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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Butietin 100
Vo.tumeE 10

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE
PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO AND
ADJACENT REGIONS

THE FISHES OF THE FAMILIES AMIIDAE, CHANDIDAE,
DULEIDAE,’ AND SERRANIDAE, OBTAINED BY THE
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER
“ALBATROSS” IN 1907 TO 1910, CHIEFLY IN THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

BY

HENRY W. FOWLER
Of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and
BARTON A. BEAN
Of the United States National Museum

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1930

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington,D.C. - - -— -« - - Price 60 cents

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ADVERTISEMENT

The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of
the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet
form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi-
zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub-
jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are
recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes.

The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of
a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasion-
ally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, cata-
logues of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of
similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size,
but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large
plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear
volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National
Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical
collections of the Museum.

The present work forms No. 100, volume 10, of the Bulletin series.

ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
WasuHincTon, D.C., December —, 1929.

III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ist aObsllustrationgess Banehen cn Ll ole was ea ol SU ee Ix
Pntroduetion( 220 eae a kaha owe ete cee ee IN Ce ee Se 1
Parte PATNA 2-8 oe wah O ER 2 oe see cee kes eo Ee URE eee ie 2
Genus Apoconiehthyss22) ssenselcss es saeknanslo lsh eset se 4
GEUNTD GUS: es eS tN aa oa ara Al aU RO EIGEN hh SS GENE, 6

NUR te pa a pe a ae pag i ET PD ly hey ds 10°

Strat Uses to mek in he a Oe oy et 11
brachygrammus/e2eee = 22 eesse5 . So ee eee ee c eke 12)

yaliniisse eee Oke SoS ae ee ae eee 13:

Perdis Jo 2G e sae eee don BESO EEN eo Le 13
albomarringtus= 2462. csssesh es. Se Rs Vee oo 6 fuel 16

CRRTSRTNS GUS) esse ha ya ah ak ae al al le oh oe 16
melanopherse-eacke See wee Ue os 17
UnINOtatUss == 42——csneHesansse anne oe eee St ee 18
polystigmasssse hs assesses bes ys SRO Re 2 ee ee 19

Pldeeka vis es ees ee eee et be eee 20

Gentisa MTOM OTUSs = Ae se eS ec le a de ee Li 21
NAGY, LIGETI ee pc le ease a a EN ee SS 21

MCGy TAIT See eA TIE ey eet as load Se et sh NE ORI EW 22
ocbospinals .. 32 55s 4eoos Ho eacso: SAE See 22

psa a ene oe ee RR ARE 23
(GY ERT OGM ETE Ee a as oe oe PERS 24

ERNST PUNT fe ea ran ig ar NANA 24
OPCUOPLETA = fo) 5c ee he eT a 24
pubsenus sphaerainia-g -2- 222-2222 20 Se eee 29
AMIAMOEMETOPLELAsssose = seas LEO oo ee 2 ee 29

COTET AG val Sach Ss a I 31
BubpenustAmiae 02425252 one bane see Ri Ce RUS 33

A TYNT PRE OTN GA ee ee ea cal or IT APR NM I 33
Ehodopterds 22s eo Se EE ee 34

OM OMATO GOT oy 5.52 RR OMEN TEN AER a Nel 37

panda er sig cassia oe as Paes SR CU OM 40

art 7£el Gite ceo so a La ss RS TRAN 44

CAT OSO UAB Hye ie a EE I EEE TMS ESE se 46

YUU Pri Diy AG te eh yc SLE EY NS 48

endekataenian : Aaa iaee IRE me | Wi ke MOUNT SUI Son lbs 2S 50

SUIS ated = os 2 RSET A ee ee 51

FNS CLE ey ae MEAS ee ala 51

ArOUbIEnsig=ss4 a5. = 2 BIRSANR RS Sis Sd ee Oe 53

TOV CIN LAS Cateye ee a ae bane aye EP A 56

Goederleiie oe = Se See ee ee nek a EERE) BOM Ee oe 58

UT SSC Bh tac Ba A ee Sa EB PENS el 59

CLUELESS CLR EB ee Ss ahs Ee 63

TEM SIG: geste 's Se yap ket Nc UE os Sloe NUE a: Se EAE 66

AIG GST aes pa il ee tee pe OR as BES 67

NOSE STING oc i pana EN a RL a

BEM OTREV GS eee ele sal ae ie pe cmt cen 72

COHAPTCSEAN =e) 2 Ae tes ete ec eat MR IRENA 75

vin TABLE OF CONTENTS

Family Amiidae—Continued.
Genus Amia—Continued.

Subgenus Amia—Continued. Page
ASMA MAT LAPIGOP NOTE es eee ee ee Wid

parvila. uh Ae ee ee oN eee 80

amboinensish= 30222254) 5. Ue ee as ie 81

laterale 2 5— 2 Le UE ey ee ea oe 82

PLETTIOU Sys a ats OS) nc a tals le 84

MClAS. 62 2 eS a ls eR ee ee ee 88

monochroa: i= lols los ee age Lee 90

hyps@onota: = so 220 eo aoe ce ees 2 Se 91

atropaster. 2 = 2-8 otp So ee ee 93

aporonoldés:: 22.22 Jc. ee 94

divers9.. = 202 be a eg ee 95

Nigrocincta. 23. 20. 2 Le ee ee ee 95

semilinéatae. 2-22 2. 2S sae eee he ee 97

NOtatass 222 fee ee ek eo a eee se 98

erifGimin <2 2! ee De ay eect ae oe 99

NOVaAe-PUINesRe: 22 ns LEN Pe Se eee eS 100

Carding lige su eee Gs ve SDP ae Re erage a 102

CIITA 2 OE ak eR pe ee a I 103

Sanpiensise = a le 104

hyslosomas./ 22 ao ee eae se 105

Gypseltirave. 2 ees ren owe ee eee 107

Subgenus Lepicamiat 5 en 2 Te ee a 109
Amis multitaeniatas. 9. 208 0 3) ee 109

Genus Arehamias8 0 oot Se 0s ee 109
SubsenusvArehamiar (cs a) ee Oe 110
Archamisbleekeri: - 25. 052 2 el 110
buruensis: 22-220 35)... See eee oD Ree 112

lineolata. 2. S45 ee eee 113

zosterophora 2222 ss eels eee bs ee 117

Subgenus Voanma 22 le eee 3 Ce ae es ee 120
Archamila gracilis) 20 2p 2 2 ee ee Oe 120

Genus ynnodis': ooo oo 2c Bia Ss 2 re eke i oe Be ee 121
atherinoidesio le! a0 re eho eae a ree a 12

Genus Cheilodiptertis se. 226008 2 ak ee fea le Oe 122
Subgenus: Desmoamia ) eles 00 ee eather 123
Cheilodiptenis Zonatis) 2 2 2) ieee eee eee 123
Subgenus Chetlodipteruse 25.) 02 ---s e eee cs 124
Cheilodipterus ‘misrotaeniatus.. elas does oe ae 124
singapurensis: 2 \- adept ee 125

quinquelinestus 2622 5 sete seoee eyes ree 127

lineatuss: 4.224 0 a dere pat erp es Le See 131

Genus Synagrops. 2 0s. | ee See 00 a Oe See 136
JAPONICUS = ote = Ec ee Lae a ag a se 136

philip pinensis, 23. nS a 138
serratospinosus 2.4 Ao 8 a ee ge ee 140

Genus Siphamig.:!2. .. 27... 27 rue Ie ee ee ee ee a 142
VETSICOlON 2 515 oe eg ie 2 8 ey adie gn aA hee 142

Génus: Amigides: 00 eon po SOR hs eee aan ie ce) cea 144
Amis: erossidens. 3.9 eo) 2 oO 25h ce eee ei oye earned 144
Genus Acropoma.. 20) Js 0) ll ieee Sige eee 145

FATS UCU i 8 a ee a 145

TABLE OF CONTENTS

fpmiity Chandidse.. -. 22... 2.22... 2 Sess Ces Tee eras! Bea
Genus: Parambassit=ss-c 2352650525522 555555 55585 eee ees
SWOPODGINGR Sn ne srr errr ee. oo
GenissAmbassis scence Gee cee eR. oo
Subeenws AMbAasss: . 52-45 2.25254 0sese.esedeod CEs
Ambassiswkopsiit< 2. <ssU2.sseslbs ut SS ==

ULOtACNI Asa Ss s e eea

gymnocephahis.-—. 2. ceo ee een

batjianensig <2. 2 5255554552 2224 22S eee

Subrenus. Whitleyine [oe oe ee CE 8
Ambassistwolfte-— = ao eee eee ee ee oe

Meiy.. Duleidae.. 2522455 420 st be s= Ss soso sss Sd SEE OeEee
NG GRAE NOR Ts See hn ere ee eee eee sas
FUNCRUMSE eee 2 ee te cue en eee oss = Beene see coene

OSU UINEUG IIS poor 9 ko tet tr as Se ee ee
UACNIUTUS 2 oo Sea tee oe ee nore ee te ee Sata
BNI IOTTANIGHC 2 oho 529 Ste ee as = OE ee a = oon
ROR TnA bes ke eee Sa SEE LL SURO sce
CAIGATIFCR sans sea as a a rae ee eee cece

iets: PeAmmMoOpercs- . 5245 222=--6225225 22 26e 5s C eee
TOV OMSL ENS reper eet a a as oc nine

MEAN BOIGHODELC A: «ant oe oe a ee ee ee one
CHADANAUGI Ss Sa soe ee eae eee ee ee ee eee acne
GesugeiplGpron-. tc. eeeu--ceete = feet ee eee
bifasciatim soe oe cee re a ens ee oo ee

Gennes nOriIsbistidals 2355 2 o secs = ee SEE ee
SUNS UNM Us eey rcreats aar

SWELL Se oe sg oer see eer ee ra tat ce ee ee eee

emus Malskichtuys..-.222s-ssesseee so ee
OTIRCNS = Sas otanss eases a= serene ble oe SS oe ==-
SPPMUNPALCOIMDESX: o-oo. ee ee eee eee ees eu ee ee
JEDOMCUSL aoa as oS hs soe esc od a= Sacco eee ee aes

REELS NA DN OD. ciara nearer Sere en Ee Ee Soe
SDINOSUS= 4 oo 5 eee = eae eee ee ees eae = 3 ae eee =
Gemas-Centropenys. +225 -5.5-- 4250222252 2222025 ST
WHIDIOUBIS= 242025 2<5eanseesau ss see e aces ss eee eee a=

Genus Electro pons. sooo eee ee
Subgenus Plectropomus_..<. 2. .-.-2-<-- == see eee
Pleetrapomius truncatus... <. ..2--- ge sees
Mmaculatus..-o cee ee eee eee ee an

lecpardis..-=t2- 25.222. see eee oS

Subgenus Pleuropercea- <= .2-. 222ecsa5s seo sae See
Plectropomus obligacanthus....2.-.-2-. SUAS. Le-

Genus Variola_-----------------------------------------------

enue Gephalopholis.<i.<.--cseesccecessa5. 5 SSE es
SUTANtUS so eee wen ee lees ce ee ee
MUNI AUIS eee ee oe oe ee ee eee nee as ane
SOUMELA thee re ee ee Se 8 2 is
UPOGGIUBHee es Ss wose ease tee ee ee eee ee taba soe esase

Page
146
147
147
147
148
149
150
153
155
157
160
161
163
164
164

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS

Family Serranidae—Continued.

Genus Cephalopholis—Continued. Page
leopardus!s — 2. = ee otek Os A he lel ee a ge 217
pach y centro. ee ee eine eerie Oe 220
CY ATOR PI e e e I eae a 223
ATSUs 2 SSeS ee ee al ed ae A eae a 226
SORT aul ayers hse She I ea a ipl a Me 229
Boer ac res See a eh ws ae gaa apna 2 es 230
TO ea a ree a a Sabai UO ia te 233
albomarpinatug o.oo Aarne eh 235

Geniis Serramtg oP ek et leanne ee aes 237
undulostis®: sos ka ge cee in ay carnage 242
TMOPE a ees ee a ea i ey ula oe oe aes 243
flayvo-cacruleus 292 8 ob 8 Pe eyelet Bel 244
BTCOLS CUS See ee a aes sia ee Be 246
coromandelicus#a2 Sof ok eke ie ey ae 248
PLT = ep re FN en eda Ly 8 Oh ela 249
chlorostigmae ci 2s oko be Se ee le ae 2 252
Pile yy os Pe iN ey od NO aN es se a le Ba 254
PAG Cie es eo Ee ia peel api ae 255
fasciatomaculatus): (22a 32 ioe eae 257
GIR CA TIGR eee 28 2 a a Se 258
Prune tigen as Le as a es Sea a pi 260
sexfasciatusge ry Yo oe ee ele a pepe 261
PASOTaGtise eee a LR a sO Slee tal 263
rhyncholepis eo a area ee E pigepe 267
TINCT A eye ws ol Ne I a Ne SIN 2 i eB ma Ma Re 268
BWOAT Swear S toe ik ee ht ge eS ea page ee 273
COPAIIICOM A ase aR li LE al i 0 nea me, ley 274
caeruleo-punctatus 2 os uc ee ee 276
BUDO INVA TD By ee Se i sy Oe I pe cae 280
PURCO-Ut ta RO NN oe eae als eee oo ee 284
CAUVAT ee a a a lel a as 0 aaa ee ae NAL aiedge 287
TATRA TIC US eee erature LO eA Sana PD lg 289

Gens! Anyperodon 22. 222 ook ee eg a Eee 293
lewcoeramicusins esi ood el ie he Sl 293

Gers) Promicropp'! 2a. 35g kl ee eae ee ge 296
PAM CEOTA TUS ites Cy See at Ns ee em eae ete 297

Genus) Crommilemtes <i) 32 ei oa el a eae ine ag Bee 299
SUI Toye ling Psi i TN eee a ba 3 eC ae spend ives eo 300

Genus, An thig 5 095 Se ON Bie wad onary mea RD Bbage 301
pleurotaenia, 22 2 ee oe IE capes 302
Squamipinnis:. 2 Pe ily a date chek ryt own Spee EFS SS, 304
Clehlops 2c 2.50 A RU ps es eee Bae ee 308
albofasciatus nt wo Se Le peel argh ie) Os ene oe 309

Genus Grammistess: 3) oe a rence pe pay ay 310
SEXING A IG! os es pelt ya hl fl ae apd Reed Ae ere OS ht 311

Genits PIGS ops i se ie Cl a lie 312
TRNSEE TCA TIS sich a Le a ele a nc nA Ol 313
CORY COP URLS aaa ace a lp NT lg 316

Genius: Calloplesiope: oo) oct IN ak aaa irby ale ole 316
MLV TINS eu aah ay Shy lh a LATA ec 317
PALETTE pA ol cl gl bik Rear Fup yA oa aN ch li Le 318

Figure 1.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Buccal incubation, Amiidae: Amia fusca (Quoy and Gaimard),
A. hartzfeldii (Bleeker), A. multilineata (Bleeker), A. cyano-
soma (Bleeker), A. exostigma Jordan and Seale, A. fleurieu
(Lacépéde), A. compressa Smith and Radcliffe, A. hypselo-
nata.(Bleeker), A; .erbienlaris;(Cuvier). 205/02 8.0 ee

. Buccal incubation, Amiidae: Amia bandanensis (Bleeker), A.

novae-guineae (Valenciennes), A. cypselurus (Weber), A. grif-
fini Seale, A laterale (Valenciennes), Archamia gracilis
(Bleeker), A. lineolata (Cuvier), A. notata (Houttuyn), A.
atrazasver simith-and adclifres ieee. &. 2 eee ie

. Buccal incubation, Amiidae: Amia hyalosoma (Bleeker), A.

koilomatodon (Bleeker), Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker),
Cheilodipterus lineatus (Linnaeus), C. quinquenlineatus
COV i yh Tees ate otis an pre a Nes DRY Te AUP

. Belonoperca chabanaudi, new species.-.--._...-------------
. Plectropomus truncatus, new species, variation_____--__-__---
. Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch), variation_____._._.-..-._---
. Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker. variation_.__._._..____----
. Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskal), variation_----_--_--------
. Cephalopholis pachycentron (Valenciennes), young_-____-_---
. Cephalopholis boenack (Bloch), variation.___.__...._..--------
. Cephalopholis albomarginatus, new species_____....---------
eerranus areolaius (POrskal). youne..- = 2-226 ee
: perranus megaetr (Richardson), young--..2.2.2 22 fan
. Serranus diacanthus Valenciennes, young_--_-_-------------
. Serranus sexfasciatus Valenciennes, young.-_...--------.----
MOeIIAMUsMerran(s loch) valiatliones. 2 - ee oe ee ee Se
. Serranus merra (Bloch), variation or young stellans__-______-
. Serranus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch), young_-.____._--------
. Serranus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch), young.___------------
PSerranus summane CHhorskal)Syoungo220 ses. | es ee ves
eerranos summana\(Morskal): wariations >) ¢l2us. 4 hese eee oe
. Serranus fusco-guttatus (Forskal), young_-_...-_.-----------
. Serranus malabaricus (Schneider), young.__.-..-_------__-_-
. Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch), variation____..........._--_-
. Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes), young--_-_-.---.-._---
. Anthias squamipinnis (Peters), adult__...._........_.--..=-
. Anthias squamipinnis (Peters), young-.---...---..-..---...-.

Page

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271
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277
279
281
282
285
291
298
301
305
306

‘dl nn

railed’ waa ik $y bol bs
Alteran ‘besud i
Sane Cae

or 7a pi
fon

THE FISHES OF THE FAMILIES AMIIDAE, CHANDI-
DAE, DULEIDAE, AND SERRANIDAE, OBTAINED
BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES
STEAMER “ALBATROSS” IN 1907 TO 1910, CHIEFLY
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT
SEAS

By Henry W. Fow er
Of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and

Barton A. BEAN
Of the United States National Museum

INTRODUCTION

The present work is the third installment! of the report on the
fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer
Albatross and the first report on the percoid series of fishes collected
by the Albatross Philippine Expedition of 1907-1909. We have
limited it to the more typical perchlike families, of which the
Amiidae and Serranidae are far more extensive in both species
and series of specimens. Both are likewise most diverse in specific
variation with respect to color, while the Serranidae alone are
extreme in individual variation. The Chandidae are, on the con-
trary, the most homogeneous. With this feature in view the senior
author has prepared the accompanying illustrations, showing some of
the more striking cases where extensive series of specimens permit.

Two valued papers have appeared by Smith and Radcliffe? describ-
ing the new Amiidae, most of the species of which we accept.

The names which we propose as new are as follows:

Apogonichthys melanopterus, new name to replace Amia melas, Fowler 1918
(not Bleeker 1848).

Sphaeramia, new subgenus. Amaia,
IToamia, new subgenus. Archama.

1 The first and second are volumes 7 and 8, Bulletin 100, U. S. National Museum,
2? Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41 (July 15, 1911), pp. 245-261, pls. 20-25; vol. 41, 1911 (Jan. 31, 1912),
pp. 431-446, pls. 34-38.

1

2 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Desmoamia, new subgenus. Cheilodipterus.
Whitleyia, new subgenus. Ambassis.
Belonopercinae, new subfamily. Serranidae.
Belonoperca, new genus.

Belonoperca chabanaudi, new species.
Chorististium swalesi, new species.
Plectropomus truncatus, new species.
Pleuroperca, new subgenus. Plectropomus.
Cephalopholis albomarginatus, new species.
Anthias albofasciatus, new species.
Calloplesiops, new genus.

Calloplesiops niveus, new species.
Calloplesiops argus, new species.

The acknowledgments made in the previous installments apply

equally to the present one.
Family AMIIDAE

Body oblong or elongate, sometimes compressed and elevated.
Head rather large and compressed. Mouth cleft wide. Teeth villi-
form, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines, none on tongue;
canines sometimes present. Preopercle with double ridge, edges
entire or serrate. Opercular spine little developed. Pseudobranchiae
present, usually well developed. Branchiostegals 6 or 7. Pyloric
appendages few, when present. Lower pharyngeals separate, with
sharp teeth. Scales usually rather large, occasionally small, striated
and ctenoid, sometimes cycloid, sometimes deciduous. No axillary
ventral scales. Cheeks scaled. Lateral line usually complete and
distinct. Dorsals well separated, first with 6 or 7 rather strong spines.
Usually no dorsal sheath. Soft dorsal with spine and 7 to 10 rays.
Anal short or like soft dorsal, spines usually 2, rarely 3. Ventrals
thoracic, with spine and 5 rays.

Small fishes of tropical seas, abundant on coral reefs or in sheltered
situations, some in deep water. Many are brilliant in color, often
bright red or pink. Some are interesting in the habit of the male
carrying the ova and very young in his mouth. Until the present
time only a few species were known to use this method, though now
we have found this condition more or less general. The male at this
season may easily be known by its swollen chin. The ova are carried
about packed closely as a dense mass.

3

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

(e001 OC). O11.0 0 ener le ne ee ea a ee ee ee Se ee ee Pe Rae See ee ee SABl 2) pus
soulds ¢ YJIM [eu foiTyu epo1odoeid {souluvo [[BUIS YIM SMeE fUIZIIO [BUB UBY4 Soseq [B1IJUDA JOIvOU ‘pooUBAPe JUDA “AVNIWNOdOUDY *zD
SOM LOI Vaeeieedeie = ancteeeemipn neo cies hee en enn ee ee ee ee MOJO PUBS [B10}B] AIOATIS ON “Zl
Pes TCE UT 6S ae a ee ee ae gee a eek Se ae a EES IOILOJUL PUBLS [B10yBVT AJOATIS WY “yl
*), 10 g soutds [wsi1oq *;2

SOlOT0 0 WAC extn RS rg a oe ee ee ae ae a ee ae = ee a propoAo sopvos {6 sourds [es1oq *{2

‘9 uByy o10Ur ATTwNSN souTds [esiop {o}BI1OS SSeT 10 V10UL a[IIedoaIg *Zy
STIG TAU OMGN Op te ees Se Se ees Sk ta ee ae eS g sourds ,wsiop foyeSuoja Apoq ‘faiyue apotedosig *;Y

‘OYBUISIBUID [BpNeo {g SABI ‘4IOYS [VUB foBIV[ Sopwos fayoTduIOD OUT] [B10}B] [SoUIUBO YJIM SMBE “AVNINALMIGOIAHD °q

HUDOWWAR seo we ee Se SUIOJ 1038M Coop {poy1oj 10 a}BVUISIVUID [VpNBd {MOT ‘[[VUIS [TB SU ‘snoonpeo ‘[[vUIS salvos
‘popunoir A[pvoiq ‘ospll [eursreurqns ynoyyIM opotodooid foB1e, AdoA ofa f1apus[s AJoA 0} poyesuoja Apog “AVNINODIdY °;9
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: “SUIIOJ OIOYS fYsty ‘osIV]
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VUANASD AHL AO SISATVYNV

4 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Genus APOGONICHTHYS Bleeker

Apogonichthys BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, 1854, pp.
312, 321. Type Apogonichthys perdix BLEEKER, monotypic.

Pseudamia Burrexer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, p. 284.
Type Apogon polystigma BLEEKER, orthotypic.

Fowleria JonDAN and EvrerMann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902
(1903), p. 180. Type Apogon auritus VALENCIENNES, orthotypic.

Astrapogon Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527. Type
Apogonichthys stellatus Corn, orthotypic.

FIGURE 1.—BUCCAL INCUBATION, AMIIDAE:

Amia fusca (Quoy and Gaimard) <Amia cyanosoma (Bleeker) Amia compressa Smith and
Amia hartzfeldii (Bleeker) Amia exostigma Jordan and Seale Radcliffe
Amia multilineata (Bleeker) Amia fleurieu (Lacépéde) Amia hypselonota (Bleeker)

Amia orbicularis (Cuvier)

Profile of head even. Teeth in villiform bands, without canines.
Palatines with teeth. Tongue toothless. Preopercle edge and keel
usually entire. Gill rakers 10 to 20 on lower branch of first arch.
Branchiostegals 7. Scales 18 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base.
Lateral line complete. Two separate dorsals, not joined at base,
spinous fin with 6 or 7 spines, soft fin with spine and 7 to 9 rays.
Anal with 2 spines and 8 to 9 rays. Caudal rounded.

We separate this group from Amia chiefly on its rounded caudal

as the old distinction founded chiefly on the entire preopercle does
not hold.

5

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

e3v[3-~-o8po YIVp Y}IM [BpNvo pus [esiop puodes ‘Hovlq [esIop 4s1y Jo F[ey Joddn ‘spueq yIep [BUIPN}ISUO] osnYIp JoyyBI UsAEG °,9

SUeneAIQ0e gee se ee Jayxisp ATaynulu pszjods Jo pe}jop Ayeuy ‘uMoIq 4yST Apoq ‘yueseid yods [epnvo yIVq ‘zp
SujEOMUN. = os es = [sue spo1edoaid 07 ofa WOIJ YBOI}S UMOIG {Zuruedo [IB putyeq ‘{e10,00d aaoqe 4ods youTg *:6
sniojdouvjour

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SnzVUIsIVULOg[s
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: ‘suruedo [[Is puryeq [e10j,0ed aaoqe yods yovtq ON °{6
‘SpUBq ISIOASUBIY YIVP ON *22
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B00 GTIG cece ray ge core espe uo edu 48 Y}00} Mo fodtyUe oSprs oporodooid {spuvq yp [woIyIOA OT YIM Apog ‘1f

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‘gods [epnvo yIVp ON ‘7p
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"YOJOTA JORG JNoYPIM opo1edgG ‘“SAHLHOINODOAdY ‘;D

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Sespe [epnvo pus [esiop 4jos puw diy [esiop snoulds ‘spuvq yep asieAsuBI} / YIIM SOUTTOUIOS ‘“JOyIeP YIM pefjjour you Apog 7)
slime. = -=-<— OBA YPM poyxIVUI JO polepiog you suy ‘syxvo1ys UMOIG YIVP OSIOASUBIY [TT 0} OT U9IJO ‘IOxIVp YBIM popyjour Apog *1¢

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SHIOGdS AHL AO SISATVNV

6 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

APOGONICHTHYS AURITUS (Valenciennes)

Apogon auritus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 443. Mau-
ritius.—GitnTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 23
(Tahiti and Yap).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 63, pl. 17, fig. 2
(Suez, Andamans, Massaua, Zanzibar).—Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 7, 1877, p. 100 (Samoa).—KtuunzinGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 344 (Port Darwin).—Day, Fauna Brit. India,
Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 499.—Tuurston, Notes Pearl Fisher. Ceylon,
1890, p. 91 (Tuticorin).—Borsigr1, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova,
ser. 3, vol. 1, 1904, p. 191 (Nocra on Daalac Island).—PELLEGRIN, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 10, 1904, p. 544 (Djibouti, Red Sea) WEBER,
Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 232 (Kwandong Bay, Galawo
Straits, West New Guinea; Banda).

FIGURE 2.— BUCCAL INCUBATION, AMIIDAE:

Amia bandanensis (Bleeker) Amia griffini Seale Amia lineolata (Cuvier)

Amia novae-guineae (Valen- Armia laterale (Valenciennes) Amia notata (Houttuyn)
ciennes) Archamia gracilis (Bleeker) Amia atrogaster Smith and Rad-

Amia cypselurus (Weber) cliffe

Apogon (Apogonichthys) auritus KuuNziINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 20, 1870, p. 709 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Prrrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1876, p. 436 (Mauritius).—KossmMann and RAauBER, Wiss. Ergebn.
Reise Kiistengeb. Roth. Meers, vol.1, 1877, p. 7 (Red Sea).—KLuNzINGER,
Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 19 (Koseir).—StTEInDACHNER, Abh. Sencken-
berg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 416 (Ternate).

Apogonichthys auritus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 246
(copied).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 21 (Zanzibar).—Day,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 682 (Andamans).—OaI.LBy, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, 1908, p. 24 (Dunk Island and Bells Swamps).—
Fow Ler, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam).—Fow Ler and

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS /)

Batu, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p. 13 (Wake Istand).—Fow.zmr,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 163 (Guam, Faté, Wake Island,
Samoa, Vavau, Mangareva, Pago Pago, Ascension Island).

Apogon variegaius VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol.
1, 1832, p. 55 (Mauritius).—Rera@an, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2,
Zool., vol. 12, 1907, p. 224 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago).

Apogonichthys variegatus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 250 (Apia and Pago Pago).—Fow er, Bishop Mus. Bull., No.
22, 1925, p. 32 (Samoa).

Apogon punctulatus RUrrEti, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 88, pl. 22,
fig.4. Massaua, Red Sea.

Apogonichthys marmoratus ALLEYNE and Macugay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 1, 1877, p. 268, pl. 5, fig. 2. Cape Grenville, Queens-
land.—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 250,
fig. 44 (Pago Pago and Apia).

Depth 214 to 234; head 214 to 234, width 2 to 214. Snout 414 to
41% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 4, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 34 to opposite hind eye edge, expansion 124
to 124 in eye, length 2 to 2% in head; teeth villiform, in bands in
jaws and on vomer but none on palatines; interorbital 44% to 6, very
slightly convex; preopercle ridge and edge entire. Gill rakers 2+11,
short tubercles or but few lanceolate, less than gill filaments, which
214 in eye.

Scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; tubu-
lar scales 10 or 11 in lateral line, extend till opposite front of soft
dorsal, then consist of obscure pores to caudal base, variably com-
plete; 1 or 2 scales above lateral line, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 3
rows cover cheek. Tubes of lateral line large, well exposed, each
with slight basal scale. Scales with 15 to 17 basal radiating striae;
66 to 148 apical denticles, with 4 to 5 transverse series of basal ele-
ments; circuli very fine.

D. VII-I, 8,1, third spine 2% to 214 in total head length, second
ray 146 to 2; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3 to 344, second ray 2 to 214;
caudal 114 to 12%, rounded convexly behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 21% to 214; pectoral 12% to 134; ventral 13 to 13%.

Brown, ground color but slightly paler below. Body mottled,
speckled or blotched with darker, usually pale spot variably result-
ing on each body scale. Round black blotch on opercle large as
pupil, ocellated with narrow pale brown margin. Iris brown, with
gray to slate tints. Lips all barred with deeper brown. Fins dull
grayish or brownish and except clear pectorals all more or less
barred with brown, often with somewhat waved or irregular aspect.
Many examples show about 10 or 11 dark transverse brown bands,
variably mottled, spotted or speckled, and markings equally variable
in areas of cross bands.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Andamans, East
Indies, Philippines, Queensland, Micronesia, Polynesia.

88137—30——2

8 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

FIGURE 3.—BUCCAL INCUBATION, AMIIDAE:

Amia hyalosoma (Bleeker) two uppermost figures Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker)

Amia koilomatodon (Bleeker) Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier
Cheilodipterus lineatus (Linnaeus)

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 9

One example. Biri Channel. June 1,1909. Length 47 mm.

16366. Biri Channel. June 14,1909. Length 45 mm.

One example. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. December 21, 1908. Length 45 mm.

12098. Capunuypugan Point, Generale Island. May 10,1908. Length 47 mm.

Six examples. Cebu market. March 20,1909. Length 33 to 79 mm. (1406).
Brown centers of scales darkest, margins with olivaceous shades, paler below.
Dark blotch on opercle. First dorsal body color, specked darker. Second
dorsal orange terminally, with darkerspecks. Caudal body color, also specked.
Anal like second dorsal. Pectorals pale pink. Ventrals like first dorsal.

One example. Galera Bay, Mindanao Island. June 9,1908. Length 42 mm.

7370. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar. July 28,1909. Length 48 mm.

Six examples. Great Tobea Island. December 15,1909. Length 20 to 50 mm.

(D. 5249). Lauang Point, N. 1 mile. May 16,1908. Length 35 mm.

One example. Limbones Cove, Luzon. February 8,1909. Length 61 mm.
(1128). Very dark olive. Black spots on lower side and caudal peduncle.
Black blotch size of pupil on opercle narrowly margined white. Dorsals, anal
and pectorals dusky vermilion, no bars. Caudal similar but darker, tips of
outer rays paler.

Six examples. Mactan Island. August 31,1909. Length 39 to 73 mm.

One example. North West Verde Island. July 22,1908. Length 42 mm.

One example. Port Dupon, Leyte Island. March 17, 1909. Length 47 mm.

16101. Port Cataingan, Cataingan Bay. May 14,1909. Length 40 mm.

Three examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length 30 to 40 mm.

One example. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23,1908. Length 55 mm.

Three examples. Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length 32 to 42 mm. (441,
442, 443). Black opercular blotch about size of eye, narrow border with
golden. Back with opalescent reflection dusky. Narrow brownish bars on
middle of side. Fins all vermilion. Another example with short black stripes
over blotch. Two short stripes over eye, one across cheek and opercle from
lower corner of eye. General color darker and bars on side broader and almost
black.

‘Three examples. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 59 to 69 mm. (468).
Black opercular blotch surrounded by narrow yellow lines. General body
color purplish umber, centers of scales darker. No traces of transverse dark
bars on side of body. Narrow black line above opercular blotch. Obscure
paler stripe from lower corner of eye across cheek to opercle. Abdominal
region partly silvery. Fins same as body color, soft verticals with more of
reddish.

One example. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 12,1908. Length 43 mm.

14058. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length 54 mm.

14753 and 14756. San Jaauico Strait. April 13,1908. Length 62 to 72 mm.

One example. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length
62 mm.

Four examples. Tataan Island, Simulac Island, Sulu Archipelago. February
13, 1908. Length 21 to 49 mm.

Two examples. Tataan Island. February 19, 1908. Length 33 to 57 mm.

Hight examples. Tataan Island. February 20, 1908. Length 21 to 43 mm.

One example. Tilig, Lubang. July 15, 1908. Length 41 mm.

(D. 5159). Tinakta Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 21, 1908. Length
41 mm.

8685. Tutu Bay, Jolo. September 19, 1909. Length 39 mm.

22830. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27, 1909. Length 47 mm.

Two examples. Tifu Island, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length 34
to 39 mm.

10 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

One example. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length 48 mm.

One example. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909.
Length 38 mm.

12780. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length 60 mm.

One example. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length

42 mm.
APOGONICHTHYS ELLIOTI (Day)

Apogon elliott Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 63, pl. 17, fig. 1. Madras;
Suppl., 1888, p. 784; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 497.—
JOHNSTONE, Rep. Ceylon Pearl Fisher., pt. 2, 1904, p. 220 (Galle).

Amia ellioti McCuutocg, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, No. 3, 1915, p. 119
(off Gloucester Head, Queensland, 35 fathoms).

Apogon nigripinnis (not VALENCIENNES) JERDON, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci.,
1851, p. 128.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 235

(part).
Apogon arafurae GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 1880, p. 38, pl.
16, fig. C. Arufura Sea.

Depth 3 to 31%; head 24 to 226, width 2% to 22. Snout 424 to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 4, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expansion 124 to 134 in
eye, length 2 to 21% in head; teeth fine, villiform, in bands in jaws,
on vomer and palatines; interorbital 374 to 41%, nearly level; pre-
opercle edge and ridge with small uneven serrae. Gill rakers 4+11,
lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or 2% in eye.

Scales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2 or 3
above, 5 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows of cheek scales to preopercle
ridge; muzzle including interorbital, maxillary and suborbitals, naked.
Lateral line of rather large tubes, well exposed, each with small basal
crimped scale. Scales with 8 to 15 basal radiating striae; 35 to 65
apical denticles, with 1 to 4 transverse series of basal elements;
circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 214 to 24 in total head length, third
ray 136 to 134; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3 to 324, third ray 1% to
214; caudal 12s to 114, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
226 to 224; pectoral 2; ventral 14% to 2.

Pale brown generally, with silvery reflections on side of head and
body. Iris silvery white. Fins all pale, spinous dorsal with apical
half blackish and soft dorsal with median brown longitudinal band,
slightly arched, also soft dorsal edge above brown. Ventral with
brownish dusted over anterior half of fin.

India, East Indies, Philippines, Queensland. Some examples show
7 broad gray transverse bands on trunk and tail much wider than
interspaces. Others also have the caudal terminally with more or
less dusky.

Six examples (D. 5360). Corregidor Light, N. 74° W., 6-9 miles (14° 21’ N.,

120° 41’ E.), Manila Bay, Luzon. In12fathoms. February 7,1909. Length
62 to 105 mm.

‘

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS’ ll]

One example (D. 5131). Island off Panabutan Point, N. 20° E., 0.4 mile, Sulu
Sea off western Mindanao. In 27 fathoms. February 6, 1908. Length 65 mm.

4466} (D. 5235). Nagubat Island, S. 58° W., 7 miles (9° 43’ N., 125° 48’ 15’
E.). Pacific coast, east coast Mindanao. In 44 fathoms. May 9, 1908.
Length 120 mm.

Five examples (D. 5442). San Fernando Point Light, N. 39° E., 8.4 miles (16°
30’ 36” N., 120° 11’ 06” E.), west coast Luzon. In 45 fathoms. May 10,
1909. Length 73 to 112 mm.

Two examples (D. 5480). Tacbuc Point, 8. 87° W., 17.3 miles (10° 44’ 36” N.,
125° 19’ E.), Leyte. In 62 fathoms. July 29, 1909. Length 82 to 102 mm.
(1748). Silvery, with bronze reflections, back darker and lower surface
minutely dotted with blackish. Isthmus keel and branchiostegal rays black-
ish, also edges of preopercle. Iris silvery gray. Tips of dorsals and caudal
blackish and blackish medianly through second dorsal. Other fins dusky.

4433 (D. 5161). Tinakta Light, N. 12° W., 1.80 miles (5° 10’ 15” N., 119° 53’ E.),
Tawi Tawi Group, Sulu Archipelago. In 16 fathoms. February 22, 1908.
Length 67 mm.

4382 (D. 5257). Utara Point, Bongo Island, N. 88° W., 7.70 miles (7° 22’ 12”
N., 124° 12’ 15” E.), southern Mindanao in eastern Ilana Bay. In 28 fathoms.
May 22, 1908. Length 84 mm.

4544 (D. 5593). Mount Putri, N. 52° W., 17.2 miles (4° 02’ 40” N., 118° 11’
20” E.), vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. In 38 fathoms. September 29, 1909.
Length 70 mm.

APOGONICHTHYS STRIATUS (Smith and Radcliffe)
Amia striata SmirH and Ravcuirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,

p. 487, pl. 35, fig. 1. West coast of Luzon (N. Lat. 16° 30’ 36”, E. Long.
120° 11’ 6” in 45 fathoms).

Depth 234 to 24%; head 2% to 214, width 214 to 234. Snout 51% to
534 in head from snout tip; eye 31% to 34, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 3% or till opposite hind eye edge, expansion
136 to 134 in eye; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws and small patches
on vomer and palatines; interorbital 41% to 5, slightly convex; narrow
jagged infraorbital edge; preopercle ridge entire and edge entire
except few short denticles around angle. Gill rakers 4+11, lanceo-
late, much longer than gill filaments or one-half of eye.

Seales 21 or 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 5 or 6 below, 4 or 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek;
head naked, except some large thin scales on cheeks and opercles;
scales largely deciduous, tubes in lateral line slender, well exposed
and each with small basal scale. Scales with 10 or 11 basal radiating
striae; 42 to 63 rather weak apical denticles in 2 or 3 transverse series;
circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9,1, fourth spine 214 to 234 in total head length, second
ray 124 to 134; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 23% to 324, second ray 134 to
20; caudal 124 to 13%, rounded behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
2% to 3%; pectoral 124 to 144; ventral 1% to 2.

Pale brown generally, with silvery gray to whitish below and on
sides. Two obscure dull brown bands obliquely across cheek from
eye. Ten vertical slightly darker bands than back, each little

12 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

narrower than pale interspaces. Iris silvery white, with gray above..
Edge of gill opening broadly neutral dusky, with underlaid appearance.
Isthmus and chest dusted with dark brown. Spinous dorsal whitish
basally, terminal 24 neutral dusky or blackish. Soft dorsal gray
brown, with base narrowly pale to whitish. Caudal very pale
brownish. Other fins whitish, paired fins with rather broad neutral
dusky bases. Some examples show all the fins, excepting the
pectorals, neutral dusky terminally.
Known only from the Philippines.
22148. Cebumarket. August 28,1909. Length 59mm. Male with buccal ova.
Four examples (D. 5360). Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 25 to
59 mm.
5378 and 5379. Oton market, Tloilo. March 30, 1908. Length 66 to 69 mm.
4453 (D. 5479). Surigao Strait,Samar. July 29,1909. Length 58 mm.
Thirteen examples (D. 5442). West coast of Luzon. March 11,1909. Length
37 to 89 mm. (Type, No. 68403 U.S. N. M.)

One example. West coast Mindanao. February 6, 1908. Length 49 mm.
(D: sis).

APOGONICHTHYS BRACHYGRAMMUS (Jenkins)

Fowleria brachygrammus JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902
(1903), p. 448, fig. 20. Honoluluu—Jorpan and EvrEeRMANN, Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), p. 211 (Waikiki and Hilo).—
JORDAN and SEALg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 780, fig. 5.

Foa brachygramma GiLBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2, 1903:
(1905), p. 617 (off Molokai and between Maui and Lanai in 23 to 73 fath-
oms).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 526 (Hawaii) ;
Copeia, No. 112, Nov. 20, 1922, p. 83 (Hawaii).

Amia brachygramma Fow.ErR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 162:
(Pearl City, Oahu; type of Fowleria brachygrammus).

Depth 2% to 234; head 21% to 2%, width 2% to 2144. Snout 4 to
434 in head from snout tip; eye 3% to3%, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, expansion 134 to.
144, length 17% to 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 414 to 434, nearly level; preopercle edge
and ridge entire. Gill rakers 2+10 or 11, lanceolate, 2% in eye.

Scales 9 tubes in upper section of lateral line, 8 to 12 pores in lower
section to caudal base and two more on latter; one scale above lateral
line, 5 or 6 below, 4 or 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Scales with 9
basal radiating striae; 80 to 136 apical denticles with 4 transverse:
series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VIII, I, 9,1, third spine 124 to 14% in total head length, first ray
13 to 24%; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3% to 34, second ray 1% to 2;
caudal 12g to 114, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 27% to 224;
pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 134 to 14%.

Uniformly brown, in life with 5 dark vertical bands, each narrower
than pale interspaces, less distinct with age. Iris pale. Fins all paler.
Spinous dorsal and ventral dusky.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 13

Philippines, Formosa, Hawaii. The above description from a series
of Hawaiian examples in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

One example. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Borneo. September 27, 1909.

Length 55 mm.

APOGONICHTHYS HYALINUS (Smith and Radcliffe)

Amia hyalina SmitH and Rapcuirrs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 433, pl. 36, fig. 3. Talisse Island, north of Celebes.

Depth 21% to 2144; head 21% to 22; width 214 to 234. Snout 4 to
414 in head; eye 3% to 3%, slightly greater than snout or interor-
bital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, expansion 174 to 134,
length 17% to 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 474 to 5, nearly level; preopercle ridge
and edge entire. Gill rakers 4+ 12, lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or 24% in eye.

Scales 20 in median lateral series from suprascapula to caudal base
and 2 or 3 more on latter; 7 or 8 tubular scales in short lateral line
which about reaches front of second dorsal; 1 scale above lateral
line, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 3 rows on cheek; head naked, except cheeks
and opercles. Scales with 14 basal radiating striae; 50 to 75 apical
denticles; circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 8, 1, third spine 17% to 2 in head, third ray 124 to 134;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 27% to 314, second ray 17% to 2; caudal 144
to 124, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 244 to 214;
pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 124 to 1%.

Uniform pale brown, fins all lighter or whitish. Pale brownish
hand, little darker than general color, from snout to eye and then
over upper postocular to suprascapula. Brown band obscurely from:
lower eye edge down over front of cheek close behind maxillary.
Another band, though silvery white, parallels close behind. Two or
three transverse obscure brown bands down from spinous dorsal base,
first usually inclined forward or on to opercle. Iris silvery white.

Known only from the materials in the U.S. National Museum.
One example. Parang, southern Mindanao. May 23, 1908. (638.)

2031. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 35 to 47
mm. (2031.) (Type No. 70245 U.S. N. M.and 10 paratypes.) Color hyaline
pearl. Brownish red stripe from snout to eye, another from eye to throat,
another across nape and 3 downward from spinous dorsal base, latter more or
less olivaceous. Abdominal regions and lower side of head with more or less

silver. Iris very pale pink. Spinous dorsal mottled finely with brownish,
other fins immaculate.

APOGONICHTHYS PERDIX Bleeker
Apogonichthys perdix BueEKsrR, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, 1854,

p. 321. Larantuka, Flores.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 247 (copied).—BuerKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,

14 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1873-76, pl. (44) 322, fig. 2 (Flores and Buru).—Fow ter, Bishop Mus.
Bull., vol. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p.
163 (Guam).

Amia perdix BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 100
(Flores and Buru).

Apogon perdiz WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 230 (Biaru
Island and Nusa Laut).

Apogonichthys watkiki JonpAN and Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm.,
vol. 22, 1902 (April 11, 1903), p.179. Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands;
vol. 25, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), pl. 35a (type).—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 162 (Guam; Arhno; type of Apogonichthys waikikt).

Mionorus waikiki JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 25,
pt. 1, 1903 (1905), p. 210 (type).

Foa fo JornpAN and SEAug, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 779.
Negros and Cavite; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 248, fig.
42 (Apia, Samoa and Philippines); vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 17 (Cavite).

Apogonichthys fo JorDAN and RicHARDSsON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27,
1907 (1908), p. 255 (Iloilo); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1909, p.
181 (Takao, Formosa).

Foa vaiulae JonDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p.
249, fig, 48.° Apia Samoa.

Amia vaiulae Fow.LeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 162 (Suva).

Amia brachygramma (not JENKINS) FowLeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10)
1928, p. 162 (part).

Depth 2144 to 214; head 214 to 2144, width 1% to 24%. Snout 3%
to 4 in head from snout tip; eye 3% to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches hind eye edge or slightly beyond,
expansion 134 to 134 in eye, length 134 to 1% in head; teeth villi-
form, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 4 to
414, nearly level; preopercle edge and ridge entire. Gill rakers
4+10, lanceolate, upper and lowermost 3 or 4 low rudiments, slightly
longer than gill filaments or 21% in eye.

Scales 18 or 19 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter;
anteriorly lateral line of only 8 or 9 tubes, not extending beyond
soft dorsal; 1 scale above lateral line, 6 below, cheek with 2 rows of
scales; scales on middle of side all narrowly imbricated. Scales with
8 basal radiating striae; 45 to 69 apical denticles, with 1 or 2 trans-
verse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 2 to 2% in total head length, third ray
124 to 2; A. II, 8,1, second spine 31% to 4, second ray 17% to 2; caudal
1% to 1%, slightly rounded behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
21% to 244; pectoral 124 to 144; ventral 124 to 14%.

Light brown, much paler on under surface of head and abdomen.
Most everywhere mottled or dusted with darker brown. Obscure
dark postocular streak from eye toward pectoral base. Many exam-
ples variably show dark transverse bands, as one from front of
spinous dorsal, one from middle of spinous dorsal base, one from
front of soft dorsal, one from last dorsal rays and one at caudal
base, though all obscurely defined. Iris silvery white to grayish.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 15

Spinous dorsal neutral dusky. Soft dorsal, caudal and anal pale,
mottled with brownish, which more or less forms waved lines or
irregular bars in many examples. Pectorals pale, clear. Ventrals
pale basally and on spine, often variable brown bars and terminally
neutral dusky.

There seems to be little excuse to us for the erection of the nominal
Apogonichthys waikiki, Foa fo, and Foa vaiulae. An examination and
comparison of the types shows that all three are the same species.
Although there are some slight differences in Bleeker’s figure of
Apogonichthys perdix there is but little doubt that it is the same
species, which is widely distributed over the Indo-Pacific. Bleeker
shows three rows of scales on the cheek, likely an error of his artist.
The figures of Foa fo and Foa vaiulae fail to indicate any scales on
the cheek though the types both show the scale pockets distinctly.
As for the description of the color and its resulting patterns, we
believe them all to be due to preservation or variously intensified or
rendered pallid, according to the condition of the specimens as they
were collected.

One example. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 37 mm.

Two examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 24 to 30
mm. (1326). Olivaceous with mottling of paler on sides. Head rather
brownish above. Bright dusky stripe behind eye to pectoral, not quite
reaching opercular edge. First dorsal brownish, edge paler. Other vertical
fins pale, speckled with reddish. Pectorals pale pink. Ventrals dark on
terminal portions.

22400. Canmahala Bay. March 11,1909. Length 37 mm.

Oneexample. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April18,1908. Length 35mm.

One example. Cebu market. August 28, 1909. Length 42 mm.

Eighty-four examples. Cotabato, below mouth of Mindanao River, Mindanao.
May 20,1908. Length 28 to 47 mm.

24083. Cotabato. May 20,1908. Length 33 mm.

Three examples. Davao, Mindanao. May 16,1908. Length 33 to 43 mm.

One example. Gigantaugan Island. March 5,1909. Length 32 mm.

4930. Iloilo market. March 29,1908. Length 45 mm.

One example. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindanao, May 15,1908. Length 27 mm.

Five examples. Nasipit, Mindanao. August 1,1909. Length 15 to 35 mm.

One example. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 2, 1908. Length
29 mm.

One example. San Pascual, Burias Island. March 8,1909. Length 27 mm.

Oneexample. Santa CruzIsland, Marinduque. April24, 1908. Length 36mm.

One example. Tilig, Lubang. July 14,1908. Length 36 mm.

(D. 5595.) Zamboanga. October 7,1909. Length 13 to 14 mm.

(2083.] Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28,1909. Length 43 mm.

One example. Tomahu Island. December 11,1909. Length 16 mm.

50639 U.S.N.M. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. Length
37mm. Type of Apogonichthys watktki.

51734 U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length30mm. ‘Type of
Foa vaiulae.

51735 U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length 32 mm. Type
of Foa fo.

16 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

APOGONICHTHYS ALBOMARGINATUS (Smith and Radcliffe)

Amia albomarginata Smitu and Rapcuirrg, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41,
1912, p. 438, pl. 35, fig. 2. Cavite, Luzon.

Depth 236 to 246; head 214 to 224, width 214 to 244. Snout 4%
to 5 in head from snout tip; eye 344 to 324, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary 174 to 2 in head, reaches 24 to 34 in eye,
expansion 124 to 174; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 434 to 5 in head, slightly convex; pre-
opercle ridge and edge entire. Gill rakers 3+10, lanceolate, greatly
longer than gill filaments or 1% in eye.

Seales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter;
2 above, 7 below, 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line all simple, large, well
exposed, and each with small basal scale. Scales with 12 basal radi-
ating striae; 76 to 83 apical denticles, with 7 or 8 transverse series;
circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 224 to 224 in total head length, second
ray 1% to 134; A. II, 8,1, second spine 314 to 324, second ray 1% to
2; caudal 114 to 134, hind edge convex; least depth of caudal ped-
uncle 2144 to 2144; pectoral 1% to 124; ventral 14% to1%.

Brown above, lighter below. Head sprinkled with dull or obscure
brownish specks or dots, very numerous on mandible anteriorly and
on cheek, but few on opercle above. Iris whitish, with gray above.
Dorsals and caudal pale brownish. Soft dorsal with obscure darker
subbasal longitudinal band or line. Anal light brown, though its
front edge narrowly and also that of caudal below, whitish. Paired
fins pale.

Known only from the Philippines.

12825. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27,1908. Length 75 mm.

12830. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length 101 mm.
(Type, No. 68402, U.S.N.M.) ;

5972. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length 82 mm.

20556 and 20557. Subig market, Tilig. July 14, 1908. Length 67 to 71 mm.
One example. Subig Bay. January 7, 1908. Length 58 mm.

APOGONICHTHYS CARINATUS (Cuvier)

Apogon carinatus CuvizR, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 157. Japan.—
ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 3 (Nagasaki).—RIcHAarRD-
son, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 221 (copied).—Nystr6m, Svensk. Vet.
Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 8 (Nagasaki).

Apogonichthys carinatus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., No. 4, vol. 26,
1857, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Nagasaki).—Ginrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1870, p. 247 (copied). —E.erra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 471 (Luzon).—
JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 892, fig. 1
(Misaki, Wakanoura, Nagasaki).—Snypemr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42,
1912, p. 412 (Shimizu).—Jorpan and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol.
10, No. 2, 1925, p. 230 (Wakanoura, Toba, Kochi, Misaki).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 17

Depth 3; head 22s, width 214. Snout 53¢ in head from snout tip;
eye 4, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 4% in eye,
expansion 14 in eye, length 2 in head; teeth minute, in bands in
jaws and on vomer, small patch on each palatine; interorbital 414,
level; preorbital edge, preopercle ridge and edge, entire. Gill rakers
3+11, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or 14% in eye.

Scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 2 predorsal, 1 row on cheek; head naked, except few scales
on cheek and opercle. Tubes in_lateral line rather large, well exposed,
each with large basal scale. Scales with 19 or 21 basal radiating
striae; 67 to 72 apical denticles, with 6 or 7 transverse series of spines;
circuli very fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 234 in total head, fourth ray 144; A.
II, 8,1, second spine 4, third ray 2; caudal 12s, convex behind; least
depth of caudal peduncle 224; pectoral 124; ventral 124.

Light brown, inclining to whitish below. Dorsals pale brown,
whitish basally and soft fin with basal blackish ocellus large as eye
margined with whitish at last rays. Caudal whitish basally, brown
terminally. Other fins whitish. Iris whitish, gray above.

Philippines, Japan.

3009 (D. 5376). Tayabas Light, Marinduque Island. March 2, 1909. Length
128mm. (1183.) Pearl gray, mottled with olive in areas tending to form
longitudinal lines. Upper parts with coppery reflections generally. Lower
surface of body white. Chin dusky. First dorsal dusky olivaceous and
small white spots on basal portions of membranes. Second dorsal yellowish
olive; large black white-rimmed ocellus basally posterior; few white spots
on anterior and median portions of membranes; fin rays tipped dusky. Anal

brassy yellow, white terminally and irregular small white blotches along body
of fin. Caudal dusky, tips darkest.

APOGONICHTHYS MELANOPTERUS,? new name

Amia melas (not BLEEKER 1848) Fow.eEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1918, p. 17, fig. 8. Philippines.

Amia nigricans (not Day) Fowumr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927,

p. 274 (type of Amia melas FowLeR); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 156, fig. 38 (same specimen).

Depth 224; head 224, width 2144. Snout 3% in head from snout
tip; eye 224, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
opposite eye center, expansion 21% in eye, length 21% in head from
snout tip; teeth villiform, in moderately wide bands in jaws, and
narrow band on vomer and palatines; interorbital 314, slightly con-
vex; preopercle ridge entire, hind edge minutely serrate. Gill rakers
5+15, lanceolate, twice gill filaments or % of eye; 4 above and 4
below rudimentary.

Seales 21 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2?
above, 6? below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows across cheek. Lateral line

®uédas, black; wrepor, fin; with reference to the black verticals and ventrals.

18 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

concurrent with dorsal profile. Scales with 13 basal radiating striae;
apical denticles 38; circuli very fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 214% in total head length, second ray
1%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 1%, fourth ray 124; caudal 114, convex;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234; pectoral 124; ventral 114.

Dark brown generally. Pectoral pale brown, other fins uniformly
blackish brown.

India, Philippines. We have only seen the example reported by
Fowler, redescribed above.

Diagnosis.—Differs from Apogonichthys carinatus chiefly in its
uniform brown coloration with blackish fins.

47491 A.N.S.P. Philippines. Length 55mm. Type of Amia melas Fowler.
APOGONICHTHYS UNINOTATUS (Smith and Radcliffe)

Amia uninotata Smita and RapcuiFrFre, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 436, pl. 34, fig. 3. Bisucay Island and Tara Island, Philippines.

Amia ocellata (not WEBER) VoN Bonpk, Fisher. Mar. Surv. South Africa,
Spec. Rep. No. 1, 1923, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 2. Natal coast, 27 fathoms.

Apogon duops BARNARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 522 (on
Von BonpgeE).

Depth 2% to 23%; head 21 to 24, width 2 to 2%. Snout 4% to4%
in head from snout tip; eye 3% to 3%, longer than snout or interorbi-
tal; maxillary reaches 34 to 4% in eye, expansion 17%, length 17% to 2in
head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws and on vomer, none on pala-
tines; interorbital 4144 to 424, nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge
entire. Gill rakers 6+ 15, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 224 in eye.

Scales 21 or 22 in lateral line and 3 more on latter; 2 above, 6 below,
4 or 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except cheeks and
opercles. Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed, each with well-
developed basal scale. Scales with 13 to 16 basal radiating striae;
84 to 115 apical denticles, with 1 or 2 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 1% to 2 in total head length, second ray
17% to 244; A. II, 8,1, second spine27% to3, second ray 2 to 2%; caudal
1% to 144, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 224;
pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 13% to 14%.

Brown generally, not paler below. Round neutral black blotch
above pectoral and close behind head, smaller than eye though little
larger than pupil. Brown streak from lower hind eye edge down
toward preopercle angle. Irisslaty. Vertical fins all dusky to black-
ish brown, hind caudal edge pale. Pectorals brown, ventrals dusky
or blackish. Smaller examples all with fins much paler. All show
pale underlaid narrow line sloping down from humeral region across:
large dark post-humeral blotch and back over tail till midway along
median body axis. Small examples with pale iris.

Natal, Philippines.

ne

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 19

17032. Bisucay Island, Cuyos Islands. April 9,1909. Length 55mm. (Type
No. 70248 U.S.N.M.)

One example. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4,1909. Length 45 mm.

One example (D. 5179). Romblon vicinity. March 25,1908. Length 39 mm.

24015 (788). Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 15, 1908. Length 55
mm. Dusky, with reddish-brown shades. Round blackish blotch larger than
pupil, midway between pectoral and lateral line.

APOGONICHTHYS POLYSTIGMA Bleeker

A pogonichthys polystigma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, 1854,
p. 484. Wahai, Ceram; Priaman, Sumatra.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol, 1, 1859, p. 246 (copied).—Prtrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1868, p. 256 (Pulobrani, Singapore).—K<Arout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Buda-
pest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Singapore).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 13 (Cebu).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk.,
Amsterdam, 1913, p. 115 (Amboina).

Pseudamia polystigma BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p- 107 (Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (70) 348, fig. 2.—Eurra, Cat. Fauna
Filip., 1895, p. 471 (Cebu).—Jorpan and Sats, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 17 (Cavite).

Pseudoamia polystigma SEauE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p.
274 (Sandakan, Borneo).

Apogonichthys tsostigma JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 251, fig. 45. Apia, Samoa.

. Fowleria isostigma KenpALL and RapcuirreE, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol.
35, 1912, p. 104 (Mangareva, Paumotus; types of Apogonichthys isostigma).

Apogonichthys auritus (not VALENCIENNES) FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol.

10, 1928, p. 163 (Mangareva; type of Apogonichthys isostigma).

Depth 3% to 4; head 214 to 234, width 234 to 3. Snout 4% to 5in
head from snout tip; eye 3% to 4%, greater than snout or interorbital,
subequal with interorbital with age; maxillary reaches opposite hind
eye edge, expansion 1/4 to 124 in eye, length 2 in head; band of villi-
form upper teeth narrow, row of fine, conic lower teeth with median
lateral canine in each mandibular ramus followed by 2 smaller ones,
2 long inner upper canines and narrow band or row of fine teeth on
vomer and each palatine; interorbital 414 to 414%, convex; preopercle
ridge entire, little distinct, edge entire except 4 or 5 slight denticles
at angle; preorbital entire. Gill rakers 2+12, lanceolate, with 2 to 4
more as rudiments above and below, longest much greater than gill
filaments or 124 in eye.

Scales 26 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 5 above, 7 below, about 25 to 28 predorsal to snout; 4 rows
of scales on cheek to preopercle ridge. Tubes in lateral line simple,
small, little marked, though well exposed. Scales with 9 or 10 basal
radiating striae; 18 to 22 circuli.

D. VI-I, 8,1, third spine 21% to 224 in total head length, third dorsal
ray 14%to13%; A.II,8,1,or9,1,second spine 3 to 3}%, first ray 1% to 2;
caudal 114 to 1%, ends in slight median point; least depth of caudal
peduncle 234 to 3; pectoral 144 to 1%; ventral 2 to 2%.

20 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Light brown generally, finely spotted or marked with minute dark
brown rings, each ring enclosing a minute pale spot and usually a
single dark ring to a scale. Side of head with similar dark rings
only little larger and more scattered on opercular region. Top of
head back and end of muzzle dusted with deep brown. Iris brown.
Spinous dorsal dusky. Soft dorsal with white margin, also base pale
and rest of fin dusky. Anal like soft dorsal. Rounded blackish-
brown blotch at base of caudal large as eye. Other fins all pale or
whitish.

East Indies, Philippines, Polynesia.

Six examples. Cebu market. March 28, 1909. Length 38 to 73 mm. (1490)

6471 to 6484. Cebu market. August 13, 1909. Length 43 to 72 mm.
One example. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf. March11,1909. Length 35mm.

APOGONICHTHYS GLAGA (Bleeker)

Apogon glaga BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc.), vol. 22, 1849, p.
29. Batavia, Cheribon, Tjilatjap, Samarang.—Day, Fishes of India, pt.
1, 1875, p. 62, pl. 16, fig. 10; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 498.

Apogonichthys glaga BLEEKER, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch., No. 4, vol. 26,
1857, p. 57 (Nagasaki, Java, Singapore).—GuntTuHEr, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 247 (copied).—BLreExkeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néer-
land., vol. 7, 1873-76, pl. (33) 311, fig. 1—KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek,
Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Sarangoon, Singapore).—Eurra, Cat.
Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 471 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—JorpAN and
SnypErR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 893 (copied).

Amia glaga BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 100
(Singapore, Banka, Java).

Mionorus glaga JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 17 (Cavite) —Jorpan and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27,
1907 (1908), p. 255 (Manila).

Depth 224 to 234; head 214 to 2%, width 224 to 24%. Snout 5
to 524 in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 414, greater than snout or
interorbital or subequal with latter; maxillary reaches opposite hind
pupil edge till beyond hind eye edge, expansion 114 to 14% in eye,
length 17% to 2 in head; villiform teeth in bands in jaws and on
vomer, palatines toothless; preopercle and preorbital entire. Gill
rakers 3+11, lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or 14% in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 or 5 predorsal; 2 rows cover cheek. Tubes
in lateral line rather large, moderately exposed and each with small
basal scale. Caudal covered with small scales basally, otherwise fins
naked. Scales with 18 to 22 basal radiating striae; 90 to 110 apical
denticles with 5 or 6 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fifth spine 224 to 324 in total head length, fifth
branched ray 13% to 124; A.II, 8,1, second spine 334 to 4, third ray
144 to 1%; caudal 126 to 11%, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2 to 2144; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 124 to 134.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS PAN

Back brown, sides and below paler to light, with silvery white
reflections. Sides with 7 rather diffuse longitudinal dark bands, wide
as interspaces which appear well contrasted and following along
junctures of scales. Opercle with diffuse neutral dusky or gray shade.
Iris pale yellowish-white. Spinous dorsal with terminal half blackish.
Soft dorsal with grayish terminally, each membrane from base with
4 or 5 whitish spots and subbasal dark basal area darker or dusky.
Caudal grayish terminally. Anal whitish with several rows of deep
brown spots subbasally. Paired fins uniformly pale.

India, East Indies, Philippines.

2645 (D. 5361). Corregidor Light, 8. 89° W., 7.2 miles (14° 24’ 15’ N., 120°
41’ 30’ E.), Manila Bay, Luzon. In 12 fathoms. February 8, 1909. Length
84 to 121 mm. (1137). 3 examples. General color dusky brown, darker
on head, lighter below, with metallic tints. Upper part of spinous dorsal
blackish. Row of dusky brown spots near bases of second dorsal membranes
and other less distinct spots of same color scattered over membranes further
out. Blotches composed of very fine blackish spots in the membranes of the
anal and outer part of anal membranes and rays yellowish. Caudal mem-
branes dusky. Pectoral rosy hyaline. Ventral margins white.

Five examples. Manila market. December 4, 1908. Length 104 to 126 mm.

4523. Manila market. December 12, 1907. Length 113 mm. Body silvery,
with lines of zigzag stripes. First dorsal white, with black spot. Second
dorsal with several irregular lines of spots. Caudal dusky posteriorly. Anal
plain pale yellow. Pectoral dirty white. Ventral yellowish.

1726. (D. 5208.) Taratara Island, S. 53° W., 1.8 miles (11° 45’ 25’ N., 124°
18’ 05’’ E.), off western Samar. In 20 fathoms. April 14,1908. Length
115 mm.

Genus MIONORUS Krefft

Mionorus Krerrt, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 942. Type Mionorus
lunatus KrEeFrt, monotypic.

Eye less than snout, equals interorbital. Mouth cleft oblique.
Teeth all villiform, without canines, on vomer and palatines, tongue
smooth. Preopercle ridge and edge entire. Opercle with spine.
Branchiostegals 7. Scales moderate, 30 in lateral line. Two dor-
sals, first with 6 spines, second with spine and 9 rays. Anal with
2 spines and 8 or 9rays. Caudal truncate.

MIONORUS MYDRUS Jordan and Seale

Mionorus mydrus JORDAN and SEAuz, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905,

p. 778, fig. 4. Negros; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 17
(Manila).

Mionurus bombonesis HERRE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, 1925, p. 341,
pl. 1. Lake Taal, Laguna de Bombom, Batangas Province, Luzon.

Depth 2144; head 214, width 24%. Snout 524 in head from snout
tip; eye 224 in head, greater than snout, subequal with interorbital;
maxillary reaches opposite eye center, expansion 3 in eye, length 24%
in head from snout tip; teeth minute, uniform, in narrow bands in

22 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 214, little convex; pre-
opercle edge and ridge entire. Gill rakers 4?+12, lanceolate, longer
than gill filaments or about 24 of eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 2
scales above, 6 below, 5 predorsal; apparently a single row of scales
on cheek. Fins apparently scaleless, except caudal base. Lateral
line complete, tubes large, well exposed. Scales with 7 or 8 basal
radiating striae; 18 short apical denticles as alternate series; circuli
moderate.

D. VI-I, 9, second dorsal spine 21% in total head length, spine of
second dorsal 214; A. II, 8, spine 24; caudal (damaged, “‘ doubtless
rounded in life’’); least depth of caudal peduncle 224; pectoral 114;
ventral 1%.

Largely dark or dusky. Obscure dark spots, ill defined, on muzzle
and opercle. Spinous dorsal dusky terminally. Soft dorsal and
anal dusky, posteriorly pale. Pectoral whitish. Ventral blackish.

Only known from the type and one small example. Probably
Mionurus bombonensis Herre the adult.

51946, U.S.N.M. Negros Island. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length 18 mm.
Genus NEAMIA Smith and Radcliffe
Neamia Smitu and RapcuiFFe£, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912, p.
441. Type Neamia octospina Smita and Rapc.irrE, orthotypic.

Body deep, compressed. Head large. Maxillary long, reaches
beyond eye. Bands of small villiform teeth in jaws, few on vomer,
none on palatines and no distinct canines. Preopercle ridge and edge
entire. Lower gill rakers 11. Scales ctenoid, 21 in lateral line to
caudal base. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines united basally at
intersection, spines 8 and rayed fin with spine and 9 rays. Anal with
2 spines and 8 rays. Caudal rounded. Pectoral long.

NEAMIA OCTOSPINA Smith and Radcliffe

Neamia octospina SMitH and Rapcuirre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41,
1912, p. 441, pl. 36, fig. 2. Rasa Island, Palawan.

Depth 214; head 224, width 214. Snout 5% in head from snout
tip; eye 4, much greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
slightly beyond eye, expansion 114 in eye, length 2 in head; teeth
very minute, villiform, in bands in jaws and on vomer, obsolete or
absent from palatines; interorbital 514, but very slightly convex;
preopercle with entire ridge and edge. Gill rakers 3+ 11, lanceolate,
little longer than gill filaments or 21% in eye.

Scales 21 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 2
above, 8 below, 6 predorsal, at least row of large scales on cheek;
head except cheeks and opercles naked. Tubes in lateral line rather
large, each with well developed basal scale. Scales with 11 basal
radiating striae; 46 apical denticles, with 4 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli rather fine.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 23

D. VIII, I, 9, third spine 27, in total head length, fourth ray 2;
A. II, 8, second spine 33%, third ray 224; caudal 114, ends in median
point; least depth of caudal peduncle 214; pectoral 114; ventral 136.

Largely pale uniform brown. Iris whitish. Dark band made up
of brown dots slopes obliquely down over cheek close behind maxillary
and another as a postocular line.

Only known from the type.

No. 70251, U.S.N.M. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Island, Palawan. April 1, 1909.

Length 37 mm.
Genus AMIA Gronow

Amia GrRonow, Zoophylac., 1763, p. 80. Species nonbinomial. Type
Amia moluccensits VALENCIENNES, designated by Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 237.

Apogon LactrkpeE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, p. 411. Type Apogon
ruber LACKPEDE, monotypic.

Ostorhinchus Lactpripr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, p. 23. Type
Ostorhinchus fleurteu LAcbPEDE, monotypic.

Dipterodon Lactrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, p. 167. Type
Dipterodon hexacanthus Lac&PbpeE, designated by JoRDAN and EVERMANN,
Genera of Fishes, vol. 1, 1917, p. 68.

Macrolepis Ra¥rinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. 89. Type Apogon
ruber LackrrpE. Macrolepis RAFINESQUE proposed to replace Apogon
LacéPEDE.

Monoprion Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, vol, 2, 1860, p. 123. Type
Monoprion maculatus Porky, monotypic.

Lepidamia Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 81. Type
Amia kalosoma BLEEKER, monotypic.

Pristiapogon KuunzinGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, p. 715. Type
Apogon fraenatus VALENCIENNES, monotypic.

Vincentia CasTtELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc., Victoria, vol. 1, 1872,
p. 245. Type Vincentia waterhouset CASTELNAU, monotypic.

Monosira Pory, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 10, 1881, p. 326.
Type Monosira stahli Pony, monotypic.

Rhabdamia Weser, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, 1909, p. 165. Type
Rhabdamia clupeiformis WeBER, designated by Jorpan, Genera of Fishes,
pt. 4, 1920, p. 534, as orthotypic.

Nectamia JorpAN, Copeia, No. 44, May 24, 1917, p. 46. Type Apogon
fuscus Quoy and GaIMARD, orthotypic.

Zoramia JorDAN, Copeia, No. 44, May 24, 1917, p. 46. Type Apogon
graefit GUNTHER, orthotypic.

Brephamia (JorpAN) JorpAN and Jorpan, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No.
1, 1922, p. 43. Type Apogon parvula Smiru and Rapcuirre, orthotypic.

Body oblong, compressed. Head large. Eye large, usually greater
than snout. Mouth wide, oblique. Maxillary reaches below middle
of eye. Villiform teeth only, in bands in jaws, on vomer and pala-
tines. Preopercle ridge double, edge somewhat serrate, at least in
young, sometimes entire with age. Opercle with spine posteriorly.
Gill rakers rather long. Vertebrae 25, of which 14 caudal. Scales
large, ctenoid or cycloid. Top of head, interorbital and snout naked.
Lateral line usually complete, scales 20 to 40. Dorsal spines 6 or 7

88137—30——3

24 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

strong. Second dorsal short, remote, rays 8 to 10. Anal spines 2,
rays 8 or 9, similar and opposite to soft dorsal. Pectoral and ventral
moderate.

We retain in this large group those species in which the caudal is

at least emarginate to forked. But few natural groups seem to
eventuate which may be indicated as valid subgenera.
As several species have been doubtfully reported from the Philip-
pines, we give them with references as follows:
AMIA CYANOTAENIA (Bleeker)

Apogon cyanotacnia BLuEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, 1853, p.
71. Lawajong, Solor.—GintTuer, Cat Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
242 (copied).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17,
1888, p. 283 (Cebu).—WexBeErR, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5,
1895, p. 263 (Amboina).—E tera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 471
(Cebu).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 223 (Saleyer).

Amia cyanotaenia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 85, pl. (42) 320, fig. 2 (Solor, Amboina, Aru). :

In the Philippines known from the records of Gorgoza and Elera.
AMIA NIGRIPINNIS (Cuvier)

Apogon nigripinnis Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 152. Java
and Pondicherry.—GinrTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 235
(China and East Indies).—Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1886, p. 20
(Zanzibar).—GitnrTueEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 21
(Bonin Islands).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 60, pl. 16, fig. 6
(type; Madras).—K<Arout1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p.
152 (Matang, Borneo).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vo]. 1, 1889,
p. 498.—Euera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa
Cruz).—Reraan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p.
330 (Persian Gulf).

Amia nigripinnis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
99 (copied).

? Apogon punctatus RecANn, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool., vol. 12,
1907, p. 225, pl. 24, fig. 1. Cargados, Carajos, Indian Ocean, in 20 to
30 fathoms.

Known from Elera’s Philippine record.
AMIA POECILOPTERA (Cuvier)

Apogon poecilopterus (Kunt and Van Hassext) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 2, 1826, p. 154. Java.—Canror, Cat. Malay. Fishes, 1850, p. 2
(Pinang Sea, Singapore).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 232 (copied).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14,
1885, p. 12 (Cebu).

Apogon paecilopterus ELera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Cebu).

Amia poecilopterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 95 (compiled).

A doubtful species not described since Cantor’s time. Meyer and
Elera have given records for the Philippines though without details
of their materials. The species is described with a large dark blotch
on the spinous dorsal which is said to have 6 spines and the soft dorsal
marked with ocellated black spots.

25

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

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27

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FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 29
SPHAERAMIA, new subgenus 4

Type.—Apogon nematoptera BLEEKER.

Diagnosis. Distinguished from subgenus Amia by the rounded or
orbicular body, depth more than half the length. Scales large, as in
Amia. Body with brown spots.

AMIA NEMATOPTERA (Bleeker)

Apogon nematoptera BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado), vol.
1, 1856, p. 35. Manado, Celebes.

Apogon nematopterus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 233
(copied).

Amia nematopierus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1875-76,
p. 79 (Celebes).

Amia nematophora BurEKkeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1875-76,
pl. (35) 318, fig. 1.

Amia nematoptera FowLER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 154 (New
Guinea).

Depth 14% to 17%; head 21% to 224, width 2 to 2,5. Snout 4 to
41% in head from snout tip; eye 214 to 224, much greater than snout
or interorbitaJ; maxillary reaches 24 to % in eye, expansion 214 to
21% in eye, length 2 to 214 in head; bands of very minute villiform
teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 3 to 324, nearly
level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely denticulate; preorbital entire.
Gill rakers 7 + 24, lanceolate, twice gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 6 or 7 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral
line large, simple, well exposed, without basal scale. Scales with 10
to 11 basal radiating striae; 77 to 113 apical denticles with 2 to 4
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, second spine little enlarged though third longest or
11% to 1)4 in total head length, front dorsal rays elongated and end in
filaments apparently in males or first 114 to 2 in combined head and
body to caudal base; A. II, 9,1, second spine 1% to 124 in total head
length, first branched ray 1% to 14; caudal rather deeply emargin-
ate, lobes pointed, 2 to 24% in combined head and body to caudal
base; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 22 in total head length;
pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 21% to 214 in combined head and body
to caudal base.

Brown generally, general color more or less uniform. Side of head
and breast with silvery reflections. Rather broad deep brown margin
to hind opercle edge. Broad blackish brown band from spinous
dorsal base down to postventral region, border of each scale broadly
darker and contrasted with pale brown center to form more or less
reticulate pattern. Tail marked with many round brown spots

4a¢aipa sphere, with reference to the spherical profile; Amia.

30 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

about size of pupil, those antero-medianly and at caudal base more
or less fused. Spinous dorsal and ventrals blackish, other fins more
or less brownish, caudal edged above and below with little deeper
also basally little darker. Iris pale yellowish to neutral gray or
dusky brown.

East Indies, Philippines.

14660, 14661, 23246. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21,1908. Length
60 to 67 mm.

16278, 16280, 23340 to 23343, 23375. Biri Channel. June 1, 1909. Length 47
to 77mm. 18 examples.

23764. Biri Channel. June 2, 1909. Length 50 to 78 mm.

8489 to 8493. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 16,1908. Length 72 to 84mm.

Eleven examples. Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan. December
22,1908. Length 40 to 68 mm.

16314. Endeavor Strait. December 23,1908. Length 74 mm.

14106 and 14107. Endeavor Strait. December 24,1908. Length 72 to 74 mm.

17335, 23951 to 23955. Isabel, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909. Length
68 to 72 mm.

Five examples. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908.
Length 44 to 72 mm.

24091. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908. Length 52 to
65mm. (815) 2 examples. Anterior part of body, also head, with yellowish
olive shades. Spots on posterior side bronze on pale ground color. Black bar
includes first dorsal and ventral. Fins rather olivaceous. Second dorsal, anal
and caudal dusky.

23862 to 23864. Rapu Rapu Island. June 22,1909. Length 64 to 72 mm.

One example. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. Length 36 mm.

19824 and 19825. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 39 to 70 mm. 31
examples.

Ten examples. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length 47 to 58 mm.

22897. Romblon Reef. March 25,1909. Length 64 mm.

23565 to 23568. Romblon Reef. March 26,1908. Length 42 to 59 mm.

14059 to 15777. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9,1909. Length
53 to 63 mm.

19554 and 23404. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 21,
1909. Length 74 to 78 mm.

24002. Sitanki Reef. September 24,1909. Length 62 mm.

Eleven examples. South lagoon, Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. Febru-
ary 26,1908. Length 59 to 76 mm.

24090. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19, 1908. Length 42 to 64 mm.
Hight examples (145). Head and front part bronze green with pearl reflection.
Posterior parts pearl black. Black band, including spinous dorsal, vertically
below abdominal region; across body only margins of scales black, centers
pearly; behind black band numerous roundish spots of dark smoke gray, size
of pupil or less. Black bar across opercle edge; premaxillary and lower lip
slate blue; dash of red on cheek. Iris with reddish golden and brown shades.
Spinous dorsal with brownish shades, tips of first and second membranes with
some red. Soft verticals and caudal smoky, with reddish shades. Pectoral
hyaline pink. Ventral golden olive, tips of first 2 or 3 rays mottled with
blood red.

Fifteen examples. Tataan. February 20,1908. Length 25 to 64 mm.

Five examples. Tataan. February 21,1908. Length 42 to 62 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 3]

15586, 15587, 23509 to 23511. Tulayan Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 15,
1909. Length 63 to 75 mm.
23175 to 23177, 23278, 24016. Tutu Bay, first anchorage, Jolo Island. Septem-
ber 19, 1909. Length 69 to 78 mm.
23762 and 23763. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum, Borneo. January 6, 1910.
Length 55 to 57 mm.
23898 and 23899. Pendek Island, Buton Strait. December 15, 1909. Length
60 to 71 mm.
24030. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1909.
Length 70 mm.
14396, 14936, 22728, 23907 to 23912, 23941 to 23942. Talisse Island. Novem-
ber 9, 1909. Length 68 to 82mm. 25 examples.
23854 to 23856, 23920. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 19, 1909. Length 54 to 66 mm.
23606 to 23677. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 59 to
66 mm.
23309, 23310, 23697. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3,1909. Length
68 to 75 mm.
AMIA ORBICULARIS (Cuvier)
Apogon orbicularis (KuHL and VAN HassELT) Cuvisr, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 2, 1828, p. 155. Java.—GintuerR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 233 (copied).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 681
(Andamans).—Gtnrtrumr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1878,
p. 22, pl. 20, fig. D (Radack Island).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1,
1875, p. 65, pl. 17, fig. 7 (Andamans).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Manado, Celebes; Sangi; Manila Bay,
Luzon; Cebu; Rubi, New Guinea).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 500.—WepseER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1918, p. 221 (Biaru).—
Beavrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 115 (Najalibit Bay, Waigiu;
Amboina?).
Amia orbicularis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 79
(Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Java, Sangir, Ceram, Amboina, Goram); vol.
8, 1876-77, pl. (61) 339, fig. 1—Sratr and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 154 (Ponapé, Pelew Islands, Kingsmill, Truk, Moen).
Apogon nigromaculatus HomBRoN and JAcquinot, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol.
3, 1853, p. 32, pl. 1, fig.2. New Guinea.—Gutnrue_r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 233 (copied).
Amia nigromaculaia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 80 (compiled).
Depth 134 to 14%; head 24% to 214, width 17% to 2. Snout 334 to
4 in head from snout tip; eye 234 to 3, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center, expansion 2 in eye,
length 2 to 2% in head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 214 to 334, nearly level or only slightly
convex; preopercle ridge entire, edge denticulate; preorbital entire.
Gill rakers 5 + 20, lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments or 214 in
eye.
Seales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2
above, 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral line
simple, well exposed, large, without basal scale. Scales with 12 or 13

32 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

basal radiating striae; 98 to 147 apical denticles, with 2 to 4 trans-

verse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, second spine 1% to 1 in total head length, first
branched ray 114 to 114; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 13% to 1%,
first branched ray 1% to 13%; caudal 1 to 1%, slightly emarginate
behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% to 2; pectoral 114 to 124;
ventral 1144 to 144.

Light brown generally, with some bright or silvered reflections on
opercle and chest. Head above and on sides speckled with dusky to
blackish brown, often with large dark blotch below hind eye edge
and another little more posterior. Iris pale yellowish to brownish
or neutral gray. Predorsal and back with variable small scattered
dark or dusky specks to spots. Oblique blackish brown band from
front of spinous dorsal till midway in postventral space, but not
extended below across belly, may be broken in places also of variable
width. Side of tail with axial row of usually four or five blackish
spots, sometimes more or less connected, usually distinct. At caudal
base arc of four black spots. Also other scattered blackish blotches
on tail. Fins all very pale brownish, dusky brownish basal band or
line on soft dorsal and anal. Ventral with broad terminal blackish
border, fin otherwise with brownish and whitish narrow edge to front
of first branched ray beyond tip of spine. In most cases spinous.
dorsal little darker than other fins, especially anteriorly.

Andamans, East Indies, Philippines. Of our series from Canmahala
Bay, 7 are males with the mouth cavity and pharynx crammed full
of ova.

23313. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 46 to
95mm. 66 examples.

8571. Cebu market. April 5, 1908. Length 68 mm.

Two examples. Cebu market. August 28, 1909. Length 55 to 58 mm.

Three examples. Mactan Reef. August 31, 1909. Length 36 to 50 mm.

One example. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao.
August 3, 1909. Length 36 mm.

Two examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 5, 1908. Length 16 to 23 mm.

Nineteen examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 7, 1908. Length 18 to 75 mm.

Seventeen examples. San Pascual, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 48
to 80 mm.

Two examples. Simalue Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909.
Length 46 mm.

23620. Tataan, Simaluc Island, Tawi Tawi Group, Sulu Archipelago. February
20,1908, Length 53to 71mm. Seven examples (238). Body grayish above,
silvery white on sides and below. Purplish sheen on opercle and cheek.
Oblique black bar, wide as pupil from anterior end of first dorsal to behind
ventrals; row of five or six black spots from this line to caudal base; several
other spots on back and below lateral line. First dorsal pale green; first mem-
brane black with oblique band from trunk extending on it; several small black
spots at base. Second dorsal hyaline, dusky at base. Caudal dusky. Anal
hyaline dusky at base and on first membrane, fin very deep. Pectoral hyaline.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 33

Ventral spine bluish, membranes of fin green with white tip, other rays white
with black marginal zone. This fish was found in a small compact school on
sandy shores, on edge of mangroves. The black oblique bar was very con-
spicuous in life. The fish were not shy, but very active and hard to catch.
23311 and 23696. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length
70 to 74 mm.
24048. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island, Molucca Passage. November 28, 1909.

Length 67 mm.
Subgenus AMIA Gronow

Body elongate, depth less than half of length. Scales large, 20 to

30 in lateral line.
AMIA TAENIATA (Cuvier)

Apogon taeniatus (EHRENBERG) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p.
159. Djedda, Red Sea.—Ritprreyt, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische,
1828, p. 48 (Red Sea); Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 87 (copied).—
GunTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 234 (copied)—Ktuun-
ZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 712 (copied).—Day,
Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 101 (type); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 493.—BovuLEenGEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 238 (Muscat).—
Evrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Luzon, Manila).

Amia taeniata BLEEKER, Naturk. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Wet. (Rev. Apo-
gon), vol 8, ser. 3, pt. 1, 1874, p. 24 (synonymy).

A pogon bifasciatus RtiprpELi, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1839, p. 86, pl. 22, fig. 2.
Djedda, Red Sea.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 238
(China, Red Sea, Philippines).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5,
1865, p. 42 (Hong Kong).—Ktuunzinaemr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol.
20, 1870, p. 711 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p.
62, pl. 16, fig. 9 (Madras); Suppl., 1888, p. 784 (note).—KArout1, Termesz.
Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Singapore, Canton).—Day, Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 497 (Madras).—Eumra, Cat. Fauna Filip.,
1895, p. 470 (Luzon, Manila, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—Borsieri, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 41, 1904, p. 190 (Noira on Daalac Island and
Suakim).—Rerean, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905,
p. 330 (Persian Gulf).—STEInpDAcHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 129 (Gischin, Sokotra).—Zue-
MAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p.
10 (Oman).—Reean, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 2, 1919, p. 197 (Durban,
Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 521 (Natal
coast).

Apogon (Amia) bifasciatus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 21.

Amia bifasciata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 81
(note).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 63 (Hong Kong).—
Fow.er and Bran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922, p. 24 (Cebu).

Apogon trimaculatus (not Cuvinr) RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846,
p- 221 (China).

Apogon maximus Bou.LenaeER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 655.
Muscat, East Arabia; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 244 (Mus-
cat).—Zuamayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26,
pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Oman).

Depth 22% to 2%; head 2% to 24, width 2 to 244. Snout 4 in
head from snout tip; eye 3 to 3%, greater than snout or interorbital;
maxillary 4% to 3 in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 2 to 22g in head;

34 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

bands of fine villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; inter-
orbital 424 to 434, level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely denticu-
late. Gill rakers 3+7, iancadlnte. with 2 more as rudiments above

and 4 to 6 below; length little ianees than gill filaments or 214 in eye.

Seales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more on latter;
2 above, 7 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; muzzle, including
interorbital, maxillary and suborbitals, naked. Lateral line of rather
large tubes, well exposed, each with basal crenulated scale. Scales
with 14 to 17 basal radiating striae; 128 to 148 apical denticles with
1 to 3 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 8,1, or 9,1, third spine 134 to 1% in total head length,
first ray 1% to 144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 21% to 234, first ray 136
to 134; caudal 1% to 1%, hind edge slightly emarginate; least depth
of caudal peduncle 24% to 24; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 1%
to 14.

Body brown, much paler below. Diffuse dusky blotch at occiput.
Diffuse vertical dusky bar down from front of spinous dorsal to median
axis of body or lower. Also another, similar, from front of second
dorsal but behind spine of fin. Small, round, dusky spot at caudal
base medianly, smaller than pupil. Fins variably pale brown to
more or less dusky, sometimes quite dark. Dark bands on back
often well reflected on bases of dorsals and spinous dorsal always
more or less deep dusky terminally. Pectoral pale. Ventral more or
less dusky, especially so anteriorly and terminally in most examples.

Red Sea, Natal, India, East Indies, Philippines, China. It was
not obtained by Bleeker. The original figure by Riippell agrees in
nearly every respect with our examples, except that the second dor-
sal spine is about 24 length of third and the first spine about half the
length of second in Riippell’s drawing. They are surely like Day’s
figure of Apogon bifasciatus. Day’s figure of Apogon taeniatus differs
in that the third dorsal spine is 44 of the fourth.

(1952). Cabalian Point, Jolo. September 18,1909. Length48 mm. (D. 5555).
13679. Manila market. June 24,1908. Length 117 mm.
23480. Mariveles Wharf, Manila Bay. January 30,1909. Length 88 mm.

17285. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 122 mm.
11660. Kowloon market, China. October 5,1908. Length 109 mm.

AMIA RHODOPTERA (Bleeker)

Apogon rhodopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p.
62. Singapore.—Gitntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 233
(copied).

Amia rhodopterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
81, pl. (34) 312, fig. 1 (Singapore).—Fow srr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 155 (Shortland Island, Samoa).

Amia rhodoptera FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 273
(Philippines).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 35

Amia koilomatodon (not BLEEKER) JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 240, fig. 34 (Apia and Pago Pago).—EVvERMANN
and Sreaue, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 71 (Bacon).—
Fow.eEr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippine materials).

Depth 24% to 24%; head 214 to 234, width 1% to2. Snout 34 to
4 in head from snout tip; eye 24% to 34%, greater than snout or
interorbital or subequal with snout with age; maxillary reaches
opposite 4% to 34 in eye, expansion 14% to 2) in eye, length 1% to
2 in head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4144 to 4%, nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge both
strongly denticulate; preorbital edge with age, also lower orbital
ridge, spinescent. Gill rakers 6+15, above and below 3 or 4 as
rudiments, others lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or half
of eye.

Scales 22 or 23 to caudal base and 4 to 6 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows on cheek; muzzle, including
maxillary, preorbital and interorbital naked. Tubes in lateral line
large, simple, each well exposed. Scales with 13 or 14 basal radiating
striae; apical denticles 122 to 194 with 1 or 2 transverse series of
basal elements; circuli fine and absent apically.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, second spine 124 to 134 in total head length, first
branched ray 114 to 114; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 2, first
branched ray 124 to 1%; caudal 14 to 11%, emarginated moderately
behind with lobes rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to
21; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 126 to 114.

Back and upper surfaces brown, lower and under surfaces paler.
From lower eye edge deep brown bar obliquely across cheek to
preopercle angle. Iris pale yellowish to brown, neutral or slate.
Dusky brown transverse band from bases of longest dorsal spines
down to level of pectoral, about scale or more in width and usually
broken or incomplete opposite body axis laterally. Second narrower
dusky brown transverse band from bases of last dorsal rays, extends
downward well toward anal, also similarly broken at body axis.
Small rounded dusky brown spot, less than half of pupil, at base of
caudal medianly. Fins all dull brownish, variously marbled or
clouded with darker, especially basally. Paired fins usually much
paler than others. Often small inconspicuous dusky spot at bases
of last anal rays. In small examples upper and lower caudal edges
show more distinctly darker in most cases.

Only known previously from three examples Bleeker described
from Singapore. It is greatly like Apogon taeniatus as figured and
described by Day, but different. All our examples show the vertical
dark bands different. They are always broken, besides the second
extends from the bases of the last dorsal rays and not the median as
Day shows. They also differ in the ridge as well as the edge of the
preopercle denticulate. Day shows the ridge of the preopercle entire.

36 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

None of our examples has the first membrane of the ventral dark.
Also all have the dark caudal spot much smaller, in no case greater
than a scale in extent. Bleeker’s figure of the present species is also
somewhat different in minor details. He does not show the dark
vertical bars broken or in any way incomplete. There is also no
indication of the usual dark spot at the bases of the last anal rays.
Many of our examples have a dark subbasal streak on second dorsal,
also not shown by Bleeker.

21862. Biri channel, east coast Luzon. June 1,1909. Length 116 mm.

14912 and 23812. Biri Channel. June 2,1909. Length 106 to 114 mm.

23242 and 23245. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. December 21,1908. Length 130 to
134 mm.

7482, 8058, 8372, 23573. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22,1908. Length
124 to 152 mm.

15312 to 15313. Busin Harbor. March 8,1909. Length 138 to 140 mm.

14243. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 132 mm.

16098. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. May 14,1909. Length 113 mm.

23341. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22,1908. Length 98 mm.

23380. Endeavor Strait. December 23,1908. Length 128 mm.

7373. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28,1909. Length
73 mm.

23248 and 23249. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8,1908. Length
120 to 140 mm.

10818. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20,1909. Length 121 mm.

23226 and 23227. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28,
1908. Length 118 to 138 mm.

16523, 16524, 16526, 16587, 17163, 17164, 23139, 23140. Port Matalvi, Luzon.
November 22, 1908. Length 91 to 126 mm.

14603. Port Palapag, East coast Luzon. June 3,1909. Length 119 mm.

9533 to 9539, 11582. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908.
Length 95 to 134 mm.

19920. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length 120 mm. (449) Dark
olive. Scales edged with narrow seal brown line. Breast and lower head pale.
Iris with brassy reflections. Sides with irregular dusky bar like blotches.
Narrow blackish saddle under axil of second dorsal. Very small peduncular
spot. Soft fin dusky, with pale reddish brown wash. Ventral narrowly
yellowish at bases.

23569. Romblon Reefs. March 26,1908. Length 35 to 134mm. 2 examples.

18635, 18637 to 18640. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909.
Length 119 to 137 mm.

14312 and 18197. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14, 1908. Length
120 to 133 mm.

8663 to 8665. Tara Island. December 15,1908. Length 133 to 140 mm.

23292. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19,1908. Length 132 mm.

14677 and 23234. Tataan, Tawi Tawi Group. February 20,1908. Length 125
to 154mm. |

7922 and 8696. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, second anchorage. September 19, 1909.
Length 111 to 127 mm.

21509 and 21510. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908. Length
128 to 1383 mm.

23848, 23849, 23923, 23924. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes,
Dutch East Indies. November 19,1909. Length 65 to 104 mm.

« FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS wh

AMIA KOILOMATODON (Bleeker)

Apogon koilomatodon BurEKeErR, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 4, 1853,
p. 134. Ternate.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 234
(copied).— WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 222 (Seba, Savu
Island; Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; Nusa Laut).

Amia koilomaiodon BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 81, pl. (29) 307, fig. 1 (Singapore, Java, Sangir, Ternate, Batjan,
Amboina).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 155 (note).

Depth 2% to 24; head 236 to 234, width 17% to 2. Snout 33 to
3% in head from upper jaw tip; eye 3 to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital but becomes subequal with age; maxillary reaches
opposite 7% to 34 in eye, expansion 1)4 to 134 in eye, length 2 to 214
in head; bands of fine villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4 to 4%, nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge denticu-
late, though former less so or with but few points in young; lower
posterior suborbital edge with few serrae with age. Gill rakers 5 +16,
lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 214 in eye.

Scales 24 or 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 or three above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 3 rows on cheek
to preopercle ridge; muzzle, including maxillary, preorbital and inter-
orbital naked. Scales with 15 to 17 basal radiating striae; 88 to 193
apical denticles with 1 to 10 transverse series of basal elements;
circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, second spine 124 to 14 in total head length, first ray
144 to 144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 2 to 22, first ray 124 to 1%;
caudal 1144 to 1%, moderately emarginate behind with rounded
lobes; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% to 214; pectoral 12% to 14%;
ventral 114 to 124.

Brown above, paler to quite light below. Most examples show
median portion of each scale darker on back and upper surface of
body, producing a more or less regularly spotted appearance. Small
round neutral dusky spot, about size of or smaller than pupil on
opercle just above level of pectoral origin. In many examples a
variably distinct neutral dusky line from lower hind eye edge to angle
or preopercle ridge. Iris with neutral gray tinge. Neutral dusky
vertical band extends below bases of first three dorsal spines down to
median axis of body, its width equal to two scale exposures. At soft
dorsal origin a short neutral dusky vertical bar 1 or 2 scales wide at
first and over 1 more scale below so that not quite reaching lateral
line. Third neutral dusky transverse band inclined little forward,
from bases of last dorsal rays, 2 scales wide and extends below lateral
line 1 scale. Sometimes median basal scale in lateral line on caudal
dark or emphasized as small dark spot. Spinous dorsal dark, usually
terminally. Fins all more or less dusky gray. Upper and lower
caudal edges usually narrowly neutral dusky. Often a neutral dusky
spot at base of last anal ray on tail, close, small and inconspicuous.

38 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

East Indies, Philippines, Polynesia. Our materials differ some-
what from Bleeker’s account and figure, especially in the presence of
a third dark transverse bar at the origin of the soft dorsal on the
back. Its dark opercular spot is another point of difference. The
young of this species are much more contrasted than the adult, with
the dark spot at the second dorsal origin quite small, the other dark
vertical bands extend further down on the side and the third some-
times extends diffusely to the dark spot at the bases of the last anal
rays. Also the soft dorsal has a subbasal dark band longitudinally
and the soft anal has a basal band of dusky.

7677. Agojo Point, Catanduanes Island, east coast Luzon. June 10, 1909.
Length 133 mm.

16287 and 16288. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909.
Length 130 to 131 mm.

11286, 13718, 16010. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length
103 to 131 mm.

15263. Atulayan Island, east coast of Luzon. June 18,1909. Length 136 mm.

14909. Biri Channal, east coast of Luzon. June 2, 1909. Length 136 mm.

14654, 23240 to 23244. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908.
Length 87 to 140 mm.

8874 and 8876. Buang Bay, Talajit Island, between Samar and Masbate.
March 15, 1909. Length 110 to 164 mm.

12459. Bugsuk Island, north Balabac Strait. January 5,1909. Length 129mm.

23572. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22,1908. Length 149 mm.

14544 to 14549, 15817, 17187 to 17189, 22280, 234384. Butuanan Island, east
coast Luzon. June 13,1909. Length 90 to 143 mm.

14242, 14244, 17418. Candaraman Island, Balabac Strait. January 4, 1909.
Length 112 to 131 mm.

15079. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island, vicinity Marinduque. February
24,1909. Length 141 mm.

16709, 21046 and 21047. Capunuypugan, Generale Island, east coast Mindanao.
May 9,1908. Length 105 to 125 mm.

One example. Capunuypugan. May 10,1908. Length 115 mm.

23641. Caracaran Bay, Batan Island, east coast Luzon. June 8, 1909. Length
112 mm.

12724, 14848, 14845. Casogoran, Malhon Island, between Samar and Leyte
Islands. July 27,1909. Length 42 to 146 mm.

23994. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908. Length 47 mm.
(565.) Dusky olive. Black bar in front of first dorsal downward to pectoral
base; short saddle before second dorsal; bar from axil of second dorsal to anal
axil, slightly interrupted below. Round black blotch on lower part of opercle.
Dusky line from under eye across cheek. Top of head with yellowish shades.
Fins otherwise with yellowish shades.

9795, 12577, 12578. Caxisigan Island, north Balabac Strait. January 2, 1909.
Length 134 to 141 mm.

8572. Cebu market. April 5,1908. Length 137 mm.

17724. Cuyo, Cuyo Island. April 9,1909. Length 117 mm.

109. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December 23, 1908.
Length 90 mm.

6794, 7374, 7375. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28,
1909. Length 108 to 138 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 39

9211 and 9212. Guntao Island, Palawan Passage. December 20,1908. Length
127 to 148 mm.

11090 and 18861. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao Island. August 8, 1909. Length
93 to 150 mm.

14349, 23931, 23932. Limbones Cove, Manila Bay, Luzon. February 8, 1909.
Length 95 to 142 mm. (1116.) Top of head and back greenish, rest of body
pearly. Cross bars blackish. Dusky of fins very dark brown or blackish.

23304 and 23305. Machesi Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 5, 1909.
Length 112 to 125 mm.

7466. Maculabo Island, east coast of Luzon. June 14,1909. Length 124 mm.

25. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16, 1909. Length 136 mm.

12134. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island, Linapacan Strait. December 19,
1908. Length 104 mm.

12350, 16400, 16401. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length 120 to 140 mm.

23250. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length 137 mm.

14708. Matnog Bay, east coast of Luzon. May 31,1909. Length 120 mm.

9308, 11348, 19435, 19436. Mompog Island, Anabayas Island, vicinity of
Marinduque. March 8, 1909. Length 96 to 138 mm.

23640, 10819, 10820. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20-21, 1909. Length
106 to 140 mm.

19867 and 19868. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 131
to 152 mm.

13445, 19954, 23213, 23214. Opol, Mindanao. August 4,1909. Length 122 to
154 mm.

12848, 16758, 16759, 22083. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length
137 to 153 mm.

279 to 280. Paluan Bay, Mindoro Island. December 11, 1908. Length 139 to
140 mm.

11277 to 11279, 17652 to 17654, 23820. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and
Bohol. March 23,1909. Length 74 to 157 mm.

10643 to 10654. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 79 to 136 mm.

23182. Port Banalacan, Marinduque Island. February 23, 1909. Length 112
mm.

23230. Port Ciego, Balabac Island. January 3,1909. Length 137 mm.

8768, 10358, 10361, 18735. Port Jamelo, Luzon Island. July 13, 1908. Length
124 to 137 mm.

17620. Port Langean, Dumaran Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909.
Length 125 mm.

6733, 16525, 23138. Port Matalvi, off western Luzon. November 22, 1908.
Length 112 to 128 mm.

11547. Port Matalvi. November 23,1908. Length 110 mm.

14468, 23268, 23269. Port Palapag, east coast Luzon. June 2, 1909. Length
130 to 140 mm.

4614, 14602, 23259. Port Palapag. June 2,1909. Length 120 to 131 mm.

7799. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island, China Sea, vicinity Batanes.
November 10,1908. Length 135 mm.

11583. Port Uson, Mayanpayan Island, west of Pinas Island. December 17,

1908. Length 120 mm.

18979, 21354, 21511. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast Luzon.
June 12,1909. Length 106 to 133 mm.

6406, 6409, 19240. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909.
Length 96 to 137 mm. 4 examples.

13364, 14788, 21062. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 12,1908. Length
108 to 143 mm.

88137—30——4

40 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

8073 and 8075. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length
79 to 82 mm.

21206. Sianga Bay. March 17, 1908. Length 123 mm.

19553. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 21, 1909.
Length 127 mm.

9406 and 9407. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 125 to 127 mm.

14213. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7,1909. Length 103 mm.

15540, 18874. Tilig, Lubang Island, China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. July 15,
1908. Length 137 to 142 mm.

14518. Ulugan Bay, Rita Island, Palawan. December 29, 1908. Length
143 mm.

19089. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length 122 mm.

15865. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. Septem-
ber 26, 1909. Length 113 mm.

17851 and 17852. Bumbum Island, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25,
1909. Length 187 to 148 mm.

24031. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909. Length
82 mm.

22727. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9,1909. Length 135 mm.

13094. Kapoposang Island, Macassar Strait. December 28, 1909. Length
124 mm.

13125. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island, Molucca Passage. November 28, 1909.
Length 163 mm.

14340. Tobea Island, Buton Strait. December 14, 1909. Length 185 mm.

AMIA BANDANENSIS (Bleeker)

Apogon bandanensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, 1854,
p. 95. Neira, Banda Island.—Ginrumr, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 288 (copied).—Meryrr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14,
1885, p. 12 (Manado).—Zuamayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math. Phys.
K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Mekran).—Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57,
Fische, 1913, p. 222 (Savu; Solor; Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; Menado;
Biaru; Siau; Obi major; Atjatuning, west coast New Guinea; South
Island Saleyer; east point of Timor; Pepela Bay, Rotti).

Apogon (Amia) bandanensis KLUNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 21.

Amia bandanensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 82 (Sumatra, Singapore, Cocos, Bawean, Celebes, Sangir, Flores,
Ternate, Batjan, Buru, Obi major, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, Aru); vol. 8,
1876-77, pl. (67) 345, fig. 2—SrrinpacunErR, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 416 (Ternate).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 273 (Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 155 (Samoa, Fiji, Apia, Pago Pago, Kusaie, Mangareva, Guam, Faté,
Raiatea, Makatea, Shortland {sland, Wake Island, Ponapé, Pelew Islands,
type of Apogon nubilus).

Apogon savayensis GiintTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 656. Savaii,
Samoan Islands; Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 22, pl. 19,
fig. B (Samoa, Tonga, Yap, Tahiti, Celebes)—Braurort, Bijd. Dierk.,
Amsterdam, 1913, p. 115 (Saoneck, Waigiu).

Amia savayensis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906),
p. 239, fig. 33 (Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa).—EvERMANN and SEALE,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 72 (Bacon).—Snyper, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497 (Okinawa).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 27 (Philippines); Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippines); Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 32 (Samoa).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 4]

Apogon nubilus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 39, 1903, p. 229.
Suva, Fiji.

Apogon gardineri Ruaan, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 12, vol. 12, 1907,
p. 227. Cargados Carajos, Indian Ocean, 30 fathoms.

Depth 22 to 244; head 2% to 214, width 2 to 24%. Snout 4% to
41% in head from snout tip; eye 244 to 234, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary 24 to 34 in eye, expansion 224 to 2%, length
134 to 1%; teeth villiform, minute, in bands in jaws, on vomer and
palatines; interorbital 31% to 334, level; preopercle ridge entire, edge
minutely serrate. Gill rakers 6 + 20, lanceolate, several more as rudi-
ments above and below; length greater than gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows of cheek scales; muzzle,
including interorbital, maxillary and suborbital, naked. Scales with
14 to 23 basal radiating striae; 85 to 133 apical denticles with 1 or 2
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 2 to 24% in total head length, first ray
1% to 1%; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 214 to 24%, first ray 136 to 124;
caudal 1% to 1%, slightly emarginate behind with lobes rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 22; pectoral 126 to 14;
ventral 134 to 2. .

Back brown, sides and below greatly paler, often with bright or
brassy reflections. Iris pale to gray or neutral gray. Rather obscure
brown streak from lower eye down obliquely to angle of preopercle
ridge. Usually a more or less distinct and contrasted dusky brown
saddle on upper surface of caudal peduncle. Sides usually with
traces of vertical, parallel, obscure vertical lines or bars. Spinous
dorsal grayish with terminal portion largely anteriorly broadly dark.
Soft dorsal pale or grayish with front and upper edges dusky.
Caudal gray, darker marginally especially above and below. Other
fins pale.

Red Sea, East Africa, India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu,
Micronesia, Polynesia. This species is quite variable as has already
been discussed by Fowler (1918). Preserved examples often show a
diffuse dark blotch below the soft dorsal. A number of our specimens
have the upper edge of second dorsal and caudal, also lower edge of
anal and caudal, narrowly whitish. Though Jordan and Seale say
‘Bleeker is certainly wrong in regarding savayensis as the same as
Amia bandanensis,”’ we do not think so. The color, due to alcohol,
is so greatly variable that we feel little hesitation in arranging the
large series of specimens below under this species. The description
of Apogon gardineri Regan also seems to represent Amia bandanensis.
Though no dark oblique streak is mentioned on the cheek, as this
often fades or is very faint at times, it may have faded out. Regan
describes it with “faint traces of three dark vertical bars, the first

42 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

below the spinous dorsal, the second below the soft dorsal, the third on
the caudal peduncle. Spinous dorsal blackish, except posteriorly;
ventrals blackish at the tip.”

Just what Weber means by his reference to Apogon batjanensis®
we can not tell. Possibly it may have been intended for Apogon
bandanensis?

Eleven examples. Batan Island, east of Luzon. June 5, 1909. Length 22 to
70 mm.

Forty-one examples. Batan Island. July 22,1909. Length 21 to 55 mm.

21863, 23283 to 23286. Biri Channel, Balicuatro Islands. June 1,1909. Length
68 to 88 mm.

23813 to 23815. BiriChannel. June2,1909. Length31to89mm. 6 examples.

Five examples. Bubuan Island, Jolo. February 14, 1908. Length 64 or 65
mm.

15565. Bugsuk Island, north Balabac Strait. January 5,1909. Length 54mm.

16799 and 16804. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 7, 1909. Length 56 to
58 mm.

9215. Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 6, 1909. Length 55 mm.

Seven examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 53 to
60 mm.

23650 to 23658. Caracaran, Batan Island, Luzon. June 8,1909. Length 43 to
73mm. 12 examples.

15086 and 15087. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island, Marinduque. February 24,
1909. Length 53 to 60 mm. ©

23990 to 23993. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length 51 to
62 mm.

16102. Cataingan Bay. May 14,1909. Length 66 mm.

18397. Cebu market. April 4,1908. Length 96 mm.

23505 to 23507. Dalaganem Island, eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length
70 mm.

23340, 23355 to 23357. Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan. Decem-
ber 22, 1909. Length 61 to 69 mm.

16315. Endeavor Strait. December 23,1908. Length 77 mm.

16653 and 23365. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length 37 to 74 mm.
3 examples.

7275. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28, 1909. Length
60 mm.

11867 and 11868, 14428. Gubat Port, Luzon. June 23, 1909. Length 78 to
92 mm.

24060. Iloilo River, shore above. June 2,1908. Length 64 mm.

23950. Isabel, Basilan Island. September 11,1909. Length 60 mm.

23698 to 23701. Jolo. March 6-7,1908. Length 62 to 98 mm.

5310 to 5312. Jolo. March 6,1908. Length 81 to 92 mm. (412, 414).

(D. 5249). Lanang Point, Davao, Gulf of Davao. May 18, 1908. Length
39 mm.

One example. Mactan Reef. August 31,1909. Length 23 mm.

5743 to 5745. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length 72 to
91 mm.

15016 and 23150. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length 53 to 79
mm. 9 examples.

8667. Manila Harbor. January 3,1908. Length 74 mm.

'Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 263 (Amboina).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 493

23254 to 23256. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8,1908. Length
62 to 73 mm.

23298. Maribojoc Bay, Maribojoc, Bohol. March 26,1909. Length 42 mm.

23637. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. April 21,1909. Length 87 mm.

(1043). Nakoda Bay, Palawan Island. December 31,1908. Length 70 mm.

20570, 23215 to 23221. Opol, Mindanao. August 4. 1909. Length 74 to
92 mm.

23228 and 23229. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 28, 1908.
Length 67 to 71 mm.

Seven examples. Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo. February 13, 1908.
Length 36 to 66 mm.

21558. Pilas Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12,1909. Length 37 to
73 mm. 7 examples.

One example. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length
35 mm.

Five examples. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3,1909. Length 46 to 88 mm.

23142. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 22,1908. Length 68 mm.

8873. Port Matalvi. November 23,1908. Length 49 mm.

23272 and 23273. Port Palapag. June 2,1909. Length 65 to 67 mm.

15337, 15339, 23362 to 23364. Port Palapag, June 3, 1909. Length 62 to84mm.
12 examples.

23776 to 23779. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908.
Length 61 to 73 mm. Iridescent silvery pink. Top of head and 3 saddles
across back blackish olive, one saddle below each dorsal and one on hind part
of caudal peduncle, last darkest. Triangular bronze blotch below eye,
pointing obliquely across cheek. Opercle bronze, with 2 broken silvery
vertical bars. Similar indistinct bars on side of body, about 10 between head
and axil of dorsal. Chin and lower surface of head paler than above. Fins
similar to adjacent body but paler. Caudal with 2 dusky regions on each
lobe, one basal and one median.

23555, 23868, and 23869. Rapurapu Island, east Luzon. June 22,1909. Length
51 to 76 mm.

6397. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1,1909. Length 51 to 57
mm. 3 examples.

Sixteen examples. Romblon. March 25,1908. Length 62 to 80 mm.

14768, 23189, 23190, 23559 to 23564. Romblon. Mrach 26, 1908. Length 62

to 74mm. 10 examples.

Four examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 7, 1908. Length 29 to 40 mm.

One example. Reef, Sirinao Island. December 31, 1908. Length 42 mm.

Two examples. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 13, 1908. Length 30 to
39 mm.

8072, 14055 and 14056, 15781 and 15782. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga.
September 9, 1909. Length 46 to 70 mm.

23367. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 50 to 75 mm.
6 examples.

Five examples. Simaluc, Bisibisi Island. September 23, 1909. Length 23 to
37 mm.

24005. Sitanki Reef. September 24, 1909. Length 80 mm.

Three examples. Sulade Island, vicinity of Jolo. September17,1909. Length
31 to 55 mm.

4642. Tambun Sigumbul, Tonquil Island, south of Zamboanga. September 14,
1909. Length 63 to 66 mm. 2 examples.

23475. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13,1909. Length
74 mm.

44 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Four examples. Tataan, Simulac Island. February 10, 1908. Length 27 to
36 mm.

23294, 23295, 23622, 23623. Tataan, Simulac Island. February 19, 1908.
Length 54 to 78 mm.

23236, 23237. Tataan. February 20, 1908. Length 23 to 71 mm. (164). 6
examples. Dark smoky on back, sides lighter with pearl pink reflections.
Snout greenish yellow. Lower preorbital edge golden. Dark line backward
across cheek. Blackish band behind middle of caudal peduncle transversely.
First dorsal smoky, second dorsal pinkish. Caudal dark basally, terminally
paler, tipped with brown. Anal pink. Paired fins very pale pink.

Six examples. Tataan. February 21, 1908. Length 44 to 70 mm.

24058. Tonquil Island, south of Zamboanga. September 14, 1909. Length 50
to 61mm. 3 examples.

15584, 15585. Tulayan Island, vicinity Jolo. September 15, 1909. Length 60
to 70 mm.

16586, 16588. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909.
Length 60 to 70 mm.

8041, 8042. Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 26, 1908. Length
84 to 96 mm.

8695. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, second anchorage. September 19,1909. Length
62 mm.

23768, 23769. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28,1908. Length 70 to
71 mm.

23957. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Sibuko Bay vicinity, Borneo. September
26,1909. Length 60 mm.

23122. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27,1909. Length 68 mm.

Three examples. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length 21 to
31 mm.

23896, 23897. Pendek Island. December 15,1909. Length 66 mm.

14342. Tobea Island. December 14,1909. Length 79 mm.

23619. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10,1909. Length 60 mm.

23105, 23106, 24079. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length 48 to
72 mm.

23358, 23359. Uki, Bouro Island. December 9,1909. Length 64 to 83 mm.

Twenty-nine specimens. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17, 1909.
Length 15 to 41 mm.

23394. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 16,
1909. Length 87 mm.

23115. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18,1909. Length
53 mm.

23974. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11,1909. Length 67 mm.

23847. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 19,
1909. Length 68 mm.

14934, 14935, 23549, 24061. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909.
Length 65 to 73 mm.

23613, 23674. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1,1909. Length 64 to
69 mm.

23484. Kayoa Island. November 29,1909. Length 80 mm.

23527, 23530, 23883, 23884. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25,
1909. Length 55 to 108 mm.

AMIA HARTZFELDD (Bleeker)
Apogon hartzfeldii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p.
254. Amboina.—GtnrTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 242
(Amboyna).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 45

Apogon hartzfeldi Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 386
(Ternate).—WeseER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 223 (Siau;
Laiwui).

Amia hartzfeldi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 86
(Ternate, Buru, Amboina, Goram); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (69) 346, fig. 2—
STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 417
(Ternate).—EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 72 (Bacon and Cavite).

Amia hartzfeldii Fowurr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 156
(compiled).

Amia cavitensis JORDAN and SHALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 16, fig. 5. Cavite.

Amia radcliffei FowuerR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 25,
fig. 11. Philippines; 1927, p. 274 (types).

Depth 234 to 3; head 214 to 234, width 2 to 244. Snout 4 to 4%
in head from snout tip; eye 3\o to 324, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 34 in eye or opposite hind pupil edge,
expansion 2 to 2% in eye, length 2 in head; bands of minute, villi-
form teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 51% to 6,
nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely and minutely serrate;
preorbital entire. Gill rakers 6 +13, lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or 24% in eye.

Scales 21 or 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in
lateral line simple, well exposed, large, each with well-developed basal
scale. Scales with 11 to 13 basal radiating striae; 82 to 114 apical
denticles with 3 to 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 2 to 24% in total head length, first
branched ray 13% to 124; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 2% to 33%, first
branched ray 1% to 214; caudal 114 to 1%, little emarginate behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 22% to 23%; pectoral 146 to 17%; ven-
tral 144 to1%.

Brown generally, head often more or less swarthy. - Eye light brown
to darker or neutral gray. Pale gray white median line on snout
above, forks at interorbital with each branch continued close along
profile of back to caudal peduncle above. Outside usually deep
brown line passes from snout above, above eye and along upper side
of back above lateral line. Obscure deep brown lateral band from
snout tip to eye, bounded below on snout by white line, rather obso-
lete or indistinct on side of body. Round black spot at caudal base
medially size of pupil. Fins all more or less dull brown, spinous
dorsal darkest; soft dorsal with 1, sometimes 2 longitudinal brown
bands basally, anal with 1; caudal with 4 or 5 deep brown bands
transversely, usually as spots on membranes.

