«i^ Silky Willow,-Salix sericea, Marsh.

leaves at first auite Bjllcy esped^^^^^^^^
green above and pale or glaucous beneath . ^
n arrow- acu te.

&tfnrst'J?a'J^^ndTn moist area.; 15-aO' taU.

54. Prairie Willow,— Salix humilis, Marsh.

nnfif ^''i!? T,' •.^^'■'"u'^l*.*^ between Sage and Glaucous Willows
mth which It probably often hybridizes ; undulate, coarse-toothed
or crinkled; floccose-pubescent below; 2"~8V' Ion- '^^ '''''^''^
Twigs woolly-pubescent, slender.

Fr^klt(5!;ry,V'"- "^""^^"^ "'^^-^°' -^^«^" -

ASPENS, POPLARS AND COTTONWOODS —
POPULUS, (Tourn.) L.

ilJtUnJd *°°*^^^'' ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ cordate or ovaic, stalks usually

Bud^ scaly, acute ; terminal ones prominent. I^af-scars show
o bundle-scars.

Trees of fair form.

55. American or Trembling Aspen,— Populus

tremuloides, Michx.

Leaves tcith thin, flat petioles; fine-serrate margins; blade
round-ovate.

Twigs terete, usually slender, sparse, red-brown.
Flower— and vegetative— 6u(f5— distinct ; brown with glossy-
varntshed appearance.

Bark yellow-green to white ; smooth, becoming dark and fis-
sured on t)ld boles.

56. Large-toothed Aspen,— Populus grandiden-

tata, Michx.

In general like Trembling Aspen but coarser in features;
buds more divergent and pale dusty; twigs paler in color.

57. Cottonwood, — Populus deltoides. Marsh.

Broad wedge-shaped acute leaves with stout flat stalks •
deep glossy green above, pale groen below.

Buds large, resinous, glossy, chestnut brown; under-side of
scales sticky and odorous.

Twigs stout, yellow tinged with green or brown, round to
angular in x-section depending on rate of growth.

Good form: branches ascending in habit; very rapid grower.
Has other features in common with aspens. Probably not na-
tive within Pennsylvania.

58. *Balm of Gilead, — Populus candicans, Ait.

Like Cottonwood in many ways but of poorer form and with
fr«at t«ndency to lucker from root*.

Leaves glossy, often cordate, hairy below at times; petioU

slightly flattened. , , ^ . xro*.;^«

Buds varnished with copious, stichy, fragrant ream. JXatm
to northern North America and Asia.

59. ♦Lombardy Poplar,--Populus nigra var. ital-

ica, Du Roi.
Ul^e Cottomcood, but of a finer pattern and with dense

upright halit.

Twigs terete. Native to Europe.

60. *White Poplar,— Populus alba, L.

Leaves deep green above, white-tomentose leneath; undulaU
margins remotely 5-lobed ; petioles only slightly flaitmed,
densely tomentose, as are twiga and buds also.
Bark like that of the aspens but whiter as a rule
Broad crown-form. Root-suckers common. Native to Europt.

6L Sweet Fern,— Myrica asplenifolia, L.
Leaves /em-Kfcf,— pinnatified, sweet-scented, linear-lanceo-

^''^Twigs fine, brown pubescent; staminate catkins present in

winter. . , ,

Both monoecious and dioecious plants occur.

Fruit a globose, bur-like catkin about r.long.

Rather common on poor sandy sods; attains to 5 tau, ui-

ually much less.

WALNUTS,— JUGLANS, L.

Trees in this genus have pinnate- compound leaves, cham-
6 Jedc Jral pith, unbranched staminate Aower .stalks and
typical sculptured nuts with an indehiscent husk. Sap n
aromatic.

62. White Walnut or Butternut,— Juglans cln-

erea, L.

Terminal leaflets well dcreloped.-about equal to lateral

'"'^.igstiih brmcn pith. "Mustache^^ .inst «bov« leaf-sca«^
Buds angular or flattened when te»-min ally located lateral
ones smaller and often superposed ; all are Pf^^ f^ned bul
nate catkins of next season appear like pme-apple shaped buds.
Nuts long-ovate, deeply sculptured ; with a hairy sticky h^sk.
Unless crowded, crown-form is wide ^/^ Jf?^%^J^^^^^^
Bark gray to ashy-white, separating into wide flat ndges.

iii;i:i|

63. Black Walnut, — Juglans nigra, L.

In general like Butternut, but a better formed and larger
tree ; fruit globosed and less deeply sculptured, enclosed in
nearly smooth husk.

Terminal leaflet absent or atrophied. Pith gray to Ught
'brown.

Bark gray-brown and narrow ridged.

64. *English Walnut, — Juglans regia, L.

Like Butternut, hut buds blunter and not flattened; ticigs
smoother.

Leaves usually smooth-glossy above, with terminal leaflets
larger than laterals.

Not quiet hardy in Pennsylvania but variable in this feat-
ure; also in fruit, which however is usually only obscurely
Bculptured. Native to Europe.

HICKORIES,— CARYA, Nutt.

lAke walnuts, but flower-stalks branch ; pith is continuous;
nuts have J^-valved, more or less dehiscent husks.
Wood tough and strong.

65. Pignut Hickory, — Carya glabra, (Miller)

Spach.

Leaflets average 5, acute, smooth.

Twigs usually smooth, medium size.

Buds i"-^" long, ovate, scaly.

Bark usually tight ; breaking into narrow flat-topped ridges,
which sometimes scale off in narrow strips.

Fruit pear-shaped, with thin ^-dehiscent husk; nuts variable
in size and quality, sweet but with bitter after-taste.

Tree of poor to medium soils.

66. Mockernut Hickory, — Carya alba, (L) K.

Koch.

Leaflets average 7. Petioles downy.

Twigs stout, sparse; more or less downy.

Buds broad-ovate, large, outer scales shed early.

Bark tight and ridged.

Fruit large, sub-globose ; thick dehiscent husk.

Nuts thick-shelled ; small sweet kernels.

TrM ef medium soils.

67. Shellbark Hickory,— Carya ovata, (Mill.) K.

Koch.
Leaflets average 5. Buds large, ovate; outer scales acute,

inner velvety, brown to gray. ^„^;„„ qt^^mps- red-

Twigs intermediate between two preceding species, rea

brown to gray.

Bark shed vertically m large plates. usually

Fruit like Mockernut, but nuts are acute at one end, usually

thin-shelled with large sweet kernels.
Tree of medium to good soils.

68. Big Shellbark Hickory,-~Carya laciniosa,

(Michx. f.) Loudon.

Like the Shellbark but twigs are heavier ^^^^^l^^^'^'^H
tomentose, buff to orange; leaflets average 7, buds have more

^Ti?/oXr::^C:; strongly flattened, acute at both ends;

thick-shelled. „ . , m

A tree of fertile alluvial soils.

69. Bitternut Hickory,— Carya cordiformis,
(Wang.) K. Koch.

IZT ^^rgu:dui:r^ik vacate scales; terminal ones

flattened. , „

Leaflets ovate-lanceolate; average y.

A ttee of fertile valleys, Btream-banks and swamps.
70 *Pecan,— Carya illinoensis, (Wang.) K. Koch.
Like Bitternut, but buds are t^" brown with yeUow hairs;
niita sweetest and most edible of the genus.

t>!mXu: giving tree the appearance of a walnut.
Native to Mississippi Valley.
71. Blue Beech or Water Beech.-Carpinus caro-

liniana, Walter.
TuAg. fine; silky at first, becoming .moot*; .Wny brown to

%"J|; ovate-acute, -.««• .«d-brown ;^«\«;f tSJfnilTud:
scales which increase in size toward the apex, leni

absent.

II '1

Leaves simple, small, ovate-acute, 2-serrate, — birch-like.

Bark tight, smooth, blue-gray, vertically cornigated.

Fruit a ridged nutlet, J" long, borne on a 3-lobed leafy bract
and arranged in pendant clusters.

Wood very hard and strong.

Small tree of poor form occurring on fertile lower hill-
slopes and stream-banks.

72. American Hornbeam or Ironwood, — Ostrya

virginiana, (Will.) K. Koch.

Quite like Blue Beech but twige in mass form a more zig-
zag pattern, lighter in color, tougher.

Buds are gummy ; 8 visible scales. Bark is shed in shreddy
scales.

Nutlets are enclosed in little sacks armed with stinging
hairs and arranged in a hop-like aggregate about a central
stem from which they are shed one by one.

Staminate ainents are present in winter; usuany occur in
three's.

BIRCHES,— BETULA, L.

Twigs fine; two types occur, — "short spurs" with leaves more
or less clustered, and "elongating shoots" with leaves single.

Buds acute; terminal ones absent. Sterile aments present
in winter.

Fruit a small cone-like structure falling apart at maturity.

Seeds winged, very small and light.

Mostly large trees.

73. Black Birch,— Betula lenta, L.

Twigs smooth, shiny red-brown ; strong wintergreen flavor.
Leaves simple, fine-serrate, — rarely 2-serrate.
Dark smooth and cherry-like at first with laterally elongated
lenticels ; later shed in thick plates.

74. Yellow Birch,— Betula lutea, Michx.

Like Black Birch hut twigs are paler tcith some persistent
down; leaves 2-serrate ; bark at first shed laterally in yellow
papery scales, later becoming quite tight and finally breaking
into plates and wide ridges.

Wintergreen flavor faint.

75. Red or River Birch, — Betula nigra, L. -

Twigs more or less hairy-tomentose.

Leaves broadly ovate, strongly 2-serrate; deep glossy green
above, pale below. Sccdf mature in spring.

Bark on boles and limbs of 4" — 10" thru is shed in ra^ed
orange-brown papery sheets ; later dose or fissured and dark
brown.

A stream-bank tree but not found along headwaters.

76 Gray Birch,— Betula populifolia. Marsh,

n:a^erJe&o.o.c, 2-serrat^ ^^X^:X^^ne.

"small short-lived tree of rapid growth; commonly occurring
in clumps. .,

77 Paper Birch.-Betula alba, var. papyr.fera,

(Marsh.) Spach.
Twigs red-browo. smooth or hairy-tomentose. Bud. re.inou..

Leaves firm in texture. regular filmy sheets.

Bark creamy to chalky whtte, »'»«« *7* "^^"^
-S^T^ ^t^-T^- ra.e.-restrietea to
thl^hTghet mountains in Pennsylvania.

78 *White Birch,— Betula alba, L.

Quite me i'«P-^r\,^-,rrrS;&";^^^^^^^^
Japan. „ -v

79. Black Alder,-Alnus rugosa, (Du Ko.)

^';'"' n' size green-to dark-brown or grayish.
Twigs medium m size, greei
Lenticels prominent and ""merous ^„^.„^i ty S

.i:t' ^^r'w£h'°a?e S.a^'in —>-= ~^

^"/.atef-obovate, blunt or rounded, evenly serrate; base
wedge-shaped. astringent, yellow within.

Bark thin, smooth, «^l^^^^\^*'''Vaoist-soil species; oft- n with

Small clumpy stream-bank or moisi

shrub form.

HAZLENUT.-CORYLUS, L. -

Mostly shrubs, ocea.iona«.«};ecimens approach Ue«.z..
Fruit a nut enclosed m a leafy orac

80. Hazelnut, — Corylus americana, Walt.
Twig medium size; scattered or dense bristly red hair.
Catkins usually obviously stalked. Buds have more than 2

pairs of scales visible.

Fruit husk composed of two distinct bracts.
Found on fairly fertile or moist soils.

81. Beaked Hazelnut, — Corylus rostrata, Ait.

Like No. 80 hut smaller in every feature, except fruit-husk
which has component bracts fused into o tube about S" long.

Buds usually expose only 2 pairs of scales. Catkins sessile
or nearly so.

Shrub on poor, sandy or rocky sites.

82. ^European Hazel or Filbert, — Corylus Avel-

lana, L.

lAke ^o. 80 hut larger in every feature; makes quite rapid
growth; twigs usually less pubescent. Bud-scales have ciliate
margins.

Var. atropurpurea has dark purple foliage. A pendulous
form and numerous other variations occur. Native to Europe,
northern Africa and Western Asia.

BEECH,— FAGUS, (Tourn.) L.

Trees with close, smooth, grayish hark; long slender-conical,
very acute huds.

Triangular shiny brown nuts, borne in pairs in a stalked,
4-valved, prickly bur. Kernels sweet.

Wood compact ; pith-rays prominent.

Found on moist and fertile soils; very tolerant of shade.

83. Beech, — Fagus grandifolia, Ehrh.

Twigs medium to slender ; hairy at first, later smooth ; some-
what zigzag.

Leaives stiff, tough, sharp-toothed, ovate-acute \ often per-
sist into winter.

84. ^European Beech, — Fagus sylvatica, L.

Like its American cousin but leaves are more delicate, smaller
and rounder, loith ciliate, less acutely toothed margins. Native
from Central Europe to the Caucasus.

CHESTNUTS,— CASTANEA, (Tourn.) L.

Leases like Beech hut longer-acute. Terminal huds absent;
lateral 2-rankt.

Nuts sweet, edible; borne in velvet-lined bura densely armed
with very sharp prickles.

Bark furrowd. Wood durable, ring-porous; rays very fine.

85 Chestnut,-Castanea dentata, (Marsh.) Borkh.

4.\. „roan brown Pith star-shaped.

areas.
86 Chinquapin,— Castanea pumila, (L.) Mill.

^IM as aUo are «nder surface, of leave..
87 *Chinese Chestnut.-Castanea moUiss.ma, Bh

Much like tke American C^"«"«» ^VoU" -e'^e^^-v;
doe. not become as ^^^^^•''"ZirX^^,t"t%TTtivr^^^ large,
S«S''?r.d*^aVef ^:J^BtJnr '^Zi^^ to Shina.

