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BULLETIN No. 113. FEBRUARY, 1901.
ALABAMA. •
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE,
AUBURN.
0/\y^^
Co-operative "Kxperimentsvsritli
Cotton in 1899-1900.
By J, F. DUGGAR, Agriculturist.
MONTGOMERY, ALA.
BROWN FEINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS
1901.
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Tnos. Williams Wetuiupka
Jonathan Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCIL.
Wm. LeRoy Broun President.
P. H. Mell Director and Botanist.
B. B. Ross Chemist.
C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian.
J. F. DuGGAR Agriculturist.
F. S. Earle Biologist and Horticulturist.
J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist,
J. Q. Burton Second Assistant Chemist.
H. S. Houghton Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm,
R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist.
C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
^^^^^^
CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS
WITH COTTOX IN 1899 and 1900.
BY J. F. DUGGAR.
These experiments were conducted under the direc-
tion of the Agricultural Department of this Station in
1899 and 1900. These tests in 1899 were made by farm-
ers in nineteen localities; the tests made in 1900 were
conducted in eighteen localities, not including in this
count the few experimenters who failed to report results.
The method of conducting the experiments was the
same as in former years. The plots were each one-
eighth acre in area.
The following is the list of those who made experi-
ments in 1899 and 1900 and who reported results.
Name. Post Office. County. Page
Agricultural School. ...Hamilton Marion — 50
Autrey, A Bernej's Talladega — 50
Ballard J. L Jackson Clarke — 40
Bevill, AV. C Bevill Choctaw— 38
Borland, T. M.. Dothan Henry— 46
Chappell, C. A Dillburg Pickens— 51
Cbism, W. T Vick Bibb— 20
Culver, J. W Jackson Clarke — 40
Cunningham, E. L Furman Wilcox — 11
Cory, A. F .Evergreen Conecuh — 52
Baffin, E. J Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa — 17
Duncan, J. S Maple Grove Cherokee — 13
Experiment Station. . . .Auburn Lee — 24
Foster, J. D Auburn Lee — 27
French, J. W "Gordo Pickens — 15
Name lN)st Ollice ('ounly l*a«:e.
Tiilioii, W. I-^ (\.llins\ill(' DoKalb— 7
I^mkc, F Tuscunibia (\)l]MM't— 50
I'l'ccnian, (J. W Mai)l(' (Irovc Cherokee? — 13
Harris, Jno. T., Jr.. . .Oak Howery Cliaml^ers — 51
Ingram, W. X Mar\ yii UusseU — 51
In.irram, W. N Opelika Lee— 32
Jarrett, K. II Sterrett Slielby— 51
Jones, T. K Gre(Misl)oro Hale — 51
Mason, C. U Wilson Escambia — 44
McClure, G. L Garland Butler— 43
Melton, E Huo:ent Fayette — 19
McAlpine, J. K Boligee Greene — 50
Mc-Intvre, P. M Abbeville Henry— 52
Purifoy, W. M Snow Hill Wilcox— 10
Rivers, C. E Hnrt^boro Knssell— 35
Bouse, D. II Greenville Butler — 52
Slaton, J. P Notasuli»a Macon — 21
Thomason, T. J.. .Kaylor or Kaubui-n. . . . Randolph — 29
Trover, A. M Calhoun Lowndes — 36, 52
Watkins, J. C Burn Corn ^Monroe— 33
Wcems, J. A Union Springs Bullock — 52
THE FERTILIZERS USED.
These consisted of high grade acid phosphate guaran-
teed to contain at least 14 per cent, of available phos-
phoric acid.
The following . table gives the plan of the experiment
and the composition of the fertilizers employed :
Founds per acrk of fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and
potash used, and composition of each mixture.
o
o
1
2
4
•6
7^
•i
10
Fertilizers.
o
a
u
0)
c
3
o
Kind.
MIXTURE CONTAINS.
1
on
■ O
'H.'^
a, o
"
^ 03
C
^
(D
s ^
be
o
c3
-i-i
• — "
< a
O
^_
-^
P-i
Lbs.
200
240
200
200
2(
240
200
2C0
240
200
200
240
200
200
240
IlO
Cotton seed meal
In 100 Jhs. s. c. meal. "^'
Acid phosphate
In 100 lbs. acid phos
Kainit
In 100 lbs kainit.
(Jotton seed meal. . . .\
lAcid phosphate .... \
I In 100 lbs. above mixt.
iCotton seed meal. . . .}
Kainit . . . ' f
In 100 lbs. above mixt
Acid phosphate /
Kainit f
In ICO lbs. above mixt
Cotton seed meal . .
Acid phosphate
Kainit
In 100 lbs above mixt
Cotton seed meal. . . . )
.Acid phosphate >
Kainit )
In 100 lbs. above mixt
Lbs.
13.58
6.79
13.58
3.09
J3 58
3.39
Lbs.
5.76
2 88
36 12
15.05
18 58
2.12
13 58
2.59
41.88
9.52
5.76
1.44
8.21
41 88
6.54
41 88
7.75
Lbs.
3 54
I 77
24 60
12.30
3 54
.80
28 14
7.03
5.59
28.14
4.39
15 84
2.93
u
3
4—1
c a>
O ..
O
$ 19.00
12.50
13 75
15 45
16 38
!3 f9
14 94
15 11
* Average of many analyses.
+ Counting all the phosphoric acid in cotton seed meal as
available.
2-113
G
'I'lKtsc r:inii('i-s \\li(» art' more ju-cusIoiikmT to tin* woi-J
aiiimoiiia limn to ilu^ tfU'iu iiitrog(Mi, can change? (lie
ligiiirs for nilr(»g('n into their aniiiionia equivalents by
multiplying by 1 {\.
Tlie phosphate and cotton seed >Nere purchastMi at
niarkci ])rices. Most of the kainit >vas donated by the
CJernian Kali AA'orks.
In determining the increase over the unfertilized
plots, the yield of the fertilized plots, Nos. 4, 5, G and 7,
is compared with both unfertilized plots, Ij'ing on either
side, giving to each unfertilized X)lot a weight inversely
proportional to its distance from the plot under com-
parij«-on. This method of comparison tends to compen
sate for variations in the fertility of the several plots.
It should be remembered that seasons, as well as soils*
determine the effects of fertilizers, so that to be abso-
lutely reliable a fertilizer experiment should be repeated
for several years on tlie same kind of soil. Abnormal
weather conditions in 1S99 and 1900 resulted in an un-
usually large proportion of inconclusive experiments.
THE WEATIIEK IN 1899 and 1900.
The following data are taken from the records of the
.vlabama Section of the AVeatlier Bureau for 1S99 and
1900 and give average results of a number of stations:
1899. 1900.
Kainfall for April, inches 2.80 9.00
Kainfall for Mav, inches 2.03 2.64
l^ainfall for June, inches 2 54 11.80
Iiainfall for July, inches G.7() 4.93
iiainfall for August, inches 3. OS 2.89
Kainfall for September, inches GO 4.00
Kainfall for October, inches 2,18 5. 04
Kainfall for November, inches 3.04 3.88
It will be seeu from the above that the spring and
early summer of 1899 were very dvj. Complaints of
drought in that 3'ear were general. In 1900 an exces-
sive precipitation in April and June greatly injured
crops, and in addition there was in many localities a
severe drought in August.
Two uiore unfaVora])le seasons in immediate succes-
sion seldom occur.
Kxr'KRniF.xTs :\rAi»E r.Y w. f. fultox, lakimoke ok
coLLixsvirj.i:, dekalb couxty.
I)(irL- f/rai/, iiiiihdio, or rcdcJlsJt^ stiff soil; suhsoil red
clay.
An experiment Avith cotton has been conducted on this
farm in Big Wills Valley for three years in succession on
land cleared about three-quarters of a century ago. The
crop preceding the cotton experiments of both 1899 and
1900 was corn. The early i^art of the summer of 1899
was rather dry; in 1900 "from the time the cotton was
planted until it was laid by my notes show almost con-
tinuous rain, — the wettest season in the knowledge of
the oldest inhabitant.-'
The results for 1898 Avere printed in Bulletin No. 102.
Those for 1899 and 1900 are given in the following table:
8
Larimorc or CollinsviUc experiment with cotton.
1
2
3
4
8
9)
10
Fertilizers.
•
0^
Ih
c
cJ
u,
d)
a
•
o
4->
c
■4^
o
o
s
Pu,
<^
Kind.
1899
1900
c
o
rn
o
o oj
m — .
c
o
o
o
a> ID
o
O 0/
c: •—
200
240
00
200
200
240
200
200
240
200
00
200
240
200
200
240
100
Cotton seed meal . . .
Acid pliosphate
No fertilizer
Kainit
Cotton seed meal . .
A-cid pho-jphate
Cotton seed meal. . . . /
Kainit S
Acid phosphate
Kainit
No fertilizer -.
Cotton seed meal. . .
Acid i)hosphate
Kainit
Cotton seed meal. . .
Acid phosphate. . . .
Kainit
J.bs.
648
760
440
648
Lbs.
208
320
"205'
Lbs.
544
880
544
666
880
431
1120
736
287
920
856
•404
1064
456
608
976
520
1208
912
456
1032
Lbs.
0
336
' 107 '
550
337
468
600
4:'4
Increase of seed cotton per acre ^yllen cotton seed meal
was added:
1899 1900
To unfertilized plot 208 lbs. 0 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 114 lbs. 214 lbs.
To kainit plot . 82 lbs. 230 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot.llG lbs. 132 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed
meal 130 lbs. 144 lbs.
9
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 320 lbs. 336 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot .126 lbs. 550 lbs.
To kainit plot 233 lbs. 263 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit
plot -.233 lbs. 263 Ibs.^
Average increase with acid phos-
phate 219 lbs. 378 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 205 lbs. 107 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 79 lbs. 337 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 84 lbs. • 132 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phos-
phate plot 86 lbs. • 50 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 116 lbs. 157 lbs
The principal need of this soil, clearly shown in each
of three tests, is for phosphate, which has paid a large
profit, whether employed alone or in combination with
any of the other materials. The increase attributable
to phosphate in each of the three years is respectively
464, 219, and 378 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Cot-
ton seed meal usually increased the yield more than
enough to cover its cost, the averages for the 3 years
being respectively 152, 130, and 144 pounds of seed cot-
ton. Its relatively slight effect suggests the advisabili-
ty of reducing the amount of cotton seed meal, of which
about half as much as of phosphate might be used for
cotton.
Kainit was the least beneficial on this soil of the in-
f^redients of the complete fertilizer and the figures indi-
cate that its addition to the jiiixture of phosphate and
kainit was not profitable.
KXPJlltlMKNT NlAlU: I'.V \V. M. PUKIFOY, li .MILKS NOllTll-
KAST OF SNOW IIILL^ WILCOX COUNTY.
n////r hdhf prairie; .mhsoil^ irhilc rotten limcstont'.
This oxpcriiiu'iit was made in 1891) on land espe-
cially favorable to the development of black rust of cot-
ton. The land was not broken until May 25, when it
was bedded with a one-horse pfow. "Many stalks had
nothing on them on account of coming up too late. Ex-
treme drought ruined the experiment."
The table on page 11 gives the yields and the sub-
joined analysis of results of Mr. Purifoy's tests, both in
1808 and 1809, shows the increase attributable to each
fertilizer, when used alone or in combinations under cot-
ton growing on poor white prairie soil.
Increase of seed cotton i^er acre when cotton seed
meal Avas added :
1898. vS99.
To unfertilized plot 128 lbs. 144 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 27 lbs. IG lbs.
To kainit plot 227 lbs. 144 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. 141 lbs, 128 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed
meal.. .. : 131 lbs. 100 lbs.
Increase of seed cotinn per acre Avhen acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 200 lbs. 208 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 99 lbs. 48 lbs.
To kainit plot 209 lbs. 240 lbs.
To cotton seed meal ajid kainit plot . 123 lbs. 224 lbs.
Average increase with acid phos-
phate 158 lbs. 180 s
11
Increase of seed cottou per acre when kaiuit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 27 lbs. 0 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 72 lbs. 0 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 18 lbs. 32 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phos-
phate plot 96 lbs. 176 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 41 ibs. 52 lbs.
In the above paragraphs the results of Mr. Purifoy^s
experiment in 1898 are republished to show the close cor-
respondence between the results of the two years, both
tending to indicate that the phosphate was more benefi-
cial than cotton seed meal and that kainit was of least
effect.
Snoiv Hill and Funnan experiments icith cotton on
white bald prairie.
Fertilizkr^.
SNOW 1[ILL
1899.
FL'RMAX
]900.
o
a>
Kind.
c
o
o .
a>
o
<1J
If.
m • —
si rz
a I'
'Cotton seed meal.
A.cid phosphate. . .
,Xo fertilizer
'Kainit
iCotton seed meal.
j Acid phosphate . .
Cotton seed meal.
Kainit
JAcid phosphate. . .
JKainit , . . . .
Xo fertilizer . . . .
Cotton seed meaj.
Acid phosphate. . .
Kainit
ICotton seed meal.
Acid phosphate. . .
Kainit
s
•}
■}
144
208
00
00
192
144
240
00
368
416
144
208
'.'.' .o'
192
144
240
368
416
Us.
480
480
400
376
664
488
616
416
624
616
Lhs.
80
SO
-27
258
79
204
208
200
12
EXPERIMENT MADE IN 1900 BY E. L. CUNNINGHAM, 6 MIIeS
EAST OF FURMAN, WILCOX COUNTY.
White prairie^ the surface dark gray; subsoil ichite rot-
ten limestone.
The original growth, cleared about 30 or 40 years ago,
is reported as oak and hickory with some short-leaf pine.
The field was in cotton in 1897 and 1898 and unculti-
vated in 1899.
The depth of plowing was 5 or 6 inches. On Plot 5
there was considerable black rust, but very little on
Plots 9 and 10, where a complete fertilizer containing
kainit w^as used. The stand was full and uniform.
There was too much rain.
The yields are given in the tabl^ above.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was added :
To unfertilized plot 80 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot . . 178 lbs.
To kainit plot 106 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 4 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal, - - 92 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was used.
To unfertilized plot 80 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot . . 178 lbs.
To kainit plot 231 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 129 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate, - - 130 lbs
. 13
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot. .". —27 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 1 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 124 lbs.
To seed cotton meal and acid phosphate plot. . . — 50 lbs.
Average increase with kainit, - r - - - 12 lbs.
Mr. Cunningham's experiment, like both of the tests-
made by Mr. Purifoy, on the same class of land, white
prairie, indicates that phosphate was most needed. The
largest yield was made with a mixture of cotton seed
meal and phosphate. Kainit did not increase the yield,
though it did seem to somewhat restrain the rust on
Plots 9 and 10.
It should be noted that white prairie soil was not
very responsive to commercial fertilizers and that none
of these paid a very large profit.
Although phosphate was undoubtedly useful in each
of these experiments, its effects were far less notable
than the favorable influence that is exerted by adding
suitable vegetable matter to this class of soils. We can-
not yet recommend the use of phosphate on these soils,
believing that the same money invested in the seed of
melilotus or of other renovating plant would be more
profitably spent.
EXPERIMENTS MADE BY J. S. DUNCAN ON G. W. FREEMAN^S-
FARM, 1^ MILES SOUTHWEST OF MAPLE GROVE,
CHEROKEE COUNTY.
In 1899 the test was made on gray sandy upland, with
red subsoil ; in 1900 6n light alluvial second bottom of
a dark gray color, with red subsoil. Both fields had
been cleared for more than a quarter of a century. The
14
Cotton expcriiuenl of ISO!) was preceded by cotton, that
•of 1900 by corn.
In ISOO the snnnner was excc^SKively dry, in 1900 ex-
cessively wet.
Maple Grove cxpcriniait wilh cotton.
'A
o
FUKTII.IZIIKS,
o
Kind
MA TLB GliOVE.
1899
MAFLE GROVE.
1900
O
-t-l
. o
a a
a; N
c: .—
^ 3
C
o
c
O) CI
a; 53
en
o
" 0/
v; —
1
o
3
4
5
6
7
8
/As. I I ^^'•^•
'200 Cotton seed meal , 800
•_>40 'Acid pho-phate | 752
00 JNo fertilizei" j f521
200 iKainit ; 6)6
i?00
Cotton seed meal. .
10
240 Acid pliosphate . . ,
200 Cotton seed meal.
200 Kainit
240 I Acid phosphate. .
200 Kainit
00 I No fertilizer
200 jCotton seed meal . . . )
240 Acid phosphate J-
200 iKainir. \
200 Cotton seed meal. . . . )
240 Acid phosphate [-
100 Kainit i
[
960
roi
776
800
1024
J^92
Lhn.
176
128
—43
2GB
175
12
224
192
1030
932
816
920
992
1032
1024
804
1080
1032
IM.
220
116
lOO'
181
223
218
276
228
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal "^\as added :
1899.
To unfertilized plot 17G lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 138 lbs.
To kainit plot 218 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. 212 lbs.
1900.
220 lbs.
G5 lbs.
117 lbs.
58 lbs.
7\veraqe increase with cotton seed
meal 186 lbs.
tl5 lbs.
15
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To nnfertilized plot 128 lbs. 116 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 90 lbs. —39 lbs.
To kalnit plot 55 lbs. 112 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. 49 lbs. 53 lbs.
Average increase with acid phos-
phate 81 lbs. 61 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot —13 lbs. lOG lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 1 lb. 3 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 116 lbs. 102 lbs.
To cotto^ seed meal and acid phos-
fjhate plot — 12 lbs. 95 lbs.
Average increase (or decrease[— ])
with kainit --5I 77 lbs.
In both years cotton seed meal was the most import-
ant fertilizer for cotton; phosphate afforded a small
increase, possibly because of abnormal weather condi-
tions ; kainit was useless on upland in 1899 and scarcely
profitable in 1900 on second bottom land.
EXPERIMENT MADE BY .J. W. FRENCH^ 3 MILES NORTH OF
GORDO^ PICKENS COUNTY.
This test was conducted in 1899 on gray upland, and
In 1900 on dark sandy upland, both having red subsoils,
rather retentive of water. The cotton experiment of
1899 was preceded by corn, that of 1900 by cotton. In
both cases the tests were on old fields, cleared of pines
and reclaimed four to seven years before the experi-
ments began.
The former season Avas exceedingly dry; the latter,
^^the most unfavorable ever known, first too wet and
then too dry." The stand was reported as excellent-
16
Gordo experiment ivith cotton.
c
c
oi
Feriii izers.
a;
o
a
c
3
O
KiSD.
1899.
1900.
c
o
o
« a;
o
tfi —
« :::
c
o
o
o
V. • —
3
4
8
9
10
Lhs.
200
240
00
200
200
210
20<)
200
240
200
00
200
240
200
200
240
100
Cotton seod me;il
Acid phosphate. .
No fertilizer
Kainit
Cotton seed meal
Acid phosphate .
Cotton seed meal
Kainit
Acid phosphate .
Kainit
No fertilizer . . . .
Cotton seed meal
Acid phosphate .
Kainit
l3otton seed meal
\cid phosphate. .
Kainit.
Lbs.
536
848
336
360
944
528
736
261
1032
928
Lbs.
200
512
"38"
Lbs.
696
568
384
400
637
728
235
584
•
458
552
40S
868
888
664.
818
Lbs.
312
184
li'
335
186
149
480
440
Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen cotton seed
meal was added:
1899.. 1900.
To unfertilized plot 200 lbs. 312 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 125 lbs. 151 lbs.
To kainit plot 197 lbs. 175 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. . . .410 lbs. 331 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal, 238 lbs. 242 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added:
To unfertilized plot 512 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 437 lbs.
To kainit plot 420 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . . 633 lbs.
184 lbs.
23 lbs.
138 lbs.
294 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate, 501 lbs. 160 lbs.
17
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 38 lbs. 11 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 35 lbs. — 126 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 54 lbs. — 35 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot 231 lbs. 145 lbs.
Average increase with l<ainit, - - 63 lbs. —I lb.
Phosphate was the material of most importance for
the gray soil and it was also needed on the darker soil.
Cotton seed meal was first in importance in 1900 and
second in 1899. Kainit was useless except in a complete
fertilizer, in which combination it was slightly profit-
able, but never so important as phosphate or cotton seed
meal.
Experiment Conducted by E. J. Daffin, 3 miles s. of
Tuscaloosa^ Tuscaloosa County.
This test was made in 1900 on the F. S. Moody farm.
The soil is described as second bottom, sandy, and of a
reddish gTay color; the subsoil, as red clay. The origi-
nal growth, removed more than half a century ago, is
sweet gum, black gum, persimmon, and sassafras. The
preceding crop Avas cotton.
June and July brought an excessive rainfall, interfer-
ing with cultivation and August was very dry. There
were 1,065 plants per eighth-acre plot. "Ked rust" was
reported as injurious alike on all plots.
••' Both cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, whether
used alone, or in any combination, greatly increased
the yield and afforded a good profit. Kainit was prac-
tically ineffective except in combination with the other
two fertilizers, where it seems to have increased the
yield to a profitable extent ; the complete fertilizer, con-
IS
taininu kainil (Plot 11 1 allonlin^an iiicrca.sc <;i'(*akT by
23(1 pouiuLs of seed eoKon \>ev acre llian llie increiiieiit
where only jdiospliatt,' and meal were \is(^{\ iou^edier.
(riot 5.)
Tnei-ea>>e ol" seed cotton i)er acre wlien cotton seed
meal was added :
To nnlVi'lilizcd j.lot 21G lbs.
To acid pliosi)liate plot 350 lbs.
To kainit plot 250 lbs.
To acid jdiosphale and kainit plot 520 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 340 lbs.
Jncri*ase ol' seed col ion |k'1' aci'e when acid ])iiosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 152 lbs.
To cotton seed meal i)lot 202 lbs.
To kainit plot 1 Si) Ibs^
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 450 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 273 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit- was
added :
To unfertilized plot 2(> lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot bJ) lbs.
To acid phosphate plot (13 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid ]>hos]>liaic 23(> lbs.
Average increase with kainit 99 lbs.
3Ir. Daftin also conducted similar tests in 1S07 and
1808 on red sand}' npland, with red cla}^ subsoil, t^\'o and
one-half miles east of Tuscaloosa. In both years jihos-
phatc was by far the chief need of that soil, but both cot
ton seed meal and kairtit afforded considerable increase,
so ihat the i^reatest profit was obtained by the use of a
complete fci'filizer containini; all three of these ma-
terials.
EXPKIUMKXT MADE IX 1899 BY E. MeLTOX, OXE MILE
WEST OF HUGENT, FaYETTE COUXTY.
Darlc or '^'' muJatto" soil, tcith red clay ■subsoil.
The original growth, removed about 50 years ago, is
reported "as short-leaf pine, oak, and hickory. The three
l^receding crops were corn. The plants were free from
rust.
As shown in the d(.'tailed statement below, phos-
phate Avas the fertilizer chiefly needed by this soil, and
its use, alone and in ever}' combination, was highly
profitable, the average increase attributable to phosphate
being 3G4 pounds of seed cotton i)er acre. Cotton seed
meal was next in importance, affording an average in-
crease of 168 pounds per acre.
The most profitable fertilizer was a mixture of acid
phosphate and cotton seed meal. Kainit was not
needed.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was used:
To unfertilized plot 128 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 160 lbs.
To kainit plot 176 lbs.
To acid phospliate and kainit plot 208 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 168 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 100 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot • * 432 lbs.
To kainit plot 296 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 328 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate. 364 lbs.
20
liicroaso of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added:
To unfertilized plot 72 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 120 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 32 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . . IG lbs.
Average increase with kainit 44 lbs.
ExrEUlMKXTS CONDUCTKI) P.Y W. T. ChISM, 1 MILE SOUTH-
EAST OF ViCK^ Bibb County.
Both experiments were conducted on dark gray sandy
or loamy branch bottom soil, rather retentive of mois-
ture. The earlier experiment was preceded by corn, the
later one bv cotton.
The field had been cleared about 75 years and the origi-
nal growth is reported as sweet gum, red and white oak,
hickory, ash, poplar, cucumber tree, and a few short-leaf
pines, and chestnuts.
The latter part of the season of 1899 was dry and un-
favorable and in 1900 there was almost continuous wet
weather during the season of cultivation. The soil was
worked June 25, 1900, when too wet, by which the ex-
perimenter reports that the crop was greatly damaged.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was used.
1899. 1900.
To unfertilized plot : 256 lbs. 62 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 96 lbs. 77 lbs.
To kainit plot 214 lbs. 100 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. ... 92 lbs. 15 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal. 172 lbs. 64 lbs.
21
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 104 lbs. 24 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 56 lbs. 39 lbs.
To kainit plot 116 lbs. 78 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . — 24 lbs. — 7 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate, 35 lbs- 34 ibs.
' Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot . . —24 lbs. —1 lb.
To cotton seed meal plot — 32 lbs. 37 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 12 lbs. 53 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot —16 lbs. —9 lbs.
Average increase with i<ainit —20 Ibs. 20 Ibs.
In 1900 cotton seed meal was the only fertilizer that
was very effective. In 1899 none of them were decided-
ly beneficial. On account of the extremely unfavorable
weather in both years, it is probable that neither experi-
ment indicates the real needs of this soil, so that we
must place these tests in the class of inconclusive experi-
ments.
Experiment made in 1899 by J. P. Slaton^ 7 miles
SOUTH OF NOTASULGA AND 7 MILES N. E. OF
TusKEGEE^ Macon County.
Gray sandy Mj)landy icitli retentive red clay siibsoil:
The field was originally cleared about 75 years ago,
and cleared of the second gro^i:h about 12 years ago.
The original growth was long leaf pine and oak. The
preceding crop was cotton.
The cotton did not come up until the first of June and
3-113
22
this late start may have kept the fertilizers from exert-
in<; their full effect. The stand was jrood.
As sh(>\vii in the table on pa*^e 23 and in the detailed
statements below, pliospliate and cotton schhI meal Avere
both elTective in nearly every combination. Kainit was
not needed.
^Iv. Slaton conducted an experiment in 1898 (see Bul-
letin No. 102) on similar soil. In that year acid phos-
phate and cotton seed meal were even more profitable
than in 1900 and kainit was useless. It seems that this
jrrav soil, with a clav subsoil near at hand, needs only a
mixture of acid phosphate and cotton seed meal to pi^o-
duee a profitable cotton crop.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was added :
To unfertilized plot 192 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 43 lbs.
To kainit plot 110 lbs.
To acid pliosphate and kainit plot 123 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 117 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added : •
To unfertilized plot ITG lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 27 lbs.
To kainit plot 145 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 158 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 127 lbs.
'increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot '. 20 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 62 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — H lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot .... G9 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 4 lbs.
23
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24
Auburn Experiments in 1898, 1899, & 1900, on Experi-
ment Station Farm.
These tests were made on three adjacent areas set
apart for permanent fertilizer experiments with cotton,
corn, and oats. The soil is of the same character on all
three areas, as was also the previous fertilization of
each plot.
All three of the cotton crops were preceded by oats
fertilized like the corresponding cotton plot.
In 1900 each plot received the same fertilizer as in
1898 and 1899. Hence the results should show not only
the immediate effects of fertilizers, but the residual on
cumulative effects, if there are any on this light soil.
Contrary to our usual custom, cowpeas were not sown
after the oats, but instead a thin growth of crabgrass,
rag weed, and poverty weed covered the ground during
the summer and fall following the harvesting of each oat
crop.
Commercial fertilizers, chiefly acid phosphate, had
been liberally, though not lavishly, employed annually
for a number of years before the experiment began.
The soil is a deep sand bed nearly free from stone or
gravel, and the plots occupy the crest of a hill.
The dates of planting were April 15, 1898; April 11,
1899; and April 24, 1900. The stand was nearly per-
fect except in 1900, when there was some slight want of
uniformity, so that the figures for 1900 represent the
yields after being corrected on the basis of an equal num-
ber of plants on each plot.
The Peerless variety was used each year. In 1898
Sblack rust was quite injurious. September 23 it was es-
timated that the plants on the plots on which kainit had
been used had shed 50 to 70 per cent, of their leaves while
25
the plants receiving no kainit had shed 75 to 92 per cent
of their leaves.
The prevalence of black rust probably accounts, at
least in part, for the very favorable showing made by
kainit in 1898, for numerous experiments recorded in
the bulletins of this Station show that kainit generally
decreases the injury from black rust.
Fertilizer experiments luith cotton at Auburn, 1898, 1899 and
1900 on Experiment Station farm.
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Fertilizers.
1898.
1899.
1900.
Kind
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1
2
3
4
6
8
•1
10 1
i6.s.
200
240
00
200
2C0
240
200
200
240
200
00
200
240
200
200
240
100
ICotton seed meal
I Acid phosphate
No fertilizer
Kainit. ...
Cotton seed meal. . . . (
Acid phosphate (
iCotton seed meal. . . . /
'Kainit \
Acid phosphate /
iKainit . . . S
I No fertilizer
Cotton seed meal. . .
Acid phosphate
Kainit
Cotton seed meal. . . . j
Acid phosphate >
IKainit \
Lbs.
889
853
675
783
1013
1192
1145
655
1177
Lbs.
214
178
Lbs.
1003
Lbs.
234
819 145
774|...
1049 262
122
346 1029 231
529
486
522
1075
1051
883
1152
1055
265
229
Lbs.
379
266
344
360
393
434
246
194
Lbs.
35
-78
"46
109
180
99
319^ 435
422
241
Lbs.
161
82
'i43'
229
325 '
246
361
26
Increase in yield from cottonseed, acid phospJtate, and kainit
on Experiment Station Farm in ISOS. ISUU and 1900.
Increase; lbs. seed cotton
per acre.
Increase of nerd cot'o)i in r acrr irJwre cotton
seed meal was added
To unfertilized ])lot
To acid phosphate plot
To kainit plot
To acid phosphate .-md kainit plot
Average increase with cotton seed meal.
Increase of seed cotton per acre ivliere phos-
phate was added
To unfertilized plot
To cotton seed meal plot
To kainit plot . .
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot
Average increase with acid phosphate. . .
Increase of seed cotton p^'r acre where kainit
ivas add^d
To unfertilized i)lot
To cotton seed meal plot
To acid phosphate j)lot
To cotton seed meal and acid phos. plot. .
Average increase with kaiuit
1898
1899
1900.
Average,
3 years.
Lbs.
Lbs.
214
234
168
86
407
3
3d
90
206
103
Lbs.
35
187
134
219
144
178
132
364
—7
167
122
315
308
176
145
—3
-33
54
41
—78
194
—24
61
Lbs.
161
147
181
115
151
38
235
262
31
84
S8
116
46
145
100
132
106
82
80
102
36
82
143
164
164
132
152
III 1898 the greatest increase in yield was obtained by
the use of a mixture of cotton seed meal and kainit.
This mixture was a close second to the complete ferti-
lizer in 1899 and 1900 and its average increase for the
three years lackc^l only 36 pounds of seed cotton per acre
of equalling the increase due to a complete fertilizer.
Quite unexpectedly, acid phosphate has not been very
effective. If this is due to the accumulation of a suffi-
cient supply of phosphoric acid in the soil from the
phosphate applied annually for many years before the
27
beginning of the experiment, the value of applications of
phosphate should become more marked in future as this
supply is exhausted.
It would be safe to estimate the amount of phosphate
applied annually during the decade before the test be-
gan at 200 pounds per acre or less. Results on most
soils seem to indicate that phosphate is the most im-
portant single fertilizing material for cotton.
Experiments conducted by J. D. Foster, 1 mile south
OF Auburn^ Lee County.
Light sandy loamy gray upland; snhsoil yellowish clay
or loam, not compact.
The experiments of 1899 and 1900 were conducted in
different parts of the same field, on identical soil.
The field, on which the original growth was reported
as long-leaf pine, had -been in cultivation for a great
nianv vears.
The crop preceding the experiment of 1899 was
corn, with drilled cowpeas between the rows. The peas
made only a moderate growth and were grazed in the
fall of 1898.
The stand of cotton was uniform. In 1900 cotton was
planted May 25. The cotton experiment in 1900 occu-
pied the plots that had been used, in 1899 for a similar
fertilizer experiment with corn, (having no cowpeas be-
tween the rows.) Hence the results of the cotton ex-
periment of 1900 should show not only the immediate
effects of each fertilizer, but also the residual or second-
year effects, if there were any lasting benefit from com-
mercial fertilizers used on this light soil.
28
Auburn experiment tvlth cotton on J. J). Foster farm,
,
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Fertilizers.
1809.
1900.
Kind.
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9
200
240
00
200
200
240
200
200
240
200
00
200
240
200
200
240
100
Cotton seed meal
Acid phosphate. . .
No fertilizer
Ivainit
Cotton seed meal.
Acid phosphate. . .
Cotton seed meal.
Kainit
Acid i)hosphate. . .
Kainit
No fertilizer
Cotton seed meal.
Acid phosphate . .
Kainit
Cotton seed meal,
Acid phosphate. . .
Kainit.
Lbs.
616
528
336
520
Lbs.
280
192
"l83"
Lbs.
600
488
360
432
744
405
744
648
307
688
568
225
528
344
328
664
320
726
656
312
688
JM.
240
128
'7»
397
347
194
398
360
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added:
1899. 1900.
To unfertilized plot 280 lbs. 240 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 213 lbs. 269 lbs.
To kainit plot 124 lbs. 268 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. ... 95 lbs. 204 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal, 178 lbs. 245 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 192 lbs. 128 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 125 lbs. 157 lbs.
To kainit plot 42 lbs. 115 1'bs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . 13 lbs. 51 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate, 93 lbs. 113 lbs.
29
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 183 lbs. 79 lbs.
To cotton seed naeal plot 27 lbs. 107 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 33 lbs. 66 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot —85 lbs. lib.
«
Average increase with kainit 39 lbs. 63 lbs.
The figures for the two years agree closely and show
that a larger increase was afforded by cotton seed meal
than by any other single material. The most profitable
of all the fertilizers was a mixture of cotton seed meal
and phosphate. Kainit was unprofitable.
Experiment Conducted by Judge T. J. Thomason, 2
MILES SOUTH OF EaNBURNE (NEAR KAYLOR)^
Kandolph County.
This experiment was made in 1899 on gray land, with
yellow subsoil. The soil is described as table land rather
retentive of moisture. The preceding crop was cotton.
This is the third experiment on a uniform plan con-
ducted by Judge Thomason. (See Bulletin No. 107; p.
274) . If we take the average increase of each fertilizer
under all conditions we have for the entire period of
three years an average increase of 187 pounds of seed
cotton per acre attributable to cotton seed meal, 197 to
phosphate, and only 31 to kainit. The inference is plain
that a mixture of cotton seed meal and phosphate was-
all that cotton needed on this soil, and that the addi-
tion of kainit, at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, was
usually unprofitable. The results for 1899, when kainit
afforded a slight profit, were more favorable to potash
than Avere the results of the two previous tests on this-
soil.
30
rpi
riic f(>ll(>win«i- stiitciiHMits show the av('ra<::o increase
ill vicld for the cut ir(' lUM'iod of tlircc' years.
It
IiHi-case of srt'd totton per acre wlieu cotton sc^'d meal
Avas added :
To iiiifei-j ilized i)l()f . . . ' 217 lbs.
To acid ])liosplia(e ])Io( 187 l])s.
To kaiiiil jdot 15(1 lbs.
To acid pliospliate and kainit plot 238 lbs.
^1^
T'l''
'1^
Average increase with cotton seed meal 187 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton i)er acre wlien acid phosi)hate
Avas added :
To nnfertilized plot 2G4 lbs.
To cotton seed meal i>lot 184 lbs.
To kainit plot 128 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 210 lbs.
•
Avarage increass with acid phosphate 197 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 90 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 29 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 80 lbs.
To acid phosphate and cotton seed meal 54 lbs.
Average Increase with kainit 31 lbs.
ExpEKiMKXT Conducted by T. T. Meadows \ mile
NORTH OF CussETA, Cha:\irers County.
aS'o/7, red, Htoncy; subsoil red clay.
This test, made .'n 1899, is the third experiment con-
ducted on similar soil by ^Ir. ^Meadows. (See Bulletin
No. 107, p. 274.)
Giving attention to the average results for the three
years we find that the principal need of this soil was for
31
acid phosphate, which gave an average increase of 202
pounds of seed cotton per acre. Cotton seed meal was
added to the phosphate with profit, ^but kainit was not
needed.
. The red clay soils of the Metamorphic Region in this
part of the State seem to contain sufficient potash for
the ordinary needs of the cotton crop, though when black
rust is prevalent kainit is beneficial even here.
Statements of the average increase in yield for the
three years follows :
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
To unfertilized plot 109 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 156 lbs.
To kainit plot 161 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 128 lbs.
Average Increase with cotton seed meal 139 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
T-o unfertilized plot 192 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 239 lbs.
To kainit plot 217 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 189 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 202 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot —8 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 43 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 15 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . . — 9 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 10 lbs.
32
ExriOKIMENT CONDUCTED IN 1900 BY W. N. INGRAM, 8
MILES EAST OF OpELIKA, LeE COUNTY.
The description of the land seems to indicate that the
soil was a yellowish loam, with subsoil of somewhat the
same character, and not compact. The original growth
is reported as oak and hickory, which had been removed
about forty years before. The rainfall was excessive in
June. The preceding crop was corn.
The results are not entirely conclusive, but on the
Avhole they show that cotton seed meal' was profitable
and that the returns from the other fertilizers this wet
vear were not satisfactory.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was added:
added :
To unfertilized plot 248 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 30 lbs.
To kainit plot 242 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 180 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 160 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 96 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 182 lbs.
To kainit plot 8T lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 25 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 7 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 29 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 23 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 20 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . .230 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 75 lbs.
33
Kaylor, Cusseta and Opelika experiments tuith cotton
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Fertilizers.
KAYLOR.
1899.
CUSSETA.
1899
OPELIKA.
1900.
Kind,
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1
2
3
4
8
9
10
Lbs.
200
240
00
200
200
240
200
200
240
200
00
200
240
200
200
240
100
Cotton seed meal. .
Acid phosphate . . . .
No fertilizer
Kalnit
Cotton seed meal.)
Acid phosphate. . .
Cotton seed meal.
Kainit
Acid phosphate . . .
Kainit
No fertilizer
Cotton seed meal.
Acid phosphate. . .
Kainit
Cotton seed meal .
Acid phosphate. . .
Kainit
Lbs.
888
848
776
804
Lbs.
112
72
■■'49'
Lbs.
296
456
192
152
Lbs.
104
264
--45
1084
350
504
302
1
944
232
304
97
872
182
472
280
668
216
1
, 1124
456
610
424
1 1140
472
560
344
1
Lbs.
1000
S48
752
800
944
848
1144
1112
Lbs.
248
96
'29"
66
271
116
296
264
Experiment Conducted by J. C. Watkins 1^ miles
NORTH OF Burnt Corn^ Monroe County.
The experiments of 1899 and 1900 were made on poor
jellowish or chocolate-colored upland sandy soil, with
red subsoil. This soil bakes 'badly.
The rainfall in 1900 was excessive. There was no
t)lack rust in either year.
The table on page 34 gives the yields for 1899 and
1900. This is the fourth experiment made by Mr. Wat-
kins according to the present plan. (See Bulletin No.
197, p. 274). Most of the tests have shown that phos-
phate was more important than cotton seed meal and
that kainit only increased the yield; however in 1900
kainit ^^as the most effective fertilizer.
34
The average results for 4 years show that i)liosj)hate
iravo an avora.iro increase of 207, cotton seed meal of 151,
and kainit of 70 ihhuuIs of seed cotton jx^r acre.
Burnt Corn experiments with cotton.
•
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Fertilizers
1899.
1900.
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20)
240
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200
200
240
200
200
240
200
0C»
200
240
200
200
240
100
Cotton seed meal
Acid i)hosphate
No fertilizer
Kainit
Cotton seed meal. . . . }
Acid phosphate i
Cotton seed meal. . . . (
Kainit S
Acid phosphate (
Kainit )
No fertilizer
Cotton seed meal. .. )
Acid phosphate •
Kainit )
Cotton seed meal ....
Acid phosphate
Kainit ...
Lbs.
480
556
264
1 280
1
Lbs.
216
292
""27"
Lbs.
348
456
408
• 528
768
526
492
524
293
588
6S4
465
476
208
368
828
620
648
944
736
532
Lbs.
—60
48
'i28'
100
204
100
28u
164
The following figures refer only to the results ob-
tained in 1900, similar statement for other years having
been previously published:
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
To unfertilized plot —HO lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 52 lbs.
To kainit plot 70 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 180 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 62 lbs.
35
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 48 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 100 lbs.
To kainit plot —28 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 76 lbs.
Average increase with acid phospiiate 64 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 128 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 264 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 52 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot .... 180 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 155 lbs.
Experiment made by C. E. Kivers, ^ miles s. of
HuRTSBORO, Russell County.
Dark sandy soil, ivitli ijcUoio suhsoiL
This test was made in 1900 on flat land that might be
designated as second bottom.
The land had been cleared about 40 years ago of its
original gTOAvth of long leaf pine, but for many years
before the experiment began it had been uncultivated
and had grown up in broomsedge. The date of planting
was late and it was noted that many bolls, especially on
Plots 9 and 10, did not mature.
Phosphate under all conditions Avas highly profitable.
The average increase with cotton meal was not quite
sufficient to yield a profit ; this poor showing of cotton
seed meal is probably due to the fact that considerable
vegetable matter and nitrogen must have accumulated
on the land while it was uncultivated. On fields in
36
constant cultivation some cotton seed meal would doubt-
less have been profitable. Kainit was slic^htly helpful
and as a part of a complete fertilizer, containing all
three materials, kainit paid a fair profit.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was added :
To unfertilized plot 154 lbs.
To acid phosplmte plot 30 lbs.
To kainit plot 14 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 27 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 56 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 240 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 116 lbs.
To kainit plot 274 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 287 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 229 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre w^hen kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 83 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 57 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 117 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . .114 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 64 lbs.
Experiment made in 1899 by A. M. Troyer^ f of a mile
N. OF Calhoun^ Lowndes County.
The soil is described as a loam fairly retentive of wa-
ter and as being of a very light reddish color, with bright
red su'bsoil. The second growth of trees, removed about
5 years ago, w^as short leaf and old field pine. In 1896
37
and 1897 this field was not cultivated, and in 1898 the
crop was oats.
Under all conditions acid phosphate was highly profit-
able, the average increase attributable to phosphate be-
ing 434 pounds per acre. Cotton seed meal was gener-
ally profitable, but not to the same extent as phosphate.
Kainit was not needed. By far the larger profit was ob-
tained on the plot containing both acid phosphate and
cotton seed meal.
Mr. Troyer also conducted an experiment in 1900 oq
similar soil, the results of which were entirely incon-
clusive. They may be found in the table on page 52 .
In 1900 he also tested the most promising combina-
tions of fertilizers on an adjoining farm, on very sandy
soil.
The fertilizer for this last test was not furnished by
the Experiment Station and a detailed report of the
amounts of fertilizer used is not at hand.
The following is Mr. Troyer's statement of the in-
crease in yield in 1900 on his sandy soil, where the un-
fertilized land yielded 384 pounds of seed cotton per
acre :
Increase per acre in
lbs. seed cotton. Net profit.
Cotton seed meal 144 |2.40
Acid phosphate 48 .16
Kainit 112 2.88
Cotton seed meal and phosphate . . . 176 1 . 76
Cotton seed meal, phosphate
and kainit 320 5.28
Apparently on this sandier soil a complete fertilizer
was needed, kainit, as well as other materials, yielding a
profit.
4-113
38
The increased yields obtained in llie experiment at
Calhoun in 1899 are given below:
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
To unfertilized plot 312 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 267 lbs.
To kainit plot 187 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot — 138 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 157 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen acid phosphate
was added.
To unfertilized plot 482 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 437 lbs.
To kainit plot ^'^1 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 240 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 434 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 107 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 18 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 196 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. .—209 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 19 lbs.
Experiment :made by W. C. Bevill in 1899 near Na-
HEOLA, Choctaw County.
This experiment was made on upland soil of a "dark
mulatto" color, with red clay subsoil. The three pre-
ceding crops were cotton. The field had been cleared
about 50 years and the original gro\^i:h is reported as
long leaf pine, short leaf pine, oak, and gum.
There was no rust or other injury except from severe
39
drought, which reduced the yield to about half a crop,
and which probably makes the experiment nearly value-
less as an indication of the needs of the cotton plant on
this soil in normal seasons.
Under the conditions of this test no fertilizer was very
effective, though the increase with cotton seed meal was
sufficient to pay a small profit.
Mr. Bevill conducted an experiment in 1898 on w^hat
appeared to be similar soil. In that year cotton seed
meal gave a large increase in yield, phosphate a smaller
though profitable increment, and kainit an increase
barely sufficient to afford a small profit. In 1898 as wel 1
as in 1899 unfavorable weather vitiated the experiment,
and it is doubtful whether the results for either vear
show the full effect that any of the three fertilizers
would exert in normal seasons.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
To unfertilized plot 56 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 178 lbs.
To kainit plot 114 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 172 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 130 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 32 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 154 lbs.
T o kainit plot — 25 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 33 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate ,49 lbs.
40
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 13 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot Tl lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 44 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phospliate ph)t. . . — 50 lbs.
Average increase with kainit — 3 lbs.
Experiment made un the farm of the South East
Alabama Agricultural School, Jack-
son^ Clarke County.
Stiffs dark red, or ''mulatto'^ soil; subsoil, red clay.
The experiment of 1899 w^as conducted by J. L. Bal-
lard, that of 1900 by Prof. J. W. Culver. The field con-
sisted of upland, cleared at least 10 years before the ex-
periment began of its growth of long leaf and short leaf
pine and oak. The land used for the experiment of 1900
had hen pastured for two years. No report was made
of crops preceding the experiment of 1900.
The results of the two experiments may be found in
the table on page 42 and in the analysis of that table
given below.
In 1899 phosphate w^as by far the most effective fer-
tilizer, though both cotton seed meal and kainit, as w^ell
as phosphate, were profitable when employed in a com-
plete fertilizer.
In 1900, on ground not fertilized for several years
previous to the experiment, all three fertilizing materials
w^ere exceedingly effective, all being of practically equal
importance. This soil is unusually responsive to com-
mercial fertilizers. A complete fertilizer afforded much
the largest profit, both in 1899 and 1900.
41
Increase of seed cotton per acre when seed meal was
added :
1899. 1900.
To unfertilized plot 136 lbs. 112 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 90 lbs. 179 lbs.
To kainit plot —146 lbs. 356 lbs.
To acid prosphate and kainit plot . . 500 lbs. 855 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal, 103 lbs. 376 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 336 lbs. 176 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 110 lbs. 243 lbs.
To kainit plot —7 lbs. 234 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. . .639 lbs. 733 lbs.
Average increasB with acid phosphate, 269 lbs. 347 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton loer acre when kainit was
used:
To unfertilized plot 115 lbs. 79 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 167 lbs. 323 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 228 lbs. 137 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot 362 lbs. 813 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 21 lbs. 334 lbs.
Several experiments had been made previously on this
farm. That of 1898 showed acid phosphate to be the
•most valuable single fertilizer, but that both kainit and
cotton seed meal afforded such an increase as to make
the complete fertilizer — ^which contained all three — the
most profitable of all applications.
In 1897, when drought prevailed, only cotton seed
meal was very effective.
Clearly a complete fertilizer is profitable on this soil,
which lends itself readily to intensive farming.
42
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43
Experiments made by G. S. McClure, 2 miles east of^
Garland, Butler County.
Gray sandy lancl^ with stiff er yelloicish subsoil at depth
of Q inches.
The experiment in 1899 was made in a field cleared
about 1880 and continuously in cultivation during each
of the past six years. The test in 1900 was conducted
on land that had been cleared about twelve years. The
original growth was long-leaf pine, with a few black-
jack oaks.
In both experiments oats was the preceding crop.
There was practically no injury from '^black rust'' in
1900. In 1899 this disease caused considerable loss on
Plot 2 and a smaller amount on plots 5 and 3, with prac-
tically no injury on other parts of the experiment.
The table on page 48 and the analysis of that table
given below sliow the yield and amount of increase
attributable to the fertilizers.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
1899. 1900.
To unfertilized plot 272 lbs. 96 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 492 lbs. 336 lbs.
To kainit plot 252 lbs. 168 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot 40 lbs. 344 lbs.
Average increase wilh cotton seed meal, 264 lbs. 236 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
w^as added:
To unfertilized plot 152 lbs. 160 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 372 lbs. 400 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. . . . 154 lbs. 208 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate, 261 lbs. 200 lbs.
44
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 226 lbs. 48 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 20G lbs. 120 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 440 lbs. —SO lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot —12 lbs. —72 lbs.
Average increase with kainit 216 lbs. —4 lbs.
In both years the most profitable fertilizer was a mix-
ture of acid phosphate and cotton seed meal. Both cot-
ton seed meal and acid phosphate, whether applied alone,
or in combination, were highly profitable. Kainit had
no beneficial effect in the presence of a mixture of phos-
phate and cotton seed meal, but in 1899, kainit was quite
effective when used alone or in combination with either
one (but not both) of the other materials; this was the
season when rust was injurious on certain plots receiv-
ing no kainit.
Two experiments made in the same region by G. O.
Sellans, at Lumber Mills, (see Bulletin No. 102) accord
Avith Mr. McClure's experiments in showing that these
soils are highly responsive to acid phosphate and cotton
seed meal and that kainit is decidedly beneficial only in
seasons w^hen black rust is severe.
Experiment made in 1899 by C. H. Mason, i mile n. of
Wilson, Escambia County.
Light shandy loam; mth red clay subsoil.
This field of upland was cleared of its growth of long-
leaf pine two years before the beginning of the test and
during these two years the land was occupied by cow-
peas, presumably grown for hay.
9
d5
For yields of cotton seed see the table on page 48. .
The following analysis shows that the one conspicuous
need of this fresh land was for phosphate. The indif-
ference of this particular field towards cotton seed meal
is due to the recent clearing and to the two preceding
crops of peas, both of which conditions imply the pres-
ence of considerable nitrogen in the soil. The soils of
this region after a few years cultivation usually respond
-profitable to both phosphate and cotton seed meal, and
some of them to kainit. A test made at Wilson on "new
ground'^ in 1898 by J. H. Wilcox, gave results similar
to those obtained in this experiment.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed
meal was added :
To unfertilized plot 200 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 112 lbs.
To kainit plot 24 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot .208 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal 108 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
was added :
To unfertilized plot 632 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot 320 lbs.
To kainit plot 328 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 512 lbs.
Average increase with acid phosphate 448 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot 8 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 168 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot — 292 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. ... 24 lbs.
Average decrease with kainit 107 lbs»
46
<
l!]Xri:KIMENTS MADE IN 1899 AND 1^00 BY T. M. BORLAND^
^ MILE S. W. OF DOTIIAN^ HeNRY COUNTY.
Gray sanihf land; snhsoil yclloicisJi.
The land was cleared of the original growth of long
leaf pine nearly 10 years ago. In both cases the preced-
ing crop was corn. Mr. Borland writes that peanuts
were gi-own in 1899 between the corn rows on the area
where the cotton experiment of 1900 was conducted.
Very hot dry weather in the latter part of the sum-
mer of 1899, and lice and excessive rafall in 1900 dam-
aged the crop. The experimenter reports that rust was
absent.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal
was added :
1899. 1900.
To unfertilized plot 248 lbs. 56 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 110 lbs. 20 lbs.
To kainit plot 119 lbs. 93 lbs.
To acid phosphate and kainit plot. . . .123 lbs. 81 lbs.
Average increase with cotton seed meal, 150 lbs. 63 lbs.
Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate
w^as added :
To unfertilized plot 208 lbs. 208 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot TO lbs. 172 lbs.
To kainit plot 227 lbs. 30 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. . . .231 lbs. 18 lbs.
Average increase with acid piiosphate, 184 lbs. 107 lbs.
47
Increase of seed cotton per acre wlien kainit was
added :
To unfertilized plot . 106 lbs. 201 lbs.
To cotton seed meal plot — 23 lbs. 238 lbs.
To acid phosphate plot 125 lbs. 23 lbs.
To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
plot 138 lbs. 84 lbs.
Average increase with kainit, ... 87 lbs. 139 lbs.
In l)oth experiments a complete fertilizer afforded the
largest increase in yield. A showing almost as favor-
able was made bv the mixture of cotton seed meal and
kainit.
The slight benefit from cotton seed meal in 1900 is
probably due to the fact that peanuts were grown be-
tween the corn rows the year before. The experiment
of 1900 makes the fourth test of fertilizers on cotton
made on this farm. All these results point toward the
need of all three of the fertilizer materials tested, kainit
giving the largest average increase for the four years,
viz. : 168 pounds of seed cotton per acre per annum. A
similar average shows the increase with cotton seed meal
to be 134 pounds, and with phosphate to be 122 pounds.
It is not surprising that this land, which has been
in cultivation less than 10 years should be less respon-
sive to cotton seed meal than are most of the soils of re-
gions that were settled earlier. It also seems less re-
sponsive to phosphate and more so to kainit than do
most of the soils on which tests have been made.
18
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Inconclusive Experiments.
The three following tables give the yields obtained in
tests that were altogether inconclusive :
The list on page 3 gives the names of the parties
making the experiments at each of the localities referred
to in the three tables that follovr. In the case of some
of these tests suggestions of value may reward a careful
examination of the figures, but usually want of uni-
formity in the soil selected, or other vitiating condition,
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BULLETIN No. 114. MAY, 1901.
ALABAMA
Agricultural Experiment Station
OP THE
Agricultural and Mechanical College,
AUBURN.
Feeding Experiment Tvith
Dairy Coatv^s.
By J. F. DUGGAK AND R. W. CLARK.
Montgomery, Alabama.
the brown printing co.
1901.
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Tnos. AViLLiAMs Wetumpka.
Jonathan Haralson Selma,
STATION COUNCIL.
Wm. LeRoy Broun President,
P. H. Mell Director and Botanist.
B. B. Ross Chemist.
C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian.
J. F. DuGGAR Agriculturist.
F. S. Earle Biologist and Horticulturist.
J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist.
AV. C. Nixon Second Assistant Chemist.
H. S. Houghton Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm.
R. \V. Clark Assistant Agriculturist.
C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
Feeding Experiments with Dairy Cows^
By J. F. DuGGAR and R. W. Clark.
Summary.
With cotton seed at |8 per ton, cotton seed meal at
|20, cotton seed hulls at 14, and sorghum hay at |6.67,
butter was produced at a loAver cost per pound on a
ration consisting chiefly of raAV cotton seed and hay
than on one made up principally of cotton seed meal;
and hulls.
The cows did not greatly relish cotton seed and hence
ate less than was desirable of the ration containing this ;.
hence on the larger amounts eaten the oil mill ration-
afforded a larger daily yield of both milk and butter
than did the farm-grown ration.
In two experiments the average daily amount of milk
per cow was 17.5 pounds from the cotton seed ration and.
24.3 pounds from the cotton seed meal ration ; the dailT
production of butter per cow averaged .93 of a pound
with the cotton seed and 1.19 with the oil mill ration,,
this being an increase of 38 per cent in milk, and 28 perr
cent in butter. ^Nevertheless the low^ cost of the cot tort'
seed ration made it the more economical, the average
cost of the food required to make a pound of butter being:
only 10.1 cents when this ration was given and 15.3 cents^
when the hulls and meal ration was employed.
On account of the larger amounts of food consumed,,
the cows while receiving the cotton seed meal ration,
gained nearly half a pound a day in weight, while the
cows eating cotton seed in smaller amounts lost .8 of a
pound per day.
56
Tlie cheapest butter was made by a Jersey heifer with
her first calf, the food to make one pound of butter cost-
ing in this case only 6.4 cents when cotton seed was fed
and 11.2 cents when cotton seed meal was given.
The manure (liquid and solid) dropped during the
16 hours of each day which the cows passed in the barn
was carefully saved, analyzed, and applied to various
<irops.
The amount of manure, including sawdust bedding,
per cow per night (of 16 hours) averaged 33.9 pounds
when cotton seed was fed and 48.3 pounds when cotton
seed meal was fed.
The manure made from the cotton seed and sorghum
hay ration contained 10.7 pounds of nitrogen per ton;
that from cotton seed meal and hulls contained 16.6
pounds, an increase of 55 per cent, in the amount of nit-
rogen per ton.
In percentages of phosphoric acid and potash the two
manures were practically identical.
For one or two days the cows were kept stabled dur-
ing the entire 24 hours and the amount of manure thus
obtained (exclusive of bedding) was about double the
amount secured by stabling the cows for 16 hours per
day.
About one-half the manure was dropped out of doors.
Green rye at the rate of 52 to 54 pounds per day
proved a satisfactory substitute for either sorghum hay
or cotton seed hulls.
While the cows ate green rye the amount of milk
slightly increased but the milk was slightly poorer than
during the preceding period when only dry food was
consumed.
An upland corn field from which the ears had been
harvested, and in which cowpeas had been drilled be-
tween the corn rows, was grazed first by milk cows and
57
later by dry cows, the milk cows meantime receiving 3
pounds of cotton seed meal per day.
On this pasturage the yield of milk was 15.8 per cent
greater and of butter 9.5 per cent greater than when
the cows with the same grain feed ran on a good pasture
of bermuda grass, carpet grass, lespedeza, etc.
The value of the product of butter and of the increase
in live weight of the cows averaged |4.47 per acre of
corn and pea field grazed, after deducting the cost of the
cotton seed meal fed at the same time.
Introductory.
Under some conditions it is practicable for the dairy-
man to purchase a considerable proportion of the food
which his cows consume. However, the temptation is to
rely to too great an extent on purchased foods. These
can be profitably used to a certain extent but rather as
supplements to foods produced on the farm than as sub-
stitutes for farm-grown food. It is believed that any
marked development of dairying and of beef production
in the South is conditioned on the increased reliance on
the foods Avhich the fields and pastures produce. The
feeder who buys thin cattle at a low price and, after a
few months feeding, sells them at a higher price per
pound, relies almost wholly upon cotton seed meal and
hulls, but the -^tock raiser cannot afford to make the oil
mill his prinnd^al depot of supplies.
Bearing in mind this necessity for avoiding large ex-
penditures for purchased foods, we have planned a line
of experiments intended to ascertain the extent to which
farm-grown foods can be relied on in the feeding of dairy
cows and the best crops for use as food in effecting this
end.
The first experiments here reported are preliminary to
this investigation and involve a comparison of a ratioi>
58
■made uj) cli icily of the most ('cononiical of all purchased
ufoodslulis, cotlou seed meal and hulls, with oue consist-
injr chictlv of cotton seed and sorohum hay, both of
Avliich latter materials can he grown on every farm in
the cotton belt.
Purchased vs. faum-growx ration in 1900.
The farm-grown ration consisted of cotton seed and
sornhum hav, with small amounts of wheat bran and
corn meal added to improve the palatability and to in-
crease the amount of cotton seed consumed. The en-
-deavor was to make each cow eat daily at least 9 pounds
raw cotton seed, 10 pounds sorghum hay, 3 pounds wheat
bran, and 3 pounds corn meal ; and the foods were mixed
in these proportions. As much of the mixture Avas
.^iA'en to each cow as she would eat clean.
The purchased, or "oil niilP' ration consisted of a mix-
ture of 5.25 pounds of cotton seed meal, 10 pounds of
cotton seed hulls, 3 pounds of wheat bran, and 3 pounds
of corn meal. This mixture was also fed in amounts as
large as the cows would eat and the quantity consumed
was greater than had been expected when the experi-
ment was i)lanned.
The following prices for food stuffs used in calculat-
ing the cost of butter are assumed as average prices in
i;his State for a series of years, except tl^t sorghum hay,
for Avhich there is no market, is charge / a price some-
what above its average cost of production:
■Cotton seed $ 8.00 per ton.
•Cotton seed meal 20.00 per ton.
Cotton seed hulls 4.00 per ton.
Wheat bran 18.00 per ton.
Corn meal 20.00 per ton.
;Sorghum hay 6.67 per ton.
&&
The cows used were as follows
Name.
Breed,
Age.
Day sinces
calving.
Weight when
test began.
Ada
•Queen...
Rozena..
Hypatia.
Annie. . .
Jersey . . . .
Holstein .
Holstein .
Jersey.. . .
Jersey •. .
8 years .
8>2 years.
8% years.
4 years.
10 years.
110
81
119
19
80
Lbs.
816
980
1150
733
762
The experiment was divided into two periods of four
w^eeks each, each period being preceded by a prepara-
tory period of one week during which the cows were
accustomed t-o the food Avhich they were to receive dur-
ing the next period.
During the first period Ada and Queen received the
cotton seed ration, Kozena and Annie meantime getting
the ration of cotton seed meal and hulls. During the
second period the rations were reversed, so that each lot
of cows was fed for one whole period on each kind of
food. Annie refused the cotton seed ration and hence
in the second period it was necessary to substitute
Hypatia.
Composite samples of the milk were tested weekly by
the Babcock test and the amount of fat thus found was
<?onverted into butter by the usual method of multiply-
inof bv one and one- sixth.
60
Ainount, kind and cost of food eaten.
Pounds food in 28 days-.
Cost of food.
Period.
(each
28
days.)
Cow.
•
GO
c
o
o
O
E
3 .
be 8J
73
0)
00
o
•
ao
'3
A
•XI
d
c
u
Si
C
u
0
0
In 28
days.
Per
day.
1
I
I
Jan. 16 )
to [
Feb. 12. )
Ada. . . .
Queen..
Feb. 23
to ^
Mar. 22.
Rozena.
Hypatia
4 cows. . .
287
246
290
193
1016
286
233
270
212
1001
95
72
97
64
328
125
140
143
92
500
95
72
97
64
328
125
140
143
92
500
$13.57
$21.63
Cent&.
I
II
II
II
1
Total,
12.1
220
246
251
161
878
419
467
478
307
1673
II
Ada
II
Queen . . .
I
Rozena. . .
I
Annie. . . .
Total,
4 cows . . .
19.3
The cows receiving the "oil mill" ration ate much
more heartily than the others, the cotton seed making
the "farm-grown'^ ration relatively unpalateable. The
amounts eaten daily per head were as follows, taking
the average for four cows on each food :
Lbs.
Cotton seed, raw 9.07
Wheat bran :.. 2.93
Corn meal 2 . 93
Lbs.
Cotton seed meal .7.83
Wheat bran 4.38
Corn meal 4.38
Total concentrates. .14.93 Total concentrates . 16 . 59^
Sorghum hay 9.10 Cotton hulls 14.90
Total food 24.03 Total food 31. 4&
61
The average daily cost of food per day was 12 . 1 cents
per cow with the farm-grown ration and 19.3^ with the
oil mill ration.
While it cost much more to feed the cows on the pur-
chased ration, we may not pronounce this the least
economical ration until we have noted the amount of
butter produced by each.
3Iilk and butter produced by feeding a ration consisting'
largely of cotton seed and sorghum hay vs. one
containing cotton seed meal and hulls.
Cotton seed and hay ration.
1
Cotton seed meal and hulls ration.
•
O
Cow.
0)
3
1
Cow.
•
i
u
I
Ada
Lbs.
582.1
586.0
638.3
514.7
2321.1
20.7
Lbs.
24 36
27.76
29.00
28.60
109.62
.98
II
II
I
I
Total,
Av.
Ada
Lbs.
639.0
914.1
1179 5
639.1
3371.7
29.6
Lbs.
29.90'
I
II
II
Queen
Rozena
Hypatia
4 cows, 28 days
Per cow, per
day
Queen
Rozena
Annie
36.30
46. m
34.90
Total,
Av.
4 cows, 28 days
Per cow per
day
147.26
1.31
The product obtained was greater with the oil mill
ration, the increase in milk being 43 per cent and in but-
ter 34 per cent. This increased production of milk and
butter with the purchased ration is due largely, if not
entirely, to the larger quantities of food consumed.
If we take 20 cents per pound as the value of the but-
ter and assume that the manure and skim milk have suffi-
cient value to pay for the labor of caring for the cows
and making the butter, we have the following statement
of the cost and profit on butter.
62
Financial statemciit.
With farm iWith oil
grown , mill
ration.
ration.
Value of butter from 4 cows, 28 days .
Cost of food, 4 cows, 28 days
Protit from 4 cows. 28 days
Cost of food per pound of butter, cents.