East Indies, Philippines.

46 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

15506, 15508. Caracaran, BatanIsland. June 8,1909. Length 100 to 103 mm.
(1439). Head pearl gray, with orange brown shades. Pair of dark streaks
across interorbital continuing more or less brokenly into pale line running
either side of dorsal base, interlacing more or less across top of opercle.
Dusky blotch on operecle not distinct. Round black blotch at lateral line.
Chin and throat dusky. First dorsal spines more or less silvery, membranes
slightly olivaceous. Second dorsal very pale olive, with 2 irregular darker
subbasal bands. Caudal pale, membranes with 5 or 6 olive spots, most dis-
tinct medially on fin; inner rays somewhat reddish, membranes olivaceous;
darker band at base. Pectorals pale reddish.

8316, 8590, 16577, 16578, 23193, 23194. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15,
1908. Length 55 to 75 mm. (23193, male with buccal ova).

Two examples. Catbalogan. April 15, 1908. Length 36 to 39 mm.

Eleven examples. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length 27 to 67 mm.

18393 to 18396. Cebu market. April 4, 1908. Length 88 to 100 mm.

24068, 24069. Cebu market. August 27, 1909. Length 66 to 70 mm.

(D. 53860). Limbones Cove, Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 65 to 71
mm. Two examples.

4487 (D. 5164). Observation Island. S. 82° W. 8 miles (5° 01’ 40’’ N., 119°
52’ 20’’ E.), Sulu Archipelago. February 24,1908. Length 58 mm.

14, 23821. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 23, 1909.
Length 80 to 89 mm.

8316. Subig Bay, southern Luzon. January 7, 1908. Length 55 mm.

23422. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19, 1909. Length
98 mm. (1960). On top of head and back dusky olive generally. Side of
body translucent pearl gray, probably darker in life. Narrow white stripe close
before spinous dorsal. Black stripe begins just behind point of snout, divides
between eyes and continues into broader white stripe at nape, latter running
along below dorsal base and ends at caudal base. Pale stripe from snout tip
through eye above nearly to angle of gill-opening. Similar one across pre-
maxillary through lower part of eye not extending to opercle, on which black
or dusky median blotch. Chin and lower jaw slaty. Spinous dorsal mem-
branes hyaline olive, spines silvery anteriorly. Soft dorsal and anal slightly
dusky, latter with somewhat pinkish shade. Caudal pale, with few small olive
spots in membranes and black blotch at caudal base chiefly above lateral
line. Paired fins hyaline pink, very pale.

Two examples. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo,
Dutch East Indies. September 27,1909. Length 40 to 44 mm.

Hight examples. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17,1909. Length
22 to 39 mm.

lexample. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length 52 mm.

AMIA CYANOSOMA (Bleeker)

Apogon cyanosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, 1853, p.
71. Lawajong, Solor Island.—GinruErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 242 (copied).—Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 20 (Zanzi-
bar).—KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 714
(Koseir, Red Sea).

Apogon (Amia) cyanosoma KuuNnzincER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 20
(Koseir).

Amia cyanosoma BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
87 (Solor); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (76) 354, fig. 2.

Amia magnifica SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, 1909, p. 507.
Balabac Island.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 47

Depth 224 to 234; head 214 to 224, width 1% to 2. Snout 4% to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 234, much greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 in eye, expansion 3, length 2 to 2144
in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws and on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 5 to 51%, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, hind edge
finely serrated. Gill rakers 8 +16, greater than gill filaments or 2 to
234 in eye.

Scales 21 to 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked,
except cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line large, simple, well
exposed, with small crimped basal scale. Scales with 7 to 12 basal
radiating striae; 76 to 84 apical denticles with 1 or 2 transverse series
of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 2 to 214 in total head length, first ray
124 to 14; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 2% to 3, first ray 134 to 244;
caudal 12 to 114, hind edge emarginate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 24% to 3; pectoral 134 to 124; ventral 13% to 124.

Pale brown generally, lighter below with silvery white sheen,
largely with pale lilac tints. Iris silvery gray, little more grayish
above. Snout and front more or less deeper brownish than rest of
head. Median pale line from interorbital to spinous dorsal. Pale line
from each parietal region up and along bases of dorsals and unite
behind soft dorsal to form single median line along upper surface of
caudal peduncle. Third pale line from snout above, over eye back
along lateral line at first to middle of upper caudal lobe basally.
Fourth pale line from iris above back over upper postocular region.
Fifth pale line over postocular and along median axis of body to
caudal base medianly. Sixth pale line from infraorbital to pectoral
axil and back along lower face of caudal peduncle to middle of base
of lower caudal lobe.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, East Indies, Philippines. Seale described this
species as Amia magnifica, evidently thinking the structural differ-
ences sufficient. As compared with Klunzinger he gives D. VI-I, 8
compared with D. VII-I, 9 and A. II, 7 compared with A. II, 8.
Klunzinger gives the color as silvery gray or bluish, with 4 or 5 citron
yellow or golden longitudinal bands. Belly, breast and under jaw
yellow. On head the longitudinal bands with blue reflections.
Bleeker’s account varies still more, as D. VII-I, 9 or I, 10 and A. II,
8 or 9. The body is said to be pale blue with 6 longitudinal golden
bands and his figure, doubtless colored from the preserved specimen
54 mm. long. Seale’s example was but 40 mm.

23379. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 41 mm.
12252. Batan Island. June 5, 1909. Length 46 mm.

Three examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 17, 1908. Length 45
to 48 mm.

48 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

15945, 15948. Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo. February 13, 1908. Length
51 to 55 mm.

Six examples. Southern Lagoon, Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. Feb-
ruary 26, 1908, (317, 318).

23325. Simalue Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909. Length 40
mm. (1987). Generally translucent pearly. Head and body erossed by about
6 bright orange stripes, first 3 narrow; first along median line of occiput, contin-
ued along dorsal base but anterior end with continuation arising some distance
before dorsal; second begins behind snout tip, passes above eye and backward
to caudal base; third crosses eye above and ends under hind edge of first dorsal;
fourth begins on snout, passes through middle of eye, thence backward, ending
in scarlet spot at caudal base; fifth crosses premaxillary under eye and back-
ward along lower edge of caudal peduncle to caudal base, symmetrical with
second; bands all broader below, where about 24 pupil diameter. Breast and
belly with orange wash. Iris silvery except as crossed by dark band. Soft
vertical fins very pale hyaline vermilion. Pectorals hyaline pink. Ventrals
slightly orange.

One example. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef, south of Zamboanga.
September 14, 1909. Length 36 mm.

8039. Tumindao Island. February 26, 1908. Length 57 mm. (male with
buccal ova). Also 5 others, same data. Length 50 to 58 mm.

Oneexample. Usadea Island, vicinity of Jolo. March 3, 1908. Length 48 mm.

One example (2040). Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909.
Length 44 mm. Golden stripes on pearly grounds, somewhat olivaceous
above. Fins vermilion.

AMIA MULTILINEATA (Bleeker)

A pogon multilineatus BLEEKER, Nederland. ‘Tidjschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865,
p. 188. Ceram.—Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 223
(Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago).

Amiamultilineata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 82
(Celebes, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Ternate, Ceram, Amboina, Goram).—
RapcuiFFE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 259, pl. 25 (Great
Tobea Island, Philippines, Celebes).

Apogon multitaeniatus (not Cuvier) BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., 1848, p.
635 (Sumbawa).—GunrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 242
(copied).—Meyemr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885,
p. 12 (Cebu).

Apogon multitaeniata ELrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Cebu).

Amia multitaeniata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (4) 319, fig. 1.

Depth 234 to 3; head 224 to 3, width 1% to 24%. Snout 4 to 4%
in head from snout tip; eye 214 to 224, nearly twice snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 34 in eye or about opposite hind
pupil edge, expansion 21% to 224 in eye, length 2 to 244 in head; teeth
in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 44%
to 5, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge minutely serrated;
preorbital entire. Gill rakers 5+14, lanceolate, much longer than
gill filaments or 24% in eye.

Seales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in
lateral line large, simple, each well exposed and with small basal scale.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 49

Scales with 9 to 13 basal radiating striae; 50 to 119 apical denticles,
with 1 or 2 transverse series of basal elements; circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, third spine 134 to 14% in total head length, first
branched ray 1% to 114; A. II,8, 1, second spine 2% to 38, first
branched ray 13% to 134; caudal 1 to 11%, emarginate behind and lobes
rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 214; pectoral 124
to 124; ventral 134 to 14%.

Brown, slightly paler below or on under surface of head and abdo-
men. About 12 to 15 dark brown narrow longitudinal lines alter-
nately slightly broader so that broad median one passes through eye
to caudal base medially. Side of head and abdomen sometimes with
grayish or violet tints. Within alternating pale areas, at least on
head, four or five longitudinal gray or white lines follow in their
courses, of which at least two cross eye, one above and one below pupil.
Iris pale yellowish white to gray or slaty. Fins all pale, spinous
dorsal little more grayish and dark gray subbasal line on soft dorsal.
Caudal with obscure dusky spot about size of pupil at base medially.

East Indies, Philippines.

15442. Calangaman Island, between Leyteand Cebu. March 16,1909. Length
59 mm. (13879). ;

10525. Cebu market. August17,1909. Length 66 mm.

10846. Dalaganem Island. April 8,1909. Length 53 mm.

4347. Jolo. February 14,1908. Length 38mm. (D. 5139.)

One example. Jolo. September 16,1909. Length 18 mm.

4331. Jolo. September 18, 1909. Length 38 mm. (D. 5558).

5314. Jolo Reefs. March 6, 1908. Length 82 mm.

23845, 23846. Pandanon Island. March 23, 1909. Length 65 to 67 mm.

23354. Pangasinan Island, near Jolo. February 13, 1908. Length 64 mm.

23163. Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island. April 5, 1909. Length 62 mm.

23211, 23212. Reefs south lagoon Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. Feb-
ruary 26, 1908. Length 70 to 79 mm.

23296, 23870. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19, 1908. Length 61 to
66mm. (159). Ground color olive gray, with many narrow dark olive green
stripes irregularly alternate narrower and wider and median one ends in blotch
at caudal base. Head yellowish green. Pearl gray through lower eye edge,
across snout and on posterior part of head. Similar stripes under eye across
cheek and preopercle angle. Posterior and lower parts of head bronze and
green. Irisdark. Spinous dorsal with third and posterior membranes yellow-
ish, spines lilac and tips of first 4 or 5 searlet. Soft fins orange, pectoral very
pale, caudal membranes in fork of fin citron yellow and anal with dusky bar
at base posteriorly.

One example. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Bay, south of Zamboanga.
September 14, 1909. Length 58 mm.

8040. Tumindao Island. February 26, 1908. Length 71 mm. Male with
buccal ova.

23121. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, near Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 27,
1909. Length 63 mm.

23775. Great Tobea Island, Buton Strait. December 15, 1909. Length 20 to
76mm. 9 examples (2154). Pearl gray, with numerous olive stripes. Side
of head olivaceous with white stripe through lower eye from snout extending

50 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

to opercle edge, similar one along upper maxillary across to pectoral base.
Pale stripes on top of snout and head. Fins very pale scarlet or orange.
Brownish bar across second dorsal andanalbases. Other fins without markings.

AMIA ENDEKATAENIA (Bleeker)

Apogon endekataenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, 1852,
p. 449. Banka or Lepar.—PrE.uuiEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol.
10, 1904, p. 544 (Djibouti, Red Sea).—Oarxsy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland,
vol. 21, 1908, p. 23 (Green Island, Cairns and Dunk Island).—WeEBrErR,
Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 225 (Nusa Laut).

Amia endekataenia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
85, pl. (82) 310, fig. 2 (Singapore, Banka, Bawean, Java).—EVERMANN
and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fishes, vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 73 (Bacon).

A pogon novemfasciatus (not CuvreR) ScHiEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1,
1842, p. 2, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Apogon schlegeli BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Nieu. Jap.), vol. 26,
1854, p. 55 (on SCHLEGEL).

Apogon schlegeli JonDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901,
p. 900, fig. 5 (Nagasaki).

Apogon fasciatus (not SHaw) Ginter, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 241 (India, Amboyna, Fiji)—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt.
5, 1865, p. 48 (Puynipet, Tahiti, Hong Kong, Java).—KLuUNzINGER,
Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 712 (Red Sea).

Apogon (Amia) fasciatus KLuNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 20
(part).

Amia wilsoni Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 22, fig. |
10. Philippines; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (types;
Philippines).

Depth 24%; head 224, width 2. Snout 4 in head; eye 234, greater
than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center,
expansion 3 in eye, length 2) in head; teeth in villiform bands, nar-
row in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 414, level; preopercle
ridge entire, edge finely serrated. Guill rakers 7+16, lanceolate,
longer than gill filaments or 224 in eye; 4 above and 4 below
rudimentary.

Scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 4 predorsal, 2rows on cheek. Lateral line complete. Scales
with 15 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 70 to 86, with 2 or 3
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VIII-I, 9,1, third spine 1% in head, first ray 12s; A. I, 8, 1,
second spine 234, second ray 21; caudal 114, emarginate; least depth
of caudal peduncle 214; pectoral 13s; ventral 124.

Pale brown, slightly paler below. Narrow median blackish line
from interorbital to spinous dorsal, bordering base of each dorsal and
then as single median line on postdorsal. Each side of snout above
narrow line extends up over interorbital close above lateral line, fades
out on caudal peduncle above. Blackish band from snout tip to eye
and median on side to caudal base. Conspicuous blackish spot on
caudal base just above lateral line about half size of pupil. Fourth

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 51

dark line from lower eye edge to lower surface of caudal peduncle.
Fins pale, except dark shade on spinous dorsal terminally. Upper
and lower caudal edges slightly dusky.

Red Sea, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, Queensland, Poly-
nesia. Described above from the type of Amia wilsont.

47505 A. N.S. P. Philippines. Length 71mm. Type of Amia wilsoni.
AMIA ANGUSTATA Smith and Radcliffe

Amia angustata Smitu and Rapcuirre, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911,
p. 253, fig. 1. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga.

Depth 3; head 234, width 2. Snout 42 to 424 in head; eye 2%
to 3o, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 4% to eye,
expansion 22¢ to 224 in eye, length 17% to 2 in head; teeth villi-
form, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 524 to
6, level; preopercle ridge entire, edge minutely serrated. Gill rakers
5+14, lanceolate, nearly twice length of gill filaments or 214 in eye.

Seales 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 4 predorsal, 3 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Tubes of lateral line large, well exposed, each
with broad crimped basal scale, at least in anterior part of course.
Seales with 10 to 12 basal radiating striae; 67 to 93 apical denticles
with 2 or 3 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, third spine 17% to 2%» in head, second ray 1% to 124;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 234 to 3, first ray 124 to 144; caudal 1% to
134, slightly emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%;
pectoral 1144; ventral 134 to 134.

Pale brown generally, nearly whitish. Dark brown band along
each side of occiput to base of soft dorsal. Second band from over eye
back along upper surface of caudal peduncle to base of upper caudal
rays. Median lateral dark band from snout through eye to caudal base
medially, where ending in round blackish spot little smaller than
pupil. Third dark band from infraorbital back to pectoral base
and along lower surface of caudal peduncle to caudal base, faint
posteriorly. Iris with silvery white bordering lines to dark median
band and some gray above and below. Fins all pale to whitish,
soft dorsal and anal each with subbasal grayish longitudinal band.

Only known from the Philippines.

24047. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909. Length

85mm. (Type No. 68399 U.S.N.M.)
23374. Sipadan Island, off Borneo. September 28, 1909. Length 70 mm.
AMIA FASCIATA (Shaw)

Mullus fasciatus SHaw, Journ. Voy. New South Wales, White, 1790, p. 268,
pl., fig.1. New South Wales.—Wa.szavm, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 621
(on SHaw).

Apogon fasciatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 241
(Australia, Port Jackson).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

52 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vol. 53, pt. 1, 1866, p. 427 (Port Jackson).—ALLEYNE and Mac Leay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, 1876, p. 267 (Cape Grenville
and Darnley Island, Queensland).—CasrELNav, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 3, 1878, p. (850) 370 (Port Jackson).—KLUNZINGER,
Sitzs. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879 (1880), p. 344 (Port
Darwin).—Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1881,
p. 343 (Port Jackson and Northern coast).—Srgap, Fishes of Australia,
1906, p. 96 (New South Wales).

Amia fasciata BurrKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, p. 71
(Port Jackson).—JorpAN and Seas, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 16 (Sydney).—Rapcuirrs, Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p.
249, pls. 21 and 22 (Port Jackson).—McCuttocu, Biol. Res. Endeavour,
vol, 3, pt. 2,1915, p. 116 (Tasmania; New South Wales; Moreton Bay,
off Port Curtis, Cairns, Murray Island, Mapoon; types of Apogon cookii
Macleay).

Apogon cookit Macunay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1881,
p. 344. Endeavour River and Darnley Island, Queensland.

Amia robusta Smita and RapcuirrE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911,
p. 254, fig. 2. Jolo Reefs, Philippines, Celebes.

Amia novemfasciata (not CuviER) Fowtrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,

p. 156 (part).

Depth 234 to 3; head 22¢ to 224, width 2% to 24. Snout 4 to
414 in head; eye 246 to 314, greater than snout or interorbital;
maxillary reaches 3% to 34 in eye, expansion 2 to 3, length 2 in head;
teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital
434 to 514, very slightly depressed; preopercle ridge entire, edge
finely serrated. Gill rakers 6+11, of which 3 upper rudiments and
others lanceolate, greatly more than gill filaments or 234 in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2
above, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Lateral line of large simple tubes, well exposed,
each with large crenulated scale, also well exposed. Scales with 11
basal radiating striae; 76 to 130 apical denticles, with 1 or 2 transverse
series of basal elements; circuli moderately fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 134 to 14 in head, first ray 126 to 114;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 27% to 3, first ray 134 to 124; caudal 1% to
114, hind edge emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 24 to 214;
pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 1% to 134.

Brown, hardly lighter below, though some silvery areas in pale
bands over abdomen. Dusky brown band along dorsal bases, begins
as single dark median band on interorbital. Second dusky brown
band begins over snout, extends over lateral line anteriorly and then
back to middle of base of upper caudal lobe. Third dusky brown
band from snout through eye wide as pupil and follows median axis
of body to caudal base. Fourth dusky brown band from infraorbitals
to pectoral base, then along lower surface of caudal peduncle to middle
of lower caudal lobe, and like two preceding dark bands reflected out
over caudal fin. Fifth dusky brown band along lower side of body

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 53

to last anal rays basally. Fins all pale brownish, spinous dorsal
largely dark terminally, subbasal longitudinal brown band on soft
dorsal, another on anal, caudal edged narrowly with brown above and
below and ventrals terminally brown. Most examples show median
dark lateral band with blackish spot in dark area of caudal base.
Others with short dark postocular bar from upper part of iris, but not
extending beyond head.

East Indies, Philippines, Australia. Our materials all agree with
the account of this species as described and discussed by McCulloch.

Eleven specimens. Batan Island. June 5,1909. Length 25 to 49 mm.
Three specimens. Batan Island, July 22,1909. Length 24 to 42 mm.
16057. Canimo Island, near Daet. June 15, 1909. Length 25 to 64 mm. 36
examples.
Sixteen examples. Gubat Bay, Luzon. June 23, 1909. Length 23 to 40 mm,
5315. Jolo Reefs. March 6, 1908. Length 86 mm. (Type of Amia robusta,
68400 U.S.N.M.)
5316. Jolo Reefs. March 6, 1908. Length 56 mm.
Six specimens. Maculabo Island, east coast Luzon. June 14, 1909. Length
22 to 43 mm.
One example. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, between Samar and Leyte. August
2,1909. Length ? (head only). From torch fisherman.
22406. Nogas Point, Panay. February 4,1908. Length18to22mm. 2 examples.
Fifteen examples. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 13, 1908. Length
26 to 45 mm.
One example. Sirinao Island reef, southern Palawan. December 31, 1908.
Length 35 mm.
20118. Ulugan Bay, near mouth of Baheli River, Palawan. December 28, 1908.
Length 68 mm.
Fifty-one examples. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17, 1909.
Length 17 to 37 mm.
AMIA AROUBIENSIS (Hombron and Jacquinot)
Apogon aroubtensis HomBRON and JacquinotT, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3,
1858, p. 31, pl. 1. fig. 1. Aroub, Malaysia.
Amia aroubiensis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906),
p. 241, fig. 35 (Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa).—RapcuiFFe, Proc. U.S. Nat,
Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 25, pl. 22 (Tutu Bay, Philippines, Celebes, Apia).—
Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 157 (Tubuai, Nukuhiva,
Raiatea, Apia, Mangareva).
Apogonfasciata aroubiensis McCutuocg, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, No.
3, 1915, p. 118 (Murray Island; Suva, Fiji).
Apogon fasciatus (not WuirE) GinrHerR, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1.
pt. 1, 1873, p. 19, pl. 20, fig. A (part).

Depth 234 to 3; head 2% to 224, width 1% to 24%. Snout 4%
to 4144 in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 3, about twice snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 4 in eye or to or little beyond
hind pupil edge, expansion 214 to 2% in eye, length 1% to 214 in
head; bands of minute villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 414 to 6, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge
minutely serrate; preorbital entire. Gill rakers 5+16, lanceolate,
twice gill filaments or 21% in eye.

54 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Scales 24 or 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral
line large, well exposed and each with basal scale. Scales with 10 to
14 basal radiating striae; 58 to 84 apical denticles, with 1 or 2 trans-
verse series of basal elements; circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third dorsal spine 134 to 1% in total head length,
first ray 126 to 144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 3}, first ray 134
to 214; caudal 1144 to 146, little emarginate behind, lobes rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 21% to 226; pectoral 124 to 13;
ventral 124 to 134.

Body with four broad blackish brown longitudinal bands, greatly
wider than narrow whitish intervening whitish lines or bands; all con-
tracting little on head and more so for three reaching caudal peduncle;
median dark band extends from snout tip through eye and forms
distinct jet black blotch at middle of caudal at least large as pupil.
Fins all pale or whitish, soft dorsal and anal each with broad black
basal longitudinal band, extending out little on each fin posteriorly.
Iris, except as crossed by dark longitudinal bands pale or whitish.

Malaysia, Philippines, Polynesia.

5177, 5178. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 50
to 55 mm.

15756, 23378. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 39 to 46
mm.

19640. Bulan Island, Samales Group, south of Zamboanga. September 13, 1909.
Length 56 mm.

7243, 7244. Busbus Point, Siasi Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. Septem-
ber 20,1909. Length 44 to 60 mm.

15060, 23094, 24094. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909.
Length 51 to 58 mm. Two males with buccal ova.

15099, 15100. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island. February 24,1909. Length 52
to 54 mm.

23646. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8,1909. Length 65 mm.

21178. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15,1908. Length 62 mm

16652, 23366. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 55 to 59 mm.

23949. Isabel, Basilan Island, South of Zamboanga. September 11, 1909.
Length 58 mm.

One example, Ligpo Point, Balayan Bay. January 18,1908. Length 35 mm.

23916, 23917, 23933 to 23936 (1118). Limbones Cove, Luzon. February 8,
1909. Length 41 to 61 mm.

15662. Mactan Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 25,1909. Length
47 mm.

5736, 5737. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao. Au-
gust 3,1909. Length 52 to 57 mm.

15991. Maricaban Island. January 20, 1908. Length 62 mm.

4569 to 4571. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March 3,1909. Length 45
to 50 mm.

24085, 24086. Northwest Verde Island. July 22,1908. Length 57 or 58 mm.

23225. Opol, Mindanao. August 4,1909. Length 51 mm.

23833. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 23,1909. Length
53 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 55

22028. Panpan Point, Tara Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September
20,1909. Length 63 mm.
21601. Pasacao, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length 58 mm.

‘ 23767. Pasacao River, Ragay Gulf. March 9,1909. Length 50 mm.

One example. Point Ligpo, Balayan Bay. January 18,1908. Length 35 mm.

24087, 24088. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 40 to 47 mm.

23178. Port Banalacan, Marinduque Island. February 23, 1909. Length
49 mm.

23781. Port Dupon, Leyte [sland. March 17, 1909, Length 51 mm.

10321, 10503. Port Maricaban. July 21, 1908. Length 62 to 66 mm.

14469, 15340. Port Palapag. June 2-3, 1909. Length 50 to 72 mm.

22866. Rapurapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length 40 mm.

23476, 23479. Tapiantana Island. September 13, 1909. Length 39 to 54 mm.

23904. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21,1908. Length 51 mm.

One example. Tataan. February 20, 1908. Length 33 mm.

6144. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef. September 14, 1909. Length
46 mm.

4641. Tonquil Island, Tambun Sigumbul. September14,1909. Length 55 mm.

23513. Tulayan Island, vicinity Jolo. September 15, 1909. Length 66 mm.

18908, 24066, 24067. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909.
Length 53 to56mm,

23169, 23170, 24017. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19,
1909. Length 50 to 62 mm.

7784, 23746 to 23749, 23962 to 23964. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity
Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909. Length 47 to 60 mm. 12
examples.

8891 to 8899. Mabul Island, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 29,1909. Length
23 to 63 mm. 13 examples.

23372, 23373. Sipadan Island, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 28, 1909.
Length 57 to 61 mm.

21559. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. December 10, 1909.
Length 62 mm.

21210, 21211. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17, 1909. Length
48 to 61 mm.

24028, 24029. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1909.
Length 46 to 52 mm.

16229. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length 55 mm.

23396. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 16,
1909. Length 56 mm.

23452 to 23455. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length 54 to
62mm.

23976 to 23980. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11, 1909. Length 45 to
64 mm. ‘

23502, 23503. Una Una Road, Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 17,1909. Length 50 to 65 mm.

18304. West of Malibagu Point, Celebes. November 21,1909. Length 62 mm.

23447, 23448. Doworra Island, Patiente Strait. December2, 1909. Length 55
to 58 mm.

23488, 23489. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 36 to 65 mm.

23470, 23471. Maitara Island. November 26,1909. Length 54 to 68 mm.

23349. Makyan Island. November 29,1909. Length 65 mm.

23109, 23110, 23630, 24011. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28,
1909. °Length 50 to 67 mm.

$8137—30——5

56

BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

AMIA NOVEMFASCIATA (Cuvier)

Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 154.
Timor and Guam.—RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 221
(China).—Prrers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 234 (Mozambique).—FowLer,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 519 (Padang,
Sumatra); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527 (Padang
material).—Braurort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 114 (Saonek,
Waigiu).— WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 224 (Savu;
Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; Menado; Biaru; Karakelang; Sabibabu;
north Ceram; Saleyer; Nusa Laut; Tuir; High Key; Roma; Timor,
Rotti).

Amia novemfasciata JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1906,
p. 777 (Negros); Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 242, figs. 36—
37 (Pago Pago and Apia).—Jorpawn and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 254 (Calayan, Cuyo, Ticao).—Rapcuirrn, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 251, pl. 23 (Luzon, Celebes, Apia,
Fiji).—Snyprr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497 (Okinawa).—
Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam); Mem. Bishop
Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 156 (Ponapé, Tomgoa, Society Islands, Kingsmills,
Ebon Island, Ascension Island, Fiji, Apia, Samoa, Faté, Tubuai, Guam).

Amia fasciata novemfasciata McCuttocg, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, No.
38, 1915, p. 117 (Murray Island; Samoa; New Hebrides; Tongatabu,
Friendly Islands; Bougainville Island, Solomons).

Apogon fasciatus (not SHAw) Quoy and Gaimarp, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1825,
p. 344 (Guam).—GitnruEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 241
(part).—Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 43 (Puynipet,
Tahiti, Hong Kong, Java).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 20
(Zanzibar and Joanna).—Prrrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p.
256 (Paracali, Luzon; east of Lauang, Samar).—KuunzinGeEr, Verh. zool.
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 712 (Koseir, Red Sea).—GtnrueEr, Journ.
Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 19, pl. 20, fig. B (Society Islands;
Kingsmill Islands; Apia).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 60.—
Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, 1876, p. 386 (Amboina).—KARo1.I,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Nagasaki, Japan).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (north
Celebes; Cebu).—Goraoza, Anal. Soc. Espafii. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol.
17, 1888, p. 283 (Cebu).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 494.—
Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 500
(Zanzibar).—WeEBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reise, vol. 5, 1895, p. 263
(Amboina).—E.ErRA, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 470 (Cebu).—Srein-
DACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 416 (Ternate,
Batjan; Patani River, Halmahera). .

Amia fasciata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 87
(Sumatra, Batu, Lepar, Java, Cocos, Bawean, Bali, Celebes, Sangir, Solor,
Timor, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, Banda, Aru, Luzon,
Samar); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (48) 326, fig. 4—EverMANN and SEALE,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 72 (Bacon and Samoa).—SEALE
and Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 24 (Zamboanga).

Apogon (Amia) fasciatus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 20.

Amia balinensis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Percoid.), vol. 22, 1849,
p. 28. Boleling, Bali Island.

Apogon popur THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 143. Woodlark Island.

Apogon melanotaenia Reaan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2,
1905, p. 321, pl. 3 (c) fig. 4. Charbar, Mekran Coast; Karachi; Nicobars;

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 57

Zanzibar; Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1917, p. 458 (Durban).—
BaRnarpD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 519 (Natal coast 0
to 33 fathoms).

Amia melanotaenia Von Bonps, Fisher. Mar. Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec.
Rep., No. 3, 1922 (1924), p. 13 (off South Africa, 33 fathoms).

Apogon taeniophorus Rraan, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907,
p. 226. Maldives.

Depth 24 to 3; head 214 to 23%, width 2 to 2144. Snout 4 to 4%
in head from snout tip; eye 234 to 3%, greatly exceeding snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 4% in eye, expansion 2 to 214,
length 2 to 244 in head; teeth villiform, in narrow bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 5 to 5%, very slightly convex;
preopercle ridge entire, edge minutely serrate. Gill rakers 6414,
lanceolate, twice gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows on cheek to preopercle angle; muzzle,
including suborbitals, maxillary and interorbital, naked. Scales
with 12 to 15 basal radiating striae; 70 to 92 apical denticles, with 1
or 2 transverse series of basal elements; circuli moderately fine.

D. VII-I, 8,1, abnormally IV-I, 7, 1, variably VI-I, 9,1, second
or third spine 14% to 2 in total head length, second ray 1% to 13%;
A. II, 8,1, second spine 3 to 34%, second ray 134 to 17%; caudal 12¢ to
144, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% to
21%; pectoral 134 to 134; ventral 124 to 1.

Pale brown generally, whitish below. Five longitudinal dark
bands, medium at median body axis and extends over median caudal
rays. Upper and lower dark bands over median approximate over
caudal base. Iris silvery white, except as crossed by dark median
band. Often dark median band with blackish area below last dorsal
rays. Fins all pale, dusky brown basal longitudinal band on soft
dorsal and anal, extends well out on last ray posteriorly.

Red Sea, Arabia, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal,
Maldives, India, Nicobars, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, China,
Japan, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.

24098 to 24100. Batan Island. June 5,1909. Length25to68mm. 4examples.
24104, 24105. Batan Island. July 22,1909. Length 42 to 45 mm.

24104. Cebu market. August 28, 1909. Length 72 mm.

Five examples. Gubat Bay, Luzon. June 23, 1909. Length 36 to 78 mm.

One example. Pilas Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12,1909. Length
34 mm.

One example. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 13, 1908. Length
47 mm.

23774. San Pascual, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 24 to 68 mm.
2 examples.

Sevenexamples. Simaluc Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 23,
1909. Length 22 to 39 mm.

Fifteen examples. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17, 1909.
Length 19 to 37 mm.

58 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

24081. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. February 21, 1908. Length
42 mm.
24097. Great Tobea Island, Buton Strait. December 15,1909. Length 47 mm.

AMIA DOEDERLEINI (Jordan and Snyder)

A pogon doederleinit JORDAN and SnyDER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901,
p. 901, fig. 6. Nagasaki.

Depth 224 to 3; head 2% to 224, width 1% to 2. Snout 4 to 4%
in head from snout tip; eye 2 to 24%, greater than snout or interorbi-
tal; maxillary reaches 24 in eye, expansion 21% to 2%, length 2 to 24%
in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4 to 424, very slightly convex; preopercle ridge entire,
edge finely serrate. Gill rakers 5+14, lanceolate, little longer than
gill filaments or 314 in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 3 rows on cheek; head naked, except cheeks
and opercles. ‘Tubes in lateral line large, each well exposed and with
rather large crimped basal scale. Scales with 9 to 16 basal radiating
striae; 12 to 145 apical denticles, with as many as 8 transverse series
of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, third spine 2 to 2%» in total head length, second ray
12% to 1%; A.II, 8,1, second spine 234 to 3, first ray 134 to 2; caudal
1% to 114, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 224;
pectoral 1144 to 124; ventral 124 to 14%.

Dull brown generally, little paler underneath. Dark brown line
along bases of dorsals. Second dark brown band from over eye back
along upper side of caudal peduncle to caudal base. Median dark
band from eye back to caudal base where forming black spot size of
pupil. Fourth dark band extends from below eye to pectoral and
then back along lower side of caudal peduncle to caudal base. Head
all more or less with soiled appearance. Iris dark gray. Fins all
brownish, soft dorsal and anal each with subbasal dark longitudinal
line.

Originally described from four Japanese specimens and apparently
not since reported. Our materials definitely place it in the faunas of
both Formosa and the Philippines.

One example. Mompog Island, vicinity Marinduque. March3,1909. Length
27 mm.

Fourteen examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April18, 1908. Length
23 to 30 mm.

8408 to 8410. Hokuho, Soo Wan, Formosa. January 29, 1910. Length 109 to
120 mm. (2184). Pearl color with brown stripes. First stripe median,
extends from between eyes, dividing around dorsal; second from snout, above
orbit to caudal base; median from snout tip interrupted by eye and ending in
blotch size of pupil at caudal base mainly above lateral line; fourth across

maxillary, under eye through pectoral base and along lower edge of caudal
peduncle; fifth short obscure stripe below pectoral. Spinous dorsal pink with

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ABJACENT SEAS 59

dusky. Soft dorsal brighter, brown bar across base slightly oblique. Anal
vermilion, with brown basal bar as on soft dorsal. Caudal reddish dusky.
Paired fins pink, ventrals brighter.

AMIA FUSCA (Quoy and Gaimard)

Apogonfuscus Quoy and GaIMarD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., pts. 8-9, Jan. 29-
May 26, 1825, p. 345. Guam.—Ginrunr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol.
1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 22 (East Indies and Fiji).

Amia fusca JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p
244, fig. 38 (Apia).—Fowzgr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 159
(Apia).

Apogon cupreus (EHRENBERG) CuvisEr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 159.
Red Sea.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 237 (copied).

A pogon moluccensis VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1,
1832, p.54. Amboina.— WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 229
(Kawa, west Ceram).

Amia moluccensis BLHEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 93 (Sumatra, Singapore, Banka, Cocos, Bawean, Bali, Celebes, Sangir,
Timor, Ceram, Amboina, Goram).

?A pogonguamensis VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1,
1832, p. 54. Guam.

Apogon chrysopomus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, 1854,
p. 239. Macassar, Celebes.—GtntHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 240 (copied).—KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882,
p. 152 (Singapore).

Amia chrysopoma BuLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 86 (Singapore, Bawean, Celebes, Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (71)
359, fig. 1—EVERMANN and SHALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907) p. 72 (Bacon).

Amia percaeformis Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, vol. 2, 1854, p. 173. East
Indies (On Gronow, Zoophylac., 1763, No. 273, pl. 9, fig. 2).

Amia sealei FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 20, fig. 9.
Philippines —FowLrer and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922,
p. 24 (Cebu).—Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274
(San Fernando, Santa Maria and types); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 158, fig. 39 (Shortland Island).

Depth 23 to 27%; head 24% to 234, width 1% to 2. Snout 4 to 4
in head; eye 24% to 3, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary
reaches opposite eye center, expansion 234 in eye, length 24% to 214 in
head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4 to 414, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge
minutely serrate at allages; preorbital edge entire. Gill rakers 6+ 14,
lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or 3 in eye.

Scales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 2 to 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral
line large, simple, well exposed, with crenulate basal scale. Scales
with 13 to 18 basal radiating striae; 102 to 157 apical denticles, with
1 to 3 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine and apical
obsolete or anastomosing irregularly.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 134 to 1% in total fuse length, first
branched ray if to 12g; A. II, 8,1, second spine 224 to 3, second

60 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

anal ray 2 to 24%; caudal 1% to 14, hind edge slightly emarginate,
upper lobe often little longer; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to
224; pectoral 114% to 134; ventral 124 to 17%.

Light brown generally, becoming paler to whitish below, especially
on abdomen and lower surface of head. Head largely brownish above.
Iris pale or whitish to deep neutral gray, with dark lateral band
crossing. Dark brown line follows along edge of back along bases of
both dorsals. Second narrow dark brown line from above eye
anteriorly to upper surface of caudal peduncle anteriorly, where fad-
ing out. Third broad horizontal deep brown band from snout tip
through eye and midway along side to caudal base, though behind
eye band narrowing considerably and fading behind. At caudal base
and slightly above middle small round black spot, much smaller than
pupil and just above tubes of lateral line. Median dark predorsal
line from origin of spinous dorsal forward to middle of interorbital.
Dorsals grayish-brown, also caudal, other fins paler to whitish.
Larger dorsal and anal spines burnished with silvery.

Red Sea, Natal, East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia, Polynesia:

Our numerous examples all agree in the type of coloration described
above. In this they differ from Bleeker’s figure of Ama chrysopoma
as that shows only one dark longitudinal line, which extends from
above the eye to the caudal peduncle above. Also he shows some
dull orange spots on the lower side of the head and three rows of
scales on the cheek. Bleeker’s figure of Amia moluccensis is without
any of the usual markings, the spinous dorsal terminally blackish
and the cheek with four rows of scales. An examination of the exam-
ple reported as Amia fusca and figured by Jordan and Seale shows it
to belong to something different.

Four of our examples from the Cataingan Bay series, 91 to 108
mm. long, taken April 17, 1908, show them to belong to the peculiar
condition of buccal incubation. Fach has its mouth and pharynx
crammed with eggs, some in a well developed stage toward hatching.
All these appear to be males. They were easily recognized among
the series of specimens by their rather full throats.

21864. Biri Channel, east coast cf Luzon. June 1, 1909. Length 106 mm.
16108. Bolalo Bay, Palawan [sland. December 21, 1908. Length 87 mm.
14805 to 14807, 15560 to 15562, 15564, 15566. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January

5, 1909. Length 76 to 102 mm.

15310, 15311, 15314, 16779, 23710, 23711. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March

8,1909. Length 81 to 98 mm.

22281, 22283, 23426, 23427. Butauanan Island, east coast of Luzon. June 13,

1909. Length 94 to 97 mm.

14251, 14255. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 52 to

56 mm. ;

Twenty-nine examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 17, 1908. Length

67 to 104 mm. Male with buccal ova.

16852, 23988, 23989. Cataingan Bay. April 18,1908. Length 76 to 94 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 61

16099, 16100, 16107. Cataingan Bay. May 14,1909. Length 78 to 101 mm.

23196 to 23202. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length 94 to 102 mm.

Forty-one examples. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length 97 to 120 mm.

15062, (18514, 1306), 23782. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. Length 59 to 93 mm.
March 11,1909. 27 examples.

23339, 23498. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22, 1908. Length
86 to 92 mm.

17334, 17349. Isabel Channel, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909. Length
100 mm.

5317 to 5325 (412, 413). Jolo. March 6,1908. Length 101 to 120mm. Gen-
eral color pearl gray, washed with yellowish on breast and back somewhat
dusky. Top of head smoky. Median longitudinal indistinct dusky stripe,
showing somewhat brownish posteriorly on caudal peduncle. Narrow orange
brown line around dorsal, forward till between eyes where reddish brown.
Second line begins behind snout tip passes above eye as red brown line, breaks
into series of orange spots beginning on shoulder; these fuse more or less
posteriorly and vanish about anterior or middle of caudal peduncle. Round
orange spots on cheek and opercle. Front of upper jaw bluish, continued as
line to lower front of eye and narrow brown line above. Iris with bright sap-
phire shades. First dorsal with yellowish shades, membranes almost lemon;
spines gray. Second dorsal washed with greenish yellow. Anal pale, washed
with dull cadmium, narrow bluish white subbasal bar contrasts with brighter
cadmium basal bar. Pectoral pink. Ventral yellowish, tip of first ray pink.

15014, 23148, 23149, 23301 to 23303. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909.
Length 54 to 92 mm.

18571, 24041, 24042. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909.
Length 66 to 71 mm.

17133. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20,1909. Length 107 mm.

17649, 23822 to 23824. Pandanon Island. March 23, 1909. Length 102 to
107 mm.

15946, 15947. Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo. February 13,1908. Length
57 to 68 mm.

Eleven examples. Pangasinan Island. February 13, 1908.. Length 62 to
72 mm.

23233. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length 77 mm.

17167. Port Matalvi, western Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 67 mm.

24038, 24039 (919). Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. Length 87 to 88 mm-
Translucent gray, belly with white shades. Top of head dusky. Side iri-
descent pink, with longitudinal bronze lines through nape and dividing around
dorsals, almost obsolete on caudal peduncle. Bronze line begins at snout,
horizontal till beyond dorsals; another through eye and middle of side, end-
ing as three yellow dots on caudal peduncle, also small black basal caudal blotch
just above. About 5 bronze orange blotches on opercle, 2 on cheek and third
on interopercle. Iris often with purplish shades. First and second dorsal
spines iridescent, second membrane yellowish, with black blotch at tip. Second
dorsal spines all iridescent; fin orange terminally. Anal and ventral like
dorsal. Caudal orange. Pectoral hyaline pink.

Thirty-six examples. Reefs of South Lagoon, Tumindao, Sulu Archipelago.
February 26, 1908. Length 51 to 101 mm.

6400. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Four examples.
Length 64 to 69 mm.

18641. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 97 mm.

One example. Simaluc, Bisibisi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22,
1909. Length 69mm. With isopod crustacean on left predorsal.

62 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

17981. Simalue, Bisibisi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 23, 1909
Length 66 mm.

23351, 23352. Southern Lagoon, Tumindao Reef, Sulu Archipelago. February
26,1908. Length 62 mm.

(D. 5146). Sulade Island, N. 18° W., 3.40 miles (5° 46’ 40” N., 120° 48’ 50” E.) ,
February 16,1908. Length 62 mm.

20718. Tambul Sigumbul, Tonquil Island. September 14,1909. Length 100 mm.

23871 to 23874 (153). Tataan, Simalue Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 19,
1908. Length 61 to 90 mm. Yellowish and pearl gray. Median brown
orange occipital line divides and surrounds dorsal. Another line of same shade
begins at snout, passes across interorbital and fades out on caudal pedun-
ele above. An interrupted dusky axil stripe begins on snout, becomes black-
ish at middle of body and chrome yellow on caudal peduncle with small black
basal caudal spot above. Broken golden brown stripe across cheek and pre-
opercle to interopercle and few spots on opercle. Iris dusky with sapphire
blue shade. Spinous dorsal dusky, first membrane yellowish. Soft dorsal
dusky chrome, with yellow tip. Anal whitish, tipped with yellow and orange.
Caudal dusky, edged and tipped with pink. Ventral pale yellow, spine and
tip of first ray pink.

24092 (165). Tataan. February 20,1908. 10examples. Length 58 to 90 mm.

Two examples. Tonquil Island, south of Zamboanga. September 14, 1909.
Length 60 to 62 mm.

8026 (346), 8027, 8037 (345), 8088 (344). Tumindao Island. February 26, 1908.
Length 62 to 102 mm. Pale olive green with yellowish overshades, in front
of vent below white washed with pale chrome. Median brown stripe on fore-
head surrounding dorsal fins. Another begins at snout tip, passes above eye
just above lateral line, ends under and just behind dorsal axil. Third more
distinct black line crosses snout and middle of premaxillary, passes backward
on axil line and ends as small black blotch at caudal base. Two golden
umber bars across opercle and subopercle. Iris with sapphire blue reflections.
First dorsal spines washed with opalescent silvery in front, remaining vertical
fins pale pink. Pectoral pale pink. Ventral greenish yellow, pinkish toward
front. Larger example without bars on opercle but with row of 3 golden
umber dots from lower eye edge across cheek to subopercle. Several similar
dots on opercle. Axil stripe series of golden dots. Upper stripes brown, also
broken into spots. Blue stripe across preorbital.

23279, 23423. Tutu Bay, first anchorage, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909.
Length 46 to 105 mm. 16 examples.

20693. Ulugan Bay, near Baheli River mouth, Palawan Island. December
28, 1908. Length 96 mm.

23345 to 23347. Daisy Island west of Bumbum, Trusan Tando Bulon, British
North Borneo. January 6, 1910. Length 92 to 99 mm.

23123. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Borneo. September 27, 1909. Length
56 mm.

24003. Sitanki Reef, Borneo. September 24, 1909. Length 66 mm.

24076. Tomahu Island, Bouro. December 12, 1909. Length 33 to 68 mm.
12 examples.

Six examples. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length 36 to 67 mm.

23400. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November
16, 1909. Length 66 mm.

23684 to 23688. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length 54 to 66 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 63
AMIA QUADRIFASCIATA (Cuvier)

Apogon quadrifasciatus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 1538.
Pondicherry.—Canror, Cat. Malay. Fishes, 1850, p. 3.—PrrTERs, Arch,
Naturg., 1855, p. 234 (Mozambique).— Ginrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 239 (India, Fiji, China, Australia).—GuicuENnort, Notes
Tle Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—Kwnur, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5,
1865, p. 43 (Java and Sydney).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p.
59.—K<Arotut, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p.152 (Sarangoon,
Singapore; Canton)—Mbryerr, Anal. Soc. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid.
vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Manila Bay).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 494.—E.zrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 470 (Luzon, Manila Bay).—
PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 85 (Tonkin). —RrGan,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p. 330 (Persian
Gulf).—Wepser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 226 (Menado;
Saleyer; Timor; Java Sea).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,
1927, p. 519 (Mozambique).

Apogon 4-fasciatus Gorgoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17,
1888, p. 283 (Manila Bay).

Amia quadrifasciata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 88 (Singapore, Pinang, Banka, Java, Celebes); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (57)
335, fig. 1—JorpDAN and SEALz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 16 (Cavite).—EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 71 (Jolo).—Jorpan and Ricwarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27,
1907 (1908), p. 254 (Manila); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1909,
p. 181 (Takao).—SEALg, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p. 274
(Sandakan, Borneo).—McCuttocy, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, pt. 3,
1915, p. 120 (Moreton Island, Double Island Point, Frazier Island, Platy-
pus and Harvey Bays, near Gloucester Head, Queensland; Mosman Bay,
Port Jackson).—Fow Ler, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Phil-
ippines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Jolo and
Philippines).

Apogon monogramma GintHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 1880, p. 38,
pl. 16, fig. B. Arafura Sea.

Amaia elizabethae JonDAN and SHALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., 1905, p. 9,
pl.4. Hong Kong, China.—Sratz, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914,
p. 63 (Hong Kong).

Apogon quinguestriatus Reaan, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 12, vol. 2,
1907, p. 226. Maldives, South Milandu, 30 to 36 fathoms.

Depth 234 to 244; head 224 to 214, width 2 to 2%. Snout4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 32%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary extends till opposite hind pupil edge in adult,
little beyond with age, expansion 144 to 2 in eye, length 2 to 2\% in
head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws and a small V-shaped band on
vomer, also narrow band may be present on palatines though this
often absent; interorbital 414 to 5, level; preopercle ridge entire,
edge finely denticulate. Guill rakers 7+14, lanceolate, longer than
gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2 or
3 above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal; 2 rows on cheek to preopercle
ridge. Tubes in lateral line rather large, well marked and each with
small crimped basal scale. Scales with 14 basal radiating striae; 43

64 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

to 110 apical denticles, with 1 or 2 series of basal elements; circuli
coarse.

D. VII-I, 9,1, fourth spine 21% to 224 in total head length, second
ray 124 to 144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 3 to 314, second ray 1% to
2; caudal 1% to 14, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 214 to 2%; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 134 to 1%.

Brown on back and upper surface, sides and below light brown to
much paler with silvery white reflections. Dark brown band from
snout tip to eye and back little above median axis to caudal base
medianly and out over median caudal rays. Another narrower dark
brown band parallel above, begins near end of snout above nostrils,
runs over eye and along back above toward upper edge of caudal fin.
In youngest examples narrow dark brown median line from inter-
orbital nearly to spinous dorsal and from each side of occiput, above
second dark lateral band, a third dark band or line close along base
of spinous dorsal to soft dorsal. Iris pale or whitish, except as
crossed by lowest dark longitudinal band. Fins all more or less
pale, spinous dorsal grayish terminally, soft dorsal and anal each
with subbasal gray-brown longitudinal band, also ventral broadly
gray-brown over anterior half of fin.

Persian Gulf, Mozambique, Reunion, Maldives, India, Tonkin,
East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, China, Japan, Australia.

Following McCulloch we place Apogon monogramma Giinther as
a synonym, as the former says “‘only one lateral band is mentioned
in its description, but the figure shows two, and some specimens in
my series tally very well with the illustration.” He also places
Apogon kiensis Jordan and Snyder as another synonym. We place
Amia elizabethae Jordan and Seale and Apogon quinquestriatus Regan
as still other synonyms.

Ten examples. Bacoor, Luzon. June 15, 1908. Length 61 to 83 mm.
20732. Balayan Bay, Taal anchorage, southern Luzon. January 19, 1908.

Length 74 mm.

20387. Catbalogan, Samar. April 10, 1908. Length 58 mm.

23369. Catbalogan. April 15, 1908. Length 59 mm.

5969. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length 71 mm.

One example. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length 35

mm.

4405. (D. 5099). Corregidor Light, N. 21° E., 4.30 miles (14° 18’ 40’’ N., 120°

32’ 40’ B.), off southern Luzon. In 30 fathoms. January 2,1908. Length

62 mm.

5542. (D. 5100). Corregidor Light, N. 16° E., 5.70 miles (14° 17’ 15’’ N., 120°

32’ 40’’ E.), off southern Luzon. In 35 fathoms. January 2,1908. Length
28 mm.

(D. 5360). Corregidor Light, N. 74° W., 6.9 miles (14° 21’ N., 120° 41’ E.),
Luzon. In 12 fathoms. February 8, 1909. Length 46 to 71 mm. 13
examples.

(D. 5361). Corregidor Light, S. 89° W., 7.2 miles (14° 24’ 15’ N., 120° 41’
30’’ E.), Luzon. In 12 fathoms. February 9, 1909, Length 54 to 78 mm.
6 examples.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 65

Two examples. Hinunangan Bay, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length 31 to 34
mm.

6949. Tloilo market. May 31, 1908. Length 75 mm.

(D. 5131). Island off Panabutan Point, N. 20° E., 0.04 mile, Sulu Sea, off west-
ern Mindanao. In 27 fathoms. February 6, 1908. Length 25 to 90 mm.
44 examples.

(D. 5640). Labuan Blanda Island, N. 88° E. 1 mile (4° 27’ 00’’ S., 122° 55’ 40’’
E.), Buton Strait. In 24 fathoms. December 13, 1909. Length 27 mm.
1 example.

Fourexamples. Manila Bay, Luzon. December 9, 1909. Length 45 to 63 mm.

Four examples. Manila Bay. December 12, 1909. Length 25 to 33 mm.

Seven examples. Manila Harbor. December 31, 1907 and January 1, 1908.
Length 62 to 81 mm. Back dark olive. Median stripe of plum purple from
snout tip to fork of caudal, slightly lighter in interspaces of bars on lower
side. Narrower lighter stripe begins on snout passes above eye, midway
between bases of dorsals and dark median lateral band, and fading out on
caudal peduncle. Still above and along bases of dorsals forward to nape a
narrow silvery stripe; another silvery stripe between the 2 darker about wide
as pupil, becomes very narrow across eye; another silvery stripe across eye

. and opercle. Lower side silvery, with about 8 dark bars between pectoral
base and space opposite hind part of anal, equal in width to interspaces; these
bars at times fading to show only very narrow lines corresponding to their
margins. Cheek and lower opercle dusky below lowest silvery line. All chin
silvery with deep pink iridescence. Throat and branchiostegal membranes
white, with greenish reflections. Dorsal spines reddish toward tips. Soft
dorsal reddish dusky with darker bars, followed by a dark one of reddish
brown. Anal like soft dorsal, but more contrasted. Caudal plain dusky,
except median stripe and somewhat darker purplish shades on upper and
lower edges. Pectorals nearly colorless. Ventrals reddish-brown except spine,
which white, inner margin also lighter, whitish continued on front edge to tip.
Food apparently schizopods.

23683. Manila Harbor. January 4, 1908. Length 82 mm.

Six examples. Manila market. December 12 to 18,1907. Length 71 to 89 mm.

19760 to 19762. Manila market. April 20,1909. Length 82 to 93 mm. (1534).

(D. 5235). Nagubat Island, 8S. 58° W.,7 miles (9° 43’ N., 125° 48’ 15’ E.), east
coast of Mindanao. In 44 fathoms. May 9,1908. Length 48 mm.

4543 (D. 5163). Observation Island, N. 79° W., 6.70 miles (4° 59’ 10’’ N., 119°
51’ E.), Sulu Archipelago. In 28 fathoms. February 24, 1908. Length 42
mm.

(D. 5132). Off Panabutan Point, N. 31° W., 0.50 mile, Sulu Sea off western
Mindanao. In 26 fathoms. February 6, 1908. Length 23 to47mm. 12
examples.

24080 (D. 5152). Pajumajan Island, S. 2° W., 2 miles (5° 22’ 55’’ N., 120° 15’
45’’ E.), Sutu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. In 34 fathoms. February 18,
1908. Length 40 mm.

(D. 5442). San Fernando Point Light, N. 39° E., 8.4 miles (16° 30’ 36’’ N., 120°
11’ 06’’), west coast of Luzon. In 45 fathoms. May 11,1909. Length 45
to 52mm. 29 examples.

(D. 5448). San Miguel Point, N. 23° E., 1.5 miles (13° 23’ 10’’ N., 123° 45’ 19’”
E.), east coast of Luzon. In47 fathoms. Length 47to63 mm. 6 examples.

(D. 5146). Sulade Island. N.18° W., 3.40 miles (5° 46’ 40’’ N., 120° 48’ 50’’ E.),
Sulu Archipelago, vicinity of Siasi. In 24 fathoms. February 16, 1908.
Length 38 mm.

One example. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8,1908. Length 62 mm.

66 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

2245. (D. 5478). Tacbuc Point, S. 80° W., 15.2 miles (10° 46’ 24’’ N., 125° 16’
30’ E.), Leyte. In 57 fathoms. July 29,1909. Length 47 to 62 mm.

(D. 5480). Tacbuc Point, S. 87° W., 17.3 miles (10° 44’ 36’’ N., 125° 19’ E.),
Leyte. In 62 fathoms. July 29,1909. Length 58 mm. 1 example.

3947 (D. 5156). Tinakta Island, S. 77° W., 3.40 miles (5° 12’ 50’’ N., 119° 55’ 55”"
E.), Sulu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. In 18 fathoms. February 2,

“1908. Length 48 mm.

4546 (D. 5593). Mount Putri, N. 52° W., 17.2 miles (4° 02’ 40’’ N., 118° 11’
20’’ E.), Sibuko Bay, Borneo. In 388fathoms. September 29,1909. Length
65 mm.

23125 to 23128, 23370. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length 58 to
86mm. 25 examples.

Seven examples. Sandakan market, Sandakan, Borneo. March 2, 1908.
Length 60 to 75 mm.

Twenty-two examples (D. 5644). Makasser Island, N. 4° E., 1.3 miles (5° 27’
24’’ §., 122° 38’ 00’’ E.), Buton Strait. In 22 fathoms. December 16, 1909.
Length 21 to 45 mm.

(D. 5303). China Sea (21° 44’ N., 114° 48’ E.), vicinity of Hong Kong. In 34
fathoms. August 9, 1909. Length 35 to 50mm. 21 examples.

(D. 5304). China Sea (21° 46’ N., 114° 47’ E.), vicinity of Hong Kong. In 34
fathoms. August 9,1908. Length 34 to 52mm. 4 examples.

18855. Hong Kong market. October 19, 1908. Length 104 mm.

AMIA KIENSIS (Jordan and Snyder)

Apogon kiensis JoRDAN and SnypER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901,
p. 905, fig. 9. Wakanoura, Province of Ki, Japan.—Jorpan and Husss,
Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 231 (Misaki).

Amia kiensis SNYDER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 412 (Shimizu).—
JoRDAN and Tuompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1914, p. 247,
fig. 20 (Misaki).—Sraun, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 64
(Hong Kong).—Fow.uer and Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922,
p. 26 (Philippines).

Depth 224 to 234; head 214 to 2%, width 214 to 2144. Snout 4%
to 5 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 44 in eye or about opposite hind
pupil edge, expansion 1% to 2 in eye, length 1% to 2 in head; villiform
teeth in bands in jaws, on vomer and present or absent on each
palatine; interorbital 51% to 514 in head, nearly level; preopercle
with ridge entire, hind edge minutely denticulate; preorbital entire.
Gill rakers 7+15, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or
13% in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base or 4 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal; 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral
line large, well exposed and each with small basal scale. Scales with
11 or 12 basal radiating striae; 80 to 82 apical denticles, with 2 to 4
transverse series of basal elements; circuli moderately fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, third spine 214 to 21 in total head length, first
branched ray 124 to 11%; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3 to 3, first
branched ray 134 to 14; caudal 11% to 14%, little emarginate behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 3; pectoral 126 to 1%;
ventral 114 to 13%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS’ 67

Light brown, paler below, side of trunk and head with silvery
sheen. Deep brown median lateral band from snout tip, through eye
to caudal and out over fin medially. Another deep brown band
above medial from above opercle to upper surface of caudal peduncle,
narrower. Iris pale or whitish with neutral gray above, except where
crossed by medial dark lateral band. Fins all pale brownish, dorsals
slightly dusted with deeper brown; soft dorsal and anal each with
deep brown subbasal longitudinal line or narrow band, extending little
outward or posteriorly on fins.

Philippines, China, Japan.

Six examples (D. 5361). Corregidor Light, S. 89° W., 7.2 miles (14° 24’ 15’”

N., 120° 41’ 30’ E.), Manila Bay, Luzon. February 9,1909. Length 65 to

80 mm.
AMIA KALLOPTERA (Bleeker)

Apogon kallopterus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado), vol. 1,
1856, p. 33. Manado, Celebes.—GtnrtuEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1859, p. 241 (copied).—Rrean, Ann. Durban Mus,, vol. 1, pt. 3, 1916,
p. 168 (Durban, Natal).—Gi.tcurist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus.,
vol, 1, 1917, p. 340 (compiled).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol.
21, 1927, p. 519 (Natal coast).

Amia kallopterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 89
(Celebes and Sangir); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (59) 337, fig. 2.

Amia kalloptera JonvAN and RicHarpson, Bull.B ur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907
(1908), p. 255 (Fuga Island).—FowtsEr, Copeia, No. 58, June 1918, p. 63
(Philippines).

Depth 234 to 3; head 22% to 21%, width 2 to 2%. Snout 3% to 4
in head; eye 245 to 314, 1 to 11¥ in snout or greater in young, greater
than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center, expansion
24% to 3 in eye, length 214 to 214 in head; bands of fine villiform
teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 44% to 5, nearly
level; preopercle ridge and edge denticulate. Gill rakers 5+14,
of which 2 or 3 uppermost and 4 lowermost rudimentary tubercles;
longest little greater than gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Seales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 or 7 more out over
latter; 3 above, 7 below, 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle
ridge. ‘Tubes in lateral line simple, rather large and well exposed,
each with crimped basal scale. Scales with 13 to 21 basal radiating
striae; 93 to 112 apical denticles, with 1 to 7 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 124 to 17% in total head length, second
ray 1144 to 13%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 27% to 3, first ray 124 to 134;
caudal 114 to 114, moderately emarginate behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 214 to 224; pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 11% to 12%.

Brown generally, little paler below. On back and sides above each
scale more or less edged with darker brown to form reticulated pattern.
Diffuse dark brown band, at first narrow along side of snout and
through eye, broadens on costal region to about 24 diameter of eye

68 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and finally fades out on caudal peduncle. At caudal base, largely if
not entirely above lateral line, rounded neutral dusky blotch about
size of pupil, well contrasted. Iris, except as crossed by dark lateral
band, whitish. Many examples with more or less drab gray on lower
surface of head. Spinous dorsal largely neutral blackish terminally,
especially so along front border, basally fin whitish. Soft dorsal neu-
tral gray largely over terminal portion, membranes darker than fin
rays and whitish base defined by subbasal longitudinal neutral dusky
band. Caudal grayish, rays paler and upper and lower edges darker.
Anal like soft dorsal only paler and subbasal dusky longitudinal
band more contrasted. Pectoral pale or whitish. Ventral with
front portion broadly brownish dusky, rest whitish.
Natal, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa.

16289, 16290. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6,1909. Length
92 to 96 mm.

23377. Alimango, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 54 mm.

23490. Balikias Bay, Lubang Island. July 14,1909. Length 97 mm.

15080, 15089. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island. February 24, 1909.
Length 96 to 105 mm.

4684. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 97 mm.

12696. Gondra Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 20, 1909.
Length 103 mm.

11908, 12244. Lampinigan Island, south of Zamboanga. September 11, 1909.
Length 97 to 100 mm.

23914, 23925 to 23929. Limbones Cove, Manila Bay, Luzon. February 8, 1909.
Length 82 to 99 mm. (1117). Generally reddish brown or pearly. Dusky
band from about snout tip to caudal. Spinous dorsal with an oblique bar
through middle of first membrane and tip of second; tip of first pearly and
pearly bar underneath black, remainder of fin dusky olive, spines pale. Second
dorsal rays pale pink, tips of posterior ones black, with dashes of black on last
5 or 6 membranes and more or less pronounced dusky bar near base of fin. Cau-
dal and anal pink, black bar at base of latter, tips narrowly dusky in both.
Pectorals clear pink. Ventrals pink, first membranes pearly, second dusky.

5134. Little Santa Cruz Island, Zamboanga. May 28,1908. Length 63 mm.

8888, 8890. Mabul Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length
64 to 97 mm.

16000 and 16001. Mactan Cove, Mactan Island, off northern Cebu. April 6,
1908. Length 60 to 938 mm.

15206, 15665, 19818. Mactan Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 25, 1909.
Length 100 to 105 mm.

Two examples. Magnaas, Lagonoy Gulf, east coast of Luzon. June 17, 1909.
Length 110 to 112 mm.

16145, 16146. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. April 3, 1909. Length 111 to
121 mm.

15013, 15015. Makesi Island, eastern Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 98 to
111 mm.

26, 6198, 20029 to 20032. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16, 1909.
Length 94 to 111 mm.

15901. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4,1908. Length 99 mm.

23251 to 23253. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length
74 to 111 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 69

23299. Maribojoc Bay, Maribojoc, Bohol Island. March 26,1909. Length 70
mm.

4572, 4573, 16985, 19434. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March 3, 1909.
Length 97 to 102 mm.

17683. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9,1909. Length 117 mm.

Twenty-six examples. Opol, Mindanao. August 4, 1909. Length 69 to 116
mm.

22084. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20,1909. Length 98 mm.

23818, 23819, 23825 to 23830. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol.
March 23,1909. Length 37 to 106 mm.

23353. Pangasinan Island, Jolo. February 13,1908. Length 88 mm.

10639 to 10642. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 84 to 96 mm.

One example. Polloc. December 22,1908. Length 39 mm.

23179, 23181. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length 77 to
101 mm.

14367. Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 15, 1908. Length 119 mm.

23232. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length 86 mm.

8767, 10362. Port Jamelo, Manila Bay, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length 59 to
106 mm.

22741. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21,1908. Length 113 mm.

22249, 23141. Port Matalvi, western Luzon. November 22, 1908. Length 112
to 117 mm.

14597, 14599, 14600, 15338, 23260, 23261, 23270, 23271. Port Palapag, eastern
Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length 99 to 113 mm.

23157 to 23160. Puerta Princesa, eastern Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 77
to 114 mm.

23570. Romblon reefs. March 26, 1908. Length 59 mm.

23679 to 23681, 23472 to 23474. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga.
September 13, 1909. Length 68 to 88 mm.

23239. Tataan Island, Simalue Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 20, 1908.
Length 98 mm.

23906. Tataan Island. February 21,1908. Length 80 mm.

18781, 18782. Tictauan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909.
Length 72 to 95 mm.

10378. Tilig, Lubang Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 15,1908. Length
89 mm.

5938. Sabtan Island. November 8, 1908. Length 114 mm.

13362, 13363, 13365, 15397, 15398. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12, 1908.
Length 88 to 103 mm.

8074, 8076. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length 80
to 93 mm.

23368. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 70 mm.

23327, 23331. Simalue Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909.
Length 73 to 104 mm.

19551, 19556, 23405, 23406. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi.
September 21, 1909. Length 68 to 122 mm.

6149, 24059. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef, south of Zamboanga. Sep-
tember 14, 1909. Length 71 to 82mm. 3 examples.

8020, 8030 (331), 8031 (332), 8032. Tumindao Reef, Sulu Archipelago. Febru-
ary 26, 1908. Length 88 to 106 mm. Dusky above, with more or less
translucence, scale edges seal brown, central bases of row above lateral line
blotched with same; ground color becomes pearly and pink below with dusky
basal blotches on scales. Blackish axil band from snout tip through eye to
caudal peduncle where indistinct, ending in black blotch less than eye on

70 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

caudal base. Iris dark with gold stripes above and below. Spinous dorsal
yellowish green, black bar on membranes from base of first spine to tip of
fourth. Soft dorsal with membranes greenish, blotched with darker, rays
with dusky pink, tips black, increasing in depth posteriorly. Caudal dusky
pink, membranes with greenish shades and edges of lobes darker. Anal like
caudal in general color, very dark greenish bar at base. Pectorals very pale
pink. Ventral rays pinkish, spine and front white, membrane and second ray
darker green.

18907. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length
97 mm.

23277. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19,1909. Length
57 to 112mm. 7 examples.

15541. Rita Island, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29,1908. Length
103 mm.

10411. Varadero Bay, Verde Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 22, 1908.
Length 100 mm.

19050. Varadero Bay. July 23,1908. Length 93 mm.

6433. West coast of Palaui Island, off northern Luzon. November 18, 1908
Length 95 mm.

14136, 23576, 23579 to 23583, 23614, 23615. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December
10,1909. Length 54 to 110 mm.

18258, 23107, 23317, 23318. Tomahu, Bouro Island. December 11, 1909.

14486 to 14488, 24077. Tomahu. December 12,1909. Length34to97mm. 35
examples.

23360. Uki Island, Bouro Island. December 9,1909. Length 62 mm.

15866, 23958. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo.
September 26,1909. Length 79 to 90 mm.

23384, 23744. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27, 1909. Length
80 to 86 mm.

12786, 14862, 23395. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 16,1909. Length 85 to 98 mm.

23116 to 23118. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909.
Length 60 to 88 mm.

12786, 20040, 23457, 23458, 23971, 23973. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November
10, 1909. Length 57 to 96 mm.

23550, 23940. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 84
to 89 mm.

23499 to 23501. Una Una Road, Binang Unang Island, Celebes. November 17,
1909. Length 47 to 100 mm.

23306, 23414. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 95 to 105
mm.

23151, 23152, 23350. Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length 75 to 104
mm.

23631 to 23633. Powati anchorage, Makyan Island. March 28, 1909. Length
97 to 104mm. (23632 with isopod crustacean.)

12478. Powati anchorage. November 25, 1909. Length 117 mm.

24006, 24007, 138836, 23118, 23114, 23287 to 23289. Powati anchorage. Novem-
ber 28, 1909. Length 92 to 109 mm.

23312. Gomomo Island, Pitt passage. December 3, 1909. Length 88 mm.

23485, 23486. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 87 to 96 mm.

23469. Maitara Island. November 26, 1909. Length 83 mm.

23522, 23523 to 23526, 23879 to 23882, 12943. Tidore Island, south of Ternate.
November 25, 1909. Length 68 to 116 mm.

11160. Nan Wan Bay, Formosa. January 25, 1910. Length 122 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS wi

AMIA EXOSTIGMA Jordan and Seale

Amia exostigma (JoRDAN and Starks) JoRDAN and SHALg, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 25, 1905, p. 238, fig. 31. Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa.—Fow.er,
Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines).

Amiafrenata (not VALENCIENNES) Fow.iEr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 157 (note).

Depth 2% to 3; head 2% to 224, width 244 to2&. Snout 3% to
4 in head; eye 3 to 3%, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary
reaches % in eye, expansion 2% to 3, length 214 to 224 in head; teeth
villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 514 to
614, nearly level; infraorbital and preopercle edges and ridge of latter,
denticulated. Gull rakers 4+12, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or
Vg of eye.

Seales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked
except cheek and opercles. Tubes in lateral line moderate, well
exposed though short and each with short basal scale. Scales with
10 to 14 basal radiating striae; 56 to 119 apical denticles, with 1 to 4
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 2 to 2% in head, second ray 11 to 134;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3 to 34, third ray 1% to 24%; caudal 14
to 124, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 22¢ to 214; pec-
toral 124 to 124; ventral 134 to 1%.

Brown, paler to quite light below. Silvery and brassy tints on
sides of abdomen. Blackish brown line from snout tip to eye, then
broadly through latter and over postocular along median axis of body
to caudal base and as it narrows posteriorly only dark line at caudal
base. Close above tubes of lateral line on caudal base, small round
dark spot, less than pupil in size. Fins grayish to pale brownish.
Spinous dorsal little more brownish or dusky terminally. Soft dorsal
and anal each with subbasal deep brown longitudinal line, also upper
and lower caudal edges each with dark brown line. Sometimes the
dark axial longitudinal band is absent from the trunk and tail in
preserved examples.

Philippines, Polynesia.

15563. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January 5,1909. Length 95 mm.
14253, 14254. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 74 to

88 mm.

15507, 23642. Caracaran, Batan Island. January 8,1909. Length 90 to 94mm.
16854. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18,1908. Length 95 to 98 mm.

(555.) Pearl gray, with reddish tints more pronounced on lower surface. Lower

head, breast and belly thickly punctulated with small brownish specks, smail-

est on head. Dark brown stripe from premaxillary through eye to caudal

base and small brown blotch above its posterior end. Iris with yellow. Dor-
sal body color. Brown bar across front of first dorsal, including first spine

88137—30——6

rp. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

upward to tip of third membrane. Other vertical fins like body but with
pinkish shades. Paired fins dusky pink.

23930. Limbones Cove, Luzon. February 8, 1908. Length 92 mm. (1129).
Pearly with dusky shades. Pronounced dark band from snout to near caudal
base, at latter superiorly small round black blotch. Oblique narrow brown
stripe across front of first dorsal, including all of first spine and terminal half
of third membrane. Other fins very pale pink. Dusky bar across base of
second dorsal and anal, includes last rays and these and margins of vertical
fins more or less dusky. q

24045. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909. Length 60 mm.

23816, 23817, 23831, 23832. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March
23,1909. Length 73 to 80 mm.

23274. Port Palapag. June 2,1909. Length 93 mm.

14598. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length 105 mm.

One example. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April1,1909. Length
50 mm.

23188. Romblon. March 26,1908. Length 88 mm.

23342, 23343. Romblon Harbor. March 25,1908. Length 72 to 90 mm.

15778, 15779. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9,1909. Length 58
to 72 mm.

23207 to 23210. South Lagoon, Tumindao Island. February 26, 1908. Length
77 to 95 mm.

18783. Tictauan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909. Length
65 mm.

8036, 8303. Tumindao Island. February 26, 1908. Length 78 to 93 mm.
Male with buccal ova.

23173, 23174. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19, 1909.
Length 70 to 95 mm.

23119. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909. Length
77 mm.

23889, 23890. Pendek Island, Buton Strait. December 15,1909. Length 61 to
71 mm.

AMIA FRAENATA (Valenciennes)

Apogon fraenatus VALENCIENNES, Nouy. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1,
1832, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 4. New Guinea and Guam.

Apogon frenatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 241 (Fiji);
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1878, p. 19, pl. 19, fig. A (Hawaiian,
Society, and Tuamoto Islands).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 58,
pl. 16, fig. 4.—Prrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 436 (Mauri-
tius).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 493.—STEInDACHNER, Abh.
Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1903, p. 416 (Ternate and Batjan).—
WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol, 57, Fische, 1913, p. 227 (Biaru, Salibabu, west
Ceram).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 518 (Natal
coast, Mozambique).

Apogon (Pristiapogon) fraenatus KiuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 20, 1870, p. 715 (Koseir, Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 22.

Amia frenata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 89
(Celebes, Ternate, Batjan, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, New Guinea) ;
vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (64) 342, fig. 2.—Fow.umr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippines); Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam), p. 25
(Honolulu); No. 26, 1925, p. 13 (Johnston Island and French Frigates
Shoal); No. 38, 1927, p. 12 (French Frigates Shoal and Kahoolawe
Island); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines) ;
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 157 (Oahu, Honolulu, Hanalei Bay,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 73

Makemo, Mangareva, Papeete, Laysan, Samoa, Apia, Shortland Island,
Faté, Raiatea, Tubuai, Nukuhiva, French Frigates Shoal, Johnston Island,
Guam, Society Islands, Apiang, Maui, type of Apogon snyder).

Amia fraenata HVERMANN and SEALE#, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 71 (Bacon).

A pogon vittiger BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, 1833, p.32. Mauri-
tius.—Rerean, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 225
(Coetivy, Seychelles Group).

Apogon melanorhijnchos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852,
p. 255. Wahai, North Ceram.

Apogon melanorhynchus WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 227
(Nusa Laut and Low Key).

Amia melanorhynchus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 90 (Singapore, Bawean, Celebes, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina);
vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (65) 343, fig. 1.

Apogon endekataenia (not BuEEKER) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p.
59; pl.-16; fig. 1.

Apogon fasciatus (not SHAw) Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 494
(part).

Apogon snyderi JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 22,
1902 (1903), p. 180. Honolulu and Hilo; vol. 23, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), pl.
36 (type).—Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527
(Hawaiian Islands).

Amia snyderi JORDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, pt. 1,
1903 (1905), p. 214 (Honolulu and Hilo).—Jorpan and Sexe, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 237 (Apia and Pago Pago).

Apogon menesemus JENKINS, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902 (1903),
p. 448, fig. 19. Honolulu.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1906, p. 527 (Hawaiian Islands).

Apogon evanidus Fowurr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol.
12, 1904, p. 518. Padang, Sumatra; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1906. p. 527 (type).

Apogon holotaemia Reaan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2,
1905, p. 319 (331). Muscat, in 15 to 30 fathoms.

Amia bifasciata (not RiiprprLty) Fowuer, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p.
63 (Philippines).

Depth 3 to 3%; head 2% to 224, width 2 to 244. Snout 4 to 44%
in head; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary
reaches 14 to 3 in eye, expansion 234 to 246 in eye, length 2 to 2144
in head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
bony interorbital 5 to 614, nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge
finely serrated, also lower edge of narrow infraorbitals. Gill rakers
4+13, of which 2 above and 4 below rudimentary, others lanceolate
or equal gill filaments, which 3 in head.

Seales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle
ridge; head, except cheeks and opercles, naked. Scales with 10 or 11
basal radiating striae; 10 to 90 short apical denticles in 1 or 2 series;
circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 214 to 224 in head, first ray 124 to 14%;
A. II, 8,1, second spine 244 to 3\, first ray 2 to 214; caudal 114 to

74. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

114, slightly emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 244
to 23%; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 17% to 1%.

Pale brown, much lighter below, whitish silvery reflections on
opercles, breast and space below pectorals. Iris whitish, except as
crossed by horizontal dark blackish-brown band extending from snout
tip to caudal base medianly, narrowing to line on caudal peduncle
posteriorly and forms rounded spot size of pupil on caudal base.
Fins all pale; dorsals slightly pale brownish, broadly dusky brown
over anterior half, soft dorsal and anal each with subbasal longitudinal
or horizontal dark band; upper and lower caudal edges narrowly
dark; front ventral edges broadly brown.

Red Sea, Mozambique, Natal, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, East
Indies, Philippines, Micronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii.

23376. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 52 mm.

14250. Candaraman Island, Balabac Island. January 4, 1909. Length 60 mm.
(D. 5360). Corregidor Light, N. 74° W., 6.9 miles (14° 21’ N., 120° 41’ E.),
Manila Bay, Luzon. In 12 fathoms. February 7, 1909. Length 77 mm.
23508. Dalaganam Island, vicinity of eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length

55 mm.

17347, 17348, 17350. Isabel, Basilan Island, south of Zamboanga. September
11,1909. Length 85 to 97 mm.

23714. Labuan Blanda Island, N. 88° E., 1 mile (4° 27’ 00’ S., 122° 55’ 40’’ E.),
Buton Strait. In 24 fathoms. December 14, 1909. Length 55 mm.

18570, 24040, 240438, 24044, 24046. Malanipa Island, south of Zamboanga.
September 8, 1909. Length 56 to 85 mm. (1911). Translucent pearly.
Dusky stripe across snout through eye and backward to caudal, disappearing in
death except on head. Caudal with dusky spot. Front of spinous dorsal
obliquely dusky. Front of soft dorsal whitish, terminal and vertical edges
blackish. Anal like soft dorsal but less marked. Caudal tip blackish.

One example. Port Dupon, Leyte Island. March 17, 1909. Length 27 mm.

Four examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length 67 to 92 mm.

12661. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island, China Sea, vicinity Batanes.
November 10,1908. Length 70 mm.

8301, 8302. San Miguel Island, Tobaco Bay, east coast Luzon. June 4, 1909.
Length 54 to 59 mm.

12697. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14,1908. Length 83 mm.

24013. Tara Island. December 15,1908. Length 72 mm.

14012. West coast Palaui Island, off northern Luzon. November 18, 1908.
Length 73 mm.

(D. 5595). Zamboanga Light, N. 31° W., 0.1 mile (6° 54’ 00’’ N., 122° 04’ 30’’
east), Mindanao. In 9 fathoms. October 6,1909. Length 22 to 27 mm.
8889. Mabul Island, vicinity of Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 29, 1909.

Length 51 mm.

23108. Tomahu Island, vicinity of Bouro Island. December 11, 1909. Length
60 mm.

Two examples. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length 63 to 77 mm.

13672, 23459 to 23462. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length
65 to 76 mm.

23969, 23970, 23972. Limbe Strait. November 11,1909. Length 57 to 85mm.

Two examples. Makasser Island, Celebes. December 16,1909. Length 29 to
35 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 75

13834, 13835, 23111, 23112, 23291, 23634, 24008. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island,
Molucca Passage. November 28,1909. Length 74 to 93 mm.

AMIA COMPRESSA Smith and Radcliffe

Amia compressa SmirH and Rapcuirrs, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41,
1911, p. 246, pls. 20-21. Port Matalvi, west coast of Luzon; Quinalasag
Island, east coast of Luzon; Philippines; Borneo; Moluccas.—Fow er,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 157 (Shortland Island).

Amaia fasciata compressa McCuuuocy, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, pt. 3,
1915, p. 118 (Malay Archipelago and Bougainville Island, Solomons).

Depth 226 to 234; head 22 to 244, width 1% to 2. Snout 4 to 5
in head from snout tip; eye 214 to 27%, much greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center, expansion 23% to
234 in eye, length 17% to 2 in head; teeth minute, in villiform bands
in'jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 314 to 4, nearly level;
preopercle ridge entire, edge finely denticulate; preorbital entire.
Gill rakers 8+19, lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments or 214
in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 or 5 predorsal; 2 rows on cheek. Tubes
in lateral line large, simple, well exposed, each with small basal scale.
Seales with 10 to 12 basal radiating striae; 80 to 125 apical denticles,
with 1 or 2 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 144 to 2 in total head length, first
branched ray 14% to 114; A. II, 9, 1 (spines abnormally absent),
second spine 214 to 234, first branched ray 134 to 1%; caudal 1 to
114, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% to
2; pectoral 1144 to 144; ventral 11% to 1%.

Pale brown generally, slightly lighter below, also with brassy on
sides and abdomen. Head often little more brownish than body and
bright reflections on opercle. Iris pale yellowish to brownish, with
neutral gray to slaty. Head and body with six broad blackish brown
longitudinal bands; uppermost begins at middle of interorbital,
extends along predorsal, each side of dorsal bases and along upper
surface of caudal peduncle medially; second band greatly broader,
bifureate anteriorly and fusing below spinous dorsal; third band
similarly broad, from eye to middle of caudal base; fourth band from
little below eye, narrower than two above, includes pectoral base then
to bases of lower caudal rays; fifth and sixth bands paler and succces-
sively narrower, along lower side of abdomen till above anal fin.
Bifurcation of second longitudinal band often appears broken below
front of spinous dorsal in lower branch. Bands also break as several
small spots at caudal base. Fins all pale brownish; spinous dorsal
with diffuse dusky brown oblique bar from origin to behind end of
third spine; soft dorsal and anal with basal dusky streak, upper or
dorsal less marked or only deeply colored posteriorly, at which point

76 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

both extend outward on fins; soft dorsal also with dark front margin.
Upper and lower caudal edges dusky narrowly. Paired fins uniformly
pale.

East Indies, Philippines. Allied with Amia fasciata (White) and
its allies, but differs chiefly in the presence of but six dorsal spines.

14844. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 93 mm.

20489. Batan Island. June 5,1909. Length 74 mm.

23280 to 23282, 23435 to 23438, 23465, 23466. Biri Channel. June 1, 1909.
Length 67 to 99 mm.

14910, 14911, 23463, 23464. Biri Channel. June 2, 1909. Length 86 to 94 mm.

Eleven examples. Biri Channel. June 2, 1909. Length 65 to 102 mm.

17029 to 17031. Bisucay Island near Cuyo Island. April 9,1909. Length 93
to 98mm. (Type [17030 Bureau of Fisheries] 68398 U.S.N.M.)

14655 to 14659. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21,1908. Length 82
to 94 mm.

Two examples. Bolalo Bay. December 21,1908. Length 34 to 40 mm.

16778. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. November 7, 1909. Length 98 mm.

15816. Butauanan Island. June 12,1909. Length 95 mm.

23432, 23433. Butauanan Island. June 13,1909. Length 84 to 85 mm.

23643 to 23645. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8,1909. Length 71 to 88 mm.

Three examples. Caracaran. June 8, 1909. Length 32 to 36 mm.

23995. Cataingan Bay. April 18,1908. Length 51 mm.

8494 to 8496. Catbalogan, SamarIsland. April 16,1908. Length 95to105 mm.

6860. Caxisigan Island, north Balabac Strait. January 2,1909. Length 79 mm.

23332 to 23338. Endeavor Strait. December 22,1908. Length 50 to 85 mm.

227. Endeavor Strait. December 24,1908. Length 83 mm.

23693. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length 43 mm.

17337 to 17343, 23943 to 23945. Isabel, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909.
Length 83 to 98 mm.

5740. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3,1909. Length 102 mm.

15001 to 15003, 15008, 15009, 15012, 16903 to 16906, 23144 to 23147, 23390.
Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 63 to 100 mm.

Six examples. Makesi Island. Length 65 to 86 mm.

23257, 23258. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length 99
to101 mm. (23258 male with buccal ova).

15495. Masamat Bay, Quinalasag Island. June 12,1909. Length 88 mm.

23224. Opol, Mindanao. August 4, 1909. Length 100 mm.

Three examples. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay. December 28,1908. Length 81
to 87 mm.

Eleven examples. Philippines. Length 32 to 96 mm.

8766. Port Jamelo, Luzon Island. July 13, 1908. Length 70 mm.

23143. Port Matalvi, Luzon Island. November 22, 1908. Length 100 mm.

One example. Port Palapag. June 2, 1909. Length 31 mm.

14604, 23263 to 23267. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length 72 to 89 mm.

23780. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908. Length 80 mm.
(811). Alternate dark red brown and silvery stripes. Snout and lower head
blackish. Fins reddish brown. First dorsal dusky anteriorly; second dorsal
with indistinct blackish basal bar. Anal with distinct blackish basal bar.

Fifteen specimens. Rapurapu Island. June 22,1909. Length 66 to 91 mm.

24102, 24103. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 1, 1909.
Length 59 to 61 mm.

14767, 14769, 23183 to 23187, 23344. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 48
to 90 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Te

21063. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 12, 1908. Length 85 mm.

15776. Sacol Island. September 9, 1909. Length 85 mm.

24000, 24001. Sitanki Reef. September 24, 1909. Length 54 to 88 mm.

23134 to 23137. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 71 to 93 mm.

23297. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19, 1908. Length 79 mm.

Fourteen examples. Tataan. February 19, 1908. Length 48 to 87 mm.

24089. Tataan. February 20,1908. (167.) Reddish brown stripes, approach-
ing vermilion below. Breast pink. First of stripes at base of dorsal row of spots,
interspaces olive; lower interspaces pearly. Throat blackish. Iris with sap-
phire reflections. Front of dorsal spines with golden shades, rays pink.
Dusky bar at soft dorsal base, turning upward on vertical edge. Anal pink,
dusky bar at base turning down near vertical edge. Caudal pink, edges
dusky. Pectoral pink.

One example. Tataan Pass, Tawi Tawi. February 21,1908. Length 72 mm.

10891. Tilig, Lubang. July 15,1908. Length 98 mm.

15580 to 15582, 23572, 23514. Tulayan Island. September 15,1909. Length
52 to 91 mm.

23275, 23276, 23420, 23421. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September
19, 1909. Length 93 to 100 mm.

23770. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908. Length 58 mm.

10, 23960, 23961. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo,
Dutch East Indies. September 26, 1909. Length 75 to 86 mm.

23517, 23616. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length 41 to 86
mm.

23314 to 23316. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length 96 to 102 mm.

24027. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20,1909. Length
90 mm.

24036. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909. Length
52 mm.

14417, 23544 to 23546, 23913, 23939. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. Novem-
ber 9, 1909. Length 84 to 101 mm.

23682, 23900 to 23908. Talisse Island. February 21, 1908. Length 65 to 74
mm.

23860, 23861. Togian Bay, Togian Island. November 9, 1909. Length 74 to
76 mm.

23444, 23446. Doworra Island. December 2, 1909. Length 50 to 80 mm.

23603 to 23605. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 68 to
89mm. 4 examples.

23487. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 95 mm.

9773, 23468. Maitara Island. November 26, 1909. Length 100 to 107 mm.

23153 to 23156, 23348. Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length 105 to
112 mm. (23156 male with buccal ova).

24012. Tara Island. December 15, 1909. Length 95 mm.

23534 to 23536, 23875, 23876, 23878. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. Novem-
ber 25, 1909. Length 53 to 105 mm.

One example, no data. Length 98 mm.

AMIA MARGARITOPHORA (Bleeker)

Apogon margaritophorus BLEEKER, Nat. Tidjs. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, 1854,
p. 363. Batjan.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 234
(copied).—Prtrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 256 (Pulo
brani, Singapore).—K<Arout1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882,
p. 152 (Sarangoon River, Singapore).—Bravurort, Bijd. Dierk., Amster-
dam, 1913, p. 115 (Macassar).

78 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Amia margaritophora BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 94, pl. (23) 301, fig. 4 (Singapore, Bawean, Batjan).—EvermMann and
SEeaAueE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 74 (Bacon).

Depth 234 to 244; head 214 to 23%, width 2% to 214. Snout 3%
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 3, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 2 to 4% in eye, expansion 1% to 2,
length 2 to 21% in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 414 to 424, nearly level; preopercle ridge
entire, edge minutely denticulate. Gill rakers 7+17, lanceolate, of
which 3 uppermost and 3 lowermost rudiments, longer than gill
filaments or 14% in eye.

Scales 21 or 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter;
2 above, 4 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge;
muzzle, including maxillary, suborbitals and whole top of head naked.
Lateral line with enlarged tubes, each with small basal scale. Scales
with 10 to 17 basal radiating striae; 64 to 109 apical denticles, with
1 or 2 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 11% to 13% in total head length, first ray
1% to 14; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 234, first ray 134 to 146;
caudal 11% to 114, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%
to 3; pectoral 134 to 124; ventral 12g to 13%.

Brown, paler on under surface of head and abdomen in which region
also silvery white tint. Five whitish horizontal lines begin on head,
also all less in width than darker interspaces; first above eye begins
in middle of interorbital where forming a V-shaped mark; second
above eye and back toward upper edge of caudal peduncle; third
on upper side of snout through eye, broadens on body, back to middle
of upper half of caudal base; fourth from lower side of snout through
eye back to middle of lower half of caudal base, broadens on body
and broken as series of whitish blotches; fifth from end of maxillary
to caudal base and back along side of abdomen. Iris whitish. Fins
all pale or gray, membranes of spinous dorsal dusky.

East Indies, Philippines.

Three examples. Beach at village near Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan.

December 22,1908. Length 38 to 42 mm.

16579, 23195. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15,1908. Length 42 to 49mm.
Three examples. Cebu market. March 20,1909. Length 45 to 52 mm.

One example. Cebu market. March 28,1909. Length 51 mm.

Fourteen examples. Cebu market. August 28,1909. Length 46 to 57 mm.
Five examples. Mactan Island. August 31,1909. Length 32 to 43 mm.
Three examples. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19, 1908.

Length 34 to 39 mm. (948). Bright silvery gray, crossed by bright orange

brown stripes; one through eye and median on side to caudal; similar one

from snout below eye to caudal; narrower stripe from pectoral base along anal

base uniting on lower edge of caudal peduncle; one from snout above eye
following outline of back, ends at caudal base; shorter stripe below, behind

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 79

eye, merges with other under space between dorsals; dorsal stripe median sur-
rounding fin; two median bright stripes connected by 8 narrow transverse
bars, sometimes reducing silvery interspaces to circular spots. Spinous dorsal
yellowish, second membrane orange; second dorsal, anal and caudal pink;
paired fins pink, pectorals paler.

One example. Port Jamelo, Luzon Island. July 13,1908. Length 44 mm.
(679). Yellowish olive above, pale below. Broad dark stripe through eye
from snout tip to caudal; another parallel from tip of mandible and connected
through middle of side by eight cross bars with upper dark stripe, inclosing
rounded, oblong, silvery spaces. Branch from opercle across pectoral base
along abdominal region, below anal base uniting as median line under caudal
peduncle. Two narrow stripes on upper side and like most of others tinted
with reddish bronze. Narrow black line on back below dorsal. Vertical and
paired fins reddish. Second dorsal spine yellow, membrane crimson dotted
with black.

Four examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 7, 1908. Length 20 to 24 mm.
(510). Stripes dull vermilion, interspaces pearly. Tip of lower jaw black.
Fins slightly reddish. Tip of first dorsal somewhat dusky.

Eight examples. Saboon Island, Ragay Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10,
1909. Length 26 to 30 mm. (1293). Back olivaceous, sides gray. Lower
head and breast white, latter with reddish wash. Stripes on sides dusky
orange, brightest on head; first begins behind snout, passes above eye, follows
under lateral line to caudal base and joined by third stripe below, which
begins behind upper part of orbit and runs into first below front of second
dorsal; pair of short stripes on nuchal region, above first, become single across
forehead; pair of broad stripes, third and fourth in order, behind eye to
caudal; upper even with middle of eye and continuing forward as blackish
stripe across maxillary to mandible tip; branch from last carried in front of eye,
through front nostril, there joined behind pectoral base, by six or eight short
bars of similar color; reddish stripe behind ventral base, follows along below
anal, joins its fellow and continues along lower caudal edge. First dorsal
olivaceous, black spot at tip of soft membranes, base of second and all of
third reddish; second dorsal pink, more or less distinct reddish bar at base.
Anal similar. Caudal reddish. Paired fins reddish, ventrals tipped with
black.

14754. San Januico Straits, Leyte. April 13, 1908. Length 40 mm.

20627. Sirinao Island, Nakoda Bay, Palawan. December 30, 1908. Length
45 mm.

Forty-nine examples. Tara Island. December15,1908. Length 44 to 69mm.

Three examples. Tara Island. December 15, 1908. Length 24 or 25 mm.
(810).

23621. TataanIsland. February 20,1908. Length40 mm. (242). Stripe along
back amber yellow, contains line of purple spots from head fo caudal and
thin silvery line which merges into broad band of silvery, which extends
from eye to caudal base. Below broad amber yellow band from snout to cau-
dal base. In thin band row of circular silvery spots, 9 from opercle to post-
anal and then continued as a solid line to caudal base. Below yellow band
another of silvery and median line of belly yellow. Under side of head and
throat white. Entire body and head golden orange. Lips blackish. Iris
black and gold. Side of jaws silvery. Purple line of back continued to
snout. Dorsals orange, membranes crimson, spinous dorsal with crimson
line at base, remainder pale yellow. Anal with crimson basal line, rest pink.
Caudal and pectoral hyaline. Ventral crimson.

Twenty examples. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March2,1908. Length 43 to 54mm.

80 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

AMIA PARVULA Smith and Radcliffe

Amia parvula Smita and Ravcuirreg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 432, pl. 34, fig. 2. Tataan Pass, Tawi Tawi Group and Saboon Island,
Luzon.

Depth 3 to 3144; head 22 to 224, width 2% to 214%. Snout 4 to
41¢ in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 324, much greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 4% in eye, expansion 3 to 3%
in eye, length 214 in head; teeth apparently uniserial, even, minute
and only in jaws, none on vomer or palatines; interorbital 41% to 434,
nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely serrated. Gill rakers
6+18, finely lanceolate, slender, nearly dole gill filaments or 24%
in eye.

Scales 22 in median lateral series to caudal base, 4 more on latter;
tubes 6 in lateral line, which not extending beyond spinous dorsal; 9
scales transversely, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked except
cheeks and opercles. Scales with 9 to 11 basal marginal striae; 25
to 48 apical denticles, with or without 2 series transversely; circuli
moderate.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 22s to 21% in total head length, first ray
17% to 2; A. II, 8,1, second spine 3 to 3\, first ray 17% to 2; caudal
1% to 114, deeply emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
326 to 334; pectoral 124 to 1%; ventral 2 to 2%.

Brown, paler to whitish on belly and under surface of head. Snout
brown and mandible blackish terminally. Brown median line from
occiput to spinous dorsal. Whitish triangular spot medianly in inter-
orbital posteriorly and also close behind each side another white spot.
Brown band, made up of dark brown dots, extends from above snout,
over eye and back till below soft dorsal. Black band from side of
snout, through eye and back medianly to caudal base. Another
dark band from preorbital, along infraorbital backward broadly over
cheek and opercle and obscure behind pectoral till over anal. Dark
margin narrowly along front of spinous dorsal. Along bases of soft
dorsal and anal each with blackish line; same fins also with dusky
subbasal longitudinal band extending back to tip of last ray in each
fin. Fins otherwise all pale,

Phillipinés, East Indies.

Two examples. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf. March 6, 1909. Length 32

to 35 mm.

Twenty-nine examples. Busin Harbor, BuriasIsland. March 8, 1909. Length

25 to 30 mm.

One example. Canmahala Bay. March 11,1909. Length 33 mm.

Two examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18,1908. Length 35 to 36 mm.
One example. Caxisigan Island, Balabac. January 2, 1909. Length 35 mm.
Four examples. Mantacao Island, west coast Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length

27 to 30 mm.
One example. Nabatas Point, Samar. July 24,1909. Length 37 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 8&1]

One example. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23,1909. Length 32
mm.

Four examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length 28 or 29 mm.

Fourexamples. Rasa, Mantaguin Bay, Palawan Island. April1,1909. Length
33 to 34 mm.

Thirty-five examples. Saboon Island, Ragay Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon, March
10,1909. Length 20 to 30 mm.

Eleven examples. Tataan Islands, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21, 1908.
Length 34 to 39 mm. (274.) (Type No. 70244, U.S.N.M.) Body translu-
cent, general color dusky above with median narrow black line. Axial line
of opalescent green margined with blackish above, ending in a brilliant scarlet
blotch larger than pupil at caudal base. Purplish stripe behind eye across
opercle, bordered on either side by black. Chin and nose black. Top of
head dusky with short silvery olive stripes. Lower head and breast white.
First dorsal dusky, with first spine blackish. Second dorsal dusky, red brown
bar across middle somewhat nearer base. Anal similar to soft dorsal with
brown bar nearer base continued on lower edge of caudal peduncle. Caudal
dusky. Paired fins slightly dusky. Iris dark.

One example. Tomahu Island. December 11,1909. Length 32 mm.
AMIA AMBOINENSIS (Bleeker)

Apogon amboinensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, 1853,
p. 329. Amboina.—Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 234
(copied).—PuayFair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 19 (Zanzibar).—KArRout,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Singapore; Kobe).—
Beravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 115 (Waui waigé River,
Waigui).

Amia amboinensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 90 (Singapore, Biliton, Bawean, Bouro, Amboina, Goram); vol. 8,
1876-77, pl. (68) 346, fig. 1.—FowurrR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 158 (compiled).

Depth 23% to 3; head 22¢ to 2%, width 24% to 2%. Snout 4 to
41 in head; eye 3 to 3%, greater than snout or interorbital; max-
illary reaches % to % in eye, expansion 2 to 214, length 2144 to 214
in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 5 to 5%, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely
and feebly serrated. Gill rakers 6+ 16, lanceolate, little longer than
gill filaments or half of eye.

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 to 4 more on
latter; 3 above, 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked,
except cheeks and opercles. Lateral line of tubes well exposed,
simple, slender, and each with small basal scale. Scales with 8 to 10
basal radiating striae; 16 to 53 apical denticles, with 3 or 4 trans-
verse series of basal elements; circuli moderate.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 1% to 2 in total head length, first ray
134 to 14%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 224, first ray 214 to 214;
caudal 11% to 114, deeply emarginate behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 234 to 3; pectoral 144 to 124; ventral 1% to 2.

Pale brown above, inclining to whitish below, with silvery white
reflections on side of head and trunk. Iris white, except as crossed

82 BULLETIN 100, WNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

by dark band from snout tip to eye and back along median body
axis to caudal base. At last medially rounded black spot size of
pupil. Second dark line, narrower, extends from suprascapula along
lateral line and ending below soft dorsal. Besides dark postocular
band two dusky bars radiate from lower hind eye edge down over
cheek. Head also more or less sprinkled with dark brown dots or
specks. Body along each dorsal fin base with narrow dusky line.
An underlaid dull brown line along lower side of tail longitudinally.
Another from base of last dorsal spine back to base of last dorsal
ray. Fins all pale to whitish, front edge of spinous dorsal dusky
and soft dorsal and anal each with brown longitudinal band, that
of soft dorsal further from base of fin.

Zanzibar, East Indies, Philippines. Recorded from Japan by
Karoli.

Two examples. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 6, 1909.
Length 57 to 65 mm.
One example. River, brackish water, Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909.
Length 37 mm.
AMIA LATERALE (Valenciennes)

Apogon lateralis VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1,
1832, p. 58. Vanicolo.—GuicHENnot, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Cherbourg,
ser. 2, vol. 2, 1866, p. 145 (Madagascar).

Amia lateralis Jonpan and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906),
p. 246, fig. 40 (Apia, Samoa).—Jorpan and Ricwarpson, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 27,1907 (1908), p. 254 (Cuyo).—Snypumr, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 49, 1912, p. 497 (Okinawa, Rui Kui).

Apogon ceramensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852,
p. 256. Wahai, Ceram.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 235 (copied).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 65, pl. 17, fig. 6
(Nicobars).—K<Aroul, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152
(Sarangoon, Singapore).—Meryrr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Kordo, Mysore).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,
1889, p. 501.—Werser, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895,
p. 263 (Amboina).—Srre1Inpacuner, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol.
25, 1900, p. 416 (Ternate).—Wensnmr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 228 (Kangeang Island; Bima Bay; Kupang, Timor).—Bravrort, Bijd-
Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 114 (Batu mera mouth, Amboina; Majalibit
Bay, Waigiu).

Amia ceramensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1875-76, p.
91 (Sumatra, Singapore, Bawean, Buru, Ceram, Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77,
pl. (58)336, fig. 1.—Saue, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p.
274 (Sandakan, Borneo).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 159 (Moen, Suva, Arhno, Truk).

Depth 23% to 31%; head 214 to 24, width 2% to 2144. Snout 3%
to 4 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 34%, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 34 in eye or about opposite hind
pupil edge, expansion 2 to 224 in eye, length 2 to 24% in head; bands
of minute villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interor-
bital 47% to 5, nearly level or only slightly convex; preopercle ridge

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 88

entire, edge finely serrate with serrae little coarser below; preorbital
entire. Gill rakers 5+16, lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments
or 21¢ in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter: 2 above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in
lateral line large, well exposed, each with a small narrow basal scale.
Seales with 11 to 13 basal radiating striae; 61 to 81 apical denticles,
with 1 to 3 transverse series of basal elements; circuli moderately fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 2 to 2) in total head length, first
branched ray 124 to 2; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 224 to 3%, first
branched ray 2 to 214; caudal 11% to 1), slightly emarginate behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 314; pectoral 124 to 13%;
ventral 144 to 1%.

General color pale brown, slightly paler on under surface of head
and abdomen. Sides of head and body with silvery reflections, in
some lights lavender to violet. Iris whitish to pale yellowish or deep
neutral gray. Usually a deep brown line on middle of side from
head nearly to caudal base, parallel with vertebral axis. At caudal
base small blackish brown medial spot, greatly less than pupil and
separated from dark lateral line. Fins all more or less whitish.
Spinous dorsal dusky black over first three membranes terminally.
Soft dorsal slightly grayish terminally, end of first membrane behind
dorsal spine dusky or dark and about basal third of fin deep brown
narrow longitudinal line. Anal paler but with similar dark brown
subbasal line. Upper and lower caudal edges narrowly dusky.
Many of our examples show a dark rounded spot, little smaller than
pupil, above dark median lateral line at shoulder just below tubular
lateral line.

Madagascar, Nicobars, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Micro-
nesia, Polynesia. This species bears a marked resemblance to Amia
hyalosoma. Both appear to be common to brackish water, in the
mouths of rivers, estuaries, etc. The black lateral band of Amia
lateralis is replaced in A. hyalosoma by a more or less indistinct
silvery one and the caudal spot of the latter is larger and the fish is
more angular.

23203, 23204, 24084. Alimango River, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length

50 to 60 mm. 7 examples.

Twenty-eight examples. Batan Island. July 22,1909. Length 30 to 57 mm.
One example. Bato River, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length

54 mm.

19639. Bulan Island, South of Zamboanga. September 13,1909. Length 54 mm.
Ten examples. Cabugo Bay, Cantanduanes Island, east coast Luzon. June 9,

1909. Length 26 to 46 mm.

19376. Caiholo River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 29,1908. Length 29
to 43 mm. 4 examples.

Five examples. Canmahala Bay, small stream, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11,
1909. Length 59to 70 mm. Male with buccal ova.

84 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Two examples. Capunuypugan Point, east coast Mindanao. May 9, 1909.
Length 59 to 60 mm.

24023 to 24026. Cebu docks. September 5,1909. Length 69 to 74 mm.

One example. Cebu market. August 28,1909. Length 64mm. _ [1823.]

One example. Cebu market. September 3, 1909. Length 27 mm.

24075. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December 23,
1908. Length 63 mm.

6557. Head of Baheli River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 28,1908. Length
65 mm.

Tenexamples. Jolo, shore seine. March 6,1908. Length 25 to 31 mm.

One example. Mactan reef, tidepool. August 31,1909. Length 44 mm.

23164, 23165. Malampaya River, Palawan Island. December 26,1908. Length
73 to87mm. 13 examples.

One hundred twenty-five examples. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island,
Linapacan Strait. December 19,1908. Length 28 to 60 mm.

23713. Malinos River, Dumaran Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April7, 1909.
Length 70 mm.

23750, 23754. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 2, 1909. Length 73 to
77 mm.

23371. Murcielagos Bay, brackish water, Mindanao. August 20,1909. Length
67 mm.

Nine examples. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 26 to
63 mm.

Nineteen examples. Nakoda Bay, Palawan Island. December 31, 1908.
Length 58 to 71 mm.

Four examples. Nasipit, Mindanao. August 1, 1909. Length 58 to 62 mm.

One example. Paluan River, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 80 mm.

Two examples. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 23, 1909.
Length 25 to 53 mm.

19454, 19455, 21623. Pasacao River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909.
Length 70 to 82 mm. (275).

Twenty-two examples. Port San Vincente, northern Luzon. November 18,
1908. Length 46 to 58 mm.

One example. Pucot River, Marinduque Island. January 29, 1909. Length
70 mm.

Five examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 7,1908. Length 22 to 64 mm.

23766. River at Pasacao, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 52 to
75mm. 2 examples.

Fifty-eight examples. San Pascual, Burias Island. March 8,1909. Length 25
to 60mm. Males with buccal eggs.

Two examples. Santiago Port, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909.
Length 51 mm.

Ten examples. Ulugan Bay, near mouth of Baheli River, Palawan. December
28,1908. Length 35 to 50 mm.

Nine examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 24,1908. Length 56 to 69 mm.

19997. West coast Palaui Island, small river, off northern Luzon. November
18,1908. Length 58 mm.

23124, 23129 to 23133. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length 46 to
83 mm. 47 examples.

AMIA FLEURIEU (Lacépéde)

Ostorhinchus fleurieu (LAcéPEDE), Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, pp. 23, 24;
vol. 3, 1802, pl. 32, fig. 2. Great Equatorial Ocean (Indo-Pacific).—
Oaitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, 1916, p. 182 (Darnley Island).

Amia fleurieuw FowuEr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines) ;

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 85

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines); Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 159 (compiled).

Dipterodon hexacanthus Lac&pkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, pp. 166,
168; vol. 3, 1802, pl. 30, fig. 2. Great Equatorial Ocean.

Centropomus aureus Lactprpen, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, pp. 253, 273.
Mauritius and Reunion.

Amia aurea BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 92,
pl. (59) 337, fig. 1 (Celebes, Flores, Solor, Batjan, Buru, Amboina, Waigiu,
Rawak).

Apogon aureus Macukay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 1883, p.
236 (Port Moresby, New Guinea).—STrEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 416 (Ternate).—Borstert, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 41, 1904, p. 190 (Massaua, Red sea).—PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, 1907, p. 204 (Tulear Bay, Madagas-
car).—BEAuvrFrortT, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1918, p. 114 (Saonek,
Waigiu).— WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 228 (West Ceram,
Saleyer, and Banda).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927,
p. 521 (Natal coast, Mozambique).

Apogon (Amia) aureus KtuunzinanrR, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 22
(Koseir).

Apogon annularis Rtppewy, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 48.
Tor, Red Sea; Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 85.—Quoy and GaIMARD,
Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 1834, p. 649, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Amboina).—Gtnruer,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 239 (Amboyna and Hong Kong).—
Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 20 (Zanzibar).—KLUNZzINGER,
Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 713 (Koseir, Red Sea).—
KossMANN and RAUvBER, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise Kiistengeb. Roth. Meers,
1877, p. 8 (Red Sea).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Cebu).—BouLeneaer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887,
p. 655 (Muscat).—E.uera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 470 (Cebu).—
ZueMayER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6,
1913, p. 10 (OQman).—Reean, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 1914-17, p. 168
(Durban).—GuiucHRist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 1917,
p. 340 (compiled).

Apogon roseipinnis Cuvisr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 490. Trin-
quemale, Ceylon.—Perters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 234 (Inhambane,
Mozambique).

Apogon annularis var. roseipinnis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 239.

Depth 22% to 244; head 214 to 23%, width 2 to 214. Snout 4% to
514 in head from snout tip; eye 24 to 3, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 3 to 24 in eye, expansion 2% to 214 in
eye, length 17% to 2; teeth minute, villiform, in bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines, very short band on latter; interorbital 41% to
414, nearly level; preopercle with ridge entire, edge with minute and
rather sparse denticles. Gill rakers 5+16, lanceolate, also 2 small
rudiments above, equal gill filaments which 2) in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 or 3 above, 7 below, 4 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows of scales on cheek
to preopercle ridge. Lateral line with tubes large, well exposed, each
with small crenulate basal scale. Muzzle, including interorbital,

86 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

maxillary and suborbitals naked. Scales with 7 to 18 basal radiating
striae; 44 to 128 apical denticles, with 1 to 6 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 2 to 21 in total head length, first ray
1% to 134; A. II, 8,1, second spine 224 to 234, first ray 13% to 1%;
caudal 1%. to 1, slightly emarginate behind, with rounded lobes;
least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 3; pectoral 124 to 114; ventral
13% to 1%.

Back brown, below paler to whitish, with silvery to brassy tints on
opercles, lower side of head and abdomen. Iris whitish or grayish.
Broad dusky brown vertical band, four scales wide at caudal base,
extends slightly along upper and lower basal edges of caudal. Fins
all more or less pale, lower ones whitish. Anal with narrow incon-
spicuous subbasal longitudinal brown line. Spinous dorsal dusky
gray. Ventral with front edge grayish.

Red Sea, Mozambique, Natal, Ceylon, India, East Indies, Philip-
pines, China. Quite uniform in coloration and abundant.

We do not accept Barnard’s contention,® in which he says: ‘‘ Ostor-
hinchus fleurieu Lacép. and Dipterodon hexacanthus Lacép. can not be
included in the synonymy of this species, as the descriptions of the
dentition are not those of an Apogon at all.”

Both descriptions and figures are truly vague and crude, though
seem to us unmistakeably those of the present species. Of Ostorhin-
chus fleurieu Lacépéde says the snout, comprising the two bony jaws
is well produced, resembling those of the scaroids, diodons, ovoides,
tetrodons, tortoises, same as the beak of the parrakeets. For Dipter-
odon, which includes D. plumieri and D. notatus besides the genotype
D. hexacanthus, the loose diagnosis is inaccurate, as the dentition is
said to have the incisors compressed, pointed, and equidistant. Both
the figures of Ostorhinchus fleuriew and Dipterodon hexacanthus agree
in the dark transverse band across the caudal peduncle at or near the
caudal base. The large teeth shown in the figure of the latter we
think an error in engraving.

13742, 13748. Batangas market, Batangas Bay, Verde Island Passage. June 6,

1908. Length 58 to 68 mm.

5593 to 5595, 7946, 7947. Batangas market. June 7,1908. Length 102 to 127

mm.

(1119). Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island, vicinity Marinduque Island. February

24,1909. Length 110 mm.

16649, 16651. Galera Bay, Mindoro Island. June 9,1908. Length 57 to98 mm.

3 examples.

9924. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao Island. August 8, 1909. Length 125 mm.

(1805.) Orange wash anteriorly. Pale stripe through lower eye from snout

and somewhat similar one parallel through upper eye. Black band at caudal
base. Tips of vertical fins more or less scarlet.

6 Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 521,

.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 87

17333. Isabel, Basilan Island, south of Zamboanga. September 11, 1909-
Length 114 mm.

1587 (D. 5136). Jolo Light, S. 37° E., 0.70 mile (6° 04’ 20’’ N., 120° 59’ 20’’ E.),
vicinity Jolo. In 22 fathoms. February 14,1908. Length 103 to 123 mm.
Ten examples (130). Pale brownish red, below axial line bright bronzed becom-
ing pale on belly. Brown stripe through eye, across opercle, bordered by pale
gray lines with lower breaking across opercle in purplish spots. Tubes of
lateral line brown. Black blotch on caudal peduncle at caudal base. Orange
shades on lower gill membrane and breast. Chin dusky. Dusky stripe on
maxillary, continued as spot on lower cheek. Gray borders on eye become
silvery on some specimens; inner edge of iris bronze, otherwise color of stripes
acrosseye. First dorsal colored like back, first membrane darker red and grow-
ing dusky terminally. Second dorsal color of back but more clearly red.
Anal searlet, with dusky line at base of membranes. Caudal pale vermilion.
Pectoral hyaline pink. Ventral scarlet to orange, with narrow light edge at
tip of first ray, spine dusky; dusky of spine continued as submarginal on
first ray.

Three examples (D. 5143). Jolo Light, S. 50° W., 3.40 miles (6° 05’ 50’’ N.,
121° 02’ 15’’ E.), vicinity of Jolo. In 19 fathoms. February 15, 1908.
Length 110 to 115 mm. Male with buccal ova.

8089, 18569. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8,1909. Length
88 to 110 mm.

17468, 17469, 21969. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao Island. August 9, 1909.
Length 97 to 102 mm.

One example. Philippines. Length 107 mm.

23984, 23985. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24, 1908, Length 61 to
68 mm.

19955, 21573. Port Galera, Mindoro. October 27,1909. Length 80 to 93 mm.

23320 to 23324. Simaluc Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909.
Length 57 to 111 mm.

17975, 17976. Simalue Sibi Sibi Island. September 23, 1909. Length 105 mm.

23407 to 23409. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 21,
1909. Length 80 to 100 mm.

4643, 20719. Tambul Sigambul, Tonquil Island, south of Zamboanga. Septem-
ber 14,1909. Length 107 to 111 mm.

18909. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9,1909. Length 89
mm.

8029. Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. February 26,
1908. Length 117 mm. (330). Dusky above, below lateral line cadmium with
pearly reflections. Royal purple stripe from middle of nasals through upper
part of iris, breaking into spots behind eye. Another stripe, similar, begins on
premaxillary, crosses preorbital and lower iris, ending in three blotches behind
eye; another stripe across middle of maxillary ending as blotch on front angle
of preopercle. Iris color of adjacent region of head. Breast somewhat dusky,
throat and tip of chin quite dark. Black bar about wide as eye across caudal
peduncle at caudal base. First dorsal like color of back, membranes with
yellowish wash, almost cadmium on first three. Second dorsal rays pink,
membranes with lemon wash. Caudal pink, rays lemon with greenish shades.
Anal like caudal, colors more pronounced, tip of second spinous membrane
scarlet and pale bar across base resting on black line. Pectoral pink. Ventral
orange red, dusky along front.

15867, 23956. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo.
September 26, 1909. Length 61 to 98 mm.

88137—30 ——7

c
88 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

23319. Tomahu Island, Bouro Island. December 11, 1909. Length 97 mm.

14483 to 14485. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length 45 to 106 mm.
Seven examples.

23577, 23578, 23617, 23618. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909.
Length 73 to 107 mm.

23401, 23402. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November
16,1909. Length 88 to 96 mm.

23715, 23716. Labuan Blanda Island, Buton Strait. December 14, 1909.
Length 49 to 63 mm.

Four examples. Makasser Island, Buton Strait. December 16,1909. Length
31 to 34 mm.

23451. Doworra Island, south of Patiente Strait. December 2, 1909. Length
65 mm.

12479, 12480, 13832, 13833, 23290, 23624 to 23626. Powati Harbor, Makyan
Island, Moluceca Passage. November 28,1909. Length 97 to 120 mm.

23307, 23308, 23410. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length
98 to 106 mm.

23537 to 23539. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25,1909. Length
110 to 115 mm.

AMIA MELAS (Bleeker)

A pogon melas BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 2, 1848, p.635. Bima, Sum-
bawa.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 243 (copied).—
WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 230 (Biaru Island and High
Key).—BeraAurort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 115 (Majalibit Bay,
Waigiu).

Amia melas BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 94
(Batu, Nias, Singapore, Celebes, Sumbawa, Ternate, Buru, Ceram,
Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (70) 348, fig. 1.—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop
Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 159 (compiled).