OAKS,— QUERCUS, (Tourn.) L.
^-« have 5-sided or star-shaped^^^^^ iTVr^T
''"C™"?™u'r;pi^^ ^^^^ SSf rins-porous; m^ay,
•^TSeTai. are divided into two groups with characterisUc
as below given:

Wme Oak Orouv ^Tl^T^

Itf ""t^Xu, rounded. «»- Tlp\mTseMnal.rUile.

rruit bJ^™^ one season to n.a. Two^ seasons required to

^"'® .1- ui^jr. TTsually pubescent within.

Nut-shell Usually smooth within. usuaiiy y

R« White Oak,— Quercus alba, L.
?w Jstnder to — red-gra. smooth. B^ o««.
'"SX-obovate in general outline, usually T-lobed and about

'"St/oiirsMrprrow-n.-wr sweet astringent meat.
Tree ot medium to good soJs.
89 Swamp White Oak,-Quercus bicolor, WiUd.

^„ .tout. yeUowlsh to red-brown ^^-^^ ZiTl^k
^^*« of r thru and larger ex/oi.o«e «fc«r iarfc.

Buds pale chestnut-brown ; at times slightly hairy at tips.

Leaves ooarse-denate with short rounded lobes; deep glossy
yellow green above, pale green and fine hairy helow.

Acorns on stalk usually 2" long ; cups tend to be miniatures
of those of Bur Oak. Meat quite sweet.

Found on stream-banks and similar sites where soil is moist
and fertile.

90. Bur Oak, — Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.

Twigs stout, yellow-brown ; hairy at first, later smooth with
corky excrescences.

Buds slightly pubescent, acute or obtuse; lateral ones ap-
prest.

Leaves ohovate, usually lohed with terminal one largest;
about 10" long.

Nuts 1" — 2" long. Cups deep, large, often with bird's-nest
appearance.

91. Post Oak,— Quercus stellata, Wang.

Twigs stout, rusty pubescent; orange-gray to dark brown.

Buds red-brown, slightly pubescent.

Leaves thick-leathery, usually 5-lohed with middle pair larg-
est. Lobes separated by broad sinuses. Ijeaves shiny deep
green above, paler and rusty pubescent below.

Medium-size tree of dry sandy soils in valleys and foot-hill
regions.

92. Chestnut or Rock Oak, — Quercus Prinus, L.

Twigs green at first, becoming purplish, then orange — or
red-brown.

Buds ovate-conical-acute, i" — i" long, pale chestnut-brown.

Leaves quite like Chestnut but thicker, with round-toothed
coarse dentations.

Acorns short-stalked; nut about 1" long; cup shallow and
basally knobbed.

Bark at first smooth, later breaks into sharp, hard ridges.

Bole and crown-form not as good as in preceding species.

Found on poorest, dry and rocky soils.

93. Yellow Oak, — Quercus Muhlenbergii, En-

gelm.

Quite like Chestnut Oak, but buds shorter and less acute;
leaves more acuminate; acorns sessile or nearly so; bark
breaks into rather flat gray-scaly ridges.

Occurs on dry soils and sooms to prefer limestone regions.

94 Scrub Chestnut Oak,-Quercus prinoides,

beneath. ,. •!.„,

Found on poor to medium sites.

Qt; pprl Oak — Ouercus rubra, L.

cool and moist sites. red-brown, smooth, but scales

Buds ovoid-acute, pale— to rea oruwi ,
often have slightly pubescent ^^F^^^'^^^^^^ g^xS" and 7 to

Leaves oval to ^^^^ 'Twafr^^^^^^ stem and midrib

9-lobed; sinuses reach haltway lo 7k»u/» ,

«"|"a/k on Cd ^'r.'^'>^\Ttu:»T^^T^^^ average 1"
Acorns have shallow cups, velvety witnm ,

long,
o^ Srarlet Oak,— Ouercus coccinea, Mucnch.

''%ZZ ofsoUs somewhat roorer and drier than occupied
by Bed Oak.
07 Riack Oak.— Quercus velutina, Lamb,
l^wigs !tout, rust;pui:scent or smooth, red-brown and angu-
%... averaoe nearly T Ion,, ovate, 5-anoled, yellowish to
dirty-white pubescent; J"^*^^ '^^^ „ ; |,^ 7-lobed : dark green and
„,n^XVr ^o^^'^^rw-.Tra. w^h t„Ets «« m.,

hairs in axils of veins; v«7«fj^;, ^^ «gj Oak, darker at base

Bark with ^^^r\''J^}f;X^^^^^ covered with

of boles. Inner bark orange-yeiiow.

'"Z LTcroS'intermediate between Red and Scarlet Oaks.

Q8 Pin Oak— Ouercus palustris.Muench.

smaller and more deeply .neised^.mta "^"^P^^^^
^'Zri'"t:ilf:^^'''X'sM^^^ c«pr ^oun, tree, show
%«^'"onroi.t medium to v.ry fertil. .oils.

99. Spanish Oak, — Quercus falcata, Michx.

In general like Pin Oak but tioigs are stouter; luds hairy;
lea/ves larger and irregular in loHng.

100. Scrub Oak, — Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.

Twigs gray-tomentose or smooth dark brown.

Buds ov&tc-ohtuse, chestnut-brown; scales dark margined.

Leaves obovate, usually 5-lobed; sinuses shallow; glossy
dark-green above, pale tomentose below; leathery.

Scrubby tree or shrub of poor soils, often forming dense
stands on burnt areas.

101. Laurel Oak, — Quercus imbricaria, Michx.

Like Pin Oak in many ways, but lacks spiky tioigs and
leaves are entire; acorn-tcups half cover nut; acorns stalked;
leaves hairy beneath.

Buds silky, at times scales have serrate margins.

102. Willow Oak, — Quercus phellos, L.

The narrow leaf, smiooth beneath, distinguishes this oak in
summer.

Buds strongly angled. Acom-cups ehallow. Bud-scales
slightly serrate.

Usually found on moist sandy or swampy soil. Limited in
Pennsylvania to southeastern counties.

ELMS,— ULMUS, (Tourn.) L.

Terminal buds absent. Leaves simple, 2-ranktf pinnate-
veined; hose unequal.

Most elms bloom in spring before leaves appear. Seed mature
quickly, are flat and surrounded by a thin papery wing.

103. American Elm, — Ulmus americana, L.

Mature twigs red-ftroim, slender, nearly smooth; at first
greenish-pubescent.

Buds ovate-acute, slightly flattened, usually smooth, red-
brown, with 6-10 dark margined scales. Flower buds much
larger and blunt.

Leaves 2-serrate, acute, 4" — &' long, soft and nearly smooth

helow.

Flowers slender-stalked.

Bark gray-brown ; paler with age ; breaks into irregular flat
ridges; at times s<»ly.

Drooping branchleta and deliquescent crowns are typicaL

104. Slippery Elm,-Uhnus MvaMk^^^^^

Twig, medium »*»"*• ?'«'f'\""lr''**l,etV with 12 ru.tj-

Leaves like American Elm but larger a
sides. , -1*

Tr.'"*oTUr«»«--Ia.i«o«,; rid.es wider than »

^G^ron'dder soils than American Elm.

inc *Fno-1i<!h Elm,— Ulmus campestns, L.

near-black. ^ ^ „<,t mucilaginoQS. NaUv*

Bark on holes «'"^*^''"^",° Africa to Japan,
from middle Europe and North Alnca to J v

106. *Cork Elm,-Ulmus racemasa, Tho^^^^^^^ ^^
Twigs, fine with ri^ag '^-^'^'Z^/fJ^^.k hranchlets.
%'SdrsTa.rtrrr^"rr- fine hai^. sc^es ^,.

JZ'^ T«Tetr *^B.rU' oro.n»^.;. separated
into narrow, broken fidges. g«cJfccr» freely from

^JirNrvelrorQurio Tennessee and Nebras,.. but
not within Pennsylvania.

107. *Chinese E.1«.-U1«"X^;"' ^ to brownish
Ttcig, fine to medium; gray at maturity, gre

" l„f' ra'* ovate.oM«.e, ,ra^brown. Inner larl> «««■
laginous. «f,inil • stalk i" long. Attacked by

elbrbS^aTvr/r tS«i>' - T^estan and Kortbern
China. ,. t

108. Hackberry,-Celtis occ.dental.s. L. ^.^^^^

"Xi mrVan... ovate-acute, close apprest; 3-4 scales

Lele. palmately S-nerved^^ "h™!' occurs singly, sweet, seed
Berry purplish, about 1/3 thru, j,j^,

'^'i^rv:'^!; ^o'l'i^^o^^"^^^'^^ «"'. '-' -" »' ''"

regular warty-ridged.

MULBERRIES,— MORUS, (Tourn.) L.

Terminal buds absent, lateral 2-rankt.

Leaves serrate, entire or variably lohed; nUllcy sap.

Flowers unisexual ; either monoecious or dioecious.

Inner hark strong, with whitish-silky fibres. Roots bright
yellow.

Fruit a sweet aggregate, — resembling a blackberry in struc-
ture.

109. Red Mulberry, — Moms rubra, L.

Twigs medium heavy, smooth, greenish brown tinted with
red.

Buds diverge somewhat from twigs; greenish-brown with
dark margined scales.

Leaf-scars raised, concave, nearly circular with irregular
bundle-scars.

Leaves often cordate; acute-tipped, 3-nerved, slightly rough
above.

Bark gray-brown, cut into low flat ridges which oft«n ex-
foliate in narrow scales.

Fruit about 1" long, dark purple when entirely ripe.

110. * White Mulberry,— Morus alba, L.

Tivigs finer and yellower than in Red Mulbeny; leaves
smaller, glossy above.

Buds apprcsst ; scales red-brown nnd evenly colorod.

Bark yellow-brown. Fruit variable from cream-white to
violet and black. Native to China.

111. *Paper Mulberry, — Broussonetia papyrifera,

(L.) Vent.

Tioigs gray-pubescent tvith strong fibrous inner borJc.

Buds both alternate and opposite; terminal absent.

Leaves like Morus sp. but longer stalked, coarse dentate and
velvety; bark grayer.

Dioecious and usually only staminate trees are met in Penn-
sylvania. Root-suckers are freely produced ; resulting in small
and short-lived trees. Native to Asia.

112. *Osage Orange, — Maclura pomifera, (Raf.)

Schneider.

Take Morus sp. in many ways, but leaves are entire, smooth
and glossy; twigs often spiny at nodes and rather fine.

Dioecious; with yellow-green, orange size, aggregate fruit.

Sap acrid and milky. Buds knobby and inconspicuoui

Wood very hard, yellow, durable. Roots yellow and sucker
freely. Native to Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texai.

MAGNOLIAS,--MAGNOLIA, L.

Buds ovate to conical-acute, hairy without or within r
" Leavlf larg^, entire ; scars ^^^^t^^^.^ .^^^V,^^^ «^ aggregate

nT Cucumber Tree -Magnolia acuminata, L.

'TuA'seTa\e-silky; terminals often --ly an inch long,
laterals much -^Her and neaHy --^ ^^-^'^^i.^Ml,
,J:^%^T:^^f'^^^^^^ ^^-t 2"-3" long, cu-
^Ta^ge^t^^^^^^^ Jorm;7ound on lower mountain slopes and

feitUe valleys. _

114 Laurel Magnolia— Magnolia virginiana, L.

'" r^:?„7^.r«»J^r'fa; b"tSr""La>,c. vale glaucous Mo.;
,00k Ukc fhoBo of IlUloUe„,U-„» and are .ni-crcnjrcen.
Flowers white globular and very fragrant.

115 Umbrella Tree— Magnolia tripetala, L.
Small tree resembling Cucumber but larger in mo-t ■ i

WT.,noofn; t,.rn>inal ^V J^oJ^^"^^:^, 3er„'':

Susquehanna.

116 Tulip Tree— Liriodendron tulipifera, L.
Like Cucumber except that terminal Ms «^^J^^^'!''J'it,

pointed cone of dry carpels. n -a .

117. *Sweet-scented Shrub.-Calycanthus flondus,

Twig, dik brown, lack terminal bud., ttatuned at node;
'Va":iZpo,»e; ovate-acute, .mail pub«cence underneath.
I5ud5 small: black: silky.
Native of Soutlicrn AlleBhcnie*.

Ilil<

Flowers like a small rose, dark red, have fragrance of ripe
itrawberries.

Fruit a brown leathery, indehiscent capsule about 3" long
eontaining many parietally borne seeds about the size of cof-
fee grains.

Common ornamental with heighth of 8'— 12'. Native from
Virginia southward thru coast states.

118. Pawpaw, — Asimina triloba, Dunal.

Twigs terete, brown, evenly tapering.

Buds hroton, naked, hairy, 2-rankt; terminals flattened;
lateral ones small and close apprest. Leaves entire, lancoolate-
obovate, 4"— 12" long.

Flowers 3-lobed, red to purple.

Fruit like a small banana but in taste and seeds somewhat
like persimmons.

Shrub or small tree on moist soils of variable fertility.

119. Sassafras,— Sassafras variifolium, (Salisb.)

Ktze.

Twigs slender, brittle, yellouj-green to reddish, slightly hairy,
aromatic, inner hark mucilaginous; pith large and white.

Terminal buds ovate-acute, rather large if flowers are en-
closed; laterals small with few gaping scales.

Leaves like mulberry. Green-yellow flowers are unisexual
but borne together.

Fruit a dark blue shiny drupe, eagerly sought by birds.

Bark on old boles red-brown, deeply cut into flat-topped

ridses

Small scrubby tree in Pennsylvania, often spreading by

root-suckers.

120. Spice-bush,— Benzoin aestivale, (L.) Nees.

Twigs fine, smooth, with typical aromatic taste.

Flower buds glolose, numerous, super-posed; vegetative

■mailer, flatter.

Leaves entire, ovate-acute. Yellowish flowers appear before

leaves.