Daily protit per cow. cents
Protit per pound of butter, cents
29.58
21.63
7.93
15.2
.7.1
4.8
The butter Avas produced at a cost of 12.1 cents per
pouud w lien the cotton seed and hay ration was fed and
of 15.2 cents ]mm* day when cotton hulls and meal were
fed in niaxiniuni amounts. Yet the daily production
was so much larger on the last mentioned ration that
the averaiie daily profit per cow is nearly the same with
T)otli rations, viz. 7.5 cents with farm foods and 7.1
cents with oil mill products.
Second Experiment; Purchased vs. farm-grown
ration in 1901.
In January and February 1901 the experiment of the
preceding winter was repeated, with slight modifica-
tions in the rations.
The foods were mixed in the following proportions,
and the cows were allowed to eat as much of each mix-
ture as thev would.
Farm fjroicn ration.
9 lbs. raw cotton seed.
3 lbs. wheat bran.
10 lbs. soriihum ha v.
Purchased ration.
5.25 lbs. cotton seed meal.
3 lbs. wheat bran.
10 lbs. cotton seed hulls.
Prices used in calculating the cost of butter are the
«ame as in the former experiment.
The experiment extended over a similar period of time,
two periods of 28 days each, both preceded by a week of
63
preparatory feeding. The first period extended from
January 1 to 28, 1901, the second from February 5 to
March 1 inclusive.
Lot 1 consisted of two cows, and Lot II of three cows.
The different number of cows in the two lots does not
affect the accuracy of the results, for at the conclusion
of the first period the rations were reversed, thus mak-
ing each cow at different times during the experiment
<:onsume both rations.
The cows employed were as follows:
Breed.
Age.
Years.
Days since
calving.
Weight
when test
began.
Ida
Hypatia
Annie
Ada
Susan . ..
1 ersey
5
5
11
9
Sdsroalf'
110
16
37
4^
141
810
do
do
do
do
740
795
830
610
Amount, kind, and cost of food eaten.
Lbs. food in 2^
> days.
Cost of food.
Period.
Cow.
c
X
a;
a;
Uotton seed
hulls.
•
a
a.
In 28
days
i
Per
day.
I
I
TT
Ida
Hypatia
258
275
175
200
168
1076
207
242
135
180
162
926
86
92
58
66
56
858
134
155
110
147
108
654
!f;l0.6l
.v21 . 60
Cents.
TT
Ada
II
Total,
Susan
5 cows
7 5
235
272
193
256
189
1144
449
519
36S
490
360
2186
II
II
T
Ida
Hypatia
\nnie
T
Ada
I
Susan
Total,
5 cows
15 4
64
As in the former experiment we were unable to in-
duce the cows to eat the desired amount of the cotton*
seed ration.
The food consuimMl per head daily averaged as fol-
lows :
Lbs. Lbs.
Cotton seed, raw ... 7.68 Cotton seed meal... 8.17
Wheat bran 2.56 Wheat l3ran '4.66
Total concentrates. .10.24 Total concentrates. .13.83
Sorghum hay 6.61 Cotton seed hulls.-. .15.60'
Total food 16.85 Total food 29.43
The average daily cost of food was 7.5 cents per cow
with the farm-grown ration and 15.4 cents with the oil
mill ration. However, the more expensive ration gave
the larger product, as appears below :
3Iilk and butter jyroduced by feeding in 1901 a ration con-
sisting largely of cotton seed and sorghum hay versus
one containing cotton seed meal and hulls.
Cotton seed and hay ration.
Period.
I
I
II
II
II
Total..
Cow.
Ida
Hypatia
Annie
Ada
Susan
5cows,28d'ys
Av. per cow per day
Milk.
Lbs.
359.2
532.7
380.9
409.5
31 8. 6
Butter.
Lbs.
21.09
30.44
22.42
22.70
26.39
Cotton seed meal and hulls ration.
Period-
2000.9123.04
14.36 .88
II
II
. I
I
I
Total..
Av. per
Cow.
Ida
Hypatia
Annie
Ada
Susan
5covvs,28d'ys
cow per day
Milk.
Lbs.
523.8
640.3
607.8
549.2
446.3
2767.4
19.0
Butter.
Jjbs.
29.00
26.73
32.22
28.79
31.76
148.50
i.oa
The purchased ration afforded an increase over the
farm-grown ration of 32 per cent, in milk and 21 per
cent in butter. Of course this increase must be attrib>
65
uted chiefly to the fact that larger amount of the former
-^s^ere consumed on account of its greater palateability.
With butter at 20 cents per pound and food stuffs at
-same prices as in the former experiment we obtain the
following :
Financial Statement.
With farm-
grown
ration .
With oil
, mill
ration.
■^"alue of butter from 5 cows, 28 days
Cost of food, 5 cows, 28 "
Profit from 5 cows, 28 *'
'Cost of food per pound of butter, cents.
Dailv DFofit ner cow. cents
$24.61
]0.61
14.00
8.6
10.0
11.4
$29.70
21.60 .
8.10
15.4
5.8
Profit ner Dound of butter, cents
4 6
The farm-grown ration afforded a greater profit
whether we use as a basis the daily profit per cow or the
profit on each pound of butter ; this latter profit was 11.4
'^ents when the cotton seed ration was fed and 4.6 cent
when the meal and hulls ration was employed.
Attention is called to the excellent record made by
the Jersey heifer Susan.
Although she had calved nearly five months before
her experimental feeding began, yet she averaged 1.14
pounds of butter per day during the 28 days while re-
ceiving cotton seed meal.
Average results of the two experiments.
Taking the averages of the figures in the two experi-
ment we find :
With With
cotton seed oil mill
ration, ration.
Cents. Cents.
Cost of food per pound of butter 10.35 15.3
Daily profit per cow 8.75 6.45
Daily production of butter per cow, lbs. . . .93 1.19
Daily production of milk per cow, lbs. . . 17.53 24.3
(iG
AVitli tlic nil mill i*ali(»ii the daily production of butter
Avas larger by 2S per cunt and the daily How of milk by
38 per ci'uf. T»ut tlic amount of food consumed, and
hence the dailv cos(, was so much greater than with the
farm-grown ration that the latter was decidedly more
l>rotitablc.
Effects of rations on weight and health of cows.
Effect of food on live iccujlit.
Period
beginning.
Weight
Ht
begin-
ning
Weight Gain( +)or loss|( — >
at in 28 days.
end of
period. On farm
II ration
On
oil mill
ration.
Ada
Queen
Ada
Queen ....
Rozena
*Annie
Rozena. . . .
*Hypatia.. .
Ida
Hypatia. . .
Ida
Hypatia.. . .
Annie
Ada
JSusan
Annie
Ada
Susan
Jan.
Feb
Jan.
Feb.
Jan
Feb.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
16, 1900.
do
23. 1900.
do
16, 1900.
do .
23, 1900
do
1, 1901..
do
5, 1901.
do
1. 1901.
do
do
5. 1901..
5. 1901 .
5, 1901..
816
832
980
970
862
861
1003
1072
1150
1175
762
775
1152
1165
703
705
810
765
740
700
790
795
730
755
795
767
830
840
610
610
745
697
845
780
610
585
-f 16
— 10
+ 13
— 4o
— 40
— 48
— 65
— 25
— 1
+ 69
+ 25
+ 13
+ 5
+ 25
— 28
+ 10
0
Total net gain
Average per cow. per j)eriod of 28 days
Average per cow, per day
* Hypatia substituted for Annie in 2d periol.
-202 4- 118
22.4 13 3
- -8+ .5
The gains in live weight during the first two feeding
periods are not of particular interest so far as the
rations are concerned, but they seem to depend upon
the individuality of the cows. Ada gained 16 lbs. on
the farm-grown ration and practically held her own on
the ''oil mill ration" losing only 1 pound. Queen lost.
67
10 pounds on the farm-grown ration and gained 69 lbs..
on the ''oil mill ration." With the other two cows there
was a slight gain in both periods.
On an average the coavs on cotton seed lost in weight
.8 of a pound per day, while those on the meal and
hulls ration, consuming more food, gained .5 of a pound
daily. The rations fed during the second experiment
were decidedly laxative and the cows showed it in the
milk vield and in the loss of live weight. In 1900 the raw
cotton seed fed constituted 37.7 per cent of the ''home-
grown ration," while in 1901 it constituted 45.50 per cent
of the "home-grown rati on.''
In 1900 the cotton seed meal fed formed 21.8 per cent
of the "oil mill ration'' and in 1901 it formed 27.7 per
cent.
The table of live TS'eight shows that in the second
experiment all the cows lost in weight when on the
farm-oTown ration, while onlv one fell off on the "oil
mill ration." The effect of cotton seed and cotton seed
meal varied with the different animals, the greatest
scouring being with cotton seed. In the first experi-
ment Rozena, a very large cow, consumed an
average of 8.9 pounds of cotton seed meal daily
and appeared Avell in every way, while in the-
second period she consumed 9.6 pounds of cotton
seed and did not show the effects for three weeks, when-
she scoured very heavily and fell off in milk flow. This
was undoubtedlv due to the large amount of oil in the
cotton seed. In the second experiment Susan, a small
heifer, took 6 pounds of cotton seed per day for the first
period and appeared at her best during the whole of the
month, but six davs after being on cotton seed meal in
the second period, getting 6.7 pounds per day, she com-
menced to scour and fell off in milk flow. This could
not be due to a larger amount of oil in the ration, but
€8
probal)ly to the intliience of the previous month's feed-
ino; of cotton seed, modified by the individuality of the
cow. A cow that scours, even though it be slight, can
not do her best at the pail.
In feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal, as well as
other feed ^uffs, one must not rely on tables entirely,
but be fjTuided lar^jelv bv the individualitv of the animal
with which he is dealing. The amounts of cotton seed
meal used in the above expieriments are larger than the
writers would advise.
The amount and quality of manure collected from
cows ON different rations.
First experiment, 1900. The manure, both liquid and
solid, was saved every day, except that dropped when
the cows were out of the barn and in bare lots where
they spent the time between 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. Hence
the manure actually saved consisted only of that dropped
during 16 hours of each day, or of that voided during
two-thirds of the time.
The liquid manure was saved by the use of sawdust
as bedding material. The manure was removed every
day to a shed, the roof of which consisted of 12-inch
boards without battens, and hence having small cracks
every twelve inches. This leak kept the manure moist
but seems not to have resulted in any appreciable
amount of leaching.
The manuure (including sawdust) collected during
the time that the cows stood in the barn was as follows :
I^bs. in T^bs.
28 days, daily per
2 cows. cow.
From cotton seed and hay ration, 1st 28 days 1785
From do 2nd 26 '* 1700
Total and average 3485 31.04
From cotton seed meal and hulls ration, 1st 28 days. 2115
From do 2nd 28 " 2430
Total average 4545 40. 6
69
These several lots of manure were applied to various
farm crops; to ascertain the real or agricultural value
of the two kinds of manures we must wait until the
crop returns for several years can be reported.
No analyses of the manure was made in the experi-
ment conducted in 1900.
The bedding used was fresh yellow^ fine sawdust,
which in the first experiment was dry enough, but that
used in the experiment of 1901 was too moist to be en-
tirely satisfactory. The amounts of sawdust used per
period (and included in the figures given above for ma-
nure) were with the cotton seed ration 391 and 639
pounds in the respective periods; with the cotton seed
meal ration 520 and 611 pounds, respectively.
Second experiment^ 1901. The same method as in
1900 was employed in collecting and handling the ma-
nure dropped during the 16hours per day that the cows
spent in the barn. Only during the second period of
this experiment was the manure kept separate and
weighed.
The weights given are those obtained by weighing the
bulk of manure and soiled bedding at the conclusion of
the experiment.
The data follows:
Lbs. manure Lbs. manure
from 2 cows, daily per
28 days. cow.
From cotton seed and hay ration. . . .1900 35.7
From cotton s. meal and hulls ration. 3138 56.0
These two lots of manure, each collected during parts
of 28 days, were applied to farm crops, and the effects
of these two classes of cow manure as compared with
each other, with commercial fertilizers, and with no fer-
tilizer, will be recorded in .future bulletins of this Sta-
tion.
2
70
The fwo lots of fertilizers coll(M't(^(l as nhnvo dnrinjr
<li<' Inst L\^ (lays of ilio cxjH'riincnt, wore carefully saiii-
I>le(l at the eiul of the experiment and i)r()inptly ana-
lyzed ; and file following: table gives the results calcu-
lated hy us from the analyses made by the chemical de-
j)ar(ment of the Station:
Nitroijeiif phoi<phoric acid, and potash in coic manure, lUOl .
Camposttioii*
Nitrogen per cent
Phosphoric acid, per cent
Potash, per cent
Moisture, .percent
Pounds in 1 ton of manure.
Nitrogen, lbs
Phosphoric acid, lbs
Potash, lbs
From cow manure.
Cotton seedC.S meal
and hay
rntion.
'and hulls
ration.
0.830
0 350
0 485
66 140
16 6
7 0
9 7
The matter that is most worthy of note in the table
above is the fact that manure made from a diet consist-
ing largely of cotton seed meal and hulls is 55 per cent,
richer in nitrogen than that made from the cotton seed
and hay ration; a ton of the former contains 16.6 pounds
of nitrogen as compared with 10.7 pounds of nitrogen in
the manure from the latter or farm ration. As regards
phosphoric acid and ])otash the two manures are on a
practical equality.
♦ In 1901 the manure dropped durinc: the day when the cows were
confined for the entire. 24 hours was also nnalyzed, the comparison
being almost exactly the same as that of the manure saved during
the second perioi of 28 days (see table above;. There was in this
fresh manure made from cotton seed, etc., 68 3 per cent, moisture;
0 515 per cent, nitrogen; 0 30 per cent, phosphoric acid; 0 39 per
cent, potash. In the manure made from cotton seed meal the per-
centages were respectively. 68 37; 0.78; 0 325; 0 40. The only nota-
ble difference is in the nitrogen, of which the manure from the oil
mills ration contained 51 percent, more than was found in the cotton
seed ration.
71
Proportion of total excrement dropped in barn.
In order to determine what proportion of the manure
"W-as dropped in the ))arn and what percentage in the lots
during the eight hours that the coavs daily passed in the
latter, two cows getting the farm ration and two receiv-
ing the purchased foods were kept in the barn for 24
and 48 hours after the close of the experiment, the
cations meantime being continued without change.
Solid ci' liquid excrement per cow in 21^ hours.
Cotton seed ration.
Cotton seed meal ration.
Cows.
Date.
Total excreme.nt
and sawdust.
Solid and liquid
excrement.
Cows.
Date.
Total excrement
and sawdust.
Solid and liquid
excrement.
Lda and j^
Queen )
lozena & i
Hypatia. (
Ida and (
Susan. \
kvernge . .
Average . . .
Feb. 13 & 14,1900
Mar. 23&24, 1900
Mar 6, 1901 . . .
per cow
per 1000 lbs [
live weight. f
Lbs
55 8
73 1
53.8
60.9
72 f,
Lbs.
47.8
56.8
Ada and )
Queen \
Rozena & )
Annie.
Queen &
Hypatia. '
.Average . . .
Average. . .
Mar. 23&24, 1900
Feb. J 3& 14, 1900
Mar. 6. 1901....
per cow
per 1000 lbs. {
live weight. i
Lbs.
87.2
61.5
103 8
84.2
89 3
Lbs.
72.6
46.1
The average amount of solid and liquid droppings and
bedding per cow was 60.9 pounds per day with the ration
containing cotton seed and 84.2 pounds per day with
the ration containing cotton seed meal.
In 1900, with the cotton seed ration, the average
amount of solid and liquid excrement dropped per cow
in 24 hours (excluding bedding) was 52.3 pounds; the
average daily amount of excrement (free from sawdust)
collected during the 16-hour stabling x>eriod of each day
was only 21.9 pounds.
72
In 1900, with the cotton seed meal ration, the average
amount of excrement, free from sawdust, dropped per
cow in 24 hours was 59.4 pounds; tlie average amount
collected durinj: tlie 10 hours of 8tal)lin<r was onlv 30.2
piMinds.
Apparently about one-half the manure was dropped
in the barn and about one-half in the lots.
This statement is important because the manure
droi)ped on the lots or pastures usually suffers greater
losses, and hence is worth less than that collected while
the cows are in the stable. However, the high value
of manure from grain fed cows should prompt every
dairyman to gather and protect the manure from the
lot as well as that from the barn.
In conclusion let us note that the manure from the
cotton seed meal ration was greater in amount and much
richer in nitrogen than that from the cotton seed ration.
Taking the average amounts of manure in all cases
where the co^^ s were confined for the whole dav and
using the analysis of the samples collected in the last
periof of 28 days in 1901, we find that the daily excre-
tion of liquid and solid excrement (including bedding)
contained plant food as follows:
Lbs.
nitrogen.
60.9 lbs. manure from cotton seed ration 306
84.2 lbs. manure from cotton seed meal ration TOO
With the cotton seed meal ration the daily output of
nitrogen in the manure was more than twice as great,
and the amounts of phosphoric acid and potash consid-
erabh' larger than with the ration made up largely of
cotton seed.
73
GliEEX llYE SUBSTITUTED FOR COTTON SEED HULLS AND FOR
SORGHUM HAY.
For 3 weeks beginning March 22, 1900, the four cows
which had been used in the experiment comparing a
farm-grown with a purchased ration, were fed on green
rye as a sul)Stitute for the cotton seed hulls and for tlie
sorghum wliicli they had been eating during the second
period. The grain ration of the second period was con-
tinued in same proportions but in greatly reduced
amounts. The rye was in full Idoom and rather too
old. Excluding the first, or preliminary, week, we
find that the result for period III, consisting of 14
days, were as stated l)elow :
Food consumed and milk and butter afforded by 2 cows in I4.
days from, different rations.
Ada.
Gain or
Lbs. food in 14 days, loss in
•weight
r2
CO
Q
Queen.... 6^9
Rozena . .
Hypatia.. .
Total. 2 fnws . .
Cotton seedCotton seed
ration. meal ration.
^3
*3 ^ C • —
Milk. Butter.Milk.
^5 i.= 5^, Lbs. Lbs. Lbi
o is:
Lbs.
Butter.
Lbs.
298.9 12 73
424.0 13.33
,,0 \ .. . 50 0 I 36 0 -f 8
73.4 j 83 9 — 32
783 88 8 i 59 8 — 7 364 8 13 15
731 52 8 i 35.2 — 14 : 272 9 15 27 . .
«37 7 28 42 722.9 26 06
74
Coiintinjj: ,i]:roon rye at $2.00 por ton and otbor food-
stuffs at ])i'ices before mentioned, we find that tlie cost
of food to make one pound of butter was 15.4 cents when
cotton seed meal "v\'ns fed and onlv 10.5 cents when cot-
ton s<»ed was fed.
This dilTerence in favor of cotton seed over cotton
se(Hl meal as an economical producer of butter is appar-
ently too great to be attributed to individual peculiari-
ties of the cows of the two lots, which were chosen with
reference to their practical equality.
Direct comparison of green rye as a substitute for
either cotton seed hulls or sorghum hay can not be made
in this experiment. However the substitution of rye
for cotton seed hulls, and also for sorghum hay, reduced,
the cost of butter, partly perhaps because the large
amount of green rye eaten made it practicable to re-
duce the amount of concentrated food.
Comparing the average daily product during period
III with that of the last two weeks of period II, and mak-
ing no allowances for the fact that the cows while on rye
were further removed from time to time of calving than
when receiving sorghum or cotton seed hulls, we find:
(1) That the substitution of 52 lbs. of green rye for
14.9 lbs. of hulls (grain also being reduced when rye
was fed thus changing the nutritive ratio from 1 :4 to
1:3.7), was accompanied by a shrinkage of 19 per cent,
in butter and 9 per rent in milk.
(2) That the substitution of 54 lbs. of green rye for
9.1 pounds of sorghum hay (grain also being reduced
when rye was fed, changing the nutritive ratio from
1 :6.5 to 1 :7.3) increased the yield of milk hj 18 per cent,
and the yield of butter to the extent of 6 per cent.
The results of feeding rye were highly satisfactory
75
for they show that rje was practically able to maintain
the normal product (actual yield corrected for advance
in location) of butter and to slightly increase that of
milk and that its use allowed the daily ration of concen-
trated food to be decreased to the extent of more than
5 pounds per day, without materially impairing the
amount of product. These facts and figures point to
an increased use of green crops in late winter and early
spring as an effective means of reducing the bill for pur-
chased foodstuff's. An uninterrupted succession of
, crops for feeding green (soiling) may be had by the
use of rye, vs'heat, common oats, hairy vetch (mixed
with small grains), turf oats, and sorghum, etc.
Since the health and working capacity of cows are so
greatly improved by soiling crops they should find
in jreased favor.
Effect of green food on richness of milk.
It is a common belief that milk made from green food
contains more water and less fat than that from dry
foods. The results of the few experiments made on this
point do not bear out the popular belief.
Our results on this point were obtained by making a
composite test for butter fat, once a week.
It should be recollected that these determinations of
fat were not begun until after the cows had been eating
rye for a week. For comparison, we give the percent-
ages of fat found in the milk of .the same cows for the
weeks beginning March 9 and March 16, 1900, at which
time they were receiving only dry food, and a heavier
grain ration (though similar in kind) than was given
with the rye.
76
Per cent, of fat in milk; results of composite lueekJy tests.
Name.
On dr}' food, and lieavy
•'grHiti" ration.
Dnt-.
Per oont.
fat.
With green rye, and moderate
•grain" ration.
Date,
Per cent,
fat.
Losp on
j^reen
food .
Ada.
Queen
Rozena.
Hypatia. ...
Average de-
crease in% fat
3.85
3.30
4.15
4.80
.VIar.30-A.5.
Apr. 6-12...
Mar 30- A. 5.
Apr. 6-12...
Mar. 30-A. 5
Apr. 8-12.. .
Mar. 30-A. 5
Apr. 6-12...
3 5 )
3. si
3.
2.8
3.0)
3.2^
4.8^
48(
3.65
2.90
3.10
4.80
%
.20
.40
1.05
.00
.41
Tlic uiiifonuity of t\w li.i;ures indicate a deciva.se in
}HM- cent, of fat in the period wlien rye was fin]. It can-
not now be .said whetlier it was due to the <»reen food, to
teni])eratiii'e conditions, or to a hiriie reduction in tlie
urain ration. Tlie effect of i»reeii foods as fed in the
Soiitli on tln^ ])ercentai:(' of fat in the milk requires
fui-ther studv.
DKIESTTBLE NUTKIENTS IX THE SEVERAL
RATIONS FED.
Tlie following- table f»iven the amount of digestible
nutrients consumed per day in the diffen^it j)eriods in
comjiarison with the (lerman or AVollf-Lelimann Stand-
ard, which represents the daily rcMjuirements of an aver-
age cow in full flow of milk :
77
Digestible nutrients in rations fed.
Ration.
■4^
D
igestible
bC
nutrients
•
a>
u
CJ
^ ,/
<D
m
-^
TJ
en
0) k
-1^
,
as
^
Averag
of CO
S
>>
Protein
Carboh
dra
Ether
extr
S
WolfE-Lehmann
Standard
'•Farm-grown," 1900.,
''Oil mill," 1900
"Farm-grown," 1901,
"Oil mill," 1901
Rye & cotton s., 1900.
Rye & c. s. meal, 1900
X6«.
Lhs.
Lhs.
Lhs.
Lhs.
Lhs.
1000
29
2.5
13
.5
22
915
18 75
I 85
9.21
1 81
20.7
957
28.19
3.82
11.98
1.01
29 6
772
13.07
1.37
5.76
1.42
14.3
752
25 46
3.64
8.36
1.38
19.0
970
20 9
2 2
11.2
1 31
22.7
960
1
20.6
3.21
10 71
.90
25.8
Lhs.
1:5.7
1:7.3
1:3.7
1:6.6
1:3.2
1:6.5
1:4.0
Speaking in general terms, protein is that part of the
food that goes to make milk, muscle, bone, etc., while
carbohydrates ( starch, sugar, etc. ) and ether extract
( fat, etc. ) are used as fuel and to give force . Pro-
tein is nitrogencnis material, and carbohydrates and
ether extract are non-nitrogenous. Both classes of com-
pounds must be present in the food to keep the body in
its normal working condition.
The average daily ration per cow was as follows :
Cotton seed ration — Cotton seed meal ration —
5.6 lbs. cotton seed. 4.4 lbs. cotton seed meal.
3 7 lbs bran and corn mixture. 5.0 lbs. bran and corn mixture
54 lbs. green rye. 52 lbs. green rye.
It should be noticed that the cowing eating the cotton
seed ration could never be brought up to full feed, or the
amount necessary to produce a full flow of milk; in one
experiment their ration dropped nearly down to half
78
w liat tlu' Oermans have found to be desirable for a cow
to eat.
On Uie olher hand I lie eows getting- cotton seed nieal
in all cases consumed more protein than necessary.
The nutritive ratio is the number of times that the
ratio of the amount of protein (taken as 1) to the total
amounts of carbohytlrates and fats, the fats having first
been multiplied by 2|. The nutritive ratio was narrow
(represented by a small number) when cotton seed meal
was fed, and wider (or less rich in nitrogen or protein)
w hen cotton seed was fed.
Value ov cowpeas ix corn fields as pasturage.
•
For a period of 19 da^^s, October 7 to 25 inclusive,
11)00, three Jersey cows were grazed in a corn field from
which the ears had been pulled, the grazing consisting
principally of cowpeas, of what remained of the corn
blades, and of a little crab and crowfoot grasses.
The corn was planted March 28 in rows five feet apart.
Half wav between the corn rows was a row of drilled
Wonderful cowpeas planted June 4, without fertilizer.
The yield of corn was about 25 bushels per acre.
While the cows were grazing in the corn field on cow-
peas each received a daily allowance of 3 pounds of cot-
ton seed meal.
From September 23 to October 6 each cow also con-
sumed 3 pounds of cotton seed meal per day. During
this earlier period of three weeks, they grazed
in a large pasture of bermuda, lespedeza, (Japan
clover, carpet grass, etc.) so that the yields
made on pea vines can be properly compared with
those made on ordinary pasturage. The following table
shows the amount of milk and butter afforded daily by
each cow :
79
Average amount of milk and hntter produced daily.
Milk from
Butter from
Cow.
Mixed
pastur'ge.
Cowpeas,
etc.
Mixed
pastur'ge.
Cowpeas,
etc.
Ida ,
Houron
Lbs.
23.94
9.72
17 64
17.1
Lbs.
25 . 53
15.5
18.37
19.8
15 8
Lbs.
1.03
.81
1.00
.95
Lbs.
1.18
.97
Susan
Average per cow. daily
Per c^nt:. inoroa«r . .
1.01
1.04
9.5
Comparing tlie product obtained when the cows
grazed on cowpeas with that made from ordinary pas-
turage, we find that the cowpeas gave an average in-
crease of 15.8 per cent in milk and 9.5 per cent in butter.
It should be noted that this increase occurred in spite of
the fact that the cows were further advanced in the
period of lactation when grazing on cowpeas than when
on ordinary pasture.
The total amount of product obtained from the three
cows during the 19 days while they grazed on cowpeas
in a corn field of 3.03 acres was 1129.5 pounds of milk
and 59.17 pounds of butter. During this time the three
cows consumed a total of 171 pounds of cotton seed
meal.
The three cows Ida, Susan, and Houron, during the
19 days while pasturing on coTN^oeas made gains in live
weight of 2687 pounds, subsisted for a period of
85 pounds for the lot. When the field was grazed so
close as to threaten to reduce the milk fiow, these three
cows were removed and three dry Jersey cows were sub-
stituted. These three drv cows, with a total initial
weight of 2687 pounds, substituted for a period of
9 days on what remained of the grazing on 3.03 acres,
meantime receiving no other food whatever and making
gains of 12, 16, and 25 pounds, a total of 53 pounds
for the lot. Adding this to the 85 pounds gained by the
cows giving milk, we have a total gain in live weight of
138 pounds.
so
Tlic returns from .^rnzliii:; 3.03 acres of c-owjM'as are
hroiiiilil (nil l»v tlie foll(>\vinji^:
Financial statement.
By 59 17 lbs. butter. (Tf 20c ^11.80
By 138 lbs iiicit^ase in live weight, @ 2)^c 3.45
To 171 cotton seed meal, (d $20 $ 1.71
Balance (value of 3.03 acres pasturage) 13 64
Total $15.25 $15 25
Since #13.54 represents tlie rc^tnrns from 3.03 acies,
tlie value of the <»razini» (m one acre is $4.47.
The peas were planted for their fertilizinj;" valne an<l
tlie hntter removed practically none of this. Hence the
cost of iirowini;' tlie peas should be char<»ed in the fer-
tilizei- hill of tlie foilo\vin<»' crop, and not to the butter
produced. However, if it he insi^^ted that this is a proper
charge against the cows the expense consists only of
the cost of seed, labor of dropping and of covering, tlie
total being somewhat less than a dollar |>er acre.
If we charge all of this expense of growing the peas to
the cows giving milk and entirely neglect the gains made
in live weight (the \alue of which was greater than the
cost of growing the peas) the cost of concen-
trate^d feed and of pasturage* was 8 cents pei*
IH)nnd of butter. Balancing gains in live weight
igainst cost of making the pea crop, we have 2.b
cents as the cost of purchased food per pound of butter.
Since there are more farmers interested in beef pro-
duction than in commercial dairying, we have made an
estimate as to the amount of growth of beef cattle that
might be expected on an acre, using Thome's figures as
to the relative amounts of food required to make a pound
of butter and of beef. By this method we estimate that
an acre of grazinu" of this character made without the
aid of anv other fo;)d, animal products equal to about
80 pounds of increase in live weight. This is con-
fessedly only an estimate but it is in accord with the
small amount of data from other sources which is avail-
able on this subject.
./
BDLLETIR No. il5. AUGUST, 1901.
ALABAIVIA
Agricultural ExpErimEnt Statinn
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL CDLLEGE,
AUBURN.
COMMKRCIAL KERTII.I2ERS
JAS. T, ANDKRSON,
A-ctirxg Claemist.
A. EOEMER,
PRINTER FOE STATE OF ALABAMA,
MONTGOMERY, ALA.
1901.
(9i)
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Tho8 Williams Wetumpka.
Jonathan Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCII.
J.
Wm. LeRoy Broun President.
P. H. Mell Director and Botanist.
B. B. Ross Chemist.
C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian.
J. F. DuQOAR Agriculturist.
ft Biologist and Horticulturist .
J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist.
W. C. Nixon Second Assistant Chemist.
T. Bragg Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm .
R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist.
C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist .
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the
State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn,
Alabama.
*To be filled.
(82)
Auburn, Ala., July 24, 1901.
Hon. R. R. Poole,
Commissioner of Agriculture,
Montgomery, Alabama.
Dear Sir :
I have the honor to submit herewith, in tabulated
form, a report of the results of analyses of commercial
fertilizers and miscellaneous fertilizing materials for the
year ending July 1st.
A large majority of these samples were forwarded to
this laboratory through your office, and certificates of
analysis were furnished you from time to time as the
work was finished. A large number, however, yr('ve
sent direct to us from dealers and consumers, and in all
these cases certificates of analysis wore sent direct to the
parties.
In addition to the analysis reported in this bulletin,
analyses, both quantitative and regulative, of various
miscellaneous substances — ores, marls, minerals, waters,
dairy products, &c. — have been made for parties from
all sections of the State, and have been reported from
time to time.
As an introduction to the tables, 1 respectfully submit
a few observations on ' 'Fertilizers — their selection and
use," which, it is hoped, will prove of some practical
value to the farmers who receive this bulletin.
Very respectfully,
Jas. T. Anderson,
Acting State Chemist,
(83)
Fertilizer'?--Tlieii' ^elecliion and U?e.
Few farmers need be reminded of the necessity of ap-
plying fertilizers in some form to their soils in order to
maintain their fertility and to increase their crop pro-
ducing power. The question is not ''Shall I fertilize?"
but rather ''What fertilizers shall I use?" It is proposed
in this brief discussion to offer a few suggestions which
it is hoped, will be of some value in this connection.
These must be taken as suggestions merely, and not as
absolute guides in solving the problem. In the present
state of knowledge of the science of agriculture, it is im-
possible to state any general principle of soil fertiliza-
tion which will be of universal application, so complex
are the conditions and requirements to be considered.
The character of the soil and the method of its cultiva-
tion, the crop to be grown, the season — all these are to
be considered in devising any rational system of fer-
tilization .
A soil is fertile when it contains ail the materials nec-
(84)
s
essary for plant growth in the required quantity and In
the proper form. A soil which is lacking in any of these
materials, or which does not have them in the proper
form, is in no condition to produce a full crop, and must
have the deficient material supplied in the proper
amount an i form in order to make it productive. As
has frequently been stated in these bulletins, there are
about a dozen constituents of the soil that are required
for plant nutrition. Most of these are found in such
quantity in the soil, or are in such little demand by the
plant, that the supply of them in the soil is not likely to
be exhausted by years of cultivation. Three of the con-
stituents, however, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot-
ash, are in such demand by the plant that their supply
is readily exhausted, and it is necessary to restore these
exhausted constituents to the soil in order to make it
fertile. For the present, then, soil fertilization consists
in restoring to the soil nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash in such quantities in assimilable form as may be
required for the proper nutrition of the growing crop.
The rational course, therefore, to pursue with reference to
a given soil is first to determine its deficiency in these
three constituents and then to supply the deficiency in
proper form.
It is not an infrequent occurrence for this department
to receive a sample of soil with the request to tell what it
needs for its proper fertilization. The correspondent is
acting on the hypothesis that a chemical analysis of a
soil will determine its fertilizer requirements. Unfor-
tunately it will not do so satisfactorily. The chemist
can easily determine what constituents are present in
the soil and in what quantities, but he cannot so readily
determine whether these constituents are present in as-
similable form, and if they are not present in assimilable
form, they might as well be absent altogether, as far as
the present needs of tlie growing plant are concerned.
Many agricultural chemists, in this and other countries,
are seeking to discover methods for determining avail-
able or assimilable planr food in soils, but at present
there is no such method known which is satisfactory
and which admits of universal application.
If chemical analysis fails to answer the question, it
may be asked, is there not some %vay by which the solu-
tion may be found? In answer let us quote the language
of Dr. Armsby of the Pennsylvania station : ' ^The most
satisfactory, and, indeed, usually the only method by
which we can at present determine the needs oi the soil
is to ask the question of the soil itself by growing a crop
upon it with different kinds of fertilizers and noting the
results. Such soil tests with fertilizers have in many
cases given results of much immediate practical value
for the locality in which they where undertaken."
On this plan have been conducted for several years the
Cooparative fertilizer tests for cotton under the direction
of Professor Duggar of the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion of this State, and much valuable information has
been accumulated thereby. It would be highly advan-
tageous to the agricultural interests of the State if this
work could be greatly extended beyond its present lim-
its. It seems to the writer quite feasible for each intel-
ligent farmer to conduct the experiments for himself and
thus secure data that would be highly useful to him. At
first glance they may seem complicated and expensive,
but in reality they are neither so difficult nor so expen-
sive as they seem. For the benefit of any farmers who
may desire to make them the following suggestions are
offered :
Select ground that represents fairly as large an area
of the farm, and whose soil is as uniform in character as
possible. A long strip of land is likely to be more rep-
resentative in character than a square piece, as it will
contain more of the inequalities of the soil, and for this
reason is to be preferred for the purpose of these experi-
ments. The land should be as level as possible, and if
not level, the plots should be so located that the fertilizers
cannot be carried by rain from one plot to another. No
part of the strip should be shaded by trees. A convenient
size would be 33 feet wide by 416 feet long divided into
6 equal plots each 66 feet long, with a path 4 feet wide
between the plots. Each plot, therefore, would be 33x66
feet and measuring exactly one-twentieth of an acre.
Each plot should be separated from its neighbor plots,
as well as from adjacent cultivated ground, by a 4 ft.
path, so that the roots of the plants grown on it can get
no fertilizer that is not intended for them. Of course
these paths or borders should be kept reasonably free
from grass and weeds, which would otherwise feed upon
the fertilizers intended for the plants in the plots.
Having divided up the plots as indicated and marked
them by numbers from 1 to 6 inclusive, prepare the soil
thoroughly in the usual way, after applying the fer-
tilizers broadcast as follows :
Plot 1. No fertilizer.
Plot 2. Nitrate of soda 20 Iba.
Acid phosphate 60 "
Plot 3. Nitrate of soda 20 **
Muriate of potash 16
Plot 4. Acid phosphate 60
Muriate of potash 16
Plot 5. Nitrate of soda 20 ''
Acid phosphate 60 '*
(87)
(4
( (
( (
8
Muriate of pjtash 16 lbs.
Plot 8. No fertilizer.
The acid phospliate in these experiments should con-
tain not less than 8 to 10% of available phosphoric acid.
If cotton is to be used in tlie experiment, use kainit in
the place of muriate potash, taking 48 lbs. If legumes,
such as clover, peas, beans or vetch, are to be used, cut
the amount of nitrate of soda one-half. It is recom-
mended that that crop be used in the experiments which
is to be grown in the field the following season, in order
that the results of the experiment may be directly ap-
plicable. In planting care should be taken to have the
plants uniformly distributed over the plots, and dS nearly
as possible the same number of plants in each plot. The
plots should be treated alike in all respects as to the
time and manner of cultivation, and in passing from one
plot to another, extreme care should be taken not to
mingle the soil from one with that of another. This
lasfc caution is particularly applicable, when the plow
is used in the cultivation. The harvest from each plot
should be accurately weighed and the weights recorded.
The importance of keeping a full and accurate record
for each plot — the kind and amount of fertilizer used,
the system of cultivation, and the harvest yield — cannot
be too strongly urged. It will be observed that plots
1 and 6 have no fertilizer. These are check plots and
are designed to show what the unfertilized soil can do.
They will be especially useful in comparatively new soil
or in soil that has been previously fertilized, but they
should in no case be omitted.
If these experiments have been properly conducted,
reasonable inferences may be drawn from a study of
the results as to the fertilizer needs of the soil. Too
much importance cannot be attached to the conscien-
ces;
0
tloub cat-1'yihg out of every detail. The expeBimentS
should be under the personal direction of the farmer
bime-elf, and where any part of the labor must be done
by another, the most intelligent and reliable laborer
should be selected for that purpose.
It is realized that but few farmers are likely to be in-
duced to undertake these experiments, and in ihe ab-
sence of other means of determining the specific needs
of the soil, most farmers must . ssume that all the con-
stituents are needed and must supply them in such
amount and in such form as the general considerations
of the soil, season and crop may seem to require. So
varied are these conditions that it would be impossible
to give specific instructions as to methods of fertilization.
A few general principles, however, as to the needs of
?pfcial crops may be stated, which, it is hoped, will
serve a useful purpose.
Cotton is a crop that responds promptly and profitably
to judicious fertilization, and experience teaches that
concentrated complete fertilizers should be used. The
profit from manuring with concentrated fertilizers is
greatly enhanced by properly preparing the soil in ad-
vance. It is profitable to bring the soil into a state of
good '"tilth" by proper cultivation, and particularly by
incorporating into it liberal quantities of organic matter.
This may be done by turning under leguminous crops
(like the cowpea) or barnyard manure before planting.
The complete fertilizer, applied in the drill, should con-
tain a liberal amount of "available phosphoric acid."
Any of the soluble salts of pota h are good, though
kainit is preferred, as it is believed to be useful in pre-
venting "blight." Of nitrogen compounds the organic
forms (cotton seed meal, dried blood, tankage, &c.,) are
deemed to be best suited for cotton, though nitrate of soda
(89)
10
is excellent, especially in soils rich in organic matter.
The proper proportions of available phosphoric acid,
potash and nitrogen in a complete fertilizer for cotton
cannot be said to have been determined with accuracy.
As a result of numerous experiments at several of the
agricultural experiment stations, 600 to 700 lbs. per acre
of a fertilizer running 9% available phosphoric acid,
3% potash and 3% nitrogen is to be recommended.
For cereals and grasses nitrogen has been considered
the dominant constituent. This arises from the fact that
a top dressing of nitrate of soda at the season when
there is a rapid development of stem and leaf, results
in a largely increased crop. This occurs, however, only
in soils which have a plentiful supply of the mineral con-
stituents, phosphoric acid and potash. It is recom-
mended, therefore, to use at the time of sowing a fertil-
izer containing a liberal amount of phosphoric acid and
potash with a limited supply of nitrogen, and shortly
before the maturity of the plant top dress with nitrate
of soda.
The Legumes (clovers, peas, beans, vetches, &c.) are
crops that do not depend solely on the soil for their nitro-
gen, but which, under favorable conditions, have the
power of drawing at least a part of their nitrogen sup-
ply from the atmosphere. To this fact is due their su-
perior excellence as soil renovators, since iheir growth
upon a soil must result in its enrichment in the most
costly of the fertilizer constituents, nitrogen. In fertil-
izing legumes, then, provide a liberal supply of the min-
eral constituents and a minimum of nitrogen. They
seem to require potash in great abundance. Lime, also,
is needed to correct a tendency to acidity in the soil
which is hurtful to the growth of the bacteria so essen-
tial in order that the plant may acquire its nitrogen from
(©0)
11
the atmosphere. 25 bushels of stone lime per acre, every
4 or 5 years, is recommended for average soils which
are used for the frequent growth of legumes.
Root and Tuber Crops require an abundance of all the
fertilizing constituents in readily available forms, bu*^^ they
differ widely as to their special needs. In one group may
be placed beets ^ carrots and mangels. They require a lib-
eral supply of readily soluble phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen, and in light, sandy soils the addition of a little pot-
ash is advisable. In clay soils they seem to be able to
get most of the potash they require from the soil.
Turnips respond most liberally to applications of avail-
able phosphoric acid, while they seem able to extract
this constituent from sources not readily accessible to
other plants. A liberal supply of nitrogen, also, espe-
cially during early growth, is desirable. While the
turnip is a voracious feeder on potash compounds, it
seems able to obtain this constituent from the natural
soil supply, though it should not be required to depend
solely on this supply. Potatoes, both Irish and sweet,
require a large amount of potash, which should be in the
form of sulphate rather than of muriate. The nitrogen
may be mostly in organic forms, though the nitrate of
soda or sulphate of ammonia is recommended for the
early irish potato. The phosphoric acid in moderate
amount should be available.
Fruit Crops differ from the others that we have con-
sidered in that they are produced by perennial plants
instead of by annuals, and hence they require a differ-
ent sort of fertilization. As the plants grow slowly, fer-
tilizing materials which give up their constituents
slowly are better, perhaps, than those vhose constituents
are more readily available. Fertilizers of the latter
class, however, may supplement those of the former
with advantage at such times as there is a rapid devel
12
opraent of leaf and fruit. Perhaps the best fertilizer for
fruit trees is a mixture of ground bone 3 parts and muri-
ate of potash two parts. An excess of nitrogen must be
avoided, as this causes a too rapid growth of both wood
and fruit, the latter ripening poorly under such condi-
tions. All fcrtilifers for fruit crops should be worked
well into the soil.
CALCULATION OF COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS.
The schedule of valuations in force this season is as
follows :
Nitrogen 14 cents per pound.
Water soluble phosphoric acid 5 " " "
Citrate soluble 5 " ** "
Potash 6 ** '' *'
To compute the commercial value of fertilizers ac-
cording to this scale, the valuation per ton of water
soluble and citrate soluble phosphoric acid and potash is
obtained by multiplying the per cent of those constitu-
ents by $1 00, while the value of the nitrogen per ton
is ascertained by multiplying the per cent, of that ele-
ment by $2.80.
Take for example a fertilizer containing
7.50 per cent, of water soluble phosphoric acid.
2.00 '' " " citrate soluble "
1.25 " " '' potash.
2.50 '* '' " nitrogen,
the commercial value per ton would be :
For the water soluble phosphoric acid 7.50xl.00-$7.50
" " citrate soluble '' *' 2.00x1.00 $2.00
" " potash 2.00xl.00-$2.00
** " nitrogen . 2.50x2.80-$7.00
Total $17.75
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(203)
LICENSES.
The following is a list of the Licenses issued this season to July 1st, 1901,
with the date when issued, number of license, and post office of the
local dealers.
Address.
1900.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Adair & McCarty Bros j ^ tlanta. Ga
15, Armour Fertilizer Works.
50 Alabama Fertilizer Co. . .
19iAdamson & Edwards
14|Acree, 0. A.C
27lAdamson, Edwards <k Co.
29|Allridge & Shelton.
Kansas City,
Montgomery
Ophelia
Newton
Ophelia
Brooksvills. .
Mo,
• • 81 Allen, C. B [Ashland
1901 .
Jan
Feb
11
S. C.
Andrews, W. T Gold Hill .
Andrews & Co Camp Hill
12' Alston. S. F Tuscaloosa,
12!Akin,J. C Notasulga.
15; Alston & Farrow i Wetumpka
iDlAdkinson, D. I B Florala. . .
15'Atkins, V. B. & Co Selma ...
15 Akin, J. C ,CampHill.
15 Agee, E. H. & W. C jSelma....
15 Ashepoo Fertilizer Co «Ch«i-Jstoii
17 Atkinson & Atkinson
17 Atkin & .Allgood
21 Albritton, E. S
21 Ashhurst, J. Y
22 Arnold, W. A
23 Allen & Co., R. W...
23' Atkins, L. C. &Co...
25 Atkins, Jos. M {Brompton
li Adams, J. E iWelden
4,Arant, J. M. & Sons |Waverly
5 Abecrombie. A.J iLeeds
7 Atkins, B. C iReform . .
8' Amos, G. H puck Springs .
13 Agec, W. P iPerdue
19
Jemison
Thornton
Warrior
Ozark . . -
Lafayette
Langston
Mch.
19
19
20
20
16
19
Hill
Allen, L. M. & Co iPhil Campbell. .
Abecrombie, J. H jLeeds
Anthony, W. L [Hurtsboro. . • • ■ •
\^li & Orandall iBirmingha m. . .
Nlderlmld. J. L Piedmont
Appling Mercantile Co. Oakman
Adams, J. G Anniston
c
O O
4
29
37
53
68
86
87
95
133
172
174
178
184
189
193
206
252
265
341
400
Tall'assee | 416
424
441
445
467
512
533
545
561
573
594
625
636
637
652
656
750
757
(203)
124
LICENSES— (Jontinued.
1901.
IMch. 26
Apl. 4
22
1900*'"'!
•Cot. 3
■ 11
Dec. 10
•• 10,
• 13
22
loofl
Jan. 2
4
t
7
8
8
14i
)5
15
lo
15
16|
16
111
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
21
21
21
21
21
21
23
25
25
25
Awbry, J. J
Atkins i^ Owens. . . .
Alford, J. C. & Son
Bailey, W. E
Birmingham Fertilizer
Brantley, T. K. & Ivie
Butler, Cole & Co
Buford ct Co
Banic of Enterprise. . .
Co
Benson Henderson ct Co
Beeland,.!. T. Sc Bro...
Brice, J. A
Brown. J. A
Bates, J. T
Butler, F. T. & J. C...
Brannon ^t Henderson. .
Brown, W. S
Bradley Fertilizer Co. . .
Bean & McMurry
Beach, H. M. & Son
Brown, J. vV
Brown, W. D
Bea e Bros
Barnes, Jasper E
Beason, .T. L. & Co
Boon, Alonzo
BuUard, Bartow
Ga
Mason,
Ileflin
Childersburg.
Aster
Birmingham .
Troy
New Hope. . .
Hartford
Enterprise . .
Andalusia
Greenville
Oneonta
Kellyton
Plevna
Paint Roek
Troy
Birmingham . . . ,
Charleston, S. C.
Heflin
Columbia
Sylacauga
Gravella .
Luverne
Dothan
Whitney
Camp Hill
Elba
Bartield Bros [Barfield ... .
Bell, C. W. & Sons Lineville
Blackburn, J. W. & McConnel Fayette
Butler, C. H iChildersburg.
Bullock, J. A jShorter
Bellinger, W. C iGadsden
Bodiford. W. H
Britt tS: Johnson
Bryan. T. L & Co
Bains Bros
Burns & Beavers
Brake, J. L
Barnett, W. W
Beyer, F. & Son
Brantzy, T. M
Baird, S. J
Bynum, W. H
Blackwood, D. R
Butler, J. E
Brodbeck & Zundel Bros
29
30
30
SilBoyett Bros & Rodgers | Andalusia
\bbeville.. . .
Wetumpka. .
Ozark
Cleveland... .
Lincoln ... .
Warrior
Geneva.
Cullman . . .
Kennedy. . . .
Guin
Boaz
Cleveland. . .
New Hope. . .
Point Clear.
771
785
803
11
26
58
61
67
81
101
114
130
136
138
146
199
234
249
254
258
2i8
292
314
317
320
334
342
343
344
349
351
364
375
380
388
395
397
398
399
401
444
465
468
469
488
497
498
507
(104)
125
LICENSES— Concinued.
Feb.
Jan . 28
.. 28
. 28
1
2
2
4
4
i
Bear, Lewis A: Co
Brawner & Brawner
Burt, E. A
Bell J. J
Banks, T. C \\\\\
Burks & Coston
Bnindridge Banking Co IBrandridge
^yniim, T D Bynums . .
Pensacola, Fla. ,
Castlebury, A.la
Collinsville
Florala
Attalla
Brantley
MCh.
^
n
13
13
13
16
16
19
20
2o
5
5
<
11
)2
16
21
4
26
Mav 4
1900.
Oct. 3
. 31
Nov. 20
Dec. 10
.. 12
&Co.
W
Bowdon, C. P
Boreland, J. B.
Burgess, J. L.
Blansitt Bros. .
Brown & York.
Bell, W. R
Barton, W. M
Baits, G. J. & J
Black, Jas. A
Bryant & Williams . . .
Baccus. W. B. & Son .
Baker, D. W
Boazman, Tom
Byers, Mrs. Ada V
Babcock, H. T
Blackburn, N. W. &Qo
Braswell, M. L
Brittain, J. C
Butler & Collier
Banks ct Owen
Banks, R. D
15
21
29
1901.
Jan.
Continental Fertilizer
Campbell & Wright, Jr
Cowart. J. H. &Co
''ameron. Jas. A
Covington, J. I
\ asseis Bros
Cross. W. S
Coley <i- Sandlin
Co.
o
5
7
9
11
12
14
15
15
15
15
15
Gordon
Pinckard
Scottsboro .....
Sulphur Springs.
Boaz
Goddard
Lynn
Toney
Luverne
Nutasulga
Baccus
Good water
Marcoot
Ashville
Troy
Leesburg ,
Pleasant Gap...
Summit
Gurley
Hurtsboro
Jackson's Gap. . .
Nashville, Tenn.
Roanoke, Ala. , .
Goshen
Columbiana
Bertha
Gadsden ,
Pelh«m
Alexander City . .
Carlisle. M. W. & Bro
Crew, CM
Cox. L. O '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
Cullman < "otton Co
Clark & Parker Bros \\
Crump, J. C. & Son .
Copeland, J. S ' JTroy
Crumpton. W. E ...'.'.'.'.'.. iMiipiesville"
Cawthon. W. C. W Andalusia
Carter Co., The J. H
Cleveland. M. L. dt Co
Roanoke
Good water
Boaz
Cullman
Searight
Sand Mountain..
Cameron
Cullman .
Randolph
Si'os .JNoEasulga
481
482
483
515
522
526
529
532-
55r.
564
587
596
606
614
623
629
647
653
670
683
686
697
714
733
740
761
796
806
809
7
39
55
63
66
70-
78
92
125
126
127
149
166
177
200
216
224
'2m
245
237
(105)
126
LICENSES— Continued.
Jan. 15 Carney, W
Feb
M.ctCo
15iCanteIou, Lamar & Son
i6 Cross, Fred
17 Crew, B. F
n'Carter, Jno. S
niCole.G. P
17 Cornelius, H. M
19 Carroll, J. S
ig'Chapnian & Co.
21
21
21
21
23
23
23
2:^
23
2H
28
28
1
Crew, J. W
Campbell d' Wright
Capps. D VV
Carroll it- Watson
Cobb, H. C
Columbia Fertilizer Co
Colquitt Bros
Chad wick ct Brice
Curry, \V. W
Carr, J. A.
Collins, N. S
Collins, J. K
Chapman & Warren . . .
Cosper, K.E
Collins, H. D
^Coxwell, Jno. M
Carleton <Nc Co
Clarke il* Harwell
le'Cope, A. M
20lCrutchen (fe Ward
23 Cox, W. H
Collins, The Co
Costin,.L W. it Co....
Cartwright, R. N
Crew, U. A. ct Son
Cooper, J. F . . . .
Olem, K. M
Coleman ife McAlpin.
Clements, N. B
Crump, H. C
April '('iCothran, T. E
Mch.
9
13
o
5
9
11
12
16
16
16
2-2
1900.
Oct. 21
Fov. 12
1901.
Jan. 4
Crow Bros
Davenport, N. S. .
iJothan Guano Co.
Dawkins, W. T. . . .
8; Dean,. T J
lOlDavio, B
10 Donrhlson cY Shiw
Atmore
Wetumpka
Portersville
Good water
Haley ville
Loachapoka
Walnut Grove . . .
Troy
Geneva '
Elamville |
Tuskegee j
Capps I
Watford
Millbrook
Columbia
Luverne
Snead
Albertville
Carrville
CoUinsville
;Bankston
Georgiana
Sterrett
Fayette
[Perdue Hill
Dudleysville
LaGrange, Ga. . .
Union Springs, Ala
Cuba
Springville
Warrior . . . .
Luverne
Cartwright
Good water
Fax
Fairmount
York
Oregon ia
Sedden
Alexis
Jacksonville
iValley Head
Dothan
Abbeville. .
iCharlton. .
Clayton. .
Haleyville
239
262
271
322
333
339
347
371
379
389
391
405
406
431
432
434
435
438
446
476
480
5(.»9
517
541
571
582
589
627
654
667
677
692
T04
717
729
738
744
747
7<9
791
804
32
48
109
140
161
163
(2oe)
127
LICENSES— Continued.
1901 t
Jan. UIDyer, W. C
15 Dennis, J. A. & Oo
15 Dent, Geo . H
•• 15|Dan, J. P
•• 16 Dumas, 0. & C. P
•• 16 Davis, W. C. & Oo
16 Draper & Co
•• 17 Dailey, M. W
18 Dorman, Jas. F
IHOY. 21 ' 'avis, E. R
2i Darrovv, E.J
2i Duncan, E. P
• • 2f Downey. .1. W. & T. B. Chattin. . .
Feb. 4 Dyar, C. M. & L F
5 Dei-amus, D.I
6| Downs, J. B
1) Dunn, A. M
13 Doughty. J.
19 Decatur Warehouse & Milling Co
25 Davenport. E. T. & Co
3Ich. 5 Dunlap, VV. R
5 Davis, Mar.ihall & Co
12 Duncan. R. A
•• 16 Davis, Chas. S
9 Dean, J. I
Apl.
1900
Oct. 12 Elrod & Gibson
Dec. 28 t>arle, Terrell <fe Co
1901
Jan. 15 Emmett, L. S., Son & Co
16 Edmonson, R. Q. & Bro.
18Espy,Jno. R
•• 22 Ellis, J. M. (& Son
26 Evens Bro's
J Echols & Hargrove
5 Elliaori, W L
7 Edwards. .T. B
19 Eu banks <k Cheney
20 Edwards. R. D
16 Elliott, .1. A & Son . . . .
16 Evens, D. H
IV Islington, S. M
Feb.
Mch.
Stanton
Ansley
Eufaula
Milport
Arlington .
Sand Mountain . . .
Oxford
Avoca
Carrville
Rock Run Station.
Coats Bend
Alexander City . . .
Section
Keed brake
Verbena
Clanton
Elamville
layette
Decatu'.*
Valley Head
Wolf Creek
Mobile
Dickson
Hurtsboro
Red Level
Collinsville .
Birmingham
May
I. 1900
Oct. SFurman Farm Improvement Co,
Nov. Ir. Farmers -k Merchants Bank
Dec. 14 Foy. Cliff & Bru'a
2u'First Bank of Elba
1901 !
Jan. 4lFolmar, W.B
4.Frazen & Olson
Albertville ...
Eufaula. . . .
Gordon
Union Springs .
Heflin
Hartselle ....
Walnut Grove .
Talladega
Piedmont
S.Uacauga
Moundville
Hi 11 ion's Store
Mun!ord
Atlanta &E't PD.,Ga
Troy
\bbeville
Elba
Troy . . . .
Thorsby
197
209
243
246
294
298
303
338
350
402
404
440
450
536
546
551
588
610
643.
671
678
695
727
743
789
28
88
253
281
355
430
473
519
543
554
642
650
746
749
815
5
50
69
76
111
112
(207)
128
LICENSES— Continued.
Date
of
Name.
P.O.
Address.
of
cense.
Issue.
6^
Jan.
4
5
10
14
14
15
15
19
Flynt. H. L
Folnier, Walden & Byrd
Farley, Jno. C
Farmers Alliance Co-operative Co.
Farrow, T. L
Mercantile Co
Sons
Fuller, Foshee
Fuller, J. H. &
Farnham, .J. H
• • 22 Fleming. W. L. & Son
23, Forrester, R. R
30 Fountain, H. B
Feb. 4i French, J. E
•• 19Flippo& Phillips ...,
• 23.Farrell, J. D
Mch. 5iFort Gaines Oil and Guano Co
• 12|Foust, Y
13 Fe.igin, T. K
16 Fruitdale Lumber Co
IGJFrames, J. H
2«:Farrin, A. J
•• 28
•• 28
1900
Oct.
Fielder, .7. B
Fields, A. S. .
Dec.
8
in
3'Goulding Fertilizer Co. . .
6:Georgia Chemical Works
Grisham, J. Ml.
Giintersville . . .
Enterprise
Opelika
Opelika
Guntersville . . .
Brewton
Alexander City
Evergreen
Brundidge
Cowarts
Alberisville . . . .
Brundidge
Bear Creek
China Grove . . . .
Fort Gaines, Ga.
Rosa
Feagin
Fruitdale
Slate
Ohatchee
Loachapoka . . . .
Fern Bank
Pensacola, Fla
Augusta, Ga . .
Whitehead.
Gadsden Installment House iGadsden
1901
Jan.
19 Gadsden Cotton Seed Oil Co iGadsden
3 Gulledge, F. A 'Verbena . . . .
3 Goldthwaite, Robt Montgomery
14 Guthrie Bros jSuUigent. . . .
15 Gary, Kennedy & Co jSelma
15 Griel Bro's & Co. . [Montgomery
15 Guin Bro's JKennedy . . .
16 Gilbert, R. F IPortersville
16 Grady, J. W Stroud
16 Guntersville Dry Goods Co., The Gunter?iTill«
16 Grant Bro's Louisville . .
17 Gilliland, C. H. & Sons Good water .
17, Gray, J. B. <% W. W. GuUedge Ohatchie . . .
19:Gunter, G. W [Brockton ...
2l!Gunter <k Ealuin iGantt
Feb.
Arthur
Thomasville
Active
24:Green, .Jas. F
28 Green, Alex
39 Green & Mullins
2 Gallant, J. A |Gallant
4|Glenn Bro's BranciiviLle
TjGolden, B. F !Th*ddeuft . .
lojGraham, J. R iBolirer
(108)
117
121
162
191
203
222
265
369
425^
439>
5t2
528.
64a
Q69>
675.
720.
734-
748.
75^
754
772-
774:
8-
22-
24
59'
74.
104
108
17»
228-
241
245
278-
282
304
307
325
336
382
40^
451
486
496
525
534
558
500
129
LICENSES— Continued.
1901.
Feb. 13 Gage, AV. A. & Co. . . .
13 Graves & Burdine
• 13 Grace, J. W
• • 14 Gilbert, J. J. &Sons,
•• 16 Gilbert. John R
•• 22Gilliland. M. E
Mch.
22
5
5
9
12
12
19
30
Griffith, Asa....
GriffisA Son....
Gray, Wm
Griffith, G. F...
Guin, P. C
Gable & Clapp.
Gilbert, P. N . .
Gammin,J. .W.
Town Creek. .
D«.'lJuait
Elkmont
Gold Mine.. .
Pinckneyville
Hill
Hanceville..
Sedden
Dadeville
Hokes Bluff..
Covin
Gum Srprings.
Coalville
Camp Hill . .
DaT)hne
Apl. 23 Gooday Bros
May 4 Goldson Harper & Son S'^'i'^^"
1900.
Oct.
Gray, W. C. & Co
Home Mixture Guano
111 Helm Bone Fertilizer
• • 33|Howe & Co
•• 31
Nov. 15
Dec. 10
■ 19
•• 21
•• 22
31
• 31
Co.
Co,
Oxford
1901
Jan.;
Holman, H. C
Henderson, Fox
Ham. P J. & Sons.
Henderson, Rainer & Hill
Howell, J. R.G
Henderson, Holloway & Co
Hester, R. B. & Son i^^fpoke
Holly & Lindsay "Loneville
Columbus, Ga.
Birmingham .
Stevenson.. •• .
Ozark ,
Troy
Elba
Brantley
Dolhan
Enterprise.. .
&Co.
Henderson, J. D
Hill, Jones & Co
3'Hill& Shaffey
4|Hilton, Bentley & Cosby
4jHatton, D. J. & Son
4; Howard, J. M
4|Howle,T. A. & Co
14iHerring, T. J
16 Hilliard, W. L
14 Henderson, J. Robt
15 Henderson & Waters Bros
Searight . . . : .
R^ anoke
Dadeville
Brantley
xVait
Albertville...
Oxford
Midland City
Troy
Fiillprton . .
Brundridge. .
15JHowle Bros Wetumpka
Hertzler & Anderson
Howis; n, Allen P
Henderson, Chas -
Henry, S. W ISpringville
Harrison, W. D. & Co l^shford . .
Henderson, J. H if/oss Keys
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
Madison.
Randolph
Troy
9
Hartsell, J. C, & Son
Hooper, C. W. & Co
592
598
611
615
630
659
660
676
685
705
731
732
75S
775
799
808
811
9
25
34
40
51
60
75
77
82
93
94
99
102
106
113
115
168
173
194
198
205
218
230
231
286
269
272
295
300
Hartselle' 1 310
Selma I 323
(209)
130
LICENSES— Continued.
190
-Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apl.
Dec
JftD.
Feb.
JT'IIu^hos L^ Bros
l8:Hur«ell. W. 0
lOllIixon. S D. & D. A...
l>lHead,T. L
2llH'ij.he8, D. D
21 [Hooper, .\. B
L>i>] Haralson, J. B
22Haynes. D. P. & Bro..
23 Hartsell, J. P
23 Hoffman c^ Graves. . .
23 HixMH Bros
2-1 Hhj/.os, Pj)rker& Co.
24 Hniplu. J. H. t^ Son.. .
24 Hicks. W. W. & Co...
25iHarrHll, W. F
29:Hudo, J. B
30| Hammond. M. W ....
30, Hood. J. M. & Son....
3i;Heard t»c Lee
J Hamilton, M. D. & Co
JiHeriincfe Oliver
4
6
6
Head c\: Warren
Hicks «S: Hf^ard
Hedges, J. A
fiiHightower, C. B
6 Haley Bros
H Hamilton, N. O
t}|Hoo I. Yielding & Co.. .
6 Hood, lioht
GiHenderson & Black. ...
6 Henderson, Alex. & Co.
6 Hamilton. P.. F
b.Herston t^ Barnes
6, Hitchcock. J. G. & Son.
6,Hearn & Wood
8 Harris c^ Sherrod
8 Harkins, Max & Clyde.
ILHudson, F. N
16 Hargrove, J. H
2l,Hendrix. S. T
30: Hodges Mercantile Co. .
5 Hollinsworth & Co
]0 Haynie, .A. C
22|Hinps & Son
2oHall, J. A
fijlngram & Co
loIvey.T. W
4( Ingram & Trawick
19;[vey, Chas
Flolala
Opelika
'Perote
China Grove. .
Labanon
Alexander City
JLangston
Oxford
Hartselle
Wavcrly
Hixon
Lineville
Fruitdale
Dadeville
Bangor
Millport
Mnri. .
jAlbertsville ...
'Camp Hill ...
iGuin
I Dadeville
jGum Springs. . ,
Camp Hill
|Ashville
York Station. . .
[Hayleyville . . . .
iRagland
Birmingham . . .
Kymulga
Troy
Troy.....
Coal City
Garland
James
York
Courtland
Fayette
Blonntsville. . . .