Depth 2144 to 224; head 21 to 224, width 24% to 214. Snout 334
to 4in head from snout tip; eye 27% to 32%, greater than eye to equal
with age, likewise interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center,
expansion 14% to 21% in eye, length 214 to 214 in head; bands of vil-
liform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 32% to 4,
nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely denticulate. Gill
rakers 6+14, of which 3 or 4 uppermost and lowermost rudimentary,
others lanceolate, 214 in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 5 or 6 below, 2 predorsal; 1 or 2 rows on cheek;
muzzle, including maxillary, preorbital and interorbital naked.
Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed, simple. Scales with 15 to
19 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 85 to 166, with 1 or 2
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine and irregularly waved
apically.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, third spine 134 to 1% in total head length, first
branched ray 1% to 14%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 1% to 2\, first
branched ray 114 to 114; caudal 1% to 114, slightly emarginate
behind with upper lobe usually little longer; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2 to 2%; pectoral 1% to 13%; ventral 1% to 1%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 89

Deep sooty brownish generally. Lateral line usually paler brown,
or bounded each side with obscure deeper brownish band diffusely.
Belly slightly paler than back, with brassy tinge, though more or less
sooty. Iris more or less yellowish, sometimes bright straw yellow,
again dusky. Usually some silvery, brassy or purplish tints on
opercle. Head without any very sharply defined markings; usually
diffuse dusky to blackish line obliquely from lower eye edge across
cheek to preopercle angle. Vertical fins all more or less dusky to
blackish, variably pale basally on soft dorsal and anal, each of which
may have black basal ocellus though its border rather dark. Pecto-
ral brown, blackish basally. Ventral neutral black, innermost or
shorter rays often paler.

Reported only from the East Indies, and our specimens all from
the Philippines. It is quite variable in color with preservation,
possibly the greatly contrasted specimens accentuated by preserva-
tion. Often some specimens show pale blotches on the vertical fins.

One example. Cebu market. August 28,1909. Length 100 mm. (1825).

23166. Cebu Market. September 5,1909. Length 69 mm.

87 and 4070. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 23,1908. Length 80 to
95 mm.

6958. Dloilo market. May 31,1908. Length 110 mm.

23703, 23704. Jolo. March 6-7,1908. Length 108 to 114 mm. (481, 4382).

23247. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8,1908. Length 110 mm.

11229. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2,1909. Length 106 mm.

19869. Nabatas Point, Samar. July 24,1909. Length 103 mm.

23222, 23223. Opol, Mindanao. August 4,1909. Length 121 mm.

10652. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 103 mm.

23231. Port Ciego, Balabac Island. January 3,1909. Length 102 mm.

16536. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 22,1909. Length 102 mm.

14605. Port Palapag. June 3,1909. Length 106 mm.

21353. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay. June 12,1909. Length 103 mm.

Three examples. Reef opposite Cebu. April 7, 1908. Length 18 to 65 mm.
(511). Slaty, lateral line slightly paler. Black blotch smaller than eye at sec-
ond dorsal base and much smaller one at anal base. Pectoral pale yellowish.
Other fins body color.

One example. Simaluc, Bisibisi Island. September 23,1909. Length 42 mm.

24004. Sitanki Reef. September 24,1909. Length 82 mm.

14212. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7,1909. Length 124 mm.

Four examples. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 18,1908. Length 24 to

35 mm.
23293. Tataan. February 19,1908. Length 83 mm.

23235. Tataan. February 20,1908. Length24mm. (166). Greenish brown,
with underlaid opalescent pink on lower half. Chin and snout with greenish
yellow shades. Iris dark. Fins slaty, with round black spot 2 size of eye on
soft dorsal base and similar spot size of pupil on anal. Pectoral dusky straw,
pinkish at tip.

23895. Pendek Island, Buton Strait. December 15, 1909. Length 99 mm.

23850, 23851, 23921. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 19, 1909. Length 73 to 99 mm.

14341. Great Tobea Island, Buton Strait. December 14,1909. Length 106mm.

24101. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length 70 mm.

90 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

AMIA MONOCHROA (Bleeker)

Apogon monochrous BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado), vol.
1, 1856, p. 34. Manado, Celebes.—Ginrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 236 (Amboina, East Indies, Fiji)—Kuunzincer, Verh. zool. bot.
Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 715 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Meyer, Anal. Soc.
Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p.12 (North Celebes and
Cebu).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17 ,1888, p.
283 (Samar).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 470 (Manila Bay and
Cebu coast).—Rerean, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 1914-17, p. 168
(Durban, Natal).—Gui.icurist and Tompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1,
1917, p. 340 (compiled).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,
1927, p. 517 (Natal coast).

Amia monochroa EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 72 (Bulan).

Amia fusca (not Quoy and GarimaRpD) FowiER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 159 (part).

Depth 234 to 24; head 214 to 224, width 2 to 2%. Snout 414 to
41 in head from snout tip; eye 24% to 3, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 36 in eye, expansion 22% to 234,
length 2 to 21% in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws and on
vomer, none on palatines; interorbital 414 to 424, very slightly con-
vex or nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely serrated. Gill
rakers 7 + 20, finely lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or 4 of eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked,
except cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line simple, large, well
exposed, each with small exposed basal scale. Scales with 10 to 12
basal radiating striae; 96 to 100 apical denticles with 3 transverse
series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, fourth spine 2 to 2%» in total head length, first ray
124 to 134; A. II, 8,1, second spine 3 to 3}, first ray 17% to 2;
caudal 1144 to 12s, hind edge emarginate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 214 to 24; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 136 to 134.

Pale brown generally, under surface whitish. Iris brown. First
dorsal with dull brown dusting, other fins whitish.

Red Sea, Natal, East Indies, Philippines, Polynesia.

Our specimens appear to be the same as those described by Bleeker.
He makes no mention of the spot at the base of the posterior rays of
the second dorsal or traces of stripes on the back and opercle.

Three exanples. Batangas market. June 7,1908. Length 57 to 81 mm.

Four examples. Jolo. February 14,1908. Length 84to98 mm. (D. 5136.)
Two examples. Jolo. March 5,1908. Length 64 to 77 mm. (D. 5174.)
23702. Jolo. March 6-7, 1908. Length 70 mm.

Three examples. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length 61 to 68 mm.
1180. Pagbilao Island, Capulaan Bay. February 24,1909. Length 45 to 50mm.
2035, 2036. Sulade Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 16, 1908. Length 70

to 72mm. (D. 5147).

16628 to 16633. Sulade Island. February 16,1908. Length68to8lmm. (D.

5146).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 91

AMIA HYPSELONOTA (Bleeker)

Apogon hypselonotus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855, p.
309. Batu Archipelago.—Gitnrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
232 (copied); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 20 (South
Pacific).

Amia hypselonotus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
94, pl. (75)353, fig. 4 (Batu, Nias, Banka, Java, Bali, Celebes, Timor, Ter-
nate, Ceram, Goram, Amboina, Aru).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 160 (Wake Island, Mangareva).

Apogon leptacanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 12, 1856-
57, p. 204. Ternate.—Ginrunr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 232
(copied).

Amaia leptacantha BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
97, pl. (71) 349, fig. 3 (Ternate).—Fow.uzr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippines).

Apogon graefit GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 22,
pl. 20, fig. E. Boston Island, Marshall Group, Oceania.

Apogon graefi STREETS, Bull. U.S. Nat..Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 101 (Samoa).

Mionorus graeffei Jonpan and SEavz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906),
p. 247, fig.41. Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa.

Amia gilbertt JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 777,
fig.3. Negros.

Amia doryssa JORDAN and Swag, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906),
p. 245, fig. 39. Apia, Samoa.

Depth 2% to 214; head 22% to 2%, width 22% to 2%. Snout 4%
to 5 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 22 to 23%, greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expansion 2 to 24%
in eye, length 2 to 24% in head; teeth very minute, villiform, in nar-
row bands in jaws and apparently absent from palate; interorbital
344 to 4, but slightly convex; ridge and hind edge of preopercle
entire, lower edge denticulate. Gill rakers 6+ 23, finely lanceolate,
twice length of gill filaments or 21% in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 5 predorsal, 2 rows of cheek scales to pre-
opercle ridge; muzzle, including interorbital, maxillary and preorbital
naked. ‘Tubes in lateral line large, simple, well exposed, without
basal scale to each. Scales with 5 to 10 basal radiating striae;
largest scales with many as 28 to 30 small blunt apical denticles;
circuli moderate.

D. VI-I, 9,1 or 10,1, second spine 2 to 24% in combined head and
body to caudal base, first ray 114 to 14 in total head length; A. II,
9,1, second spine 17% to 1%, first ray 134 to 134; caudal 1% to 14,
little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 24% to 244;
pectoral 1144 to 124; ventral 13% to 1%.

Light brown, sides of head and abdomen with silvery reflections,
also some obsolete dusky dots on head, especially on cheek, others

92 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

about predorsal. Iris whitish or silvery, turns gray or slate in pre-
servative. Fins all pale or whitish, with dusky tinge terminally on
spinous dorsal.

East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia, Polynesia. A very abundant
species, small and quite uniform in its general coloration. Changes
with age slight. The elongated, filamentous, anterior or second dorsal
spine variably long, perhaps sexual.

Jordan and Seale have attempted to establish the genus Mionorus .
Krefft largely with reference to this species. Their statement ‘‘the
palatines provided with teeth, and the two limbs of the preopercle
both strictly entire’’ for generic characters do not agree, though
variable in form and coloration intergrading forms frequent. Appar-
ently the males are more slender than the females and usually without
the filamentous dorsal spines. Most females have long dorsal spines
and are without the black basal caudal spot.

19127. Beach at village near Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island.
August 9,1909. Length 28to 46 mm. 13 examples.

6754. Beach at village near Chase Head. December 22, 1908. Length 30 mm.

Six examples. Biri Channel, east coast Luzon. June 2,1909. Length 41 to
49 mm.

Twenty-one examples. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908.
Length 26 to 47mm. Male with buccal ova.

23712. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8,1909. Length 49 mm.

18512. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 13, 1909. Length 51 mm.
(1307).

Nineteen examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 33 to
51 mm.

23649. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8, 1909. Length 45 to 50 mm. 2
examples.

Tenexamples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 19, 1908. Length 40
to 52 mm.

16103 to 16106. Cataingan Bay. May 14, 1909. Length 41 to 43 mm.

Twenty-two examples. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22, 1908.
Length 34 to 48 mm.

122, 123, 129, 24074. Endeavor Strait. December 23, 1908. Length 35 to
44 mm.

23300. Makesi Island, Palawan Island. April 5,1909. Length 49 mm.

Three examples. Mantacao Island, west coast Bohol. April 8,1908. Length
40 to 44 mm.

21970. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 92 mm.

Two hundred forty-five examples. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909.
Length 28 to 48 mm.

Nine examples. Philippines. Length 41 to 53 mm.

One hundred eighteen examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length
26 to 48 mm.

16538 to 16541. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 22, 1908. Length 39 to 44 mm-

8429. Port Matalvi. November 23,1908. Length29to47 mm. 46 examples.

One example. Port Palapag, east coast Luzon. June 2, 1909. Length 40 mm.

23262. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length 50 mm.

Fifty-six examples. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908.
Length 31 to 56 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 93

Ten examples. Rapurapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length 42 to 50 mm.

Fifty-four examples. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 11,
1909. Length 36 to 53 mm.

Two examples. Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length 44 to 45 mm.

Nine examples. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 33 to 51 mm. (472 to
474, 480, 482, 483). Translucent pearly, dusky above. Caudal peduncle
black. Opercle with 3 opalescent blue spots, 2 behind opercle, 1 on middle
of side and 1 on upper cheek. Dark stripe across preorbital to tip of man-
dible. Iris dusky silvery, with purple reflections. Breast more or less scarlet.
Dorsal pearl color, with slight yellowish wash. Caudal lobes very narrowly
tipped with black, rest of fin body color. Anal hyaline purplish, with rosy
tint and bright yellow bar at base resting on black, dusky continued on lower
edge of caudal peduncle. Vent black. Pectoral hyaline. Ventral pale scar-
let. Other specimens paler, without black. On opercle and shoulder 4 or 5
narrow vertical cadmium yellow bars. Chin and front of head dusky.
Greenish white and dusky line around dorsal and on top of caudal peduncle.
Dorsal dusky orange. Pectoral slightly pink. Caudal and anal, also ventral,
very pale vermilion.

Thirty-three examples. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909.
Length 30 to 50 mm.

$281 to 8291, 8304 to 8313, 17780. San Miguel Island, Tobaco Bay, east coast
Luzon. June 4,1909. Length 30 to49 mm. 23 examples.

23905. Tataan, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21,1908. Length 45 mm.

Highty-one examples. Tonquil Reef, south of Zamboanga. September 14, 1909.
Length 34 to 50 mm.

6646, 6647, 23171, 23172, 23425. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909.
Length 38 to 52 mm. (1963). 50 examples. Yellowish generally. Cadmium
yellow duplicated stripes from eye obliquely across cheek. Another pair
down opercle and 2 across side under spinous dorsal, with iridescent blue
interval between each pair. Caudal peduncle dusky, continued along dorsal
base. Dorsals somewhat dusky at tip, but of general yellowish color of back.
Anal and ventrals pink.

23771 to 23773. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908. Length
38 to 41 mm. 3 examples.

241. Ulugan Bay. December 29,1908. Length 40 to 45 mm. 3 examples.

(D. 5143). Jolo Light, S. 50° W.,3.40 miles (6° 05’ 50” N., 121° 02’ 15” E.),
vicinity of Jolo. In 19 fathoms. February 15,1908. Length 42 mm.

AMIA ATROGASTER Smith and Radcliffe

Amia atrogaster SmirH and Rapcutirrs, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 439, pl. 35, fig. 3. West coast of Luzon (N. Lat. 16° 30’ 36”, E. Long.
120° 11’ 6”, in 45 fathoms).

Depth 3%% to 334; head 22% to 234, width 214 to2¥4. Snout 4% to
41% in head from snout tip; eye 32% to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 2% to 24 in eye, expansion 214 to 2%,
length 2 to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth villiform,in bands in
jaws, on vomer and apparently absent from palatines; interorbital 4144
to 44¢, level; preopercle ridge and edge finely denticulate. Gill rakers
8+ 20, lanceolate, 21% in eye or little longer than gill filaments.

Scales (pockets) 24 in lateral series to caudal base and 3 or 4? more
on latter; 8 or 9 transversely, about 4 predorsal; 2 rows on cheek;

94 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

head naked, except cheeks and opercles; as but few of the specimens
have any scales we have omitted their structure.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 226 to 24% in total head length, first ray
134 to 2%; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 24% to 31, first ray 2% to 244;
caudal 11% to 134, emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
31% to 3%; pectoral 2 to 214; ventral 21% to 5%.

Pale drab brown or gray, below on head and abdomen whitish.
Mandible tip dusky. Dark brown bar on side of snout well below
nostril obliquely to eye, its width much less than pupil. Head above,
cheeks and opercles, with obscure brown dots. Fins all pale or
whitish, sprinkled with dusky dots on spinous dorsal. Iris white.

Named with reference to its black peritoneum. Specimens in
alcohol fragile and tender. Only known from the types.

(D. 5442.) Eight examples. San Fernando Point Light, N. 39° E. 8.4 miles west

coast of Luzon (16° 30’ 36’’ N., 120° 11’ 06’ E.). May 10, 1909. Length
46 to 59mm. (Type No. 70249 U.S.N.M. and 7 paratypes.)

AMIA APOGONOIDES (Bleeker)

Cheilodipterus apogonoides BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado),
vol. 1, 1856, p. 37. Manado, Celebes.—GiinrHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 249 (copied).

Chilodipterus apogonotdes KArnout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882,
p. 152 (Singapore).

Amia apogonoides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 97 (Celebes); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (63) 341, fig. 2.

Apogon apogonoides WreBrER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 230
(Banda).

Depth 234 to 3; head 22¢ to 2144, width 214 to 224. Snout 424 to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, much greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 24 in eye, expansion 2 to 244in
eye, length 2 to:2%> in head; teeth in villiform bands in jaws with
inner row in each little enlarged, lower laterals especially so and
curved, also pair of rather large teeth on vomer and row of little
enlarged teeth on each palatine; interorbital 5 to 514, nearly level;
preopercle ridge entire, edge minutely denticulate; preorbital entire-
Gill rakers 5+12, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or
224 in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes in lateral line
large, simple, well exposed and each with basal partly crenulated
scale. Scales with 7 to 11 basal radiating striae; 47 to 96 apical
denticles, with 2 to 5 tranverse series of basal elements; circuli
moderately fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 21% in total head length,
first branched ray 124 to 144; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3 to 34, first
branched ray 14% to 17%; caudal 114 to 114, deeply emarginate

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 95

behind, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 24;

pectoral 134 to 124; ventral 17% to 2.

Brown on back and above generally, lower surface of head and
abdomen paler to whitish with lilac or silvery reflections. Rather
broad, ill defined deep brown band around end of snout to eye, also
includes tip of muzzle. Fins all pale brownish, spinous dorsal black-
ish brown terminally. Iris pale yellowish white, with neutral gray
above. Only known from the East Indies.

24009. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28, 1909. Length 60 mm.
(2078). Translucent. Iris dusky red pearlcolor. Side of body gold and shot
with yellow mark. Yellow stripe across snout through eye to opercle edge.
Fins pale pink, first and second dorsal membranes black. —

Six examples. Powati Harbor. November 28, 1909. Length 60 to 96 mm.

23975. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11, 1909. Length 61 mm.

AMIA DIVERSA Smith and Radcliffe
Amia diversa SmMitH and RapcuiFFex, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 434, pl. 37, fig. 1. Canmahala Bay, Luzon.

Depth 224; head 21%, width 24%. Snout 41% in head from snout
tip; eye 3, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
opposite eye center, expansion 244 in eye, length 2 in head from snout
tip; teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; inter-
orbital 4, nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge serrate, though
serrae of ridge less perfect. Gill rakers 7 +17, lanceolate, little longer
than gill filaments or 21 in eye.

Seales 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2
scales above, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle
ridge; caudal base scaly, other fins scaleless. Lateral line with large
tubes, each with large crenulated basal scale. Scales with 14 basal
radiating striae, edge scalloped; 74 to 76 apical denticles, short, with
2 transverse series; circuli very fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, fourth spine 214 in total head length, first ray 17%;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3%, first ray 2; caudal 114, emarginate;
least depth of caudal peduncle 224; pectoral 134; ventral 2.

Light brown, back little more brownish. Sides of head and trunk
with brassy reflections. Dark brown bar from snout tip, includes
chin, to eye, continued faintly on postocular; edged below by silvery
marginal line, also silvery line above on eye. Upper membranes of
front dorsal spines dusky. Soft dorsal with brown, narrow, subbasal
line. Fins otherwise uniformly pale. Small round black spot at
caudal base medially, less than pupil.

Known only from the type, a female with immature eggs.

70246, U.S.N.M. Caznmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. Length78mm. Type.
AMIA NIGROCINCTA Smith and Radcliffe

Amia nigrocincta SMirH and RapcuirFe, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41,
1912, p. 435, pl. 37, fig. 2. Near Jolo (N. Lat. 6° 5’ 50’’, E. Long. 121°
2’ 15’’), in 19 fathoms.

96 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 234 to 3; head 24% to 224, width 3 to 34%. Snout 4% to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 3% to 24 in eye or about opposite hind
pupil edge, expansion 17% to 2 in eye, length 17% to 2 in head; bands
. of villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; preopercle ridge
and edge finely serrate; preorbital entire. Gill rakers 6+16, lanceo-
late, longer than gill filaments or 134 in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Tubes
in lateral line large, well exposed, each with small crenulated basal
scale. Scales with 16 to 18 basal radiating striae; 73 to 118 apical
denticles form an alternate series or with 2 or 3 transverse series of
basal elements; circuli fine but none apical.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth dorsal spine 214 to 23% in total head length,
second dorsal ray 144 to 17%; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3%% to 4, first
branched ray 2 to 214; caudal 1144 to 114, hind edge emarginate;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 2%; pectoral 124 to 134;
ventral 17% to 2M.

Largely light brown, sides of head and trunk with dull silvery to
brassy tints. Slightly diffuse pale streak follows along in lateral
line and another parallel with vertebral axis laterally. Brown band,
including end of mandible and snout extends to eye and faintly
reflected on postocular. Small black median spot, less than pupil, at
caudal base and sometimes reflected as diffuse dark bar above and
below. Fins generally all pale, on spinous dorsal broad dusky band
obliquely from front edge up till behind fifth spine, also subbasal
deep brown line on soft dorsal and usually another along anal sub-
basally but most distinct posteriorly. Iris pale or brassy to brown
or neutral gray.

Known only from the Philippines, we having the following series
listed below. It is one of the paler and less contrasted forms
though fairly constant in color pattern. Several males with the
thorax swollen, also the mouth cavity, evidently having just com-
pleted buccal incubation. In the lot D. 5143 were also several gravid
females, but only one male with a few eggs in the buccal cavity.
4397 (D. 5134). Balukbaluk Island, S. 59° W., 6.25 miles (6° 44’ 45” N., 121°

48’ B.), Sulu Archipelago near Basilan Island. In 25 fathoms. February 7,

1908. Length 80 mm.

Five examples (D. 5360). Corregidor Light, N. 74° W., 6.9 miles (14° 21’ N.,
120° 41’ E.), Manila Bay, Luzon. In12fathoms. February 7, 1909. Length
55 to 68 mm.

Thirty-five examples (D. 5143). Jolo Light, S. 50° W., 3.4 miles (6° 05’ 50’” N.,

121° 02’ 15” E.), vicinity Jolo. In 19 fathoms. February 15,1908. Length
68 to 92 mm. (Also type No. 70247, U.S.N.M.)

_ FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 97

AMIA SEMILINEATA (Schlegel)

Apogon semilineatus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 4, pl.
2, fig. 3. Japan.—Ricwarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 221
(copied).—BLerxker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., No.4, vol. 26, 1854, p. 55,
pl. 1, fig. 2 (Nagasaki).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
240 (copied).—KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152
(Nagasaki and Kobe).—SrTEinpAcHNER and D6épERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, 1883, p. 2 (Tokyo).—Nysrrom, Svensk. Vet. Akad.
Handl., 1887, p. 8 (Nagasaki).—Isuikawa and Marsuura, Prelim. Cat.
Fishes Tokyo, 1897, p. 55.—JoRpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 23, 1901, p. 903, fig. 7 (Tokyo, Yokohama, Yodomi, Enoshima, Misaki,
Wakanoura).—Fow .eEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527
(Japan).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925,
p. 230 (Wakanoura and Misaki).

Amia semilineata SNyDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 412
(Misaki and Shimizu).—Jorpan and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus.,
vol, 6, No. 4, 1914, p. 247, fig. 19 (Shimonoseki and Osaka).

Amia semilineatus SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 64 (Hong
Kong).

Apogon quadrifasciatus (not CuviER) JoRDAN and SnypkER, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 353. Yokohama (lapsus for A pogon semilineatus).

Depth 234 to 314; head 22 to 2144, width 2% to2¥%. Snout 4 to
4% in head from snout tip; eye 344 to 33, subequal with snout
or greater in young, always greater than interorbital; maxillary
reaches 2 to 3 in eye, expansion 2, length 2 in head; teeth villi-
form, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 414 to
5, nearly level; preopercle ridge entire and edge finely denticulate.
Gill rakers 8+ 18, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or 21
in eye.

Seales 25 in lateral lineto caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2
above, 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Lateral line of rather large tubes, each well
exposed and with crimped basal scale. Scales with 13 to 15 basal
radiating striae; 73 to 90 apical denticles, with 3 to 5 transverse
series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9,1, fourth spine 214 to 22% in total head length, first
ray 124 to 134; A. II, 8,1, second spine 234 to 3, first ray 134 to 14%;
caudal 114 to 114, deeply emarginate behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 27% to 314; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 17% to 2.

Rather pale brown, inclining to white below with silvery white
reflections, especially about head and breast. Iris silvery white, with
brown above. On snout from its tip dark brown band extends to
eye, then back over postocular along median axis to caudal peduncle,
Another dark brown band begins on snout above, and extends over
eye back along upper side of back till below soft dorsal fin. Round
blackish spot, little smaller than pupil, at caudal base medianly.
Fins all pale to whitish, except blackish spot marginally at apex of
spinous dorsal over at least 2 membranes.

98 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Philippines, China, Japan.

(D. 5245), 1413 and 1414. Uanivan Island, S. 41° E., 4 miles (6° 52’ 36” N.,

126° 14’ 52” E.), vicinity Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length 100 to 103
mm. 2 examples.

(D. 5442). San Fernando Point Light, N. 39° E., 8.4 miles (16°, 30’ 36’’ N., 120°
11’ 06’’ E.), west coast Luzon. May 11,1909. Length 5264 mm. 2 examples.
AMIA NOTATA (Houttuyn)

Sparus notatus Hourtruyn, Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 20,
pt. 2, 1782, p. 320. Japan.—Gwnoe tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p.
1272.—Wa Baum, Artedi Piscium, vol. 3, 1792, p. 303.—Forsrrr, Fauna
Indica, 1795, p. 3038.

Apogon notatus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901,
p. 1904, fig. 8 (Nagasaki and Wakanoura).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527 (Japan).

Amia notata JORDAN and Srarks, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, 1906, p.
698, fig. 4 (Yakushima).—SnypeEr, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912,
p. 412 (Kagoshima and Tanegashima).—Fow.mr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines).

Apogon kiushiuanus (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denk-
schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, 1883, p. 2. Kagoshima.

Apogon spilurus Reaan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2,
1905, p. 321, pl. 3, fig. 5. Karachi.

Amiajenkinsti EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 73, fig.9. Bulan.

Amia jenkenst FowuEr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines).

Depth 2% to 3; head 214 to 224, width 214 to 244. Snout 4%
to 41% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 32s, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite eye center, expansion 214 to
22¢ in eye, length 2 to 21% in head; narrow bands of villiform teeth
in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 414 to 4% in head,
nearly level; preopercle ridge and edge finely denticulate; preorbital
entire. Gill rakers 7+18, lanceolate, 214 in eye, much longer than
gill filaments.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 or 3 above, 5 or 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to
preopercle ridge. Tubes in lateral line simple, rather large, with
small crimped basal scale to each. Scales with 6 to 9 basal radiating
striae; 65 to 87 apical denticles, with 2 to 4 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 24% to 23% in total head length, first
ray 1% to 2; A. II, 8,1, second spine 4 to 44, first ray 214 to 234;
caudal 1144 to 12s, moderately emarginate behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1% to 2; ventral 2 to 2%.

Back and upper surface brown, sides and below paler and with
slight silvered tinge. Iris whitish, with slight brownish tinge above.
Dusky brown bar from mandible tip along side of snout to eye.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 99

Small dusky brown spot, much less than pupil, each side of occiput.
Round blackish blotch medianly at caudal base, large as pupil. Fins
all pale to whitish, front margin of spinous dorsal and base of soft
dorsal with blackish band.
Karachi, Philippines, Japan.
Sixexamples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 50to60mm.
8498 to 8538. Catbalogan, Samar. April 16, 1908. Length 78 to 85 mm.
Twenty-six examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908.
Length 25 to 35 mm.
1589 (D. 5136). Jolo Light, S. 37° E., 0.70 mile (6° 04’ 20’’ N., 120° 59’ 20”’ E.),
vicinity of Jolo. In 22 fathoms. February 14,1908. Length 82 to 90 mm.
5 examples.
18177, 18178. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island, China Sea, vicinity
Batanes. November 11,1908. Length 64 to 67 mm.
Six examples. U.S.N.M. Acc. No. 100,455. Length 34 to 63 mm.

AMIA GRIFFINI Seale

Amia griffint SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 2, 1910, p. 117, pl. 2, fig. 2.
Bantayan Island, Philippines.

Depth 214 to 2%; head 224 to 234, width 144 to 2. Snout 3%
to 4% in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 3, greater than eye or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 24 in eye, expansion 214 to 226 in
eye, length 2 to 2% in head; teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 4 to 414, nearly level; preopercle
ridge entire in young, finely serrate with age, also preopercle edge
always serrate; preorbital and edge of orbital socket always entire.
Gill rakers 6+ 16, lanceolate, much longer than gill filaments or 24
in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 or 7 more on
latter; 2 or 3 above, 6 or 7 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows on
cheek. Tubes in lateral line large, simple, each well exposed and
with small basal crenulated scale. Scales with 21 to 25 basal
parallel to subradiating striae; 179 to 230 apical denticles, with 3 or
4 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine, none apical.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 124 in total head length, second branched
dorsal ray long as head in male or 1/4 to 126 in female; A. II, 8,1,
second spine 234 to 3, first branched ray 114 to 134; caudal equals
head, little emarginate behind, upper lobe usually longer, both lobes
more or less rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% to 2%;
pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 114 to 1%.

Brown generally, scarcely paler below. Each scale with basal
deeper brown bar so arranged to form reticulate pattern. Abdomen,
opercles and sides of abdominal cavity with brassy to coppery tints.
At caudal base medially small round dusky brown blotch about half
size of pupil, usually conspicuous. Fins variably pale brown, some-
times clouded deeper brown or even dusky brown. Some males with

100 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

lower surface of head and ventrals quite swarthy. Iris pale yellowish,
to neutral gray, brown or slaty.

Known previously only from Seale’s description of the type and 2
paratypes, which he calls cotypes. It was described, and figured
though without any comment as to its relationship. It is, however, .
somewhat variable, especially the sexes. The males show the second
dorsal ray greatly elongated, when depressed extending beyond caudal
base.

Known only from the Philippines.

23706 to 23709. Beach at village near Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Malampaya
Sound, Palawan Island. December 22,1909. Length 104to114mm. (969,
970). Olive above. Top of head with yellow shades, washed with red below.
First dorsal body color, second to fourth membranes orange terminally and
second tipped with black. Second dorsal body color, merging into reddish
terminally, produced ray distinctly red. Caudal with reddish shades, most
distinct on edges of lobes. Fins otherwise dusky red. Male with eggs.

16598. Beacon Reef, Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 16, 1908. Length
114 mm.

16671. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 23, 1908. Length 142 mm.

8268, 8269, 8591. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 14, 1908. Length 116 to
125mm. Male with buccal eggs.

23192, 23193. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15, 1968. Length 113 to
120 mm.

Twenty examples. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length 100 to 125 mm.

5810. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24, 1909. Length 127 mm.

18636 (1290). Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length
132 mm.

14750 to 14751. San Januico Strait, between Leyte and Samar. April 13, 1908.
Length 107 to 117 mm. Male with buccal eggs.

AMIA NOVAE-GUINEAE (Valenciennes)

Apogon novae-guineaeé VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
vol. 1, 1832, p. 53, pl. 4, fig. 1. New Guinea.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 237 (India and Norfolk Island).—MbyeEr,
Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (north Celebes).

Amia novae-guineae BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 97, pl. (41) 319, fig. 5 (Java and New Guinea).—JorpAN and SEALE,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 777 (Negros); Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 17 (Philippines)—EvERMANN and SBALB, Bull.
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 72 (Bulan).—Jorpan and RicHarp-
son, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 254 (Lloilo)—Fow.nmr,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 161 (compiled).

Depth 2144 to 24%; head 22% to 234, width 1% to2’. Snout 44 to
42¢ in head from snout tip; eye 234 to 3, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind pupil edge, expansion
134 to 2 in eye, length 1%» to 2 in head; bands of villiform teeth in
jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 4 to 414, nearly level;
preopercle ridge entire, edge minutely serrated. Gill rakers 6+13,
lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments or about half of eye.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 10]

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 moreon
latter; 2 above, 5 below, 3 or 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; muzzle,
including maxillary and preorbital naked. Tubes in lateral line large,
well exposed and simple. Scales with 8 or 9 basal radiating striae;
apical denticles 61 to 90, or transversely with 2 or 3 series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine is 244 to 21 in total head length, first
branched ray 136 to 2; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 314 to 3%, first
branched ray 2 to 214; caudal 144 to 114, hind edge little emargi-
nate; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 234; pectoral 134 to 134;
ventral 14% to 1%.

Largely pale brown generally, each scale on side with dark median
blotch made up of deeper brown dots. Head and whole body with
more or less soiled or obscure smutty appearance. From lower eye
edge two dark brown bars down over cheek. Iris with coppery
tinge. Spinous dorsal soiled deep grayish with several irregular
black blotches. Other vertical fins all pale, soft dorsal with sub-
basal gray longitudinal band. Paired fins pale, ventrals always with
transverse more or less diffuse band at basal fourth. Most examples
with obscure diffuse dark streak obliquely from humeral region to
anal origin delimiting pale peritoneum. Also usually a pale brown
spot at middle of pectoral base.

India, East Indies, Philippines.

One example. Below mouth Mindanao River, Cotabato, Mindanao. May 20,
1908. Length 46 mm.

15305. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 38 mm.

Sixteen examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 33 to
49mm. Males with buccal ova.

Twenty-one examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908.
Length 21 to 52 mm.

23168. Cebu market. September 3, 1909. Length 50 mm.

(D. 5174). Jolo Light, E. 2.6 miles (6° 03’ 45’’ N., 120° 57’ E.), vicinity of Jolo.
In 20 fathoms. March 5, 1908. Length 44 mm. 1 example.

Twelve examples. Mansalay, Mindoro Island. June 4, 1908. Length 40 to
57 mm.

Five examples. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15, 1908. Length 27 to
50 mm.

Fifty-seven examples. Nasiput, Mindanao Island. August 1, 1909. Length
28 to 57 mm.

Two examples. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 23, 1909.
Length 43 to 46 mm.

Sevenexamples. Port Galera, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 28 to38 mm.

Four examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 37 to
51 mm.

Twenty-eight examples. Port San Vincente, off northern Luzon. November 18,
1908. Length 32 to 51 mm.

23161, 23162. Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island. April 5, 1909. Length 45 to
47 mm.

102 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Two examples. Reefs south end of Tumindao Island, Tawi Tawi Group, Sulu
Archipelago. February 26, 1908. Length 45 to 47 mm. (319). Male with
buccal ova.

Fifteen examples. Saboon Island, Ragay Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon Island.
March 10, 1909. Length 22 to 48 mm. (1292). Body with brassy luster or
sheen. Entire side, head and body with many punctulations of olive. Small
black spot at beginning of lateral line and another on head near anterior scale;
few blackish dots irregularly on curve of lateral line. First dorsal olivaceous,
with brassy tint, second membrane with large black blotch terminally and
rest of fin slightly clouded darker, also small rounded black blotch in middle
of sixth membrane. Second dorsal pale olive with dusky bar through base.
Anal without markings, slightly pinkish. Caudal slightly dusky, with an
olive shade. Pectoral hyaline. Ventral olivaceous, dusky toward base.

One example. Sulade Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 17, 1909. Length
32 mm.

Oneexample. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 2,1908. Length27 mm.

Two examples. San Pascual, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 31 to
40mm. Male with buccal ova.

Seventeen examples. Southern lagoon, Tumindao Island, Tawi Tawi Group,
Sulu Archipelago. February 26, 1908. Length 39 to 51 mm. (319, 320).
Male with dull golden buccal ova. Pale reddish dusky, reds becoming gera-
nium on head and silvery below. Iris like adjacent head. First dorsal with
dark brown blotches on membranes. Second dorsal pink, dusky at base.
Caudal, anal and ventral pink, latter with dusky bar at base. Pectoral very
pale pink.

Forty-three examples. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 34 to 62
mm.

Seventeen examples. Tataan, Simaluc Island, Tawi Tawi Group, Sulu Archi-
pelago. February 18-20,1908. Length 20 to 41 mm.

Twelve examples. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo.
September 27, 1909. Length 28 to 36 mm.

21111. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 40 mm

Three examples. Great Tobea Island, Buton Strait. December 15, 1909.
Length 18 to 21 mm.

Twenty-seven examples. Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length 16 to
36 mm.

AMIA CARDINALIS Seale
Amia cardinalis SEauE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, 1909, p. 509.
Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island.

Depth 234 to 274; head 22 to 214, width 2 to 2144. Snout 41% to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or interor-
bital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, expansion 14% to 14
in eye, length 17% to 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 474 to 514, nearly level; infraor-
bital and postorbital edges, preopercle ridge and edge serrated and
supraorbital edge serrated with age. Gill rakers 5+14, of which 2
upper ones rudiments and others lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or 21% in eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 103

except cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line each large, well

exposed and with small crimped basal scale to each. Scales with 13

to 19 basal radiating striae; 89 to 108 apical denticles, with 2 or 3

series transversely; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, second spine 17% to 2 in total head length, third ray
1% to 14; A. II, 8,1, second spine 224 to 3, third ray 13% to 134;
caudal 1 to 10, well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 23% to
244; pectoral 114 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.

Light brown, lighter below. Iris neutral rosy gray. Fins all pale
or whitish.

Seale says ‘‘this species seems to differ in several respects from A.
erythermus to which it is most nearly related.”’ Just what A. eryther-
mus is, unless Apogon erythrinus Snyder is intended, we do not know.
14510 (1557). Biri Channel, Balicuatro Island, east coast of Luzon. June 2, 1909.

Length 73 mm. Nearly uniform scarlet vermilion, back somewhat dusky

from pale olivaceous submarginal bar on each scale. Fins also bright scarlet

vermilion.

(548.) Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908. Length 74
mm. Scarlet vermilion, scales olivaceous dusky submarginally on back.
Irisdark umber. Fins uniform scarlet vermilion, except caudal which slightly
dusky at tip.

20440. Grande Island Reef. June 8, 1908. Length 36 mm.

5313. Jolo. March 6, 1908. Length 50 mm.

One example. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 21,1909. Length 66 mm.

Oneexample. Port Banalacan, Marinduque Island. February 23,1909. Length
37 mm.

One example. Romblon Reef. March 26,1908. Length 32 mm.

One example. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length

36 mm.
AMIA DIENCALEA Smith and Radcliffe

Amia diencaea Situ and RapcuiFFB#, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912,
p. 431, pl. 34, fig. 1. Sulade Island, Jolo.

Depth 224; head 224, width 2. Snout 41 in head; eye 234,
greatly more than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches slightly
beyond eye, expansion 51 in eye, length 14% in head; teeth villiform,
in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 40, level;
preopercle ridge entire, edge behind little uneven or rough and
below entire. Gill rakers 5+ 11, lanceolate, double gill filaments or
21% in eye, some few above and below as rudiments.

Scales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 3
above, 8 below, 7 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed, each
with slight basal scale. Scales with 8 basal radiating striae; 41
apical denticles, with 1 or 2 transverse series of basal elements;
curculi fine.

88137—30——8

104 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 2%» in head, first ray 144; A. II, 8, 1,
second spine 234, first ray 136; caudal 1144, emarginate behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234; pectoral 124; ventral 1%p.

Pale brown generally, nearly uniform. Diffuse pale longitudinal
band, but little darker than general color, begins on lateral line
above end of pectoral and extends midway along side of caudal
peduncle to caudal base and out over caudal fin. Broad blackish
brown postocular band extends to pectoral base or over prepectoral
space, at first about wide as pupil and narrowing posteriorly.
Fins all uniformly pale or whitish.

Known only from the type, a single specimen, No. 70243 U.S.N.M.
Sulade Island, Jolo. Length 41 mm.

AMIA SANGIENSIS (Bleeker)

Apogon sangiensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, 1857, p.
375. Sangir Islands.—Gutnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
235 (copied); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 20 (Yap).—
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 64, pl. 17, fig. 4; Fauna Brit. India,
vol. 1, 1889, p. 500.—WepseEr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 229
(west coast of Binongka).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p.
114 (Beo, Majalibit Bay, Waigiu).—Rerean, Ann. Durban Mus,, vol. 1,
pt. 1, 1917, p. 458 (Durban, Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus.,
vol. 21, 1927, p. 515 (Natal coast).

Amia sangiensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
95, pl. (41) 319, fig. 4 (Sangir).—EverRMANN and Snatp, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 26, 1906 (1909), p. 72 (Bulan).—Fow.er and BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 71, 1927, p. 6 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—Fow.umr, Mem. Bishop
Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 160 (Ascension Island, Marshalls).

Depth 224 to 234; head 22¢ to 2%, width 214 to 244. Snout 3%
to 4 in head; eye 3 to 3, greater than snout or interorbital; maxil-
lary reaches % to 1% in eye, expansion 2144 to 2%, length 21% to
214 in head; mandible slightly shorter than upper jaw; teeth villiform,
in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 43% to 5,
slightly convex; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely serrate. Gill
rakers 5+ 18, lanceolate, little greater than gill filaments or 14 of eye.

Seales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to pre-
opercle ridge; muzzle, including maxillary and suborbitals, also top
of head naked. Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed, each with
small basal scale. Scales with 4 to 11 basal radiating striae; 40 to
65 apical denticles, sometimes with single row of basal elements;
circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 114 to 1% in head, second ray 1/4 to
1%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 2%, first ray 124 to 174%; caudal
11% to 114, well emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 22% to
234; pectoral 124 to 144; ventral 124 to 14%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 105

Brown, lower half of head and abdomen whitish. Blackish brown
band from snout tip through eye and over postocular about as wide
as pupil. Small black spot, less than pupil at middle of caudal base.
Spinous dorsal blackish apically, fin otherwise grayish. Fins all pale
otherwise, lower ones little more whitish.

Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia. Bleeker’s figure
of this species is inaccurate, as it shows four rows of scales across the

cheek.

One example. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length 27 mm.

Three examples. Cebu market. March 28, 1909. Length 21 to 35 mm.

23167. Cebu market. September 3, 1909. Length 63 mm.

One cxample. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindoro. May 15, 1908. Length 35 mm.

Thirteen examples. Nasipit, Mindanao. August1,1909. Length 34to59 mm.

Sevenexamples. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16,1909. Length 44 to 60 mm.

Thirty examples. Tataan, Tawi Tawi Group. February 20,1908. Length 21
to 47 mm. :

Two examples. Tataan. February 21, 1908. Length 51 to 53 mm.

6150. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef. September 14, 1909. Length 40
to 58mm. 72 examples.

Fifteen examples. Daisy Islet, west of Bumbum, Trusan Tando Bulong, British
North Borneo. January 6, 1910. Length 43 to 58 mm.

AMIA HYALCSOMA (Bleeker)

Apogon hyalosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p.
63. Sumatra (no diagnosis; on Apogon thermalis, not CuviEr, BLEEKER,
1849); vol. 5, 1853, p. 329 (Amboina; Batavia, Samarang, Java; Bima,
Sumbawa; Benculen, Padang, Priaman, West Sumatra).—GuwUnTHER, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 231 (Amboyna).—Kwner, Reise Novara,
Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 42 (Puynipet, Java).—Puayratr, Fishes of
Zanzibar, 1866, p. 19 (fresh water, Seychelles).—PrtTERs, Monatsb. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 256 (Paracali, Luzon).—Marrens, Reisen Ost.
Afrika von der Decken, vol. 3, pt. 1, 1869, p. 141 (Seychelles).—Day,
Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 64, pl. 17, fig. 5.—KArou1, Termesz.
Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152 (Sarangoon River, Singapore).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Cebu;
Rubi, New Guinea).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 500.—
Jarzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 499
(Zanzibar).—Ewuera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Cebu).—WeEBrErR,
Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 263 (fresh water of
Amboina).—Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12,
1904, p. 518 (Padang); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 527
(Padang material).—WeEBEr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 230
(Makassar).

Amia hyalosoma BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
96, pl. (31) 309, fig. 1 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Biliton, Java, Sumbawa,
Celebes, Amboina, Luzon).—JoRDAN and RIcHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 27,1907 (1908), p. 254 (Mindoro and Calayan).—S£EALB, Philippine
Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p. 274 (Sandakan, Borneo).—Fow ter,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 160 (compiled).

A pogon thermalis (not CuviER) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc.),
vol. 22, 1849, p. 27 (Batavia and Samarang, Java).

106 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
)

Apogon armatus THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 144. Woodlark
Island.

Mionorus graeffei (not GUNTHER) JorpAN and SEate, Bull. Bur. Fisher.
vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 247 (Apia).

Mionorus graeffei FowLEr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 163 (part)

Depth 24% to 2144; head 214 to 214, width 24% to 214. Snout 35
to 41% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 4, greater than snout o1
interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, opposite hind
pupil edge in young, expansion 134 to 146 in eye, length 134 to 2 in
head; teeth fine, villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4144 to 5, level; preopercle edge and ridge entire. Gill
rakers 2+5, also 2 rudiments above and 4 below; long as gill fila-
ments or 21% in eye.

Seales 20 to 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 3 above, 6 or 7 below, 8 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to pre-
opercle ridge. Tubes in lateral line large, simple, well exposed, each
with small basal, crimped scale. Scales with 17 basal radiating striae;
46 to 186 apical denticles, with 2 to 16 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 8, 1 or 9, 1, second spine 17% to 214 in total head length,
second ray 134 to 144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 23 to 334, second ray
134 to 24; caudal 114 to 1%, hind edge slightly emarginate; least
depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 236; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral
14% to 1%.

Brown, sides and lower surfaces much paler. Often brassy tinge
on middle of side. Muzzle with more or less drab brown or gray.
Iris pale, with neutral gray tints. Dorsals and caudal brownish,
other fins pale. Neutral black blotch, nearly large as eye at caudal
base medianly. Spinous dorsal with dusky or neutral black band
on front of second membrane close along and behind second spine.
Small neutral dusky spot each side at base of last anal ray, in young
reflected variously as dark diffuse blotch on lower side of caudal
peduncle. Our smallest examples show the dark caudal spot rather
diffuse and less contrasted than with age. They also have the bases
of soft dorsal and anal decidedly dark brown.

Zanzibar, Seychelles, East Indies, Philippines, Melanesia.

23205, 23206. Alimango River, Burias Islands. February 26, 1908. Length

107 to 1388 mm.

5484. Basud River, Luzon. June 15,1909. Length 40 to 144mm. 7 examples.
Nine specimens. Caiholo River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29,

1908. Length 70 to 103 mm.

Nine specimens. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909.

Length 122 to 156 mm. Of these 4 males with buccal ova.

23887, 23888. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908. Length 50

to 102 mm.
11510 to 11513. Dumaca River. February 25, 1909. Length 133 to 156 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 107

23540 to 23542. Hakoda Bay, Palawan Island. December 31, 1908. Length
108 to 133 mm.

6558 to 6559. Head of Baheli River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December
28, 1908. Length 135 to 141 mm.

11397. Ioni River, Tayabas Bay, Marinduque Island. February 25, 1909.
Length 150 mm.

12310 to 12313. Lagonoy Gulf, stream at Maagnas, Luzon. June 17, 1909.
Length 110 to 141 mm.

6217 to 6220. Mantaquin Bay, eastern Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length 112
to 148 mm.

11675. Mariveles Bay, Luzon. January 30, 1909. Length 131 mm.

23596, 23597. Nato River, tidal, Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length 29 to 151 mm.
9 examples.

Nine examples. Near mouth of Tayabas River, Luzon. February 25, 1909.
Length 29 to 130 mm. One male with buccal ova.

23804 to 23811. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao Island. August 6,
1909. Length 69 to 133 mm.

One example. Paluan River, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 59 mm.

7597 to 7601, 19636. Pancol, from creek at head of tide water, Malampaya
Island, Palawan. December 25,1908. Length 121 to 154 mm.

Elevenexamples. Pangauran River, Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December
16,1908. Length 40 to 96 mm.

23885. Port Palapag, Luzon. June 2,1909. Length 105 mm.

Three examples. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908.
Length 55 to 124 mm.

4993, 4994, 23403. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, fresh water, Luzon. March 10,
1909. Length 73 to 160 mm.

One example, near village at Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island.
December 22,1908. Length 45 mm.

Twenty examples. Verde del Sur Island, Palawan Island. April 7, 1909.
Length 95 to 160 mm.

20750. Sebatic Island, Borneo. October 1,1909. Length 131 mm.

23886, 24010, 2079. Powati Harbor, Makyan Bay, Makyan Island, Molucca
Passage. November 28, 1909. Length 43 to 113 mm. Translucent, with
vermilion dusting. Dusky vermilion stripe from snout to caudal spot. Iris
silvery. Fins vermilion. Caudal brown at tips.

23589 to 23591. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10,1909. Length 32 to 55
mm. 24 examples.

Twoexamples. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November
19,1909. Length 41 to 45 mm.

Seven examples. Pendek Island, Buton Strait. December 15,1909. Length
36 to 47 mm.

13298, 24052, 24053. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3,1909. Length
27 to 57 mm.

52407 U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length 45 to 54 mm.
5 examples. As Mionorus graeffi.

AMIA CYPSELURA (Weber)

Rhabdamia cypselurus WreBER, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 39, 1909, p. 167.
Kawa, West Ceram; Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 242, fig. 60
(Kawa).

Depth 324 to 33; head 23¢ to 234, width 214 to 234. Snout 4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 324 to 314, greater than snout or

108 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

interorbital; maxillary reaches 1% to 24 in eye, expansion 244 to 2%,
length 2 to 24> in head; teeth minute, in narrow bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 4 to 4%, very slightly convex;
preorbital edge, also preopercle edge and ridge entire; suborbital,
preopercle and cranial regions venulose. Gill rakers 5+11, of which

2 upper rudiments, others lanceolate and greatly longer than gill fil-

aments or 2 in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 3 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head, except
cheek and opercles, naked. Tubes in lateral line slender, well
exposed, simple. Scales with 3 or 4 weak basal marginal striae;
circuli moderate.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 214 to 3 in total head length, first ray
134 to 2%; A. II, 9,1, second spine 314 to 4, first ray 146 to 2M;
caudal 114 to 12s, deeply forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 34%
to 336; pectoral 14% to 14%; ventral 214 to 22.

Very pale or light brown, with silvery white shade on opercle.
Tip of snout and chin dusky, former usually extended as narrow
dusky brown bar to eye, crossing same horizontally and back indis-
tinctly over postocular to tip of opercle. Fins very pale to whitish,
caudal with brownish band submarginally above and below along
each lobe.

East Indies, Philippines.

Three examples. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length
40 to 45 mm.

Fourexamples. Bolinao Bay, west Luzon. May 10,1909. Length 40 to 43 mm.

One example. Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 39 mm.

Five examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March11,1909. Length 40to47 mm.

Hight examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 138, 1909. Length 33 to 47 mm.

One example. Port Palapag, Luzon. June 3,1909. Length 25 mm.

Sixteen examples. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909.
Length 32 to 43 mm.

Two examples. Tataan Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 21,1908. Length
47 to 49 mm.

Sixty-six examples. Tutu bay, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909. Length 40
to50mm. (1962). Without lateral stripe. Dusky band across preorbital, con-
tinued obscurely across premaxillary and mandible tip, behind eye extends
across opercle. Vertical fins hyaline pink, somewhat brownish line at anal
base on body, much less distinct on dorsal. Brown stripe through each caudal
lobe.

Two examples. Ulugan Bay near mouth of Baheli River. December 28, 1908.
Length 41 to 42 mm.

Seventy-nine examples. Tomahu Island, Bouro. December 12,1909. Length
28 to 52mm. Male with buccal ova.

Sixteen examples. Makasser, Celebes. December 16, 1909. Length 41 to
51 mm.

23415. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 34 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 109

Subgenus LEPIDAMIA Gill

Body elongate, depth more than half length. Scales small, 36 in

lateral line.
AMIA MULTITAENIATA (Cuvier)

Apogon multitaeniatus (EHRENBERG) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2,
1828, p. 159. Red Sea.—Riprer.t, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische,
1828, p. 47 (name).—KuunzincER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20,
1870, p. 713 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1870, p.
681 (Andamans); Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 57, pl. 16, fig. 1 (Madras
and Bombay); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 491.

Apogon (Lepidamia) multitaeniatus KLUNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,
p- 20.

Apogon noordzieki BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 19, 1859, p.
336. Patjitan, Java—Mbryerr, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Cebu).

Amia noordzieki BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
77 (Java); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (74) 352, fig. 1.

Apogon taeniatus (not Cuvimr) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 101
(note).

Depth 2144; head 224, width 2. Snout 34% in head; eye 3%, sub-
equal with snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 in eye, expan-
sion 14%, length 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 4, only very slightly convex; preopercle
ridge entire and edge minutely serrated. Gill rakers 6+13, lanceo-
late, greatly more than gill filaments or 1384 in eye.

Seales 36 in lateral line to caudal base and five more on latter; 4
above, 10 below, 7 predorsal, 4 rows on cheek; head naked, except
cheeks and opercles. Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed and
each with broad crimped scale. Scales with 13 to 18 basal radiating
striae; 47 to 103 apical denticles with 2 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VIII-I, 9, 1, fourth spine 214 in head, second ray 14; A. II, 8,
I, second spine 27%, second ray 124; caudal 11%, deeply emarginate;
least depth of caudal peduncle 14; pectoral 1144; ventral 134.

Brown, paler on under surfaces. About 5 longitudinal darker lines
above lateral line and parallel with its course, below 11 horizontally.
Iris slaty. Fins all grayish, spinous dorsal dusky brown terminally
and soft dorsal with dusky brown basal band next to subbasal whitish
one.
Red Sea, India, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines.

14238 (1107). Mariveles wharf, Manila Bay, Luzon. January 30,1909. Length
124mm. General color dusky red, fading to pearly. Dusky stripes along and

between scale rows. Fins bright carmine. First dorsal largely covered by

blackish blotch.
Genus ARCHAMIA Gill

Archamia Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 81. Type
Apogon bleekeri Gi‘ NTHER, monotypic.

110 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Head rather large. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines. Preopercle ridge with flat spine at angle, otherwise
entire; preopercle edge often with minute serrae. Gill rakers 13 to
16 on lower branch of first arch. Scales large, 22 to 24 in lateral line
to caudal base. Lateral line complete. Dorsals separate, spinous
fin with 6 spines and soft fin with spine and 9 rays. Anal with 2
spines and 13 to 17 rays. Caudal emarginate.

This genus is known chiefly for its long anal fin. Most all the
species studied below with a black basal caudal spot.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES
a', AncHAMIA. Body deeper, depth less than 3.
b!. No broad, dark, transverse median band.
cl. Short, vertical, dark bar behind gill opening usually present___bleekeri
c!. No short, vertical dark bar behind gill opening ever present.
d', Median dark predorsal line, second dark line from above snout to
last dorsal rays, third from snout nearly to caudal__-___ buruensis
ax Nordark Jongivucinal Wines = seat cee ee eiceet Seen as lineolata

62. Broad, dark, median transverse band from soft dorsal to belly_zosterophora

a*, IoamMiA new subgenus. Body slender, depth 3 to 324; dark median lateral
Longstudinal hand sec seb eens - byt iebee npr ay. See silos gracilis

Subgenus ARCHAMIA Gill

Body deep, depth less than 3. Species seldom with dark median
longitudinal band.
ARCHAMIA BLEEKERI (Giinther)
Apogon bleekert GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 245.
Amboyna.
Archamia bleekeri FowueEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12,
1904, p. 519 (Padang, Sumatra).—EVveRMANN and Seauz, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 75 (Bacon and San Fabian).

Apogon macropterus (not Cuvier) BurEeKker, Nat. Tijds. Nederland.
Indié, vol. 2, 1851, p..168 (Padang).

Depth 214 to 2144; head 22 to 2%, width 2% to 234. Snout 426
to 5 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches half way in eye, expansion 21 to 224,
length 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and
palatines; interorbital 4 to 4%, preopercle ridge entire with broad
flat spine at angle, lower edge and around angle minutely serrate,
upper hind edge entire. Gill rakers 6+13, lanceolate, greatly longer
than gill filaments or 124 in eye.

Scales 24 or 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge;
muzzle, including maxillary, suborbitals and interorbital, naked.
Tubes in lateral line large, well exposed, each with small basal auxiliary
scale. Scales with 13 to 18 basal radiating striae, with scalloped edge
to scale; 75 to 80 small apical denticles, with 1 or 2 transverse series
of basal elements; circuli fine.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 11]

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 21% to 2) in total head length, first ray
1% to 13g; A. II, 16,1, or 17, 1, second spine 23 to 23%, first ray
1% to 2; caudal 11¢ to 14, little emarginate behind; caudal peduncle
depth 22% to 244; pectoral 114 to 1144; ventral 1% to 2.

Brown, paler and much lighter on sides and below. Side of head
and body sprinkled with numerous deep brown dots, forming trans-
verse lines on trunk and tail. Lower side of head and abdomen with
pale lilac to violet and greenish reflections, with silvery tints. Iris
whitish, with some gray tints. Behind tip of opercle flap at humeral
region vertical dusky brown blotch little more than pupil. Also vari-
able diffuse dusky brown blotch at caudal base, never larger than
eye, sometimes absent. Fins all pale.

East Indies, Philippines.

One example. Batangas market, Verde Island. June7,1908. Length 81 mm.

17033. Bisucay Island, near Cuyo. April 9,1909. Length 68 mm. (1518).

Two examples. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. February 21,1908. Length 39
to 56 mm.

23800. Bolalo Bay. December 21,1908. Length 81 mm.

6112, 6113, 6116. Bolinao Bay, west coast of Luzon. May 10, 1909. 39
examples.

15812, 15813, 15818, 23428, 23429, 23430. Butauanan Island, east coast of Luzon.
June 13,1909. Length 68 to 88 mm.

15496. Butauanan Island. June 15,1909. Length 85 mm.

21048. Capunuypugan, Mindanao. May 9,1908. Length 74 mm.

14846. Casogoran, Malhon Island. July 27, 1909. Length 66 mm.

8131. Dasol Bay, west coast of Luzon. May 9, 1909. Length 62 mm.

Thirty-fourexamples. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17,1909. Length
40 to 61 mm.

5750. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao. August 3,
1909. Length 86 mm.

Five examples. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length 54 to 80 mm.

One example. Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length 42 mm.

23867. Rapurapu Island, east coast of Luzon. June 22, 1909. Length 45 mm.

11326. San Roque, Leyte. July 29,1909. Length 61to73 mm. 24 examples.

Two examples. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. December 10,
1909. Length 65 mm.

Four examples. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length 36 to 41 mm.

9686, 22367. Uki, Bouro Island. December 9, 1909. Length 60 to 78 mm.
5 examples.

18707 and 13708. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length
71 to 74 mm.

23456. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length 77 mm.

23547, 23548. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 70
to 71mm. Bright yellow stripe across snout from eye to eye, washed across
iris. Dash of black on cheek under eye about pupil width. Black blotch
size of pupil at upper angle of gill opening.

23504. Una Una Road, Binang Unang, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 17
1909. Length 68 mm.

One example. Tana Keke Island, Flores Sea. December 21, 1909. Length
41 mm.

‘
112 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

23796, 23798. Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length 73 or 74 mm.
3 examples.

23627, 23799. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28, 1909. Length
70 to 84 mm.

23531. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25, 1909. Length 77 mm.

23412. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 73 mm.

8400, 8402, 8403, 8405 to 8407. Hokuho, So Wan, Formosa. January 29, 1910.
Length 68 to 87 mm.

18420. So Wan. January 28, 1910. Length 73 mm.

ARCHAMIA BURUENSIS (Bleeker)

A pogon buruensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 11, 1856, p.
394. Kajeli, Bouro.—Gtnrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 245
(copied).

Amia buroensis BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
102 (type); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (75) 353, fig. 2.

A pogonichthys burwensis FowLErR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 164
(compiled).

Depth 224 to 3; head 224 to 2144, width 2% to 22. Snout 4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 324 to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 4% to 3% in eye, expansion 214 to 23%,
length 21% to 214 in head; teeth villiform, in rather narrow bands in
jaws and on vomer and palatines; interorbital 434 to 514, very
slightly convex; preopercle ridge entire or only with short spine at
angle and edge serrated. Gill rakers 6+16, of which 2 upper rudi-
ments, others lanceolate or 4% of eye.

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 6 or 7 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head
naked, except scales on cheek and opercles. Each tube of lateral
line well exposed, with small exposed basal scale. Scales with 10 or
11 basal radiating striae; 30 to 57 apical denticles in 2 or 3 transverse
series; circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9, 1, second spine 224 to 2% in total head length, first
ray 114 to 144; A. II, 12,1, or 13, 1, second spine 23% to 3, first ray
124 to 1%; caudal 1% to 1%, slightly concave behind; least depth
of caudal peduncle 214 to 2%; pectoral 124 to 114%; ventral 1% to 2.

Light brown generally, much paler below, with silvery to lilac or
pale purplish tinge on lower half of trunk and front of tail. Median
dark brown predorsal line extending back to form dark edge along
bases of both dorsals. Second dark brown line or narrow band from
above snout, over eye and back toward and below bases of last dor-
salrays. Third broader dark or blackish brown band from snout tip
through eye, not wider than pupil and following along median axis of
trunk nearly to middle of caudal base, where round blackish brown
blotch about size of pupil, subbasally on abdomen close above anal
base brown line and extending back along each side of caudal peduncle
below. Iris silvery white, except as crossed by dark horizontal band.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 113

Fins all pale to whitish, front edges of both dorsals rather narrowly
brownish.

This species was known to Bleeker from a single example 64 mm.
long obtained at Kajeli. To the present time it does not seem to
have been obtained except as represented by our materials.

Forty-five specimens. Below mouth of Mindanao River, Mindanao. May 20,
1908. Length 32 to 68 mm.

23751 to 23753. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 2,1909. Length 69 to
86 mm.

8486. Port Dupon, Leyte Island. March 17, 1909. Length 56 mm.

One example. N. Lat. 20° 31’ E. Long. 115° 49’ (China Sea, vicinity of
southern Luzon Island). In 265 fathoms. Length 81mm. August 8, 1909.

One example. Philippines. Length 81 mm.

23584 to 23586. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length 65 to 81
mm. 12 examples.

ARCHAMIA LINEOLATA (Cuvier)

Apogon lineolatus (EHRENBERG) Cuvisr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p.
160. Red Sea.—Ripre.., Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 47,
pl. 12, fig. 1 (Massauah); Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 88 (Mas-
sauah).—GintueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 244 (copied).—
KiunzInGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 710 (Red Sea).—
Barnard, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 516 (Delagoa Bay).

Apogon (Archamia) lineolatus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 19.

Archamia lineolata JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 252, pl. 38, fig. 1 (Pago Pago and Apia); vol. 26, 1906 (1907);
p. 17 (Cavite).—SraLe and Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907,
p. 242 (Zamboanga).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 236
(Lombok, Biaru; Salibabu; west Ceram; Saleyer).—Fow.Ler, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 32 (Samoa); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1925, p. 219 (Delagoa Bay); 1927, p. 274 (Santa Maria and Bacon);
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 164 (Apia).

Apogon macropterus (KuHL and Van Hassett) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 2, 1828, p.160. Java.—GinruHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 244 (copied).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 64, pl. 17, fig. 4
(Madras).—OagitBy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, 1908, p. 23
(Dunk Island).—StTr1inpacuner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, pt.
1, 1907, p. 129 (Gischin, Sokotra).—Pruurerin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, vol. 13, 1907, p. 204 (Tulear Bay, Madagascar).—BarnarD, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 516 (Natal coast, Mozambique).

Amia macroptera BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
103 (Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Banka, Lepar, Java, Bawean, Bali,
Celebes, Ternate, Halmaheira, Batjan, Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (68)
346, fig. 2.

Apogon zeylonicus CuvikrR, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 491. Ceylon.—
Prrers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 234 (Mozambique).

A pogon argenteus VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1,
1832, p. 60. Vanicolo.

A pogon fucatus Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 4. Sea of Pinang.—
Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 244 (copied).

Apogon macropteroides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852,
p. 724. Lepar Island.—Ginruer, Cat Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p 245
(copied).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1867, p. 20 (Zanzibar).

114 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Archamia mucropteroides EVERMANN and SEALg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 74 (Bacon).—Jorpan and RicHarpson, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1909, p. 181 (Takao, Formosa).—Fow.er, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Bacon).

Apogon notata (not Sparus notatus Houtruyn) Day, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1867, p. 936. Madras.

Archamia notata JoRDAN and Mertz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4,
1909, p. 181, pl. 69 (Takao, Formosa).

Depth 214 to 3; head 22% to 21%, width 2% to 234. Snout 4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 27% to 344, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches opposite middle of eye to 34, expansion 2
to 2% in eye, length 17% to 21% in head; teeth minute, villiform, in
bands in jaws, also few weak ones in band on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 334 to 4%, slightly convex; preopercle ridge entire, with
broad short spine at angle, hind edge entire and lower edge and around
angle finely denticulate. Gill rakers 3 or 4+16, with 2 or 3 rudi-
mentary tubercles also above and below; length greater than gill
filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 or 3 above, 6 or 7 below, 5 or 6 predorsal with slight median
ridge; 1 or 2 rows of cheek scales to preopercle ridge at angle;
muzzle, including interorbital, maxillary and suborbitals, naked;
median lateral scales deeply and narrowly imbricated. Scales with
2 to 15 basal radiating striae; 18 to 88 small weak apical denticles,
with 2 or 3 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 24% to 22 in total head length, first ray
14% to 124; A. II, 13,1, to 17,1, second spine 24% to 234, first ray 124 to
2; caudal 114 to 114, hind edge slightly emarginate; least depth of
caudal peduncle 2% to 2%; pectoral 14% to 1144; ventral 134 to 2.

Pale brown generally, little paler below, sides and below with silvery
and pale lilac tints. Entire side of head and body with underlaid
dull or obsolete brownish dots. Iris whitish or grayish. Diffuse
dark or dusky brown blotch at caudal base, little less than eye,
usually very conspicuous or contrasted. Fins all uniformly pale
brownish.

Red Sea, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Madagascar, India,
Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Queensland, Melanesia,
Micronesia, Polynesia.

TYPICAL FORM

15162, 16292. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6,1909. Length
58 to 62 mm. 3 examples.

5592. Batangas market, east coast of Luzon. June 7, 1908. Length 78 to
86 mm. 7 examples.

15061. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 54 to 65 mm.
8 examples.

Two examples. Endeavor Strait, northwest Palawan. December 23, 1908.
Length 38 to 40 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 115

17331. Isabel, Basilan Island, South of Zamboanga. September 11, 1909.
Length 66 mm.

7736. Jolo market. February 12,1908. Length 86 mm.

Four examples. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 55
to 59 mm.

23482, 23483. Mariveles wharf, Manila Bay, Luzon. January 30, 1909. Length
68 to 74 mm.

Three examples. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3,1909. Length 464071 mm.

Sixexamples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length 49 to 58 mm.

Thirty-five examples. Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island. April 5, 1909.
Length 32 to 78 mm.

Ninety-seven examples. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909.
Length 22 to 75 mm.

Seven examples. Tara Island. December 15, 1908. Length 22 to 30 mm.

Tenexamples. Tataan Island, Tawi TawiGroup. February 21,1908. Length
67 to 74 mm.

Four examples. Tutu Bay, Jolo market, first anchorage. September 19, 1909.
Length 74 to 79 mm.

10444. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length 60 mm.

15868. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Darvel Bay vicinity, Borneo. September
26, 1909. Length 72 to 79 mm.

23587. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. December 10, 1909.
Length 67 to 76 mm. 8 examples.

Nine examples. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length 35 to 78 mm.

23628, 23629, 23786. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 29, 1909.
Length 65 to 76 mm.

18115 to 18117, 18119, 18498 to 18500. Tana Keke Island, Flores Sea. Decem-
ber 21, 1909. Length 68 to 75 mm.

23411. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 65 to 75 mm,
9 examples.

13056 and 13513. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3,1909. Length
52 to 58 mm.

FUCATA FORM

16291. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6,1909. Length 52 mm.

23789 and 23790. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 50 to
57 mm.

Three examples. Bolalo Bay, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December
21,1908. Length 40 to 43 mm.

6111, 6114, 6115. Bolinao Bay, west coast Luzon. May 10,1909. Length 47 to
48 mm.

Three examples. Busin Harbor, Burias Islands. March 8,1909. Length 48
to 63 mm.

15811, 15813, 15818, 23430. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 13, 1909.
Length 76 to 81 mm.

Thirteen examples. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909.
Length 32 to 69 mm.

21048. Capunuypugan, Generale Island, east coast Mindanao. May 9, 1908.
Length 71 mm.

One example. Caracaran, Batan Island, east coast Luzon. June 8, 1909.
Length 29 mm.

Fourteen examples. Cebu market, Cebu. March 19,1909. Length 30 to 69
mm. [1405.] Translucent, with numerous fine pink specks. Fins pink, with-
out distinct bars.

116 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

120, 121, 124 to 126, 128, 130, 131, 23492, 24071. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya
Sound, Palawan Island. December 23, 1908. Length 52 to 69 mm. 11
examples.

17330, 17332, 17351. Isabel Channel, Basilan Island, south of Zamboanga.
September 11,1909. Length 63 to 81 mm. 7 examples.

Thirteen examples. Maagnas Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909.
Length 40 to 60 mm.

23783. Machesi Island, eastern Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 62 mm.

Eight examples. Maleochin Harbor, Linapacan Harbor, Linapacan Strait.
December 18,1908. Length 24 to 29 mm.

14239, 23481. Mariveles wharf. January 30, 1909. Length 58 to 69 mm.
(1106). Pearly, with reddish orange stripes across side about half wide as
interspaces, which together with stripe less than pupil diameter. Blackish
at caudal base. Lower head and chest with golden wash. Over all obscure
specks of dusky or purplish, not showing markedly until colors faded. More
or less distinct orange stripe across snout from eye to eye and correspond-
ing golden blotch on hind portion of iris.

16496, 16497. Masamat Bay, Quinalasag Island. June 12, 1909. Length
43 mm.

Four examples. Polloc, southern Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length 48 to
63 mm.

Two hundred ninety-one examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908.
Length 22 to 72 mm.

23785. Port Palapag,east coast Luzon. June 2,1909. Length 2f to 53 mm.
33 examples.

Sixty-four examples. Port Palapag. June 3,1909. Length 21 to 34 mm.

Six examples. Port Uson, Mayanpayan Island. December 17,1908. Length
60to65mm. (874). Transparent silvery iridiscent pink.. Head with orange
shades. Side with slightly backwardly curved bars, one through each tube of
lateral line. Fins pink. Caudal dusky at extreme tip, with large diffuse
dusky blotch at base.

Fifteen examples. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 1,
1909. Length 24 to 70mm. Male with buccal ova.

Nine examples. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10,1909. Length
34 to 68 mm. (1291.) Translucent pearly. Head and breast with orange.
tints. Sides with curved, transverse bars of bright orange, showing through
middle of scale rows. Dorsal dusky pink, without bars. Caudal similar,
dusky behind. Anal pink, with orange bar near base. Paired fins pink,
pectorals with orange bar at base.

Nine examples. San Roque, Leyte Island. January 29,1909. Length 49: to.
66 mm.

17114, 17978 to 17980. Simalue Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawi Tawi Group.
September 23,1909. Length 57 to 73 mm.

Nine examples. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21,1908. Length
58 to 73 mm. (260.)

18910, 18911. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboagna. September 9, 1909.
Length 63 to 66 mm.

23424, 24019 to 24021. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19,
1909. Length 68 to 78 mm. 17 examples.

Two examples. Ulugan Bay, near Rita Island, Palawan. December 29, 1908.
Length 42 to 47 mm.

23588. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. December 10, 1909.
Length 48 to 73 mm. 12 examples.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 117

Four examples. Tomahu, vicinity Bouro Island. December 11, 1909. Length
49 to 65 mm.

Fifty-nine examples. Tomahu. December 12,1909. Length 31 to 70 mm.
Male with buccal ova.

23965 to 23968. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11,1909. Length 40 to
57 mm.

20668, 20669. Sadaa Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 17, 1909.
Length 64 to 66 mm.

18118, 18497. Tana Keke Island, Flores Sea. December 21, 1909. Length 34
to 74mm. 7 examples.

23412, 23413. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 71 to
75mm. 5 examples.

23449, 23450. Doworra Island, Patiente Strait. December 2, 1909. Length
72 to 80 mm.

Four examples. Labuan Blanda Island, Patiente Strait. December 14, 1909.
Length 43 to 63 mm.

23797. Makyan Island. November 29,1909. Length 72 mm.

8400 to 8407. Hokuho, Soo Wan, Formosa. January 29, 1910. Length 66 to
90 mm.

18420. Nan Wan, Formosa. January 25,1910. Length 73 mm.

ARCHAMIA ZOSTEROPHORA (Bleeker)
Apogon zosterophora BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado),

vol. 1, 1856, p. 36. Manado, Celebes.

Apogon zosterophorus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 245
(copied).

Amia zosterophora BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 103, pl. (35) 313, fig. 2 (Celebes).

Archamia zosterophora WrEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 236
(Tual, Low Key).—Fowtsr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Phil-
ippines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 28, fig. 12; 1927,
p. 274 (Philippine materials); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 164,
fig. 40 (compiled).

Depth 21% to 234; head 24% to 214, width 2% to 3. Snout 434 to
5 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 3 to 3%, much greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary 14 to 3 in eye, expansion 2, length 17% to
2; teeth minute, villiform, in narrow bands in jaws and few on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 4 to 414, slightly convex; preopercle ridge
entire, edge finely minute. Gill rakers 4+15, lanceolate, slender,
twice gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 5 predorsal; 2 rows of cheek scales; muzzle
including interorbital, suborbitals and maxillary naked. Tubes in
lateral line well exposed, each with small basal scale. Scales with 7
to 9 basal radiating striae; sometimes with 22 weak apical denticles;
circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 23% to 234 in total head length, first ray
1% to 14% ; A. II, 15,1, or 16, 1, second spine 21 to 3, first ray 124
to 134; caudal 14% to 114, moderately emarginate behind; least
depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 234; pectoral 1144 to 134; ventral 2
to 2.

118 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Light or pale brown generally, sides and below little paler and
silvery reflections on side of head and abdomen. Blackish brown
- band, narrower than pupil, from snout tip to eye. Cheek and some-
times opercle or edge of gill opening with obscure dusky dots.
Broad blackish brown body band transversely and inclined little
forward from all or greater part of soft dorsal base to postventral
region, often reflected on dorsal and sometimes variously invading
front of anal. Small blackish median basal caudal spot, less than
half of eye. Iris silvery white.

East Indies, Philippines. A very handsome small species and very
strongly contrasted in color pattern. This shows but little variation,
though in preserved examples is often quite pale. Specimens from
Manila Bay and vicinity and some from Mantaquin Bay, Palawan,
lack the cross bands in alcohol and have the caudal spot very small.
They also have a slightly smaller eye and slenderer caudal peduncle.

23801. Below mouth of Mindanao River, Cotabato, Mindanao. May 20, 1908.
3 examples. Length 45 to 55 mm.

Twelve examples. Biri Channel, southern Biri Island. June 2, 1909. Length
52 to 60 mm.

Two hundred and eight examples. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21,
1908. Length 28 to 51 mm.

292, 293, 294, 7090. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. 15 exam-
ples. Length 51 to 61 mm.

14252. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 58 mm.

One example. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 58 mm.

Twenty-one examples. Endeavor Strait, north-west coast of Palawan. Decem-
ber 22,1908. Length 50 to 58 mm.

24072, 24073. Endeavor Strait. December 23, 1908. 3 examples. Length
49 to 56 mm.

14110. Endeavor Strait. December 24,1908. Length 48 mm.
Eight examples. Isabel Channel, Basilan Island. September 11,1909. Length
52 to 58 mm.
(D. 5360). Limbones Cove, Manila Bay, Luzon. February 8, 1909. Length
47 mm.

15802, 15803, 15804, 23392, 23784, 23791. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,
1909. Length 55 to 60 mm.

One example. Manila Harbor. January 1, 1908. Length 48 mm.

Thirty-two examples. Mantacao Island west of Bohol Island. April 8, 1908.
Length 28 to 59 mm.

Twelve examples. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 2, 1909. Length
40 to 46 mm.

One example. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908.
Length 47 mm.

19956. Port Galera, Mindoro. October 27, 1909. Length 57 mm.

Forty-nine examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 44
to 58 mm.

23787, 23788, 23792, 23793. Port Palapag, east coast of Luzon. June 3, 1909.
Length 57 to 63 mm.

Thirty-three examples. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908.
Length 50 to 59 mm. (924). Translucent silvery gray, slightly dusky above

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 119

and purplish iridescence above anal. Black stripe across snout from front of
eves. Orange brown bar under hind limb or preopercle and across hinder edge
of opercle. Throat and ventral surface more or less orange brown. Black bar
from second dorsal obliquely forward to belly. Fins pink. Small black blotch
at caudal base.

Two examples. Puerta Princesa Island, eastern Palawan. April 5, 1909.
Length 50 to 53 mm.

17490. Refugio Island, Pasacao, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 51 mm,

23659 to 23673. Rapurapu Island. January 22, 1909 (23671 with buccal eggs).
Length 39 to 68 mm. 35 examples.

Eleven examples. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1909. Length 47 to 56 mm.

Four examples. Romblon Harbor. March 26, 1909. Length 57 or 58 mm.

Fourexamples. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April1,1909. Length
32 to 43 mm.

8068. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length 57 mm.

Eleven examples. Sangley Point, Cavite, Luzon. March 23,1908. Length 50
to 54 mm.

8292 to 8295. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay. June 4, 1909. Length 52 to
59 mm.

23802. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 50 to 56 mm.

Twelve examples. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19,1908. Length 58
to 64 mm. (158). Pearly gray. Broad black bar from soft dorsal across
to vent, broken by numerous light nuclei. Two narrow orange brown bars
across back of head, one near hinder opercle edge and one near hinder preo-
percle edge. Breast colored similarly to black area of sides. Branchiostegal
margin orange brown. Dark umber brown stripe before eye across snout to
opposite eye. Lower jaw tip dusky. Spinous dorsal pale dusky orange.
Soft dorsal with pinkish shades, blackish at base. Caudal pink, narrowly
tipped with black. Small black spot on caudal peduncle at base. Anal pink.
Ventral light reddish brown, base marked by bar of same color.

24082. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21, 1908. 11 examples.
Length 54 to 68 mm.

Twenty-one examples. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19,
1909. Length 56 to 66 mm.

Twenty-eight examples. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908.
Length 40 to 52 mm.

One example. Ulugan Bay, near Rita Island. December 29, 1908. Length
48 mm.

23794, 23795. Bumbum Island, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25,
1909. Length 48 to56 mm. 6 examples.

15869. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September
26,1909. Length 48 to 67 mm.

13297, 23803, 24051. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909.
Length 38 to 59mm. 11 examples.

23590 to 23592. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. 9 examples.
Length 60 to 66 mm.

23857, 23858. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November
19,1909. 3 examples. Length 38 to 58 mm.

23937, 24063 to 24065. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909.
Length 57 to 67 mm.

Twenty examples. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length
59 to 68 mm.

88137—30——9

120 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

IOAMIA,’ new subgenus
Type.—Apogomichthys gracilis BLEEKER.
Diagnosis.—Body slender, depth 3 to 324. Dark median longitu-
dinal band on side of body.

ARCHAMIA GRACILIS (Bleeker)

A pogonichthys gracilis BLErKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indie, vol. 10, 1856,
p. 371. Ternate.—Gitntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 246
(copied).—KArou1, Termesz. Fizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 152
(Sarangoon, Singapore).

Amia gracilis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 102
(Ternate); vol. 8, 1877-78, pl. (65) 348, fig. 2.

Apogonichthys nudus Ree@an, Journ. Bombay Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 16, 1905,
p. 321, pl. 3, fig. 6. Karachi.

Apogonichthys mentalis EVERMANN and Sxatsx, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 74, fig. 10. Bacon, Sorsogon.

Depth 3 to 324; head 2% to 314, width 214 to 224. Snout 4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 234 to 3,
length 236 to 224 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws and few
weak ones on vomer and palatines indistinctly visible and feeble;
interorbital 4 to 41%, very slightly convex; peropercle ridge and edge
entire. Gill rakers 9+ 20, finely lanceolate, twice gill filaments or 4
of eye.

Scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 5 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head naked, except cheeks and
opercles, venulose over suborbitals. Lateral line of rather slender
tubes, well exposed. Scales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae; 24 to
43 weak short apical denticles; circuli moderate.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 214 to 2% in total head length, first ray
13% to 1%; A. II, 12,1, second spine 334 to 34%, second ray 24% to
214; caudal 14% to 1%, well forked, lobes slender and pointed; least
depth of caudal peduncle 27% to 34%; pectoral 114 to 14%; ventral 2
to 2%.

Pale brown generally, with silvery white reflections, especially about
head and chest where also pale blue to violet or lilac tints. At snout
above brown band given off each side over eye. Broad brown band
along side of snout, through eye. On postocular pale or whitish
horizontal band back over shoulder but not passing beyond first
dorsal, margined with brown above and below which often with dark
or small blackish spot in each behind level of pectoral origin in ver-
tical. Fins all pale brownish.

Karachi, East Indies, Philippines.

(D. 5360). Limbones Cove, Manila Bay. In 12 fathoms. February 8, 1909.
Length 37 to 62 mm. 8 examples.

7{ 6s, arrow, with reference to the narrow or slender body; Amia.

;

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 12]

23326. Simaluc Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909. Length 42
mm.
24018. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19,1909. Length 54 mm.
One example. Tomahu Island, vicinity Bouro Island. December 11, 1909.
Length 32 mm.
Genus HYNNODUS Gilbert

Hynnodus GitBert, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2, 1903 (1905), p.
617. Type Hynnodus atherinoides GILBERT, monotypic.

Scepierias JORDAN and JorpDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 1,
December, 1922, p, 44. Type Scepterias fragilis JonDAN and JoRDAN,
orthotypic.

Parahynnodus BaRNarRD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 525.
Type Parahynnodus robustus BARNARD, monotypic.

Body very elongate, slender. Caudal peduncle long. Head large,
robust, wider than deep. Eyes very large, over 14 of head. Mouth
terminal. Minute teeth in jaws, subequal on vomer and palatines.
Opercle with single spine. Pseudobranchiae very large. Gills 4,
slit behind fourth arch. Gill rakers 14 to 16 on lower branch of first
arch. Branchiostegals,7. Scales 48 or 49 in lateral line to caudal
base, very deciduous. Tubes in lateral line enlarged, each scale per-
forated by canal opening on outer surface beneath an antero-posterior
bridge, on dorsal and ventral side of which wide external pores.
Two wide set low dorsals, first of 6 or 7 spines, second of spine and
10 rays. Anal with 2 spines and 7 to 9 rays. Caudal forked.

We find nothing in the account of Scepterias to distinguish it from
Hynnodus and its genotype was smaller (116 mm.) than most of our
materials. Parahynnodus is certainly very close to this genus and
we think probably synonymous. It is said to differ in the absence
of teeth and the pores of the lateral line simple, hardly characters
for generic distinction.

HYNNODUS ATHERINOIDES Gilbert

Hynnodus atherinoides GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2, 1903
(1905), p. 618, pl. 79. Pailolo Channel, Hawaii, in 284 to 290 fathoms.—
Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 165 (Lahaina, Maui).

Hynnodus megalops Smira and Rapcuirre, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol 41,
1912, p. 445, pl. 38, fig. 3. Between Burias and Luzon and north Min-
danao, Philippines (N. Lat. 12° 51’ 30’’, E. Long. 128° 26’ 15’’, in 226
fathoms).

Scepterias fragilis JoRDAN and JorDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 1,
December, 1922, p. 45, pl. 2, fig. 2. Honolulu.

Depth 51% to 6144; head 2% to 2%, width 134 to174. Snout 414
to 424 in head from snout tip; eye 234 to 24%, orbital socket 24% to
214, eye more than twice snout, about twice bony interorbital and
much greater than space as seen between orbital sockets from head
below; maxillary extends opposite first, fourth, or fifth of orbital
socket, narrow, length 236 in head; very narrow band of minute
simple curved teeth in each jaw, also similar teeth in single row on

122 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vomer and each palatine; interorbital (bony) 44% to 51%, concave;

opercular spine slender, projects beyond gill opening; preopercle ridge

entire. Gill rakers 7+17, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 3 in
orbital socket. :

Scales 48 or 49 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 to 8 more on
latter; 4 above, 7 below, 7 or 8 predorsal to occiput and 22 to end of
snout; row of scales along very narrow cheek below eye. Tubes in
lateral line slender, each bifid and diverge. Most fins more or less
scaly, at least basally, except spinous dorsal, caudal largely covered.
Scales with 12 to 15 basal radiating striae; 49 to 70 apical denticles,
in 5 to 7 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. VII-I, 10, 1, third spine 2 to 214% in total head length, first
branched ray 144 to 214; A. II, 9,1, second spine 5 to 6, first branched
ray 21¢ to 224; caudal 114 to 1%, forked, lobes pointed; least depth
of caudal peduncle 31% to 4; pectoral 214 to 224; ventral 17% to 236.

Body generally brown, scales all more or less sprinkled with deep
sepia brown or dusky dots, mostly marginal. Head and fins all
more or less with dusky so whole appearance soiled or dark. Iris and
inside gill opening dusky to blackish. Gill covers with dusky silvery
or neutral tints, blue tinge on opercle.

Philippines, Hawaii. We have compared the type with the mate-
rials of Smith and Radcliffe of their Hynnodus megalops and are
unable to separate them. Their contention that Gilbert’s fish ‘‘is
slenderer, has a shorter head, snout and maxillary, and a slenderer
caudal peduncle” are simply minor discrepancies of portraiture and
should never have been credited as specific distinctions! There are
absolutely no grounds for separating the Philippine fish. In some
respects Gilbert’s figure has been incorrectly idealized as the broken
rays, compared with Philippine examples, show they are in agreement.
(D. 5388). 3778 to 3780. Bagatao Island Light (outer) S. 86° E., 21 miles

(12° 51’ 30” N., 128° 26’ 15’’ E.). March 11, 1909. Length 130 to 156

mm. (No. 3779 is type of Hynnodus megalops Smith and Radcliffe, No.

70255, U.S.N.M., 156 mm.).

(D. 5508). 2364. Camp Overton Light, Tligan Bay, S. 6° E., 4.9 miles, northern
Mindanao (8° 17’ 24’’ N., 124° 11’ 42”’ E.). August 5, 1909. Length
105 mm.

51601 U.S.N.M. Hawaii. Albatross Collection. Type of Hynnodus atherinoides
Gilbert. Length 113 mm.

Genus CHEILODIPTERUS Lacépéde

Cheilodipterus LackpkpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, p. 539. Type
Cheilodipterus lineatus LAckPkpE, designated by JorpAN and EVERMANN,
Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 63.

Chilodipterus GUntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 248. Type
Cheilodipterus lineatus LAchPEDE.

Paramia BuEEKkER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 233. Type
Cheilodipterus lineatus LachrkpE. Paramia BLEEKER proposed to replace
Cheilodipterus LACEPEDE.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 123

Body moderately elongate. Eye large. Teeth in villiform bands
in jaws, on vomer and palatines, usually some in both jaws enlarged
canines. Opercle without spine. Preopercle ridge entire or serrate,
edge serrate. Gill rakers 12 to 15 on lower branch of first arch.
Branchiostegals 7. Scales large, deciduous, 22 to 24 in lateral line to
caudal base. Head scaly. Two separated dorsals, first with 6 spines,
second with spine and 8 to 10 rays. Anal with 2 spines and 8 or 9
rays. Caudal emarginate or forked. Coloration usually with dark
longitudinal stripes.

Small tropical fishes, differing from Amia chiefly in the presence
of canine teeth in the jaws.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a}, DESMOAMIA new subgenus. Single, median, dark, lateral band and paler
parallel band along back; caudal without median dark or black basal spot.
zonatus
a?, CHEILODIPTERUS. Four to 9 or more dark longitudinal bands; usually dark,
round, basal caudal spot.
b'. Four black longitudinal bands, slightly narrower than pale interspaces.
nigrotaeniatus
b?. Five dark or black longitudinal bands.
c!. Dark longitudinal bands not extending on head and whole coloration with-

Ouimbandsicontrasted ss, 0i seek ee Be singapurensis
c?, Dark lateral bands extending on head and greatly contrasted.
quinquelineatus

b8. Seven to 9 dark brown longitudinal bands, slightly narrower than pale
interspaces, each of which may have a dark intermediate parallel line, with
Paarnuihispinereasee ia 1g 6 ee a ag as pews a .---lineatus

DESMOAMIA,’ new subgenus

Type.—Cheilodipterus zonatus Smit and RavcuiFFE.
Magnosis.—Single, median dark lateral band and paler parallel
band along back. Caudal without black median basal spot.
CHEILODIPTERUS ZONATUS Smith and Radcliffe
Cheilodipterus zonatus Smita and RapcuirFre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
41, 1912, p. 443, pl. 38, fig. 1. South Rita and Endeavor Strait, Palawan.
Depth 4 to 414; head 23% to 244, width 2% to 2144. Snout 4 to
4% in head from snout tip; eye 3% to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 7% in eye, expansion 2 to 2,4, in eye,
length 1,3, to 2; teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and pala-
tines and outer series of about 8 anteriorly aboveas slightly canine-like;
small canine each side of mandible, another each side of vomer and row
of outer enlarged mandibular laterals, posteriorly largest; interorbital
5, nearly level or only slightly depressed; preopercle ridge and edge
entire. Gill rakers 5+15, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 14 in
eye, also some as rudiments.

§ decuos band, with reference to the median dark lateral band; Amia.

124 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter;
2 above, 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head scaly, except
cheeks and opercles, upper surface venulose. Tubes in lateral line
large, well exposed, with small basal scale to each tube but little
exposed. Scales with 10 or 11 basal radiating striae; 50 to 52 apical
denticles, with 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 8,1, second spine 21% to 214 in total head length, first ray
2 to 214; A. II, 8, 1, second spine 43% ?, first ray 214% to 2%; caudal
11% ?, emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 3;
pectoral 2% to 224; ventral 134 to 2.

Back rich brown leaving pale dorsal line along upper edge of back
from interorbital to soft dorsal. Well defined median blackish brown
band from snout through eye and back to caudal base medianly
though little low along side of caudal peduncle, ending in point at
caudal base. Iris, except as crossed by dark band, silvery white.
Fins all pale uniform brownish. Upper and lower edges of caudal
narrowly darker brown than rest of fin.

Only known from the type and paratype listed below.

982. Ulugan Bay, Rita Island, Palawan. December 29, 1908. Length 65 mm.
(Type No. 70253 U.S.N.M.)

968. Endeavor Strait; northwest coast of Palawan. December 22, 1908.
Length 60 mm. Dusky appearance on body given by numerous fine dark
dots on scales. Upper lip over premaxillaries violet. Blackish line from
snout through eye across opercle and along side of tail; on side below blackish
line narrow and metallic light green line half as wide. Region on body below
these two lines and chin dusky yellow, on opercle and on iris under pupil
bright yellow. Blackish line, narrower and fainter than median lateral dark
line, extends along back on each side of dorsal fins from snout to tail. Obso-
lete similar line medially from nape to second dorsal. On nape, between dark
lines, spaces decided lavender metallic green and same spaces between nape
and first dorsal, purplish metallic. Two dorsal lines converge before eyes and
become deep violet, remainder of snout dusky with wash of yellow. Region
between prominent dark line along side and first dorsal line (above) light
metallic green, becoming metallic violet on upper part of opercle. First dor-
sal and ventrals washed with yellow, other fins dusky hyaline.

Subgenus CHEILODIPTERUS Lacépéde

Four to nine or more dark longitudinal bands. Usually dark, round,
basal caudal spot present.

CHEILODIPTERUS NIGROTAENIATUS Smith and Radcliffe
Cheilodipterus nigrotaeniatus SmirH and RapcuiFFe#, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 41, 1912, p. 442, pl. 37, fig. 3. Northeast Sacol Island, Philippines.

Depth 3 to 334; head 2% to 234, width 224. Snout 3% to 4 in
head; eye 314, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
opposite hind pupil edge, expansion 2 in eye, length 2 in head; teeth
in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines and row of irregular
enlarged outer teeth in jaws; interorbital 514 to 53, level; preopercle

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 125

ridge and edge entire. Gill rakers 4+ 14, finely spinescent, lanceolate,

equal gill filaments or 3% in eye.

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 2 above,
6 below, 7 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows on cheek; head venulose on inter-
orbital and cranium and naked, except on cheeks and opercles. Lateral
line of simple tubes well exposed and each with small basal scale.
Scales with 15 or 16 basal radiating striae; 56 to 70 apical denticles,
in 3 or 4 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 224 to 23% in head, first ray 17% to 2; A.
II, 8, 1, second spine 33% to 33%, first ray 2 to 2%; caudal 1% to 1%,
emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 27% to 3; pectoral
214; ventral 1% to 2.

General color whitish. Blackish brown band begins at occiput,
divides and extends along each side close along dorsal bases to unite
behind soft dorsal, then extendsto caudal. Second dark band begins
over eye and extends to base of upper caudal lobe. Third dark band
runs along side of snout through eye and back over median axis of
body to caudal base medianly. Fourth dark band from lower anterior
face of mandible, over infraorbital back to pectoral base and then
back to middle of lower caudallobe. Caudal base with a few irregular
blackish spots of small size. Fins otherwise all pale to whitish.

Philippines and East Indies. Only known from the materials listed
here.

15773 (S. 1916). Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9,1909. Length
80mm. (Type No. 70252, U.S.N.M.) Dusky median dorsal stripe, prob-
ably black in life; dusky stripe across snout continued behind eye as median
lateral jet black stripe; branch over eye runs above lateral line to caudal pedun-
cle as black stripe; third black lateral stripe crosses chin and runs backward
under eye and through base of pectoral to bases of lower caudal rays; inter-
vals between dark stripes and lower surface of body clouded white; on head
intervals bright yellow and area behind eye running back far as second dorsal
with yellow. Spinous dorsal hyaline. Soft dorsal slightly dusky in front.
Caudal dusky, stripes of sides broken into dots at base of fin. Other fins
dusky or hyaline.

8071. Sacol Island. September 9, 1909. Length 77 mm.

21410. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19, 1909. Length
77 mm.

One specimen. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length
75 mm.

CHEILODIPTERUS SINGAPURENSIS Bleeker

Cheilodipterus singapurensis (CASTELNAU) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland.
Indié, vol. 20, 1859-60, p. 452. Singapore.—K<Arou1, Termesz. Fizetek,
Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 153 (Singapore).—Braurort, Bijd. Dierk.,
Amsterdam, 1913, p. 116 (Beo, Majalibit Bay, Waigiu).—Fow.er, Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 165 (compiled).

Paramia singapurensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 106, pl. (35) 313, fig. 4 (Singapore).

126 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 32% to 34%; head 24% to 224, width 224 to 244. Snout 344
to 4 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 334 to 4, greater than snout
or interorbital though subequal with snout with age; maxillary to
hind pupil edge in young, to hind eye edge with age, expansion 14
to 2 in eye, length 12 to 1% in head; anteriorly above 6 canines
and as many smaller conic teeth, below 4 large front canines and 3
lateral each side; posteriorly in upper jaw and on vomer and each
palatine band of villiform teeth; interorbital 54% to 6, level; pre-
opercle ridge and edge entire, latter finely serrate in young. Gill
rakers 1+7, also with 2 rudiments above and 5 or 6 below; length
34 of gill filaments or 324 in eye.

Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3: more on
latter; 2 above, 7 below, 7 predorsal, 3 or 4 rows of scales on cheek
to preopercle ridge. Scales with 15 to 27 basal radiating striae;
81 to 116 apical denticles, with 3 to 6 transverse series of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 21% to 224 in total head length, first ray
124 to 144; A.II, 8,1, second spine 234 to 3, first ray 134 to 2; caudal
114 to 1%, hind edge slightly emarginate with lobes rounded; least
depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 244; pectoral 144 to 2; ventral 1%
to 2.

Brown on back and above, little paler below. Traces of five diffuse
dark brown longitudinal bands, not well defined and more obscure in
large examples. Small examples with small obscure dusky neutral
blotch, less than pupil, at middle of caudal base. Also many exam-
ples with still more contrasted blotch of blackish surrounding vent.
Fins brownish, more or less clouded with deeper or dusky and spinous
dorsal usually quite dark terminally. Ventrals darker terminally.
Iris brownish.

Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. Easily known by its subdued
coloration and the dark longitudinal bands not extending on the head.
9293, 11274, 16364. Biri Channel, east coast of Luzon. June 1, 1909. Length

117 to 180 mm.

9941. Biri Channel. June 2, 1909. Length 139 mm.

16868. Bisucay Island, Cuyos Islands. April 9, 1909. Length 182 mm.

23042, 23043. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length 156
to 165 mm.

15028, 16770 to 16774. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 7, 1909. Length

66 to 167 mm.
172. Busin Harbor. March 8, 1909. Length 158 mm.

7483. Busin Harbor. April 22, 1909. Length 196 mm.

14241, 14245, 14246. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length
128 to 151 mm.

23986. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18,1908. Length 85 mm.

16316, 23381, 23382. Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan. December
23,1908. Length 88 to 117 mm.

6803. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28, 1909. Length
105 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 127

° 15205. Mactan Island, Cebu. March 25, 1909. Length 141 mm.

23039 to 23041. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 150 to 161 mm.

23635, 23636, 23638, 23639. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao Island. August 21,
1909. Length 49 to 128 mm. 5 examples.

10655. Polloc, Mindanao Island. May 22,1908. Length 141 mm.

15477, 15478, 17165. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 137
to 156 mm.

23263. Port Palapag, eastern Luzon. June 3,1909. Length 108 mm.

5550. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan Island. April 1, 1909. Length
193 mm.

23070. Romblon Harbor, Romblon. March 25,1908. Length 99 mm.

7015. Romblon. March 26,1908. Length 184 mm.

15769 to 15772. Sacol Island, east of Zamboanga Island. September 9, 1909.
Length 83 to 142 mm.

17786. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay, Mindoro Island. June 4,1909. Length
170 mm. .

12228, 14175. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 96 to
127 mm.

24062. Shore above Iloilo River, Panay. June 2,1908. Length 48 mm.

19017. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13,1909. Length
160 mm.

23034. Tataan, Simaluec Island. February 20,1908. Length 141 mm.

8043 (341). Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 26,1908. Length
131 mm.

23072. Tumindao Reef, south end. February 26,1908. Length 54 mm.

7921, 7923, 11688, 23048. Tutu Bay, first anchorage, Jolo Island. September
19,1909. Length 71 to 138 mm.

16087, 16088, 16089, 24113. Ulugan Bay, Oyster Inlet, Palawan. December 28,
1908. Length 46 to 108 mm.

240. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29,1908. Length 106 mm.

14519, 15438, 15440. Ulugan Bay, Rita Island. December 29, 1908. Length
77 to 148 mm.

17856. Bumbum Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25, 1909.
Length 145 mm.

23044, 23045, 23760. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum Island. January 6, 1910.
Length 67 to 125 mm.

15833. Reef northwest Tumindao, vicinity of Darvel Bay. September 24, 1909.
Length 125 mm.

14873, 23393. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. Novem-
ber 16,1909. Length 123 to 1385 mm.

13093. Kapoposang Island, Celebes. December 28,1909. Length 146 mm.

20666. Sadaa Island, Celebes. November 17,1909. Length 131 mm.

9705, 14397, 14937, 22736, 23551 to 23554. Talisse Island, North of Celebes.
November 9, 1909. Length 52 to 144 mm.

23852, 23853, 23922. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 19, 1909. Length 96 to 122 mm.

21474. Dowarra Island. December 2, 1909. Length 112 mm.

13055. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length 128 mm.

23051. Tomahu Island. December 11,1909. Length 62 mm.

CHEILODIPTERUS QUINQUELINEATUS Cuvier

Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus CuviER, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 167.
Society Islands.—LrEsson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, 1830, p. 237
(Borabora, Society Islands).—Ritprretit, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p.

128 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

89 (Red Sea).—KuunzinecuErR, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 716 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 682
(Andamans); Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 66.—CaAsTELNAU, Res. Fish.
Austral. (Victoria Off. Rec. Philadelphia Exhib.), 1875, p. 9 (Cape York,
Queensland).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14,
1885, p. 18 (Cebu; Rubi, New Guinea).—Tuurston, Notes Pearl Fisher.
Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Pamban).—Wepskmr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,
1913, p. 239 (Biaru Island; Saleyer).—Fowuzr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci-
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Phillipines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 165 (Nukuhiva, Raiatea, Faté, New Guinea, Papeete, Apia, Vavau).

Chilodipterus quinquelineatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 248 (Amboyna).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 22 (Zanzibar
and Aden).—GiuinrTuHEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 18738, p. 23
(Society Islands; Taumotus).—KLunzinGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,
p. 23.—STEINDACHNER and D6pDERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Nat. KI., vol. 48, 1884, p. 4 (Kagoshima, Japan).—Day, Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 502.—Eurra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 471
(Cebu).—RerGAN, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 224
(Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus.,
vol. 21, 1927, p. 526 (Mozambique).

Paramia quinquelineata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 105, pl. (48) 326, fig. 2 (Sumatra, Nias, Batu, Singapore, Banka, Cocos,
Java, Celebes, Sangir, Solor, Halmaheira, Ternate, Batjan, Amboina,
Ceram).—JoRDAN and Snypsmr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1901,
p. 907 (copied).—JorpAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 252 (Apia and Pago Pago).

Apogon novemstriatus RiiprELy, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 85, pl. 22,
fig 1. Massauah, Red Sea.

Cheilodipterus popur THIOLLIDRE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 142. Woodlark
Island.

Depth 3 to 4; head 214 to 21%, width 214 to 2144. Snout 4 to 444
in head from snout tip; eye 24% to 344, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches opposite 34 to 24 in eye, expansion 2 to 244
in eye, length 1% to 2 in head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, on
vomer and palatines, 2 moderate or small canines above anteriorly each
side, and 3 or 4 small lower lateral canines; interorbital 414 to 6,
nearly level; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely serrate. Gill rakers
1+ 9, also 5 or 6 rudiments above and below and equal gill filaments,
which 234 in eye.

Seales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter;
2 or 3 above, 6 below, 5 predorsal, 2 rows of scales on cheek to
preopercle ridge; muzzle, including interorbital, suborbitals and
maxillary, naked. Scales with 6 to 14 basal radiating striae; 23 to
83 apical denticles, either uniserial or with only 1 row of basal
elements; circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9,1, third spine 2 to 214 in total head, first ray 134 to
144; A. II, 8,1, second spine 214 to 23%, first ray 136 to 214; caudal
114% to 1144, deeply emarginate to forked; least depth of caudal
peduncle 27% to 3; pectoral 124 to 244; ventral 2 to 2%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 129

Largely dull warm brown, scarcely paler below and sides with
silvery reflections. Five deep longitudinal deep brown sharply
defined bands, also median one below from chest to anal; on head
posteriorly and on trunk bands all more or less wider or expanded to
about half diameter of pupil; at caudal base median lateral band
broken to offset black spot at middle of caudal base, which little less
than pupil. Iris whitish or silvered except as crossed by median
dark lateral band. Fins all more or less pale or light brownish to
whitish; front edge of spinous dorsal dark brown or dusky; upper
and lower caudal edges narrowly bordered with dusky, variably
rather pale. Very small examples without lowest dark lateral band
and ventral median dark band not complete on chest; caudal spot
also larger; lower teeth better developed than adult or with more
canines.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Seychelles, India, Andamans,
East Indies, Philippines, Japan, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia.

24078. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf. March 6, 1909. Length 60 mm.

9292, 23439. Biri Channel. June 1, 1909. Length 95 to 106 mm.

23467, 23765. Biri Channel. June 2,1909. Length 71 to 82mm. Male with
buccal ova.

23060. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21,1908. Sexamples. Length
45 to 80 mm.

16777. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 7, 1909. Length 82 mm.

19443, 19444. Cagayan, Jolo. January 8, 1909. Length 71 to 76 mm.

14247, 14248. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 64 to
84 mm.

23093. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length
65 mm.

15091, 15092, 15094, 15096, 15098. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island.
February 24, 1909. Length 41 to 75 mm.

12100. Capunuypugan Point, Generale Island, east coast, Mindanao. May 10,
1908. Length 63 mm.

15509. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8, 1909. Length 95 mm.

13177, 24054. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 17, 1908. 6 examples.
Length 68 to 98 mm.

23996 to 23998. Cataingan Bay. April 18, 1908. Length 48 to 67 mm.

16097. Cataingan Bay. May 14,1909. Length 70 mm.

Twenty-nine examples. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 16, 1908. Length
73 to 116 mm.

(1822?) Cebu market. August 28,1909. Length 66 mm.

23077, 23496, 28497. Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan. Decem-
ber 22, 1908. Length 67 to 72 mm.

15742, 15744, 15745. Endeavor Strait. December 23, 1908. Length 47 to
85 mm.

23102, 23103. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length 70 to 80 mm.

23518 to 23520. Guiniyan Island. June 4, 1909. Length 75 to90 mm. Male
with buccal ova.

9902. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 8, 1909. Length 75 mm.

17341, 17345, 23947, 23948. Isabel, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909.
Length 73 to 82mm. Male with buccal ova.

130 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

23705. Jolo. March 6—-7,1908. Length 87 mm.

23918, 23919. Limbones Cove, Luzon Island. February 8, 1909. Length 65
to 74 mm. (1130). Pearl color. Stripes black, caudal spot in lemon yellow
area about size of eye.

One example. Mactan Island. August 31,1909. Length 38 mm.

5738, 5739. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3,1909. Length 88 or 89 mm.

15801, 15010, 15011, 23078, 23079, 23391. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,
1909. 14 examples. Length 59 to 86 mm.

Five examples. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length
41 to 76 mm.

11228. Mantaquin Bay, eastern Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length 75 mm.

Three specimens. Maribojoc Bay, Maribojoc, Bohol. March 26,1909. Length
67 to 89 mm. Two males with buccal ova.

21971 to 21973. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 74 to
79 mm.

23086. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16,1909. Length 66 mm.

Three examples. Opol, Mindanao. August 4,1909. Length 75 to 104 mm.

23834 to 23840. Pandanon Island. March 23, 1909. Length 55 to 79 mm.
Male with buccal ova.

10537. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 90 mm.

Two examples. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length
40 to 44 mm.

23058, 23059. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length 80 to 82 mm.

One example. Port Galera, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 31 mm.

One example. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length 46 mm.

65. Port Langean, Palawan Island. April 8,1909. Length 77 mm.

14471, 23100, 23101. Port Palapag. June 2,1909. Length71to92mm. Male
with buceal ova.

Oneexample. Port Palapag. June3,1909. Length74mm. Male with buccal
ova.

21003. Pujada Bay, Mindanao Island. May 15,1908. Length 62 mm.

23558. Rapurapu Island. June 22,1909. Length 44 mm.

One example. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April1,1909. Length
74mm. Male with buccal ova.

23046, 23047, 23071, 23073. Reef south lagoon, Tumindao Island, Sulu
Archipelago. February 26,1908. Length 32 to 85 mm.

23097, 23098. Romblon. March 26,1908. Length 67 to 75 mm.

23066 to 23069. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length 53 to 69 mm.
Male with buccal eggs.

One example. Saboon Island, Ragay Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909-
Length 43 mm.

14057, 15775. Sacol Island. September 9, 1909. Length 42 to 69 mm.
3 examples.

8279. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay, Luzon. June 4, 1909. Length 77 mm.

Six examples. San Miguel Port, Ticao Island, between Burias and Luzon.
April 21, 1908. Length 49 to 81 mm.

23982. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 60 mm.

23085. Simulae Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 22, 1909. Length
60 mm.

23053 to 23055, 23084. Surigao, Mindanao Island. May 8, 1908. Length
538 to 80 mm. Male with buccal ova.

24014. Tara Island. December 15,1909. Length 49 mm.

23065. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19, 1908. Length 46 to95 mm. 15
examples.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 131

Thirty-eight examples. Tataan. February 20, 1908. Length 55 to 92 mm.

One example. Tataan Pass. February 21,1908. Length 77 mm.

6146, 24057. Tonquil Island east of Gumila Reef. September 14,1909. Length
43 to 93 mm. 6 examples.

15583. Tulayan Island, Jolo Island. September 15,1909. Length 78 mm.

16585. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length
74 mm.

8035. Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 26,1908. Length 75 mm.
Male with buccal eggs.

23087. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19, 1909. Length
77 mm.

One example. Usadea Island, vicinity of Jolo. March 3,1908. Length 44mm.

23755 to 23759. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum, Trusan Tando Bulong, British
North Borneo. January 6,1910. Length 60 to 83 mm.

23959. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. Septem-
ber 26,1909. Length 78 mm.

23745. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27, 1909. Length 66 mm,

One example. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. December
17,1909. Length 26 mm.

21125. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 78 mm.

9503, 23397. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. November
16,1909. Length 53 to 67 mm.

24037. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909. Length
90 mm.

23981. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11, 1909. Length 66 mm.

23445. Dowarra Island, Gillolo. December 2, 1909. Length 83 mm.

23104. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28, 1909. Length 70 mm.

23694. 23695. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length 60 to 62 mm.

23938. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9,1909. Length 71 mm.

23532, 23877. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25, 1909. Length
85 mm.

CHEILODIPTERUS LINEATUS (Linnaeus)

Perca lineata LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 12, 1758, p. 293. Habitat?;
ed. 12, 1766, p. 489.—ForskKAL, Descript. Animal., 1777, p. 42.—Bonna-
TERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 134.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1,
1789, p. 1319.—Ritpretyt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 89.

Chilodipterus lineatus GintuEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 248
(Red Sea and Madagascar).—Puayrarr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 21
(Zanzibar and Aden).—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p.
656 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 502, fig. 151.—
ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. Kl., vol. 26, pt. 6,
1913, p. 10 (Mekran and Oman).

Cheilodipterus lineatus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20,
1870, p. 717 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p.
66, pl. 18, figs. 8-9 (Gwadar).—BorsiErR1, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genova, vol. 41, 1904, p. 192 (Sciumma on Daalac Island).—Bravurort,
Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 116 (Buton).—Fow.ter, Copeia, No.
58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1927, p. 274 (Philippine material); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p 164
(New Guinea, Apia, Mangareva).

Paramia lineata BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 344
(Madagascar).

Perca arabica GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1312 (on ForsKAL).—
ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p, 85 (Arabia).

132 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Centropomus arabicus Lackphpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 249, 257
(Arabia).

Cheilodipterus arabicus Cuvimr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 165, pl. 23
(Lohaja).

Centropomus macrodon Lac&pbpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 252,
273. Mauritius and Reunion.

Paramia macrodon BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
105 (Batu, Singapore, Java, Bawean, Celebes, Batjan, Amboina).—JORDAN
and Sear, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 252 (Apia and
Samoa).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 239 (Saleyer).

Chilodipterus macrodon KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 23.—
Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 501.—ZuamayrEr, Abh. Bayer.
Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1918, p. 10 (Oman).

Cheilodipterus macrodon McCuutuoc3, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
vol. 46, No. 4, 1921, p. 469 (Palm Island, Queensland).

Cheilodipterus octovittatus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 163.
Mauritius.—GuicHENort, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—Puay-
FaIR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 21 (Zanzibar and Johanna).—
KLunzincGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 717 (Koseir, Red
Sea).—Prters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 436 (Mauritius).—
Mac.ray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 1882, p. 236.

Cheilodipterus octovittatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
248 (Mauritius, Amboyna, India).—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1887, p. 656 (Muscat).

Cheilodipterus heptazona BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc.), vol.
22, 1849, p. 29. Batavia, Java.

Paramia octolineata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (27) 305, fig. 2.

Depth 3 to 344; head 22 to 234, width 224 to 236. Snout 334 to
4 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 34%, greater than snout in young
and subequal with age, greater than interorbital at all ages; maxil-
lary reaches 24 to 44 in eye, expansion 144 to 2}% in eye, length 1%
to 2 in head; 4 or 5 lower canines each side in lower jaw and 3 to
5 each side in upper, and narrow band or row of minute teeth on
vomer and each palatine; interorbital 414 to 5, nearly level; pre-
opercle ridge and edge entire in young, edge minutely serrate with age.
Gill rakers 1+-7, with 5 rudiments above and 7 below; length equals
gill filaments or 234 in eye.

Scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2
above, 5 or 6 below, 6 predorsal, 2 or 3 rows of scales on cheek to
preopercle ridge; muzzle, including interorbital, suborbitals and max-
illary, naked. Scales with 7 to 22 basal radiating striae; 25 to 162
apical denticles, with 5 or 6 transverse series of basal elements;
circuli fine.

D. VI-I, 9, 1, third spine 24% to 2% in total head length, first ray
14% to 1%; A. II, 8,1, second spine 224 to 3%, first ray 1% to 2;
caudal 114 to 114, hind edge little emarginate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 24% to 3; pectoral 144 to 1%; ventral 2 to 21%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 133

Ground color pale brown. Nine longitudinal dark brown bands,
slightly narrower than pale interspaces; in many specimens, especially
smaller ones more or less alternately paler where often little narrower,
especially so on head; above lateral line dark bands follow longitu-
dinally at scale junctures, but below lateral line extend midway over
scale exposures. Young often with contrasted median blackish spot
at caudal base, often size of pupil, usually with age whole base of
caudal fin becoming diffuse dark brown, even extending out on upper
and lower caudal edges as narrowly dusky. Iris whitish, except as
crossed by dark lateral band extending from side of snout. Fins all
pale except dusky brown spinous dorsal, which darker terminally.
Front edges of soft dorsal and anal little darker than rest of fin.
Pectoral pale, base brown and axil pale or dark. Ventrals dusky,
variably paler in some examples.

Red Sea, Arabia, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Reunion, Mad-
agascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Queensland, Polynesia.

15158, 16293. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon Island. March 6, 1909.
Length 78 to 83 mm.

23491. Balikias Bay, Lubang, southern Luzon. July 14,1908. Length 90 mm.

17028. Bisucay Island, near Cuyo, Cuyo Islands. April 9, 1909. Length 163
mm.

7489. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. April 22,1908. Length 128 mm.

23061, 24095, 24096. Bolalo Bay. December 21,1908. Length 58 to 92 mm.

8875. Buang Bay, Talajit Island. March 15,1909, Length 145 mm.

14804, 15557, 15559. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January 5, 1909. Length 92
to 104 mm.

17849, 17850. Bumbum Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 15, 1909. Length
101 to 103 mm.

208. Busin harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 90 mm.

16776, 16803. Busin Harbor. March 7,1909. Length 78 to 95 mm.

7485, 23571, 23574. Busin Harbor. April 22,1908. Length 90 to 140 mm.

16411. Cagayan Island, Jolo Sea. March 31,1909. Length 203 mm.

14249. Candaraman Island, North Balabac Strait. January 4,1909. Length
63 mim.

17068, 23090 to 23092, 24093. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11,
1909. Length 73 to 132 mm. 6 examples.

15078, 15088, 15090, 15093, 15095, 15097. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island.
February 24,1909. Length 61 to 86 mm.

11842, 23647, 23648. Caracaran, BatanIsland. June8,1909. Length 79 to 154
mm.

6 examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908. Length 46 to
83 mm.

24055. Cataingan Bay. April 17,1908. Length 62 mm.

7982 to 8008, 8497. Catbalogan,Samar. April16,1908, Length 84 to 160 mm

12257. Caxisigan Island, north Balabac Strait. January 2, 1909. Length 165
mm.

17723, 17725. Cuyo, Cuyo Island. April 9,1909. Length 160 to 192 mm.

23493 to 23495, 23074 to 23076. Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan.
December 22,1908. Length 66 to 108mm. 15 examples.

132, 133, 15743, 16310 to 16313, 16317 to 16319. Endeavor Strait. December 23,
1908. Length 66 to 105 mm.

134 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

14108, 14109. Endeavor Strait. December 24,1908. Length 75 to 87 mm.
16650, 16654. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length 50 to 92 mm.
11869. Gubat, Luzon. June 23,1909. Length 93 mm.

23521. Guiniyan Island, eastern Luzon. June 4,1909. Length 86 mm.

10914, 10915. Isabel, Basilan Island. April 11,1909. Length 162 to 168 mm.

17336, 17334, 17346, 23946. Isabel. September 11,1909. Length 73 to 95 mm.

5326 to 5330. Jolo reefs. March 6,1908. Length 148 to 177 mm.

18553. Langao Point, east coast of Luzon. June 24,1909. Length 170 mm.

5735, 16143, 16144. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length 110
to 175 mm.

15000, 15004 to 15007, 15800, 23035 to 23038, 23080 to 23083, 23388 to 23389.
Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 65 to 125 mm. Male with
buccal eggs.

6199. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16,1909, Length 162 mm.

16399, 21136. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4,1908. Length 155 to 157 mm.

