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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 
Bulletin 100 


VOLUME 13 





CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE 
PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO AND 
ADJACENT REGIONS 


THE FISHES OF THE GROUPS ELASMOBRANCHII, 

HOLOCEPHALI, ISOSPONDYLI, AND OSTAROPHYSI 

OBTAINED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF 

FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS” IN 1907 TO 

1910, CHIEFLY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND 
ADJACENT SEAS 


BY 
HENRY W. FOWLER 





UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1941 


For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - = - - Price $1.25 (Paper) 


ADVERTISEMENT 


The scientific publications of the National Museum include two 
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. 

The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a 
medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec- 
tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts 
in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms 
and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet 
form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- 
zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- 
jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are 
recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. 

The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, con- 
tains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoologi- 
cal groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in 
several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of 
type specimens and special collections, and other material of similar 
nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto 
size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were 
regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes 
under the heading Contributions from the United States National 
Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 
1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of 
the Museum. 

The present work forms No. 100, Volume 13, of the Bulletin series. 


ALEXANDER WETMORE, 
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 
Wasuineron, D. C., October 1, 1940. 


m 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Introduction ee ssa. Seok ee seek ee Sere Mee se ee ene Ce ae 
ROL ASSMIIS CHS 028s Se ye a Sete ha ee ee rem ear es eh SEN 3 
Subclass Mlasmobranchite- sca 022 Bek ee ee aes ee 4 
Orders iplospondylien as See ees ere ae eerie en Ne ees ee 4 
amily beptranchicdae sys eye mois ee ede peg 4 
Genus Heptranchias Rafinesque_.__......._.--.-.--_-- 5 
Subgenus JVotorynchus- Ayres) 2.2228. 22 Fae ee 6 
Subgenus Heptranchias Rafinesque__.___-__-_____- 9 
Genus Hexanchus Ratinesquces 2296. ee ee ee ee 10 
Bamily, Chilamydoselachidac.- . 2-2 22252 3. sao ee 12 
Genus Chlamydoselachus Garman_-___----___---______- 12 
OrdervAsterospondyilles sens sone Bee eee ee Seay 13 
Hamily, Hleterodontid aemes= seta am ae es oo a eee 14 
Genus*Heterodontus Blainvilles-22222255 022) 92 eee eee 15 
Subgenus Heterodontus Blainville_..-...___-____- 16 
Subgenusaiiucaubowlenes. 22a eee Soe one eee 22 
HE carol vga Gist Ooms NNT Gh arenes eee ns i eg eee gee ca 23 
Genus Cannon tNardOn. {oo Sie es oe ee 24 
Genus) GaleussRatmesque se 22 see 2 a ee ee 25 
Subgenus Galeus Rafinesquez..—-----= =.= 2252-2 26 
Subgenus Mzgaro Wihitley.-20 = 2-425) eee ee 28 
Genus, Parmaturus Garman) 2 2 eee 29 
Genus: Cenhaloscylliam Gile 22. 2S. cee we ee 30 
Genus scylzorhinus Dlainville..2----5 22 45622-2002 5- 34 
Genus)PorodermavA: Smith. = 202. 5 oe ee ee ui 
Subgenus Conoporoderma Fowler__--------------- 37 
Subgenus! Porode;ma A. smiths. 225 22 se eee 41 
Genuspelalaeleres Grilles eee ele ee eens 42 
Subgenus Holohalaelurus Fowler___---____---_--- 43 
Subgenus HaleelurusGiew 2 Soo e 2 ee bill 
Subgenus Aulohalaelurus Fowler___-------------- 52 
Genus Pentanchus Smith and Radcliffe____.._______-- 53 
Subgenus Parapristurus Fowler__._-------------- 56 
Subgenus Pentanchus Smith and Radcliffe_______~ 60 
Subgenus Aprzsturws, Garman ._-__ -.-_-.7 1. 61 
Genus: Atelomycterus,Garmane 2 =e ee 64 
Genus Hanloblepharus,Garman--_--2--2---2.-.--22-2 65 
Genus) Proscylicim Hilgendorio22 24.502 e=e eee ee 66 
Hamilya Orectol Obie se sees ey eee te ee 67 
Genus Vebrvus Ruppelle neces eae eee 68 
Subgenus Ginglymostoma Miller and Henle- _-__-_- 70 
Subgenus, Neprius nuppelloc 2-525 5 oes aoe 8 72 
Genus Cirrhoscyllium Smith and Radcliffe_____-.-__-- 73 
Genus ParascylliimsiGulse sae ee ose ee 73 
Genus: Brachaeiurus Orilby.5- 22s osee ee eee 77 
Subgenus Cirriscyllium Ogilby_........---------- 78 
Subgenus Brachaelurus Ogilby__.__-__------------ 79 