Hartselle
Peterman
Ashville
Millin
Hnrtsboro
Standing Rock..
Pea Kidg:-
Anniston
Rutledge
Opelika
Evergreen
32»
354
387
403
414
415
416
428
442
443
447
448
453
455
460
489
493
501
506
514
531
547
548
570
578
579
581
584
602
604
605
617
673
690
700
703
718
741
760
762
780
787
792
800
805
64
211
537
638
(210)
131
LICENSES— Continued.
B Fayette
Clayton.
1900 I
Oct. 23 Jones. J
Dec. 29;Johnston, Geo.
190L !
Jan. J5 Jones, V. D 'Troy
15 Johnson. W. A Rutledge
18 Johnston, Thos. L. & Co . . Gadsden
21 Jennings, B Tusl^egee . . . . .
• • 21; Jordan, H R. & Son jCollinsville . . . .
22 Jackson. Jess H [Grand Bay
Feb. IJemison, S. E 'Sunny Side
2 Johnson, L. M .Alexander City
8, Johnson , J. J IGeneva
13 Jackson, Geo. \V ; Mount Hope
5 Johnson, J. E
5 Jones, A. F
Mch.
Apl.
1900 I
Oct. 18'Killian, H. H.
1901 !
Jan.
11 King, H. S
ll| Kelly tfeSegrist
16 Kyser, Geo. VV
16 Kroell, Geo
16 King, F R. &Co
19'King, Claude
21|Klaus, J d'Co
22'Kitchens, .1. W. d- Bro
21 Kelly, D. E. & J. O . . .
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Talladega
Branden , . . .
Searight
Midland City
Ripton
Monte vallo . .
Leighton ....
Leighton
Huntsville
Heflin
Jeff
Normal
28:Kelly, Walter
28 Killen Dry Goods Co., The Fort Payne
6 Kennedy, J. A JLoop
9 Kinney, P. H. & Co |\'avvoo . . .
S'Keener, D. P Keener . . .
Fpb.
Mch.
Apl.
1900 I I
Oct. 3lLouisville Fertilizer Co ILouisville, Ky
Dec. lljLong Bro's Jasper
21;Long-Richardson Mercantile Co Jasper
1931 I .
Jan. 2 Law, Edmons & Byrd Enterprise . . . .
5 Lester Sc Co iColumbiana. . .
7 Leach, R. R Liberty
R
8 Land, J. G.
9 Loeb, J. d- Bro.
12 Lauderdule, A.
14 Lull d- Lacy .
15Lazinby, Reynolds d' Co
15 Largston, J. N
15; Little. Chas. E
15lLave d- Davis
16;Lidden,F. B. d Co
16'Lane Bro's
(211)
Cullman
Montgomery .
Gocdwaterl.
VVetumpka . .
Forest Home.
Jemison
Auburn
Lincoln
Gordon
Sylacauga. . .
35
91
238
256
:^59
390
392
420
511
523
577
591
694
786
30
167
16^
277
279
312
386
413
421
457
497
484
552
705
784
14
65
80
97
123
135-
145-
147
17&
202
212
217
247
261
284
291
132
LICENSES— Continued.
1901 I
Jan- 18 Lenth, Scott
IH LeemMn, E.I)
19 l>Hnders Bro's
2H LoMK. T
•• 28 LHtluim. S.A. <(• Co ....
'A* Livin^.^ton. Y. C
30 Long. C. U'
Feb. 7;Lowerv. \V. W. tl- Co . .
7|Long. W R
• • 13 Legg, Joel W . . .
•• 13 Ugney, H. W
•• 13iLinn, W. \V
13 Lognn, W. J. P
16 Laxon d' McCord
1 9, Land ham,. L R. tj[- Co ...
22'i.e\vis ci-Eates
Mch. 9Lile, J. L
18 Lumpkins. .T. B. H
3(1 Lowe, A. S
Apl. lOJLyon, R. L ....
•• lO'Lee. W. A
26'Lpfil8, VV. F. <feSon
May 28 Lloyd, Ellison & Co
1900
Oct. 3 Marietta Guano Co
3 Mobile Pho.«;phate Co ... .
3 Meridian Fertilizer Factory
SjMontgomery Fertilizer Co.
■• 30;Marksd'Gayle
Nov. 12'Malone c(- Sons
Dec. IJ^ Meadows, Smith T. <i- Co . .
31 Mullins, W. I. ...
1901
Jan.
Manley. Hornsbey & Handlev
Mills. J. B .
Milner. Henry
Moon ((- Harris
Macon, W. H
CnllinHn .
Athens . . . .
Heilin
Greenville .
-Montevallo.
Notasulgft .
Granger. . . .
Atniore ....
Lynn
Elkmont ...
Eden
Kalkville
Benson
New Market.
Anniston . . . .
Atht^ns ....
Trinity
•lackt^onville.
Hazel Green
Riley
Glen Allen . .
Easonville . .
Creek Stand.
Atlanta, Ga. .
•Mobile
Meridian . . .
Montgomery
Montgomery
Oothan
Opelika . . . .
Cianton
3
7
7
8
14
14 Alastergon, T.C Areola
15;Moody. J. W. tfc Son .'.;'. |Brompton
15 Middiebrook. .T. Z lElamville
16 Maxwell. C. R iNorihpoit
M Hnriford
Roanoke . . .
Abbeville . .
Columbiana
Lineville . .
Wetumpka
IGi.NlHtcalf. P
It Miller. LoNohice tt Co
17
17
17
17
19
19
le
Mizell ii- Bro
Mayo, A. B
Milligan, W. G
Mahan. W. H. d- Son
Murphree, Joel D. . .
Murphree , J. D Jr. .Cashier . . . Troy . . ...... '. . . . . . '
(212)
Padevi
Ozark . . . .
Talladega
Hefiin...
Randolph
Troy
357
'366
383
433
478
487
495
583
565
595
607
612
613
621
632
661
707
755
781
794
795
807
812
2
10'
13
19
36
47
73
9^
107
12^
131
139
183-
204
233
250
287
29C>
306
316
329
345
348
370
379
133
LICENSES— Continued.
Date
of
Issue
P. O. Address.
•:Feh.
Jan
1901
Jan. 21
• 30
JFeb'y. 4
.. 7
•• 16
23
::Mch. 5
•• 5
.. 7j
•• 91
•• 11
16
7
8
s!
8l
13
4
•• 8,
•• 9l
•• 141
• 151
'• 15i
• 16
•• 16
•• 17:
• 22
•• 25
:Teb'y. 4
4
•• 7
•• 16i
• 20;
. Mch. 5
7
•• 28
1900 I
• Oct. 3
Nov. 8!
Dec 24;
1901
-Jan. S
May 15
9
• 151
•• 16'
•• 2\'
.Jan. 21
29
-Eeb'y. 1
Myers, H.J
Moog & Weil
Murdock, E. H. cit- A. S
Moore, Chancey & Pepper
Mays & Winter
Merritt & Adams
Melton ct-Co.....
Mills, W. R &Sons
Maroney , C. L. tt* Co
Miller & Sons . . ,
Mathews, J. E
Moore, S
Mayberry , W. C d' Sons
Moore, W. S
Montgom<^ry Bros
Miller & Barnett
Mapes, M. A
McClung, F.M
McEntine & Millard
McNaro <i' Pitman ,
McKenzie, W. F
McGehee, Driver <!• Co
McEntyre, Henderson <fc Adams
McGowen, W. E
McDonald, T.C
McClusky d- Co. and Boaz Gin Mill Co
McMillan d* Harrison
McEntire Bros
McCallet, James E
MeCluney & Miller
Mackentepe, J. W. A Son
McWorter, A. J ,
Mclntyre d: Sellers
McEntyre, T. H. d- Co
M cCrackin d: Baker
McQueen , J. S. d* Co
N^. 0. Acid and Fertilizer Company
Navassa Guano Co
National Fertilizer Co
Newman, Robert
Neighbors, J. A. d Co. .
Neighbors. T. L. d Bros,
Newton, W. F
Nichols, J. A ,
Nation d Pate .
Noble, M
Sorthcutt. .7. A
.Newion, W. M
Langston
Battles
jCoffee Springs.
I Phil Campbell
Waverly
Geneva.
Pine Apple. . . .
Pine Apple. . . .
Montevallo. . . .
Oxford
Flint
Courtland
Waverly
Perdue Hill...
Lincoln
Berrv
PhilCampbell.
Coats Bend.
Hancevllle
Albertville . . . .
Greenville. . . .
LaFayette... . .
Ozark
Cuba
Luverne
Boaz
Mobile
Cullman
Deposit
Coats Bend. . .
Cullmaan
Stricklin
Ashford
Coffee Springs.
Berry Station.
Greenville. . . .
New Orleans, La .
Wilmington, N. C.
Nashville, Tenn. . ,
Abbeville . . .
Good water. .
Good water. .
Dothan
Ohildersburg,
iLiberty
t Avery
iWinfieM... .
IBellville. ...
to
o a>
(213)
134
LICENSES— Continued.
Date
of
Issue.
N.\MK
19(Jl
Feb'y. 7
• 16
• 10
Mch. V2
• 15
• 25
• 30
1900
Oct. 3
3
• 20
1901
Jan. 14
• 16
.. ^-
• 18
• • 19
2
14
IJ
Nolan Bros
Nelson, Mrs. A. B
Nixon, W. D
Neher. E. J
Nettles, 1. A
Nichohon. L. S. .
Norwood t(- Co. . . .
Nix, Thomas
Old Dominion Guano Co
Opelika Chemical Co
Ozark C. S. Oil Mill Fert. Co.
Jan.
Feb.
Mch
19(X)
Kov. 2
Dec. 29
1901
May 2
4
5
9
10
11
14
14
If.
ir.
15
15
15
18
16|
16l
le!
lei
171
I.';
18
19
21
21
Ober. G. & Sons Co.
Onkley, W. F
Ogktree, T. W
Overton. E. A
Ogden, F. <!• Sons. ..
Oldfield. John M....
Oliver, J. M
Overstreet, \V. W. ..
Patrick, P. A...
Perr} man, Bros.
Jan
P. O. AnnRKBB.
Alexander City.
Walnut Grove
Merreilton
Molleywood . . . .
Kempville
Collinsville. . ,
Ft. Deposit
Travis
Atlanta, Ga.
Opelika
()zark
Baltimore, Md. . .
Columbia
Eastaboga
Huntsville
Sulligent
Haznl Green. . . .
Oadeville
Greensboro
Presswood J, A ,
Pilcher. Geo. W
Pinkard, E. M
Pittman, A. J
Pilcher. W. C
Pfltton tt- Archibald
Phillips, J. K. d'Co
Pridley, W. G
Pinkston, J, C
Planters and Merchants Bank
Piatt and Long
Phillips Bros
Pacific Guano Co
Patapsco Guano Co
Parish T. K. & Bros
Pope, J. F. & Co
Parker, James M
Pearce, J. P, Son & Co
Pearson, H. W
Planters Warehouse and Commission Co
Patterson, M. F. & Son
Pope, G. W.tfeCo
Perkins, Jr., \V. W. Estale
Phillips & Gnddard
Porter & Foster
(2H)
Florence.
Heflin. .
Andalusia
Dothan
Clanton
Wehadkee
Dothan
Foster
Bear Creek
Sulligent
Shorter
Ozark
Kennedy
Oxford
Charleston, S. C.
Baltimore, Md. .
Clayton
Vince-'t
[Equality
Carbon Hill
Alexander City.
Eutaw
iFalkville :.
Luverne
Springville
Clarence
Town Creek. ...
CD
55^
622
626^
64$
725-
736^
765
778
15
20
38
185
290
33T
383
381
410-
618
71^
41
90
100
110
124
150
154
158
170
180
195
220
244
260
266
267
275
28&
297
309
311
326
356
367
378
393
412:
135
LICENSES— Continued.
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apl.
May
25
26
26
30
31
31
1
8
9
3
3
16
16
26
5
5
5
S
9
12
]e
2e
1900
Oct. 25
Nov. .^
Dec. 8
1901
Jan. 2
7
9
9
1('
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
24
24
25
Porter, C. J & Co
Perry, W. C .
Pearce, .J im & Co
Pierce, W. S. & Co
Pope, J. F
Pearce, J. M
Prattville Mercantile Co
Pride, W. G. <!• Bro
Pope, M. F
Payne, J. M
Probst Rros
Patterson, J. B
Pressly & Co
Peacock, S. 1)
PiUey, K. L
Patter^on Bros
Porter & Stewart
Pridgen, J M
Pruetc 6c Pruett
H. &Co
M ......
J. P. &Co
F
C
PuUy, C
Pitts, \V
Phillips.
Penny,
Parker.
M
C.
&Co
Pepper, W. J.
Jacksonville..
Seale
Guin
Louisville ....
Wilsonville.. . .
Pearce's Mill. .
Prattville
Madison
Fayetteville. . .
New Market. ..
Fayette
Mid
iSpringville. • .
Garland
Georgiana . . . .
Pine Apple. . . .
Munl'ord
Key
Good water. . . .
'Huntsville . . . .
Union Springs.
jAshville..
lHoke"s Bluff..
lAlV^ertville. .
; Phil Campbell
Read Phosphate Co. . . .
Rasin-Monumental Co,
Kome Guano Co
B
Rainer Bros
Rogers, J. W
Rhodes & Bro.
Riddle, A J. & Son. .
Rouse, L. D
Reynolds, H. C. & W,
Robertson d: Floyd
Rice & Russell
Riddle, D. H
Riddle, S. W. d-Co
Rhodes Mill d- Mercantile Co., The N. M
Ramage. Jas. T
Reynolds Bros
Russell, R A. ci'Co
Reaves, Launders ct Co •
Russell Bros
Rainer, S. P
Roe, S. N
Reynolds, E. H
Riley, F. M
(213)
Nashville, Tenn,
Baltimore, Md..
Rome, Ga
Troy
Burleson
Georgiana.. ..
A rab .
Wetumpka
Centreville. . . .
Opelika
Arab
Good water. . . .
Gadsden
Shell
Brundidge . . . .
Jemison
Gaylesville. ..
jL'eflin
jAttalla. ......
, Union Springs.
lElba
Notasulga
, Riley
464
471
475
50S
504
508
521
568
580
597
608
628
631
672
681
687
689
702
711
723
742
766
797
810
814
33
44
57
98
116
128
134
137
151
153
164
181
215
299
335
361
373
384
394
429
I 452
.''458
. : 463
136
LICENSES— Continued.
Feb.
Mch.
30
30
J
1
13
19
8
9
11
11
12
16
21
A« Art
26
19UI I
Jan. 23Kejidi(-Co
.. 29Keynold8, J. F
lii^'sby i(- Camp
Randal I d- Son
Robertson, Robt. C
Ryan t(- Co
Rentz <(• Turner
Robertson, Jus. R. «.(• Son.
19iRobert8, G. W
20 Russell, W W
23 Ranschenburg, C. F
Rodgers,T S,
Rice, C.E
Reyroids, H. C cfc W. B..
Reynolds. Walker.
Roberts, J. E
Rosser c(- Johnson
Roberts. W. I
Roy, J. D.
Rohbins <(• McGowan Co .
1900
Oct. 3
.. 3
3
Dec.
1901
Jan.
10
15
17
21
22
18
3
4
7
8
10
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
Stumpe, J. M
Swift Fertilizer Works . .
Standard Guano cfc Chemical Mfg. Co
Smith, R. H
Stewart, AV. A
Savannah Guano Co
Sanders. J. G. ct* John
Stokes, R. E
Snead, J. H
Snead, Jas. E
Sellers d- Orum . . . .
Schuessler (C- Co
Stiefeimeyer, C. A.
Snead, C. E. dt Bro.
Smitherman, H. M.
Smith Bros, d' Co .
Stiefrlmeyer, C. A.
Stewart, S. E
Stephens, S. B
Schioss & Kahn. . . .
Sellers, W. R
Savage, Chas. B
Stnrkie d Duke
Shepherd, Z
15 Sanders, G. A. <^ Son
16
16
16
Stewart, T. F
Schiifman, S. d* Co.
Sibert, W. J
Edwardsville 472
Nottingham 490
i Phil Campbell 494
Daphne 499
Fayette 510
McGuinn 518
Thomasville 593
Cropwell 633
Collinsville 645
Fort Payne 649
Spruce Pine j 664
Morris 701
North Port 713
Blocton 716
Rendalia 724
Pleasant Gap 739
Dadeville 745
Fayette 759
Deatsville 763
Brewton 767
Florence
Atlanta, Ga
New Orleans, La. .
< ollinsville
Dawson
Savannah, Ga
Dothan
Abbeville
Boaz
Snead
Montgomery. .
Roanoke
Cullman
Boaz
Good water. . . .
Warren ten. . . .
Hanceville. . . .
Hartselle
Petrey
Montgomery...
Troy
Evergreeen . . .
Gadsden
Georgiana
Luverne
Spring Garden,
Huntsville
Gadsden
(213)
1
12
17
62
71
72
79
83
89
105
119
182
142
160
182
186
187
188
208
210
223
226
229
242
257
288
301
308
137
LICENSES— Continued.
Date
of I
Issue
Name.
1
P. O. A.DDRESS.
CO
C
o o
312
315
318
324
328
331
332
340
353
360
362
377
385
426
436
437
454
456
459
470
485
516
527
544
549
550
552
560
567
601
634
641
644
657
658
662
6t>3
665
728
730
735
776
777
782
788
790
798
813
6
190 i
Jan.
:Feb.
Hch.
JLpr.
Chattanooga, Tenn
Bloantsville, Ala. .
Hackleburg
Eufaula
Albertville
Jasper
White Plains
16 Scholze & Bro
IT^imms & Bro
17 Spraggins, J. R
17 Shorter, E. S. & Co
17Shipp (t-Co
17 Stanley Bros
17 Scarborough, W, A. d: Co
niShellmet N. S Welsh ....
18 Storey, The A. G. Mercantile Co Talladega .
18lSnodgrass, J. D Scottsboro .
18 Sand ers & Son Columbia .
19 Smith, J. W Cooper . . . .
l9jSmith, M.S Selma
22'Smith d' Davis Fort Payne
23|Schuessler Bros LaFayette
23 Selman d- Co Albertville
24^elf, E Selfville...
24 Smith, G. H Ealums . . .
25 Sellers, C. W. & Sons Inverness .
26Stark. W. E Seale . . ..
28, Stokes, Sessions d* Co Ozark ....
1 Sessions <i* Mizell [Enterprise
4 Strock, W. H Verbena
H. B
Seaborn
Luttrell
5 Stephens, T. H. &
6 Stonacher. F. W
7 Schwab Jonas Co Birmingham
6 Smith, E S lArgo
7 Stringfellow, E. M |Keform
SShreveBros. ,
13 Smith, Fred
19 Smith, M. L
19 Shaw, W. A
19 Sellman, A.J
22 Stewart, Formby d* Co.
22 Sampy, W. L
22 Sims, J F
22 Stewart d- Hazlewood. .
24 Stanford d Collins
12 Sellers, R. D. d Son....
12 Smith, H. B
Andalusia . .
Steels Depot.
Dadeville . . . ,
WinfieJd. ...
Albertville. . .
Piedmont. . . .
Gadsden
Brompton. . . ,
Eden
Crews Depot.
Omega
Yancey
Searight
14 Searight Mercantile Co
30 Smith Bros Sylacauga
30 Stewart, TO iMunford
iMt. Pleasant. .
M. d- J. E iSpring Garden
Alexis
S Scottsboro
& J. T. Mosely iBoaz
2 Scott, G. G
5 Stewart, B.
6 Stone, J. A
i7 .^kelton, R.
8 Snow, P. H.
Feb.
May
1900 ■ 1
'Oct. l> r^jQue&see Chemical Co iNashville, Tenn.
(217)
138
LICENSES— Continued.
1900
Oct. 6
• 18
8
2
5
14
24
Nov
Dec
1901
Jan. 10
Troy Fertilizer Co
TallapooRa Oil Co
rhomps<in t^ Kelley
Tennessee Valley Fertilizer Co. .
Trawick i(-.Terniji;an
Talladega Fertilizer Co.
Tuscaloosa Cotton Seed Oil Co.
11
14
14
15
• •
15
• •
16
^8
19
• •
25
26
Feb.
1
4
• •
8
13
14
• •
19
20
Mch.
5
• •
11
26
26
1900
Nov.
26
1901
Feb.
13
1900
Oct.
3
• •
11
Nov.
5
1901
Jan.
15
• •
16
• •
16
• •
16
IPOO
Oct.
3
Nov.
16
19
1901
Jan.
4
Thomas Bros
Tucker, Willingham & Co. .
Talley, J. T.
Tliornton, E. L., Manager. .
Thornton, B. E.
Turnipseed, W. O
Truss, Geo. M. cO Co
Thomas, W. C. ttCo....
Teague, S. F
Thomasville Mercantile Co
Thompson, W. C
Thompson, AV. C. cO Co
Tallev, Dyer N . .
Towers, Vv. W.
Thompson, C. W
Tisdale. W. R. ..
fabor, Jno.T. dtCo
Teague Bros
Thomas c(- Barwick
Terry, A. T. c(Son.
Taylor, G. W
Toney, Harris
Trammell ct* Co
Union Fertilizer Co
Usry, O. E
Virginia and Carolina Chemical Co.
Virginia and Carolina Chemical Co.
Vandiver cO Co., W. F.
Vandegrift. A. B. tt-Son.
Virginia and Carolina Chemical Co
Vaughn, \V. B
Vinson BankingCo
Winston, J H...
Winkler, A. G. . . .
West tl- McMurry
Wright, Henderson t(-Co
Ti-oy
\lexander City
Normal
J'Morence
Opelika
I'alladega
Tuscaloosa
Vlexander City . .
Lafayette
Koanoke
Mountain Creek
•^^ordo
Oxford
Springville
Gold Hill
Birmingham ....
Thomasville
Hartselle
Prattville
Trussville
Maple Grove. . .
Tuskegee
Andalusia
Keener
Ashville
Oneonta
Forney
Huckabee
Swancott
Roanoke
Atlanta, Ga.
Hebron, Ala.
Atlanta, Ga.
Newnan, Ga,
Montgomery
Birmingham
Charleston, S. C
Elkmont
Georgiana
Jenifer ...
Greenville
Roanoke . .
Elba
o
C
o O
• mm
21
31
23
42
45
49
85
157
171
190
196
214
259
273
357
376
461
474
520>
539
557
566
599
61»
640-
651
691
722
768
770'
56
603
3
27
46-.
251
274
280'
293
18.
52
54.
118.
(218)
139
LICENSES— Continued.
1901.
Jan.
White & Awbrey. .......
Wood, N. W
Wood, W.J
Williams. T. B
lOiWilhite. W. B
lOiWebb, Jno. C
lliWalker, Rushton & Co.
21 Walker, J. E
14 Weathers, Swann <i- Co
151 Warten , Henry
151 White & Edmonson
151 Woodward, J. B
15 Wilder, R. M
15lWard, W L d- Son
16
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
]9
2j
22
22
52
22
28
Windham. W. C
Warnock ct- Sons
Whaley. Monroe
Woolf, John P
Wright, A. K
White, J. B ctCo...
White d- Spigener...
Weil, M. H. d-Co....
Walker d Ashcraft..
Willis, J. J. S
Webb d Morgan
Whitehead. J. B
Watkins, F
White. M A
Westmorelttnd, J. E.
29:Walker, J. H
31 WiLiams. P.
Feb. 2 WeMen,Il. G. d Co
4 Wilder, A C. & Co
4 Welch dCo., Wm
8;Winn d Son
9'WaitedMaddox
9 Wood. K. R
9 Wise, G. ^y
13 Wilson d Co
14|Walker, F. M
14! Williamson. F. F. d Son
19!Walls, H. D.
23 Wooflall. A, W
28 W()(.(i d Hattemer
Mch. 5 Ward, H. B
5 Windham d Ennis.
7 Wallace, S. H. ... ,
9 Williams, Pinkney.
9,Walkley, D. W
Roanoke-!
Collinsville
\bbeville ...
Cullman
Hartselle
Demopolis
Rutledge
Alexander City
Roanoke, • -
Athens
Troy • • •
Talladega
Brantley
Selma •
Troy
Oxford
Blountsville
Piedmont
Farill
Talladega
Goodwater
Huntsville . ■
Kennedy • • •
Mt. Andrew.
Langston
Winfield
Opelika
Attalla
Florence..
Wolf Creek
Lebannon
Wilsonville
Vincent
Alexander City.. .
:Clayton
Easonville. . -
Childersburg
iMadison • . .
Russelville •••
Dadeville
Opelika
Grant
Springville • •
Fort Deposit
Cuba
Hillsboro
Klein
Lebanon
Wetumpka
122
141
143
155
156
159
165
176
207
213
219
232
248
263
268
276
283
285
321
330
352
366
374
411
417
422
423
427
479
492
505
524
530
540
574
583
585
586
609
616
620
639
668
674
680
693
699
706
712
(219)
140
LICENSES— Continued,
Date
of
IsHue.
1901
Mch.
Name.
P, O. Address.
OB
c
o S
I Wilson, W. M. c{- Rro
l;\Valker, J.T. c(J. B .
JiWilson, J. C..(-Son . .
1 Williams,.!. S
I Wirit.M', Loeb cO Co
1 Wnldrip, J. R
I Whito, J. W. Bros..
1 Windham cC- Co
I Wt'd^^eworth, Walter E
1 Wedgeworth, Will M
Clanton 720
Plevna 737
Lincoln 751
Pansey 752
Montgomery 764
Hanover 769
Olayton 783
Moulton 793
Akron 801
Greenwood 802
(.220)
FERTILIZER LAWS.
PROVISION'S REGULATING THE SALE OF FERTILIZERS.
378 (139). Sale or exchange of commercial fertilizers; license re--
quired. — Commercial fertilizers mast not be sold or exchanged with-
out a license from the commissioner authorizing the person making
the sale or exchange to deal therein. All sales or exchanges made
•without such license are void.
See citations to section 386 (141).
379 (140). License; fee; duration. — On the payment of a fee of
one dollar, the commissioner must issue license to any person or
firm, or corporation, or association of persons, authorizing the sale
or exchange of fertilizers during a season, expiring on the thirtieth
day of September of each year.
380. iJvtJ^nce. - The printed report of a commissioner or a certi-
fied copy of the record in his office showing the issuance of a license
to sell or exchange commercial fertilizers, and to whom and when
issued, is presumptive evidence of the ftct that such license was
issued to such person at such date. But this provision does not pre-
clude the introdu«ition of the license in evidence.
336 (141). Dealer must attach tags, else sales or exchange void. — Be-
fore selling or exchanging, or offering to sell or exchange fertilizers,
the licensees must attach one of such tags to each bag, barrel or pack-
age containing two hundred pounds or any less number of pounds;-
two tags to each bag, barrel or package containing more than two
hundred pounds and not more than four hui-dred pounds, and one
additional tag for each additional two hundred pounds or fractional
part thereof, contained in such bag, barrel or package ; and a sale or
exchange of fertilizers not so taprged is void.
A sale of commercial fertilizers, made in violation of statutory require-
ments, is void, and no recovery can be had for the pr{c<!.— Campbell v.
Sfgers, 81 Ala. 59; Steiner v. Ray, 84 Ala. 93 ; Clark's Cove Guano
Co., v. Dowling, 85 Ala. 142; Merriam v. Knox, 99 Ala. 93 ; Brown v.
Adair, 104 Ala. 652; Kirby v. Huntsville Fertilizer & Milling Co. ^
105 Ala. 529.
JVhen contract of sale made in this State. — Johnson v. Hanover Nat.
Bank, 88 Ala. 271 ; Hanover Nat. Bank v. Johnson, 90 Ala. 549; Brown.
V. Adair, 104 Ala. 652.
(221)
142
Residence of ndlers and place of minnfactitre of goods are immaterial
when delivery made in this State. — Merriman v. Knox, 99 Ala. 93;
Brown v. Aduir, 104 Ala. 652.
Tays muKt he attached at the time of the sale; if previously attached,
and lost before the sale, others must be supplied, else the sale is void.
Clark's Cove Cuano Co. v. Dowling, 85 Ala., 142; Kirby v. Huntsville
F. & M. Co.,:i05 Ala.,529.
Action on commercial paper given for the price of fertilizers sold with-
out compliance with statutonj requirements cannot be maintained, even
by a bona fide purchaser before maturity. — Hanover Nat. Bank v.
Johnson, 90 Ala. 549.
When want of license jAeaded, burden of proof on plaintiff. — Edisto
Phosphate Co. v. Sanford, J 12 Ala. 493.
387. Including tag tax in price of fertilizer vitiates sale. — Whenever
any manufacturer, merchant or other person selling fertilizers shall,
directly or i.idirectly, include such tag tax in the price of the fertil-
izer sold, such sale is void.
388. Contracts for sale of fertilizers at fictitious prices; only real mar-
ket value recoverable. — In contracts for the sale of fertilizers in v^-hich
an excessive or fictitious price is put upon such fertilizers with the
stipulation that if such fertilizers are paid for on or before a certain
date ihey may be paid for in a smaller sum than such excessive or
fictitious price, or in cotton or other produce at an excessive or fic-
titious price, the difference between the excessive or fictitious price
charged for the fertilizers and their real market value shall be held
a penalty ; and in all suits to enforce such contracts only the real
market value of such fertilizers, with the interest thereon, shall be
recovered.
38. Parol evidence competent. — Parol evidence is competent to show
such market price, the situation of the parties and the considei-ation
of such contracts, as in cases of usury, notwithstanding any writing
in the premises.
390. (42). Fertilizers to he submitted to commission. — Before offer-
ing a fertilizer for sale or exchange, the person proposing to sell or
exchange must submit to a commissioner a written or printed state-
ment, setting forth —
1. The name and brand under which such feri,ilizer is to be sold
or exchanged, the number of pounds conta ned in the bag, barrel or
package, in which it is to be put upon the market, the name or names
of the manufacturers, and the place of manufacturing.
(222)
143
2. A statement setting forth the amount of the named ingredi-
■ents which they are willing to guarantee such fertilizers to contain :
First, nit-i'ogen ; second, water soluble phosphoric acid ; third, citrate
soluble phosphoric acid ; fourth, acid soluble phosphoric acid ; fifth,
j)Otash ; and such statement shall be held to constitute a guarantee
to the purchaser that every package of such fertilizer contains not
less than the amount of each ingredient set forth in the statement,
And when such statement sets forth the maximum and minimum of
Any ingredient, the commercial value shall be estimated upon the
minimum alone ; but this shall not preclude the party from setting
iorth any other ingredients which the fertilizer may contain, which
AS well as the preceding, shall be embraced in the guarantee.
See citation to section 386 (141).
391 (143). Fertilizers or chemicals for manvfacturing to he brand-
ed.— All fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing or composting the
same, offered for sale, exchange or distribution, must have branded
upon, or attached to each bag, barrel or package, in such manner as
the commissioner may by regulation establish, the true analysis of
such fertilizers or chemicals, as claimed by the manufacturer, show-
ing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertil-
izer or chemical contains, and its commercial value, calculated upon
the standard value of the principal ingredients as set forth in the
preceding section as priced by the commissioner of agriculture at the
beginning of each season, and in every case the brand must specifically
set forth the percentage contained in the fertilizer section, in the
terms of that section.
392 (144). Fertilizers; what not included in term. — The term "fer-
tilizer," or "commercial fertilizer,"' used in this chapter, dues not
include common lime, land plaster, cotton seed meal, ashes, or com-
mon salt not in combination.
393 (145). Chemist of department. — The professor of chemistry of
the Agricultural and Mechanical College is the official chemist of the
department. On the application of the commissioner he must
analyze and certify the analysis of all fertilizers, samples of which
are furnished him ; and, at the request of the commissioner, if he
can without conflict with his duties as professor, must attend con-
ventions of agricultural chemists, make reports of such matters as
he may deem of interest to the department, and render such other
services in the line of his profession as the commissioner may re-
•quire.
394 (146). Compensation of Chem' St. — The chemist is entitled to
(223)
144
his necessary travelling expenses while on duty assigned to hfro by
the commissioner, payable from the funds of the department as pro-
vided in the next article.
395 (147). Copy of ofiicial analysis rvidence.— The copy of the
official analysis of any fertilizer or chemical, under the seal of the
department of agriculture, shall be admissable as evidence in anj-
of the courts of the State, on the trial of any issue involving th* mer-
its of such fertilizer or chemical.
(22i)
CRIIVIINAL LAWS.
Section 4153. — Dealing in fertilizers without submitting statement to
Commissioner. — Any person who manufactures or exchanges, sells or
offers for sale or excnange, any fertilizer without first submitting the
statement required by law to the Commissioner of Agriculture, must,
on conviction, be fined not more than five hundred dollars for each
offense.
Sec. 4154. Selling fertilizers without attaching proper tags — Any per-
son who sells, exchanges or offers for sale or exchange, any bag,
package or barrel of fertilizer which has not been tagged as provided
by law. must on conviction, be finednot less than fifty dollars for each
offense.
Sec. 4155. Using more than once, and counterfeiting tags. — Any per-
son who counterfeits the tags prepared by the Commissioner of Agri-
culture, knowingly, or who uses a counterfeit of such tag, or who
uses a second time a genuine tag, or who uses the tag of a former
season, must, on conviction, be fine one hundred dollars.
Sec 4156 Making false certificate of analysis of fertilizers — Any
chemist, who wilfully makes a false certificate of the analysis, or of
the ingredients of any fertilizer intended or off'ered for sale or ex-
change, must on convictian, be imprisoned in the penitentiary for
not less than two, nor more than five years.
Sec. 4157. Dealing in commercial fertilizers without license. — Any
person who sells or exchanges fertilizers without having obtained a
license from the Commissioner of Agriculture, as provided by law,
must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for
each offense.
Sec. 4158. Fraud in manufacture, sale or exchange fertilizer. — Any
person who commits a fraud in the manufacture, sale or exchange of
any fertilizer, or of the ingredients of a fertilizer, must, on convic-
tion, be fined not less than one hundred dolars for each offense.
Special attention is called to the following rules for branding bags
for the season of 1901-2.
The words "Guaranteed Analysis" must be in letters not less
than one inch in height. The word "ALABAMA" must be in letters
(226)
146
(all capitals) not less 'than onr- and one-half (HX) inches, and the
balance of the ^ciiarantee, including the commercial value, must be
in letters and ligures not let«s than throe quarters (^.j) of an inch in
height.
When the minimum and maximum guarantee is gixen, the com-
mercial value must be calculated (ij>o)i the iiiiiunuDii alone.
In computing the value of the commercial fertilizers the laws of
Alabama only rec gnize the following ingredients: Nitrogen,
Water Soluble, Phosphoric Acid, Citrate Soluble, Phosphoric Acid
and Potash.
In making your calculations to determine the commercial value,
you will confine yourself to the foregoing ingredients and to the fol-
lowing values:
Water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 5 cents per pound.
Citrate Soluble Phosphoric Acid 5 cents per pound.
Nitrogen 16 cents per pound.
Potash (K 2 O) 6)^ cents per pound.
I would lespectfully call your attention to the fact that it is the
-opinion of our Attorney-General that every Fertilizer Dealer or
Manufacturer who sells goods in this State must obtain a license be-
fore offering their goods for sale. Failure to obtain such license not
only makes the sale void and the debt non-collectible, but subjects
the seller to a fine of one hundred dollars for each sale made. The
license fee is only one dollar. The fertilizer season runs from Octo-
ber to October, and I w^ould suggest that you send for your license at
the beginning of the season.
ALL COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS MUST BE ANALYZED BY
THE STATE CHEMIST.
AN ACT
To Amend Subdivision 18, Section 147 of the Code.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General A^.^embly of Alabama,
That subdivision eighteen of section one hundred and thirty-seven
of the Code be amended so as to read as follows : It shall be the duty
of the Commissioner of Agriculture to obtain samples of each and
every brand of fertilizers sold and exchanged, c»r offered for sale or
exch.inge, in this Statp/ for, each season in which such fertilizers
•are offered for sale, and cause such samples to be analyzed by the
(fi0d)
147
State Chemist ; and make publication of such analysis not [later than
August 1st of each year ; Provided, that the provisions of this act
shall not take effect until after September 1, 1891.
HOW SAIVrPLES SHALL BE DRAWN.
Special attention is called to the following rules for sending sam-
ples of Fertilizers to have analyzed. Farmers and others sending
fertilizers for analysis must observe the following directions:
In order to secure a representative sample of fertilizers to be an-
alyzed, a small amount of material should be removed from the inte-
rior of of a number of sacks and the samples thus obtained should be
thoroughly mixed in order to secure uniformity. At least 6 or 8 ozs.
of the material are then placed in a wide mouth glass bottle, which
is then sealed and properly labeled. In the case of ton lots of fertil-
izers, at least every third sack should be sampled in order to secure
a final sample, which will approximately represent the whole lot.
The sample should be drawn in the presence of two reliable wit-
nesses and the label attached to the bottle should contain the name
of the manufacturer and the name of the goods as taken from the
bag in which the fertilizer is sold.
The sample is shipped to Commissioner of Agriculture, at Mont-
gomery, Ala., with transportation prepaid, to be forwarded to the
State Chemist at Auburn, Ala.
TO FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS.
In accordance with the provisions of Bulletin 11, page 105, no
sample of fertilizers for official analysis will be received by this de-
partment until further notice, from manufacturers direct, except in
the case of manufacturers within the State, who are licensed dealers
and sell direct to consumers.
Such manufacturers can supply samples for analysis under the
same terms as dealers, provided such samples are taken from large
lots of goods as manufactured for the trade; and provided, further,
that only one representative sample of each brand shall be submitted
m^
148
for analysis by any^iv(Mi niai>iifactiiror, said samples being forwarded
for analysis not earlier than December 1st.
Samples of the various brands ofTered for sale in this State will be
obtained ciiielly from dealers and consumers, and only from manu-
facturers when specially requested by this department, and such
samples should be taken from goods as actually in stock after com-
mencement of the fertilizer season.
Manufacturers who desire to secure analysis of samples drawn and
forwarded by themselves, can have such analysis made at a moderate
cost by forwarding samples direct to the State^Chemist at Auburn, Ala.
R. R. POOLK,
Commissioner of, Agriculture.
(818)
BULLETIN No, 116. SEPTEMBER, 1901.
ALABAMA.
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE,
AUBURN.
Texas or Acclimation Fever,
By C. A GARY.
MONTGOMERY, ALA.
BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS
1901.
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Tnos. Williams Wetunipka.
Jonathan Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCIL.
Wm. LeRoy Bkoun, LL.D President
P. H. Mell, Ph. D Direcior and Botanist
B. B. Ross, M. S Chemist.
C. A. Cary, D. V. M., B. S Veterinarian.
J. F. DuGGAR, M. S Agriculturalist.
E. M. Wilcox, Pn. D. Biologist and Horticulturist
J. T. Anderson, Ph. D Associate Chemist
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hake, M. S First Assistant Chemist.
W. C. Nixon, B. S Second Assistant Chemist.
Thomas Bragg, B. S Third Assistant Chemist
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm.
R. Vi. Clark, B. S Assistant Agriculturalist.
C. F. Austin, B. S Assistant Horticulturist
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
NOTICE.
Bulletin No. 115 treats of the chemical analysis of commercial
fertilizers made by the Chemist for the State Department of Agri-
culture. Since the bulletin is issued by the Department in large
number and generally distributed among the farmers of Alabama,
the Experiment Station has printed a limited edition for its own
use, and copies will only be sent to the Station Libraries and the
Directors of the Stations and a few other parties who are keeping
files of the Bulletins for binding. But Bulletin 115 will be sent to
any person applying for it until the issue is exhausted.
P. H. Mell, Director.
CONTENDS.
Introduction 231-232
What is Texas Fever? 233-235
Changes That Occur in the Blood 235
U. S. Government Quarantine Line 236-238
The Southern Cattle Tick 238-239
Could the Tick be Exterminated? 239-242
How Recognize Texas Fever in the Living Animal 242-245
Examination of Animal After Death 245-247
What is Immunity to Texas Fever? 247
Methods of Producing Immunity 247
(a) Natural Tick Inoculation Methods 249-250
(b) Defibrinated Blood Inoculation Method 250-254
Table I — Temperature Records of Inoculated Cattle 256-259
Table II — Temperature Records of Tick Inoculated Ani-
mals the First Summer Following Defibrinated
Blood Inoculation 260-268
Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Tables I and II.. 268-269
Table III — Temperature Records of Inoculated Animals... 270
Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Table III 272-274
Table IV — Temperature Records of Inoculated Animals . . 275
Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Table IV 276-2 V/
Table V — Summary of Inoculated Animals 278
Clinical Notes on Dumas Short Horns 279-280
Clinical Notes on Nine Inoculations by F. G. Matthews.. 280-281
Table VI — Records of Northern-bred Cattle Shipped Into
Alabama During the Last Three Years 282-3-4
TEXAS OR ACCLIMATION FEVER,
By C. a. Cary..
INTRODUCTION.
The cattle breeding industry of the South has been
held in check by the fact that Northern-bred and im-
ported cattle could not be brought into the South with-
out running great and unprofitable risks. In fact, the
danger of losing such cattle was so great as to prevent
or prohibit bringing fresh and imported strains of
breeding animals into the infected regions of the South.
As a result of this natural barrier, few beef-bred cattle
came to improve the scrub stock or to improve the ani-
mals that had a tinge of Jersey blood in them. Possibly
Jersey blood is more widely scattered among the native
scrub cattle of the South than that of any other breed.
Consequently, with a well-bred Jersey bull to head a
herd, one could soon develop a respectable and profitable
herd of grade Jerseys by using such a bull upon selected
native Southern-bred coavs. But none of the native
Southern cattle have beef tendencies. Most of them do
not mature until six or seven years old, and when ma-
ture they are too small for profitable beef animals — es-
pecially for shipping to distant markets. Beef animals
must mature before they are three years old or they are
not profitable.
The necessity for animal industry, especially cattle
raising — is fast dawning upon the farmer of the South.
It leads to diversified farming; it decreases the demand
for commercial fertilizers by supplying larger quantities
of manurial fertilizers that can be made upon the farm
232
^nd are far better than commercial fertilizers, because
they are cheaper, and more permanently improve soil,
both in mechanical condition and in available plant food.
Feeilini; animals upon the farm and saving the liquid
•and solid manures gives the farmer a double use of the
feed stuffs produced on the farm ; because the manurial
products contain from GO to 90 per cent, of all the
fertilizing materials that were found in the feeds that
-were fed the animals. For example: Cotton seed hulls
and cotton seed meal lose but very little of their value
as fertilizers by feeding them to cattle, providing the
the liquid and solid manures coming from the animal are
properly saved and utilized. The cattle industry does
not mean that we shall not raise cotton, but that we can
raise as much or more cotton than Ave do now upon less
acreage and with less work and less expense for ferti-
lizers.
During the past three years more beef-bred animals
liave been brought into the State of Alabama than dur-
ing any previous time in its history. Unfortunately,
some of them have been lost by acclimation or Texas
fever; but the larger number of them have been saved
by careful handling. Methods of acclimating or
immunizing Northern-bred or foreign-bred cattle have
been developed so that the dangers of acclimation have
been reduced to the minimum — so that it is no longer
unprofita])le to bring into the South highly-bred breed-
ing animals.
The chief object of this bulletin is to describe the
methods of immunizing susceptible cattle to Texas fever,
and give the records that have been made at this station
and others by using the improved methods of immuniz-
ing Northern and foreign-bred cattle.
233
WHAT IS TEXAS FEVER ?
In various parts of the country this disease is known
by different names; it has been called Texas fever, ac-
climating fever, Southern fever, tick fever, Spanish
fever, red water, hsematuria, black water, murrain, dry
murrain, yellow murrain, bloody murrain, hollow-horn
and hollow-tail.
Texas fever is caused by a very small animal parasite
(Pi/rosoma higeminumj Smith) which was discovered
by Theobald Smith in 1889. Its chief place of living is
in the red blood cells of cattle. In some condition it
lives in the cattle tick and is carried from immune cat-
tle or cattle sick T\ith Texas fever, to non-immune or sus-
ceptible cattle by the tick. In this transmission of the
microparasite from the diseased to the healthy animals,
it passes through two generations of ticks. The female
tick abstracts blood from its host; falls to the ground,
deposits a large number of eggs that hatch in 14 to 45
days, and the young seed ticks get upon susceptible cat-
tle and inoculate them. In many cases the fever appears
in the cattle about the time the young ticks molt the
second time; then the young ticks are about one-eighth
of an inch lonor, and the careless observer mav declare
there are no ticks on the animal sick with Texas fever.
It may be here stated that this micro-parasite has two
hosts (cattle and ticks of two generations) and pos-
sibly can not live any^^here outside these two hosts.
At least its existence in other hosts or places have not
been discovered. In some respects it resembles the ma-
lerial parasite of man, but its stages of development,
are not as well known as those of the ma-
terial miscro-parasite. Yet some things are known of
its form and life history in the red blood cells of cat-
tle, and in the plasma of the blood. In mild cases of
234
Texas fever the micro-parasite appears as a single round
body in the red cell near the preriphery or the outer
border. Sometimes tliere nmy be two of these round
bodies in a single red cell of the blood. Occasionally
the small round bodies may appear singly or in pairs in
the plasma of the blood. In severe cases that usually
occur in hot weather and when the temperature of the
animal is high, tliere may be two spindle or pear-shaped
bodies in one red cell of the blood. According to Smithy
5 to 50 per cent, of the red cells of the blood may contain
these micro-parasites — the number of red cells infected
will vary with the tyi>e (mild or acute) of the fever.
The number of red cells infected will also vary with the
different organs from which the boold is taken for micro-
scopic examination. Blood from the capillaries of the
liver, heart-muscle, and kidneys, contain from 20 to 90
per cent, of infected red blood cells; while the blood
from the capillaries of skeletal or voluntary muscles
and the skin may contain very few (10 per cent, or less)
i infected red blood cells.
Fresh or dried smears of blood may be examined
under the microscope. For fresh smears collect a small
amount of blood with platinum loop; place it in the cen-
ter of a clean cover glass; drop the cover glass, blood
side down, upon a clean slide and surround the cover
glass with vaseline or paraffine; the mount is now ready
for examination under the microscope. In making
dried smears, take two clean square cover glasses ; place
a small drop of blood (picked up with the platinum loop)
on one of the clean squares a little to one side of the
center, and with another clean square spread the droplet
of blood over the lower cover glass by attempting to
scrape off the droplet with one edge of the upper cover
glass, holding the upper one in the right hand inclined
at an angle of about 20 degrees, with the lower one that
. 235
is held between the thumb and finger of the left hand.
Dry the smears immediately after making them, and
place them in the hot air oven, keeping them there for
one and one-half to two hours, at a temperature 110 to
120 degrees C. Stain the smears with Loeffler's alkaline
methrl blue from one to one and one-half mintites ; wash
in wnter and dip for an instant into a one-third per cent,
acetic acid solution to remove excess of diffuse stain in
the red blood cells; wash in water and mount in water
or dry and mount in xyol balsam. Examine with a high
power objective. (Smith's method.)
The CHANGES that OCCUR IN THE BLOOD are very char-
acteristic in a case of Texas fever. Red blood cells in
great numbers are destroyed by the micro-parasite.
This is determined by actual count of the red blood cells
in a definite quantity of blood; the test being made be-
fore, during and after or following the fever. In
nealthy old cattle the average number of red blood cells
in a cubic millimeter is about 6,000,000. In healthy
young calves the average number of red cells per cmm.
may be as high as 8,000,000. In healthy mature or mid-
dle-aged cattle the average number may be about 7,000,-
0( 0 per cmm. In acute cases of Texas fever the number
of red cells in the blood may be reduced 2,000,000 or
less per cmm. In mild cases of Texas fever the number
of red cells will vary between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000
per cmm.
As associated with, or as a result of the great loss of
red blood cells (anaemia) the red cells will vary in size
and shape ; some are very much larger than normal red
blood cells and when stained with Loeffler's alkaline
methyl-blue, become diffusely stained, and some of them
contain very small granules. These large red cells are
found in some forms of ansemia in man, and are called
megalocytes.
236
The UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT l.as ESTABLISHED
:a QUARANTINE LINE which is fixed for the regulation
•of inter-state trade in cattle, so thatSouthern tick-infested
cattle cannot be taken into non-tick-infested States (ex-
cep for immediate slau<;liter) dnrinjj: the warm seasons
when pastures and susceptible cattle may become in-
fected with ticks, and the latter inoculated with the
micro-parasite of Texas fever. All tlie States, or parts
of States, south of this line are in the tick-infested re-
gion, and all north of it are in the tick-free region. This
line starts at the Atlantic Ocean, near the southern boun-
<iary of Virginia, runs westward, leaving nearly all of
North Carolina, all of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas, part of Tennessee, Arkansas, In-
dian Territory, New Mexico, Arizona, and the southern
part of California south of the Governmental quarantine
line, in the tick-infested part of the United States.
This quarantine line and the fact that all Northern-
bred cattle shipped into the South have Texas fever,
have led many people to believe that Texas fever occurs
only in Northern-bred cattle, and never in the native
cattle of the South. But it has been proven in some
cases, beyond doubt, that calves are not born immune
to Texas fever even though their dams are immune. In
truth, it is very probable that all cattle are born sus-
ceptible to Texas fever, and only acquire immunity after
birth, by having one or more attacks of the fever. The
micro-parasite in the blood of the dam can not pass into
the foetus in the uterus because the blood in the circula-
tion of the mother does not pass directly into the circu-
lation of the foetus. The serum of the blood of the
mother passes through membranes into the circulation
of the foetus and it is very probable that the micro-para-
site does not pass through these membranes. Moreover,
blood serum contains very few of the micro-parasites.
237
The calves that are born of immune cows and live in
tick-infested lots or pastures, acquire immunity while
joung, by having such a mild attack of the fever that it
is not observed. Possibly complete immunity is only
acquired by two or more mild attacks that appear as the
succeeding broods of ticks inoculate them.
Some of the calves born of immune cows escape tick
infestation, and consequently escape inoculation. When
full srrown, or several vears old, thev mav be taken into
a tick-infested pasture or the ticks may be brought to
them by introducing new cattle into the herd ; then they
may die of Texas fever. Many farms in Alabama are
tick- free; many town lots are tick-free; parts of many
farms and pastures are tick-free; consequently cattle
that are bred and raised in such tick-free places are sus-
ceptible to Texas fever. Tick-free lots, pastures and
farms are so made by keeping all cattle off them for one
or more years, by rotation of crops and pastures, by
burning the grass, by killing all the ticks on the home
cattle, bv stock law all the vear round, and bv introduc-
ing no new cattle without first completely ridding them
of ticks. Ticks do not travel any great distance (a few
feet only), except when upon their host; by themselves,
ticks will rarely, if ever, cross a road 60 feet wide.
Hence a tick-infested and tick-free farm may be very
near each other and remain in that condition, providing
cattle and horses are not permitted to go from one farm
to the other, except when these farm animals are free
of licks. "Records of losses in Alabama of native, South-
ern-bred cattle, from Texas fever have been reported to
me every year for several years, and I have records of
Texas fever occurring in i^labama-bred cattle in every
season of the year. Of course the severe and fatal cases
occur mostly in hot portions of the year, while most
cases that occur in winter are mild. One or two illustra-
238
tions may l)ring out some of the above-mentioned con-
ditions. A certain dairyman liad kept liis cattle and
farm free of ticks for several years. He bought some
new cattle, which were infested with ticks, and placed
them in his herd. In due time his home-raised cows be-
gan to die witli what he called "reil water," which was
Texas fever. Another man sold his entire herd of cat-
tle that had been kept free of ticks; these cattle were
moved just a few miles, and in a short time many of
them died of Texas fever. Parties who buy calves or
feeders from various farms in a neighborhood, beat op
county, nearly alwaj^s lose several some time after the
calves or feeders have been brought together in the new
feeding pens or pastures.
It might be well to state here that Hunt of Australia
claims that some cattle ticks do not possess the micro-
parasite of Texas fever — especially in a virulent form.
This might explain some of the outbreaks of Texas fever
among Southern-bred cattle in herds that are collected
from many different farms or pastures. But so far as
I know, all ticks of this species in the United States that
have been tested, have been able to transmit the micro-
parasite; and no positive facts have been discovered that
show that the micro-parasite will vary in its virulency.
Hence we must regard all ticks of this species as carriers
of the Texas fever micro-parasite.
THE SOUTHERN CATTLETICK(/?oop/w/?/.5 hovis.Rilej),
is said to be a native of Northern Africa, and reached
the Southern States hy way of Spain, South America,
Central America and Mexico. The life history of this
tick, as discovered by Cooper Curtice, is described as fol-
lows :
The large female tick (the one so easily observed on
cattle) drops to the ground when filled with blood from
239
its host ; hides in some secluded place ; lays or deposits
from 1,500 to 3,000 eggs, and then dies. The incubation
period, or time required for the eggs to hatch, will vary
from 14 to 45 days; the length of time depends upon
varying conditions of temperature and moisture. Warm
weather and a little moisture shortens the period of in-
cubation ; cool weather or heavy rains prevent or retard
hatching of the tick's eggs and destroy many young ticks.
The small ticks fresh from the eggs are six-legged, and
very lively, collecting in bunches, not unlike in appear-
ance a mass of chicken mites. They are called ''seed
ticks" because they look like a small seed or because
they are said to be the seed of the tick. They crawl or
climb upon grass, weeds or any object near the place of
hatching. Cattle passing through the grass or weeds
will become infested with "seed ticks," which soon at-
tach themselves by their mouth parts to the skin of
their host. In 12 to 15 days the "seed tick" molts
("sheds its skin") and then possesses eight legs (4 pair)
instead of six. A second molting occurs in from four to
six days after the first, and following this second molt-
ing, the female tick very soon becomes larger, than the
male; the male possesses pointed shoulders, and never
gets much larger after the second molting. The female
engorges itself with blood from its host, and thus de-
velops into the large, plump, fat tick that can be so
easily observed upon infested cattle, and when mature
drops to the ground and dies laying eggs. Thus the
round of life is completed.
COULD ALABAMA OR THE ENTIRE SOUTH EXTERMINATE
THIS SPECIES OF TICKS?
According to some authorities tick extermination is
possible. One farm, one beat, one county can be made
tick-free. Why not an entire State? If every cattle
240
owner in Alabaniii would voluntarily (or by compul-
sion) fi^ht for the extermination of the tick it mi«;ht be
accomplished in two years. But extermination would
now be next to impossible in the free-range counties of
Alabama. It could be much more easily accomplished
in stock law counties where the cattle are not per-
mitted to run at large during the entire year. Every
cattle owner being required to keep his cattle confined
to his own pastures or definite limits could, by use of
dips or Avashes, destroy the ticks on his cattle, horses
and mules. He could also change his pasture from one
part of his farm to another, at least once a year, or as
often as he applies some dip or wash to the cattle to
kill the ticks. The best time to get rid of the ticks on
the cattle is in the winter when there are very few ticks.
Once getting the cattle entirely free of ticks, they could
then be put in a pasture Avhere no cattle had been for
one year or more. Following this the cattle must be in-
spected closely once every week, and if ticks should ap-
pear again kill them with dips and washes. Three ap-
plications of a tick-destroying dip or wash should be
made ; the second application should be given about ten
days after the first, and the third about ten days after
the second. The cattle are then ready to go into the
tick-free pasture. If the herd is large it would be best
to construct a dipping tank large enough to immerse
one animal at a time. The tank might be wholly or
partly sunk into the ground, having a pen and approach-
ing chute, and a draining platform near the exit chute.
The Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, and
Dr. Francis of College Station, Texas, have used large
dipping tanks, and by applying to either of them by let-
ter, plans and methods of constructing such tanks might
be secured. Beaumont oil floating on warm w^ater in the
tank could be used to destroy ticks. It is cheap, and
241 ■
could be applied full strength. Cotton seed oil or kero-
sene oil emulsion can be used, but they are more ex-
pensive than Beaumont oil. Where a farmer has only
a few cattle the Beaumont oil could be applied with
cotton lint or rags by putting each animal in a brake or
chute and going over the animal thoroughly with the
oil.
All new animals entering the herd must be made tick-
free before being turned into the pasture with the herd..
What would be gained by having Alabama or the en-
tire South free of ticks?
The most important advantage would be free and un-
restricted cattle trade with the North, and all of Europe
at all seasons of the year. A^ou could then bring into^
the South cattle from the North at any season of the
vear without danger of loss from Texas .fever. If Ala-
bama or any Southern State were to produce ''feeders'''
or ''stockers" they could be shipped directly to the corn^
belt States at any season, and not be hampered by a
quarantine extending from March or April until No-
vember or December. In short, the entire train of
troubles coming from Texas or Southern cattle fever
would be wiped out. All of this would be most desirable-
if all the tick-infested States would line up and com-
pletely exterminate the tick. But if one county or beat
should exterminate the ticks within its borders (unless
it be adjacent to the Government quarantine line), it
would be in a great deal of trouble by its isolation. Un-
less adjacent to the quarantine line it could not ship its
cattle out only at such times as could the tick-infested
counties. Moreover, breeders in the tick-infested coun-
ties could not buy cattle in the tick-free county because
such cattle are as susceptible to Texas fever as the North-
ern-bred cattle. Cattle from tick-infested counties^
could not be taken into a tick-free county without keep-
242
in^ them in quarantine until they are made tick-free by
dipping, etc.
The question of extermination of tlie tick resolves
itself into this: It is a good thing for counties of town-
ships contiguous to the Government quarantine line to
make a fight to exterminate the tick and have the quar-
antine lin^ moved South of them. But to commence in
the center of a tick-infested State would only lead to
trouble bv increasing the number of outbreaks of Texas
fever or by completely shutting off tick-free places from
cattle trade with surrounding territory. I would not
advise local tick extermination in Alabama except to get
small pastures or places for acclimation purposes, and
such places are not absolutely necessary for the new
methods of acclimating Northern or foreign-bred cattle.
Now this does not mean that any cattle owner should
permit his cattle to become literally covered with ticks,
but instead every cattle owner can keep off the excessive
number of ticks and yet have a sufficient number of
ticks to keep his cattle immune and to permit the calves
to acquire immunity. No doubt excessive tick infesta-
tion retards the growth and development of beef cattle,
and also the milk-jiroducing capacity of the milch cow.
HOW TO RECOGNIZE AND DISTINGUISH TEXAS FEVER IN
THE LIVING ANIMAL.
1. Learn the history of the diseased cattle. Were
they bred and raised in a tick-infested or a tick-free re-
gion? Were new ticky cattle brought into the herd, or
were the sick cattle put into a new pasture where ticks
are present, either upon cattle or in the pasture? Look
carefully for the small ticks upon the sick cattle. It
takes an inexperienced person some time to find the
small, young ticks. In some cases the ticks may have
243
been entirely or partially removed by use of oils or drugs
or dips, but not until after the ticks had inoculated the
animal.
2. The temperature of a tick-inoculated animal may
rise before any other symptoms are observed. In mild
cases the temperature will range between 103 and 105 ;
in severe cases it may vary from 105 to 108 degrees Fah.
The temperature may remain above normal a few days
then drop to normal (102) for a few days. In chronic
cases there may be variable or regular periods of alter-
nate rising and falling of the sick animal's temperature.
(See Admiral's temperature record in Table No. II.)
3. In mild cases the appetite is capricious or change-
able. The sick animal may refuse feed at one time, and
at another eat quite or nearly a normal or full feed. In
acute or severe cases the appetite is entirely or almost
completely lost; the sick animal may nibble at this or
that feed, but will eat very little. Rumination is sus-
pended (does not chew the cud) in all severe cases, dur-
ing the high fever period, and some times until conva-
lescence begins; this would lead some persons to claim
that the animal was sick from '4oss of cud."
4. At first or during the high fever period, the
bowels are inactive. Loss of appetite, ceasing to rumi-
nate and inactivity of the bowels indicate that digestion
is suspended. The inactivity of the bowels may be in-
directly a result of loss of red blood cells, a result of the
high fever, or it may be due to congestion and sometimes
inflammation of smaller or larger areas of mucous
membrane lining the fourth or true stomach and of the
intestines. Sometimes upon post mortem examination
the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach and of in-
testines are found eroded or ulcerated — the membrane
in small spots or patches has sloughed off. No doubt
that the bowels are paralyzed, and no amount of heavy
2
244
purgatives will move tbem in that condition. Very
probably many cases are killed by frequent doses of
heavy pur.i::atives, when small olea^^inons (raw linseed
oil) laxatives should be given to soothe the inflamed
areas. Fermentation may be kept down by giving dram
doses of creolin in one-half pint of water three or four
times per day. When the animal's condition changes
for the better, or begins to improve, the bowels may
then become freely active; but in no case should the
active bowels be checked; this will be corrected as the
animal improves.
5. The respirations may be slightly accelerated, but
in acute cases they are very rapid, running as high as 30
to 60 per minute. The rapid respirations are short or
shallow, and in some cases are accompanied by a cough,
and sometimes by groaning or grunting sounds.
6. The pulse in acute cases is rapid and as the number
of red blood cells decrease, the pulse grows weaker. The
weakness of heart and blood vessels and general muscu-
lar weakness cause the patient to lie down much of the
time. When it attempts to walk the gait is wabbling,
staggering, unsteady equilibrium. Sometimes the sick
animal stands with depressed head and arched back.
7. The kidneys are usually quite active. Large
quantities of urine are passed. In mild cases the urine
is darker than usual and in severe cases the urine may
be blood red (port wine color). This excess of color
is the coloring matter from the broken-down red cells
of the blood, and it is excreted from the body largely
by the kidnevs. The red colored urine does not contain
blood, yet it leads many to call the disease "bloody mur-
rain" or ''red water." Remember that all acute cases
or fatal cases do not pass red urine, but out of a num-
ber of sick animals in a herd some of the severe cases
will pass red urine.
245
8. In some cases the eyelids become swollen so much
that the animal can hardly open the lids sufficiently
wide to see. Many cases are accompanied by a more or
less prominent swelling under throat or root of the
tongue, between the branches of the lower jaw.
As a rule the sick animal becomes separated from the
rest of the herd ; if weather is warm it seeks the shade,
stands vdih arched back and shrunken abdomen, or lies
down from weakness. In cool weather, or during the
Avinter season, many cases perish largely from exposure
to cold nights and cold rains.
EXAMINATION AFTER DEATH may help one in making
an accurate decisionin regard to the disease causing the
death of the animal. Post mortem conditions are some-
times quite characteristic and constant ; yet in some in-
stances some of the common characteristics may be ab-
sent or not sufficiently marked as to be recognized. The
condition of the carcass as to flesh will vary with the
length of time the animal was sick, and the type or se-
verity of the disease. As a rule a few days of high fever
that suspends all digestive action Tsill lead to rapid
emaciation. In cutting through the skin notice that
there is verv little blood in it or the tissue just under the
skin, and the small amount of blood in the skin is pale,
and does not readily coagulate. After opening the ab-
dominal cavity, examine the liver, the spleen, the kid-
nevs, the bladder, the stomachs, and the intestines. If
the animal died in one to three days after becoming sick
the liver may be very large — engorged with blood and
bile, giving it a rather dark brown color; but if the
animal lived a number of days after becoming sick the
liver will be engorged with bile and will have a deep
yellowish tinge ; this yellow color is very prominent upon
a cut surface of the liver. The gall bladder is usually
246
excossivelv distciidcMl witli thick flaky ])ile. The bile is
said to he tliicker and more flaky in eases that were siek
several <lavs hefcn'e dvinir than it is in eases that die in
a short time after becoming affected.
The sjdeen or "m(>lt" is generally much larger than
it is in the healthy animal ; it may be three or four times
as large as a normal, healthy one. It is darker than a
normal one, and when cut open its bluish-black con-
tents slowly flow out. There are some genuine cases of
Texas fever in which the spleen is not very much en-
larged or changed in color and structure.
The mucous membrane linijig the fourth stomach and
intestines may be inflamed or eroded in spots or patches;
cut them open and wash away the contents so that the
red, inflamed or ulcerated condition may be distinctly
observed. In some cases the contents of the fourth
stomach and of the intestines in places may be tinged
with blood; if the intestinal contents are hard and firm
they may be surrounded by a gelatinous material or
exudate that is in places tinged Avith blood.