7308. Masbate, Masbate Island. April 21,1908. Length 118 mm.

18617. Mompog, near Marinduque. March 3, 1909. Length 182 mm. [1190.]
Stripes alternately dark red brown and silvery, coppery sheen overall. Hind
half of opercle dark. First dorsal dusky, darkest at front and tip, other verti-
cal fins pale reddish, fronts of dorsal and anal and edges of caudal darker.
Pectoral like dorsal, dark at base. Ventral dark.

5812. Nabatas Point, Samar. July 24,1909. Length 134 mm.

15679. Palag Bay vicinity, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length 152 mm.

21842, 23841 to 23844. Pandanon Island. March 23, 1909. Length 57 to 154
mm.

22029, 22030. Panpan Point, Tara Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. Sep-
tember 20, 1909. Length 95 to 110 mm.

10656. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 152 mm.

14366. Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 15,1908. Length 135 mm.

18719. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length 72 mm.

19957, 20534. Port Galera, Mindoro. October 27,1909. Length 77 to 111 mm.

10483. Port Maricaban, Luzon. July 21, 1908. Length 110 mm.

17166. Port Matalvi, Palawan Island. November 23, 1908. Length 64 mm.

23099. Port Palapag, Luzon. June 2, 1909. Length 76 mm.

14601. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length 142 mm.

Eight examples. Port Uson, Mayanpayan Island. December17, 1908. Length
44 to 82 mm. (921).

11734. Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length 105 mm.

18975. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, Luzon. June 12, 1909. Length 140
mm.

23556 to 23558. Rapurapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length 44 to 87 mm.

23865. Rapurapu Island. June 29, 1909. Length 71 mm.

Ten examples. Reef south lagoon, Tumindao Island, Sulu Archipelago. Feb-
ruary 26, 1908. Length 67 to 109 mm.

23095, 23096. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 50 to 87 mm.

15774. Sacol Island. September 9, 1909. Length 86 mm.

12683. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay, Luzon. June 4, 1909.- Length 118 mm.

23983. Santa Cruz, Marinduque Island. April 24, 1908. Length 79 mm.

23999. Sitanki reef. September 24, 1909. Length 83 mm. ©

23052. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 96 mm.

23678. Tapiantana Island, South of Zamboanga. September 13, 1909. Length
101 mm.

8668. Tara Island. December 15,1908. Length 164 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 135

23062 to 23064. Tataan, Simalue Island. February 19, 1908. Length 79 to
105 mm. (154). 9 examples. Stripes umber, interspaces pearl gray with
opalescent reflection. End of caudal peduncle and caudal base lemon yellow
with black center. Top and preorbital portions of head yellowish. Fins
pinkish hyaline, caudal lobes edged with dusky.

Twelve examples. Tataan. February 20,1908. Length60to105mm. Male
with buccal eggs.

lexample. Tataan Pass, Simaluc Island. February 21,1908. Length 93 mm.

10379. Tilig, Subang Island. July 15,1908. Length 155 mm.

24056. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef, south of Zamboanga. September
14,1909. Length 67 to 74mm. 5 examples.

8033, 8034. Tumindao Reef, Sulu Archipelago. February 26, 1908. Length
115 to 334 mm. (333, 334). Nine stripes of ferrugineous to umber, middle
and lower ones peppered with dark specks, interspaces pearly opalescent below,
olivaceous translucent above. Top of head pale yellow. Dusky yellow with
black center less than size of pupil covers end of caudal peduncle and caudal
base. Fins hyaline pink, caudal with dusky edges to lobes.

23515. Tulayan Island, Jolo. September 15,1909. Length 110 mm.

23049, 23088, 23089, 23416 to 23419. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage.
September 19,1909. Length 93 to 108 mm.

8690. Tutu Bay, second anchorage. September 19,1909. Length 79 mm.

9245, 19049, 19051, 19090. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23,1908. Length 106
to 189 mm.

23761. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum, vicinity north Borneo. January 6, 1910.
Length 72 mm.

7786, 23057, 23385. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27,1909. Length
80 to 85 mm.

23575. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length 98 mm.

23049. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length 76 to 117 mm. 2
examples. One male with buccal ova.

23059. Uki, Bouro Island. December 9,1909. Length 111 mm.

23891 to 23894. Pendek Island, Buton Strait. December 15, 1909. Length 63
to 86 mm.

13705, 13706, 13709, 16227, 16228, 21122. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes.
December 29, 1909. Length 81 to 106 mm.

9504, 14874, 23398, 23399. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini,
Celebes. November 16, 1909. Length 80 to 155 mm.

20808, 24032 to 24035. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18,
1909. Length 56 to 90 mm.

7212, 7213. Limbe Strait, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 157 to
165 mm.

13671. Limbe Strait. November 10,1909. Length 95 mm.

20670. Sadaa, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 17, 1909. Length 76 mm.

14418. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 116 mm.

23859. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 19,
1909. Length 87 mm.

9711. Una Una Road, Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. Novem-
ber 17,1909. Length 186 mm.

23609 to 23612. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 73 to
113 mm.

13652. Makyan Island, Gillolo Island. November 29, 1909. Length 165 mm.

23689 to 23692, 24049, 24050. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3,
1909. Length 73 to 89mm. Male with buccal ova.

$8137—30——10

136 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

23533. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25, 1909. Length 101 mm,
11161. Nan Wan Bay, south Formosa. January 15,1910. Length 176 mm.

Genus SYNAGROPS Giinther

Synagrops Gintuer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, 1887, p. 16. Type
Melanostoma japonicum STEINDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, monotypic.

Melanostoma (not ScH1inER 1860, St4l 1872) (DépERLEIN) STEINDACHNER
and DépERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, 1884, p. 5. Type
Melanostoma japonicum STEINDACHNER and D6pDERLEIN, monotypic.

Parascombrops Aucock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 58, pt. 2, 1889, p. 296.
Type Parascombrops pellucidus ALcock, monotypic.

Hypoclydonia Goovek and Bran, Ocean. Ichth., 1895, p. 236. Type Hypo-
clydonia bella Goopr and Bran, monotypic.

Macculochina (JORDAN) JORDAN and JorDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10,
No. 1, 1922, p.44. Type Synagrops serratospinosa SMitTH and RADCLIFFE,
orthotypic.

Body rather elongate, compressed. Eyes large. Jaws with bands
of villiform teeth and strong canines in front; small or villiform teeth
on vomer and palatines. Preopercle with angle produced, edge and
ridge serrate or entire. Gill rakers 10 to 12 on lower branch of first
arch. Scales rather large, cycloid, deciduous, about 30 in lateral line
to caudal base. Scales on head very small. Dorsal with 9 spines,
soft fin with spine and 8 or 9 rays. Anal with 2 spines and 6 or 7
rays. Caudal forked. Vent normal. Bathypelagic.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a’. Synacrops. Fins all smooth, without any serrae on spines; body slender
and taperin es = <n Yee ee ae eee ae Sree ee japonicus

a?. ParAscomBrRops. Ventral spines at least with an external row of serrae.
b!, Only ventral spines with outer edges serrated; snout nearly long as eye;
body slender depth 5940t0 420 2. vas be eee eae philippinensis
62. Front of spinous dorsal of spinous anal and of ventral spines all antrorsely
serrated; snout much shorter than eye; body deep, depth 3 to 3.
serratospinosus

SYNAGROPS JAPONICUS (Steindachner and Déderlein)

Melanostoma japonicum (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Denk-
schr. Akad. Wiss Wien, vol. 48, 1884, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2. Tokyo.—JorpDANn
and Synpmr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 72 (Yokohama); Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 908 (copied).

Synagrops japonicus GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, 1887, p. 16
(copied).

Synagrops japonica FowuER and Batu, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p.
13 (Lahaina, Maui).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10,
No. 2, 1925, p. 231 (Misaki).—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 165 (Lahaina, Maui).

Melanostoma argyreum GILBERT and CRAMER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19,
1897, p. 416, pl. 39, fig. 3. Off Hawaiian Islands, in 295 to 278 fathoms.

Synagrops argyrea GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2, 1903
(1905) p. 618 (Pailolo Channel, off Oahu, off Maui, in 122 to 290 fath-
oms).—Fow ter, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam).

Synagrops malayanus WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 196,
fig. 52. Bali Sea, Timor Sea and Lobetobi Straits.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 137

Depth 34 to 41%; head 234 to 244, width 21 to 224. Snout 4 to
4% in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 1 in eye, expansion 21% to 24%
in eye, length 214 to 224 in head; bands of minute villiform teeth in
jaws, on vomer and palatines, pair of upper front canines, pair of
lower smaller closer canines and 5 or 6 canines along each mandibular
ramus, also several slightly enlarged teeth in row on each palatine;
interorbital 37% to 4Mo, slightly convex; preopercle ridge entire, edge
finely denticulate though denticles of lower edge larger; preorbital
entire. Gill rakers 5 or 6+ 12, lanceolate, about 114 in gill filaments
or 234 in eye.

Seales (pockets) 30 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more
on latter; 1 or 2 above, 5 or 6 below, 5 or 6 predorsal; 3 rows on
cheek, obscurely defined. Tubes in lateral line very large, greatly
exposed, broad, without basal scale; all fins more or less scaly, at least
basally. Scales cycloid, very caducous; with 5 to 12 basal radiating
striae; circuli fine.

D. IX-I, 9, 1, third spine 144 to 1% in total head length, first
branched ray 226 to 224; A. II, 7, 1, second spine 4% to 5%, first
branched ray 224 to 244; caudal 124 to 114, forked, slender lobes
pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 to 4; pectoral 124 to 124;
ventral 14% to 1%.

Rather deep umber brown with slight mauve tint, lower surface of
head and body with dull silvered tint all more or less soiled with dark
brownish, also with some lavender or purplish reflections. Iris with
brassy or dull golden. Fins all dull brownish, pectorals paler to
whitish. Smaller examples with lighter and more silvery white on
sides and below.

East Indies, Japan, Micronesia, Hawaii.

(D. 5538), 2967. Apo Light, S. 64° W., 7.3 miles (9° 08’ 15’” N., 123° 23’ 20’’E.),
between Negros and Siquijor. August 19,1909. In 256 fathoms. Length
165 mm.

(D. 5366), 1433. Escarceo Light, S. 5° E., 7.7 miles (13° 39’ N., 120° 58’ 30’’ E.),
Batangas Bay, Luzon. February 22,1909. In240fathoms. Length 190 mm.

(D. 5280), 10118. Malavatuan Island (N.), 8S. 60° W., 6.10 miles (13° 55’ 20”
N.,120° 25’ 55’’ E.), vicinity southern Luzon. July 17,1909. In193 fathoms.
Length 156 mm.

(D. 5524). One example. Point Tagolo Light, S. 40° W., 6.7 miles (8° 48’ 44’’
N., 123° 27’ 35’”’ E.), northern Mindanao. August10,1909. Length 112 mm.

(D. 5518). 3 examples. Point Tagolo Light, S. 64° W., 8.7 miles (8° 48’ N.,
123° 31’ E.), northern Mindanao. August 9,1909. In200 fathoms. Length
97 to 124 mm.

(D. 5874), 2994. Tayabas Light (outer), N. 9° E., 7.4 miles (13° 46’ 45’’ N., 121°
35’ 08”’ E.), Marinduque Island. March 2,1909. In 190 fathoms. Length
185 mm.

(D. 5617). 4 examples. Ternate Island (S. HE. ) 8S. 45° W., 7 miles (00° 49’ 30”
N., 127° 25’ 30’’ E.). November 27,1909. In 131 fathoms. Length 64 to
67 mm.

138 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SYNAGROPS PHILIPPINENSIS (Giinther)

Acropoma philippinense GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 1880,
p. 51. Philippines, in 82 to 102 fathoms.—Aucock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Ben-
gal, vol. 62, pt. 2, 1894, p. 116.

Synagrops philippinense Autcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 65, pt. 2,
1896, p. 311 (Indian coast, 60 to 100 fathoms).

Synagrops philippinensis Recan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc., vol. 16,
No. 2, 1905, p. 329 (Sea of Oman, 170 fathoms).

Parascombrops pellucidus Aucock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 58, pt. 2,
1889, p. 296, pl. 22, fig. 1. Sixteen miles east Devi River mouth off
Mahanaddi Delta, in 68 fathoms and N. Lat. 20° 18’, E. Long. 90° 50’ in
65 fathoms (Bengal Bay).

Synagrops natalensis Griucurist, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv., Rep. No. 2,
1921 (1922), p. 69. Off South Africa in 233 fathoms.

Depth 334 to 4; head 22% to 234, width 234 to 244. Snout 4 to
41% in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 4, longer than snout in young
to subequal with age, always greater than interorbital; ‘maxillary
reaches 2s to % in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 2% to 23% in head;
teeth minute, in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines
pair of rather long upper front canines, greatly smaller closer front
lower pair and 3 large lateral canines in each mandibular ramus;
interorbital 41% to 52s, depressed; preopercie ridge with several
denticles at angle, lower edge denticulate and hind edge entire; pre-
orbital entire. Gill rakers 2+10, with 3 to 5 more very obsolete
tubercles above and below; lanceolate, subequal with gill filaments
and 1% of eye.

Scales (pockets) 25 or 26 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more
on latter; 2 above, 7 below, 5 or 6 predorsal, 2 or 3 ? rows on cheek.
Tubes large, each well exposed, simple, without basal scale; soft
dorsal, anal and caudal all more or less finely scaled. Scales cycloid,
very caducous; with 8 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. IX-I, 8,1 or 9,1, third spine 24% to 2% in total head length,
first branched ray 27% to 3; A. II, 6,1 or 7,1, second spine 4% to 5%,
first branched ray 224 to 3; caudal 136 to 14%, well forked, lobes
sharply pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 334 to 44%; pectoral
14% to 2%; ventral 17% to 2, front edge of spine with antrorse serrae
but all other fin spines smooth.

Brown, with more or less dusky above, sides and below silvery
white sprinkled with dusky gray, also with mauve lavender tints.
Iris dull yellowish brown to neutral gray. Fins brownish, dorsals
and caudal little deeper and spinous dorsal blackish terminally.

Arabia, Natal, India, Philippines.

(D. 5117). Sombrero Island, 8. 47° E. 10 miles. January 21,1908. 6 examples.

Length 58 to 89 mm.

(D. 5121). Malabrigo Light, N. 14° W. 9 miles, east coast of Mindoro. Febru-

ary 2,1908. Length 79 mm.

(D. 5273). Corregidor Light, N. 27° E. 27.25 miles, southern Luzon. July 14,
1908. 12 examples. Length 68 to 80 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 139

3239 (D. 5279). Malavatuan Island, S. 18° W. 5.40 miles. July 17, 1908.
Length 81 mm.

(D. 5292). Escarceo Light, N. 36° W. 3.25 miles, southern Luzon. July 23,
1908. 2examples. Length 70 to 77 mm.

(D. 5353). Cape Melville Light, S. 85° E. 16.8 miles, Balabac Strait. January
1,1909. 6examples. Length 73 to 89 mm.

(D. 5354). Cape Melville Light, N. 85° E. 16.8 miles. January 1, 1909.
Length 60 mm.

3227 (D. 5365). Cape Santiago Light, N. 73° W. 6.7 miles. February 22, 1909.
Length 98 mm.

2991 (D. 5374). Tayabas Light, N. 9° E. 7.4 miles, Marinduque Island. March
2,1909. Length 88 mm,

(D. 5376). Tayabas Light, N. 53° W. 18.7 miles. March 2,1909. 2 examples.
Length 30 to 36 mm.

(D. 5382). Arena Point, S. 55° W. 3.8 miles, Luzon. March 6, 1909. 3 exam-
ples. Length 58 to 72 mm.

2947 (D. 5392). Tubig Point, N. 49° E. 5 miles, Destacado Island. March 13,
1909. Length 71 mm.

(D. 5393). Panalangan Point, S. 59° E. 14.8 miles, Talajit Island. March 13,
1909. 11lexamples. Length 59 to 109 mm.

2342 (D. 5396). Panalangan Point, 8. 78° E. 4.5 miles, Talajit Island. March
15,1909. Length 76 mm.

2074 (D. 5397). Panalangan Point, 8. 78° E. 6 miles. March 15,1909. Length
79 mm.

2842, 2843 (D. 5403). Capitancillo Island Light, 8S. 46° W. 15.7 miles. March
16,1909. Length 105 to 135 mm.

(D. 5412). Louis Point Light, N. 21° E. 5.5 miles. March 23,1909. Length
96 mm.

(D. 5416). Louis Point Light, N. 12° E., 2.9 miles (10° 11’ 30’’ N., 123° 53’ 30’’
E.), between Cebu and Bohol. In 150 fathoms. March 25, 1909. Length
128 mm.

1928 (D. 5417). Louis Point Light, N. 10° E. 3.5 miles. March 25, 1909.
Length 66 mm.

(D. 5418). Louis Point Light, N. 16° E. 5.6 miles. March 25, 1909. 2 exam-
ples. Length 67 to 69 mm.

2983 (D. 5419). Louis Point Light, N. 27° E. 17.8 miles. March 25, 1909.
Length 62 mm.

4313 (D. 5420). Cruz Point, S. 20° E. 6 miles, Bohol Island. March 25, 1909.
Length 81 mm.

4051, 4063 (D. 5453). Legaspi Light, S. 58° W. 4.5 miles, Luzon. June 7, 1909.
Length 64 to 75 mm.

(D. 5501). Macabalan Point Light, 8. 35° E. 8.2 miles, Mindanao. August 4,
1909. 8 examples. Length 60 to 90 mm.

2011 (D. 5502). Macabalan Point Light, S. 35° E. 8.2 miles. August 4, 1909.
6 examples. Length 64 to 128 mm.

3158. (D. 5503). Macabalan Point Light, S. 31° EH. 6.6 miles. August 4, 1909.
3 examples. Length 57 to 129 mm.

3749, 3751 (D. 5504). Macabalan Point Light, S. 39° E.6 miles. August 5, 1909.
Length 58 to 124 mm.

1398, 1399, 1400 (D. 5505). Macabalan Point Light, 8. 31° E. 7.7 miles. August
5, 1909. Length 115 to 128 mm.

(D. 5516). Point Tagolo Light, S. 80° W. 9.7 miles, Mindanao. August 9, 1909.
16 examples. Length 67 to 100 mm.

140 ~==BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(D. 5517). Point Tagolo Light, S. 83° W. 10.5 miles. August 9, 1909. 13
examples. Length 69 to 88 mm.

(D. 5518). Point Tagolo Light, S. 64° W. 8.7 miles. August 9, 1909. 4 exam-
ples. Length 88 to 98 mm.

(D. 5519). Point Tagolo Light, S. 71° W.8.7 miles. August 9,1909. 13exam-
ples. Length 72 to 96 mm.

1540, 1543 (D. 5537). Apo Island, S. 46° W. 8.7 miles. August 19, 1909.
Length 105 to 115 mm.

2969, 2970 (D. 5538). Apo Island, 8. 64° W. 7.3 miles. August 19, 1909.
Length 112 to 114 mm.

(D. 5545). Noble Point, Tulavan Island, 8. 19° W.3 miles. September 15, 1909.
9 examples. Length 65 to 97 mm.

44428 U.S.N.M. Bengal Bay. Steamer Investigator. Indian Museum. Length
75 to 83 mm. 6examples. As Parascombrops pellucidus.

SYNAGROPS SERRATOSPINOSUS Smith and Radcliffe

Synagrops serratospinosa SmirxH and Rapctirre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
41, 1912, p. 444, pl. 38, fig. 2. Batangas Bay, Luzon (N. Lat. 13° 44’ 24’’,
E. Long. 120° 45’ 30’, in 214 fathoms).

Depth 3 to 31%; head 22% to 234, width 2% to 24%. Snout 4 to 5
in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 324, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches opposite middle of eye, expansion 2/4 to
226 in eye, length 214 to 24% in head; bands of minute villiform
teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines, pair of moderately small
canines in front of each jaw with lower, much smaller and closer,
also 3 or 4 lateral mandibular canines each side; interorbital 3% to
314, very slightly convex; preopercle ridge vertically entire and 5 or
6 or more denticles along horizontal portion below angle; preopercle
edge denticulate, fine on vertical edge and coarser below angle; pre-
orbital entire. Guill rakers 5+15, lanceolate, longer than gill filaments
or 214 in eye.

Scales 26 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter;
2 above, 7 below, 5 predorsal, 2 little distinct rows on cheek; fins all
more or less scaly, at least basally. Tubes in lateral line large, simple,
well exposed, each without basal scale. Scales very caducous, mostly
all fallen; 11 to 14 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. IX-I, 9, 1, second spine with front edge antrorsely serrate, third
spine 17% to 214 in total head length, first branched ray 23% to 344,
also spine of soft dorsal with front edge antrorsely serrate; A. II, 7,
I, second spine .2)4 to 3%, first branched ray 2% to 246, front edge
of second spine antrorsely serrate; caudal 1144 to 124, deeply emar-
ginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 324 to 4; pectoral 13% to 134;
ventral 124 to 124, front edge of spine antrorsely serrate.

Brown, with drab gray to lavender tints above, sides and below
paler with silvery white reflections. Iris pale yellowish white. Fins
all pale, dorsals and caudal tinged dusky and spinous dorsal becomes
dusky black terminally.

Philippines.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND.ADJACENT SEAS 14]

(D. 5536), 2051, 2052. Apo Island, S. 26° W., 11.8 miles (9° 15’ 45” N., 123° 22’
00” E.), between Negros and Siquijor. August 19,1909. In 279 fathoms.
Length 75 to 88 mm. 3 examples.

(D. 5537), 1541, 1542. Apo Island, 8. 46° W., 8.7 miles (9° 11’ 00” N., 123° 23’
00” E.). August 19,1909. In 254 fathoms. Length 77 to 87 mm. 6 examples.

(D. 5538), 2968, 2971. Apo Island, S. 64° W., 7.3 miles (9° 08’ 15” N., 123° 23’
20” E.). August 19,1909. In 256 fathoms. Length 80 to 82 mm.

(D. 5387), 3702, 3703. Bagatao Island Light (outer),S. 80° E., 27 miles (12°
54’ 40” N., 123° 20’ 30” E.), between Burias and Luzon. March 11, 1909.
In 209 fathoms. Length 73 to 74 mm.

(D. 5388), 3764, 3766. Bagatao Island Light (outer), S. 86° E., 21 miles (12° 51’
30” N., 123° 26’ 15” E.). March 11,1909. In 226 fathoms. Length 78 to
86 mm.

(D. 5365), 3228, 3229, 4004 to 4008. Cape Santiago Light, N. 73° W., 6.7 miles
(18° 44’ 24” N., 120° 45’ 30” E.), Balayan Bay, Luzon. February 22, 1909.
In 214 fathoms. Length 42 to 86mm. (Type No. 4006, No. 70254 U.S.N.M.).

(D. 5110), 4479. Corregidor Light, N. 20° E. 25 miles (13° 59’ 20” N., 120° 75’
45” E.), southern Luzon. January 15,1908. In135fathoms. Length 72mm.

(D. 5292). 2 examples. Escarceo Light, N. 36° W., 3.25 miles (13° 28’ 45” N.,
121° 01’ 12” E.), southern Luzon. July 23,1908. In 162 fathoms. Length
56 to 67 mm.

(D. 5411), 4182. Louis Point Light, N. 35° E.,4.7 miles (10° 10’ 30” N., 123°
51’ 15” E.), between Cebu and Bohol. March 23, 1909. In 145 fathoms.
Length 78 mm.

(D. 5412), 3079. Louis Point Light, N. 21° E., 5.5 miles (10° 09’ 15” N., 123°
52’ E.). March 23, 1909. In 162 fathoms. Length 51to 79mm. 12 examples.

(D. 5416), 4512 to 4515. Louis Point Light, N. 12° E., 219 miles (10° 11’ 30’’
N., 123° 53’ 30’’ E.). March 25, 1909. In 150 fathoms. Length 51 to
74mm.

(D. 5417), 1929, 1930. Louis Point Light, N. 10° E., 3.5 miles (10° 10’ N., 123°
53’ 15’’ E.). March 25,1909. In159 fathoms. Length 71 to 77 mm.

(D. 5418). Louis Point Light, N. 16° E., 5.6 miles (10° 08’ 50’’ N., 123° 52’
30’’ E.). March 25, 1909. In 159 fathoms. Length 67 to 81 mm. 16
examples.

(D. 5183), 1332, 1333. Lusaran Light, S. 29° E., 4 miles (10° 32’ 48’’ N., 122°
26’ E.), between Panay and Negros. March 30, 1909. In 96 fathoms.
Length 61 to 65 mm.

(D. 5501). Macabalan Point Light, S. 35° E., 8.2 miles (8° 37’ 33’’ N., 124°
35’ E.), Mindano. August 4, 1909. In 214 fathoms. Length 62 to 81
mm. 10 examples.

(D. 5502). Macabalan Point Light, S. 35° E., 8.2 miles (8° 37’ 37’ N. 124° 35’ E.),
Mindanao. August 4, 1909. In 214 fathoms. Length 62 to 87 mm. 15
examples.

(D. 5503), 3162. Macabalan Point Light, 8. 31° E., 6.6 miles (8° 36’ 26’’ N.,
124° 36’ 08’’ E.), Mindanao. August 4, 1909. In 226 fathoms. Length 63
to 87 mm. 20 examples.

(D. 5504), 3752. Macabalan Point Light, S. 39° E., 6 miles (8° 35’ 30’’ N., 124°
36’ E.), Mindanao. August 5,1909. In 200 fathoms. Length 80 mm.

(D. 5265), 1756. Matocot Point, Luzon S. 17° E., 3.30 miles (13° 41’ 15’’ N.,
120° 00’ 50’. E.). June 6,1908. In 135 fathoms. Length 91 mm.

(D. 5517). Point Tagolo Light, 8. 83° W., 10.5 miles (8° 45’ 30’’ N., 123° 33’
45’’ E.), Mindanao. August 9, 1909. In 169 fathoms. Length 60 to 68
mm. 38 examples.

142 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(D. 5523). Point Tagolo Light, S. 48° W., 6.7 miles (8° 48’ 44’’ N., 123° 27’
35’ EK. ), Mindanao. August 10, 1909. Length 64 to 81mm. 3 examples.

Genus SIPHAMIA Weber

Siphamia WeBER, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, 1909, p. 168. Type Siphamia
tubifer WEBER, monotypic.

Adenapogon McCutuocy, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 13, 1921, p. 132. Type
Apogon roseigaster Ramsay and OaiBy, orthotypic.

Band of villiform teeth in each jaw, without canines and some
minute teeth on vomer; palatines with or without teeth. Preopercle
edge entire, ridge serrated (entire in Adenapogon). Gill rakers
lanceolate, about 12 on lower limb of first gill arch. Scales ctenoid
or cycloid (Adenapogon). Cheeks largely or entirely scaleless. Lat-
eral line complete. Silvery canal extends backwards on each side
from tongue to caudal peduncle near ventral surface. First dorsal
with 6 spines, anal with 2. Soft dorsal and anal with 10 rays.

According to McCulloch the silvery lateral gland is likely a phos-
phorescent organ.

SIPHAMIA VERSICOLOR (Smith and Radcliffe)

Amia versicolor SMitH and Rapcuirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vo]. 41, 1912,
p. 257, fig. 3. Usada Island, near Jolo; Cataingan Bay, Masbate;
Pangasinan Island; Canmahala Bay; Luzon; Sibutu Island and North
Balabac Strait.—Fow Ler, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philip-
pines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 273 (Philippines).

Depth 22% to 234; head 2 to 214, width 1% to 224. Snout 3%
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 24% to 3, greatly longer than
snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 44 or to hind eye edge,
expansion 134 to 2, length 17% to 2 in head; teeth villiform, in bands
in jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 34% to 4, scarcely con-
vex; preopercle ridge entire, edge finely serrate. Gill rakers 3+12,
lanceolate, uppermost 2 and lowermost 4 rudimentary tubercles,
twice gill filaments or 17% in eye. Deep gash on lower inner face of
gill opening.

Scales 20 to 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on
latter; 2 above, 6 below, 4 predorsal, 2 rows on cheek. Lateral line
with large simple tubes, well exposed, with only small trace of basal
scale. Muzzle, including interorbital, suborbitals and maxillary,
naked. Scales with 7 basal radiating striae; no apical denticles;
circuli moderate.

D. VII-I, 9,1, third spine 2144 to 21% in total head, second ray 244
to 214; A. II, 8,1, second spine 414 to 434, second ray 214 to 234;
caudal 124 to 14%, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 324 to 4; pectoral 2 to 214; ventral 1% to 2.

General color grayish white, with scattered dusky to blackish dots.
Deep brown band begins on snout above, extends over eye to bases
of last dorsal rays. Second band from side of snout crosses eye and

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 143

follows median body axis to caudal base. Third dark band from
infraorbital to pectoral base and then along lower surface of caudal
peduncle narrowly. Below lowest dark lateral band scales all with
very fine, vertical dusky lines, though not extending on the ventral
ridge. Iris pinkish. Fins all pale except some dusky dots on spinous
dorsal over spines and at bases of soft vertical fins. Many examples
variably darker or with metallic dusky appearance and the horizon-
tal dark bands obscured. Also many show rows of minute papillae
on the head and over the scales of the lateral line.

Though dusky largely in coloration and with striking dark longitu-
dinal bands, this species readily fades in alcohol. Our series from
Canmahala Bay is such an example. These specimens are not only
without the dark bands but are largely more slender. They have,
however, the very diagnostic longitudinal silvery pigmented area on
the chest, belly and under surface of the tail, besides very obscure
traces of the dark bands. It is very close to Apogon argyrogaster
Weber,® but that species is said to have 9 anal rays and be without
blackish longitudinal bands. An interesting note given with the type
of Amia versicolor is as follows:

A species not hitherto met with, 45 mm. long, of a dull red brown
color, was taken in abundance in one seine haul. When placed alive
in a bottle of water, the water was immediately filled with the young.
The eggs had already been noticed in the mouths of several specimens.
(D. 5182), 4310. Antonia Island, off eastern Panay. March 27, 1908. Length

30 mm.

Thirty-two examples. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 21

to 44 mm.

Fifty-one examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18,1908. Length

27 to 39mm. (Type No. 68401, U.S.N.M. Length 39 mm.)

(D. 5137). 2 examples. Jolo Light, S. 61° E., 1.30 miles. February 14, 1908.

Length 27 to 37 mm.

(D. 5138). 3 examples. Jolo Light, 8. 19° E., 2.50 miles. February 14, 1908.

Length 30 to 35 mm.

(D. 5140). 2 examples. Jolo light, S. 33° W., 6.10 miles. February 14, 1908.

Length 31 to 37 mm.

(D. 5141). Jolo Light, 8. 17° W., 5.50 miles. February 15, 1908. Length

30 mm.

(D. 5142). Jolo Light, S. 50° W., 3.90 miles. February 15, 1908. Length

41 mm.

(D. 5174). 3 examples. Jolo Light, E. 2.60 miles. March 5,1908. Length 41

to 54 mm.

(D. 5356). North Balabac Straits, Palawan Island. January 5, 1909. Length

53 mm.

(D. 5145). Jolo Light, S. 16° E., 0.85 mile. February 15, 1908. Length

30 mm.

Two examples. Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo. February 13, 1908.

Length 33 to 36 mm.

§Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 31, 1909. p. 159, near west coast of New Guinea; Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,
1913, p. 233, pl. 10, fig. 7 (types).

144 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(D. 5517), 1759. Port Tagolo Light, S. 83° W., 10.5 miles. August 9; 1909.
Length 39 mm.

(D. 5179). Romblon. March 25,1908. Length 34 mm.

(D. 5169). Sibutu Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 27, 1908. Length
31 mm.

(D. 5148). Sirun Island, Sulu Archipelago. February 16, 1908. Length
31mm. (3961.)

(D. 5149). Sirun Island. February 18, 1908. 2 examples. Length 37 to
39 mm.

Two examples. Usada Island. March 5,1908. Length 31 to 37 mm. (890,
389.) General color seal brown over silvery, with reddish underlaid shades.
Vertical fins vermilion, paired fins very pale vermilion. When freshly
captured black markings very intense, become paler later and reds fade light.

Genus AMIOIDES Smith and Radcliffe

Amioides SmirH and Rapcuirre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912, p.
440. Type Amia (Amioides) grossidens SMitH and RapcuiFFE, monotypic.
Body moderately long, compressed. Head large, compressed.
Mandible well protruded. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws and on
palate, very narrow row on vomer and palatines. Two long slender
incurved canines at front of upper jaw and single symphyseal canine
below. Gill rakers moderate. Scales large, ctenoid. Dorsal with
7 spines and soft fin with spine and 10 rays. Anal with 2 spines and

S rays. One species.

AMIA GROSSIDENS Smith and Radcliffe

Amia (Amioides) grossidens Smita and RapcuiFFB, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 41, 1912, p. 440, pl. 36, fig. 1. West coast of Luzon (N. Lat. 16°
36’ 36’’, E. Long., 120° 11’ 6” in 45 fathoms).

Depth 3; head 214, width 224. Snout 4 in head from snout tip;
eye 344, greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 2 in
eye, expansion 2, length 2 in head; teeth villiform, in band in upper
jaws, on vomer and palatines; though in both jaws outer row slightly
enlarged to give place posteriorly on each mandibular ramus to 3
canines curved back; pair of wide set canines above inside outer
band of teeth and single symphyseal canine below; interorbital 41%,
level; preopercle ridge entire, edge denticulated. Gull rakers 5+ 14,
lanceolate, much greater than gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Seales (pockets) 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more
on latter; 2 above, 6 ? below, 6 ? predorsal, 2 rows on cheek; head
naked except cheeks and opercles; strong curved spine, curved down
and back at suprascapula. Lateral line with large tubes, arborescent.
Scales finely ctenoid but mostly all now fallen, so their structure
omitted.

D. VII-I, 10, 1, third spine 24% in total head length, first ray 2;
A. II, 8, 1, second spine 3, second ray 2; caudal 114, emarginate
behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 134; ventral 1%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 145

Back and above brown, below inclining to whitish, with silvery
white on under surface of head and abdomen, some showing lilac
tints. Iris silvery white. Pockets of scales on back drab brown.
Transverse deeper brown band across caudal peduncle at caudal base.
Dorsals and caudal dusted with brownish, other fins whitish.

Only known from the type.

(D. 5442.) One example. Lingayen Gulf, east of Point Guecet, west coast of
Luzon. May 11, 1909. Length 101 mm.

Genus ACROPOMA Schlegel

Acropoma SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 2-4, 1843, p.31. Atypic.
Type Acropoma japonicum GUNTHER, affixed by Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 250.

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth large, lower jaw protruding.
Jaws with small canines and palatines toothed. Opercle extends in
long point. Preopercle entire. Gill rakers lanceolate, 14 to 16 on
lower branch of first arch. Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals
7. Scales moderate, weakly ctenoid, thin, deciduous. Vent anterior,
nearer ventral base than anal origin. Dorsal with 7 to 9 spines in
spinous fin, and soft fin with spine and 10 rays. Anal with 3 spines
and 7 or 8 rays. Caudal emarginate or forked.

Indian Ocean, East Indies, and Japan. Apparently a single species.

ACROPOMA JAPONICUM Giinther

Acropoma japonicum GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 250.
Nagasaki (on SCHLEGEL); Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 1880, p. 38 (Arafura
Sea).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 912,
fig. 10 (Wakanoura and Misaki).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 231 (Wakanoura).—Fow LER, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1927, p. 259 (Bombay).

Synagrops splendens Luoyp, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, No. 3, 1909, p. 159
(pl. 47, fig. 5). Gulf of Oman, in 230 fathoms.

Acropoma cynodon Rrean, Ann. Mag Nat. Hist. London, ser. 9, vol. 7, 1921,
p. 415. Off Natal.—Guiucurist, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa,
No. 2, 1921 (1922), p. 69 (off South Africa in 150 to 230 fathoms).—
BaRNARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, 1927, p. 529 (Nata
coast in 130 to 230 fathoms).

Depth 314 to 3%; head 214 to 224, width 23% to 244. Snout 414
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 3%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary 214 to 224 in head, reaches slightly beyond
front of eye, expansion 214 to 214 in eye; teeth fine, villiform, in
bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; inner pair of upper front
canines and smaller close set symphyseal pair, both pairs directed
inward; interorbital level, 5 to 51% in head; preopercle edge and
ridge entire, also preorbital. Gill rakers 6+12, lanceolate, slender,
little longer than gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Scales 44 or 45 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter;
4 above, 11 below, 10 to 13 predorsal, 3 or 4 rows on cheek; head

146 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

more or less scaly except muzzle; scales largest along middle of side

of body, all rather narrowly imbricated; lateral line of large short

tubes, each well exposed. Scales with 6 basal radiating striae; 12 to

23 short irregular apical points; circuli fine.

D. VIII, I, 10, 1, third spine 22g to 21% in total head length, first
ray 214 to 24; A. III, 7,1, third anal spine 334 to 44%, first ray 23%
to 234?; caudal 134 to 124, well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle

24 to 344; pectoral 114 to 13%; ventral 214 to 24%.

Back brown, below whitish and body everywhere with silvery
white sheen. Fins all pale brownish. In preserved examples after
very caducous scales fall from young, breast, belly and lower surface
of tail thickly dotted with dusky, though dotted area not extending
above base of pectoral.

Gulf of Oman, Natal, India, East Indies, Philippines, Japan. We
fail to find the nominal Synagrops splendens Lloyd and Acropoma
cynodon Regan, differing in any specific way from our other materials.
The distinctions given are largely of minor importance. Regan’s
fish was larger, or 165 mm. long.

3010 (D. 5376). Tayabas Light, N. 53° W.18.7 miles. March 2, 1909. Eight
examples. Length 36 to 98 mm. (1184). Silvery, rosy above, steel blue and
blackish shades below. Fins rosy. Anal with some blackish basally and
ventrals with black.

(D. 5193 ). Chocolate Island, N. 77° E., 8 miles off northern Cebu. April 3,
1908. Length 36 mm.

Family CHANDIDAE

Body more or less elevated, ventral edge rounded, often somewhat
transparent. Head compressed. Mouth oblique to nearly vertical.
Teeth conic, in bands in jaws and on vomer and palatines. Preorbital
and preopercle usually with serrated ridges and edges. Gill mem-
branes free. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchiostegals 6. Lower
pharyngeals not coalesced. Scales cycloid. No elongate axillary
scale. Lateral line usually complete, variably interrupted or incom-
plete, or even absent. Dorsal base in deep scaly sheath; spines 7,
compressed and transversely striated, anteriorly another short
procumbent spine; rays 8 to 17. Anal spines 3, rays 8 to 18.
Caudal usually forked, rays 15. Pectoral rays branched. Ventral
with spine and 5 rays.

A small family and though several genera have been admitted at
various times, the species are homogeneous. Fishes of small size
in the Indo-Pacific, usually brilliant or silvery white in color. They
live in the sea and about the mouths of rivers, some in fresh water
near the sea. Though all have a very similar appearance they are
easily distinguished from the Amiidae by the combination of cycloid
scales, basal dorsal and anal sheath, procumbent predorsal spine,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 147

dorsals usually joined basally, usually the presence of three anal
spines and their silvery coloration.

We admit the genera Tetracentrum Macleay and Hamiltonia Swain-
son, Chanda Buchanan-Hamilton, Parambassis Bleeker and Ambassis
Cuvier, as defined by Fowler in 1905. As Chanda is the oldest generic
name, Chandidae follows as the accepted family name.

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA

a’. Outer series of teeth, at least anteriorly in the jaws, conspicuously enlarged

or somewhat caninelike; scales usually quite small_________ Parambassis
a’. Teeth uniformly small, none prominently enlarged, usually in villiform
RMI SEES RCO ce cet Se ee eee en Ambassis

Genus PARAMBASSIS Bleeker

Parambassis BLEEKER, Naturk. Verh. Holland. Maatsch., Haarlem, vol. 2,
ser. 3, 1874, pp. 86,102. Type Ambassis apogonoides BLEEKER, orthotypic.
Teeth in the jaws slender, pointed, in several series with some of
outer much larger and caninelike. Scales usually small, 40 to 70 in
lateral series.
In most other respects this genus greatly resembles Ambassis.

PARAMBASSIS APOGONOIDES (Bleeker)

Ambassis apogonoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indié, vol..2, 1851, p. 200.
Bandjermassing, in rivers, Borneo.—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 224 (copied).—E.rEra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467 (Rio
de Catbalonga, Samar).

Parambassis apogonoides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-
77, p. 139, pl. (60) 338, fig. 1 (Sumatra and Borneo).

Depth 224; head 224. Snout 34 in head from snout tip; eye 3%,
subequal with snout; maxillary reaches pupil at least, expansion 2
of eye, length 214 in head from snout tip; mandible protrudes; outer
row of teeth in jaws enlarged; preopercle edge, also ridge and pre-
orbital ridge serrate; interorbital less than eye.

Scales 38 to 40 in lateral line; 5 above, 12 below, 17 predorsal, 3
rows on cheek; dorsals and anals each with basal scaly sheaths, also
caudal base scaly.

D. I, VII, I, 10,1, or 11, 1, second erect spine 2 in total head length,
first branched ray 21%; A. III, 9,1or 10,1, second and third spines
subequal or 21% in head; caudal 114, forked; least depth of caudal
peduncle 3; pectoral 114; ventral 14%.

Clear yellowish. Diffuse silvery streak from head to caudal hase
medially. Fins yellowish, spinous dorsal dusky terminally. (Bleeker).

East Indies. Reported from the Philippines by Elera. Bleeker
had but 4 examples 52 to 90 mm.

Genus AMBASSIS Cuvier

Ambassts CuviER, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 130. Type Centropo-
mus ambassis LACHPEDE, tautotypic.

148 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ambassus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, p. (18,168) 200.
Type Centropomus ambassis Lac&hPEDE.

Priopis (KuHL and Van HasseLt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 6, 1830, p. 378. Type Priopis argyrozona (KUHL) VALENCIENNES,
monotypic. .

Body well compressed, ovoid or oblong. Head large. Eye large,
little advanced. Mouth protractile, large. Maxillary exposed, with-
out supplemental bone. Teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines and sometimes on tongue. Lower ridge and edge of
preopercle serrate. Opercle without conspicuous spine. Preorbital
edge serrate. Vertebrae 24 of which 14 caudal. Scales moderate
or large, 25 to 40, frequently deciduous. Cheeks and opercles scaly.
Dorsals divided by deep notch, spinous fin usually little higher or
second erect spine longest. First anal spine short, second and third
subequally long, usually longer than soft rays. Ventral below pectoral
base, with scaly basal flap.

The species we include in this genus are all more or less similar in
both shape and coloration. They are all embraced in Bleeker’s Atlas
except Ambassis nalua (Buchanan-Hamilton), which was not obtained
in the Albatross explorations. A number of nominal species have
been described in late years, chiefly from tropical Australia.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES
a!. AMBASSIS. Scales 24 to 30 in lateral line to caudal base; cheek with 1 or 2
rows of scales; second and third anal spines subequally long.

b!. Predorsal scales 7 to 14; lateral line complete; eye more than 14 of head.

cl. Depth 214 to 224; eye 234 to 24@ in head; interopercle dentate; black

terminal blotch on second, third and fourth spinous dorsal membranes;
caudal: uniformly, pale a= 428 oe J. are sca See Se ee kopsii

c?. Depth 234 to 3; eye 3 to 314 in head; interopercle smooth; second

spinous dorsal membrane entirely black; each caudal lobe darker
TVG GUT SR TD peer eat 2 se Repel SR ete Te oe Re ty ey PR urotaenia

b?. Predorsal scales 14 to 20.
d'. Lateral line complete; depth 224 to 214; eye 3 to 34 in head; second
spinous dorsal membrane dusky to blackish__------------ safgha
d?. Lateral line interrupted; eye more than 14 of head.
el. Body deeper, depth 2 to 2144; interopercle dentate; second spinous

dorsal membrane blackish terminally_.......-------- interrupta
e?. Body more slender, depth 224 to 224.
f'. Uniformly light or silvery, without black on fins__-_---- buroensis
f?. Second spinous dorsal membrane variably blackish with age. |
gymnocephalus
d’. Lateral line complete; depth 234 to 3; second spinous dorsal mem-
brane dusky to black terminally_____._____--------- batjanensis

aa®. WHITLEYIA, new subgenus. Scales about 40 to 46 in lateral line to caudal
base; cheek with 7 rows of scales; second erect dorsal and anal spines
enlarged and prominent, former higher than soft dorsal__-_-------- wolffi

Subgenus AMBASSIS Cuvier

Scales large, 24 to 30 in lateral line to caudal base. Cheek with 1
or 2 rows of scales. Second and third anal spines subequally long.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 149

AMBASSIS KOPSII Bleeker

Ambassis kopsti BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 15, 1858, p.
253. Singapore.—Gtnrue_Er, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 224
(copied).—PrtrEerRs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 255 (Pulo
brani, Singapore).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p.
275 (Philippines).

Ambassts kopsi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, p.
134, pl. (66) 344, fig. 1 (Singapore and Banka).—Jorpan and SEALE,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 18 (Cavite)—Jorpan and
RicHaRvDson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 255 (Iloilo).—
SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p. 274 (Sandakan,
Borneo).

Ambassis ambassis (not LAchPEDE) FowueEr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippine material).

Depth 214 to 22s; head 214 to 234, width 2144 to 224. Snout 4%
to 43¢ in head from snout tip; eye 234 to 24%, much greater than
snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches about 14 in eye, expansion
214 to 224 in eye, length 214 to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth
fine, villiform, in narrow bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines;
interorbital 4 to 414, very slightly convex; 1 to 3 postero-supraorbital
serrae; lower preorbital edge with 7 or 8 serrae and ridge with smaller
and less conspicuous serrae; preopercle ridge and edge below serrate,
hind edge also serrate but not vertical ridge and spine at angle of
ridge broad, triangular, well developed. Gillrakers 7 +17 or 18, finely
lanceolate, 14 of eye; gill filaments 3% of gill rakers.

Scales 25 or 26 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 2 or 3 scales above, 7 below, 9 or 10 predorsal form median
keel nearly to middle of interorbital, 2 rows on cheek; caudal with
small scales basally; dorsals and anals with basal scaly sheaths.
Seales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae; circuli fine, especially
apically.

D. VII, I, 10, 1, second spine 124 to 2 in total head length, first ray
1% to 2%; A. III, 8,1, third spine 14% to 21%; caudal 1% to 14,
deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 226 to 246;
pectoral 1% to 144; ventral 12s to 1%.

Back and above pale brown, below lighter or whitish, upper surfaces
dusted with minute dusky dots. Silvery white axial lateral band
from head to caudal base. Iris white, with dark shade above. Fins
all largely pale brownish, except black blotch terminally on mem-
branes of spinous dorsal between second to fifth erect spines.

East Indies and Philippines. A well marked species with large
scales and a contrasted terminal blotch of black on apex of spinous
dorsal.

Five examples. Basut River, Canimo Pass, east coast Luzon. June 15, 1909.

Length 32 to 64 mm.

Fourteen examples. Buena Vista, Guimaras Island, Iloilo Strait. January 14,
1909. Length 50 to 75 mm.

150 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

9113, 21183 to 21185. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15,1908. Length 20
to 92mm. 10 examples.

Six examples. Catbalogan. April 16,1908. Length 17 to 68 mm.

19392, 19393. Iloilo market, Iloilo, Panay. March 28, 1908. Length 73 to
77 mm.

20202, 20203. Langley Point, Cavite. March 23,1908. Length 76 to 85 mm.

5539. Malabon Market. August 8,1908. Length 40 mm.

Twenty-two examples. Malampaya River, Palawan Island. December 26,
1908. Length 40 to 93 mm.

One example. Manila, Luzon. December 6,1907. Length 55 mm.

Fourteen examples. Manila Bay. December 9, 1907. Length 53 to 77 mm.

Four examples. Manila Harbor. December 30,1907. Length 58 to 72 mm.

Four examples. Manila Harbor. January 13,1908. Length 60 to 63 mm.

19502. Manila market. December 12-18, 1908. Length 53 mm.

17562, 17563, 19428. Sorsogon market. March 12,1909. Length 50 to 76 mm.

Nine examples. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length 54 to 78mm.

Three examples. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2,1908. Length 60 to

77 mm.
AMBASSIS UROTAENIA Bleeker

Ambassis urotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p.
257. Amboina; Wahai, Ceram.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 224 (copied).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 18 (Sey-
chelles, fresh waters). Martens, Reisen Ost Afrika von der Decken, vol.
3, pt. 1, 1869, p. 141 (Seychelles).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p.
681 (Andamans and Nicobars); Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 55, pl. 15,
fig. 8 (Andamans).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77,
p. 135, pl. (66) 344, fig. 2, pl. (73) 351, fig. 1 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore,
Banka, Celebes, Sangir, Ternate, Buru, Batjan, Ceram, Amboina).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Manado,
Celebes).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888,
p. 283 (Rio Pasig).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 489.—Weprr,
Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nederland. Oost Ind., vol. 3, 1894, p. 408 (Moros
River mouth at Tello, Celebes).—E.mra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467
(Luzon, Manila, Rio Pasig).—WerBER, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. Geogr. Biol., vol.
10, pt. 2, 1897, p. 142 (mouth Umchloit River, Natal).—STEINDACHNER,
Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 415 (Ternate).—EveEr-
MANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 75 (Bacon).—
JorDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 255
(Calayan and Iloilo).—Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1918, p. 216
(Dongala, Celebes; Laiwui, Obi major; Kawa, Ceram).—Fow er, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 220 (Delagoa Bay); 1927, p. 275
(San Fernando, Santa Maria, Vigan and Bacon, Philippines).—Barnarp,
Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 642 (Natal coast, Delagoa Bay).—
Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 167 (Suva, Kusai, Ponapé).

Priopis urotaenia SmMirH and SEA.z, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19,
June 4, 1906, p. 77 (Mindanao and Bacon).—SEALE and Bran, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—SrEae, Philippine
Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 65 (Hong Kong).

Ambassis commersonii (not Cuvirr) Ripper, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835,
p. 89 (Red Sea).

Ambassis denticulata KiunzinaxEr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 719. Red Sea; Fische Roth. Meer., 1889, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 4.

Ambassis miops GintuER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 655. Raro-
tonga; Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 18 (type). WEBER

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 151

and Braurort, Nova Caledonia, Saras. Roux, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1915, p. 31
(Oubatche River, Bondé).—Fow er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p.
166 (Apia).

Ambassis lafa JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p.
235, fig. 46. Vaisigano River, Apia, Samoa.—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 413 (Tanegashima).—Fowter, Bull. Bishop Mus.,
No. 22, 1925, p. 32 (Samoa).

Priopis lungi JoRDAN and Sxate, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p.
18, fig. 6. Cavite, Philippines—Sratr and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).

Ambassis lungi EVERMANN and SEaAxg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 75 (Bacon).

Depth 234 to 27%; head 224 to 234, width 2 to 24%. Snout 44
to 414 in head measured from snout tip; eye 3 to 31%, greater than
snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches front eye edge or first fifth
in eye, expansion 334 to 4 in eye, length 21% to 224 in head from
snout tip; teeth fine, slender, very small, in narrow bands in jaws, on
vomer and palatines, also median row down tongue; interorbital 4
to 444, slightly convex; 1 or 2 supero-posterior supraorbital spines;
preorbital edge below with 7 or 8 spines and ridge with few smaller
ones inconspicuous; lower ridge and edge of preopercle serrate, ser-
rae on latter little larger, and angle of ridge with rather broad tri-
angular spine. Gill rakers 7 or 8+ 18 or 19, slender, lanceolate, 2 in
eye; gill filaments 1% of gill rakers.

Scales 26 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 4 scales above, 8 below, 12 to 14 predorsal forward in posterior
interorbital forming median keel, 2 rows on cheek and preopercle
flange naked; caudal with fine scales basally; basal scaly sheaths
one scale wide along dorsals and anal. Scales with 7 or 8 basal radi-
ating short marginal striae; circuli moderately fine.

D. VII, I, 9, 1, second erect spine 12 to 13¢ in total head length,
first ray 2 to 214; A. III, 10,1, or 11, 1, third spine 13 to 2; caudal
1 to 1%, deeply forked, slender lobes sharply pointed; least depth of
caudal peduncle 234 to 244; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 134.

Pale brown, scales on back and upper surfaces dusted with deep
brown dots, those of upper back broadly so on margins. Sides and
lower surfaces paler to whitish and bright silvery white sheen over
sides of head. Median silvery white band from eye to caudal, in
formaline specimens with narrow neutral dusky line from gill opening
to caudal base medianly and most distinct on tail. Iris silvery white.
Fins pale, verticals dusted with grayish, anal paler than others.
Membrane between second and third erect dorsal spines blackish.

Red Sea, Portuguese East Africa, Natal, Seychelles, India, Anda-
mans, Nicobars, East Indies, Philippines, China, Micronesia, Melan-
esia, Polynesia. Most of our materials agree with the second of
Bleeker’s figures, or figure 1 of his plate 73. Although some speci-

88137—30——11

152 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mens show the lateral line incomplete, even skipping one or two
scales, or the break may be simply due to the irregularity of the
scale rows, we have not seen the descent exactly as Bleeker shows.
We find, however, that sometimes an irregular lateral line may occur
on one side of the body and on the other form an even continuous
curve. Most all preserved specimens show a dark median area on
each caudal lobe, possibly a good character of distinction. The rows
of scales on the cheek are certainly variable. They are usually in
two rows, though may even vary to the condition found in Jordan
and Seale’s figure of Priopis lungi, while more or less evenly biserial
on the other cheek. Now the figure by Day of Ambassis urotaenia
shows the scales on the cheek very large and in a singlerow. Many
examples we find have the front half of the cheek with a single row
of large deep scales and the posterior half biserial, or made up of
narrower scales. We also unite Ambassis miops Giinther and Ambas-
sis lafa Jordan and Seale as synonyms.

Five examples. Bayaong River, 4 miles up, Sablayan Bay, Mindoro. December
13, 1908. Length 40 to 50 mm.

Six examples. Cabugo Bay, Catanduanes Island, east coast Luzon. June 9,
1909. Length 70 to 86 mm.

Nineteen examples. Camiguin Island, Mahinog, between Leyte and Mindanao.
August 3, 1909. Length 31 to 63 mm.

Sixty-five examples. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf. March 11, 1909. Length
53 to 87 mm.

Twenty-one examples. Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22,
1908. Length 50 to 76 mm.

19709, 19710. Davao, Mindanao. May 16, 1908. Length 64 to 81 mm. 7
examples. ;

7752. Jolo market, Jolo. February 12, 1908. Length 92 mm.

19356, 19358. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length 47 to
63 mm.

5533. Malabon market. August 8, 1908. Length 67 mm.

Four examples. Malugao River, Paluan Bay, Mindoro Strait. December 11,
1908. Length 28 to 40 mm.

Eight examples. Mariveles Bay, Manila Bay, Luzon. January 27, 1909.
Length 57 to 65 mm.

Five examples. Mati, Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length 46 to 60 mm.

7164 to 7167. Panabutan Bay, western Mindanao. February 6, 1908. Length
71 to 88mm. 17 examples.

Two examples. Pandanon Island, between Cebu and Bohol. March 23, 1909.
Length 35 to 45 mm.

Three examples. Point Jamelo, Luzon. July 12, 1908. Length 40 to 59 mm.

Nine examples. Point Jamelo, 2 miles up river. July 13, 1908. Length
66 mm.

Kighteen examples. Point Jamelo. July 13, 1908. Length 31 to 72 mm.

Nine examples. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908.
Length 51 to 80 mm.

Forty-four examples. Port San Vicente. November 14, 1908. Length 35 to
85 mm.

20042. Port San Vicente. November 18, 1908. Length 50 to 66 mm. 10
examples.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 153

One example.. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length
56 mm.

9544, 12639. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909.
Length 40 to95 mm. 45 examples.

Five examples. Subig Bay, Subig. January 7, 1908. Length 66 to 73 mm.

20555. Tilig, Lubang. July 14,1908. Length 52 to 75 mm. 4 examples.

10857. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length 73 mm.

Four examples. Uki Island, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. Length 88 to

100 mm.
AMBASSIS SAFGHA (Forskal)

Sciaena safgha ForsKkiu, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xii, 53. Arabia.—Bon-
NATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 125 (Red Sea).—GmeE in, Syst. Nat.
Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1305 (Arabia).—Watsaum, Artedi Piscium, vol. 3,
1792, p. 319 (on ForsKAL).

Perca safgha ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 86 (on ForsxKA.).

Centropomus safgha LactrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 249, 256
(Arabia).

Ambassis safgha Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467 (Luzon, Manila).—
Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 275 (San Fernando,
Santa Maria, Vigan, Philippines).

Centropomus ambassis LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 252,
282. Seas and fresh waters of Mauritius and Reunion.

Ambassis ambassis Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 500
(Baram, Borneo); 1925, p. 220 (Natal); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 166 (Fiji).

Ambassis commersoni CuviER, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 176, pl. 25.
Bourbon, Pondichery, Mahé, Java.—Perrers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235
(Mozambique).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 223
(India, Amboyna, Philippines, Java, Port Essington, Australia).—Gu1-
cHENOT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—Kner, Reise Novara,
Fische, 1865, p. 41 (Java).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 18
(Pougani River, East Africa).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1867, p. 15.—
Prerers, Reise Mozambique, vol. 4, 1868, p. 10.—Marrens, Reise Ost
Afrika von der Decken, vol. 3, pt. 1, 1869, p. 141 (Kilinani, Molumbo
River, Manbik).—K.unzincErR, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 719 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 52, pl. 15,
fig. 3.—Jarzow and Lentz, Abh. Senckenberg. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 499
(Marovoay, West Madagascar; Kokotoni Reef, Zanzibar).—Sauvagen,
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 113, pl. 41a, fig. 6—Braurorrt,
Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 113 (Kajeli, Buru).—Zuamaysmr, Abh.
Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Mekran).—
BovuLEnGeER, Cat. Fresh Water Fishes Africa, vol. 3, 1915, p. 112, fig. 85
(Zanzibar; Rovuma River; Dar es Salaam, East Africa; Orilaky River,
Madagascar).

Apogon commersonit GuicHENoT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Cherbourg, ser. 2, vol. 2,
1866, p. 145 (Madagascar).

Ambassis commersont BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77,
p. 136, pl. (74) 352, fig. 1 (not 5 as given in text) (Sumatra, Nias, Sing-
apore, Java, Celebes, Amboina, Philippines).—Day, Fauna Brit. India,
vol. 1, 1889, p. 488.—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13,
1907, p. 204 (Omilahy River at Tongobory, Madagascar).—Braurort,
Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 118 (Kajeli, Buru).—PELiEeGrin, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224 (Mahambo and Fort Dauphin,

154 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Madagascar).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 643
(Natal coast).

Ambassis commersont BLuEKER, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser,
2, vol. 12, 1878, p. 192 (Mabare, East Madagascar).

Ambassis macracanthus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Percoid.), vol.
22, 1849, p, 30. Batavia, Java.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 227 (copied).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 681
(Andamans, in estuaries).—K<Arout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5,
1882, p. 151 (Sarangoon River, Singapore).

Ambassis productus GuicHENOoT, Mem. Soc. Sci. Cherbourg, vol. 12, 1866,
p. 1380. Madagascar.

Ambassis klunzingert STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wein, vol. 82,
pt. 1, 1880, p. 238. Tohizona, Madagascar.—K.unzineGsR, Fische Roth.
Meer., 1889, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 3.

?A pogon roseus Fiscuer, Jahrb. Hamburg. Anst., vol. 2, 1885, p. 66. Mozam-
bique.

Beane buruensis (not BLEEKER) Fow.eER, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippines).

Depth 224 to 2%; head 226 to 234, width 214 to 234. Snout 434
to 5 in head measured from snout tip; eye 344 to 3%, greater than
snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye in young or to front
eye edge with age, expansion 4 to 414 in eye, length 2144 to 234 in
head from snout tip; teeth minute, villiform, in narrow bands in
jaws, on vomer, palatines and median ridge of tongue; interorbital
4 to 414, slightly convex; lower preorbital edge with 7 or 8 serrae,
gradually larger below and preorbital ridge with row of smaller ones;
a single postero-supraocular spine; lower ridge and edge of preopercle
serrate, with serrae larger on edge and enlarged, flat, triangular spine
at angle. Gill rakers 8+22, slender, lanceolate, 134 in eye; gill
filaments % long as gill rakers.

Scales 25 to 27 in lateral line to caudal base (sometimes 12, 14 or
12,15) and 4 or 5 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line, 6 below,
16 to 20 predorsal forming median keel to posterior interorbital, 2
rows on cheek and none on preopercle flange; caudal covered with
small scales basally; dorsals and anals each with well-marked basal
scaly sheath. Scales with 5 to 9 basal, radiating marginal striae;
circuli moderately fine.

D.I, VII, I, 9,1, second erect spine 1% to 114 in total head length,
first ray 174 to 2; A. III, 10, 1, third spine 124 to 144; caudal 224 to
24¢ in combined head and body to caudal base, deeply forked and
lobes slenderly pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 246 to 3 in
total head leneth; pectoral 1% to 114; ventral 124 to 1%.

Pale brown with silvery reflections. Scales on back, especially
above lateral line each dusted with brown dots marginally. Silvery
white band from eye to caudal fin and in formaline forms a narrow,
median, axil dusky or neutral gray line, most distinct on tail. Muzzle
more or less dusted with brownish. Membrane between second and
third erect dorsal spines dusky to blackish. All vertical fins with

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SBAS 155

minute dusky dots, chiefly on fin rays. Upper and lower lobes of
caudal often dusted little darker. Fins otherwise all more or less
pale to whitish. Iris silvery white. Preserved examples show head
and lower side of body frequently with bright silvery white tints.

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Madagascar, Mau-
ritius, Reunion, Bourbon, India, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines,
Queensland, Polynesia. Day’s figure of Ambassis commersonii differs
in that the cheek is shown with three rows of scales and the pre-
orbital ridge entire. Bleeker’s figure of Ambassis commersoni also
does not show the preorbital ridge serrated though with the hind
preopercle ridge so. Also the spinous dorsal has the entire upper
terminal portion grayish, though the second membrane not darker
than the rest of the fin, as in most of our specimens, and given in his
description. Bleeker shows the predorsal scales large.

Oneexample. Bagaong River, Sablayan Bay, Mindoro Strait. December 13,
1908. Length 31 mm.

Two examples. Davao, Mindanao Island. May 16,1908. Length 30 mm.

11514 to 11517. Duwaca River, Luzon. February 25, 1909. Length 80 to
161mm. 17 examples.

Hight examples. Malaga River, Leyte Island. July 30,1909. Length 120 mm.

5338, 5339. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao Island. August 6, 1909.
Length 88 to 122 mm. 7 examples.

Six examples. Paluan River, Mindoro Island. December 11, 1908. Length
35 to 55 mm.

11322. San Roque, Leyte Island. July 29,1909. Length 110 mm.

21387, 21388. Sebatic Island. January 2,1909. Length 67 to 80 mm.

Four examples. Yom River, Tayabas, Marinduque Island. February 25, 1909.
Length 120 to 140 mm.

One example. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2,1908. Length 40 mm.

AMBASSIS INTERRUPTA Bleeker

Ambassis interrupta BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p.
696. Wahai, Ceram and Batavia, Java.—GutntuHeEer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 226 (copied).—Prrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Ber-
lin, 1868, p. 255 (Quingo River at Calumpit, Luzon; Calbigan River,
Samar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt.1, 1875, p. 53, pl. 15, fig. 5 (Anda-
mans).—B.LeEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, p. 137,
pl. (70) 348, fig. 5 (Singapore, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Batjan, Buru,
Ceram, Amboina, Luzon, Samar).—MarrTens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 386 (Singapore).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.,
Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 12 (Manado, Celebes).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc.
Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 283 (Rio Pasig).— Day, Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 487.—Werpsr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,
1913, p. 217 (Kawa, Ceram).—Fow.LeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 166 (New Guinea).

Ambassis interruptus ELerA, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467 (Luzon, Manila,
Rio Pasig).

Priopis interruptus JornDAN and SEaxs#Z, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 18 (Cavite).

Priopis interrupta JORDAN and RIcHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907
(1908), p. 255 (Mindoro and Cuyo).

156 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Ambassis macracanthus (not BLEEKER) Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1870,
p. 681 (Andamans and estuaries).

Ambassis interrupta var. reticulatus WrBrer, Nova Guinea, vol. 9, pt. 4,
1913, p. 574. Merauke, Bivak Island, Sabang, Alkmaar, Rivierkamp,
Verlaten Bocht.

Depth 21% to 245; head 2% to 236, width 244 to 244. Snout 4%
to 444 in head from snout tip; eye 24% to 3, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches front eye edge or but slightly beyond,
expansion 334 to 5 in eye, length 214 to 224 in head from snout tip;
teeth villiform, small, in narrow bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines
and narrow median row or band on tongue; interorbital 34% to 4%,
very slightly convex; single postero-supraorbital spine, none below;
preorbital edge with 6 or 7 spines, ridge with few weaker serrae;
lower edge and ridge of preopercle serrate, upper ridge and edge
entire, also slightly enlarged spine at angle of ridge. Gill rakers
8 + 22, slender, lanceolate, much longer than gill filaments or 2 in eye.

Seales 10 or 11+11+4 or 5, of which last on caudal base, lateral
line interrupted; 3 scales above lateral line, 8 below, 14 predorsal
nearly midway in interorbital form median keel, 2 rows on cheek and
preopercle flange naked; caudal with fine scales basally; basal scaly
sheaths, one scale wide along dorsals and anals. Scales with 8 or 9
basal radiating striae and 4 or 5 incomplete auxiliaries; circuli fine.

D. VII, I, 9, 1, second erect spine 11% to 1)% in total head length,
first ray 17% to 2; A. III, 9, 1, second spine 14% to 2, often third spine
longer; caudal 14) to 11%, deeply forked, slender lobes sharply pointed;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 27%; pectoral 1% to 1%;
ventral 114 to 12s.

Pale brown generally, scales on back and upper surfaces dusted
with darker brown dots, on back as broad darker marginal areas.
Sides and lower surfaces with bright silvery white tints. Median
diffuse silvery white band from eye to caudal. Fins all pale or with
grayish dusting terminally on verticals. Membrane between second
and third dorsal spines dusky to blackish. Iris silvery white.

Andamans, East Indies, and Philippines. Bleeker reports 24
examples with the largest 120 mm. long, which is much greater than
any of our material.

Five examples. Alimango River, Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909.

Length 70 to 92 mm.

Fifteen examples. Camp Overton, Iligan Bay, Mindanao. August 6, 1909.

Length 63 to 83 mm.

12831. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length 92 mm.
Four examples. Chase Head, Palawan Island. December 22, 1908. Length

30 to 58 mm.

Three examples. Damphlit, Malabon. August 10, 1908. Length 46 to 74 mm.

Thirty-two examples. Dumara River. February 25, 1909. Length 50 to
$2 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 157

One example. Estero, Sablayan, Mindoro. December 13, 1908. Length
42 mm.

Five examples. Guimaras Island, vicinity Buena Vista, Iloilo Strait. January
14, 1909. Length 55 to 75 mm.

7751. Jolo market, Jolo. February 12, 1908. Length 65 mm.

Two examples. Laguna de Bay. June 21, 1908. Length 70 to 76 mm.

5516, 5518, 5520 to 5524, 5526, 5527, 5529, 5534 to 5538. Malabon market.
August 8, 1908. Length 50 to 76 mm. 18 examples.

Thirty examples. Malampaya River, Palawan. December 26, 1908. Length
31 to 92 mm.

One example. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island, Linapacan Strait. Decem-
ber 18, 1908. Length 31 mm.

9075 to 9078, 13683, 13684. Manila market. June 24, 1908. Length 83
to 105 mm.

Eleven examples. Nato River, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 22 to 31 mm.

Seven examples. Nato River. June 18, 1909. Length 25 to 45 mm.

Three examples. Paluan River, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 43 to
70 mm.

Eight examples. Pancol, Palawan. December 25,1908. Length 76 to 102 mm.

Ninety examples. Pangauran River, Busuanga Island. December 16, 1908.
Length 21 to 76 mm.

Three examples. Pasacao, Refugio Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909.
Length 52 to 67 mm.

8484, 8485. Port Dupon, Leyte Island. Mareh 17,1909. Length 73 to 80 mm.

6734. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 2, 1908. Length 57 mm.

Seven examples. Pucot River, Mariveles, Luzon. January 29, 1909. Length
62 to 90 mm.

11251, 11252. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 25
to 105mm. 54 examples (4967 to 4982; 5386 to 5399).

Twelve examples. River at Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length 30
to 85 mm.

One example. Stream near village at Chase Head, Endeavor River, Palawan.
December 22, 1908. Length 50 mm.

Two examples. Subig Bay. January 7, 1908. Length 63 to 67 mm.

Twenty-three examples. Tayabas, Marinduque Island. February 25, 1909.
Length 50 to 90 mm.

17275, 17276. Verde del Sur Island, Palawan. April 7,1909. Length 74 to 85
mm.

19904. Tawao River, Sibuko Bay vicinity, Borneo. September 30, 1909.
Length 58 mm.

AMBASSIS BUROENSIS Bleeker

Ambassis buroensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, 1857,
p. 79. Kajeli, Buru; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, p. 137,
pl. (75) 353, fig. 5 (Sumatra, Bali, Buru).—Wesmr, Zool. Ergebn. Reise
Nederland. Ost. Ind., vol. 3, 1894, p. 408 (Tjenrana River, Pampanna,
Celebes; Kupang, Timor); Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5,
1895, p. 263 (Amboina fresh waters).

Ambassis buruensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 226
(copied).—M artTEns, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 386 (Luzon;
Kupang, Timor).—Mbryemr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14,
1885, p. 11 (north Celebes).—E.LEra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469
(Luzon, Pasig, Manila).—Jorpan and SEeax®£, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,

158 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1906 (1907), p. 18 (Cavite).—Jorpan and RicHAaRpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 255 (Aparri).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amster-
dam, 19138, p. 113 (Mirdika River, Batu Merah River, Amboina; Kajeli,
Buru).

Depth 2% to 234; head 22% to 234, width 224 to 24%. Snout 434
to 5 in head from snout’tip; eye 27% to 31%, greater than snout or
interorbital; maxillary reaches slightly beyond front eye edge but
not to pupil, expansion 4 in eye, length 24% to 224 in head from snout
tip; teeth villiform, minute, in narrow bands in jaws, on vomer and
palatines and narrow bands on tongue medially; interorbital 34 to
4, slightly convex; single postero-supraorbital spine, none below;
preorbital edge with 6 spines, ridge with smaller serrae; lower ridge
and edge of preopercle denticulate, upper ridge and edge entire, spine
at angle of ridge little enlarged. Gill rakers 8+ 22, slender, lanceo-
late, much longer than gill filaments or 17% to 2 in eye.

Scales 11 or 12+11+4 of which last on caudal base, lateral line
interrupted; 3 scales above lateral line, 8 below, 13 or 14 predorsal
nearly midway in interorbital form median keel, 2 rows on cheek and
preopercle flange naked; caudal with fine scales basally; basal scaly
sheaths, one scale wide along dorsals and anals. Scales with 6 or 7
basal radiating striae; circuli very fine.

D. VII, 1, 9,1, second erect spine 1144 to 114 in total head length,
first ray 2 to 214; A. III, 9,1, third spine 13% to 2; caudal1 toll,
deeply forked, slender lobes sharply pointed; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2% to 224; pectoral 114 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.

Pale brown generally; scales on back and upper surfaces dusted
with dark brown dots marginally. Sides and lower surfaces with
bright silvery white reflections. Median diffuse silvery white band
from eye to caudal. Fins all pale or immaculate, except membrane
between second and third dorsal spines which dusted with dusky
behind second spine, but not black. Iris silvery white.

East Indies, Philippines. Very closely related to Ambassis inter-
rupta, though distinguished by the pale second membrane of the
spinous dorsal.

Six examples. Basut River, Canimo Pass, Luzon. June 15, 1909. Length 25

to 51 mm.

Nineteen examples. Batangas River, Luzon. June 7, 1908. Length 20 to

35 mm.

Two examples. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 12,1909. Length

35 to 38 mm.

Seven examples. Caiholo River, Palawan Island. December 29, 1908. Length

28 to 32 mm.

Elevenexamples. Capunuypugan, Generale Island, east coast Mindanao Island.

May 9, 1908. Length 38 to 55 mm.

Twenty-two examples. Catbalogan, Samar. April 16, 1908. Length 15 to
25 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 159

Forty-six examples. Cebu dock, Cebu. September 5, 1909. Length 35 to
60 mm,

Four examples. Estero, Sablayan Bay, Pandan Island, Mindoro Strait. De-
cember 13, 1908. Length 40 to 42 mm.

19359. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao. August 3,
1909. Length 55 to 58mm. 2 examples.

5517, 5525, 5528, 5531, 5532. Malabon market. August 8, 1908. Length 53 to
68 mm.

One example. Malaga River, Leyte Island. July 30,1909. Length 73 mm.

5558. Malatgao and Canina River, Palawan. April 4, 1909. Length 33 mm.

One example. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15,1908. Length 53 mm.

One example. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20,1909. Length 34 mm.

One hundred eighteen examples. Nakoda Bay, Palawan Island. December 31,
1908. Length 41 to 58 mm.

Six examples. Nato River, Lagonoy Gulf, east coast Luzon. June 17, 1909.
Length 32 to 35 mm.

One example. Nato River. June 18,1909. Length 25 mm.

Ten examples. Nanjan River, east Mindoro. June 5,1908. Length 79 to 88
mm.

11935. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 6,1909. Length 39
to69 mm. 14 examples.

One example. North end Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22,
1908. Length 72 mm.

Two examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 18,1908. Length 19 to 26 mm.

Sevenexamples. Port Jamelo, 2 miles upriver, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length
20 to 35 mm.

Fourteen examples. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11,
1908. Length 39 to 53 mm.

One example. Port San Vicente. November 14,1908. Length 48 mm.

Sixexamples. Pucot River, Mariveles, Manila Bay. January 29,1909. Length
53 to 93 mm.

5400, 5402, 5403. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10,1909. Length
45 to 86 mm. 19 examples.

Fifteen examples. River at Pasacao, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909.
Length 41 to 69 mm.

Highteen examples. River at Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length
46 to 62 mm.

Twenty-four examples. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20,
1909. Length 45 to 92 mm.

5858. Small stream, San Roque, Leyte. July 29,1909. Length 35 mm.

Two examples. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 15, 1908. Length
23 mm.

Five examples. Amboina stream, Amboina, Dutch East Indies. December 5,
1909. Length 30 to 47 mm.

Four examples. Sabatik Island, Borneo. October 1, 1909. Length 49 to
59 mm.

One example. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length
38 mm.

One example. Near (D. 5300) in seaweed, 20° 31’ N., 115° 49’ E., China Sea.
August 8,1908. Length 16 mm.

One example. Dip net off Kowloon dock, vicinity of Hong Kong, China.
August 19, 1908. Length 23 mm.

Six examples. Dip net off Kowloon dock (skiff’s side). August 22, 1908.
Length 31 to 35 mm.

160 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Three examples. Electric light off Kowloon dock. September 8, 1908. Length
20 to 23 mm.

Seventy-four examples. Dip net off Kowloon dock (ship’s side). September
9,1908. Length 11 to 25 mm.

One hundred sixty-seven examples. Dip net off Kowloon dock (ship’s side).
September 12,1908. Length 15 to 25 mm.

One hundred eighty-five examples. Electric light Kowloon dock. September
14,1908. Length 18 to 40 mm.

AMBASSIS GYMNOCEPHALUS (Lacépéde)

Lutjanus gymnocephalus Lackrrps, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 181,
216. Great Equinoxial Ocean (Indo-Pacific); vol. 3, 1801, pl. 23, fig. 3.

Ambassis gymnocephalus BuLEEKeR, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8,
1876-77, p. 1388, pl. (74) 352, fig. 3 (Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore,
Bintang, Banka, Java, Madura, Bali, Celebes, Timor, Batjan, Buru,
Amboina).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 54, pl. 15, fig. 6 (Cochin);
Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 489.—Fowurr, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 501 (Baram, Borneo).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 85 (Tonkin).—SrreinpacunerR, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, 1907, p. 129 (Tamarida, Sokotra).—WEBER,
Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 217 (Djankar, north Java).—FowLrer
and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, 1927, p. 6 (Benkoelen,
Sumatra).—Fow.uer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 75
(Sigan and Orani, Philppines).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,
1927, p. 644 (Natal coast).

Priopis gymnocephalus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28,
1905, p. 780 (Negros).—SEALE, Philippine Journ, Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910,
p. 274 (Sandakan, Borneo).

Ambassis dussumiert Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1829, p. 181.
Malabar.—V ALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 503 (Molu-
cas); vol. 9, 1833, p. 43 (Mauritius and Seychelles).—Quoy and GAIMARD,
Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 1834, p. 650, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Amboina and Celebes).—
Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 225 (China).—Kner,
Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 41 (Madras).—PLayFair,
Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 19 (Zanzibar).—Day, Fishes of Malabar,
1867, p. 16; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 681 (Andamans).—KARoL!,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882. p. 151 (Singapore).—ELERa.
Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467 (Cebu).—Brauvrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amster-
dam, 1913, p. 113 (Njanjef and Majalibit Bay, Waigiu).—Fow.Lrr, Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 166 (compiled).

Chanda dussumieri CANTOR, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 6 (Sea of Pinang).

Priopis argyrozona (KUHL) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1833,
p. 503. No locality (Java).

Ambassis vachellii (not RicHARDSON) PErEers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1868, p. 255 (Pulo brani, Singapore).

Depth 2% to 224; head 224 to 234, width 214 to 234. Snout 444
to 5 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 3 to 34, greater than
snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite front eye edge, expan-
sion 4 in eye, length 24% to 3 in head from snout tip; teeth extremely
minute, barely evident in jaws and on vomer, apparently none on
palatines or tongue; interorbital 34% to 4%, slightly convex; usually
5 supraocular serrae, last largest; 5 or 6 serrae on each lower preorb-
ital edge; lower preopercle ridge and edge serrate, hind edges of both

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 161

entire. Gill rakers 10+21, finely lanceolate, 14¢ in eye; gill fila-
ments 2¢ gill rakers.

Seales 13 or 14+ 14 to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 4 scales
above lateral line, 6 below to lower section, 13 to 15 predorsal form-
ing median keel to occiput, 2 rows on cheek and preopercular flange
naked; caudal covered with small scales basally; dorsals and anals
each with basal sheath of scales one row in width. Scales with 4 or
5 short basal radiating striae marginal; circuli moderate.

D. VII, I, 9, 1, second spine 114 to 114 in total head length, first
ray 2 to 21%; A. III, 9, 1, third spine 124 to 134; caudal 1% to 1,
forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 2144 to 224; pectoral 114 to
124; ventral 114 to 12%.

Pale brown, pale or whitish below. Median silvery lateral band.
Membrane between second and third dorsal spines dusky with age.
Fins and iris all pale or whitish.

Socotra, Zanzibar, Natal, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Andamans,
Cochin, Tonkin, East Indies, Philippines, China. Many examples,
we find, do not have the second membrane of the spinous dorsal and
the hind caudal edge blackish. The second and third dorsal spines
are variably subequal.

22467. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length 67 mm.

5519, 5530. Malabon market. August 8, 1908. Length 50 to 58 mm.

One example. Manila Bay. December 6, 1907. Length 65 mm.

One example. Manila Bay. December 7, 1907. Length 67 mm.

One example. Manila Bay. December 8, 1909. Length 53 mm.

4516. Manila Bay. December 9, 1907. Length 60 to68 mm. 4 examples.

Seven examples. Manila Bay. December 11, 1907. Length 60 to 71 mm.

Seven examples. Manila Harbor. December 30, 1907. Length 55 to 65 mm.

Fifty-seven examples. Manila Harbor. December 31, 1907. Length 52to
70 mm.

Seven examples. Manila Harbor. January 31,1908. Length 55 to 67 mm.

Two examples. Manila Harbor. March 16, 1908. Length 61 to 75 mm.

19500, 19501. Manila market. December 12-18, 1909. Length 71 to 74 mm.

Eleven examples. Palawan. December 25, 1908. Length 49 to 65 mm.

Fifteen examples. Philippines. Length 55 to 60 mm.

19728. Tacloban market. July 25,1909. Length55to63mm. 2 examples.

One example. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 15, 1908. Length

15 mm.
AMBASSIS BATJANENSIS Bleeker

Ambassis batjanensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, 1855, p°
196. Batjan, in fresh water.—GUnTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 225 (Amboyna).—BuLEEker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77,
p. 138, pl. (76) 354, fig. 4 (Singapore, Java, Bali, Celebes, Sumbawa,
Rotti, Batjan, Buru, Amboina).—KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest,
vol. 5, 1882, p. 151 (Change River, Singapore).—Meryer, Anal. Soc.
Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 11 (Manila Bay).—WeEBER,
Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nederland. Ost Ind., vo]. 3, 1894, p. 409 (Ioinino
River, Kupang, Timor); Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5,
1895, p. 263 (fresh waters Amboina).—E.uera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895,

162 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

p. 469 (Rio Pasig, Manila).—Srpernpacuner, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 415 (Oba River, Halmaheira).

Ambassis vaivasensis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 254, fig. 47. Vaivase River, Apia, Samoa.—Fow.urEr, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 32 (Samoa); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 166 (Apia and Fiji?).

Depth 234 to 244; head 214 to 234, width 214 to 24%. Snout 4144
to 42¢ in head from snout tip; eye 214 to 3, much greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 5, length 224
to 27% in head from snout tip; teeth very minute, in narrow bands
in jaws, on vomer and palatines and narrow median band on tongue;
interorbital 414 to 42, slightly convex; postero-supraorbital ridge
with 1 or 2 serrae; lower preorbital edge with 7 or 8 serrae and
nearly same number of less distinct ones on preorbital keel; lower
preoperele edge and keel finely serrate, though serrae usually more
numerous on former and broad triangular spine at angle of ridge
usually moderate. Gull rakers 9 or 10+18 to 20, finely lanceolate, 2
to 2% in eye; gill filaments 3¢ of gill rakers.

Scales 26 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 3 or 4 above, 7 below, 13 to 15 predorsal with median keel
extending forward midway in interorbital, usually 2 rows on cheek
though sometimes only a single row anteriorly; caudal more or less
with fine scales over greater portion basally; broad basal scaly sheaths
along dorsals and anal, usually one scale in width. Scales with 5 to
16 radiating short marginal striae; circuli moderate, more numerous
apically.

D. VII, I, 9,1, second spine 114 to 124 in total head length, first
ray 144 to 1%; A. ITI, 9,1, to 10,1, third spine 144 to 24, first ray
17% to 2; caudal 23% to 224 in combined head and body to caudal
base; least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 224; pectoral 114 to 114;
ventral 126 to 1%.

Pale brown, scales on back all dusted broadly marginally: with
dusky. Median axial silvery white band from head to caudal base.
Iris silvery white. Fins pale, rays of soft verticals more or less dusted
with dull dusky terminally and membrane between second and third
dorsal spines terminally dusky to blackish. Often preserved examples
show each caudal lobe slightly darker medially.

Kast Indies, Philippines, Polynesia. We have united Ambassis
vaivasensis Jordan and Seale with this species. Bleeker gives the
predorsal scales as 17, a number usually a little greater than most of
our specimens. Bleeker had, however, but 2 specimens 73 to 79 mm.
long.

Twenty-one examples. Basut River, east Luzon. June 15,1909. Length 40

to 98 mm.

Seven examples. Bito Lake, Abuyog, Leyte Island. July 26, 1909. Length
51 to 71 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 163

Twenty-two examples. Cabugo River, Catanduanes Island, east coast Luzon.
June 9,1909. Length 35 to 63 mm.

Nineteen examples. Caluagan River, Paluan Bay, Mindoro Strait. December
11,1908. Length 17 to 57 mm.

One example. Cotabato, Mindanao. No date. Length 8 mm.

Fifty-nine examples. Duwaca River, Luzon. February 25,1909. Length 58
to 120 mm.

22085. Isabel, Basilan Island. September 11,1909. Length 74 mm.

Thirty-two examples. Iwahig River and tributary, Puerta Princesa, eastern
Palawan Island. April 4,1909. Length 45 to 93 mm.

5635, 12309. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17,1909. Length 65 to
98mm. 9 examples.

9575. Mahinog River, Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao. August
38,1909. Length 50 to 95mm. 9 examples.

Sixty-four examples. Malaga River, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length 58 to
105 mm. :

Four examples. Malinao River, Palawan. April 2,1909. Length 57 to 79 mm.

Seventeen examples. Nakoda Bay, Palawan. December, 1908. Length 56 to
72 mm.

One example. Nakoda Bay. December 31, 1908. Length 67 mm.

23595. Nato River, Lagonoy Gulf, east coast Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length
47to79 mm. 7 examples.

21790. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao Island. August 6, 1909.
Length 40 to 70 mm. 37 examples.

Fifty examples. Paluan River, Mindanao Island. December 11, 1908. Length
20 to 55 mm. :

Twenty-seven examples. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November
11, 1908. Length 40 to 81 mm.

Eight examples. Pucot River, Mariveles, Manila Bay, Luzon. January 29,
1909. Length 40 to 69 mm.

5398, 5401. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 75
to 78 mm.

5856. San Roque, Leyte Island. July 29,1909. Length 50 mm.

8806. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length 67
to 88mm. 6 examples.

19996. West coast Palaui Island, off northern Luzon. November 18, 1908.
Length 67 mm.

Fifty-three examples. Yan River, Tayabas, Marinduaue Island. February 25,
1909. Length 388 to 113 mm.

21594. Yaua River, Legaspi, Albay Gulf, Luzon. June 7, 1909. Length 22 to
86 mm. 77 examples.

Sixty-six examples. Zamboanga Canal. October 8, 1909. Length 45 to 72 mm.

23598 to 23602. Zamboanga River. October 9, 1909. Length 115 to 137 mm.

Sixty examples. Uki Island, Bouro Island vicinity. December 9,1909. Length
67 to 90 mm.

Four examples. Uki River, Uki Island. December 9, 1909. Length 82 to
89 mm.

WHITLEYINA, new subgenus

Type.—Amobassis wolf Bleeker.
Diagnosis.—Scales small, about 40 to 46 in lateral line to caudal
base. Cheek with 7 rows of scales. Second erect dorsal and anal

spines enlarged and prominent, former higher than soft dorsal.
(For Mr. Gilbert P. Whitley, zoologist of the Australian Museum.)

164 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

AMBASSIS WOLFFI Bleeker

Ambassis wolffii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indié, vol. 1, 1850, pp. 3, 9.
Bandjermassing, Borneo.—GtnruEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 226 (copied).—BLeEEkeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77,
p. 133, pl. (47) 325, fig. 2 (Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes).—Fow tr, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 500 (Baram, Borneo).

Ambassis wolfii ELpraA, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 469 (Samara, Borongan).

Ambassis robustus (SCHLEGEL) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 222. Borneo.—SrErnpacuner, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol., vol. 3, 1864,
p. 197, pl. 4, fig. 1 (Celebes).—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 467
(Samara and Cebu).

Depth 244; head 224, width 244. Snout 434 in head from snout
tip; eye 3, much greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
2¢ in eye, expansion 214 in eye, length 2) in total head length; teeth
fine, villiform, in narrow bands in jaws with few anterior slightly
enlarged; vomer and palatines each with bands of very small teeth,
none on tongue; interorbital 42s, little convex; 6 or 7 postero-
superior orbital serrae; lower preorbital edge with 10 or 11 serrae,
ridge with 7 or 8 smaller serrae; lower preopercle ridge and edge
serrate, spine at angle of ridge large and narrow. Gill rakers 10+17,
finely lanceolate, 14 of eye; gill filaments 24 gill rakers.

Scales 44 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 6
scales above lateral line, 15 below, 27 predorsal with median keel for-
ward to middle of interorbital, 7 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge;
caudal largely covered with small scales, larger basally; dorsals and
anals with rather broad basal scaly sheaths; patch of small scales on
pectoral base. Scales with 4 to 6 basal radiating striae; circuli fine,
especially so apically.

D. VII, I, 10,1, second spine 114 in total head length, first ray 244;
A. 9,1 (abnormal), fourth ray 234; caudal 114, deeply forked; least
depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114; ventral 114.

Back dull brown, sides and below white, shot with silvery, espe-
cially on opercle. Iris whitish. Apparently no white lateral band.
Fins all pale brownish, due to sprinkling of dark dots. Spinous dorsal
with membranes dusky terminally or marginally. Ventrals also
dusky marginally.

Known only from the East Indies and Siam. Though reported
from the Philippines no examples are in our collection. The above
description is from the example 147 mm. long, obtained in Baram,
British North Borneo, 1898; obtained by Dr. W.H. Furness, 3d, and
now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia. According to Bleeker it reaches 203 mm. in length.

Family DULEIDAE

Body oblong, strongly compressed. Head moderate, compressed.
Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary exposed, without supplemental
bone. Teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, usually on vomer, palatines,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 165

entopterygoids and ectopterygoids. Preorbital and preopercle den-
ticulate. Opercle with 2 spines. Gill membranes separate. Gill
rakers long, slender. Pseudobranchiae usually large. Branchioste-
gals6. Vertebrae 25, of which 14 or 15 caudal. Scales large, ciliated
or ctenoid. Lateral line complete, tubes straight and occupy front
half of exposed scale surface. Dorsals joined at bases, spines 10 to 12,
rays9to16. Anal equally long as soft dorsal, spines 3, rays 10 to 16.
Caudal emarginate. Pectoral obtusely pointed, rays 14 to 17, upper
longest. Ventral behind pectoral base, fins close together and each
with strong spine.

Fishes of moderate or small size, in the fresh and brackish waters
of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The uniformly silvery species live in
the sea and those marked with dark spots enter fresh water estuaries
or rivers. Besides Dules a West African species has been described
and placed in a separate genus, Parakuhlia Pellegrin 1913, on account
of the presence of pseudobranchiae.

Nannoperca Giinther (= Paradules Klunzinger 1872= Edelia Cas-
telnau 1873 = Microperca Castelnau 1873) is from the fresh waters of
Australia, with interrupted lateral line and rounded caudal, and has
doubtfully been placed in this family.

Genus DULES Cuvier

Dules Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1829, p.117. Type Centropomus
rupestris LAchPhpE, designated by Fow.uer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1906, p. 510.

Platysome LigNaRp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832, p. 112. Type
Holocentrus caudavittatus LAchPrDE, monotypic.

Kuhlia Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 48. Type Perca
ciliata CuviER, orthotypic.

Moronopsis Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. Type
Dules taeniurus CuvisR, orthotypic.

Paradules BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 257. Type
Dules marginatus Cuvier, monotypic.

Moronophis (Giutu) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 67. Type Dules
taenturus CuviER. (Lapsus for Moronopsis.)

Platysoma (not Leacu 1817) ScuppER, Nomenclator Zool., 1882, p. 252.
Type Holocentrus caudavittatus Lachrip»E, as Platysoma ScuDDER proposed
for Platysome LimNarD.

Herops De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, 1885, p. 392.
Type Herops munda Dr Vis, monotypic.

Boulengerina (not Dotio 1886) Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1906, p. 512. Type Dules mato Lusson, orthotypic.

Safole JorpAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 655. Type Dules
taenturus Cuvimr, orthotypic.

Body well elevated. Eyes moderate. Mouth terminal, oblique.
Chin moderately prominent. Nocanines. Preorbital and preopercle
edges finely denticulate. Opercle without membranous lobe. Gill
rakers 17 to 28 on lower branch of first arch. Scales 40 to 50 in
longitudinal series. Lateral line complete. Dorsal and anal fins

166 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

each with basal scaly sheaths. Dorsal begins well before middle in
body length. Caudal emarginate or forked.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. We accept Dules Cuvier
1829 as different from Dulus Viellot 1816 in birds, thereby eventuat-
ing the family name Duleidae. This case parallels our acceptance of
Halichoeres Riippell as different from Halichoerus Nilsson in seals.
We may note that Moronopsis Gill was proposed with the genotype
Dules taeniurus Cuvier, thus the unnecessary Safole Jordan with the
same genotype falls as an exact synonym.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a. Dues. Caudal fin immaculate or with a single black blotch on each lobe
in the young, becoming broad black margin with age; body usually with
dark spots; 16 to 19 gill rakers on lower branch of first arch; scales 40 to
45+4 or 5 in lateral line.

b!. Caudal slightly emarginate, lobes rounded; anal rays 10; maxillary reaches

below middle of eye, or beyond with age______________---_-- rupestris
b?. Caudal more emarginate; anal rays 11 to 13; maxillary not or barely
reaches ‘middle offeyecty 42-4 seek AVE a skeee ad marginatus

a?. Moronopsis. Caudal fin with median black band and 2 broad black bands
on each lobe; body without dark spots; 24 to 29 gillrakers on lower branch of
first arch; scales 50 or 51-++5 in lateral line; anal rays 10 or 11___taeniurus

DULES RUPESTRIS (Lacépéde)

Centropomus rupestris LAchPmhDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 252, 273.
Col de l’Isle de la Réunion.

Dules rupestris Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 119 (Bourbon and
Mauritius).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 477 (Mau-
ritius) —GuzmRIN, [conogr. Régne Animal, Poiss., 1829-38, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 2
(Bourbon).—GintueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 268 (Fiji,
Ovalau, Amboina, Mauritius)—Prtrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1868, p. 256 (Basey River, Samar; Burbuen River, Leyte); 1876, p. 437
(Mauritius).—Gtnruer, Trans. Roy. Soe. London, vol. 168, 1879, p. 471
(Rodriguez).—Meyenr, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885,
p. 13 (Menado, Celebes; Siao, Sangi).—Jarzow and Lenz, Abh. Sencken-
berg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 500 (Kokotoni, Zanzibar).—-Sauvaceg,
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 150, pl. 41B, fig. 3—WerEbBzEr,
Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina, fresh
water).—FowtgEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 512 (Samoa
and Tahiti).

Doules rupestris GuicHEeNoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 24.

Kuhlia rupestris BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 36 (Zan-
zibar, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Pelew Islands, Ponapé, Amboina, Solomons,
New Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga).—Prerrmr, Thierw. Ost Afrika, Fische, 1896,
p. 3, fig —JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 255
(Vaisigano River above Apia).—SEALrE and Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 30, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—Fow.teEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1907, p. 264 (name only).—JorpDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 254 (Mindoro Island).—Guincurist and
Tuompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 214 (Umbilo River
tidal, Durban).—Rercan, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1913, p. 375 (Indo-
Pacific to Tuamotus).—Braurort, Bijdr. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 110
(Kajeli, Buru).—BouLencEr, Cat. Fresh Water Fishes Africa, vol. 3, 1915,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 167

p. 98, fig. 76 (Zanzibar, Mauritius, Rodriguez).—GiLcuRist and THOMP-
son, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 1917, p. 321 (compiled).—JorpaANn and
Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 232 (Chatan,
Ryukyu).—Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 8 (Guam), p. 32
(Samoa), p. 37 (Tahiti) —Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927,
p. 495, pl. 21, fig. 1 (copied Day), (Natal coast).—HrErrE and MonrTauBan,
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 2, June, 1927, p. 205, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Abu-
lug; Kiangan; Batan; Pansipit River; Nauhan River; Parvis River;
Ulot River; Concepcion; Cuyo; Anajawan and Cabalian; Oumaguete;
Titunod River; Balabac; Gandasole, Bangtoli and Tagbili Rivers, \stu-
rias; Tawi Tawi; Fiji)—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 168 (Guam, Hawaii, Apia, Kusaie, Ebon Island).

Moronopsis rupestris BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p- 121, pl. (61) 339, fig. 2 (Timor, Batjan, Buru, Amboina).

Perca ciliata (KuHL and Van HassEur) Couvinr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2,
1828, p. 52. Fresh waters of Bantam, Java.

Percichthys ciliata GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 62 (copied).

Dules fuscus Cuvinr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 118. Bourbon.—
Perers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 238 (Anjoana Island, fresh water, Mozam-
bique).—GtnrTue_r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 268 (copied).—
PLaYFAIR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 22 (Johanna Island).—PrrTErs,
Naturw. Reise Mossambique, Zool., 1868, p. 10.—Marrens, Reisen Ost
Afrika von der Decken, vol. 3, pt. 1, 1869, p. 141 (Mauritius).

Dules guamensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 474.
Guam.—Hompsron and Jacquinot, Voy. Astrolabe et Zelée, Zool., vol. 3,
1853, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 1 (type).—GutnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 269.—Mac.eay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883,
p. 257 (fresh waters Normanby Island, New Guinea).

Dules vanicolensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 478.
Vanicolo.—Homsron and Jacquinot, Voy. Astrolabe et Zelée, Zool.,
vol. 3, 1853, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 2 (type).

Therapon unicolor (not GUNTHER) KNzER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. 58, 1868, pt. 1, p. 300, pl. 2, fig. 4 (Kandavu, Fiji; Rockhampton,
Queensland).

Dules marginatus (not CuvipR) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 67, pl.
18, fig. 1; Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 508, fig.

Dules haswellii Macupay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1880,
p. 350. Rockingham Bay, Queensland; ser. 2, vol. 1, 1886, p. 882 (Cairns).

Dules haswelli Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 282 (Brisbane River).

Kuhlia rupesiris hedleyz OaiuBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22,
1897, p. 767. New Caledonia.

Depth 234 to 3; head 24% to 3, width 17% to 24%. Snout 334 to 4

in head measured from snout tip; eye 326 to 34%, greater than snout
to subequal with age, subequal to slightly less than interorbital;
maxillary reaches 24 in eye, expansion 234, length 214 to 2) in head
from snout tip; teeth in rather broad villiform bands in jaws,
narrower ones on vomer and palatines and tongue toothless; interor-
bital 3 to 3%, little convex; lower preorbital and preopercle edges
finely serrate, though hind preopercle edge entire. Gill rakers 5 or
6+17 or 18, lanceolate, slender, twice gill filaments or 11% in eye.

88137—30——12

168 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Scales 37 to 39 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 to 6 more on
latter; 5 above, 8 or 9 below, 10 or 11 predorsal, 4 rows across cheek
to preopercle ridge, and flange scaleless; caudal base largely covered
with small scales and dorsals and anals with basal scaly sheaths.
Scales with 8 to 13 basal radiating striae, often with 1 or 2 incomplete
auxiliaries; 58 to 110 apical denticles, with 5 to 9 transverse series
of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. IX, I, 11,1, fourth spine 21% to 2144 in total head length, first
dorsal ray 134 to 17%; A. III, 10,1, third spine 2% to 234, first anal
ray 17% to 2; caudal 14% to 114, emarginate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2% to 3; pectoral 17% to 2; ventral 134 to 1%.

Deep brown above with slightly darker band along each row of
scales and band made up of dark basal spot on each scale. Sides
below and under surface of body pale to whitish with silvery tint.
Iris whitish with silvery. Spinous dorsal with brown shading. Soft
dorsal with broad dark terminal area on front lobe, narrowing
posteriorly. Each caudal lobe with broad subterminal blackish
blotch, becoming more marginal with age. Soft vertical fins often
with subbasal row of dark spots, frequently as several rows over fins
with age.

Johanna Island, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Madagascar, Bour-
bon, Mauritius, Rodriguez, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu,
Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Although Regan
gives his maximum examples as 400 mm. we have not seen any so
large. It is abundant in many of the islands of Oceania from whence
we have examined many specimens. Kuhlia caerulescens Regan and
Kuhlia sawagit Regan are similarly mottled or speckled species but
with shorter maxillaries.

13388 to 13390. Bito River, Abuyog, Leyte Island. July 26, 1909. Length 175

to 195 mm.

Four examples. Calugan River, 3 miles from mouth near Paluan Bay, Mindoro.

December 11, 1908. Length 36 to 47 mm.

1700. Capitancillo, between Cebu and Leyte. March 18, 1909. Length 245

mm. (D. 5408).

10802, 13969. Isabel River, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909. Length 175

to 208 mm.

5816. Iwahig River and tributaries, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 4, 1909.

Length 103 to 111 mm.

5900 to 5909, 19654, 19655. Malaga River, Hinunangan Bay, Leyte Island.

July 30,1909. Length 80 to 180 mm.

5554, 5562, 5564. Malatgas and Cannia River, Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island.

April 4, 1909. Length 85 to 185 mm.

4905. Malinao River, Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length 90 to 182 mm.
One example. Pucot River near Mariveles, Manila Bay, Luzon. January 29,

1909. Length 155 mm.

5867 to 5869, 5877, 5880 to 5882. Small stream at San Roque, Leyte Island.

July 29-30, 1909. Length 65 to 218 mm. 16 examples.

5632, 5633. Stream at Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909.

Length 90 to 220 mm. 3 examples.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 169

7644, 11702, 17221, 17223, 21590, 22119. Yaua River, Legaspi, Luzon. June
7, 1909. Length 85 to 230 mm.

18126. Amboina stream, Amboina, Dutch East Indies. December 5, 1909.
Length 131 mm.

13561. Amboina stream. December 7, 1909. Length 149 mm.

13492. River Uki, Boero Island. December 9, 1909. Length 213 mm.

DULES MARGINATUS Cuvier

Dules marginatus CuviEr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 116, pl. 52.
Java.— VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 474 (Vanicolo).—
Homsron and Jacquinot, Voy. Astrolabe et Zelée, Zool., vol. 3, 1853, p.
41, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Java).— Gtnruemr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 268 (Java, Amboina, Fiji); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873,
p. 24 (Sumatra, Java, Amboina, Fiji, Society Islands, Bonham Islands,
Gilbert Islands, Hawaii, Polynesia).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875,
p. 67 (part).—GtnrueEr, Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 168, 1879, pp.
470, 471 (Rodriguez).—KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5,
1882, p. 153 (Palaboen, Java).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p.
503 (part).— WEBER, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nederland. Ost. Ind., vol. 3,
1894, p. 407 (Koinino River, Kupang, Timor; Amparang River, Balang-
nipa, Celebes); Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 262
(Amboina, fresh water).—Reruvens, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 16, 1895,
p. 149 (Java, Borneo, Buru, Amboina, East Indies).—Prrvuara, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 16, 1896, p. 48 (Mentawei
Island).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 512
(Tahiti).

Kuhlia marginata BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 38
(Java, Manado, Amboyna, Miso!, Solomons, Bonham Island, Savaii, Fiji,
Viti Levu, Tahiti).—Srerinpacuner, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol.
25, 1900, p. 413 (Ternate, Halmaheira, Rivers Patani and Oba).—JorDAN
and EverRMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1903, p. 340 (Kotosko,
Formosa).—IsHIKAWA, Proc. Dep. Nat. Hist. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 1,
1904, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Wakanoura and Tojimgawa, Idzu).—Jorpawn and
SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 255 (Vaisigano River,
Apia).—Fow.rEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 264 (name
only).—JorDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908),
p. 254 (Rio Baco, Mindoro).—Jorpan and TuHompson, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 41, 1912, p. 525 (Kotosho, Apia, Mindoro).—Braurort, Bijd.
Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 110 (Kajeli, Bouru; Batjan; Buli, Halmaheira;
Lam-lam, North Waigiu; Eme and Tuba Rivers, West Ceram).—
ReGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 378 (Malay Archipelago and
South Pacific; types of Dules leuciscus Jenyns).—WEBER, Siboga Exp.,
vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 194 (Dammer Island).—Fow.usr, Bishop Mus.
Bull., No. 22,1925, p. 32 (Samoa), p. 37 (Tahiti).—FowLerR and Bran,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, 1927, p. 14 (Tahiti)—Herrre and
Mon Ta.BaNn, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 2, June 1927, p. 203, pl.
1, fig. 3 (Bataan Province; Pansipit River; Batangas; Pinamalayan;
Pigaa and Arimbay Rivers; San José de Buenavista; Dumaquete; Lazi;
Cagayan de Misamis; Kolambugan and Malabang Spring; Balabac;
Davao; Saub River; Gandasole River; Malum River).—Fow.er, Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 168 (Tahiti, Hilo, Maui, Hawaiian Islands,
Locality?, Honolulu markets).

Dules mato Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, June 18, 1830, p. 223.
Matavai River, Venus Point, Tahiti—Homsron and Jacquinot, Voy.

170 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Astrolabe et Zelée, Zool., vol. 3, 1853, p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 4 (type).—Fow.err,.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 512 (part).

Dules malo VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 479 (type).—
Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 270 (copied).—GiL-
curist, Marine Invest. South Africa, vol. 1, 1902, p. 705 (compiled).

Kuhlia malo BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 40 (South
Africa; Viti Levu; Tahiti)—Jorpan and EverMann, Bull. U. 5S. Fish.
Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), p. 207 (part).—S#a.e and Bran, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—Fowter, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 264 (name only).—KENDALL and GoLps-
BorouGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, 1911, p. 280, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Tip-
aerui River, Papeite, Society Islands).—BouLencrEr, Cat. Fresh Water
Fishes Africa, vol. 3, 1915, p. 96, fig. 78 (South Africa).—Barnarp, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 496 (South African Seas).—HERRE and
MonTALBAN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 2, June, 1927, p. 202
(compiled).

Dules maculatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 7, 1831, p. 475.
Celebes.

Kuhlia maculata KENDALL and GotpsBporouGcH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
vol. 26, 1911, p. 281, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Kusaie, Carolines).

Dules leuciscus JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Zool., 1842, p.17. River Matuvui,
Tahiti.

Moronopsis ciliatus (not Perca ciliata Cuvier) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind,
Néerland., vol, 7, 1873-76, p. 120, pl. (88) 316, fig. 1, pl. (46) 324,
fig. 2 (Java, Bali, Sumatra, Nias, Celebes, Batjan, Buru, Amboina, Ceram).

Dules papuensis Macunay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883,
p. 257. Goldie River in fresh water, New Guinea.

Depth 234 to 27%; head 234 to 8, width 214 to 214. Snout 3%
to 4 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 224 to 34, greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 3 to 3% in
eye, length 214 to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, villiform,
in broad bands in jaws, narrower ones on vomer and palatines, none
on tongue; interorbital 31% to 33%, broadly convex; lower preorbital
and preopercle edges denticulate and preopercle flange with striae.
Gill rakers 9 +18, lanceolate, slender, twice long as gill filaments or
134 in eye.

Scales 38 to 40 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 6 scales above lateral line, 9 below, 11 or 12 predorsal, 5 rows
across cheek to preopercle ridge and flange scaleless; caudal base
largely covered with smail scales and dorsals and anals with basal
scaly sheaths. Scales with 10 to 12 marginal basal striae, mostly
radiating, often with 1 to 3 incomplete auxiliaries; 54 to 58 apical
denticles, with 8 or 9 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. X, 11, 1, or 12,1, fifth spine 124 to 2 in total head length, sec--
ond ray 13% to 1%; A. III, 12, 1, third spine 2 to 2, first ray 134
to 144; least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 234; caudal 114 to 144 ;.
pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 12% to 124.

Back light brown, lower surfaces paler to whitish, whole body with
silvery white sheen. Upper surfaces of body or sides above marked
with many large deep brown spots, which also extend on soft vertical

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 17}

fins, at least basally, though most noticeable on caudal. Fins light
brown. Spinous dorsal dark basally and median area broadly pale
or whitish. Apex of soft dorsal dusky, also margin, then median
dark band. Anal with several dark blotches anteriorly. Paired
fins pale, front ventral edge narrowly white, then anterior submargi-
nal dark streak. Iris silvery white.

South Africa, Rodriguez, East Indies, Formosa, Japan, Philippines,
Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.

10661, 10662. Basud River, Luzon, fresh water. June 15, 1909. Length 210
to 220 mm.

5563. Batangas market. June 7, 1908. Length 186 mm.

19264. Busbus Point, Siasi Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 20,
1909. Length 160 mm.

Two examples. Calugan River, 3 miles from mouth near Paluan Bay, Mindoro.
December 11, 1908. Length 32 to 47 mm,

23737 to 23739. Dumaco River, Luzon. February 25, 1909. Length 90 to
100 mm.

5813 to 5815, 5817 to 5823. Iwahig River and tributaries, Puerta Princesa,
Palawan. April 4, 1907. Length 80 to 139 mm. 16 examples.

11385, 11388, 11889. Joni River, Tayabas Island. February 25,1909. Length
129 to 144 mm.

9576, 9578 to 9580. Mahinog River, Camiguin Island. August 3,1909. Length
65 to 167 mm. 40 examples.

5552, 5553, 5555 to 5561. Malatgas and Cannia Rivers, Puerta Princesa,
Palawan. April 4, 1909. Length 111 to 185 mm.

4906, 4907. Malinao River, Palawan Island. April 21, 1909. Length 38 to
170 mm. 5 examples.

14460, 17938, 19262, 19263, 19266, 19267. Nianauga River, Cebu. August 25
1909. Length 30 to 200 mm. 8 examples.

11678 (1111). Mariveles Bay, Manila Bay. January 30,1909. Length 175mm.

22137. Murcielagos Bay, Cascade River, Mindanao. August 20,1909. Length
135 mm.

6348, 5342 to 5346, 11925 to 11934, 11968, 11969, 21155, 21789. Nonucan River,
Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 6, 1909. Length 69 to 212 mm. 37
examples.

11438. Pucot River, Mariveles Bay, Manila Bay. January 29, 1909. Length
65 to 184 mm.

5870 to 5876, 5878 to 5879. Small stream at San Roque, Leyte Island. July 29,
1909. Length 95to 175mm. 20 examples.

7266 to 7268, 12308, 12315, 12316. Stream at Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon.
June 17, 1909. Length 28 to 202 mm. 32 examples,

5636. Stream at Maagnas. April 4, 1909. Length 98 mm.

7645 to 7648, 11701, 17222, 17224 to 17226, 21591, 21592, 22117, 22120, 22121.
Yaua River, Legaspi. June 7, 1909. Length 70 to 215 mm. 15 examples.

9231 to 9233, 21006. Zamboanga River. October 9, 1909. Length 130 to
200 mm.

13560, 13562 to 13567, 13901 to 13905, 13908 to 13921, 18120, 18122 to 18125,
18127 to 18129, 18237, 18238, 18241, 18243 to 18245. Amboina Stream,
Amboina, Dutch East Indies. December 5 to 7,1909. Length 62 to 196 mm.

9736 to 9738, 13493, 21217. River Uki, Bouro Island. December 9, 1909.
Length 73 to 212 mm. 17 examples.

19903. Tawao River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 30, 1909. Length
111 mm.

t72 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

DULES TAENIURUS Cuvier

Dules taeniurus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 114. Java.—
GiunrTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 267 (Chinese Sea).—_Kner,
Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 47 (Tahiti).—Day, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1870, p. 682 (Andamans).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 13 (Siao, Sangi).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc.
Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 284 (Manila Bay).—Jatzow
and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 500
(Zanzibar).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., 1895, p. 471 (Luzon, Manila Bay).

Doules taenturus GuicHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 24.

Moronopsis taeniurus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 119 (Java, Sumatra, Buru); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (67) 345, fig. 5.

Kuhlia taenuira BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 39 (Socotra,
Zanzibar, Seychelles, Port Natal, South Africa, Mauritius, Laccadives,
China, Tahiti) —Wartrer, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 5, pt. 3, 1904, p. 164
(Lord Howe Island).—JorpAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 255 (Tutuila, Samoa).—Reaan, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol.
12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 228 (Praslin, Seychelles Group).—Snope@rass and
HEtxER, Proe. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 6, 1905, p. 366 (Galapagos) .—
JorpAN and Srarxs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1906, p. 698 (Tane-
gashima, Japan).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71,
pt. 1, 1907, p. 127 (brooks of Kalausiye; Teich Lebine at Kor Garrieh,
Sokotra).—Gincurist and Tompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6,
1908-11, p. 149 (Natal).—BouLEnGrr, Cat. Fresh Water Fishes Africa,
vol. 3, 1915, p. 95 (South Africa and Port Natal).—McCou toca, Austral.
Zool., vol. 1, pt. 7, 1919, p. 48, pl. 19, fig. 175a (Port Jackson).—FowLeEr
and Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, 1927, p. 14 (Tahiti).—Bar-
NARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 496 (East London and
Natal coast).—Herrre and Monransan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33,
No. 2, June 1927, p. 200, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Guam; Tanegashima Island,
Japan).—Fow.LErR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 171 (Marcus
Island, Faté, Apia, Johnston Island, Marshall Islands, Apiang).

Boulengerina taeniura JoRDAN and TxHompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
41, 1911, p. 522 (Tanegashima, Okinawa, Misaki, Samoa, Lord Howe
Island, off Western Mexico).—Snypsr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42,
1912, p. 413 (Misaki and Tanegashima).

Safole taenuira SnypER, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497
(Okinawa).—JorpAN and RicHarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6,
No. 4, 1914, p. 248 (Misaki).

Perca argentea (not LINNAEUS) BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon, 1830, pl. 22.
Ceylon at Fort Point de Galle.

Dules argenteus KLUNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p.
730 (Two Brothers Island and Koseir, Red Sea). —GintTueER, Journ. Mus.
Godeffroy, vols. 2-3, pts. 5-6, 1874, p. 25, pl. 19, fig. c (Tahiti and Kings-
mill Islands).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 67, pl. 18. fig. 2
(Andamans); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 504.—WairTE, Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 9, 1894, p. 217 (Lord Howe
Island).

Moronopsis argenteus KLuztnGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 25.

Dules bennetii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., No. 8, vol. 25, 1853,
p. 32 (on Bennetr).—Perers, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855, p. 238
(Mozambique).—GitnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 270
(no locality, probably South Africa?).—Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senck-
enburg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 500 (Zanzibar; Majunga, West
Madagascar).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 173

Kuhlia arge JoRDAN and Bouuman, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1889,
p. 159. Chatham Island, Galapagos.

Kuhlia sterneckt STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 107, pt. 1,
1898, p. 461, pl. Gulf of Alsabah.

Depth 236 to 245; head 3 to 314, width 21% to 234. Snout 3%
to 41¢ in head measured from snout tip; eye 234 to 3%, greater than
snout, greater than interorbital in young to subequal with age; max-
illary reaches about 14 in eye, expansion 3 in eye, length 2% to 234
in head from snout tip; teeth finely conic, in moderate bands in jaws,
patch on vomer and small patch on front of each palatine, tongue
toothless; interorbital 3 to 31%, broadly convex; lower preorbital and
preopercle edge minutely serrate, hind preopercle edge entire and pre-
opercular flange striate. Gill rakers 12+ 24, lanceolate, slender, 134
in eye.

Seales 50 or 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 more on latter;
6 scales above, 12 below, 12 predorsal forward to occiput, 5 rows on
cheek to angle of preopercle ridge, preopercle flange naked; caudal
largely covered with fine scales, larger basally; dorsals and anals
each with moderate basal sheath of small scales. Scales with 8 to 12
basal radiating striae; 71 to 75 apical denticles with about 14 or 15
transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. IX, I, 10,1, fifth spine 134 to 14% in total head length, first ray
124 to 1%; A. III, 11,1, third anal spine 234 to 3, first ray 1% to 244;
caudal 244 to 314 in combined head and body to caudal base; least
depth of caudal peduncle 21% to 224 in total head length; pectoral! 12
to 14%; ventral 134 to 134.

Back brown, sides and below silvery white. Iris whitish. Dorsals
and analspale, with obscure dark scattered dots. In young membranes
of spinous dorsal black terminally. Upper anterior angle of soft dorsal
also black in young. At all ages caudal whitish, black median band
from base and each lobe with broad oblique, greatly contrasted blotch
though leaving tip of each lobe white. Paired fins and anal usually
pale or whitish. In young also bases of dorsals more or less narrowly
dark.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, South Africa, Madagascar,
Mauritius, Réunion, Laccadives, Seychelles, Ceylon, Andamans, East
Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, China, Japan, New South Wales, Mela-
nesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Galapagos and Revillagigedos Islands.
This interesting species is easily known among all the others of its
genus by the strongly contrasted caudal fin, which is marked by a
median black band and two inclined broad black bands on each
caudal lobe.