Fruit a scarlet drupe. This large shrub is said to occur only
where permanent ground-water level lies within 6' of the
surface.

121. Wild Hydrangea,— Hydrangea arborescens,

Ttcigs hHght hrown, faintly 5-sided, smooth ; pith large and

^i^hite

Buds, acute, appresst, opposite. Leaves long-stalked, ovate-
acute, dentate.

-^o uhP those of Common Mder-

"'"^o^nd on banks of mountain strean..; rarely above 6' taU.

122. *Mock Orange,-Philadelph«s coronarius JL^

T^,. smooth, .ran,e-.ro»». .eIe.oope<J in appeara«oe.-^»e

to BweUing at leaf bases. „.,i„i„; true terminals absent.

Bml, brown. /ff'-'^rM/u »v%"''"<=' "'^''* " '
Leava opposite, ^'"'^\^Jr%,L„t\y dentate.

'"'^l^t^^'l^^^riX^^^ S I'.-aant; ver. tra.rant;

'^'e/Srsr-are top.« ,„ ^^

,J°Cive"rS^1ast™ Bnrope^nd tbe Caucasus.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.-RIBES.

^"^MyTelrihan 5' tall in Pennsylvania.
123 Wild Gooseberry,-Ribes Cynosbati, L.

•«.. ieu> (^ absent. Buds di-
Twigs dull gray-brown ; sptnes few or a

^Xli prickly; sweet. Leaves round in online, deeply 3-or
^tol- common in central and northern Pennsylvania.

Axr-M rooseberry,— Ribes rotundi-
124. Eastern Wild Gooseoerr^,

folium, Michx.
.Ike NO. m but ,»*,. are ,ultepWcUv ana da*er colored.

"tlosTcommon In forests of «>uthern Pennsylvania.
125. Witch Hazel.-HamameHs virginiana. L.

Twigs rather -}<'^f"-/'^^U'^^lJlon^^t oTundevelopea
.ear<^;rer-^ra"eteTo:?'bro,n bairs; terminal i -i

nCrovar'wraebtate; base obUane; vein, prominent

below.

Perfect yellow flowers lorne October — November, at same
time woody pods dehisce and forcibly expel the smooth, shiny-
black seeds; — the only woody plant native in Pennsylvania
that bears ripe fruit and flowers at one and the same time.

Bark light brown, often mottled; inner lark redrpurple.

Shrubby tree of moist soils.

126. Sweet Gum, — Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.

Twigs medium in size, obscurely angled; corky projections
developed about the second season ; pale — to red-brown ;
smooth.

Buds with about 6 scales ; if crushed emit incense-like fra-
grance characteristic of the genus.

Leaves star-shaped, serrate, shiny above, broader than long;
petioles long.

Fruit a long-stalked, globose head of many spiny capsules
somewhat like that of Sycamore.

Forest tree in southeastern Pennsylvania elsewhere in the
state an interesting ornamental.

127. *Oriental Sweet Gum, — Liquidambar form-

osana

Is quite similar to preceding, but finer tcvtured thruout
with tendency to pubescence. Corky twigs absent on all speci-
mens yet noted.

Interesting ornamental tree introduced by U. S. D. A.
Bureau of Plant Industry. Native to Asia.

128. Sycamore, — Platanus occidentalis, L.

Twigs rather stout, brown to gray, smooth, enlarged at
nodes where they are encircled by stipule scars. Tips often
killed back in spring by a fungus.

Buds sub-petiolar, com'cai-obtuse, only one scale visible;
terminal absent.

Leaves broad-ovate, 3-to 5-lobed, dentate; light green above,
paler and woolly beneath : stalk about 2" long.

Fruit an aggregate ball or head of many hairy achenes;

about 1" thru ; hangs solitary, or rarely 2, on a slender but
very tough stem.

Bark brown, cut by shallow fissures into broad thin platos
which are shed and expose greenish-white inner layer.

Tree of moist, fertile soils; especially oornnion alons Ir^rrjcr
streams. Michaux called it the "Most massive vegetable' of
Eastern North America".

129. ''^Oriental Plane Tree,— Platanus orientalis, L.

Is Quite like our Sycamore but free of fungous and insect
enemies; resistant to smoke; compact-conical tn orown-form;
innerbark shows yellow-green; leases not so broad and more
cuneate at base by extension of blade down along petiole.
S Lua»r2 or mm-e on a stem. Native from southeastern
Europe to India.

130. Ninebark,— Physocarpus opulifolius, (L.)

Maxim.

Txvigs smooth, slender, goldcn-brotcn ; fine ndges extend dou>n
ffomeach leaf base; bark shed from trunks and branches in

*''LrsmU"'ppres«t. Fruit a p^'siste.t 5-cfedcapf.
Leaves^mooth, ovate-orbicular, usually sharply 3-lobed, ruf-

^*WhTte -rarely red-tinted, flowers occur in terminal corymbs.
Usually 3'— 10' tall; along stream-banks.

131. Meadow-Sweet,— Spiraea salicifolia, L.

Twigs very fine, orange-brown and smooth. Buds small, acute.
""TcaTc's stalked, obovate or lanceolate, smooth, sharp-serrale
"'FTorer's' white or pink-tinted; in dense terminal panicles.
''Te^u" CmoUt-to swampy soils; 4' tall a, a marimum.

132. Steeple-bush,— Spiraea tomentosa, L.

Quite like Meadow-sweet but tivigs and ^^de^ s^^es of
leS^es are woolly; leaves ovate; floivers usually p^nk to purple.

133. ♦Japanese Rose or Globe Flower,-Kerria

japonica, DC.

^ 4. ^.,,1. 4' 10' tall with double or single yellow flowers;
an^wlfu^n^d ^^namSariften met around abandoned ho.e-

S:/«"„t ^Z:^e^2^rr\^^ to China, intro-
duced from Japan.

m
1

APPLES, PEAR, CHOKEBERRIES, AND
MOUNTAIN ASHES,— PYRUS, L.

Trees or ahnibs with fleshy or berry-like pome fruits; car-
pelt soft or papery and 2-8eeded. Flowers showy, in corymbs
or cymes, have 5 hlunt-ovate petals, and an equal number of
more or less persistent sepals.

Elongating twigs and short spurs present. Terminal iuds
well developed.

134. '♦'Common Pear, — Pyrus Communis, L.

Ttoigs orange-J)rown, smooth; often with spiny spurs.
Leaves usually smooth, ovate, fine-serrate or entire.
Buds brown, smooth, close appresst. Fruit fleshy, ohovotd.
Small cultivated tree; rarely escaped. Native to ■outhtrn
Burope and Asia.

135. *Common Apple, — Pyrus Malus, L.

This spreading branched tree escapes cultivation frequently..
It in like the Pear hut twigs are puheseent especially near buds,
reddish to dark hroion; thorns rare.

Fruit variable but usually suh-glohose or ovoid. Native to
southeastern Europe and western Asia.

136. American Crab-Apple, — Pyrus coronaria, L.

Like Apple hut nearly or quite smooth; very thorny; fruit
smallf yellow-green, sharply acid.

Flowers occur later than Apple; beautiful, — pink, very
fragrant.

Leaves sharp-serrate, at times lobed. Var. lancifoUa has
quite narrow-acute leaves.

Small spreading tree common on medium to good soils in
mountains of central and southern Pennsylvania.

137. Red Chokeberry, — Pyrus arbutifolia, (L.)

L. f.

Tioiga and under leaf-surface dense tomentose.
Leaves oval to obovate, smooth above, very fine serrate.
Berries dark red at maturity, about i^ long; often slightly
pear-shaped ; quite persistent.

Buds reddish, acute — like those of Bhad-hush but smaller.
Shrubs of fairly moist to wet areas; rarely 8' tall.

138. Black Chokeberry, — Pyrus melanocarpa,

(Michx.) Willd.

Like No. 1S7, hut smooth or nearly so. Fruit neHT-hlaok;
thed rather early.

139. American Mountain Ash,-Pyrus americana,
(Marsh.) D. C.
Twigs rather stout, smooth, gray to red-brown; pith largt,
brownish. .,inQ«v-mimmv • terminals much the

above 2(y tall.

140. ♦European Mountain Ash,-Pyrus aucuparia,

141. Juneberry or Shad-bush-Amelanchier cana-

densis, (L.) Medic.

Twigs green to purple-brown, smooth or with a sflver, film.
slender. . y, » „^ . greenish brown,

^"/"l";;'ovSte-a"«te. fine-serrate, ^"^^^^"^^ j„„,, ,,eet.
Flowers early, in drooping racemes. Fruit late June,

«X.^i^;J^r"f.;^oShn£luow fi^^^^^^^ on Old holes.
Small tree: sparse but general thruout Pa.

142. Low Juneberry.-Amelanchier oblonpfoha.

Infrequent mi«.a««r. of Sl.ad-hu,H. bnt commonly spread, ly
ro",»o)ter.; leaves sub-orbicular to oblong.

Rarely ahove 8' tall.

HAWTHORNS,— CRATAEGUS, L.

14-? Cockspur Thorn,— Crataegus Crus-galh, L.

^tigs'^^Srown -oth. "^ds 'ITu^^^^^^^--
Straight thorns ahout S long, ^uub j

chestnut-brown.

144. Scarlet Thorn,— Crataegus coccinea. L

145. Dotted Hawthorn,-Crataegus punctata, Jacq.

^z^ "^ z^ti s"Se^-ztr • ■

BRIERS OR BRAMBLES.-RUBUS, (Tourn ) L
Pr*^fy, bristly or thorny shrub, mfh large pith
Fruit an aggregate of fleshy achenes.
S(m, «,„a!Jj, 6,e„„ia, ^™,„ perennial root-systems.

146. Wild Red Raspberry.-Rubus idaeus, L. var.

aculeatissinuis, (C. A. Mey.)

Stem$ terete, uprinht, Mspid-brirtly, velhw-brown
Leave, p,nnately 3-to ^compound '

^Red fruit separates whole from receptacle on which it is

147. Black Raspbcrr3-,-Rubus occidcntalis, L

''e'^^^lli'rreTi^rtl^JZiLTl?^^^^^^

usuan. 3; *oo.e. .ncA*/:^:^,,:^^ p'^tioTes^f 'rlpi?^;,'

148. *Wineberry or Japanese Raspberry,-Rubus

phoenicolasius, Maxim.

M>pid with «d;,„^rf,;L; hair, "''■ ""' *'•'""'"' ''"' »"■•«"-

Japar""'' "'''"""'^ ™'"^'"'°» '- ^''fem Pa. Nativ. to

149. Purple Flowering Raspberry.-Rubus odor-

atus, L.

" Common on moist, cool mountain slopes.

150. Wild Blackberry,— Rubus allegheniensis,

Porter.
Stems near-erect, ang.Ur ^'-tV^'eHol^nhotuT"

receptacle. . ., .••

Common on open areas of acid soil.

151. Running Swamp Blackberry-Rubiis his-

pidus, L.
Sterols prostrate or creeping, terete, more or less weak-

sour.

15.2. Dewberry,— Rubus villosus, Ait.

Lilcc precedino spcies but coar.cr and rouohcr; in flowers,
fruit and Jinhitat more Vkc the BUcklerry.
Spreads by root-suckers and stolons.

ROSES,— ROSA, (Tourn.) L.

orcd petals; fragrant. i.uttan or "hip" contain-

Frvit a tough-fleahy orange to red hutton or n y
ing bony seeds, which are often aborted or utMlmdcv. 1.

153. *Sweetbrier,— Rosa rubiginosa, L.

Stems near-erect, stout, greenish; with strong, hrown, re-
curved thorns. «„.„f;« <? arrmte Fruit ohovoid.

S"!fat;TS;^i^"S»"TS riirrmonest .UU rose.

at times 10' tall.
Native to Europe.

154. Smooth Meadow Rose,— Rosa blanda, Ait.

Stems seldom 3' tall, smooth or quite prickly, red.

Leaflets serrate, not resinous, 5-7.

Flowers usually large, often solitary. Fruit obovoid.

155. Swamp Rose,— Rosa Carolina, L.

FruifgfoloT''''' '' ^""^ *''^^''' "'"^"^ pulescent helow.
Often abundant on wet sites.

156. Pasture Rose,— Rosa humilis, Marsh.

s^J^nh^'J^i '\'f '''"? ^' ^""' ^"^^^ «^^°^^«^ stems tri/fc ;f,te
F^7t globust " ''''°''- ^'^^''' ^ "' "^ ' coarse-serrate.
Occurs on dry soils. Spreads by root-suckers.

CHERRIES & PLUMS,~PRUNUS, (Tourn.) L.

Mostly small trees or shrubs ; fruit a fleshy drupe with a
gtony seed; inner bark often bitter-aromatic

Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, 5-part, usually white.

157. Wild Black Cherry,— Prunus serotina, Ehrh.

ern^fTn^ smooth brownish ; pale lenticels later elongate hori-
zontally; have strong taste of prussic acid. Old bark cut into
rough, thick, near-black plates. ^^i^ ^uc mco

defeJotcd!''''^""''"'^ ^°'°''^^' ^"^^*^ red-brown; terminal well

leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate.
iu^lTf^''^thT^''^' '"' '''''"'^*'*^ ra<:emes. Fruit finally black.

Common "fence-corner weed" in parts of southern Pa —
large forest tree on good soils northward.

158. Choke Cherry,— Prunus virginiana, L.

^S"^*/' ''^t^^r stout, gray to red-brown; lenticels dull yellow
very disagreeable *n taste and odor.

r.i?^i^^ conipal to ovate-acute, smooth, brownish, 6-8 scales
visible; terminal present. o^oies

tr^T^Jji"'' "'" ^'" ^'-* <^*-^. but larger, a,.