In severe cases when the animal dies early in the
course of the disease, the kidneys may be enlarged and
they may have a uniform brownish red color through-
out their entire structure. Cover glass smears made
with blood taken from the kidneys will show that a very
large per cent, of the red blood cells contain the micro-
parasite. The bladder will usually contain more or
less dark brown or red colored urine. The color is pro-
duced by the haemoglobin that is held in solution in the
urine and comes from the disintegrated red cells of the
blood. The urine also contains albumen.
The white membranes or tissues of the body — such as
the serous and mucous membranes, the connective tis-
sue under the skin, etc. — may become tinged wuth yel-
low very like the jaundice yellow in man. This is most
247
prominent or marked in chronic cases or cases of long
duration.
The heart, according to Smith, has the right ventri-
cle ''distended with blood, fluid or clotted, according to
the time elapsing between death and the examination.
The left ventricle is usually firmly contracted and may
contain a small quantity of fluid or clotted blood." The
small extravasations of blood under the epicardium and
endocardium are quite constant; they are most numer-
ous on the outside and inside of the left ventricle.
WHAT IS IMMUNITY TO TEXAS FEVER ?
IMMUNITY means that an animal is not susceptible to
Texas fever. It is now believed that an animal can ac-
quire immunity only by having the disease — one or more
attacks. One severe attack of the fever or two or more
mild attacks usually insure a safe immunity.
Immunitv will last as long as the life of the animal,
if said animal becomes infested with ticks one or more
times each year of its life. But my observation of the
disease, as it occurs in native Alabama-bred cattle, leads
me to believe that immunity can be lost in two or three
years by keeping the animal free of all ticks. I am con-
fident that loss of immunity in this way explains the oc-
casional outbreak of Texas fever in herds that have been
kept free of ticks for two or more years, and then letting
the cattle become infested with ticks.
METHODS OF PRODUCING IMMUNITY TO TEXAS FEVER.
The natural method is the one in which the ticks do
the inoculating. Four different forms of tick inocula-
tions have been tried. In many instances Northern-bred
cattle were brought into the South, turned out with the
herd; permitted or forced to "rough it," and survive or
248
perisli with slight or excessive tick inoculation and poor
care. Fifty to ninety jx^r cent, ol" Northern-bred and im-
ported cattle so treated died — a mortality too great to be
profitable. A modified form of this careless way has
been emploj-ed by many with much more favorable re-
sults. The susceptible animals are kept by themselves
in barns, pastures and lots separated from native South-
ern cattle; at the same tim(» a few ticks are allowed to
get on the cattle, but excessive tick infestation is pre-
vented. In a majority of such animals tick-inoculation
occurs gradually. One summer in the South under
such conditions has usually produced immunity. How-
ever, losses by this means are too great to recommend it
when better means can be obtained.
Dr. Connoway of the Missouri Experiment Station,
and Dr. Francis of the Texas Experiment Station, have
tried to control tick inoculation by placing a definite
number of young seed ticks upon the suscpetible ani-
mals at different times. Collect full grown female ticks
from Southern cattle and put them in a fruit jar or
some vessel having a little moist earth at the bottom;
this jar is then placed in an incubator or in the kitchen
near a warm chimney or stove; in 15 to 20 days the
female ticks will have deposited their eggs and the eggs
will have hatched into a mass of lively seed ticks. About
25 of these seed ticks are placed upon each susceptible
animal (best time in late fall or in winter) and they will
inoculate each animal so that in the course of 10 to 30
days the fever will appear. When the animals recover
from the mild attack of the fever (say in 40 to 50 days)
a larger number (about 100) of incubator seed ticks are
put upon each animal; this should produce a second at-
tack of fever. When the cattle recover from it they are
immune and ready for the pasture. At no time in this
treatment should the cattle want for good feed and pro-
249
tection from cold nights and rains. Some losses occur
by this method, and it is a little more inconvenient and
uncertain than either of the two methods that will be
mentioned following this.
The fourth modified form of tick inoculation is the
one where sucking calves, 2 to 4 months old, are brought
into the South in the fall or winter or early spring, and
allowed to take milk from a Southern-bred cow or are fed
fresh sweet milk from a Southern cow. While young
and during the time before it is weaned, put a few seed
ticks upon the calf or permit them to get upon it in small
numbers. Natural tick inoculation will then occur when
the calf is best able to resist severe fever and to recover
from it. It is possible that the milk of a Southern-bred
immune cow may have some immunizing power, but I
doubt it. I think the milk of a non-immune cow would
be as effective because it keeps the calf in the best of
condition to resist, and to recover from, the fever or at-
tack of the micro-parasites upon the red blood cells. It
is a well-known fact that young calves or cattle do not
have Texas fever in as severe a form as do older or ma-
ture cattle. All competent observers or investigators
of Texas fever have noted that fact. According to Hunt
of Australia, (who produced by inoculation the fever in
calves born of immune cows) , immunity is not inherited.
It is very probable that all Southern-bred calves do not
inherit immunity, but acquire it after birth by tick in-
oculation. No doubt that the vast majority of South-
ern-bred calves have the fever in such a mild form that
it is not appreciable. This partial immunity of
calves to the fever may be explained by the fact that
young animals have a greater number of red blood cells
per cubic millimeter than do older animals, and can
carry on the functions of the blood better in case of loss
of red blood cells. Also, the power of reproducing red
250
blood cells is greater in the young tlian in tlie older
animals. This may be due to the fact that there is a
relatively greater (juantity of red marrow in the young
animals, and this red marrow tends to reproduce red
blood cells nearly as fast as they are destroyed by the
micro-parasite. The general vigor of a young animal
may add to its resisting and recuperating ])()wer. More-
over, it is well-known that young animals exhibit greater
power of repairing wounds and recovering from almost
any disease than older ones. Broken bones unite quicker
and better in 3'oung animals than in mature ones. As
Dr. Francis remarks, this method of immunizing suck-
ing calves is a good and safe way for farmers who buy
a few animals; but where many animals are wanted for
a large ranch it is cheapest to use the defibrinated blood
method. One drawback to immunizing calves is that
the owner must wait one or two years before the calves
develop into breeding animals; it means loss of time,
but is a safe method.
The Defebrinated Blood Method of producing im-
munity to Texas fever in cattle was originated or dis-
covered in Australia. It has been most extensively em-
ployed i nthis country by Dr. Connoway of the Missouri
Experiment Station, and Dr. Francis of the Texas Ex-
periment Station. It has been tested by the Bureau of
Animal Industry at Washington, D. C, and by the Louis-
iana, the Mississippi and the Alabama Experiment Sta-
tions.
Brefly speaking, it consists in inoculating a suscepti-
ble or non-immune animal with blood that is freshly
drawn from an immune animal and defebrinated. The
animal from w^hich the blood is derived should be at
least two j^ears old, and Southern-bred, and known to
have had ticks upon it some time during the second sum-
251
mer of its life. A Northern-bred animal, that has ac-
quired immunity by having had an attack of Texas fever
within one year, may also be used as a source of blood
for inoculation. After securing the animal the follow-
ing instruments and articles should be prepared for the
inoculation :
A sterilized hypodermic syringe, one or two sterilized
scalpels or sharp knives, one or two sterilized aspirat-
ino- needles with an inside diameter of 1 to 2 milli-
meters; a clean sterilized beaker or wide-mouth bottle,
containing a small glass rod, and the bottle or beaker
should be plugged with aseptic absorbent cotton; one
pair of scissors, a 2 per cent, solution of creolin, and
sterilized cotton or sponge, and sterilized distilled
water. The water may be sterilized by boiling one hour.
Any or all of the above named articles, except the
creolin solution and water, may be sterilized by placing
them in a vessel of cold water, and then heating the
water until it boils for one hour.
The animal from which the blood is to be drawn may
be secured by using a cattle nose-leader or by casting it
with ropes, hobbles, etc. Clip the hair very close over
a space 3 to 6 inches long and 2 inches wide along the
jugular forrow on either side of the neck (just over the
jugular vein). Wash the clipped skin with soap and
water; then with the creolin solution and then with dis-
tilled water. Now cord the neck of the animal as the
neck of a horse is corded just before it is to be bled.
When the neck is corded the jugular vein stands out
prominently. Now the aspirating needle, with its point
inclined toward the head, is pushed into the jugular vein
and the blood that escapes through the hollow needle is
caus^ht in the sterilized breaker or wide-mouth bottle,
and stirred slowly ^ith the glass rod, being careful to
252
hold tbe <!otton plug over the mouth of the breaker or
bottle while stirring. As the fibrin collects in clots on
the jj^lass rod, it may be lifted out, and by a quick jerk
of the rod the clot is dislodged from the rod and the rod
is then returned to the breaker or bottle, and the blood
is stirred until no more fibrin collects on the glass rod.
In the breaker or bottle will remain nearly all of the red
blood cells floating in the blood serum and some of these
red blood cells will contain the micro-parasites that
cause Texas fever. This deferinated blood should be
kept warm ( above 90 degrees Fah. ) and when the sus-
<?eptible animals are ready for inoculation, the defebri-
nated blood may be drawn into the warm hypodermic
syringe and 1 cc injected under the skin of each sus-
ceptible animal. Remember that it is essential that the
defibrinated blood should be kept warm and that the
inoculations should be made as soon as possible after the
defirinated blood is prepared, because it may become
cool, or contaminated with septic or pus germs. It is
best to have the cattle that are to be inoculated con-
fined by halter or chains or stanchions in stalls. I
should not advise the use of defibrinated blood that is
over an hour old.
In about six to ten days after the inoculation the tem-
perature of the inoculated animals will rise, ranging be-
tween 103 and 106 degrees Fah. The fever may con-
tinue from 3 to 15 or more days; then fall to normal
(102); a secondary fever usually begins about the
thirtieth day after the inoculation and may continue for
-several days. According to Pound, Francis and Conno-
way the primary inoculation fever appears in 6 to 10
^ays, and the secondary inoculation fever appears about
the thirtieth day after the inoculation. The primary in-
oculation fever, as a rule, is more regular or will occur
with greater regularity than the secondary inoculation
253
fever. In many cases the primary inoculation fever will
be constant and regular, thereafter the temperature
may rise and fall irregularly. In rare instances there
may be a low continuous fever covering 20 to 40 days.
Again there may occur but one fever period and that
occur 20 to 30 days after the inoculation. As a rule, it
requires from 40 to 50 days to pass through the inocula-
tion fever periods. After recovery from the first inocu-
lation, a second one is given to each animal. In case the
first inoculation does not produce a fever running up to
105, it is always best to give a second inoculation and
increase the dose of defibrinated blood ; if 1 cc was em-
ployed in the first inoculation, use 2 cc of defibrinated
blood in the second inoculation. As a rule, the second
inoculation produces fever periods as in the first inocu-
lation, but the fever is milder than it was following the
first inoculation.
Inoculations to produce immunity to Texas fever
should be made in the South sometime between Nov. Ist
and the following March 1st, and never during hot
weather. During the early spring or during the winter,
immediately after the cattle have recovered from the
inoculation fever, permit a few ticks to get on them.
And when the hot weather of June, July, August and
September comes, keep off the excess of ticks by apply-
ing once per week over places where ticks are most fre-
quently found on the animals, crude Beaumont oil, or
a 20 per cent, kerosene oil emulsion.
Immune animals are injured to some extent by sup-
porting an excessive number of ticks.
In looking for accurate results from a large number
of inoculations I wrote Dr. Francis of the Texas Ex-
periment Station, and he kindly gave me the valuable
facts which you may see in his letter published below.
254
Notice that out of 1,500 animals inoculated by him 3^
per cent, were lost by inoculation fever and less than 7
per cent, by exposure to tick inoculation after recovery
from defibrinated blood inoculation. Remember that
the vast majority of the cattle inoculated by him were
placed in large pastures on ranches where little or no
attempt was made to keep off ticks; and that in many
previous instances Northern-bred cattle under like con-
ditions had a mortality as high as 50 to 90 per cent.
College Station, August 5, 1001.
Dr. C. A. Gary, Auburn, Ala.
Dear Doctor — I have your letter of the 2nd in
regard to our experiments with Texas fever. I am pre-
paring a bulletin on the subject now and hope to have it
off within six weeks. I have inorulated about 1,500
calves. These run all the way from a few months old to
two years of age. I cannot tell you without several
hours' work just how many of each age. I may say^
however, that the best age is about one year old. The
best time of the year is any time from November to
March.
We consider one cubic centimeter as a standard dose.
We use all the way from one-half of one cc to two cc,
but one cc is a standard dose. We take the blood direct
from the jugular vein of any Texas-raised animal that
is in good health. We usually take something that is
two or three years old, so as to avoid the transmission
of tuberculosis.
As a general rule, we make two inoculations. I think,
however^ that one is enough, but we use two merely to be
sure of an infection. If the time between inoculation
and exposure to ticks is several months, I favor two in-
oculations.
255
I think that all our calves born in Texas are suscepti-
ble to fever, but pass through it while they are still
joung. I have seen some of our calves with the acute
fever and passing red urine that were born and raised
here. If they be raised in a pen, say in town, the death
rate is pretty high among them, but those that are raised
out in pastures the death rate is very low, and the at-
tacks escapes ordinary observation.
The mortality from inoculation fever is about 3^ per
cent. Dr. Conoway has written me the exact number
that he has done, and the mortality. It is essentially
the same as ours, but I hardly feel at liberty to give you
his data. He will certainly supply you with it if you
write him. I am yours very truly,
M. Francis.
P, S. — To make a general statement will say that we
now save about 90 per cent, of all Northern cattle
brought into this country. M. F.
256
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259
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230
TAI.LK II
Teni[)erat lire Kecmnls of Kct^istHiMnl Kulls whidi luid Texas Fever
as a result of Tick Ir.ociilat ion tite first Siinniier follow iiig Defibri-
nated blood Inoculution.
DATE.
I AdiDJral. I (Jharley
Jihainpion,
I90H.
I -v. M I I' M I A. M
August 10
August 11
August 12
August 13
August 14
August 15
August 16
August 18
August 19
August 20
August 21
August 22
August 23
August 24
August 25
August 26
August 27
August 28
August 29
August 30
August 31
September
September
September
September
September
September
September
September 8 .
September 9 .
September 10
September 11
September 12
September 13
September 14
September 15
September 16
September 17
September 18
September 19
September 20
September 21
September 22
September 23
September 24
September 25
September 26
September 27
105.8
106.4
106.0
105.0
101.8
100.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
107.0
106.0
105.0
103.6
103.0
100.6
104.0
104.0
104.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.4
103.2
103.0
103.0
103.6
103.0
103.0
104.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.4
102.8
103.0
102.8
102.8
102.6
102.0
101.6
101.6
1 101
4
1 102
4
101
8
1 101
6
102
8 1
102
2 I
102
2
9
2
107.0
106.2
106.4
104.8
106.6
100.8
101.0
105.4
107.4
105.6
105.4
105.0
105.0
104.8
104.8
104
104
105.0
105.0
104.2
104.2
104.2
103.8
103.9
104.4
104.4
104.2
104.2
103.8
104.8
104.3
104.6
104.8
103.0
103.8
104.6
104.8
103.8
102.8
104.8
104.4
104.4
104.2
104.6
104.8
105.0
103.8
105.0
106.2
105.4
103 . 0
101.0
101.0
101.2
105.0
104.8
105.0
101.8
102.0
102.0
101.8
101.8
101.8
101.8
102.4
I l»^L
107.0
106.0
104.8
101.8
102.8
102.0
103.0
105.8
105.4
106.3
104.8
102.8
102.4
103.4
102.4
104.0
102.4
104.4
105.0
104.4
103.6
102.0
I
106.0
102.4
101.0
103.0
102.0
101 . 2
102.0
106.0
102.8
J-
107.4
105.0
102.4
102.4
104.0
104.6
101.8
100.4
105.0
105.4
105.2
102.2
261
TAI^.LE II— Continued.
DATE.
I Admir.-il. | « hariey.
Champion
900
I A M I P M I A M I P M, I A M. I P M.
September 28
September 29
September 30
October 1 . . ,
October 4 . .
October 6
October 7
October 8 . . . ,
October 9 . . .
October 10 . .
October 11 . .
October 12 . . ,
October 14 . .
October 19 . .
October 20 . .
October 21 . .
103.0
102.2
101.0
101.8
104.0
103.2
103.2
105.6
105.6
104.6
103.8
104.6
104.4
104.6
103.6
102.8
103.6
102.8
102.8
102.8
103.2
104.0
102.8
262
CLINICAL RECORDS OF THE ANIMALS INOCULATED
WITH DEFIBRINATED BLOOD.
All of tiie cattle that were inoculated at Auburn were
stabled at ni^lit, carefully handled during the entire
I>eriod of inoculation. The ticks were kept off by weekly
applications of kerosene oil emulsion. Neither cotton
seed nor any of its products were fed them during the
inoculation periods. Unless otherwise mentioned, the
blood used in the inoculations was derived from a two-
year-old Southern-bred Jersey heifer, which had been
infested with ticks during its second summer, and had
been tested for tuberculosis.
1. Admiral (see Table I), a red poll bull, bred in
Illinois, arrived in Alabama Nov. 11, 1899, at the age
of ten months, weighing 742 lbs. December 26, 1899,
was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated blood. Very
little, if any, primary inoculation fever occurred; but a
fairly good secondary inoculation fever began January
25, 1900 (30 days after the inoculation), and continued
until February 4. He was inoculated a second time
February 21, 1900, with IJ cc of defibrinated blood. A
very slight rise of temperature appeared on February 26
and 27, March 3 and 4, and March 22. The inoculation
fever periods in this animal Avere all more or less ir-
regular, very slight or absent, excepting the secondary
inoculation fever following the first inoculation. Dur-
ing the entire inoculation periods he exhibited no signs
of ill health. Ticks first appeared upon him June 16.
July 21 he was very much depressed or dumpish. August
10 he began to breathe rapid and shallow ; morning tem-
perature 107, and at noon 108 degrees Fah., remaining
at about 106 for the next four days ; then it dropped to
normal for two days, rising to 107.4 on August 19. Hig
263
temperature ranged between 103 and 105 until Septem-
ber 15, remaining above normal nearly all of the time
from August 19 to October 1. Thereafter there were
occasional or irregular rises in his temperature (see
his temperature record in Table II). When the high
fever began his urine became highly colored (port wine
color), and was excreted in large quantities; this condi-
tion continued for more than a week. The urine con-
tained a large quantity of albumen.
August 11, about the beginning of the fever, his bowels
became inactive; he was first given Epsom salts, and
then raw linseed oil with rectal injections of warm
water, — the last being given three times per day. But
the moderate doses of purgatives and large enemas failed
to produce a normal action of the bowels for 14 days.
His bowels began to act August 26, and the feces were
very soft, dark in color and many times were covered
with gelatinous mucus. His appetite was almost en-
tirely lost ; he nibbled at bran, sorghum, hay and grass ;
but did not ruminate until he began to recover. Diges-
tion was almost entirely suspended. During the sus-
pension of digestion, fermentation and bloating were
controlled by giving internally dram doses of creolin
and by using the trocar and canula (tapping the ru-
men or pounch to let out the gas) . His weakness caused
him to lie dowm much of the time. About August 26
he began to improve, his appetite became a little better ;
rumination and digestion were resumed, and his bowels
"began to act freely ; yet recovery was slow and in fact
he has not yet completely recovered. Periods of improve-
ment and periods of depression have appeared irregu-
larly for twelve months. August 8, 1899, t^^o days be-
fore the fever began, he weighed 1027 lbs., and Septem-
ber 24, 805 lbs. ; March 30, 1901, 775 lbs. ; October 5.
1901, 905 lbs. His appetite, digestion and assimilation
264
have been deficient; have been below normal, and con-
sequently very little improvement has been made.
Au^nist 13, 1900, there were 4,175,000 red cells in 1
ccm. of his blood.
August 20, 1900, there were 4,550,000 red cells in 1
ccm. of his blood.
Au<.aist 23, 1900, there were 4,400,000 red cells in 1
ccm. of his blood.
August 17, 1901, there were 6,400,000 red cells in 1
ccm. of his blood.
September 26, 1901, there were 7,090,000 red cells in 1
ccm. of his blood.
The treatment of Admiral during the fever was di-
rected toward keeping the bowels active by using rectal
injections of warm water, and by giving, per mouth,
small doses of raw linseed oil, — creolin and tapping
being used to control bloating. Quinine in 30 to 120
grains doses were given every six hours to destroy the
micro-parasite which causes the disease. To keep up
heart action and tide over periods of great depression
and weakness, tincture of digitalis was given in 2 to 4
fluid, dram doses; also tinct. of nux vomica was used
to stimulate the heart. Gention was given as a stomachic
to improve the appetite and digestion after the acute
stage had passed; also tincture chloride of iron and
Fowler's solution of arsenic were tried, with the idea
that they would increase the haemoglobin and number
of red blood corpuscles. But no appreciable results fol-
lowed the use of the last two named drugs.
Clemintina (see Table I), a registered red poll heifer,
bred in Illinois, was 1 year old when shipped to Auburn,
Ala., arriving Xovember 8, 1899, and then weighed 770
lbs. December 26 she was inoculated with 1 cc of de-
fibrinated blood. She had no primary inoculation fever,
265
and a very slight secondary fever appeared February 1
to 8, about 36 days after inoculation. February 21 she
received a secondary inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated
blood. A very slight elevation of temperature occurred
about 40 days after the second inoculation. Of all the
six full blood cattle inoculated at the same time she
reacted the least. During the shipment she accidentally
got with calf and aborted July 26. Preceding and fol-
lowing the abortion she had some fever and it is very
probable that the abortion was caused by the fever. Ac-
cording to the Australian authorities Texas fever pro-
duced bv defibrinated blood inoculation is often at-
tended by abortion in pregnant cows. This heifer has
kept in the best condition, and has made an almost con-
tinuous growth from the time of her arrival in Ala-
bama to the end of her second summer. Novem-
ber, following her first summer she weighed 1020
lbs. at 2 years old, and on August 10, 1901, she weighed
1190 lbs. She dropped a bull calf about September 20,
1901.
Champion of Al-abama, (see Tables I and II), a short-
horn bull, bred in Missouri, arrived at Auburn, Ala.,
November 8, 1899, at the age of 7 months, weighing 472
lbs. In shipping he caught cold and had an attack of
bronchitis the first week after his arrival in Alabama.
December 26 he was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated
blood. If primary fever appeared it lasted only one day,
on January 11. A well marked secondary inoculation
fever occurred from January 28 to February 7, beginning
31 days after the inoculation, and continuing 12 days.
February 21, 1900, he received a second inoculation of
H cc of defibrinated blood. The fever periods following
the second inoculation were indistinct and irregular.
During the secondary' fever Deriod of the first inocula-
266
tion he became very sliigjjjish, lost his appetite and de-
creased about 20 lbs. in weight. This calf was weak and
unthrifty when inoculated, and had days of dunipish-
ness and loss of appetite durini^ the entire winter. AVhile
the reaction to the inoculation was well marked for only
one period, yet he seemed to be affected more by the
fever than any of the other five animals that were inocu-
lated at the same time. During the summer of 1900
and of 1901 he became infested with ticks at different
times, and for a short time in August had a period of
high fever, going as high as 107 one evening (see Table
II). Thereafter he made rapid gains, and on August
10, 1901, he weighed 1200 lbs. His growth during the
second summer has been very good.
Sixth Gazelle of Maple Hill (See Table I), a short-
horn heifer, bred in Missouri, arrived in Alabama No-
vember 8, 1899, at the age of 11 months, weighing 692
lbs. Was first inoculated December 26 with 1 cc of de-
fibrinated blood. The primary inoculation fever began
January 7, (12 days after inoculation), and ' >ntinued
until January 26 (19 days). The secondary inocula-
tion fever appeared about January 31; it was very mild
and not distinctly marked. On February 21, this heifer
received a second inoculation of \\ cc of defibrinated
blood, but no distinct fever reaction followed this inocu-
lation. She lost her appetite one or two days, and had
one day of short and rapid respirations during the pri-
marv fever of the first inoculation. February 16 and
22 a very few ticks were found on her. June 16 several
ticks were found on her, having been in tick-infested
pasture since April. July 16 she appeared dull and
stupid, and July 24 her temperature rose a little above
the normal ; no doubt she had, at this time, a very mild
attack of fever. She passed through the first summer
267
making good gains and growing. At the beginning of
the inoculation period she weighed 685 lbs. at the close
(April 4, 1900), 805. After this she passed her
first and second summers and second winter, much oi
the time in tick-infested pastures. August 10, 1901,
she weighed 1060 lbs., and August 11 dropped a fine 77-
Ib. heifer calf.
Baroness of Alabam , (see Table I), a full blood An-
gus heifer, bred in Illinois; arrived in Auburn, Ala.,
November 8, 1899, at the age of 8 months, weighing 520
lbs. December 26 she was inoculated with 1 cc of de-
fibrinated blood. The primary inoculation fever began
about January 2 to 4, and continued until about Janu-
ary 22. The secondary inoculation fever appeared about
the last day of January and first of February. Follow-
ing the primary fever occasional irregular rises of tem-
perature appeared. February 21, 1900, she received her
second inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated blood; the
9th and 10th days following the inoculation she had
fever, and on the 20th day she had a temperature of 104
morning and evening. The primary inoculation fever
following her first inoculation was good and continued
longer than usual, and the heifer then became sluggish
and off her feed. At time of first inoculation she weighed
555 lbs. ; near the close of the primary fever 540 lbs. ; at
the close of the inoculation periods (April 4), 570 lbs.;
September 1, 1900, 700 lbs. ; March 30, 1901, 810 lbs.
Charley Gardner, (see Tables I and II), an Angu&
bull, bred in Illinois, arrived at Auburn, Ala., Novem-
ber 8, 1899, at the age of 8 months, weighing 605 lbs.
December 26, 1899, he was inoculated with 1 cc of de-
fibrinated blood. An almost imperceptible primary
fever appeared about January 1. The secondary inocu-
lation fever began January 22 (27 days after the inocu-
268
lation) and lasted abuot 10 days. At no time did his
fever reacli 104. On February 21, 1900, lie received a
second incKulation of 1^ cc of dcfil)rinated blood. No
fever followed this inoculation. After beinjjj infested
with ticks some time in June or July, he had a rather
severe attack of fever, beginninfij about August 10, when
his temperature ran up to 107. This period of fever
lastcxl three days; his temperature went up to 104-106
for four days. The fever checked his appetite and made
him lose some in weight, but rumination, digestion and
action of bowels were at no time completely suspended,
as in Admiral's case.
August 8, 1900, just before the fever, he weighed 1015
pounds.
September 1, 1900, just after the fever, he weighed
930 pounds.
August 10, 1901, near close of his second summer, he
weighed 1450 pounds, when about 30 months old.
REMARKS ON INOCULATION OF THE SIX CATTLE IN
TABLE I.
One positive mistake that we made with the three full
blood bulls which were inoculated at the same time as
the three full blood heifers, was that they were not per-
mitted to get ticks on them early in the spring imme-
diately following recovery from the inoculation fever.
The heifers were turned out with the herd cows and be-
came infested with ticks early in the spring, while the
bulls Avere kept by themselves in small pasture lot, and
did not, in fact, get but few ticks on them until July,
when the weather w^as hot, a dangerous time for fever.
Another mistake was made in the second inoculation of
all those that did not react well to the first inoculation.
The second inoculation dose (coming from same source
269
as first) should have been 2^ cc instead of U cc. The
fever must be produced by the inoculation at least once
and if possible tT\ice before the animal is safely im-
mune. The temperature should run up to, at lowest,
104 to 105.
270
TABLE III.
roinperatiir*' Ivoct)rds of Nortliern-Bred Grades that were Inocu-
hited with Dt'iihrinaled Bhiod.
uiAbt 1 A. am: 1 1 a. (;iiaiik ii i a «"rai>k iF
DATE
IS99- 19(H)
I s. u.
I AM I P. M I A.M. I P. M I A.M. | P- M | A.M. | P. M.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dpc.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
2
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.4
102.2
102.4
104.0
102.4
102.4
102.0 104.0|103.0
102.0 102.0|102.0
102.0|102.0|102.6
101.0 102.01102.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
104.0
103.6
102.4
102.61102.0
|103.0|103.0I102.2
103.2
100.0
101.6
101.0
102.6
102.8
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.6
102.0|103.0
104.0|l03.0
100. w 1 103.0
102.0
102.6
102.6
103.0
101.6
102.6
102.01102.4
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
100.6
102.0
100.0
100.2
101.2
102.0
102.2
102.6
103.4
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.6
103.6
102.2|103.2
102.61102.6
102.01102.2
101.0|l02.0
102.21102.4
101.01102.0
100.8|102.0
100.01102.0
102.6|102.6
102.0|102.0
102.2|102.4
102.01102.4
101.01102.0
102.01102.2
3 1102.01102. 4
4 1102.21102.6
5 jl02.0|102.2
6 1101.0,102.0
7 1102.01102.2
8 102.01102.4
9 (l02.2|102.6
10 101.6103.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.4
102.0
102.4
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.4
102.0
102.4
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.4
102.0
101.4
102.0
102.6
102.2
102.6
102.0
102.4
102.6
103.0
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.6
102.01103.0
102.0'102.6
102.2
103.6
102.2
102.0
102.4
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.4
103.6|102.0
103.61102.6
103.2
103.4
102.4
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
104.0
103.0
102.8
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
103.0
xU3.2
103.2
102.2
102.6
102.2
102.6
102.6
103.0
102.4
102.6
103.0
103.0
102.8
101.8
102.0
102.4
104.0
103.0
102.2
102.0
102.2
102.0
103.2
103.0
102.2
103.0
103.4
102.0
103.0
103.2
102.01102.4
102.0|103.0
102.0|102.6
100.0|102.0
102.4|103.6
102.21103.0
102.0|103.0
102.4|103.0
102.01103.0
102.41103.0
102.0|102.4
102.41103.0
102.21102.6
102.41102.6
102.41102.0
102.41102.6
102.01102.4
102.01102.6
101.61102.0
101.01102.0
102.01102.2
102.01102.2
102.4fl02.6
102.61102.6
102.21102.6
102.61103.0
102.61102.6
102.6
101.6
102.2
102.2
102.0
101.0
101.4
102.6
101.4
103.0
103.0
103
102
101
101
101
102
102
102.0
100.8
102.6
101.4
102.2
102.4
102.0
100.0
102.0
102.4
102.6
101.0
102.0
102.2
102.2
102.2
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.4
102.2
102.4
102.2
lOZ.O
101.2
102.0
102.4
102.0
102.6
102.0
6
,0
2
.4
,6
0
105.0
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.0
103.0
103.0
103,
104,
102.
103,
102,
104,
103.0
103.0
102.0
103.2
103.4
103.6
104.0
103.4
102.6
103.4
103.2
103.0
103.0
103.4
102.4
102.8
103.0
102.6
102.4
102.4
102.6
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.6
102.4
102.6
103.0
105.0
102.0
102.0
102.6
102.2
103.0
102.6
271
TABLE III— Continued.
DATE
S. H. GRADE I A. (JRAUK I | A. GRADE II | A. GRADE III
1899—1900.
AM I P M. I A M
P M
Jan.
11
Jan.
12
Jan.
13
Jan.
14
Jan.
15
Jan.
16
Jan.
17
Jan.
18
Jan.
19
Jan.
20
Jan.
21
Jan.
22
Jan.
23
Jan.
24
Jan.
25
Jan.
26
Jan.
27
Jan.
28
Jan.
29
Jan.
30
Jan.
31
Feb.
1
Feb.
2
Feb.
3
Feb.
4
Fab.
5
Feb.
6
Feb.
7
Feb.
8
Feb.
9
Feb.
10
Feb.
11
Feb.
12
Feb.
13
Feb.
14
Feb.
15
Feb.
16
Feb.
17
Feb.
18
Feb.
19
Feb.
20
Feb.
21
Feb.
22
Feo.
23
103.0
102.2
102.2
101.6
102.4
102.6
102.2
103.0
103.0
102.2
102.4
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
"102.0
102.0
102.0
101.4
102.4
102.2
102.4
102.0
102.4
102.0
103.0"
103.2
104.0
102.6
103.0
102.0
103.4
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.6
101.6
102.2
102.0
101.2
103.
101.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
'102.
102.
103.
102.
102.
102.
103.
102.
102.
102.
103.
102.
102.
102
102
102
102
A.M. I P M I A. M I
P .M.
102.6
102.0
102.0
102.6
102.6
0 102.6
103.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102. 6 1 102.
103.2|102.
103.0
4
6
4
4]102.2
6|102.0
0J103
0|102
4|102
6|102
61103
4|l03
01103
4(103.0
2|102.0
4!
6|102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
0|102.0
6|102.4
0|102.0
0|102.6
0|102.0
0|102.6
0J102.4
6|103.0
6|103.0
0|103.2
0|103.0
6|103.0
0|102.6
01102.6
41102.0
0tl02.0
2|l02.0
01102.0
61102.0
4|102.0
0|101.2
01102.0
61102.0
2|102.0
.1102.0
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
103.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
103.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
103
±03
103
102
102
102
4
4
6
6
0
4
2
6 103
61102
6J102
6|102
61102
0|102
6|102
4|102,
0|103
2|102
6!102,
102
102
01103
61103
6|102
61102,
0|102
0|103,
4|103,
01102
102
102
102,
102,
102.
102,
102,
102.
102.
.0
.6
.6
.6
.0
.0
.0
.4
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.0
.6
.6
.2
.6
.0
.6
,6
.0
,6
6
,6
,6
0
2
.6
6
6
0
0
0
6
4
2
4
0
4
4
6
6
1 103
|102
|102
|103
1102
1 102
|102,
|103|
il03
|103
|103
|102
|102,
[102
il02,
|102.
|103,
1102,
1103.
|102,
1 103.
|102.
|103.
|102.
102.
|102.
|102.
|102.
1103.
|102.
|102.
|102.
1102.
1102.
|102.
|102.
|102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
102.
.ZI103.4
.4|103.0
.61102.6
.0|102.0
.6|102
.6|102
.6|102
[0.103
.0|102
.0|102
.01102
102
102.2
103.0
102.4
0J102.0
4|102.0
01102.0
2|101.6
0|102.4
01101.0
0|103.0
21102.0
102.6
102.4
102.6
102. t)
0J103.0|
6|102.0
4|102.2|
0|102.0|
6J103.0I
6|102.0|
0|102.6|
6|103.0|
21102. 4|
4|102.2|
0|102.0|
2|102.0|
6|103.0|
6|102.4|
2|102.6|
.1102.61
1103.0
1102.6
jioa.o
1102.6
|102.4
|102.6
|102.0
|102.2
|102.2
jl02.6
il02.6
|102.2
|102.6
|102.0
1102.2
1102.6
|102.4
1102.2
102.2
|102.0
[102.6
102.0
103.2
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.4
102.0
102.6
102.0
102.2
101.6
102.6
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.4
272
The four Nortliern-lurd grades that were hroui^ht to
Aiilmrii, Ahi., Noveinher 8, 1S91), witli tlie six full bipods,
were inocuhittHl one montli before the full bloods, and
were ditrereutly handled and fed. They wexe all in-
oculated the first time November 24, 1899, with 1 cc of
defil)rinated blood, derived from the same two-year-old
Southern-bred Jersey heifer; and on January 24, 1900,
they all received a second inoculation of 1^ of detibrin-
ated blood. During the inoculation periods they were
fed small rations of bran and very poor hay; housed at
nii2:ht and bad days, and allowed the run of a dry lot on
good days. (See temperature records in Table III).
Shorthorn Grade Heifer, bred in Missouri, about 8
months old at time of arrival in Alabama, and weighed
320 11)S. The primary fever began about November 28
or December 1, and continued until about December 5th.
and rose slightly again December 9, 10 and 11. Her
temperature came up again December 18, and irregular
slight elevations of temperature occurred until the sec-
ond inoculation on January 24. During this first per-
iod a low fever prevailed, and the heifer ex-
hibited weakness and an unthrifty condition. The
low fever following the second inoculation was a little
higher and more unbroken or continuous than the fever
following the first inoculation. This heifer was not in
good condition at the beginning of the inoculation per-
iods, and was not fed a sufficient quantity of good feed
during the fever. A liberal supply of good feed is always
essential during inoculation fever. She was turned
into a tick-infested pasture about March 1, and became
so badly infested with ticks in April that it Avas neces-
sary to get her up and treat her with kerosene oil emul-
sion in order to remove them. This heifer did make
some growth during her first summer, but did not begin
273
to improve in a normal, healthy manner until the spring
of 1901. September 1, 1901, she weighed about 800 lbs.
Angus Grade Heifer fio. I ; bred in Illinois, about 8
months old at time of arrival in Auburn^ Ala. About
December 8 the primary reaction began. Slight irregu-
lar rises of temperature occurred every few days until
second inoculation on January 24, 1900. Primary re-
action began about February 6, and lasted about 1 days.
February 23 she was turned into tick-infested pasture
with the herd, and became infested with ticks early in
the spring. She made .good gains in flesh during the
summer, and on November 10, 1900, weighed 725 lbs.
During the second summer she developed without any
checks, and now weighs about 900 lbs.
Angus Grade Heifer No. II, bred in Illinois, at time
of arrival in Auburn, Ala., 8 months old, and weighed
415 lbs. Primary inoculation fever appeared about De-
cember 1. Secondary inoculation fever not very difi-
nitely located, but probably began about January 9.
Temperature rises were irregular and very mild, follow-
ing both first and second inoculations. She never showed
symptoms of ill health and at the end of the inoculation
periods she weighed 490 lbs. She was turned into a
tick-infested pasture and became infested with ticks
early in the spring, and never showed any signs of sick-
ness, weighing at the end of the first summer 670 lbs.
At the end of the second summer she weighed about 800
lbs.
Angus Grade Heifer No. Ill; bred in Illinois, about 3
months old at time of arrival in Auburn, Ala., and
weighed 420 lbs. About December 1 the primary react-
ion began. The secondary inoculation fever not very
distinctly located unless January 7 to 13 or January 18
to 24 be so regarded. The primary reaction following
274
the second inoculation began about February 3, and the
secondary reaction appearing about February 20. No
reaction is high or very distinctly located. This heifer
was very wild and mean to handle, and was not fed dur-
ing the first and second summers and the second winter,
as were Nos. 1 and 2. At the end of the first summer
she weighed 610 lbs., and in September, 1901, she weighs
about 800 lbs. She became infested Avith ticks the first
summer and several times since, but has never exhibited
any signs of ill health.
275
TABLE IV.
Temperature Records of four Registered Angus Calves. Inoculated
with Defibrinated Blood.
DATE
Barnes, H. i I Barnes, H. 11 Barnes, B. j Little B.
1900.
I A.M. I P.M. I A.M. I P M I A. M. I P.M. | A. M | P M
February 13
February 14
February 15
February 16
February 17
February 18
February 19
February 20
February 21
February 22
February 23
February 24
February 25
February 26
February 27
February 28
March 1 . . .
March 2 ...
March 3 . . .
March 4 . . .
March 5 . . .
March 6 . . .
March 7 . . .
March 8 . . .
March 9 . . .
March 10 . .
March 11 . .
March 12 . .
March 13 . .
March 14 . .
March 15 . .
March 16 . .
March 17 . .
March 18 ..
March 19 . .
March 20 ..
March 21 . .
March 22 . .
March 23 ..
March 24 . .
March 25 . .
March 26 . .
March 27 . .
March 28 . .
March 29 ..
March 30 . .
March 31 ..
April 1 . . . .
April 2
April 3
April 4 . . . .
April 5 . . . .
103
102
102
102
102
102
102.0
103.0
103.4
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.6
104.6
103.6
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.0
103.0
102.6
102.6
102
102
102
103
103
102.6
102.4
103.0
102.6
102.6
102.2
102.4
102.6
103.0
102.0
103.0
103.0
102.0
102.6
102.2
102.6
103.6
103
103
103
102
103
103
103
103.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
103.0
103.0
102.2
102.4
103.0
102.6
103
103
103
01102
102.0
102.6
103.0
103.6
102.6
102.6
103.0
102
103
102
103
103
102
103
103
103
102
102
103.0
102.6
102.6
102.6
102.6
103.0
102.6 103.0
102.6
102.6
102.0
103.4
103.6
102.6
103.0
103
102
103
103
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.0
102.6
102.0
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.0
103
103
102
102
103
103.0
103.2
102.0'
104.0
103.6
105.0
103.6
104.0
102.6
102.6
103.0
103.2
102.0
102.0
104.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
102
102
103
102
102. Olios,
103.0
102.0|103.0
102.0|102.6
102.01102.2
102.6
102.0
102
102
102
102
102.0
102.6
102.4
103.2
102
102
102
102.0
102.0
102.6
103.0
102.4
102.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.4
102.0
101.6
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.4
102.6
102.6
103
102
103
102
103
102
103
103
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.2
102.6
102.0
103.0
102.01102.0
102.2|102.0
102.01
102.0
102.0
101.6
102.0
102.0
102.0
101.0
101.6
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
101.2
101.6
102.0
102.2
102.0
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
1101.2
102.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
102.0
104.0
101.6
102.0
102.0
103.6
103.2
103.0
102.6
103.4
103.0
103.0
102.4
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.6
102.2
102.6
102.2
103.0
103.0
102.2
102.2
103.6
102.0
103.0
103.0
102.2
103.0
103.0
105.0
102.0
102.6
102.0
102.2
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.6
102.0
102.0
104.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
102.6
102.6
103.0
103.0
103.6
102.6
104.0
103.0
103.4
103.0
103.2
103.0
102.6
103.0
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.6
103.0
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.2
103.0
104.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
106.0
104.2
102.6
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.0
104.4
104.0
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.6
lOz.6
10:i.6
102.0
102.4
103.0
102.6
102.0
102.2
103.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
104.0
105.0
104.0
106.0
106.0
105.2
103.4
103.0
103.0
102.0
102.0
103.0
105.0
103.2
102.0
102.0
102.0
101.4
102.0
102.2
102.0
102.6
102.0
102.0
102.2
27'--
o
In Table No. 3, '^Barnes, II., I," "naiiu^s 11., II,'' and
*'Barne.s, iV," represent two lieifers and one bull.
They are full blooded Angus calves about G mouths old
at time of their arrival in Alabama, and were bred in
Illinois. February 11 they arrived in Au])nrn, Ala., and
Februarv 13 thev were each inoculated with 1 cc of de-
febrinated blood derived from the same two-year-old
Alabama-bred Jersey heifer. The inoculation fever per-
iods are fairly well marked (see Table No. IV), but are
somewhat irregular. These calves were fed shorts, corn
meal, ^md receivcnl daily from 3 to 4 gallons of milk from
two Alabama-bred Jersey cows. The milk very probably
had no immunizing power, but it kept these calves in
excellent condition to withstand the inoculation fever.
They all grew and gained in weight during the inocula-
tion period. April 5, 1900, they were taken to the home
of their owner, Hon. R. B. Barnes, Opelika, Ala., where
they have spent two summers without showing any
symptoms of Texas fever. The heifers were turned into
tick-infested pastures and the bull was kept by him-
self in a small pasture where he did not get many ticks
on him the first summer. Consequently in November
following the first summer the bull was given a second
inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated blood. The cattle
have suffered no inconvenience from the inoculation,
and the exposure to tick inoculation during the second
summer.
The "Little B.'' in Table No. IV. represents an Angus
bull calf, bred in Missouri. He arrived at Auburn, Ala.,
February 20, 1900, and was then about 10 months old.
This calf was small and thin at time of arrival, but on
Februarv 21 he was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated
blood from the same Alabama-bred Jersey heifer. No-
tice bv the table that his reactions or inoculation fever
periods were better marked than were those of the
277
Barnes calves. This is partly due to the fact that he
was older and was not fed milk to keep him stronger and
better able to resist the micro-parasites. He was fed
shorts, wheat bran and corn meal, and maintained a
growing appetite and made good gains in weight during
the entire 35 days he was in Auburn. When shipped to
his owner, Mr. W. G. Little, Livingston, Ala., he could
not be forced into the small crate in which he came to
Auburn from Missouri. This animal has now passed
two summers in Alabama, and has never exhibited any
signs of Texas fever.
278
IS
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279
Clinical Notes on Dumas Short-Horns.
The two Shorthorn calves, owned by Dumas, of Ar-
lington, Ala., were inoculated only once, (see Table V).
This was done in November. The following August Mr.
Joel Dumas writes me stating that about ten days after
the calves w^ere inoculated the primary inoculation fever
appeared and continued about two weeks, the tempera-
ture ranging from 103 to 106. The heifer's temperature
was invariably higher than that of the bull calf. Dur-
ing the high fever the bowels were kept active by drench-
ing the calves with raw linseed oil, and w^hen they would
not eat they were drenched with milk. After recovery
they were turned into a pasture with other cattle, and
"have had ticks on them all along.'' He says: "My
Shorthorn calves have done very well, and I think now
they are perfectly immune." Nov. 1., these calves were
safe.
Notes on the last nine cases in Table No. V :
F. G. Matthews, of Florence, Ala., inoculated these
animals, and under date of April 8, 1901, w^rites me as
follows :
"I first measured the dose in a small tAvo drachm
graduated, allowing something over a half drachm for
a dose (2 cc). Nine head of cattle were inoculated.
Seven of them were Jerseys ( one 6 months old, one 18
months old, four were 2 years old, and one was 4 years
old) ; they came from Kentucky; the other two were 2
year old Herefords, and came from the St. Louis mar-
ket. All of these cattle were brought to Alabama dur-
ing the past winter.
"The vessels used were sterilized by placing them in
cold water and bringing it up to boiling.
"On the 13th of March I drew the blood from a native
scrub bull, 18 months old, defibrinated it, and imme-
diately inoculated the Herefords.
2 so
"On the 14th of March I drew 2 ounces of bh)0(l, pre-
pared it, and inunediately inoculated T. and P.'s 2-year-
old Jersey cow ; a few minutes later, Sadler's 2-year-old
Jersey cow; about 15 minutes later Proctor's 18-month-
old Jersey heifer; about 30 minutes later Thurman's 2-
year-old Jersey bull ; about an hour later Cohen's 2-year-
old cow (she was in wood's pasture, and had to be
hunted), and about an hour later we secured Nathan's
4-year-old cow and 6-month-old calf and inoculated both
of them. (Numbered in the order named). Cows Nos.
3 and 2 died March 25. On that day the temperature of
No. 3 Avas 104 ; No. 4, 103 ; No. 5, 105. March 26, No. 3,
107; No. 4, 103; No. 5, 105; Nos. 6 and 7, 104. No. 3
was too weak to stand up long at a time. March 27, No.
3, 105.5; No. 4, 102.5; No. 5, 102.5; Nos. 6 and 7, 105.
These temperatures remainc*d this way for several days
and then subsided. The animals suffered loss of appe-
tite one or two days. The bull's temperature went up
again in a few^ days to 104, and No. 3 developed a swell-
ing under the throat and Aveeping at the eyes — these
conditions passed off in a few days.
"I can not understand why Nos. 1 and 2 should have
died and No. 3 became so violently affected when all
others took the regular or normal course. Possibly the
severity of the fever in these three cases was due to the
freshness of the blood at the time they w^ere inoculated,
the blood being somewhat old at the time the others
were inoculated."
"Very respectfully,
"Fred G. Matthews.^^
The time of vear when these 9 head of cattle were in-
oculated was not altogether suitable — the wxather was
a little too warm. The best time of year for inoculation
is from November 1st to March 1st. Moreover, some of
281
■J
these cattle were too old to be inoculated with safety,
and the dose of defibrinated blood was too large for a
single or first inoculation. The strength of the blood of
an immune animal is never known until it is tested by
inoculation; hence it is always safest to use the mini-
mum dose in the beginning or the first time the blood is
used. All of these animals should have been collected at
one place so that there would have been no delay in the
inoculations following the drawing of the blood and the
defibrinating it. The vessels were not sufficiently steril-
ized. They should have been boiled at least for thirty
minutes, and for safety one hour.
282
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286
In order to aid Alabama farmers who may desire to
embark in the stock business by buying Northern-bred
cattle, the veterinarian of the college and station will
inoculate such animals with defibrinated blood, provid-
ing his expenses are paid to and from the place where
cattle are to be inoculated. Parties desiring such in-
oculations will please notify the veterinarian in advance
so that a date may be fixed to suit his convenience.
All farmers who have bought Northern-bred or for-
eign-bred cattle into Alabama at any time during the
past three years will do us a great favor by reporting
the results of their respective attempts at acclimating
their cattle. Please give the age of each animal at time
of arrival in Alabama; sex, breed, State from whence
they came, how long said cattle have been in Alabama,
how many are safely acclimated, with method of accli-
matinor, and how manv died with Texas or acclimating
fever. If a number of animals were acclimated, the re-
port may be tabulated as in Table VI.
We also solicit reports of all contagious or infectious
diseases occurring among farm animals in Alabama. In
case of serious or alarming outbreaks report directly to
the veterinarian, and if possible, and best, he T\ill at
once visit the locality to determine the cause, and sug-
gest ways of preventing and treatment.
I wish to take this opportunity to thank all those who
so kindly sent in reports, and hope this bulletin will in
part repay them for their trouble. I am especially
thankful to Mr. R. W. Clark, w^ho has charge of the
stock at the Experiment Station, and who so carefully
and faithfullv looked after ten of the inoculated cattle
that were directly in his care.
287
REMEMBER.
1. — That an animal sick with Texas fever can not in-
fest or transmit the disease to healthy cattle.
2. — That the only known means by which the micro-
parasite that causes Texas fever can be transmitted from
diseased cattle to healthy ones is through two genera-
tions of the Southern cattle tick.
3. — That tick-free cattle never have Texas fever as
long as they are tick-free.
4. — That cattle with Texas fever have or have had
ticks upon them.
5.^ — That all cattle must acquire immunity after birth
by having one or more attacks of Texas fever.
6. — That immunity to Texas fever is not inherited.
7. — That Southern-bred cattle have Texas fever when
very young (sucking calves), and are usually but
slightly affected by it.
8. — That the older the animal the more severe the
fever ; the older the animal the greater the mortality.
9. — That all cattle north of the government quarantine
line are susceptible to Texas fever.
10. — That all Southern-bred cattle raised on tick-free
farms and tick-free town lots are susceptible to Texas
fever.
11. — That immune cattle will lose their immunity if
kept free of ticks for two or more years.
12. — That in hot weather Texas fever is usually more
acute and fatal than in cool seasons.
13. — That the best time to bring Northern-bred or for-
eign-bred cattle into Alabama is between November 1st
and March 1st.
1. — That it is safer to bring young sucking calves into
Alabama for acclimation than cattle over one vear old.
288
15.— That siickiii<;- ciilves (2 to 4 iiiontlis old,) can be
sliipped into the South by express; fed milk from a
Southern-bred and immune cow, and be made immune
bv natural tick innoculation with a ^reat degree of
safety or little danger of loss.
!(}, — Xhat one or two inoculations with defibrnated
blood derived from an immune animal will produce a
relatively safe immunity to Texas fever.
17. — That the best age for inoculating with defibrin-
ated blood is one year or less.
IS. — That the best time for the inoculation is from
November 1st to March 1st.
19. — That inoculations should not be attempted in
hot weather.
20. — That pregnant cows are liable to abort when they
have inoculation or Texas fever.
21. — That inoculated animals should receive the best
of feed and care during and after the inoculation fever.
22.— That from 50 to 90 per cent, of Northern-bred
or susceptible cattle die with Texas fever when they are
turned into tick-infested pastures, and allowed to
rustle for themselves.
23. — That less than 10 per cent, of susceptible cattle
are lost when they are made immune by the defibrinated
blood inoculation method; about 3 per cent, die with the
inoculation fever, and about 7 per cent, die with Texas
fever as a result of tick inoculation during the first sum-
mer.
24. — That it is best to keep all cattle from becoming
literally covered with ticks.
25. — That if you are adjacent to the government
quarantine line it is best to exterminate all the ticks on
your farm and farm animals.
289
Notice — Parties who are interested, and who may
desire a Farmers' Institute held in their town or city,
will please w^rite the veterinarian of the college and sta-
tion, stating w^hen they desire the institute, and about
how many farmers they can get to attend said meeting.
Our funds for this work are limited, but we aim to visit
as many counties as possible with our means during the
year. We can visit one or two places each month w^hile
college is in session, and a number of counties during
the summer vacation. Dr. C. A. Gary is Official Di-
rector of Farmers' Institute for the station and college
BULLETIN No. 117. DECEMBER, 1901.
ALABAMA.
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE,
AUBURN.
ORCHARD N^OTES
By C. F AUSTIN.
MONTGOMERY, ALA.
BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS <t CINDERS.
1901,
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Tho8. Williams Wetunipka.
Jonathan Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCIL.
Wm. LeRoy Bboun, LL.D President
P. H. Mell, Ph. D Director and Botanist
B. B. Ross, M. S Chemist.
C. A. Caby, D. V. M., B. S Veterinarian.
J. F. DuGGAR, M. S Agriculturalist,
E. Mead Wilcox, Pn. D Biologist and Horticulturist.
J. T. Anderson, Ph. D Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare, M. S First Assistant Chemist.
W. C. Nixon, B. S Second Assistant Chemist.
Thomas Bragg, B. S Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm.
R. W. Clark, B. S Assistant Agriculturalist.
C. F. Austin, B. S Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
OISCIi-^.I5ID n^TOX
The season of 1901 was in many respects a favorable
one for Alabama fruit-growers. The very mild pre-
ceeding winter had left the trees in excellent condition.
Some of ithe earlier blooming plums escaped the frost
and bore a good crop. The crop of fruit in the Experi-
ment Station orchard was not as large as that of the
preceding year ; but it must be stated that the crop se-
cured during 1900 was unusually large. The spring of
1901 was very late, wet and cold, and, therefore, pre-
vented in manv varieties a normal settino^ of fruit. As
a result of the late spring the earlier varieties fruited
from one to two weeks later than usual.
The young apple orchard planted in the years 1897
and 1900 continues ito be very promising. Nearly
every variety made a strong, vigorous growi^h during
the past season. The method of treatment was the
same as outlined in Bulletin 112, and has proven satis-
factory. Some of the varieties planted in 1897 bore
itheir first fruit this season.
Observations as to the prevalence of apple leaf rust
{Roestelia) showed that the following varieties were
affected :
Aikin, slightly.
Babbitt, slightly.
Battyani, slightly.
Buncomb, slightly,
Bledsoe, slightly.
Bradford, slightly.
293
Benoiii, slightly.
Cillagos, slightly.
Cannon Poannain, slightly.
Carolina (Jrwning, very badly.
Cooper's Ked, slightly.
Carter's lUue, very baldy.
Chattahooche, very badly.
Dam, slightly.
Early Harvest, slightly.
Elgin Pii)i)in, slightly.
Eqninettelee, badly.
Family, very badly.
Grime's Golden, slightly.
Hands, slightly.
Homing, slightly.
Haygood, very badly.
Jeffries' Everbearing, slightly.
Jonathan, very badly.
Julian, badly.
Keeskemet, si i ghtly .
Moultries, badly.
^langnm, badly.
Marvina, badly.
Nickajack, very badly.
Mavaraek Sweet, slightly.
Oszi-vaj, slightly.
Pear (or Palmer), slightly.
Red Limbertwig, slightly.
Kawls Janeton, slightly.
Eed June, badly.
Rome Beauty, very badly.
Red Beitigheimer, slightly.
Rodes Orange, very badly.
Sekula, slightly.
Summer Wafer, slightly.
294
8hockley, very badly.
Senator, very badly.
Santa, badly.
Sweet Bough, slightly.
Thornton's Seedling, slightly.
Taunton, slightly.
"Texas Red, slightly.
Walalyfi, badly.
Yellow English, slightly.
Yopp's Favorite, very badly.
Yellow Horse, slightly.
York Imperial, slightly.
The following varieties were free from rust this sea-
eon:
Apple of Commerce.
Arkansas Black.
Buda Summer.
Black Ben Davis.
Champion.
Cooper's Early.
Epir.
Fanny.
Fall Pippin.
Garvenstein.
Hvari Piros.
Hershall Cox.
Hew's Crab.
Jennings.
Kennard's Choice.
Maggar.
Metell.
Mammoth Black Twig.
Maiden Blush.
Noble Savor.
296
Pasinan.
Poiijik.
Ked Aslrncliaii.
Early lUil Mar<2:aret.
Sabadka.
Suiniiior Qiioon.
Saxou Priest.
Sel vines.
Siiiiinier Cheese.
Shackleford.
Tuscaloosa Seedling.
Winesap.
Yakor.
Yates.
Early Ked Margaret, Sabadka, Winesap, and Yakor
which showed rust last year, escaped this, and, in addi-
tion to those affected last year, there are thirty-four
more varieties affected this season. A greater number
of the Hungarian varieties were affected this year than
last year. Resistant varieties have for the past few sea-
sons been giving a good deal of promise, but this season
so many more varieties were affected than usual, that
it is probable we have no varieties in our orchard that
are perfectly resistant to the disease.
Spraj/'uifj to Prevent Rust. — To determine if very
thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture would have
any effect upon the rust, one tree of each variety was se-
lected and kept very carefully sprayed from early spring
until late in the fall. The Bordeaux mixture was used
at the rate of six pounds of copper sulphate and six
pounds fresh lime to fifty gallons of waiter.
The varieties selected for this spraying experiment
were affected during the season of 1900 as follows :
Carter's Blue, slightly.
Cooper's Red, moderately.
296
Dam, slightly.
Early Red Marguerite, badly.
Family, very badly.
Hames, slightly.''
Horse, moderately.
Jonaithon, very badly.
Red June, slightly.
Sauta, badly.
Senator, badly.
Shockley, badly.
Thornton's Seedling, slightly.
Winesap, slightly.
Yakor, slightly.
The trees were very carefully sprayed on the follow-
ing dates during the season: March 24th, before
growth started; April 25th, May 4th and 22nd, June
5th and 20th, July 23rd, August 9th and 28th.
On October 10th the trees were examined and the fol-
lowing notes taken showing the relative amount of rust
on the sprayed trees. The trees at this time were
heavilv covered with the Bordeaux mixture:
. Carter's Blue, badly.
Cooper's Red, badly.
Dam, slightly.
Early Red Marguerite, very badly.
Hames, slightly.
Horse, moderately.
Red June, slightly.
Jonathon, very badly.
Santa, very badly.
Senator, very badly.
Shockley, very badly.
Thornton's Seedling, slightly.
Winesap, slightly.
Yakor, slightly. :
297
This seems to indicate that spraying with Bordeaux
mixture has no effect upon the disease. Some of the
varieties were even more afVccted lliis season than last.
In reviewiii<2: tlie work of tlie i>ast few seasons, it may
be said that the rust is «;Tadually increasing through-
out the orchard. At present there are hut few varie-
ties til at liave not been at least slightly affected with
the rust. ^^'hile many of the varieties have not been
affected so as to show reduced growth, many others
have received a very serious setback from this cause.
The Green Aphis of Apples. — This insect has been
very troublesome this season, and spread upon many
varieties not attacked before.
The following varieties have been more or less af-
fected:
Aikin, badly.
Apple of Commerce, very badly. ,
Battyani, badly.
Black Ben Davis, very badly. '
Bledsoe, slightlv.
Benoni, slightly.
Carolina Green, badly.
Cooper's Red, badly.
Cooper's Early, badly.
Early Harvest, slightly.
Elgin Pippin, badly.
Epir, very badly.
Family, badly.
Garven stein, slightly.
Horse, verv badlv.
Jeffries' Everbearing, very badly.
Jennings, slightly.
Jklammoth Black Twig, very badly.
298
Moultries, very badly.
Mangum, yery badly.
Mamma, slightly.
Noble Sayor, badly.
Nickajack, slightly.
Mayarack Sweet, slightly.
Os-zi-yaj, badly.
Pear (or Palmer), badly.
Eed Limbert^yig, badly.
Eawls Janeton, yery badly.
Eed Beitigheimer, yery badly.
Eed Margaret, slightly.
Summer Queen, yery badly.
Saxon Priest, badly.
Shockley, slightly.
Senator, yery badly.
Summer Cheese, slightly.
Sweet Bough, badly.
Shackleford, badly.
7 «>
Texas Eed, slightly.
Tuscaloosa Seedling, slightly.
Winesap, badly.
Wealthy, slightly.
Yellow Eno'lish, badly.
Yakor, slightly.
This agrees to some extent with last year's report.
There were sixteen yarieties attacked this season that
were not last, and thirteen yarieties that w^ere attacked
last year that are free this. As in the case of the rust,
the yarieties that are resistant to the attack of the in-
sects are becoming fewer eyery year. The indications
are that there are no yarieties that we can say are per-
fectly resistant to the attacks of this insect.
List of Hardy Varieties. — The following haye been
free from rust, aphis, and leaf spot for the past three
299
Beasons: Uyari Piros, Magyiir, Maiden Blush, Metell,
and Ponyiko. There were eiji^ht hardy varieties last
year and only five this. Three of the American varieties
— Aikin, Pahhitt and York Imperial — were sli<^htly at-
tacked with rust. Of the varieties that are not in the
above list, but that have made a satisfactory growth,
and are in good condition this fall are the following:
Aikin. Jennings.
Arkansas Black. Keeskemet.
Babbitt. Kinnard's Choice.
Battyan. Limbertwig.
Buncomb. ^lavarack Sweet.
Bradford. Bed Astrachan.
Bledsoe. Summer Wafer.
Carter's Blue. Selymes.
Champion. Yakor.
Epir. Y^ork Imperial.
Elgin Pippin. Wilalyfi.
Graven stein.
The following varieties fruited for the first time this
season: Bledsoe, Champion, Red Limbertwig, Thorn-
ton's Seedling, and Whalye.
The work with the bearing orchard has been along
the line of spraying with Bordeaux mixture as a pre-
ventative against summer rot* and other diseases that
cause the decay of fruit before maturity. As the first
test along the line it was decided to keep the orchard
very thoroughly sprayed from early spring until the
fruit was ripe. The orchard was sprayed nine times
*"\Ve use the term summer rot to denote all the kinds of rot as a
class. The one rot very noticeable this season was what is known as
black rot (Sphaeropsis toalorum).
300
during the summer at the following dates : March 2Tth^
before groT\i:h started; April 8th and 25th, May 22nd^
June 5th and 22nd, August 9th and 28th. Paris greett
was used, after the blossoms had fallen, at the rate of
eight ounces to fifty gallons of the mixture, which was
the same as that used in spraying for apple rust. Care
was taken to cover the whole tree very thoroughly, and
especially the fruit.
ISfotes on Varieties. — The varieties that were practi-
callv free from rot are : Earlv Harvest, Hames, Hews^
Virginia, Hiley's Eureka, Hubersham Late, Prior's Red,
Eed June, Summer Red, Thornton's Seedling, Shock-
ley, Stephens' Winter, Winesap.
Varieties onlv slightlv affected bv the rot : Ben Davis,
Golden Pippin, Horn, Kellageskee, Limbertwig, Red
Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Rawls' Janeton, Shannon
Pippin, Terry's Winter, Yopp's Favorite.
Varieties which rotted badly : American Golden Rus-
sett. Cannon Pearmain, Elgin Pippin, Red Limbertwig,
Yellow English.
The growing of apples is a very difficult problem so
far South, and without spraying a greater per cent, of
the apples are more or less ro'tten before they are ripe.
The orchard was an old one, and has had very little
treatment. It was full of all kinds of diseases and in-
sects that had flourished at will.
The work of the fruit season seems to point to the
conclusion that by careful selection of varieties, good
cultivation, and thorough spraying, good clean apples
can be grown here from June until early winter. The
old trees this season have made a good, strong, healthy
groT\i:h.
301
CHEIMMES.
In the si)riii«;- of 181)8 eleven of the leadinjij varieties of
cherries were phmtiH.!. All of the trees of three of the
varietieii have died. Several more are making a strug-
gle for existence. Four of the varieties have made a
good strong growth and seem to be fairly hardy in this
climate. They are : Deyhouse, Governor Wood, Osthei-
mer, and Suda. These varieties all bloomed full and
gave promise of a heavy fruitage this season, but when
the fruit ^vas about half grown the bulk of it dropped
off. AVIiether this peculiarity is due to the climatic con-
ditions or to the trees not being old enough can not at
present be determined.
Although cherries can not be recommended for gen-
eral planting they should be in the list of the home gar-
den for the northern half of the State.
302
Varieties.
No. of
trees
set
1898.
S'o. of
trees
alive
1901.
General condition in the fall 1901.
Abbasse
2
1
Fairly strong and vigorous.
Black Tartarian
2
1
Weak and growtli poor.