20652. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length 45 to 59 mm. 6
examples.
Kight examples. Silino Island, tidepool. August 10,1909. Length 25 to 48mm.

174 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family SERRANIDAE

Body oblong, more or less compressed, dorsal and ventral profiles
usually not exactly alike. Caudal peduncle of moderate depth.
Mouth moderate to large, not very oblique. Premaxillaries protrac-
tile and wide maxillary usually not slipping its whole length into
sheath formed by preorbital, which mostly narrow. Each premaxil-
lary branch with hind expansion internal to maxillary. Supplemental
maxillary present or absent. Teeth conic or pointed, in bands in
jaws and usually present in bands on vomer and palatines. Nostrils
double each side. Preopercle edge usually more or less serrate, rarely
entire. Opercles usually with one or two terminal flat spines. Gill
membranes separate, free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit behind last.
Gill rakers long or short, usually stiff, armed with teeth. Pseudo-
branchiae present, large. Branchiostegals 5 to 8. Lower pharyn-
geals rather narrow, with pointed teeth, separate. Skull without
conical spines and usually without well developed cavernous structure.
Subocular shelf present. No suborbital stay. Vertebrae typically
24, of which 14 caudal, number sometimes increased, never over 35.
All or most ribs attached on transverse processes, when latter develop.
Front vertebrae without transverse processes. Air vessel present,
usually small and adherent to wall of abdomen. Stomach coecal,
with few or many pyloric appendages. Intestine short, as usual in
carnivorous fishes. Scales adherent, moderate or small, usually, but
not always ctenoid. Cheeks and opercles always scaly. Lateral line
single, not extending on caudal fin. Dorsal spines mostly stiff, 2 to
15. Soft dorsal with 10 to 30 rays. Anal rather short, soft rays 7
to 12, spines when present, always three, sometimes absent. Caudal
usually with 17 principal rays. Pectoral well developed, with narrow
base, rays branched. Ventral with spine and 5 rays, thoracic,
normally developed and without distinct axillary scale.

A large family of marine fishes in all warm seas, a few living in
tidal waters where brackish or even fresh. All are carnivorous and
among the most valued of food fishes. About 70 genera known.
We unite the Latidae, Moronidae, Oligoridae, Niphonidae, Epineph-
elidae, Serranidae, and Plesiopidae of Jordan, all as the present
family. In such a greatly diversified group further subdivision into
subfamilies will doubtless be found necessary, though at present
those of the Philippine region fall as we set forth below. Many of
the species are little known and many are very variable, especially
with age. In a few of these cases we have attempted to illustrate
a few of the more striking variations by means of the accompanying
pen sketches.

175

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

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FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 177

Genus LATES Cuvier

Lates Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 88. Type Perca nilotica
GmeELin, designated by Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,
p. 52.

Pseudolates ALLEYNE and Macuray, Proce. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol.
1, 1877, p. 262. Type Pseudolates cavifrons ALLEYNE and Mac uray,
monotypic.

Body compressed, elongate. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, with supplementary bone. Bands of villiform teeth in jaws,
on vomer, palatines and ectopterygoids; no teeth on tongue. Hind
preopercle edge serrated, straight spine at angle and few on lower
edge, anterior antrorse. Opercle ends in spine. Gill membranes
separate. Pseudobranchiae very small or absent. Gill rakers long.
Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 25, of which 13 caudal. Scales mod-
erate or rather large, finely ctenoid. Head partly scaled. Dorsal
and anal in more or less distinct scaly sheath, soft portion covered
with scales. Lateral line complete, extends on base or nearly to end
of caudal fin; tubes straight, occupy basal half of scale exposure.
Dorsal spines 7 or 8 and 1 before, 10 to 12 rays, fins subequal. Anal
spines 3, rays 8 or 9, short. Caudal rounded. Pectoral rays 16 or
17, short, symmetrical, rounded. Ventral with strong spine and
produced basal scale below pectoral base, fins close together.

Nile, Niger, Senegal; estuaries and coasts of southeast Asia and
north Australia.

LATES CALCARIFER (Bloch)

Holocentrus calcarifer Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 100,
pl. 244. Japan.—Wa.saum, Artedi Piscium, vol. 3, 1792, p. 640 (on
BiocH).—ForstER, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 16.—Lactpkps, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 341, 384 (Japan).

Lates calcarifer Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 100 (on BLocn).—
RicHARDSON, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 222 (Canton).—GtnrueEr, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 68 (India, Ganges, China).—Day, Fishes
of Malabar, 1865, p. 2; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 5 (Cochin).—
GtnTuHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 824 (Fitzroy River).—Day,
Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 1.—O’SuHavucunessy, Zool.
Record, 1875 (1878), pisces, p. 9.—CasTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 3, 1878, p. 42 (Norman and Fitzroy Rivers).—K.un-
ZINGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 342 (Cleveland
Bay, Queensland).—MeEyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol.
14, 1885, p. 8 (north Celebes).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., 1888, p.
779; Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 440, fig. 139.—Tuurston, Notes
Pearl Fisher. Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Tuticorin and Panban).—KEnt, Great
Barrier Reef, 1893, pp. 280, 396 (north of Keppel Bay).—BouLENGER,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 363 (Western India, Madras, Ganges,
Burma, China, Amoy, Malay Archipelago, Sarawak, Fitzroy River).—

' Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 457 (Mindoro and Calapan).—
Kent, Naturalist in Australia, 1897, pp. 169 (Fitzroy in Queensland to
Ashburton in West Australia).—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, 1906, p. 96

178 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(West Australia and Queensland).—Sura.p, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5,
No. 4, 1910, p. 275 (Sandakan, Borneo).—WeusxEr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57
Fische, 1913, p. 215 (Makassar).—Zuamayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Math-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1918, p. 9 (Mekran and Oman).—Fow.rEr,
Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1927, p. 275 (San Fernando, Orani, Orion, Philippines);
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 171 (compiled).

Latris calcarifer Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, pl. 43, fig. 1.

Plectropoma calcarifer BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 109 (Java, Madura, Singapore, Banka, Borneo, Celebes); vol. 8,
1876-77, pl. (45) 322, fig. 3.

Pleciropomus calcarifer JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 19 (Cavite).

Plectropoma calcariferum EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 78 (Zamboanga).

Perca calcar SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 89. Japan.

Holocentrus heptadactylus Lachpkpn, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 344,
389. No locality.

Laies heptadactylus Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 1 (Pinang Sea,
Malay Peninsula, Singapore).

Cotus vactti BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, 1822, pp. 86, 369, pl.
16, fig. 28. All mouths of Ganges River.

Lates nobilis Cuvimr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 96, pl. 13. Pondi-
cherry.—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 222 (Canton, China).

Pseudolates cavifrons ALLEYNE and Mackay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 1, 1877, p. 262, pl. 3. Torres Straits or the coast of New
Guinea.

Lates darwiniensis MAcLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 2, 1878,
p. 345. Port Darwin, Queensland.

Depth 3 to 346; head 234 to 27%, width 34% to3¥%. Snout 434 to
534 in head from snout tip; eye 7% to 8, 124 to 114 in snout, equals
interorbital; maxillary extends % to 34 an eye diameter beyond eye,
expansion Vi to slightly greater than eye diameter, length 214 to 224
in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer,
palatines and tongue; interorbital 71% to 8 lf; hind preopercle edge
finely serrated, thou serrae inconspicuous with age, 3 or 4 spines
along lower edge and larger spine at angle; opercular spine little
smaller than spine at preopercle angle. Gillrakers 4+ 16, lanceolate,
longer than gill filaments and equal eye.

Scales 45 to 56 in lateral line to caudal base and 7 to 9 more on
latter; 6 or 7 above, 10 to 14 below, 27 or 28 predorsal though not
quite extending opposite eye; 10 rows extend across cheek to pre-
opercle ridge, flange scaleless; muzzle including maxillary, infraorbitals
and interorbital naked; small scales extend over most soft rayed
fins. Scales with 9 or 10 basal radiating striae; 98 to 315 rather
obsolete apical denticles with about 32 to 50 transverse series of
basal elements; circuli fine.

D. VII, I, 10, 1, or 11, 1, third spine 2 to 214 in total head eat
third ray 2% to 214: A. Lie 8, 1, third spine 44 to 5%, third ray 244

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 179

to 2%; caudal 126 to 11%, rounded behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 214 to 24; pectoral 2 to 214; ventral 134 to 14%.

Back brown, lower sides and under surface pale to whitish, with
silvery white sheen. Lower side of head silvery white. Iris brown.
Vertical fins all brown, paired fins paler.

Oman, India, Burma, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan,
North Australia.

7209, 7210. Aparri market. November 19, 1908. Both 610 mm.
1427. Macassar. December 26, 1909. Length 455 mm.

Genus PSAMMOPERCA Richardson

Psammoperca RicHarvson, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., 1846, p. 115.
Type Psammoperca datnioides RicHARDSON=Labrax watgiensis CUVIER,
monotypic.

Cniodon MULLER and TroscuEL, Horae Ichth., vol. 3, 1849, p. 21. Type
Cniodon chinensis MULLER and TROSCHEL, monotypic.

Hypopterus Giuu, Proce. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 50. Type
Psammoperca macroptera GUNTHER, monotypic.

Body compressed. Mouth rather large, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, with supplemental bone. Small, crowded, granular teeth in
jaws and on vomer, palatines and ectopterygoids. ‘Tongue with
small patch of teeth posteriorly. Preopercle with hind edge
serrated, strong spine at angle and lower edge entire. Opercle
ends in spine. Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae very
small or absent. Gill rakers long. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae
25, of which 14 caudal. Scales moderate, denticulated. Head
scaly. Dorsals and anals move in scaly sheath, soft fins covered
with scales. Lateral line complete, extends nearly to end of caudal
fin; tubes strait and confined to basal half of exposed part of scale.
Dorsal with 7 spines, soft fin with spine and 12 to 15 rays, spinous
fin shorter than soft fin. Anal with 3 spines and 9 to 13 rays.
Caudal rounded. Pectoral rays 16, subsymmetrical, rounded. Ven-
tral with strong spine and scaly pointed flap at base, below pectoral
base, fins close together.

Bengal Bay to China Sea and North Australia.

PSAMMOPERCA WAIGIENSIS (Cuvier)

Labraz waigiensis Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 83. Waigiu.—
Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, 1830, p. 237 (Offack Bay,
Waigiu).

Psammoperca waigiensis GintTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 69
(Australia, Victoria, China).—Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol, 1, pt. 5,
1865, p. 18 (Hong Kong and Manila).—Gtntuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
London, ser. 4, vol. 10, 1872, p. 426 (Australia, Victoria, New South
Wales, Torres Straits, Manila, China).—Burnxerr, Atlas Ichth. Ind.
Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 108, pl. (28) 306, fig. 2 (Singapore, Bintang,
Banka, Java, Madura, Borneo, Celebes, Waigiu, Manila).—KLuUNzINGER,

180 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 343 (Endeavour
River, Queensland).—Macugay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol.
5, 1880, p. 307 (North Australia).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 440 (Madras).—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, pp. 281, 369 (Queens-
land).—WeEBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 622
(Thursday Island, Queensland).—E.uerra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 457 (Luzon, Calayan, Marinduque, Samar).—Jorpan and EVERMANN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1903, p. 340 (Formosa).—PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 83 (Baie d’Along, Tonkin).—
EVERMANN and Sweauz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 78
(Bulan).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p. 275
(Sandakan, Borneo).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 215
(Makassar; Tual; Pepela Bay, Rotti)—McCutuiocn, Rec. West Aus-
tral. Mus., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1912, p. 215 (Port Hedland).—Fow ter, Copeia,
No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines).—Tanaka, Fig. Descr. Fishes
Japan, vol. 32, July 1, 1922, p. 602, pl. 147, fig. 407 (Kochi).—Fow rr,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 274 (Philippines); Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 171 (compiled).

Psammoperca vaigiensis BOULENGER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 365 (Victoria River, Australia, Hammond Island, Cebu, China Sea,
Borneo, Singapore, Madras coast, Ceylon).

Psammoperca datnioides RicHARDSON, Ichth. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1846,
p. 116, pl. 57, figs. 1-2. Australia.

Cnidon chinensis MULLER and TroscHEL, Horae Ichth., vol. 3, 1849, p. 21.
Manila.—Gunrn_er, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 68 (copied) .—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 8 (North
Celebes, Manila Bay, Cebu).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat.,
Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 281 (Manila Bay; Cebu).—Eera, Cat. Fauna
Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 457 (Luzon, Manila, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Cebu).

Depth 224 to 31%; head 224 to 234, width 214 to 244. Snout 3%
to 334 in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 514, 1M to 11% in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to 24 in eye, expan-
sion 124 to 134, length 244 to 22¢ in head from snout tip; teeth
villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer, palatines and tongue; inter-
orbital 614 to 634, convex; hind preopercle edge denticulate, with
strong spine at angle, lower edgeentire. Gill rakers 7 + 13, lanceolate,
124 in eye; 5 upper and 6 lower rudimentary.

Scales 43 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 13 to 17 more on
latter; 5 above, 8 or 9 below, 23 or 24 predorsal, 9 or 10 rows across
cheek to preopercle angle; fin bases broadly with fine scales; maxil-
lary naked, also muzzle and front of interorbital. Scales with 9 or
10 basal radiating striae; 75 to 118 apical denticles, with 6 or 7
transverse series; circuli fine.

D. VII, I, 12,1, third spine 17% to 21% in total head length, seventh
ray 1% to 2; A. III, 8,1, third spine 3% to 4, fourth ray 1% to 2\o;
caudal 1144 to 114, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
214 to 214; pectoral 2 to 21%; ventral 124 to 14%.

Back brown, below pale or at least under surface usually little
lighter in small examples. Fins all uniform brownish. Lateral line

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 18]

little darker than general color. Iris brown. Young with dark hor-

izontal streak along lower edge of infraorbital and back along cheek

to angle of preopercle. Upper half of head till nearly level with

lower eye edge dark and in contrast with pale color of lower surface

of head.
Ceylon, India, East Indies, Philippines, Tonkin, China, Formosa,

Japan, Queensland, New South Wales.

7235. Busbus Point, Siasi Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi Group. Septem-
ber 20,1909. Length 355 mm.

11771. Tloilo Market, Panay. June 2,1908. Length 224 mm.

14346. Limbones Cove, Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 225 mm.

12522. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19,1908. Length
238 mm. Gullet swollen, due to large isopod crustacean on tongue.

5342. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 1909. Length
225 mm.

21645, 21646. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length 137 to 145 mm.

6178. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908. Length
318 mm.

4717. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21,1908. Length 345 mm.

A646. Simaluce Sibi Sibi Island. September 23,1909. Length 328 mm.

1411. Tana Keke Island, Flores Sea. December 21,1909. Length 243 mm,

4788 (D. 5517). 21° 36’ N., 117° 27’ E., China Sea, vicinity Formosa. Length
240 mm. (Though the record book gives D. 5317, as we find D. 5517 between
D. 5316 and D. 5318 in ‘‘ Dredging and Hydrographic Records of the U. S.
Fisheries Steamer Albatross,’’ Bur. Fisher. Document, No. 741, 1910, p. 44, we
assume D. 5517 to have been intended.)

BELONOPERCA," new genus

Type.—Belonoperca chabanaudi, new species.

Body rather short, robust, compressed. Head large, with elongated
or attenuated muzzle. Eye moderate, little before middle in head.
Mouth protractile, lower jaw protruding. Maxillary large, well
expanded, with long slender supplemental bone. Teeth fine, villiform,
in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines, none on tongue. ‘Tongue
long, slender, free. Interorbital moderate. Cranium, preorbital and
maxillary more or less finely rugose striate. Preopercle denticulate.
Opercle with 3 spines. Gill rakers moderate. Scales finely rough-
ened, uniformly small. Caudal basally and over rays covered with
minute scales, fins otherwise naked. Lateral line complete. Two
dorsals, entirely separate, first with 7 strong spines and rayed fin
with weak spine and 10 rays. Anal with 3 slender, weak spines and
7 rays. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. Pectoral much
shorter than ventral.

One species, of small size. Greatly suggestive, in a superficial way,
of the American Centropomus.

Diagnosis.—Known by its pikelike appearance, separated dorsals
and reduced soft dorsal and anal rays.

18 Bedos arrow; 7éoxn perch; with reference to its contour suggestive of an arrowhead.

182 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

BELONOPERCA CHABANAUDI,! new species

Depth 3 to 314; head 21% to 23%, width 3 to 34%. Snout 3 in
head from snout tip; eye 514 to 5%, 134 to 14 in snout, subequal
with interorbital; maxillary reaches 3% to 24 in eye, expansion 1%
in eye, length 2 to 24% in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in
bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; tongue slender, toothless;
preopercle edge strongly denticulate, ridge entire, distinct; opercular
spines 3, equidistant, median most posterior; interopercle and sub-
opercle denticulate. Gill rakers 6+15, lanceolate, robust, greater
than gill rakers or equal 114 in eye.

Scales 66 to 68 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 or 7 more on
latter; 11 scales above lateral line, 34 below, 25 to 27 predorsal, 12
rows across cheek to preopercle ridge. Fins all scaleless, except cau-

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dal which with 2 rows at least. Front surface of ventrals with small
scales on each ray. Scales with 5 or 6 basal radiating striae; apical
denticles 20 to 22, each with 4 or 5 transverse series of basal elements;
circuli moderate.

D. VIII-1v, 7, 1, fourth spine 3 to 3% in total head length, first
divided ray 23¢; A. II, 8, 1, spines very slender, short, and close, third
ray 214 to 22g; caudalll4to 124, truncate; least depth of caudal pedun-
cle 23% to 234; pectoral 234; ventral 2% to 2%.

Dark ecru or chocolate brown, with obscure, ill-defined, variable
dark spots on side of head, middle of side of body, and on rays of
caudal fin. Iris brown. Spinous dorsal dusky, with obscure, large,
black ocellus with irregular border of dull blue gray, apparently in
front and behind. Membranes of other vertical fins pale buff, rays
darker, especially those of caudal which with dark spots. Pectoral
dull brown. Ventral more or less dusky. Narrow buff saddle, little
evident in profile, on front of caudal peduncle above behind soft
dorsal.

Known only from the types obtained in the East Indies.

For Paul Chabanaud, of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle Paris,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 183

9709. Una Una Road, Binang Unang, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 17,
1909. Length 148mm. (Type, Cat. No. 89982 U.S.N.M.) 2047.
13627. Birabirakan Island, off Borneo. December 31, 1909. Length 148 mm.
(Paratype.)
Genus DIPLOPRION Cuvier

Diploprion (Kuut and VAN Hassett) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828,
p. 187. Type Diploprion bifasciatum (KuHL and VAN HassELt) Cuvier,
monotypic; Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1829, p. 137.

Body short, deep, much compressed, back elevated. Head large,
deep. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary with large supplemental
bone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform teeth, no
canines. Tonguesmooth. Hind preopercle edge without conspicuous
serrae, angle obtuse, lower limb with 8 to 10 strong serrae. Opercle
with 3 strong spines. Gill rakers moderate, tips knoblike. Bran-
chiostegals 7. Vertebrae 25, of which 13 caudal. Scales small, 100
or more in lateral line. Cheeks and opercles scaled, rest of head, jaws,
and chin bare. Opercle, preopercle, infraorbitals, and suborbital
regions more or less rugose. Dorsal spines 8, strong rays 14 to
16. Anal spines 2 or 3, rays 12 to 14. Caudal rounded. Pectoral
rounded. Ventral with strong spine, below pectoral base and fins
close together.

East Indies, China, Japan.

DIPLOPRION BIFASCIATUM Cuvier

Diploprion bifasctatum (Kuxt and Van Hassett) Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 2, 1828, p. 137, pl. 21. Java.—Scuirecre,, Fauna Japon., pt.
1, 1842, pl. 2a (Simabara Bay, Nagasaki).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China,
Japan, 1846, p. 221 (Canton).—Ginruemr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 174 (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Moluccas, India).—Knemr, Reise
Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 29 (Java, Hong Kong).—BLEEKER,
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 71 (Batu, Singapore,
Bintang, Java, Celebes, Buru, Amboina, Timor); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (68)
346, fig. 3.—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 28, pl. 9, fig. 2.—
Mactueray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, 1878, p. 346 (Port
Darwin).—KLuNzINGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879,
p. 310 (Port Darwin).—KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5,
1882, p. 150 (Canton).—STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. K1., vol. 47, 1883, p. 234 (Kagoshima).—MryYEr,
Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 10 (Macassar, South
Celebes; Ternate).—Nystrém, Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 18, pt. 4,
1887, No. 4, p. 8 (Nagasaki).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p.
462.—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (Queensland).—E.zra, Cat.
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 464 (Luzon, Zambales, Pangasinan).—
IsHikKAWA and Marsuvura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Tokyo Mus., 1897, p.
56.—McCuttocg, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 2, pt. 3, 1914, p. 102 (West
Australia, Cape York, China).

Diploprion bifasciatus Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 386
(Nagasaki Bay).—Jorpawn and SnypeEr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901,
p. 73 (Yokohama, Kagoshima, Nagasaki).—Jorpan and SnA.gz, Proc.

88137—30——13

184 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1905, p. 521 (Hong Kong); Proce. Davenport
Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 1905, p. 9 (Hong Kong).—Jorpan and RIcHARDSON,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 427, fig. 2 (Hakata, Wakanoura,
Nagasaki).—Izuka and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 1920,
p. 154 (Kagoshima).

Depth 21% to 244; head 23%, width 24% to 236. Snout 3 to 344
in head from snout tip; eye 34% to 434, 1%» to 134 in snout, greater
than interorbital in young to subequal with age; maxillary reaches
2g to % in eye, expansion 1 to 114 in eye, length 17% to 2 in head
from snout tip; teeth lst in bands in jaws, on vomer and pal-
atines; interorbital 44% to 5; capaci limb rugose, edge minutely
serrate, though serrae 1 bie developed on lower edge; opercular
spines strong, equidistant, median largest; subopercle serrate; pre-
orbital rugose, also humeral arch. Gill rakers 9+ 21, lanceolate,
equal gill filaments or 114 in eye.

Scales 93 to 95 in lateral line to caudal base and 9 to 11 more on
latter; tubes 68 to 70 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 to 5 more
on latter; 17 or 18 scales above, 43 to 46 below, 18 or 19 predorsal,
11 rows across cheek; fins scaleless, except caudal base; maxillary
naked. Scales with 6 or 7 basal radiating striae; 5 or 6 long apical
denticles, in 2 to 4 transverse series; circuli moderately fine.

D. VIII, I, 13,1, third spine 12% to 124 in total head length, fourth
ray 124 to 144; A. II, 11,10,1, second spine 6% to 7, third ray 13
to 124; caudal 1144 to 124, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 214 to 226; pectoral 12 to 124; ventral 214 to 2% in
combined head and body to aa base.

Light yellowish. Two broad blackish bros cross bands; first
nearly wide as eye passes from just before spinous dorsal obliquely
to eye, then across cheek widening below and fading, though in some
examples extends as pale on breast; broad dusky brown band from
spinous dorsal down to vent and front of anal base. Ventral dusky
brown. Fins otherwise uniform yellowish.

India, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, Queensland, West
Australia. Our specimens all agree in having greatly longer ventrals
than shown in Jordan and Richardson’s figure.’? In most of our
material the ventral is nearly twice as long as pectoral. Several of
our East Indian examples differ a little from those taken in the
Philippines in having light colored ventrals.

4. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 135 mm.

7289. Gigoso Point, Samar. July 28, 1909. Length 114 mm.

5152, 7306, 7307. Jolo market. March 6, 1908. Length 170 to 178 mm.

17519 to 17521. Lampinigan Island, south coast of Zamboanga. September 11,
1909. Length 125 to 140 mm.

14579. Maculabo Island, east coast of Luzon. June 14,1909. Length 145 mm.
16410, 16422. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length 130 to 150 mm.

12 Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 428, fig. 2.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 185

16695. Palaui Island, off northern Luzon. November 18,1908. Length 155mm.

22863. Togian Bay, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 7, 1909. Length
130 mm.

19946, 22684. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 125 to
136 mm.

15333. Hokuko, Formosa. January 29, 1910. Length 183 mm.

Genus CHORISTISTIUM Gill
Chorististtwm Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 15. Type

Liopropoma rubre Pory, orthotypic.

Body moderately long, compressed. Head moderate. Eye mod-
erate, anterior. Mouth large, lower jaw protruding. Maxillary with
supplemental bone. Teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and
palatines but none on tongue. Opercle with 2 or 3 flat spines. Pre-
opercle entire or very slightly serrate. Preorbital narrow. Gill rakers
moderate. Scales rather large, about 40 to 50. Soft dorsal and anal,
also caudal, scaly basally. Lateral line arched anteriorly, complete.
Dorsals well separated, spines 5 to 8 and soft dorsal with or without
spine and 9 to 12 rays. Anal spines 3,rays 8. Caudal truncate or
very slightly emarginate. Pectoral longer than ventral.

Cuba, Samoa. This diagnosis is framed chiefly from the type of
Chorististium susumi Jordan and Seale in the United States National
Museum and Poey’s account of the genotype Liopropoma rubre which
is said to be but 80 mm. long, and besides a third species we describe

as new.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a’. Warm brown generally with seven deep brown well-defined narrow longitu-
gual dark bands: fing uniform _.....2.3-.1 4. .....8 V0 3 Ue WOE susumi
a’. Brown with six very pale longitudinal bands, converge narrowly on head
toward eye; soft dorsal and anal each with large black ocellus marginally.

swalesi
CHORISTISTIUM SUSUMI Jordan and Seale

Chorististium susumi JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 256, fig. 48. Apia, Samoa.—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol.
10, 1928, p. 172 (copied).

Depth 34%; head 22s to 224, width 24% to 234. Snout 44% to 514
in head from snout tip; eye 44% to 414, greater than snout, greater
than interorbital to subequal with age; maxillary not quite reaching
opposite hind eye edge, expansion 134 in eye, length 214 to 22 in
head from snout tip; broad bands of fine villiform teeth in jaws, on
vomer and palatines, none on tongue; interorbital 44¢ to 71¢, level;
preopercle ridge finely serrate. Gill rakers 2+9, lanceolate, little
longer than gill filaments or 134 in eye; 4 or 5 more as rudiments
both above and below.

Seales 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 more on latter; 5
scales above and 15 below, 28 predorsal forward near end of snout, 9
rows on cheek to preopercle edge; soft vertical fins and ventrals
scaly over basal half of each fin at least and pectoral with narrower

186 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

scaly basal area. Head largely covered with small scales and about
5 rows transversely on maxillary. Lateral line well arched, especially
below spinous dorsal, tubes all large, well exposed and simple. Scales
with 11 basal nearly parallel striae; 58 to 60 small apical denticles,
in 2 series transversely; circuli very fine.

D. VI-I,1, 10,1, third spine 24% to 2% in total head length, first
branched ray 24%; A. III, 8,1, second spine 3, third ray 214; caudal
134, very slightly emarginate behind, resulting lobes slightly rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234; pectoral 114; ventral 2.

Warm brown generally, with 7 deep brown well-defined longitudinal
dark bands, converging on head toward eye. Fins all uniform pale
brownish. Iris brownish. Known previously only from the type.
We have 2 other specimens which now establish the range of the
species from the Philippines to Samoa.

(616). Baganga Bay, eastern Mindanao. May 13, 1908. Length 82 mm.

9391. Paluan Bay, Mindoro. December 11,1908. Length 44 mm.
51738, U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length 78 mm. (Type.)

CHORISTISTIUM SWALESI,") new species

Depth 3; head 214 to 234, width 2 to 2144. Snout 4% to 4% in
head from snout tip; eye 4 to 424, subequal with snout, greater than
interorbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 44 in eye, expansion 114 in eye,
length 214 to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth in villiform bands in
jaws, on vomer and palatines; interorbital 5 to 51% in head, scarcely
convex; preopercle edge with rather weak serrae; opercle spines 3,
small, distinct. Gill rakers 8+18, lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or half of eye.

Seales 42 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 5
scales above, 17 below, about 30 predorsal forward to nostril, 11 or
12 rows across cheek to hind preopercle angle; bases of soft vertical
fins broadly scaly; maxillary expansion with 4 or 5 transverse rows
of scales; snout, preorbital and front interorbital naked. Scales with
12 basal radiating striae; 42 to 48 short apical denticles, in 3 series
transversely; circuli rather fine.

D. VIII, I, 9,1 or 10, 1, third spine 23 to 224 in total head length,
first branched ray 214; A. III, 8,1, second spine 2% to 23%, first ray
2 to 2144; caudal 134 to 14%, truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle
234 to 3; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 14.

Brown generally, little paler below. Median pale line from inter-
orbital to spinous dorsal. From head six pale bands longitudinally,
upper 5 extend from upper and posterior edge of eye, diverge and
broaden on body though none wide as dark interspaces, with third
and fourth converging on caudal toward middle of its hind edge.
Iris pale. Fins all light brown, but soft dorsal and anal each with
black pale edged ocellus little smaller than eye.

13 For the late Bradshaw Swales, in slight appreciation of his general interest in natural history.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 187

Known only from the two examples described above.
Diagnosis.—It differs at once from the preceding species Choristis-
tiwm susumi in the coloration.
22454. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes, Dutch East Indies.
November 19,1909. Length 59mm. (Type Cat. No. U.S.N.M. 89983.)
(2055). Togian Bay, Togian Island. November 19, 1909. Length 55 mm.
(Paratype.)

Genus MALAKICHTHYS Steindachner and Déderlein

Malakichthys (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and DéperterIn, Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 240. Type Malakichthys griseus
(D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6pDERLEIN, monotypic.

Malacichthys BoULENGER and O«giLvin GRANT, Zool. Record, Pisces, 1883,
p. 19. Type Malakichthys griseus (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and
DGDERLEIN.

Satsuma SmirH and Pops, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p. 472.
Type Satsuma macrops Smiru and Pops, orthotypic.

Body oblong, compressed. Head pointed. Eye large. Mouth
large. Maxillary with supplemental bone. Villiform teeth in bands
in jaws, on vomer and palatines, none on tongue; no canines.
Double protruded bony point at symphysis of lower jaw. Preopercle
thin towards edge, with rathet weak serrae above and below angle.
Opercle with 2 spines, thin, flat, short. Gill membranes free. Gill
rakers long, slender. Branchiostegals 7. Scales moderate, finely
ctenoid, thin, easily deciduous. Opercle, cheek and head above scaly,
snout and jaws naked. Lateral line complete, high, about parallel
with back and tubes occupy median third of eachscale. Dorsal with
9 slender spines, in soft fin spine and 10 rays. Anal with 3 spines
and 7rays. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral long, pointed, upper rays
longest. Ventral inserted slightly behind pectoral bases, spine long,
fins close together.

An aberrant genus, suggestive of Amia, but the opercle armed as
in the Serranidae.

MALAKICHRTHYS GRISEUS Steindachner and Déderlein

Malakichthys griseus (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Denk-
schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 240. Tokyo; vol. 48, pt.
1, 1884, pl. 2, figs. 1-la.—IsHikawa and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes
Tokyo Mus., 1897, p. 57.—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 23, 1901 p. 353 (Tokyo).—Jorpan and RicHarpson, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 425, fig. 1 (Yodani, Misaki, Odawara).—SnypDER,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 413 (Kagoshima).—IzuxKxa and
Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 154 (Kagoshima).—
JorpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 233
(Kagoshima and Shizuoka).

Satsuma macrops Smiru and Pops, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p.
472, fig. 5. Kagoshima.

Malakichthys wakiyae JonpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No.
2, 1925, p. 233, pl. 10, fig. 2. Kagoshima Bay.

188 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 214 to 3; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 214. Snout 334 to
346 in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 3, greater than snout or inter-
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 2 to 24% in eye,
length 21 to 244 in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in broad
bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines; mandible with 2 external
broad conic denticles; interorbital 434 to 44%, level; preopercle edge
denticulate; median opercular spine nearer lower, which most
advanced. Gill rakers 6+21, lanceolate, longer than gill filaments
or 4 of eye.

Scales 46 to 49 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more on
latter; 5 or 6 above, 12 or 13 below, 40 or 41 predorsal, 6 rows on cheek
to preopercle ridge; fins with fine scales basally; maxillary scaled, 5
rows across expansion. Scales with 7 or 8 basal radiating striae;
apical denticles 24 to 65 in single row; circuli fine.

D. VIII or [X-I, 10, 1, fourth spine 244 to 3%» in total head length,
first branched ray 23% to 244; A. III, 7,1, third spine 2% to 3, first
ray 224 to 2%; caudal 124 to 1%, deeply forked, slender lobes
sharply pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 344 to 42¢; pectoral
1144; ventral 2 to 24%.

Back brown, sides and below silvery white. Iris silvery white.
Fins all pale, slightly dusky on spinous dorsal terminally.

Japan, Formosa, China, Philippines.

2785 (D. 5260). Balanja Point, N. 28° W., 7.20 miles (12° 25’ 35” N., 121° 31’
35” K.), off southeastern Mindoro. In 234 fathoms. June 3, 1908. Length
174 mm.

Twenty-four examples (D. 5353). Cape Melville Light, S. 85° E., 16.8 miles
(7° 50’ 45” N., 116° 43’ 15” E.), Balabac Strait. In 148 fathoms. January
1, 1909. Length 65 to 78 mm.

2858 to 2861 (D. 5403). Capitancillo Island Light, S. 46° W., 15.7 miles (11°
10’ N., 124° 17’ 15” E.), between Leyte and Cebu. In 182 fathoms. March
16, 1909. Length 187 to 161 mm.

2669 (D. 5272). Corregidor Light, N. 26° E., 25.50 miles (14° N., 120° 22’ 30”
E.), China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. In 118 fathoms. July 14, 1908.
Length 82 mm.

Sixteen examples (D. 5273). Corregidor Light, N. 27° E., 27.25 miles (13° 58’
45” N., 120° 21’ 35” E.), China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. In 114 fath-
oms. July 14, 1908. Length 37 to 78 mm.

10129, 10130, 10248 (D. 5501). Macabalan Point Light, S. 35° E., 8.2 miles (8°
37’ 37” N., 124° 35’ E.), northern Mindanao. In 214 fathoms. August 4,
1909. Length 164 to 238 mm. 10 examples.

10131, 10195 (D. 5502). Macabalan Point Light, S. 35° E., 8. 2 miles (8° 37’ 37”
N., 124° 35’ E.), northern Mindanao. In 214 fathoms. August 4, 1909.
Length 178 to 210 mm. 8 examples.

4238, 4239 (D. 5503). Macabalan Point Light, S. 31° E., 6.6 miles (8° 36’ 26” N.,
124° 36’ 08” E.), northern Mindanao. In 226 fathoms. August 4, 1909.
Length 185 to 196 mm.

10132, 10194, 10196, 10279 (D. 5505). Macabalan Point Light, 8. 31° E., 7.7
miles (8° 37’ 15” N., 124° 36’ E.), northern Mindanao. In 220 fathoms.
August 5, 1909. Length 206 to 229 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 189

2862 (D. 5367). Malabrigo Light, N. 81° E.,8 miles (138° 34’ 37” N., 121° 07’
30” E.), Verde Island Passage. In 180fathoms. February 22,1909. Length
162 mm.

3243, 3244 (D. 5577). Mount Dromedario, 8. 9° W., 10.9 miles (5° 20’ 36” N.,
119° 58’ 51” E.), north of Tawi Tawi. In 240 fathoms. September 23, 1909.
Length 155 to 163 mm.

Two examples (D. 5545). Noble Point, Tulayan Island, 8S. 19° W., 3 miles (6°
04’ 45” N., 121° 20’ 20” E.), Jolo Island vicinity. In 114 fathoms. Septem-
ber 15,1909. Length 46 to 50 mm.

One example (D. 5393). Panganalan Point, Talajit Island, S. 59° E., 14.8 miles
(12° 03’ 30” N., 124° 03’ 36” E.), between Samar and Masbate. In 136
fathoms. March 13,1909. Length 80 mm.

4561 to 4563 (D. 5394). Panalangan Point, Talajit Island, 8S. 68°.E., 8.1 miles
(12° 00’ 30” N., 124° 05’ 36” E.), between Samar and Masbate. In 153 fath-
oms. ‘March 13, 1909. Length 82 to 112 mm.

2325 to 2335, 2437, 2438 (D. 5396). Panalangan Point, Talajit Island, S. 78° E.,
4.5 miles (11° 57’ N., 124° 12’ 24” E.), between Samar and Masbate. In 137
fathoms. March 15,1909. Length 83 to 213 mm.

Thirty-one examples (D. 5397). Panalangan Point, Talajit Island, S. 78° E., 6
miles (11° 57’ 27” N., 124° 10’ 42” E.), between Samar and Masbate. In 134
fathoms. March 15,1909. Length 80 to 125 mm.

Five examples (D. 5516). Point Tagolo Light, S. 80° W., 9.7 miles (8° 46’ N.,
123° 32’ 30” E.), Mindanao. In 175 fathoms. August 9,1909. Length 105
to 150 mm.

4262 to 4264 (D. 5517). Point Tagolo Light, S. 88° W., 10.5 miles (8° 45’ 30” N.,
123° 33’ 45” E.), Mindanao. In 169 fathoms. August 9,1909. Length 134
to 180 mm.

2215 to 2218 (D. 5519). Point Tagolo Light, S. 71° W., 8.7 miles (8° 47’ N., 123°
31’ 15” E.), Mindanao. In 182 fathoms. August 9,1909. Length 142 to
160 mm.

3678 (D. 5441). San Fernando Point Light, S. 87° E., 18.7 miles (16° 38’ N.,
119° 57’ 18” E.), west coast Luzon. In 186 fathoms. May 10,1909. Length
170 mm.

3440 (D. 5542). Tagolo Light, S. 70° W., 13.2 miles (8° 48’ 30” N., 123° 35’ 30”
E.), northern Mindanao. In 200 fathoms. August 20,1909. Length 152 mm.

2130, 2131 (D. 5318). China Sea, vicinity Formosa (21° 32’ N.,117° 46’ E.).
In 340 fathoms. November 5,1908. Length 172 to 175 mm.

4364 (D. 5312). China Sea, vicinity Hong Kong (21° 30’ N., 116° 32’ E.). In
140 fathoms. November, 1908. Length 70 mm.

Genus LATECLABRAX Bleeker

Lateolabrax BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, 1857, pp. 4,
53. Type Labrax japonicus CuVIER, monotypic.

Body compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary exposed,
with supplemental bone. Villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer and
palatines; tongue smooth. Preopercle serrated, with few strong
antrorse spines on lower edge. Opercle ends in spines. Gill mem-
branes separate. Pseudobranchiae present. Gill rakers long and
slender. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 35, of which 18 caudal.
Scales small, smooth or ciliated. Headscaly. Lateral line complete,
tubes straight and each occupies nearly whole length of scale. Dorsal

190 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

with 11 or 12 spines, soft fin preceded by 1 or 2 spines and rays 12
to 14, spinous portion longer than soft portion. Anal spines 3, rays
8 or 9, fin short. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral rays 16 to 18,
asymmetrical, obtusely pointed, upper rays longest. Ventral behind
pectoral, with strong spine, fins close together.

China, Japan.

LATEOLABRAX JAPONICUS (Cuvier)

Labraz japonicus Cuvinr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 85. Japan.—
RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 222 (Hong Kong, Canton,
Peiho, Chusan, Japan).—BLEErkeEr, Verh. Batay. Genootsch., No. 7, vol.
26, 1857, p. 28 (Nagasaki).

Perca labrax japonicus ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 2,
pl. 2, fig. 1 (Japan).

Percalabrazx japonicus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 71
(China, Japan).—Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 13
(Shanghai).—Gitnruer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, ser. 4, vol. 12,
1873, p. 240 (Shanghai).— Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p.
385 (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Shanghai).—Guinru_er, Rep. Voy. Challenger,
vol. 1, 1880, p. 63 (Inosima; Inland Sea).—SrErinpAcHNER and D6DER-
LEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 228, pl. 4, fig.
3 (Tokyo).—Euerra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 458 (Luzon,
Butaun, Orion).—IsHi1kawa and Marsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus.
Tokyo, 1897, p. 57 (Hokkaido).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1907, p. 249 (Tsuruga, Japan).

Lateolabraz japonicus BoULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 123
(Chefoo, Shanghai, Hae-yoe, China, Amoy, Chusan, Formosa).—JorDAN
and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 353 (Tokyo); Annot.
Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 72 (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Shimoda).—JorDAN
and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1905, p. 521 (Shanghai).—Jor-
DAN and Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p. 517 (Port Arthur,
Manchuria).—JoRDAN and Ricuarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No.
4,1909, p. 183 (Keerun); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 429 (Yoko-
hama, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kurume, Chikugo River, Matsushima, Kago-
shima, Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Onomichi, Tsuruga, Hakodate, Kobe).—
Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 413 (Tokyo, Misaki,
Kagoshima).—JorpAN and Mertz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1,
1913, p. 30 (Fusan, Korea).—Jorpan and THompson, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1914, p. 248 (Shimonoseki and Shinabara).—IzuKa
and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 154 (Hokkaido).—
JoRDAN and Husps, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 234
(Sapporo, Tokyo, Kobe, Kagoshima Bay, Mikawa Bay, Miyazu, Kukuoka,
Lake Kasumigaura).

Percalabrazx poecilonotus GuICHENOT, Pisc. en Chine Dabry de Thiers, 1872,
pl. 26, fig. 2. China.—Sauvaas, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5,
1881, p. 104 (Swatow, China).

Percalabrax spilonotus GuIcHENOT, Pisce. en Chine Dabry de Thiers., 1872,
pl. 26, fig. 3. China.

Percalabrax tokionensis (DODERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Denk-
schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 228. Tokyo. (Name in
text.)

Depth 31% to 334; head 3 to 3%, width 224 to 244. Snout 3% to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 344 to 6%, greater than snout or

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 19]

interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 in eye to little beyond with age;
expansion 11 to 2% in eye, length 24% to 214 in head from snout
tip; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, outer laterals scarcely enlarged;
interorbital 5 to 514, flattened, frontal ridges conspicuous; hind
preopercle edge minutely serrated and several serrae conspicuously
enlarged; 3 spines along lower preopercle edge directed downward;
lower opercular spine longest and most posterior. Gill rakers 7 to
9+15 to 17, lanceolate, 34 of eye; 3 upper sometimes rudimentary.

Scales 80 to 88 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 14 more on
latter; 14 or 15 above, 17 or 18 below, 50 to 62 predorsal; 10 to 20
rows across cheek to preopercle ridge and 6 more on preopercle flange;
scales largest on flanks and very small and crowded at bases of rayed
vertical fins and on predorsal region; low scaly sheaths along spinous
dorsal and anal bases; maxillary, end of snout and preorbital naked.
Scales with 7 to 9 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 43 to 56;
circuli fine.

D. XIII or XIV, 12,1 or 13,1, fourth spine 2 to 2% in total head
length, sixth ray 23% to 224; A. IIT, 8,1, second spine 214 to 226, first
ray 2% to 214; caudal 1% to 14%, emarginate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 3 to 41%; pectoral 134 to 214; ventral 134 to 1%.

Silvery gray brown, lower sides and under surface silvery white.
In large examples back, chiefly above lateral line, also spinous and
soft dorsal marked with many irregular dark spots, not extending on
head or predorsal region. Iris brown and silvery. Dorsals and
caudal pale gray brown, other fins pale brownish.

China and Japan. Though listed from the Philippines by Elera no
other notice of its occurrence has been given.

6834. Hong Kong market. October 18,1909. Length 356 mm.

Genus NIPHON Cuvier

Niphon Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 131. Type Niphon spi-
nosus CUVIER, monotypic.

Body compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary exposed,
without supplementary bone. Villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and
palatines; tongue smooth. Preopercle serrate, with very strong spine
at angle and few small antrorse spines on lower edge. Opercle with
3 strong spines. Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae pres-
ent. Gill rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae
31, of which 17 caudal. Scales very small, ciliated. Head scaly.
Lateral line complete, tubes straight and each occupies whole length
of scale. Dorsal with 11 or 12 spines, soft fin with spine and 10 or
11 rays and shorter than spinous fin. Anal spines 3, rays 7, fin short.
Caudal slightly emarginate. Pectoral rays 16 or 17, partly symmet-
rical, rounded, upper rays longest. Ventral with strong spine, below
pectoral base, fins close together.

Japan, Philippines.

192 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

NIPHON SPINOSUS Cuvier

Niphon spinosus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 1381, pl. 19.
Japan.—ScuHLeGceEL, Fauna Japon. Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1-2
(coasts of southern provinces, Jeso).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan,
1846, p. 222 (Japan).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 80
(Japan); Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., vol. 1, 1880, p. 63 (Yokohama).—
STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47,
pt. 1, 1883, p. 228 (Tokyo).—Bovtenesrr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1895, p. 124 (Yokohama).—IsHikawa and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes
Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 57 (Tokyo, Hizen, Boshu).—Jorpan and SNYDER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 353 (Tokyo), p. 750 (Yokohama) ;
Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 72 (Yokohama and Nagasaki).—
Smirx and Porn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p. 468 (isochi).—
Jorpan and Ricuarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 255
(Cuyo); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 431 (Misaki and Philip-
pines).—JorpAN and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 6, 1914,
p. 248 (Osaka and Misaki).—Izuka and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec.
Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 154 (Boshiu).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 234 (Tokyo, Toyana, Misaki, Miyazu, Fukiu).

Depth 326 to 334; head 214 to 224, width 214. Snout 2% to 34%
in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 534, 114 to 24% in snout, much
greater than interorbital in young to 114 with age; maxillary reaches
slightly beyond front eye edge or opposite front pupil edge, expansion
124 to 2 in eye, length 244 to 234 in head from snout tip; teeth
villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines, none on tongue;
interorbital 5 to 514, nearly level; strong spine at angle of preopercle
nearly long as eye with age and edge above serrate, also several large
denticles on lower edge; lower preorbital edge finely serrate; opercu-
lar spines equidistant, lower most advanced. Gill rakers 7+ 17,
lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or 114 in eye; 4 or 5 above and
below rudimentary.

Seales 130 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 more on latter;
pores 85 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 25 scales
above lateral line, 46 to 48 below, 33 predorsal to occiput, 15 across
cheek to preopercle ridge; muzzle and maxillary naked. Small scales
over soft dorsal and caudal basally. Tubes in Jateral line moderately
small, well exposed. Scales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae; apical
denticles 18 to 20, with 4 or 5 transverse series of basal elements;
circuli fine.

D. XII, I, 10,1, membranes of spinous fin deeply notched, fourth
spine 214 to 21% in total head length, second ray 24 to 234; A. III,
7, 1, second spine 4 to 414, second ray 2% to 244; caudal 146 to 2,
hind edge emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 41%;
pectoral 2 to 214; ventral 2 to 2%.

Brown above, whitish below, color of back and lower surface
contrasted by pronounced line of demarcation. In young distinct
light longitudinal band extends from upper hind eye edge to below
soft dorsal, obsolete with age. Fins all brown in adult. In young

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 193

spinous dorsal dusky and soft dorsal with broad dusky black anterior
area, apex white and rest of fin pale. Caudal in young with blackish
blotch on each lobe terminally and each blotch well separated with
distinct whitish edges.

Japan and Philippines, from which latter locality we have no
examples. The above description from Japanese examples in the
U. S. National Museum received from Dr. H. M. Smith and the
Japanese Government, 153 to 392 mm.

Genus CENTROGENYS Richardson

Centrogenys RrcHARDSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 120. Type
Centropristis scorpenoides CUVIER, monotypic.

Myriodon BAaRNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier.), 1847, p. 1383. Type Scor-
paena vaigiensis Quoy and GAIMARD, monotypic.

Gennadius JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 37.
Type Sebastes stoliczkae Day, monotypic.

Rhabdosebastes FowLER and BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922, p.
60. Type Sebastes stoliczkae Day, orthotypic.

Body compressed. Mouth large and protractile. Maxillary exposed
with supplemental bone. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth;
vomer and palatines with teeth; tongue smooth. Front nostril with
fringed tentacle. Preopercle serrated, with strong antrorse spines on
lower edge. Opercle with strong spine. Guill membranes separate.
Pseudobranchiae present. Gill rakers very short. Branchiostegals
7. Lower pharyngeals united. Vertebrae 25, of which 14 caudal.
Seales rather large, strongly ciliated. Head scaly, maxillary and
mandible naked. Lateral line complete, tubes with ascending tubule
extending to end of scale. Dorsal with 13 or 14 spines, rays 9 to 11,
spinous part much longer than soft, which scaly basally. Anal with
3 spines and 5 rays, scaly basally. Caudal rounded. Pectoral with
13 or 14 rays, rounded, subsymmetrical. Ventral with strong spine,
placed behind pectoral base.

Eastern Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. This genus and its
genotype have so great a superficial resemblance to certain small
scorpaenoids that they have repeatedly been referred to them.

CENTROGENYS VAIGIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard)

Scorpaena vaigiensis Quoy and Gartmarp, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, p. 324,
pl. 58, fig. 1. Waigiu.

Myriodon waigiensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 175
(Port Essington, Freycinet’s Harbour, Australia).—KNrErR, Reise Novara,
Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 38 (Singapore).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind.
Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, pl. (19) 297, fig. 1.—Gtnrumr, Rep. Voy.
Challenger, vol. 1, 1880, p. 88 (between New Guinea and Australia).—
KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150 (Singapore).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 10
(Cebu).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., 1888, p. 747 (correction); Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 461, fig. 145.—E.era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol.
1, 1895, p. 464 (Cebu).

194 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Centrogenys waigiensis BLuEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 68 (Java, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Bawean, Celebes, Amboina,
Timor, Waigiu).—O’SHavuaungssy, Zool. Rec., 1876, pisces, p. 10.—Sny-
DER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497 (Riu Kiu).—Beravurort,
Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 111 (Macassar).

Centrogenys vaigiensis BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
147 (Singapore, Cebu, Torres Straits, Mabuiag Island, Port Essington,
Freycinet’s Harbour, Port Male, Australia).—Fow.urr, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 250 (Singapore).—Jorpan and RICHARDSON,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Cuyo).—WersrEr, Siboga
Exp. vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 198 (Macassar; Saleyer; Dobo, Aru Islands).—
Fow er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 172 (compiled).

Centropristes scorpaenoides Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p. 48.
Waigiu; New Guinea.—RicHarpson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9. 1842,

. 120.

Megan scorpaenoides BARNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier.), 1847, p. 130.

Sebastes stoliczkae Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 148, pl. 36, fig. 1.
Nicobars. $

Gennadius stoliceae JonDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 87 (Panay).

Rhabdosebastes stoliczkae FowLER and Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62,
1922, p. 60 (Cebu).

Depth 224 to 27%; head 214 to 21, width 2 to 2144. Snout 5% to
51% in head; eye 314 to 3%, greater than snout or interorbital; max-
illary reaches opposite eye center, expansion 2¢ to % in eye, length
234 to 24¢ in head; teeth finely villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer
and palatines; interorbital 5144 to 524, convex; hind preopercle edge
finely serrated and 3 large antrorse spines on lower edge graduated
down from first or anterior which largest; opercle ends in single sharp
spine. Gill rakers 5+11, asperous stumps.

Seales 40 or 41 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on
latter; 6 above, 11 below, 23 predorsal, 6 rows across cheek; above
lateral line scales in oblique rows; small scales on bases of most fins.
Scales with 7 basal radiating striae; 66 to 68 apical denticles, with
3 to 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. XIV, 10,1, or 11,1, third spine 2% to 2144 in total head length,
fourth ray 214 to 234; A.III, 5,1, second spine 114 to 144, first ray
2 to 214; caudal 124 to 144, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle -
4 to 444; pectoral 14% to 12%; ventral 1% to 1%.

Pale brown, dark streaks extending along each scale series in old
alcoholic specimens. Body with 3 oblique dark bands, ill defined
and very variable. Dark or deep brown blotches and cross bars on
fins, 4 on pectoral and ventral and 3 or 4 across anal and caudal.
Belly and under surface of abdomen uniform pale to whitish.

India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Australia. The original
figure by Quoy and Gaimard is poor. It shows but three dark bars

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 195

on the pectoral and two on the ventral, though they say “les taches
des pectorales et des ventrales tendent 4 former trois lignes réguliéres.”’

21764, 21765. Cebu market. March 20,1909. Length 102 to 112 mm.

13983, 13984. Iloilo market. May 31,1908. Length 110 to 114 mm.

One example. Ligpo point, Balayan Bay. January 18,1908. Length 70 mm.
19814. Point San Vincente, northern Luzon. November 18, 1908. Length

100 mm.
Genus PLECTROPOMUS Oken

Plectropomus OKEN, Isis, 1817, p. [1182] 1782 (on Les Plectropomes Cuvier,
Régne Animal, vol. 2, 1817, p. 277). Type Bodianus maculatus Buocu,
designated by JorpDAN, TANAKA, SNYDER, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol.
$3, 1913, p. 152.

Plectropoma (Cuvier) Quoy and GarMarp, Voy. Uranie, Zooi., pt. 7, 1824,
p. 318. Type Plectropoma punctatum Quoy and Gaimarp=Bodianus
maculatus BLocH, monotypic.

Paracanthistius BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, 1874, p.
13. Type Holocentrus leopardus Lackpé&pzE, orthotypic.

Body elongated, compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, with supplemental bone. Teeth in jaws in several series,
inner movable, depressible, hinged at bases; very strong front canines
in jaws and on side of mandible; teeth on vomer and palatines;
tongue smooth. Preopercle entire or finely serrate behind, with
antrorse spines on lower edge. Opercle with 3 spines. Gill mem-
branes separate. Pseudobranchiae present. Guill rakers moderate.
Vertebrae 24, of which 14 caudal. Scales very small, roughish but
not ciliated. Head partly scaled, snout naked. Lateral line feebly
marked, tubes very short and straight, scales ciliated. Dorsal with
6 to 8 spines, rays 11 to 12, spinous fin nearly long as soft fin. Anal
with 3 spines very feeble and flexible, rays 8. Caudal truncate or
emarginate. Pectoral rays 16 to 18, symmetrical, rounded. Ventral
with feeble, flexible spine, below pectoral, fins close together.

Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Although Boulenger admits
but two species our materials seem to vindicate the three of Bleeker,
besides showing another which we describe as new.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a!, PLectropomus. Soft dorsal and anal without front lobes distinctly marked
and though front rays highest edges of fin slope obliquely back; body
without dark vertical blue lines on flanks.

b!. Caudal truncate; body with blue dark edged spots, moderate in size.

truncatus
b?. Caudal emarginate or lunate; body spotted or dotted with blue.

c!. Body with pale blue dark edged spots of moderate size and sometimes
wath ordark brows. Cross bandsasse an see ose ats Shes ----maculatus

c?, Body with very numerous, small, dark edged dots_-_---_____- leopardus

a?, PLEUROPERCA, new subgenus. Soft dorsal and anal with distinct front
lobes, edges of fins emarginate; body with variable vertical blue lines on
FRSC SE eee acta Ne ty EEL A RN ay ESL hl ts eet i oligacanthus

196 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Subgenus PLECTROPOMUS Oken

Soft dorsal and anal without front lobes distinctly marked and
though front rays highest edges of fin slope obliquely back. Body
without dark vertical lines on flanks.

PLECTROPOMUS TRUNCATUS, new species

Depth 3% to 324; head 23% to 244, width 214 to 224. Snout 334
to 436 in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 7%, 1 to 244 in snout, 126 to
17g in interorbital, greater than interorbital in young; maxillary
reaches 34 in eye to little beyond, expansion 1 to 134 in eye, length
2 to 21% in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow bands in jaws, pair
of canines in front of each, also 2 or 3 on each mandibular ramus;
narrow band of fine teeth on vomer and each palatine; interorbital

7 fet
3 Sees Gog e .
Fe Os 03D & ro
Sica, OS

© 4°
020 9,02

FIGURE 5.—PLECTROPOMUS TRUNCATUS, NEW SPECIES, VARIATION

41% to 5 in head from snout tip, level; hind preopercle edge entire,
lower edge with 3 or 4 antrorse spines; opercular spines 3, median
nearer lower and upper most advanced. Gill rakers 6+9 to 12,
short, 214 in gill filaments which 114 in eye; 5 upper and 7 to 10
lower rudimentary.

Seales 94 to 100 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15? more
on latter; tubes 81 to 84 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 10
more on latter; 13 to 16 scales above, 38 to 40 below, 36 to 40 pre-
dorsal to occiput, 23 to 25 rows across cheek to preopercle angle;
maxillary covered with fine scales. Scales with 6 or 7 basal radiat-
ing striae; circuli fine.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 197

D. VII, 1, 10, 1, or 1, 11,1, third spine 3% to 334 in total head
length, first branched ray 214 to 234; A. III, 1, 7,1, third spine 424
to 514, first branched ray 224 to 314; caudal 124 to 14%, truncate;
least depth of caudal peduncle 226 to 23¢; pectoral 144 to 21%; ven-
tral 2% to 214.

Terra-cotta color or brown, slightly paler below. Head, body, and
fins marked with small blue spots, less than pupil and all ocellated
with deeper brown rings; spots much more numerous with age. Iris
brown. Fins brown like body, only spots much smaller. Hind
caudal edge narrowly whitish. Pectoral pale brownish and only few
small spots basally. Ventral darker than pectoral.

East Indies and Philippines.

Diagnosis.—Apparently a valid species which we distinguish chiefly
by its truncate caudal fin. The lower preopercular spines are rela-
tively weak and the opercular spines more or less imbedded, often
inconspicuous. The head, body, and fins are ornamented with large
blue, black-edged spots. Readily known by its truncate caudal fin.

Type.—Cat. No. 89984, U.S.N.M.

16004. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 85 mm.

8918. Atulayan Island, Lagonoy Gulf, east coast Luzon. June 17,1909. Length
350 mm. (Type No. 89984, U.S.N.M.)

12706. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 18,1909. Length 137 mm.

7532, 7539. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December
23,1908. Length 287-314 mm.

9107. Gigoso Point, Samar Island. July 28,1909. Length 323 mm.

7254. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23,1908. Length 518 mm.

A549. Sulade Island, vicinity Jolo. September 17,1909. Length 425 mm.

A511. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13,1909. Length
370 mm.

A681. Bumbum Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25, 1909.
Length 520 mm.

A696. Si Amil Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 26, 1909.
Length 288 mm.

A830, A844. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 262
to 365 mm.

A1130. Kayoa Island. November 29,1909. Length 475 mm.

PLECTROPOMUS MACULATUS (Bloch)

Bodianus maculatus Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 48, pl.
228. Japan (likely Mauritius?).—Wa.savum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p.
671 (on BLocn#).—ForsteEr, Fauna Indica,1795, p. 16.—ScHNEIDER, Syst.
Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 331 (Japan).—Lactpkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4,
1802, pp. 280, 293 (Japan).

Plectropoma maculatum Cuviser, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 393
(Mauritius).—Rtprretyt, Atlas Reise noérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 110
(Mohila).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 156 (Red
Sea).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 12 (Zanzibar and
Seychelles)—Gitnruerr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 20, 1867, p. 57
(Cape York, Queensland).—Ktuunzinecmr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol.
20, 1870, p. 689 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Gitntuer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,

198 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 10, pl. 10 (East Africa, Japan, Australia, Poly-
nesia). ALLEYNE and Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 265 (Fair Cape, Queensland).—KuunzineeR, Sitz. Ber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 335 (Port Denison, Queens-
land).—K<Arouti, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150 (Singa-
pore).—KLunzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 8 .—Mbryer, Anal.
Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (Kordo, Mysore).—
BouLencER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 160 (Zanzibar, Singa-
pore, Cape York, Samoa, Red Sea, Mauritius, Louisiades, Levuka, Pelew
Islands, Ceylon, Seychelles). —Srernpacuner, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 414 (Ternate)—Werserr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57,
Fische, 1913, p. 206 (Saleyer).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,

1927, p. 469 (Mozambique coast).
Plectropomus maculatus JorDAN and Ricuarpson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 37, 1910, p. 442 (compiled).

Paracanthistius maculatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 26 (Singapore, Java, Celebes, Halmahera, Ternate).—
Beravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 111 (Macassar).—Fow.er,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 172 (Faté, Funafuti, Apiang).

Acanthistius maculatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, pl. (13) 291, fig. 3.

Plectropoma punctatum Quoy and Gaimarp, Voy. Uranie, Zool., pt. 7, 1824,
p. 318, pl. 45, fig. 1. Mauritius.

Plectropoma pessuliferum FowuEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser.
2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 520, pl. 17, upper fig. Padang, Sumatra.

Depth 31% to 324; head 2% to 3, width 13 to 244. Snout 24%
to 314 in head from snout tip; eye 5% to 6, 134 to 2 in snout, 1% to
114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches half way in eye or to hind eye
edge, expansion 114 to 1% in eye, length 2% to 24% in head from
snout tip; teeth in narrow bands in jaws, with upper outer series
little larger; pair of canines in front of each jaw and 2 lateral canines
on each mandibular ramus; narrow band of fine teeth on vomer
and on each palatine; interorbital 5 to 514, level; hind preopercle edge
entire, with 3 to 4 antrorse spines on lower edge; opercular spines 3,
median little lower. Gill rakers 7+13, lanceolate, 114 in eye; 5
above and 8 below rudimentary.

Scales 103 to 105 in lateral line to caudal base and 18 to 20 more
on latter; tubes 83 to 86 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 8
more on latter; 17 or 18 scales above, 40 to 43 below, 42 to 44 pre-
dorsal forward to occiput; 26 to 28 rows across cheek to preopercle
angle; body scales without small basal accessory scales; maxillary
expansion with patch of small scales in 2 to 6 transverse series; snout,
preorbital, and interorbital naked; fins basally with finescales. Scales
with 2 to 5 basal radiating striae (small examples with 7 to 12 apical
denticles with 4 to 7 transverse series) and circuli fine.

D. VII, 1, 10,1 or 1, 11,1, third spine 314 to 4 in total head length,
third ray 2% to 234; A. III, 1, 7,1, third spine 424 to 5, first ray 2
to 214; caudal 1% to 14%, concave behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 22% to 234; pectoral 17% to 2; ventral 134 to 1%.

See

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 199

Light brown, usually little paler below. Back and sides above
with pale-blue dark-edged spots, some on head and flanks elongated
and bar like. Iris brown, some small blue spots on bases of soft
dorsal, anal, and caudal. Paired fins pale brown, unspotted.

Red Sea, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Seychelles,
India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Japan, Queensland, Mela-
nesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Our series of specimens all show rather
large spots variably present on the fins and: sometimes as short
vertical bars as those on the flanks in the nominal Plectropoma
pessuliferum.

5522. Catbalogan, western Samar. April 16,1908. Length 390 mm.

5521. Catbalogan. April 15,1908. Length 218 mm.
7608. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 24,1908. Length 385 mm.

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FIGURE 6.—PLECTROPOMUS MACULATUS (BLOCH), VARIATION

6289. Manila market. January 12,1908. Length 580 mm.

9036. Natabas Point, Samar. July 24, 1909.

A. 1352. Great Tobea Island. December 15,1909. Length 363 mm.
PLECTROPOMUS LEOPARDUS (Lacépéde)

Holocentrus leopardus Lachrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 332, 367-
No locality.

Plectropoma leopardinum Cuvisr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 392, pl.
86 (Indian Ocean).—Scuieceu, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 12
(Nagasaki).—GtnruErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 157
(Louisiades).—KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150:
(Ceylon).

Plectropoma leopardus RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230:
(compiled).

88137—30——14

200 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Paracanthistius leopardinus BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 25 (Java).

Acanthistius leopardinus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, pl. (18) 296, fig. 3.

Plectropoma (maculatum) areolatum Rirrr yi, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika,
Fische (Alph. Verz. beschrieb. Fische), 1828, p. (143). Red Sea.

Plectropoma cyanostigma BuEeEKkeER, Natuur. Genesk. Arch. Nederland. Indié,
vol. 2, 1845, p. 525. Batavia, Java.

Depth 3% to 34%; head 246 to 3, width 2% to 226. Snout 3 to
314 in head from snout tip; eye 514 to 734, 114 to 2% in snout, 1%
to 124 in interorbital; maxillary reaches 2% in eye to hind eye edge
with age, expansion 1 to 114, length 2 to 214 in head from snout tip;
teeth in narrow bands in jaws, pair of canines in front of each and 2
or 3 in each mandibular ramus; narrow band of small teeth on vomer
and narrower one on each palatine; hind nostril twice size of front
nostril; interorbital 414% to 5%, level; hind preopercle edge with few
minute serrae below and 3 or 4 strong antrorse spines along lower
edge; opercular spines 3, median closer to lower which most forward.
Gill rakers 6+10 or 11, lanceolate, little less than gill filaments or
half of eye; 4 above and 1 or 2 below rudimentary.

Seales 108 to 1)5 in lateral line to caudal base with 13 to 15 more
on latter; tubes 73 to 81 in lateral line to caudal base and 7 to 14
more on latter; 20 or 21 scales above, 34 to 44 below, 40 to 52 pre-
dorsal to occiput; 23 to 25 rows across cheek to preopercle angle;
upper half of opercle scaly, with 10 transverse rows of scales; snout
and interorbital naked; fins with fine scales basally; body scales
without fine auxiliary basal scales. Scales with 5 to 17 basal radi-
ating striae (12 to 16 apical denticles in small examples) and circuli
moderate.

D. VIII, 1, 9,1, or 1, 10, 1, third spine 314 to 324 in total head length,
first branched ray 24% to 27%; A. III, 1, 7,1, third spine 3% to 514,
first branched ray 244 to 224; caudal 114 to 134, emarginate behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 3 4%; pectoral 144 to 2144; ven-
tral 1% to 24%.

Brown, nearly uniform and variously light or dark. Body and fins
everywhere with numerous fine, slightly darker spots, often fading in
preservation. Though pectoral usually unspotted sometimes with
small blue spots. Ventral usually darker brown.

Red Sea, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Japan, Melanesia. Sev-
eral of our specimens (7362, 8688, and 8900) are varietal. They have
the pectorals with a distinct light colored margin and the broader inter-
orbital more flattened.

18659. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 237 mm.
8062. Anabayas Islands. March 2, 1909. Length 402 mm.

8919. Atulayan Island. June 18, 1909. Length 410 mm.
7786. Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length 351 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 201

8688. Batag Island, east coast Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length 600 mm.

17067. Bisucay Island. April 9, 1909. Length 250 mm.

7475. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length 250 mm.

8081. Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 360 mm.

8318. Destacado Island. March 13, 1909. Length 295 mm.

7515, 7553, 7598. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22-24, 1908.
Length 385 to 433 mm.

17300. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar. July 28, 1909. Length
218 mm.

8765, 8766. Lahuy Island, Pocket Bay, east coast Luzon. June 11, 1909.
Length 250 to 268 mm.

18550. Langao Point, southern Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length 235 mm.

7896. Luzon Point, Manila Bay. January 21, 1909. Length 535 mm.

8900. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length 625 mm.

8180. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 270 mm.

6389, 9020. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length 205 to 290 mm.

8535. Port Langean, Dumaran Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909.
Length 441 mm.

8777. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast Luzon. June 12, 1909.
Length 343 mm.

5717. Surigao, east coast Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 285 mm.

7852. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7, 1909. Length 385 mm.

7342, 12494 (773). Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14, 1908. Length
211 to 277 mm.

7362. Tara Island. December 15, 1908. Length 470 mm.

A569. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909. Length 415 mm.

5999. Zamboanga market. May 26, 1908. Length 43 mm.

PLEUROPERCA,! new subgenus

Type .—Plectropoma oligacanthus BLEEKER.
Diagnosis.—Soft dorsal and anal with distinct front lobes, edges of
fins emarginate. Body with variable vertical blue lines on flanks.

PLECTROPOMUS OLIGACANTHUS Bleeker

Plectropoma oligacanthus BuEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7,
1854, p. 422. Batavia, Java.—GitnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1859, p. 157 (copied).—BouLrnesr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 162 (Malay Archipelago and Carolines).—Eurra, Cat. Fauna Filip.,
vol. 1, 1895, p. 463 (Santa Cruz, Luzon, Cavite).

Paracanthistius oligacanthus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 27 (Java, Celebes, Amboina).—Fow.rErR, Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 173 (compiled).

Acanthistius oligacanthus BuLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, pl. (1) 279, fig. 2.

Depth 3% to 324; head 2% to 3, width 214 to 226. Snout 3 to
32% in head from snout tip; eye 54% to 826,134 to 3 in snout, 1
to 1% in interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 34 in eye, expansion
1 to 12%, length 2% to 2144 in head from snout tip; teeth above in
narrow band, pair of canines in front of each jaw and 3 canines
in each mandibular ramus; narrow band of fine teeth on vomer and
one on each palatine; hind nostril greatly larger than front one,

14 TI\evpa rib, with reference to the blue parallel lines on the flanks; Iepxy perch.

202 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

half size of pupil; interorbital 434 to 514 in head from snout tip;
preopercle edge entire; median opercular spine closer to lower which
opposite upper. Gill rakers 5+12, lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or 13¢ in eye; 3 upper and 3 lower rudimentary.

Seales 93 to 133 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more
on latter; tubes 83 to 90 in lateral line to caudal base and 11 to 20
more on latter; 17 to 20 scales above, 34 to 40 below, 37 to 40
predorsal forward to occiput only; 23 to 25 rows across cheek to
preopercle edge; body scales without small basal auxiliary scales;
fine scales over most all fins; maxillary with upper half of expansion
finely scaled in 7 or 8 transverse rows. Scales with 4 or 5 basal
radiating striae, with 1 to 5 more incomplete auxiliaries; circuli fine.

FIGURE 7.—PLECTROPOMUS OLIGACANTHUS BLEEKER, VARIATION

D. Vilor VIII, u, 9,1, or 1, 10,1, third spine 33¢ to 3% in total head
length, first branched ray 124 to 214; A. III,1, 7,1, third spine 34%
to 434, second branched ray 17% to 224; caudal 126 to 1%, emargi-
nate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 244; pectoral 2 to
214; ventral 24% to 244.

Brown above, paler below. Head, back anteriorly, also soft dorsal
and anal fins, with dark brown longitudinal lines. Dark brown ver-
tical parallel lines all along flanks and rest of body and caudal spotted
finely with dark brown. Pectoral dark brown with blue lines, hind
border yellowish. Ventral brown, paler basally.

East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia. A well-marked species allied
with Plectropomus maculatus but with an entirely different color pat-
tern. Also with age thesoft dorsal and anal have an elevated front lobe.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 203

$961. Albay Gulf, Luzon. June 21,1909. Length 315 mm.

8134. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 312 mm.

5623. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22,1908. Length 330 mm.

9176. Gigoso Point, Samar. July 28,1909. Length 213 mm. (1729).

9293. Murcielagos Bay, Mindoro. August 9,1909. Length 393 mm.

9334, 18586. Murcielagos Bay. August 21,1909. Length 211 to 650 mm.

7384. Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 15, 1908. Length 311 mm.

7692. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29, 1908. Length 350 mm.

A680. Bumbum Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25, 1909.
Length 358 mm.

A704, A705. Danawan Island, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909.
Length 448 to 475 mm,

A765. Mabul Island, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 29, 1909.
Length 550 mm.

A995. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20,1909. Length
335 mm. 5

13386, 13387. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909.
Length 210 to 230 mm.

A1129, A1131. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 393 to 580 mm.

Genus VARIOLA Swainson

Variola Swainson, Lardner’s Cabinet Cycloped. (Nat. Hist. Animals), Fishes,
vol. 2, 1839, p. 202. Type Variola longipinna Swainson, monotypic.

Louti Forskau, Descript. Animal., 1775, p. 44. Type Perca loutt ForsKAu,
by vernacular tautonym. (Inadmissible.)

Pseudoserranus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p.
687. Type Perca louti Forsx&1L, monotypic.

Body oblong, compressed. Eyes lateral, moderate. One or 2
curved canines each side of mandible, besides pair in front of each
jaw. ‘Teeth in jaws villiform, on vomer and palatines and inner row
in both jaws depressible. Preopercle with hind edge weakly serrated,
lower edge entire. Opercle with 3 spines. Scales small, ctenoid,
none on snout, suborbitals or maxillary. Dorsal spines 9, rays 14,
soft dorsal ending in long point. Anal spines 3, rays 8, soft anal
also ending in point. ‘Caudal emarginate, angles pointed.

Indo-Pacific.

VARIOLA LOUTI (Forskal)

Perca louti ForsKau, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. x1, 40. Djedda and
Lohaja, Red Sea.—BonnaterreE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 183 (Red Sea).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1318 (Arabia).—Wa.sBauM,
Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 338 (on ForsKAu).

Bodianus louti Sucxow, Naturgesch., vol. 4, 1799, p. 517 (Red Sea).—
ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 382 (Red Sea).—LacépéEpsE, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 278, 286 (Arabia).

Serranus louti Ritprpreuy, Atlas Reise nordl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 106, pl.
26, fig. 2 (Mohila).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 101
(Copang, Timor; Mauritius; Red Sea; Amboyna).—Puayrair, Fishes of
Zanzibar, 1866, p. 1 (Zanzibar).—Gtnruemr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol.
1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 2, pl. 1 (Red Sea, East Africa, Indian Ocean, New
Hebrides, Society Islands, Tuamotus).—Mbrymr, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 8 (Manado, Celebes; Kordo, Mysore).—
Evers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 459 (Paragua, Mindanao).

204 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus luti VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 363 (Red
Sea).

Pseudoserranus louti KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 687 (Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 7.

Variola loutt BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 24
(Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Timor, Ternate, Batjan, Amboina, Waigiu, New
Guinea); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (70) 288, fig. 3.—Day, Fishes of India, pt.
1, 1875, p. 26, pl. 7, fig. 3; Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 459, fig.
143.—Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904,
p. 521 (Padang, Sumatra).—JorpaN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol.
25, 1905 (1906), p. 257 (Apia and Pago Pago).—JorpAN and RIcHARDSON,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Calayan).—SnypEr, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497 (Okinawa).—Werpser, Siboga Exp.,
vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 198 (Sanguisiapo and Sulu, Sulu Archipelago;
Lirung; Salomakie; Banda).—Fow ter, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925,
p. 33 (Samoa).—Fow.eEr and Batt, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p.
13 (Wake Island).— Fow.ter, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 38, 1927, p. 13
(Christmas Island); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 173, pl. 14, fig.
B (Faté, Fanning Islands, Palmyra, Wake Island, Christmas Island, Apia,
Society Islands, Apiang).

Epinephelus louti BoutENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol, 1, 1895, p. 173
(Red Sea, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Mascarenes, Manado, Amboina,
Timor, Aneiteum, Samoa, Marshalls).

Epinephelus (Variola) louti Pruuearin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39,
1914, p. 224 (Nossi-Bé, Madagascar).

Labrus punctulaitus Lac&épipe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, pp. 431, 477,
pl. 17, fig. 2. The Great Ocean (Indo-Pacific).

Serranus punctulatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 367
(Moluceas, Waigiu, Ceylon); vol. 9, 1833, p. 435 (Mauritius).—Quoy and
GarimarD, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1834, p. 654, pl. 3, fig. 2 (New
jreland).—GuicuEnor, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.

Serranus flavimarginatus RippreEvy, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828,
p. 109. Near Mohila.—Gtntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 103 (copied).

Variola flavimarginata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 23 (Amboina).—SnypmEr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 492
(Okinawa).

Pseudoserranus loutt var. flavimarginata KLuNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer.,
1884, p. 7.

Variola louti var. flavimarginata WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 198 (Banda).

Serranus phaenistomus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, 1839,
p. 201 (on Serranus louii RUPPELL, pl. 26, fig. 2).

Variola longipinna Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, 1839,
p. 202 (on Serranus louti RUPrw.y, pl. 26, fig. 2).

Perca irrorata LicHTENSTEIN, Descript. Animal., Forster, 1844, p. 222.
Saint Christian, Waitaho.

Serranus melanotacnia BLEEKER, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Amboina),
vol. 2, 1857, p. 38. Amboina.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 504 (copied).

Variola melanotaenia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (11) 289, fig. 4.

Depth 3 to 3144; head 226 to 3, width 21% to 224. Snout 3% to
344 in head from snout tip; eye 424 to 534, 1144 to 1% in snout,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 2065

greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge,
expansion 3% to 7% in eye, length 24%) to 24% in head from snout
tip; teeth in villiform bands in jaws, inner of upper anteriorly and
along all inner edge of mandible little enlarged, also outer upper series
enlarged; pair of canines in front of each jaw and another close set
pair on each mandibular ramus medianly; bands of small teeth on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 614 to 714, level, scarcely convex;
preopercle edge entire; opercular spines 3, median closer to lower
which before uppermost. Gill rakers 7 to 10+14, % of gill fila-
ments, which equal eye; 6 to 8 above, and 5 or 6 below rudimentary.

Scales 83 to 120? in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 12 more
on latter; tubes 64 or 65 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4
more on latter; 15 to 20 scales above, 30 to 40 below; 20 to 28 rows
on cheek; scales minute on predorsal, breast, chest, and fin bases;
snout, jaws, lips, maxillary, and branchiostegal region naked; with
age maxillary expansion largely finely scaled; fins all finely scaled
like body. Scales with 4 to 12 basal radiating striae; 26 to 30 apical
denticles, with 4 to 6 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. IX, 13,1 or 14,1, ninth spine 24% to 3 in total head length,
tenth ray 2 to 234; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 34 to 4, fifth ray 125 to
17%; caudal 1 to 114, deeply lunate with produced points; least depth
of caudal peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 124 to 2.

Pale brownish generally, fins but little darker and everywhere with
numerous small whitish dots, except on paired fins and lower surface
of head; in alcohol dots often dusky or deep brown. Iris deep yel-
low. When fresh, body orange marked with rather small, numerous,
rosy purple spots on body above. On lower surface spots pale rosy,
some almost faded pale white. Dorsals, anals, and caudal spotted,
last with dusky gray band close to edge.

Red Sea, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Reunion, Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Ceylon, India, East Indies, Philippines,
Riu Kiu, Melanesia, Polynesia. A very handsome fish and variable
in its coloration. According to Riippell’s figure of Serranus louti only
the margin of the pectoral is yellow, though both Bleeker and Quoy
and Gaimard show a plain or uniformly colored pectoral without
any darker basal color. Jordan and Seale have figured their Samoan
variety with the broad blackish band along the upper part of the
side as a distinct species, Variola flavimarginata. We have three
examples (42, A845 and A846) from the East Indian region of this
variety. They have the dark band from the eye and along the back,
also a dark blotch at the base of the upper caudal lobe.

A. 1527. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length45mm. Stom-
ach contained Holacanthus melanosoma 80 mm. long and small serranid.

9077. Malhon Island, vicinity of Surigao Strait, between Samar and Leyte.
July 27, 1909. Length 355 mm.

206 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

4733. Maricaban Island, Luzon. January 18,1908. Length280mm. Marked
with white flakes.

8874. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length 300 mm.

19024. North West Verde Island. July 26, 1908. Length 140 mm.

22499. Opol, Mindanao Island. August 4, 1909. Length 163 mm. (755).

22928. Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length 66 mm.

A588. Tara Island, Panpan Point, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September
20, 1909. Length 410 mm.

42. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909. Length 250
mm. (var. flavimarginatus).

5930, 6006. Zamboanga market. May 25 and 27, 1908. Length 335 to 352
mm. {110}.

A711, A712. Si Amil Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 27,
1909. Length 418 to 451 mm.

A1318, A1319. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length 315 to
443 mm.

A1467, A1496. Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length 240 to
332 mm.

A845, A846. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9,1909. Length 264
to 353 mm. (var. flavimarginatus).

A1172. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 323 mm.

A1556, A1558. Kwa Siang Bay, Formosa. January 25, 1910. Length 303 to
463 mm.

Genus CEPHALOPHOLIS Schneider

Cephalopholis ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 311. Type Cepha-
lopholis argus SCHNEIDER, monotypic.

Uriphaeton Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, pp. 168, 202. Type
Uriphaeton microleptes SwAINSON, monotypic.

Enneacentrus Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 105. Type
Serranus outalibi VALENCIENNES, orthotypic.

Petrometopon Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 105. ‘Type
Serranus guttatus Pony, orthotypic.

Menephorus Pony, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 10, 1874, p. 50.
Type Serranus dubius Pony, orthotypic.

Phaetonichthys BLEEKER, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, ser.
2, 1874, p.3 (name insynonymy). Type Serranus phaeton VALENCIENNES.
Bleeker gives Serranus phaeton VALENCIENNES as the type of Uriphaeton
SwaIrnson, in Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, ser. 2, 1874, p. 3-

Enneistus JORDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pt. 1, 1896,
p. 1143. Type Bodianus acanthistius GILBERT, monotypic.

4ithaloperca FowuEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 12, ser. 2,
1904, p. 522. Type Perca rogaa ForskAt, orthotypic.

Body moderate, oblong. Maxillary with distinct supplemental
bone. Inner jaw teeth depressible, hinged; canines more or less
distinct in front of jaws. Scales small, mostly ctenoid. Top of head
and"soft dorsal scaly. Dorsal spines 9, soft rays moderate, 13 to 15.
Anal spines 3, well developed, rays 7 or 8. Caudal rounded to lunate.
Pectoral rounded, symmetrical, median rays longest.

Small brilliant groupers, rather abundant in tropical seas. They
differ from Serranus chiefly in the presence of 9 spines, instead of 11.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 207

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208 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

CEPHALOPHOLIS AURANTIUS (Valenciennes)

Serranus aurantius VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 305.
Seychelles.—Gtntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 118
(copied).—E terra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 461 (Cebu).

Epinephelus aurantius BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-—
76, p. 37, pl. 20 (298), fig. 3 (Sumatra, Celebes, Ternate, Batjan, New
Guinea).—SauvaGs, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 60, pl. 9,
fig. 5.—Bou.rencer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 193 (North
Celebes and Louisiades).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 125 (Gischin, South Arabia).—WeEBER, Siboga
Exp., vol. 57, Tdehe. 1913, p. 201 (Banca).

Cephalopholis aurantius FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925,
p. 220 (Delagoa Bay); ian. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 175
(compiled).

Serranus roseus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 306.
Tahiti.

Serranus analis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 307. New
Ireland; vol. 6, 1830, p. 514 (note).—Lxesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol.
2, pt. 1, 1830 (1831), p. 235 (New Ireland).—GitnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 123 (copied).—GuicuENnot, Notes Ile Réunion, vol.
2, 1862, p. 23.

Epinephelus analis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 38 (Sumatra and Celebes); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (51) 329, fig. 5.

Serranus rufus HOMBRON and JAcquinoT, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1853,
p. 35, pl. 1, fig, 4. No locality.

Serranus sonnerali (part) Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
122 (Louisiades).

Epinephelus sonnerati (part) Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,
1927, p. 472 (Fowler’s reference to Delagoa Bay example).

Serranus leopardus (part) GiintHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1,
1873, p. 4.

Bodianus indelebilis FowLER, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol.
12, 1904, p. 521, pl. 17, lower figure. Padang, Sumatra.

Cephalopholis obtusauris EVERMANN and SEALs, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 22,
1906 (1907), p. 77, fig. 12. Bacon.—Sna.e and Beran, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 243 (Zamboanga),

Depth 244; head 224, width 214. Snout 4 in head from upper jaw
tip; eye 5144, 11% in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches
opposite hind eye edge, expansion 11% in eye, length 2 in head from
snout tip; teeth small, inner depressible, outer strong erect teeth
in each jaw but little enlarged; 2 canines in front of each jaw; inter-
orbital 714, nearly level; upper opercular spine most distant, lowest
most advanced. Gill rakers 6+16, lanceolate, 24 of eye; 4 above
and 4 below rudimentary.

Scales 72 in lateral line to caudal base; tubes 40 in lateral line to
caudal base; 15 scales above lateral line, 29 below, 60 predorsal scales
forward to front nostril. Vertical fins covered with small scales bas-
ally over rayed portions. Opercle with fine scales. Jateral line
arched nearly parallel with back.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 209

D. IX, 15,1, fourth spine 31% in total head length, seventh ray 3;
A. III, 9, 1, second spine 27%, sixth ray 2144; caudal 144, convex; least
depth of caudal pedunle 314; pectoral 124; ventral 2.

Orange, many scales on body above pale dusky. Head and front
of back with small, round, golden spots. Iris deep golden orange.
Brown spot on soft dorsal edge at thirteenth ray equals pupil. Anal
and ventral with narrow dusky edges. Caudal with narrow whitish
line close to and concurrent with fin edge. Pectoral deep golden
orange.

Southern Arabia, Portuguese East Africa, Seychelles, Mascarene
Islands, East Indies, Philippines, Melanesia, Polynesia. A handsome
species which we chiefly define by its color, which light red or orange,
sometimes or not with scattered blue dots on the head and front of
the back though it never shows the bluish network on the head as in
Cephalopholis sonnerati which is also a much larger species. Fowler
reported an example of Cephalopholis aurantius from Dalogoa Bay,
333 mm. long which shows 123 scales in lateral line to the caudal
base. We still believe it to be that species though Barnard has
placed it with C. sonnerati, pointing out that “his description differs
from that of Boulenger, mainly in the scale counts, though it should
be noted that Fowler’s scale counts, especially that of the scales in a
transverse direction, are often considerably greater than those of
Boulenger and other authors.’”’ These counts are, however, proba-
bly not greater than counts which may be made from the materials of
‘“Boulenger and other authors” provided they are counted above the
lateral line to the origin of the spinous dorsal and below the lateral
line to the origin of the spinous anal, as this is the way they are
made in the present work. In this case the matter is simply a
method of counting, and one which we have found most satisfactory.
The count of the scales in the lateral line is another matter, and
though it is true they are greatly in excess of any given for the spe-
cies, the specimen is also apparently the largest hitherto reported
and therefore count placed on record to show the greatest number
observed. The pores in the lateral line are 73 to the caudal base
and are a corresponding increase. The species is subject to still
ereater range in variation than Boulenger or Barnard give. We also
believe Bodianus indelebilis Fowler a synonym, as it shows scales
72+; tubes 40, scales above 15, 29 below, and:its color orange with
head and back in front with small round golden spots. Cephaloph-
olis obtusauris Evermann and Seale is another synonym, based on
a slightly larger uniform example. Our description from the type of
Bodianus indelebilis, a small example obtained at Padang and now
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

210 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

CEPHALOPHOLIS MINIATUS (Forskal)

Perca miniata ForsK&u, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xii, 41. Djedda and
Lohaja, Red Sea.—Bonnaterre, Tabl. [chth., 1788, p. 131 (on For-
sk&iL).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol..1, 1789, p. 1817 (Arabia).—
Wausau, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 338 (on ForsKAL).

Bodianus miniatus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 332 (Red Sea).—
Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 522
(Padang, Sumatra).

Diacope miniata Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 433 (on ForsKAL).

Serranus miniatus RippE.y, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 106,
pl. 26, fig. 3 (Red Sea).—Prrers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235 (Mozam-
bique).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 118 (no local-
ity).— Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 3 (Aden).—KLUNZINGER,
Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 679 (Kosier).—Gitnruer,
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1878, p. 5, pl. 5 (Polynesia, Samoa).—
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 24, pl. 6, fig. 2.—Prrrers, Monatsb.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 485 (Mauritius).—KtLunzincsr, Fische Roth.
Meer., 1884, p. 4 (Koseir).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 456.—
Pearson, Rep. Gov. Marine Biol. Ceylon, 1912-13, pt. 4, p. E13.

Cromileptes miniatus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, 1839, p.
201 (on RiprE.t, pl. 26, fig. 3).

Epinephelus miniatus BurrxeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 41 (Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Flores, Ternate, Batjan, Obi Major, Buru,
Ceram, Amboina, Waigiu, New Guinea).—Sauvaag, Hist. Nat. Madagas-
ear, Poiss., 1891, p. 52.—BovuLeNnGsER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 191 (Zanzibar, Mauritius, Ceylon, Madras, Andamans, North Celebes,
Amboina, Apamana, Samoa).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr, Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 124 (Bah-H§f, Soco-
tra).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, 1907, p. 204 (Tul-
éar, Madagascar).—Gincurist and THompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus.,
vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 215 (Natal).—Wesmr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,1913,
p. 200 (Beo; Salomakie; Salayer; Banda; Tiur Island; Pepla Bay,
Rotti).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 474 (Natal
coast).

Cephalopholis miniatus FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p.
252 (Padang examples).—JorDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Calayan).—FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1925, p. 221 (Natal); Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 38, 1927, p. 13
(Fanning Island); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 175 (Shortland and
Ebon Islands). :

Pomacentrus burdi Lackrkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 506, 510.
Arabia.

Serranus cyanostigma (not VALENCIENNES 1828) VALENCIENNES, Régne Ani-
mal Ill. Cuvier, 1836, pl. 8, fig. 2.

Perca maculata (ForsTER) LicHENSTEIN, Descr. Animal., 1844, p. 220. St.
Christian Island, Waitako (not Perca maculaia LINNAEUS).

Cephalopholis maculatus Srate and Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33,
1907, p. 235, fig. 5. Zamboanga.

Serranus cyanostigmatoides BurEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Percoid.),
vol. 22, 1849, p. 31. Batavia, Java.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 117 (Amboyna).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 3
(Zanzibar).—Merynr, An. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885,
p. 9 (North Celebes).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 211

Epinephelus cyanostigmatoides BuEnkeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, pl. (5) 2838, fig. 3.

Epinephelus melas (not Permrs) Giucnrist and THompson, Ann. South
Afric. Mus., vol 6, pt. 3, 1909, p. 220 (Natal).

Cephalopholis boninius Jorpan and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6,
No. 4, 1914, p. 248, pl. 29, fig. 7. Bonin Islands.

Depth 224 to 3; head 22s to 214, width 214 to 234. Snout 3% to
4 in head from snout tip; eye 5% to 714, 1% to 2 in snout, greater
than interorbital in width, 1%» with age; maxillary reaches below hind
rim of eye or little beyond, expansion equals or slightly exceeds eye,
length 2 to 24 in head from snout tip; teeth in bands in jaws, inner

b10'9 P60 6 e
292.9,000° 3

2
So

FIGURE 8.—CEPHALOPHOLIS MINIATUS (FORSKAL), VARIATION

depressible and edges of each jaw with outer row little larger; man-
dible with 6 rows in front narrowing to single inner row posteriorly;
pair of canines in front of each jaw; minute teeth on vomer and
palatines; interorbital 614 to 624, convex; preopercle edge minutely
and unevenly serrated; lower opercle spine little more advanced and
upper more distant from median. Gill rakers 8 or 9+14 to 17, little
longer than gill filaments or one-half of eye; 5 to 7 above and below
rudimentary.

Scales 90 to 103 in lateral line to caudal base and 15 to 18 more
on latter; tubes 48 to 52 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4
more on latter; 14 to 17 scales above lateral line, 27 to 34 below, 54
to 56 predorsal, 24 to 28 rows across cheek; basal portions of fins
more or less covered with small scales; body scales without fine

212 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

auxiliary basal scales; maxillary with upper 3¢ of expansion finely
scaled. Scales with 7 or 8 basal radiating striae; 31 to 51 apical
denticles, with 3 or 4 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. IX, 15, 1, or 14, 1, fourth spine 314 to 4 in total head length,
twelfth ray 214 to 27%; A. ILI, 9, 1, third spine 3% to 3, sixth ray
214 to 234; caudal 136 to 14, rounded; least depth of caudal
peduncle 23% to 3; pectoral 1144 to 134; ventral 17% to 21%.

Orange red, little faded, lower surface little lighter or brighter.
Except paired fins, head below and abdomen, body with small dark
brown ringed or ocellated blue spots. Eye yellowish, with several
brown spots. Inside gill opening more or less tinged with orange.
Margins of vertical fins, also of ventrals, narrowly blackish brown.
Upper and lower edges of caudal with narrow whitish edges, but not
extending to middle rays. Paired fins deep orange red. .

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Mauritius, Madagascar,
India, Ceylon, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, Melanesia,
Micronesia, Polynesia. A handsome species and variable. Cepha-
lopholis maculatus Seale and Bean and C. boninius Jordan and
Richardson are only slight variants.

8132, 8133. Alibijaban Is!and, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length
261 to 356 mm.

13503, 18710, 17708, 17769, 18271. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,
1909. Length 155 to 225 mm.

8276, 8281. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 275 to 355 mm.

21589. Guiniyan Island, east coast Luzon. June 4, 1909. Length 180 mm.

9481. Guntao Island, Palawan Passage. December 20,1908. Length 216 mm.

4860. Jolo market. February 12,1908. Length 303 mm.

18582. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909. Length
158 mm.

11123, 11260. Pasacao Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length
130 to 212 mm.

8203, 8204. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 243 to 283 mm.

11040. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21,1908. Length 186 mm.

7343. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14,1908. Length 255 mm.

4954. Tawi Tawi Group, Sulu Archipelago. February 21,1908. Length 325mm.

17268. Tayabas River, Marinduque Island. February 25,1909. Length 157 mm.

6485, 6486. Tilig, Lubang Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 15, 1908.
Length 207 to 277 mm.

A467, A468. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September 9, 1909.
Length 245 to 246 mm.

A570, 6648. Tutu Bay, Jolo. September 19,1909. Length 200 to 270 mm.

6635. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 28,1908. Length 300 mm.

5932. Zamboanga market. May 25,1908. Length 277 mm.

17575. Danawan Island, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909.
Length 142 mm.

A760. Sipadan Island, Sibuko Bay vicinity, Borneo. September 28, 1909.
Length 241 mm.

A882, 13035. Limbe Strait, vicinity of Strait Island, north of Celebes. Novem-

ber 1,1909. Length 216 to 341 mm.

a a a

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FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 213

13123. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island, Molucea Passage. November 28, 1909.
Length 158 mm.

13534. Makyan Island. November 29,1909. Length 114 mm.

19026. North West Verde Island. July 22, 1908. Length 135 mm.

9957. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 200 mm.

6952. West coast Sabtan Island, China Sea, vicinity Formosa. November 8,
1908. Length 293 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS SONNERATI (Valenciennes)

Serranus sonnerait VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 299.
Pondicherry and Ceylon.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 122 (Sumatra and Louisiades).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866,
p. 3 (not pl. 3, fig. 1).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 25, pl. 7, fig. 1
(Madras).—K<Aroui1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149
(Palaboen, Java).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 457, fig. 142
(east coast of Ceylon and Madras).—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1889, p. 238 (Muscat).—Fowterr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1925, p. 223 (Natal).

Serranus (Epinephelus) sonneratii ZuGMAyER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Oman).

Epinephelus sonnerati BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 187
(Mauritius, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Muscat, Ceylon, Madras, Pelew Islands,
Kingsmills, Samoa, Australia)—STrEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 124 (Bah Haf,
Socotra).—Rerean, Ann. Natal Mus., 1908, p. 224 (Durban Bay).—
GitcHRist and THompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10,
p. 214 (Durban Museum; Natal).—Wepserr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,
1913, p. 199 (Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; Banda).—BarNarp, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 472 (Natal coast; Delagoa Bay).

Cephalopholis sonnerati SEALE and Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33,
1907, p. 243 (Zamboanga).—Fow.Lrmr and BaLt, Bishop Mus. Bull., No.
26, 1925, p. 14 (Wake Island).—Fowter, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 38,
1927, p. 18 (Fanning Island); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 174
(Wake Island and Apiang).

?Labrus guaza (part) Lackp&pE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, p. 501,
leet eh

?Serranus zananella VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 304.
Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar (on LAcBPEDE).

?2Epinephelus zunanella BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863,
p. 344 (Madagascar).

?Serranus zunanella Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Mindoro,
Cebu, Luzon, Cavite).

Serranus pachycentrum (not VALENCIENNES) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 116 (Ceylon).

Serranus erythraeus (not VALENCIENNES) PLAYFAIR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866,
p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Seychelles).

Serranus leopardus (part) GintruHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1,
1873, p. 4.

Epinephelus janthinopterus BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14,
No. 2, 1874, p. 40. Macassar, Celebes; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 36 (Celebes); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (54) 332, fig. 5.

Depth 23% to 234; head 23¢ to 234, width 17% to 2144. Snout 314 to
324 in head from snout tip; eye 61% to 7, 14% to 2 in snout, slightly
greater than interorbital in young to 11% in interorbital with age;

214 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

maxillary extends back slightly beyond eye, expansion 1 to 1% in
eye, length 2 to 2 in head from snout tip; teeth in villiform bands
in jaws, with some inner front upper ones elongated and depressi-
ble, outer maxillary row enlarged and wide set pair of upper front
canines; lower teeth in 3 or 4 series anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly
to 2 series, also inner row longest and hinged and pair of front canines
closer than upper; small band of fine teeth on vomer and palatines,
none on tongue; interorbital 64% to 624, slightly convex; preopercle
edge minutely serrated, with few serrae at angle trifle enlarged.
Gill rakers 9+ 13, lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments or 14%
in eye; 7 upper and 5 lower rudimentary.

Scales 104 to 117 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 13 more
on latter; tubes 62 to 70 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12
more on latter; 22 or 23 above lateral line, 35 to 38 below, 62 to 68
predorsal forward opposite hind nostril, 33 rows across cheek to pre-
- opercle angle; fins all with fine scales over greater portions basally;
moderate patch of very small scales over upper half of maxillary.
Scales with 4 basal radiating striae; 25 to 48 apical denticles with
3 or 4 transverse series of basal elements; obsolete rugosities in young;
circuli fine.

D. IX, 15,1, or 14,1, third spine 324 to 3% in total head length,
eleventh ray 21% to 214; A. III, 9,1, third spine 314 to 336, seventh
ray 214 to 24%; caudal 124 to 134, convex behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 22 to 246; pectoral 1144 to 136; ventral 134
to 14%.

Brown or pale yellowish brown, head often darker than rest of
body. Some examples show head and all anterior part of body
finely spotted paler, spots all greater in diameter than interspaces.
Often chest, prepectoral and abdomen pale spots greatly larger than
on head and therefore fewer. Sometimes body and fins with small
crowded gray white spots, often ill-defined to variably distinct in
preserved examples.

Arabia, Zanzibar, Delagoa Bay, Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Australia, Mela-
nesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Boulenger gives a maximum length of
540 mm. though we have no examples so large. Most of our speci-
mens pale and in alcohol the markings only variably distinct.

6290, 6291. Manila market. June 12,1908. Length 340 to 377 mm.

5928. Zamboanga market. May 25, 1908. Length 277 mm.

5989, 5996. Zamboanga market. May 26,1908. Length 228 to 342 mm.

9398. Zamboanga market. September 7,1909. Length 338 mm.

A800. Zamboanga market. October 9, 1909. Length 312 mm.
CEPHALOPHOLIS URODELUS (Schneider)

Percam urodetam (ForstER) SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 333.

St. Christina, Waitaho.
Perca urodeta (ForsTER) LicHTENSTEIN, Descr. Animal., 1844, p. 221 (St.

Christina).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 215

Serranus urodelus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 306
(Tahiti); vol. 6, 1830, p. 518 (Ulea).—Giunrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 122 (India and Amboyna); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol.
1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. A (Society, Kingsmills, Hervey, Tuamotu

and Solomon Islands, East Indies); Cruise of Curagoa, Brenchley, 1873,

p. 409 (Solomon Islands), p. 410 (Misol, Moluccas).—Marrens, Preuss.

Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 385 (Amboina).—Meryer, Anal. Soc.

Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (North Celebes).
Epinephelus urodelus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,

p. 41 (Sumaira, Cocos, Nias, Java, Celebes, Sangir, Ternate, Obi major,”

Amboina, New Guinea); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (43) 321, fig. 2.--SrrEErs, |

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 91 (Fanning Islands).—BouLENGER, !
Cat. Fish. Brit. hie, vol. 1, 1895, p. 192 (Mysol, Amboina, Solomons,,,
Aneiteum, Micronesia, aarti: Zanzibar, Seychelles, Sumatra). te.
JORDAN and SnypxER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol, 3, 1091, p. 75 (Riu Kiu).—.
WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1918,:p. 200 (Binongka eos ;

Banda Island).
Epinephelus urodelus var. urodelus StEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturt.
Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 414 (Ternate).

Deena tak: urodelus SEALE and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, ;

1907, p. 243 (Zamboanga).—Snypzmr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912,

p. 498 (Okinawa).—Fow.mrR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 175°

(Society Islands, Gilbert Islands, Ebon Island, Nukuhiva, Mangareva,

Palmyra, Tuamotus, Tahiti, Fanning Islands, Apia, Jaluit, Tempe).
Bodianus miniatus (part) ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 333. —.
Serranus erythraeus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 516.

Mauritius.—GitnTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., val 1, 1859, p. ‘116

(copied).—Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21)

1889, p. 498 (Aldabra).

Serranus erythrurus Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. —

1885, p. 9 (Kordo, Meynecey
Epinephelus erythraeus SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 57,
pl. 10, fig. 1.

eae sonneratt (part) GiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 192°

(Sumatra).—P.uayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. a”

Cephalopholis sonnerati SNyDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p: 498.

(Okinawa).

Epinephelus miltostigma BLEEKER, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol.

14, No. 2, 1874, p. 48. Nebo Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 37 (Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (52) 3380, fig. 5.

Epinephelus playfairt BLEEKER, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam,’ vol.

18, No. 3, 1879, p. 3. Wiauritius,

Depth 2% to 314; head 2% to 234, width 1% to 2%. praia 4)
to 42s in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 6, 1 to 13 in snout, sub-
equal with interorbital; maxillary extends beyond eye, ey half”
eye diameter with age, expansion 1 to 114 in eye, length 145 to 2in-
head from snout tip; Fees fine, conic, with pair of upper, a set,
front canines, often double and inner rows depressible with anterior
longer; lower teeth similar, only inner longer, hinged, with three or’
four rows along sides of jaws, pair of front canines small and closer
than upper; bands of fine teeth on vomer and palatines, none on

88137—30——1 5

216 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tongue; nostrils about equal; interorbital 534 to 6, slightly convex;
preopercle edge feebly serrate, serrae obsolete with age; opercular
spines 3, upper most advanced and lower nearer median. Gill rakers
8+15, lanceolate, robust, equal gill filaments or 214 in eye; 6 above
and 5 below rudimentary.

Seales 90 to 93 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 15 more on
latter; tubes 54 to 56 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more
on latter; 17 or 18 scales above lateral line, 28 to 30 below, 53 to 66
predorsal forward to snout end, 25 to 27 rows obliquely across cheek
to preopercle edge; scales on head and body anteriorly with fine
auxiliary basal scales, little distinct on hind half of body; upper half
of maxillary expansion finely scaly, with 16 to 18 transverse rows.
Scales with 7 or 8 basal radiating striae; 36 to 44 apical denticles;
circuli moderate.

D. IX, 14, 1, or 15, 1, fourth spine 24% to 4 in total head length,
twelfth ray 214 to 23¢; A. III, 9, 1, second spine 224 to 3, fifth ray
-2 to 2144; caudal 13% to 146, convexly rounded behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 224 to 314; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 14% to 2.

In alcohol dark brown above, little paler below or on breast and
belly. Iris brown. Dorsals dark brown, mottled with deep gray on
soft fin. Anal similar. Caudal largely or over median area dark
brown mottled with dark gray, oblique whitish line over upper and
lower rays and along upper and lower edges, leaving intermediate
brown region paler, none of white lines touching one another on hind
caudal edge. Paired fins pale brown or yellowish, usually with
narrow dark edges to ventrals.

Zanzibar, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu
Kiu, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Boulenger gives the length
240 mm. though none of our specimens so large. Also all have the
white oblique bands on the caudal, a character by which the species
may be easily distinguished.

16363. Balicuatro Islands, Biri Channel, east coast Luzon. June 1, 1909.

Length 123 mm.

17429, 17430. Bulan Island, Samales Group. September 13, 1909. Length 125

to 157 mm.

9349, 9350, 20097. Cagayan, Jolo. January 8, 1909. Length 127 to 194 mm.
4678 (D. 5110). Corregidor Light, Luzon. January 15,1908. Length 195 mm.
19030. Dasol Bay, West Coast Luzon. May 8, 1909. Length 118 mm.

4636. Grande Island Reef, Subig Bay. January 8, 1908. Length 130 mm.
6045, 6047, 21042. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length 130 to

218 mm. (94).

4686, 13990. Nasugbu, China Sea off southern Luzon. January 16, 1908.

Length 156 to 218 mm.

7085, 7086, 18171. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island, China Sea, vicinity

Batanes. November 11, 1908. Length 174 to 225 mm.

9311, 19071. Silino Island, vicinity northern Mindanao. August 10, 1909.

Length 203 to 235 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 217

One example. Taganak Island, off southern Luzon. January 7, 1908. Length
144 mm. (1080).

14306. Teomabal Island, vicinity Jolo. September 18, 1909. Length 126 mm.

7124 and 7125. West coast of Palaui Island. November 18, 1908. Length 152
to 198 mm.

21334. Birabirahan Island, off Borneo. December 31,1909. Length 93 mm.

16425, 16427. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. Sep-
tember 27, 1909. Length 157 to 178 mm.

17309. Sipadan Island, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 28, 1909.
Length 175 mm.

18252. Tomahu Island, vicinity of southern Bouro. December 11, 1909. Length
90 mm.

13486. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17,1909. Length171 mm.

16231. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length 154 mm.

14866. Dodepo Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 16,1909. Length
85 mm.

18332, 18337. West of Malibagu Point, Celebes. November 21,1909. Length
175 to 197 mm. (2062).

13212. Doworra Island. December 2,1909. Length 169 mm.

13121. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28,1909. Length 195 mm.

13507, 13509. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length 125
to 170 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS LEOPARDUS (Lacépéde)

Labrus leopardus Lactr&pe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, pp. 450, 518, pl.
30, fig. 1. Great Equatorial Ocean (Indo-Pacific).

Serranus leopardus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1827, p. 336
(on Lac&tpEDE).—GUnTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 123
(copied); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 4, pl. 3, fig. B
(East Africa, Seychelles, Samoa, East Indies, Society Islands).—Day,
Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 25, pl. 6, fig. 4; Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,
1889, p. 457.—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 435
(Mauritius).

Plectropoma leoparda Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230 (copied).

Epinephelus leopardus BuEEKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 44, pl. (10) 288, fig. 2 (Sumatra, Sangir, Ternate, Batjan, Flores,
Amboina).—SavuvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 57, pl. 10,
fig. 1.—BouLencer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 195 (Amboina,
Louisiades, Tahiti).—STrernpacuneR, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges.,
vol. 25, 1900, p. 414 (Batjan).—WepseEr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 201 (Banda Island, Feer Hoch Kei).

Cephalopholis leopardus JonpAN and RicHaRpDsoNn, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol.
27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Calayan).—Fow er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 176 (Arhno, Apia, Society Islands).

Serranus zanana VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 339. No
locality, ‘‘rapportée par Commerson.”’—GinrurErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 128 (Amboyna).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat.,
Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (North Celebes).

Epinephelus zanana BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (10) 288, fig. 2.

Serranus spilurus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 9, 1833, p. 433.
Mauritius.

Serranus homfrayijDay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 678. Port Blair,
Andaman Islands.

218 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 224 to 234; head 224 to 244, width 24% to 2%. Snout 44
to 47% in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 51%, greater than snout in
young to 12g with age, greater than interorbital in young to equal.
with age; maxillary extends beyond eye, at least half an eye diameter
with age, expansion 114 to 144 in eye, length 2 to 2% in head from
snout tip; teeth in bands in jaws, slightly enlarged outer erect
upper row; some long inner front upper depressible teeth; lower lat-
erals in 4 rows narrowing to 2 rows posteriorly and entire inner row
long and depressible; pair of small canines in front of each jaw,
often duplicated; narrow band of fine teeth on vomer and each pal-
atine; interorbital 6 to 814, nearly level; hind preopercle edge
minutely serrated, obsolete or entire with age; upper opercle spine in
advance, median closer to lower. Gill rakers 6 +14, obtusely lanceo-
late, slightly less than gill filaments or 214 in eye; 5 upper or lower
on each branch rudimentary.

Seales 70 to 77+-11 to 15 in lateral line; pores 43 to 49+3 or 4;
predorsal 47 to 90 scales; 13 to 16 above, 25 to 27 below; 24 to 26
rows across cheek; maxillary naked in young, with age terminal
patch of fine scales 14 maxillary expansion; fins all more or less finely
scaled basally; body scales without fine auxiliary basal scales. Scales
with 6 to 10 basal radiating striae; 38 to 51 apical denticles with 4
to 6 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. IX, 14,1 or 15, 1, fourth spine 27% to 3 in BG head length,
twelfth ray 31 lk to 3; a III, 9, 1, second spine 24% to 3, third ray 1%o
to 224; caudal 136 to 1%, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 314 to 314; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 1% to 2.

In alcohol light brown generally, finely spotted with darker, appear-
ing rather as mottlings and most distinct on head. One or 2 dusky
to blackish ocellated saddles on caudal peduncle above. Caudal with
2 dusky oblique subterminal bars which converge behind or form a,
lunate band.

Indian Ocean, Mascarene Islands, India, East Indies, China, Mela-
nesia, Polynesia.

5683, 7680. Agojo Point, Catanduanes Island, east Luzon. June 10, 1909.

Length 111 to 126 mm.

18933. Batan Island, east Luzon. June 5, 1909. Length 111 mm.
15450. Bolinao Bay, west Luzon. May 10,1909. Length 125 mm.

9031. Bongao Anchorage, Sulu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. February 24,
1908. Length 123 mm.

10782. Dalaganem Island, eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length 125 mm.

22041, 22042. Magnaas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 85 to
102 mm.

11377. Maricaban Island, Luzon. January 20, 1908. Length 129 mm.

11308, 15241 to 15245, 15247. Near Palag Bay, southern Luzon. June 16, 1909.
Length 77 to 126 mm.

21562. Pilas Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12, 1909. Length

3 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 219

11023. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21, 1908. Length 154 mm.

5062, 5063. Port Matalvi, western Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 115 to

» 138 mm.

4613, 14257, 14613. Port Palapag, east Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length 90 to
120 mm.

24179.. Rapurapu Island, east Luzon. June 22,1909. Length 102 mm.

16879. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12,1908. Length 126 mm.

6420. Sulade Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 17,1909. Length 120 mm.

19005, 19232, 19233, 22265. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September
13,1909. Length 107 to 143 mm.

21434. Tara Island, Panpan point, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September

. 20,1909. Length 94 mm.

8694. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19,1909. Length 147 mm.

21333. Birabirahan Island, off Borneo. December 31,1909. Length 67 mm.

15864. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September
26,1909. Length 111 mm.

16426, 16428, 20468. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27, 1909.
Length 115 to 135 mm.

14494. Tomahu Island, vicinity of Bouro. December 12,1909. Length 100 mm.

13453. Basa Island, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17,1909. Length 128 mm.

13427, 22226, 22227. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November

_ 20, 1909. Length 80 to 117 mm.

16230. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 104 mm.

13644. Una Una Road, Binang Unang Island, Celebes. November 18, 1909.
Length 115 mm. .

18331, 18333 to 18336, 18338. West of Malibagu Point, Celebes. November 21,
1909. Length 91 to 129mm. (SK. 2061).

9703, 22855. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 107
to 118 mm.

21491. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1,1909. Length 112 mm.

Three examples. Maitara Island. November 26,1909. Length 60 to 62 mm.

13219. Dowarra Island, Patiente Strait. December 2,1909. Length 111 mm.

19788. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length 95 mm.

13545. Makyan Island. November 29,1909. Length 118 mm.

21548. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25,1909. Length 100 mm.

22309. Tidore Island. November 29,1909. Length 68 mm.

Two examples. Tomahu Island. December 12,1909. Length 38 to 45 mm.

The following represent the var. zanana:

9956. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7,1910. Length 125 mm.

19006, 19007, 21902. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13,

_ 1909. Length 125 to 132 mm.

6654, 6655, 7924. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, first anchorage. September 19, 1909.

~ Length 160 to 183 mm.

6906, 6907. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. Sep-
tember 26,1909. Length 151 to 165 mm.

17576. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27,1909. Length 140 mm.

8944. Mabul Island, off Borneo. September 29,1909. Length 114 mm.

9689. Uki, Bouro Island. December 9, 1909. Length 195 mm.

Two examples. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length 36 to 44 mm.

12922, 13425, 13426, 13428, 22225. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes.
November 20,1909. Length 70 to 148 mm.

18339. West Malibagu Point, Celebes. November 21,1909. Length 155 mm.

230 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

8712. Una Una Road, Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. Novem-
ber 17,1909. Length 152 mm.

13220 to 13222, 21477, 21479. Dowarra Island. December 2, 1909. Length 65
to 169 mm.

9985. Maitara Island. November 26,1909. Length 107 mm.

12470, 13122, 13837. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28, 1909.
Length 89 to 145 mm.

Three examples. Kayoa Island, between Gillolo and Kayoa Islands. Novem-
ber 29, 1909. Length 51 to 80 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS PACHYCENTRON (Valenciennes)

Serranus pachycentron VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 295.
East Indies.

Serranus pachycentrum MacukBay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5,
1880, p. 314 (Port Darwin, Queensland).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espaf.
Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (North Celebes).

Epinephelus pachycentrum BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 178 (type, Ceylon, Madras, Singapore, Malay Archipelago, Louisia-
des).—Beravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 111 (Saonek, Waigiu;
Amboina).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 199 (Saleyer).

Petrometopon pachycentron Fow.eErR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 521 (Padang, Sumatra); Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 173 (Shortland and Palmyra Islands).

Cephalopholis pachycentron EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 76 (Bacon).

Serranus guttatus (not BLocnw) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2,
1828, p. 359 (specimen from Waigiu).

Serranus zananella (not VALENCIENNES) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch.
(Percoid.), vol. 22, 1849, p. 32 (Batavia, Java).—GintuHeErR, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 116 (copied).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espaii.
Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 282 (Mindoro).

Serranus microprion BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852,
p. 552. Amboyna.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 116
(Louisiades).—E Era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Samar,
Villa real, Panay).

Epinephelus microprion BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 39, pl. (2) 280, fig. 1 (Sumatra, Batu, Nias, Java, Bawean, Celebes,
Halmaheira, Batjan, Ternate, Buru, Timor, Ceram, Amboina, New
Guinea).

Epinephelus boelang (not VALENCIENNES) BLEeEKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind.
Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (68) 346, fig. 5.

Depth 224 to 2%; head 214 to 23%, width 224 to 234. Snout 44
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 5 to 624, 12é in snout to greater
than snout in young, 14% in interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite
hind eye edge or little beyond, expansion 24 to 1 in eye, length 2 to
21 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, in bands in jaws, outer series
scarcely larger; pair of front canines in each jaw, minute teeth on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 614 to 73%, slightly convex; hind
preopercle edge finely serrated; median opercle spine closer to lower,
which most advanced. Gill rakers 7+14, equal gill filaments or
nearly 24 of eye; 1 to 5 above and as many below rudimentary.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 22]

Scales 80 to 88 in lateral line to caudal base, and 15 to 17 more on
latter; tubes 43 to 48 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more
on latter; 15 to 17 scales above lateral line, 29 or 30 below, about 45
predorsal, 22 rows on cheek; scales on head mostly smooth; fins with
small basal scales; maxillary naked. Scales with 6 to 9 basal radiat-
ing striae;28 to 35 apical denticles with 3 or 4 transverse series;
circuli fine.

D. IX, 16,1, or 15,1, third spine 27% to 3% in total head length,
eighth ray 24% to 214; A. III, 8,1, second spine 2%, fifth ray 2 to
214%; caudal 134 to 14, rounded convexly behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 3 to 3144; pectoral 124 to 14%; ventral 17% to 2.

Chocolate brown, with eight poorly defined darker vertical cross
bands. Head and body anteriorly usually finely spotted with small
blue dots each with dark ring marginally, much larger and fewer in

Fiaure 9.—CEPHALOPHOLIS PACHYCENTRON (VALENCIENNES), YOUNG

young. Lower body surface little paler than back. Eye pale brown.
Fins blackish brown, vertical with submarginal blackish bands.
Upper dorsal edges and corners or upper and lower caudal edges
narrowly white.

India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Queensland, Melanesia.