159 Fire Cherry -Prunus pennsylvanica, L.
T^ios slender, glossy ^^}^^^ "^^'J^Zlr'^^rsZ^l *

minal Prese^*- ., , ^,..^ Cherry but more delicate.

^r^;t Itr^FruU 7uly, light red. about T thm.

^Tm'iir'shortlived tree; northward common after fire and

lumbering, elsewhere rare-sporadic.

160. *Sweet Cherry,— Prunus Avium, L.

Twigs rather stout, 8f y^^J^prbuds often numerous and
Buds broad ovate-acute; flower buds oiien

prominent. m,^^,, h„t larger; red scabs on pwtiole.

Leaves like Choke Cherry "?"; iar|er , /-p variable

Flowers April, in open umbels. Fruit sweet eaiu

in siza and color. _<.«,„ Aa?a

Native to Europe and western Asia.

161. *Sour Cherry,— Prunus Cerasus, L.

Like Sweet C^^-y .ui. .^Her and ^^^
cmd branches ramify intricately while the Doie
''truft red, very juicy and sour. Native to Asia Minor and
perhaps to southeastern Europe.
162. Appalachian Cherry,-Prunus cuneata, Raf.

Erect smooth shrub about r tall with oblong to obovaU
''Toi^Tirr'an umbel. Fruit nearly i" thru, almost
^^ Rare shrub on dry rocky and sandy sites.
163 Wild Plum —Prunus americana, Marsh.

Mature twigs smooth -^.^-^'^tute"'^^^^^^^
Buds small brown, broad <^onica\-acate t^mma
Leaves narrow-obovate, acute. 2-serrate. if lowers

'T^tret ^ub-gUbose, r thru; skin tough; stone flattened

'^tccrrs in dense clumps from root-suckers; at times 20^ tall.

164 ♦Peach,— Prunus persica, (L.) Stokes.

surrounded by juicy-sweet flesh.

4«

Twigs green or red.

165. Kentucky Coffee Tree.-Gymnocladus dioica,
(L.) Koch.

Pfowers^p^lr!:.?*' .P''""'"^'»' ^-compound.

Fruit a rctl-brown, leathery pod about V'-rO" . a„,.» • •
to several smooth, very hard honr... .h . af/ , ' «""a'n"is on«
by eweet-stickv pulp "^ "'"'"' * '»°e : surrounded

Bark breaks into .mall, laterally attached scales.

166. Honey Locust.-Gleditsia triacanthos, L. -

i^'^^nlX^VoZ'^lTt smooth; no terminal bud; red-
to 6" long '^° '""'''*■ »' *^^ branched and up

L^aL!'7"- '«^r"'''*«' '«P"-Posed.

b:xv;oT, Izxt^' "•'"""/"•, '■"^ '-'-"-pound.

into noar-bhfck!"lr^nttaSed'',"'tS''^,at"""*= """" ""-

^odrnkeToff'" S?"" «'»-i* racemes •
10(18 like Coffee Tree but about l^-'r 'x' «„„ • . ,
flatter and with flattened seeds ■'- ^ - • Oner in texture,

Sporadic individual tree on fertile <inil« p™. . •
fungous pests. rertue soils. Free of insect and

167. Red Bud,-Cercis canadensis, L.
.enu'" '"'"" """^' sray-brown, zig^a,; ter„.i„al iud ab-

cep^trrL'';:;iefiiSSoie?rds™''^--^"^"''-- ""--'• -

Pink to rp^ '^muJl* -^'ow^era expand before leaves,
at a node; petfecf '' "^'^ ^"^"^ ^^^"^ ^° short stems, 4-8

in many places. ^''- Common fence-row species

47
168. Common Locust— Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, L

r«nf7s ani^Jcd, brown, usually with two stipular thorna at
nodes: no terminal bud. . » 4^ j«

iJwd« sul)-pctio/ar, super-posed, 8tmken in winter, laicr de-
velop a "7non7:cy-face." ^ ^ a 4.

Leaves pinnate-compound; about 9 ovate leaflets.

Flowers in large pendant racemes, very ii'^sraut, perfect,
irregular, cream-white. Pods and seeds quite like Red Bud.

Common fence-row tree; making rapid growtli on fertile soil;
often spreads by root-suckers.

169. *Clammy Locust,— Robinia viscosa, Vent.

Like Common Locust, except that tivigs are terete, red
glandular-hispid, free of thorns; flowers rose-red

Shrub used oruameutally ; locally escaped. Native to toutb-
ern Appalachians.

170. Prickly Ash,— Zanthoxylum americanum.

Mill.

Is seldom above 10' tall and superficially resembles Coinmon
Locust. All its parts are pungent-aromatio.

Buds red-brown, small, obtuse. Leaflets dotted with oU-

glands.

Flowers small, green-white, dioecious. ^ _ ^, , , ,

Fruit a small, fleshy capsule enclosing 1 or 2 smooth black

seeds.

171. Wafer Ash,— Ptelea trifoliata, L.

Ticigs brown and smooth, without terminal buds.
Buds white-pubescent, obtuse, sub-petiolar.
Leaflets three,— like Poison Ivy in appearance.
Flowers small and green. Seeds borne m pairs forming a
flat wafer," winged entirely around ; about 1" across.
Rare shrub or small tree.

172. *Tree of Heaven,— Ailanthus glandulosa,

Desf.
Twigs clumsy, yellow-green to brownish; no true terminal

^"ernk'^^ed^fo/n, downy, relatively small; leaf-scars large,
shaned like foot-print of horse.

Leaves pinnate-compound, VS' long; leaflets ovate-lanceo-
late, on margins near base are glands secreting an oil with a
mouse-like odw.

"(I

center ^^^^^^' li ^ i , twisted, bearing a small seed in its

Bark smooth, thin, grayish ; later cut by shallow fissures
rJtlT^^l ^^ root-suckers. Undesirable "weed treT", but v;ry

SUMACHS,— RHUS, L.

eenJt^''''^*^ ""^ "'''^ '"^^^ ''^'**''''^ ^''^ characterize this

or^y^iowlsh*"'** ""^ '*^''" ^'''^ ^*'"^^* ^^^^^^ greenish-white
Small trees, shrubs or vines ; often spreading by root-suckers.

173. Staghorn Sumach,— Rhus typhina, L.
^Jwigs heavy, velvety; lenticels often prominent; no tenninal

Buds conical-obtuse, dense hairy ; nearly sub-petiolar.

trmt red-hairy, m dense, erect, conical clusters,
txjmmon small tree; rarely 25' tall.

174. Cut-leaf Sumach,— Rhus typhina form la-

ciniata, Rehder.

incSd. '^^''^' ''"^ ^'''''^ ^'"*'*' ^^'P^y ^"^ «^"l*Jy toothed or

175. Smooth Sumach,—Rhus glabra, L.
and'-tnsfieTalTy^.t^^^^^^ ^'^-"^ -^en young

176. Dwarf Sumach,— Rlius copallina, L.

and" wk^irv " l""^""*^ ?"^.°"'^' ^""^ *«'*^' "'•'^ >^~<^. browner
TJioU:%aTk^ea:'''''^ ^'*'"^^'- ^-/— ^- «- entire;

177. Poison Sumach,— Rhus Vernix, L.
mh^l^ld^''^^ ^"'"'^'^' ^'^^ '"^^^^ ^'^ yeUow-gray «,iiA <^.
iij^^u^tls.^'"'' ""^'"^ '""^^'* '^'*^*^ ^''''^^^ "'**'«' »~ '^'•o^P-

178 Poison Ivy,— Rhus Toxicodendron, L.

fnciscT fruit-stalks short and not always drooping.

179. Fragrant Sumach —Rhus canadensis, Marsh.

lAhe Poison Ivy in many -"^^y^'Y^^T't'^^Jr^Zi^er^T-
tnri smaller, ol.ocu.citf toothed or lohed; frutt .. red, .tti erec«,

^' FlLer "^Skes or amen., in "-i-'er are dUtinctive; as al^
are taste and odor of twigs.

180. *Smoke Tree,— Rhus Cotinus, L.

Small tree with very crooked, rather /ine, orange-lrown twigs
with a terminal hud; typical taste and odor. ,

B J/ small and smoky. Leaves entire, smooth, nearly

Native to Europe and Asia.

HOLLY,— ILEX, L.

Small trees or shrubs bearing small red herries with 4-6
''^Ltavrsimplt Flowers small, white or greenish. Terminal
buds ivresent.

181. Christmas Holly,— Hex opaca. Ait.

Twigs slender: fine-hairy at first, later smooth: light brown.

^eA^^^J^^oreen, .a.U rnar^n. armed
"•'^^r^^TrCn'-Urbclot^V tan in Pennsylvania.

182. Winterberry or Deciduous Holly.-Hex ver-
ticillata (L-) Gray.

SSf s^a^l' S''Zc.Vo"S:'-sometimes . ."PerP.-/^.
telerovate ser^te, about 2" long, dec^duou,; fineW

reticulate veined. rarelv 8' tall. When

,„i. r.rn;^trks"l5korLx;tu:^»>- pmm-tree.

ill

^^L wT;'"' ^°"y'-I'« --ticola, Gray.

184. Mountafn Holly,-Ncn,opa„thus mucronata,

Founa in Cu-npaVtC/^C ?„'rrS^.o^o"d7 ""•
185. Climbing Bittersweet.-Celastrus scandens,

whTr^biTen'!"""*'" ^•"'«- ^-■^' **- tough. ,«..r, /f,„„e,,<,
sermt """"■ '"""' """= »--• Leaves ovate-oblong, acute

Very „/„ame.tlS„'::J;;„\rer,/-^^^l.olds 3-6 seed.

186. Burning Bush or Wnphnr. t?

purpureus, J°^;^-'-°'-E^•o„y„,„.s atro-

red; borne on diioifingsS'"' P^^^""'' ■f'™" 3-«<. S-ioierf,
'me 1"T''"" ^^''''" Nut,-Staphylea trifolia.

infla'^d, 3^^''ed^iae'r*1„;;^^|'„T„;'t ^/-r"'- ^™'* '»
.vellow brown. Voa-UkeZe-h %Z L^^*^' ■ ^^"^^^^ P"'" »■•
and half as thick. A'o tT^eirnuUalt:^'''' " •""»" 2" long

MAPLES,-ACER, (Tourn.) I.

Our most important shade and ornamental trees.
188. Red Maplc,-..\ccr rubruni, L

IVig., slender, green to red.

■i/jwfs red. hi u tit 9f!*j, /> o
often collaternl or'snpe^ptsedf"'"'' """"^Pl'^ical flower-bud.

Leave, mnallesl of the large ''■««. "«i''«»'-;'7^i„ffSl
basal ones small: coarso-serrate ; silvery beneath. Lark

^tssi?I ^e'd'lrrtef ver. earl.. Fruit Ma.-June; 1"
'""crows well on moist to wet soils, poorly on dry ones.

189. Silver Maple,— Acer saccharinum, L-.

Tii, Red Manle lut leaves and seeds are lorger; leaves
^^edefvt c«? and obviously 3-lobed-, ticig, chestnut-ir^wn
rrr»^a»rfn winter; branches tend to droop but t,ps are ascend-
ing; bark aeparates in plates.

190. Sugar Maple,— Acer saccharum, Marsh.

Tu,ig, slender, .HI}, browMsh. Bark hard, fissured; finally

°''B«i° toZ, acute-conieal; terminal nearly twice as large
«, R^iewh't apprcsst lateral ones; «-fS expo.v^J scfes.

mZ^s'LdroOTino corymbs. Seeds autumnal; «•»!" 1
long d^eric but 'slightly, ieare, usually 5-Iobed, cordate;

•tr o^'^^e ^mmdntst'Trr-in Pennsylvania, prefers cool
sit°sb°t grows on all but the roorert soils: very tolerant or
shade.

191. Black Sugar Maple-Acer saccharum vat.

nigrum, (Michx. f.) Britton.

Is distinginshed by leaves often sligMly doicny beneath with
entire or undulate margins.

192. Mountain Maple,— Acer spicatum, Lamb.

Ticins yellow-^cen to red, glaucous.
HefVriU^N'oarstrrrale,-^^^^^^^^^^

SeGd-win.-s nboiit i long. *^'y>*„J.V 1:,, „:„.iiv 10' or lew.
round on cool, rocky soil ; up to 30 tall, usually lu or

193. Striped Maple,— Acer pennsylvanicum, L.

Like Mountain Maple hut larger in ^J^^^f?;'^^;^
looping racemes; red and greemsh young 5ar7. ts white
striped. Leaves 3-lobed.

82
194. Ash-leaved Maple,-Acer Negundo L
lea&.''"''^"'* '" ^"<'"' "f*»" P^'e glo-cous, 'encircled by

serrate. 5-P>nnate compound ; leaflets orate, coarse-

dro^o'pfng stir ""'"' '" """"""« ^"^"■"O"- "terile on hairy,
nea^i^'UrTud. ^'''"'""'^'' ^«^"'-t' "'"^» "P to 2" long and

7/trrit'ralfCrth?'po?;e'lr ""' '•"^''"' ""■^' -"-«'
195. *Norway Maple,-Acer platanoides, L.

*efc'*rr;4'i'irnrci^srV'''"'^, '« ^•""'- =^--<»

shallow sinuses and dentatiM^ "^^ ^ ™' ^"^^ • ^'"''^ ^'^

B«k inf"?' /"'• '" """""n :' «"•"■"« *'>'«-»e widely
Bark cut into narrow flat ridges. Native to Europe

' Much^rr"'' ^^P'^'-Acer pseudo-platanus, L.