Dyehouse
1
1
1
Vigorous and strong with a good growth
Early Eichmond
1
0
Eng-lisli Morello
1
0
Governor Wood-
2
1
Vigorous, good healthy growth.
Mont. 0. King-.
2
Fairly vigorous, growth small.
Napolean
1
t
0
Ostheimer
2
2
Strong and vigorous with a good growth
Snda
2
2
Strong and vigorous with a good growth.
Wracfo-
2
Vigorous, fair growth.
JAPAN WALNUTS.
Trees were set in 1896. They fruited for the first
time this season. The nuts are of medium size, borne
in large clusters, from six to twelve; shell is a little
ithicker than that of the English walnut, which they re-
semble to some extent. The meat is sweet and of good
quality, the tree bears early and is a very rapid grower.
It makes a handsome tree, ha\4ng leaves of immense
.308
eize. It should be incliukHl in the list for home planting
throughout the Stiute.
PEACHES.
Tlie peach orcliai-d has done well this season, for while
the croi) has not been ]ar<;t', nearly all varieties have
borne some fruit. A cooperative experimental orchard
was planted in 1898, at the request of a committee of
the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experi-
ment Stations, for the testing of the geographical limits
of the successful cultivation of the different races of
peaches. The test eonsisted of three varieties of three
trees each, of the five races of peaches. The orchard
bore a good crop this season, and it is now possible to
form some idea of their value.
Alexander. — An old standard sort. Medium, greenish,
white, covered with red; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet;
clingstone. Season first to the middle of June ; tree vig-
orous and productive. A leading early market sort.
Mt. Rose. — Medium to large, white, with red cheek;
:flesh quite firm, juicy, rich, sweet; freestone; a leading
market variety; ripens from the first to the middle of
July. Tree vigorous and usually quite produetive.
Old Mixon. — This is another old variety. Medium to
large, yellowish white, with red cheek; flesh white, very
rich and juicy; freestone; a good shipi^er, and well
known upon the market. Season from the middle to the
last of July.
PEENTO RACE.
Varities— PEENTO, WALDROW, and ANGEL. The
varietieth of this race bloom so early that the blossoms
are all killed by the frost. See table of blooming period.
304
NORTH CHINA RACE.
Chinese Cling. — Large, globular, pale yellow; flesh
very firm, sweet, rich ; a close clingstone ; a fine sort for
pickling; season first to the middle 'of July. Tree vigor-
ous and quite productive.
Elberta. — Large to very large, round oval, pale yellow
unless fully ripe; flesh pale yellow, firm, rich, juicy,
slightly acid; freestone; ripens last of July to first of
August. Tree sitrong, vigorous and very productive.
The leading market variety for the South.
Mammie Rorss. — Large, round, white, with red cheek,
and small red specks over the surface; flesh white,
streaked with red under the skin; tender, juicy, sweet;
clingstone ; season flrst to the middle of July. Tree vig-
orous and productive. A promising new variety.
SOUTH CHINA RACE.
Pallas. — Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with
some red over the surface; flesh very white, sweet, rich;
freestone; a promising variety for home use and local
market ; season middle of July. Tree vigorous and very
productive. The best variety of the race.
Tabor. — Medium, roundish oblong, pointed, covered
with red; flesh white, sweet, juicy; clingstone. Tree
vigorous and fairly productive; ripens the last of July.
Honey.; — Small, yellowish white, oval, slightly flat-
tened, terminating in a prominent point; "flesh very
white, sweet, tender, juicy; freestone; season first of
July. Trees are fairly vigorous and quite productive.
b05
SPANISH KACE.
Imperial. — Medium to large, roundish oblong, green-
ish yellow, covered Aviith reddish spots over the surface;
flesh white, tender, jtiicy, sweet; freestone; season last
of July. Tree vigorous and quite productive.
Onderkonk. — Small to medium, pale yellow, flesh yel-
lowish, tender, juicy, good; freestone; ripens about the
first of August. Tree vigorous and productive.
Cable's Indian.— Small, roundish, dull grayish red;
flesh firm, reddish; clingstone; season first of August.
Tree vigorous and productive.
306
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308
The varieties of the Peento race bloom so early that
they have no value outside the orange belt. The trees
of the South China and Spanish races are strong, vigor-
ous growers, and very productive. Many varieties of
these races are suitable for the southern half of the
State and coast region for home use and local market.
As yet neither race contains any varieties that will com-
pete with the leading market sorts of the Persian or
North China races. A variety of peaches containing the
vigor and productiveness of the trees of the South China
and Spanish races, with the size, color, appearance and
general market qualities of ithe Persian and North
China races would be a valuable addition to Southern
peach growing.
NOTES ON OTHER VARIETIES OF PEACHES.
Carmen — Large, nearly round, white wdth red cheek;
flesh firm, white, rich, juicy, slightly acid; nearly free;
season first to middle of July. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. A promising variety for general planting.
Early Crawford. — An old standard variety; large, ob-
long oval, rich yellow with a red cheek; flesh yellow,
firm, rich, slightly acid; season middle to last of July.
Tree vigorous and usually productive. Under favorable
conditions this is one of the leading commercial varie-
ties. It wants a rich heavy soil to do its best, for upon
poor land it is a shy bearer.
Grey. — Medium to large, rather long and flattened,
with a prominent point at the end; skin very smooth,
pale yellow, slightly sprinkled with red; flesh thick,
firm, rich, sweet; freestone. Tree vigorous and quite
productive. It seems to be a promising variety.
Hale's Early. —Medium to large, roundish, greenish
white, nearly covered with red; flesh firm, good; cling-
309
stoiu'; sc'4l^^'C)ll iniddlr oT J ill v. Tree vij^oriiihs and very
pr()ductiv(\ Tliis is ;ni old ninrkot sort, its greatest
dia\\i>n('U is its teiideiicv t<> riK at harvest time.
Matthew's Beauty. —Larj;(', roundish, yellow; flesh
thick, liriu, rieh, sweet; freestone; season middle to last
ol' Anj;iist. Trc^o viu'OT-ons and fairly productive. This
variety fcdlows Elherta and is a ])ronnsin<»- late sort.
McKinney. — Medium lo lari;(', yellowish with red
cheek; flesh white, Arm, jnicy, sweet; clingstone; season
middle to last of June. Tree a stronij^ <T^Y)wer and fairlj/
productive; a i)ronnsing new variety.
Stump. — Medium to large, round with red cheek;
flesh tliick, firm, sweet, juicy; freestone; season first of
August; tree strong, vigorous and productive. An old
sort, but still one of the best white varieties in its sea-
sou ; a good keeper and shipper.
Ovido. — S*>mall to medium, roundish oblong with
pnuninent point at ithe end, greenish yellow Avith red
cheek; flesh greenish white, tender, juicy and sweet;
fr(M'stoue. Tree a strong grower and very productive.
Sneed. — Medium, roundish oval, white with red. cheek;
fl(^sh greenish white, juicy; clingstone; season last of
May. Tree strong, vigorous and productive. The
earliest peach yet produced.
Triumph. — ^ledium, yellow, nearly covered with red;
flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, good; nearly free; season
first to middle of June. Tree vigorous and productive;
an excellent earl}' peach and a good shipper.
Victoria. — Small to medium, nearly round, pale yel-
low; flesh i>ale yellow, sweet, juicy; freestone; season
first of August. Tree a good grower and quite pro-
ductive.
310
LIST OF VARIETIES FOR GENERAL PLANTING
IN THE STATE.
As a short list including some of the best market
sorts, we would suggest the following, given in the order
of ripening: Sneed, Triumph, Cannen, Mammie Ross,
Mountain Rose, Chinese Cling, Elberta, Stump, Matth-
ew's Beauty. For a longer list for home use and local
market take the above list and add to it Alexander, Mc-
Kinney, Hale's Earlv, Early Crawford, Grey, Pallas,
Tabor, Imperial. The last four varieties are suitable
only for the southern half of the State and coast resrion.
311
Notes on the Bloomiiuj of Pcarlics.
Varioties.
Carmen,
Early Crawford
Grey
March 4. March 15 March 26.
buds buds
swelling, opening.
April 1.
full
buds
swelling.
first
blooms.
first
blooms.
Hale's Early.
buds
Marks.
Matthew's Beauty
McKinney.
pink.
buds
pink.
first
blooms.
bloom.
full
bloom,
full
bloom.
first
blooms.
blossoms
falling.
blossoms
falling.
April 6.
blossoms
falling.
full
bloom.
full
bloom,
Stump.
Ovido
Reeves.
Snecd.
Triumph
buds
pink.
buds
opening.
buds
swelling.
buds
swollen
Victoria,
first
blooms.
full
bloom.
first
bloom
first
blooms.
full
bloom.
blossoms
fallen.
full
bloom.
full
bloom.
blossoms
falling.
full
bloom.
blossoms
falling.
blossoms
falling.
buds
opening.
buds
swollen.
blooming
full
bloom,
Vjlooming
blossoms
fallen.
blossoms
falling.
blossoms
fallen.
full
bloom.
blossoms
fallen.
312
PLUMS.
The season has not been a very favorable one for
plums. The varieties have fruited very unevenly. This
is probably due to the excessive crop of 1900, which left
the trees in poor condition. The hailstorm of May 13th
did a considerable damage by the hailstones marking
the surface of the fruit so as to give it a poor appearance.
On account of the freedom from late frost this spring,
we were able to get some fruit from the very early blos-
soming sorts. We give a table of notes on the blossom-
ing period, and general condition of crop, and another
tabulation showing the number of trees of each variety,
that were set in 1896, the. number of trees that have died
from 1896 to the fall of 1901, and the number of trees
alive at present, with a note as to their general condition.
During the present season a large number of trees
have died from some unaccountable cause. For one to
have a sucessful plum orchard, a setting of trees must be
made every year. So that as fast as one orchard gives
out another T\dll be coming on to take its place. (For
description of plums and varieties for planting see Bulle-
tin No. 112. )
313
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Condition of crop
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Failure.
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317
Notca 0)1 the General Couditio)i of the Orchard.
Variotii'S.
JAPANESE
TYPE.
Trees
set
1 8<)().
TreeH
alive
11)01.
Died
from
1 89()
to
11)01.
(m'ti('I"i1 condition of trees.
Abiuulant't',
licrper, Itotan,
Yellow Floshod
liotan
8
7
1
Strong, vigorous, good
growth.
Berckmans
o
1
o
Fn good growing condition.
Burbank. .... ....
4
O
o
Poor growth, trees dying.
Blood No. 3
o
0
o
Blood No. 4
2
0
Making a good growth.
Chabot, Babcock,
Baily. Ilattankio,
Munson, Yellow
Japan
11
4
The few trees left are in good
condition.
Hale
3
3
0
Very strong and vigorous.
Kelsev
2
1
1
Tree in fair condition.
Kerr
3
o
1
(^uite strong and vigorous.
Long Fruited
o
0
Mam
0
2
318
Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — Cont'd.
Varieties.
Trees
set
1896.
Trees
alive
1901.
Died
from
1896
to
1901.
General condition of trees.
"Vormaiicl
2
•>
0
Trees in good condition.
Orient
•->
0
2
Keel June.
Red Xagate ....
5
3
2
Strong and healthy trees.
Satsuma
2
1
1
Last tree slowly dying.
AYillard
0
2
Yosebe
1
1
0
In very good condition.
Totals
' a:sierican
TYPE.
55
29
26
Hawkeye
9
0
2
Eockford
9
1
1
Making a struggle to live .
Weaver
0
2
Wyant.
0
0
2
Totals
WILD GOOSE
TYPE.
8
1
7
Charles Downing-.
2
1
1
Making good growth.
319
Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — ConVd,
Varieties.
Trees
set
1896.
Trees
alive
1901.
Died
from
1890
to
1901.
(Jeneral condition of trees.
Al il ton
2
2
0
In good condition.
TVfiner
2
0
2
President Wilder.
o
1
1
Making good, strong growth.
Whitaker
2
1
1
Making fair growth.
Wild (Joose
2
1
1
Growth very poor.
Wooten
2
2
0
Small growth.
Totals..
WAYLAND
TYPE.
14
S
6
•
Golden Beauty. . .
•>
9
0
Very strong and vigorous.
Way land
2
1
1
Last tree nearly dead.
Totals..
CHIC AS AW
TYPE.
4
3
1.
0
Emerson
2
2
Making a steady growth.
Lone Star
2
9
0
Only a fair growth.
'Transparent
1
1
0
Vigorous growth.
320
Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — ConVd.
t^arieties.
Trees
set
1896.
Trees
alive
1901.
Died
from
]896
to
1901.
General condition of trees.
Totals
HYBRID PLUMS
5
2
5
t
0
Gold
2
0
Making good, strong growth.
Excelsior
2
1
2
0
Vigorous and strong.
Wickson
2
1
1
Making very poor growth.
i"
BULLETIN No. 118. JANUARY, 1902.
ALABAMA.
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE,
AUBURN.
CCWPE^ CULTURE.
By J. F. DUGGAR.
BKOWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS.
MONTGOMERY, ALA
1902.
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Thos. Williams Wetumpka.
JoxATiiAx Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCIL
O. D. Smith Acting President.
P. H. Mell Director and Botanist.
B. B. Ross Chemist.
C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian.
J. F. DuGGAR Agricultuivst.
E. M. Wilcox Biologist and Horticulturist.
J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist.
T. Bragg Second Assistant Chemist.
J. C. Phelps Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Cuver Superintendent of Farm.
R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist.
C. F, Austin Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
CO^VPEA CCTLTURE.
By J. F. DuGGAR.
Sinn mar y.
Cowpeas may be planted in Mar, June or July. For
the production of seed, planting in June has been most
satisfactory.
By planting Xe^y Era cowpeas April 26, two crops
^'ere matured before frost.
Early planting lengthens the period of growth and
increases the tendency for the plants to form runners.
Weeyil in cowpea seed should l)e destroyed by the use
of carbon bi -sulphide.
Subsoilino' and limino- failed to increase the yield.
In one test broadcast sowing afforded a larger
^ield of hay than did drilling and cultiyation, but the
latter method is more certain to afford a fair crop of
peas in an unfayorable season.
A large number of yarieties liaye been tested, both as
to yield of seed and of hay. Those ayeraoino- the laru-
est production of grain are New Era, Black and Eed
Ripper. The yarieties making the largest ayerage
yields of hay for three years are Wonderful and Clay.
Wonderful, or Unknown, is a standard general purpose
cowpea for the central and southern parts of the State.
The number of seed in a bushel yaried from 94,634
with the Taylor A'ariety, to more than 236,000 with Xew
Era and Small Black.
The number of pounds of dry unhulled peas required
to shell a bushel of 60 pounds yaried between 78 pounds
-Nvitli Jirowu-eye CrowdtT and DO pounds with Wonder-
ful.
Fentilizci- cxjumIuii'uIs at Aulniru on soil repeatedly
fertilized showed very slight o^ains from any fertilizer,
hut on poor sandy or loamy soils an api>licatiou of acid
phosi)hate, with or without potash, is rec(uiimendeci .
In three tests acid i)hosphate proved superior to crude
or raw phosphate.
In (•omi)osition eowpc^a hay resembles wheat bran,
and the seed are much riclua- in nitroi>;en, or muscle-
forming material, than either wheat bran or corn. By
the use of a good quality of peavine hay the usual corn
ration of working teams can be greatly reduced.
As comjiared with the velvet bean as a forage plant,
cowpeas have the advantage in convenience of curing
and in palatability, but are at a disadvantage on certain
soils by reason of the susceptibility of C0T\T)eas to the
attacks of the nematode worm and of several fungous
diseases. Velvet beans and beggar weed were found to
be exempt from injury from nematodes.
At Auburn the yield of forage has averaged higher
from cowpeas than from velvet beans, soy beans or
beggar weed.
There is great need for a suitable grass to grow with
cowpeas to aid in retaining the cowpea leaACs during cur-
ing and to hasten the curing process. A volunteer
growtli of crab grass often serves this purpose. Ger-
kian millet has been found fairly satisfactory for sow-
ing with the early varieties, but it matures too early
for use with medium and late A'arieties.
Sorghum sown with cowpeas increased the yield of
hay, but did not make curing easier.
The most profitable method of disposing of the growth
of cowpeas consists in cutting the vines for hay and
using the roots as fertilizer for the next crop.
5
Wliere having is not practicable and ]3icking too ex-
pensive except for seed, the vines should be grazed
while the leaves are still retained.
Cows pastured on corn stalks and drilled cowpeas be-
tween the corn rows afforded butter and increased live
weight Avorth in 1900 ^A7 per acre grazed over; the
next year the returns in butter alone from cowpeas
drilled between the corn rows was |5.28 per acre.
As an economical method of har^^esting the grain of
cowpeas the use of a scythe or reaper is practicable for
the bunch varieties, the entire mass being thoroughly
€ured.
In curing peavine hay no rule as to the number of
hours of exposure in swath, in window, or in cocks can
be blindly followed, as the method must vary with the
luxuriance and succulence of the vines and the condi-
tion of the weather. The aim should be to retain all
the leaves, which requires that the exposure of the un-
raked hay be as short as practicable and that part of
the curing be effected while the partially cured material
is in windrows or cocks.
Hay caps make haying with cowpeas less risky, and
when they are repeatedly used in curing hay from a
succession of plantings, they soon repay their first
€OSt.
With different varieties from 51 to 75 per cent, of the
weight of the entire plant was obtained in the hay, the
remainder being in roots, stubble, and fallen leaves.
The leaves averaged 30 per cent, of the weight of the
hav.
Analyses made of leaves, pods and blooms, fine
«tems, coarse stems, fallen leaves, roots and stubble,
showed that the leaves were at least twice as rich in
protein (or muscle-forming material) as the other por-
tions of the plant.
IXTliomCTlON.
This Itiill(*rni liivcs tlic results of exiMM'iiiieiits made
at Anlmrn dn liiiu llic pasi six vcars. The experiiiients>
have l»een idaiiiie<l and diicM-ted hy the writer and all
the weiiihiiiL^s and suiiervision of lalxir have been Id
cliar;^!' of Mr. T. V. Culver.
Our work with cowix^as is divisilde into two parts,
lliat whirh rehites to their cullivation and u«e as forage
l>hints and that wliicli takes note of their value as fer-
tilizers or soil iniprovin^u' i»lants. This hulletin treats
only of the tirst division of the subject. Our nexit bulle-
tin will record results showing the fertilizin*;- value of
cowpeas and the best methods of disposing of this plant
when the improvement of the soil is the principal aim.
Tlu^ cowpea is highly appreciated bv the best farmers
in every southern state, yet several times as many acres
as at present might be devoted to it with advantage.
An enormous increase in the acreage of cowpeas would
do more, we think, than any other immediately practica-
ble reform to cnre the ills of southern farming, to enrich
the soil, to raise the acreage yield of all other crops, to
build up the live stock industries, and to promote diver-
sified farming.
Time for Planting Cowpeas.
The cowpea is yqvy tender as regards cold. It is
strictlv a hot weather plant and the seed should not be
planted until the soil is quite warm. It can be planted
as early as the beginning of the cotton planting season.
But such early planting is nnwise in itself as well as
in conflict with other work that is imperative in April.
Usually nothino- is gained by planting before the first
of ]\fay, and our largest yields of seed have been obtained
7
by planting after the first of June. It should he noted
that in the variety test of 1901, where most of the plots
afforded more than 20 bushels of seed per acre, plant-
ing did not occur until June 28.
Raither late planting tends to promote seed production
and to reduce the growi:h of vine. Early planting pro-
motes a luxuriant growth of vines, with consequent in-
creased tendency for the vines to run and tangle, and
often results in a decreased yield of seed.
Whippoorwill peas planted in drills, April 19, 1898^
and cultivated, did not ripen seed until the latter part
of summer, and a period of 160 days elapsed between
the dates of planting and picking, though properly the
hars'esting should have taken place several weeks
earlier. This was in a year when the rainfall was de-
ficient up to July, and abundant after the first week in
Julv.
Compare this with the Whippoorwill variety planted
July 1, 1896, in drills in the special phosjjhate test.
Here all the pods were ripe 87 days after planting.
Notice also that, in 1900, in the fertilizer experiment.,
only 99 days elapsed Ijetween the planting and picking
of the Whipporwill cowpeas.
Like\s"isQ Whipporwill peas planted June 28, 1901,
were picked almost clean 102 days after the date of
pjlanting.
These and other examples which we might cite indi-
cate that by planting cowpeas rather late we greatly
shorten the period of gro^^i:h.
Even when it is desired to grow two crops of cow-
peas the same year it is not necessary to plant aiany days
before May 1. In 1901 we grew two crops of New Era
cowpeas to full maturity, the second crop being from
pods ripening in midsumer.
8
The seed planted April 12(1 matiiicHl a crop which was
picked July 22 aud planlcNi 'July 2(1.
This planting in turn alforded a crop (of mature
pods) before fix)st, about 1)0 ])er cent, of the pods being
ripe on November 1.
The New Era is tlie only one among the varieties
tested here, from which we have endeavored to obtain
two crops in one year. Such a course is probably ad-
visable only where cowpeas for planting are scarce and
costly.
The middle of July is probably the latest date of plant-
ing with the expectation of getting a large yield, and
Avith most varieties planiting in June seems preferable
at Auburn.
To destroy the weevil that becomes so destructive in
stored cowpeas on the approach of warm weather, we
use carbon bisulphate, which is also needed as a means
of destroying the weevil in corn. The cost is 10 to 20
cents per pound, and one pound will treat a number of
bushels of shelled cowpeas. About an ounce of the liquid
is poured into an open can and placed upon the upper
surface of the peas in a box or barrel and a cloth spread
over all. The treatment may be repeated after a few
days. The licpiid evaporates rapidly, and the vapor of
carbon bi-Hul]»hide destroys insect life. The vapor is
highly inflammable and no flames or lighted pipe should
be allowed near until the odor has disappeared.
PrKPA RATION A XI) PLANTING.
The place in the rotation usually assigned to cowpeas
is that of a paiitial crop planted between the corn rows
at the last or next to last cultivation, or else that of a
second crop on the land where oats, wheat, or rye has
been harvested.
It is not putting itlie matter too strongly to say that
:80 per cent, of the acreage of corn in this State should
haye coAypeas between the rows and that at least 80
per cent, of the area from which small grain is cut in
May and June should be planted in cowpeas.
On sandy upland where the corn rows are fiye feet
apart we prefer to plant the cowpeas in a single drill
lialf way between the lines of corn and to plant at the
next to the last cultiyation, so that the last cultiyation
seryes also to giye the cowpeas a start. On good bot-
tom land, well supplied with moisture, we prefer to
cow cowpeas broadcast in corn, and this, of course, can
l)e done only at the time of the last cultiyation.
ft.
On rich land care should be taken that the sowing of
cowpeas, especially of the running yarieties, does not
take place so early that the corn will be oyer run by the
yines. Ayoidance of this trouble lies either in late
planting or in the use of the bunch yarieties.
In drilling cowpeas between the corn rows we obtain
a more uniform start by employing the plantei' than by
•dropping the seed by hand in the first or center scrape
furrow and coyerino* with the two sidinoj furrows of
the scrape run next to the corn.
We haye employed numerous methods of planting cow-
peas after small grain. Since work is pressing at this
season and the soil sufficiently moist for plowing only
for relatiyely brief periods, our usual policy is to plant
the seed without waiting to make thorough preparation.
There is room for considerable ingenuity in determin-
ing the best method of completing the preparation and
giying the first cultiyation. One of the most important
aims to be kept in yiew in this is to keep the land
nearly ley el so that the plants may better resist drought
and so that a mower may be eonyeniently used. After
the first cultiyation, when this seryes also as a partial
10
brtMkln.i::, nnlv the lircl scriijM* or oIIkm- shnllow-workinj^'
implcniciil should he used.
T1i(Mil:1i (h'illctl cowik'jis oh iIk' IvxiMM-iincnt Station
lanii w lifii «;i'o\\ in^- aloiif are iisuallv hued once, yet we
ai-«' inclined to think tin's is often an avoidable and nn-
pi-oliiahle (tperalion.
^\'illl cowpeas intended for hay, jiastura.iie or fertil-
izei', it is, of rourse, even less necessary than where
the jirime objecit is the prodnetion of seed.
INissihlv the weeder, which we have successfidlv nsed
on other crojjs, and which others have run over C()W])e!as
withont injury, niay jjrove a ]>artial snbstitnte for the
hoe. It should b(^ employed when grass and weeds
are extreme! v small.
We have made no test to ascertain the best amonnt of
seed, which will donbtless varv somewhat with different
varieties. The nsnal amonnt is one to one and one-half
bnsliel when sown broadcast and abont half a l)nsliel
per acre when planting is in drills far enongh apart
ito permit' cnltivation.
The grain drill, with all tnbes open or with part of
them stoi)ped, is sometimes nsed in planting cow^x^as.
SUBSOILING.
Two tests of the effect of snbsoiling for cowpeas have
been made on reddish loam soil, in the s<ime field as
that nsed for similar ex[>eriments with corn and cotton.
In both cases tin* variety Wonderful was employed.
The peas were in drills and were cnltiA'ated several
times.
In 1897 cowpeas were plantinl on a plot that had been
imperfectly snbsoiled in Febrnary, 1896, by nsing a
scooter rnn to a depth of fonr inches in the bottom of
the furrow made by a one-hoi*se tnrn plow. This opera-
tion was not repeated in 1897.
11
Ou both the plot thus treated and on that which had
never been subsoiled the crop was exceedingly poor.
The plot once subsoiled yielded at the rate of 6.7 bush-
els per acre and that not subsoiled 5.6 bushels.
In May, 1898, cowpeas were planted on a plot which
had been subsoiled as above in the preceding February.
The yield of hay was 5,120 pounds on the subsoiled
plot and only 10 pounds less on the plot never sub-
soiled. A different result might have resulted from thor-
ough Avork with a subsoil plow.
Drii-lixg Versus SoA\axG Broadcast.
May 12, 1898, Wonderful cowpeas were sown broad-
cast at the rate of 60 pounds per acre and plowed in
with one-horse turn plows. On the same date an equal
quantity of seed was planted in drills, Avhich was done
by dropping the seed by hand in every third turn plow
furrow, the nex t furrow-slice serving as a covering.
On all plots the fertilizer, phosphate and muriate
of i>otash, was applied broadcast on the plowed surface
and harrowed in.
The vines Avere cut September 13. After curing for a
week, most of this time in cocks, the weights of hay were
found to be as follows :
Pounds of coicpea hay per acre from drilling versus
broadcast sK)wing.
Hay per acre.
Plot No. -Lbs.
4 Broadcast 6,400
7 Broadcast 6,400
5 Drilled 5,600
In this test broadcast sowing afforded 800 pounds of
hay per acre more than drilling. The large yiekls in-
dicate that the season was favorable and the rainfall
12
TecM)r«ls sliow "iluil ;i Ijm-c ;uiiniini n{' rain Tell in -July
and August.
Tlie (IrilUMl jx'as were I'liltivaled Iwice with scrapes,
the total number of furrows per row bein^^' three.
In a(bliti(»n lo exiKM'iniental plots we plant every year
considerable areas of cowpeas, both broadcast and in
drills. In decidinjr on the best method of planting in this
^^<;en(U'al crop" we are *;overn(Ml by the price and avail-
able supply of seed and labor. We nse four to six pecks
of seed sown broadcast and two or three pecks in drills.
In sowino- broadcast we seldom plow in the seed, as in
the above-described experment, bnt sow them on .the
plowed land and cover seed and fertilizer with disc har-
]-ow or with one-horse cultivator.
In planting- in drills we open the drills in plowed or
implowed ground, and are careful either to apply the
fertilizer in the covering furrow or else to mix it with
(the soil before the seed are dropped.
AVhere the ground has been plowed, the combined grain
drill and fertilizer distributor would doubtless be sat-
isfactory, stopping most of the tubes if it is desired to
drill the seed in rows wide enough for cultivation.
Our observations lead to the belief that in unfavorable
seasons drilling and cultivation gives the largest yield
of hay (and always of seed) and that in seasons of
abundance of rainfall broadcast planting affords the
greater amount of hay, but not of seed.
Varieties.
During each of the past six years one or more tests
of varieties of cowpeas have been undertaken. Some of
these tests have been vitiated by agencies that need
not be stated here, and only those are^here reported
^vhich have been free from inequalities and errors.
13
Varieties of cowpeas have been tested both Avitli refer-
ence to the yield of seed and to the yield of hay. The
yariety WhippoorAyill (a speckled bunch pea) has com-
peted in all these tests and its yield has been taken as
a basis by which the yield of any other yariety may be
9J tj #,' e^ t
conyeniently stated. Thus, takinsf the yield of o^rain
from Whipporrsill in 1897 as 100, that of Wonderful for
the same year is 106, or 6 per cent, greater.
The grain yield of varieties of cowpeas, — The follow-
ing table giyes the results of four tests of yarieties on
the basis of seed production, all yarieties planted in
drills and cultiyated. In all cases a bushel of shelled
Ijeas is assumed to weigh 60 pounds.
Yields of grain of varieties of coicpeas.
VARIETY.
Y^ield per acre in
i Relative yield taking
! \N hipporwill yield
as 100 per cent.
•97
•
Bus.
•Qfc
Bus.
"OO -01
Bus. Bus
! '971
1
%
"98
%
'00 "01 Av.
% . % %
Clay
7.6
14.0
19.3
50
63
87
58
Crowder, Brown-eye . . .
Crowder. Large White..
17.5
116
Crowder, Yellow
23.3
105
Brown-eye. White
....
2.5
21.0
9.6
17
140
64
Black, from Wood
21.2
96
118
Black, from Ala. Ex. St.
Black, from Hastings. . .
7.8
52
....
Black, Large Early,
from Packard
19.5
15.0
9.0
16.2
23.4
21.8
14.9
8.0
8.9
17.5
8.2
17.6
22.0
11.9
18.5
*
130
100
60
108
156
145
99
53
59
116
54
117
146
79
123
Black-eye Large (Wood)
Black-eye, Large White
from Willett
19.0
....
86
92
Black-eve, Extra Early.
Early Brown Dent
16.6
75
92
Early Bullock
Iron
Jones White
Ladv
Lealand
Miller
• • » •
Mush
New Era
22.0
■ • • •
104
125
Ross White
Red Ripper
20.1
23.6
15.9
91
107
72
107
Taylor
White Giant
1
10.8
75
74
Unknown
8.3
106
94
100
Wonderful
Whippoorwill
7.4
7.8
15.2
15. a
14.4
21.6
22.0
101
100
"ioo
98
100
98
100
\A
A'arictii's avcrji.uiii.ii- lar.uo yields of sccmI have Ixhmi Now
Era, l>la(k ( I'i-oim WcmmIi, aiul Kcd Ki])iKM-. W'oiKlcrful
wants only 2 jxt ccnl. of o(iualling the avora.iic yield of
A\'liil)i)ooi\\ ill.
\'ari('ties makini; laruc yields, bul which have been
tested «»nly once, are Karly Urown Dent, Early ]^»nlh)ck.
i.ar<»e Early Hlack (from Packard), Lealand, and Lar^e
AVln'te ( 'rowder.
Additional tet^ts must be made before conclusions cau
1)0 drawn as to the rolativo values of these varieties
for seed i)roduction. There is need for a variet}^
of cowiK^as that in addition to the good qualities
of Whipporwill, prolificacy, upright growth, and earli-
ness, shall be more resistant to mildew or rotting of
the pods than is this standard kind. The writer will
be glad to test any local varieties for which this (juality
is claimed.
aS/cc of sccd. — The following table gives the weight of
101) cowpeas of the varieties grown in 1901, and also the
calculated number of seed in a bushel of GO pounds:
VARIETY.
Wgt. of
100 seed
TiFlor I 28.72
White Giant I 25 . 45
Brown-eve Crowder 24 . 74
Yellow Sugar Crowder .
Black
Red Ripper
Extra Early Black-eye..
Large Black-eye
Whippoorwill
Wonderful
Clay
Jones' Perfection White
New Era
Small Black
23.16
22.07
20.89
20.74
20.04
17.98
18.86
17.86
13.97
11.49
11.30
No. of
seed in
1 bush.
((50 lbs.)
94,634
106.797
109,858
117,314
123,153
130.110
131,051
135,638
150.621
144.117
151.629
194,560
236,545
240,531
15
1. Yellow Sugar Crowder, 4.
2. Brown-eye Crowder, 5.
3. WhippoorwilL 6.
New Era.
Wonderful.
Taylor.
k;
9. Black, from Wood.
10. Large, Black-eye.
11. Ex. Early Black-eye.
16.
12. Clay.,
14. Red Ripper.
15. White Giant
Jones White.
17
Taylor had the largest seed, of which only 94,634 were
required to make a bushel. New Era has the smallest
seed of any kind in the variet}^ test, having 236,545 seed
in a bushel. In rows three feet apart, and three seed per
foot of drill, an acre would require about 11 pounds of
Xew Era or about 28 pounds of Taylor seed.
Small Black, grown in another field, had seed slightly
smaller than those of New Era.
Where to Get Seed.
The Station cannot undertake to supply seed. The ad-
dresses of the parties from whom ithis Station has ob-
tained seed, as given below, will enable intending buy-
ers, who cannot get seed nearer home, to correspond with
seedsmen or growlers.
New Era, from J. C. Little, Louis\411e, Ga.
Xumerious varieties from H. P. Jones, Herndon, Ga. ;
Alexander Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. ; Willett Seed Co.,
Augusta, Ga. ; Jiark W. Johnson Seed Co., Atlanta, Ga. ;
Curry-Arrington Seed Co., Rome, Ga.; H. C. Hastings,
Atlanta, Ga. ; E. G. Packard, Dover, Del.; and T. W.
Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va.
The hay yield of varieties of cotopeas. — These tests
were all made on poor sandy upland, though the land
used for this experiment in 1897 was richer than that
occupied by this test in the other years. In 1897 the
seed was sown broadcast; in 1898 and 1899 the seed
was planted in drills about 2^/2 feet apart. The yields
are lower than we usually obtain in our fields sown for
hay, which may be partly due to the fact that the peas
in the experiments were sown late, — the last w^eek in
June, — and that the product w^as weighed only after
the hay had become extremely dry.
18
yields of luuj of carictics of coicpca.
VAKIK'I'V.
Yield p(
Aero
'V
in
1 Krliitivr yi<'ld,
\\ hipprowill — *
100 pjT cent.
Black-eve Kxtra Earlv
'97
lbs.
•98
lbs.
'99
lbs.
1416
'97
%
'98
%
'99
%
79
Av.
%
Black-eve. Large
Black
Black. Laree Early
2220
2880
1618
1383
1209
1308
2034
2154
1401
2206
1623
1929
2310
2430
89
105
83
68
59
64
100
106
69
119
79
95
113
119
92
Clay
Crowder
3975
3373
160
121
113
Crowder. Large White
1280
4080
....
47
150
73
Iron
^?,H
Ladv
Lealand
Miller
Mush
New Era
Ross White
Red Ripper
Whippoorwill
Wonderful
2485
3700
3720
2720
4160
136
100
153
2030
1569
100
148
100
77
100
126
The largest average for three years was made by
the Wonderful (or Unknown) variety, followed by Clay.
Iron, which was tested only two years, surpassed all
other varieties in the average yield for those two years.
The ease of harvesting varies greatly with different
varieties, the running kinds affording the greatest diffi-
cult v.
The quality of the hay differs somewhat with different
varieties. For example. Wonderful has larger stems
tlian anv other varietv tested and hence its hav ap-
pears coarser.
Nevertheless, the large yield and erect stem make this
a very popular variety for hay. It is too late to mature
seed in a high latitude or when planted very late in
summer.
On the whole, as a general purpose cowpea, suitable
for either grain, forage, or fertilizer, Ave may safely
plant the Wonderful or Unknown in the central and
southern parts of the state until some other varietv is
19
proved to be superior. Perliaps an exception should be
made of the Central Prairie Region where there is com-
plaint that there is an extreme tendency for cowpeas to
run to vine and fail to fruit properly. It is suggested
that the early bunch varieties, especially Xew Era,
planted late in June, be tried on these soils; also that
when seed are desired from medium and late varieties,
that thev be planted earlv and thick in the drill.
Proportion of seed and hulls in unshelled cowpeas.
The following table gives the number of pounds of vseed
in 100 pounds of unshelled cowpeas. In all cases the
peas were not beaten out until at least several weeks
after the date of picking, thus giving time for thorough
drvinsj.
Pounds seed in one hundred pounds of unshelled
cowpeas.
Yrs.lLbs.
Yrs.
Lbs.
Brown-eye, V/hite
Black, from Wood
Black, from Ala. Ex. Sta
Black, Large Early, from
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
4
3
1
1
1
70 Earlv Brown Dent. . .
76 Early Bullock
69 Iron
Jones. Whitp
. .1 1
. .! 1
o
. . 1 2
■il
82
69
69
Packard
Black-eye, Large, from
Wood
from Willett
Black-eve, Large White,
76
77
73
76
67
75
85
84
83
Lady
Lealand
Miller
Mush
Nev\' Era
3
3
..! 1
..| 1
. .1 2
74
77
77
83
73
Black-eye, Extra Early,
Ross White
• • 1 "
. . 1 1
69
Black-eye. Extra Early,
from Wood
Red Ripper
Tavlor
4
.1 1
71
77
Clay
Crowder
Crowder, Brown-eye ....
Crowder, Yellow Sugar.
Crowder, Large White . .
White Giant
Unknown
Wonderful
Whippoorwill
2
••1 2
.., 4
• •! ^-
71
er
70
73
The proportion of seed and hulls varies according to
the varietv. In our tests it is highest with the several
Crowder varieties, and lowest with Wonderful and Clay ;
number of pounds of thoroughly dry unhulled peas in
the pod required to make a bushel (60 pounds) of shelled
peas was only 78 pounds with Brown Eye Crowder
•JO
iiiul U(J poiimls wiili \\(Hi(l('i-riil. To j^eL coiTcspoiidin^^
lijiiircs foi" iin\ ollnr variclv the riNidi*!- can divide (>,000
by the liiiiirc opposite* each \aricty. iL slioiild be
staliMJ line tliat llic jK'rcciila.i;!* ol' i^rain in ihc same
N.iiiciy \ai-i('d ^leatly in diirL*reiit years.
Eff1':cts of Limf on Cowpeas.
Two tests were made on this poiat, using drilled cow-
peas of the variety Wonderful, fertilized with acid
pliosphate and cultivated several times.
In 1897, on rcMldish loam soil, and stilTer than that in
the later tests, the yield was 5.G bushels of peas without
lime and onlv 5.2 bushels where slaked lime at the
rate of 040 pounds per acre had l)een applied broadcast
in February of the preceding year. Whatever lime re-
mained in the soil was evidently of no benefit of cowpeas.
In March, 18U8, water slaked lime was used as a
itop dressing on oats on gray s^ndy soil. It was used at
the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre of the Unslaked lime,
which" is equivalent to a much larger weight of the
slaked material.
After the oats Avere cut the land was plowed and cow-
peas drilled in and cultivated as necessary. The yield
follows:
l*lot not limed, 13 bushels cowpeas per acre.
Limed plot, 10.2 bushels cowpeas per acre.
Clearly lime was of no benefit, but apparently injur-
ious as regards seeil formation. There was no notable
difference in the appearance of the vines.
Fertilizer Experiment.
This test was made in 1898 with AMiip])Oi'will cowpeas
on gra}^ or white sandy soil on a hilltop. Two cultiva-
tions were given, requiring altogether three furrows per
I'O ^^' . T h e r esu 1 1 s f o 1 1 o w :
21
Results 'of fertilizer experiment tvith cow peas in 1898.
Fertilizer.
Plot No.
Per
acre.
Kind.
Yield of
seed per
acre.
1
3
Lbs.
240
51
00
\240
"/ 51
[Acid phosphate...
[Muriate of potash
iNo fertilizer
JAcid phosphate. . .
[Muriate of potash,
Av.
Av.
Av.
Av.
6
7
8
9
10
3 & 8
1 & 7
2 & 10
( 240 jAcid phosphate. . .
51 ^Muriate of potash.
Nitrate of soda . .
Acid phosphate. . .
[Muriate of potash .
Acid phosphate. . .
No fertilizer
Acid phosphate . . .
y\ uriate of potash .
Muriate of potash
No fertilizer
Acid phosphate. . . .
Mariate of potash,
i 80
j 210
1 51
240
00
r240
'( 51
51
00
2-10
51
4. 6 & 9 I Phosphate and muriate.
Bus.
13.9
15.9
16.
15.4
19.1
16.7
15.2
14.3
14.9
15.1
15.1
14.1
14.5
.3
1.^
Apparently none of the mineral fertilizers was de-
cidedly advantageous., though with the complete fertil-
izer there was an increase of four bushels per acre. The
failure of acid phosphate and muriate of potash to in-
crease the yield is surprising, and the only explanation
we can suggest is the fact that both phosphate and
potash salts had \jeen liberally used on this field during
each of the preceding five years, and probably these ma-
(terials had Ijeen applied annually for about fifteen years.
This view implies that even on this gray light sandy soil,
containing some flint stones, and underlaid by a rather
stiffer sandy sub-soil, acid phosphate and potash are
not wholly used up or lost during the jesir when they
are applied but exert a considerably residual or cumu-
lative effect.
0-7
Is NlTIUKJKN AnVANTACilOOrS IN A l^KK TIMZKR FOR
COWI'KAS?
C<)W]K*as are able (o i^row on poorer soil Mian is cot-
ton (u- corn. Tliis is becanse the eowpea })lant, llii'on<i;;h
the agenev of tin* specific enlar«4ements or tubercles
or nndnles on its roots, is able to draw a ])art of its
nitroncn from ilie air, while corn, cotton, <;rasses, etc.,
are entirely dependent for their nitrogen on the soil and
fertilizci*.
Since the cowpea plant possesses this source of sup-
ply it is reasonable to assume that nitrogen can be
omitted from its fertilizer, thus reducing the cost of fer-
tilization. On the other hand it has been stated that
during the early period in the life of this plant the
tubercles afford no nitrogen, and that nitrogenous fer-
tilizers are beneficial during this early period. One
writer has recorded as his observation that co'tton seed
meal is a suitable fertilizer for cowpeas.
To put this latter statement to a test, four plots of
drilled cowpeas in 1898 were employed. All were fer-
tilized with 240 pounds of acid phosphate and 48 pounds
of muriate of potash per acre. Two plots received in
addition cotton seed meal at the rate of 100 pounds per
acre. The cured hay averaged practically 2^/2 tons
per acre, . the plots with cotton seed meal affording
only 40 pounds of hay per acre in ext-ess of the outliers.
There was a practical equality in yield, and a failure of
cotton seed meal to exert any appreciable effect.
This is in accord with nearly all of the published fer-
tilizer experiments with coT\T)eas.
We have found the tubercles on cowpeas when the
plants Avere only a few inches high and a few T^'eelvS
old. Apparently the nitrogen in the seed and that which
even a poor soil yields is usually sufficient for the little
28
plants up to the time when the root tubercles begin to
eyej'cise their function of supplying nitrogen.
The fertilizer test detailed in a preceding paragraph
shows tliait with a complete fertilizer the yield of pt as
was 3.8 bushels per acre greater than where only phos-
phate and potash Avere used together.
This increase seems to be attributable to the use of
80 pounds of nitrate of soda.
The majority of experiments agree with the one
where cotton seed meal was used in indicting that
nitrogen is not a profitable constituent of the fertilizer
for cowpeas.
Forms of Phosphate for Cowpeas.
A test was made in 1896 of acid phosphate,
crude Florida soft phosphate, and a moistened
mixture of these two, which mixture should have
produced reverted phosphate. The crop was a
failure, probably because of injuries to the roots
by nematode worms, and there were only slight differ-
ences in the yields of seed on the plots differently fer-
tilized. This was^on very poor white sandy soil.
In 1898, co-operative tests of acid phosphate in com-
parison A^lth equal Aveights of Florida soft phosphate
(crude) were made for this Station by Mr. A. A. Mc-
Gregor, on a loam soil with clay sub-soil, at Town
Creek, Ala., and by Mr. J. P. Slaton, on sandy soil be-
tween Notasulga and Tuskegee. Apparently the soil
at Town Creek was rich in lime, the other poor in
lime.
Unfortunately there Avas a failure to pick the peas in
both the tests, but the notes made by both of the ex-
perimenters have no doubt as to the superiority of acid
phosphate over insoluble phosphate as a fertilizer for
24
cowpe^is. At Town Civck, where pods did not mature,
the vinc^ made tlie best j!:rowth wliere acid pliosphate
was appliiMl ; no dillVronce eonhl he det(M*t(»d l)etween the
fjrowtli of tlie unfertilize<l plot and that on tlie plot wliere
Florida soft phos])hate was employed.
On the siindy soil near Notasulga ''the plot fertilized
with acid phosphate seemed to me one-third better" than
the one witli the raw plios])lnite. These observations
as to th(^ suiKM'iority of acid phosphate aij^ree with the
results of experiments made at the Geor<»ia Experiment
Station and with a test made at Auburn in 1898, the
results in our (test being as follows:
Bus. seed
per acre.
Cowpeas, with no phosphate 9.4
Cowpeas, with 240 lbs. Florida soft phosphate 13.9
Cowpeas, with 240 lbs. acid phosphate 15.2
Apparently the raw or Florida soft phosphate was
beneficial, and the acid phosphate still more so, the
increase with the latter being 5.8 bushels of seed per
acre, which gives a fair profit after deducting the cost
of the 240 p.'uinds of acid phosphate used on an acre.
Fcrtilizinf/ cotcpca.s hettrcen corn roiv-s. — In 1900
on one plot only half of the acid phosphate was ap-
plied to corn, the remainder (120 pounds per acre) be-
ing reserved and drilled with Whip]X)orwill cowpeas
July 7. There was practically a failure of both the
corn and cowpeas on this series of plots, so that the
products of the several ploits were not harvested sepa-
rately. However, so far as could be judged by the eye,
there was never any difference in the growth of the
vines directly fertilized with phosphate and those which
must have drawn some of their phosphate from the fer-
tilizer ithat was applied to the corn some months be-
fore.
25
Nutritive Value of Cowpeas and Cowpea Vines.
The high nutritive value of the seed, the hav, and
the green vines of the cowpea plant may be seen from
the following figures adapted from Prof. W. A. Henry's
book on ^^Feeds and Feeding:''
I Lbs. digestible.
Muscle
formers
Starch,
etc.
Fats
100 lbs. cowpeas (shelled seed) contain*.
100 lbs. cowpea hay contain
100 lbs. green cowpea vines contain
17.3
63.1
.7
10.8
38.6
1.1
1.8
8.7
.2
♦Assuming same digestibility as for meal from Canada field peas.
Cowpea hay contains almost exactly the same amounts
and proportions of digestible materials as wheat bran.
The seed is more nutritious than wheat bran and far
richer in protein, — the so-called ^'muscle formers," —
than is corn. In our feeding experiments with pigs it
hias proved itself better than corn when constituting
only a portion of the grain ration. By feeding farm
teams on a liberal allowance of peavine hay the amount
of corn necessary can be reduced much below that usu-
allv consumed.
Coirpcas versus velvet beans as forage. — This compar-
ison can be made on the basis of (1) palatability and
nutritive value, (2) cost of growing and harvesting a
ton of each, (3) productiveness, and (4) hardiness.
The number of analvses. of velvet bean hav is insuffi-
oient to give an accurate detemiination of its exact nu-
tritive value, in which, hoAvever, it is probably about
equal to peavine hay. In palatability the advantage is
decidedly with pearines.
We have found it praetically impossible to use the
mower in cutting velvet beans and when both crops are
•cut Avith the scvthe our records show that the velvet
2«
lK*aiis r('(|iiiri- moie labor lliaii cowpeajs. Indeed we
liave noi^el loiiud a thoroughly practicable and econom-
ical means of ciittinii jnid handlin*;" velvet hean vines.
In regard lo (li(» vields of Ikiv from the two i)lants,
when urown side by side, the following are the results
thus I'ai- at Aidjurn, die variety of cowjieas employed
heini: the \N'onderful or Unknown.
Cowpea
hay
Velvet
bean
hay.
Drilled crop, 1897, lbs. hay per acre
2420
8930
4160
4160
6400
3872
Drilled crop, 1897, lbs. hay per acre
7300
Broadcast crop, 1898, lbs. hay per acre
Broadcast crop, 1898, lbs hay per acre
4480*
2880t
5360
Broadcast crop, 1898, lbs. hay per acre
♦128 lbs. velvet beans sown broadcast per acre; t64 lbs. velvet
beans sown broadcast per acre.
On the score of productiveness our experiments are
slightly in favor of cowpeas, though on other soils this
result might be reversed.
As to the relative hardiness of the two plants, the
velvet bean is undoubtedly superior. It suffers less
from the attacks of leaf eating insects, and, though the
young plants of the velvet bean are not exempt from
the attacks of a fungous root rot, characterized by
Avhitish to brownish, small, spherical, sclerotia on the
stem near the surface of the ground, yet the velvet beans
are much more resistant to it than are cowpeas, which
in some parts of the Station farm are almost ruined by
this disease. For example, in 1899, on adjoining plots,
cowpeas were ruined by September 12, at least half
the plants having died prematurely, the yield of
seed being r(Mluced to less than two bushels per acre,
whili^ velvet beans \vere perfectly healthy and extremely
luxuriant.
Still more important as regards the relative hardiness
27
of ILe two plants is their susceptibility to injury from
the attMcks of the microscopic nematode Avorms that in-
fest the soil, especially in gardens and orchards, in parts-
of the Gulf States. These worms enter the roots of
many plants, cowpeas, cO'tton, peaches and numerous
^c\iietables, causing swellings, Avhich, as they become
larger, result in depriying the infected root of its fun*^-
tion of supplying water and food to the plant.
It is important for farmers to distinguish these nema-
tode injuries from the beneficial tubercles naturally
present.
Speaking generally and disregarding the advanced or
corky stage of the nematode swelling, tubercles and nem-
atode bumps may be distinouished by their posit^.OD. The
beneficial tubercles are located outside of the outer sur-
face of the root, and to the side of the same ; the injurious-
enlargements are usually spindle shaped and their posi-
tion is such that the root seem to be gTowing through the
center of the swelling. In other words, the root is en-
laroed symmetricallT on all sides in the early stages of
nematode injuries.
Cowpeas are yery susceptible to injuries from nema-
todes. Velvet beans are highly resistant to such attacks,
if not entirely exempt from ithem. We have been able
to find no plain indications of nematode injuries on
the roots of velvet beans.
This is a matter of much importance, especially when
a choice must be made between these two legumes for
growing in old garden spots, which are likely to be in-
fested with nematodes, or with a fungus root disease.
In this connection it should be said that Or-
ton and Webber, of the United States Depart-
ment of AgTiculture, found the Iron variety of
28
•cowjK'ns to 1><^ I'c^sistiiiM hot It to nematode^ attacks and
to cowjuM wilt, the latter beiiij;- a fuiij^us disease dilTer-
ent fnnn the one that is most d("stnietive at Auburn.
The remedy for all these troubles consists in practic-
in.i:: such a roitation as will keep susceptible plants off
■of the infest(Ml or infected fields for at least a few years.
In brief, the eowpea as a fora<;e plant is superior to
the velvet bean in i)alatabilitv and ease of curing and
only inferior in hardiness or resistance towards the at-
tacks of certain insects and fungont^ diseases.
Coicpcas versus beggar iveed and soja beans as forage.
At Auburn the yield of eowpea hay has greatly exceed-
ed that of beggar weed hay and has been superior in
quality. The advantages in favor of beggar weed are its
greater ease of curing, resulting from its more erect
growth, and its practical or complete exemption from ne-
matode injury. Beggar weed also seems resistant to the
fungus root rot.
Compared with soja or soy beans, cowpeas at Auburn
have averaged a heavier yield of hay and have been sur-
passed only in the gi'eater ease with which the soy bean,
on account of its erect growth, can be harvested. The
eowpea has been able to make a fair growth on land
too poor for soy beans.
Cowpeas in VxVrious Mixtures for Hay.
The leaflets easily drop from the vines in curing unless
special care is exercised. This loss can be avoided and
^he curing process facilitated by growing the pea^nnes
in combiTiatioTi with some grass that cures readily and
Avhich serves with its blades and fine stems to tie the
Avhole mass together so that the leaflets of the legume
are not lost. For this purpose crabgrass is one of tho
best, and the only disadvantage is that as a volunteer
c
9
growtli must be relied on, there is some uncertainty a.^
to the stand and as to the grass growing to sufficient
height on the poorer spots.
We have found German millet useful in this respect,
for fair and good soils. This grass makes it
necessary to choose an early yariety of cowpeas^
to sow it Ayith, else the millet will be ready
for the mower while the peas are entirely too
immature. Whipporwill cowpeas and German millet
make a fairly satisfactory combination, and the quali-
ties of the New Era lead us to the hope that it will
make a still more desirable combination with German
millet. The usuar quantity of millet seed is one peck,.
mth a bushel of peas, per acre.
Possibly the later yarieties mii>ht also be suitable for
sowing with German millet, if the seed of the latter
could be put in the ground a few weeks after the peas
had germinated.
In one case we tried this, drilling a row of millet
within six inches of the pea roAy. The millet was sown
IT days after the peas were planted and yet it ripened
before the Wonderful coAypeas were ready for haying.-
This was also true in the ease of Japanese millet, and
with two millets which were untrue to name, and w^hick
seemed to be Hunoarian millet and common fox tail
millet, the latter yery much like German millet. Appar-
ently the millets did not add to the yield of hay. but
in the same test the yield of hay Ayas materially increased
when Amber sorghum and Wonderful peas Ayere drilled
together May 14. These tAyo plants Ayere ready for
moAying at the same date.
In the followinii,- table are oiA^en the A'ields of haA' af-
foixled by cowpeas alone and in yarious combination;?,
all such mixtures being soAyn broadcast June 24, 1898,
the peas, sorghum and corn at the rate of 64 pounds, the
millet at the rate of 16 pounds per acre. The soil y\ as a
light sandy upland and no nitrogenous fertilizers Ayere
tised.
30
yirldfi of hdji from <■(>}(• jtcfis a I oil c mid coicpcns in
vurioHn mil- tares.
■tJ
Yield
s
(■(»\V1
ilAS.
Mil.
AVW
Etc.
liav pr
1— 1
, acre*
3N
3S
4N
4S
5N
5S
6S
7N
7S
SN
8S
Whippoorwill. . . .
Whippoorwill. . . .
Clay
Clay
Whippoorwill. . . .
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Black Texas millet
Clay Early Amber sorghum
Black jEarly Amber sorghum
German millet
Texas millet
Japanese barnyard millet
Japanese barnyard millet
White Kafir corn
Texas millet
Stowell's sweet corn . . . .
4560
4240
4240
3860
4320
4720
3840
3520
3780
3780
5440
5040
Tlie stand of all the millets and of sweet corn and
Kafir corn was very poor. Tlie Japanese and Tic^'nian
millet ripemnl earlier than was desirable. Kafir corn
(a non-saccharine sorghum) and Amber sorghum were
the only kinds which added to the yield of hay produced
by cowpeas alone. Eyen tthis increase may haye been
chi(^fly water, for our notes show that the hay from
the soriihum mixture was more moist than the other
kinds and doubtless in unfayorable weather it would
Tiaye been more difficult to cure.
We hope to continue ithe search for a grass-like plant
pre-eminently suitable for sowing with cowpeas. Such
a plant should haye a fine stem like Gennan millet and
a longer period of growth.
Until this ideal plant is found we would recommend
German millet as an aid in curing the early varieties of
peas and pos"sibly as suitable for drilling in or working
in with a weeder several weeks after the later varieties
have been sown. Amber sorghum is recommended as a
means of increasing the yield on good land, ])ut not as
a means of making curing easier.
31
^losT Profitable Method of Utilizing Cowpeas as
Stock Food.
It iiiav be of interest to record here the fraoinen-
tary data relative ^to this point that are afforded by our
experiments at Auburn. Only A\-lth the variety Wonder-
ful or Unknown have we made accurate determinations
of the amount of seed and the amount of hay produced
when the conditions of soil, fertilization, and culture
^vere absolutely identical, this beins; done bv makinii,' hav
of the entire growth on certain plots and by harvesting
only the seed on adjacent j)lots.
Relative yields of seeds and hay made by Wonderful
cowpeas.
\ Bus. Lbs.
' seed. hay.
In 1897, drilled cowpeas yielded per acre | llTO~ | 2420
In 1898, broacast cowpeas yielded per acre | 6.7 | 6400
In 1899 broadcast cowpeas yielded per acre | 7.9 2004
Average three years 8.5 | 3608
The 8.5 bushels of seed, with accompanying hulls,
would weigh only about one-fifth as much as the weight
of hay recorded above. Hence, it is evident that the
most profitable use of the crop as stock food would be
to utilize the hav rather than to wait for all the seed to
ripen.
If, however, it should be impracticable to harvest and
utilize the cowpea as hay, our next recommendation
would he to pasture hogs or cattle on tlie pea fields, of
course reserving a sufficient area to produce seed for
the next year's planting.
With nearly mature cowpeas utilized in this way we
obtained at Auburn the following returns for an acre of
cowpea pasturage, after first deducting the cost of the
additional food fed while the animals were grazing on
co\^^)eas :
32
Net return
from 1 acre.
"With milch cows in 1900 grazing on corn stalks and
drilled cowpeas between corn rows (Ala. Bui. 114);
butter at 20c. and beef on foot at 2 l-2c per lb $4.47
AVith milch cows in 1901 grazing on corn stalks and
drilled cowpeas between corn rows (only butter con-
sidered ) $5.28
With shoats sold at 3 cents per pound, grazed in 1897 on
cowpeas yielding about 13 bush, per acre (Ala. Bui. 93) $10.65
With shoats in 1900, sold at 4c per lb. grazed on ripe
drilled cowpeas ( about 10 bus. per acre) $4.90
When the cows grazed on parts of the corn and pea
field where the peas were few or small and overripe
the value of the pasturage on an acre fell far below the
figures given above for 1901.
We have successfully preserved peavines in the silo,
and at all stages of growth from early bloom until first
pods €olor. They should be run through a silage cutter,
and the silo heavily weighted. If the vines are put in
without cutting the silage is often inferior and always
difficult to remove. Special care in packing and weight-
ing uncut peavines is necessary.
Methods of Harvesting Cowpea Seed.
Picking cowpeas is slow and expensive work.
The charge for picking is frequently half the
crop. If picking cannot be done promptly the
crop is frequently ruined by mildew or rot of
pods and seed. Hence some more rapid method is
desirable. Possible methods are (1) cutting ihe vines
with scythe or reaper when most of the pods are ripe,
and later running the product through the threshing ma-
chine or beating the peas out by the slow process of
fiailing; (2) pulling the vines when the crop is thor-
oughly mature and beating out the seed with a flail ;
and ( 3 ) the use of a pea\ine picking machine
?
i
33
While the latter is a possibility, we are unable to re-
port any test made here of a pea-picking machine. It is
to be hoped that the pea picker may be further simplified
and especially that its price, which, as quoted to us,
was prohibitiye, being seyeral times that of a mo\yer,
may be «Teatly reduced.
In 1898 we made a test of pulling Wonderful cowpeas
when fully matured and beating -them out with a flail.
Even with hands unaccustomed to the work, pulling was
much more rapid than picking, the rate per man being
one and one-fourth acres per day. The process of beating
out the peas was much slower, and this tedious work, to-
gether with the increased loss from shattered peas when
the yines were pulled, and the removal of the plant
food contained in the roots, were serious objections to
this method. Apparently under some conditions it can
be used to advantage as compared Avith picking.
Cutting the mature vines with a scythe early Iti the
morning when there was least danger from shattering,
was quite satisfactory, especially with the Xew Era
variety, as it doubtless would be with any bunch pea on
Avhich the pods all ripen at about the same time and
from which the leaves are dropped by the time the pods
are mature. Scvthing will doubtless be more satisfac-
tory with peas sown late because of their more erect
and less tangled condition. The blade should be kept
sharp to avoid shattering.
We have not tried the mower in harvesting cowpeas
for seed because so many of the peas after cut-
ting would be trampled over by the team in making
its next round. The work of the reaper in
green i)eavines indicated that it would be a satisfactory
machine for harvesting mature cowpeas where the vines
are not tangled.
Preliminary tests in running pea vines through a grain
thresher vn.th concave removed, resulted in breaking
about half the seed.
The vel•^ limihMl tests iiiiidi* lici-c several vears ajjfo
of two ]>atteriis of pea tliresliei-s, oi- hand iiiaeliiiK^, for
beatin*; out peas after the poils liad heen picked by haud,
failixl to sliow anv 2:reat saviim l»v tlie ma chines tested
as compared witli Hailing. As the particuhii* macliinc^
emidoyed were afterwards claimed to be not fair repre-
sentatives of those now on the market, we must await
the results of further tests before drawing conclusions.
Our pui*])ose is to continue the experiments as to the
best methods of harvesting cowpeas.
Cluing Cowpea nAY.
Long exposure to sunshine causes the leaflets, the
most nutritious portion of the plant, to drop. Hence
cowpea hay should be cured largely in its own shade,
that is, with as little exposure as practicable of the
mass of ha}'. This is the foundation principle in hay-
curing, but its application will vary gi'eatly according
to the state of the weather and the succulence of the
vines when cut. No definite rule can be given as to the
necessary number of hours of sunshine, but a few ex-
amples will show the method pursued at this Station
under same conditions :
1898 — ^cpt. 13, A. M. Cut with scythe, leaving vines in
small loose windrows. Windrows turned over
with fork, having received about 8 hours of bright
sunshine, and the exposed leaves having become
just crisp enough to cause any perceptible loss of
leaves in handling; weather during preceding 24
hours had been dry, but partly cloudy.
Sept. 11, 1-5 p. M. Piled vines in large cocks,
where, the weather being fair, they were left until
Sept. 21, when the vines, now dryer than neces-
sary, were hauled and stored in barn.
If rain had been threatened hauling would
have occurred about Sept. 15, or else canvas hay-
caps would have been placed on the cocks.
1S99— Sept. 12. Mowed Wonderful variety. Given 12
hours sunshine while spreading in swath ; then
35
raked and immediately cocked, in Avhicli condi-
tion it was left 48 hours before hauling. When
hauled the hay contained somewhat more moist-
ure than was thought safe for storing in large
masses, though not too much for storing in thin
layer.
1900 — Sept. 24, a. m. Mowed Wonderful cowpeas in
full bloom and haying a few colored pods, growth
not rank and contai'i^ng some crabgrass.
Keceiyed in swath 24 hours^ exposure, includ-
ino' about 10 of l)rioht sunshine.
Sept. 25. A. M. Raked into windrows, and eight
hours afterwards, or before night the same day,
hauled.
Ordinarily it is safest not to haul direct from the wind-
rows, but to leaye the partially cured hay in cocks for
seyeral days and, if necessary, to open out these cocks
an hour or two before hauling.
A part of the same field of cowpeas last referred to
was employed in testing the practicability of yery rapid
curino; and of storino* hay in barn in yery o^reen condi-
tion, as is sometimes done with cloyer in the North, and
as has been adyocated for cowpeas in the South when
threatened weather hastens hauling.
1900 — Sept. 2Jf. Immediately after the morning dew
dried off, or about 8 to 9 a. m., the yines were
mowed and left undisturbed and exposed on dry
ground to bright sunshine for eight hours; then
immediately raked, hauled, and stored 1,525
pounds of half-cured hay in small tight house.
It is claimed that when hay is stored in a very oreen
condition it should be tightly packed and not afterwards
moyed, however much heat it may develop. This hay
was packed in three feet deep and covered with other
drver hav, and the house closed.
The weather remained fair and dry for two weeks
after this hay was stored. In five days the tempera-
36
turc had risi'ii to 122 d(^j,a'ees at a point fifteen hu-lies
from the wall. This seeiiuHl to be the maximum tempera-
ture and by October 4 tlie theriiioiiieter ha<l dropped ito
110 deurees and wliite iinmld was abuiubint.
When the material was opened April 4, 11)01, the en-
tire mass, except fora space of about six inches next to
each wall, was entirely r-otten, and not simply black-
ened, as sometimes liai)pens with an inferior but ser-
viceable article of peavine silage.
The amount of material taken out was only 545
pounds, or about one-third as much as was put in, a
part of the loss being moisture, but a large part
of it bein<»- drv matter driven off bv fermentation.