5188, 5189. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length
115 to 133 mm.

16013, 14884, 17707. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length
131 to 168 mm.

10586. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. December 21,1909. Length 112 mm.

15451. Bolinao Bay, west Luzon. May 10, 1909. Length 124 mm.

8865. Buang Bay, Talajit Island, between Samarand Masbate. March15, 1909.
Length 172 mm.

8056, 8057, 21269. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1909. Length 140
to 155 mm.

16672, 22775. Busin Harbor. April 23,1908. Length 121 to 137 mm.

16783. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 7,1909. Length 142 mm.

232 . BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

.15315. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8,1909. Length 101 mm.

11066, 15500, 17179, 18725. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 13,

. 1909. Length 93 to 127 mm.

‘17417. Candaraman Island, north Balabac Strait. ‘January 4, 1909. Length

‘+700 mm.

22258. Canimo Island, near Daet, east coast Luzon. June 15, 1909. Length

112 mm.

15051, 17075, 17480. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909.

. Length 96 to 136 mm. (1315). Pale olive green, head numerously spotted

“with blue specks which extend to breast even with pectoral bases and about

‘- same distance on nuchal region, those above much smaller. Fins without
white margins, soft portions almost black.

8716, 12729, 12730, 15076. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island, vicinity Marin-

_duque. February 24,1909. Length 81 to 144 mm.

11844. Caracaran, Batan Island, east coast Luzon. June 8, 1909. Length

"715 mm.

‘6926, 6928. Catbalogan, Samar. April 16,1908. Length 123 to 140 mm.

19835. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22,1908. Length115 mm.

10929, 10930, 12688, 12689, 21534. Endeavor Strait. December 23, 1908.
Length 115 to 138 mm.

14102, 14103. Endeavor Strait.. December 24,1908. Length 132 to 135 mm.

7387. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28,1909. Length
122 mm.

9443. Ligpo Point, Balayan Bay, Luzon, January 18,1908. Length 131 mm.

19823. Mactan Island, Cebu. March 25,1909. Length 112 mm.

14550. Maculabo Island, east coast Luzon. June 14,1909. Length 101 mm.

19666. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 100 mm.

6197, 20023. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16, 1909. Length
151 mm.

12017, 12524. Maleochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19, 1908. Length
138 to 151 mm.

12352, 16395, 16396, 21135. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length 50 to
115 mm.

16618. Maribojoc Bay, Bohol Island. March 26,1909. Length 132 mm.

16495. Masamat Bay, Quinalasag Island. June 12,1909. Length 65 mm.

9047, 12283, 15955. Masbate Reef, Masbate. April 20, 1908. Length 128 to

. 143 mm.

17447, 17630. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March 3, 1909. Length
135 to 150 mm.

7488, 17216, 17456. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 130
to 154 mm.

5794. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 109 mm.

15246, 15248, 15249, 15250. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16,1909. Length
102 to 121 mm.

19027. Northwest Verde Island. July 22,1908. Length 127 mm.

9190, 20565, 20639, 20640. Opol, Mindanao Island. August 4, 1909. Length
101 to 155 mm.

Eight examples. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28,
1908. Length 61 to 189 mm.

18115. Paron Point, Albay Gulf, Luzon. June 21,1909. Length 120 mm.

21604. Pasacao, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 133 mm.

105384. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 120 mm.

11751. Port Banalacan, Marinduque Island. February 28, 1909. Length
130 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 223

12959. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length 122 mm.

10309, 10332. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21, 1908. Length 121
to 155 mm.

16521, 16522, 16533, 16534, 18350, 18351. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 22,
1908. Length 115 to 1386 mm. j

5060, 5061. Port Matalvi. November 23,1908. Length 128 to 136 mm.

12654. Port Palapag, east coast Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length 133 mm.

9530, 11579 to 11581, 12113. Port Uson west of Pinas Island. December 17,
1908. Length 90 to 136 mm.

5706, 14170, 20769, 21005. Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 10-15, 1908. Length
113 to 153 mm. *
18972, 21355. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast Luzon. June 12,

1909. Length 116 to 120 mm.
13275, 13406 to 13408. Rapurapu Island, east coast Luzon. June 22, 1909.
Length 92 to 140 mm. 11 examples.
6401. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 1, 1909:
Length 123 mm.
17486. Refugio Island, Pasacao, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length123 mm...
19922, 19923. Romblon Harbor, Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length 100 to
121mm. (450; 451).

11892, 18157, 18158. San Miguel Harbor, TicaoIsland. April21, 1908. Length
110 to 127 mm.
12681. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay, east coast Luzon. June 4, 1909.

Length 123 mm.
12212, 20972, 20973. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length
111 to 120 mm.
16691. Surigao, east coast Mindanao. May 8,1908. Length 85 mm. ana
14216, 14217. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7, 1909. Length 131 to
132 mm. Ligne
18204. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14,1908. Length147 mm. ,
9521, 9522. Tara Island. December 15,1908. Length 137 to 148 mm. ae
7944. Tataan, Tawi TawiGroup. February 20,1908. Length155mm. (197).
10450. Tilig, Lubang Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 14, 1908. Length
106 mm. i353
10885, 10886, 15529. Tilig. July 15,1908. Length 88 to 142 mm. rae
14515. Ulagan Bay, Rita Island, Palawan. December 29, 1908. Length
115 mm. ;
9148, 9149. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23,1908. Length 168 to 171mm. ”
17858, 17859. Bumbum Island, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September~ 25,
1909. Length 125 to 130 mm.
7214. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 9,1909. Length 131 mm.
12792. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length 110 mm.
21490. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 168 mm.
19787. Gomomo Island, Pitt passage. December 3,1909. Length 115 mm. —

CEPHALOPHOLIS CYANOSTIGMA (Valenciennes)

Serranus cyanostigma (Kuni and VAN HAssELT) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat,
Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 359. Java.—Gutnrue_r, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1859, p. 117 (copied).—E.urra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460
(Paragua).

Epinephelus cyanostigma BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 42 (Sumatra, Java, Deuizend Islands, Celebes, Flores, Batjan,
Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, p. 152 (note on figure).—BouLEenGeEr, Cat.

224 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 181 (Amboyna).—WeseEnr, Siboga Exp.,
vol. 57, Fische, 1918, p. 199 (Saleyer).

Petrometopon cyanostigma FowuEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser.
2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 521 (Padang, Sumatra).

Epinephelus argus (not SCHNEIER) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland.,
vol. 7, 1873-76, pl. (42) 320, fig.3.

Depth 246 to 3; head 214 to 24%, width 21% to 234. Snout 4 to
41s in head from snout tip; eye 434 to 7, 114 to 1% in snout, greater
than interorbital in young to 114 with age; maxillary reaches beyond
eye, expansion 114 in eye in young to little greater than eye diameter
in adult, length 174 to 25 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, conic,
in bands in jaws; wide set pair of canines above, often double; outer
maxillary row of teeth slightly enlarged and inner front teeth longest
and hinged; mandibular teeth with inner row longest, hinged, resolv-
ing into 3 rows on sides of jaws, front canines small and often double;
bands of small teeth on vomer and palatines, none on tongue; nostrils
subequal or hind one but little larger; interorbital 614 to 7%, slightly
convex; hind preopercle edge minutely serrated, serrae often obsolete
with age; opercular spines 3, lower most advanced and closer to
median. Gill rakers 12+ 20, lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or
114 in eye; 10 above and below rudimentary.

Scales 85 to 97 in lateral line to caudal base and 13 to 15 more on
latter; tubes 45 to 56 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 to 8 more
on latter; 21 to 23 scales above lateral line, 25 to 31 below, 70 to 73
predorsal, 30 to 35 rows across cheek to preopercle angle; upper half
of maxillary expansion scaly, with 13 transverse series of small scales;
body scales without auxiliary small basal scales; fins all covered
basally with small scales, especially soft vertical fins. Scales with 6
to 9 basal radiating striae; 28 to 30 apical denticles with 3 or 4 trans-
verse series of basal elements; circuli moderately small.

D. IX, 16, 1, or 15, 1, third spine 314 to 326 in total head length,
twelfth ray 214 to 224; A. III, 8,1 or 9,1, second spine 23% to 3%,
sixth ray 2 to 214; caudal 124 to 134, convexly rounded behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 3%; pectoral 1% to 13%;
ventral 134 to 2.

In alcohol dark brown generally, with small dusky brown to black-
ish ocellated rings, center of each blue gray dot or very small spot,
with age larger, more sparse and more distinct or contrasted on breast
and belly. In many alcoholic examples dark rings fade and leave
only gray spots. These spots extend over all fins as well, except on
pectoral they do not reach quite its margin or outer half of fin yellowish
and its edge narrowly blackish. Iris brown. Body with 6 dark
underlaid or obscure transverse reticulated dark bands, wide as
interspaces and most distinct in young.

Known only from the East Indies, Bleeker having 13 examples 160
to 350 mm. long, though our largest much smaller.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 225

6722. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6,1909. Length 215 mm.

11294. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 185 mm.

18930, 18931. Batan Island, east coast Luzon. June 5, 1909. Length 149 to
198 mm.

8671. Biri Channel, east coast Luzon. June 2,1909. Length 260 mm.

7476, 7477. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length 220 to
246 mm.

8116. Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 235 mm.

8347. Buang Bay, Talajit Island. March 15,1909. Length 275 mm.

11065, 11067, 14538, 14539, 18727, 22286. Butauanan Island, east coast of
Luzon. June 13, 1909. Length 122 to 193 mm.

7785. Candaraman Island, north Balabac Strait. January 4, 1909. Length
239 mm.

16657. Canimo Island, near Daet. June 15,1909. Length 189 mm.

8282. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 242 mm.

8030. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island. February 24, 1909. Length
247 mm.

11846. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8, 1909. Length 162 mm.

7735. Caxisigan Island, Balabac. January 2,1909. Length 273 mm.

5346. Cebu market, Cebu. April 4, 1908. Length 218 mm.

6527. Cebu market. April 5,1908. Length 190 mm.

5429. Cebu market. April 7,1908. Length 232 mm.

6118. Iloilo market, Iloilo. June 2,1908. Length 218 mm. (93). Top of head
and back bister, shading to burnt umber on sides and breast. Head, body
and fins thickly dotted with small azure blue spots. Iris bister, golden around
pupil, body of eye with blue spots. Branchiostegals and membranes burnt
umber. Inside mouth vermilion. Spinous dorsal tawney olive, notches of
membranes with reddish tinge. Soft dorsal, caudal and anal bister. Pectoral
bister, margin broadly coral red, with narrow black submarginal line. Ventral
light brown.

14347. Limbones Cove, Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 125 mm.

7422, 12523. Linapacan Island, Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Strait. December
18, 1908. Length 179 to 272 mm.

6041 to 6043. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28,1908. Length 222 to 252 mm.

17754. Lubang Island. July 17,1908. Length 221 mm.

11357. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. January 17, 1909. Length 240 mm.

7441, 7881, 14551, 14552, 16716. Maculabo Island, east coast Luzon. Length
90 to 171 mm.

15791. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length 147 mm.

6187, 12351. Mansalay, Mindoro. June4,1908. Length 165 to 213 mm. (96).

4734. Maricaban Island, Luzon. January 20,1908. Length 223 mm.

11353. Mompog Island. March 38,1909. Length 190 mm.

17217 to 17220. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August, 1909. Length 158 to
214 mm.

5796. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 175 mm.

15675. Near Palag Bay, Luzon Island. June 16,1909. Length 140 mm.

9390, 19132. Paluan Bay, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 174 to 235
mm.

11124. Pasacao, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length 177 mm.

6347, 9021, 9271. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 18,1908. Length 172 to 230 mm.

17624. Port Langean, Palawan. April 8,1909. Length 195 mm.

6552, 6563, 6564. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21,1908. Length 256
to 300 mm. F

7282. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 235 mm.

226 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

5546. Rasa Island, eastern Palawan. April 1,1909. Length 163 mm.

11893. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao. April 21,1908. Length 95 mm. (85).

21878. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 21, 1909.
Length 107 mm.

7344. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14,1908. Length 213 mm.

6841. Tataan, Simulac Island. February 19,1908. Length 190 mm. (150).

10398, 10449, 18753. Tilig, Lubang Island. July 14, 1908. Length 125 to
168 mm.

7663. Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 28,1908. Length 242 mm.

7693, 14516. Ulugan Bay. December 29, 1908. Length 146 to 256 mm.

6633. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23,1908. Length 256 mm.

7148, 7149. West coast Palaui Island. November 18, 1908. Length 256 to
260 mm.

16429. Danawan Island, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909.

Length 137 mm.

13424. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1909.:

Length 123 mm. (2059).
A858. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 260 mm.
22860. Togian Island, Celebes. November 19,1909. Length 146 mm.
A1133. Kayoa Island. November 29,1909. Length 254 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS ARGUS Schneider

Cephalopholis argus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 311, pl. 61. Kast
Indies.—JorpDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p.
258 (Pago Pago, Samoa).—Fowusmr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1907, p. 252 (Thornton Island; Samoa).—Jorpawn and RicHARDSON, Bull.
Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Cagayancillo).—Fow.Er, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 33 (Samoa).—Fow.er and Batt, Bishop Mus.
Bull., No. 26, 1925, p. 14 (Wake Island).—Fow.umr, Bishop Mus. Bull,
No. 38, 1927, p. 138 (Palmyra, Jarvis and Tongareva Islands); Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 174, pl. 14, fig. C (Mangareva, Shortland
Island, Tubuai, Tahiti, Nukuhiva, Rarotonga, Palmyra, Wake Island,
Tahiti, Fanning Islands, Jaluit, Funafuti, Taritari, Rangiroa, Apia, Apiang,

Society Islands, Ascension Island, Ebon Island, Ponapé, Thornton Island).

Serranus argus Cuviger, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1827, p.360 (on drawings
by VLAmMiInG).—GinTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 115 (East
Indies).—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 113 (type).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 8 (north
Celebes).

Serranus gutiatus var. argus GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1,

1873, p. 5, pl. 4, figs. A-B.

Epinephelus argus BurEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 43 (Sumatra, Batu, Nias, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Sangir,
Timor, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, New Guinea); vol. 8,
1876-77, pl. (64) 342, fig. 3.—Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 498 (Zanzibar).—SauvaGeE, Hist. Nat.
Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 54.—BouLENeER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1895, p. 189 (Zanzibar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Ceylon, Andamans, Bor-
neo, Ceram, Duke of York Island, Savay, Samoa).—Raean, Journ. Bom-
bay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p. 329 (Persian Gulf); Journ.
Linn. Soe. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 222 (Maldives).—WEBER,
Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 200 (Makassar).—Barnarp, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 473 (Mozambique coast).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 227

Bodianus gutatus (preoccupied by Perca guitata LinNAEUS) Biocu, Naturg.
Auslind. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 36 (East or West Indies, Africa, St.
Helena Island, Jamaica; part).

Bodianus guttatus BLocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, pl. 224.—
WavsauM, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, 1792, p. 674 (on BLocn).—Forstrr, Fauna
Indica, 1795, p. 16.—ScuneIpeR, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 330 (Japan).

Serranus guttatus Perers, Arch. Naturg. 1855, p. 235 (Mozambique).—
Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 119 (Mauritius, Ceylon,
Borneo).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 22 (Tahiti).—
Kuunzincer, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 686 (Red
Sea).—Gutnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 5, pl. 4
(Red Sea, East Africa, North Australia, Polynesia).—Day, Fishes of
India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 24, pl. 6, fig. 3—Mac uray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 5, 1880, p. 315 (north coast of Australia). KLUNzINGER,
Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 3.—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 457.

Perca miniata (part) ForsKkAt, Descript. Animal., 1775, p. 41.

-Bodianus jacob-evertsen (part) LAc&rrpsr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802,
p. 296.

Serranus luti (not ForskAL) Cuvinr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 363.

Serranus myriaster Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 365. Bora-
bora, Society Islands, and Hawaiian Islands.—RiiprE.., Atlas Reise n6érdl.
Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 107, pl. 27, fig. 1 (Red Sea).—Lersson, Voy.
Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, 1830, p. 234, pl. 37 (Borabora).—Quoy and
GaimarpD, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1834, p. 653, pl. 3, fig. 1 (New
Guinea).—Ripret,, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1885, p. 102 (reference
only).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1845, p. 233 (China).—GuicHE-
not, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.

Cromileptes myriaster Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, p. 201
(on RUPPELL, pl. 27, fig. 1).

Serranus immunerur THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 144. Woodlark
Island.

Serranus perguttatus Dr Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8,

- 1883, p. 445. New Hebrides.

Serranus thyrsites Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (Queensland).

_Cephalopholis kendalli EVERMANN and SkEAx#, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 76, fig. 11. Bacon.

Depth 2% to 3144; head 214 to 23, width 214 to 24%. Snout 3%
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 5 to 814, 1%o to 2 in snout, greater
than interorbital to 114 with age; maxillary reaches little beyond eye
or 114 eye diameters with age, expansion 114 in eye to greater than
eye diameter with age, length 17% to 2 in head from snout tip; broad
bands of fine teeth in jaws, inner upper and lower enlarged and
depressible; 6 rows of teeth in front of mandible, narrowing poste-
riorly; pair of front canines in each jaw; bands of small teeth on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 614 to 8, but slightly convex; pre-
opercle edge nearly entire or serrae obsolete, opercular spines 3,
median most posterior and little nearer upper than lower. Gill rakers
9 to 11+17, lanceolate, little less than gill filaments or 14 of eye; 8
to 10 upper and 10 lower rudimentary.

2238 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Seales 93 to 103 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more on
latter; tubes 40 to 50 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 to 6 more on
latter; 12 to 16 scales above, 22 to 32 below; 34 to 36 rows across
cheek; scales rather smooth on head and body scales with many
small auxiliary basal scales; fins all more or less finely scaled basally ;
maxillary expansion finely scaled, less so in young. Scales with 6 or
7 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 35 to 54, with 5 or 6 trans-
verse series; circuli fine.

D. IX, 16,1, fourth spine 27% to 414 in total head length, twelfth
ray 244 to 2%; A. III, 9,1, second spine 214 to 4%, fifth ray 21% to
224; caudal 124 to 17%, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 27%
to 314; pectoral 14% to 134; ventral 1% to 244.

Deep dusky or blackish brown, more or less uniform and fins all
blackish. Body with 9 or 10 obscurely defined darker vertical bands.
Body and fins everywhere dotted with grayish dusky edged ocelli,
more or less uniform in size. Iris blackish. Tip of each membrane
of spinous dorsal yellowish with age. Edges of rayed vertical fins
and pectorals narrowly pale brown.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Reunion, Madagascar,
Seychelles, Persian Gulf, Maldives, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East
Indies, Philippines, China, North Australia, Queensland, Melanesia,
Polynesia, Hawaii. Abundant and reaches 430 mm. in length.
Cephalopholis kendalli is evidently only a color variety of this spe-
cies. Schneider’s figure of C. argus is crude and shows quite large
spots, though not indicated on the head. Our examples show but
faint traces of the dark vertical bars on the trunk, though in similar
arrangement with Schneider’s figure. This also shows no pale edges
to the rayed vertical fins and the pectoral. Boulenger gives the
maximum size as 430 mm. though we have none so large.

5684. Agojo Point, Catanduanes Island, east coast of Luzon. June 10, 1909.

Length 167 mm.

8135, 8136. Alibijaban Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 302

to 307 mm.

9196, 9197. Camiguin Island, between Leyte and Mindanao. August 3, 1909.

Length 258 to 298 mm.

22257. Canimo Island, near Daet, east coast Luzon. June 15, 1909. Length

97 mm.

9260. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 8,1909. Length 302 mm.
6039, 6044. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28,1908. Length 247 to 375 mm.

100).

Bap ee Bay, Zambales, off west Luzon. November 22,1908. Length

222 mm.

7284. Paluan Bay, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 315 mm.
One example. Philippines. Length 250 mm.
21563, 21564. Pilas Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12,1909. Length

122 to 134 mm.

20677. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 238, 1909. Length 90 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 229

6561, 6562. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21, 1908. Length 268 to
365 mm.

19628. Port Palapag. June 3,1909. Length 115 mm.

14781. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12,1908. Length 202 mm.

19072, 19100. Silino Island, northern Mindanao vicinity. Angust 10, 1909.
Length 168 to 207 mm.

A510. Tapiantana Island. September 13,1909. Length 260 mm.

12383. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21,1908. Length 217 mm.
(271).

41,19188. Tulnalutan Island, east of Zamboanga. September9,1909. Length
22 to 188 mm.

16589. Tulnalutan Island. September 9,1909. Length 158 mm.

7658. Usada Island, near Jolo. March 5,1908. Length 149mm. (378).

7150, 7151. West coast of Palaui Island, off northern Luzon. November 18, 1908.
Length 285 to 337 mm.

5933. Zamboanga market. May 25,1908. Length 301 mm. (98).

8920. Mabul Island, Sibuko Bay vicinity, Borneo. September 29,1909. Length
298 mm.

A986. Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Totomi, Celebes. November 18, 1909.
Length 239 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS SEXMACULATUS (Riippell)

Serranus sexmaculatus Rtpre yu, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p.
107. Red Sea.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 118
(copied); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 3, pl. 2 (Red Sea,
Indian Ocean, Society Islands, Tuamotus).—Kuunzinaer, Verh. zool.
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 680 (Koseir, Red Sea); Fische Roth.
Meer., 1884, p. 4.

Epinephelus sexmaculatus BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
194 (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Tahiti).

Cephalopholis sexmaculatus FowLER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p.
175 (Society Islands).

Depth 224 to 24%; head 22% to 24%, width 2% to 24%. Snout 34%
to 37% in head from snout tip; eye 6 to 6%, 1% to 124 in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches little beyond eye, expan-
sion 1 to 1%, length 2 in head from snout tip; teeth form rather wide
bands m jaws, in mandible 4 rows anteriorly narrowing to 2 rows
posteriorly; pair of canines in front of each jaw, often double; nar-
row band of fine teeth on vomer and on each palatine; interorbital
6 to 914; hind preopercle edge with very minute, feeble or obsolete
denticles; median opercular spine little nearer lower, which most
advanced. Gill rakers 7+ 16, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill fila-
ments or 14 of eye; 5 above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 90 to 92 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more on
latter; tubes 47 or 48 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more
on latter; 14 or 15 scales above, 28 to 30 below, 84 to 90 predorsal,
30 to 34 rows across cheek; fins all finely scaled basally; body scales
without auxiliary small basal scales; maxillary scales on expansion
in about 17 transverse rows. Scales with 8 basal radiating striae;
43 to 45 apical denticles in 4 or 5 transverse series; circuli fine.

230 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
’

D. IX, 15, 1, fourth spine 34% to 3% in total head length, first
branched ray 24% to 314; A. III, 9,1, third spine 34% to 34, fourth
ray 214 to 214; caudal 134 to 144, convex behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 3 to 32s; pectoral 124 to 1144; ventral 17 to 2.

Pale brown generally with traces of fine pale dots or small spots
over all of head and body. Head rather sparsely spotted with deeper
brown. On back along bases of dorsals, 4 deep brown blotches, each
wider than interspaces and 2 narrower ones as saddles over upper
surface of caudal peduncle. Fins all pale like body, with traces of

blue spots.
Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Polynesia, East Indies,
Philippines. According to Boulenger reaches 375 mm.

5995. Zamboanga market. May 26,1908. Length 310 mm.
A1070. Ternate market, Ternate, Dutch East Indies. November 26, 1909.

Length 290 mm.

: CEPHALOPHOLIS BOENACK (Bloch)

Bodianus boenak Buocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 43.
Japan.—Wa.sBauM, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, 1792, p. 676 (on BLocu).—Fors-

_.tER, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 6.—ScuNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801,
p. 330.

Bodianus boenack Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, pl. 226.

_Serranus boenack VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1830, p. 362
_ (Japan; Moluccas).—GitnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
112 (Amboyna).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 21
(Singapore; Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 23, pl. 6, fig. 1
(Waltair; Mauritius); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 455.—THurstTon,
Notes Pearl Fisheries Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Tuticorin).
Serranus boenak Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 105 (type).
Epinephelus boenack BunEeKker, Nederland. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, p. 277
’ -(Amboina); Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, 1868,
p. 338 (Reunion).—BovuteneerR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
180 (Zanzibar, Madras, Vizagapatam, China, Shanghai, Formosa, Malay
Archipelago, Java, Amboina), p. 371 (Pulo Satang, Sarawak).—PELLE-
GRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 85 (Tonkin).—SrRinDacH-
NER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 125 (Gischin,
southern Arabia).
: Epinephelus boenak Wxxer, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 199
isto (Makassar).

Cephalopholis boenack EvERMANN and Sxazg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 77 (Bacon).—SkrAtpE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914,
p. 65 (Hong Kong).—Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 173
(compiled).

Perca fusca THUNBERG, Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 14, 1793, p. 297, pl. 9, fig.
(lower).

Sciaena formosa SHAw and Nopper, Nat. Miscell., vol. 238, 1789-1813, pl.
1007 (on Rahtee bontoo RussE.Lu, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, 1803, p. 22,
pl. 26, Vizagapatam).

Serranus formosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 311
(Coromandel, Pondicherry, Goa).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan,
1846, p. 233 (Canton).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
154 (China, Mauritius).—GuicuEenot, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 23]

23.-—-Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1867, p. 7—Kner, Reise Novara, Zool.,
vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 26 (Singapore).—K<Arout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Buda-
pest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150 (Palaboen, Java).—E vera, Cat. Fauna Filip.,
vol. 1, 1895, p. 463 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).

Epinephelus formosus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 44 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Borneo, Celebes); vol. 8, 1876-77,
pl. (62) 340, fig. 3.

Petrometopon formosus Fow.eR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2,
vol. 12, 1904, p. 521 (Padang, Sumatra).

Serranus boelang VALENCIENNES Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 308.
Seas of the Indies (East Indies); vol. 6, 1830, p. 504 (Ceylon, Sunda
Straits, New Guinea).—Quoy and Garimarp, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 2,
1834, p. 657, pl. 3, fig. 4 (Sunda Straits)—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar,
1866, p. 2 (Zanzibar).—WeBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol.
5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina).

Epinephelus boelang BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 40 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Java, Celebes, Buru,
Amboina, New Guinea). ,

Serranus spiloparoeus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 338.
No locality (from ComMERSON).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 125 (copied).

Serranus stigmapomus Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 232.
Canton and northwest coast of Australia.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 111 (copied)—Macteray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. 5, 1880, p. 314 (northwest coast Australia).—KAro1.i,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149 (Singapore).—ELERa,
Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).

Serranus stigmapoma Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (Queensland).

Cephalopholis stigmapomus JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 19 (Manila).

Serranus nigro-fasciatus HOMBRON and JAcquINoT, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool.,
vol. 3, 1853, p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 1. No locality—Prtrers, Monatsb. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 105 (reference).—Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 885 (Amboina; Nagasaki Bay).

Serranus microprion (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
116 (Amboyna and China).

Depth 234 to 2%; head 21% to 23%, width 244 to 2%. Snout 414
to 434 in head from snout tip; eye 424 to 514, 1 to 126 in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary extends slightly beyond eye,
expansion 4% to 1 in eye, length 1% to 21% in head from snout tip;
teeth fine, in bands in Jaws; pair of front canines in each jaw; minute
teeth on vomer and palatines; interorbital 8 to 814, slightly convex;
preopercle edge with inconspicuous minute serrae; opercular spines
3, upper slightly inclined upward and most advanced, median closer to
lower. Gillrakers 8+ 16, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 44 of eye.

Scales 82 to 90 in lateral line to caudal base and 16 to 18 more on
latter; tubes 44 to 46 in lateral line and 4 more on latter; 18 to 22
scales above lateral line, 25 to 27 below, 48 to 56 predorsal, 30 rows
across cheek; body scales without small basal auxiliary scales; fin bases
all finely scaled; scales mostly smooth on head, very small on cheek

88137—30——16

232 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and crown; maxillary naked. Scales with 7 basal radiating striae;
36 to 48 apical denticles, in 3 or 4 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. IX, 16,1, third spine 27% to 32 in total head length, twelfth
ray 214 to 23g; A. III, 8,1 (once III, 6, 1), second spine 24% to 3,
fourth ray 2 to 244; caudal 114 to 124, rounded; least depth of caudal
peduncle 24% to 2°/,; pectoral 14% to 134; ventral 14 to 2.

Dark brown, lower parts scarcely paler and fins blackish. Sides
with many narrow blue longitudinal stripes extending out on fins and
over head. Inside gill opening and mouth tinted with orange.
Groove of maxillary pale.

Southern Arabia, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Réunion, India, East Indies,
Philippines, China, Japan, Formosa, northwest Australia, Queens-
land. A very handsome and variable species, easily known by the
numerous blue longitudinal lines or narrow bands.

FIGURE. 10—CEPHALOPHOLIS BOENACK (BLOCH), VARIATION

22786, 22788. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 81 to
197 mm.

14540. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 38,1909. Length 100 mm.

22050, 22285. Butauanan Island. June 13,1909. Length 67 to 88 mm.

12368. Candaraman Island, Balabac. June 14,1909. Length 113 mm.

10971, 10972, 15050, 15052 to 15054, 17074, 17479. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf,
Luzon. March 11,1909. Length 124 to 182 mm. (1316).

12727, 12728. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island, vicinity Marinduque
Island. February 24,1909. Length 157 to 182 mm.

5508, 8258, 15881 to 15885. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April14, 1908. Length
88 to 105 mm.

9326, 8575, 8576, 9322 to 9329, 13005, 13006. Catbalogan. April 15, 1908.
Length 80 to 177 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 233

6925, 6927, 6929, 6930. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length 131 to 190 mm.
13179. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 17, 1908. Length 133 mm.
16190, 22805, 22806. Cataingan Bay. April 18, 1908. Length 152 to 178 mm.
7572, 7671. Cebu market. April 4-6, 1908. Length 151 to 175 mm.
10925 to 10928. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 23,1908. Length 126
to 165 mm.
14100, 14101, 14104. Endeavor Strait. December 24,1908. Length 140 to 153
mm.
18279. Galera Bay, Mindoro Island. June 9, 1908. Length 129 mm.
7192. Ganda Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 20, 1909. Length
206 mm.
15790. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length 188 mm.
19291. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16,1909. Length 125 mm,
6295 to 6297. Manila market. June 13, 1908. Length 230 to 248 mm. (97, 99).
6326. Manila market. July 11,1908. Length 250 mm.
6717. Manila market. December 4,1908. Length 255 mm.
6741. Manila market. April 14,1909. Length 278 mm.
16495. Masamat Bay, Quinalasag Island. June 12,1909. Length 64 mm.
5791 to 5795, 16673, 17279 to 17284. Nabatas Point,Samar Island. July 24,
1909. Length 48 to 177mm. 12 examples.
9611. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20,1909. Length 161 mm.
6132. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island, China Sea, vicinity of Batanes.
November 10,1908. Length 175 mm.
18630. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 72 mm.
(1295).
14748, 14749. San Januico Strait, off east coast Leyte. April 13,1908. Length
128 to 130 mm.
9114, 9129. San Roque, Leyte. July 29,1909. Length 241 to 310 mm.
12211. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 172 mm.
19588. Simaluc Island, north of Tawi Tawi Group. September 22, 1909. Length
92 mm. (1971).
12197. Tataan, Simalue Isiand, Tawi Tawi Group. February 20,1908. Length
172 mm.
8693. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, second anchorage. September 19,1909. Length
146 mm.
5048. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. February 29,1908. Length 240 mm.
13485. Basa Reef, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 17,1909. Length 165 mm.
21432. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 16,
1909. Length 111 mm.
17993. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10,1909. Length 160 mm.
21448. Makassar Island. December 16,1909. Length 150 mm.
A1417. Makassar market. December 22,1909. Length 312 mm.
11663. Kowloon market, China. October 5,1908. Length 164 mm.
12390, 12391. Hong Kong market, China. August 13, 1908. Length 114 to
176 mm.
CEPHALOPHOLIS ROGAA (Forskal)
Perca rogaa ForsKAu, Descript. Animal., 1775, p. 38. Djedda, Red Sea.—
BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 131 (Red Sea).—GmeE in, Syst. Nat.
Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1815 (Arabia).—Wat.sBavum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3,
1792, p. 344 (on ForsKAL).
Bodianus rogaa ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 334 (Red Sea).—
Lactpkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 282, 296 (Arabia).—Fow.Lzir,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 522 (Padang,
Sumatra).

234 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus rogaa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 349 (on
ForskAL).—RtrrkE 1, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 105, pl.
26, fig. 1 (Red Sea).—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol, 1, 1859, p.
116 (Red Sea).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 2 (Zanzibar).—
KuuNnzinGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 679 (Koseir,
Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 3.—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1889, p. 238 (Muscat).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 124 (Bal H4f, Socotra).

Serranus rogan Martens, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, 1866, p. 378
(Red Sea).

Serranus (Hpinephelus) rogaa ZoGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-
Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Oman).

Epinephelus rogaa BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 185.

(Red Sea, Zanzibar, Muscat, Ceylon).

Cephalopholis rogaa FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 252°

(Padang material).

Perca lunaria Forsx&u, Deseript. Animal., 1775, pp. xi, 39. Djedda and
Lohaja, Red Sea.—BONNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 131 (Red Sea).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1316 (Arabia). —Wa.BauM,
Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, a 344 (a Forsk any:

Bodianus oan var. beams ScunerpeR, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 335

(Red Sea).
Serranus lunaria RiprELit, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 90 (note).
Depth 214 to 214; head 236 to 224, width 22¢ to 244. Snout 344
to 3% in head from snout tip; eye 614 to 734, 2 to 224 in snout,
slightly greater than interorbital to 1}, me age; maxillary not quite
reaching opposite hind eye edge in ee to little beyond with age,

expansion little greater than eye or 52 to 61% in head, length 17% to:

2 in head from snout tip; teeth conic, sharp, inner depressible and
outer row slightly enlarged; 3 rows of mandibular teeth narrowing to
single inner large depressible row posteriorly; pair of front canines in
each jaw; minute teeth on vomer and palatines; interorbital 625 to
634, convex, steep; minute and irregular serrae on preopercle edge,
all obsolete with age; upper opercle spine well separated and little
advanced from others. Gill rakers 11+15, of which 5 to 9 rudiments.
above and below, much longer than gill filaments or % of eye.

Seales 96 to 100+18 to 20 in lateral line; pores 50 to 538+2 to 5;
22 or 23 above, 29 to 44 below, 80 predorsal scales; 27 to 29 rows
across cheek to preopercle angle; scales on head smooth, small on
maxillary, covering its upper half; fins with greater portion basally
covered with small scales; with age greater part of head above and
back with many small auxiliary scales. Scales with 6 or 7 basal
radiating striae; 47 to 57 apical denticles with 5 to 8 transverse series ;.
circuli rather fine.

D. IX, 17, 1 or 18,1, third spine 24% to 3% in total head length,
eleventh ray 124 to 214; A. III, 9, second spine 346 to 4, fifth ray
124 to 2; caudal 114 to 124, broadly truncate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 214 to 224; pectoral 1144 to 124; ventral 114 to 13%.

In alcohol uniform blackish brown, fins blackish. Young with hind
edges of soft dorsal, soft anal and caudal whitish, latter broadly so

SS ee ee ee

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pile eS

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 235

in crescent. Inside gill opening and all of folds of bones of head,
together with inside of mouth, orange. Iris yellowish, blue or brown
with preservation. Caudal margin narrowly gray white. Inside
pectoral rays blackish green, in young fin subterminally with large
dull brown blotch. Axil of pectoral livid orange.

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines. A
very strongly marked species, easily known by its dark or blackish
coloration.

15976. Bugsuk Island, North Balabac Strait. January 5, 1909. Length 132 mm.
7857. Cagayan de Jolo. January 8,1909. Length 262 mm.
7736. Caxisigan Island, North Balabac Strait. January 2, 1909. Length

315 mm.
12243. Lampinigan Island, south of Zamboanga. September 11,1909. Length

181 mm.
6790. Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909. Length

305 mm.
8370. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16, 1909. Length 410 mm.
‘9294. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 229 mm.
8477. Rasa Island, eastern Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length 405 mm.
A659. Simaluec Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 23, 1909.

Length 214 mm.
‘7360, 7361. Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 15, 1908. Length 233 to

241 mm.

A734. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909.
Length 325 mm.

A772. Mabul Island, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 29, 1909. Length

252 mm.

A1174, A1184. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 332
to 400 mm.

A1408. Tapiantana Island. December 21, 1909. Length 282 mm.

A1530. Doe Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 282 mm.

CEPHALOPHOLIS ALBOMARGINATUS, new species

Depth 22% to 245; head 3 to 34%, width 2 to 24%. Snout 334 to
4 in head from snout tip; eye 534 to 6144, 1% to 13 in snout, 124 to
2 in interorbital; maxillary very oblique, reaches opposite hind eye
edge or slightly beyond, expansion 1 to 114 in eye, length 17% to 2
in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in narrow bands in jaws, at
least anteriorly, some of anterior inner upper ones little enlarged and
hinged; outer row of still larger ones around upper jaw with 2 wide
set front canines; lower jaw with 2 closer front canines, resolving
into 2 lateral rows of teeth, outer smaller though inner row of larger
teeth hinged and long as front canines; bands of villiform teeth on
each palatine and across vomer, none on tongue: nostrils together,
front one with tubular flap, apertures alike, close before upper front
eye edge; interorbital 344 to 424, convex; hind preopercle edge very
minutely serrated, feebly or obscurely so with age; opercular spines
3, lowermost forward and median closer to lower. Gill rakers 9+ 17,
lanceolate, slightly longer than gill filaments or 114 in eye; 8 above
and 6 below rudimentary.

236 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Seales 110 to 117 in lateral line to caudal base and about 12 to 15
more on latter; tubes 68 to 73 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or
3 more on latter; 16 or 17 scales above lateral line, 31 or 32 below,
57 to 70 predorsal nearly to snout end, 23 to 26 rows obliquely down
over cheek to preopercle angle; all fins more or less finely scaled
basally; scales with 14 or 15 rows transversely across maxillary
expansion. Scales with 5 or 6 basal radiating striae; apical denti-
cles 28 to 52, close set, compact, in 5 to 13 transverse series; circuli
moderately small, become coarser apically.

D. IX, 15, 1, first spine 5 to 514 in total head length, ninth spine
2% to 4, first ray 2% to 31%; A. III, 9,1, third spine 3% to 3%,
fourth ray 214 to 214; caudal 144 to 1, slightly emarginate or con-
cave; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 214; pectoral 13¢ to 124;
ventral 146 to 1%.

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FIGURE 11.—CEPHALOPHOLIS ALBOMARGINATUS, NEW SPECIES

Largely deep umber brown, more or less uniform or lower surfaces
scarcely paler. Four obscure blue lines horizontally on head, first
above eye back on opercle, second from near snout end, third along
maxillary groove, and fourth over maxillary and posteriorly. Iris
brownish. Dorsals largely dusky, soft fin with broad, contrasted
whitish upper border. Caudal and anal dusky brown, anal some-
times with lower edge pale. Pectoral brown basally, terminally
whitish to dull yellowish, sometimes over outer half of fin. Ventral
dusky.

East Indies and Philippines.

Diagnosis. Allied with C. polleni and C. rogaa, but differing at once
in coloration, also its caudal fin is emarginate. Our series shows a
fairly constant color pattern, the greatest variation in the extent of
the pale terminal area on the pectoral fin. In preserved examples
the blue lines on the head become quite obscure. The species may
easily be known by its broad pale border to the soft dorsal and its
general dusky brown coloration.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 237

6565. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21,1908. Length 330 mm.

7312, Sablayan Bay, Mindoro. December 12,1908. Length 298 mm.

A718. Danawan Island, vicinity of Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 27, 1909.
Length 361mm. (Type.—Cat. No. 89985 U.S.N.M.).

A1515. Birabirahan Island, Borneo. December 31, 1909. Length 291 mm.

A738, A747. Sipadan Island, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 28, 1909.
Length 276 to 290 mm.

(2102). Dutch East Indies. December 1, 1909. Length 185 mm.

A969. Binang Unang Island, Celebes. November 17,1909. Length 273 mm.

A1032. Buka Buka Island, Celebes. November 20, 1909. Length 266 mm.

A1042. West of Malibagu Point, Celebes. November21,1909. Length 293mm.

A1161, A1173, 13030, 19945. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909.
Length 155 to 288 mm. (2101).

A1111. Makyan Island. November 28, 1909. Length 283 mm.
A1066. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25,1909. Length 292 mm.

Genus SERRANUS Cuvier

Serranus Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, 1817, p. 76. Type Perca gigas
BRUNNIcu, designated by FowuEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1907, p. 252.

Daba ForsxAt, Descript. Animal., 1775, p.44. Type Perca areolata ForsKAu,
tautotypic vernacular. (Inadmissible.)

Chrysomelanus (PLUMIER) Lac&pEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, p. 160.
Type Chrysomelanus piscus (PLUMIER) LachpkpE=Sparus chrysomelanus
Lac&PEDE, tautotypic. (Inadmissible.)

Merou (Cuvier) Bonaparte, Prosp. Syst. Itt. Gen., 1831, p.101. Type Perca
gigas BRUNNICH, designated by Jorpan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 2, 1919,
Dp eb.

Cerna BoNaAPaRTE, Fauna Italica, Pesce. (Introd. Class. Poiss.), vol. 3, pt.
1, 1833-41, no pagination. Type Perca gigas BRUNNICH, monotypic.

Cynichthys Swainson, Lardner’s Cab. Cyclop. (Nat. Hist. Animals), Fishes,
vol. 2, 1839, pp. 168, 201. Type Perca flavopurpurea BENNETT, monotypic.

Hyporthodus Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 98. Type
Hyporthodus flavicauda GiLL, monotypic.

Schistoris Gitut, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 98. Type
Serranus mystacinus Pory, monotypic.

Labroperca Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. Type
Serranus labriformis JENYNS, orthotypic.

Priacanthichthys Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1868, p. 198. Type Pria-
canthichthys maderaspatensis Day, monotypic.

Merus Pory, Ann. Lyc. New York, vol. 10, 1871, p. 39. Type Perca gigas
BrunnicH, orthotypic.

Homalogrystes ALLEYNE and Mac.ueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 268. Type Homalogrystes gtintheri ALLEYNE and Mac-
LEAY, monotypic.

Hyposerranus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p.3. Type Serranus
morrhua VALENCIENNES, designated by JorpAN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 4,
1920, p. 429.

Phrynotitan Giuu, Standard Nat. Hist., vol. 3, 1885, p. 255. Type Batrachus
gigas GUNTHER, orthotypic.

Body stout, compressed. Mouth large. Maxillary with supple-
mental bone well developed. Enlarged teeth of inner series of each

238 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

jaw depressible. Canines few, large, in front of jaws. Nostrils well
separated. Preopercle moderately serrated on hind edge, lower limb
entire, without distinct antrorse spine. Opercle with 2 strong spines.
Gill rakers short, rather few. Pyloric appendages 10 to 20. Scales
small, ctenoid, often somewhat imbedded in skin. Maxillary usually
with small scales. Soft vertical fins usually more or less scaly.
Lateral line complete, scales triangular, cycloid. Dorsal spines about
11, seldom 10, not filamentous, last ones somewhat shorter than
median, rays 14 to 18. Anal spines 3, second usually largest, rays 7
to 9. Caudal rounded or lunate. Pectoral rays 15 to 20, rounded,
short, rarely symmetrical. Ventral moderate, inserted below pecto-
ral, each with strong spine, fins close together.

A large genus, the principal one of the family and widely distributed
in most tropical seas. Very many species have been described,
though many of them extremely variable in color, pleasing and bril-
liant. Many are highly valued as food fishes and some reach a large
size.

The present genus seems to us perhaps most typical of all fishes.
In every way its members are the most perfected or typical develop-
ment of true bony fishes. From it and its allies all the various
offshoots of the percoid series seem to graduate or become variously
modified. We have nothing to advance in phylogeny, having
adopted in the main the distinctions used by Boulenger in his excel-
lent catalogue of the British Museum materials. We hardly think
that the emphasis placed on osteological or internal characters, in both
this genus and others of the family, are sufficiently complete or
practical to be of much service at present.

Although our series of individuals are extensive the species repre-
sented are comparatively few of those generally distributed in the
Indo-Pacific asa whole. Frequently the species are difficult to distin-
guish; so great are the variations in both color and structure. Even
after close comparisons have been made it is often not easy to assign
very young specimens to their respective species. In some cases this
is hardly possible without completed graduated series of materials
well toward adult conditions. It therefore seems desirable for us to
recommend to future investigators the collecting of all young tropical
serranids whenever possible. Even many of the more frequently
collected species have color phases rarely or seldom secured.

Homalogrystes Alleyne and Macleay is correctly a synonym of Ser-
ranus. Its association with Acanthochromis in volume 7, page 27 of
the present bulletin, is wrong, as its genotype proves to be a synonym
of Serranus tauving.

239

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

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241

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS

SNONMBqv[VUr--93B [YIM JOU (WSIPUI SpUBq SsO1O IO Sa[Pp¥S YAIBp {ATJaq IO 4soYo UO You ysnoyy
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242 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

. SERRANUS UNDULOSUS (Quoy and Gaimard)

Bodianus undulosus Quoy and GaimarD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, p. 310.
Waigiu and Rawak.

Epinephelus undulosus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 46, pl. (10) 288, fig. 3 (Celebes, Amboina, Waigiu).—BouLENGER, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 199 (Ceylon, Madras, China, Mysol).—
ReGAN, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soce., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p. 329 (Sea
of Oman, 107 to 170 fathoms).—Sra.e and Bran, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—WeEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische,
1913, p. 201 (Saleyer).

Serranus undulosus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 1
(Madras); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 446.—Prarson, Rep. Gov.
Marine Biol., Ceylon, 1912-13, pt. 4, p. E13 (Cheval Paar Group, between
Cheval Paar dnd Muttuvaratu; between Talavella and Chilaw).—Fow.LeEr,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 177 (Shortland Island).

Serranus lineatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 312.
Pondicherry.—GunTuHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 156
(China); Cruise of Curagoa Brenchley, 1873, p. 410 (Misol, Moluccas).—
Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 453 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).

Serranus amboinensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indié, vol. 3, 1852, p. 258
(Amboina).—GinruH_Er, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 156 (Ceylon).

Depth 234 to 27%; head 23% to 224, width 244 to 244. Snout 34%
to 4!< in head from snout tip; eye 41% to 624,1 to 14 in snont,
greater than interorbital to 12% in interorbital; maxillary reaches 34
to or opposite hind eye edge, expansion 114 to 13 in eye, length 2
to 21% in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow bands, biserial along
sides of mandible; pair of small canines in front of each jaw; narrow
band of fine teeth on vomer and each palatine; interorbital 54% in
head from snout tip, convex; hind preopercle edge minutely denticu-
late and 3 slightly larger teeth at angle; median opercular spine
nearer lower and upper most advanced. Gill rakers 14+20,
lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments or 1/4 in eye.

Scales 96 to 104 in lateral line to caudal base with 12 to 15? more
on latter; tubes 60 to 66 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 to 7
more on latter; 20 or 21 scales above lateral line, 34 to 36 below, 57
to 67 predorsal, 30 to 32 rows across cheek to preopercle angle; body
scales each with many fine basal auxiliary scales; fins all covered with
fine basal scales; maxillary expansion largely finely scaled above.
Seales with 2 to 5 basal radiating striae; 30 to 32 apical denticles,
with 5 to 7 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. X or XI, 19,1, or 18,1 third spine 224 to 3 in total head length,
first ray 224 to 27%; A. III, 8,1, third spine 34 to 4, fifth ray 244
to 224; caudal 1144 to 124, truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle
3% to 33%; pectoral 134 to 2; ventral 134 to 2.

Drab brown, pale and much lighter on under surface of head, tail
and abdomen. Back and upper sides with about 12 dark brown
longitudinal lines, little inclined upward posteriorly and with alter-
nating paler lines within interspaces, these often variously incomplete.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 243

Tris brown. Membrane of spinous dorsal blackish marginally.

Pectoral pale brown. Ventral dusky terminally.
Arabia, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, China, Melanesia.

5186. Jolo market, Jolo. March 7, 1908. Length 332 mm.

18673. Hinunangan Bay, Leyte Island. July 30,1909. Length 132 mm. (1783).

One example. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29, 1908. Length 94
mm. (979). Slaty brown on back, under parts lighter. Below dorsal line
of dark greenish brown, extending full length of dorsal. On back and upper
side are similar lines, oblique and more or less broken. On head and nape
and behind eye are small spots of same color. Spinous dorsal with smoky
margin. Soft dorsal clear. Anal clear, similar to color on back but lighter.
Caudal same. Pectoral like color of side. Ventral dark smoky.

SERRANUS MORRHUA Valenciennes

Serranus morrhua VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 9, 1833, p. 434.
Mauritius.—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 254 (cop-
ied).—K LuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 678 (Red
Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 21, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Madras).

Serranus (Hyposerranus) morrhua KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,
p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Kosier).— Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 453.—
BovuLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 244.

Serranus (Epinephelus) morrhua ZuaMayerR, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Oman).

Epinephelus morrhua SauvaGeE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 65,
pl. 7, fig. 1—BouLEnGcER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 208 (Red
Sea, Muscat, Mauritius).—Jorpan and Snypkr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol.
3, 1901, p. 74 (Nagasaki).—Jorpan and Ricuarnson, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 454, fig. 11 (Tokyo).—Wepsmr, Siboga Exp., vol.
57, 1913, Fische, p. 202 (Bara, Buru Straits)—Jorpan and THompson,
Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1914, p. 249 (Misaki).—Jorpan and
Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., voi. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 235 (Toba).—
BarnarD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 476 (Natal and
Zululand coast).

Serranus poecilonotus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 6, pl.
4, fig. 1. Nagasaki—Ruicuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 233
(copied).—B.LrEeEkeEr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 26, 1857, No. 4, p. 61
(Nagasaki).—GtnrTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 155 (copied).

Epinephelus poecilonotus SNypER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p.
414 (Misaki).

Serranus angularis (not Cuvier) Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 126 (Mauritius).

Serranus radiatus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 699. Near Madras.

Serranus (Epinephelus) brunneus (not BuocH) STEINDACHNER and D6pER-
LEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, 1883, p. 230, pl. 5, figs. 1-2
(Japan).

Epinephelus latifasciatus (not SCHLEGEL) JORDAN and SnypeEr, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901, p. 354 (Yokohama).

Epinephelus déderleinit Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl., vol. 1, 1910,
p.35. Yokohama, Dzushi.—Tanaka, Figs. Descript. Fishes Japan, vol.
35, June 20, 1927, p. 654, pl. 153, fig. 423 (Tanahe).

Depth 3; head 214, width 24%. Snout 34% in head from snout tip;
eye 514%, 1%5 in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 34
in eye, expansion 13%, length 2% in head from snout tip; teeth in

244 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

narrow bands in jaws, rather long and slender, biserial along sides of
mandible; pair of canines in front of each jaw; bands of small teeth
on vomer and palatines; interorbital 614, slightly convex; hind pre-
opercle edge with small blunt denticles, 3 enlarged at angle; median
opercular spine nearer lower and upper most advanced. Gill rakers
7+14, lanceolate, slender, longer than gill filaments or 4% of eye; 6
above and 4 below rudimentary.

Scales 108 in lateral line to caudal base and 10? more on latter;
tubes 58 in lateral line to caudal base and 4? more on latter; 22 scales
above lateral line, 33 below, 78 predorsal, 33 rows across cheek to pre-
opercle angle; body scales with small basal auxiliary scales except on
predorsal and head above; fins all with fine basal scales; maxillary
naked. Scales with 7 to 9 basal radiating striae; 24 to 32 apical
denticles, with 3 series transversely; circuli fine.

D. XI, 15,1, third spine 31% in total head length, first ray 314%; A.
III, 7, 1, third spine 4, third ray 246; caudal 2, truncate, rounded
convexly behind as: expanded; least depth of caudal peduncle 414%;
pectoral 2; ventral 214.

Uniform blackish brown, apparently stained in preservative. Some
still darker obscure horizontal streaks, ascending slightly posteriorly.
Several dark, oblique streaks on side of head.

Red Sea, Arabia, Zululand, Natal, Mauritius, Madagascar, India,
East Indies, Philippines, Japan. We have but a single example.

4839. Jolo market, Jolo. February 11, 1908. Length 350 mm.
SERRANUS FLAVO-CAERULEUS (Lacépéde)

Holocenirus flavo-caeruleus LAchPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 331,
367. Mauritius.

Serranus flavocaeruleus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828,
p. 297 (Mauritius).—Gtnrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 145
(Mauritius and Ceylon).—Puayratir, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 10 (Zan-
zibar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 1 (Andamans);
Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 448.—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 177 (Gilbert and Ebon Islands).

Serranus flavocaeruleus Peters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 236 (Mozambique).

Epinephelus flavocaeruleus Pnters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 435
(Mauritius).—Gtnruer, Trans. Roy Soc. London, vol. 168, 1879, p. 470
(Rodriguez).—SauvaGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 62.—
BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 198 (Zanzibar, Mauri-
tius, Rodriguez, Ceylon, Madras, China, Formosa, Mortlock, Micronesia,
Ponapé).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, 1907, p. 204
(Tulear Bay, Madagascar).—Gitcurist and THompson, Ann. South Afric.
Mus., vol. 13, pt. 3, 1914, p. 67 (Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric.
Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 475 (Natal coast).

Epinephelus flavocaeruleus var. flavocaeruleus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 125 (Gischin, Makalla, Socotra).
Holocentrus gymnosus LAchPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, pl. 27, fig. 2;

vol. 4, 1802, pp. 335, 372. Chinese manuscripts.

Bodianus macrocephalus Lachphpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, pl. 20, fig.
3; vol. 4, 1802, pp. 281, 293. No locality. (On ComMmerson.)

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 245

Serranus borbonicus Quoy and GaAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., Dec. 18, 1824,
p. 312, pl. 57, fig. 2. Bourbon Island.

Serranus borbonius GutcHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.

Perca flavopurpurea BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon, 1828-30, pl. 19. Ceylon.

Serranus hoedtit BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855, p. 406.
Amboina.—GutnrTu_Er. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 189 (copied) ;
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 9, pl. 8, fig. A (Kingsmills).

Epinephelus hoedti BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
45, pl. (5) 283, fig. 2 (Celebes; Amboina).—JorpAN and EVERMANN, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1902, p. 342 (Formosa).

Epinephelus hoedtii Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 1, 1912, p. 50
(Moreton Bay).

Serranus punctatissimus GiéntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 144.
China.

Epinephelus flavocoeruleus var. melanometopon BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Dierk.,
vol. 4, 1874, p. 96 (Bourbon Island); Rech. Faun. Madagascar, Pollen,
pt. 4, 1877, p. 17 (Borbonia).

Epinephelus flavocoeruleum var. zanthometopon BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Dierk.,
vol. 4, 1874, p. 97 (on Holocentrus flavocoeruleus LACEPEDE).

Homalogrystes luctuosus De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7,
1882, p. 369. Brisbane, Queensland.

Depth 21% to 234; head 226 to 214, width 226 to 224. Snout 3%
to 4 in head from snout tip; eye 524 to 6, 114 to 2 in snout, 1%
to 114 in interorbital; maxilliary reaches 14 to 34 in eye, expansion
1% to 1, length 2% to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow
bands in jaws, biserial along sides of mandible; pair of canines in
front of each jaw; narrow band of fine teeth on vomer and each pal-
atine; interorbital 5% to 524, convex; hind preopercle edge denticulate,
with 3 or 4 enlarged serrae at angle; opercular spines 3, median nearer
lower, upper most advanced. Gill rakers 10+18, lanceolate, equal
gill filaments or 14% in eye.

Scales 120 to 125 in lateral line to caudal base and 13 to 15 more
on latter; tubes 70 to 72 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 more on
latter; 22 to 25 scales above lateral line, 42 or 43 below, 60 to 66 pre-
dorsal, 30 to 33 rows on cheek; body scales with numerous small basal
auxiliary scales; fine scales over most of fins basally; upper two-thirds
of maxillary scaly. Scales with 3 to 5 basal radiating striae; 10 to 16
apical denticles, with 3 to 10 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. IX, 16, 1, third spine 234 to 3 in total head length, first branched
ray 224 to 3; A. III, 8,1, third spine 334 to 4, fourth ray 214 to 24;
caudal 13 to 124, slightly emarginate behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 314 to 324; pectoral 144 to 17%; ventral 1%.

Pale grayish or lavender brown. Head and body finely and closely
dotted all over with deeper or dusky brown, dots very close set and
exceedingly numerous, not present on lower surface of head, chest,
breast and belly. Iris yellowish. Fins all more or less dotted with
darker, only pectoral paler terminally and ventral darker, terminally.
Dorsals, anals and caudal with submarginal dusky shades and edges
narrowly whitish on rayed fins.

246 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Réunion, Bourbon, Rodriguez, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East Indies,
Formosa, China, Queensland, Micronesia. Our materials are all like
Serranus hoedti.

6715, 6716. Manila market. December 4, 1908. Length 250 to 255 mm.
7084. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908. Length

390 mm.
SERRANUS AREOLATUS (Forskal)

Perca summana areolata ForskAt, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. x1, 42.
Djedda, Red Sea.—Gmertin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1317
(Arabia).

Perca areolata WaLBAum .Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 345 (on ForsKAt).

Serranus areolatus KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150
(Yokohama).

Serranus (Hyposerranus) areolatus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p.
3 (Koseir).

Epinephelus areolatus DouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 202
(Red Sea, Aden, Muscat, Andamans, Malay Archipelago, Amboina).—

FIGURE 12.— SERRANUS AREOLATUS (FORSKAL), YOUNG

JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 73 (Ohisham
and Nagasaki).—Smitu and Pops, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906,
p. 486 (Susaki and Yamagava).—JorpaNn and Ricuarpson, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 448 (Sumatra).—Wesmr, Siboga Exp., vol.
57, Fische, 1913, p. 201 (Sulu).—Fow.trr and Brean, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol 62, 1922, p. 29 (Takao, Formosa).

Serranus (Epinephelus) areolatus ZoGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-
Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Mekran and Oman).

Bodianus melanurus GEorrroy St. Hinartre, Descript. Egypte, Poiss., 1809,
p., 317,. pl.) 21, fig: 1. Suez.

Serranus melanurus IsApoRE Grorrroy St. Hiwarre, Descript. Egypte,
Poiss., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1827, p. 319.—VaALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. ,
2, 1828, p. 351 (Suez).—Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
147 (copied).

Serranus angularis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 353.
Ceylon.—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 2.—Srmrnpacu-
NER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 247

p. 232 (Kagoshima Bay and Oshima).—BovLEenceER, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1887, p. 654 (Muscat, Arabia).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,
1889, p. 454.

Epinephelus angularis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1876,
p. 48 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Banka, Java, Celebes, Sumbawa, Batjan,
Amboina).—SauvaGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 71.

Serranus celebicus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, 1851,
p. 217. Bulucomba, Celebes.—GitnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 189 (Amboina).—KtunzinaeEr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol.
20, 1870, p. 676 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Marrtens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien
vol. 1, 1876, p. 886 (Larentuka, Flores).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espaii. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 8 (Cebu; Kordo, Mysore).—Eurra, Cat.
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 462 (Samar, Cebu; Nasugbu).

Serranus glaucus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p.678. Andamans.

Epinephelus craspedurus JoRDAN and Ricuarpson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 37, 1910, p. 447, fig. 7. Kagoshima, Japan.—Snypmr, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 138 (Kagoshima).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Car-
negie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1925, p. 235 (Toba).

Depth 2% to 314; head 226 to 21%, width 2 to 214. Snout 326
to 4in head from snout tip; eye 44% to 43%, 1146 to 1) in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 34 in eye, expansion
14 to 2, length 214 to 21 in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow
bands in jaws, mandibulars largely biserial, but become uniserial
behind; band of fine teeth on vomer and palatines; pair of small
canines in front of each jaw, often double; interorbital 64% to 7% in
head from snout tip; hind preopercle edge serrate, with two or three
serrae enlarged at angle; median opercular spine little nearer lower
and upper most advanced. Gill rakers 9+16, lanceolate, 214 in eye
or much greater than gill filaments; seven above and four below
rudimentary.

Scales 93 to 96 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more on lat-
ter; tubes 46 to 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on
latter; 19 or 20 scales above lateral line, 32 or 33 below, 60 to 70 pre-
dorsal, 30 or 31 rows across cheek to preopercle angle; body scales
without minute basal auxiliary scales and fins all finely scaled basally;
upper two-thirds of maxillary expansion scaly, with 12 transverse
rows of scales. Scales with 5 or 6 basal radiating striae; 32 to 38
apical denticles, with 6 or 7 tranverse series; circuli fine.

D. XI, 17,1 or 16, 1, third spine 214 to 23 in total head length,
first ray 214 to 244; A. III, 8,1, third spine 3) to 4, third ray 21% to
21; caudal 11% to 134, emarginate behind, truncate in young; least
depth of caudal peduncle 3 to.324; pectoral 11% to 144; ventral 14
to 1%.

Gray brown generally, scarcely paler below. Body, head and fins
all marked with numerous, large, rounded, close set darker blotches,
in diameter about width of interspaces. With age hind caudal edge
narrowly pale.

88137—30——17

YAS BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Red Sea, Arabia, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East
Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Japan.

5426. Cebu market. April 7,1908. Length 327 mm.

18672. Hinunangan Bay, Leyte Island. July 30,1909. Length 112 mm. (1785).

5878. Malabang market, southern Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 310 mm.

4488 (D. 5164). Observation Island, 8S. 82° W., 8 miles (5° 01’ 40” N., 119° 52’
20” E.), Sulu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. In18fathoms. July 30, 1909.
Length 112 mm.

2238 to 2240 (D. 5478). Tacbue Point, S. 80° W., 15.2 miles (10° 46’ 24” N.,
125° 16’ 30” E.), Leyte. In 57 fathoms. July 29, 1909. Length 150 to
223 mm. (1733 and 1734).

SERRANUS COROMANDELICUS Day

Serranus coromandelicus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 1878, p. 746 (on Epine-
phelus dayi Burrxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
47).—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 237 (Muscat, Ara-
bia).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 445.

Serranus coramandelicus PEARSON, Rep. Gov. Marine Biol. Ceylon, 1912-13,
pt. 4, p. E13 (between Chilaw and Colombo); 1914, pt. 4, p. E5 (Cheval
Paar Group).

Serranus (Epinephelus) coramandelicus ZoaMAyrER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Oman).

Epinephelus coromandelicus BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 204 (type; Madras; Muscat).—Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, serio
1913, p. 202 (Tual, Nidrig Kei).

Serranus longispinis (part) PuayFrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 10.

Serranus waandersi (not BLEEKER 1873-76) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875,
p. 12, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Ephinephelus dayi (not BLrEKER 1873) BuunKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néer-
land., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 47 (on Serranus waandersi, not BLEEKER, Day,
1875).

Epinephelus albimuculatus Satz, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6,
November, 1909, p. 509. Butuan Bay, Mindanao.

Epinephelus albimaculatus SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, Nov.,
1909, pl. 6.

Depth 3% to 3%; head 22g to 214, width 214 to 3. Snout 4 to
414 in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 6,1 to 132g in snout, equals
interorbital with age, greater than iiteneapaoals in young; maxillary
reaches three-fourths to well beyond eye with age, expansion 1/4 to
124 in eye, length 2144 to 21% in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow
bands in jaws, biserial along sides of mandible; pair of small canines
in front of each jaw; band of small teeth on vomer and each pala-
tine; interorbital 644 to 7%, slightly convex; hind preopercle edge
finely denticulate, with one or two large spines at angle; median oper-
cular spine little nearer lower, upper advanced. Gill rakers 10 +16,
lanceolate, 11% in eye.

Scales 77 to 117 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 15? more
on latter; pores 50 to 55 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12
more on latter; 17 to 22 scales above lateral line, 30 to 31 below, 50
to 63 predorsal, 24 to 28 rows across cheek; body scales with minute

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 249

basal accessory scales; fine scales cover bases of fins; maxillary with
upper half of expansion scaly, forming about 12 transverse rows.
Scales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae; 38 or 39 apical denticles
with 10 transverse series; circuli very fine.

D. XI, 17,1 or 18,1, third spine 23% to 3 in total head length,
first ray 224 to 314; A. III, 8,1, third spine 234 to 4, third ray 2 to
23<; caudal 13 to 144, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
32% to 334; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 174 to 24%.

Brown, little paler on chest, breast and abdomen. Back, sides and
head above covered with obscure slightly darker spots, smaller than
eye. Dark or blackish line in groove of maxillary above. Young
with six slightly inclined transverse darker bands, which extend on
vertical fins. Vertical fins of young grayish, with obscure darker
blotches.

Persian Gulf, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines. The nom-
inal Epinephelus albimaculatus Seale is evidently simply a color
variant described as brownish tinged with green, about 30 rather
large, scattered round yellow spots on head and fins slightly darker.
The type was 280 mm. This name is preoccupied in Serranus.

7952. Batangas market. June 7,1908. Length 195 mm.

21918. Cebu market. September 1, 1909. Length 77 mm. (1880).

5263. Dagupan, Luzon Island. March 19,1908. Length 105 mm.

5703. Manila market. May 4,1908. Length 294 mm.

12102. Manila market. June 11,1908. Length 197 mm.

7759, 7760. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 157 to 172 mm.

19423. Sorsogon market. March 12,1909. Length 128 mm.

4566, 21536, 21537. Subic Bay. January 7, 1908. Length 23 to 95 mm.

7819. Ulugan Bay, near mouth of Baheli River, Palawan. December 28, 1908.
Length 193 mm.

5062. Sandakan, Borneo. February 29,1908, Length 235 mm.

20633. Kowloon market, China. September 26,1908. Length 84 mm.

SERRANUS FARIO (Thunberg)

Perca fario THUNBERG, Kon. Vet. Acad. Nya. Handl., vol. 14, 1793, p. 296,
pl. 9. Japan.

Holocentrus fario SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 323 (on THUNBERG).

Epinephelus fario JORDAN and RicHarRpDsoNn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 37,
1910, p. 451, fig. 9 (Wakanoura; Nagasaki).—Snypemr, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 413 (Misaki).—Izuxa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool.
Spec. Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 153 (Kagoshima).—Tanaka, Figs. Descr.
Fishes Japan, vol. 38, Sept. 1, 1927, p. 726, pl. 162, fig. 451 (Saiki).

Holocentrus maculatus Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, pt. 7, 1790, p.
96, pl. 242, fig. 3. East Indies—WatBavM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p.
646 (on BLocu).—Forster, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 16.—ScHNEIDER, Syst.
Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 315 (East Indies).

Serranus maculatus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 11, 1856, p.
398 (Bouro).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 4 (types
of Serranus gaimardi); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 447.—Fow Ler,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257 (Padang example); 1927,
p. 275 (Orani; Philippines).

250

BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Epinephelus maculatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 50, pl. (8) 286, fig. 3, pl. (11) 289, fig. 2 (Java, Celebes, Manado, Ter-
nate, Batjan, Buru, Amboina, Timor, New Guinea).—BouLENaErR, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 211 (Zanzibar, Mauritius, Ceylon, Man-
ado, Ponapé, Meduro).—Jorpan and Snypmr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3,
1901, p. 74 (southern Japan).—Fow.xr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 524 (Padang).—EvERMANN and SHAtzg, Bull.
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 76 (San Fabian).—Rerean, Ann. Natal
Mus., 1908, p. 244 (Kosi Bay).—Guiucurist and THompson, Ann. South
Afric. Mus., vol. 13, pt. 3, 1913, p. 67 (Natal).—Fowuzr, Copeia, No. 58,
June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines); Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 9
(Guam).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 478 (Natal
and Zululand coasts).—Fow usr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 177
(Fate, Guam, Samoa, New Guinea, Ebon Island).

Holocentrus albofuscus Lachpiper, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 340,
384. East Indies.

Serranus albofuscus GUnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 108
(copied).

Epinephelus albofuscus BLhpEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, pl. (26) 304, fig. 2.—Eurra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 459
(Paragua).

Epinephelus japonicus KRUSENSTERN, Reisen, 1810, pl. 64, fig. 2. Japan.

Serranus trimaculatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 331
(on KRUSENSTERN).—SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 8
(Japan).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 232 (Canton).—
Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 109 (China, Japan, Cape
of Good Hope).—PrtTEers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 110
(type).—Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 18 (Hong Kong;
Java).—Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 385 (Nagasaki
Bay).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 459 (Samar).—Fow ter,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 179 (compiled).

Epinephelus trimaculatus BoULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
221 (China).—JorpaNn and SnypzER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1901,
p. 354 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 75 (Yokohama).

Serranus ura VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p.332. Japan.—
RicHArDsoN, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 231 (copied).

Serranus quoyanus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 519.
New Guinea.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 153
(Celebes).

Serranus gaimardi VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 520.
New Guinea.—Quoy and GaimMarD, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1834, p.
656, pl. 8, fig. 3 (Vanicoro; New Guinea).—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 150 (copied).

Epinephelus gaimardi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (7) 285, fig. 1.

Serranus ara SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 8. Japan.

Serranus sebae BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, 1854, p. 488.
Amboina.—Gutnruer. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 187 (China;
Amboina).

Serranus seba Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 462 (Luzon,
Manila).

Serranus bontoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855, p.
405. Amboina.—GtntTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859 p. 149

(copied).—Fow.rEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 275
(Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 178 (Ponapé, Carolines).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 25]

Epinephelus bontoides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol.7, 873-716,
p. 53, pl. (9) 287, fig. 2 (Bali, Celebes, Amboina, New Guinea).—BouLEN-
GER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 218 (Malay Archipelago;
North Celebes).—SmitH and SEHAuz, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19,
June 4, 1906, p. 77 (Rio Grande, Mindanao).—WesER, Siboga Exp., vol.
57, Fische, 1913, p. 203 (Makassar).—Fow.rr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18,
1918, p. 63 (Philippines).

Plectropoma kulas THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 145. Woodlark
Island.

Serranus longispinis KNER, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, No. 5, 1865, p. 275,
pl. 2, fig. 5. Madras.—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 10
(Zanzibar).

Serranus medurensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p.
8, pl. 9, fig. A. Meduro and Marshall Islands.

Epinephelus diacanthus (not VALENCIENNES) JORDAN and SnypgER, Annot.
Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 74 (Nagasaki and Yokohama).

Serranus matterni FowueEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 31,
fig. 18. Philippines; 1927, p. 275 (type).

Depth 2% to 3%; head 2% to 234, width 1% to 22. Snout 3%
to 37% in head from snout tip; eye 614 to 634, 136 to 14 in snout,
greater than interorbital in young to 1% in interorbital with age;
maxillary reaches one-third in eye or till opposite hind eye edge,
expansion 1)¢ to 1% in eye, length 24 to 244 in head from snout tip;
teeth fine, conic, in bands in jaws; outer maxillary row of teeth
slightly enlarged, pair of small wide set front canines, often double
and inner row of teeth depressible with inner anterior longest; man-
dibular teeth with pair of small front canines, often double, other
teeth in three or four series anteriorly and becoming biserial laterally
with inner row hinged; bands of small teeth on vomer and palatines,
none on tongue; hind nostril little larger than front one though not
over twice its size; interorbital 644 to 624 in head, little convex;
hind preopercle edge minutely serrated, serrae little larger at angle;
opercle with three spines, uppermost advanced and lower closer to
median. Gill rakers 7+16, lanceolate, longer than gill filaments or
134 in eye; four upper and four lower rudimentary.

Scales 103 to 110 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15? more
on latter; tubes 50 or 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4
more on latter; 20 to 24 scales above lateral line, 33 to 36 below, 76
to 80 predorsal forward nearly to snout tip, 40 to 50 rows obliquely
across cheek to preopercle angle; most head and body scales with
small crowded auxiliary basal scales; broad patch of scales on maxil-
lary expansion, in 14 to 16 transverse rows. Scales with 6 basal
radiating striae; 24 to 37 apical denticles, with 5 to 7 transverse
series of basal elements; circuli moderate.

D. XI, 16,1, third spine 224 to 234 in total head length, third ray
246 to 2%; A. III, 8,1, third spine 334 to 414, sixth ray 24 to 214;
caudal 124 to 134, convexly rounded behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 314 to 314; pectoral 134 to 2; ventral 14% to 2M.

252 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Brown generally, slightly paler on breast and belly. Head, body,
and fins everywhere with rounded dusky brown to blackish spots,
rather large or equal in diameter to pale interspaces. Large examples
with spots more numerous. Fins all shaded more or less darker than
body color or with neutral tint. Iris brown.

Zanzibar, Zululand, Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, Ceylon,
India, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, Melanesia,
Micronesia. We'admit the synonymy as given by Tanaka, with the
exception of Serranus corallicola Valenciennes, Serranus altivelioides
Bleeker, and Serranus howlandi Giinther, which are placed with
Serranus corallicola by Boulenger. The usually accepted Holocentrus
maculatus Bloch is preoccupied in Serranus by Perca maculata Bloch,
a synonym of the Atlantic Trachinus adscensionis Osbeck. The next
available name would have been Holocentrus albofuscus Lacépéde,
though as shown by Jordan and Richardson is replaced by the earlier
Perca fario Thunberg. As Bleeker pointed out, the most noteworthy
character of this species is the graduated second, third, and fourth
dorsal spines, which are much longer than the others. Of Bleeker’s
series of 12 examples he gives 276 mm. as the greatest length, though
Boulenger gives 400mm. Our materials all exceed these dimensions.
The species is well figured by Giinther as Serranus medurensis,
though its dark spots on the breast, chest, and belly are like our
small example, for they are much more numerous in the larger ones.
A815, A816. Galera Bay, Mindoro. October 27,1909. Length 445 to 468 mm.

A799. Zamboanga market. October 9,1909. Length 407 mm.
A848. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 467 mm.

SERRANUS CHLOROSTIGMA Valenciennes

Serranus chlorostigma VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 352.
Seychelles —Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 151
(copied).—E.Lrera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 463 (Luzon,
Manila).

Epinephelus chlorostigma SAuVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p.
73.—BovuLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 203 (Red Sea,
Masawah, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Muscat, China)—Jorpan and Ever-
MANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1903, p. 341 (Formosa).—REgan,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p. 329 (Persian
Gulf); Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 222 (Cargados
Carajos, in 20 to 30 fathoms).—STrEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 125 (Gischin, south Arabia).—Jorpan and
Ricuarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 1909, p. 183 (Takao, Keerun,
Formosa); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 446, fig. 6 (Misaki,
Nagasaki, Wakanoura).—SnyprEr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912,
p. 413 (Kagoshima).—Tanaka, Figs. Descript. Fishes Japan, vol. 38,
Sept. 1, 1927, p. 737, pl. 163, fig. 453 (Tanake, Japan).

Serranus (Epinephelus) chlorostigma ZoGMayeR, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 9 (Oman).

Serranus tauvina (not ForsKAL) Grorrroy St. Hinarre, Descript. Egypte,
Poiss., 1809, p. 13, pl. 20, fig. 1.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 253

Serranus areolatus (not ForsKAL) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2,
1828, p. 350 (Red Sea).—Prrrrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 255 (Mozam-
bique).—Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 149 (Red
Sea).—Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 11 (Zanzibar); Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 848 (Seychelles)—KtunzincsEr, Verh. zool.
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 675 (Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India,
pt. 1, 1875, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 4; Suppl., 1888, p. 780; Fauna Brit. India,
vol. 1, 1889, p. 445.

Epinephelus areolatus Sauvaan, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 74.

Serranus waandersii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 17, 1858-
59, p. 152. Boleling, Bali.

Serranus wanderst PEarson, Rep. Marine Biol. Ceylon, 1912-13, pt. 4, p.
El3 (Cheval Paar Group).

Epinephelus waandersiti BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 47, pl. (8) 281, fig. 1 (Bali).

Serranus geoffroyi KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p.
675. Red Sea.—Bovu.renasr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 654
(Muscat, Arabia).

Serranus (Hyposerranus) geoffroyt KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,

D: os
Serranus celebicus var. multipunctatus KossMAN and RAuBsEr, Zool. Ergebn.

Reise Roth. Meer., 1877, p. 6. Red Sea.
Serranus assabensis Giauiout, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol.
6, 1888, p. 68. Assam.

Depth 27%; head 224, width 3. Snout 324 in head from snout tip;
eye 744, 21% in snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite
eye center, expansion nearly equals eye, length 2% in head from snout
tip; teeth very fine, in narrow bands in jaws, three or four series in
front of mandible narrowing to two series laterally; pair of small
canines in front of each jaw, some double; narrow band of fine teeth
on vomer and each palatine; interorbital 6, convex; hind preopercle
edge minutely dentate, two large serrae at angle; median opercular
spine little near lower and upper most advanced. Gill rakers 10+21,
lanceolate, greatly longer than gill filaments and slightly longer
than eye.

Scales 104 in lateral line to caudal base and 10? more on latter;
tubes 53 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 20 scales
above lateral line, 33 below, 68 predorsal, 36 rows across cheek; body
scales all with numerous, fine or small auxiliary basal scales; fins all
more or less finely scaled basally; maxillary with upper half scaly,
scales in 16 transverse rows.

D. XI, 17, 1, third spine 31% in total head length, first ray 3; A.
III, 8,1, third spine 4%, fifth ray 144; caudal 13%, slightly emargi-
nate and truncate as expanded; least depth of caudal peduncle 314;
pectoral 2; ventral 21.

Brown generally, marked with very numerous close set darker
brown round spots. all greater than pale interspaces. All fins spotted
like body.

254 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Red Sea, Arabia, Persian Gulf, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Madagas-
ear, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa,
China, Japan. We admit this species following Boulenger who gives
its maximum length as 630, which is greatly in excess of the closely
related Serranus areolatus (Forskal). We have but one specimen.

932. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes, Dutch East Indies.
November 16, 1909. Length 576 mm.

SERRANUS GILBERTI Richardson

Serranus gilbertt Richarpson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 19,
Near entrance to harbor of Port Essington; Ichth. China, Japan, 1846.
p. 230 (China).—Gitnrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 148
(China, Australia, Port Essington).—KtLunzinGmR, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss
Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 8334 (Port Denison, Queensland).—KArRou1,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p.150 (Singapore).—Eumra, Cat,
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 462 (Paragua, Puerta Princesa).—Fow.LeEr,
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 179 (Makemo, Mangareva, Funa-
futi, Apia, Apiang, Society Islands, Ascension Island, Ebon Island,
Carolines, Kusaie, Ponapé).

Epinephelus gilberti BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 220
(Port Essington, Cape York, Madras, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Indian
Ocean).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 66 (Hong
Kong).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 479 (Natal
coast).

Perca melanoscelidota Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, 1854, p. 110. Indian Sea.

Serranus cylindricus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 151.
Madagascar.—PLayYFaIR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 11 (Zanzibar).—
GinrueR, Cruise of Curacoa, Brenchley, 1873, p. 414, pl. 28, fig. A
(Indian Ocean).—PrtTERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 435
(Mauritius).

Epinephelus cylindricus BuEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 344
(Madagascar). —SauvaGe, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 75, pl.
Shige. 1.

Serranus carinatus ALLEYNE and Macuray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 1, 1876, p. 265, pl. 4, fig. 8. Cape Grenville, Queensland.

Depth 3144; head 214, width 2. Snout 4 in head from snout tip;
eye 534, 114? in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches
three-fourths in eye, expansion 13% in eye, length 214 in head from
snout tip; teeth in narrow bands in jaws, biserial along sides of man-
dible; pair of small canines in front of each jaw; band of small teeth
on vomer and each palatine; interorbital 7, nearly level; hind pre-
opercle edge with very minute and feeble serrae; median opercular
spine closer to lower and upper advanced. Gill rakers 8+ 16, lance-
olate, longer than gill filaments or 14% in eye.

Scales 85 in lateral line to caudal base and 11 more on latter; tubes
48 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 16 scales above
lateral line, 32 below, 57 predorsal, 30 rows across cheek to preopercle
angle; most body scales with crowded, minute, numerous, fine, basal
scales; some scales on flanks ctenoid, others smooth; fins all finely

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 255

scaled basally; upper half of maxillary expansion finely scaly. Scales
with 5 to 7 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. IX, 16, 1, third spine 31% in total head length, first ray 3%; A.
III, 8,1, third spine 444, third ray 234; caudal 2, convex behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 344; pectoral 2; ventral 224.

Pale drab generally, head, body and fins all with close set large
darker rounded spots, most at least large as pupil, some blackish
and others paler. Iris yellowish. Caudal with narrow pale edge
posteriorly. Pectoral dusky terminally and dark spots small.

Zanzibar, Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius, India, East Indies, Phil-
ippines, China, Queensland. Wehaveasingleexample. The rounded
snout, cycloid scales and coloration appear to be diagnostic.

A1193. Doworra Island, south of Patiente Strait. December 2, 1909. Length
350 mm.
SERRANUS MEGACHIR Richardson

Serranus megachir Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230, China.—
Mactueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1881, p. 319 (Torres
Straits, Queensland). —Fow.sr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907,
p. 257 (Padang material); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 179 (copied),

Epinephelus megachir BoULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 219
(Philippines, China, China Sea, Siam, Celebes, Mysol, Amboina, Louisi-
ades).—Fow.sr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904.
p. 524 (Padang).—JorpAN and Spaz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906
(1907), p. 20 (Cavite).—Jorpan and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol.
27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Calayan); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910,
p. 448, fig. 8 (Keerun, Formosa).—Snypmr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).—WesemrR, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 203 (Makassar and Saleyer).—Jorpan and Ricuarpson, Mem. Carne-
gie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1914, p. 249, fig. 22 (Misaki).

Serranus areolatus japonicus (not Epinephelus japonicus KRUSENSTERN 1810)
ScuHLeGceEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 8. Japan.

Serranus gilberti (part) RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230
(China).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 148 (China,
Amboyna); Cruise of Curagoa, Brenchley, 1873, p. 410 (Misol, Moluc-
cas).—ALLEYNE and Macupay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol.
1, 1876, p. 263 (Trinity Bay to Cape York, Queensland).—Day, Fishes of
India, pt. 4, 1878, p. 746 (note); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 446.

Epinephelus gilberti BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 56 (Sumatra, Nias, Signapore, Banka, Biliton, Duizend Islands, Java,
Celebes, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Banda, Waigiu) ;
vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (53) 331, fig. 3.

Serranus pardalis BLHEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 2, 1848, p. 635. Bima,
Sumbawa, Batavia.

Serranus quoyanus (not VALENCIENNES) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1858, p. 153 (Amboina).

Serranus hexagonatus (part) KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20,
1870, p. 683.

Serranus merra (not Biocn) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 18, pl. 2,
fig. 2.

Serranus alatus ALLEYNE and Macugay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 264, pl. 4, fig. 2. Hall Sound, New Guinea.

256 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 234 to 375; head 214 to 214, width 2 to 244. Snout 4% to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 5, 1 to 1% in snout, greater than
interorbital; maxillary reaches below hind eye edge in young and
nearly half an eye diameter beyond with age, expansion 114 to 2 in
eye, length 2; to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth pointed, conic,
in narrow bands above with outer row little enlarged and two rows
of mandibular teeth; canines as double pair in front of each jaw;
vomer and palatines with small teeth; interorbital 63¢ to 8, slightly
elevated; hind preopercle edge finely serrated above, serrae coarser
below; median opercular spine large, behind and near lower, upper-
most spine obsolete and anterior. Gill rakers 7+15, equal gill
filaments, or two-fifths of eye; four above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 86 to 88 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more on
latter; tubes 48 to 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more
on latter; 12 or 13 scales above lateral line, 24 to 33 below, 48 to 60

FIGURE 13.—SERRANUS MEGACHIR (RICHARDSON), YOUNG

predorsal, about 24 rows across cheek to preopercle angle; very small
scales on top of head and predorsal, not as auxiliary fine basal body
scales; fins all more or less covered with fine basal scales; maxillary
naked or upper half of expansion finely scaled.

D. XI, 17, fifth spine 244 to 31 in total head length, fifth ray 2 to
214; A. III, 8, third spine 27% to 326, sixth ray 2 to 245; caudal 1%
to 114, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 to 334; pectoral
1, to 1%; ventral 136 to 2.

Pale brown covered with more or less large rich blackish brown
and rather large spots, nearly uniform in size, largely rounded except
on head. Often certain blotches may be conspicuously darker or
appear more emphasized than others. Young with fewer dark
blotches. Reticulated pale brown spaces separating spots on back
and sides becoming whitish on lower surface of body, often lines
narrow and leave dark blotches of back variously defined hexagonally

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 257

or otherwise. On mandible, lower surface of head and belly, large or
broad cross bands of dull rosy brown. Marginal portions of vertical
fins sometimes little dusky, on anal grayish or dusky slate like greater
portions of paired fins terminally. In young paired fins pale with
large dusky gray blotches.

India, Siam, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Riu Kiu, China,
Japan, Queensland, Melanesia. Boulenger gives the length as 350
mm., much greater than any of our specimens. It may usually be
known by its long pectorals and large spots.

16656. Canimo Island near Daet, east coast of Luzon. June 15,1909. Length
172 mm.

54938, 5494, 15879. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 14, 1908. Length 184 to
259 mm.

9331 to 9333. Catbalogan. April 15,1908. Length 96 to 190 mm.

5530, 6711. Catbalogan. April 16,1908. Length 120 to 244 mm.

15489. Cebu market. March 26,1909. Length 228mm. (1484).

8858. Daet beach, Canimo Island, east coast of Luzon. June 15,1909. Length
266 mm.

6102, 6952, 6955. Iloilo market, Iloilo, Panay Island. May 31, 1908. Length
122 to 225 mm.

11767, 11768. Iloilo market. June 2,1908. Length 195 to 206 mm.

5212. Manila market. June 11,1908. Length 134 mm.

17936. Manila market. June 13,1908. Length 197 mm.

19618. Mansalay, Mindoro Island. June 4,1908. Length 73 mm.

12757. North end of Endeavor Strait, northwest coast of Palawan Island.
December 22,1908. Length 111 mm.

6612. Northwest point Verde Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 22, 1908.
Length 230 mm.

5941. Zamboanga market. May 26,1908. Length 243 mm.

One example. Great Tobea Island. December 15,1909. Length 32 mm.

6698. Kowloon market, China. September 18,1908. Length 272 mm.

11666. Kowloon market. October 5,1908. Length 123 mm.

SERRANUS FASCIATOMACULATUS Peters

Serranus fasciatomaculatus Prrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 111
(on 2 examples said to be reported in Bleeker’s fourth contribution to Japan,
p. 8).

Depth 3% to 314; head 2% to 234, width 24% to 224. Snout 4144
to 444 in head; eye 414 to 4%, subequal with snout, greater than
interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, to hind pupil
edge in young, expansion 14 to 2 in eye, length 214 to 21 in head;
teeth fine, in rather narrow bands in jaws, biserial along sides of
mandible with inner row longer and depressible; pair of small canines
in front of each jaw, often double; narrow bands of fine teeth on
vomer and palatines; interorbital 714 to 814, nearly level; hind pre-
opercle edge denticulate, with enlarged serrae little above angle;
opercular spines 3, equidistant, upper little advanced. Gill rakers
8+14, lanceolate, 114 in gill filaments, which one-half of eye; five
above and five below rudimentary.

258 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Scales 98 in lateral line to caudal base and 15 more on latter; tubes
47 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 more on latter; 18 scales
above lateral line, 25 below, 52 predorsal, 24 rows across cheek to
preopercle angle at edge; body scales without small, basal, auxiliary
scales; maxillary scaleless. Scales with 4 to 7 basal radiating striae;
28 to 34 apical denticles, in 4 to 6 transverse rows; circuli moderate.

D. XI, 16,1, or 17,1, third spine 224 to 234 in total head length,
third ray 2 to 214; A. III, 8,1, second spine 234 to 3, third ray 1% to
214; caudal 11% to 124, convex behind; least depth of caudal pedun-
cle 34 to 3%; pectoral 124 to 124; ventral 1% to 24%.

Brown, usually with five or six darker cross bands wide as inter-
spaces, often more or less inclined and sometimes paired or last two
or three often dividing below, and may form six inferior narrow
bands, some of which may extend on base of anal fin. Dark bands
also reflected on dorsal fins. Body often covered with dark spots,
often forming waved streaks on tail below which may be more or less
broken; spots on back nearly always more numerous. Belly, breast
and lower surface of head pale to whitish and immaculate. Iris
olive. Vertical fins brownish, colored with dark brown, gray and
dull olive, often producing a mottled appearance. Paired fins
brownish. Ventral darker terminally.

We differ from Boulenger in separating this species from Serranus
diacanthus Valenciennes. It appears to differ in the arrangement of
the dark transverse bands, which are inclined instead of vertical; the
body is mottled and spotted as well as banded and the pectorals are
light instead of black or blackish. S. diacanthus, as figured by Day,
has two strong spines at the preopercle angle. In some examples of
of the present species the spines at the preopercle angle are enlarged,
three or more, but not two. We have no examples of S. diacanthus
from the Philippines though both species were secured in the Hong
Kong markets.

7589, 15880. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 14, 1908. Length 185 to

193 mm.

13007. Catbalogan. April 15, 1908. Length 135 mm.

12833. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length 116 mm.

5995. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length 105 mm.

21918. Cebu market. September 1, 1909. Length 80 mm.

3253. Corregidor Light, Manila Bay. June 11, 1908. Length 157 mm.

13981. Iloilo market, Panay Island. May 31, 1908. Length 141 mm.

11769. Iloilo market. June 2, 1908. Length 150 mm.

5213, 12101. Manila market. June 11,1908. Length 179 to 196 mm.

7758. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 179 mm.

20243. San Roque market, Cavite. June 13,1908, Length 100 mm.

9967. Kowloon market, China. September 18, 1908. Length 153 mm.
SERRANUS DIACANTHUS Valenciennes

Serranus diacanthus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 319.
Malabar.—GintTuEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 110 (Bengal,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 259

China, Hong Kong, India).—Knemr, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865,
p. 20 (Hong Kong).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 4
(Kurrachee).—Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 385
(Formosa Strait; Nagasaki Bay).—GiintHrr, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol.
1, 1880, p. 55 (Hong Kong).—KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5,
1882, p. 149 (Yokohama).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 449.—
BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 237 (Muscat, Arabia).—
Tuurston, Notes Pearl Fisher. Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Pamban).—ELEra,
Cat. Fauna Filip. vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Luzon Currimao, Ilocos).—Fow sr,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 222 (Natal); Bishop Mus.
Bull., No. 38, 1927, p. 13 (Jarvis Island, Polynesia); Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 177 (compiled).

Serranus (Epinephelus) diacanthus ZoGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Mekran and Oman).

Epinephelus diacanthus BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 209 (Muscat, Bombay, Madras, India, Hong Kong, Amoy, Formosa,
Shanghai, China).—JorpaN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
25, 1902, p. 341 (Formosa).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30,

FIGURE 14.—SERRANUS DIACANTHUS VALENCIENNES, YOUNG

1905, p. 85 (Tonkin).—Jorpan and Seatg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26,
1906 (1907), p. 19 (Cavite)—JorpAaN and Ricuarpson, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 256 (Cuyo and Cagayancillo)—WEBER,
Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 202 (Bara Bay, Buru Island).—
PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224 (Fort Dauphin,
Madagascar).—BarNarD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1928, p. 478
(Natal coast).

Serranus nebulosus (not VALENCIENNES) Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan,
1846, p. 232 (Canton).

Serranus trimaculatus (not VALENCIENNES) BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind.
Néerland., vol. 3, No. 9, 1858, p. 8.

Serranus sexfasciatus (not VALENCIENNES) GUnTueER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 108 (East Indies).

Serranus faciatomaculosus Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876,
p. 386 (Nagasaki Bay) (lapsus for Serranus fasctatomaculatus Petmrs).

Epinephelus dayi BueEKeR, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, No. 2,
1873, p. 105.

?Serranus salmonoides KossMANN and Raiser, Ergebn. Reise Roth. Meer.,
187%, 7:

260 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Depth 31% to 324; head 224 to 244, width 214 to 224. Snout 324
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 424 to 54%, 14% to 114 in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 4 in eye, expan-
sion 13 to 2 in eye, length 214 to 24 in head from snout tip; teeth
in narrow bands in jaws, biserial on sides of mandible; pair of small
canines in front of each jaw; band of small teeth on vomer and each
palatine; interorbital 6144 to 714, slightly convex; hind preopercle
edge denticulate and two enlarged serrae at angle; median opercular
spine nearer lower and upper advanced. Gill rakers 8+16, little
longer than gill filaments or 134 in eye.

Scales 85 to 98 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 10 more on
latter; pores 52 to 54 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 more on
latter; 17 or 18 scales above lateral line, 33 to 36 below, 56 to 60
predorsal, 21 to 25 rows across cheek; fin bases all more or less finely
scaled; body scales without basal auxiliary small scales except on
head; maxillary scaleless. Scales with 5 or 6 basal radiating striae;
28 to 30 apical denticles, with 4 to 8 transverse series; circuli fine.

D. XI, 15, ror 16, 1, third spine 224 to 3 in total head length, first
ray 246 to 3; A. ILI, 7,1, third spine 324 to 4%, third ray 2% to 24;
caudal 124 to 144, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 334
to 344; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 2 to 23¢.

Brown, sometimes with obscure darker spots. Six dark brown
broad vertical bands, usually as pair on trunk and pair at soft
dorsal and anal. Often dark vertical bands may be imperfectly
divided. Iris slaty. Though fins unspotted, clouded with darker
and dark vertical bands extend on dorsals. Young with paired fins
and anal more or less dusky.

Arabia, Natal, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, China,
Formosa, Japan, Polynesia. This species is close to Serranus awoara
from Formosa and Japan.

18854. Hong Kong market. October 19,1908. Length 177 mm.
6801. Kowloon market. September 18,1909. Length 191 mm.

6827. Kowloon market. October 17,1909. Length 253 mm.
11665. Kowloon market. October 5,1908. Length 125 mm.

SERRANUS BRUNNEUS (Bloch)

Epinephelus bruneus Buocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol 7, 1793, p. 15, pl.
328, fig. 2. ‘“‘Norway”.—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 300
(Japan).

Epinephelus brunneus BouLEnGsER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
213 (Canton).

Serranus brunneus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 107
(China).—Kwnenr, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 18 (Madras).—
Evers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 459 (Luzon, Cagayan).

Serranus kawamebari (not ScuLEGEL), RicHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan,
1846, p. 234 (Canton).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 261

Depth 3% to 336; head 214 to 224, width 2% to 24%. Snout 434
to 444 in head from snout tip; eye 5 to 5%, 1 to 14% in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge
or little beyond, expansion 124 to 134 in eye, length 24% to 2% in
head from snout tip; teeth in narrow bands in jaws, biserial on sides
of mandible; pair of canines in front of each jaw; band of fine teeth
across vomer and each palatine; interorbital 614 to 74, very slightly
convex; hind preopercle edge minutely serrate and three large spines
at angle; median opercle spine nearer lower and upper advanced.
Gill rakers 9+ 16, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or half of eye.

Scales 85 to 90 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 10 more on
latter; pores 57 to 67 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 10
more on latter; 15 to 18 scales above lateral line, 26 to 29 below, 48
to 50 predorsal, 23 to 26 rows on cheek; body scales without fine
basal auxiliary scales; fine scales over fins basally; upper half of
maxillary expansion with patch of fine scales. Scales with 5 basal
radiating striae; circuli moderate.

D. XI, 13,1 or 14,1, third spine 2% to 3% in total head length,
third ray 214 to 214; A. III, 8,1, third spine 314 to 3%, third ray
214 to 214; caudal 124 to 134, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 324 to 4; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 24% to 2.

Brown, lighter below. Six transverse oblique cross bands, slightly
darker and more or less with short streaks, bars and spots below lat-
eral line. Oblique dark streaks from eye over postocular and cheek,
variably broken. Fins all pale, verticals and ventrals darker or
grayish terminally.

Chinese Sea. Reported from the Philippines by Elera.

9745, 11664. Kowloon market, China. October 5, 1908. Length 130 to

159 mm.
6828. Kowloon market. October 17,1909. Length 171 mm.

SERRANUS SEXFASCIATUS Valenciennes

Serranus sexfasciatus (KuHL and VAN HAssELT) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 360. Java.—GtnrTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 108 (East Indies).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p.
17 (Japan; type).—KArou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882,
p. 149 (Singapore; Canton, China).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,
1889, p. 449.—Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257
(Padang material); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 178 (compiled).

Epinephelus sexfasciatus BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 60, pl. (3) 281, fig. 2 (Sumatra, Singapore, Java, Celebes).—
BouLEeNGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 214 (Philippines,
Arafura Sea, Louisiades).—STEINDACHNER, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol.
39, No. 24, Nov. 20, 1902, p. 316 (Kischin).—Fow.teEr, Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 524 (Padang).—Reaan, Journ.
Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1907, p. 222 (Haddumati, Maldives,
in 35 fathoms).—Sxratz, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, 1910, p.

262 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

275 (Sandakan, Borneo).—WeseEr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 205 (Saleyer).

Serranus diacanthus (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol, 1, 1859, p.
110 (Louisiades).

Depth 246 to 34; head 2% to 24%, width 2to 214. Snout 4% to
424 in head from snout tip; eye 334 to 424, subequal with snout to
greater in young, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches three-
fourths in eye in young, beyond eye with age, expansion 114 to 1%
in eye, length 2 to 244 in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow bands,
pointed, outer row erect and one or more rows of inner depressible,
biserial on sides of mandible; pair of front canines in each jaw, often
double; small patch of fine teeth on vomer and palatines; interorbital
7 to 726, little convex; preopercle edge finely denticulate, ends in
two strong spines below; opercular spines 3, upper anterior and obso-
lete. Gill rakers 7+13 or 14, little less than gill filaments, which
two-fifths of eye; upper five rudimentary.

FIGURE 15.—SERRANUS SEXFASCIATUS VALENCIENNES, YOUNG

Scales 73 to 75 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more on
latter; tubes 44 to 49 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more
on latter; 16 to 18 scales above lateral line, 25 to 28 below, 44 to 48
predorsal, 17 to 19 rows across cheek; body scales without small basal
accessory scales; fins more or less minutely scaled basally; scales
mostly very small and smooth on head, larger on cheek and opercle,
lips and maxillary naked. Scales with 5 basal radiating striae; 17 to
25 apical denticles in 4 or 5 transverse series; circuli moderate.

D. XI, 15, 1, third spine 2% to 224 in total head length, seventh
ray 2% to 24%; A. III, 8,1, second spine 24% to 3%, fourth ray 2 to
214; caudal 12% to 124, convex behind; least depth of caudal pedun-
cle 31% to 324; pectoral 124 to 1%; ventral 14% to 1%.

Brown, pale or whitish on lower surface of head and abdomen.
Sides marked with six broad deep drown vertical bands and indistinct
light brown blotches scattered about and mixed with few darker ones.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 263

Iris yellowish. Paired fins grayish and margins more or less blotched
or spotted with brownish.

Kischin, Maldives, India, East Indies, Philippines, China, Mela-
nesia. Known chiefly by the large strong spines at the preopercle
angle. The coloration of the body is with six dark transverse bands
all marked with yellowish spots. The vertical fins are marked with
large, contrasted, rounded black spots. According to Boulenger
reaches 230 mm.

12832. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27,1908. Length 82 mm.
3252, 4066 to 4068 (D. 5360). Corregidor Light, N. 74° W., 6.9 miles (14° 21’
N., 120° 41’ E.), Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 62 to 83 mm.
4201 (D. 5361). Corregidor Light, S. 89° W., 7.2 miles (14° 24’ 15’ N., 120°
41’ 30’’ E.), Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length 90 mm.
22469. Manila market. May 2, 1908. Length 103 mm.
21209. Manila market. December 4, 1908. Length 91 mm.
SERRANUS FASCIATUS (Forskal)
Perca fasciata ForsKAu, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. 11, 40. Red Sea at
Cape Mohammed.—Hourrtuyn, Naturk. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Haar-
lem, vol. 20, 1782, p. 326 (Japan).—BonNnaTERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p.
131 (Red Sea).—GmeE.in, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1816 (Red
Sea).—Watsavm, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 346 (on ForsKAt).
Serranus fasciatus KLUNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 681 (Koseir, Red Sea).—GtnrueEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt.
1, 1873, p. 6, pl. 6 (Red Sea; East Africa; Indian Ocean; China; North
Australia; Society Islands; Tuamotus).—Day, Fishes of India, vol. 1,
1875, p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Andaman Islands).—K.unzinceEr, Fische Roth.
Meer., 1884, p. 6.— Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 449.—Tuurs-
Ton, Notes Pearl Fisher. Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Pamban).—Fow.er, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 223 (Natal).—Fow.er and Batt,
Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p. 14 (Wake Island).—Fow er, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 38, 1927, p. 13 (Jarvis Island); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol.
10, 1928, p. 176 (Mangareva, Faté, Nukuhiva, Palmyra, Wake Island,
type of Epinephelus zaphyrus SEALE, Tuamotus, Tahiti, Tempe).
Serranus (Epinephelus) fasciatus ZoaMayEer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1918, p. 10 (Mekran and Oman).
Epinephelus fasciatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
66 (Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Sangi, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Ternate,
Batjan, Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (48) 326, fig. 3; Verh. Akad. Wet.
Amsterdam, vol. 18, No. 3, 1879, p. 1 (Mauritius).—Sauvacr, Hist. Nat.
Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 78.—BovuLEnGeER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1895, p. 238 (Cebu, Red Sea, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Singapore, China,
Riu Kiu, Japan, Amboina, Copang, Louisiades, Bonham Island, Darnley
Island, Tahiti?)—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23,
p. 354 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 74 (Nagasaki,
Shimoda, Yokohama, Kochi).—Reean, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol.
12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 222 (Coetivy, Seychelles Group).—STEInDACHNER,
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 127 (Bal H4f, Soco-
tra).—EVERMANN and SEAxgz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p.
75 (Bacon).—SEALE and Beran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907,
p. 242 (Zamboanga).—Gitcurist and TxHompson, Ann. South Afric.
Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 223 (Durban).—Werpsr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57,

$8137—30——18

264. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Fische, 1913, p. 204 (Sanguisapo, Sulu and Sulu Archipelago; north coast
Kofian; Saleyer; Banda).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk. Amsterdam, 1918, p.
111 (Amboina).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224
(Fort Dauphin, Madagascar).—Fow.mr, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918,
p. 63 (Philippines).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p.
483 (Natal coast).

Epinephelus marginalis Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 7, 1793, p. 14,
pl. 328, fig. 1. East Indian Seas.—Scuneiper, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801,
p. 300 (East Indies).

Serranus marginalis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 301
(Mauritius and Seychelles).—Lay and Bennert, Zool. Beechey’s Voy.,
Fish, 1839, p. 52 (Loo Choo).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1845,
p. 233 (China and Japan).—Prters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235
(Mozambique).—BreEvoort, Narr. Exp. China Japan, vol. 2, 1856, p.
258, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Simoda).—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 185 (Amboyna, China, Japan, India, Louisiades, Darnley Island,
Copang, Timor).—GuvicuENot, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—
Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 24 (Java).—PLAyYFaliR,
Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 7 (Aden, Zanzibar, Johanna).—PrErTeERs,
Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 109 (type).—Meryrr, Anal. Soc.
Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (north Celebes; Cebu;
Rubi, New Guinea).—E vera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol 1, 1895, p. 461
(Mindoro, Calapan, Pomuay, Iloilo).

Holocentrus erythraeus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 320. Red

Sea.
Holocentrus forskael LachrkpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 337,
377. Arabia.

Holocentrus marginatus LacérkpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 342,
384. No locality.

Holocentrus rosmarus LackripE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 345,
389, pl. 7, fig. 2. The Great Ocean (Indo-Pacific).

Holocentrus oceanicus LackrpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 345,
389, pl. 7, fig. 3. The Great Ocean (Indo-Pacific).

Serranus oceanicus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1822, p. 302.
Mauritius and Massuah, Red Sea.—Lay and Bennett, Zool. Beechey’s
Voy., Fish., 1839, p. 52 (Loo Choo).—PeEtsrs, Arch. Naturg., vol. 1, 1855,
p. 235 (Mozambique).—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
109 (copied).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 17,
1888, p. 282 (Cebu).—Etumra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 459
(Cebu, Samar).

Serranus variolosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 354.
Tahiti—Gitntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 139 (copied).

Perca maculata (FORSTER) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p.
354 (name in text).

Serranus tsirimenara ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 7, pl.
4A, fig. 3. Japan.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 144
(copied).—KArour, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150
(Nagasaki; Kobe).—Krnt, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (Queens-
land).

Serranus tsiremenara STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 2832 (Tokio and Kochi).

Epinephelus tsirimenara Smitu and Pops, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31,
1906, p. 468 (Kochi).—Jorpan and Ricuarpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 37, 1910, p. 460, fig. 13 (Nagasaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Lord Howe

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 265

Island).—Swnyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).—
Jorpan and Merz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, 1913, p. 32
(Fusan, Korea).—IzuKka and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus.,
1920, p. 1538 (Tokyo).—Jorpan and Huspss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol.
10, No. 2, 1925, p. 236 (Toba).

Epinephelus retoutt BLEEKER, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser
2, vol. 2, 1868, p. 339. Borbonia; Fauna Madagascar, Pollen, 1874, p.
21, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Borbonia).—Sauvacr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss.,
1891, p. 69, pl. 8, fig. 2.

Serranus retoutt Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 43
(Mauritius).

?Serranus tigrinus (not BLocH) Goraoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat.,
Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 282 (Zumfgrraga, Samar).

Epinephelus zapyrus SEALE, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1,
1906, p. 36, fig. 11. Tubuai, Cook Islands.

Depth 24 to 314; head 214 to 225, width 214 to 224. Snout 414
to 434 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 5, 1% in snout with age
but greater than snout in young, greater than interorbital at all ages;
maxillary reaches three-quarters in eye or to its hind edge, expansion
124 to 2 in eye, length 214 to 244 in head from snout tip; teeth in
villiform bands in jaws, at least anteriorly, with some inner front ones
elongated and hinged; outer upper teeth slightly larger than inner
and front pair of wide set canines; lower pair of closer front canines
and teeth becoming triserial laterally with innermost row longest;
bands of villiform teeth on each palatine and vomer, none on tongue;
interorbital 10 to 11, little convex; preopercle edge with low serrae,
those at angle most developed; opercular spines 3, lower little closer
to median than latter to upper, which most advanced. Gill rakers
6+ 14, lanceolate though robust, slightly longer than gill filaments or
21% in eye; five above and six below rudimentary.

Scales 95 to 115 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more
on latter; tubes 45 to 80 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3
more on latter; 13 to 15 scales above lateral line, 26 to 28 below, 70
to 74 predorsal, 43 to 45 obliquely across cheek from eye to pre-
opercle angle; fins all with minute scales over greater basal portions;
only upper fourth of maxillary scaled, with 8 transverse series of
small scales. Scales with 4 to 7 basal radiating striae; 37 to 43
apical denticles, with 4 to 6 transverse series of basal elements, all
denticles obsolete in young; circuli fine.

D. XI, 16,1, third spine 244 to 3% in total head length, second
ray 214 to3; A. III, 8,1, second spine 2% to 33%, third ray 2% to 24;
caudal 134 to 1%, truncate, rounded convexly as expanded; least depth
of caudal peduncle 32% to 4; pectoral 12g to 136; ventral 2 to 2%.

Light to dull brown in alcohol, usually with 6 or 7 transverse
darker bands, wider than interspaces, though often obscure. Iris
pale brown. Fins usually pale, like general body color. Spinous
dorsal always with black spot on membrane terminally behind each
spine tip.

266 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Réunion, Mauri-
tius, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Andamans, East Indies, Philip-
pines, Riu Kiu, China, Japan, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia,
Polynesia. The black checked edge to the spinous dorsal is a good
diagnostic mark. Bleeker’s largest specimen was 292 mm. though
none of ours so large.

4966, 5179, 5223, 16296. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909.
Length 98 to 217 mm.

16665, 22259. Canimo Island, near Daet, east coast of Luzon. June 15, 1909.
Length 100 to 138 mm.

10969, 10970, 17073. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909.
Length 176 to 210 mm.

8717,12731. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island, Chica Island, vicinity of Marinduque
Island. February 24, 1909. Length 154 to 190 mm.

7618. Cataingan Bay, east of Masbate, near ship’s anchorage. April 17, 1908.
Length 139 mm.

5509. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15, 1908. Length 261 mm.

6933. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length 186 mm.

7735. Caxisigan Island, Balabac. January 2,1909. Length 212 mm. (1022).

6427, 138333. Caxisigan Island. January 3, 1909. Length 179 to 221 mm.

19031. Dasol Bay. May 8, 1909. Length 79 mm.

A1528. Doce Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 232 mm.

4812. Jolo market. February 9, 1908. Length 267 mm.

9360, 18551. Langao Point, southern Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length 170 to
185 mm.

14348. Limbones Cove, Luzon. February 8, 1909. Length 160 mm. (1135).

7877, 7878, 14553. Maculabo Island, east coast Luzon. June 14,1909. Length
157 to 193 mm.

6200. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16,1909. Length 207 mm.

7611, 15897, 16394. Mansalay, Mindoro Island. June 4, 1908. Length 174 to
185 mm.

12141, 21515. Masamat Bay, Quinalasag Island. June 12, 1909. Length 155
to 192 mm.

17446, 17631. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March3,1909. Length 121
to 208 mm.

11753. Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length 120 mm.

18971. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast Luzon. June 12, 1909.
Length 210 mm.

7016. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 181 mm.

19589. Simaluc Island, north of Tawi Tawi Group. September 22,1909. Length
91 mm.

12605, 12606. Sitanki wharf. February 26,1908. Length 125 to 137 mm.

16040, 16041. Sulade Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 18, 1909. Length
124 to 175 mm.

16203. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7,1909. Length 160 mm.

16267. Teomabal Island, vicinity of Jolo. September 18, 1909. Length 91
mm.

7660, 7661, 7662, 7663. Usada Island, near Jolo. March 5,1908. Length 135
to 184 mm. (883 to 386).

5929. Zamboanga. May 25,1908. Length 285 mm.

A1559. Nan Wan, Kua Siang, Formosa. January 25,1910. Length 288 mm.

13689. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 191 mm.

14737. Kayoa Island. November 29,1909. Length 173 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 267

SERRANUS RHYNCHOLEPIS Bleeker

Serranus rhyncholepis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 1852,
p. 749. Celebes.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 105
(copied).—Fow.Eer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928; p. 181 (New
Guinea).

Epinephelus rhyncholepis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 62, pl. (8) 286, fig. 2 (Celebes, Timor).—BouLENGER, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 231 (copied).—SnypmR, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa, Riu Kiu).

Depth 2% to 3; head 22% to 24%, width 24 to 214. Snout 4% to
424 in head from snout tip; eye 42s to 5,1 to 11% in snout, greater
than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge or slightly
beyond, expansion 124 to 2 in eye, length 24% to 24 in head from
snout tip; teeth small, pointed, in bands in jaws, pair of canines in
front of each; upper lateral teeth larger than others, erect, though
inner anterior longest and like all inner teeth hinged; mandibular
teeth in 3 or 4 rows anteriorly, narrowing to 2 pairs posteriorly and
all inner ones longest and hinged; bands of small teeth on vomer and
palatines, none on tongue; nostrils subequal; interorbital 614 to 634,
very slightly convex; preopercle edge finely denticulate, several ser-
rae little larger at angle; opercular spines 3, lower closer to median,
uppermost most advanced. Gillrakers 8+ 14, finely spinescent, lance-
olate, little longer than gill filaments or 214 in eye; 5 above and 5
below rudimentary.

Scales 83 to 94 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15? more on
latter; tubes 53 to 55 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more on
latter; 15 scales above lateral line, 26 to 35 below, 50 to 52 predorsal
forward to snout end; 32 rows obliquely across cheek to opercle angle;
with age scales all crowded with basal auxiliary scales; fins covered
basally with minute scales; maxillary scaleless. Scales with 3 to 16
basal radiating striae; 38 to 48 apical denticles, with 6 or 7 transverse
series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. XI, 16,1 or 17,1, fourth spine 24% to 23 in total head length,
first ray 234 to 3,,; A. III, 7,1, second spine 414 to 434, fourth ray
21% to 244; caudal 144 to 1%, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 344 to 344; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 214 to 2%.

In alcohol brown, each scale on body with minute gray white dot.
Also small close set white dots over top of head and and same extend
over fin bases. Iris brown. Fins more or less shaded darker brown
terminally.

Known only from the East Indies, though we now report it from
the Philippines and Riu Kiu. According to Boulenger reaches 300
mm., though our largest examples larger.

8433. Cebu market. March 24,1909. Length 310 mm.

5931, 6001, 6004. Zamboanga market. May 25-27, 1908. Length 270 to 335
mm.

268

BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A798. Zamboanga market. October 9,1909. Length 377 mm.
A1620. Nafa, Riu Kiu. February 7,1910. Length 320 mm.

SERRANUS MERRA (Bloch)

Epinephelus merra Buocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 7, pt. 10, 1793, p. 17,

pl. 329. Japan Sea.—SuHaw and Nopper, Nat. Miscellany, vol. 10, 1790,
p. 382 (Japan Sea).—ScuHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 300 (Indian
Ocean, Japan, Coromandel).—B.LEEker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol.
7, 1873-76, p. 55 (Sumatra, Batu, Nias, Pinang, Singapore, Cocos Islands,
Java, Celebes, Sangir, Timor, Letti, Flores, Ternate, Obi major, Buru,
Ceram, Amboina, Waigiu, Philippines, New Guinea).—Srreers, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 92 (Christmas Island).—BLExEKmEr, Verh.
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 18, No. 3, 1879, p. 1 (Mauritius).—Bov-
LENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 24 (Zanzibar, Mauritius,
Rodriguez, Andamans, China, Riu Kiu, East Indies, Philippines, Java,
Amboyna, Duke of York Island, Solomons, Aneiteum, Samoa, Fiji, Micro-
nesia, East Australia, Madagascar, Torres Straits, Seychelles, Moluccas).—
Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 485 (Thornton
Island).—STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900,
p. 414 (Batjan, Ternate).—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol.
3, 1901 p. 75 (Riu Kiu).—Rerean, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16,
No. 2, 1905, p. 829 (Persian Gulf), p. 331 (Muscat).—JorDaAN and SEALE,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 258 (Apia).—EVERMANN and
Seaue, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 75 (Bacon).—Ruaan, Journ.
Linn. Soe. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 222 (Maldives).—SEALE and
Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—Gi1L-
cHrist and THompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 22 (Dur-
ban).—SnypeEr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 497 (Okinawa).—
WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol 57, Fische, 1913, p. 204 (Seba, Savu; Lumulumu
and Kabaladua; Borneo Bank; Muaras Reef, Celebes Sea; Sanguisiapo,
Sulu Archipelago; Karkaralong Island; Salibabu; Salomakie; Saleyer; Bi-
nongka; Lucipara; Nalahia; Banda; Hoch Key; Roma; east point Timor;
Pepela Bay; Solor).—S8Aun, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 65
(Hong Kong).—Fow.emr and Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922,
p. 28 (Zamboanga).—Fow ter and SitvestEer, Marine Pap. Carnegie Inst.,
1922, p. 118 (Pago Pago).—Fow.teEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1923, p. 39 (Madagascar); Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 9 (Guam),
p. 33 (Samoa).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 483
(Natal coast).

Holocentrus merra LactpkpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 343, 384

(Japan).