«« and <«.er;;bi,n-*^J:.'^'NatTvlftr&pt: "'""'''"' ™-

197. *English Field Maple.-Acer campestre L

loblTwXonrseSns'"'" """ '"^^""^ '^'^- "-""y 3-

griTiff;K^Wrvtge^„r» ™''". -*». ^pp-t.

to^guro^nrwestr Ar = "^''^ '- - '- ^^^ dative

198. *Chinese Maple.-Acer buergcranium

feaffc^?L?etoracufeX;'ro„''„''d' S'^^''^^^'•■' "-^V <->.•
develop m „;ril, o/ ?ar<,«- on^s Br.l'i,''""" ««»"''<"•«' fe^fe.
Not ,uite hardy i'n pTn^sJvtllAuveVSa"'" '''^"""'■

199. ^Japanese Maples.-Acer polymorphum va-
rietics

mosf'^nToX'mtt""'"'-'^"'-'^'' """"^'^ <"^ Vulma.e are

BUCKEYES AND HORSE CHESTNUT.-

AESCULUS, L.

Trees or shrubs with very lar^e »»^o.^ ^XV/^ft^S
in S-valved leathery husks, imgs ncu y,

^^'X«r iX;/. t^ir'irrS;. P-C.. ICeoui. good sou.
200. Sweet B«ckeye,-Aesculus octandra. Marsh.

T™,, .lisUlv odoro«. If braised. B«d. .moort. red-brown;
ou^^Tscatcs usuaUy pale blue glaucous.

LealeU ani hundle-soar, average 5

Xwers small yellow Purphsh or^^^^^^^^^

i^?ilnfrtai';reU'e'r'rar. ornamental, only natwe .n
western Pennsylvania.

201. Fetid Buckeye.-Aesculus glabra, WiUd.

T M «™nof Ttnokeve but not as large a tree.

^'^or^^P^^ran^rsl'e^'Z.^^^^^^^
Fruit smaller than that of bweei i^uc jr

202. *Horse Chestnut.-Aesculus Hippocastanum.

Common ixotic .o™a-ntV;- tV^VrrLr/^

Wd> are 9l°»»*'-««"""''Jfthveilow and purple spots. Hi»h>

Flowers fhowy^wh.te w.th K'J^ow^^^^^ ^Mountains of As..

(rNS^i^'-Gre^trintroduced from Europe.

203. Lance-leaved Buckthorn.-Rhamnus lanceo-
lata, Pursh.
I-^s ^J^I^S C:S;^r4SW typi-
-Wwers small, yeUow-greon Perf^t ^^.^^^.'-'-V «o«cHed peMl.
Spy » "nrriO-'trnllu^rSially re.e«WM, cu,-
tiixiied plum.

204. New Jersey Tea,-Cea„oth„s americanus L

OTslZa^Z' ^^"»^-«^^en to red. dead u,,. or bearing oW

^ fc/Xtrr-afS^' :-Vft- e„raateWd.
5-/o6cd capsule. ^ ^^^^® clusters. Fruit small

Low Shrub With red roots; f„„„<, on dr,«oil,.
205. Virginia Creeper,— Psed^r,

(L.) Greene. qu-quefdia.

center. near-rouZ" ^■">"'P<>'"^<1; »oar, raised with sunken

F^urtTn.an'Tred-bC?'^"' I"""™>«te.
Co™<uon on 'r2^^'^^:ToS%\'Z\^^^^^.

GRAPES.-VITIS. (Tourn.) L.

206. Fox Grape,-Vitis labrusca L

rarely VeiKh.^™"™'"' '«'"'^''- «<'««'» »«n; blue to red or
Usually found on fertile, moist soils.

207. Pigeon Grape.-Vitis aestivalis. Michx

'^o^r/re^Z'oTZj'/'r^ "-n'""-^- ■■" -"» of 'vein, •
^-».-< 6;«oi-gIa„'e„"s,":Le o7"t:f.^;r- .'''-''■dentltr'
Found on fertile, cultivable Bot ' ' "'"""»'•

^L ?"'''" ^"P^'-Vitis cordifoha, Michx

^ke Pigeon Chanf h,,t \ ■^>Ai<-XiX.

66
BASSWOODS,— TILIA, (Tourn.) L.

Trees with heart-shaped, sen-ate, 2-ranht, ohlique 'f ^f •
Buds umymmetrical; terminal absent. Inner lark very

'^T^eriv^rt, perfect, cream-color borne in t:itZ
clusters attached beneath a narroic leafy bract which servw

''teed: ;io"wi/. nut-like, indehiscent. containing 1 or

2 embryos. „ , . . -i

Occur on fertile, well-drained soils.

209. Basswood,— Tilia americana, L.

Twigs bright red. Bark olivaceous to gray ; scaly-ridged on

^'J^'llually show 3 viMe scales. leaves have rusty hairs
beneath in axils of veins ; bases oblique.

210. White Basswood,— Tilia heterophylla, Vent.

Is like its somewhat larrjer relative, but has slightly larger
leaves, silvery white and fine-downy beneath.

211. ^European Broadleaf Linden,— Tilia grandi-

folia, Ehrh.

hike American Basswood but hairy on rils and sometimes
^meundersZof leaves; fruit is thicker-shelled and 4- or
5-ribbed; leaves near.symmetrical. Native to I^urope.

212. ^European Small-leaf Linden,— Tilia parvi-

folia, Ehrh.

Is a commoner ornamental than its larger relative, compared
fn which it is sm.allcr in every way. , . . -t

ria'cVcordate, silvery beneath; tufts of rusty ha^rs m ax^ls

''^Fru?*' globose, thin-shelled. Native to Europe.
213. Shrubby St. John's Wort— Hypericum pro-
lificum, L.
Tvngs fine; buds small, opposite. Brown, 3-part, many seeded

'^'^it^es'^'sMe entire: average 2" long, often with smaller
a:.mryonZ^^^^^ narrow-oblong, mostly obtuse;

mTirib prominent, others obsc^^re. Flowers July-September,
perfect; many conspicuous stamens; V^^^^f'
Found on sandy or rocky soili ; 2 or 3 tail.

214. Leatherwood, — Dirca palustris, L.

Twigs yellow-gray, smooth, '* telescoped'* in appearance du«
to raised and near-encircling leaf -scars. Inner hark has very
touffh fibres.

Sap acrid-nauseous. Buds brown-velvety, sub-petiolar ;
terminal absent.

Leaves simple, entire, 2"-3" long, oval or obovate, cuneate,
obtuse ; stalks short.

Flowei-s pale yellow; perfect. Fruit a red, leathery, 1-
seeded drupe.

Understory shrub; 3'-5' tall; moist soil species.

215. Hercules Club, — Aralia spinosa, L.

Twigs very stout with strong scattered piickles; nearly en-
circled by narrow leaf-scars.

Terminal buds large, brown, conical-obtuse; lateral ap-
presst, often triangular.

Leaves 1- or 2-compound, up to 5' a? 2^' (largest of any
native Pennsylvania tree) ; stalks prickly.

Flowers small, cream-white, perfect, in large panicles.

Fruit an angled, ovoid, black berry, i" long style persistent.

Locally abundant; usually occasional on moist, fertile soil:
10'-20' taU.

DOGWOODS,— CORNUS, (Tourn.) L.

Species native in Pennsylvania bear perfect flowers. Leaves
opposite with one exception. Fruit a small drupe with a stony
seed.

Understory shrubs and small trees. Wood dense and hard.

216. Flowering Dogwood, — Cornus florida, L.

Twigs red tinged toith green, smooth, glaucous often; tips
with upturned "digitate" eflfect. Leaf-buds small, often covered
by persistent petiole bases; flower-buds terminal, button-like.
All buds have two valvate scales.

Leaves ovate-acute; clustered toward tips of twigs.

Flowers subtended by large, white, petalloid bracts.

Fruit scarlet, ovoid ; stone grooved ; borne in capitate clusters
of 2-5 ; more than i" long.

Bark on old trees break into an "alligator" pattern.

Largest and most attractive dogwood of Pennsylvania.

217. Round-leaved Dogwood,-Gornus circinata.

L'Her
Trails ^aHv-iottei, .reen«n. Buds acnte, short-stalked, ap-

prcsst. orbicular, dense hairy below.

'"iSuro'"<^'oi:'r:d.y sites; 6'-10' tall.
218. Red Osier Dogwood-Cornus stolonifera,
Michx. X • I*

«in«<e'; /r«« wWi"" »f "S'^^U ia'rgins ; 3'-8' tall.
Shrub of water-courses and marsn margiu ,

219. Panicled Dogwood,-Cornus paniculata,
L'Her. . ^..

r^„ ,„. *- »-'5:F -SVrf a're^^^^^^^^^^^
J^o^^Ttr^^/tStttrfte'n on' dr. soil; a'-lC tall.

220 *Cornelian Cherry -Cornus Mas, L.

.„7)-prf 1U,wer-huia in nearly every leaf-ax^l.

de='cefr^'' ^^ YHFS- :ta^^^'^^-

Round-headed small tree ^I^^^^'f^^^\{^ Orient,
mental. Native to southern Europe ana t ^

221. Alternate-leaved Dogwood,-Cornus alterm-

folia, L. t. • V. .

Twigs rather slender, flerible, glossy dark green or brown.sh,
branches white-striped.

l^^:J^t.T^ufer7:^'^'S\.i.' ovate.ac«n.inate ;

base cuneate. , i„_^p- — becoming 25' tall,

Like Round-leaf Dogwood but larger,

berries nearly black.

222. Black Gum -Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.

Twi«s smooth, gray to red-brown; leaf.,ear, «».k » «<-
•''Se^'."m;'^?.«^.c»<e. entire. e.neaie; antumnal color
red, early.

I!' It

>]ll I

■

ill!

over i long, 1-3 in a cluster; seeds bony, wliite striate.

AZALEAS AND GREAT LAUREN-RHODO-
DENDRON, L.

^^ Shrubs or small trees, variable in character. Require acid
Leaves elustered toward tins of twigs.

223. White Swamp Azalea,~Rhododendron visco-
sum, (L.) Torn

?^??^^K^^^^ ""^ "^^^ ^^ margins and midribs of leaves
Lateral buds many-scaled, acute

Leaves obovate to oblong-acute, base cuneate- serrulate-

Found on moist soils; 3'-8' tall.

224. Purple Azalea,— Rhododendron nudiflorum

(L.) Torn

dr/^Sfof.'"^""'^'"^ '^''^''' ^"^ """"^ °^°'^ ^«"^«»«°' especially on

hafrrbelowf"'' "*' ^"'^ ""^*' ^^'^^*«' ^"« ^^^^ ««^ttered
Blooms May-June.-before or at time leaves unfold.

225. Great Laurel,— Rhododendron maximum L.
June; gorgeo-,,!; rose to white, irr^galar ■'"'*•" '»«•

226 Mountain Laurel,— Kalmia latifolia, L.

adaptions; tungs viscid at first, occurs
oapstdes much smeller.

227 Sheep Laurel,— Kalmia angustifolia, L.

Be.en.b?c. Mountain Laurel hut «'««"^^^° .'^"/"'^^f J^^,
seldom 3' tall,-/ea.e« paler, opposite or in whorls of 3, flou^ers

crimson.

228. Maleberry,— Lyonia ligustrina, (L.) D. C

T«igs minute hairy; v«riegated ashy-gray to near-black.

Buds ledOisb nppri'sst. i''2"lone acute, entire or

Leaves simple, oblong to oval, 1 -f long, a<.ui. ,
very fine-serrate, glabrous or short-downy
Vlowers nerfect; small white globes; June.

Bushy shrub of wet or moist soils, o -10 tan.
•729 Trailing Arbutus.-rEpigaea repens, L.
"s«an prostrate or trainng evergreen skrUh, m spreading
''n''*^r„7;r^t""'lo»/ --'e «o cmcular, base cordate or

5-p«trdeUeately trag'^ant. Fruit a small dry capsule.
230 Teaberry,— Gaultheria procumbens, L.
Creeping .nru^tn^ojan^^^^^^^

'smlirTTari wK rr"s?.aped, perfect flowers, and red
Sy'bcrries mat increase in size toward spring.
Found on dry mountain soils.

HUCKLEBERRIES.-GAYLUSSACIA. HRK.
BLUEBERRIES AND CRANBERRIES,—
VACCINIUM, L.

These genera ^'-f- eM;fly»;tr-cture ^ ^JZ^^J^^

re:rerS7ar4t'ysU'''w£...^^^

Fropnt in the verv rare evergreen Box ^l"*^'^*^"^'^;^'

calyx-lohes.

231. Dangleberry,-~Gaylussacia frondosa, (L.) T
. & G.

^^Bushy shrub. Twigs fine, red-yellow to bronze, with a pearly

Leaves oval to oblong, 1--2" long,-most delicate leaves of

Inlf/'-'^"^'"^'* 'r*' ^""^^ ^"^ glaucous; minute resin specks below,
sometimes fine-downy. '

mowers perfect, little green-pink helU on a loose raceme 2"-
4 long.

Berry globose, dark blue-glaucous.
Prefers moist, cool, mountain soils ; 3'-6' tall.

232. Black Huckleberry,— Gaylussacia baccata

(Wang.J C. Koch.

Like Dangleberry hut found on dner soil; rarely above 3'
tail ; leaves slightly smaller, tougher, obviously resinous be-
low; flowers red-yeUow ; fruit black, often glossy.

Ck)mmonest species of this group in many parts of Pa.

233. Deerberry,— Vaccinium stamineum, L.

Twigs fine, much branched ; green and fine-pubescent at first,
later brown. '

n. ^ZZ\ """"^"i^ ^K ^''^.^' ^^^*^ *« «^^«"S' acute ; base round
teins hefght oTrT "^' '^^^"'°"' """ '^'° ^^^°^- ^*-

Flowers white, with prominently exserted stamens.
■-Berries about l" thru, green or tinted with yeUow and red,

234. Early Low Blue-berry,--Vaccinium pennsyl-

vanicum, Lamb.

Twigs green with olive cast; buds scaly, reddish.

Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; acute at both ef^ds; dark
green to olive green. Occurs on poor, sandy soU; 4'-2' tall •
often carpets open spaces. *

Fruit very jucy and sweet; earliest of the group.

235. Late Low Blue-berry,— Vaccinium vacillans,

Kalm.

Like preceding species but ttmgs and leaves are paler in
r-4 ' tau''*'^* &^oa(/er, average nearly 1" long, silvery beneath;

Commonest blueberry in southern and central Pennsylvania.

236. High-bush Blue-berry,-Vaccinium corym-
bosum, L.

237 Black High Blue-berry -Vaccinium atrococ-
cum, (Gray) Heller.

'"Ws slender, yeUow to red-brown. Wo terminal M.;
'Te^lersaroblor^SU acute at both ends, serrate,

'Tmit a small 5-celled capsule with persistent terminal
style

239.' Persimmon,-Diospyro« ^^g^^^^; ^

Twigs bitter-astringent, gray to red-brown,
"'Bads'bioad-ovate, acute, appresst. 2 ..o,»« dark *ro«» .caU,
viHUe; terrainal absent. -uneate to cordate; 4''-6*

,„nrdtr^gt^rlUn^Ve^1tenTa1ry below; scar, have

""lirrs'wMte'rialrMa'y; staminate in cymes of 2-several.
pistillate solitary and short-stalked j^ ^^^j

IS'K' r„7'b^«yxr^terJe^y .,?Hn.en,; seeds
"■'C' Vmemum S ; occasional in fertile vales.

-^.ir. *PnsP of Sharon.— Hibiscus synacus. L.

'"?. J Xl-^ wUh V -.... ««d persUtent filan^tou,

,tipume.at node.. f-f.f'tX'K variable in color. Oap-

mo^er, Jnly-^nX; ^P lllTpJ^ UZt. Seeds small, kid.
gufcs are ovoid, 5-celled, i tony, vt>
ney-shaped, hair-wmged. cuneate; almost

Leaves simple, S-nerved, about ^ long , o ^^

S-Ioljed, variable coarse-serrate, bright green a

^^"in erect ornamental from Asia Minor; 10'-20' taU; often
spreading by root-suckers.

ASHES,— FRAXINUS, (Tourn.) L.

Timber trees with oddly pinnate-compound opposite leaves.
blowers small, in dense panicles or racemes, usually dioe-
cious; 2-part, without petals; calyx even absent sometimes.
«uds have 3-4 pairs of scales. Fruit a dry, winged samara.
Kequire fertile, moist to wet soils for good growth.

241. White Ash,— Fraxinus americana, L.

Ihcigs stout, usually smooth, gray-brown lustrous with few
large pale lenticels.

Leaflets entire or obscurely toothed, silvery beneath ; have
short petioles, • leaf-scars srmi-circular, notched ahnrc

Buus blunt, ovate, dark brown. Bark ridged with diaraond-
snapo fissures.

Keys l"-8" long, terete; overlapped but slightly by wings,
iiest tree of the genus; makes straight, stiff growth.

242. Red Ash,— Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marsh.

Differs from White Ash chiefly in having short-hairy twigs
and leaf-stalks, but also is a smaller tree in all respects- leaf-
lets narroiver, often nearly sessile ; seeds thinner with 'wings
extending well down their sides; bark ridges wider and more
scaly.

243. Green Ash,— Fraxinus lanceolata, Borck.

Is commonly considered a variety of Red Ash but differs in
being smooth: having sharp-serrate leaflets quite green beneath;
terminal buds acute; keys narrower and very acute.

Twigs often curve or droop because of rapid growth. Leaf-
seeds lunate.

Occurs on stream-banks and fertile bottomlands.

244. Black Ash,— Fraxinus nigra. Marsh.

Tufts like White Ash but paler in color and with more
oovtous lenticels.

Buds black; terminal acute. Leaflets sessile.

Bark irregular corky-ridged or scaly; becomes mealy in ap-
pearance when rubbed.

Tree of cool, moist to swampy soils.

245. *European Ash,— Fraxinus excelsior, L.

Is very much like Black Ash but buds are ovpn deeper binnk •
leaves are not quite as large, nor leaflets quite sessUe ; prefers
well drained soils.

Planted as ornamental and shade tree. Native to Europe
and western Aiia.

246. Fringe-Tree,— Chionanthus virginica, L.

Twigs rather stout, pale green-brown, somewhat angular.

f etL'Tw; Te:" -ate, 4"-8" long, entire, cuneate-
acute dark green above, paler below and only ha ry on veins
Fto;.e^rperfect, in drooping white panicles, frtnge-hke, 4 -

^''fTiuI dark blue, over l" long,-h'fce an olive

Small tree ; rare, met mostly as an ornamental m I a.

247. ^Common Privet,— Ligustrum vulgare, L.

Twigs fine. Buds small ; opposite; sub-evergreen.

iZves ovate-oblong, average 1", dark green; free of pests

^"^C^: r!;!!' white, like Lilac in miniature. Fruit a

'"'whenTit trimmed back, attains height of 10'. Nativ. to
Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.

248. *California Privet,— Ligustrum ovalifolium-

(Hort.)

Like Common Privet but not quite «<> .hardy ;leare« broader,
with yellow-green tendency. Native to Japan.

249. *Lilac,— Syringa vulgaris, L.

Twias rarely have terminal buds, but are oi)/)o,vife and fork
or ramif^n dense thickets that spring up from, root-suckers

ThT opposite buds are of two types: large greenish, blunt,
4-angled floral ; and smaller brown »f "/-buds. ^ear-cor-

Leaves entire, ovatc-ucinmnutc; base tiuucatt to near cor

^^'vio^ZVT^^ to rose or white, ir.jrani, i„ ien,e p«ni-

'''"■mit a 2-celled dehiscent capsule. Native from .outh-
eastern Europe to Afghanistan.

250. *Matrimony Vine-Lycium HalimifoUu.n.

Mill.

<si,r,ilihv often ftiiny. hall-erect, ornamental or escaped vine
fo^/^g d'en^e thicS' Jave. alternate, .paiulate-lanceolate,

"Vwig/tray.' Flowers regular; corolla f™nt"'™^-^a"to
smaU.'ovoW orange-red, many seeded. Native from China to

southeastern Europe.

251. *Shrubby Bitter-sweet,— Solanum Dulcamara

Bho^n^^ry. '"' ^''^^-^^'*^ ^'''''^^V woody, gray, more or less

Buds small, appresst ; leaf-scars raised.

Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate or variable, with two loles
or leaflets at base of blade.

red^aSr^Iru^'''^*""^^""' June-September. Berries ovoid,

252. ^Empress Tree,— Paulownia tomentosa,

(Thunb.) Stend.
SmaU to medium tree depending upon dimate; omamsntal

Twigs heavy, tips usually frozen; no terminal bud; usually
holloto except at nodes. Leaves large, hairy, cordate, stalked.

liuds small, hairy, obtuse, opposite or S-whorled; ftorai-buds
present m large terminal panicles. Flowers perfect, irregular
corolla 5-lobed, violet, fragrant. Fruit a brown, ovoid.acute.
dehiscent pod, about 2" long, full of dandruff-like winged seeds.
iVative to China and Japan.

CATALPAS,— CATALPA, Scop.

Like Empress Tree in a general way, but leaves are usuaUy
3-whorled; twigs with large pith; flowers whitish ; fruit cigmr-
shaped, seeds much larger; flower-buds develop after leaves «o-
pear. '^

Require fertile soil for good growth.

253. ^Eastern Catalpa,— Catalpa bignonioides,
Walt

Twigs stout, tips usually frozen back ; yellow-brown.
Lateral buds small,— appear embedded in bark.
Leaves fall quickly after first hard frost; leaving large
nearly round scars.

Bark light brown, flat ridged-scaly.

Flowers June- July; less than 2" long; in large showy pani-

Fruit about as thick as a leadrpenoil, thin-walled. Tht flat
seeds have narroio-fringed toings.

Rarely becomes 30'-40' tall. Native to Southtm Gulf
States.

254 *Hardy Catalpa —Catalpa speciosa, Warder.

Like Eastern Catalpa but ^-j^^f «J^ ^^^
i^oX tSi/rd 'S^^J^s^l^i, with broad

''7llt.ZrMay.June, more than^^ ^^no. Tree of better form
than preceding. Native to Mississippi Valley.

255. Trumpet Creeper,— Tecoma radicans, (L.)

Juss.
Vine creeping or climbing by aerial rootlets; twigs yellow-

^Xtft^es opposite, pinnate-con^ound ; leaflets ovate-acute;

'°tafge trumpet-shaped, 5-part, orange-red flowers in open

"^F^St'pods like catalpa but smaller; seeds much smaller.
Found as an ornamental or escape .

256. Button-bush— Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.

Twigs usually dead at tips; no tenninal ^d laterals ^^^^^^^^^^

J^Z^"^ - jn9^%^-nrtlt; Lse

rich in nectar and remain long in bloom. Fruit small syca
more-like balls; quite persistent.

Found about ponds and on umlrained areas.

Rarely over 8' tall in Pennsylvania, but attains .0 at tiroes.

257. Bush Honeysuckle,— Diervilla Lonicera, Mill.
Low shrub, 2-4 iall; often occurs in dense patches on cpen

mountain-slopes. , , ,. beari%\n dru

Twigs smooth yellow-gray, often dead at tips or oearing ary

capsules.

Fruit smooth, slender, beaked capsule, i long, carrying o
persistent calyx-lobes.

258. ^Weigela,— Diervilla rosea.

This native of China surpasses its American relative m every
way except abundance of fruit and ability to reproduce Dy
seed and root suckers.

6(1

inteSe^^'''^ 4-aiigled tendency, have two bristly lines on each

Z/caves somewhat hairy beneath, especially on veins.

i^ lowers large, rosy red or variable.

Ornamental, at times persisting; up to 10' tall.

HONEYSUCKLES,— LONICERA, L.

Ittti '"' "^Z^^ f "^^^^ T^^ '^°^Pl«' opposite, entire leaves.
5-lohed ^ ^^ fragrant; corolla tubular usually

Fruit a several-seeded berry.

259. American Fly Honeysuckle,— Lonicera cana-

densis, Marsh.

f^^y^^u®'''^*^"^^^*'"^' a<^"tish, downy below when young,
stalked; base round or cordate.

Flowers green-yellow, perfect, J" long. Berries red, i" long,
usually m pairs.

Understory shrub on moist soils; rarely exceeds 5' tall

260. *Tartarian Honeysuckle,— Lonicera tartarica

Smooth, erect shrub; up to 8' tall. Flowers showy, white to
rose-red. *

Berries orange to red; basally united. Ornamental; some-
times escaped. Native to Russia and Siberia.

26L Glaucous Honeysuckle,— Lonicera dioica, L.

Twining or l-erect, smooth vine. Seldom above 8' tall.

Leaves oblong, glaucous helmc ; upper one to four pairs fused
wound stems, bearing yellowish to purple flowers in their axils.
Berries red.

Found in moist woods and on bushy stream-banka.

262. *Japanese Honeysuckle,— Lonicera japonica,
Thunb.

Vigorous twining or trailing vine with fine short-Miry stems.
leaves ovate-oblong, short-stalked, rather tough; sub-ever-
green %n tendency.

Flowers fragrant ; corolla white to pink or yellow. Berries
black.

Serious forest-weed on fertile soil when once established,
often choking out all young growth of other species and very
bard to chminata. Native to China and Japan.

263. Indian Currant,-Symphoricarpos orbicula-
tus, Moench.

Leaver oppotUc, X? kSkel! persistent in autumn .
''•■^.o^rs iuSot^rS'v'eW' 'eat; »maU. .reen.s,,, p.nk-

"Te^rief 'umero..,, .maH, red, o.««; caly. per.i.UnU
264. Snowberry.-Symphoricarpos racemosus,
Moench.

s;:tot::Brtrinr; Vy -; tr.. ^^o^ uro^

S" 'fleshy aud not so persistent.

ARROW-WOODS AND HAWS.-VIBURNUM.

(Tourn.) L.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves o.po.Ue, sUnple, stalked. Buds
naked or 2-scaled. . ^^t cymes or umbels.

265. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.-Viburnun. acer.-
folium, L.
«,e„.. siraujU. ,.e,.der, snootn. i^ete. do.. 6ro.». L..«.

•"t:.J'davlc brown, acute, only sU,U,V "<.-'"• ^-'» '>"•"'■
"'tralgUt-.rowin^ sbrub; 2'-5' tall; spreading by root-sucUers.
266. Dentate Arrow-wood.-Viburnum dentatum.

. I. ^nu A-sided in tendency; lateral buds,
Twigs brown to ash-gray, 4 swou,

acute, hroicn, c^^*^-'!^^';^';^!,- 2" long, broad ovate to rouM;

bar:rfim:rcStf;t-««- -"- -^ "■-"• ^™"

■^"p'^ou'r-on moist to wet soils; G'-IO' tal..-a mueh branched
shrub.

267^ Sweet Vibumum.-Vibumum Lentago L

terminals encl'otf fl„r{''„;f ^ri^'otntt t^^^^^ '•

^^W, o^ateracute. about 2^" lo„r":^„l!r " J<„e „„„

s,^»n ^'** *"','''"* '»''"'• sweetish.
10' 20' tair "' ^^^ "'™'' "' '""''' "<"«'» «-! stream-banks ;

268. Wild Raisin,-Viburti«m cassinoides L

Vib^rnu^'buY TZv::'?r. 'f^' ??"* ""°^'" '"> Sweet

269. Black Haw,-Viburnum prunifolium L

makeTn "a^girof'-ab^t^'Tn"'?"' "f'^.^'"' "^ film-Uke bloom;
In most other resnecta k;J Q ^^I'T."'''' "*« »"«"" branches
in Palatibmty Tfruit tnd "^M itv t^"""' T*'r'' " »"'«»«'»««

rows on lertile to mediocre well-drained soils.