This is an extreme case, but other instances where heajt
and white mould have developed in hay, field cured for
several days, but stored too green, raises the suspicion
that in our moist climate hay cannot be stored in as
moist a condition as is sometimes done in the North.
We should avoid both extremes, of storing hay when too
green, and of exposing it too long in the field at the ex-
I)ense of color and nutritive value.
If urged to outline a general course of procedure
founded on averoge results here, we would suggest cuit-
tin": one dav, and 24 hours later raking into windrows,
where the hay may remain 24 hours; then cocking, and,
if practicable, leaving these cocks in the field for two or
three diiys, at the end of which time they may be opened
for a few hours before hauling, or luuiled witliout open-
ins:, according' to (the condition of the ha v.
Special devices, for example, frauK^s on whicli the
stack or rick is to be built, or small poles with horizon-
tal l>ase on which the cock is built, have been recom-
mended for use in curing peavine hay. Our experience
with canvas hay caps as covering for hay cocks during
37
wet weather is very satisfactory, thoimli the first cost
is considerable. By cutting the crop little at a time and
at inteiwals of a week or more, the hay caps may be
repeatedly used, and a few dozen caps may thus serye
in the curing of a considerable area of cowpeas.
Additional experimental vrork in curing peayine hay
is planned.
Composition of the Different Parts of the Cowpea
Plant.
To obtain data as the relatiye yalue of leayes, stems,
and other parts of the plant, both as food and as ferti-
lizers, samples were taken of six of the yarieties grown
in 3J:-inch drills in the yariety test of 1899. These plants
had been sown in drills on June 23, so that when sam-
ples were taken September 12 they had been growing
not quite three months, and in some yarieties none of
the pods had colored. The roots were dug out to a
depth of six inches, Ayhich depth seemed to contain all
the larger roots and nearly all of the smaller ones. If
haryesting had been delayed a week or two, which, with
all these yarieties could haye been done without their
getting too old to make good hay, the yields would
doubtless haye been larger.
The ayerage yield of the six yarieties samjjled was
1,715 pounds of hay per acre on the basis of the weights
of the samples 11 days after the yines were cut, or 1,628
pounds of the same degi-ee of dryness as the samples
when analyzed two years later.
The following table shows in percentages what pro-
portion of the entire plant consists of leayes, pods and
blooms, coarse stems, fine stems, fallen leayes and
stems, and roots with attached stubble about two inches
long.
38
Pcn-riitdi/rs in cnfirr air-drird phtnl o/ IcdKcs, pods
and hl(j(Jin-'<, fine slcin^^ toarsc sttms, lallcn, leaves,
and roofs and "^fuhhlt.
CC
^ '^
ae
o
•
B 0/
CO
rs §1
2r *<
-^f
Viiriety.
•
95
O
>
CC ^
33 f->
rse
inner
al av
^ forf
Tot
able
i-^§
9 ^
% % '>,
•><;
1 % 1
% %
Miller
21.0
1.6
19.9
14.8
57.3
17.7
25.0
Whippoorwill
17.0
23.3
16.4
18.7
75.4
3.7
21.6
Iron
17.0
18.3
12.3
18.3
65.9
15.4
19.0
Wonderful
18.7
7.8
15.3
18.0
59.8
19.2
20.3
Joues White
21.3
13.0
30.5
16.2
71.0
14.3
14.5
Clay
19.9
19.1
5.9
13.0
12.3
51.1
22.9
26.0
Average. 6 varieties
12.0
16.2
16.4
63.6
15.5
21.0
The chief difference among varieties as shown in the
above table is in the percentage of pods and blooms.
Naturally this was greatest in the ^Vhippoorwill. for
this was the earliest variety, and when cut September
12 it had more large pods than did any other. This
earlier maturity also makes the Wliippoorwill show the
highest percentage of its weight available for animal
food, viz. : 75.4 per cent. On the other extreme is Clay,
which, Avhen cut at this stage of immaturity, (only about
2 per cent, of pods having colored), had only about half
the weight of the plant available for hay.
Taking the average of all varieties, 03.6 per cent, of
the air-dry weight of the plant was contained in the
hav.
The leaves, the most valuable portion perhaps except
the x>o<is, constituted 19 per cent, of the weight of the
entire plant, or 30 per cent, of the weight of the hay.
Of tlie hay cut at a stage when on some varieties
from 2 to 10 per cent, of the pods had colored, and Avhen
39
on otliers no pods had colored, the pods and blooms
averaged 12 per cent, of its weight.
The leaves of all six varieties Avere mixed together
after being weighed, and in like manner composite sam-
ples of the other parts of the plants were obtained.
The table below gives the composition of leaves,
stems, etc., each sample being made up of a mixture of
the corresjjonding parts of all six varieties. The analy-
ses were made by the Chemical Department of this Sta-
tion. In noting the small amounts of moisture it should
be borne in mind that the samples had been kept in an
office building for two vears before the analvses were
made. Weevil injured the pods so that they were not
analyzed. The presence of considerable sand on roots
and fallen leaves explains the high percentage of ash.
Composition of the parts of the coicpea plants 'cut Sejjt.
Average of 6 varieties.
I
1 ^— ^
1 a;
X ^^
S O
(D -
-4-3 ^
:^ -^
O r^
S ®
5M tn
•
.
sc
1 c3
^
+j) »
c
' ^
s ^
r^
X ^
(— t
CD ^
•f— 1
•Jl
^ 5
'+3
§
<
A
^U
Q
H
1 0 1 0/ , 0/ i 0/
oz
0^
1 M \ 70 ' 70 ■ TT)
/()
zo
Leaves
10.65
10.98
22.44
31.69
16.78
7.46
Fine stems, etc
8.97
6.87
11.88
30.74
43.59
1.75
Coarse stems
8.47
4.92
9.44
33.12
42.19
1.86
Fallen leaves, etc
9.75
20.78
10.44
31.96
20.45
6.62
Roots and stubble
5.25
24.75
8.63
3.82
56.25|
1.48
40
\a'\ ilic reader note thai (lie leaves were nc^arly twice
as i-icli ill jiroleiii as tlie fine stems; we may also infer
fiom tile small aimniiil of ciMHle tihei- in tlie leaves that
thev are mneli more di^estihh' than anv other luirts
analyzed. These considerat i(nis em])hasize the imjiort-
anee of ictaininjii' the leaves dnrinif the enrinii of jtea-
vine haw
Ill-/
a.
(SCIENCE COXTRIBUTIONS.)
BULLETIN" No. 119. APRIL. 1902.
ALABAMA.
Ao;riculturcil Experiment Station
o i
OF THK
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.
AUBURN.
THE FLORA OF THE METAMORPHIC REGION
OF ALABAMA.
By F. S. EARLE.
-SKuWN PHINTING CO., PRINTERS A UlNOfcKh.
MONTGOMEKY, ALA.
1902.
Jj^ ^
1. A f\
-^
/M^ / •:>/>
COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERJCSEENT STATION..
Tiios. Williams -. • • . W^aLumpka..
Jonathan Hakalson -• .-Sfilma.
STATION COUNCIL
*&. D. S.MiTri. . . » Acting President..
jp II Mkll Director and Botanist..
a. B. Ross Chfiinifit.
C. A. Cauy, D. V. M Veterinarian..
J F. DuGGAH AgrLcuiturist^
E. M. Wilcox Biologist and HortiaulturiatL
J T. Andekson Associa-te- Chemistt.
ASSISTANTS.
C L Hare First Assistant Chemists
T. Bi:agg Second Assistant Chomiist.
J C Phelps Third Assistant Chemist.
T U CuvEi; Superintendent of Farm.
R W. Clauk Assistant Agriculturist.
C F Austin Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
■ the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
THE FLORA OF THE METAMORPHIC REGION
OF ALABAMA.
BY F. S. EaRLE.
The following list of the ferns and flowering plants of
the Metamorphic Region of Alabama is based on the
collections in the herbarium of the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute at Auburn. The Alabama material in this
herbarium was secured as follows : First, a few plants
collected prior to 1895 by Dr. P. H. Mell and his assist-
ants. (The bulk of this earlier material was destroyed
by fire) ; second, a few plants collected during the Fall
of 1835 by Dr. L. M. Underwood ; third, plants collected
during the Spring and Summer of 1896 by L. M. Under-
wood and F. S. Earle; fourth, plants collected during
the Fall of 1896, during 1897, and the Spring and Sum-
mer of 1898 by C. F. Baker and F. S. Earle; fifth, plants
collected from the Fall of 1898 to the Summer of 1901 by
F. S. Earle and Mrs. F. S. Earle. Prior to 1897 atten-
tion had been devoted mainly to the fungi, fiowering
plants being taken only incidentally. Prof. Baker first
suggested the systematic collection of the fioAvering
plants, and the greater part of the species enumerated
below were taken during the period of his residence at
Auburn.
As Dr. Charles Mohr was knovx n to be working' on a
flora of Alabama, the collections made prior to mid-
summer of 1897 were all sent to him for determination,
and he was permitted to retain a full set, including all
uniques, for his own herbarium. These plants are fre-
quently referred to in his recent work on The Plant Life
of Alabama that was published first by the United States
Department of Agriculture as Volume 6, of the Con-
44
tribiilioiis from lliu National llerl)ariuiH (issucMl July
31, 1001), and lat(M- (October, 1901), was reissued as a
report from the Alal>ama (leolo^ieal Surv(\v. After
midsummer of 181)7 Dr. :Mohr became so o€-cui)ied in the
preparation of llic manuscrijit for this «;T(nit work that
at Ills request the sending of plants was discontinued,
except as he occasionally asked for material in some spe-
cial group. The later collections have been determined by
Dr. eT. K. Small, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. Edward L. Greene
and other specialists, and by the writer, wli(» has recently
had an opportunity to compare some of the more doubt-
ful material with the rich collections in the herbarium
of the New York Botanical Garden. Some fifty species
are rei)orted by Dr. Mohr of our collecting that are not
represented in the harbarium of the Polytechnic Insti-
tute ; or at least are not represented under the name by
which Dr. Mohr reports them. These species are in-
cluded in this list. Dr. Mohr being cited in each case as
the authority. These specimens will be found either in
the herbarium of Alabama plants deix>sited by Dr.
IMohr at the State University at Tuscaloosa, or in his
])rivate herbarium, which is now incorporated with the
National Herbarium at Washington. In part, at least,
these species represent uniques that did not chance to
be again collected by us. There are, however, too many
to be whollv accounted for in this wav, and it seems
]>robable that some of them represent cases where Dr.
Mohr found occasion to change his original determina-
tion of the sijecimens. It has not been possible to trace
these cases, for since the publication of Dr. Mohr's
work I have not had access to the collections. It has
seemed best to include these names, but with this word
of Avarning as to the possibility of error through includ-
ing two determinations for the same plant.
45
It so chanced that Dr. Mohr did very little collecting
in that part of the State covered by this list. He, how-
ever, made one \dsit to the rugged mountainous region
in Clav countv and secured a number of plants that
were not taken by us. A few plants have also from time
to time been collected in this region by various mem-
bers of the State Geological Survey. Fifty-two plants
from these sources are recorded by Dr. Mohr from this
region that do not appear in our collections. These are
included in this list, the proper credit being given. It
is probal)le that the specimens representing them are all
in the herbarium at Tuscaloosa.
The Metamorphic region of Alabama as mapped by
the State Geological Survey, is a triangular area lying on
the eastern side of the State. It extends from near the
southeast corner of Lee county at a point nearly oppo-
site Columbus, Ga., northerly along the State line for
about a hundred miles to a point in the northern part
of Cleborne county. From this point the second side of
the triangle extends southwestwardlv for about the same
distance, to a point in Chilton county, some three miles
east of the line of the Louisville & Nashville railroad,
and from here another hundred miles east-southeast to
the point of beginning. This area comprises the south-
ernmost extension of the Appalachian mountain system.
It is underlaid by granite and other metamorphic rocks
which exert their usual influence on the topography,
giving high, rugged hills and frequent exposures of bare
rock. There are, however, few vertical or overhanging
cliffs, such as are frequent to the north and west in the
region underlaid by the coal measures. The soil varies
from a light and rather coarse sandy loam to the red
hornblendic soil so characteristic of the Piedmont reaion
of Georgia. In many places it is much incumbered ^ith
angular fragment of quartz and other hard resistant
46
roi-ks. The* ori«;iiial Liiiiber «j;r()\vlli varied from almost
]mr(' l«>iijLr leaf ])iTio forests a1 llic soiiLhcru border aud
aloii.u tlic l>inri's of tlic^ Talla]M)osa, to pure hardwood
forests nn llic riclier artsis, esjKM-ially lo tlie noi'thward.
The <»reater part of tlie ai'ea was, however, a mixed for-
est of hardwoods and loug or short leaf pines. The re-
jxion is divi(1(^1 into n(»arly eqnal parts by the Tallapoosa
river, llie portion to the south and east beini^' (lie hi^h,
broad rid«;e that forms tlie divide between this stream
and the Chattahoochee. Tlie n()rthwest(M-n portion
forming the divide between the TallaiX)0sa and the Coosa
is more rugged and broken, and in the Talladega Moun-
tains reaches the hii>hest elevations to be found in the
State (2,300 feet). This is one of the most interesting
parts of the State, and deserves much more extended
study. It was visited only once by Dr. Molir and (mce
bv the writer.
This metomorphic region is of special interest botani-
callv since it constitutes the southernmost extension of
the Carolina Life Zone. Many of the characteristic
plants of the Appalachian system find here their most
southerlv stations while minglinii' with these northern
rei)resentatives are many plants that have pushed up
from the Gulf region. This mingling of the two floras
accounts for the large number of species found. Of the
1146 s];)ecies and varieties ennumerated in the following
list, 91 are new to the State, and are not included in Dr.
Mohr's work. These are indicated by an asterisk (*).
There are 76 others that were previously known in Ala-
bama only from the northern part of the State. These
represent an extension of the known range in the State
to the southAvard, and are marked by a dagger (t).
There are also 167 species that represent a northerly ex-
tension of the known range within the State. These are
indicated by a double dagger (t). The larger number
47
in this latter class is accounted for by the fact that Au-
burn, where the greater part of the collecting was done,
is on the extreme southern border of the metamorphic
Kegion. In fact the more sandy lands of the central
pine belt extend ^t one ix)int to within half a mile of the
College building. All the plants collected in the neigh-
borhood of Auburn have been included in the list
whet-ier thev were taken from one side or the other of
this rather vaguely defined line. While most of the
plants that are marked with the double dagger are un-
doubtedly characteristic of the central pine belt rather
than of the metamorphic hills; still it is probable that
almost or quite all of them are to be found at some point
on the more sandy lands that are clearly within this re-
gion proper.
The ecological relations of the flora have not in all
cases been critically studied. The topographical features
of the country will, of course, limit the plant societies
or formations. The following situations have each a
more or less clearlv marked flora, and the brief
note on habitat following each species in the list
will, in most cases, indicate the nature of the locality
where the plant should be sought. Beginning with the
hydrophytes we may distinguish, first, the plants of the
rapidly moving streams with which the region is abund-
antly supplied. Second, plants of pools and pond-s. Ponds
are not frequent, those found being mostly artificial.
Third, marsh plants, inhabiting certain open miry
places, and the open boggy banks of streams. Such
areas are restricted and rather infrequent, but certain
plants are found only in such localities. Fourth, swamp
plants of the poorly drained timbered land along
streams. In clay land there are likely to be '^alder
swamps," the prevailing growth being alder (Aliiux ru-
48
goaa) and willow {^Sali.r tiKjni) rreiiiu-iulv wiili a (h'liso
Hn<l(»ruroA\ til of cano (AniniJinnria tccfa). In samly
land swanii>s aiv nioiv often "bay heads" with a pivvail-
inj;- ^rrowth t)f white bay ( Mdf/noHa \"ir(jini(nKi) ^ red hay
(Persca pubescent) and maple (A^cr iiihrKm.) In
l>lac(^ these "bay heiids* "deveioi) into '\Splia^uuni bo^'s,''
where the j;Tound is carpeted with poat moss {^phaf/nHni
.S7>. ). Each of these varieties of swanij) has its own pe-
culiar association of i>laiits. Of niesophyte associations
Ave have, Isl, the plants (d" the better drain(Ml creek
and river bottoms, and, 2ud, the moister and richer
norihern sloi)es of the ui)lands. Such locations are usu-
allv lu^avilv timlx^red mostlv with hard woods, but
occasionally mixed with loblolly pine (Pinit.s laeda) in
the lowlands, and with the short leaf pine {Finns
cchinata) in the uplands. These associations are rich
in the nundjer of species and include most of the more
northern types. The plants from the Gulf rej^ion are
to be sought on the dryer, more- sandy uplands, and in
the sandy bay heads and Sphagnum bogs. More or
less distinctly zero phytic associations occupy the greater
part of the upland area. Here we may distinguish.
1st, plants of the dry hardwood forests. These are usu-
alh' found on the south slopes of the red clay hills;
2nd, plants of mixed woods, including long or short leaf
pines and hard woods. This type of forest is the pre-
vailing one over a large part of the entire region; 3rd,
plants of the long leaf pine { Finns pahisiris) forests.
These are confined to the extreme southern border and
to a strip along the hills bordering the Tallapoosa river.
A large number of southern species are found in this long
leaf pine association; 4th, an extremely zerophytic asso-
ciation found on exposed granite outcrops. Occasionally
granite outcrops occur where they are somewhat moisted
49
by a stream or spring and here we find still a different
association of plants. Besides these which may be con-
sidered as constituting the natural plant covering of
the region we have other associations whose advent is
determined by the presence of man. Among these we
may distinguish, 1st, the weeds of cultivated fields . and
gardens ; 2nd, the weeds of pastures, roadsides and waste
places; 3rd, the plants of abandoned or ''turned out"
fields, and, 4th, the plants of the second groAvth woods
that ultimately reclothe these abandoned fields. The lob-
lolly pine {Pin us Taeda) usually plays the leading part
in this forestization, though with it are associated sweet
gum (Liquidaiiihar) black gum ( Xyssa sijlvatlca), per-
simmon (Diospi/ros) and occasional individuals of nu-
merous other trees.
Ophioglossaceae.
tBotrychium biternatum (Lam.j Underw.
A single specimen, upland pasture, Auburn, (in Underwood
Herbarium.)
Botrychium obliquum Muhl.
Frequent, creek-bottom woods.
Botrychium Viroinianum (L.) Sw.
Occasional, creek-bottom woods.
Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt.
Occasional, grassy creek-bottom pastures.
OSMUXDACEAE.
Osmunda cinnamomea L.
Common, swampy places.
Osmunda regalis L.
Common, swamps.
50
POLVroDIACEAE.
•rA<li:intniii ]i(Ml.it iiiii L.
Moist, shaded hillsides, river hills, Tallapoosa county.
Asplcninni I'rndlcyi, 1). C. Eaton.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Asi)li'niuni I'ilix-focniina ( L. I I»(M'nli.
Common, moist woods, variable.
Aspk'iiiuni jwuviihim Mart. «S: (Jail.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Aspleiiimii platyiuMiroii (L.) Oakes.
Common, rocky hillsides, graniLe outcrops.
Aspl(Miiinn Ii ichoiiianes L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
riKMlantlics laiiosa (^lic-lix. ) Watt.
Common, cliffs, granite outcrops.
Drvopteris Floridana (Hook.) O. Kuntze.
A single station, a swamp 6 miles south of Auburn, Lee co.
Drvopteris mar<i:inalis (L.) A. Gray.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
fDryopteris Noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray.
Clay county, creek bottoms.
tDryopteris Tlielypteris (L.) A. Gra}'.
Occasional, creek bottoms, moist rich woods.
tOnoclea sensibilis L.
Occasional, creek bottoms, clay land.
fPhegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx. ) Fee.
Occasional, moist woods, creek bottoms.
Polypodiiim polyix)dioides (L. ) A. S. Hitchcock.
Common, rocks, tree trunks.
Polystichiini acrosticlioides (^Michx.) Schott.
Common, rocky hillsides in woods.
tPteridinin aqniliniim i)seiidocaiidatuin Clute.
Common, dry pine woods.
tWoodsia obtiisa (Sprenji^. ) Torr.
Frequent, rocky banks, granite outcrops.
Woodwardia areolata (L. ) Moore.
Common, creek bottom swamps.
51
{Woodwardia Virginica (L.) Smith.
A single collection, Auburn.
Lycopodiaceae.
Lycopodium pinnatum (Chapm.j Lloyd & Underw.
Frequent, sphagnum bogs.
Selaginellacae.
Selaginella apiis (L. ) Spring.
Frequent, on the ground in swamps.
• Pixaceae.
Juniperus Virginiana L.
Frequent, especially along roadsides.
Pinus echinata Mill.
The short leaf pine; common in mixed upland woods.
Pinus palustris Mill.
The long leaf pine; the prevailing timber on sandy lands,
Lee county, and on dry rocky ridges bordering the Talla-
poosa River.
Pinus Taeda L.
Loblolly pine, old field pine, swamp pine; common, swamps
and uplands, especially as a second growth in abandoned
fields.
Typhaceae.
Typha latifolia L.
Frequent, marshy places and shallow ponds and ditches.
SPARGANIACEAt:.
Sparganum androcladum (Engelm.) Morong.
Occasional, marshy places.
Alismaceae.
tSagittaria latifolia Willd.
Common, marshes and ditches.
52
tSa^-ittarin pulK'sceiis Mnlil.
A single collection, swamp in river hills. Elmore county.
POACKAE.
AuTostis Elliottiaiia Sclmlt.
Common, dry open places.
ALm)stis liviMiialis (Walt.) B. S. P.
Common, dry open places.
JAgrostis inteniuMlia Sciil)!!.
A single collection. Auburn.
Aira caryophvlla. L.
Common, dry open places.
AlopecTinis geniculatiis L.
Occasional, wet open places.
Andi'ojmgou argyraeiis Scluiltes.
Common, dry woods and fields.
*AiKlr()it()<;()u corymbcKSUs (Cliapm.) Xash.
Occasional, wet swampy places.
tAndropogon EUiottii Cliapiii.
Occasional, dry woods.
Andr()])oo;on furcatiis Mulil.
Infrequent, dry woods and roadsides.
.tAndi-opogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P.
Frequent, wet swampy places. A smaller form with narrow
panicles occurs in moist, upland woods.
Andropogon scoparius Miclir..
Very common and variable. As here recognized it probably
includes more than one species.
Andro})0<j:on Tracvi ^'ash.
Frequent, sandy uplands fields or thin woods.
Andropogon Virginicus L.
Very common, especially in old fields. (Broom sedge). Variable.
JAntliaenatia ^illosa Beauv.
Occasional, moist sandy lands, south of Auburn.
Aristida lanosa Muhl.
Frequent, dry sandy lands, south of Auburn.
Aristida purpurascens Poir.
A single collection. Auburn.
53
Arrhenatlierum elatius (L.) Beauv.
A single collection. Auburn.
Arunclinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.
Common, creek bottom swamps (Cane.)
Brouius iinioloides (Willd.) H. B. K.
Occasional, fields, roadsides, etc. (escaped.)
tBrachvelTtrimi erectum ( Sclireb. ) Beauv.
Occasional, rich upland woods.
Campulosiis aromaticus (Walt.) Scrib.
Gold Hill, Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Capriola Dactjlon (L.) O. Kuntze.
Abundantly introduced (Bermuda grass.)
tCenchrus echinatus L.
Occasional, sandy fields.
Chaetcchloa giaiica (L.) Scribn.
Common, cultivated fields.
*Cliaetocliloa pereunis (Curtiss) Bicknell.
A single collection, Auburn.
Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth.
Common, upland woods and open places.
tChrysopogon nutans (L.) Benth.
Common, upland woods and open places.
Cinna arundinacea L.
Occasional, wet swampy places.
Dactyloctenium Aegypticum (L.) Willd.
Common, cultivated fields,
Danthonia sericea Nutt.
Frequent, dry woods and open places, clay or sand.
fDanthonia spicata (L.) Beauy.
Rocky hillsides, clay land, north of Auburn.
Eatonia filiformis (Chapm.) Vasey.
Frequent, dry woods.
Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash.
Common, dry woods.
"Eatonia Pennsylyanica (DC.) A. Gray.
Dry open hillsides. Auburn.
Eatonia PenUvSylyanica (D C.) A. Gray.
A single collection, Auburn, creek bottom woods.
■5f
54
Ec'liinocliloa Cms -^ralli (L.) Heauv.
Occasional, gardens and barnyards.
i:U>iis(MH' Indica (L.) Oaertn.
Common, cultivated fields.
*Elymiis «iall)iill(>i*ns ( V;is<*y) Scrilm. & Ball
Occasional, dry woods.
Elyiiius stric'tus AN'illd.
Lee county. Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Elyrnus Viri^niciis L.
Lee County, (Mohrs Plant Life.)
lEi-ajiTostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash.
Frequent, dry, open places.
EragTostis major (L. ) Host.
Common, cultivated fields.
EragT()«tis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.
Common, dry open places.
EragTOStis Purshii Schrad.
Occasional, cultivated fields.
lEragTostis refracta (Miihl.) Scribn.
Common, dry open places.
Erianthus aloT>ecuroides (L.) Ell.
Common, upland woods, usually on clay.
* Erianthus compactus Nash.
(Common, upland woods, usually on clay.
* Erianthus contortus Ell.
Common, poor usually sandy woods.
Festiica nutans Willd.
Frequent, moist woods.
*Festuca obtusa Spreng.
A single collection. Chambers county.
Festuca octoflora Walt.
Common, dry open places.
Festuca octoflora aristata (Torr.) Dewey.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Festuca sciurea Nutt.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Festuca Shortii Knuth.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
oo
tGjmnopogon ambiguiis (Miclix.) B. S. P.
Frequent, dry sandy woods.
Homalocenchrus Yirginicus (Willd.) Britt.
Frequent, wet swampy places.
Panicularia nervata (Willd.) O. Kimtze.
Occasional, cultivated fields.
]Melica mutica Wall.
Frequent, upland woods.
Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin.
Frequent, dry open places.
fMuhlenbergia diffusa Schreb.
A single collection. Auburn.
Oplismenus liirtellus (L.) R. & S.
Occasional, moist sandy places in shade.
Panicularia nervata (Willd) O. Kuntze.
Common, wet shady places.
Panicum agrostoides Muhl.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
* Panicum Alabamense Ashe.
Collected once, Auburn, sv.amp. This is very close to P.
lucidum Ashe, and is probably identical with that species.
Panicum angustifolium Eil.
Very common, dry upland woods and roadsides.
fPanicum Auburne Aslie.
Collected once. Auburn, uplands. This is probably only a
small form of P. sphaerocarpon. Ell.
Panicum barbulatum Miclix.
Common, wet. swampy woods.
*Panicum Rogueanum Ashe.
Collected once. Auburn, uplands.
Panicum clandestinum L.
Occasional, alder svv^amps, clay land.
Panicum commutatum Schult.
Common, dry sandy uplands, roadsides, old fields and thin
woods; often forming a dense sod.
Panicum depauperatum Muhl.
Common, dry uplands.
56
ranicuiii (licliotoniuni L.
Very common, moist or dry land.
INiiiicmn Ivirlci Nash.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
INmicinn clon^atuin Pui*sli.
Occasional, damp places.
*Paincinii hiaiis Ell.
Frequent, low, wet places.
PanitMiiii laim^iiKisinii Kll.
Collected once. Chambers county.
IPauiuuni laxifloruiii Lam.
Very common, mois^ places. A form has been called P. cari-
cifolium Scribn.
l*auiciim lucidnm Ashe.
Frequent, wet places, sphagnum bogs, etc.
Paniciim melicaniim ^lichx.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Paniciini iiiicrocarpon Mulil.
Frequent, moist uplands.
*Panicinii miitabile Scribn. & Merrill.
Occasional, dry woods. These specimens have been deter-
mined as P. Joori Vasey.
Paiiiciiin neuranthum Greiseb.
Collected once. Auburn.
PaTiicini] oliiianthes Seliult.
Occasional, sandy uplands.
«
Panicum Porterianum Nash.
Common, rich uplands.
Pauicum pseiidopubescens Nash.
Very common, dry uplands.
JPanicuiii pubifoliinn Nash.
Frequent, sandy uplands.
I'anifum pyriforme Nash.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Panicuiu TJaveiielii Scrilm. & Merrill.
Frequent, sandy uplands,
Paiiiciiin rostratum Miihl.
Common, uplands. *■
57
Panicum scoparium Lam,
Common, open sandy creek bottoms.
yPaniciim Scribnerianimi Nash.
Collected once, Auburn.
Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell.
Frequent, ditch banks and uplands.
Panicum Tex?inum Buckl.
Common, fields, introduced.
Panicum tri folium Xash.
Frequent, swamps,
tPanicum verrucosum Muhl.
Common, shaded swamps.
Panicum virgatum L.
Common and variable, uplands and creek oottoms.
tPanicum Webberianum Xash.
Common, dry exposed uplands, clay or sand.
*Panicum Yadkinensis Ashe.
Collected once, creek bottom, Auburn.
*Paspalum augustifolium Le Conte.
Frequent, upland woods, often confused with P. laeve. Michx.
Paspalum Boscianum Fleugge.
Common, cultivated fields.
Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx.
Common, upland woods.
Paspalum conlpressum ( Sw. ) Xees.
Common, wet pastures (Carpet grass.)
IPaspalum dilatatum Poir.
Frequent, wet pastures and roadsides.
tPaspalum distichum L.
Occasional, wet creek bottoms.
JPaspalum Floridanum Michx.
Occasional, sandy uplands.
Paspalum laeve Michx.
Occasional, up'and woods.
tPaspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte.
Occasional, sandy uplands.
Poa annua L.
Common, dooryards, pastures and waste places.
2
58
Pna antiniiiialis Mnlil.
Frequent, swampy woods.
•(I'ua jn-attMisis I..
Occasional, roadsides and open woods.
iSoi-ii'lmni Ilalaju'iisi* (L. ) INm's.
Frequent, fields and waste places, (.Johnson grass.)
S])()i(>l»()liis asjx'i* (Miclix.) Knntli.
Frequent, sandy woods and roadsides.
Spoitjholus Iiuliciis (L. ) K. Br.
Common, pastures and door-yards, (Smut grass.)
SjHU'oholiis puiice;:s (Miclix.) Kuntli.
Frequent, dry sandy woods south of Auburn.
Stii)a avt'iiacea L.
Frequent, upland woods, sand or clay.
tSviitlu^i-iSiua timhriatiiiii (IJiik) Xasli.
Common, cultivated fields, (Crab grass.)
tSyntlicii.sina villosuiii Walt.
Occasional, cultivated fields.
Tricuspis seslerioides (Mlclix. ) Torr.
Common, upland woods and open places.
Tiipsaciiiii dactyloides L.
Frequent, ditch banks and borders of moist fields.
*Ti'is(4nin :nistatiiliiiii ( Sciibn. & Merrill) Nash.
Dry clay woods, Tallapoosa county.
tTrisetiiiii l*eiiiisyh'aniciim (L. ) Beauv.
FreCiUen:, moist woods.
Uiiiola latifolia Miclix.
Frequent, rich upland woods.
Uiiiola laxa ( L. ) B. S. P.
Collected once. Auburn.
Uiiiuli loiudfolia Scribn.
Frequent, upland woods and creek bottoms.
Cyperaceae.
Carex Atlantica Bailev.
Frequent, rich woods.
Carex cephalopliora Mulil.
Frequent, dry wooded hillsides.
59
Carex crinita Lam.
A single collection, Auburn.
Carex debilis Michx.
Frequent, wet woods.
Carex gTaniilaris Miihl.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
*Carex gynandra Schw.
Occasional, upland woods, Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
Carex interior Bailey.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Carex intumescens Eudge.
Frequent, swamps and ditch banks.
Carex laxiflora Lain.
Common, upland woods.
Carex laxiflora varians Bailey.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Carex leptalea Walil.
Common, swamps.
Carex lurida Walil.
Frequent, swamps and marshy places.
t Carex nigro-marginata Schw.
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops. The most
southerly known station for this rare Carex.
Carex oblita Steud.
Frequent, swamps.
*Carex ptjchocarpa Steud.
Frequent, creek bottom swamps.
Carex sterilis Willd.
Frequent, swampy creek bottoms.
Carex stipata Muhl.
Frequent, wet open places.
* Carex tenera Dewey.
Common, rich woods.
fCarex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey.
Occasional, Auburn.
Carex triceps Michx.
Common dry upland woods.
GO
Oarex verrucosa Miihl.
Frequent, swamps, matures in midsummer. (=C. glauces-
cens Ell. of Mohr's Plant Life.)
Carex vnlinnoiih'a Miclix.
Common, wet places, ditch banks, etc.
Cyperus cyliiidricus (Ell.) 15rilt.
Frequent, sandy fields, etc.
Cy]HM'iis (M-liiiialus (1011.) WcxmI.
Common, sandy uplands,
Cyperus liliculmis Vahl.
Frequent, sandy lands.
Cyperus Haspan L.
Frequent, marshy grass lands.
C3'perus Lancastriensis Porter.
Occasional, Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
Cyperus ovularis (Miehx. ) Torr.
Frequent, dry uplands.
Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud.
Frequent, swampy places.
Cyperus retrof raetus ( L. ) Torr.
Common, dry sandy uplands.
CA-perus rotundus L.
Nut grass, a garden pest, locally abundant.
Cyperus stenolepis Torr.
Lee County, Earle & Baker. (Mohr, Plant Life.)
Cyi>erus strigosus L.
Common, fields and marshy places.
Eleocharis obtusa Schultes.
Common, marshy places.
Eleocharis pro! if era Torr.
Occasional, marshy places.
Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) 11. & S.
Occasional, marshy places.
Fimbristylis autuunialis (L.) }l. & S.
Common, marshy places and sandy fields.
*I''inibristylis laxa Vahl.
A single collection. Auburn.
6]
*Fuirena squarrosa Michx.
Common, marshy places.
IFuirena squarrosa hispida (Ell.) Chapm.
Frequent, sphagnum swamps, etc.
iHemicarpa micrantlia (Vahl) Britt.
Frequent, marshy places.
Kyllinga pumila Michx.
Common, wet places.
Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britt.
Occasional, marshy places.
tRjnchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray.
Frequent, borders of ponds, etc.
Rynchospora cymosa Ell.
Frequent, marshy places.
Rynchospora filifolia Torr.
A single collection. Auburn.
Rynchospora giomerata (L.) Vahl.
Occasional, marshy places.
Rynchospora golmerata paniculata (A. Gray) Chapm.
Common, moist or dry open places, roadsides, etc.
*Rynchospora microcephala Britt.
A single collection. Auburn.
* Rynchospora patula A. Gray.
A single collection, Macon's Mill, Lee county.
Rynchospora rariflora Ell.
Occasional, marshy places.
tScirpus Eriophorum Michx.
Occasional, wet places, clay land.
Scleria ciliata Michx.
Frequent, upland woods.
Scleria oligantha Michx.
Frequent, upland woods.
* Scleria pauciflora Muhl.
A single collection, Auburn.
t Scleria pauciflora glabra Chapm.
Frequent, moist woods.
Scleria trigiomerata Michx.
Frequent, upland woods.
62
StiMi(»i>li\ llus cjiiHllniis (L.) J?i'itt.
Frequent, sandy fields and marshy places.
Palmaceae.
lvlia]n(1()])]iylluin liystrix (Frascr) Wcndl. & Driide.
Rare, swamps, Lee county, clay and sand.
fSabnl Adaiisoiiii (Juerns.
Rare, swamps, Lee count, in sand.
Araceae.
Arisapma (iiiinatum (Niitt. ) Scliott.
Occasional, swamps and wet woods.
Arisaeina triphyllum (L.) Torr.
Occasional, wet woods.
Orontiiim aquaticum L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth.
Occasional, swamps and wet woods.
Mayacaeae.
I
{^layaca Aiibletii Miclix.
Frequent, sandy swamps, usually with sphagnum.
Xyridaceae.
iXyris ambigua Beyrich.
a single collection. Auburn.
Xyris Caroliniana Walt.
Frequent, sandy borders of ponds, etc.
Xyris communius Kunth.
Lee county, J. D. Smith (Mohr, Plant Life.)
Xyris flexuosa Muhl.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
Xyris iridifolia Chapm.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
Xyris torta Smith.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
63
Bromeliaceae.
iTillandsia usneoides L.
Occasional on trees in creek bottoms. All killed by the "freeze"
of February. 1899.
COMMELIXACEAE.
Commelina communis L.
Escaped, ditch banks. Auburn.
Commelina erecta L.
Frequent, dry hillsides.
Commelina liirtella VahL
Frequent, swampy creek bottoms.
tTradescantia liirsiiticaulis Small.
River hills, Elmore county; also sandy woods, Lee county.
Tradescantia montana Sliuttlw.
Rich upland woods. Clay county, Coosa county.
Tradescantia reflexa Raf.
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops.
JUXCACEAE.
Juncoides echinatum Small .
Frequent, wooded hillsides.
Juncus acuminatus Michx.
Frequent, wet open places.
Juncus acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm.
Frequent, wet open places.
Juncus Canadensis A. Gray.
Occasional, Auburn.
t Juncus diffusissimus Buckl.
Shallow pool in swamp. Auburn.
*Juncus Dudlevi Wiegand.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides.
Juncus effusus L.
Frequent, wet, open places.
Juncus marginatus Eostk.
Frequent, wet, open places.
64
Juncus marginatiis aristulatus (Miclix.) Coville.
Cciiimon, wet open places.
tj uncus polycephalus Miclix.
Frequent, \vet. open places.
JJuiiciis reiKMis Miclix.
Sandy borders of ponds, in or out of water.
*Juuciis robustiis (Eii^lni.) Coville.
A single collection. Auburn.
tjimcus scripoidcs Lam.
Common, wet open places.
Juucus setaceus Rostk.
Common, wet open places.
Juncus tenuis Willd.
Common, especially along paths and woods roads.
Juncus Torreyi Coville.
Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr, Plant Life.)
Juncus trigonocarpus Steud.
A single collection, Auburn.
LiLLlCEAE.
tAletris farinosa L.
Occasional, borders of sandy swamps.
Allium mutabile Miclix.
Common, creek bottoms, clay land, often in fields.
Allium veneale L.
Introduced, fields, etc., Auburn.
*Cliamaelirium obovale Small.
Occasional, ricn upland woods.
Clirosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Rare, taken once near Auburn.
Lilium Carolinianum Miclix.
Occasional, rich upland woods.
Medeola Virginica L.
Occasional, moist, rich woods.
Melanthium Virglnianum L.
Rare, taken once near Auburn.
Notlioscoixiium bivalve (L.) Britt.
(=Allium stratum.)
Common, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops, etc.
65
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.
Frequent, moist rich woods and creek bottoms.
t Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr.
Occasional, moist, rich woods, creek bottoms, etc.
*Tnantlia glutinosa (Michx.) Baker.
(^Tofeldia glutinosa Michx.)
Occasional, open marshy places.
Trillium stvlosum Xutt.
Frequent, rich, moist woods, uplands or creek bottoms, usually
on clay
Trillium Undervs^oodii Small.
Common, wooded creek bottoms, clay land north of Auburn,
the type locality. A taller form with less conspicuously mot-
tled shorter leaves occurs in sandy swanmps south of Auburn.
Uvularia perfoliata L.
Frequent, rich, moist woods, uplands or creek bottoms.
Uvularia sessilifolia L.
Frequent, rich, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc.
Vagnera racemosa ( L. ) Morong.
Frequent, rich, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc.
Yucca filamentosa L.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
Smilacaceae.
Smilax Bona-nox L.
Occasional, fence rows and thickets.
*Smilax cinnamomi folia Small.
In dry woods and old fields.
Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats.
Frequent, rich upland woods.
Smilax glauca Walt.
Upland woods and old fields.
jSmilax herbacea L.
Frequent, rich woods.
Smilax hispida Muhl.
Frepuent, thickets, etc.
t Smilax lanceolata L.
Frequent, moist thickets. (Jackson vine.)
63
tSiiiilax hniril'olia L.
Common, swariips (Bamboo vine.)
Siiiilax l*s(Mi(l()-('liiiia L.
Occasional, fence rows and thickets.
^>iiiila.\ iMiniila Walt.
■ Frequent, dry hillsides.
ISiiulax rotiiiidit'olia L.
Common, fence rows and thickets.
i Sill i lax Walter! Punsli.
Occasional, swamps, sandy land.
Amaryllii)Aci:ae.
tAtaiiiosco Atamasco (L. ) Greene.
Common, creek bottoms.
H^iiienocallis oceidentalis Kuntli.
Rare, sandy creek bottoms.
Hypoxis liirsiita (L. ) Coville.
Common, upland woods.
Manfreda Viriiiiiica (L. ) Salisb.
(=Agave Virginica L.)
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops.
DiOSCOREACEAE.
Dio'scorea villosa L.
Common, a climbing vine in rich woods.
Iridaceae.
Gemniinoia Cliinensis (L) O. Kuiitze.
Occasional, roadsides, etc.
flris cristata Ait.
Long-leaf pine woods, Tallapoosa county.
ilris verna L.
Long leaf pine woods, Tallapoosa county.
SisTrincliiiim Carolinianum Bicknell.
Frequent, upland woods.
67
*SisYrincliium flaccidum Bicknell.
Occasional, banks of streams.
tSisyrinchium sTammoides Bicknell.
Frequent, upland woods.
BURMANNIACEAE.
tBurmannia biflora L.
A single collection, swampy creek bottoms, sandy land.
Orchidaceae.
Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf.
Rare, creek bottom swamps.
fCorallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.
a single collection. Auburn.
Cypripedium parTiflorum Salisb.
Clay county (Mobr's Plant Life).
GyrostachYs cernua (L.) O. Kuntze.
Frequent, moist places, creek bottoms, etc.
GyrostachTS gracilis (Bigel.) O. Kuntze.
Common, dry pine woods.
*Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) O. Kuntze.
A single collection. Auburn, dry pine woods.
*GYrostacliYS Yernalis (Engelm.) Small.
Occasional, pine woods.
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Frequent, creek bottom woods, usually sand.
Habenaria claYellata (Michx.) Spreng.
Frequent, creek bottom woods, clay or sand.
Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br.
Frequent, creek bottoms, sandy land.
Habenaria flaYa (L.) A. Gray.
Lee county. Underwood & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br.
A single collection, Auburn.
fHabenaria quinquiseta (Michx.) Mohr.
(=H. Michauxii Nutt.)
A single collection. Auburn.
G8
HexalcM-iris aphvllus (Nntt.) Kaf.
Occasional, wooded hillsides, Lee county, Clay county, Elmore
county,
LoptoTvliis lili folia (L. ) O. Kuntze.
Rare, creek bottom swamps.
L('})t<)r('liis Ivoesclii (L.) Ma(\>r.
Rare, creek bottom swamps, clay.
LiiiKMloniiii tuherosiini L.
Occasional, swamps, sphagnum bogs, etc., sand.
*Listeni australis Liudl.
A single speciment, sandy swamp, south of Auburn.
lV)gonia (>j>lii<)<»l()ssoi(les (L. ) Ker.
•Frequent, sphagnum bogs, etc.
Tipularia unifolia (Mulil.) B. S. P.
Occasional, moist woods, Lee county, Elmore county.
Saururaceae.
Saururus ceriiiiiis L.
Frequent, swamps.
JUGLANDACEAE.
Hicoria alba (L. ) Britt.
Occasional, uplands.
Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.
Common, dry upland woods, clay or sand.
Jaglans nigra L.
Occasional, rich woods, usually clay.
Myricaceae.
iMvrica cerifera L.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
Saliceae.
Po pill lis deltoides Marsh.
Occasional, creek and river bottoms.
Salix nigra Marsh.
Common, alder swamps, etc.
69
Betulaceae.
Alnus rugosa (Du Eoi) Koch.
Very common in wet, swampy creek bottoms, the characteristic
growth in such locations.
Betula lenta L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Betula nigra L.
Frequent along streams, clay land.
Carpinus Caroliniana Walt.
Frequent, creek bottoms.
Ostrja Virginiana (Mill.) Willd.
Frequent, creek bottoms.
Fagaceae.
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
Rare near Auburn, frequent further north, Chambers county,
Tallapoosa county, etc.
Castanea pumila (L. ) Mill.
Frequent, dry thickets.
Corvlus rostrata Ait.
Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Randolph county (Mohr's
Plant Life). It does not occur near Auburn.
Fagus Americana Sweet.
Common, moist woods, usually creek bottoms.
Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent.
On high hills, Clay county; not seen about Auburn.
Quercus alba L.
Frequent, rich upland woods, clay land.
IQuercus brevifolia (Lam.) Sargent.
Occasional, dry white sands south of Auburn.
T Quercus coccinea Wang.
Occasional, clay uplands, more abundant northward.
Quercus digitata ( Marsh. ) Sudw.
Very common, uplands, sand or clay.
*Quercus Margaret I a A^^he.
Common, white sandy soils south of Auburn, but strictly con-
fined to such locations. Very distinct from Q. minor, with
which it has been confused.
70
Qucrcus MarvlaiHlicji Mucncli.
(=Q. nigra of authors.) (Black jack.)
Very common, dry, sandy uplands, also on clay.
CJuurcus miiKn- uMarsli. ) Sai-^ciit.
Very common, dry uplands, sand or clay.
Common, creek bottoms.
•(^uerciLs j)riiioi(les Willd.
Occasional, creek bottoms.
tQiieiTUs riil)ra L.
Occasional, moist clay uplands.
(^ueiTUs Si-liiK^ckii Britton.
Common, uplands, clay or sand.
(^D. Texana Sargent, not Buckl.)
Queicns veliitina Lam.
Occasional, clay uplands, frequent in upper counties.
Ulmaceae.
*Celtis Georgiana Small.
Common, dry woods, fence rows, etc., a shrub.
Celtis occidentalis L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Ulmu8 alata Michx.
Common, dry uplands.
Ulmiis Americana L.
Occasional, moist woods, creek bottoms.
MORACEAE.
Morus rubra L.
Occasional, rich woods, thickets.
Urticaceae.
Adicea pumila (L.) Raf.
Occasional, swamps.
Boehmeria cyliiidrica (L. ) Willd.
Occasional, swamps.
Urticastnim divaricatum (L.) O. Kuntze.
A single collection. Clay county.
71
LORANTHACEAE.
Phorodendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt.
Frequent, usually on oaks.
Saxtalaceae.
^Xestronia umbellulata Raf.
(=Darbya umbellulata. A. Gray.)
A single station, creek bank, 3 miles northwest of Auburn.
Aristolochiaceae.
Aristolochia Nasliii Kearney.
Occasional, moist, rocky banks.
Aristolocliia Serpentaria L.
Occasional, moist rocky banks.
tHexastvlis arifolium (Miclix.) Small.
(=Asarum arifolium Michx.)
Common, rich upland woods.
*HexastYlis Riithii (Ashe) Small.
Occasional, rich woods. (Specimen in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.)
THexastylLs Shuttlewortliii (J. Britt.) Small.
Frequent, borders of sphagnum swamps.
POLYGOXACEAE.
Briinnichia cirrhosa Banks.
A single collection, Tallapoosa county, river bank
PolYgonimi ConYolYulus L.
vSingle collection, Opelika, on the railroad.
tPolYgonum Hydropiper L.
Occasional, wet places, Lee county. Clay county.
Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell.
Common, moist fields, ditch banks, etc.
Polygonum PennsylYanicum L.
Common, moist cultivated fields, etc.
Polygonum punctatum Ell.
Common, swamps and wet fields, often growing in standing
water.
72
Polvironum sairittatuiii L.
Frequent, moist places, ditch banks.
lN»l\\ii(nniiii s('t;i('(Mini UaMw.
Common, swamps,
l'ulv«j:(>niiiii \'i]'i;iiiiiiinnn L.
Occasional, swampy woods.
KiiiiH^x Ac('t(KH'lla J^.
Infrequent, pastures and waste places.
Kimicx crisjuis L.
Common, roadsides and waste places.
iKiniiex liiistatiilus Mulil.
Very common, fields and waste places. A characteristic growth
in abandoned fields.
Kuiiu'x obtiisifolius L.
Occasional, fields and waste places.
JRninex piilcher L.
streets of Auburn.
Chenopodiaceae.
Clieu()ix)diiiiii album L.
Frequent, a weed in gardens and rich fields.
Clienopodiiiiii anthehninticum L.
Occasional, a weed in w^aste places.
Amaranthaceae.
Amarantlius livbridus paniciilatus (L.) IT. & B.
Common, a weed in gardens and rich fields.
Amaranthiis spinosiis L.
Frequent, a weed in gardens and rich fields.
Phytolaccaceae.
Plivtolacca decandra L.
t.
Common, rich fence rows and waste places.
Xyctaginaceae.
JBoerhaavia erecta L.
Frequent, a weed in gardens and waste places.
73
AlZOACEAE.
Mollugo yerticellata L.
Common, a weed in gardens and fields.
PORTULACACEAE.
' fClaytonia Virginica L.
One locality, wet, swampy woods 6 miles south of Auburn.
Portulacca oleracea L.
Occasional, a weed in rich gardens, not found in poor fields.
Talinum teretifoliiim Piirsh.
Locally common, dry granite outcrops.
Caryophyllaceae.
ALsine media L.
Common, a winter weed in gardens and waste places.
fAlsine pubera (Michx.) Britton.
Rich wood, river hills Tallapoosa county.
Anvchia dichotoma Miclix.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
fArenaria brevifolia Nutt.
Locally common, granite outcrops.
*Cerastiuiii brachypodiiin (Engelm.) Robinson.
Occasional, fields.
fCarastium longipedunculatum Muhl.
Occasional, fields.
Cerastium viscosiim L.
Common, gardens, fields and waste places.
Cerastiiim viilgatum L.
Common, gardens, fields and waste places.
Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G.
Common, fields and gardens.
Saponaria officinalis L.
Occasional, roadsides, introduced.
Silene antinhina L.
Occasional, fields and waste places.
Silene stellata (L.) Ait.
Occasional, rich woods, rocky banks of streams.
3
74
Silcno Vir<>ini('n L.
Frequent, rich upland woods, clay.
tSper«iiiIa aivciLsis L.
A single collection. Auburn (1894).
XYMrilAEACEAE.
. Rrascnia inii'])iir(''ii (Miehx.) Gasp.
In pond south of Auburn (Vaughn's Mill)^
Xynij>haea adveiia Solaiul.
Frequent, ponds and slow streams.
AIagnoliaceae.
:tlllic-ium Floridaniim Ell.
Occasional, banks of streams, Lee county, sooth, ol Auburn.
Xiriodendroii Tnlipifera L.
Frequent, moist hillsides and creek bottoms.
Magnolia macropliylla :Michx.
Frequent, river hills, TaUapoosa county. Clay county.
Magnolia Virginiana L.
Common, sandy swamps.
Anonaecae.
Asimina parviflora (Miclix.) Dunal.
Frequent, dry or moist places.
As'-niin.i t.iloba (L.) Dunal.
Banks of Tallapoosa river, Elmore county.
Ranunculaceae.
Actaea allm (L.) Mill.
Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
jAnemone Caroliniana Walt.
Rare, rocky hillsides (Wright's Mill.)
Anemone quinquefolia L.
Frequent, moist wooded hillsides.
Anemone Virginiana L.
A single collection, Chambers county.
75
iClematis crispa L.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
* Clematis glaucophvlla Small.
Occasional, dry banks, Tallapoosa county, Elmore county. The
leaves are less glancus than in the type and the achenes
are narrower.
fOlematis reticulata Walt.
Rocky banks, Tallapoosa river, Elmore county.
Clematis Virginiana L.
Frequent, sv.amps, clay land.
Delphinium Carolinianum Walt.
Occasional, dry wooded hillsides.
fHepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst.
Occasional, rich wooded hillsides.
Ranunculus abortivus L.
Frequent, fields and waste places.
Ranunculus hispidus Michx.
Frequent, moist or dry woods.
IRanunculus parviflorus L.
Occasional, wet, swampy places.
Ranunculus pusillus Poir.
Occasional, wet, swampy places.
Ranunculus pusillus Lindheimeri A. Gray.
Frequent, wet swampy places.
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.
Occasional, creek bottom woods.
Ranunculus tener Mohr.
Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
tSvndesnion tlialictroides (L.) Hoffmg.
Frequent, moist wooded hillsides.
Thalictrum clavatum D. C.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Thalictrum purpurascens L.
Swampy places, Chambers county, Tallapoosa county.
jTrautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail.
A single collection, shaded spring branch, river hills, Elmore
county.
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L. Her.
Frequent, along streams, often on rocky banks.
76
BKUliKUlDACEAE.
tCinil(4>livllimi llinlictnddes (L.) ^liclix.
One locality, 3 miles northwest of Auburn. Moist, wooded
hillside.
1*(h1()1)1ivHuiii pcltiitiiiii L.
Occasional, creek bottoms.
Menispekmaceae.
ralycocarpiuii Lyoni (Piirsli) Niitt.
Rare, creek bottoms.
CHmtlia Carolina (L.) l^ritt.
Frequent, thickets, becoming a troublesome weed in cul-
tivated fields.
Calycanthaceae.
tButiieria florida (L. ) Kearney.
Frequent, moist, rich woods (Mohr's Plant Life credits
Butneria fertilis to Lee county, but this seems to be an
error.)
Lauraceae.
tPei'sea piibes'cens (Pursli) Sargeut.
Frequent, swamps, usually sand
Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst.
Occasional, mixed woods and cultivated fields.
Papaveraceae.
Sanguinaria Canadensis L.
Occasional, rich woods.
Crucifera'e.
fArabis Canadensis L.
Occasional, rocky creek banks, granite outcrops.
Arabis Virginiea (L. ) Trelease.
Very common, a winter weed in cultivated fields.
*Brassica jnneea (L.) Cosson.
streets of Auburn, introduced.
77
Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt.
Common, fields and waste places.
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P.
Occasional, swampy woods, Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
JCardauiine PennsTlvanica Mulil.
Occasional, rocky hillsides, granite outcrops.
Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith.
Common, upland fields and gardens.
Draba bracliTcarpa Xutt.
Common, upland fields, granite outcrops.
*Draba rerna L.
Common, upland fields (Draha CaroUnia is credited to Lee
county in Mohr's Plant Life. This is an error, as the species
is clearly D. verna.)
Lepidiiim Virginiciim L.
Common, a weed in fields and gardens.
Capparidaceae.
Polanisia tracliTsperma T. & G.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Droseraceae.
IDrosera brevifolia Pursh.
Frequent, borders of sphagnum bogs.
Podostemaceae.
Podostemon ceratophyllum Michx.
Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Crassulaceae.
jDiamorpha piisilla (Michx.) Xiitt.
Locally abundant, granite outcrops.
Pexthoraceae.
Penthorum sedoides L.
Occasional, swamps.
78
Saixfuagaceae.
•jlkMicliera Anicricana L.
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops.
lieiu'hera. hisjnda IMirsli.
Metamorphic hills, Talledega county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Paruassia asarifolia Yi^nt.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Pliiladelphus grandiflorus Willd.
Lee county Underwood & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Very
rare, seen only once.
tSaxifi-a«;a Vir«;iniensis ^lichx.
Rare, in rock crevices, a single locality two miles northwest of
Auburn.
Tiarella cordifolia L.
Occasional, moist, rocky woods, near springs.
Hydrangeaceae.
Decumaria barbata L.
Frequent, a high climbing vine in moist woods.
Hydrangea arborescens L.
Occasional, moist woods and rocky banks.
Hydrangea arborescens cordata (Pursh) T. & G.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr.
Frequent, moist or dry woods.
Iteaceae.
I tea Virgin ica L.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
Hamamelidaceae.
Hamamelis Virginiana L.
Frequent, moist woods.
Liqiiidambar Stryaciflua L.
Common, a tree in mixed woods, both swamps-and uplands,
also in old fields and second growth timber.
79
Platanaceae.
Platanus occidentalis L.
Occasional, a large tree in creek bottoms.
ROSACEAE.
t AgTimonia mollis ( T. & G. ) Britt.
Common, moist woods.
Agrimonia parviflora Soland.
Moist woods, Clay county. Not seen at Auburn.
tAgrimonia pumila Muhl.
Frequent, sandy creek bottoms.
tAoTimonia striata Michx.
Occasional, moist woods, Lee county, Clay county, Coosa^
county.
tAmelanchier Botryapium (L.) D C.
Occasional, creek banks and borders of swamps.
*AinYO'dalus Persica L.
Freely escaped, roadsides, old fields and second growth woods.
(Peach.)
Aronia arbutifolia (L. f.) Ell.
Common, swamps.
tArimcus Arunciis (L.) Karst.
Rare, moist woods. Auburn.
tCotoneaster Pvracantlia (L.) Spach.
Sparingly escaped, roadsides. Auburn.
«
Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx.
Occasional, creek bottoms.
Crataegus collina Chapni.
Common, dry woods, usually sand.
Crataegus punctata Jacq.
Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
*Crataeo:us rubescens Ashe.
Frequent, dry woods, Auburn — the type locality.
Crataegus spathulata Michx.
Common, upland woods and granite outcrops.
Crataegus uniflora Moench.
Frequent, dry woods, sand or clay.
80
JDiichcsiKM Indicn (Aiidr. ) Focke.
Common, creek bottoms.
I'ra;^nria \'ii\uiiiian;i L.
Common, dry open woods, usually on clay.
•J-domii Caiiadciisc JacM].
A single collection, Clay county.
Mains au^ustit'olia (Ait.) Miclix.
Frequent, along streams.
OjHilastcr ()i)ulif()lins ( L. ) (). Kniitzo.
Locally abundant, creek bottoms. Wright's Mill.
rortcranrlnis stii)iilatr.s ( L. ) Hritt.
A single collection, Tallapoosa county.
Poteiitilla Caiiadcnsis L.
Frequent, dry banks and open woods.
*Potentilla liniuili« Poir.
A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county.
l*i'uiiiis Americana Marsh.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Pruiius aii<instifolia ^larsii.
Very common, old fields, roadsides (Old field plum.)
Pninus Caroliiiiana (Mill.) Ait.
Planted as an ornamental tree and sparingly escaped
("mock orange.")
Priiniis i>Tacilis Ein^clm.
Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
tPninus liortiilana Bailey.
Frequent, rich clay woods, upland or creek bottoms. A large
tree with loose, shelling bark.
Prnnns injiiciinda Small.
Common, dry land, sand or clay. A small tree with close
dark bark. (Southern sloe.)
PriiniLs serotina Elirli.
Frequent, rich woods, clay or sand.
Pruiiiis serotina neo-montana Sndw.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Posa hnmilis ^larsli.
Common, dry woods and roadsides.
tPosa laevigata !Michx.
Occasional, roadsides, introduced.
81
Rosa riibiginosa L.
Roadsides, Chambers county, introduced.
Eiibiis argutiis Link.
Very common, creek bottoms, also uplands. Exceedingly varia-
ble, the common high bush olackberry.
Eubus aro'iitus floiidus ( Tratt. ) Bailey.
Occasional, dry uplands.
Eiibiis cuneifoliiis Piirsh.
Very common, sandy uplands, the "old field" blackberry.
Eubus Enslenii Tratt.
Frequent, pine and mixed woods in shade.
Eiibus invisus Bailey.
Frequent, rich woods and open places (dewberry).
Eubus triyialis Michx.
Common, roadsides and fields, evergreen dewberry. (Mohr's
Plant Life credits Rubus hispidus to Lee county. This is
certainly a mistake. The specimens so determined being
forms of R. trivialis.)
MiMOSACEAE.
lAlbizzia Julibrissin Durazz.
Abundantly escaped, roadsides and woods. A good sized tree.
Morongia augustata ( T. & G.) Britt.
Common, dry sandy woods.
Cesalpixaceae.
Cassia Marylandica L.
Occasional, fields and roadsides, Clay county.
Cassia occidentalis L.
Very common, a weed in cultivated fields.
Cassia Tora L.
Very common, a weed in cultivated fields.
Cei-cis Canadensis L.
Occasional, rich woods.
Chamaecrista multipinnata (Pollard) Greene.
Common, moist or dryish woods and thickets.
tChamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench?
A single douoiful specimen, Clay county. ,
82
(liaiiiaerrista robiista Pollard.
Common, moist woods and thickets, creek bottoms.
(JkHlitsia triacaiitlios L.
Occasional, rich woods.
Papilioxaceae.
Aiiiori)l»a truticosa \j.
Banks of Tallapoosa, Elmore county.
Aniorplia virg-ata Small.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Apios Apios (L.) MacM.
Occasional, rich woods and thickets, usually clay.
Baptisia megacarpa Cliapin.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life).
tBradburya Virgiuiana (L.) O. Kuutze.
Frequent, thickets, etc. usually sand.
Chrysaspis dubia (Sibth.) Greene.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
fChrvsaspis proeuiiibens (L.) Desv.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
Clitoria Mariana L.
Common, dry woods.
Cracca spicata (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Common, dry woods.
Cracca Virginiana L.
Common, dry woods.
tCrotalaria Purshii D. C.
A single collection, dry pine woods. Auburn.
Crotalaria rotimdifolia (Walt.) Poir.
Frequent, dry woods and open places.
Crotalaria sagittalis L.
Occasional, dry woods and open places.
Dolichohis erectus (W^alt.) Vail.
Frequent, dry pine or mixed woods.
fDolichohis ^iniplicifolius (Walt.) Vail.
Frequent, sandy pine woods.
fDolicliolus tonnentosus (L.) Vail.
Occasional, sandy pine woods.
88
Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.) O. Kuntze.
Cleburne county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Galactea voliibilis (L.) Britt. .
Common, dry woods and thickets.
Lespedeza capitata Michx.
Occasional, sandy open woods.
fLespedeza frutescens (L.) Britt.
Common, dry open woods.
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell.
Common, dry open woods.
Lespedeza Xuttallii Darl.
A single collection, Auburn.
Lespedeza procumbens Miclix.
Common, dry open woods.
Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart.
Common, dry open woods.
Lespedeza striata (Tliunb.) H. & A.
Common, old fields, roadsides and waste places (Japan clover),
*Lespedeza StuYei Xutt.
Common, dry open woods.
Lespedeza Virginica (L. ) Britt.
Common, dry open woods.
tMedicago Arabica All.
Sparingly introduced, fields and roadsides (Bur clover.)
Meibomia arenicola Vail.
Frequent, dry sandy or rocky woods.
*Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) O. Kuntze.
Common, fields and open woods.
Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Rich woods, Coosa county. Not seen at Auburn.
Meibomia laevigata (Xutt.) O. Kuntze.
Common, rich shady woods.
fMeibomia Marvlandica (L.) O. Kuntze.
Occasional, moist woods.
Meibomia Micbauxii Vail.
Frequent, dry woods, usually on rocky hillsides.
Meibomia nudiflora (L.) O. Kuntze.
Occasional, moist rich woods, usually clay.
84
Mc'iboiiiia obtusa (Mnlil.) \'ail.
Frequent, dry sandy woods,
Mcihoinia i)aiiiculata ( L. ) O. Kiint/c.
Common, moist to dry woods,
*M(MlM)iiiia i>aiiiculata (1iai>iuaiii Britt.
Frequent, moist to dry woods.
*M(Mb()mia paiiiculata i)iibeiis (T. & O. ) Vail.
Occasional, dry woods,
-j-Mcibomia rlKHnbirolia (Ell.) Vail.
Frequent, dry woods,
Meiboinia rigida (Ell.) O. Kuiitze.
Occasional, dry woods,
JMeiboiuia strieta (Pursh) O. Kimtze.
Occasional, sandy woods and roadsides.
JMeiboinia yiriditlora (L.) O. Kiintze.
Occasional, pine or mixed woods. .
Melilotns alba Desv.
Sparingly introduced, roadsides,
Phaseoliis polystacliviKS (L.) B. S. P.
Occasional, rich woods.
Psoralea peduiieulata ( Mill. ) Vail.
Common, pine or mixed woods,
Robinia hispida L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life),
Bobinia Pseudacacia L. ?
Rare, a shrub in dry woods (Wright's Mill).
JSesbaii niacrocarpa Mulil.
Introduced, an occasional weed in sandy fields.
Stropliostvles ninbellata (Muhl.) Britton.
Frequent, dry open places.
Stylosantlies bitlora (L.) B. S. P.
Frequent, dry woods and open places.
Stylosanthes riparia Kearney.
Frequent, woods and banks.
tTrifolium Carolinianmii Michx.
•J* •
Common, roadsides and grassy places.
Trifolium pratense L.