Serranus merra LAy and BENNET, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fish, 1839, p. 52

(Loo Choo).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1829, p. 325 (Japan,
East Indies, Red Sea, Waigiu, Timor, Mauritius, Bourbon, Seychelles,
Borabora, Oualan).—Prtrrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235 (Mozam-
bique).—GuicHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—PrTERs,
Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 435 (Mauritius).—CAsTELNAU,
Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 3, 1878, p. (349) 365 (Port Jack-
son).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 255 (Thornton
Island and Apia, Samoa); 1925, p. 222 (Natal).—FowLreR and BatL,
Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p. 14 (Wake Island).—Fow ter, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 38, 1927, p. 14 (Fanning, Christmas, Jarvis, Tongareva,
Howland and Baker Islands).—FowueEr and BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 269

vol. 71, 1927, p. 6 (Poeloe Toekus Island, Sumatra).—Fow Ler, Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 181 (Society Islands, Apiang, Gilbert
Islands, Marshalls, Ebon Island, Ascension Island, Carolines, Ponapé,
Strong Island, Fiji, Samoa, Polynesia?, Tempe, Tahiti, Fanning Islands,
Apia, Solomons, Makemo, Rangiroa, Mangareva, Guam, Faté, Rarotonga,
Tubuai, Marcus Island, Wake Island, Thornton Island).

Serranus hexagonatus var. merra GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 141 (Singapore, China, Philippines, India).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc.
Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 262 (Nasugbu; Manila).—
Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 462 (Cavite Naie, Nasugbu).

Holocentrus hexagonatus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 323. Tahiti.

Perca hexagonata (FORESTER) ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 323
(name in synonymy).

Serranus hexagonatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1829, p. 330
(Borabora and Oualan); vol. 6, 1830, p. 516 (Carteret Harbor, New
Treland).—GuERINn, Iconogr. Régne Animal, Poiss., 1829-44, p. 3, pl. 4,
fig. 1 (Borabora and Oualan).—RicHarpson, Ichth. Voy. Sulphur, vol. 1,
1844, p. 82, pl. 38, fig. 1 (South Pacific).—Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes,
1849, p. 7 (Pinang Sea).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 503 (reference).—GuicHENotT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—
Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 25 (Hong Kong, Sydney,
Nicobars).—PLAYFAIR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 10 (Zanzibar; Great
Comoro).—KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 683
(Koseir, Red Sea).—Gitntuer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873,
p. 7, pl. 7, figs. a—b (Society Islands, all Polynesia).—Day, Fishes of India,
pt. 1, 1875, p. 14 (Andamans).—ALLEYNE and Mac.ukgay, Proce. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, vol. 1, 1876, p. 263 (Palm Islands, Queensland).—
MartTENSs, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 386 (Benkoelen, Sumatra;
Singapore; Amboina).—Prters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p.
435 (Mauritius).—Ginruemr, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 168,
1879, p. 470 (Rodriguez).—KArout1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5,
1882, p. 150 (Ceylon).—Mevrer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 8 (Manado, Celebes; Ternate; Kordo, Mysore).—Day,
Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 447.—Tuurston, Notes Pearl Fisher.
Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Pamban).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 281
(Port Darwin), p. 369 (Queensland).—WeBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis.
Australia, vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina).

Epinephelus hexagonatus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863,
p. 844 (Madagascar); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, pl. (23)
301, fig. 2.—PrELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224
(Diego-Suarez and Mubambo, Madagascar).

Serranus faveatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 329.
Seas of India, Mauritius, Ceylon.—GuicHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2,
1862, p. 23.

Serranus nigriceps VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 517.
No locality (on M. Gaimard).

Serranus confertes BENNETT, Life of Raffles, 1830, p. 686. Sumatra.

Serranus stellans RicHarpson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 23.
Melville Island on South side of Torres Straits.

Epinephelus stellans BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 54 (Amboina); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (54) 382, fig. 4.

Epinephelus stellatus SnypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498
(Okinawa).

270 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus reevesii RicHARDSON, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 232. Canton,

China.
Pomacentrus punctatus (RussELL) GUnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,

1859, p. 141. India. (Name in text).

Depth 2% to 3%; head 214 to 224, width 2% to 22%4. Snout 4%
to 514 in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 524, slightly greater than
snout in young and subequal with age, greater than interorbital at all
ages; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge in young, little beyond
with age, expansion 17g to 2 in eye, length 2% to 24 in head from.
snout tip; teeth fine, conic, in bands in jaws; pair of small, upper,
wide set canines, often double and inner row of teeth hinged and
those anteriorly inside longest; mandibular teeth several series in
front narrowing biserial posteriorly, inner row hinged, especially
inner front ones and pair of front canines often double; band of fine
teeth on each palatine and on vomer, none on tongue; nostrils
together, posterior little larger than front one to double its diameter;
interorbital 634 to 714 in head, slightly convex; hind preopercle edge
denticulate, some serrae at angle little larger; opercular spines 3,
upper most advanced, nearer median. Gill rakers 7+15, lanceolate,
equal gill filaments or 4 of eye; 5 above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 92 to 94 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12? more
on latter; tubes 48 to 52 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3
more on latter; 15 to 17 scales above lateral line, 27 to 31 below, 56
to 62 predorsal, 25 to 27 obliquely from lower hind eye edge to pre-
opercle angle; small auxiliary basal scales present, especially on head,
fewer on body; fins all more or less finely scaled, at least basally;
upper half of maxillary expansion scaly, scales in 5 to 9 rows trans-
versely. Scales with 6 or 7 basal radiating striae; 28 to 38 apical
denticles, with 4 or 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D. XI, 16,1, third spine 214 to 3 in total head length, first ray 244
to 224; A. III, 8, 1, second spine 2% to 3, fifth ray 2% to 244;
caudal 136 to 134, convexly rounded behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 324 to 424; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 2 to 2%.

Generally light brown, forming nearly whitish reticulating lines
around variably hexagonal, pentagonal or rounded deep brown
blotches. These latter very variable, sometimes several may be fused
to form longitudinal bands variably short or long. Sometimes several
groups of dark blotches may be emphasized along bases of dorsals
to show several dark saddle-like blotches. Often on belly white retic-
ulations may be broad as the spots which thus appear well separated.
Iris brown. On fins white reticulations or lines usually narrow, the
pectoral more finely spotted than the others, though it is very variable
as the dark spots sometimes formed extremely small.

Red Sea, Arabia, Persian Gulf, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal,
Mauritius, Réunion, Bourbon, Madagascar, Rodriguez, Seychelles,

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 27]

Maldives, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu,
China, Japan, East Australia, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia,
Polynesia. One of the most abundant as well as handsome of the

ee ee
mm. Am,
FIGURE 16.—SERRANUS MERRA (BLOCH), VARIATION

groupers of the Indo-Pacific. Boulenger gives the maximum size as
320 mm. but all our examples much smaller. It is often quite vari-
able and we have listed some examples under the variety stellans,

272 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

differing from the usual run of material chiefly in the presence of
contrasted black blotches on the back. These are usually as 4 blotches
along the bases of the dorsals, though in the very young at least one
at the last dorsal spines frequently greatly contrasted.

12246, 18932. Batan Island. June 5,1909. Length 165 to 187 mm.

19470. Batan Island. July 22,1909. Length 62 mm.

17431. Bulan Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13, 1909. Length
126 mm.

7250, 7251. Busbus Point, Siasi Island. September 20, 1909. Length 108 to
161 mm.

9846 to 9849. Cagayan, Sulu Archipelago. January 8, 1909. Length 113 to
187 mm.

12951, 12952. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4,1909. Length 169 to
173 mm.

10781. Dalaganem Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length
200 mm.

8148. Dasol Bay, west coast Luzon. May 9,1909. Length 161 mm.

SS
SS

FIGURE 17.—SERRANUS MERRA (BLOCH), VARIATION OR YOUNG STELLANS

14423. Gubat Sorgoson, east coast Luzon. June 23,1909. Length 215 mm.

21587. Guiniyan Island. June 4,1909. Length 115 mm.

6597. Hermana Mayor Island, west coast Luzon. May 8, 1909.

6954, 13982. Iloilo market. May 31,1908. Length 160 to 190 mm.

12535. Jolo market. February 13,1908. Length 158 mm.

18410, 18411, 18418. Limbones Cove, Luzon. January 17, 1908. Length 163
to 200 mm. :

5977, 14833, 22237. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 26,1908. Length 123 to
223 mm.

6046, 18537. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28,1908. Length 163 to 171 mm.

4736. Maricaban Island, Luzon. January 20, 1908. Length 155 mm.

12498, 12499. North west Verde Island. July 22,1908. Length 162 to 187 mm.

One example. Philippines, Length 213 mm. (107).

11205. Porongpong Island, Palumbanes Island. June 11, 1909. Length
188 mm.

10492. Port Maricaban. July 21,1908. Length 213 mm.

4612, 12655, 14256. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length 140 to 194 mm.

6135. Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island. April 5, 1909. Length 166 mm.

10755. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay. June 12, 1909. Length 173 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 273

12599, 12600, 13273. Rapurapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length 125 to
146 mm.

14095. Sabtan Island. November 8, 1908. Length 166 mm.

15705. Sanguisiapo Island, Sulu Archipelago, Tawi Tawi Group. February
24,1908. Length 172 mm. (287).

6617 to 6619, 22183, 22184. Simaluc Sibi Sibi Island. September 23, 1909.
Length 72 to 158 mm.

4654 to 4657, 18603, 20706. Tambul Sigambul, Tonquil Island, south of Zam-
boanga. September 14, 1909. Length 111 to 219 mm.

21898 to 21900. Tapiantana Island. September 13, 1909. Length 140 to
227 mm.

7155. Teomabul Island. September 18, 1909. Length 190 mm.

18771 to 18774. Tictauan Island. September 8,1909. Length 125 to 199 mm.

6649, 6650, 7918. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island, second anchorage. September 19,
1909. Length 181 to 202 mm.

13423. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1909.
Length 156 mm.

9704. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9,1909. Length 170 mm.

13551, 18552. Tanakeke Island, Flores Sea. December 21, 1909. Length 185
to 209 mm.

21489, 22682. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length 86 to
118 mm.

13294. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length 178 mm.

12801, 12942, 21547. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25, 1909.
Length 131 to 169 mm.

9955. Doc Can, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 104 mm.

1956. Tokyo market, Japan. 1896. Length 210 mm.

12885 to 12887. Apra Bay, Guam. November 19-21, 1907. Length 172 to
176 mm.

The following represent the variety stellans:

18415 to 18417. Limbones Cove, Luzon. January 17, 1908. Length 176 to
182 mm.

Forty-seven examples. Tomahu Island, vicinity Bouro Island, Dutch East
Indies. Length 40 to 87 mm.

Sixteen examples. Tomahu Island. December12, 1909. Length 41 to 63 mm.

SERRANUS AWOARA Schlegel

Serranus awoara SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Poiss., pt. 1, 1842, p. 9, pl. 3,
fig. 2. Japan.—RuicuHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 231 (Japan).—
GinrTueER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 150 (China).—Kwnmr,
Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 26 (Singapore).—STEINDACHNER
and DépERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 23
(Tokyo and China Sea).—Euerra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 46
(Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).

Epinephelus awoara BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 59 (on KNER).—BovuLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 230
(China).—JorpaNn and SnypEr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 74
(Nagasaki and Riu Kiu).—Jorpan and RicHarpson, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1909, p. 183 (Takao, Formosa); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 457, fig. 12 (Takao).—Jorpan and Mertz, Mem.
Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, 1913, p. 32 (Fusan, Korea).—Izuxa and
Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 153 (Tokyo).—Jorpan

274 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, 1922 (1926), p. 236
(Mikawa Bay; Miyazu Fukui).—Tanaka, Figs. Descript. Fishes Japan:
vol. 37, July 10, 1927, p. 693, pl. 108, fig. 442 (Saiki).

Depth 246; head 214, width 2. Snout 41% in head from snout tip;
eye 414, equals snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches
slightly beyond eye, expansion 134 in eye, length 2 in head from
snout tip; teeth in bands in jaws, inner upper larger and biserial
along sides of mandible; small teeth on vomer and palatines; pair of
canines in front of each jaw; interorbital 61%, slightly convex; hind
preopercle edge serrate, with 2 serrae dt angle little larger; opercle
with upper spine more distant from median than lowest, also most
forward. Gill rakers 8+ 16, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 2 in
eye; 4 upper and 4 lower rudimentary.

Scales 93 along lateral line to caudal base; tubes 60 in lateral line
to caudal base and 5 more on latter; 17 scales above lateral line, 28
below, 58 predorsal forward to front nostrils, about 20 rows across
cheek to propercle angle; maxillary scaleless. Vertical fins all more
or less finely scaled. Scales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae; 18 to
20 apical denticles, slender, 4 or 5 series transversely; circuli rather
coarse.

D. XI, 15,1, third spine 22 in total head length, first ray 224; A.
III, 8,1, second spine 33%, third ray 214; caudal 124, convex behind;
least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114; ventral 17%.

Largely uniform brownish. Two pairs of broad, darker brown
bands on body transversely, first from spinous dorsal and second
from soft dorsal, all extending on dorsal fins. Also fifth transverse
dark brown band on caudal peduncle. Caudal and pectoral mottled
with paler brown. Ventral and anal dusky brown.

China, Formosa, Korea, Japan, Riu Kiu. Reported by Elera from
the Philippines. The above description from a Japanese example in
the United States National Museum obtained by E. S. Morse in 1878,
length 127 mm.

SERRANUS CORALLICOLA Valenciennes

Serranus corallicola (KunuL and Van Hassett) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 336. No locality.—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875,
p- 20; Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 451.—WexpBeErR, Semon’s Zool.
Forch. Reis. Australia, vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina).—Fow.ter and Batu,
Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 26, 1925, p. 14 (Wake Island).—Fow.uzmr, Bishop
Mus. Bull., No. 388, 1927, p. 14 (Fanning and Christmas Islands); Mem.
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 181 (Shortland, Tubuai, Tahiti, Raiatea,
Mangareva, Rarotonga, Marcus Island, Makatea, Palmyra, Wake Island,
Apia).

a Neat corallicola BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 53 (Java, Singapore, Celebes, Amboina).—BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 236 (Malay Archipelago, Manado, Pelew Islands,
Mortlock, Ponapé, Greenwich, Howland Islands).—JorpaNn and SEALE,
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 259 (Apia).—Wepsmr, Siboga
Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 203 (Haingisi, Samar Island).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 275

Serranus miliaris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 520.
New Guinea.

Serranus altivelioides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc.), vol. 22, 1849,
p. 38. Batavia.—GinTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 127
(copied).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 23 (Singapore;
Madras).—E.LeErA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 461 (Samar).

Serranus altiveloides Mryerr, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14,
1885, p. 9 (North Celebes).

Epinephelus altiveliotdes BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, pl. (30) 308, fig. 1.

Serranus macrospilos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, 1855, p.
499. Batjan.—GitnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 149
(copied).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p.
9 (Manado, Celebes).

Epinephelus macrospilus BubEKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 22, pl. (12) 209, fig. 2 (Java, Celebes, Batjan, Solor, Amboina).

Serranus howlandi Giintuer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p.
8, pl. 9, fig. B. Howland Island and Tahiti.

Serranus cruentus Dp Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883,
p. 446. New Britain.

Depth 2% to 3; head 2144 to 244, width 216 to 2144. Snout 434 to
5% in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 6%, greater than snout in
young to 124 with age, always greater than interorbital; maxillary
reaches to or slightly beyond hind eye edge, expansion 114 to 126 in
eye, length 214 to 226 in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in
broad bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines but none on tongue, nar-
rowing to 3 or 2 rows posteriorly in mandible; nostrils together, pos-
terior greatly larger with age or its vertical diameter nearly equals
pupil; interorbital 6 to 634 in head, very slender, convex; hind pre-
opercle edge finely serrate in young, with spine at angle, serrae minute
or obsolete with age; opercular spines 3, lower little closer to median,
upper most advanced. Gill rakers 9+16, lanceolate, robust, little
less than gill filaments or 23¢ in eye; 9 above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 85 to 104 in lateral line to caudal base and 15 to 20 more on
latter; tubes 53 to 59 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more
on latter; 20 scales above lateral line, 25 to 31 below, 80 to 95 pre-
dorsal forward nearly to snout tip; 50 rows obliquely over cheek from
lower hind eye edge to preopercle angle; fins all minutely scaled over
greater portions basally; upper 24 of maxillary expansion scaly, scales
in about 14 transverse rows. Scales with 5 to 8 basal radiating striae;
8 to 10 apical denticles, compact in young, absent with age; circuli
moderately fine.

D. X or XI, 15, 1 or 16, 1, fourth spine 27% to 3% in total head
length, first ray 2144 to 324; A. III, 8, 1, second spine 314 to 4, fifth
ray 2% to 214; caudal 13% to 17%, convexly rounded behind; least
depth of caudal peduncle 33% to 324; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 1%
to 24%.

276 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In alcohol light sienna or brown, little paler below. Body and fins
everywhere with small round blackish spots, largest not over half
pupil and none greater in diameter than width of pale interspaces.
In young dark spots comparatively large and greatly fewer. Adult
with 4 or 5 dark obscure saddles along back at bases of dorsals, also
one may be present as saddle on caudal peduncle above; all saddles
appear as if underlaid, though little evident in young. Fins of adult
somewhat darker gray terminally. Pectoral sometimes with narrow
whitish margin. Iris brown.

India, Bengal Bay, East Indies, Philippines, Melanesia, Micronesia,
Polynesia. We follow Boulenger in retaining this species, though
Tanaka has merged it with Serranus fario (Thunberg). Although
Boulenger gives Serranus howlandi Giinther as a synonym it differs
from all our examples in the larger and closer set dark spots, also its
pectoral is largely unspotted, besides the fins are with greatly fewer
spots. We have much larger specimens than Boulenger gives, which
largest is385mm. Our materials agree entirely in the small size of the
spots, their distribution and in having the pectoral always entirely
spotted.

6511. Balikias Bay, China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. June17,1908. Length
287 mm.

14505. Biri Channel, Batag Island, east coast Luzon. June 2, 1909. Length
247 mm.

7814. Bugsuk Island, North Balabac Strait. January 5, 1909. Length 483
mm.

8802 to 8804. Butauanan Island. June 13, 1909. Length 284 to 479 mm.

8378. Calangaman Island, between Leyte and Cebu. March 16,1909. Length
446 mm.

7552. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December 23,
1908. Length 276 mm.

1702. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 140 mm.

11770. Tloilo market, Dloilo. June 2,1908. Length 166 mm.

8364. Malapascua Island, north of Cebu. March 16,1909. Length 298 mm.

6300, 6301. Manila market, Manila. June 13,1908. Length 236 to 246 mm.

9335. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao Island. August 21,1909. Length 445 mm.

5903. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length 214 mm. (99). Brownish
or slaty with numerous darker spots. Soft verticals become darker vertically,
narrowly edged with white.

8790. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast of Luzon. June 12, 1909.
Length 261 mm.

A1465. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 363 mm.

SERRANUS CAERULEO-PUNCTATUS (Bloch)

Holocentrus caeruleo-punctatus Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790,
p. 94, pl. 241, fig. 2. No locality—WatsBavum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792,
p. 646 (on BLocu).—Lacfrmpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 340,
384 (on Buocg).

Serranus caeruleopunctatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828,
p. 366 (no locality).—PrtTprs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 108
(type).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 224 (Natal).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 277

Serranus caeruleo-punctatus FowLErR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 183
(Shortland and Marquesas Islands).

Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1895, p. 246 (Zanzibar, Mauritius, Ceylon, Philippines, Seychelles, Borneo,
Malay Archipelago, Amboina, Ponapé).—Snyprr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 42, 1912, p. 414 (Tanegashima), p. 498 (Okinawa).—WeEBER, Siboga
Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 205 (Lirung, Saleyer, Nusa Laut).—PEL-
LEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224 (Diego-Suarez,
Madagascar).—Rera@an, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 2, 1917-20, p. 197 (Dur-
ban, Natal).—McCuttocna, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46,
pt. 4, 1921, p. 468 (Two Islands and Palm Islands, Queensland; New
Hebrides; New Caledonia; Bougainville Island; Batavia).—FOwLER,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1923, p. 39 (Madagascar).—BARNARD,

FIGURE. 18.—SERRANUS CAERULEO-PUNCTATUS (BLOCH), YOUNG

Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 485 (Natal coast).

Serranus (Epinephelus) caeruleopunctatus ZUGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad.
Wiss., Math.-Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Oman).

Serranus leucostigma (KHRENBERG) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2,
1828, p. 346. Massauah, Red Sea.—KuunzinceEr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges.
Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 677 (Red Sea).—Marrtens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-
Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 387 (Amboina River).

Serranus summana (part) Rtprety, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828,
p. 104 (note).

Serranus sumana KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 685 (Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Serranus dermochirus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 518.
Coromandel.—GuIcHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—Day,
Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 2 (Malabar); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,

278 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1889, p. 453.—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257
(Padang material).

Epinephelus dermochirus FowuEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser.
2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 524 (Padang).

Serranus hoevenit BLEBKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc.), vol. 22, 1849,
p- 36. Batavia.—GinrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 138
(Amboina).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 3
(Zanzibar and Mombasa).—GitntTuemr, Cruise of Curacgoa, Brenchley, 1873,
p-. 410 (Misol, Molueccas).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 449.—
Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 498
(Zanzibar; Majunga, West Madagascar).—BouLrNGER, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1892, p. 184 (Muscat).—WerBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis.
Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina).

Epinephelus hoevenit BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 63, pl. (4) 282, fig. 1, pl. (8) 286, fig. 3, pl. (12) 290, fig. 4 (Sumatra, Nias,
Java, Borneo, Bawean, Timor, Sangi, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina,
Goram).

Serranus kunhardtti BLhEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, 1851, p.
169. Padang, west Sumatra.

Serranus tumilabris (not VALENCIENNES) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875,
p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Serranus diacanthus (not VALENCIENNES) STEINDACHNER and DO6ODERLEIN,
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, 1883, p. 231 (Tokyo, Nagasaki, Hong
Kong).

Serranus outalibi (not VALENCIENNES) KEnt, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, pp.
281, 369 (Queensland).

Depth 3% to 34; head 214 to 24%, width 22% to3. Snout 414 to 5
in head from snout tip; eye 514 to 64%, 1% to 1% in snout, greater
than interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to or till opposite hind eye edge,
expansion 114 to 144 in eye, length 226 to 24% in head from snout tip;
teeth in broad villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines, in
mandible about 10 irregular rows which finally narrow to single row
posteriorly; no canines; hind nostril greatly larger than front one,
especially with age, when its diameter sometimes 24 of pupil; inter-
orbital 8 to 9, nearly level or slightly convex; hind preopercle edge
with extremely minute serrae, obsolete with age; opercular spines 3,
lower closer to median, uppermost most advanced. Gillrakers 10+ 17,
lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 214 in eye.

Scales 98 to 102 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more
on latter; tubes 51 to 65 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3
more on latter; 17 or 18 scales above lateral line, 22 below, 85 to 100
predorsal forward to snout end, 31 or 32 rows of scales obliquely over
cheek from lower hind eye edge to preopercle angle; many of large
scales with numerous minute basal auxiliary scales, often appearing
imbedded; fins finely scaled over greater basal portions; maxillary usu-
ally naked, sometimes with small patch of small scales terminally
above. Scales with 6 to 11 basal radiating striae; 28 to 38 apical
denticles, with 7 or 8 transverse series, pressed together, only apparent
with age; circuli moderately fine.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 279

D. XI, 15,1, third spine 33s to 324 in total head length, sixth ray
234 to 2%; A. III, 8,1, second spine 334 to 41%, fourth ray 27% to
234; caudal 14% to 2, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle
3% to 4; pectoral 134 to 1%; ventral 214 to 234.

Dark sienna brown, finely spotted grayish to whitish, spots small,
close, though variably set and distributed and extending over vertical
fins. Adults with large, pale blotches about size of eye, irregular
and placed close, numerous, often embracing large number of smaller
pale spots. In small or young examples small pale spots usually
absent or not numerous and larger white spots relatively smaller, less
numerous, also much more contrasted. Blackish brown band very
distinct in maxillary groove. Iris brownish. Fins all largely with
dusky, especially terminally.

Red Sea, Arabia, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Natal, Mauritius, Réunion,

FIGURE 19.—SERRANUS CAERULEO-PUNCTATUS (BLOCH), YOUNG

Kiu, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia. We have no examples quite
so large as Boulenger’s maximum of 560 mm. The species is well
distinguished by the blackish streak in the maxillary groove, the
white spots and its uniformly fine teeth.

8164. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6,1909. Length 405 mm.

8678. Batag Island, west near Leung Point, east coast of Luzon. June 2, 1909.
Length 355 mm.

21852. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length 120
mm. (1304.)

5399. Cebu market. April 7, 1908. Length 187 mm.

21766. Cebu market. March 20,1909. Length 113 mm.

17018. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length 97 mm.

5962. Little Santa Cruz Island. March 26,1908. Length 283 mm.

8449. Mactan Island, opposite Cebu. March 25,1909. Length 320 mm.

One example. Mactan Island. August 28,1909. Length 39 mm.

8061. Mompog Island, vicinity Marinduque. March 3,1909. Length 283 mm.

88137—30 19

280 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

9295. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao Island. August 9,1909. Length 392 mm.

Sevenexamples. Nogas Point, Panay. February 4,1908. Length 24 to 90 mm.

21580 to 21582. Pilas Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12, 1909.
Length 35 to 93 mm. 4 examples.

6560. Port Maricaban, China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. July 21, 1908.
Length 530 mm.

11605, 11606. Sablayan, Mindoro Island. December 12, 1908. Length 70 to
123 mm.

22459. Sablayan. December 13,1908. Length 53 mm.

9115, 9127, 9128. San Roque, LeyteIsland. July 29,1909. Length 283 to 508
mm.

Four examples. Simaluc Island. September 22,1909. Length 92 to 110 mm.

6620 to 6622. Simaluc Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 23,
1909. Length 119 to 151 mm.

7847. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7,1909. Length 472 mm.

6451. Tilig Bay, Lubang Island, vicinity southern Luzon. July 15, 1908.
Length 490 mm.

SERRANUS SUMMANA (Forskal)

Perca summana ForskKA&u, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. x1, 42. Arabia.—
BonNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 182 (Red Sea).—Gwmu in, Syst. Nat.
Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1817 (Arabia).—Wa.tsavum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3,
1792, p. 845 (on ForsKAt).

Bodianus summana ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 334 (Red Sea).

Pomacentrus summana LactprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, p. 511
(Arabia).

Serranus summana Rtpre.t, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 104
(note).—LEFEBVRE, Voy. Abyssinie, Zool. vol. 6, 1845, p. 229, pl. 5, fig. 1
(Massuah).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 137 (Red
Sea).—P.uayrralir, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Zanzibar).—
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 685 (Koseir, Red
Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 21, pl. 4, fig. 4 (Andamans).—
K.uunNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 5, pl. 2, figs. 1-2.—Day, Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 453.—Fow.urEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1927, p. 275 (Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p.
183 (Rarotonga, Makatea, Society Islands).

Epinephelus summana BuEEkER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 61 (Sumatra, Celebes, Buton, Buru, Amboina).—SavvaceE, Hist. Nat.
Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 63.—BouLEeNGarER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol.
1, 1895, p. 248 (Red Sea, Massauah, Zanzibar, Malay Archipelago, Borneo,
Java, Manado, North Celebes, Amboina, Ponapé).—STEINDACHNER, Abh.
Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 414 (Ternate).—BorsiERI,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 1, 1904, p. 189 (Massaua).—
SnypeR, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).—
WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 205 (Saleyer, Huingsisi).—
Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913, p. 111 (Saonek, Waigiu).—
Fow.er and Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922, p. 27 (Zamboanga).

Holocentrus ongus Buocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 69, pl.
234. Japan.—Wa sav, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 644 (on BLocn).—
Forster, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 16.—ScuneErpeErR, Syst. Ichth. Bloch,
1801, p. 314 (Java).—Lacfpkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 338,
380 (Japan).

Serranus ongus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 102 (type).

Epinephelus ongus Buerker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
64 (Sumatra, Duizend Islands, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Amboina).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 28]

Serranus reticulatus (Kut and Van Hassett) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p, 323. Java.

Serranus reticularis GinTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 150
(copied).

Serranus tumilabrus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 346.
Seychelles—GitnrtueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 139 (no
locality).—Puayratir, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Aden).—
Tuurston, Notes Pearl Fisher. Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Tuticorin).

Serranus alboguttatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 366.
Sea of the Indies.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 129
(Amboyna).

Epinephelus albogutiatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, pl. (6) 284, fig. 1.

Serranus bataviensis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Percoid.), vol. 22,
1849, p. 38. Batavia.—Gutnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p.
129 (Amboyna).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (4) 282, fig. 2—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 16,
1885, p. 9 (Manado, Celebes).

FIGURE 20.—SERRANUS SUMMANA (FORSKAL), YOUNG

Serranus polystigma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 4, 1853, p.
244. Benculen, Sumatra.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 129 (copied).

Epinephelus polystigma BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (7) 285, fig. 4.

?Serranus flavogutlatus Peters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235. Mozambique.

Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (part) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland.,
vol. 7, 1876, p. 62.

Depth 21% to 314; head 22% to 214, width 24% to 224. Snout 34¢
to 5in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 5Mo, 1 to 1% in snout, greater
than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, expan-
sion 114 to 134 in eye, length 24% to 214 in head from snout tip;
teeth in rather broad bands, mandibulars in 5 rows anteriorly, nar-
rowing to 3 and finally 2 rows; pair of canines in front of each jaw,
often double; moderate bands of firie teeth on vomer and palatines;

282 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

interorbital 7 to 9%, nearly level; hind preopercle edge with very
minute serrae; opercular spines 3, median nearer lower. Gill rakers
9+15, rather clavate, little less than gill filaments or 14 of eye; 8
above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 96 to 98 in lateral line to caudal base and 15 to 18 more on
latter; tubes 33 to 38 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more
on latter; 14 to 16 scales above lateral line, 33 to 38 below, 60 to 87
predorsal, 25 to 33 rows across cheek; body scales all with numerous
fine basal auxiliary scales; fins all more or less finely scaled basally ;
maxillary naked or with small patch of scales on expansion above.
Scales with 7 to 9 basal radiating striae; 27 to 35 apical denticles,
with 5 to 6 transverse series; circuli fine.

FIGURE 21.—SERRANUS SUMMANA (FORSKAL), VARIATION

D. XI, 15,1 or 14, 1, third spine 2% to 3 in total head length,
first ray 244 to 3; A. III, 8,1, second spine 31% to 4, fourth ray 214
to 214; caudal 134 to 2, convex behind; least depth of caudal pedun-
cle 324 to 334; pectoral 134 to 134; ventral 2 to 225.

Body brown, marked with numerous small, grayish white spots,
rounded and on head, back, sides and tail usually formed as slightly
undulated and often slightly inclined series of pale streaks, very
variable. Often large pale blotches present. All vertical fins and
ventral basally, often pectoral less conspicuously, finely spotted with
gray white; especially contrasted on soft vertical fins, which darker
or dusky subterminally and with narrow whitish edges. Iris yellow-
ish. Dusky or blackish streak in groove of maxillary.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 283

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Madagascar, Seychelles,
India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Japan, Micronesia, Poly-
nesia. Reaches 330 mm. according to Boulenger. Besides the dark
streak in the maxillary groove the body is marked with multitudi-
nous small, crowded, whitish spots or dots.

8137. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 250 mm.

17755. Balikias Bay, Lubang Island. July 17,1908. Length 180 mm.

8869. Buang Bay, Talajit Island. March 15,1909. Length 176 mm.

18726. Butauanan Island, east coast Luzon. June 13,1909. Length 150 mm.

5886. Calangaman Island, between Leyte and Cebu. March 16, 1909. Length
226 mm.

15055, 15273. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length
193 to 210 mm.

8029. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao, Chica Island, vicinity Marinduque. February
24,1909. Length 251 mm.

9330. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15,1908. Length 83 mm. (539).

One example. Cebu market. March 22,1909. Length 55 mm.

5370. Cebu market. April 5, 1908. Length 220 mm.

11340, 11341. Cebu market. April 4, 1908. Length 120 to 136 mm. (501, 500).

Two examples. Cebu market. August 26,1909. Length 49 to 59 mm.

9254, 9255. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length 215 to
225 mm.

16638. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 226 mm.

6813, 7388, 9106, 9108. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July
28,1909. Length 150 to 265 mm.

5167. Jolo market. March 6,1908. Length 265 mm.

22055, 22056. Langao Point, Luzon. June 24,1909. Length 65 to 84 mm.

16002. Mactan Cove, Mactan Island, off northern Cebu. April6,1908. Length
89 mm.

11239. Mactan Island, Cebu. March 25,1909. Length 175 mm.

One example. Mactan Island.” August 31,1909. Length 71 mm.

7233. Masinloc Bay, Zambales, off western Luzon. November 22, 1908.
Length 295 mm.

6245, 6264, 6265. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length
250 to 300 mm.

(17632). Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March3,1909. Length 205mm.

17280. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24,1909. Length 167 mm.

8875. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length 280 mm.

21567, 21568. Northwest Verde Island. July 22,1908. Length 93 to 115 mm.

One example. Oyster Inlet, Ulugan Bay. December 28,1908. Length 92 mm.

7979, 12467. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20,1909. Length 188 to 303 mm.

One example. Philippines. Length 200 mm. (107).

5902. Polloc, Mindanao Island. May 22, 1908. Length 225 mm. Brown,
abundantly spotted above and on verticals pale. Spots fusing on lower side
into irregular stripes. Lower head and breast without spots, paler than
upper parts. Margin of soft vertical fins almost white, nearly black sub-
marginally.

6554, 6574, 10482, 21145. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21, 1908.
Length 91 to 272 mm.

13373. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23,1908. Length 188 mm.

18629. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10,1909. Length 182 mm.

5687. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length 269 mm.

284 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

21882. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi Group. September 21,
1909. Length 81 mm.

10887. Tilig, Lubang. July 15, 1908. Length 160 mm.

8691. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909. Length 67 mm.

229. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29,1908. Length 90 mm. (987).

6634, 9249. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length 230 to 305 mm.

20469. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September
27, 1909. Length 96 mm.

19888. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum, Trusan Tando Bulong, British North
Borneo. January 6, 1910. Length 121 mm.

867. Limbe Strait, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. November 10, 1909. Length
328 mm.

13660. Sadaa Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 17, 1909. Length
191 mm.

831, 21524. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 45
to 297 mm.

13057, 21197. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length 65
to 1380 mm.

SERRANUS FUSCO-GUTTATUS (Forskal)

Perca summana fusco-guttata ForskAu, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xi, 42.
Suerens, Djedda.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1317
(Arabia).

Serranus fuscoguttatus Rtppreuty, Atlas Reis. noérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828,
p. 108, pl. 27, fig. 2 (Red Sea).—Prtmrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235
(Mozambique).—GtnTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 127
(Port Essington).—Kwnemr, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 5, 1865, p. 22
(Australia).—GuicHEenot, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Cherbourg, ser. 2, vol.
2, 1866, p. 148 (Madagascar).—Martens, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 16, 1866, p. 378 (Musa Elei, Red Sea).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzi-
bar, 1866, p. 5 (Zanzibar).—GutnrTuErR, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol.
20, 1867, p. 57 (East Africa, Hope Islands, Port Essington, Port Denison,
Cape York).—K.uunzincER, Verh. zool., bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870,
p. 684 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 22, pl. 5,
fig. 3 (Sind).—ALLEYNE and Macturay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 1, 1876, p. 264 (Cape Grenville, Queensland).—KARo.I,
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149 (Yokohama).—K.uvun-
ZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 4.—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1,
1889, p. 454.—Prarson, Rep. Gov. Marine Biol. Ceylon, 1912-13, pt. 4,
p. E13 (between Chilaw and Ceylon); 1914, p. E2 (between Talawilla
and Chilaw).—Fow Ler, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 38, 1927, p. 14 (Fanning
Islands); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 183, pl. 15, fig. A
(Palmyra, Ponapé, Gilbert Islands, Ebon Island, Makemo).

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus BLREKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 57, pl. (29) 307, fig. 3 (Singapore, Java, Bawean, Timor,
Ternate, Waigiu).—BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 249 (Mauritius, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Borneo, Philippines, Hope
Island, Tongatabu, Samoa, Greenwich Island, Meduro).—STEINDACHNER,
Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 413 (Ternate).—
JorpAN and EverMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1902, p. 341
(Formosa).—REGAN, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2,
1905, p. 329 (Persian Gulf).—Jorpan and Seae, Bull. Bur. Fisher.,
vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 259 (Apia).—WesBemrR, Siboga Exp., vol. 57,
Fische, 1913, p. 206 (Salonakie, Saleyer Huingsisi)—Reaan, Ann.
Durban Mus., vol. 2, 1917-20, p. 197 (Durban, Natal).—Fow.er and

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 285

Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922, p. 28 (Cebu).—BaRnarp,
Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 485 (Natal coast, Delagoa
Bay).

Serranus horridus (Kunut and Van HassevtT) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat-
Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 321. Java.—Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257 (Padang material).

Epinephelus horridus FowuER, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2,
vol. 12, 1904, p. 524 (Padang).

Serranus taeniocheirus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 518.
No locality (on GAIMARD).

Serranus lutra VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 8, 1831, p. 474. Mau-
ritius.—GutnrTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 126 (copied).

FIGURE 22.—SERRANUS FUSCO-GUTTATUS (FORSKAL), YOUNG

Epinephelus lutra SauvaaeE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 70, pl. 7,
fig. 3.

Serranus lebretonianus HomBRON and JacquinotT, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol.
3, 1853, p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 8. No locality.

Serranus goliath Peters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p.237. Mossimboa, Mozam-
bique.

Serranus microdon BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 11, 1856,
p. 86. Batavia.

Epinephelus microdon BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 57, pl. (3) 281, fig. 3 (Batavia).

286 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus hexagonatus var. merra (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 141.

Sebastes meleagris Petrers, Arch. Naturg., 1865, p. 392.

Serranus dispar Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 2-3.
Seychelles and Zanzibar.—Gtnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1,
1873, p. 9 (Marshall Group).—CastrLnau, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 3, 1878, p. (849) 365 (Port Jackson).

Depth 2% to 3; head 214 to 214, width 2% to 224. Snout 4% to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 534 to 77%, 1% to 14 in snout, little
ereater than interorbital in young; maxillary reaches eye diameter
beyond eye, expansion 1 to 1% in eye, length 2 to 2% in head from
snout tip; teeth fine, outer row in each jaw moderate; along sides of
mandible 2 inner rows of depressible teeth, innermost row longest;
small teeth on vomer and palatines; hind nostril greatly enlarged at
all ages, large as pupil; interorbital 6% to 714 in head from snout
tip, very slightly convex; preopercle edge finely serrated, without
spines at angle; 2 opercular spines, lower little advanced, if third
upper present usually obsolete. Gill rakers 13+17, all short trun-
cate, with coarse prickles, shorter than gill filaments, which 34 of eye;
8 or 9 above and below rudimentary.

Scales 75 to 90 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 13 more on
latter; tubes 58 to 62 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more
on latter; 15 to 22 scales above, 27 to 32 below, 75 to 78 predorsal,
35 to 37 rows across cheek to preopercle edge; scales smooth, small
or minute on head and fins; maxillary with 34 of expansion finely
scaled. Scales with 8 to 16 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. XI, 14, 1 or 15,1, third spine 314 to 3% in total head length,
fifth ray 226 to 246; A. III, 8,1, third spine 41% to 5, fifth ray 244
to 27%; caudal 2 to 21%, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle
3144 to 3%; pectoral 1% to 21%; ventral 24% to 2%.

Brown, with large darker spots, blotches and markings or marblings.
Indistinct dusky streak across opercle above. Jaws with three broad
dusky transverse bands. Indistinct broken blackish streaks along
back, more or less broken into reticulations. Five large blackish
saddle-like blotches across back, first four at bases of dorsal fins and
last deeply colored on caudal peduncle above. Indistinct broad trans-
verse bands across haemal region. Lower surface of body more or
less marbled and with some paler markings than upper surface.
Inside gill opening brownish. Iris brownish green. Marginal portions
of vertical fins dusky or blackish. Markings on spinous dorsal diffuse
and indistinct, other fins with rather large spots of blackish brown,
paler basally and in transverse series on caudal. Paired fins spotted,
also in more or less transverse series, with pale and whitish reticulated
lines between.

Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Mauritius,
Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, For-

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 287

mosa, China, Japan, Queensland, Micronesia, Polynesia. The species
is very variable in coloration. Some specimens are finely spotted
with dark brown all over the lower surface of the head and body.
According to Boulenger reaches 900 mm. Our materials seem to
show two fairly constant variations of color. In the first the throat
is with cross bars, the dark blotch on the caudal peduncle small and
the spots on the body relatively small. The second variation is with-
out cross bars, spot on caudal peduncle very large and spots on body
large and hexagonal. As evidences of intergradation occur we have
not attempted to list this material according to color variations.

8079. Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 541 mm.
5670. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 23,1908. Length 246 mm.
8801. Butauanan Island, east coast of Luzon. June 12,1909. Length 317 mm.
17178. Butauanan Island. June 13, 1909. Length 232 mm.
5368. Cebu market, Cebu. April 5, 1908. Length 222 mm.
5430. Cebu market. April 7, 1908. Length 237 mm.
A1529. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 367 mm.
7531, 7533, 7587. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 23, 1908.
Length 273 to 387 mm.
21588. Guiniyan Island, east coast of Luzon. June 4, 1909. Length 150 mm.
A474. Isabel, Basilan Island, south of Zamboanga. September 11, 1909.
Length 287 mm.
4841. Jolo market. February 12, 1908. Length 267 mm.
22374. Maculabo Island, east coast of Luzon. June 14, 1909. Length 87 mm.
(1662).
16914. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length 131 mm.
8600. Matnog Bay, east coast of Luzon. May 31, 1909. Length 390 mm.
6266. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 285 mm.
8060. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March 3,1909. Length 390 mm.
9031, 9032. Nabatas Point, Samar Island. July 24, 1909. Length 294 to
380 mm.
5283. Romblon Harbor. March 25,1908. Length 172 mm.
7313. Sablayan Bay, Mindoro Island. December 12,1908. Length 427 mm.
21912. Sirinao Island, reef, Nakoda Bay, Palawan Island. December 31, 1908.
Length 184 mm.
4948. Tataan, Tawi Tawi Group. February 20,1908. Length 268 mm.
4952. Tataan. February 21,1908. Length 351 mm.
228. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 29, 1908. (989.) Length 175
mm.
A695. Si Amil Islands, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 26, 1909.
Length 425 mm.
A1076. Maitara Island, Dodinga Bay, Gillolo Island. November 26, 1909.
Length 450 mm.
SERRANUS TAUVINA (Forskal)
Perca tauvina ForskAu, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xi, 39. Djedda, Red
Sea.—BonnaTERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 131 (Red Sea).—GmMELIn, Syst.
Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1316 (Arabia).—Watsavum, Artedi Pisc., vol.
3, 1792, p. 340 (on ForsKAL).
Holocentrus tauvinus Sucxow, Naturg., vol. 4, 1799, p. 523 (Arabia).—
Lac&épkpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 338, 380 (Arabia).
Holocentrus tauvina SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 321 (Arabia).

288

BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus tauwvina KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 28, 1870, p.
683 (Koseir, Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 3. —
Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 225 (Durban Bay);
1927, p. 275 (Orion, Philippines).—Fow.er and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat:
Mus., vol. 71, 1927, p. 6 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop
Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 182, fig. 42 (Palmyra; type of Serranus
phaeostigmaeus).

Serranus (Epinephelus) tauvina ZoaMay#ErR, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-
Phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, 1913, p. 10 (Oman).

Epinephelus tuavina BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 244
(Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal, Muscat, Fao, Ceylon, Madras, Vizagapatam,
Bengal, Singapore, Malay Archipelago, Borneo, Formosa, Amoy, China,
Ponapé, North Celebes, Amboina, Pelew Islands, Port Essington, Port
Denison, Port Bowen, Java).—JorpAN and EverRMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 25, 1902, p. 341 (Keerun, Formosa).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 85 (Tonkin).—Re«ean, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, 1905, p. 329 (Persian Gulf).—JorpAN and
SEALE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 781 (Negros); Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 20 (Cavite).—EvreRMANN and SEALE, Bull-
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 75 (Bacon).—SEALE and BEAN, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 242 (Zamboanga).—RerEaan, Ann. Natal
Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, 1908, p. 244 (Congella).—JorpAN and RICHARDSON,
Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1909, p. 183 (Takao).—GILcuRIstT and
TuHompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 220 (Natal).—
SnypmR, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).—WEBER,
Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 205 (Haingsisi, Makasser).—REGAN,
Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 1914-17, p. 167 (Durban).—Barnarp, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 484 (Natal coast).

Serranus micronotatus RtprEtui, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 90. Mas-
sauah, Red Sea.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 137
(copied).—KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 20, 1870, p. 685
(Red Sea).

Serranus summana var. micronotatus KossMAN and RAvusBeErR, Zool. Ergebn.
Reise Roth. Meer., 1877, p. 7 (Red Sea).

Epinephelus micronotatus BOULENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
246 (copied).

Serranus abdominalis Prtmrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 237. Mozambique.

Serranus chabaudi CastELNAu, Mem. Poiss. Afrique Australe, 1861, p. 3.
Mouth of Zwartkops River.

Homalogrystes gunthert ALLEYNE and Mactunray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, vol. 1, 1876, p. 269, pl. 9, fig. 3. About 12 miles south of New
Guinea coast at Katow.

Serranus estuarius MAcLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883,
p. 200. Mary River, Queensland.

Epinephelus estuaritus OainBpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 1, 1911, p. 50
(Mary River).

Serranus phaeostigmaeus FowuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907,
p. 255, fig. 2. Hawaiian Islands.

Depth 31% to 324; head 214 to 2%, width 2% to 244. Snout 44%
to 41% in head from snout tip; eye 526 to 72s, 14% to 134 in snout,
greater than interorbital in young to 114 in interorbital with age;
maxillary extends well beyond eye, expansion 114 to 124, length 214

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 289

to 21% in head from snout tip; teeth in narrow bands in jaws in young,
triserial in front of mandible but becoming biserial laterally, though
in young largely biserial; pair of small canines in front of each jaw;
band of fine teeth on vomer and each palatine; hind nostril becomes
twice size of front nostril with age, though always much less than
pupil; interorbital 47% to 634 in head from snout tip, level; hind pre-
opercle edge denticulate; median opercular spine nearer lower, which
anterior and most advanced. Gill rakers 10+15, lanceolate, equal
gill filaments or 13 in eye; 8 above and 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 84 to 108 in lateral line to caudal base and 11 to 15 on latter;
tubes 57 to 60 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on
latter; 17 to 19 scales above lateral line, 28 or 29 below, 66 to 70
predorsal, 36 to 38 rows across cheek; body scales with numerous,
fine, basal, auxiliary scales, and fins all finely scaled basally; upper
half of maxillary expansion finely scaled. Scales with 5 or 6 basal
radiating striae; 10 to 25 apical denticles with 11 or 12 transverse
series; circuli fine.

D. XI, 15,1 or 16,1, fourth spine 3 to 334 in total head length,
first ray 21% to 34%; A. III, 8, 1, second spine 3% to 624, fourth ray
214 to 21%; caudal 124 to 144, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 334 to 334; pectoral 144 to 2; ventral 24% to 244.

Brown, little paler on belly and lower surfaces. Back with six
obscure darker band-like blotches. Body, head, and fins with well-
spaced blackish spots, variably distributed, but always smaller on
fins. Spots more sparse in young, increase with age.

Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and East Africa to the East Indies,
Philippines, China, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Hawaii.
According to Boulenger reaches 1270mm. Wehaveretained Forskal’s
name Perca tauvina for the form usually with fine dark spots on the
fins, numerous and greatly smaller than in Serranus malabaricus.
8080. Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length 425 mm.

22871. Davao, Mindanao. May 16,1908. Length 128 mm.
6953. Iloilo market. May 31,1908. Length 211 mm.
6299, 20649. Manila market. June 13,1908. Length 149 to 315 mm.

6304, 10625 to 10627. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 114 to 384 mm.
12409, 12411. Manila market. June 25,1908. Length 118 to 173 mm.

SERRANUS MALABARICUS (Schneider)

Holocentrus malabaricus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 319, pl. 63.
Tranquebar.

Serranus malabaricus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 2.—
PEARSON, Rep. Marine Biol. Ceylon, 1912-13, pt. 4, p. E13 (Cheval Paar
Group, North Cheval Paar, between Muttuvaratu and Talavilla).

Epinephelus malabaricus SAuvaGcE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p.
67.—JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 19
(Cavite).

Holocentrus pantherinus Lachpkpn, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 345
389; vol. 3, 1802, pl. 27, fig. 3. No locality (on CoMMERSON).

290 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Serranus pantherinus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1829, p. 333
(Fort Dauphin, Madagascar).—GvuicuEmNnot, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Cher-
bourg, ser. 2, vol. 2, 1866, p. 145 (Madagascar).—Day, Fauna Brit.
India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 451.—Weserr, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral.,
vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Thursday Island, Queensland).

Epinephelus pantherinus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863,
p. 344 (Madagascar); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 51
(Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Java, Madura, Borneo,
Celebes, Timor, Batjan, Amboina, Philippines); Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet.
Amsterdam, vol. 14, ser. 2, 1874, p. 78 (Philippines).

Holocentrus salmoides Lac&rekpn, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 346,
389; vol. 3, 1802, pl. 34, fig. 3. Grand Ocean (Indo-Pacific).

Serranus salmonoides VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p.
343 (Mauritius, Seychelles, Red Sea, Suez).—Prtmrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855,
p. 235 (Mozambique).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 128 (Mauritius, Red Sea, India).—Kuunzinamr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges.
Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 682 (Koseir).—KossMANN and RAivseEr, Zool.
Ergebn. Reise Roth. Meer., 1877, p. 7 (Red Sea).—Kuunzinesmr, Fische
Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 5.—Meynmr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (Rubi, New Guinea).—BovuLrENnGsEr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1887, p. 237 (Muscat, Arabia).

Serranus salmoides Day, Fishes of India, 1875, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 3 (Andamans;
India); Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 452.—Tuursron, Pearl Fisher.
Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Tuticorin)—WersBEr, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Geogr. &
Biol., vol. 10, No. 2, 1897, p. 142 (Illovo River mouth, Natal).

Bola? coioides BUuCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, 1822, pp. 82, 369.
Large Gangetic estuaries.

Serranus cotoides Cantor, Cat. Mayalan Fishes, 1850, p. 11. Pinang Sea;
Singapore.

Serranus maculosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 332.
No locality.

Serranus bontoo VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 334.
Vizagapatam (on Madinawa bontoo RussE.u, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2,
1808, p. 22, pl. 128, Vizagapatam and Madras).—CanrTor, Cat. Malayan
Fishes, 1850, p. 11 (Pinang Sea).—Gtnruer, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1859, p. 188 (Ceylon).—Day, ’Fishes of Malabar, 1867, p. 3.—
KArout, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149 (Ceylon).

Serranus suillus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 335.
Coromandel.—GinTHEerR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 129
(Philippines).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1867, p. 5 (Zanzibar).—
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (north
Celebes).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888,
p. 282 (Cebu).—E.pra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 461 (Cebu).

Serranus semipunctatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 341.
Pondicherry.—GitntTuHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 114
(copied).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 20 (Pondicherry); Fauna
Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 452.

Serranus crapao CuviERr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1829, p.494. Batavia.—
Ricuarpson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 25 (Australia).—
GinrueER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 187 (Port Essington) .—
Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 255 (Singapore).—
ALLEYNE and Macuray, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, 1876,
p. 264 (Long Island in Torres Straits).—KArou1, Termesz. Fizetek,
Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149 (Singapore).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 29]

Epinephelus crapao BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
pl. (8) 286, fig. 1.—Sauvaaeg, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5,
1881, p. 104 (Swatow, China).

Serranus diacopeformis BENNETT, Life of Raffles, 1830, p. 686. Sumatra.

Serranus shihpan Ricuarpson, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 231. Canton,
China.

Serranus variegatus RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 231. China
Seas, Canton.

Serranus polypodophilus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Pere.), vol. 22,
1849, p. 37. Batavia.—KLuNzINGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol.
80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 334 (Cleveland Bay, Queensland).

Epinephelus polypodophilus BuerKxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 59, pl. (5) 283, fig. 1 (Java, Singapore, Banka, Celebes,
Amboina).

Serranus jansenit BLEEKeER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, 1857, p.
376. Sangi Island.

Epinephelus jansent BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76,
p. 51, pl. (11) 289, fig. 5 (Sangi Island).

FIGURE 23.—SERRANUS MALABARICUS (SCHNEIDER), YOUNG

Serranus diacanthus (part) GUntuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
ps LO:

Serranus gilberti (not RicHAarRDsSON) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland.,
vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 56; vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (53) 331, fig. 3.

Serranus multinotatus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 435.
Mauritius. :

Epinephelus multinotatus BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 246 (copied).

Serranus tauvina (not ForskaL) FowuEer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 182 (part).

Depth 314 to 34%; head 21 to 23%, width 214 to 244. Snout 4%
to 44% in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 6144, 144 to 14% in snout,
1 to 11% in interorbital; maxillary extends little beyond eye, expansion
11% to 1% in eye, length 2% to 24% in head from snout tip; teeth
small, conic, in bands in jaws; pair of upper front canines, outer
maxillary teeth slightly larger or more robust than others, inner all
hinged with inner front ones largest; pair of lower front canines,
little closer than upper, inner teeth longer than outer and hinged,

292 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

form 2 rows along each side of jaw; bands of fine teeth on vomer and
palatines, none on tongue; nostrils subequal or hind one but little
larger than front one; interorbital 57% to 614, slightly convex; hind
preopercle edge denticulate, serrae obsolete with age, few at angle
larger; opercular spines 3, upper most advanced and closer to median.
Gill rakers 7+14, lanceolate, robust, 11% in gill filaments or 124 in
eye; 4 or 5 above and 4 or 5 below rudimentary.

Scales 98 to 104 in lateral line to caudal base and 14 ? to 16 more
on latter; tubes 57 to 59 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5
more on latter; 16 to 18 scales above lateral line, 30 to 33 below, 60
to 80 predorsal forward nearly to snout end, 33 to 40 rows on cheek
from lower eye edge to opercle angle; auxiliary minute scales very
numerously basal though not crowded densely; fins all finely scaled
basally; maxillary expansion with 20 to 23 transverse rows of scales.
Scales with 4 to 6 basal radiating striae; 21 to 32 apical denticles,
with 7 to 19 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.

D.XI, 15,1 or 14, 1, third spine 314 to 414 in total head length, ninth
ray 214 to 224; A. III, 8,1, second spine 3 to 43%, fifth ray 244 to 224;
caudal 13% to 17%, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 3%
to 324; pectoral 134 to 2144; ventral 2% to 226.

Brown, below paler or of soiled appearance. Head, body, and fins
everywhere with obscure, ill-defined dark blotches, some as spots and
irregular or with faded appearance. Fins often darker than body,
usually well spotted. Iris brownish.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, China,
Queensland. We have admitted this as distinct from Serranus
tauvina, with which Boulenger unites it. Our examples all show the
head, body and fins with large obscure or poorly defined darker
brown spots or blotches, though none on the lower surface of the
body, as the chest, breast, and belly. The dark saddles or cross bands
on the body are indistinct or absent in the adult, though present in
the young. The species is very close to Serranus tauvina, its soft
dorsal rays slightly less, usually 14 or 15, rarely 16.

21079. Abuyog, Leyte Island. July 26,1909. Length 137 mm.
8873. Basut River, east Luzon. June 15,1909. Length 268 mm.
5662. Dagupan, Luzon. March 19,1908. Length 87 mm.

4946. Iloilo market. March 29,1908. Length 156 mm.

6951. Iloilo market. May 31,1908. Length 97 mm.

One example. Manila market. April 21,1909. Length 66 mm.
22470. Manila market. May 2,1908. Length 100 mm.

5704. Manila market. May 4,1908. Length 425 mm.

7761. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 183 mm.

10628. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 166 mm.

12410. Manila market. June 25,1908. Length 150 mm.

7624. Mouth of Malampaya River, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. Decem-

ber 26, 1908. Length 390 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 293

21999. Near mouth of Tayabas River, Luzon. February 25,1909. Length 88
mm.

19465. Ragay River tidal, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10,1909. Length 97
mm.

14972, 14978. Refugio Island, Pasacao, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 59
to 100 mm. (1265, 1264). Olive with light brown red spots, lower surface
paler. Smaller example with five downward and forward directed dusky bars,
equal to interspaces; first passes through pectoral base and last across caudal
peduncle. Dusky stripe in front of cheek under flap of maxillary. Spots of
side of head behind eye and below almost form stripes in younger. Fins with
lemon yellow shades on soft portion, spots blackish. Pectoral spotted only
on base and on upper rays; none in smaller example. Ventrals immaculate.

19448, 22326. River at Pasacao, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length 88 to 101
mm.

6317. San Roque market. June 27,1908. Length 217 mm.

8297. Sorsogon market, Luzon. March 12,1909. Length 487.

5475. Tacloban market, Leyte. April 12,1908. Length 312 mm.

7679. Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 28, 1908. Length 278 mm.

7820. Ulugan Bay near Baheli River mouth, Palawan. December 28, 1908.
Length 77 mm.

6083, 6084. Zamboanga market. May 29,1908. Length 278 to 322 mm.

6846. Kowloon market, China. October 21,1908. Length 233 mm.

Genus ANYPERODON Giinther

Anyperodon GintTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 95. Type
Serranus leucogrammicus VALENCIENNES, monotypic.

Anhyperodon BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 269.
Type Serranus leucogrammicus VALENCIENNES.

Body compressed, elongate. Eyesmall. Mouth large, protractile.
Maxillary exposed, with supplemental bone. Teeth in jaws in broad
villiform bands, inner movable, depressible, hinged at bases; small
upper front canines present; teeth on vomer but none on palatines
or tongue. Opercle with 3 spines. Preopercle edge finely serrated.
Gill membranes separate. Gill rakers long. Pseudobranchiae pres-
ent. Branchiostegals 7. Scales very small, ctenoid. Head entirely
scaly. Lateral line complete, tubes straight or directed upward.
Vertebrae 24, of which 14 caudal. Dorsal with 11 spines and 14 or
15 rays. Anal short, spines 3, rays 8 or 9. Caudal rounded.
Pectoral symmetrical, rounded, rays 16 or 17. Ventral below pecto-
ral, fins close together, spine strong.

Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.

ANYPERODON LEUCOGRAMMICUS (Valenciennes)

Serranus leucogrammicus (REINWARDT) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 2, 1828, p. 347. Moluccas and Seychelles.

Anyperodon leucogrammicus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 96 (Amboina).—Puayrarr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 1 (Zanzibar
and Seycheiles); Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1867, p. 846 (Seychelles).—
BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 28 (Singapore,
Java, Flores, Timor, Ternate, Amboina).—SavuvaGE, Hist. Nat. Madagas-
car, Poiss., 1891, p. 83, pl. 7, fig. 4.—WersBErR, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische

294 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1913, p. 207 (Gisser Island and Banda).—Bravurort, Bijd. Dierk.,
Amsterdam, 1913, p. 112 (Amboina).—Fow rr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol.
10, 1928, p. 184 (Apia and Funafuti).

Decree leucogrammicus BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mine: { viol. 1,
1895, p. 270 (Seychelles, North Celebes, Amboina, Ponapé, Anettetha.
Zanzibar).

Epinephelus leucogrammicus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76. pl. (1) 279, fig. 4.

Serranus urophthalmus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855,
p. 310. Batu Archipelago.—Gitnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,
1859, p. 155 (copied).

Epinephelus urophthalmus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, pl. (12) 290, fig. 3.

Anyperodon urophthalmus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 29 (Batu).

Anhyperodon urophthalmus BouLeNGsER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895,
p. 271 (copied).

Depth 3% to 3%; head 214 to 24, width 314 to 344. Snout 334
to 4 in head from snout tip; eye 5 to 7, 144 to 1% in snout, much
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches to hind eye edge in
young and little beyond with age, expansion 1 to 1/4 in eye, length
2 to 21% in head; teeth fine, villiform, in bands in jaws, in mandible
4 rows anteriorly narrowing to 2 rows posteriorly; pair of small upper
front canines, sometimes double, but no lower ones; band of fine
teeth on vomer, none on palatines; interorbital 714 to 84, little con-
vex; hind preopercle edge entire, also lower edge entire; 3 small
equidistant opercular spines, upper slightly advanced. Gill rakers
7+17, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 144 of eye; upper and lower
6 or 7 rudimentary.

Scales 82 to 110 in lateral line to caudal base and 14 to 16 more
on latter; pores 57 to 61 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 to 7
more on latter; 15 to 20 scales above lateral line, 30 to 37 below, 80
to 90 predorsal, 28 to 33 rows across cheek; maxillary with upper
three-fourths of expansion finely scaled; fine basal scales on all fins;
body scales largely without auxiliary small basal scales. Scales with
4 to 15 basal radiating striae; 26 to 32 apical denticles with 3 to 6
transverse series basally; circuli fine.

D. XI, 14,1 or 15,1, third spine 3 to 334 in total head length,
eleventh ray 224 to 314; A. III, 9,1, third spine 3144 to 44%, fourth
ray 214 to 2%; caudal 134 to 1%, -ounded behind; least depth of
caudal peduncle 4 to 414; pectoral 21% to 214; ventral 2 to 236.

In alcohol brown or little lighter on under surface of head and
abdomen. Usually spotted or blotched obscurely with darker. Four
pale grayish to whitish longitudinal or horizontal lines, narrow,
variously broken or incomplete and at least distinct at allages. Fins
pale brownish, uniform or soft verticals spotted obscurely with darker.
In young spinous dorsal with broad median and terminal row of

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 295

darker or dusky blotches, less defined with age. Pectoral pale
olivaceous. Ventral deep brown, especially terminally and outer or
front edge pale to whitish.

Zanzibar, Madagascar, Seychelles, East Indies, Philippines, Mela-
nesia, Micronesia. ‘Though none of our examples so large as Boulen-
ger gives (520 mm.), they all show the whitish horizontal lines distinct
at all ages. The lower front edge of the. soft anal is also dusky,
likewise upper front edge of the soft dorsal in small specimens. The
species is well marked and easily distinguished among the numerous
members of the family by its unusual coloration together with its
very slender pointed head, due in large measure to the greatly pointed
and protruded mandible. Two examples, 22161 and 14938, are
referable to Anyperodon urophthalmus as admitted by Boulenger.

8138. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length 362 mm.

11295, 16008. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 138 to
140 mm.

15265. Atulayan Island, eastern Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length 200 mm.

6512. Balikias Bay, southern Luzon. July 17, 1908. Length 253 mm.

7464. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length 336 mm.

8083. Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 340 mm.

7255. Busbus Point, Siasi Island. September 20, 1909. Length 152 mm.

7195. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 233 mm.

11068. Butauanan Island, east Luzon. June 138, 1909. Length 138 mm.

7858. Cagayan de Jolo, Jolo Sea. January 8, 1909. Length 282 mm.

7599. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 24,1908. Length 326mm.

8232. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9,1909. Length 335 mm.

9483. Guntao Island, Palawan Passage. December 20,1908. Length 217 mm.

9024. Langao Point, southern Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length 272 mm.

4716. Ligpo point, Balayan Bay, Luzon. January 18, 1908. Length 382 mm.

6040. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length 365 mm.

13133. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length 203 mm.

8013, 12059. Port Banalacan, Marinduquelsland. February 23,1909. Length
217 to 302 mm.

6553, 6566, 6567. Port Maricaban, southern Luzon. July 21, 1908. Length
276 to 393 mm.

(S. 1684). Rapurapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length 68 mm.

8257. Reefs of southern Luzon, Tumindao. February 26,1908. Length 156mm.

22503. Romblon. March 26, 1908. Length 102mm. (S. 471).

14780, 16877, 16878. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12, 1908. Length 160 to
227 mm.

14569. Maculabo Island, southern Luzon. June 14, 1909. Length 140 mm.

12282. Masbate Reef, Masbate Island. April 20,1908. Length 202 mm.

7232. Masinloc, Zambales. November 22,1908. Length 409 mm.

6263, 6267. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9,1908. Length 298 to
338. (110).

8063, 16984. Mompog Island, Anabayas Islands. March 3, 1909. Length 150
to 248 mm.

18587. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 21,1909. Length 132 mm.

6611, 12500. Northwest Point, Verde Island, southern Luzon. July 22, 1908.
Length 208 to 306 mm.

88137—30——20

296 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

18631. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf. March 10,1909. Length 108 mm.

4993. Sanguisiapo Island. February 24,1908. Length 337 mm.

11894, 18159. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21,1908. Length 100
to 191 mm. (S. 594). Back seal brown, becoming slightly lighter below,
Narrow longitudinal stripes of dark slate on middle of side; central portion
brown, interspaces umber and defined from narrow pale line by darker or
nearly sepia border. Dorsal slaty, reddish brown at bases of membranes and
their center and membranes of soft fin dull yellowish. Caudal and anal with
hyaline membranes, rays body color. Pectoral rays dusky, membranes hyaline,
black at bases. Ventral darker than anal.

5691, 5692. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length 247 to 288 mm.

5718. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8,1908. Length 275 mm.

14215. Taganak Island. January 7,1909. Length 145 mm.

4903, 8866. Talajit Island, Buang Bay. March 15, 1909. Length 185 to 202
mm.

7363. Tara Island. December 15,1908. Length 385 mm.

6843. Tataan, Simulac Island. February 19,1908. Length 220 mm.

12382. Tataan. February 21,1908. Length 175 mm. (8S. 272).

22161. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19,1909. Length 90 mm. (1957).
Olive, becoming yellowish on middle of side. Narrow dusky blue stripes
bounded by darker, stripe an interval less than diameter of pupil; yellowish
body stripes continued somewhat paler below and darker stripes grayish.
Lower jaw and maxillary with slight yellowish wash. Dorsal body color,
with pale bars on spinous portion and black centered ocellus at bases of
second and third rays. Caudal with slight yellowish tinge. Anal similar,
paler. Paired fins dusky.

7662. Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 28, 1908. Length 407 mm.

7700. Ulugan Bay near Rita Island. December 29, 1908. Length 345 mm.

19044. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 28, 1908. Length 152 mm.

7147. West coast Palaui Island. November 18, 1908. Length 340 mm.

4735. Maricaban Island, Luzon. January 20, 1908. Length 185 mm.

A1466. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length 317 mm.

14938, 22729, 22730. Talissi Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909.
Length 69 to 175 mm.

12800. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 25,1909. Length 120 mm.

(S. 2134). Tomahu Island, Bouro. December 12, 1909. Length 77 mm.

Genus PROMICROPS Poey

Promicrops Pony, Repert. Fisico Nat. Isla de Cuba, vol. 2, 1868, p. 287.
Type Serranus guaza Poxry.

Itaiara Vaituant and Bocourt, Mission Scient. Mexique, Poiss., vol. 4,
1878, p. 70. Type Serranus ttaiara LICHTENSTEIN, monotypic.

Phrynotitan Griuu, Standard Natural History, vol. 3, 1885, p. 255. Type
Batrachus gigas GUNTHER, orthotypic.

Cranium very wide with level interorbital region. Tubes of lat-
eral line each formed as several radiating tubules. Dorsal spines
short, low.

The largest of the groupers, very closely related to Serranus, like-
wise Stereolepis and Garrupa. Apparently but two species known,
living in tropical seas, the Atlantic and East Pacific Promicrops gut-
tatus Linnaeus and the following.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 297

PROMICROPS LANCEOLATUS (Bloch)

Holocentrus lanceolatus Buocu, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 92,
pl. 242, fig. 1. East Indies—Watsavm, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 645
(on Buiocw).—ForstErR, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 16.—ScHNEIDER, Syst.
Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 315 (East Indies).—Lactpipe, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 4, 1802, pp. 340, 380 (East Indies).

Serranus lanceolatus CuviER, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1829, p. 316 (Pondi-
cherry).—CantTor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 8 (Pinang Sea).—Gitn-
THER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 107 (copied).—Day, Fishes
of Malabar, 1865, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866,
p. 4 (Zanzibar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 18, pl. 4, fig. 1.—
Kiroui, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 149 (Singapore).—
Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 1, 1886, p.
883 (Cairns district).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p.450.—KeEnt,
Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (Queensland).—Fow.ugr, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257 (Padang material); 1925, p. 223
(Natal); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,. 1928, p. 184 (Apiang, Gilbert
Islands).

Epinephelus lanceolatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 49 (Singapore, Banka, Java, Celebes, Goram); vol. 8, 1876-77, pl.
(54) 332, fig. 3—BouLEenGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 251
(Port Natal, Mauritius, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Madras, Pinang, Singapore,
West Africa?).—FowteER, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. 12,
1904, p. 524 (Padang, Sumatra).—GincHrRist and THompson, Ann. South
Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-10, p. 219 (Durban Museum).—Barnarp, Ann.
South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 486 (Natal coast).—JorpDaNn, EvER-
MANN, TANAKA, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, No. 20, 1927,
p. 654 (Honolulu).

Promicrops lanceolata JORDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.
25, 1902, p. 342 (Formosa).

Serranus geographicus Cuvimr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 322. Java.—
GunTue_Er, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 150 (copied).

Serranus horridus (not Cuvier) Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1850, p. 9
(Pinang Sea, Singapore).—GtnruHeER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859,
p. 136 (no locality).

Batrachus gigas GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 3, 1869, p. 131.
Seychelles Islands.

Oligorus terrae-reginae Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5,
1881, p. 93. Northern rivers and inlets of Wide Bay district and mouth
of Barrum River, about 20 miles from Maryborough, Queensland.

Oligorus goliath Dr Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 1883,
p. 318. Queensland.

Depth 3% to 324; head 21% to 214, width 2 to 21%. Snout 44¢ to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 744 to 8%, 134 to 1% in snout, 12 to
17% in interorbital; maxillary reaches well beyond eye, expansion 1
to 114 in eye, length 2 to 2 in head from snout tip; teeth equal,
in broad bands in jaws and 3 rows in mandible laterally; in young
mandibular teeth narrow biserially; pair of small canines in front of
each jaw, often double; vomer and palatines with broad bands of
small teeth; interorbital 424 to 5%, little elevated; preopercle edge
with very obsolete denticulations or nearly smooth; 3 opercular spines,

298 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

FIGURE 24.—PROMICROPS LANCEOLATUS (BLOCH), VARIATION

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 299

upper and lower obsolete and lower most advanced. Gill rakers
10+15 or 16, short, robust, 24 of gill filaments which 7% of body; 9
to 12 rudimentary above and below.

Scales 86 to 98 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 8 more on
latter; tubes 50 to 60 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 more on
latter; 21 or 22 scales above lateral line, 28 to 31 below, 50 predorsal,
30 rows on cheek; body scales without small, basal, auxiliary scales;
head with small scales, more or less smooth; basal parts of fins
minutely scaled; upper half of maxillary finely scaled. Scales with
5 to 7 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. XI, 14, 1 or 15, 1, third spine 41% to 5 in total head length,
sixth ray 224 to 2%; A. III, 8,1, third spine 41% to 5, fifth ray 21% to
2%; caudal 134 to 124, rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 326
to 324; pectoral 146 to 17%; ventral 214 to 24%.

Deep grayish dusky, more or less inclined to blackish on back and
whitish below. Sides variegated with obscure dusky mottlings.
Diffuse mottlings and blotches of head becoming distinct on sides.
Body below soiled with darker grayish or dirty gray markings.
Interopercle and lower edge of preopercle with large blackish brown
blotch. Vertical fins dilute brownish yellow, marked with black
spots or blotches. Paired fins bright lemon yellow, variably spotted
and blotched with black.

Zanzibar, Natal, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, East Indies, Formosa,
Queensland, Micronesia. Boulenger doubtfully reports an example
1779 mm. long, stuffed, in the British Museum, from West Africa.
Until more secure evidence from that region is forthcoming it seems
best to us to consider its distribution Indo-Pacific. The species has
not previously been reported from the Philippines.

6316. Cavite market. June 27,1908. Length 410 mm.
9362. Cebu market, Cebu. August 25,1909. Length 264 mm.

6298. Manilla market. June 12,1908. Length 237 mm.
1421. Makasser market. December 22, 1909. Length 330 mm.

Genus CROMILEPTES Swainson

Cromileptes Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, p. 201. Type Ser-
ranus altivelis VALENCIENNES, designated by BienKerR, Arch. Néerland.
Sci. Nat. Haarlem, vol. 11, 1876, p. 257.

Serranichthys BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855, p. 344.
Type Serranus altivelis VALENCIENNES, monotypic.

Body strongly compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, with supplemental bone. Teeth in jaws in broad bands,
villiform, inner depressible and hinged basally; teeth on vomer and
few on palatines. Tongue smooth. Hind nostril large crescentic
slit, placed vertically. Preopercle serrated. Opercle with 2 spines.
Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae present. Gill rakers
very short, nearly rudimentary. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 24

300 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of which 14 caudal. Scales very small, cycloid. Head entirely scaly.
Lateral line complete, extends on caudal; tubes straight or directed
upwards. Dorsal with 10 spines, rays 18, spinous part nearly long
as soft. Anal spines 3, rays 10, fins short. Caudal rounded. Pec-
toral rays 17 or 18, symmetrical, rounded. Ventral with strong spine,
below pectoral, fins close together.

Indian and western tropical Pacific Oceans.

CROMILEPTES ALTIVELIS (Valenciennes)

Serranus altivelis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 324, pl.
35. Java.—RicuHarpson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230 (copied).—
Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fish., 1850, p. 10 (Pinang Sea).—Gitnruer, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 152 (East Indies, China, Port Essing-
ton).—KArour, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150 (Singa-
pore).—Meryerr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885,
p. 8 (Macassar, South Celebes; Cebu).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist.
Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 282 (Manila Bay; Nasugbu, Batangas).—
Evpra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1,1895, p. 463 (Luzon, Manila Bay, Cavite,
Santa Cruz, Nasugbu, Batangas).—(REGAN) Brport, Rev. Suisse Zool.,
vol. 17, 1909, p. 169 (Amboina).

Cromileptes altivelis Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, p. 201
(name only).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
30 (Singapore, Pinang, Bintang, Java, Duizend Islands, Celebes, Batjan,
Amboina).— Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Nicobars).—
BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, pl. (44) 322, fig. 3.—
Day, Fauna Brit. Ind., vol. 1, 1889, p. 441, fig. 139.—BouLrEnGcEr, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895 p. 271 (Cebu, China, Pinang, Macassar, East
Indies, Port Essington).—JoRDAN and S@Eatp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
28, 1905, p. 781 (Negros); Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 19
(Manila).—EVvERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907),
p. 78 (Bacon).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 206
(Gisser Island and Elat, High Key).—Ocinpy, Mem. Queensland Mus.,
vol. 2, 1913, p. 90 (Darnley Island and Cairns Reef); vol. 6, 1918, p. 100
(Moreton Bay).—Fow.Ler and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62,
1922, p. 29 (Cebu).

Depth 224 to 244; head 214 to 234, width 2) to 244. Snout 4 to
514 in head from snout tip; eye 434 to 74,114 to 14% in snout,
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite middle of eye,
expansion 11% to 124 in eye, length 22s to 27% in head from snout
tip; teeth villiform, in rather wide bands, in young inner row in each
jaw slightly longer, present on vomer and palatines but none on
tongue; interorbital 7 to 77% in head from snout tip, nearly level;
hind preopercle edge denticulate, with 2 points at angle little enlarged,
become small with age; opercular spines 3, median nearer lower and
most posterior. Gill rakers 6+14, low knobs half of gill filaments,
which 11% in eye.

Scales 74 to 100 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 20 more on
latter; tubes 44 to 70 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 to 7 more
on latter; 21 to 24 scales above, 34 to 37 below, 80 to 90 predorsal;

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 301

30 to 33 rows across cheek to preopercle angle; muzzle, including
maxillary and preorbital, naked; fins all more or less covered with
fine scales. Scales with 4 to 8 basal radiating striae; circuli fine.

D. X, 17, 1 or 18, 1, tenth spine 21% to 24% in total head length,
third ray 144 to 21%; A. III, 10,1, third spine 21% to 314, sixth ray
146 to 214; caudal 114 to 124, convex behind; least depth of caudal
peduncle 3 to 324; pectoral 114 to 1144; ventral 124 to 2.

Dull reddish brown or terracotta color. Head, body and fins
marked with round blackish spots, always greatly less in diameter
than interspaces; in young spots very large or not more than 4 or 5
along lateral line, with age 18 or 20, also in young spots ocellated
with whitish border.

India, Nicobars, East Indies, Philippines, China, Queensland.
Some of our examples reach a greater size than given by Bleeker
(530 mm.). They show the changes in coloration due to age, the
black spots few in the young and becoming quite numerous with age.

FIGURE 25.—CROMILEPTES ALTIVELIS (VALENCIENNES), YOUNG

17180. Butauanan Island, eastern Luzon. June 13,1909. Length 180 mm.
13180. Cataingan Bay, east of Masbate. April 17,1908. Length 105 mm.
5356. Cebu market. April 5,1908. Length 241 mm.
21750. Cebu market. March 28,1909. Length 79 mm.
7588. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 23,1908. Length 357 mm.
4832. Jolo market. February 11,1908. Length 275 mm.
7762. Manila market. June 17,1908. Length 174 mm.
6718. Manila market. December 4,1908. Length 315 mm.
22448. Manila market. April 17,1909. Length 650 mm.
7980. Pagapas Bay. February 20,1909. Length 312 mm.
A762. Mabul Island, vicinity of Subuka Bay, Borneo. September 29, 1909-
Length 385 mm.
A990. Togian Bay, Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 19, 1909.
Length 478 mm.
Genus ANTHIAS Bloch

Anthias Buocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 6, pt. 9, 1792, p. 97. Type
Labrus anthius Linnanus, tautotypic.

302 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Aylopon RAFINESQUE, Carrat. Nuov. Anim. Sicil., 1810, p. 52. Type Labrus
anthias LINNAEUS. Aylopon RAFINESQUE proposed to replace Anthias
Buiocu, supposed to be preoccupied.

Pronotogrammus Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 80. Type
Pronotogrammus multifasciatus GILL, monotypic.

Pseudanthias BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 156. Type Anthias
pleurotaemia BLEEKER, orthotypic.

Sacura JoRDAN and RicHARDSON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 468.
Type Anthias margaritaceus HinGENDORF, monotypic.

Franzia JornpAN and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, 1914,
p. 251. Type Anthias nobilis Franz, orthotypic.

Body greatly compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, without supplemental bone. Jaws with villiform teeth,
intermixed with curved canines; small group of teeth on vomer and
narrow row on each palatine; tongue smooth or with few teeth.
Preopercle serrated, without antrose teeth on lower edge. Opercle
with 2 or 3 spines. Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae
present. Gill rakers very long, slender, close set. Branchiostegals
7. Vertebrae 25 or 26, of which 15 or 16 caudal. Scales moderate
or rather large, ciliated or smooth. Head partly or entirely scaled.
Dorsals and anals more or less scaly. Lateral line single, complete,
tube straight or with ascending tubule extending along nearly entire
scale. Dorsal with 10 spines, rays 14 to 18, spinous fin variably
longer or shorter than soft fin, fins undivided by notch. Anal short,
with 3 spines and 6 to 8rays. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral rays 17
or 18, fin pointed, subsymmetrical. Ventral with strong spine, below

pectoral, fins close together.
Usually small fishes, dainty and brilliant, living in tropical and

subtropical seas.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a'. Third dorsal spine prolonged in filament, at least in adult; caudal deeply

emarginate.
b!. One or 2 white lines from lower eye edge continued back and below pectoral
base and parallel along lower side of tail____._.__-__-..----- pleurotaenia

b2. Broad white band from lower eye edge out on pectoral base_--squamipinnis

a*, Third dorsal spine not prolonged in filament with age; narrow pale line from
eye to pectoral base; caudal little emarginate.

c!, Caudal truncate, ends little pointed; depth less than 3, no whitish lateral

band 2 shoe wns eg Bak, Spay a et ee ts ea cichlops
c?. Caudal very concave; depth more than 3; diffuse whitish lateral band.
albofasciatus

ANTHIAS PLEUROTAENIA Bleeker

Anthias pleurotaenia BurrKker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Visch.
Amboina), vol. 2, 1857, p. 34. Amboina.—Ginrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 502 (copied).—OariBy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1889, p. 153 (Great Barrier Reef).—BouLENGErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
vol. 1, 1895, p. 331 (compiled).—Fow.LrEr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10,
1928, p. 186 (compiled).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 303

Pseudanthias pleurotaenia BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 17, pl. (9) 287, fig. 1 (Amboina).

Anthias (Pseudanthias) taeniatus KLUNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p.
9, pl. 3, fig. 2. Red Sea.

Depth 2% to 234; head 3% to 344, width 14% to 2. Snout 41% to
44¢ in head from snout tip; eye 32s to 4, much greater than snout;
11% to 1) in interorbital; maxillary 34 to 34 in eye, expansion 1144
to 114 in eye, length 21% to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth in
narrow villiform bands in jaws, outer row little enlarged; pair of
wide set upper front canines, also lower pair, smaller and flaring
outward, besides antero-lateral recurved larger canine on each man-
dibular ramus; small band of villiform teeth on each palatine and
patch on vomer; interorbital 31% to 314, well convex; hind preopercle
edge denticulate; opercular spines 3, lower closer to median and most
forward. Gill rakers 11+ 26, finely lanceolate, little longer than gill
filaments or 1% in eye.

Scales 41 to 45 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 more tubular
on latter; 6 scales above, 17 or 18 below, 28 to 30 predorsal forward
not quite to snout tip; 9 or 10 rows across cheek to preopercle angle,
with last 3 rows on preopercle flange; body scales with few or no
auxiliary small basal scales; 5 or 6 transverse rows of scales on maxil-
lary expansion. Scales with 9 to 14 basal radiating striae; 66 to 105
apical denticles; circuli very fine.

D. X, 17, 1, third spine 11% to 224 in total head length, fourteenth
ray 14 to 224; A. III, 7,1, third spine 2 to 24%, third ray 1¥o in
young to 3 in combined head and body to caudal base in adult; cau-
dal 2% to 224, deeply concave, with produced filamentous points;
ventral 2 to 3; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 21% in total head
length; pectoral 1.

Light brown generally, little paler below. Fins all uniformly pale.
Two parallel gray white lines from lower eye edge obliquely back to
form loop before and over pectoral base; in smaller example upper
line broken as spots or dots anteriorly or on postorbital. On trunk
and tail below gray white lines also continue parallel at same
width from the pectoral axil and fade out on tail posteriorly. Iris
pale. Upper dorsal edge narrowly, also lower anal edge and front
ventral edge narrowly gray white.

Originally this species was known to Bleeker from only a single
example 134 mm. long. Our specimens, though showing much fewer
than 52 scales in the lateral line as Bleeker gives, also show a second
parallel light line from the eye to the pectoral origin which is not
indicated on his figure. Our larger specimen also has a prolonged
ventral filament, which Bleeker does not show, besides he does not
indicate the numerous fine scales forming a sheath along spinous dor-
sal base and those extending out over the soft dorsal and a great part
of the paired fins. Our specimens have serrated suprascapulas.

304 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Klunzinger gives the color of his Anthias (Pseudanthias) taeniatus
as dark shining red. A narrow white streak from the maxillary to
below the eye and the pectoral base. On body each side 3 broad
white longitudinal bands, one along dorsal base, second begins before
nape and extends from the gill opening along middle of side to the
tail. A third light band extends along side of belly, from the head
to the anal. Fins red, ventral edge blackish. Caudal with red cross
band.

6904, 6905 (1999, 2000). Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Borneo. September 26,
1909. Length 89 to 125 mm.

ANTHIAS SQUAMIPINNIS (Peters)

Serranus (Anthias) squamipinnis Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1855, p. 429. Mozambique.

Anthias squamipinnis Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 89
(copied).—KLuNziNnGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 706
(Koseir, Red Sea).—BouLEenaeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p.
329 (copied).—Borstert, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 41, 1904,
p. 193 (Gulf of Zula, Red Sea).—Rerean, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt.
5, 1917, p. 458 (Durban).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21,
1927, p. 462 (Natal coast).—FowLrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928,
p. 185 (New Guinea).

Anthias (Pseudanthias) squamipinnis KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,
p. 9, pl. 8, figs. l-a.—Sauvaan, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 133,
pl. 17, figs. 1, a-b.

Anthias cheirospilos BuLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Visch.
Amboina), vol. 2, 1857, p. 36. Amboina.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 502 (copied).

Pseudanthias chirospilus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 18, pl. (10) 288, fig. 1 (Amboina).

Anthias lepidolepis BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Visch. Amboina),
vol. 2, 1857, p. 37. Amboina.

Pseudanthias lepidolepis BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7,
1873-76, p. 19, pl. (10) 288, fig. 4 (Amboina).

?Anthias (Pseudanthias) gibbosus KiuuNzINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884,
p. 9. Red Sea.

Anthias nobilis Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, pt. 1, 1910, p. 38,
pl. 4, fig. 44. Misaki.

Franzia nobilis JonpAN and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4,
1914, p. 251, pl. 29, fig. 2 (Misaki).—Tanaxa, Fig. Descript. Fishes of
Japan, vol. 31, 1921, p. 567, pl. 148, fig. 397 (Tokyo market).

Franzia ardens JonDAN and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4,
1914, p. 251, pl. 30, fig. 1. Misaki.

Franzia affinis TANAKA, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Magazine), vol. 27,
No. 325, Nov. 15, 1915, p. 566. Nagasaki; Fig, Descript. Fishes of
Japan, vol. 31, 1921, p. 572, pl. 144, fig. 400 (Nagasaki).

Franzia pectoralis TANAKA, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Magazine), vol. 29,
No. 347, Sept. 15, 1917, p. 268. Tanabe.

Franzia rubra TANAKA, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Mag.), vol. 29, No. 347,
Sept. 15, 1917, p. 268. Tanabe; Fig. Descript. Fishes of Japan, vol. 31,
1921, p. 571, pl. 143, fig. 398 (Tanabe).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 805

Depth 21% to 234; head 314 to 32g, width 174 to 2. Snout 5 to
514 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 3 to 4, greater than snout to
equal with age, greater than interorbital to 114 with age; maxillary
reaches opposite hind eye edge, expansion 114 to 13 in eye, length
2%, to 214 in head from snout tip; front of each jaw with outer, for-
ward directed, short, conic canine; lower jaw with 1 or 2 lateral
canines medially, hooked backwardly, each side; interorbital 344 to
314, convexly elevated; preorbital width less than half of pupil and
infraorbital rim very narrow; preopercle edge denticulate; opercular
spines 2. Gill rakers 9+25, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill fila-
ments or 11% in eye.

Tubular scales 40 to 43 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3
more on latter; 5 scales above, 14 below, 26 predorsal forward to front
lip edge, 6 rows across cheek to preopercle ridge and 3 more over
preopercle flange to edge; 5 rows of scales transversely across maxil-
lary expansion; all body scales with 1 or 2 small basal auxiliary scales,

FIGURE 26.—ANTHIAS SQAMIPINNIS (PETERS), ADULT

sometimes 3; fins all more or less covered, at least basally, with small
scales. Scales with 12 to 16 basal radiating striae; apical denticles
78 to 87 in single series; circuli fine; auxiliary basal scales with 2
basal radiating striae, edge deeply scalloped and apical denticles 20
to 25.

D. X, 17, 1 or 18,1, third spine longest and sometimes ends in fila-
ment, 214 in total length of head and body to caudal base, third
spine 214 in total head length in young; first ray 114 in last ray
which 11% in total head length, first ray subequal with last in young
or 21% in total head length; A. III, 7,1, second spine 2)%, third to
fifth ray often filamentous and fourth equals total head length; caudal
ends in filamentous points, 134 in rest of fish; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2 to 24% in total head length; pectoral 1; ventral 245 to
334 in combined head and body to caudal base.

In alcohol brown, paler to whitish below. Broad pale gray band,
little less than eye in width extends from eye to pectoral basally.

306 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Iris grayish. Fins all pale brown, some examples with soft dorsal
becoming dark dusky brown at terminal hind point. Ventral pale,
with broad outer or anterior darker band.

Red Sea, Mozambique, Amboina, Philippines. Alcoholic speci-
mens usually with the pale oblique band from the lower eye edge
down and out on the pectoral base.

Possibly Anthias (Pseudanthias) gibbosus may be a young stage, as
suggested by Boulenger, for it is described from an example but 74
mm. long. Klunzinger gives the color as reddish, with nearly hori-
zontal or little inclined clear streak from the hind lower eye edge to
the middle of the pectoral base. He also mentions that one example
has a clear yellowish band from the opercular spine sloping behind
to the caudal fin. The Japanese nominal forms described by Franz,
Jordan, Thompson, and Tanaka, all seem to us to be variants of the

Ml

FIGURE 27.—ANTHIAS SQUAMIPINNIS (PETERS), YOUNG

290, 289, 15309. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8,1909. Length 104 to
112 mm.

6066. Cagayan Island, Cagayanes Islands, Jolo Sea. March 31,1909. Length
92 to 102 mm. 10 examples.

15043. Calangaman Island, between Leyte and Cebu. March 16,1909. Length
94 mm.

22152, 22153. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length
71 to 73 mm.

One example. Caracaran, Batan Island, east coast Luzon. June 8, 1909.
Length 89 mm.

Twenty-one examples. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length 68 to
97 mm.

9918, 22935, 22936. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 78
to 103 mm.

Seven examples. Ligpo Point, Balayan Island, Luzon. January 18, 1908.
Length 62 to 90 mm. Four smaller quite dark or swarthy. Also each caudal
lobe with broad pale band longitudinally

20028. Malapascua Island, between Leyte and Cebu. March 16,1909. Length
78 mm.

One example. Mantacao Island, west coast Bohol. April 8, 1908. Length
64 mm.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 307

Two examples. Maribojoc Bay, Maribojoc, Bohol Island. March 26, 1909.
Length 58 to 65 mm.

12284 (593). Masbate Reef, Masbate. April 20, 1908. Length 99 mm.

Fourteen examples. Northwest Verde Island. July 22, 1908. Length 58 to
73 mm.

22801, 22802. Opol, Mindanao. August 4, 1909. Length 74 to 81 mm.

22193 to 22195. Pangasinan Island. February 13, 1908. Length 68 to 95 mm.

21436, 22025 to 22027. Panpan Point, Tara Island, between Jolo and Tawi
Tawi. September 20, 1909. Length 86 to 122 mm. 5 examples.

Four examples. Port Banalacan, Marinduque Island. February 23, 1909.
Length 53 to 97 mm. .

6941 to 69438, 6944, 7410 to 7413, 22697, 22698. Port Galera, Mindoro. June 9,
1908. Length 72 to 102 mm.

Seventy-three examples. Port Galera. October 27, 1909. Length 45 to
108 mm.

10307. Port Maricaban. July 21, 1908. Length 35 to 72 mm. 4 examples.

8351, 18179 to 18183. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11,
1908. Length 80 to 128 mm.

14973 to 14975 (1257 to 1259), 17491 to 17496, 17510. Refugio Island, Pasacao,
Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 86 to 108 mm.

22501. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12, 1908. Length 79 to 100 mm. 3
examples.

17983. Simalue Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawi Tawi. September 23, 1909.
Length 80 mm.

21883, 21884. Singaan Island, between Jolo and Tawi Tawi. September 21, 1909.
Length 87 to 106 mm.

11498. Sulade Island, vicinity Jolo. September 17, 1909. Length 89 mm.

16033. Sulade Island. September 18, 1909. Length 94 mm.

22260. Tapiantana Island. September 13, 1909. Length 104 mm.

23743. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi. November 11, 1908. Length 93 mm. (276).

14302, 14303, 16247, 16249, 16250, 16253, 16255, 16257, 16493. Teomabal Island,
vicinity Jolo. September 18, 1909. Length 75 to 108 mm.

10468. Tilig Bay, Subanga Island, southern Luzon. July 14, 1908. Length
63 mm.

10443. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length 63 mm.

16031. Amboina docks, Amboina, Dutch East Indies. December 7, 1909. Length
117 to102 mm. Largest with hind caudal edge medianly dusky, very narrow
edge outside white. 3 examples.

Ten examples. Amboina port. December 7, 1909. Length 63 to 100 mm.

Six examples. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, Borneo. September 12, 1909.
Length 54 to 85 mm.

21833. Danawan Island and Si Amil Island. September 26, 1909. Length
95 mm.

16440. Danawan and Si Amil Islands. September 27, 1909. Length 65 to 93
mm. 10 examples.

8900 to 8910, 8914. Mabul Island, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 29, 1909.
Length 44 to 88 mm. 22 examples.

Six examples. Sipadan Island, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 28, 1909.
Length 53 to 66 mm.

Fourexamples. Sitanki Reef, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 24, 1909.
Length 83 to 105 mm. (1994).

12920. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20,1909. Length
44 mm.

308 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

16224. Cape Kait, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29,1909. Length 104 mm.

12781, 12782. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length 78 to 100
mm. 3 examples.

Two examples. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 66 to 83 mm.

21478. Dowarra Island. December 2, 1909. Length 68 mm.

13669. Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length 60 to 97 mm. 2
examples.

13830. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28,1909. Length 53 to 93
mm. 7 examples.

Five examples. Powati Harbor. November 29,1909. Length 62 to 84 mm.

Three examples. Maitara Island. November 26,1909. Length 53 to 89 mm.

One example. Labuan Blanda Island. December 14,1909. Length 85 mm.

22308. Tidore Island, south of Ternate. November 29, 1909. Length 67 mm.

9947. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length 96 mm.

ANTHIAS CICHLOPS (Bleeker)

Serranus cichlops BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indié, vol. 4, 1853, p. 245.
Priaman, Sumatra.

Anthias cichlops GUntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 503
(note).—BouLencrerR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 328 (com-
piled).—Exrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 458 (Samar,
Borongan).

Pseudanthias cichlops BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-
76, p. 20, pl. (11) 289, fig. 1 (Priaman).

Depth 23% to 30; head 24 to 31%, width 2 to 24. Snout 42% to
5 in head from snout tip; eye 24 to 324, greater than snout, greater
than interorbital in young to 114 with age; maxillary 3 to 34 in eye,
expansion 114 to 214 in eye, length 2 to 2% in head; teeth fine, in
narrow bands in jaws, anteriorly 2 wide set canines in each jaw, lower
recurved; lower jaw also with 2 medio-lateral recurved canines each
side; narrow band of fine teeth on each palatine and small patch on
vomer; interorbital 3 to 344 in head, convexly elevated; preopercle
edge denticulate, with 2 or 3 spines little enlarged at angle; opercular
spines 3, lower most advanced. Gill rakers 11 +25, finely lanceolate,
much longer than gill filaments or 11% in eye.

Scales 40 or 41 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 or 2 more on
latter; 5 above, 12 to 14 below, 23 to 25 predorsal; 10 rows obliquely
across cheek to angle of preopercle, of which 3 on preopercle flange;
scales on head and body with few auxiliary basal small scales; fins
all more or less finely scaled, especially basally; 5 rows of scales
transversely across maxillary expansion. Scales with 13 to 15 basal
radiating striae; 40 to 60 apical denticles; circuli fine.

D. X, 16, 1 or 15, 1, fourth spine 214 in total head length, twelfth
ray 1144 to 144; A. III, 7, 1, second spine 2 to 24%, third ray 1\o to
124; caudal 1 to 11%, broadly crescentic, truncate as expanded to
slightly convex behind with age, or tips moderately produced; least
depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 22; pectoral 1% to 1144; ventral 1

to 1%.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 309

In alcohol brown or drab brown, whitish below. Narrow gray
white line from lower eye edge to gill opening then down to lower
pectoral base. Iris gray or light brown. Fins all pale brownish,
with oblique brown lines on soft dorsal and anal, and transverse on
caudal.

East Indies and Phillipines. This species differs from Anthias
squamipinnis in its coloration and broader or less forked caudal fin,
fewer filaments to the fins and in the presence of a light line, not a
broad band, obliquely down and back from the lower eye edge to the
pectoral base. It is somewhat like Anthias cooperi Regan, but that
species is figured with scaleless fins and described with 47 to 49 scales
in its lateral line.'® While it is true our examples do not agree with
Bleeker’s figure in that he shows the light line from the eye across
the cheek to the breast, and not on the pectoral base, in its structural
characters it does not seem to differ. But then Bleeker’s account
is not in agreement with his figure, and though he mentions but one
example as 117 mm. long he gives the soft dorsal rays as 16 or 17
and his figure shows 18. Anthias elongatus Franz is very similar, if
not synonymous, differing chiefly in its uniform red color. As Pseu-
danthias elongatus Tanaka describes it with 8+20 gill rakers on an
example 140 mm., which length is greatly in excess of any of our
materials. '

2069 to 2072 (D. 5136). Jolo. February 14,1908. Length 103 to 105 mm.

18563, 18564 (1913). Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga. September 8, 1909.
Length 107 to 108 mm.

21978. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9,1909. Length 53 mm.

Sixteen examples. Port Maricaban. July 21,1908. Length 30 to 73 mm.

11499. Sulade Island, vicinity Jolo. September 17,1909. Length 99 mm.

16032. Sulade Island. September 18,1909. Length 88 mm.

(1738, 1739) (D. 5478). Tacbue Point, Leyte. July 29, 1909. Length 81 to

120 mm. 7 examples.

16245, 16246, 16248, 16251, 16252, 16254. Teomabal Island, vicinity Jolo.

Length 85 to 109 mm.

6431. West coast Palaui Island. November 18,1908. Length 79 mm.
6904, 6905. Danawan and Si Amil Islands, vicinity Darvel Bay, Borneo. Sep-

tember 26,1909. Length 89 to 125 mm. (1999, 2000.)

12780. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10,1909. Length 59 to 84mm. 8
examples.

Four examples. Limbe Strait. November 11,1909. Length 62 to 75 mm.

12181, 12182, 13828, 13829. Powati Harbor, Makyan Island. November 28,
1909. Length 85 to 101 mm. (2080). 6 examples.

ANTHIAS ALBOFASCIATUS, new species!’

Depth 314; head 314, width 17%. Snout 444 in head from snout
tip; eye 3, little greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches

18 Fauna Geogr. Maldive Laccadive Archipelago, vol. 1, pt. 3, 1902, p. 273. Huddumati; Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, ser. 2, vol. 12, Zool., 1908, p. 222, pl. 24, fig. 4 (type; Cargados Carajos; Kurrachee).

16 Fig. Discript. Fishes of Japan, vol. 31, June 27, 1921, p. 580, pl. 144, fig. 401; vol. 32, July 1, 1922, p. 583
(Tokyo).

Valbus, white; fascia, band.

310 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

opposite middle of eye, expansion 124 in eye, length 21 in head from
snout tip; teeth fine, pointed, in narrow bands in jaws, on vomer and
palatines; pair of wide set upper canines, lower jaw with close set
divergent mandibular pair and larger lateral curved anterior canine;
interorbital 334, convex; preopercle edge serrate; opercle with 3 dis-
tinct spines. Gill rakers 11+ 23, finely lanceolate, twice gill filaments
or 124 in eye.

Scales 35 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 more on latter; 5 above,
13 below, 24 predorsal, 7 across cheek to preopercle edge; maxillary
with 4 rows of scales transversely; soft dorsal and anal with small
basal scales; caudal largely covered with fine scales. Scales with 11
basal radiating striae; apical denticles 73, slender, biserial; circuli fine.

D. X, 14, 1, third spine 2 in head, twelfth ray 114; A. III, 7,1, third
spine 27, fourth ray 1144; caudal (broken) about equals head, deeply
emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; pectoral 114; ventral
21% in combined head and body to caudal base.

Uniformly light brown, lower sides and under surface silvery white.
Diffuse, obscure median pale lateral band from eye to caudal base.
Tris silvery white. Fins all pale brown. Caudal with median rays
grayish terminally.

Only known from the type, U.S.N.M. No. 89988.

Diagnosis.—lts pale coloration with a diffuse silvery median lateral
band is diagnostic.

4356 (D. 5308). 21° 54’ N., 115° 42’ E. November 4, 1908. 62 fathoms.
Length 100 mm. (Type.)

Genus GRAMMISTES Schneider

Grammistes SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 182. Type Grammistes
orientalis Schneider, designated by BLerxknr, Arch. Néerland., Sci. Nat.
Haarlem, vol. 11, 1876, p. 258.

Body compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Chin with rudimen-
tary dermal appendage. Maxillary exposed, with supplemental bone.
Bands of villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer and palatines; tongue
smooth. Preopercle with 2 or 3 spines on hind edge. Opercle with
3strongspines. Gillmembranes separate. Pseudobranchiae present.
Gill rakers short. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 24, of which 13
caudal. Scales very small, cycloid, and obtusely keeled scales envel-'
oped in slimy coating of epidermis. Head partly naked, scaly on
sides. Lateral line complete, tubes straight. Dorsal spines 6 or 7,
rays 13 to 15, spinous fin long as or little shorter than soft fin. Anal
without distinct spine, rays 10o0r11. Caudal rounded. Pectoral rays
17, partly symmetrical, rounded. Ventral with short spine, fins close
together in advance of pectoral.

Indian and western tropical Pacific Oceans.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS $3]]

GRAMMISTES SEXLINEATUS (Thunberg)

Perca sexlineata THunBERG, Kon. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, vol. 13,
1792, p. 142, pl. 5. Abbor slagtet.

Bodianus sexlineatus LackpmpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, pp. 285, 302
(collection de Muséum national d’histoire naturelle).

Centropomus sexlineatus Lackerpen, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, 1802, pp. 688,
689 (East Indies).

Grammistes sexlineatus KLUNZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 10.—Bovu-
LENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 346 (Zanzibar, Mauritius,
Ceylon, Formosa, Philippines, Sumatra, Amboyna, Mysol, Australia, Sol-
omons, Aneiteum).—JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905
(1906), p. 260, pl. 38, fig. 2 (Apia, Samoa).—EvERMANN and SEALE, Bull.
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 78 (Bacon).—Rere@an, Journ. Linn.
Soc. London, ser. 12, vol. 2, 1907, p. 224 (Salomon, Chagos Archipelago) .—
Gitcurist and Tuompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 6, 1908-11, p. 145
(Jetty Point; Durban, Natal) —Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913,
p. 214 (Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; Pepela Bay, Rotti).—Braurorrt,
Bijd. Dierk, Amsterdam, 1913, p. 112 (Saonek, Waigiu).—PrLLEGRIN,
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 224 (Fort Dauphin, Madagas-
car).—Tanaka, Fig. Descr. Fishes Japan, vol. 33, Aug. 14, 1924, p. 626,
pl. 150, fig. 414 (Tanabe).—Fowtrr, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925,
p. 9 (Guam).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 492
(Natal).—-FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 187 (Marcus
Island, Tahiti, Nukuhiva, Tubuai, Shortland Island, Guam, Apia, Society
Islands, Ebon Island, Apiang, Ascension Island).

Grammistes orientalis SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 189. East
Indies.—Couvinr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 203, pl. 27 (East Indies,
Neros Bankos).—GuErRIN, Iconogr. Régne Animal, Poiss., 1829-44, p: 5,
pl. 1, fig. 2 (East Indies).—Prvers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 235 (Mozam-
bique).—Gtnru_er, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 171 (Mauritius,
Philippines, Indian Ocean, Australia).—GuicuENot, Notes Ile Réunion,
vol. 2, 1862, p. 23.—Puiayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 14 (Zanzibar) .—
K.unzineGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 707 (Koseir,
Red Sea).—GinrueEr, Cruise of Curagoa, Brenchley, 1873, p. 410 (Misol,
Moluccas); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 10 (Tuamotus,
Kingsmills).—BureKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p.
670, pl. (59) 337, fig. 5 (Java, Sumatra, Batu, Celebes, Sangi, Halmaheira,
Ternate, Batjan, Flores, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, Aru, New
Guinea, Philippines).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 28, pl. 9, fig. 1
(Andamans).—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 436 (Mauri-
tius)—Marrtens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 386 (Muntok,
Banka, Amboina River).—Meyenr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol. 14, 1885, p. 9 (ordo, Mysore).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889,
p. 460, fig. 144 (Madras).—Jatrzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 499 (Zanzibar; Aldabra).—ELErRa, Cat. Fauna
Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 464 (Luzon, Manila, Pangasinan, Sual).—WeEBER,
Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina).

Labrazx orientalis SrminDACHNER, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 32, No. 24-25,
November 21, 1895, p. 259 (Suez).

Sciaena vitiata Lacépkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 310, 316.
Mauritius.

88137—30——21

312 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Perca triacantha Lactpkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 398, 424.
‘Collection cedée A la France par la Hollande.”

Perca pentacantha Lacérhpk, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 398, 424.
‘Collection cedée 4 la France par la Hollande.”’

Depth 23 to 31%; head 214 to 234, width 1% to 24. Snout 44%
in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 5, 1 to 114 in snout, greater than
interorbital in young to 1 in interorbital with age; maxillary reaches
44 in eye in young to little beyond eye with age, expansion 11% to
114 in eye, length 2 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, in bands in
jaws, on vomer and palatines, none on tongue; interorbital 514 to
7%, little convex; preopercle edge with 3 rather large spines; 3 oper-
cular spines equidistant. Gill rakers 7+ 14, lanceolate, longest half
of gill filaments or 214 in eye; 5 above and 7 below rudimentary.

Scales 59 in lateral line to caudal base and 7 more on latter; 14
rows above, 27 rows below, 20 rows on predorsal to occiput, 15 to 18
rows on cheek to preopercle angle; muzzle, maxillary and interor-
bital naked. Fins, except spinous dorsal, with small scales basally.
Scales with 57 to 63 radiating striae; circuli moderately fine.

D. VII, 13, 1, second spine 23% to 314 in total head length, eighth
ray 2 to 214; A. I, 9,1, fourth ray 2 to 214; caudal 114 to 12%, con-
vex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 22s to 27%; pectoral 134
to 14%; ventral 2 to 214.

Dark brown generally, with about 5 whitish broad longitudinal
bands in young, which alternate and become narrow with age when
about 8 are formed. ‘These lines all variable and not quite the same
on both sides of the same specimen. They are especially broken or
variously disconnected on head. Fins uniformly pale brown.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Cey-
jon, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Japan, Australia,
Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. According to Bleeker the white
longitudinal bands are 3 or 4 in the very young.

(768). Sablayan, Mindoro. December 13,1908. Length 62 mm.
56264 U.S.N.M. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (3750). Length 75 mm.

32727 U.S.N.M. Indian Archipelago. Leiden Museum. Length 150 mm.
52392 U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length 118 mm.

Genus PLESIOPS Oken

Plesiops OKEN, Isis, 1817, p. 1182 (on Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, 1817, p.
266, atypic). Type Plestops nigricans RUPPELL, designated by BLEEKER,
Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat. Haarlem, vol. 2, 1876, p. 322.

Pharopteryr Riipre ., Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 15. Type
Pharopteryx nigricans RUPPELL, monotypic.

Cirrhiptera (Kuni and Van Hassett) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland.
Indié, vol. 4, 1853, p. 280. Type Cirrhiptera corallicola (VAN HASSELT)
BLEEKER, monotypic. (Name in synonymy.)

Body well compressed. Mouth moderate, protractile. Maxillary
exposed, with supplemental bone. Jaws with villiform teeth and

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 313

slightly enlarged conical teeth; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and
palatines, tongue toothless. Preopercle and opercle entire, not armed
with spines. Gill membranes separate. Gill rakers short, rather few.
Pseudobranchiae present. Branchiostegals 6. Vertebrae 25, of which
15 caudal. Scales large, ciliated, spinulose. Lateral line in 2 sec-
tions; upper extends along back close to dorsal base, only reaching
below last dorsal rays; lower section median on tail and reaches
caudal; tubes straight, well exposed and form nearly continuous line.
A single dorsal with 11 or 12 spines and 6 or 7 rays, the membrane
deeply notched between spines or spinous portion thrice as long as
soft. Anal short, with 3 spines and 8 or 9 rays. Caudal rounded.
Pectoral short, rounded, upper rays longest, rays 20 or 21. Ventrals
below pectorals, close together, with spine and 4 soft rays, first of
which much thickened and bifid.
Indian and Western South Pacific Oceans.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a', Head obtuse; large blue black ocellus on lower part of opercle____nigricans
a*. Head pointed; opercle without black spot_-___..___________-- oxycephalus

PLESIOPS NIGRICANS (Riippell)

Pharopteryx nigricans RtppEy, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p.
15, pl. 4, fig. 2. Mohila, Red Sea.—Jorpan and Sra.e, Bull. Bur.
Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 260 (Apia and Pago Pago).—EvERMANN
and Seaue, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 78 (Bacon).—
Fow ter, Bishop Mus. Bull., No. 22, 1925, p. 9 (Guam), p. 33 (Samoa);
No. 38, 1927, p. 15 (Howland and Baker Islands); Mem. Bishop Mus.,
vol. 10, 1928, p. 188 (Shortland Island, Guam, Kingsmills, Ebon Island,
Ponapé, Apia, Fiji).

Plesiops nigricans RiprELi, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 5 (Red Sea).—
GUntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 363 (copied).—
KuunzinGceER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21,1871, p. 517 (Koseir,
Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 128, pl. 31, fig. 5 (Anda-
mans).—BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, No. 5, 1875,
p- 27, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Sumatra, Batu, Nias, Java, Bawean, Java, Bali, Solor,
Flores, Timor, Celebes, Sangi, Ternate, Halmaheira, Ceram, Amboina,
Goram, Waigiu, Luzon).—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p.
438 (Mauritius).—Burrexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 9, 1877, pl.
(1) 390, fig. 3—KuunzinaEr, Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 66.—VAILLANT,
Bull. Soe. Philomath. Paris, ser. 8, vol. 1, 1889, p. 58 (Sumatra).—Day,
Fauna Brit. India, vol. 2, 1889, p. 19, fig —BouLENGER, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 340 (Zanzibar, Ceylon, China, Andamans, Sumatra,
Manado, Amboyna, Australia, East Australia, Fiji, Levuka, Tonga,
Samoa, Savaii, Micronesia).—STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 414 (Ternate).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, vol. 13, 1907, p. 204 (Tuléar, Madagascar).—JorpAN and RIcHARD-
son, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 257 (Calayan).—Ruaan,
Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 12, ser. 2, 1907, p. 224 (Coetivy, Seychelles
Group).—Giucurist and THompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 11,
pt. 2, 1911, p. 37 (Natal).—Wepserr, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p.
212 (Pidjot Bay, Lombok; Lirung; Sanana; Lucipara; Amboina; Nusa

314

BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Laut; Tuir).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk. Amsterdam, 1913, p. 112 (Saonek,
Waigiu).—Barnakp, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 1927, p. 494 (Natal
coast).

Plesiops coeruleo-lineatus Rtppetui, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 5, pl.
2, fig. 5. Massaua.—Perters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 257
(Paracali, Luzon).—KuunzinaEr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21,
1871, p. 517 (Koseir, Red Sea).

Plesiops caeruleo-lineatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p.
363 (Australia).

Plesiops corallicola (KuHL) RitprpEty, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 5.
Java Sea.—BLeEkER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 4, 1853, p. 282
(Priaman).—GitnrueER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 364 (Moluc-
cas, Amboyna, Fiji, Tonga, China).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol. 1,
pt. 2, 1865, p. 214 (Madras).—Gtnruemr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols.
2-3, pts. 5-6, 1874, p. 87, pl. 58, fig. B (East Indies, Samoa, Tonga, Fiji,
Pelew and Kingsmill Islands).—VatnuantT, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris,
ser. 8, vol. 1, 1889, p. 58 (no locality).

Cirriptera corallicola (VAN HassELT) BuiEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland,
Indié, vol. 4, 1853, p. 281 (name in synonymy).

Pharyopteryx corallicola Fowuer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2,
vol. 12, 1904, p. 580 (Padang); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907,
p. 268 (Padang material); Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philip-
pines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 275 (Philippines).

Plesiops melas BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bali), vol. 22, 1849, p. 9.
Boleling, North Bali.—Jorpan and Ricuarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol.
27, 1907 (1908), p. 257 (Cayalan).—Rxean, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909,
pt. 1, p. 403 (Christmas Island, Indian Ocean).—Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).—WesER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57,
Fische, 1913, p. 213 (Sumba, Seba, Beo, Lirung, Atjatuning, Kubaena,
Saleyer, Tuir, Timor, Rotti).—Bravurort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, 1913,
p. 112 (Saonek, Waigiu).

Pharopteryx melas JORDAN and SEea.ez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905,
p. 781 (Negros); Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 261, pl. 38,
fig. 3 (Apia and Pago Pago).—OciLtBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2,
1913, p. 84 (Masthead Island).

Plesiops woodlarkensis THIOLLI=RE, Fauna Woodlark, 1857, p. 160. Wood-
lark Island.

Plesiops nigricans var. apoda KNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 57, pt.
1, 1868, p. 346. Savay, Samoa; Kandavu.

Plesiops nakaharoe TANAKA, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Mag.), vol. 29, No.
345, July 15,1917, p. 199. Province Ise (probably off Province Shima or
Kiu).

Pharopteryx nakaharae Tanaka, Fig. Descript. Fishes Japan, vol. 28, Nov. 28,
1918, p. 497, pl. 137, fig. 383 (type).

Plesiops semeion Tanaka, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Mag.), vol. 29, No. 345,
July 15,1917, p. 200. Tanabe, Province of Kiu.

Pharopteryx semeion TANAKA, Fig. Descript. Fishes Japan, vol. 28, Nov. 28,
1918, p. 500, pl. 137, fig. 382 (type).

Depth,214 to 214; head 24% to 3, width 17% to 2. Snout 5 in head
from snout tip; eye 244 to 3%, greater than snout or interorbital;
maxillary reaches 14 to 34 in eye, expansion 124 to 2 in eye, length

2 to

214 in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 315

vomer and palatines; interorbital 4 to 414, slightly convex; preoper-
cle edge entire. Gill rakers 5+9, lanceolate, some short and clavate,
length 24 in eye.

Seales 19 or 20 in lateral line in upper section, 8 or 9 in lower sec-
tion to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 3 scales above, 12 below, 11
predorsal to occiput, 3 rows on cheek to preopercle flange; 3 rows of
scales along dorsals and anals and caudal base scaled; maxillary
naked; scales with 8 basal radiating striae; sometimes few very
feeble minute apical denticles; circuli very fine.

D. XI, 9,1, eleventh spine 1144 to 124 in total head length, sixth
ray 224 to 3 in combined head and body to caudal base; A. III, 9,
1, third spine 1% to 2 in head, sixth ray 2144 to 24% in combined head
and body to caudal base, caudal 11% to 144 ; endsin long median point;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; pectoral 1%; ventral 134
to 214 in combined head and body to caudal base.

Dark brown, and at juncture of each scale row longitudinally on
body dark or blackish band. Iris dark brown. Body and fins
except pectoral which pale brown all with variable, scattered round
brilliant white spots, all smaller than pupil. On last dorsal rays a
large black white edged ocellus, large as eye. Ventral blackish like
vertical fins and with small white spots.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Ceylon,
Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, Australia, Hast
Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Quite variable, also
color as well and minor structural variations frequent. Boulenger
remarks “‘T have not been able to satisfy myself of the validity of
the character pointed out by Vaillant for distinguishing P. nigricans
from P. corallicola, as the material before me show it to be not even
constant on the same individual. Professor Vaillant was probably
deceived by examining isolated detached scales of the two supposed
species.”” We fail likewise to find anything tangible to separate
P. nakaharae and P. semeion.

35 examples. Batan Island. July 22,1909. Length 20 to 53 mm.

11 examples. Batan Island. June 5,1909. Length 18 to 60 mm.

17034 (1519). Bisucay Island, near Cuyo. April 9,1909. Length 56 mm.
4635 (101). Bubuan Island. February 14,1909. Length 59 mm.

(D. 5555.) Cabalian Point, Jolo. N. 50° W. 3.3 miles (5° 51’ 15” N., 120° 58’

35” E.), in 34 fathoms. September 18,1909. Length 28 mm. (1951).
Twenty eight examples. Canimo Pass, near Daet. June 15,1909. Length 38

to 76 mm.

Seven examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18,1908. Length 31 to 71

mm. (563, 564).

21099, 22372, 22373. Maculabo Island. June 14,1909. Length 18 to 129 mm.

(1661, 1665). 27 examples.