270. Hobble-bush,-Viburnum ainifolium, Marsh.

Ijeavet pinnate-veined, broad ovate to round V ft" !„„„ „
fC":1', ?^™f --""'• <ieepcorrul:te'd"ative. ' """' ~"
rief redTo trple. ""'' ""°"°°"'^ "'=™' *" «««'' <=>''«t<'^- «"-
lock tre'sts" """' ''""'^ woods,-associated with virgin Hem-

ELDERS,-SAMBUCUS. (Tourn) L

oompo"^''^wi'rh''ser'rate'':nrt"'"r'?' J"' '«""- "^^ P"»«'^

and 3-to 5'UStb°„2^ ctic^alfcm:" """""= '™'' «"""'-
Shrubby species, 2'.12' tall ; give oi vile smell when bruised.

27L Common Elder.-Sambucus canaden.sis, L

.ipid ^ ' "'"'^'"'' '^''»"'- ««^" neJr.l,lack;in.

^^ccurs on fertile moist soils, form, thickets by root-suck-

27Z Red-berried Elder.-Sambucus racemosa. L.

Twi^ warty and more woody than in Common Elder; p...
Irown; odor rank. ^ ^^^ba nnnicles Berries red;

peSst^? f fbJrX ett '?^em u^^e? ??mp'u^.n. Shrub of
cool moist mtn.-slopes.

MEANING OF TECHNICAL WORDS.

Achene.

Acuminate.
Apicttl'

Axil.

Axillary.
Bract.

Bundle-ican.

Oaly».

Catkin.

CUiate.

Cordate.

Coriaceoiit.

Corolla.

Corymb.

Owieate.
D»hiicent.

A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-

seeded indehiscent i™"-
Sharply tapering at the end.
Pertaining to the tip, end, or

The^^upper angle formed by a
leaf or branch with the stem.

Situated in an axil.

A modified leaf 'ubt^^^^^^J
flower or fruit, or related

Bnd» of fibro-vascular bundle^
showing as scars on the aur-
face of leaf-scara.

Outer part of a flower,— lepais,
usually green in color.

A spike of flowers all of the

same sex. j «^«.i.

Having margins fringed witn

hairs.
Heart-shaped.
Tough; leathery.
The petals of a flower, ine

bright colored part of most

flowers. n^— •-

A flat or convex-topped flower

cluster.
Wedge-shaped.
Splitting open.

Deliquescent.

Digitate.

Dioecious.

Eworesoencea.

Exfoliate.

Exserted.

Eascicle.
Follicles.

Genus. (pl.-Qenera)
Glaucous.

Habitat.
Helicopter.

Hispid.
Imbricated.

Indehiscent.

Involucre.

Lanceolate.

Lmiticels.

Lunate.
Morphological.

Oh:

Orbicular.
Ovary.

Ovate.
Ovoid.
Palmate.
Panicle.

Broad spreading habit,— said of
the form of a tree-crown.

Members arising finger-like
trom a common origin.

Male and female flowers borne
on different plants.

Outgrowths, usually irregular
or deforming in appearance.

To split or cleave off, as outer
layers of bark often do.

Prolonged past surrounding or-
gans.

A small close bundle or cluster.

Dry, 1-celled fruits, splitting
open on one side only.

A group of related species, as
the pines or oaks.

Covered with a bluish-white
waxy coating or bloom.

The home of a plant.

A flying-machine with propel-
lers turning horizontally.

Having stiff-bristly hairs.

Overlapping like shingles on a
roof.

Applied to fruits that d6 not
open to emit seeds.

A circle of bracts about a flow-
er or flower cluster.

Lance-shaped ; several times
longer than wide.

Corky growths on young or
older bark which admit air
to the interior of the twig
or branch.

Crescent-shaped.
Relating to the form and struc-
ture of an organism.
A prefix meaning inverted or

reversed.
Circular or nearly so.
Part of the pistil bearing the

seed.
Egg-shaped.

Nearly or quite egg-shaped.
Hand-shaped; radically divided.
A branched flower-cluster of

which the lower branches

are longest and bloom first.

Pedate.
Peltate.
Perfect.

Petaloid.

Petiole.
Pinnate.

Pinnatified.
Pistillate.
Pith rays.

Pome.

Pubescent.
Raceme.

Receptacle.

Reticulate.
Ring porous.

Rugose.

Samara.

Serrulate.

Sessile.
Silvics.

Sinus.

Spatulate.
Species.

Staminate.

Stellate.
Sterigmata.

Palmately divided.

Shield-shaped.

A flower with both male and

female organs.
Like petals in appearance;

showy.
The stalk of a leaf.
Having leaflets on both sides of

So deeply cleft as to appear

pinnate-compound.
Bearing pistils or female organs,

but no stamens.
Radial lines of tissues crossing
the annual growth rings and
extending into the bark.
A fleshy fruit with seeds ar-
ranged in a core, as the ap-
ple.
Hairy.

Flowers borne on stems of
equal length and arranged on
a common elongated axis.
The end of a flower stalk bear-
ing the floral organs.
Forming a network.
Said of wood with the larger
pores concentrated in the
spring growth of the annual
rings.
Wrinkled.

An indehiscent winged fruit.
Diminutive of serrate; fijie

toothed.
Without a stalk.
The body of facts fundamental
to growth of trees in forest
stands.
Cleft or opening between tvro

lobes.

Spoon-shaped.

A group of like individuals,
sexually compatible.

Bearing stamens or male floral
organs, but no pistils.

Star-shaped.

Very small Icaf-stnlks of cer-
tain conifers.

Btipule*

Stolon.

8toinata,

Stomatiferoua or

8uh-,

Superposed.

Terete.
Terminal hud.

Tomento8e.

Truncate.

Umhel.

Valvate.

An appendage at base of the
leaf-stalk.

A basal branch rooting at
nodes.

Plural of stoma; openings in
epidermis of leaves for pur-
pose of respiration.
9tomafo5e. Bearing stomata in large num-
bers.

A prefix meaning under or
nearly.

Said of buds when arranged one
above another.

Circular in cross-section.

Bud at end of twig when not
axillary to any leaf.

Densely short-hairy.

Ending abruptly, as if out off.

A flower cluster with all stalks
originating from one point.

Said of buds when scales mere-
ly meet without overlapping.

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES

Tree or Shrub
Number

172

Ailanthus,

Alder : 79

Black .'.'.*.'.*. TO

Smooth,

Apple : 135, 138

Common, 136

American Crab,

Arborvitae : , . ^ , ... 35, 36

Northern White Cedar, • • ^ g^

Oriental, 2^

Arbutus,

Arrow-wood : 266

Dentate, " ' 266

Maple-leaf,

Aah: ,c . • 139,140

American Mountain, 044, 245

Black, '" " '245

European, 140

European Mountain, " 243

Green 170

Prickly 242, 243

Bed, • _ 171

Wafer, 241, 242, 244

White

Aspen : • ... 55

American, 53

Balm-of-Gilead, " 57,58,59

Cottonwood, 50

Large-toothed, 59

Lombardy Poplar, 55 gg

Trembling, 00

White Poplar

Azalea : . 224

Purple, 223, 224

White Swamp, * ' * 34

Bald Cypress,

Basswood : ^)9

American, • • • • • •.• • 211

European Broad-leaf Linaen, 212

European Small-leaf Linden, giQ

White,

Tree or Shrub

Beech : ^"°^^^^

^f^^^^^«°' 83,84

Blue, „.'„^

European '^' 1^

^ Water, v;;;\\ „.^

Birch: ^^''^

^j!f 73.74

^^ray, ' „q

Paper, "" „7 ^„

Red ^'''«

River • ••;• :•§

Sweet TQ 71

White, ;;;; ^^'^^

Yellow, ;;: II

Bittersweet :

Climbing ^o-

Slirubby, ^l

Blackberry : ^^

Running Swnmp, 1^^

mac^G^n;. • : : : : ; ; : : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ; :.•;:;• • ■ • • •' • ■ • ■' • • i^o, 1 52

Black Haw ' * ' gnn

Black Locust, ^^q -,00 -..-n

Bladder Nut, 168,169,1^0

Blueberry: ^^*

Black High 937

gtl^V' :::::::::;:: 234,235

High-busli, o3«

Late Low, qok

Box Elder, f^

Brier : ^^

Common Green, ... aa

Saw '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[]]'. ^

Buckeye : ^

Z^ 201

Buckthort :::::::::::::::::;:•: ""^-^l

Burning Bush icft TqV

Bush Honeysuckle, ^^^'Irl

Butternut ^o aq

Buttonbush, **"' ^^

f^lX:r' ••■■•■.■.•.•.".":;:;::::;:.mi28,m

a"'.:;:;:::::::: =««'?"

Carolina Poplar, ''*'.' 1 .".'*.','.'.*!.' ." 57

Treo or Shrub
Number

Cedar: . 36

Northern White, 35

Southern White, " " * * * 38, 39, 40

Red,

Cherry : 162

Appalachian, 159

Bird, [ 158, 160

Choke, 159

Fire, 161

Sour, 160, 161

Sweet, • ■ • ' , i57 158, 159, ItU

Wild Black,

Chestnut : 85, 86, 87, 92

American, 87

Chinese, " ' * ] 86

Chinquapin, 80

Chinquapin,

Chokeberry : . 137, 138

Black, 137

Red, ' / ; ; . 57

Cottonwood, 220

Cornelian Cherry, ^^3" {-^^ 115, 116

Cucumber Tree, 263

Currant, Indian, 34

Cypress ' . . 231, 232

Dangleberry, "...... 233

Deerberry, ^^^

Dewberry,

Dogwood : 221

Alternate-leaved 220

Cornelian Cherry ' * 2I6

Flowering, ' * 219

Panicled, \ 218, 219

Red Osier, ' ' '217, 218, 221

Round-leaved,

Elder: 271,272

Common, _ 272

Red-berried,

Elms: 103,104,105

American, 106

Cork, *.'.".'.'.'.*.'.*. 1^

Chinese 105

English, "\ 104

Slippery,

Tree or Shrub

Empress Tree, ... ^"°^^^"

Filbert, ....;.. 252

Fir: 82

American Silver, ..

Balsam 31

Douglas 30,32

Nordmann's 29

FringeTree, . . .'. 32

Ginkgo, ...' :; 246

Globe Flower 1

Gooseberry: 133

Eastern Wild.

Wild, ' 124

Grape: 123,124

Chicken,

Fox, 208

Pigeon, .. 206

Green Brier, ...* .*."." .'.*;."; 207,208

Gum : 44

Black,

Oriental Sweet, '.'.'.* 222

Sweet, ... 127

Hackberry. 126

Haw, ,,::..:::::,::: ^s

Hawthorn, ... 269

Hazlenut : 145

American.

Beaked, ... 80,81,82

Buropekn, . 81

Hemlock : 82

Eastern,

Ground, .... 33,42,270

Hercules Club, -^2

Hickory: 215

Big Shellbark

Bitteriiut, 68

Mockernut, 6^,70

Pecan, ..... 66,67

Pignui, 70

Shagbark, 65,60

Shellbark, ..." 67, 68

Hobble-bush, 67,68

270

Tree or Shrub
Number

Holly: ... 181

Christmas, ^ qo ^ qq i 04

Deciduous, 182,18d,l|4

Large-leaf, ^^

Mountain,

Honeysuckle : 259

American Fly 057

Bush, 261

Glaucous, 26*>

Japanese, 26O

Tartarian, j2

Hornbeam, 202

Horse Chestnut, 282

Huckleberry ^21

Hydrangea, o^

Indian Currant, "72

Ironwood,

Ivy= . 171,178,179

Po^o"' 167,108

Judas Tree

Juneberry : , , , , ^ 1 41 142

Juneberry (shad-bush) , ^ ' ^^

IX)W,

Juniper : gg

Common, ^q

Chinese, ^1

Japanese Common, ^g- -^g

Kentucky Coffee Tree,

Larch : ^g

American, J^ 21

European, ' ^

Japanese, ^L

Siberian,

Laurel : 225, 226

Great 226 227

Mountain, '227

Sheep • • • 214

Leatherwood, 047 049

Lilac,

Linden : ^ 209

American, 21I

European Broad-leaf, ^12

European Small-leaf, ^q

Liquidambar,

Locust :

Black,

Clammy, '.'.'.'.'.'.'.][[ ^^' ^^^' ^'^0

Common, ... 1*^^

Honej, .... 168, 169, 170

Lombardy Poplar I^jS

Lynn, I...' 57,59

Magnolia : 209

Cucumber Tree ^^^

Laurel, .... ' 113,114,115,11(5

TulipTree, ...'; 114

Umbrella Tree H^^

Maiden-Hair Fern,' .' H^

Maiden-Hair Tree ' 1

xMaleberry. 1

Maple: 228

Ash-leaved

Black Sugar IJ^-t

n. «ue,li,

Chinese, 191

English Field, ^^^

Hard. 107

Japanese, ;;;;:; 100

Mountain, • 1^9

Norway, . 1^2, 193, 109

Red, .:..:.; iim,im

Silver 188,189

Soft. . 189

Striked, ....::;;: i88,i89

Sugar ..'.'.■.'.'.:.'.' ^^3

Sycamore, ^^

Matrimony Vine * 1^

Meadow Sweet, ^50

Mock Orange, ,, ,] ^31, 1 32

Moosewood, ... 122

Mulberry : 193

IT' Ill

White" 109, no, 112

New J,.rsey Tei HO

Ninebark. . " 204

Oak: 130

Bir:.:::-: ^

Chestnut, 89, 90

Ground. ... 92, 93, 94

Laurel, ^^

Overcui), ... If^l

Peach 89,90

102

Tree or Shrub
Number

Oak: (Cont'd). ^ .^^

Pin, yo, wy, xvx

Post on Oft «7

&:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;*-:-: llfdl

Scarlet, ^' ^' ^

Scrub, q2

Scrub Chestnut, J^

Shingle, • gg

Spanish, ^

Swamp White, ^

White, -^

Willow, ^

Yellow, ^-rt

Osage Orange, -

Osier : goj

Green, «>iq oTq

Red, ^^°' ^f g

Paw Paw, tyro

Paulowuia, * T'^

Peach, 1QA 1«{R

Pear ^'**' ^^

Pecan 039

Persimmon,

Pine: i« iq

American Nut, 1^' J°

Austrian, -„

European Stone, ^-

European Mountain ;J

Himalayan White, 1415

Japanese Black, 13 14

Japanese Red, j, «

Jersey, q' g

Jack, ' g

Lodgepole, « 4 0

Pitch ^ -lA 14

jif^ 7, 10, 14

Scotch, J-i;, J-i, Ao

Shortleaf, a

Table Mountain, ^g

Western Yellow, « 17 ig

White, 55' jjQ

Poplar, - *^' "^

Plum : JQ3

Wild, ^^

Tree or Shrub

Privet : Number

ajitn!" 248

Quaking Aspen, . ." .' .' i .' :;;;::;;;:::; ^*^- ^^

Raspberry : ^"^

Black

Japanese !.!...!. ' J

Purple Flowering, Jf^

H«^ra'.r ::::::::::::::::: m^LI

Japanese,

Pasture, ^f^

Smooth Meadow, ...!.'!.'*..'!.*.'.*.*.'; JS?