Sparingly introduced, streets of Auburn.
85
Trifoliiim reflexiim L.
Occasional, dry woods, often in rocky places.
Trifoliiim repens L.
Sparinginly introduced, streets and roadsides.
Vicia Hugeri Small.
Frequent, rich mixed woods. (V. micrantha Nutt in credited
to Lee county, Mohr's Plant Life. This is an error, the
plant being a narrow leaved form of V. Hugeri.)
Vicia sativa L.
Introduced, streets of Auburn.
Geraxiaceae.
Geranium Caroliniaum L.
Common, fields and waste places.
Geranium maculatum L.
Occasional, swampy woods.
OXALIDACEAE.
Oxalis recurv^a Ell.
Very common, dry pine and mixed woods, (Oxalis cymosa and
0. grandis are both credited to Lee county, Mohr's Plant
Life. Probably in each case this is an error.)
Oxalis stricta L.
Very common, fields and waste places.
Oxalis violacea L.
Common, dry open woods and rocky hillsides.
LiXACEAE.
Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trelease.
Occasional, open sandy places.
Linum striatum Walt.
Occasional, moist woods, usually clay.
RUTACEAE.
yPtelea trifoliata L.
Occasional, river banks, Tallapoosa county. Clay county.
8G
SiMAROUBACEAE.
Ailaiitlnis inland iilosa J)('sf.
Occasional, roadsides, etc., introduced.
Meliaceae.
tMelia A^iederach L.
Abundant, roadsides, fence rows and old fields, introducea.
Polygalaceae.
Poly<j;ala ambigua Nutt.
Frequent, dry woods, Clay county, Tallapoosa county.
Polygala Boykini Nutt.
a single collection, Clay county. (Not Lee county, as stated
in Mohr's Plant Life.)
Polvj^ala cruciata L.
Occasional, sandy swamps.
Polygala Curtissii A. Gray.
Occasional, pine woods, Lee county, Clay county.
{Polygala grandiflora Walt.
Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods.
Polygala incarnata L.
Occasional, dry pine and mixed woods.
Polygala Mariana Mill.
a single collection. Auburn.
JPolygala nana (Mlchx.) D C.
Occasional, sandy land south of Auburn.
Polygala Nuttallii T. & G.
A single collection. Auburn.
Polygala polygama Walt.
Frequent, rich woods, usually clay.
Polygala verticillata L.
A single collection, Auburn. (S. M. Tracy.)
EUPHORBLICEAE.
Acalypha gracilens A. Gray.
Common, dry woods.
lAcalypha ostryaefolia Eiddell.
Occasional, fields and gardens.
87
Acalvpha Virginica L.
One collection, Clay county, one Lee county.
Croton glandulosns septentrionalis Muell. Arg.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
Croton Texensis (Klotscli.) Muell. Agr.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Crotonopsis linearis Michx.
Frequent, dry roadsides and granite outcrops.
*Euphorbia apocynifolia Small.
Common, moist woods.
Eui)horbia corollata L.
Common, dry woods.
^Euphorbia corollata paniciilata Ell.
Common, dry woods.
Euphorbia maculata L.
Common, dry fields and waste places.
*Eupliorbia olivacea Small.
Occasional, dry woods.
Euphorbia Preslii Guss.
Common, cultivated fields.
iJatropha stimulosa Michx.
Frequent, dry open woods, usually sand.
tStillingia ligustrina Michx.
Banks of Tallapoosa river, Tallapoosa county.
tStillino'ia SYlvatica L.
Common, dry sandy land.
Tragi a nepetaefolia Cav.
Frequent, rocky turned out fields.
ITraoia urens L.
Occasional, dry open places.
Callitricaceae.
Callitriche Austin! Engelm.
Frequent, bare ground in old fields.
- Callitriche heterophylla Pursh.
Frequent, fioating in running water.
88
Anacakdiacioaic.
Klnis nroinntica Ait.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Kims coiiallina \j.
Common and variable, poor to rich soil, clay or sand.
l\luis lilabra J^.
Frequent, ricli woods and thickets.
Rlnis radicans L.
c:ommon, a high climbing vine, (poison ivy, poison oak).
Klnis T()xic<)deii(lr()ii L.
Frequent, dry rocky or sandy hills, a low shrub.
Kims yernix L.
Frequent, sandy swamps, (Thunderwood).
Cyrili.ackae.
tCviilla raceiiiiflora L.
Frequent, creek bottom swamps, sand or clay.
Aquifoliaceae.
*Ilex Beadlei Ashe.
Occasional, dry sand hills, south of Auburn.
Hex deeidiia Walt.
Occasional, moist thickets.
JIlex glabra (L.) A. Gray. 1.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
tilex <>labra (L. ) A. Gray. 2.
Occasional, banks of streams, clay land.
Ilex opaca Ait.
Common, moist to dry woods, usually sand.
Ilex monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britt.
a single collection, south of Auburn, sandy swamp.
Celastraceae.
EnonyniTis Ainerieanus L.
Frequent, moist thickets.
1. Mohr's Plant Life, 604, credits Ilex coreacea (Pursh) Chap,
to Lee county . This seems to be an error. The specimens
cited prove to be a broad leaved form of I. glabra.
89
ACERACEAE.
{Acer Floridanum (Cliapm. ) Pax.
Occasional, moist creek banks (Wright's Mill).
Acer leiicoderme Small.
Frequent, moist rocky banks, etc., not in swamps.
fAcer Xegundo L.
Local, Wright's Mill. Lee county.
Acer rubriim L.
Common, swamps.
Acer saccliarnm barbatnm (Miclix. ) Trelease.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
HiPPOCASTAXACEAE.
Aesculus parviflora Walt.
Occasional, northern edge of Lee county and northward, clay.
Aesculus Pavia L.
Common, dry woods.
Balsam MACEAE.
Impatiens biflora Walt.
Frequent, swamps, clay land.
Sappixdaceae.
Cardiospermum lialicacabum L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Khamxaceae.
IBercliemia scandens (Hill) Trelease.
Frequent, moist thickets.
Ceanothus Americanus L.
Common, dry woods. ,
Rliamnus Caroliniana Walt.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
lAnipelopsis arborea (L.) Rusbv.
Occasional, south of Aubcrn (Wright's Mill).
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.
Frequent, moi^t woods and thickets.
4
90
Vitis aestivalis Mielix.
Frequent, dry or moist woods.
Vitis hicolor hcConte.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Vilis cordi folia Miclix.
Frequent, uplands, usually clay. ,
A'itis roiuiHliroiia Miclix.
Common, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc.
TlLIACEAE.
Tilia lieter()])liylla Vent.
Occasional, creek banks.
Malvaceae.
Malvastruiu au^ustum A. Grav.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life).
tModiola Caix)liiiiana (L.) Don.
Frequent, roadsides and waste places.
tSida EUiottii T. & G.
Frequent roadsides, Tallassee; also Lee county, sandy land,
land.
Sida spinosa L.
Common, gardens and cultivated fields.
Hypericaceae.
lAscvTuni hypericoides L.
Occasional, dry woods.
Ascyinnii niullicaiile ^liclix.
Frequent, dry woods.
AscA^riun stans Miclix.
Occasional, dry woods.
Hypericum Druniinondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G.
Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields, etc.
Hypericnni macula turn Walt.
Frequent, rich woods.
H3'pericnm mutilum L.
Common, ditch banks, open moist places.
91
*HYpericiim niicliflorum Miclix.
A single collection, Auburn.
*HTpericum yirgatum Lam.
Occasional, creek banks, Lee county, Clay county.-
Sarothra gentianoides L.
Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields, etc.
tTriadennni petiolatum (Walt.) Britt.
A single collection. Tallapoosa county.
tTriadennni Virginicnm (L.) Kaf.
A single collection, sandy land south of Auburn.
CiSTACEAE.
IHeliantliemnm Caroliniannm Michx.
Occasional, dry open places, sandy land.
Lecliea Leggettii Britt. & Hollick.
Frequent, sandy lands.
Lecliea racemnlosa Michx.
Occasional, dry open places.
Lecliea yillosa Ell.
Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields etc.,
ViOLACEAE.
Cubelium concolor (Fonst.) Raf.
Rich woods. Clay county.
tViola Caroliniana Greene.
Common, sandy woods and open grassy places.
*Viola cucnllata Ait.
A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county.
Viola niulticanlis (T. & G.) Britt.
Occasional, moist upland woods, day.
Viola palinata dilatata Ell.
Frequent, rich upland woods.
Viola papilionacea Pnrsh.
Common, creek bottoms and moist ditch banks.
Viola i^edata L.
Common, dry upland woods, clay or sand.
Viola pedata bi color Pnrsh.
Occasional, with the last.
92
iViola primulacrolia auslralis iN)llard.
Locally common, open marshy places, Lee county, Tallapoosa
county.
Viola KafiiH'squii Oroono.
Very common, fields and waste places.
Viola striata Ait.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
t Viola vicinal is Greene.
Frequent, open sandy woods, not found on clay.
Viola villosa AValt.
Rare, dry pine woods, Auburn.
Passifloraceae.
Passiflora incarnata L.
Common, a troublesome weed in fields, especially clay. A
white flowered form is occasionally seen.
Passi flora lutea L.
Occasional, dry thickets.
Oactaceae.
Opuntia humifusa Raf.
Frequent, roadsides and sandy land.
Lythraceae.
tLagerstroemia Indica L.
Frequent, roadsides escaped, (Crape myrtle.)
Rotala ramosior (L. ) Koehne.
A single collection. Clay county.
Melastomaceae.
iRliexia ciliosa Michx.
a single collection, south of Auburn.
Phexia lanceolata Walt.
Occasional, wet sandy places.
Rliexia Mariana L.
Frequent, wet sandy places.
iRliexia stricta Pnrsli.
A single collection. Auburn. (P. H. Mell.)
9?.
Ehexia Virginica L.
Frequent, wet sandy places, also on clay
Onagraceae.
Epilobium coloratum Mulil.
Cleburne county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Gaura Michauxii Spach.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides.
tHartuiannia speciosa (Xutt.) Small. •
Common, roadsides escaped.
Isnardia palustris L.
Occasional, ditches and running streams.
Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) D. C.
Frequent, ditches and wet open places.
Jussiaea leptocarpa Xutt.
Frequent, ditches and wet open places.
iKneiffia linearis (:Mi€hx.) Spach.
A single collection, Chilton county.
♦Kneiffia linifolia ( Nutt. ) Spach.
A single collection, Lee county.
*Kneifiaa longipedicellata Small.
Common, dry open mixed woods, also in second growth woods,
clay or sand.
*Kneiffia subglobosa Small.
Frequent, moist open sandy places.
Ludwigia alternifolia L.
Common, wet places, clay or sand.
tLudwigia hirtella Raf.
Swampy margins of ponds, sandy land.
iLudwigia linearis Walt.
Frequent, wet places, sandy land.
JOenothera laciniata Hill.
Common, fields and roadsides, a winter weed.
Oenothera laciniata grandis Britt.
A single collection, fields near Auburn.
Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.
Common, fields and roadsides.
94
Halokagidaceae.
Myriopliyllinu sp.
Immature plants from a stream south of Auburn.
Proseri)ina<'a ])ectiiiata Lam.
A single collection, roadside ditches, sandy land.
Araliaceae. ^
Aralia spinosa L.
Frequent, rich woods and thickets,
Umbelliferae.
Angelica villosa (Walt.) B. S. P.
Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods, clay or sand.
Cliaeropli^^llum Tainturieri Hook.
Common, a street and roadside weed, also in sandy swamps.
Centella Asiatica (L. ) Urban.
Lee county (S. M. Tracy.) Specimen in herb. New York
Bot. Garden. ,
*Cicuta niaculata L.
Common, swamps, etc.
xDaiicus pusillus Michx.
Frequent, fields, roadsides and waste places
Deringa Canadensis (L. ) O. Kimtze.
Rich woods, Clay county, Coosa county.
IHydrocotyle yerticellata Thumb.
Frequent, shaded thickets, clay or land.
Er^mgium yuccaefoliuni Michx.
Common, dry woods and fields.
Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Eaf .
Frequent, sandy swamps.
tLigusticum Canadense (L.) Britt.
Frequent, open marshy places.
1. This is included under E. integrifolum Walt, in Mohr's
Plant Life, 644, but it seems to differ from the pine-barren
plant in more diffuse habit and broader leaves.
95
OxTj)olis rigidus (L.) Britt.
Frequent, open marshy places.
Poljtaenia Xuttallii D. C.
Lee county. Baker & Earle) (Mohr's Plant Life).
tPtilimnium capillaceum (Miclix. ) Hollick.
Common, sandy swamps.
Sanicula Canadensis L.
Common, moist to rather dry woods.
* Sanicula Floridana Bicknell. 1.
Frequent, dry upland woods.
Sanicula Marvlandica L.
Occasional, moist woods.
Sanicula Smallii Bicknell.
Frequent, creek bottom woods.
Thaspium barbinode (Miclix.) Xutt.
Occasional, moist thickets, etc
Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Xutt.) Britt.
Occasional, creek bottom woods.
*Zizia aurea (L.) Koch.
A single collection, Clay county.
Zizia cordata (Walt.) D C
Frequent, upland woods, sand or clay.
CORNACEAE.
Cornus Amomum Mill.
Common, along streams.
Cornus stricta Lam.
Lee county Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life).
Cornus florida L.
Common, upland woods, clay or sand.
tXvssa biflora Walt.
Common, swamps.
1. Mohr's Plant Life, 645, includes this icith S. Canadensis.
The two seem sufficiently distinct. The shape of the leaves
and the general aspect are so different that they can be dis-
tinguished at a glance.
96
Nvssa svlvatica Marsh.
Common, upland woods, usually clay.
Pyrolaceae.
■j-Cliiiuaphila iiwu-iilata (L.) Pursli.
Occasional, dry pine woods.
MOXOTROPACEAE.
Monotropa uni flora L.
Occasional, rich woods.
Ericaceae
Azalea arborescens Piirsh.
Rare, along streams, clay land
Azalea nudiflora L.
Common, rich woods.
Azalea yis€Osa L.
Common, swamps, variable.
Azalea viscosa glauca (L. ) Miclix.
Lee county, Earle & Underwood (Mohr's Plant Life)
Batliodedron arboreum ( Marsh. ) ;Niitt.
Common, dry woods (Vaccinum Arboreum Marsh.)
Epigaea repens L.
Rare, dry hillsides, Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
Graylnssaeia dnniosa (Andr. ) T. & G.
Common, dry hillsides.
Gavliissacia frondosa (L. ) T. & G.
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides.
*GaYlussa€ia nana (A. Gray) Small.
Frequent, dry rocky hills.
Kalmia hitifolia L.
Common, along streams.
fLeucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gra3\
Border of ponds, sandy land.
Oxvdendrcn arboreum (L.) DC.
Frequent, dry or moist woods.
tPieris nitida (Bartr. ) B. & H.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
97
PolYCoclium melanocarpum (Mohr) Greene.
Occasional, dry upland woods.
Polyeodium melanocarpum candicans (Mohr).
Occasional, dry upland woods.
Polyeodium stamineum (L. ) Greene.
Frequent, dry woods.
*Rhododendron punctatum Andr.
A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county.
tYaccinium amoenum Ait.
Occasional, dry hillsides.
Vaccinium corvmbosum L.
Occasional, open woods.
Yaccinius Elliottii Chapm.
Common, banks of streams.
tVaccinium fuscatum Ait.
Common, sphagnum bogs.
Vaccinium Mvrsinites Lam.
Common, dry rocky hills.
Vaccinium IMyrsinites ^laucum A. Gray.
Occasional, with the type.
Vaccinium tenellum Ait.
Occasional, moist hillsides.
Vaccinium vacillans Kalm.
Frequent, dry rocky hills.
tVaccinium virij^atum Ait.
Occasional, banks of streams.
Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britt.
Frequent, moist woods, banks of streams.
Primulaceae.
fLysimacliia quadrifolia L.
A single collection, Talladega county.
Samolus floribundus H. B. K.
Frequent, swamps.
Steironema ciliatum ( L. ) Raf.
Frequent, moist woods.
Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray.
Occasional, moist woods.
98
SteiroiKMiia lanoeolatuni august ifohiiii A. Gray.
Lee county. (Earle & Baker) (Mohr's Plant Life).
*S(('in)ii(MHa (iua<lvitl()i'iuii (Sims) A. S. Hitchcock.
A single collection, moist woods, Auburn, clay land.
StciroiK'iiia toiisiim (Wood) Bicknell.
A single collection, Clay county.
Ebenaceae.
Diospyros Virj^^iniana L.
Common, dry woods (^Vaccinum Arboreum Marsh.)
SiMPLOCACEAE.
Syinplocos tinctoria (L. ) L'Her.
Frequent, moist hillsides and along streams. ,
Styraceae.
Molu'odciidron Carolinum (L.) Britt.
Common, along streams.
tMohrodendron dipterum (Ell.) Britt.
Banks of Tallapoosa river, Elmore county, Tallapoosa county.
Stvrax Americana Lam.
Common, along streams. ,
Stvrax orandifloria Ait.
Rare, upland woods, clay land.
Oleaceae.
Chionanthus Virginica L.
Occasional, moist woods and along streams.
Fraxiiiiis lanceolata Borck.
Occasional, creek and river bottoms.
tOsmantlius Americanus (L. ) B. & H.
Frequent, along streams and moist hillsides.
LOGANIACEAE.
*Biiddleia Japonica Hemsl.
Sparingly escaped, roadsides.
Gelseminin sempervirens (L. ) Ait.
Frequent, climbing over trees in moist or dry thickets, sand
or clay (Yellow jasmine.)
99
Polvpremum procumbens L.
Common, dry field and waste places.
Spigelia Marjlandica L.
Frequent, rich, shady woods,
Gextianaceae.
Bartonia Virginica (L.) B. S. P.
Rare, sphagnum swamps.
fGentiana Saponaria L.
Frequent, along creek banks.
Gentiana villosa L.
Occasional, dry woods, usually clay.
Sabbatia angularis (L.) Piirsli.
Occasional, dry rich woods, usually clay.
S«abbatia BovkiDii A. Gray.
Rare, dry woods. Clay county, Coosa county.
Menyanthaceae.
tLinmantliemum laciinosum (Vent.) Griseb.
Ponds south of Auburn.
Apocynaceae.
Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britt.
Frequent, creek bottom woods.
Apocvnum cannabinum L.
Rare, sandy fields, south of Auburn.
ASCEPIADACEAE.
lAsclepias amplexicaulis Miclix.
Occasional, dry sand hills south of Auburn, never in clay.
Asclepias obtiisifolia Michx.
Occasional, thin upland woods, clay or sand.
Asclepias tuberosa L.
Common, dry woods and roadsides.
A'sclepias A^ariegata L.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides, sand or clay.
Asclepias yerticillata L.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides, sand or clay.
100
VMncetoxicnm liii>iutiiiii (^Miclix.) Britt.
Occasional, rich woods, usually clay.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
tBivweiia hinnistrata (Walt.) A Gray.
Frequent, dry sandy pine woods.
tConvolviihis repens L.
Frequent, dry woods, sand or clay.
Ipomoea,l)arl)ii>eia (Don.) Sweet.
Common, upland fields.
Ipoiuoea hederacea Jaeq.
Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Tpoiiioea lacimosa L.
Occasional, creek bottom fields.
Ipomoea paudurata (L.) Meyer.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.
Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
iJacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.
Common, a weed in fields.
tQuamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench.
Occasional, cultivated fields.
CUSCUTACEAE.
Cuscuta an^ensis Beryrich.
Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Cus'cuta sp.
other species occur, but the specimens have not been deter-
mined.
P0LEM0NL\CEAE.
Phlox amoena Sims.
Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods.
rhlox i^laberrima L.
Frequent, dry mixed woods.
Phlox maculata L.
Occasional, upland woods.
101
Phlox paniculata L.
A sinsle collection, Coosa county.
Phlox paniculata acuminata (Pursh) Chapm.
Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Phlox pilosa L.
Frequent, moist mixed woods.
Hydrophyllaceae.
tXana quadrivalvis (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Margin of pond south of Auburn.
Phacelia clubia (L.) Small.
Locally abundant, dry granite outcrops.
BORAGIXACEAE.
Heliotropium Indicum L.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
Lappula Virginica ( L. ) Greene.
Occasional, moist woods, clay land.
Collinsonia scabriuscula Ait.
Occasional, open grassy places.
Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) A. D C.
Occasional, dry sandy fields and open woods. *
Yerbenaceae.
Callicarpa Americana L.
Common, dry woods, sand or clay. A form with white fruit
occurs.
Verbena bracteosa Michx.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
{Verbena Caroliniana Michx.
Frequent, dry sandy woods.
*Vitex Agnus-castus L.
Freely escaped, roadsides, etc.
1. Immature specimens of this plant were determined as
Myosotis Virginica and were so reported in Mohr's Plant
Life, 691. The true M. Virginica has not so far been found.
102
Labiatae.
fBlephila ciliata (L.) Raf.
Frequent, dry hillsides, clay land.
fClinopodium Nepeta (L.) O. Kiintze.
A single collection, Clay county.
Clinopodium Carolinianiun (Michx.) Heller.
Locally common, dry sandy flats, banks of Tallapoosa river,
Tallapoosa county.
Collinsonia anisata Pursli.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods.
*Collinsonia Canadensis punctata A Gray.
A single collection, swamp south of Auburn.
Collinsonia •scabriuscula Ait.
Opelika, Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Hede<;)ma pulegioides (L.) Pers.
Tallapoosa county, Clay county, not found at Auburn.
tKoellia albescens (T. & G.) O. Kuntze.
A single collection. Clay county.
Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) Mac M.
Occasional, moist open places.
*Koellia incana (L.) O. Kuntze.
« Common, dry open woods.
Koellia pvcnantliemoides ( Leavenw. ) O. Kuntze.
Common, dry open woods.
Lamiuni amplexicaule L.
Common, fields and gardens, a Winter weed. '
Lycopus Yirginicus L.
Common, wet swampy thickets.
Mentha piperata L.
Spring branches, Tallapoosa county.
iMesosphaerum rugosum (L.) Pollard.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
*Monarda mollis L.
Frequent, Clay county, not seen at Auburn.
Monarda punctata L.
Frequent, dry thickets.
Nepeta cataria L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
103
Prunella vulgaris L.
Frequent, moist places,
Salvia azurea Lam.
Frequent, open sandy places, roadsides, etc.
Salvia Ivrata L.
Common, dry or moist woods.
Salvia urticifolia L.
Frequent, dry open woods.
Scutellaria cordi folia Mulil.
Occasional, mixed woods, clay land.
Scutellaria iutegrifolia major Chapm.
Frequent, moist creek bottoms, usually sandy land.
* Scutellaria liyssopifolia L.
A single collection, Auburn.
Scutellaria laterifolia L.
A single collection. Auburn.
Scutellaria pilosa Michx.
Frequent, dry mixed woods.
* Scutellaria venosa Kearnev.
Collected once, Tallapoosa county.
Tricliostema dicliotomum L.
Frequent, Clay county, not seen at Auburn.
tTricliostema lineare Xutt.
Frequent, open sandy woods.
SOLANACEAE.
Datura Tatula L.
Common, barnyards and rich gardens.
Pliysalis angulata L.
Occasional, gardens and fields.
*Plivsalis
Occasional. This is a striking species, the plant covered with
long whitish hairs. Dr. Rydberg considers it new and will
soon publish a description. An unnamed fragment "of the
same thing collected by Dr. Chapman is in the Columbia
University herbarium.
Phvsalis Virginiana Mill.
Frequent, dry open woods, clay or sand.
104
Physnlodcs Pliysjilodcs (L.) Britt.
Occasional, gardens and rich fields.
Solaiinin Caroliiicnsc L.
Common, fields and gardens.
Sulaiiiiiii iiii^ruin L.
Common, rich fields and gardens.
SolaiHiTTi p»(Mi(l<K-a])si('um L.
Occasional, roadsides.
SCliOril ILAIilACEAE.
tAfzelia cassiiioidc^s (Walt.) Gmel.
A single collection Clay county.
Afzelia pectinata (Pursli) O. Kimtze.
Frequent, dry pine or mixed woods.
Biicliiiera Aiuericana L.
Rare, moist open places.
Clielone ,i»:labra L.
Rare, moist thickets.
*Dasystoma 'bit>'nonifiora Small.
A single collection, Clay county.
DasA stoma flava ( L. ) Wood.
Frequent, dry woods.
Dasystoma pectinata (Xutt.) Benth.
Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Dasystonia laevigiita (Raf.) Chapm.
Frequent, dry woods.
tDasystoiiia Virolnica (L.) Britt.
Frequent, rich woods.
*Gerardia microphylla (A. Giray) Small.
Occasional, sandy pine woods.
Gerardia Pliikenetii Ell.
Frequent, dry upland woods, clay or sand.
Gerardia purpurea L.
Occasional, wet swampy places.
Frequent, dry woods.
Gratiola Floridana Niitt.
Locally abundant, swamps. Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
105
JGratiola pilosa Michx.
Frequent, moist open places.
JGrratiola spliaerocarpa Ell.
Frequent, boggy places.
Iljsantlies attenuata (Mulil.) Small.
A single collection, bank of pond south of Auburn.
fllysantlies refracta (Ell.) Bentli.
Occasional, moist granite outcrops.
Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dnmort.
Common, fields and gardens.
tMicrantliemimi emarffinatiim Ell.
A single collection, border of pond south of Auburn.
*]Mimulus ringens. L
Frequent, wet ditch banks, etc., clay land.
Monniera acuminata (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Frequent, wet, swampy woods.
Pedicularis Canadensis L.
Occasional, moist pine or mixed woods.
Penstemon liirsiitus (L.) Willd.
Common, dry woods.
Scropliularia Marylandica L.
Infrequent, the only collection from Coosa county.
Yerbascum Blattaria L.
Rare about Auburn, becoming common farther north.
Yerbascum Tliapsus L.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places.
lYeronica arvensis L.
Occasional, fields and waste places.
Yeronica 'peregrina L.
Frequent, fields and waste places.
Lextibulariaceae.
tUtricularia fibrosa Walt.
In mud border of pond south of Auburn ,
tUtricularia subulata L.
Frepuent, sandy swamps.
lOG
OliOP.UANCIIACEAK.
fConojilinlis AiiuTicaiia (L. ) Walt.
t requent, moist woods, growing on oak, beech and sweet gum
roots.
tLci)lainiuiiiji Vii'Liiiiianum (L.) Raf.
Frequent, moist woods.
tTlialesiaMiniflora (L.) Britt.
Rare, mixed woods.
BiGNONIACEAE.
Bignonia crucigera L.
Frequent, along streams. ^
Campsis radicaiis (L. ) Seem.
(r=:Tecoma radicans D C.)
Common, thickets, roadsides and fields.
Catalpa Oatalpa (L.) Karst.
Occasional, along streams.
ACAXTIIACEAE.
Dianthera Americana L.
Frequent, in running streams.
iKiiellia ciliosa liybrida (Pursli) A. Gray.
Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life).
Txiiellia ciliosa parviflora (Nees) Britt.
Occasional, roadsides and mixed woods, clay land, also on
granite outcrops.
Kuellia Rtrepen^^ L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Plantagixaceae.
PlantaiTO aristata Michx.
Common, roadsides and waste places.
*Plantago elongata Pursh.
Collected once, creek bottom pasture. Auburn.
Plantago lieteropliylla Nutt.
Common, fields and waste places.
107
Plantago lanceolata L.
Occasional, roadsides and grassy places.
Plantago Rugelii Dee.
Occcasional, moist pastures and roadsides.
Plantago Virginica L.
Common, fields, pastures and waste places.
RUBIACEAE.
Cephalantlius occi den talis L.
Common, swamps and moist thickets.
Diodia teres AValt.
Very common, old fields, roadsides, etc.
Diodia Yirginiana L,
Common, ditch banks and wet fields.
Galium aparine L.
Occasional, gardens and moist places.
Galium circaezans Miclix.
Collected once, Auburn, not typical.
*GalIum Clavtoni Michx.
Collected once, shaded spring bog. Auburn.
Galium pilosum Ait.
Frequent, pine and mixed woods.
tGalium pilosum jjuucticulosum (Miclix.) T. & G.
Frequent, dry pine woods.
tGalium uniliorum Michx.
Collected once, moist, rich woods. Auburn.
* Galium tinctorium L.
Occasional, moist woods.
tGalium triflorum Michx.
Occasional, rich woods, Lee county. Clay county.
Houcstonia caljcosa (Shuttly.) Mohr.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Houstonia coerulea L.
Common, open pine and mixed woods.
Houstonia longifolia (xaertn.
Occasional, moist, rocky banks.
t Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britt.
Common, pastures and open places.
108
Iloustonia piii'iMiica L.
Common, rich woods, usually on clay.
IToustoiiia tciniifolia Xiitt.
Frequent, dry open, diciduous woods clay land.
^litclu'lla nqx'us L.
Common, moist creek banks and sandy swamps.
tOldciilandia miitiora L.
Frequent, borders of sphagnum swamps.
tRichardia sf-abra L.
Common, sandy cultivated fields, Lee county, Elmore county.
CaI'KIFOLIACEAE.
Lonioera flava Sims.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Louiccra Japonica Tliiiiil).
Abundantly escaped roadsides, fields and thickets.
Louicera seiiipervirens L.
Frequent, climbing in moist thickets.
Sainbiicus Canadensis L.
Common, thickets and roadsides.
tSyniplioricarpiis Symplioricai*iJus (L.) MacM.
Collected once, Clay county.
Mburnum acerifoliimi L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Viburnum nudum L.
Common, sandy swamps.
Viburnum rufotomentosum Small.
Occasional, moist or dry open woods.
Valeklinaceae.
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr.
Common, creek bottom fields.
C A :mpa X ulaceae.
Campanula Americana L.
Collected once, Coosa county.
Campanula dlYaricata Michx.
Frequent, granite ledges Lee county, Tallapoosa county.
109
tSpecularia biflora (K. & P.) A. Gray.
Common sandy pastures and roadsides.
Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.
Common, fields and roadsides.
Lobeliaci:ae.
Lobelia aiiioeiia Mlchx.
Frequent, sandy swamps.
Lobelia cardinalis L.
Frequent, swampy creek bottoms, often on clay.
Lobelia inflata L.
Creek bottoms. Clay county, rare at Auburn.
Lobelia leptostach^^s A. D 0.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Lobelia Niittallii Roem. & Sduilt.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Lobelia pul)erula Michx.
Common, open woods, often near streams.
Lobelia spicata Lam.
Dry woods, Elmore county Coosa county Clay, county not
seen at Auburn.
Lobelia syphilitica L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Chicorlvceae.
Adopogon Caroliniannm (AValt.) Britt.
Common, fields, roadsides and waste places. „
Hieracium Greenii Porter & Britt.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) Mohr's Plant Life.)
Hiei-aciiiiii Gronovii L.
Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods.
Hieracium ]\Lirianiim Willd.
Occasional, dry hillsides.
Hieracium Scribneri Small.
Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Hieracium veuosum L.
Common, dry rocky wooded hillsides.
no
Lactuca Canadensis L.
Common, pine woods and open places.
I/actnca Floridana (L. ) Gaertn.
Collected once. Auburn.
Laetuca in'aniinifolia Miclix.
Occasional, sandy pine woods.
fLactuca hirsuta IMuhl.
Occasional, pine woods.
Lactuca sa<»"ittifolia Ell.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life).
fLactuca villosa Jueq.
Occasional, roadsides.
•
fNabalus altissinius (L.) Hook.
Occasional, moist, rich woods, usually creek bottoms.
Nabalus Serpentaria (Pursh) Hook.
Frequent, moist, dry woods, often uplands.
*Xabulus trifoleatus Cass.
Collected once, Auburn, in a garden.
Serinea oppositifolia (Raf.) O. Kuntze.
Occasional, creek bottom fields. ,
Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf.
Common, fields, roadsides and open places. A white flowered
form occurs.
Sonclius asper (L.) All.
Frequent, fields and waste places. ,
Carduaceae.
JAcanthospermum australe (L.) O. Kuntze.
Frequent, along railroad embankments.
Ambrosia arteniisiaefolia L.
Common, fields, etc. (dog weed).
*Antennaria nemoralis Greene.
Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops.
Antennaria plantai>ini folia (L.) Richards.
Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Anthemis Cotula L.
Occasional, roadsides and waste places, usually not abundant.
Ill
Aster Camptosonis Small.
Common, shaded, rocky hillsides.
Aster eoncolor L.
Common, dry sandy roadsides and open woods.
fAster divaricatiis L.
Collected once. Clay county.
Aster dumosus ]..
Occasional, borders of fields and thickets. ,
Aster ericoides L.
Common, swamps and waste places.
Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Aster ericoides pilosiis (Willd. ) Porter.
Common, fields, roadsides and waste places.
*Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl.
Collected once, Auburn.
*Aster iantliinus Burgess.
Collected once. Auburn.
Aster laevis L.
Lee county Mohr's Plant Life).
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt.
Common, alder swamps, wet thickets and borders of fields.
Aster oblongiolius Nutt.
Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life).
Aster patens Ait.
Common, roadsides and dry woods, clay land.
Aster puniceus L.
Common, alder swamps and moist thickets.
lAster piirpnratus Nees.
Frequent, clay roadsides.
Aster sagittifolliis Willd.
Collected once. Auburn.
Aster Shortii Hook.
Rocky banks, Tallapoosa river, Elmore county.,
Aster Tradescanti L.
Frequent, moist, shady woods.
112
JAstei- (luniosii^^ cordirolinw (Mirlix.) T. «S: (i.
Very common, dry rocky hillsides. Exceedingly variable. Our
collections probably include several of the named varieties.
Aster viiiiiiH»us foliosus (Ait.) A. (Iray.
Lee county ( Mohr's Plant Life).
Aster niuliilatiis I^.
Common, cultivated fields and waste places.
Bick'iis froiulosii L.
Common, fields and swampy ,places.
tBrauiieria ])iiri)urea ( L. ) Britt.
Collected once, clay roadsides. Chambers county.
Cardiuis altissimus L.
Common, moist thickets, etc.
*Cariliius discolor (Miilil.) Xiitt.
Occasional, moist thickets and open woods.
Cardtms lanceolatus L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
tCardiins s})in()sissiiinLS Walt.
Rare, open sandy land.
Carduiis spinosissimiis EHiotti (T. & G.) Porter.
Common, old fields, roadsides and open woods, mostly on clay:
Worthy of specific rank, often reaches more than three feet
in height.
Carduus Viri>iiiianiis L.
Occasional, sandy roadsides.
:i:riirvs()t>()nniu Virf>ini(;mii L.
Occasional, deciduous woods, clay land.
Cliysopsis <>Taiiii 111 folia (Miclix.) Xutt.
Very common, pine and mixed w^oods, especially on sand.
CUrys()i)sis ^Mariana (L.) Nutt.
Common, pine and mixed woods.
Ciiicns IxMKHlictus L.
Collected once, railroad tracks, Auburn.
troleosantliiis cordif(dius (Ell.) O. Knntze.
Occasional, sandy woods and roadsides.
Coreo])sis auricnlata L.
Common, moist pine and mixed woods,' clay or sand.
*Coreopsis bicolor.
Collected once, fields south of Auburn, escaped.
113
Coreoi^-sis delpliinifolia Lam.
Collected once, fields, Chambers County.
Coreopsis gTaiidiflora Hogg.
Locally abundant, moist granite outcrops.
Coreopsis lanceolata L.
Frequent, open pine woods, usually sand.
Coreopsis major Walt.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods.
Coreopsis Oemleri Ell.
Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods. It intergrades freely
with the last species and can hardly be considered distinct.
Coreopsis piibescens Ell.
Collected once, Tallapoosa County.
Coreopsis tripteris L.
Occasional, ditch banks and margins of creek bottom fields,
clay land.
Coreopsis verticillata L.
Lee county, (Mohr's Plant Life).
tDoellingeria hiimilis (Willd. ) Britt.
Occasional, creek bottom woods.
tDoellingeria infirma (Michx. ) Greene.
Collected once, Lee County; once. Clay County.
Elepliantopiis Carolinianus Willd.
Frequent, creek bottom woods and thickets, clay or sand.
*Elepliantopus elatiis Bertoi.
Collec-ted once, Auburn; once Macon County,
Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray.
Common, shaded creek bottoms, sandy land.,
Elepliantopns tomentosus L.
Common, creek bottoms and dryer locations, in shade or ex-
posed, clay or sand.
Ereclitites liieracifolia (L.) Eaf.
Frequent, rich newly-cleared fields and waste places.
Erigeron anniius (L. ) Pers".
Occasional, moist creek bottom fields and waste places.
Erigeron Philadelphicus L.
Collected once. Auburn; moist woods, clay.
tErigeron pulclielhis Michx.
Frequent, rich woods.
114
YEiiL»c'i'uii raniosi^s (Wait.) B. fc>. 1*.
Common, fields roado.des and waste places.
Eri»j,c-ii)ii raiiuKsus B( Vxiciiii ( F. & M.) Siiiilli & Pound.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Eupatoiiimi ageratoides L.
Occasional, creek bottom swamps.
Eiipatoriiim album L.
Common, dry woods, clay or sand.
Eupatorium amoenuni Pursh.
Clay county, (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Eux)atoriuiu aromaticum L.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods.
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small.
Very common, pastures, old fields, roadsides and waste places,
usually in moist land.
JEupatorium coelestinum L.
Occasional, sv/amps.
Eupatorium compositifolium Walt.
Frequent, dry old fields and open woods.
Eupatorium cuneifolium Willd.
Frequent, dry sandy pine woods.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L.
Occasional, dry sandy woods."
Eupatorium linearifolium Walt.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
Common, swampy places, clay or sand.
*Eupatorium petaloideiim Britt.
Collected once. Auburn.
Eupatorium pinna tifidum Ell.
Rare, dry open woods.
Eupatorium |jul)^'S€en;s Mulil.
Lee count, (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Eupatorium purpureum L.
Common, creek bottoms and swamps, especially clay land.
Eupatorium rotundifolium L.
Common, creek bottoms, usually sandy land.
115
tEupatorium semi serra turn D C.
Frequent, sandy pine woods.
Eupatorium serotinum Michx.
Occasional, moist roadsides and* waste places.
EQpotorium Smithii Grreene & Mohr.
Chambers County. (Mohr, Plant Life.)
*Eupatorium Torreyanum Short.
Clay roadsides, Chambers county.
{Eupatorium tortifolium Chapm.
Frequent, dry sandy pine woods.
Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx.
Common, swampy woods, sandy land.
tGaillardia lanceolata Michx.
Common, open sandy pine woods, etc.
fGnaphalium Hellleri Britt.
Common, open pine and mixed woods.
Gnaphalium purpureum L.
Common, a winter weed in fields and waste places.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
fGnaphalium Helleri Britt.
Collected once, banks of Tallapoosa river.
Helenium autumnale L.
Common, with the last.
tHelenium Xuttallii A. Gray.
Frequent, alder swamps and creek bottoms.
tHelenium tenuifolium Nutt.
Very common, fieias, pastures and roadsides; (bitter weed.)
Helianthus angustifolius L.
Common, open swampy places.
Helianthus atrorubens L.
Occasional, roadsides and woods, clay land.
Helianthus divaricatus L.
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides.
Helianthus hirsutus Raf .
Frequent, dry woods and roadsides.
Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G.
Clay county. (Mohr's Plant Life.)
IIG
Iluliaiillius niicroccplialus T. & G.
Common, dry woods and roadsides.
ll(^liaiillnis ►Swduitzii T. & G.
Lee County, (Mohr, Plant Life.)
Ilcliantlnis toniciitosus AiiclLX.
Frequent, rich mixed woods.
llrliojisis i;rac*ilis Xiitt.
Occasional, moist upland woods.
Ik4i()i)sis lH'liaiitli()i(l(\s (L.) ^^- ^- !*•
Collected once, Tallapoosa County.
lonactic^ liiiariifolia (L.) Greene.
Common, roadsides and open pine woods, sandy land.
Isopai)i)iis (livaricatirs (IS^iitt. ) T. «S: G.
Very common, old fields, pastures and roadsides.
Kiilinia eiipatoi-ioides L.
Common, dry open woods, usually on sandy land.
*Laciiiaiia Earlei Greene.
Auburn. (F. S. Earle, 1896.)
tLacinaria elegans (AValt. ) O. Kuntze.
Locally abundant, sandy pine woods, south of Auburn.
*Lacinaria elegantula Greene.
Auburn. (F. S. Earle, 1896.)
fLacinaiia i^ramiiiifolia (Walt.) O. Kuntze.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods. A form with w^hite
flowers occurs.
tLacinaria seariosa squarrulosa (Miclix.) Small.
Collected once, Auburn.
JLacinaria spicata (L.) O. Kuntze.
Occasional, pine woods.
Lacinaria s(iuarrosa (L.) Hill.
Occasional, dry woods.
Leptilon Canaclense (L. ) Britt.
Common, cultivated fields.
{Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill.
Collected once, streets of Auburn.
Marshall! a lanceolata Pui'sh.
Frequent, open pine and mixed woods.
Marsliallia trinerva (Walt.) Porter.
Occasional, thickets along small streams.
il7
Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L. ) Kaf.
Banks of Tallapoosa river, Tallapoosa county.
tMe&adenia ovata (AYalt.j
Frequent, moist mixed woods.
yMesadenia renifornis (Mulil.) Kaf.
Collected once, Clay county.
Partlieiniuiii integTifoliiim L.
Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Lee county, (Mohr, Plant
Life.)
fPlucliea foetida (L.) B. S. P.
Occasional, swamps and creek bottoms.
Pliicbea petiolata Cass.
Common, creek bottoms and swamps.
PohTimia Canadensis L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Polvmnia Canadensis radiata A. Grav.
Top of Talladega mountains, Clay county.
Polvmnia Uvedalia L.
Occasional, roadsides and moist open woods.
Rudbeckia fiilgida Ait.
Frequent, moist upland woods.
Rudbeckia birta L.
Common, dry open woods.
Rudbeckia laciniata L.
Frequent, creek bottoms and swamps.
Rudbeckia spatbulata Michx.
Clay county, Talladega county, Lee county, (Mohr's Plant
Life.)
Rudbeckia triloba L.
Collected once, northern Lee county.
Rudbeckia truncata Small.
Collected once. Auburn.
Senecio Earlei Small.
Very common, dry open woods and waste places.
Senecio lobatus Pers.
Very comon, creek bottoms.
Senecio Memminoeri Britt.
Lee county. (Underwood & Earle.) < Mohr's Plant Life.)
118
Seuecio obovatns Miilil.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Senec'io Small ii Britt.
Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Lee county, (Mohr's Plant
Sericociirpns asteroides (L. ) B. S. P.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods.
Sericocarpiis ])if()liatiis (Walt.) Porter.
Occasional, dry sandy pine woods.
Sericocarpiis liiiifoliiis (L.) B. S. P.
Common, dry pine or mixed woods.
Silpliiuiu asperimuiu Hook.
Clay county. (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Silphium asteriscus L.
Common, upland woods, clay or sand.
Si Iplii 11111 compositum Michx.
Common, upland woods, clay or sand.
Silpliiuiii dentatum Ell.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Silphium laevigatiim Pursli.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Silphium tri folia tum L.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
fSolidago amplexicaulis T. & G.
Frequent, rocky hillsides, mixed woods.
Solidago arguta Ait.
Clay County. (Mohr, Plant Life.)
Solidago Boottii Hook.
Common, creek bottom woods.
Solidago brachyphylla Chap.
Lee county. (Earle.) (Mohrs' Plant Life.)
fSolidago eaesia L.
Common, moist rich woods.
Solidago Canadensis L.
Very common, fields and waste places.
fSolidago ereeta Pursh.
Frequent, dry sandy creek bottoms.
i Solidago fistulosa Mill.
Collected once. Clay county.
119
Solidago neglecta T. & G.
Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Solidago nemoralis Ait.
Very common, dry roadsides, old fields and dry open second-
growth woods.
Solidago odora Ait.
Very common, dry pine and mixed vv^oods.
Solidago paliescens Mohr.
Common, dry rocky hillsides, mixed woods.
Solidago' patiila strictula T. & G.
Frequent, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc.
Solidago petiolaris Ait.
Common, sandy pine v/oods.
Solidago rugosa Mill.
Common, creek bottoms, alder swamps.
Solidago salicina Ell.
Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
* Solidago serotina Ait.
Common, creek bottom fields and moist places.
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.
Common, creek bottom woods.
Solidago Vaseyi Heller.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
tTetragonotlieca lielianthoides L.
Common, dry open woods and roadsides, usually sandy land.
Terbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt.
Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.)
Yerbesina aristata (Ell.) Heller.
Common, dry pine and mixed woods.
IVerbesina Virginica L.
Frequent, dry open creek bottom woods. ,
Yernonia angustifolia Miclix.
Common, sandy pine woods, occasional on clay.
*Yernonia Baldwini Torr.
Collected once. Auburn.
120
*\'(*i noiiia ll;i('ci<lir()li;i Siiuill. 1.
Occasional, upland clay woods.
*V(M'nnniii uljuica ( L. ) r»ri(t.
Collected once. Auburn.
yV(M'ii(mia iniixinia Small. 2.
F'requent, alder swamps, etc. reaching 10 or 12 fee'..
*\'('i'n()iiia Novchoi-acciisis ( L. | NN'illd.
Occasional, fields, pastures and roadsides.
*\'('rTi(niia ovalifolia T. & (1. 3.
Common, dry sandy woods.
Willoiiiilihia scaiidciis ( L. ) (). Kiintzo.
Common, climbing in swamps.
Xaiitliirnii ^ulalnatiiiii (I) (\) Britt.
{=:X. strumosum.)
1. — Some of these specimens were at first determined as Ver-
nonia fascicularis Michx. and are so reported by Mohr, Plant
Life, 758.
2. — This is the Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Britt, reported from
Clay county, Mohr, Plant Life.
3. — Distributed as Vernonia Drummondii.
'BULLETIN No. 120. APRIL, 1902
ALA.BA^M^4l.
f
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
Agricultural and Mechanical College,
AUBUKIS^.
THE COW PEA AND THE VELVET BEAN AS
FERTILIZERS.
Br J. F. DUGGAR.
MONTGOMERY, ALA..
XHt: BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS AND IJINDEUH
1902.
CO^JIMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION.
Thos. Williams Wetumpka.
Jonathan Haralson Selma.
STATION COUNCIL.
O. D. Smith Acting President.
P. H. Melll Director and Botanist.
B. B. Ross Chemist.
C. A. Cauy, D. V. M Veterinarian.
J. F. UuGGAR Agriculturist.
E. M. Wilcox Biologist and Horticulturist.
J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist.
ASSISTANTS.
C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist.
T. Bragg Second Assistant Chemist.
J Q Phelps Third Assistant Chemist.
T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm.
R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist.
C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist.
The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of
the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
THE COWPEA AND THE VELVET BEAN AS FERTILIZERS.
BY J. F. DUGGAR.
Summary.
This bulletin records the results of more than fifty ex-
periments conducted at Auburn during the past five
years, to ascertain the effects of cowpeas and velvet
beans in the improvement of the soil. The amount of
soil improvement has been determined by the incriease
in the yields of cotton, corn, oats, wheat and sorghum,
grown as first, second, third or fourth crops after the
stubble and roots of cowpeas or velvet beans or after
vines, stubble and roots of these plants have been plowed
under. The basis for determining this increase has
been the yield of each crop on plots where no leguminous
plant has recently grown.
The fertilizing value of different varieties of cow-
peas was found to vary considerably, and is probably in
proportion to the luxuriance of growth.
In two tests there was a slightly larger yield of corn
from plowing in cowpea vines very late in the fall
than from postponing the plowing until April ; but it is
regarded as generally best to plow in the vines not more
than a few weeks before the next crop is planted.
The average for six varieties showed that when cow-
peas were at a suitable stage for mowing 36.6 per cent,
and in another case 39 per cent, of the dry weight of
the plant was available for fertilizing uses in stubble,
roots and fallen leaves. In the entire growth of cow-
peas on one acre there was contained in one case 53.7
pounds of nitrogen, in another 69.8, and in another
87.2, an average of 70.2 pounds of nitrogen per acre,
124
wliicli is o(i[uiviilont to tlie Tiitr()«^vu in 1,003 pounds
of cotton siH^d meal.
In tlic roots, stubble and fjilb'u leaves on an acre
there were, resi>ectively, 11.05, 1(;.2 and 31.4 pounds of
nitrogen, an average of 19.75 pounds of nitrogen per
acre, which is equivalent to tliat contained in 2S2 ]>ounds
of cotton seed meal.
The average of three tests shows that 28 per cent, of
the total nitrogen wa« contained in the roots, stubble
and fallen leaves after the removal of the hay.
The average increase in the yields of succeeding crops
was practically identical whether the fertilizing mate-
rial was supplied by cowpeas or by velvet beans. E(iual
areas of these two plants were of practically eciual value
for soil improvement.
The word vines is here used as synonymous with the
entire plant of the velvet bean, and with the entire plant
of the cowpea after the pods are picked.
The increase in the yield of seed cotton produced in
the year immediately following the plowing in of the
vines of cowi>eas or velvet beans averaged in four tests
5G7 pounds per acre, worth (at 6J cents per pound for
lint and |7.50 per ton for seed) |14.17. The increase
in the fii-st cotton crop after the use as fertilizers of
the vines of the summer legumes was never less than
32 i^er cent, and averaged 63 per cent.
In one test with corn the increase in the first crop
where velvet bean vines had been plowed in was 81
per cent., of 12.3 bushels, worth at least $6.15 per acre.
With oats the average increase from the vines of the
summer legumes in three tests averaged 17 bushels per
acre, and with wheat the corresponding increase in two
tests was 5.65 bushels per acre.
The increase in the yield of sorghum hay after cow-
pea and velvet bean vines averaged 87 per cent., or an
125
average gain of 2.1 tons of hay per acre, worth, at |6.67
per ton, |14.02.
When the vines of the cowpea or velvet bean were
utilized as hav and onlv the roots and stubble employed
as fertilizer the increase in the yield per acre of the crop
immediatelv succeeding the stubble was as follows :
208 pounds of seed cotton, or 18 per cent, worth $5.20.
4.3 bushels of corn, or 32 per cent.;
28 bushels of oats, or 334 per cent.;
6.7 bushels of wheat, or 215 per cent.;
2.08 tons of sorghum hay, or 57 per cent.
The largest percentage increase from either the vines
or stubble of cowpeas or velvet beans was made by
wheat and fall sown oats, probably because these best
prevented the washing away or leaching out of the fer-
tilizing material in the stubble or vines of the legumes.
Generally on sandy soil those crops most completely
utilize the fertilizing value of the legumes which leave
the land unoccupied for the shortest interval. It is
generally unad^isable for legumes to immediately suc-
ceed legumes in the rotation of crops, for non-legumi-
nous plants like cotton, corn, the small grains, grasses,
etc., make better use of the nitrogen of the fertilizing
crop.
The value of the increased product resulting from the
use of the entire legume for fertilizer was greater with
cotton and sorghum than with corn, oats or wheat.
These experiments emphasize the importance of such
a rotation of crops as will require a large proportion
of the cultivated land of every farm to be devoted to
some leguminous plant.
Comparing the fertilizing effect of the vines with that
of the stubble of the cowpea and the velvet bean, the
excess in the next crop in favor of the vines averaged
as follows:
12G
G.C) Imslicls of corn \h^v acre, or 40 per cent.
.5 Urn ui" feurghuui hay, ur 0 per cent.
452 pounds of seed cotton jut acre, or. . . .40 per cent.
With these three crojK^ tli(» avera.i^e increase in value
l)er acre was $5.1)8 gr(*ater from vines than from stubble.
^\'illl oat^; and wheat tlie vini^ of these sununer le<;umes
were not superior to the stubble when the small j.?rains
were sown immediately after the legumes matured.
The fertilizing etTect of the stubble of cowpeas or
v(4vet beans was very transitory on sandy land, the aver-
age increase in the second crop of corn after the stubble
being only 1.34 bushels per acre, or 12 per cent., as
compared with the yield of a plot that had not borne
legumes. •
The fertilizing effect of the vines of cowpeas and
velvet beans was less transitory than that of the stubble,
and the increase was 24 to 54 per cent, in the second
crop, 14 per cent, in the third crop (oats), and the favor-
able effect was even perceptible in the fourth crop
(sorghum) grown in the same year as the third. The
total increase in value of the four crops occupying cer-
tain plots during the three years after the plowing un-
der of the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans was $42.97
per acre, an annual increase of |14.32 per acre.
On the other hand, on very light soil the fertilizing ef-
fects of both stubble and vines had practically disap-
peared within twelve months after the plowing in of the
legumes.
Corn as the second crop yielded 14 per cent., or 2.1
bushels more after legume vines than after legume stub-
ble, this representing a value of f 1.05. The permanency
of effect of legumes in eoil improvement seems to be in
proportion to the stiffness of the soil and to the mass of
vegetable matter afforded by the legume, and the favor-
able influence of leguminous yines is apparently not
less permanent than that of stable manure.
127
INTRODUCTOKY.
The improvement of the soil should be one of the
chief aims of every farmer. Every increase in pro-
ductiveness brings an even more marked increase in
profits. Given rich soil, and almost any crop will pay if
adapted to the local conditions and markets. Labor
spent in the cultivation of corn or cotton on extremely
poor soil usually earns scant reward or none.
Fortunately much of the poorest Avorn land can be
brought to a fair degree of productiveness. The means
of soil improvement are various. Most thoroughly
tested by long experience in Europe and America is
that system of faiTQing which depends for soil enrich-
ment on the manure from a large number of livestock
maintained on the farm, partly for immediate profit,
but largely for use as manufacturers of fertilizers. This
system should be much more generally followed in Ala-
bama. However, its introduction will be gradual be-
cause of limited capital, inexperience, and the small
number and poor quality of the native livestock that
must serve as a foundation for stock raising.
Meantime the most immediately available method of
increasino- the fertilitv of the soils of the South consists
in the free use of that class of leguminous plants, or
legumes, which embraces cowpeas, velvet beans, soy
beans, beggar weed, peanuts, hairy vetch, crimson clover,
and numerous others.
When these plants are grown under suitable condi-
tions specific enlargements occur on their roots and these
are called root tubercles, or root nodules. The micro-
scopic organisms which live within these tubercles are
able to assimilate the nitrogen of the air that circu-
lates through the upper layers of the soil. This nitrogen
while a part of the air was useless to plant life, but
r2s
A\ iiliiii ihu lubc'iriL's it is changed iiilo available fertilizer
iiiid is cmitIcmI by tlu^ sa]) io every ])ai't (»f tlie lej^umi-
iious phi 111. lieiice we may sjieak of these tubercles
as fertilizer f:i(l(»ri(^s wliere nilrogcnous fertilizei*s are
iiiaiuifactured and wlnMn-e they are sent to every part
of the eo^^7)ea or velvet beau, or other ieguniiuous plant.
The plowinj; in of tlie lej^nnie ji^ives this nitrojj^en to
the soil for the use of other i^lants. Nitroji:en when
jKirchased in the form of cotton seed mtMl costs 12 to
15 ceut« per pound, but when it is furnished by le<;umes
it is many times cheajK^r, the principal outlay being for
seed and labor.
Great as is the need of the South for varied indus-
trial development, the factories most urgently needed
and paying largest dividends are those which every
farmer can bring into being b}' the millions on the
roots of such legumes as cowpeas, velvet beans, vetch,
crimson clover, melilotus, bur clover, and alfalfa.
These crops afford nitrogen and vegetable matter,
thus supplying the principal deficiencies of southern
soils, and they may be either used directly and ex-
clusively for this purpose, or with greater profit the
tops may first be fed to livestock, thus affording a two-
fold profit in animal products and fertilizer, w^hile the
stubble and roots are immediately available for soil im-
provement.
The stubble alone usually causes a sufficient increase
in the yield of the following crop to more than pay the
cost of seed, fertilizer, and cultivation of the legume,
leaving the food value of the tops as a net gain.
The principal part of this bulletin is occupied with
data ol)tained at Auburn during the past five years and
bearing on the extent and permanency of the fertilizing
effect of cowpeiis and velvet beans.
The following conditions prevailed in all of these tests,
unless otherwise specifically stated:
129
The legumes were grown in drills and cultivated and
niaderatelv fertilized with acid phosphate or with phos-
phate and some potash salt. The crops, corn, cotton,
oats, wheat, sorghum, and rye, used to measure the
fertilizing effects of the legumes, have received no appli-
cation of nitrogen, but have been fertilized with phos-
phate and potash.
The soil in all tests is rather poor to extremely poor
deep sandy upland, the white or gray being almost a
pure sand and the reddish soil approaching a loam with
clavev loam subsoil in the latter case.
The vines or stubble of the legumes have been plowed
under just before the planting of the next crop.
The variety of cowpeas employed was the Wonderful
or Unknown.
In valuing the crops the endeavor has been made to
use conservative average prices, the error, if any, be-
ing in putting them too low rather than too high. Lint
cotton has been rated at 6f cents per pound, cotton
seed at §7.50 per ton, sorghum hay at |6.67 per ton, corn
at 50 cents, oats 40 cents, and wheat 80 cents per
bushel. So record is here made of the increase in the
yields of grain, straw or corn stover, assmuing that this
has been about sufficient to cover the increased cost of
harvestino- and threshing.
a
Time to Plow in Cowpea Vines.
On a gray sandy upland soil the vines of drilled
co^\'peas were plowed under in the late fall of 1898 and
1900, while on other plots plowing was deferred until
nearly planting time.
The vields of corn were as follows :
130
liK-shcLs of corn per acre foUoiriiuj coupva vines plowed
under in lute fall or early spring.
■
Bus. per acre.
1 1899 1 1901 Av. 2yr.
F*all Dlowed
23.8
20.8
30.6
29.7
27.2
SiirinET nlowed
25.3
Difference
3.0
0.9
1.9
Tlie results are slightly in favor oi plowing under
IH'avines in the latter part of the fall rather than in
spring. As the plots were not strictly uniform, further
experiments are needed before definite conclusions can
be drawn. It should be said that on July 5, 1899, the
foliage of the corn plant was much greener where the
vines had been turned under in the fall than on the other
idots, though the ears were not discernably different.
It is usually regarded as best to avoid fall plowing
on sandy land in the South unless a winter crop is
to be grown. On heavy soils where fall plowing may
otherwise be desirable, the legumes should first be al-
lowed to mature.
Unless otherwise stated the time of plowing under
cowpea and velvet bean vines referred to in this bulletin
is a few days or weeks before the planting of the new
crop that is to occupy the ground.
Kelative Fertilizing Values of Different Varieties
OF Cowpeas.
Corn was grown in 1898 and 1901 immediately fol-
lowing different varieties of drilled cowpeas which had
been picked and in spring the vines plowed under.
131
Excess of yield of corn in bushels per acre on vine plots
as compared in 1898 icith ivo-legumes plot and in
1901 with plot where only pea stuhhle had been
plowed under.
Variety of cowpeas,
Wonderful (or Unknown) ....
Whippoorwill
Clay
Black, from Hastings
Red Ripper
New Era
White Giant
Jones White
Large White Crowder
Lady
Average
189S.
Bus.
1901.
Bus.
2.7
0.6
2.9
—1.5
4.3
0.7
—2.9
5.9
—3.2
0.6
1.9
5.3
6.8
3.3
1.4
These figures are given merely as a matter of record,
and no conclusions are vet warranted. As a matter
of common experience any variety of cowpeas affords
in its vines as much or more nitrogen than the follow-
ing corn crop can utilize. For crops requiring a larger
amount of nitrogen or for larger supplies of vegetable
matter we mav safelv value the numerous varieties of
cowpeas in proportion to the yeild of hay which they
would afford if thus utilized. As noted in Bulletin 118
Wonderful (or Unknown), Clay, and Iron are among
the varieties makins^ laro-e vields of hav, and hence of
fertilizing material. The Wonderful, by reason of its
large yeild, large stems and roots, and varied useful-
ness, is especially recommended for fertilizing pur-
poses. It is possible, however, that future investiga-
tions may show some advantage for varieties that run
along the ground and thus by the tangle of runners hold
in place on sloping ground in winter a larger propor-
tion of the leaves than is done bv an erect varietv like
Whippoorwill or Wonderful.
132
('(»\vim:a \'i\i:s, Effixt ox Following Cotton Tuop
OF 18Di).
Oil ii reddish loam ui)laiid soil of I'air quality drilled
Wond(M*fiil cowpisis an<l cotton, similarly fertilized were
«^i<>\Mi ill 1S<)S. Tli(^ i)eas were picked, yielding- 11.8
Imsliels ]>er acre, and the vines were i)1o\v(h1 under the
next sprin*;, when hotli areas were planted with cot-
ton. The corrects 31 eld of cotton in 18D9 was 367
pounds, or 32 ])er cent, greater on the area where the
jieavines had Ix^^n plowed in than on the plots where the
[UiMcding crop had been cotton.
Coicpea vines, residual fertiJiziny effect on second
crop, i:iz., oats grown in 1900. — Burt oats were sown in
February', 1900, on the same plots as above to test the
residual or second-year effects of cowpea vines. On
some plots the oats received no nitrogenous fertilizer,
on others TG ix)unds of nitrate of soda was used per
acre.
The yields of oats, in bushels per acre, were as fol-
lows :
FeriiliziiKj effects on oats of coicpeas grown two years
before.
After
cotton in
"1)8 and ■9'.>
After
cowpeas in
'Its & cotton
in '\)\).
Increase attribu-
able to cowpeas
of 'ys.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus. %
Yield of oats per acre
with nitrate of soda. .
Yield of oats per acre
without nitrogenous
fertilizer
19.7
12.3
25.5
22.0
5.8
9.7
29
79
In this case we have an increase of 9.7 bushels, or 79
per cent., as the effect of cow"pea vines on oats grown
as the second crop after cowpeas. So strong was this
133
fertilizing effect of cowpeas that it was not entirely
obscured even when nitrate of soda was also employed,
the increase in the yield of oats under these conditions
being 29 per cent.
Coicpeas as fertilizer on lime land. — A co-operative
fertilizer experiment was conducted for this Station
by Capt. A. A. McGregor on lime land at Town Creek,
in North Alabama. In his experiment the coT\T)ea was
the legume employed.
In 1898 cowpeas were grown on certain plots and cot-
ton on others. The cowpea vines, on which no fruit had
matured, were plowed under in the spring of 1899.
Cotton was planted on plots which had borne a crop of
cotton in 1898 and on others which had grown cowpeas
for fertilizing purposes. All cotton plots referred to
in this paragraph were unfertilized in 1899, and the
fertilization of cowpeas and cotton in 1898 had been
identical, only phosphate having been used with either
crop.
The weather was exceedingly unfavorable in 1899, so
that the full measure of the fertilizing value of cowpeas
was not revealed in this test.
In this case the average increase in the yield of seed
cotton, which we mav attribute to the cowpea vines is,
even under very adverse conditions, 58 per cent., or 125
pounds, worth at 2^ cents per pound, $3.92 per acre.
Doubtless later crops have also been benefited by the
fertilization with cowpeas.
There is reason to expect a larger increase than the
above when cowpeas are plowed under on the lime lands
of either the Tennessee Valley or of the Central Prairie
Region of Alabama. Especially in the prairie soils the
principal need is for vegetable matter to lighten the soil
and to add nitrogen, and for these purposes the choice
must usually be made between melilotus (the so-called
lucern) and co^i)eas.
134
Fi:ktilizix(; Effixts of Vines of Cowpeas and Velvet
Beans as Shown ?.y Sorcium in 1S1)7.
Ill IStlT sorulimii was ii^rown on three plots following,
resjXMtively, velvet bean vines ]>lowe(l under, cowpea
vines 1)1ow(h1 under, and fallow, or clean cultivation
without crop in 1S9G.
In 1897 the yields of sorghum hay per acre were as
follows:
Yield. I Increase
Lbs. I Lbs. I %
After fallow
After cowpeas. plowed in . . .
After velvet beans, plowed in
85
86
The effect of the legumes was to nearly double the
crop of sorghum hay.
Fertilizing Materials in Leaves, Stems, and Eoots
OF THE Cowpea.
In September, 1899, just 81 days after the planting
of the seed, samples Avere taken of six varieties of cow-
peas growing in 34-inch drills on poor gray sandy land.
The sample in each case comprised the entire growth on
a measured area of land, including the roots growing in
the upi)er G inches of soil, which stratum contained
nearly all the roots.