7314. Mantacao Island, west coast of Bohol. April 8,1908. Length 44 mm.
Two examples. Mariveles Bay. September 22,1908. Length 24 mm.

One example. Masongas Island. In coralhead. October 2,1908. Length19
mm.

316 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

One example. Masongas Island. October 10,1908. Length 32 mm. (72).

22191. Pangasinan Island, vicinity of Jolo. February 13,1908. Length 70 mm.

21579. Pilas Island. September 12, 1909. Length 22 to65 mm. 4 examples.

21002. Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15,1908. Length 53 mm.

Two examples. Ragay Bay. March 10,1909. Length 28 mm.

11617, 11618. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 12, 1908. Length 70 to 83 mm.
2 examples.

Six examples. Sablayan. December 13,1908. Length 30 to 65 mm.

20000. San Miguel Island. April 21,1908. Length 62 mm.

21916. Sirinao Island. December 31, 1908. Length 50 mm.

22761. Sitanki Reef. September 24, 1909. Length 58 mm.

20695 Ulugan Bay, near Bakeli River mouth, Palawan Island. December 28,
1908. Length 48 mm.

Twelve examples. Tomahu Island, Bouro. December 12, 1909. Length 41 to
53 mm.

Two examples. Togian Island, Togian Bay, Celebes. November 19, 1909.
Length 58 to 60 mm. (2051).

PLESIOPS OXYCEPHALUS Bleeker

Plesiops oxycephalus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, 1855,
p. 320. Batu Archipelago.—Giintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861,
p. 364 (copied).—BLEEker, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, No. 5,
vol. 15, 1875, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Batu; Amboina); Atlas Ichth. Ind.
Néerland., vol. 9, 1877, pl. (1) 389, fig. 7—BouLeneesr, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, 1895, p. 341 (copied).
Only known from the East Indies. Not obtained since reported
by Bleeker, he having but three examples.
Three examples. Tomahu Island, Bouro, Dutch East Indies. December 12,
1909. Length 60 to62 mm. (21388).

CALLOPLESIOPS new genus

Type.—Calloplesiops niveus new species.

Body robust, short. Head rather large. Snout short. Eye mod-
erate. Mouth rather large, mandible protruding. Mawnillary ex-
posed, with supplemental bone. Teeth villiform. Preorbital narrow.
Preopercle entire. Opercle unarmed. Gill rakers rather short, few.
Lateral lines 2. Scales large, cteniod. Dorsal single with 11 spines
and 9 rays, membranes not deeply notched between ends of spines,
soft fin forming long elevated lobe. Anal with 3 spines and 9 rays,
soft fin like soft dorsal. Caudal greatly elongated, greater than head,
rounded. Pectoral short. Ventral very long.

Known from the East Indies and Philippines.

Diagnosis.—Though related to Plesiops quite unlike it in appear-
ance, differing especially in the shorter body and enlarged soft
vertical fins.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES

a'. Cheek with 3 rows of scales; body and fins covered with moderately large

Woh GE, STR GR es he ea a 2 eae niveus
a?, Cheek with 2 rows of scales; body and fins covered with very fine or small

white dots, Gn body ‘one to each scale =- =o eee ee argus

iS xaddos beautiful; Plesiops.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 317

CALLOPLESIOPS NIVEUS new species

Depth 2% to 214; head 224 to 24, width 134 to 17%. Snout 434
to 5 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 324, much greater than snout
or interorbital; maxillary reaches 24 to 34 in eye, expansion 14 to 2
in eye, length 2 to 24% in head from snout tip; teeth villiform, in
rather broad bands in jaws, on vomer, but none on tongue or on
palatines; interorbital 334 to 424, slightly convex; preopercle entire.
Gil rakers 3+9, of which all upper and 3 of lower rudiments;
developed rakers robust and lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 224
in eye.

Tubes in lateral line 17 to 20+8 or 9+2 or 3, of which last on
caudal base; 4 scales above lateral line, 11 below, 11 or 12 predorsal
forward opposite middle of eye, 3 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge;
muzzle and maxillary naked; dorsals and anals with basal scaly
sheaths of large scales, caudal also with large scales. Upper section
of lateral line very high on back, close along bases of dorsals and
lower section midway along side of caudal peduncle. Scales with 9
basal radiating striae; apical denticles 50 to 85, with 4 to 8 series
transversely, fine and small; circuli very fine.

D. XI, 9,1, last spine 1% to 124 in total head length, sixth ray 24%
to 234 in combined head and body to caudal base; A. III, 9, 1,
seventh ray 214 to 3144; caudal 1% to 144, greatly elongated or
ellipsoid; ventral 124 to 224; third anal spine 134 to 144 in total
head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 214; pectoral 1.

Dark dusky brown generally. Dark longitudinal bands on body,
each one at juncture of scales and wide as pale interspaces. Vertical
fins and ventrals all blackish generally, pectorals uniform dull olive
and in contrast with rest of coloration. Iris with radiating brownish
blotches. Whole body, excepting pectoral though including iris,
marked with scattered brilliant white round spots, evidently blue in
life, and larger on body than on fins. On last dorsal rays large black
ocellus nearly large as eye.

East Indies, Philippines. A very handsome fish with large vertical
fins. The sexes are alike and the females apparently equally brilliant.

Type—Cat. No. 89986, U.S.N.M.

Diagnosis. Known chiefly by its coloration, the body and fins covy-
ered with moderately large white spots.

21546. Bagacay Bay, Maranjos Grande. March 13, 1909. Length 148 mm.
17056. Bisucay Island, Cuyo. April 9, 1909. Length 120 mm.
5141, 21029. Little Santa Cruz Island, Zamboanga. May 28, 1908. Length

137 to 143 mm.

20533. Port Galera, Mindoro. October 27, 1909. Length 80 mm.

15347, 20436. Port Palapag.- June 3, 1909. Length 108 to 151 mm.
One example. Romblon Reef. March 26, 1908. Length 110mm. (497).

18 Niveus, snowy, with reference to the white spots.

318 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

15642. Sablayan, Mindoro. December 13, 1908. Length 89 mm.

13946, 13947. Sabtan Island. November 8, 1908. Length 112 to 135 mm.

17599. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay. June 7, 1909. Length 160 mm.

8692. Tutu Bay, Jolo. September 19, 1909. Length 106 mm.

21358. Limbe Strait, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. November 11, 1909. Length
117 mm.

14395. Talisse Island. November 9, 1909. Length 115 mm.
13058. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length 123 mm.
(Type number U.S.N.M. 89986.)

CALLOPLESIOPS ARGUS, new species 29

Depth 214; head 234, width 2. Snout 414 in head from snout tip;
eye 3, much greater than snout or interorbital; maxillary reaches
three-fifths in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 21% in head from snout
tip; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on vomer and few on front of
each palatine, tongue smooth; interorbital 4 in head from snout tip,
slightly convex. Gillrakers 2+9, lanceolate, greatly longer than gill
filaments or 314 in eye; 2 upper and lower rudiments.

Scales 18+7+2 in lateral lines, with last on caudal base; 5 scales
above lateral line, 11 below, 11 predorsal forward nearly midway in
interorbital, 2 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge; muzzle and maxil-
lary naked; row of rather large scales form basal sheaths to dorsals
and anals, and caudal base broadly scaly. Lateral line of simple
tubes, upper section high along bases of dorsals on back and lower
section midway on side of caudal peduncle. Scales with 7 basal
radiating striae; about 40 small apical denticles with 9 series trans-
versely; circuli very fine.

D. XI, 9,1, last spine 134 in total head, seventh ray 24% in com-
bined head and body to caudal base; A. III, 9,1, third anal spine
23¢ in total head length, seventh ray 214; caudal 124, elongate, ovoid
in contour; ventral 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 21%; pec-
toral 114.

Rather dark uniform brownish generally, without any dark longi-
tudinal bands. Body and fins everywhere, except pectorals, marked
with very fine or small blue gray dots, one on each scale exposure, at
rather even intervals on body, though on fins they form longitudinal
gray lines or streaks terminally. All vertical fins and ventrals much
darker than body. Iris dark brown, with radiating light lines.
Pectoral uniform pale brown.

Only known from the type described above and quite different from
Calloplesiops niveus in its fine blue white dots.

Diagnosis—Known by the body and fins covered with very fine or
small white dots, on body one to each scale.

22695. Gane Road, Gillolo Island, Dutch East Indies. December 1, 1909.
Length 93 mm. (Type number U.S.N.M. 89987), (22695).

“0 Argus, with reference to the numerous pale dots.

INDEX

[ The page numbers of the principal entries are setin heavy-faced type. Asterisk indicates page on which
illustration is given]

Page

abdominglissSerranus.. = 22022 2e S222 28 288
mMoMNtHistius: Bodianus. sooo 2222 See Ss 206
Acanthistius leopardinus._._----- ---_----- 200
MNACUIAGUIS seeas a eres 198

olizacanthws 2 = went ee 201

PBEC DOI Ge eo eee yee Oe A eos 146
CYTIOD ON sae eae ee 145, 146
WRDODICU TE seer ew 146
philippinensis__--_-_--- Repetto 138

PRRIBTIA DOP ON eae tee nee en eae ee ee 142
AOSCONCIONIS; Trachinus--_--.- = sae nee 252
PRBUUMIODOLEM Se nt ee eee an ee oe tee 206
BEMIS eNTaN FO es nee ee ee eosee ace, 804
ULES BOLT ANUS eee ELS Po ei 255
albimaculatus, Epinephelus_________----- 248, 249
MINGIASCIALIS. “A MUNIAS! "ofan es eS 2, 309
alpofuscus, Hpinephelus..2--_-.29_2__--_2 = * 260
HIOIGCORTTUS ese ee eee 250, 252

HOLLANDS sa eae tse eee ae ee! 250
alboguttatus, Epinephelus_.__._-_____------ 281
DOMlaANUS eee se eee eae. 281
fibomarginata; Amiga. 222 oo 2 16
albomarginatus, Apogonichthys.--_.. ------ 16
Cephalopholis____-... 2, 235, * 236

altivelioides, Epinephelus________..---__-_-- 275
DURFATUS! fst h re, eee 252

altivelis, Cromileptes____-_-_. Natt eee 800, *301
ODEGIIS pen soe ae ee ece ee ete 299, 300
Bitivoloiges: Serranus. = 2 eee 275
(UTE VISTI ai apie eae RSS Ne NE ed ge a 2, 147,148
MIN DASSIS ae ee ae a eee ee 149, 153
SPHIPASSISS ATO DASSIS] = 6 sooo eee eS 149, 153
‘Aubassis’ apogonoides__-..2.----- 2-22 = 147
DatiBneHsiss sos sa eee en ee oe 161

DULOCHSIS en eet ene ee eee 157

WUITIGUSIS teens foes a eee 157

ambassis, Centropomus___--_-_-._-__- 147, 148, 153
Ambassis commersoni-_-___------------ 158, 154, 155
COmmersonil = 2 ee 150, 158, 155

GOUT CHa pate eee eee 150
GUSSUTMer as soe eee ae eee 160
gymnocephalus-_________- Seay ee 160

TACONT Uta se oe ee 155

var. reticulatus_..____. 156

ACOIEM DUUS eee ree eee ee ae 155
RANTIZING CT nee eee eet 154

IU [9S leaner oe ee ae Ae ks 149

ODS tee aan rete eel eee ee 22 149

Mets teres tee ee eres saat 151, 152

NUIT eee eee erie ee 151
PLACA CAT DMS =e sea ea ae eee oe 154, 156

BUG Tie re ee ea 150, 152

ELL eet re een nee AR

Page

AIM DAaSsiS *rOduUCLUS sacee ee eee 154
TODUSCUS Sebo o ee oe ee 164

Satehiae aes sae soe ee ee eae 158
NITOCAPII = eens es Eee AO Te,

MAcholliisy es ee eee fee 160
WELVASORSINeta so a eee eee 6 GD

WiO fl eee eee et eee 163, 164

ATT DASSTIS see: = Renee Sars ae ee ony GOLA
BM DGOINONISIS AINA hee ete eee 81
ADORON = 28 bases a oe ge es 81

Serrantises 3. Ss 2. eee ee 242

PAGEYN 1 2) Sere ens EE ee ED RA 1, 23, 29, 33, 123, 187
albomarginata ce 220% 2522.2 22. se 16
ATADOLICISIS ea eee ore 81
(Amioides) grossidens___-.----------- 144
UEP USCA aioe eee) ee ee ae ee 61
SDOCONGIGES Hee ee eee Bee 94
ALOU DIONSIS sees See oes Ree 53
AtLrOpAaston= Sake ee eas Se Ue eee *6, 93
AUTO A aa ed re ec eae 5
Dalinensig ere er ies sles ont Nee ale 55
bandanensise2 2222 2a ee *6, 40, 41
Difas ciate fore O eee eer ga ee ley a 33,73
brachyerammas. oe) 2) eee ea 12, 14
DHTORNSISy a Meee ere eee ee = wz
Cardinglig: -22 Seles Ba eee 102
CAVIGONSIS= 22522 ss sa vsa es eke cg ee eyo 45
CeramensiS! fo. 52226 aoe eae eee 82
chrysopoma— 22 5/325 222 ane Sees 59, 60
CHEYSOPOMUS Stee ee ne oe ee gore 59
COMPreSSa nase oe ee ee oe *4,75
GY ANOSOM A= so ae ee ee eee *4, 46
Cyanotaenias 22. ee ee ae ae eee 24
Cy Dselung: 3. ee ee 107
Cy pselunusis 2225 52s eee ee *6
lenCaea soo 22 sae eee oes Ne ae 103
Giversa: ch sot ites ee 95
Goederleiniso 228 25. ese 58
GOrySS82--2 eee oe ee 9!
elizabethaes <2 see. be eee 63, 64
eliotn Cee 2 Sake See ee 10
endekataenianes 22 a eee see 49
G@XOStiP Ha ners eee ee Nee ee *4°71
fascists! S662 .=-- ooh seen §1, 52, 65, 76
COMIPLeSSa 25 =- nee 75
MOWOSMTASCIAG As oe eee re 56
Peliniew ss eS eceae oe ee *4, 84
frnenatar so see eee a eee 72,73
frenatalerasa== See Rg Se es oe eS 71, 72
iS Cas ee Re oe ees *4, 59, 60, 90
gilbertin 222s sae eee ee eee 91
Plapaseis ot ue be tok ete Ue ey 20
RUACILIS Ss Soe Fe aie nee ae 120

320

INDEX

Page Page

Armtaigrifiinic. <8. 92. 2-t acest kes ELSE SOO Amiidaee se Le ee ee ee 2, *4, *8
PTOSSIO@HS | 25-4) $4-e eee ee eR Agr NW AIMNOL OS: 2 eh. 2 ee ie a Sel ee 14h
nartzeldis oe ee eee cote, 45 erossidens 2-225. see ee ee 144
artzieldiiv — 2 = eer ssa ae "4,44, 40) | analis,, Epinepheluss: 222) <\6- ~~. .2--_0- one 208
Wy ging ees we re eet wate beeese 13 Herraniist» 0) bik 4 2. eae 208
Lei Ch (ahc(erert: eae 2 ee Uy I a *8,83,105 | angularis, Epinephelus__._.._._.....----___- 247
hypselonote-- 34 ~ ey ee eS *4,91 Serranuigh cs -2 2). ty eee 243, 246
Hy DselLOnOUus= 2 ae ee eee OO Aneistata sAuiiameowe 2s oe eee 51
Jenkensio. toes en cee ance oe ee 98 | Anhyperodon leucogrammicus--____----___- 294
Jenkins} tees) se es eee 98 urophthaimus: 22 eee. eee 294
Eallopteras. sete tee eee 67-|annwlaris, A pogonie 22-25-0225 5i..s-c- 2.8 85
Kallopteruss:2os-. eee CaM Gy | Mn ineee) eikeweew EE oo 801
eIOSOMIA ses ee a oe Aen Age 23 albofascintus-- ee ts os a 2, 309
RIGMSISE ee cee en ee eee eres 66 cheiraspilos:sos= soe ee
ollomatodone <s2ste ater. eo eae sles 35, 37 cichlops!) : S.. 42s far ot ee ae 308
NQUGEA Cte eet eee sey eens ance *6, 81 COODGDI S253 Sees eas ee 309
leteralisss 2 eee ee ee ae 82, 83 ClONPALUS = 5 See ae ee >) 308
leptacanthys >see r0* hee eek a Ole itanthias; abrusse == sso: 14.55 55) ese oa ee 22%) 302
GD LaLa ee = seen cee eee ree inne *6)|P-Anthinas lepid olepises 2: sas ase ese
MACLOPLOUAL © oc sore ee nee ek Le 113 marganitacensi: 2 22s: eee 302
TOBE Ca Se Se ee eee eS 46, 47 MODIiss 28225 2 ee we 8 ea
margaritophorae sts. ee oe eens 77, 78 DlOUTOTA@T IAs aes se ee 302
MelANOLnyNCHUS see ee 73 Pleurolaeniay eos ee 302
WelanOtAe Migr te ke ee eka 57 (Pseudanthias) gibbosus_--_----- 304, 306
TOGIES fete eee es ce ee aes 1, 17, 18, 88 (Pseudanthias) squamipinnis_--____ 304
MOLUCCONSIS Sat ee ek Be eee 23, 59, 60 tasniatose] = 303, 304
MONOCHTORS! eae eee Ee eda yee lee 90 squamipinnis______..._- 804, *305, *306, 309
TIPE GPLTRG aye es eet oe ae etter ey a mae eS aL cera CHILLS Nica PEELS eich eee eel ee 301
multifacniataS es eee me ie eee wae LOSS any perod ones =soeee= soe ae eens eee ee 298
Mea VO pPhoras see EN De eee 29 leucogrammiicus_--2-3_ 2 — 32: 293
MOIMALO PULA a tae tee eee ee 29 urophthalmus-___--.--__.---. 294, 295
NMOMALODUCLUS= eee ee ee ee eee ne 29 | apoda, Plesiops nigricans var___------------ 314
Hi gricanss Sys west h Sinus LOLS eet eae Use A DOgon sss 62. as oe ee Bias Soa e eee 23, 86
MI PTL INS we ee te ee ae 24 AMDOINORSIS! = see ee ee ee 81
MIgrocinctal S22. erat eee soe se 95 Gmia)! aureus! 22a eee 85
MIpromMacwlathe— ee wae en te Cee ee 31 Ibandsnensiss se. oes eee 40
TIOOEG Z1OKi ee ns Seen ee ee eee, 100) DifaScCiag vss 25 e 33
DOCAC APE See Sees eT ee ee *6, 98 Cyanosoms =. 2-25 eof a 46
MOVAC-CUiNeay= See a ee *6 fasciatus: 2.222524) 5 222 Bees 49, 56
MOVEE-CUINGRG ee eee 100 annulariss 3222 ee ee ee 85
MOVEDITGSCIA LHe eee eee Se eee 52, 56 var. roseipinnis-_--_--_-__- 85
Ocellatas Ae a2 Pere nns Shee eae 18 (Apogonichthys) auritus___-_______- 6
OT Dicwlarisnsses aos eee ne Cel ee *4, 31 apogonoides:. s42-; eas beeen eas 94
parva IY Te Se ee eee ee 80 Brafuraes cones ee eee ere meee 10
Percaeformigny ss eee Nae ee 59 (Archamia) lineolatus___.--_.------ 113
POLI xe eee ee ee ee 14 QTPCUCGUS 2 soss on ene ee
POCCOPLGr amar een een eee ae 24 QTPYTOLAStEr= 2-2. eee eee ee ae
DOeCIIODLENUIS ee ee ee See 24 ATMAWISS Aste TBA Poe eee ee LOG
QUBUTITASCIS Tae ee eee a eee 68 ATOUDICDSIS: ce aa) nee ee eae 53
PAC Cloee Senet et Soak San ee 45 AUTOS oo soe ee eee mph baile tel Ba 85
ThHoOdo ters Sts ee esha Eee ee ee Sh QUIT LELTS os Ee a es ogee eee 4,6
FHOUOpterus eee ee Ae 34 bandanensis____-.----.. See eee oe 40, 42
TODUStH tee se eee pen eee ee eee 52 hatjanensise sets ee eee 42
SANGICNSIS= wrt ee Ee ee ee Pe 104 Difasciatwshe- soe eee 33, 34
ol pSV ay eusisit free Soon ea cneens 40 Dleekeni 22a ee een = 109, 110
SGaleipeess so fn eA ae poe nee meee 59 DErUeOnSiSe: Ser on meee ae 112
Semilineatay. as ee aes eee 97 CaTinabus ose tee eee bee 16
Semilinga tus oe eee ee ea 97 Cbramensise 3-5 erase see soe es 82
SIV GOR 2 ee ee ewe ere eee es 73 CHEYSODOMUIS Hae eee etn eae 59
SET itbere et a ee hearers BMS ET ee 11 CUMMMENSOM as te eee eee 153
UXECV OVE: its cocalaeieed alibi canal pay pal ned phe 83 COOKIE. eee ee ee ee oe 52
UUNINOCAlA Sao an non ee soe an eae 18 CUDIOUS. seco ee eee 59
Velulaeie. sos ee ees ee eee 14 GYANOSOMBE ee ea cee cere eee 46
VOISICOLOL = entree ee eee eee 142, 143 CYANO THEHIN te noc eee 24
WHISO Tene om oe ae aren SUM e eee Beas 50, 51 doederleint {222 S222 Sse eee eee 58
TOStETOPHOTA ese te ee renee 117 Gu0pS ta ee ee ee 18

INDEX 321
Page Page
MpooOneiotiie cis esos esl dgeess VR IS 10 | Apogon.rhodopterus..-=+--2-=-=5 ests c2e 34
endekataenias eee. 5. oe 50, 73 TOSCIGASTOR see es se cane 142°
OPythrinUS 25245 ee et 103 TOSOLMINDIS A wees Ee ee 85
OVaNnidUs? eee. eae 73 TOSCUS) hos ac ese sc oessceseeee eS 154
fasciata aroubiensis---_-.--.-------- 53 TUPOPSss45e6s2s- ae eee 23
faS@iGhus 2535 4-323 e525540 50, 51, 53, 56, 73 sangiensis® 2-2 2se--6ce— eee 104
4—faScialisssse eet see eet aaa 63 SaVayenSise- 22 =o sos ee eee 40°
MAB ALS aeee* 2 - 2 Ae ee eer = 23, 72 schlégelis. 2225 SS ee _ Se 50°
frenatys 235236 BR 72 sémilineatus:---.-+--2 2S eee 97
PUSCR LHS SS ee re <2 EE = 113 SnyGeri22-2~=222-<s.5 eee 73
foscns 20S. 25 Se eS 59 spilurus==:=---+--¢ 2 98
PArGinen 3 eee SE EE 41 taoniatuss: 2.2 2se 33, 34, 35, 109
Plamasse se ee eS 20 taeniophorus=s02.seseeeeses ane 57
gis) | Noe mes meere tae Lipo eae ee, Sa 91 thermallis 12232-52222 4h 105
SrAGhisce asa oo Se 23, 91 trimaculatus: -=2-225 See -Bee see 33
ZUAMONSISSS=5s-45o ea. eee 59 variegatusi.s.2-22. ee eee ee
Martzieldinte._ 225... 4 Sees 45 Wit ti@erne ce SE ee 7
art Ziel ines | oe a oe 44 ZOVIONICUS!===4=48-25 2-228 e ener 113
hentacanthiisy 5-2. - 25. b OS Eeee 91 zosterophora=2=2=22222525e8e 2 = eee 117
Holotaemias sss = 2.3 ola SG 73 ZOStOrOPHOLUSi= ase + = ee eee 117
nyalosomassss oo: Se Se ee R05) \} Apogonichthyss- 23-2 ee. = 4
hy pselonotus=s..W2 25s eee ee 91 albomarginatus__------------ 16
Kallopterus::=:<.- Sess0 see es 67 BUPIGUSi ee ee 6,19
Ki DSIS sacs aos ee 8 64, 66 brachygrammus.------------- 12
kaushivanus.==_—22-<2—- PS eee 98 DHuTruensis:.2--<+ = =O eee eee 112
olomatodone =o 2te ete 37 Carinadtysse ie Peer ae 16, 18
BALeraliSeS- eas hs cc ate ssa 82 Olliotico 2s. ae ey 2 2 10
(Lepidamia) multitaeniatus_______- 109 fOr OE oo 14
lineolatus:=)-j4. 2 RIEe ek ee 113 glagas s-:5 eter ee ee ee. 2S 20
macropteroides:-2)_ 322, e222. 113 eracilis<c-base6 Ans) oe Pe 120
MACTOPLOMUS sh 52s eee 110, 113 hyalinus2202>2--. BUR 13
margaritophorus! 2240 2. 2552S 77 isostigmas ale OL AP ise 19
maximus-20...- 228s Sey a se am 33 MAarTmMoratwses eee th
melanorbijnchos_<- se 2ese sae lees_ SS 73 meélanopteruS=-=2- =o. 2s) - 2-2 Aa (
melanorhynchus 5s Sse eee Be 7 mientakige see feb. 2 Se 2! 20)
melanotaenias an vyet oy 2 56 Nudus+s- 22-220 es 120
melas! 225.5. ases5. 1 eee te 88 perdix ... 22-20 ee See 4, 18,15
MeneSOMUS= 2.2 7 polystigma=25-5 Sees 19
MOMICGCONSISS (es a os SR 59 stellatus#:---2.2522--sse-.22 4
MONOCHTOUS > y= Mean Rea 90 Striatusi22of2-).-- ete 11
MIONOPTAMTIA = 62 2. ey fn 63, £4 nninotatus---— 2 eee 18
mini ilimen tus 24 Lai ple a Ae 48 wariegatuses =e Fees qi
Mulfitaeninta=2— eterna ee 48 Oy Al Rol ed eee Be eee 14,15
multifaeniaivis.-- = 2 aesees = 48,109 | apogonoides, Ambassis-_--------------------- 147
TISMALODLETA== = seeeetee tts eer hae ret) 29 Amia.= 2.0. Sere eee ee 94
nemafopterus2eNesi 22a 29 Apogonen kee == ee eee nena 94
nigripinnissresseue a CF pete Bs was ee 10, 24 Ghilodipterus-_..---- 2342-2 94
THLGTOMACHIASIS ewe eer nhs yaw 31 Parambassis.... 220s eee 147
MIVOEEZIG Kd = sper See ede betes oe TOO} ||| are. Serranus-2--- 22525 25 ae enon on oe 250°
MOtatasseee a Sere eae l4y a arabicah) Peres aos scot ene enn 131
OUA LIS eee ee ee eee 98 | arabicus, Centropomus--.--.----------------- 132
mnovae-epineses=ee<- =. Pee 100 Gheilodiptenusi222-<i52- 262 =-—=— 132
novemfasciatuns.___.-2=22222{222 222 603/56) |) araftrad, A DOgOn sas5 == 28 2= == soe 10°
NOVGIMSthiAbus= 52) eh YL 1284 Me chamiay $2262: 5S eee Se 1, 109, 110°
MTD DUS 22 eels |e 8 ee BS 40, 41 blebkeriae esse: eee ae 110
ONVICWIATIS. 5 se eee aT 31 DUTUeNSISa eee RE Ss ee 112
PAT VMAs aS ava pel eee So 23 sTacilis-e +e 3... ee *6, 120
PON Ia 25s <r Ee a SS ape ete 14 lineolata 2232-22233 eee 115
poecilopternss sa .2==55-- 5 Cees 24 macropteroidess.-.-- 2-2 == ==. -- 114
100) As) 71.7 10): Rn, See 4 nofatas: =<: =<. ee ees ee 114
SUT Db eo ee ee 56 zosterophera......-=-.- Sea *8, 117
(Pristiapogon) fraenatus_-_-____------ 72 Wardens; Mranzias = 22 joes. eee 304
MUNCPALNS == o- A tec O41 arpolata,. Percas22 2... 2.5.5. ee 237, 246
MUN CHAiIS <—- seas ee. 7 summans >. eee 246.
OUBdTIIASCiaiIs 232.2 = Nk pet =: 63,97 | areolatum, Plectropoma (maculatum) ----_- 200°
quinquestriatus.._...------....----- 63,64 | areolatus, Epinephelus_.__.-------------- 246, 253

322 INDEX

Page Page
areolatus, Serranus_-.___.___-.___.---. "O40; /2b3;204 ||| Bodianus lontis 222 32s | ee 203
(Epinephelus) -_._------ 246 macrocephalus:<-22-22-222-- 244

(Hyposerranus) ........ 246 maculatus:2 222. eee 195, 197

ABU, CURT a a ae eh ed 173 mielanuoras: -2 255)... 5 pee 246
Argenta, Perea = 20 222222 he ee 172 miniatus:....<i2 eid 2 ete 210, 215
argenteus; “Anogon= <= 5 ete 113 TORAG Ao oe ee ge 233
TP) aS a ae i ne re ee 172 yar. lunaria..= sone 234
Moronopsis= 2 ee ee e 172 Sexlineatus:.....-.o.- eee 311
argus;|Calloplesiops:<-* = 2. ee 2, 318 Sumimana:— 22. 2 ee hey 280
Cephalopholis__..-2 44. 2-8 206, 226, 228 undtlosus2% 22%)... -ssetoae 242
Vpinepheltis: 22-2202 a on eel 224,226 | boelang, Epinephelus_.-_.........__-_.--2 220, 231

BOrrart Sn is a pdt ce 226 Serranus.s. 2.26208 onc eel ie 231
Subtatus War wcecud-os nee 226 ||| (boenackBodianuses = sess a ee 230
AERVTCH NO VNAPTODS ase 3 tne ee oes 136 Cephalopholis. = ian 230, *232
argyreum, Melanostoma.____.__..._-____-_- 136 Epinephelus-—.) /..-_- see 230
ALE YLOSASLEL, A DOLON ans oe ee 143 SOrranus: = 5222) oleae 230
AISYTOZONA, ETlODISsa2= 3 = =e ee 148,160) |} boenak, ‘Bodisnus:—---- --_ sie 230

GDMAUUS; PATO PONS aso wee be 106 Bpinephelus' 2-2-3. 23
aroubiensis vAMmip =. ohoe wie tegen 53 Serranus2 >=... are dpe ete: 230
AMOR ON ors ate abe ke 53: ||| Bola;coioideg’ 250 es a hin ieee 290
fasciata {1 ooo. t es aetak 53 | bombonesis, Mionurus.___----_2-2.2----..-- 21, 22
assabensis) SOrranuss=:— tees 253 | boninius, Cephalopholis___........-______. 211,212
ABUT DORON Te STM Wee es ceded ioe 4 | bontoides, Epinephelus_.._.-.__.__________- 251
atherinoides, Hynnodus..----___._._______ 121, 122 Serranmus. 352 ae a eral ol 250
atrogaster, JAmia! 2h 2c eet us tL 6:98) |) bontoo, Serranus 2-552 es seen 290
aurantius, Cephalopholis_...__.-..________ 208"209 |) borbonicus, Serranus:..- 39-4 245
Epinephelus 4.0 tel iee 1) 208)" |) Dorbonius; Serranuss-- =) =o) eee 245
Senranas suas vi. eae oe ea 908'|) ‘Boulengerina. 2d Poteet Pl 165
auratus, Apogonichthys._-.._ ___._._________ 6 taeniurass.) sl aie oer st 172
AUTO WAT gays te eet MR Mata) 85 |bibrachygrammip!Arnia enero ue 12, 14
BUTOUS AOR ON es 52 a aa et eat SU 85 Fosis.512-.9tneteevanes 2 12
(Asma) we eee dP i 85 | brachygrammus, Apogonichthys__-__-----_- 12
Centropomus eakaniiee ll 85 Bowileria,. 2-5) sseete sew 12
BULICUS VA OPONE 2s dali heehee Earp lee 4°6 || bruneus) Epinephelus=) 2-225 =i bea eee 260
(Apogonichthys) -..__._____ 6 |) brunneus, \Serranuse. 2 sees ee ates 260
AypOgonichth ys 2 == saWeneee we Cau 6,19 (Epinephelus) -_____-.-_- 243
AWOBLA, Hpinepnelis= 222-6 se ean eel 273 |i _burdi, Romacentrus:23 3:25) sae 210
Berranus 22.55 athens heeding 2603278 || buroensis, “Aumbassis=22)= =) == ss eae ee 167
ASV LO OnE Be NS NS ce bial Oy a 302 Ammia{.05 243082) 2 pheantebe pues &- 112
Dalinensis*WAimiaweet sce ees aL 56) |) butuensis;vAmbassiso +--+ == eee 157
andanensis, Amniaee = seeweateee lL LL 6, 40, 41 Apogon hs 2205 Fie Gale apie ie peree 112
ASDOS OD 22 Leena ee. ee 40, 42 Apogonichthys .._.____._--_2_--- 112
(Arm 8) etn 40 Archamia:: == 2583 35 hide rae 112
Dataviensis; Serranus- 2s. aes eas 281 Priopus:c.--)) 22s ase aes 154
batjanensis, Ambassis______________-______.. 161 | caeruleo-lineatus, Plesiops...______---------- 314
A PORONG.- 3. Ww hoeAeh SWE). 42 | caeruleopunctatus, Epinephelus_____-____- 277, 281
Batrachus\gigasy 02) prowi oie 237, 296, 297 | caeruleo-punctatus, Holocentrus.._.___------ 276
bella, TElypochydoniall <i e eeu wey 2 136 | caeruleopunctatus, Serranus.___._..--.------ 276
BGlONODEr cams M ei ae ental 2,181 | caeruleo-punctatus, Serranus._--__- 276, * 277, * 279
Chabanaudies 526. .oae 2,181, *182 | caeruleopunctatus, Serranus (Epinephelus)- 277
Boelonopercinaes 25.5 - |.) eels eet ee 2: |i"cderulescens; kcuhlig-25=). 22522 eee 168
bennett; wD wles 28.5 abun iets tery 172) || calcar; Perea*-22< 322s ee ee 178
bifasciate, HAmials 2. ee AE ks 33,73 | calcarifer, Holocentrus......... ....-.------ 177
Difasciatum, ‘Diploprion_--2— —--_-. - 183 ates 2ce5. 5 See: 177
bifasciatus;Apogonisss. oe ee 33, 34 hatris) 2.23523 238552 ee 178
(Asma) (254 ae er 33 Plectropoma: + = cae 178
Diploprion 2-13 Meee 183 Plectropomus:_ 22a eee * 178
DleckerivAporon set se pei, 5. 109,110 | caleariferum, Plectropoma____-_--..----__-_- 178
ATGha mig a3... -sethleins tie eremens oo 110° ||) Calloplesiops e222 Sass) 2 ae a ge = 2, 316
Bodianus tacanthistius2. wep 206 lLUS Li 2c late epee hee 2, 318
Iboenack,.- 4. eeieelese 230 Niveusss. 2 sess See 316, 317, 318
poen sles ee 230) ||| cardinalis, Amma: eos) ee teens eee 102
PUtatus ooo ee ee 22) |) carinatus; Apogonss. fos -sso 2 oae eee ee 16
Puttatus.. eee 227 Apogonichthys-=. sue ees 16,18
iIndelebiligakess: sarepee ew aN 208, 209 Serrantis.::+~-..72- ee ere 254
jJacob-evertsen:.2eietetere seh se 227 | caudovittatus, Holocentrus___.._____...__-- 165

INDEX 323

Page Page

cavifrons, Pseudolates____.____.-__________ 177,178 | chorististium susumi-__---..._-.._________ 186, 187
Cayitensis:-A mia. 2 oso) eile ite 2 45 Swalesiscss2-5.- Ss Se 2, 186
eplebicus; Serranus-— = 5. <— oifere- 247; || ‘Ohrysomelanus=+. 4 =... Mee 237
MAENtTOCON YS: * st = ep eeminny 2 193 DISCUS eas ee ea 237
waigiensis.-. wustatreek: 198,194 | chrysomelanus, Sparus....--..-. 2-22 /-_._. 237

WAIPIONSIS= 5-4 + Seems: 22 8 194), (chrysopoma yy Amiae-— see esee ee 59, 60
Mentropomus. 24022 so sep tee vie. 28” 182) Jehrysopomiuss A mis. s-= ee 59
SMUD ASSIS. oo eee 147, 148, 153 Apogon:.22:.22 22 ok eee 59

BIS DICHS= = 2 — Seem Etieh 2 132) ‘cichlops;-Anthiase-.- 2 eee ee 808

BIROUSE ot A ema 28 es 85 Eseudanthias sea Se 308

MACTOGON= 3 sah tee 2 Se 132 Serranus: >= See 308

TLDOS LEIS =.) Sate tee 227 165,166 s\.teilinga i Perca el. a 165, 167, 170

Sal pet tears cel bree 153 ‘Percichthys-s.5..94) Sane Ss 167

Sextines Gussie 2 tent Sit} ciliatus, Moronopsis®o-4....4. eee 170

Centropristis scorpenoides_______..._.__-_-- 198;.104;"l! (Cirrbipterastaesee mat 0 Se 312
epnsilopholiss-.a.— + afta a feeyees 88 206 corallicola-.- 4) ee ae 312
albomarginatus_.______- 2, 235, * 236 | Cirriptera corallicola__..._..--.-_.__-_.___. -_ 314

BIPTIS: 52. sures teh aresx 206, 226, 228 | clupeiformis, Rhabdamia-_-_._._---___________ 23
alrantiusw-ceeae eye. 208, 209 | Cnidon chinensis_____ psescecsccbeas ty Ve 180

poendeketsenns tree - Fe 980," 232) |) (@niodont 2-4 a ee) 179

Oninivs. Sree Ege 211, 212 Ghinensig= =~ 22. 5 SEN 179

eyanostigma:_-_ jst4s_- = 223 | coeruleo-lineatus, Plesiops.__.-..____-___-___ 314
kendalli-ceeritanateet 228. 221, 228. I COIOIGES -BOldia ass GR 290

leopargus 224 rarestty 28 217 Serraniis- 2-12 =< -<---. ee 290
maculatus.-Heme ates 2. 210; 212. @oius vactiz we 178
miniabuss: vee see _-- £10; *211. |! eommersoni,,Ambassis..--..--~-_ S0et* 153, 154, 155

ODEMSAITIS: 2 trartan |. 2 8 208, 209 | commersonii, Ambassis-_.----.__..____ 150, 153, 155
pachycentron___-...._..-- 220, *221 ADOGONE =a e ye eT hs 153

mollent-<-. ees ero ae 236) )) @ompressaAmig-- 2a 2d OE ed *4,75

TOR Aa aula selene sees 283, 234, 236 fasciata Siure dene 2. 75

sexmacnilatnss. 20252 ei ee £29' i; confertes, Serranius =<. scu oo ee 269

SOMMOTA Gis 62s hee Se ee 209278) 0 (COokti; ADOgONs = 5c ee ee 52

SbipmIApOmMse= 222-8 oo aca 231s f COOPER eAMTNIASs sie 309

Dia) 003) (Ke ee Se Ss eee 224,215; |) ‘corallicola,.@irriptera..3- 4.2. eee 314
(canamonsisseAniig te. 28 02 3S es 82 Bpinepheltss sae es 274
AMOR ON. eile. aot ee esse eee 82 Pharyvontery x= 2040s eee 214

ROBIN ae te a2 Bee ee eo 237 IPlesiops2224=4.- eee 314, 315
chabanaudi, Belonoperca__-__-____.---- 2, 181, *182 Serranus22:.2 222.0 4 eee 252, 274
enapauGi, Serranus:....-. eases. - 288 | coromandelicus, Epinephelus._______._--____ 248
(SE 6 CEE Se een 2 2 52} ee eon 147 Serranus:c:_3 Sees 248
Gussumioni£ 2 es se 160 (Epinephelus)__-_ 248
handidae=- 2-2. =.= 4 = see 146 | crapao, Epinephelus-_--_-_--- vies MITER 291
MHOHOdIpLOLUSS oS = -- s s 2, 122, 124 Serranus. +4212. + ee ee 290
apogonoides see ses ie ae 94 | craspedurus, Epinephelus_____-___-.---_---- 247

arabicus... 4 Set Mg 52 132) M@romileptesss22s2te-22 2 2eo ns Se 299

heptazona__ __- a) 132 altivelisé=i<_- ===. Sen oe 800, *301

lineatusis ius ress *8, 22, 131 Miniatussccacoeseccee ses Re 210

Macrodon= se Mesos LS 132 My niastene-5 te ee 227
nigrotaeniatus__.........-..- 124) -eruentus;/Serranus_..- -..--<-. <--=22 2223822 275
octovittattissseet se oe 132} cupreus;Apogon a= sso ees eee 59

POPULs2so sees eae 2 123 GyANOSOMA, HAI ia oe cen eae *4, 46
quinquelineatus-_-_-_-.------ *8, 127 APOZOD. . 22 cee cone ee 46

singapurensis.. 22222. - ==" - 125 (Amiga) 7222222 ease 46

ZONAGUS Soocens eae as 128 | cyanostigma, Cephalopholis___-_------------ 223

choeirospilos, Anthiass. 222 42a 22228... ...- 304 BS Dinephelyse ssa 223
cheirospilus, Pseudanthias___--_.----------- 304 Petrometopon_.-- 2224 _ Se 224
Whilodip ters 3.223 = AE. 122 Plectropoma@_-_- =... = - eee =1)4/200
apogonoides _.....-.-.-------- 93 Serranus...... 5. - eee 210, 223

lineatus= 2 Meeeesgs 131 | cyanostigmatoides, Epinephelus_-___-------- 211
quinquelineatus-------------- 128 Serranus:<-eettte 2-2. 210

SMINGNsis 7. CnidOnepacsoe ec HIS oe 180, | @yanotaenia, Amia---—.- - S52 82saieeee-- = - 24
CIO GT aes aE ES 179 ADOPOD Eo = 952 =- eee ee 24
eblorostigma, Epinephelus ._---- ------------ 252 | cylindricus, Ephinephelus----.-.------------ 254
Serranuse- soe soe ee ee 252 Serranus..-= 2-23 oo. 8 ee 254
(Epinephelus)- -.----- 252\.| Giynichthys:...2.---- et aasnaenaeesa-eseeb 237

TONOTISHISEL hs 5s aS eS oe 185. | *eynodon,, Acropoma.___-_ -=2s28s20>----—- 145, 146

324 INDEX

Page Page
aypselura, Amia ...... -....-=s8226--<02:2-:5,, 407 | pinephelus alboguttatus._.sese Sess ae 281
wypselurus, Amia .----------.=:- Beh oaenee *6 altivelioidesocece-n ei ee 275
Rhabdamig=! 2225). 2) ee Or analis-2= So. soo0. See ae 208
WADA = 23-2 -a<see ea ae = se nese 237 angularis,.scssco ce eee 247
darwiniensis; Lates -2--:.=s32sos> -tassisen= 178 aTeolatusncs teehee se se ee 246, 253
datnioides, Psammoperca--_-----_---- .--- 179, 180 SY Gus. 2-5. neato ve 224, 226
dayi, Epinephelus.2-2.-=-=-2 34-52 -2-s25 248, 259 BUTAN TUS <3 208
‘denticulata, Ambassis........--------------- 150 BWOSras i232 UslRetM hse ssecc5 273
PEDLOROU OR eset ae a ee noe eee 86 boclang:..... ose 220, 231
dermochirus, Epinephelus-_----------------- 278 opnake ce. Pee ee 230
Serranus.= 2255 ~ ae eee 277 pontoidess-.40be6 3 ee 251
iesmMOpMNA. A Sk ou Sek gee 2, 123 Drones. Sie ese 260
diacanthus, Epinephelus--____-__--------- 251, 259 caeruleopunctatus__________- 277, 281
Serranus__-_--- 258, *259, 262, 278, 291 chlorostigmias tsanuses... .<_ 252
(Epinephelus)--.------- 259 corallicolass2 eau a wi Ie 274
Miacopea minista +... 2" eeeene eaten 210 coromandelicus___.--------.._- 248
diacopeformis, Serranus--------.-.-.-.------ 291 Crapaovelareiy mt | 291
diencaca, AMia----:.'.-- sashes 2-08 Craspedurnsacc. Sees 2 274
Oi ploprionces. soosso aan a ee eae 183 Cyanostigmaeneaspiee eee 223
faseiatumas= sess ss 2 sas eo 5 183 cyanostigmatoides____._______- 211
fasciatus s2es52 5c. pee tees: 183 cylindricus: set pie. ee 254
Dipterodon- =... -2--=--s Fee a Sa 23, 86 aty secs ret tai pare Fa 248, 259
hexacan thus: se. ee see 23, 85, 86 dermochirus- seer 2 278
NOtstUsss 22 oss 2he We See etsie === 86 diacanthus: 2a! 2-2 251, 259
plomieriz= 2283555322 ane tse 86 doderleini- 2:1elsrsest 25-5. 243
Gispar, SOIranus 22225 22 sates 6 hoe 286 ery thracus)srietebe oes 215
Giversa, pAMIia! 22-22 coe eee 95 estuarius:- eoeeeoleeae ee 288
doederleini; A mia! 2" ene tee 58 faTiOS. ae yew hee ae Sue 249
YN oft) -{0) ey ne em eee 58 fascia tiis.22 2-5 tee ees Sa 263
Mpinephelus: 243245 - es one 243 flavocaeruleus___________ Spas 244

“PTE G Ros OT ie eee eet te m= 91 var. flavocaeru-
Motiles: ‘rupestris= ==) = Se eee 166 Cn 244

taenitinus=\=--2-9=; = eae S 172 var. melanome-
Ma bius, SOLranuss-.2 ee en ee 206 topon ~.==.-=- 245

Muleidae:. - 2-222 2 sees saat 164, 166 var. xanthome-
Witles22o 635: 5455-63 se ee eer 165, 166 topon\s- -42- 245
are entOus. eee (eae eee 172 formosuss ye Sees te Sees 231
bennettiy 2 <2) 2s ae ets Loe 172 fuscoguttatus ee: niate eee 284
fUSCUS= 22. 2.254 eedeebee etek preset ee 167 gaimardi-- >. sone ee 250
guamensis: = 252. s-steepy a5 a3 167 pilberticg< 2) Spook ee 254, 255
Nas welbits erie see es Se 167 hexagonatus: es ee Be 269
aswell * 22. = a ene BS 167 hoed ti.2 222s es Bee 245
leuciscus: 2 2226-3 pie 170 hoedtii2sk Se © Lopuaelgibe 245
maculatus: .-2252 2b ee he te 170 hoevenii2ebsseventaes so es 278
MAIO oa ee oe ao ee 170 horridus...-isetharea. 2S 284
marpinatus. 225-64 see 165, 167, 169 jansenil2 Yate niet. ooo 291
Mato! 2 oe sas 255 ee ot a 165, 169 janthinopterusse = 213
Papuensiso- oH sete ed ee 170 jJaponicus!-4e2=eeses ee 250, 255
TUpestris. secs Ao eee es 166 lanceolatusts2sses28--- 22 297
taeniurns os ee 165, 166, 172 latifasciatusmis acess: Sees 243
vanicolonsiss ==. = 2-355 eee ee 167 leopardus* 2. skate 217
RIODS, -A POZO R= oe 2. Be 18 leucogrammicusz4-46--- ._--. 294
dussumieri, Ambassiss2024 2-2 oe osslee-- 160 lout {spe ee ee ns eae 204
Chanda. astegio te eae 160 (Utra st eel epee ee 285
Weelia= 2. fc SSO eae cs Sse 165 macrospilus.. +. 20s (aie = 275
Slizabethae, Amis. —. 222 252seee ee 63, 64 MACUIALIS AS 2 aes hee es hed 250
@llioti;,, Awmis: 2225 UA plea ge TEs ns 10 malabaricus. 3-5 eee 289
APO ZOU Se eo Ae ere Fo 10 miarginalisestessee eo Le 264
Apogonichthyss2eu22 2b ait 10 morachir==. =. sexsasestl eS 255
Slongatus, Anthiasg\.s:yseers ya 309 Melas sete tel oh toe ce 211
Pseudanthias® =. 224s eat 309 MOIEA oso a ee 268
iendekataenia,vAmia.-- = 52 /2eve A ek 49 Mmicrodon=22-= - eaten ee 285
Apogon...2eaeeol ge ee 50, 73 micronotatus:4e-s<i220 -225224> 288
MM NOISUUB sae te cd A So 206 microprion==-2peee eo ae 220
Epinephelus albimaculatus_______________ 248, 249 miltostiomas. [232.222 ee 215
albofuscus..25..222 22 ee 250 miniatus =~ 0.52... <= eee 210

INDEX 325

Page Page

Epinephelus morrhua...-_-_..2....-_.--.... »'\243 | flavo-caeruleus, Serranus_.._......2...L__-. 244
muiltinotatns =. See 291 | filavocoeruleus, Holocentrus____._..-.-.__-___ 245
OPUS... ee eeneees. 2... 2804) Mavoguttatus, Serranuse..._ sstearee 281
pachycentrumé 22 e224-. ~~~... 2204) a&vopurpures,sPerca 2. <2 5te ese eee 237, 245

nantherinus: ebee aus 2c 290" |)) Metirigu,~Amiss= <5. oi an aaa *4, 84

playisiris:<- == 2s Ss 215 Ostorhinchus=s--..2S2-oese 22 23, 84, 85, 86
moecilonotus-o4eee ket 243.0) fo; Aporonichthyss-. =. ee tbr 14
polypodophilus_____..._._-.._- 291 Roasts 23-2: ete AS ee 14, 15
nolystigmaseetsaien 1 281.\] (hoa: brachygramma.- =. aes ee 12

FOLOM tis ears 265 $GR eg Se ee Sd 14,15
Fhyncholepis3. See She 267 Valued... os susst seth a 14, 15

Togas 20... eteuiqap ley) 1/2) 234 |) formosa iScisenas2 =... 230
sexfasciatus.__.- Sere... ©=—-26 1) ||) Formosus; Wpinephelus.. = 22 Seaman 231
Saxmaculatus2 2. <se2ver ei 229 Petrometopon...._-- 23 a. 28 231
Sonneraticns===2- 2252 se8 208, 209, 213 SOrranusiace oa ee Lee 230

Stelians. 2. suse telat cee Fath 269 | forskael, Holocentrus_.........._____-_______ 264

Stolatus-s 4. 42-2. Ue eee DEON MNO WIeriase esos ee 4

SUMMIAN AS so= se ME ae 280 brachygrammiush 2 Sines 12

irimacuilatwse sass ee 250 ISOStigmap cus se te eee 19

PSILIMeN ATS eee ee ee 964) swaensta, cAmiae soso, OIE os See 72,73

toHavinges sos Rae 9a9) | @racilis: Scepteniasiecc. )_ = errs st eee 121

undwlesns3 5220S. ei he Tape) PPLAN TASS Reel po oo Sc eecich eo == oa = 302

DIT OO CIS et se Apo nk SS 215 Afinis 2 oon sos tee Se 304

var. urodelus_________ 215 @IGONS so2- Saco sscoc == soa 304

wrophthalmusers | eae 2. i. 294 MODUS Sse soa ss RT 304

(@Variola) Joutiveco- saree 204 pectoralis 2255. 2-.u. A e 304
Wwaandersii-.2s.< Boake. oil 253 TUDISb shes ese ce le I 304

TONANG coe Sat EP Od Of7 4 FOD aba, PAM paso ook cen eee ee 2 71, 72

zaphy rus 5222 Pee ee ta 963) |) {renatus, Apogon._.__- ~~. Seis te 72

PAD YTUS ses hoo Ne es 265 | fucatus, Apogon___--.-.--- swtereccte hh tls 113
munanellay 11 eeecnetwa th peal 919° | tusea; Amigo 2clc eee *4, 59, 60, 90,

erythermus, Apovon oso. 08 ye as 102 Pel Ciecnu cache coe e BUSA, Re 230
erythraeus, Epinephelus____________________ 215 | fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus--_---__------_.- 284
Eoloceritnisiae sees 264 | fusco-guttatus, Perca summana-_-_-___-----_- 284

BORrANUS (Lecce eee hea 213, 215 | fuscoguttatus, Serranus lest de a) 2g

SEV cHrinus; A POPON S22 cuL skid oot cP all 102 | fusco-guttatus, Serranus-------.----.-_._- 284, *285
OLy COLUTUS, SErranus se ns Sg 9751) saseus, "A POPON sooo Se eS es 23, 59
estuarius, Epinephelus-- 22222425) Cf... 288 Dulles sek sduay- ea eee 167
SOrrantise. :.ot 04 Vi lhe aa esle) of 28g | gaimardi, Epinephelus_____...---.-------_-- 250
BeaAniGus cA POGON +252 445 55a o's HUET Ak 73 SerranuS.. 2.2 FUSS ese Ary 249, 250
RSROVS Ui TIE ASTER She ve gy TA ef ERG SAP 7) |) CALGINEL, eA DORON === ne aaes eee noes = enna 41
fario, Epinephelus se Sie BME A O49 1 Garbapaes 2. seed oe. oe 2 ss 296
olocentrus 22223525425 SI ile 949) 1) (G@ennadius...- s2.csseecne sn - Se 193
Wereasc oo oo Aa ee A ee ae 249, 252 stoliczae-.-o2--.- J Se 194
Serranus soos S see ee 819976 || ‘eoftroyi, Serranus coo ee = 253
fascinate vA Migs 5265225 2ic5 See. 61, 52, 56, 76 (Hyposerranus) --____-___ 253
IP SLCR Sooo eee a Nl 263 | geographicus, Serranus__-__.--_-------------- 297
fasciatomaculatus, Serranus_____-_____.___ 257,259 | gibbosus, Anthias (Pseudanthias) ________ 304,306
fasciatomaculosus, Serranus_-_-_-----__-__-____ 259" ‘gigas, -Batrachus-.-.-<---_ a2 es 237, 296, 297
fasciatus, A pogon?2-J222.52 2a 50, 51, 53, 56, 62, 73 POR CS ees ee esd 237
(Aija) eae 60) 56) | gilberti;Amiauo2s--2- ee ee 91

Hpinephelsss 54a es 263 FE pinephelus.-22245 ee --- 254, 255

Mis 32 See I 51 Serranus2.2=-s2220 > ee 204,265; 201

Serranus sss. IRE oe 968 | ‘@laga, Amian..2--2-2-sesede nee Tat za 2 20
(Epinephelus)-______-.-___ 263 APOZOD 25-2555 2e0e ea ae PES 2s Lok 20

fgyveatus, Serranus=22..-253s22 5c 269 Apogonichthys= 2222 222e2a252 2 =. =<... 20
flavicauda, Hyporthodus______......-._-___ 237 Mionons2ss2-35 25-203 SO 2 20
flavimarginata, Puseudoscarus louti var-_--___ 204 1 ‘elaucus, Serranus==-o-2225 226s 2-5 -=— 247
Variola. 220 4 ak 204,905) ‘goliath, Oligorus-_=s2o2 "eee eecesecne= noma 297

LOUD yar see ss eee 204 Serranus i so2t25 6 ee sos se 285

flavimarginatus, Serranus--__----------.---- 204) |) ‘gracilis: “Amigss- ee = 2 at coca 120
flavocaeruleus, Epinephelus____.--______-... 244 Apogonichthys:--=2822t23222_--_-.- 120
Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Archamiasa.s- ees Mees. oe *6, 120

WaT oe eecet os 244: || pracfiei; Mionorus.-—--2 eo 2e eae 91, 106

flavo-caeruleus, Holocentrus_.__.-...-----.-- 244) |), eraefi, IMionorus--. == eae eens anne 107
flavocaeruleus, Serranus---..---...-.-------- 244 ADOZON sass aa Sse eR eee 91

326 INDEX

Page Page
prnefiil, Anogon-..---...22.0eeseo- cvoldaes 23,91 ; Holocentrus oceanicus.............-.----_._- 264
Grammistes:.2o2....--esisseetels ehetesscsi6) 311 GNGUSL Sheet ees eee 280
orientalis: -\ sepeeests: sevtea bers 310 pantherinus: coc eet 289
spxlineatus....sS2essh assests 311 FOSMIATO SES hers are ee 264
priginivrAtnin see <== oo 5 ee *6, 99 salmoides:222h2Si4 ge 22 es 290
griseus; Malakiehthys.... ..s2/-fe2bds52222--- 187 TAnVINe 332325 a ees eee Se 287
prossidens),Amiotdes...-- -.-.~-2202deiacess 14% ||) (olotaemia,:Apogon: <2. ssoueeetionee eee 73
(Amioides) 22=---22.22277 144°) (lomalogrystess22 2 Sse aes a 237
guamensis, Apogon.---...-2..ebsssnsc 5 bee 59 guntheriisieis eles ee 237, 288
DMulese fe sat a seabel esses 167 lnctiosus2=. beeiee ce erie 245
pueza; (uabruse et se oe 225 see eee 213") homfrayi,, Serranws.2- 2 te da ees es 217
Serranvss---25-02.45-54to eee een 296 | horridus, Epinephelus.__._-__....-.-..--.-- 285
guntheri, Homalogrystes_.------.--_------ 237, 288 Sexcrantish -s:2 aes hayl watery. 2. 245 285, 297
gotatus, Bodianus! =<... ssp seusyee eee Ss 227 | howlandi, Serranus-____--....-.-_-_-_- 252, 275, 276
puttatus, Bodianus= 222-220 seeeaee ee 227 | shyalinayAmia Ses ' os = = eenepieeae ee 13
Promicrops=--=- 2: ase heen Ee 296 | hyalinus, Apogonichthys-___....._.._._------ 13
SOnreri tise oe ee oo ae 206)220)227 || Inyalosoma, Amis.) -_ =.) sede 8 *8, 83, 105
gymnocephalus, Ambassis_----.------------ 160 APOZON > kb ers sae 105
hutianus= “== sees f= 160) || (Ekynnodus: 2 2222 Se heegtuynarniek) see PT
Priopise. 2222 eee 160 atherinoldess eae et ae 121,122
gymmnosus, Molocentrus-* "4-2. Saas ae 244 morgalops +. ts ery eds ee 121, 122
FTalichoores mesa * fees Shee ee Ae ea 166)| Jelypoclydoniai bella's === sree a= 136
(ielichoerts.-3 sae oN San ee So eS 166 | Hypopterus.___-_-.-._ AE ote ete hie tot 2 179
familtomigt020 ot fees Sate a one as 147° || Elyporthodust 3s ess aie 2 Se ee 237
iartzfeldiAmiahis = sao eed Sel bahay = 2 45 Havyicaud assis Saeeeeess So 237
PANDO ROT eos Sat aed Ep pias apa a 45° i) ley DOSOFTANSs 222 223 at ete es oe 237
MartzfelaiiAmnig se aie 2 eh le See pale 4,44,40 | duypselonota, Amia_’2 i sseeshaesens 22 Loe *4, 91
A PORON a= Rae NS ie alba alee 44 | hypselonotus, Amia —.__-____- of tpl ee wae 91
haswelli, Dulests a9 18-2) eee ee 167 ANORODS 251 cine ree He See 91
MaSwellii, WUlesee 2 es ee eye ae 167 |), immunerur; (Serranses 2-2 eee 227
,hedleyi, Kuhlia rupestris_..---_-----.------ Ler. |/sndelebiliss Bodianuss=-=5=s0sssses=sneae 208, 209
heptacanthus, Apogon._-.------------- ---- Oi) dnterrupta; |Ambassiss--2--- eee 156
heptadactylus, Holocentrus-_-_-_-_------------ 178 |, interruptus; Ambassis.. +5 eeees See Sees 155
Taiteys2e eses soot ¢ atte 178 Priopis: - 23). 55-23 Asani eee 155
heptazona, Cheilodipterus -._.-------------- 132° |) Foainia 028 . ot 222 ens) Ae eee 1, 120

Ler a PSesae 2) see ahs 8 err ped mse, 165° ||’ drrorata, Perca. 2-22-42 Sees oe ee
MUNG A. see ce ele ee ee AS 165 | isostigma, Apogonichthys____.-.__-----. -___ 19
hexacanthus, Dipterodon_-_-_------_------ 23, 85, 86 Fowlerias. 2325 iusto eee 19
hoxavonata; Percas == - 2-2-2 ey- Mit at tte Bho 269);||' Dteiara 322 2 cee es a be eae eee” 296
hexagonatus, Epinephelus -_-__.__---------- 269).)\ dtaiara, Serranus.¢ \ 2 2-224 ee eee 296
Holocentrus: 222) = ssaesee eS eee 269 | jacob-evertsen, Bodianus ---__-.-.----._..---- 227
Serranus; 3 22s eee 2555269 1 danseni, Hpinephelus:222---) ee 291
hoedtiwilpinephelusiss 22s eee ee 245 ||) jansenil, Serranis20)- 22522 as Bekele 291
hoed tii); Ee pinephelus: >= 22-2) eke esse 245 | janthinopterus, Epinephelus____------..-__- 213
Serranis ijn pa) 62 ie) pipe eas 2455246 i aponica, Synagropsasoi222 2 — = =. a ee ae 136
hoevenil;, Epinepheliusiiesess£UL = ees sue e, 278) AapONicum,) AcropOmMs.o— seen es 145
Serranus® 22 20s elegant Es 278 Molanostoma: 2522205 See 136
Holacanthus melanosoma--_-_-___------------ 205 | japonicus, Epinephelus_-____----.----_-___ 250, 255
Holocentrus albofuscus.__-----.--_-------- 250, 252 Labrax22 3 susn athe enh 189, 190
caeruleo-punctatus_-____-------- 276 ateolabrax 252222222 Sees -- 190
COCR TIT eyes os efron fe Ew 177 Poercalabraxi-2ees-4 505 eee 190
CAUGOVItDATUS: - 2 8e te eS 165 Perca-labrax- 2 eee 190
ery thracus es = 8 a epi pete 52 264 Serranus aerolatus..-.--...-____- 255
fear oe as 5 ek ST oh ree 249 Synaerops 25-2545 eee 136
flavo-caeruleus-..2=- eS 244: i Jenkensi, Amiagv e232 eas 2 ee 98
Aavocoeruleus sss 245\ | senkinsi, Amiga! 2 82s ee eee ae 98
forshka el jen 228 eee 264 4 ‘kalloptera, Amig 225.” eee SE tess 67
CYMINOSUS Sass a etree 244° Kallopterus;,Amiad 22225 ts Sees a can ey ee 67
heptadactylus----.---2-2-222:-2 178 Apogonis 5-22. etek ee 2 sss bee 67
hexa gona tus._ 222 te eee 2697 Kealosoma, A mia eee pee ee aes ee 23
lanceolatuss— <2 he 297 |, Kawamebari, Serranis==2552 45322 eee ees 260
leopardus=.. 2-22 85). 5 4-2 195,199 | kendalli, Cephalopholis_...._.-......-____ 227, 228
macilatus- 02 ie 249/252...) Kkiensis; Amiga 225 Se eee ait 66
malabaricus--)) 2 sae ee 289 ADOBOTNS eB Soe Sieh dete a al ee 64, 66
Maren ats! 23% 2. eels h Se 2 264 | kiushiuanus, Apogon......-.....-..-.--- 2... 98
TOOL Ye ee 268" |; Ikinnzingeri, ‘Ambassis:22 2) seessn ees 154

INDEX ont

Page 5 Page
Eellomatodon,Amige<- ---225- 2 ee 35, 87 | leucogrammicus, Epinephelus_______________ 294
ADOPON Ae eres Os. GU tae 7 SOMranUs eee ek ek 293
Beapsi; AMD assis i 4sLeteeete a ee ee 149 |. leucostigma, Serranus_...-_-__---___________ 277
BPS, ATDASSIS— 2s meses aie cee nek 139.4) lineata; Paramia. 20152. ace tee yee RE 131
ORG os) o Ge cee ee eee. 165 POL Cae cos a pe 131
BT QO want ee 173 | lineatus, Cheilodipterus_______________ *8, 122, 131
caermiescens.- == 225-225 See Ee es 168 Serranuse. <1 0= ae eee ae = 249
THACTI ALA seca RAN ce U70))|Stineolata; “Amig- sis os ES eee *6
TG] Ono ans Coen wee 170 ATCHAMIa <2 8 siI8 § SS nee eee 113
marpinata‘s=s222 5-50 scses cece ee EM 169) || 'lmeolatus, A pogon-2=2- 2225225" 2 113
FUPOSGTIG A oe an a 166 CATCHANIIA) eee ee 113
Hedley ie oo ee 167 Alo proponiaripre! 2 ee Ae 185
SOUVSGIIe = oo o-oo 168))| longipinna,Variola_.2 2.2 203, 204
SEARHOG Ke a gan hs sew 17a; ION EISpinis’ Serrantises 2.0 Sas ee 248
MAORI UTAH 22 aes 52.5 OF Me 8 li2)) | mongispinys,- Serranus. 2292 28 251
Ritlas:+Ploectropoms.+-—=--22..2222 222.23. 2 Ue ROLOOU Lie eeneeteen eis eater eee ee 203
kunhardtii, Serranus-.---.2--.-_--2)-_-.... Zid POUL, HS OUIaMTSeaee te tte MES feo ee 203
REPENS ec irene see eat oe ATL 189, 190 HMDLHE NEM Is eran tcc, cece Sas 204
WOiGIONSIS=—<2 <= 2s NS 179 QVartola)s— noe. ee 204
fabriformis, Serranus> 222.2 )_222 35)... .. 237 Per CaP eeeee een te Ore ee 203
Mabroperce =. =+=22-22-522--22-..8.22 22.003" 237 IPSCO GSGUINTIUIG Hone eo ene tre Meee 204
seabrup.anthias-~ <2 22 2 302 SS ORTATIUS cee mer eee eh nee TEL 203, 204, 205
anthius: 2222520220 2l2 2 2 301 TV UE IO Lae Meee eee BEN ee Te 208, 204
PUALA onan a ee es ST 213 | luctuosus, Homalogrystes__-_--_____________ 245
deopargdus-a=s-=-==2- 2 217 | lunaria, Bodianus rogaa var.___-_-__________ 234
OMICNEAS cos i sso55= s2ccsccoseense lL 311 PR OLCa eee ae Nee 234
PUNnCUIALUS) sos 52 2 5c5 es 204+) lnnatus i ViOnerusses-.-2- <2" eee 21
Bate, AmDassis<coo<. occ. seca Sateen ROUT Oos Bling i eATn bassiste eee at ee te te 151
lanceolata, Promicrops____.--.----_-_- eet 297 121g) a) Oval Se tye a ts ee ae A ee ee 151, 152
lanceolatus, Epinephelus___.-_........_____- Zot a Plies SGLTANTIS ee eA). eas ee hee 204, 227
Holocentrus 2222-22222" --. 2 297 | Lutjanus gymnocephalus___--______._______ 160
IPromicropssess see et 297, *298 | lutra, Epinephelus____...__._________________ 285
Serramtis--- 25 SU bau SS 297 DELL AHUSet ee ae Senne Ty ne Ake 285
Bisleolabrax.222----=-222 2-20.22. ae Bed RENT accnlochinnees eee uses ae ese ee 136
japonicus.2—- 2526. - 8) Ree) 190 | macracanthus, Ambassis__----_----_______ 154, 156
PRUCLAIO A TINIG 2 merce eee BO ek *6,81 | macrocephalus, Bodianus____-___----______- 244
RaOrAliS, Amilin o£ Sts ees oe cee 82,83 | macrodon, Centropomus____-______________- 132
APOLON. -2 ssa sssssece TI 82 Whetlodipterus == 2252522525528 s< 132
MRRUOS ioe sane a PTW EN Ne 177 Pera ick eee en et ei ee) 132
CAICATUOP Soto coe SU LURE NTA CEI O15 Stee ee oe ra ie 23
darwiniensis—..s225. 2. 229S es USM GMACTODSASA SUMMA Css 0 ees ae 187
heptadactylus. 22222 42 MUS Jeli wis) Gmmacroptoray Amines oe 113
nobilis ---9252222525522e ee 178 IPsammopercd =s--2 << 2s ee 179
latifasciatus, Epinephelus..__._.._._____. --- 243 | macropteroides, Apogon____.----.__________ 113
atris calearifer. 2225225255202. 2g 178 Archania Sense ene es 114
lebretonianus, Serranus-..---.---..._.._____- 285 | macropterus, Apogon____._...----_-----_- 110, 113
leoparda, Plectropoma._-..-__....----.....- Zio GEIACEOSDILOS; SELEAMUSs (226 ae tek eee ts 275
jeopardinum, Plectropoma-_-__-__._-_-.-._.__ 199 | macrospilus, Epinephelus___________.-______ 275
leopardinus, Acanthistius__---.__...2--.__. ante ertia CIAL A TIC ins 2222 = oes So teen eee 170
Pardcanthistigs:-+20_225 1.9.2 200 Ponca eee Fe eee 210, 252, 264
leopardus, Cephalopholis__-_-_.__.-....-_-__- 217 | maculatum, Plectropoma____..-_----__-_____ 197
Epinephelus>22.2- 2a = 217 | maculatus, Acanthistius_.._2-_22_---___-22- 198
Holocentrus-=-=.--=+<2- 2.20205 195, 199 Bodianus ee ete 195, 197
Labrus 2252 ==225= eee 217 Cephslopholiss 2. == ae 210, 212
‘Ploctropoma 2522 2-28 eee 199 IP Gs? See eee one rere eee 170
Plectropomus=22 202133 Se er 199 Epinephelus?-:-s-.s ase eee 250
Serranus.- 22.42 Cs eee 208, 213, 217 Holotentrus: 32225". 249, 252
Hepidamia-+22-- ---<22==-s2h2) 2 VAs 2 ah 23, 108 Monoprignte=2 2.2 - sees ees 23
lepidolepis, Anthias.. 22-2 304 Paracantiistitis 198 ©
Pseudanthias 22422-22222)" 304 Plectropomus-________ 197, 198, *199, 202
feptacantha, Amis i .22 2s SON ee 91 Serrenus eee eee eee 249
fenciseus, Dialés =. 22 ee le 170) sna colosts: Serranus: 2 ss) ee ee he 290
leucogrammicus, Anhyperodon______._______ 294 | maderaspatensis, Priacanthichthys_____.___- 237
ATV NOLOGON 222 oe) ee ey 293 | magnifica, Amia______ Sere ee en ee 46, 47
88137—30 22

328 INDEX
Page Page
malabaricus, Epinephelus__.-..--.---------- 239) I amiliaris, Serranus..-...-.==--s-aa=-cedeeeee 275
Hlolocentitis: 2 = sean an 289 | miltostigma, Epinephelus___....-...._.____ 215
Serrants:. <3 2-ce o 289; S20 ai miniatea: Diacope. 52. . |S eee 210
IMalacichthysis2222esses=55- =~ s-aceeeeee eens 187 PORCAs cece toe cno canna Sees 210, 227
IMialaikichthvse 22222 2) eo a oye miniaios: Hodianws: 22205. ss ee ee 210, 215
STISAUS= 2. Sean en sense nest maps 187 @ephalopholis: 2222 sos-ee-seee 210, *211
WOEIVOAO! 2 ooo — ee ee 187 Gromilentes. 2.222 eee et eee eee 210
malayanus, Synagrops....--------------—---- 136 Epinephelas) - 222.20. saae eee) alo
mialons Wes sina ao ek oa et opee 170 Serranus. 2 22.5 - 52 eee 210
Rn eee 2 Ses oe eee eee 170) Miionorus..s.2 25 sees e a eee 21,91
MBTCATILACCUS HA NUNIAS! os eee econ eee 302 bomibonesise 222-2 su aeeeeee 21,22
moarraritopnora AMA. -.-.- on nee eee 77,78 places = oes 2. eee eS ee 20
margaritophorus, Apogon.-..--.-.---------- 77 PTASHOle sae Buen a ae a 91, 106
marginalis, Epinephelus...._...------------ 264 franc} a0 De ae Se ee ree 107
DGInanlS = 2. eee keene 264 LUMBtUS 22.22.20 eo ee 21
marcinatawoUnNiaao = 22 ot soe ee 169 MYOEUS.~ ooo ask tS ee 21
MATRINALUIS WO UIOS Ges oe new accnem on 165, 167, 169 Waikiki) <2. .22<--:. shoes ieee 14
ie plocentnus:s5_ == - ase 264, |-mtopss Aum bassis tess =e 5 = ewe ees 150, 152
marmoratus, Apogonichthys....------------ ie | pOluccensis, “Amiag= =. 2-3 -- 0. Seep eee 23, 59, 60
MBbO. 1D) W1GS see hese ee eee 165, 169 AMOPON=--2= .ceposee eee 59
MALLONAI A OCLUAUM Gee ee a eee 215i) mAIONOCHTOS,wAMIa=. 222-222 ee 90
MSSIMUS APOLLON ea = ewan ee eee 33) |) monochrous, Apogon.-.-— --22-ee eee 90
THOGUTGHSIS; HCLUANUS = seen eee n ee 251, 252 | monogramma, Apogon____....__--_-.--_--.- 63, 64
megachir, Epinephelus_...._..--..--_-.----- 205; |) Monopnionss22-osa2ssuncnas-soe ees e eee eeee 23
Sermantig~: 222 eee cee eee 266, *256 maculatus)... =-.....--eessseseene 23
MePalops iv WNOGUS ss ossen eee eee aoe ee TZ 22s Wionosiras se = sone oe ee peers ise ee 23
melanometopon, Epinephelus flavocoeruleus stahli-s to. tee etree — 23
oy A res Mean to oe ee bene eS 245) 1) IMIOTONOPHISs--.5-<. -nes2-cace-n ens asee eee WG
melanopterus, A pogonichthys__-.----------- piven P NUOTONODSIS = 2eeeae = see = 22, payee cen ee _ ws 165, 166
melanorhijnchos, Apogon-----._...------..--- 73 argenteus=— eee femne ee 172
moelanorhynehusvAMI Are a eee ee eee 73 ciliatus:.-- Bee 170
AOR ON aan. eee eae en 7 TUpestris =. — - -eeet eee ee 167
melanoscelidota, Perca._-......-....-.-....- 254 taeniurus': =... ees ee 172
melanosoma, Holacanthus_....-.---..-.---- 205: |' morrhua, Epinephelus-.---2-----.-0--sseees 243
Melanostoma argyreum---.---..------------ 136 Serrantis= 2-5-5 see aioe ee ee 237, 248
JAPONICUS =. sae ae 136 (Epinephelus) --.....---- 243
MPlANOTAGMIA AINA) sean an see eee 57 (Hyposerranus).-.-...--. 243
AMOPON oo- occ aen eee ee 56) i} Malls fascia tise — === 2s 2 eee 51
SOrranusy (222. e ee 204 | multifasciatus, Pronotogrammus------..---- 302
WiaTlOlA no cenecn so cos ae 204; |) multilinesta,:Amia_-- = 2-2 = ee ears *4, 48
melanurus, Bodianus#=25-—"-..-.- eas 246) | multilinestus, -Apogon_--~.2-_- s22ee eee 48
BOnmantiSy2c-2 22-2 — sot ee nee 246 | multinotatus, Epinephelus--.._---.--..--.. 291
melast Aunigsece shoe nee os Tee 1, 17, 18, 88 Serranuss.- 222 4ac-8.5 eee PLO
VAT ORO Dieser ee oa oe oan ae ee iis 88 | multipunctatus, Serranus celebicus var-_--... 253
a Dyoy trove a} iVe) bk ee ee 201) || multitaeniata, Amis. =>... eee 48, 109
IPHALOPLOGy kes so vasa eee 314 ADOZON: 252-52 325eSt Reece 48, 109
IPl@SiODSeo =e. = cen ee ee 214 | multitaeniatus, Apogon--......-.-_..--._.. 48, 109
MMGIGACTIS NO DASLOSEsaseee ae nee ee ee 286 (Lepidamia) --..-... 109
DVipnep OPUS sss eH ee ane ne neon 206) |/smunda, Heropsass2=) anes eee ee eset 165
IMeneSeMUS, APOLONe ke a eee a nee 73 | mydrus, Mionorus-_----.------- pan eee ee 21
mentalis, Apogonichthys--------.----------. 120 || myriaster, Cromileptes.=+22222----2-nes-2=e= 227
SINT OUT ee oo eee ea ar ee 237 Serranus= === =-o.- ee ee ae 227
moerra, LE: Pinephelus=2—- 2 - a2 a — = mee n= 268) || DWhyriodon 22-22-2255 soe tees session 193
I OlOGRRURUS Sse eee een sone 268 scorpacnoides=--..- s-s=s-ee sean 194
Serranliss sees wesc 255, 268, *271, *272 waigiensis=. 22 <. =e 193
hexagonatus var-.-------- 269, 286 | mystacinus, SerranuS_..........-......----- 237
IVT TTS a ee te ep ar eet 237 | nakahanae, Pharopteryx----—--<=:22ece-.. 314, 315
mucrodon, HW pinephelus- 2-2. -2- nena eae oem 285) nakaharae, Plesiops-. s22s0- seat e ea aenee 314
Sereantlseetc Ue een wae eae wee 285). Malus; ATM DASSIS ta. cssona oe See eeee meee oa 148
microleptes, Uriphaeton_--------...-.-_---- 2065) INannopercas+-. 26. oes sense aes eee 165
micronotatus, Epinephelus-------.--------- 288} natalensis, Synagrops--=-.---=-- -----.- <-ece 138
DOxraAnISSs cosas ees a eS 288 i INe@amia 22205-55226 soba secon oo eee 22
summana Var..-.---- 288 Octosping = 2.S- esc —2— = eee 22
WM CTODCICA 522 se wee ee ee 165.1! nebulosus, Serranus. 223. -.n cesses a eee 259
MICLOPMMA, OLUAMUS Hee. sense ocean 220230 it ING@CtATNI Soap ner ee ee ee eee 23
microprion, Epinephelus- ......_....------- 220 | nematophora, Amia-------....-...---- es 29

INDEX 329

Page Page

memntop tera; Amin -_.+-5 2 Se ssc eee le 29 | pantherinus, Epinephelus--_-_---------------- 290
(Apogonwseteees ore BSE BL 29 Holocentrus:-= 28222052222 289
Heamatopterus, Amis... eseeees 2a 29 Serranuss.2 2225232220 es sss 2 290
ADO RON <A c.3- eases 99 | papuensis; Dules_--.2==+-2----==5.=-222-2e5e= 170

siucricans) Amin. ~~. == Se eee se So - =. 17 lParacanthistinss_--.5 4 2ee ss eee 2 ee 195
Pharapieryxac-e ee ene 312, 313 leopardinus!2co22"2------55- 200

PlesiopsY= 4). =< eS 312, 318, 315 maculatusee-=t ees = 2222 198

SUCTICOPS, SCITAHUS <2 .2=c0-cseee acess Sasca5 269 Oligacanthus= =e = 201
BIPTIPIMMAS WAMNIA. cscackowscceee el) pee c acon Oy} aradules-¢2222220so22 once ee eee eee 165
(ANG BOnAeEe cork ee ee fos? | barahynnodus28--22--- oases aaeaeeeae ea 121

FHUTOCINCLA FAUNA coos me ce eee eee amesstas 95 robustUsisscccae- sc sees oees 121
nigro-fasciatus, Serranus__...---.----------- ony “i PRarakuhlipo 2 2 Aes eos eee eee 165
nigromaculata, Apogon.....--.-------------- 31). || OPaTaMm DASSIS=o< s2see se saa se a aee ease noe 147
nigromaculatus, Apogon--.-..----.------------ 31 apogonoides={ 2. Uses 2s2- 2-2-5 147
nigrotaeniatus, Cheilodipterus__.-.-.-.--.--- Oy ata ase = 22S o ae aoe nee eee eee 122
REVINUICH SE OLCH ee se ee ae kt 177 lineata ee sa. 32262 Se ee 131
On ee Se teal ete 191 INACTOMOM== 245-2 ee ee eee 132
SPINOSUSEAse Seen ke= MRE 191, 192 octolincata+ == 2222 uses eens 132

niveus, Calloplesiops__..-..-.------- 2, 316, 317, 318 quinquelineata__------------ .----- 128
MODs CAN thas esos sen coe 302, 304 SINPADULOUSIS==o—ssease === a = 125
pai nie <2) sn oe I 304 | Parascombrops pellucidus_-_-----.---- 136, 138, 140

Tatess oe otk 178) i Dardalis, Serramuss==——- ase oh teen anon 255
MGOnGriGki PAM IAs. oS WoO War Ula ywAIIA == San kes eee 80
Apogoniiz2es22t2 2-225 eee 109 AMOgons-22=<24ses22552ssieeS255—-- 23

GL abAMANINI A 22 eee *6,98 | pectoralis, Franzia_------------------------- 304
PAO PONE oo. ween aches eie cae 114 | pellucidus, Parascombrops--.-..------ 136, 138, 140

RAS AE RAUNT he reece noe 114) |) pentacanthawPercaess—- =e nan n eee eae 312

IEEE CISA OZOH << Sos eek ee oe ree} | LEC ges Ue ya] 0) (ets es ee 131
iD ipterodon:-s2== ee ee 86 arcolata: 2-2. e eee, 55 ss 237, 246

SMBDUS oasoe ewes EES 98, 114 ALP CH Lega ean ee ae ela 172
novae-guineae, Amia__..._--...-.....----.- *6, 100 Calear...-2¢ 2-222 3s ete 178
ApOGOnes eae et ae 100 cilistas=.-52=. 2a ee eee 165, 167, 170
novemfasciata, Amia_....-...--------... = 62,56 EAT rae ee 249, 252
fasciata eee swt 56 fasciatae- oun 5 a eee Bees 263

HoVeMsfasciatius, A POsONS.a2222-o2-2 2- oak 50, 56 Havopurpureases 2 io a ese ene ree 237, 245
novemstriatus, Apogon..----..___.-_---..--. 128 fusca 2.84.5. pe ae) SS oo oes 230
DLS. 7A DOP ONS as2Sssst e e 40, 41 PIPAS = 2 ose nose ee et 237
muds, A pogonichthys:2-.-222 8 2. 120 hexagonatalt—=--=-22 55 ese esa 269
obtusauris, Cephalopholis_-.-...--------__ 208, 209 IpPOratassocss-- ose seen eet ee 204
Oceanicus, Holocentrus..-...--.....-...--.. 264 lineata cceo5.--.522 $9 eee ese 131
Serranus) 2202 ee 264 lout 2226e 8 ce ea aeeesee 203

aces Mp SEAT ene I = 18 Tunarian 2) 222. 2S ee eee 234
BeLolineniasParamia «22/2 ole oe 132 MaACWAtHe2 conse dees eee 210, 252, 264
BevoOspinse NSA mis co. eee es 92 melanoscelidota._..cteee see sea see 254
octovittatus, Cheilodipterus__...........--_- 132 MUniafA—- ease eee eee 210, 227
oligacanthus, Acanthistius__..-..--.-------- 201 nilotica=-- 2). ee 177
Paracanthistins’=< 2.0.2... 201 pentacanthase== eee area eee 312
Plectropoma=_- +2 -2222-2 = 201, *202 TOP Bases ee ae ae aaa cee ane eee 206, 233
Plectropomus_____ . ears 201 Saig hase 6) st ee ees ece ee eeeenete 153
Shbrorasigoliath ee Se ee 297 sexlineata +. --2: 2c os22- = 311
terrae-reginae)-.22-2 ee = 297 SUMMANS:==- 35 = sos ecnaesoe ee = ae ee eae 280

Hagius) PH pinephelus— 2 sees Se 220 areola tas eo sso sete = 246
ER OLO CONES S 280 fusco-guttatus22-5-----.-= 284
Serranuss +.) 2. MU 280 tathvinas. - te 287, 289
BEDICUIAFISHAMIS <2 4255-5 — ete ea oP *4, 31 Prigcanthecesse oases 312
AT OF 0 TsO eee 31 UDG Oia seen eee eee ae ee eer 214
orientalis:.Grammistes-_-.22 22 2s. ee 310,311 | percaeformis, Amia_-_---.------------------- 59
ADTs: 23-2 Be ae Ani) | ebercalabraxsaponicus-.20-2se2————een====e 190
Wetorbinchysies-~ +--+ SMe es tate 23 poecilonotus.22225- 32 2=s, ce3ee 190
Heurieu-- See eS 23, 84, 85, 86 spilonotus-ceescee nae anes = 190

NBtAlibi; Serranuss2eos2 S50 82 ey 206, 278 COkIOneHSIS==seeee ena 190
oxycephalus;Plesiops: - 223252 5-8 2Sk ok 316 | Perca-labrax japonicus__._._--..-...-------- 190
pachycentron, Cephalopholis ------------ geousonl, | sPercichtiys ciliata seeacaanee= aaa oman 167
Petrometopons<2+- 2225-.2-25 2) | Percimiurodetam=s.2- eee naan ane 214
pachycentrum, Epinephelus -_.----_-------- 990) |) perdix,; Amiaew=22.ec Se ee 14
Serranuseno5-22560 552i 2 213, 220 Amogon=t cee eS eke 14

330 INDEX

Page Page
perdix, Apogonichthys. 25 222scsebs2. eben 4,13,15 | polleni, Cephalopholis__.__-._.__..-_________ 236
perguttatus, Serranus. 2 2220e2etoe ee 227 | polypodophilus, Epinephelus__-.____-.______ 291
pessuliferum, Plectropoma____-. ....-_---- 198, 199 Serranus..-- ier A ee 291
IRatrometopon: 222225 32) 28 Sheree eee 206’ || polystigma, Apogon)...05-- Sea 4
Cyanostigman = 2.0 sryaenys 224 Apogonichthys-.........-.-...-. 19
LOTTMOSUISEy Eee oe 231 Epinephelus:-eess sues 2. ORT
pachycentron=s22 ee 220 Pseudamiae = 2:22 paeesenk ee el 19
phaenistomus, Serranus..________....._____- 204 PSeucdosmia == — - ashe eele ee 19
phaeostigmaeus, Serranus__________.__ ...-__ 288 Serranyss = 2 lS ate 281
Phaeton; ‘Serrantis.- ee Seer Se 206.4), SOmMAacentrus, Hurdise-- eee ee 210
Phaetonichthys=*) 202 -- Sarno See 206 DUNCLALUS. - oe a2 a2 ae = ee 270
IRharoptery x. soso ns BS Se, 312 SUM Mang! bee Base. on) len ig’ 280
TOLASLe see cc eek eee Ue eae e124" | popury Apogon-e-. 28. weer hs rien ee 56
Nakahara woe see eee fe 314, 315 Cheilodiptertis. 7.222 -eee eee 128
TLE D CAT Soe re et i RE 3127313" || “Priacanthichthys ess tases eee 237
SOmOlonseec ya shns tas ees ee eee S 314 maderaspatensis_.._.._.__- 237
Pharyopteryx corallicolac:-..-.%2).-2 2 S14) | TRinig pisces. 3 she Mile Sete eee sane eae eee 148
philippinense, Synagrops._______-------_-__- 138 ATLVIOZONG)..2---- a 148, 160
philippinensis, Acropoma__-----_-__---.____ 138 gymnocophalus. 22. seer ene 160
Siva sTOpS eee eee ees aL 138 interruptus... =2-5--.e---- 155
bry titan ses en ee DOR REE 237, 296 MUM Bhs oe es ee 151, 152
piscus, @hrysomelanus. 2222!) ee 237 TITOTACIIAe ones 150
TSE ingle oaks Re A Ie eae amo a ene G5) ||; (enlopus bUTUenSis! 2 es ieee eae 154
IRIBTYSOME Sse sae Weciee rediaihey Bi elect ON f 160/))| @Rnistia pOROnes sa 02-2 cae 2s eee oe 23
playfairi,, Hpimephelus: 2222 9) 12h 25) | productus, Ambassis=- 2-2) eee 154
ISULTO POMS =e see see kiak LO Me Eee eck OS! SPROMTICEO DS aoe eas eee aye ae a a 296
Calcarifers: 2050 2 aie ple dal 178 PULA TUS So okt ae ee ee ae 296
caleanifertrnite sec se eaters 178 lanceolata. 225-222 eae ee a azar,
cyanostivma 2.2.2.) ee 200 lanceolatus=--_ 25> eae es 297, *298
Aas Sete oe ee eee eee 201 Pronotogrammis <== eee eeeenee nn oe 302
leoparda:. Sateen wena 217 multifasciat uses s-see=e nae 302
leopardinum'\=--22. 0) a iauben 199)>|| (Psammoperca, <2: {a2 8» ee es Se ee 179
leopardus.- 2202 22 tv aay 199 datnioides!= 225-0 - hale 179, 180
maculatumie: 222 eae 197 macropleranss) 2.2 ooo ae 179
(maculatum) areolatum_.-..--- 200 Valgiensis.u awa L aaa Nany 180
QUeACAnT NUS ees e emis ie cae 201, *202 WiPlGNs | Sas ase aca 179
messuliferume a. eee ae 1985199: |) (Pseudamia = 222 yes eee Se ae ee 4

punctatume = eae 195, 198 polystigmae== p= eta 19
lecbropomUss=es= = oe ace eed 298,196 ||) Pseudanthias= \! o> ="). alta eo eae eos 302
calcarifers = 25 722250 ieee 178 cheiroS pilus: 2 s=seeseeaes eee 304
EON ARGUS see aces eae 199 Cichlopsaes aaa eco 308
maculatus_<_....__ 197, 198, *199, 202 elongapise os aa el 309
oligacanthys) 22522 ease | 207 lepidolepis:=~- se seease alee 304
SEUNCAGUS= === NaenOl ae ehing 2, *196 pleurotacnia=-_---22-=ss0e ee 303
LEASES) (0) ofS} cas aga nt ea ee yan or Be 312 | Pseudoamia polystigma___-.---------------- 19
caeruleo-linestus: = 2 ee B14. | soudolates: 225 <2 crs Us oe ae a ae 177
Coeruleo-limentyis 0. aun nena eee 314 CaVitrons-s sere eee ee 177, 178
COrallicola ee ete ele AL Oe 814) 315) |) wPseudeserranus< 2222 2a eae ee See 203
INO AS are Oe Tce Ue ON aaa, 314 DOU eee oe ee 204
makeharde.- ewe hy Ue AO ee ea he 314 var. flavimarginata_-.. 204
nigricans. ._.__- Paternity YF 312, 313,315 | punctatissimus, Serranus.-__..-------------- 245
Wal. apodameeen o-oo 314 | punctatum, Plectropoma__-_-_-___---.----- 195, 198
OX CODNAL USE Lat ss ae sia oes ae S16) |) uNCctabus; ApOgOne 0-2 - == seen 24
SOMBGION. 8S soe ae ee eh 314, 315 POmMaCenthus — os ea. == eee 270
woodlarkensis...- 0s... arbtempenied: 314. | punetulatus, A pogon=-.25-<-— 5. saa es iz
PAOUTODErCAL Le ota ee eo hehe 2, 201 TGADIUS eg sae eee 204
pleurotaemia, Anthias... 20) ahmed slereyeN a 302 Serranus2 25. 2 suse See 204
pleurotacnia, Anthias. sku Vd S028) quadritasciata, Aun a esas seen eee 63
Pseudanthigsessseueeae ns eae 303\)) quadrifasciatus. A povon'as2..-cs--— a eeneee 63, 97
plumier, Dipterodon. 5. sesese eo me 86 | quinquelineata, Paramia_.._..-...---------- 128
poecilonotus, Epinephelus___._-...-----_.__- 248 | quinquilineatus, Cheilodipterus -_----- *8, 127, 128
IPOLCala brass oe sine wu ee 190 | quinquestriatus, Apogon____---------------- 63, 64
Serrantis. 2.23 idee Mee ehacte 245'| QUOYyAanUS, SOrans-s22-ese4ene— 2 -—aeaee 250
moecllopters. Amig wc 6 ne 2 ea eet ge) madcliffei: Amia 2-2) ss2-sesoh see ee 45
DPoeciopterus, Amin. ess ee ee ayo 24.\| radiatus, Serranus:-222! sce ea ee ae eeeeee 243
ABOPONEss soos os eee 24 |) meevesil, Serranus --=- 4. -eseeeeeewae ee nee 270

INDEX 331

Page Page

revicularis, Serranus........22-bes8-eSs ees 281 | scorpenoides, Myriodon___..........-.-_---- 194
reticulatus, Ambassis interrupta var-_.-.---- 156) i) Seale; Amin: —— See noes Soe ae ees 59
Sermanus:.. 2-055 aoe eee oe 281) |) Seba, Serraniis:2 see Se 250

retouti, Epinephelus.....--....--e-t2=-=22--- 265.|l ‘sebae: Serraniis: so ore ee 250
Se@rranus: .....--222 epee sees 265: |) Sebastessmelenpris:. ees 2 oe ee 286
Mhaepdamia- =~... 4ca5-s.-ne sees es—=- 23 stoliczkapMaenwse ooo eee aes 193, 194
clupeiformis =... .<--2222-5-2--=- 23, \) Semelon; Hehsropleryxsseee o-oo ssese lee 314

CY PSOINTUS...< 2... = 2s ne ee 108 Plesions geek ee pare 314, 315
ihabdosebastes...-- =~ <2 s2s-5-ae=5eeeseu-- 103: \f semilineatay Amia:, -.2 U3 eee ee 97
stoliczkae-oustats.04beus=_. 194 \}) semilineatus, Amina.) 1°22 5. Sees ee 97

phodopitera, Amia.. ..2..-.....-s64s-55=a-=. 34 AOL ON eae aoew anne eee ee 97
HHOGODLeLUS, AMS... eee 34 | semipunctatus, Serranus 20200 lel2 222... 290
AN OT ON ose ioo ce eee ees o% i Serranichth ys). <2 _ fess Over eee 299
rhyncholepis, Epinephelus__-.--------- yi oo 260.) ‘Serranidae 02 oe os en ean ieee 2, 187
SOrranusi. 3 sects beh ee es 26), PUBSETAn Soo sano a ee ee ene 206, 237, 249, 296

MAINT AAT eee oa os ae ee 52 abdominalis—\_ Sseaiueeesr ee 288
mapastus, Ambhassis—......=- -...-==-ss52ss==- 164 Sais! sooo 8S Ses eee ete 255
Parahbynnodus ~...--2 .--1) 825232. 121 slbotiscns oe eee ae 250

pagaa Bodianus: —.- 202... .ssee sso eee == 233 alhogutiatos: 3°" Sees. 281
Gephalopholis._<_.... .s23-28422 233, 234, 236 altivelioides:.... 2c eee 252, 275

Pi pinepHeluUs.=2) co =-su2 me tee eo = 234 altivelis— 22): Sees eee 299, 300

PONG Oe ee ano we eee. 206, 233 ampboinensis:--- eee ee 242
Semmens on oo eee eee Ss 234 AN Alig fap == oo Ss ae eee pe +208
(ipinephelus)2e8s2s222=>——- 234 QNGMISTIS. oe ane ee 243, 246

MOAN POOLS DUS = 65-58 o anna ee 234 (Anthias) squamipinnis____---.--- 304
EOSpIPaStOl. A DOsON- _. =... gaint eee _ 142 SIT es ee a teen oP ree 250
EoOseipinnis,, Apogon: _....=f22sce2 sees. 85 BTOGIAEIS (13. 3-5 oe. ay *216, 253, 254
annularis var_.--------- 85 janonicus=.— aoa sees = 255

BARDS ATOR OTS. 2. on ae ee eee asm 154 ATP US 22s Ae ee es eee = 2 226
BOMmaluss..o- 7 cos Soe eee teen 208 assabensis 222. Bie epee 253
TOsmiarusyEolocentrus..-—-. -- =A. 22-3 e 264 SUrantins wens. sere 2s 208
BUDELy AMPOL ON 2. nates seeds eee 23 MWOSTA 025 <8 etree gel 260, 273
BEEA WMTAL 21 2 no ooo ae eae a 304 Ibataviensis. 2 8 see ae 2 281
BODIE, wudOPrOpOM SG ceo eee S 185 oelanpe. sks ee ae 231
BRIS SOITANUS ogc cn dance eee eae 208 oes kes os le es eee 230
rupestris, Centropomus.-_._.---_=-..)2-22_- 165, 166 Hontoides). 252 222. eet 250
Moules i. -5-4 222 oS 166 OTA OG ae a cee a aE 290

Mules ooo sess eck 166 borbonicusiees“ensae ee ee de ee 245

RSP ye Se a! ae oh IN SR a 166 botbonimsssee se se ak 245
IMIGEONODSIS=252.25-—--2 ee 167 DEUNN USA oe one 260

IRIGTIT ee ee ot Soke ono Se 302 caeruleopunctatus____.....-------- 276
perenie. Aun DASSIS..- Won == 58a soso 153 caeruleo-punctatus ____---- 276, *277, *279
Cenizopomus.....<=22222 922255 32—. 153 CaTinatuses ts secoaw cece ese 254

PP ORRase es fo oo ee eee 153 celebicus:....--=--Jss-tese ees... 247
SGldON Gas ean Gok oe tm ER 153 var. multipunctatus____. 253

DMO ss 52k oot es a RES oe 165, 166 Chabandin = <0 2.5: eke eer ato 288
VASTIILS a nk eal EE SO = 172 ehlorostigma).....=_-24t=sseees6 22 262
Saumoides,, Aolocentrus:.- 28826 2223... 290 cichlops.<- 22 .--.2- Sse ess os 308
Serranus... - 22/552 eh see 290 Col0ideSe = so a case ee ES 290
salmonoides, Serranus....-...-..---.------ 259, 290 confertes=.... seus eee et 2 269
SAHPIONSIS, | AMA. .2— 2. 302-28 92S See 104 corallicola <.-.-=5--= sess eee. 252, 274
A DOZON. Sean cant eee 104 coromandelicus...-..-=-es See: = 248

RTEIAS = 2 ss 2)oe sa ce ak cca Ne a= 187 CTADSOs=- 5 oo. anak eee eee 290
MGCTOPS:. sess ot a = ee 187 Cruenius=.-<..--..2-5282 eee = 275
BHEvari OU bIIA . <8 oo Se eRe ee 168 @yanostigma.._-.-2.+..25.-23881 = 210, 223
BANU VONISIS; VAIN... 22 oe ooo eel eee eee 40 cyanostigmatoides..__.--------..-- 210
RTO OTN ea ee 40 cylindricus-.55. 2252223... eee 254

IOP EATI AS sae neees bya reee Cee yan eb 2S 121 dermochirus= =~. nc -an nn eee 277
frapiliss.<...- <2 snes Imes eee 121 diacanthus-...--.-- 258, *259, 262, 278, 291

SHISLOLIS cae oe ee eee ET 237 Giacopeformis:. see eee 291
RENOZAG PA DORONS 22 2c. cacas 22 eee 50 isparsse 5553S eee 286
Breinon a fOTMOSAE 20228 fo el ee a "2 230 GubivSsH oss se aa ee 209
SAI Ogee 2 he 32 ei eb ER 153 (Epinephelus) areolatus__--------- 246

VALLOTAS 22 855 2225212 cae ene = s 311 brunneuSs22222-2--. 243
Scorpaena vaigiensis.___------ pea ATED ES 2 193 caeruleopunctatus.. 277
scorpenoides, Centropristis_--._....._------ 193, 194 chlorostigma ---_--- 252

oan INDEX

Page Page

Serranus (Epinephelus) coramandelicus_____ 248 | Serranus melanotaenia_..._....-__..._..___- 204
diacanthus__._____ =. 259 mélanurus2 22) 4) Reet A ee 246

fasciatus... Sea 263 MOrrassss5s4sseesc see 255, 268, *271, *272

morhua. see: 243 microdon..2s2225252 Sulu ee 285

rogaa 2 ea ee 234 micronotatis sit... Eee 288

sonneratii {222 L225_- 213 MNCTOPTOW 2s kao soses ase ee 220, 231
fauvingassaest = 288 miliarigi® 4... . ueGaioertiias oY 275

Gry three nse ss see 213, 215 Miniatiiess 322254 210
erybhrurtis 35-2 2. aibeee B ela 215 MOrrhuasssesesesu2os hl ee 237, 248
esiiarivs oe en 288 multinotatus-. Sa ee ee 291
FAT Qian 5 a 249, 276 MyPissterssccsse~ ss iS 227
fasciatomaculatus -...._._-_._._. 257, 259 mystacinus# 225-22. 224e 4 ae 237
fasciatomaculosus_......-.----_____ 259 Nebwlosusssssss lee He 259
PAS CISL TISS fee he RA crete hl 7s ed ae 268 Nigriceps.: .2..2ti WS we sd ae 269
VER CTIS eee ne he hs ese a Pla 269 nigro-fasciatus..-.. S05 e ee se 231
fiavimarginatis---22 ee Aaa 204 oceanicuss 2532202531... aR 264
Havocserulens=22 = s seel eo 244 ONGUS 2.22 sscecssssecs 3 el 280
Hav o:caerdleus-on = «series 24h outalibi-sscio2. 2A ee 206, 278
HAvOcUtpaAis= =>, 5 Sseeet ae: 281 Pachycentrum-_- 5 ae 213, 220
formrosnige 622% sie pee ets 230 pantherinus--s-2-. 43. 290
TUSCcORMIbapns ees a a 284 Pardalise-ssscae5i eS Sete ee. 255
fusco-gutfafus:—_ 2.2 eee 284, *285 perguttatuss-seo2e-e eee ee eee eee 227
Reimardi see Soe cece eae! 249, 250 phaenistomus:2222-oe ee eaee eee 204
PeODMrO yore Aaa Arar, 253 phaeostigmacuss ee 288
RCOgTADHICOsseeees east e ye 297 PHACHON =e asec ke 206
Filbert se asasen ee eee 254, 255, 291 poecilonotus==22<--2 eet. eS 243
plates) 52 sce sal Sretyeeeeey 247 polypodophilus-_..--2seee 2 eee 291
Boliath-- 2 ae eleenbys = 2 ee 285 Dolystizmie we Mews. 2 281
SURAT AST S SOE ee et aes a 296 PUNetaAtISSHNTS=-==.54.5 25, eee 245
BHtLabUS Lastest 206, 220, 227 punciolsiis> ==o= ose eee 204
VAPsaleuss.. Mises 226 Quoyanuss. so eee 250, 255
hexseonatus sess sess eee 255, 269, 286 radiatus: 2.222 --enss2- See 243
Heed ti esse sear ees pet _ 245, 246 TeGVieslisas2 522422... 8 270
HOeVendi aks eee s ee: 278 reticularis#?2- =... =. = eee ee 281
homiffayice ee) Ae a hail 2 217 reticulatus®=25-c.5:2- 35 eee 281
horridus? 20S oleae 285, 297 Tetoutisors = eee eee ae 265
howlandigecek eee ee 252, 275, 276 rhyncholepis}-...<22.-5 sees 267
(Hyposerranus) areolatus________-_ 246 TOS =./ oho os wos no asa ee 234
geoffroyi_.....___.. 253 TE 6a eee 234
morrhua.________- 243 TOSGUS 2 SS22582. 222 - Saeaeeee eE Se 208

immunerurs: Se eee 227 Pfs sens cowed 208
tisiara SiS aia ee 5 — 296 salmoides =... 33---- ===. eee 290
Jansenit ses ss5$ elo ee 291 salmonoides--22222-2 5 eee 259, 290
Kkawarmne panies 222-2) een oe 260 Seba issn on cod 250
Renard fii eee os We eee he Beso] sebaes 5 ost oo2c ec ee 250
Jabrifonmis: 2-2-2222. oe ae 237 sSemipunctatus-s.-252-5--22-eseen~ 290
Janceolatus.. 2=. seen ee 297 Sexfasciatus222--ee>eeenee 259, 261, *262
lebretonianus=2 0222-2. Sea eones 285 sexmaculatus..2..20s sees eee 229
leopardushesssssszcLee eee 208, 213, 217 shihpanae == ene ye 2 291
leucogrammicus:---..- ee 293 Sonneratices = ee 208, 213, 215
lewcostigma=. uc 222 ee 277 BpiloparoeHs:==.=- -=---s see ee 231
lineatus:- 20S) Steen bee 242 spllurus.2) 225... ee ee 217
Jongispinisz<~<2-s<e.- Ge 248 stellans-2b2.. 2-1 ee 269
longispinus{2—-.422..2 ee eee 251 stigmapoma--.+->-2-~--seeeeeme 2 231
lout ee cc ec bev ael aes 203, 204, 205 stigmapomus:--.-=--2— eee eee 231
lunsriave:.: 2. eatin ate peasant 234 suillsi). 242. -3 2+ Sees eee 290
RUS co eccce pee ae = 204, 227 pummans-2355--2- = 277, 280, *281, *282
Tatrale ooyod 43. sebeeam ais 285 var. micronotatus_-_-_.... 288
THACTOSPHOS 75 oe senes ee eS 275 faeniocheinus<- 222-4. --23.cceee ee 285
MACwIAtws< es oy AE ees 249 fativina == ee 252, 287, 288, 291, 292
THACUOSUS_2 ue te set ee 290 thyrsites: reer wee eee 227
malabaricus') 2222422 = eee ee 289, *291 tigrinusi2o35.2s.c.2 coe eee 265
marcingligi sce. Se wey ly. 264 trimaculatus:. .-2=5---2- eee 250, 259
Mmattermigessnet si. -.ee esc iee 251 tsiremenara:2i.o2b le ee 264
modurensis2o22 = oko ce keeee ss 251, 252 tsirimenara.:2+2. |. see ees 264

megachinseiews hc pene oe See 256, *256 tumilabris-..2-eee ese See 278

INDEX 333

Page Page

Berranus tumilabrus..=..c2%esssosesS ates 281 | summana, Epinephelus----.-.-.....-.------ 280
undulosps=35 2 Seas ee ee 242 Perce -2 32. eA} eass-ae= 280

WARE see ene See ee 250 Pomacentrus'22222225-5--=-.----- 280

ITQS. 3k ee So 215 Serranus...<<.22222 277, 280, *281, *282
wrOpHthalmis) es a 294. || Susumi; .Chorististinm.- -<22222)s2s-—e— 185, 187
variegatus_---.-------------------- 2917 || swalesi,,Chorististium=s.--o- ae" eee ee 2, 186
VWarlOlOSUS-sssssasn-ac==eces eee 264 Synacrops 222s e sete cost ec cee eee ease 186
waandersis:--- =-2225 (eens ote Sea 248 SIR yTOA Set seek eet ae 136
wine TAC e) Sen oe ee 253 japonica:..c..0 See a) ae 136
wandersi-..------.---------------- 253 japonicus...-22 sss 136
zanana..---.----------------------- 217 malayvanuse.---eee eee 136

PAN OMGN A pea ae ao ae 213, 220 natalonsis:.-.-2:----2--> eee 138
zunanella__ ~~. -------~------------ 213 philippinensis:s=----=ee == 138
serratospinosa, Synagrops------------------- 136 serratospinosa_.------------------ 140
serratospinosus, Synagrops------------------ 140 serratospinosus__..-.----------- 136, 140
sexfasciatus, Epinephelus_.__._-------------- 261 splendens:—.- 4) eee ae 145, 146
Derranus-.- = 530. 259). 2b iswe02: | ‘taoniata, Amia-2. 2-5 — 32 eet 83

sexlineata, Perca___------------------------- 311 | taeniatus, Anthias (Pseudanthias) ---_-__- 303, 304
Sexlneatus, BOGiIaNUS..._._--2-22 225 sesno k= 311 Apog0na-2ses20525eee0e4= 33, 34, 35, 109
Centropomus: - .-22e2s2.552--6i= 311 | taeniocheirus, Serranus_.....-.---.---.------ 285
Cephalopholis_...-.--------_---- £29 | taeniophorus:.A pogon-<.l=ss.5- ee 57
Grammistese=<\ 22-3 oa ee $11 | taeniura, Boulengerina_.........---.-------- 172

Hi pinephelus.<—_--. 255228 see 229 Kahlig sete ee Wn PAY 172

Serranus. == .=-42 4st fs 229 Safole.-. 22... ea 172

HHIppAN A Oerraniis. 252 os 22s. So fe 29) i taeninras;. Dulese=.c<- 22-2 se eee 165, 166, 172
singapurensis, Cheilodipterus____..------.--- 125 IMioronopsisSs=s==¢=-<=-"ease= eee 172
Params’ see abies oss 195 ||) sau-vina, Holocentrus------- "2-2 See 287
Serres Masa 142 ern. est eee ee ee ne 287, 289
EU UOU se een Sea 142 Serranus=._.2---2 384 252, 287, 288, 291, 292

VOTSICOIOl = S---~ ate en ee ae 142 (Epinephelus) -_.._-__---- 288

Bri OrieATM ae eee ns 2 2 Bie amet 73) |) taavinus; Holocentrus-__-----.._2ssee8 2. ss 287
PATIO PO TI eet ee 73 | terrae-reginae, Oligorus._....--...-.-.--_---- 297
sonnerati, Cephalopholis_.....-.-__--- 209, 213,215 | Tetracentrum_____.--.---..-.--------- ------ 147
Hpinephellis:=—-o=-52- a2 385s 208,213 | Therapon unicolor___----.--..-------_----.- 167

SERA TS seer mes nee et eset 208, 213,215 | thermalis, Apogon------.----.-------- .----- 105
sonneratii, Serranus (Epinephelus)_____---_-. 913) || UMYESIUCS, SOLTAWUS -—-—-— a ooo eane =a naa a mae 227
yards) chrysomelanus..-- —— 2-2-2 = 4 a7) (eTINUS, SOLanUS=—- = oo se ace eeceaae a= 265
EG LEE TIS ee ee ee ee oT ee a 98, 114 | tokionensis, Percalabrax_------------------- 190
Bphaeramias ._.....=..<.-_. Binion ae a 1,29 | Trachinus adscensionis_-------------------- 252
Spilonotvas, Percalabrax:_-.-s 2-2 22022_. =. TOO Una mhielsy Cl Cee sen ee eee ee 312
Spiloparoeus, Serranus:.--.—..-...2-- 311) ULUMACHIaLUS, A DOLON= = 225222 - ooo naa 33
RUE PA DOP ONG n= 2 oon ee ce eee ee 98 Wpinephelus<2- =. 2-22 2---2-2> 250
BORnARUS= 22 ess Ph ee 217 Serranus=-20 2-2 2222222 =~ 3 as= 250, 259
BDIHOSTIS) INIPHOn 2222022 2 ee 191, 192 | truncatus, Plectropomus.------------------ 2, *196
Splendens, Synagrops._....---s--=.---.=--- 145,146 | tsiremenara, Serranus----------------------- 264
squamipinnis, Anthias______-._- $04, *305, *306, 309 | tsirimenara, Epinephelus-_____-------.------ 264
(Pseudanthias) _____- 304 SerranuS-_-__.-----------.------ 264

Serranus (Anthias)_____-_-__- 304 | tuavina, Epinephelus__.....-.-------------- 288
Bisiniieionosira.— .) 3804 oe See Be 93 | tubifer, Siphamia---.-.---------------------- 142
BicllansesM pinepholus.<<*..o--- oo 20 2) 969 | tumilabris, Serranus-__--------------------- 278
BOTT TIS aes aks abet Pane Pee 969 | tumilabrus, Serranus-_---_------------------- 281
stellatus, A pogonichthys__._._-.--._---_-__- 4 | undulosus, Bodianus--_-_.------------------ 242
pine phelustsss see ee ae 269 Epinephelus__-.-...-.----------- 242
PARES ener sa sk see ee 296 Sbrranus 227.2 eee eee 242
SPERHECKT Un gas ee soe ee SL aS 173 | unicolor, Therapon-------------------------- 167
Stigmapoms, Serranus_=.2.2==2.-..._...-- 931 | Uninotata, Amia_----.---------------------- 18
stigmapomus, Cephalopholis__-.----.._..- 931 | uninotatus, Apogonichthys_..--------------- 18
SOL ans see ee ea 931 | ura, Serranus_------------------------------ 250

Bioliczac, Gennadiuss.-- 2226 02ccenenccse 194 | Uriphaeton—-------------------------------- 206
stoliczkae, Rhabdosebastes._._-....--------- 194 microleptes--------------------- 206
BODES ORne oe = aes de a el 193, 194 urodelus, Cephalopholis_ ee eee 214, 215

ERIM LASPAINIG 2s 11 Epinephelus-____-_------.--------- 215
Siriatus, “A pogonichthys:-2-- 22-2... 1 2 11 urodelus var_.------- 215
Bets WOPITAN IS so ener 8 eee Se Oe 290 SerranuS_-----.------------------- 215
Bnmaatis. MarrAngs 2.255.092 - ae 277 | urodeta, Perca_--.-------------------------- 214
summana, Bodianus-===---.-----.---------- gg9 | urodetam, Percim__..--~------------------- 214

334 INDEX
Page Page
urophthalmus, Anhyperodon-_-__.....__---- 294 | waandersii, Epinephelus__.__-....-....-___. 253
Anyperodon= — == sae — 294,295 | waigiensis, Centrogenys-------.....------__- 194
FH pinepheluss-e-<.e2ees _- == 294 IDS Dax ~icasseeecccce essen 179
Serranns.._ 2 Sse 294 Myriodon 2225 =2n-- Seleeeeeeeees, oS
urotaenia, Ampassis.<-- oes ese 160, 172 Psammoperca eee 179
Priopiss. =. 2 sper tgs tee eee 150 | waikiki,,.Apogonichthys:22- 22222322 -_- 14, 15
wachellii, Ammbassis—...320- ocogoenecensdeeee 160 Mion orus=ioi2522-02 ey ee ee 14
aCe COMMS se coe ae Socnes See E Ecce 178 | wakiyae, Malakichthys___-........--..-.... 187
waigiensis, CentrogenyS.-._..--..-.------.. 198,194 | wandersi, Serranus....------..-.-_.2._-...-. 253
Psammoperca--- -s72-iee aa= ooo 180 :|, wandersil,, Serranus:2.------552 2S eareses 253
Scorpacna.... erste ates 28 193 | waterhousei, Vincentia................------ 23
waiulac, Amis... 2. bbasete ee 28 - 14 ||) WVihitleyine... =. see eesen ee eR 2, 163
BOG... 202 ono aie hee Fe 14,15 | wilsoni, Amia____-___- een ee 50, 51
waivasensis, Ambassis_._ .2<-sssleesee- 28 — 162 | wolffi,.Ambassis ——.-~- Se eeee 163, 164
vanicolensis, Dules 2 == 222— jiese eee oo 167 | woodlarkensis, Plesiops-o-_=-2-2- 222-222=2* 314
warieratus, Anoron:- =.) sae eeee 7 | xanthometopon, Epinephelus flavocoeruleus
; ADOZOnICHtDYS-.-—-< -os bene lee 7 Wariee is. os soacuscsodecceaee eee es 245
SOrranuss eases te. Sate eee 291 | zanana, Epinephelus::2:-<222-224222 se 217
Wariolae p= ao oe ele Ee 203 Serranus.:22-22--:-. Uae eee 217
flavimarcinata =~ s2-s tase see 2045205 | zananella, Serranus2oo2 2s ee ee 213, 220
longipinna o-oo eS aes 204 | zaphyrus, Epinephelus_-__-._._._--.-_------ 263
JOUbi = oe a on eee eee 203,204 | zapyrus, Epinephelus_-_----._..-.....------- 265
var. flavimarginata____.___-.__ 204 || veylonicus, -Apopona22=220 2 se ee een ene 113
melanotaenia= 240222 - eee 203,204 | zonatus, Cheilodipterus____.....-..--------- 123
VWariGlosus, Serranus: 25000 -o See eae 264 ||. ZOTAMN Goce aioe eee See eee 23
WOrsicOlor, pATMIA. 3. =o Sa alee ee 1425 143° | “zosterophora, /Amig -o20 eat ae eso cene 117
Siphamiau.nccocuson) Nae ee ee 142 ADOZON = 22 ee oe seas 117
WVincentian a -2.u 258s 3k a. 23 ATCHAMIG=2225--sss224esce2e 8, 217
WHLOFMOUSCIO Looe 8 ie 28 ||| 7zosterophorus,. A pogon-a-n eae ae ee eee cee 117
Wittata, Sciaanac. Site ee ey ees 811 | zunanella, Epinephelus..--.-...........--.. 213
Vittiger, AADOZON i score sc ee een EE BEE 73 SOrranus sane cacese stance eee 213
waandersi, Serranus....-.-.-..-...---- ware 248

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1930

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