Swamp, ^^

Rose of Sharon, .' ' .* J??

Sassafras 240

sawBrTer,;:;::;; i^^

Service B^rry ;;.;;; ^5

Shad-bush, J41

Smilax, V l**!

Smoke Tree, 1 .'.'."!.*.'."..'.*.**. .' J^

Snowberry, \ ^ , ^^^

Sourwood, 2^

Black,

Colorado Blue, .W*;; -^ r^

Norway, -^^'26

&;•:;;;:;::;:: 24,25

White ... . 27

Steeple-bush,* '.'.".'.'.*.*.* 23, 26, 27

St. John's Wort, .....'.*.';.'.';.'".';.* ™

Sumac : ^^^

Cut-leaf ^_

Dwarf ::::; 174

Fragrant, " ;^«

Poison, . -.^^ JZ2

Smooth 177' 178

sSghorn 175,176.177

Sweet Bay, .'.....'.'.'.'..'. ■^'^^' |Jf

Sweet Brier, JJ^

Sweet Fern, [[[ -^Ji

Sweet Scented Shrub,'.*.*.*.*.".* ..?i

Sweet Viburnum, *.*.':::;:::; l! l.* .*267, 268, 269

Tree or Shrub
Number

Sycamore: 1%? 128 129

American 1^, 1^, i^

Oriental Plane, Jg

Tamarack, 230

Teaberry,

Tliorn: 143,144,145

Cockspur, ' -^^^5

Dotted Hawthorn, ^^

Scarlet, 229

Trailing Arbutus, ^,^2

Tree of Heaven 255

Trumpet Creeper, J-j^g

Tulip Poplar, ^-^q

Tulip Tree, ^^^

Umbrella Tree, 2^7 268, 260

Viburnum, ' *" ' 205

Virginia Creepor, ' ^g^^ ^g^

Waahoo,

Walnut : ^3

Black, (54

English, ^ 63, 64

White, 258

Weigela

White Cedar: 35,36

Northern, '35

Southern, qq

White Poplar, 268

Wild Raisin,

Willow : go

American Green, ^

Black, 43

Crack, ] 52

Dwarf Gray, | 51, 54

Glacous, * 50

Peach-leaf, 54

Prairie, 49

Purple, 52, 54

Sage, 53

Silky, 47

Weeping, 143

Wineberry, {32, 183, 184

Winterberry, 125

Witch Hazel

Yew : . . 42, 43

American, * 42

English,

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Tree or Shrub
Number

Abies : ... 30, 32

balsamea, 31

concolor, * 32

Nordmanniana,

Acer : ^ ^ ^ igg

buergeranium, . . • • -^(^^j

campestre, * " 5^94

Negundo, ' ^93

pennsylvanicum, * * * ^q^^ -^qq

platanoides, * * ' ^^99

polymorpbum ' ' -^qq

pseudo-platanus, * ^gg ^89

rubrum, " * igO

saccharinum, " * j^qq

saocharum • 191

saccharum var. nigrum, • • • • • • ^^^ ^^g^ ^j^

spicatum,

Aesculus : ^ 2OI

glabra 202

Hippocastanum, * * * * * gOO, 201

octandra, 112

Ailanthus glandulosa, * * * 1^9

Alnus rugosa,

Amelanchier : ... 137, 141, 142

canadensis, ' * 142

oblongifolia, *...*. 215

Aralia spinosa ...*.'. 118

Asimina triloba

Betula : 78

alba, •. • ; ' 77, 78

alba var. papynfera, .'..., 73, 74

lenta .....*. '74

lutea ^^

nigra, * 76

populifolia, ' 23, 120

Benzoin aestivale, m

Broussonetia papyrifera, ^^

Calycanthus floridus, ' ' * * 71, 72

Carpinus caroliniana,

Tree or Shrub
Carya : Number

alba

cordif ormis, 66, 67

glabra, ...... 69.70

illinoensis, :.;;; 65,69

lacinosa, .';.'; 70

ovata, 68

Castanea : 67, 68

dentata,

mollissima. 85,86,87,92

pumila, ... 87

Catalpa : 86

bignonioides,

speciosa, [[] ^^> 254

Ceanothus americanus, ^54

Celastrus seandens, ....*.' ^04

Celtis occidentalis, . ,, , 1^

Oephalanthus occidentalis ^^^

Cercis canadensis, ' 256

Chamaecyparis thyoides, .!."..* ^^'^' ^^

Chionanthus virginica ' ^^

Cornus : ' * 246

alternifolia,

eircinata, .... ^1

florida, 217, 221

Mas, .'.".'!.'.'.'!!!!.;; ^^^

paniculata, ^^^

stolonifera 219

Corylus: 218,219

americana,

Avellana, [ * ' ' °^* SI, 82

rostrata, !!......! *^^

Crataegus : 81

coccinea,

Ci-us-galli, .' • ^ 144

punctata, 143, 144, 145

Diervilla : 145

Lonicera,

rosea, '.'.'.'.'. ^"^

Diospyros virginiana, '..*..*.'. ^^

Dirca palustris [[[ 239

Evonymus atropurpureus,' ".'.'.'.','..[ -, o« ?J^

Epigaea repcns, ... 186, 187

Fagus : 229

grandifolia,

sylvatica 83, 84

Tree or Shrub
Number

Fraxinus : 241, 242, 244

americana, 245

excelsior, 243

lanceolata, 244, 245

nigra, 242, 243

pennsylvanica, 230

Gaultheria procumbens,

Gaylussacia : 232

baocata, " 231, 232

f rondosa, i

Ginkgo biloba, 168

Gleditsia triacanthos, •• 165,166

Gymnocladus dioica, ^25

Hamamelis virginiana, 240

Hibiscus syriacus, 12I

Hydrangea arborcscens, •• 213

Hypericum prolificum

Hex : 183

monticola, 181

opnea, .182, 183, 184

verticillata,

Juglans : .... 62, 63, 64

cinerea, ' * ' * " 63

nigra ^

regia,

Juniperus : 40

chinensis, .,.!.*...*. 39, 41

communis, 41

rigida, 38, 39, 40

virginiana,

Kalmia : ... 227

angustifolia, 226, 227

latifolia, 133

Kerria japonica,

Larix : 20, 21

decidua, "" 19

laracina, " * ' 22

leptolepis, ^

siberica,

Ligustrum : 248

ovalifolium, 247, 248

vulgnre,

Liquidambar : 127

f ormosana, ' * 1^

Styraciflua, '] 118

LirioUendron tulipifera,

•ill
Ml

Tree or Shrub

Lonicera : Number

canadensis,

dioica .*.'!.*.*.*.'.* ^"^^

japonica, .'.".*.*.* ^^-^

tartarica, * 262

Lycium Halimifolium* .....'. ^60

Lyonia ligustrina, ^^

Madura pomifera, ^28

Magnolia : 112

acuminata t^»»^-.

tripetala, .* ^^^' "4, 115, 116

virginiana,. .......;: 115

Morus : • • 114

alba,

rubra, ^^^

Myrica asplenifolia, ......,...', ■*^^' ^^^

Nemopanthus mucronata, -f^

Nyssa sylvatica .*.'.'.'.'.* ,

Ostrya virginiana, ^^^

Oxydendron arboreum, .........' „p

Paulownia tomentosa. . . ?^

Picea: 2o2

Abies,

canadensis oo oa '^^

mariana, .... ^' ^^* 27

K;":.::::;::::::::::;|:-----'--"-" ^«-'«

sitdiensis 24, 25

Philadelphus coronarius', '.*.*.*.*.".' - ^

Physocarpus opulifolius '.*.* ™

Pinus : lo^

austriaca,

Banksiana, ..".*..!!! q

Cembra, * * °» ^

oontorta, !!!.!!!.!!. ^^

densiflora * * .,- J

echinata, lo, 14

edulis, .*.'.*!.*.*.'.'.' %a ^

excelsa .*..'.'.*.*.*.* 16, 18

montana, .*!!*..'*.!!

ponderosa, '.'.'.'.'. ^

pungens, ^

ZT"" -;::::::::::::::;:::::: 7,10,1'

sfrobus,*;:;:; ^,4,6

2, 18

Tre* or Shrub
Number

Pinua— (Cont'd.)

sylvestris,

Thunbergii

virginiana,

Platanus :

oocidentalis,

orientalis,

Populus :

alba, •

candicans, ^. _^

. deltoidei. *^^' 'm

grandidentata, ""

nigra var. italica,

tremuloides, •

Prunus :

americana, •••

Avium 'i«i

Cerasus,

cuneata, • • * •

pennsylvanica,

10,11,13

14,15

6,9

128
129

60
58

59
55,66

163

];>er8ica.

161
162
159
164

s;;otrna,::::: ^^^-'^'JS'IS

virginiana, ^**^* ^

Psedera quinquefolia, ^

Pseudotsuga taxifolia ^Z^

Ptelea trifoUata, ^*^

Pyrus:

americana.

139

arbutifolia, iS

aucuparia, -q- -««

Communis i^

S~nf':. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::■•:■•" i36.im

melanocarpa,

Quercus:

alba, ■

^*~y ;;:;;; 96,97,98

coccinea, ^ ' -

f alcata,

ilicifolia,

99
100
101

Imbricaria, gg qq

macrocarpa,
Muhlenbergii,

•••••••••

•••»•••••••

palustria *^ ilS

phtUos,

••••••••••••••

••••••

.01
102

Tree or Shrub
Number

prinoides, g^

P^i°"«' .*..';.'!.*: 92,93

'"^f^; 95,96,97

stellata, q\

velutina, .'.*!.'].*! 97

Rhamnus lanceolata, .!......* 203

Rhododendron :

maximum 114^ 225, 226

nudiflorum, 224

viscosum, ' 000

Rhus: -^

canadensis, 2»yg

copallina, [[[] j^q

Ck)tinus, !*.!!.'! 180

^^^r\ •: !;;.'!;;; .175, 176. 177

Toxicodendron, yjg j-q

typhina. ;:;;;;; 173; 175

typhma form laciniata, 174

^.^^^'•"»^ ;.* 177,178

Ribes :

Cynosbati 123, 124

rotundifolium, ' j24

Robinia :

Pseudo-Acacia 1^8, 169, 170

viscosa, 209

Rosa :

blanda, jU4

Carolina, .' ' 155

humilis, jjjg

rubiginosa, jgg

Rubus :

allegheniensis, 150

hispidus, 151

idaes var. aculeatissimus, 14^, 147

occidentalis, 147' 143

odoratus, I49

phoenicolasius, 148

villoeus, * 152

Salix :

amygdalina, qO

babylonica, 47

discolor, *.*. . 61,54

fragilis 48

humilis, 54

nigra, 46

Tree or Shrub
Number

40
purpurea, gX

trilS^:::::::::.■::■.::•■■•:■■"•":■•:"■••■"■•" 62,m

"""caTadLsis m. 139.271.^2

racemosa, -^^

Sassafras variifolium,

Smilax : ^j,

glauca, j2

rotundifolia, Jm

Solanum Dulcamara, -^^

Spiraea: ^9^ ivy

salidfolia 132

tomentosa, ^ q-

Staphylea trifolia, ^°*

Symphoricarpos : gea

orbiculatus, ^q^

racemosus, ^ 249

Syringa \nilgaris, «.

Taxodium distichum, ***

Taxus : 4^

baccata, ^ ^g

canadensis, 255

Tecoma radicans,

Tilia- . 209,211

amencana, gi 1

grandifolia, gio

heterophylla, 212

parvifolia,

Thw: 36,37

occidentalis, '37

orientalis, „« ^ 270

Tsuga canadensis, ****' '

U'mus: 103,104.105

americana, ^^'* ^^g

campestris. ^^4

^"i^«' ::::; m

pumila, JQ0

racemosa,

Vaccinium : <^

atrococcum, 2^

corymboBum, • j^

pennsylvanicum, ^g

stamineum, «^

Tacillans,

^Tree or Bhiob

Vibumiiiii ;

acerifolimn, ,^

alnifolimn, i!!!!!'.; 25

ca8sinoide«, "JJ

dentatum, ^

pmnifoliam, ^»^e»,m

aesdvalis 2fy7 2rti

cordifolia, So

labrasca, !!!!!'.!! 2nft

Zanthoxylum americanum, .........*..*.*.'.'!.']]*"* rrn

END OF NUMBER

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Full text of "Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 31-33"

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