After curing, the leaves, blooms and pods, coarse
stems ,fine stems (including runners, leafstalks, etc.),
fallen leaves and leafstalks,and roots vdth attached
stubble about two inches long, were carefully separated.
Analyses were made in the chemical department of a
composite sample representing all six varieties, the ma-
terial analyzed being extremely dry. (For analysis of
same samples showing food value see Alabama Station
Bulletin No. 118, page 37.)
135
The following table sllO^YS what percentage of the
total air-dry weight of the plants of each variety was
available for fertilizing purposes after the removal of
the hav.
Per cent, of the entire tceight of the coivpea plant in
stuhhle and roots and in fallen leaves and leaf stalks.
Variety.
Fallen
leaves,
etc.
Roots and
2-incli
stubble.
Total.
Miller
%
17.7
3.7
15.4
19.2
14.3
22.9
%
25.0
21.6
19.0
20.3
14.5
26.0
%
42.7
Whippoorwili
Irou :
Wonderful
25.3
34.4
39.5
.Tones White
28.8
Clay
48.9
Average, 6 varieties
15 ^
21.1
86.6
The average for the six varieties shows that in each
100 pounds of dry plants there were 15.5 pounds of
fallen leaves and leaf stalks, and 21.1 pounds of roots
and stubble, making a total of 36.6 pounds, more
than one-third of the entire plant being thus left on the
ground for fertilizer after the hay was cut.
Analyses of the different parts of the plant made by
Prof. C. L. Hare, of the chemical department of this
station, are recorded in the following table.
Composition of parts of the air-dry coiupea plant.
Water.
Nitrogen.
Phosp'ric
Acid.
Potash.
Leaves
■pirif. stems
1 %
10.65
8.97
8.47
9.75
5.25
%
3.59
1.90
1.51
1.67
1.38
%
.78
.64
.42
.37
.26
%
1.49
.68
Hoarse stems
1.49
Fallen leaves and leaf stalk«
Roots and 2-inch stubble. .
1.09
1.11
Let us direct our attention to the nitrogen, since this
is the only one of the three precious elements that the
plant obtains ( in part ) from the air, and the only one in
136
wliicli tlM' ^;(>il is cin-iclKMl l»y llic ;;T()\vin^- of oowpeas.
The ^I'owiim IcnNcs in llic air-dry condition contain
nc-ai'l.v Iwicc as lar^c a ijcrcciitamc of iiitro«i;on as the
tine sU'ins, and more tlian twice as much as the coarse
stems and loots and fallen material.
Antoiniix of air-dnj inuivnal and nifrof/cn afforded hij
different jnirts of the eoicijea plant on one acre
{average of six varieties)
Air dry
material.
I Nitrogen.
In leaves retained on vines ...
In fine stems
In coarse stems
In pods, blooms, etc
In fallen leaves and leaf stalks
In roots and 2-incli stubble ....
Total
Libs.
501.0
401.6
438.8
325.0
357.3
411.7
2435.4
Lbs.
18.00
7.66
6.61
*9.75
5.97
5.68
53.67
♦Assuming 3% of nitrogen in thoroughly air-dry pods.
The amount of nitrogen stored np by a poor crop of
cowpeas growing on an acre, 53.67 pounds, is equivalent
to that contained in 767 pounds of cotton seed meal. It
should be remembered that an undetermined portion of
this nitrogen came from the soil, though on a soil as
lx>or as this the nitrogen derived from the air probably
constituted b}^ far the larger portion of the total nitro-
gen utilized by tlie jdant.
In the stubble, roots, and fallen material there Avas
11.65 pounds of nitrogen per acre or the same amount
as is contained in 162 pounds of cotton seed meal.
Of the total nitrogen in the entire plant 22 per cent,
was found in the roots, stubl)le and fallen material.
An experiment somewhat similar to the preceding
was made in 1900, using only a single variety, Wonder-
ful or Unknown. The seed were planted in drills 2J
187
feet apart ou poor g'ray sandy s-oil. Four samples were
taken from two plots, each sample consisting of the
entire growth on an area of four square yards; the
roots were obtained by digging and sifting the soil to
a depth of six inches, to which stratum all the principal
roots were apparently confined.
Tlrat the samples vrere accurately taken is indicated
by the close agreement of the duplicate samples; hence
only average results are given beloY>\ The vines were
cut, the fallen leaves and leaf stalks collected, and the
roots sifted out on September 5. This was 106 days after
the date of planting on one plot and 78 days after plant-
in"' on the other.
When harvested the more mature sample was slightly
past its prime for hay, as shown by the unduly large
amount of fallen leaves, while the other sample was too
immature and succulent for easy curing.
The yields per acre of extremely dry hay according to
the weight of the samples taken after being stored in an
ofiice for seven months, were 2,269 pounds on the plot
cut at a late stage, and 2,037 pounds of the less mature
material. These are equivalent to about li and 1^ tons
per acre of cowpea hay vdth the usual amount of mois-
ture.
Weights {air-dry) per acre of haij, roots, and stuhhle,
and fallen leaves of the cowpea..
Air dry material, per acre.
Ripening
stage.
Blooming
stage.
Vines, including stems, leaves, pods, etc
Roots, and stubble about 2 in. long. ..
l''allea leaves and leaf stalks
Total
Lbs,
2,269
714
1,385
4,368
Lbs.
2,087
502
804
3,393
138
The followiiiji: table shows what proportion of the en-
tire i>lant consisted of roots, fallen material, and hay,
in tlie i)hints har\'ested when rii»('inn«»- or when in
bloom.
Ripening I Blooming
stage. stage.
Tops
Roots and stubble
Fallen leaves, etc .
%
61
15
24
When hay was made of cowpeas past their prime
there was left on the ground in roots, stubl)le, and fallen
material 48 per cent, of the weight of the plant, and
Avhen mowing occurred when the vines were in bloom
30 per cent, of the total weight remained as fertilizer
material.
Analyses made by Prof. J. T. Anderson, Associate
Chemist of this Station, are recorded below :
Composition of hajj, fallen material^ and roots and
stuhblc of the cow pea.
Phosph'ric
AVater.
Nitrogen.
Acid.
Potash.
In ripening stage:
%
%
%
"^n ..
Hay
9.05
2.46
.85
2.14
Fallen leaves and
leaf stalks
7.80
1.83
.64
1.45
Roots and stubble . .
7.77
1.17
.48
1.51
In blooming stage:
Hav
8.15
2.57
.81
2.86
Fallen leaves, etc. . .
G.80
1.36
.59
1.15
Roots and stubble . .
7.00
1.05
.41
2.11
From this table it may be seen that the hay is more
than twice as rich as the roots and stubble in nitrogen,
and also richer in phosphoric acid and potash.
The amounts of nitrogen contained in the hay, fallen
material, and roots and stubble on one acie w ere as fol-
lows :
139
Ripening stage. Blooming stage.
Lbs. nitrogen. Lbs. nitrogen.
In hay 55.8 53 . 6
In fallen leaves, etc 23.1 10.9
In roots and stubble 8.3 5.3
Total per acre 87.2 69.8
The total amounts of nitrogen stored up by the cow-
pea plant on one acre was in one case 87.2 pounds, in
the other 69.8 pounds, equivalent, respectively, to the
nitrogen in 1.216 and 997 pounds of cotton seed meal.
Of this amount there was left in and on the soil when
mowing occurred late 31.4 pounds of nitrogen ; and from
the younger plants 16.2 pounds per acre. This is equiva-
lent to the statement that the nitrogen per acre remain-
ing after the ^ines were removed was equal to the
amount contained in 116 or 231 pounds of cotton seed
meal.
Of the total nitrogen in the plant, the roots, stubble,
and fallen material contained 34 per cent, at the ripen-
ing stage, and 23 per cent, at the blooming period.
Considering the three tests together the total amounts
of nitrogen per acre of cowpeas was 70.2 pounds in the
entire growth, of which the average amount in the
stubble was 19.75 pounds, or 2S per cent.
CowPEA Stubble versus Cowpea Vines as Fertilizer
FOR Corn in 1901.
Corn was grown in 1901 on sandy loam land, which,
in 1900 had borne a light crop of drilled cowpeas,
planted after the removal of the oat crop of 1900.
Three plots were employed. On one the peavines had
been cut the previous September, yielding 1,618 pounds
of hay per acre. On the other two plots no vines nor
peas were harvested but the entire growth, which was
MU
oiilv alxmt lialf of a normal yield, was plowed under
^lai'ch 14, at which time the stubble plot was also
plowed.
On the stubble plot and on one of the othei-s corn
was fei'tiliz(Ml with 100 pounds of acid phosphate per
acre, which fertilizer was omitted from the third plot.
The stand was uniform. The yields of corn in l)ushels
per acre were as follows :
Bus.
Pea stubble and phosphate as fertilizer 11.40
Pea vines and phosphate as fertilizer 20.28
Pea vines as fertilizer, no phosphate 21.74
The yield of corn following pea vines was 78 per cent,
greater than the yield on the plot where the stubble
only had been plowed under, the increase being 8.88
bushels per acre.
In the presence of a considerable amount of rich vege-
table matter furnished by pea vines, phosphate was not
needed on this soil wliere acid phosphate had been ap-
plied annually for many years.
In a different field on more permeable gray sandy
soil corn grown in l^v")! on a plot where the stubble of
AVonderful cowpeas had been plowed under for hay
yielded 25.3 bushels per acre. The average yield of
corn on two adjacent plots — where cowpea vines of the
varieties Lady and AYliite Giant, both luxuriant growers,
had been plowed under, was 25.9 bushels per acre.
Here there was practically no superiority of vines over
stubble as a fertilizer for corn.
Note should also be taken of the increase in the corn
crop due to plowing in either stubble or vines of a num-
ber of varieties as recorded in the table on page 131.
141
Velvet Bean Stubble and Vines as Fertilizers for
Corn in 1901.
The fertilizing effect of velvet liean stubble, of velvet
bean vines, and of velvet bean vines in connection with
acid phosphate, was tested in 1901 on four plots of very
IX)or, deep white sandy soil. On one plot the proced-
ing crop had been corn. On the other three plots drilled
velvet beans planted June 13, after the harvesting of
the oat crop, had made only a moderate growth in 1900.
On one of these plots the velvet bean vines were cut
September 10, 1900, yielding 3,632 pounds of hay per
acre.
On the other two plots the vines were left on the land
all winter. In the latter part of the winter all four
plots were plowed, a disc harrow having first been run
over the field while the vines were frozen in order to
cut them and thus render it easier to plow them in.
The corn on three of the plots was fertilized with 100
pounds of acid phosphate per acre, but this fertilizer
was omitted on one of the plots where velvet bean vines
had been plowed in.
Yield of corn in 1901 following corn, velvet hean stuh-
hle, or velvet hean vines.
Bus.
Phosphate (but no legume), as fertilizer 13.58
Velvet bean stubble and phosphate as fertilizer . . 17 . 93
Velvet bean vines and phosphate as fertilizer ... 25 . 90
Velvet bean vines (no phosphate), as fertilizer. . 21.48
The increased yield per acre, as compared ^ith the
yield on the plot on which the previous crop had been
corn, was 4.35 bushels, or 32 per cent., T\ith velvet bean
stubble, and 12.32 bushels, or 81 per cent., with velvei
bean vines.
142
The incr«i«e attril)iiUi])le to 100 pounds of acid pbos-
l>liato was 4.42 bnshols, wliicli mado the use of this
iiiiiicral fertilizer <l(M'i(le(lly jtiofitable for corn on very
poor wliite sandy s'ti^l, when used in connection with a
lar<;e mass vi' licli vc«;ctal)le matter. On the other
hand, on a spot about 100 j^ards distant, where the
soil was le.ss sandy and in better condition, phosphate
did not increase the yield of corn when added to pea
vines plowed under. (See page 140.)
Immediate Fertilizing Effect on Sorghum of Cowpea
AND Velvet Bean Vines and of Cowpea and
Velvet Bean Stubble.
The soil on which the following experiment was made
is a sandy loam, containing many small flint stones, and
underlaid bv a stififer subsoil.
In 1898 eight uniform plots were planted, 2 plots
with velvet beans, 5 with Wonderful cowpeas (most
plots broadcast), and 1 with drilled Orange sorghum.
The growth of the several plots was either cured for hay
or used as a fertilizer, as indicated in the next table.
March 9, 1899, all plots were plowed and in due time
sorghum was planted in drills on all plots, and the two
cuttings of this crop at the proper season were cured
for hay.
The yields per acre of sorghum hay at two cuttings,
the first growth having become too coarse, but the sec-
ond being of good quality, averaged as follows :
First year effects on sorghum of stnhhle or vines of coiv-
peas or velvet beans.
Yield
per acre.
Increase from
legumes.
Sorghum hay after sorghum stubble. .
Sorghum hay after cowpea stubble..
Sorghum hay after velvet bean stubble
Sorghum hay after cowpea vine, pckd
Sorghum hay after velvet bean vines
Tons.
3.65
5.66
5.80
5.72
6.76
Tons.
2.01
2.15
2.07
3.11
148
As a fertilizer for sorghum velvet bean vines proved
superior to eowpea vines, and to velvet bean stubble.
The stubble of cowpeas and of velvet beans was of
practically equal fertilizing value.
Residual fertilizing effect of legumes on com grown as
the second crop after eowpea- and velvet hean vines
and coicpea and velvet hean stahble.
March IT, 19C0, the sorghum stubble in the experi-
ment just discussed was turned with a one-horse plow
and March 29 corn was planted on all plots.
''Fertilizing effects in 1900 of stuhhle and vines of cow-
peas and velvet heans grotcn in 1898.
Crop in 1898.
Portion used for
fertilizer.
Corn per acre in 1900.
Plot.
Yield.
Increase
over sorg-
hum plot
of 1898.
Increase,
vines
over
stubble.
8
Sorghum. . .
Cowpeas
(^owpeas
Velvet beans.
Velvet bt ans.
Stubble
Bus.
24.1
25.7
27.7
23.9
26.8
Bus.
Bus.
4 & 7
stubble
Vin 'S. after picking
Stubble
l.H
3.6
0.2
2.6
3 & 6
2
2.0
1
Entire growth
2.4
Let it be noted that the heavy growth of sorghum in
1899 did not utilize all of the fertilitv derived from the
preceding crop of legumes. Although sorghum is a plant
that is especially exhaustive to soil fertilitv, there still
remained for the corn crop of 1900 a residue of nitrogen
from the eowpea and velvet bean vines of 1898 sufficient
to increase the vield of corn to the extent of 3.6 bushels
per acre where cowpeas had grown two years before,
and 2.6 bushels where velvet beans had grown. This is
an average of 3.2 bushels per acre as the residual fer-
tilizing effect of these legumes.
H4
Tlic fci-tili.-iii^- elTects (tf the s(nl»l»l(' and roots of
llicse two ])l;uits wiis fill- iMoic transitory, tlic first suc-
otHNlin^- crop, soi-iilnini, i)racticall>' cxlianstin^ tlicni,
l(^avin<i- H'.illiciciil in the soil to increase the corn cro]) of
11)00 bv only an inconsiderable amount, viz.: l.G bushels
and .2 bushel, an average of .0 bushel per acre/' (Frrun
JJulietin No. Ill, Alabima Ex})eriuient Station.)
iMMKniATE FkUTIIJZIXG EFFECT OX CORN IN 1000
OF COWPEA AND A^ELVi/I BeAN VINLS.
This experimeut was made on a white, sandy soil,
poorer than that used in the last mentioned experiment.
In th(^ late spring and early summer of 1899 velvet
beans hiid been planted in drills on certain plots and
begjz:ar weed had been sown broadcast on others. The beg-
gar weed and a portion of the velvet beans was used
exclusively for fertilizer. On other plots velvet beans
Avere cut, thus leaving only the stubble as fertilizer for
corn.
"These various fertilizing materials were all plowed
under March 31, 1900, and Mosby corn planted April
5, using per acre 240 pounds of acid phosphate and 40
IKninds of muriate of potash.
]"n}cs versus stuhhic of velvet hcans as fertilizer for
corn in 1900.
Plots.
Material used for green manuring.
Yield of
corn per
acre.
4 & 9 I Stubble of velvet beans
3 & 8 I Entire growth of velvet beans
2 & 7 I Entire growth of beggar weeds
j^US.
15.6
27.5
18.7
Increase
over
stubble
plot.
Bus.
11.9
3.1
145
The entire gTowth of velvet beans afforded a yield of
corn greater by 11.9 bushels i^er acre, or 76 per cent.,
than the yield where only the stubble was employed as
fertilizer.'- (Alabama Station Bulletin Xo. 111.)
Residual fertilizing effects of velvet bean vines and
stubble on the second crop of corn grown in 1901.
The same poor, white, sandy hilltop was again
planted in corn in 1901 without any nitrogen-
ous fertilizer. The yield of corn per acre w^ere 15
bushels where velvet bean vines growing in 1899 had
been plowed under and only 11.1 bushels where velvet
bean stubble had been turned under at the same time.
The residual or second-year fertilizing effect of the vines
vras greater than that of the stubble by 3.9 bushels per
acre, or 33 per cent.
The total fertilizing value of the vines during the two
seasons following the date Vvdien they were plowed in
exceeded that of the stubble to the extent of 59 per cent.,
or 15.8 bushels of corn per acre. This amount of corn
would usually be worth more than the net value of the
2,800 pounds of velvet bean hay obtained from the
stubble plot at considerable expense for curing.
In this case it was more profitable to plow under vel-
vet bean \ines for fertilizer than to harvest them for
hay. Judging from other corresponding tests it would
have been still more profitable to have grazed cattle on
the Aines, either in their green o-r winter-killed condi-
tion.
CowPEA AND Velvet Bean Vines, Immediate Fertiliz-
ing Effects on Cotton Grown in 1899.
In 1898 on a reddish loam soil, abounding in flint
stones and underlaid by a red loam subsoil there were
grown on adjacent j)lots cowpeas, velvet beans, and cot-
MG
ton, all lVrtiliz(Hl alike with acid i)]i<>si)li;Lle and kaiuit.
The i-owpeas and velvet beans were planted thickly in
drills, iisin<; per acre 112 iMtunds ol" cowpeas and 120
pounds of velvet beans. The variety of cow^K^as used
wmis the Unknown or Wonderful. Both cowpeiis and
velvet l)(\nis were pickinl and removed from the field,
thouiih the hitter did not fuUv mature. The vines Avere
turned under in March, 1891), and all plots were planted
to cotton; each plot of cotton was fertilized at the rate
of 240 pounds of acid phosphate and DO pounds of kaiuit
per acre.
The yield of seed cotton per acre in 1899 was 1,533
pounds followini*- cowpeas, 1,373 pounds following velvet
beans, and 837 pounds following cotton.
These figures show that the increased yield of seed
cotton attributable to manuring with cowpea vines was
G9() pounds per acre; the gain apparently due to the
fertilization with velvet beans was 546 pounds per acre.
In percentages the increase is S3 and 61 per cent., re-
spectively. Valuing seed cotton at 2^ cents per pound
(wluch is equivalent to 6^ cents per pound of lint and
$7.50 per ton of seed), the gain with cowpeas and velvet
beans is worth, respectively, $17.40 and $13.65 per acre.
Surely it was more profitable to grow cotton every
alternate year at the rate of a bale per acre than to
grow continuous cotton crops of about one-half bale per
acre. Additional proof of this is found in the fact that
one of these plots afforded in 1898 a yield of 18^ bushels
of cowpeas per acre, besides increasing the cotton crop
of the following year to the extent of $17.40 per acre.
147
Residual fertilizing effects of coicpeas and velvet beans
cm sorghum, oats, and late sorghiun groicn as
second, third and fourth crops after
these legumes.
These same plots were planted with drilled sorghum
without any nitrogenous fertilizer in April, 1900; with
red oats without nitrogenous fertilizer in November,
1900, and again with drilled sorghum without any ni-
trogenous fertilizers, July 18, 1901.
Fertilizing effects of cowpeas and velvet bean vines
groivn in 1808 on sorghum in 1900 and
as a second crop in 1901.
Preceding crop.
Sorghum
hay
per acre. '
1900.
Sorghum
hay
per acre.
1901.
Total
increase
after
legumes.
Cotton in '98 and '99
Tons.
5.1
8.1
8.2
Tons.
1.0
1.5
1.6
Tons.
Cowpeas in '98 (picked), and
cotton in '99
3.5
Velvet beans in '98, and cotton
in '99
3.7
As compared with the plot not recently in legumes the
increase of sorghum hay per acre in 1900 from cowpeas
grown two years before was 3 tons per acre, or 59 per
cent. ; from velvet beans two years before the increase
in 1900 was 3.1 tons of hay, or 61 per cent.
The increased yield with late sorghum, which was the
fourth crop after the plowing in of the vines of the
legumes, was, after cowpeas, .5 of a ton, and after velvet
beans .6 of a ton. In the two sorghum crops the total
increase in yield attributable to legumes was, with cow-
peas, 3.5 tons of hay, and with velvet beans 3.7 tons of
sorghum per acre.
148
Now let ns jxo l>ack n few iiioiitlis nnd iiolc llic vicld
of tlic oat i'Vi)]) coniinii- lu'twccn tlx* sori^linm crops of
101)0 and 11M)1.
Yield "f ''<ils ill lUill (/roini as I Ik; fliird crop dfter
Icf/nmt'S.
Yiold.oats
IncreHHe
II f fpr
Preceding crops:
per acre.
legiiines.
Bus.
Bus.l%
Cotton in '98; cotton
in '99;
sorghum in 1900
23.3
1
Cowpeas in '98;
do
do
26.5
3.21 14
Velvet beans in '98;
do
do
37.2
13.9 59
Tlip fevtiliziiij^" (^'lect of tlie lej^uines was apparent
in the third crop after the legunu'S, the increase where
cowjicas had once grown being 3.2 l)iishels of oats per
acre, or 14 per cent. The increas<3 wliere velvet beans
had been is suspicioiish' large, and in subsequent calcu-
lations it will be assumed that the increase in the yield
on this plot if not influenced by accidental conditions
would liave been no greater than that on the plot once
in cowpeas, viz., 3.2 bushels per acre.
Financial results of using cowpea vines as fertilizers
for cotton^ sorghum, oats, and late sorghum.
Let us convert these yields of cowpeas, cotton, sor-
ghum, and oats into their money values to learn
Avhether the introduction of cowpeas or velvet beans into
the rotation has been profitable.
U9
Value of crops per acre in three years (1) following cot-
ton and {2} followimj coicpea vines.
Value of crops per acre in
1899.
1900. 1901.
Total
for 4 crops
in 3 years.
Plot 3 — Xo legume in 5 years:
In '99, 837 lbs. seed cotton, at 2y2C*
In '00, 5.1 tons sorghum hay,
at S6 67 ner ton
$20.92
$38.30
$33.02
$54.00
$9.32
$6.67
$10.60
$10.00
1
1
\ $69.93
1
J
1
i
1- $112.90
1
In 1901, 23.3 bus. oats, at 40c
In 1901, 1 ton sorghum tiay
Plot 1, cowpeas in '98, picked and
vines plowed under:
In '99, 1,533 lbs. seed cotton at
. 2i/>c
In 1900, 8.1 tons sorghum hay
In 1901, 26.5 bus. oats, at 40c
In 1901, 1.5 tons sorghum hay
F) ffpvprir.g \r\ Q vears
1
1 1 $42.97
Average difference per year peracre
1
$14.32
♦Equal to 6% cents per pound of lint, and $7.50 per ton of seed.
The total value of the products grown in three years
on an acre was §69.93 on the plot where no legume had
been grown for mam^ years and |112.90 per acre on
the plot where one crop of cowpeas had been grown once
in four years, and where the vines, after the picking of
the peas, had been plowed under at the beginning of the
three-year period Under consideration. The difference
in the value of the crops for three years is $42.97; the
average annual difference is f 14.32 per acre in favor of
the plot where cowpeas had been grown
The figures showing the financial advantages of using
one crop of velvet beans for fertilizer during the same
period so nearly correspond with those for cowpeas that
the calculation need not be repeated.
On this land the ploAving under of the vines of the
cowpeas and velvet beans was exceedingly profitable. The
160
soil of tlicsc ])lots is ii reddish, clayey loam, stilfer and
probaMy luoro retentive of fertilizer nitrogen and
luinuis than the greater portion of the soil on the Sta-
tion r^nni.
Lest any should misapprehend the lessons of this ex-
periment it is necessary to state that at no time in the
three-year period was any nitrogenous fertilizer applied
to any ciop on any of these plots, but that each crop was
supplicM^l with i)h()sphate and potash.
The yearly application of cotton seed meal would have
lessened the differences between the plots, as it has done
in onr nnx)nblished rotation experiments, and would
have made the advantage in favor of legumes less
striking than in the exhibit above.
Immediate Fertilizing Effects on Cotton of Velvet
Bean Vines.
On poor soil at Auburn an effort was made in 1898
and 1899 to ascertain the manurial value of the vines
and stubble of velvet beans.
In 1898 cotton was grown on certain plots and velvet
beans on others. The fertilization of all plots in 1898
was not identical, but for a given fertilizer applied to
cotton there was a plot of velvet beans receiving the
same fertilizer. The velvet beans grew in drills 3^ feet
apart; the vines formed a dense mat of vegetation, but
did not mature seed. In March, 1899, velvet beans and
cotton stalks Avere plowed in and soon afterwards all
plots were fertilized alike with a mixture of 210 pounds
of acid phosphate and 10 pounds of muriate of potash
per acre.
Russell cotton was planted in 3i feet drills on all
plots on April 21. From midsummer forward there was
a remarkable difference in the appearance of the two
151
sets of plots, the cotton plants being much larger,
greener, and more luxuriant on the plots where velvet
beans had grown the year before.
Av. vield of seed cotton per acre follomng
velvet bean vines 1,578 lbs.
Av. yield of seed cotton per acre following
cotton 918 lbs.
Increase from velvet bean vines 660 lbs.
The average increase attributable to velvet beans used
as a fertilizer was 680 pounds of seed cotton per acre, a
gain of 72 per cent, as compared with the average y^eld
on plots where the preceding crop had been cotton.
At 2i cents per pound of seed cotton (equivalent to
6f cents per pound for lint and |7.50 per ton for seed)
this increase is worth .$16. 50 per acre.
Residual fertilizing effects on com of velvet hean
vines.
The residual ,or second-^^ear, effects were tested on
corn planted on these plots March 29, 1900, without
nitrogenous fertilizer.
Where cotton had grown in 1898 the yield of corn in
1900 was 18 bushels per acre; on the next plot, w^here
velvet beans had been grown for fertilizer in 1898, the
vield of corn in 1900 was 25.5 bushels. This gain of
7.5 bushels per acre, or 12 per cent., represents the resi-
dual or second-year effect of using the entire growth of
velvet beans as a fertilizer.
Immediate and Residual Effects of Velvet Bean
Stubble ox Cotton and Corn.
In the same field the velvet beans on one plot were
cut for hav October 12, 1898. The stubble and roots
In2
wi'i'c ])1()\v(n1 in Ml tlu* fe'.ime time as tlic vines on the
otliei* ]>l<»ts relVi'r(Ml to {ibov(\
Cotton on the ])lol wliei-e only i'(K)ts and stnl>l>le were
plowt^l in yielded in ISDJ) 1,12() ponnds of seed cotton
[HT acre, an increase when compared with the ])lots
^vhere cotton liad c^rown the ])revions ycsir of 208
ponnds, or 49 per cent.
Coniparlnj;- velvet bean vines with velvet bean stubble
the difierence in favor of the vines was 452 pounds
of seed cotton per acre in the first crop.
Corn in 1900 on this plot yielded 14 per cent., or 2.6
bushels per acre more than did corn on the nearest plot
where in 1898 cotton instead of velvet beans had
i;rown. As the stubble plot was slightly lower down on
the hillside we suspect that the increase was partly due
to this disturbin*;- condition and not wholly to the re-
sidual effects of the velvet bean stubble of 1898.
It v>^as on this s.tubble plot that in 1898 the velvet
bean liaj' (8,240 pounds per acre) contained 188.7
pounds of nitrogen and the roots and stubble and fallen
leaves only 12.5 pounds of nitrogen per acre. (See Ala-
bania Station Bulletin, Ko. 104, page 330.)
Immediate Fertilizing Effects of Cowpeas on
Oats in 1897.
^'On sandy soil in 1896 several plots were sown broad-
cast with tlie Wonderful variety of cowpeas, and an
adjacent plot was sown broadcast with German millet.
The German millet was plowed under, as were also the
peavines, the peas having been previously picked.
February 18, 1897, Ked Rust Proof oats were sown
after the above mentioned crops, using in both cases
100 pounds of acid phosphate and SO pounds of nitrate
of soda per acre.
153
After cowpeas the oat straw grew to be three to four
inches taller than on the plot preceded by German
millet. The yields were as follows :
Oats following cowpeas and German millet, 1897.
Yield per acre.
Oats after cowpeas, vines plowed under
Oats after German millet, plowed under
Bus.
Grain.
22.8
12.4
Lbs.
Straw.
78&
559
Difference per acre
10.4
229
In this case coT\T3eas were more valuable than Ger-
man millet as fertilizer for the following oat crop, the
difference in favor of cowpeas being 10.4 bushels of
oats per acre and 229 pounds of straw.'' (From Bul-
letin No. 95, Alabama Experiment Station.)
This is an increase of 84 per cent, in grain.
Immediate Fertilizing Effect of Cowpea and Velvet
Bean Vines and Stubble on Oats in 1898.
This experiment is descibed in the following quota-
tion from Bulletin No. 95 of this Station :
"May 14, 1897, on poor sandy soil Wonderful cow-
peas were sown on two plots, velvet beans on two plots^
and German millet on a fifth plot. A sixth plot was pre-
pared and fertilized but left without seed, to grow up
in crab grass, poverty weed, etc. Cowpeas and velvet
beans were sown in drills two feet apart, German
millet broadcast. The millet was cut for hay July 16,
yielding 994 pounds per acre. The cowpeas on one plot
were picked September 10, yielding 11 bushels per
acre.
The velvet beans did not mature seed.
In September, 1897, cowpeas on one plot and velvet
3
154
Ix'ans on oik* j lot wcic cut for li;iy ;ni(l tin* stubble
plowed iiiKb'T. Tbc vii)(\s of coNvjjcas on one jilot and
of M'lvci Items on anotlici- wcic also plowi'd under on
tlic above mentioned date. Tlicn oats were sown at a
nnit'onn rate on all loiii- i»lol>;^ also on the plot where
the (lernian inillet stnbide had been plowed unch'r and
on the one- where ci-ab i^i-ass and vaiious weeds had just
been buried by the plow.
On all ]tlots oats were fertilized with 220 pounds
per aere of acid i>hosphate and 44 ])ounds of muriate of
IX)tash, no nitroi»en bein^j^ supi)lied except tliat con-
tained in the remains of preceding croijs of cowpeas,
velvet beans, etc.
FiGL'RE 1. Oats following cowpea stubble on the right; on the left
oats after ciabjrass.
155
Yield per acre of oats grown immediatehj after stuhhle
or vines of coicpeas^ velvet heans, etc.
o
o
Yield per acre.
Grain. I Straw.
IjOats after velvet bean vines
6 1 Oats after velvet bean stubble
Average after velvet bean vines and stubble
4 Oats after ccwpea vines
3 Oats after cowpea stubble
Average after cowpea vines and stubble. ...
2 Oats after crab grass and weeds
5 Oats after German millet
Average, after non-leguminous plants
Lbs.
1206
1672
1439
1463
2013
1738
231
361
296
From early spring there was a marked difference in
the appearance of the several plots, the plants being
much greener and taller where either the stubble or
vines of cowpeas had been plowed under.
When the oats began to tiller, or branch, the differ-
ence increased, the plants supplied with nitrogen,
through the decay of the stubble or ^ines of cowpeas
and velvet beans, tillering freely and growing much
taller than the plants following German millet or crab
grass. The difference in the height and thickness of
the oats on some of the plots is shown in figures 1 and 2.
May 18, 1898, oats on all plots were cut.
In this experiment the average yield of oats was 33.6
bushels after velvet beans, 31.6 bushels after cowpeas,
and only 8.4 bushels after non-leguminous plants (crab
grass, weeds and German millet.)
Here is a gain of 24.2 bushels of oats and nearly
three-fourths of a ton of straw as a result of growing
leguminous or soil-improving plants, instead of non-
leguminous plants, during the preceding season.
15G
UiHlouhtcilly tliis is au cxtremr, and not an average^
case. If cotton seed meal, or other nitrogenous fer-
tilizer, had heen used on all the plots of oats, the ])laut8
on plots 2 and 5 would have nuule better growth, and
the difference in favor of the leguuiinous plants would
have been reduced.
A gain of five to fifteen ])ushels of oats per acre as
a result of i)lowing under cowpea stubble or vines would
make the growing of cowpeas for fertilizer a profitable
operation, and it is far safer to count on such an in-
crease as that obtained in our first experiment (10.4
bushels), rather than to expect such an exceptional in-
crease as that obtained in this last experiment.
An unexpected result of this experiment is the larger
crop on the plots where only the stubble was left than
on those where the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans
were plowed under. The plots were of nearly uniform
fertility, as judged by the location and by the uniform
growth of cotton on all plots in 1896. While admitting
the possibility that the two west plots (plots 3 and 6)
were slightly richer than the two on the east (plots
1 and 4), the writer thinks that the difference in yield
was almost wholly due (1) to the fact that the vines
(especially those of the velvet beans) were not prop-
erly buried by the small plow employed, and (2) that
the seed bed for oats was more compact where only
stubble was plowed under, a point of advantage, doubt-
less, in such a dry winter as that of 1897-98. It does
not follow that the land will be permanently ben-
efitted by cowpea stubble to a greater extent than
by cowi)ea vines. The reverse is probably true." ( From
Bulletin No. 95, Alabama Experiment Station.)
f
157
Residual fertilizing effect on late corn of cowpea and
velvet bean vines and stuhhle.
On June 20, 1898, or a month after the harvesting of
the oats in the last mentioned experiment, all six of
these plots were planted in corn without nitrogenous
fertilization, which crop, as usual with very late corn
on poor upland, was a failure.
The vields were as follows:
Yields of late corn grown as the second crop after
legumes.
Crop in 1897: |
Yield
per acre.
Increase after
legumes.
Crab arrass Dlowed in
Bus.
4.3
7.3
6.2
7.7
6.7
7.9
German millet, stubble plowed in
CowDeas stubble nlowed in
.4
Velvet beans; stubble plowed in
Cowpeas, picked; vines plowed in
Vplvpt beans' vines nlowed in
1.9
.9
2.1
The fertilizing effects of both stubble and vines of
cowpeas was scarcely perceptible in the late corn
planted eight months after and harvested thirteen
months after the plowing under of the large amounts of
nitrogen furnished by the legumes. Apparently the
crop failure was not due to deficient rainfall, for this
was ample except for about two weeks about the middle
of Auo^ust. The small size of stalks leads to the sus-
picion that there was a deficiency of nitrogen on all
plots. If this nitrogen was lost by being leached out
in the draining water this loss must have occurred al-
most entirely after corn was planted or in July and
August ; for in 1898 April, May, and June were unusu-
allv drv months. On the other hand there was a
period of excessive rainfall July 4 to 11 and of still
greater excess July 28 to August 6. During this latter
158
period 7.51) inclics of rain IVU in a space of ten days.
Tlie expcriiiH'iit seems to teacli tliat on very li<2:ht,
urav, sandy indand, siihiect also to surface wasliini;-, tlie
ferliliziiiii- drtM'ts of even lar^c amounts of nitroj^en fnr-
nislieil by preceding crops of legumes may be removed
frcnn the soil witliin twelve months after the legume
has been i)1()\\(m1 in. Tlie lesson might also be drawn
that on such soils the planting of any non-leguminous
crop after small grain is risky, but that if such a crop
is employed the seed should be put into the ground
as soon as possible after the removal of the grain crop.
An experience like this in which the fertilizing effect
of the entire or nearly entire growth of the legume
was no greater than that of the stubble on either the
first or on the second succeeding crop emphasizes the
^N'isdom of utilizing the vines of cowpeas, etc., for food,
leaving only the roots and stubble to fertilize the next
crop.
Immediate Fertilizing Effect on Wheat of Cowpea
AND Velvet Bean Vines and Stubble.
All the plots of the last mentioned experiment were
in oats from February to June, 1900.
June 23, 1900, certain plots were planted with drilled
cowpeas, certain others with drilled velvet beans, and
yet others were merely plowed and fertilized with
minerals, as were the legumes.
Of the two plots of cowpeas, one was cut for hay,
yielding 2,004 pounds per acre; on the other 7.9 bushels
of seed per acre were picked. One plot of velvet beans
was cut for hay, while on the other the vines were left
on the ground for fertilizer. The cowpea plants, va-
riety Wonderful, were somewhat injured by a fungous
disease of the roots; velvet beans, by reason of late date
159
of planting- and deficiency in stand, did not make an en-
tirely satisfactory srrowth.
Noyember 9 all plots were plowed, turning under
either yolunteer grass and rag weeds, or cowpea yines,
or yelyet bean yines, or cowpea stubble, or yelyet bean
stubble. The plowing was poorly done with a one-
horse turn plow and in sowing the wheat a few days
later some of the yelyet bean vines were pulled ay. The
wheat receiyed only mineral fertilizers, and, indeed,
practically no nitrogen had been applied to these plots
for three years.
The yields of wheat in 1900 were as follows :
Bushels of icheat per acre after leguminous and non-
leguminous crops :
Crop in 1899.
Yield per
acre.
Increase by use
of leg-umes.
Crab grass and weeds; plowed in
Pnwnpa^" stubble nlowed in
Bus.
3.1
11.8
7.8
9.0
8.5
Bus.
8.7
4.7
5.9
5.4
%
280
Velvet beans; stubble plowed in
Cowpeas, picked; vines plowed in ....
Velvet beans; vines plowed in
151
190
174
Both the stubble and the vines of the legumes prac-
tically trebled the yield obtained on the plots where no
le«Time had orown. The stubble was at least as effect-
ive as the vines, pointing to the greater economy of uti-
lizing the vines for hay or pasturage.
June 19, 1900, all these plots were planted with Mos-
by corn, fertilized only Avith phosphate and muriate of
potash. The crop was a failure on all plots, the yield
of cured fodder corn ranging from 1,510 to 2,200 pounds
per acre, the plots where vines had been plowed in the
previous fall showing no superiority over the stubble
plots, and very little increase as compared with the
plot where no legume had grown. It is impossible to
ascertain whether the failure with corn was due to the
IGO
protracted (lion^hl (Ini-iiii;- jiIiimksI the \vli(>U' of -Hily or
to the leacliiiii;' out of llie iiitro^vn of the l('«;unies
duriiiii- tlic last IVw days in June, wlic^n 5.20 inches
of rain fell williin a ])(M'iod of four days. The latter
exphuiation seems more probable in view of the fairly
favorable rainfall after Au^^ust 1, 11)00, and because of
similar failure of the late corn crop on the same field
in 1808, when there was no long period of drought, but
a brief one of even more excessive rainfall.
The history of these six plots for these four years
ending with 1900 as just detailed shoAvs very plainly
that the fertilizing effects of nitrogen very quickly dis-
appear on this light sandy sloping field, not underlaid
by a clay or clayey loam subsoil ; and that on such soils
the stubble of co\^^eas or velvet beans was as efficient
as the vines, not only for the immediately succeeding
crop, but for later crops as well. This narrative should
add force to the recommendation we have so often given
that as far as possible the stems, foliage and seed of
legumes be utilized as food for animals and only what
remains be employed as fertilizer.
Fertilizing Effects of Velvet Beans, and Peanuts;
AS Compared with Corn, Sweet Potatoes and
Chufas.
On a gray sandy upland soil, free from stones and un-
derlaid by a sandy subsoil, various crops were grown in
1899, for the double purpose of comparing them as to
the amount of hog food produced and as to their ef-
feet in enriching or depleting the soil. The chufas
and a part of the Spanish peanuts were consumed by
shoats penned on the field. As the running variety of
peanuts failed this season to make any nuts the lux-
uriant grow^th of Aines was plowed under in the fall,
as was also done with the vines of velvet beans and with
16i
cowpea vines after the latter had been picked. Only
the ears of corn were removed from the land, and only
the roots of sweet potatoes.
Rye, sown broadcast on November 13, 1899, on all
plots, was employed as the crop for determining what
effect the various summer crops had exerted on the
fertility of the soil. The fertilizer for rye consisted of
the following amounts per acre:
80 pounds of cotton seed meal.
160 pounds of ammoniated acid phosphate.
61 pounds of muriate of potash.
The effects of the legumes as fertilizers for rye would
liave been more striking if no cotton seed meal or am-
moniated guano had been employed, but the poverty of
this sandy soil made some nitrogen indispensible if ab-
solute failure of crop was to be avoided on the plots
where sweet potatoes, chufas and corn had grown.
The rye was cut April 13 and April 16, and the green
forage at once weighed. Xo second cutting of rye was
made, but the land was turned to other uses.
Yields of rye following sweet potatoes^ corn, chufas,
peanuts, cowpeas and velvet heans.
Preceding crop.
Increase from
legumes as
compared
with sweet
potatoes.
Rye, after sweet potatoes dug (av. 2 plots) . .
Rye, after corn, ears pulled
Rye, after chufas, eaten on the land
Rye, after Spanish peanuts; dug and only
nuts removed
Rye, after Spanish peanuts; eaten on the land
Rye, after Whippoorwill cowpeas, drilled and
picked (diseased)
Rye, after velvet beans, entire growth plowed
in (av. 2 plots)
Rye, after velvet beans, nearly mature pods
picked, vines plowed in
Rye, after running peanuts, entire growth
plowed in (av. 2 plots)
Lbs.
Lbs.
2360
3440
1080
4560
2200
3440
1080
6640
4280
4960
2600
5720
3360
4720
2360
5212
2852
%
41
93
41
181
110
142
100
121
162
Figure 3. Rye from equal areas, following (20 velvet beans: and
(12 & 13) sweet potatoes; ( 10 S it 11 S.) corn; (10 N. & U N.)
chufas hogged
FiGUKE 3. Rye from equal areas, following (16 S. & 17 S.) Spanish
peanuts, dug: (18 S. & 19 S ) cowpeas; U N. & 15 N. ) running
peanuts.
163
The legumes increased the yield in every case as com-
pared with sweet potatoes, the excess ranging from 41
to 181 per cent. Among the non-leguminous plants
SAveet potatoes was most exhausting to the soil, and
chufas, when consumed on the land, the least. This
agrees with common observation. In this case the ex-
hausting effects of the sweet potatoes were not due to
leaching of the disturbed soil, for all plots were plowed
soon after the potatoes were dug.
Among the legumes the greatest increase, 181 per
cent, was obtained on the plot where Spanish peanuts
had been consumed on the land by hogs. Since the
yield of peanuts here was not excessive, since the growth
of tops was only moderate, and since the vines of Span-
ish peanuts on an adjoining plot did not greatly in-
crease the yield, we can attribute the increase where
hogs had grazed, only to an assumed quicker nutrifica-
tion of the material that had passed through animals.
This view finds further support in the fact that chufas
consumed bv hogs on the land left the soil in better
condition than did either corn or sweet potatoes.
Wherever the entire growth of the several legumes
was left on the land, with or without being utilized as
hog food, the succeeding yield of rye was more than
doubled.
Cotton was grown in 1899 on a plot adjacent to the
legumes. The rye following cotton yielded 5,560
pounds per acre, but it is not fair to compare this yield
with that following the legumes, because the cotton
had been very heavily fertilized, and some of this fer-
tilizer probably remained in the soil to be utilized by
the rve.
lt)4
FcrtUizhu) < ffHts of Ityunics on sorghum grown as the
second crop.
To ascci'taiii what dinVrciicc^s still existed in the soil
as a reasult of legumes <:,ro\vii in the summer of 1899,
sorjjhnm was sown in drills on this same field June 19,
1!K)0, all jtlots l»ein^ uniformly fertilized with acid
phosj^liate. So that soruhum thus becomes the second
crop after the various legumes, and is intended to re-
veal the residual or ''left over" effects of the summer
crops of 1899.
Residual fertilizing effects on sorguhm, of peanuts,
cow peas and velvet beans.
Preceding crops.
Summer of 1899.
Win-
ter.
;i90o.
Yield
sorg-
hum
hay per
acre.
Increase
from leg-
, umes as
compared
with
sweet
potatoes.
Sweet potatoes, dug
Corn, ears pulled
Spanish peanuts, dug; nuts removed,
Spanish peanuts; eaten on land
Cowpeas, picked
Velvet beans, all plowed in
Velvet beans, pods picked
Running peanuts, all plowed in. . . .
Cotton, heavily fertilized
Av., potatoes, corn, cotton
Av., velvet beans, cowpeas, running peanuts
Lbs.
Rye
5360
Rye
5760
Rye
4480
Rye
4000
Rye
5760
Rye
7110
Rye
7600
Rye
6320
Rye
Rye
4000
5040
Rye
6697
Lbs.
400
loss,
loss.
400
1750
2240
960
loss.
1657
Evidentlv rve had not exhausted all the fertilizing
value of the legumes. This second crop was favorably
affected by all the legumc^s except by Spanish peanuts,
the benefite of which had disappeared. The average in-
crease on the plots where all the other legumes had
grown the preceding summer was 33 per cent, as com-
pared with the yield on the plots w here corn, cotton and
sweet potatoes had constituted the summer crops in
1899.
165
Kelative Fertilizing Values of the Cowpea and
Velvet Bean.
When tested on a number of crops, each grown im-
mediately after the legumes, the percentage increase as
compared with corresponding plots that had borne no
legume was 128 per cent, from pea vines, and also 128
per cent, from velvet bean vines. Additional weight is
given to these figures since they represent the average
of six tests with each plant. Continuing the inquiry as
to their comparative value, we find that the second crop
after cowpea vines showed an increase of 37 per cent,
and the second crop after velvet bean vines an increase
of 48 per cent. This is the average result of two com-
parable tests with each plant.
Comparing these two plants mth reference to the
fertilizing effect of the stubble on the first crop we find
as the average of three tests an increase that is
practically the same for the tw^o plants.
Combining the results for the vines of each legume as
shown in the first and second succeeding crops with the
immediate results from the stubble of each we must
conclude that at Auburn the fertilizing values of the
cowpea and velvet bean are practically equal. This
is true for an acre of each. In the stubble plots the
average yield of velvet bean hay has been the greater,
that is 4,781 pounds per acre of velvet bean hay against
3,278 pounds of cowpea hay, so that apparently pound
for pound the cured tops of cowpeas have been some-
what more effective than the vines of velvet beans.
This is in practical accord with the results of chemical
analyses made at this station by Dr. Anderson, who
analyzed peavine hay and velvet bean hay from
plots w^here the stubble was used as fertilizer.
He found 2 . 29 per cent, nitrogen in velvet bean
vines and 2.4(> per cent, of nitrogen in the cow-
po«a vines, l)()t]i samples containinii- 1> jxt cent, moisture.
The nitrogen in Ihe two stnhl»les was ])ractically equal,
1 p<M* rent.
Let us now considei* tlie results as a whole, combining
tliose for the two ])lants and assuming;- that the fcM-tiliz-
inu: value of cowpea vines and of velvet Ix^an vine« are
(Mpial, and that the stubble of the one plant is as ef-
fective as that of the other. Tn what folloAvs the fiijures
exi>r(^ss the averaj;e results for cowpeas and v(»lvet
b(^ans considered together under the name of summer
legumes.
1x(iii:ase IX THE First Crop After Plowing in the
Vines of Summer Legumes.
With cotton as the first crop the increase in seed cot-
ton per acre at Auburn was respectively 367, 546, 696,
and 660 pounds of seed cotton per acre. This is an
average increase of 567 pounds, worth at 2^ cents
(equal to 6f cents for lint, |7.50 per ton for seed)
$14.17.
The yield of seed cotton following the vines of the
summer legumes exceeded that on plots where the pre-
ceding crop had been cotton to the extent of 32, 64, 83,
and 72 per cent. The average increase in the yield of
seed cotton attrihutahle to the vines 'of the legumes
was 63 per cent.
With corn as the first crop, the increase per acre at-
tributable to plo\nng in the entire growiih of velvet
beans was 81 per cent, or 12.3 bushels, worth, at 50
cents per bushel, $6.15.
With oats as the first crop, the effect of the vines of
the summer legumes is seen in an increase per acre of
10.4, 20.2, and 20.4 bushels respectively. The average
167
increase per acre ^vas 17 bushels, worth at 40 cents per
bushel, f:6.S0. The increase in the first crop 'of oats
after suiiiiiier lequmes was 81, 240 and 212 per cent,
<in average of 189 per cent.
With tvheat the increase was 5.4 and 5.9 bushels, an
ayerage of 5.65 bushels per acre, worth at 80 cents per
l)ushel, .?4.53. The increment was 171 and 190 per cent,
respectively, an average gain of 182 per cent.
With sorghum grown as the first crop after the plow-
ing under of the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans, the
increase in hav per acre v>'as 1.6, 1.6, 2.07, and 3.11 tons,
an average gain per acre of 2.1 tons of hay, worth, at
^6.67 per ton, |14.02. The percentage gains were 85, 86,
57, and 86, respectively, an average of 18 per cent.
Increase in the First Crop After Plowing in the
Stubble of Cowpeas and Velvet Beans.
With cotton the ^ield was o^reater after velvet bean
stubble than after cotton to the extent of 18 per cent.,
or 208 pounds of seed cotton per acre, worth, at 2^
cents per pound, $5.20.
With corn, the stubble of velvet beans afforded a
gain of 32 per cent, or 4.3 bushels, worth $2.15.
With oats grown after the plowing in of the stubble
of these summer legumes the increase was 30.3 and 26
bushels, or an average of 28.1 bushels per acre, worth
$11.24. This is an average gain of 334 per cent.
With v:heat following the stubble of cowpeas and
velvet beans the increase was 4.7 and 8.7, an average of
6.7 hiisheJs per acre, tvorth $5.36. The gain amounted
to 151 and 280 per cent, respectively, an average of 215
per cent.
With sorghum the yield of hay was increased by the
168
stubble of the IcJiUiiH^s to tlic extent of 2.01 and 2.15
tons, an average of 2.08 tons of hay per acre, valued at
113.87. The avenujc increa.se icas 57 per cent.
What Citors Wkue Most Favouakly Affected by the
ViNKS OR Stukble of Cowpeas and Velvet Beans.
The data in the following;' tiible answer this question.
Increase in first crop attributable to vines or stubble of
cowpeas and velvet beans.
After Legume Vines-
After Legume
Stubble.
Test CRor.
No.
of
% 1 Value
In- 1 of
No.
of
%
In-
Value of
In-
Tests
crease Increase
Tests.
crease.
crease.
Cotton
4
63
$14.17
1
49
$11.30
Corn
1
81
6.15
1
32
2.14
Oats
3
189
6.80
2
334
11.24
Wheat
2
182
4.53
2
215
5.36
Sorghum
4 78 14.02" 2 57
13.87
The percentafT:e increase attributable to either the
vines or stubble of cowpeas and velvet beans was greater
with fall oats and wheat than with cotton, corn or
sorghum. In other words, the crop that was best able
to utilize the nitrogen of the legumes was that one
which left the land unoccupied for the shortest time be-
tween the maturing of the legume and the beginning of
the new growth. Unpublished parallel experiments
with hairy vetch employed as fertilizers confirm
this latter conclusion. All the facts before us
indicate that after the vines or stubble of a le-
gume are plowed under in a sandy soil the seed of the
succeeding crop should be planted before the lapse of
many weeks. The early occupation of the soil by roots
of the young plants will serve to retain much nitrogen,
which would be leached out and carried aw^ay in the
drainage water if the ground should remain unoccupied
for several months.
169
From what has just been said it should not be infer-
red that we are advoeatiu<i' the sowing- of the small
orains or of any small seed immediately after plowing
in a large mass of vines. Instead, sufficient time should
be given for the soil to become somewhat settled by the
action of the rain or of harrow, drag, or roller. Small
grain and still smaller seed can usuallv l)e sown after
a sJiorter interval where the vines of the legume are uti-
lized for hay or pasturage, lea^dng only the roots and
stubble to be incorporated, than where the entire
grov\'th of the legume is turned under in the fall for fer-
tilizer.
If plowing under of cowpea vines takes place after
(,'hristmas the mass (jf vegetable matter will have be-
come so diminished and the stems so weak that the de-
lay in sowing to permit of the ccmipacting (yf the earth
around the vegetable matter will l)e less necessary, or
perhaps unadvisable. But this interval may be quite
necessary vrith velvet bean vines at Avhatever time they
are plowed under, for the mass of matter will be con-
siderable and the material is apt to be buried in large
wads.
Referring again to the last table, we see that \\'hile
the small grains gave the largest percentage increase
from the use of a preceding summer legume as ferti-
lizer, the value of the increase was greatest with cotton
and soroiium hav. In other words, cotpfjit niade more
profitable use of either the rine.s or stnhhle of the sum-
mer lefjiones on sandij land than did cither eorn, oats,
or wheat.
Sorghum responded freely to the abundant supply of
nitrogen in the legumes, and it may be accepted nt> a
thoroughly tested proposition that on poor or medium
soil any hay plant of the grass family will return a
large profit for a judicious application of nitrogen^
170
wIhmIkm- tliis be in tlic fonii of a i)r(M-(Hlini; crop of cow-
peas, velvet beans, niclilotus, liairy vetch, or crimson
clover, or in an ai)pli(Mtion oi' stable niannre, cotton
seeil, cotton seed meal, or nitrate of soda.
KOTATIOX OF CKOI'S TIIH FlIiST STHI' l\ SoiL iMrUOVE-
MENT.
The <i('neral statement may be safely made that 'any
ordinary crop (except jx^annts, cowpea-s and most other
leuiimes) can nsually be prodnced with far greater
profit when it follows some leguminous plant than when
its predecessor is some non-leguminous plant, as cotton,
corn, the small grains, etc. It may also be added that
many, if not most, poor tracts of land can be cultivated
in the usual farm crops at a profit only when a legume
is occasionally grown to supply the necessary nitrogen,
vegetable matter, and improvement in texture and re-
sistance to drought.
A more general use is urged of some rotation that re-
quires all the cultivated upland of the farm to bear
€OA^^)eas or other soil-improving plant every second,
third or fourth year or oftener. The growing of legumes
constitutes the cheapest means of obtaining nitrogenous
fertilizers, and on farms where a large proportion of the
land is devoted to legumes, the fertilizer bills can be re-
duced by the discontinuance of purchases of cotton seed
meal and by the substitution of high grade acid phos-
phate for the higher priced ammoniated guanos.
A hii»hlv satisfactorv rotation for cotton planta-
tions, which has been widely tested, consists of the al-
ternation in the order named of cotton, corn, and any
one of the small grains, with cowpeas between the corn
rows and also immediately following the small grains.
This three-year rotation gives one- third of the land
171
each year in cotton, the cotton immediately folloTv^ing
cowpeas so^yn after small grain. One-half the total
area can be deyoted to cotton by a four-year rotation
on this plan, as follows : Corn A^itli coAypeas, small grain
followed by cowpeas, cotton, and cotton.
The Ayi:RAGE Immediate Fertilizing Effects of Vines
AS Compared with Stubble of Cowpeas and
VELyET Beans.
Although in the last table a comparison of the per-
centage increase after yines with that after stubble is
not strictly leofitimate since the number of tests was
unequal, yet that table throw^s some light on the mat-
ter.
A strictly accurate comparison of the fertilizing ef-
fects of yines and stubble as measured by the crop im-
mediately following is shown below; in this table only
those experiments are recorded where corresponding
yine and stubble plots were under identical conditions
of soil, date of planting, etc.
Increased percentage of vine plots over stubble plots.
i
No. of
tests.
%
With cotton as
With corn
first crop
do
1
4
2
3
2
40
49
With oats
do
[311*
W^ith wheat
do
[201*
With sorehum
do
9
♦Yield after legume stubble 31 and 20 per cent, respectively
greater than after vines, the latter leaving the land too loose, a con-
dition that could probably have been avoided by better preparation.
In the crop immediately follo^^'ing the legumes the
yines afforded the larger yield except when accidental
circumstances reyersed this result with wheat and oats.
This excess in the first crop due to plowing under the
172
viiH^s was Ikmc cousidciMblc, Imt wjis il siiniciciil to
make lliis iiictlKxl of disjiosiii^- of tlic \iners more j>n>fit-
ahlc than h» use them (ov liav?
()!' the sf'Ncial tadcus on wliicli (lie answer depends,
A\(' will jirsl considej- ilie \alne jx'!' acre (d' llic inci'casc
in the fiisl (•r(>]> iinniediahdy siiccecdinu llie N^iinnic,
nsinii the values for a unit nf* (»acli vr(}\) lien^tcd'ore as-
sumed (sec ])....) and omittinn ic^ults with small
^Taiiis, for reasons iii\-en in the footnote.
.Irr/v/y/c sii juri())'il fi of riiKs (n< r .shihh/r of /cf/innrs (is
ti/i')irii ill fiisf crop.
No.
of
tests.
Increase per
acre.
Value
of
in-
crease
%
in-
crease
9
With cotton as first crop
With corn as first crop
With sorg-hum as first crop. . .
1
4
3
452 lbs. seed cotton
6.6 lbs. corn
.5 ton hav
$11.30
3 . 30
3.34
40
49
9
Aveiiigc in fa^or of vines over stiibltic
$5.9-?
The averaiie, increase of |5.1j8 in the value of an acre
of th(^ fiist crop in favoi* of plowini>' in the vines as
compared w ith utilizing only the stuhlde for fertilizer
is evidently so low as to he much less than the value of
the 4,080 jjounds of legume hay ])er acre obtained, from
the stuhhle plots, which should be priced at not le«s than
flO per ton. As a partial offset we must bear in mind
that in i'nuv of the experiments in ])lowin^ under cow-
pea vines the jic-is wcm-c first pickc^d, the avera<»e yi(dd
in these tests beinn 11.1 bushids per acre. There is no
such corresponding; ott'set with velvet beans, for the seed
usually do n(]t mature in the latitude of Auburn.
If we vjilr.e cow])eas at 50 cents per bushel, plus the
cost of hand-ijickin.ii, we have a second credit for the
vines, the sum being .$5.55. Adding this to $5.98, the
173
extra value of the first crop after \anes, as compared
with stubble, we have a total credit for the vines when
used as fertilizer of $11.53 per acre in comparison with
the value of the cowpea and velvet bean hay when uti-
lized as stock food. The average yield of cowpea hay
from the stubble plots was 3,278 pounds per acre, and
of velvet bean hay 4,781 pounds, or a collective average
of 1,030 pounds of legume hay per acre At $10 per
ton, this would be worth |20.15 per acre. Subtracting
from this, |9.50 m above, we have $8.47 as the dif-
ference in the first year's profits in favor of utilizing the
vines as ha v. However, other factors must be consider-
ed before we have satisfactorily determined whether
it was most profitable to use tlie ^ines after picking the
peas or to utilize the tops of both coT\i)eas and velvet
beans for hay; chief amono- these factors are the rela-
tive residual fertilizing values of \ines and stubble as
shown bv differences in the vield of the second and
subsequent crops after legumes.
What is the Fertilizing Effect of Vines and Stubble
OF COWPEAS ON THE SECOND CrOP AFTER THE
Legume?
The answer is found in the following table :
Average increase in second crop after legumes.
After vines.
i After ^-tubble.
No. of
tests.
Amt. %
increase. in-
crease.
No. of Amt. %
tests, in- In-
crease, crease.
With
With
With
corn
oats
sorghum . .
5
1
4
3.36 bus. 24
7.75 bus. 54
2.15 tons 41
5 1.34 bus. li?
In the second crop after the legumes there was in
every case a considerable increase attributable to the
use of the vines a§ fertilizer.
174
The fcrtiliziiiix ('HVct of tlic stnbhlc a« shown hy the
second cro]) of corn is nnicli h\ss than the increment
line to tin* vines ]>h>\\(Ml under niJiny niontlis before.
There is a sixlh lest with corn noi heh)U<;ing in tlie
])rec(Mlinir table, that iiivcs additioinil- <b'ita for a com-
parison of the second-year effects of vines with stnbble.
Condanin^ the resnlt-s of the six tests, we find that the
corn grown as the second crop after legnmes atfoixled
a larger yield on the vine plots than on the stubble plots
to the average extent of 2.1 bushels per acre, or 14 per
cent.
Tni: DruATiox or the Fertilizing Effects of Stub-
ble AND Vines of Cowfeas and Velvet Beans.
The stubble of these legumes repeatedly exerted so
slight an effect on corn grown as the Siecond crop, (an
average of only one and one-third bushels per acre),
that we may reasonably conclude that two crops mark
the limit to which the benefits of lei»unie stubble ex-
tends in cases where the soil is sandy and permeable,
as at Auburn. It is quite possible that the advantages
from u-sing stubble as fertilizer might have been slightly
more enduring in a stiff er soil, but in no case can such
a relatively small amount of vegetable matter and nitro-
gen afforded by the roots and stubble influence the suc-
ceeding crops more than a few" years.
It is quite a different matter Avlien the ^ines, repre-
senting the entire gi'owth of the legume (except in some
cases the pods) are plowed under. We have learned
from the data in previous tables that the yield where
the vines were used as fertilizer was in the first crop,
03 to 189 per cent, greater than the yield of the corre-
sponding crop immediately preceded by a non-legum-
enous plant; and that in the second crop the increase
175
ranged from 24 to 54 per cent. The effect exerted by the
vines of the legumes on the third succeeding crop was
tested in only one field, the increase in oats as the third
crop after cowpea vines being 3.2 bushels per acre, or
14 per cent. With sorghum planted in 1901 as the
fourth crop immediately after the oats were cut, there
was a perceptible increase on the plots where the vines
of cowpeas and velvet beans grown in 1898 had been
plowed under; extremely unfavorable conditions and
partial failure of late sorghum detract from the relia-
bility of the percentage figures for this, the fourth crop.
For three years or four crops the large mass of vines
continued to exert some influence. This experiment was
conducted on a soil of the stiffest type found on the
station farm, which, however, is fairly permeable to
water, and which might be described as a reddish loam
containing an abundance of large flint stones.
\\e should expect an equal ma-ss of leguminous vege-
tation employed as fertilizer on clay or prairie soils to
exercise a favorable influence for at least three years,''-,
or probably for as long a period as do heavy applica-
tions of coarse stable manure. Local experiments to
determine the permanency of the action of the legume«
are greatly needed, and correspondence is invited from
parties wishing to make such tests.
It is our expectation to continue work along the lines
indicated in this bulletin, and it is highly desirable that
these investigations should be extended to include soils
of a character different from that at Auburn, though
the means of doing this in a thorousfhlv satisfactorv
manner are not now in sight.
In conclusion the writer would reaffirm his previous
statement, made in Bulletin Xo. 107 of this station, as
follows :
176
A liAlMoNAL SVSTK.M OF I'KRTHJZATION.
Coiisi(l(^rin^ peniunu'iH'y of elTei't, as woll as influence
on the crop iiiniKMliatcly following", tlie cowpc^ and otlier
l('«»uniinoiis plants must be ranked as a cheaper source
of nitro«!:en tluiu i«s any nitrogenous material which may
he houiilit as commercial fertilizers. Tlie aim of the cot-
ton farmer should he to grow such areas of legumes as
will enable him to disix^nse with the purchase of nitro-
genous fertilizers for cotton, using the funds thus saved
to purchase increased amounts of phosi>hates or other
necessary non-nitrogenous fertilizers. The money that
would Have been necessary tx) purchase one pound of ni-
trogen will buy about three pounds of phosphoric acid,
or of ix>tash, which larger purchases of phosphate and
potash will enable the fai-mer to grow heavier crops of
legumes. And heavier crops of legumes trap larger
amounts of otherwise unavailable atmospheric nitro-
gen and result in further soil enrichment.
In the writer's opinion the most promising method of
increasing the yield of cotton per acre and the profits of
cotton culture is hi/ a more general use of leguminous
plants as fertilizers. These invaluable allies are by
some farmers utilized and appreciated, but their use
might be increased twentyfold with advantage to the
current crop, to the permanent upbuilding of the soil,
and to the filling of the farmer's pocket. It is putting
the case very mildly to say that the average yield of
cotton per acre in Alabama might be increased by at
least fifty per cent, through the general use of legumes
as fertilizers.
178
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