IV BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Class Pisces—Continued. 
Subclass Elasmobranchii—Continued. 
Order Asterospondyli—Continued. 


Family Orectolobidae—Continued. Page 
Genus Hemiscyllium A. Smith.......------ ---------- 80 
Subgenus Hemiscyllium A. Smith---------------- 81 
Subgenus Chiloscylliwm Miller and Henle___-_----- 85 
Subsenus Synchismue Gill = 2 5_ 22225 eee 89 

Genus Orectolobus Bonaparte----------= 2222222222 2_ 92 
Subgenus Orectolobus Bonaparte----------------- 93 
Subgenus Eucrossorhinus Regan_---------------- 99 

Genus Stegostoma Miller and Henle___-__-_-_--___-__-- 99 
WaMy MSUTIOAG = pete ee eee eee 103 
Genustisurnius Ratinesquels a see eee ee 103 
Genus Lamna Cuvier... 7s aso n oe ee ee ee eS 107 
Genus Carcharodon Miiller and Henle_______________- 109 
Family Halsydrid ae 22 aS 2 2 ee 112 
Genus Halsydrus) lenin go. ee ae ee ee eee eee 112 
Family Rhincodontidae:: o22. [2 22 oe oe a ee 15 
Genus Rhincodon, AU Smith. 2205 2 ee ee nee 115 
Family Pseudotriakidae.—- 2=. eta eee ees eee ey 
Genus Pseudoirzakes Capellos2 2 eae es ee eee eee ees 118 
Family Carchartidae2 2 -- 22552 222 eee ee 119 
Genus) CanchantasHhalnesdies= a= eee 119 
Genus Scapanorhynchus Woodward------------------ 123 
Bamily Alopiidaeti2. <8 3525 225 Se eee ee ee ee 124 
Genus: Alopias' Rafinesque.-- 22) > Sh eee ek 125 
Family \Galeorhinidaé.. = 222 eee ce te te 127 
Genus Galeolamna Owen =222 22) See ee eee 128 
Genus Physodon Miller and Henle_------_-_________- 129 
Genus Scoliodon Miller and Henle_--_---___________- 131 
Subgenus Rhizoprionodon Whitley ---_-_________- 132 
Subgenus Scoliodon Miiller and Henle___________- 140 

Genus Aprionodon Gills 22 2 ee ee ee 141 
Genus Hypoprion Miller and Henle__----_-_________- 144 
Genus Hulamia; Gills oo eee a eee ae 147 
Subgenus Jsoplagiodon Gillvss2 2a ee ee ee 150 
Subgenus, Platypodon, Gilles sae ee ee 158 

SU em Ws ele 7 Cl eee ee eS 168 
GenussGlyph2s Agassiz. 208 See eee eee 178 
Genus Lovodon Miller and Henle_____-_________-___- 181 
GenuseHemigaleusvBleekers 25 ae ee eee 182 
Subgenus Chaenogaleus Gill. 2 eee ee 182 
Subgenus Hemigaleus Bleeker__-____________-__-_ 184 

Genus Galeocerdo Miller and Henle_________________- 185 
Genus Galeorhinus Blainville__._..__________- ge ee UN 188 
Cenusw Hem 7 piestis eA eS ee 192 
Genus Triaenodon Miiller and Henle________________-_ 193 
Genus Leptocharias Miller and Henle_______________-_ 195 
Genus 2reakis Mulleriand Henle=2 ==: 22 sae 196 
Subgenus Triakis Miller and Henle______________ 197 


Subgenus Calliscyllitum Tanaka_.____________--_-- 199 


CONTENTS Wi 


Class Pisces—Continued. 
Subclass Elasmobranchii—Continued. 
Order Asterospondyli—Continued. 


Family Galeorhinidae—Continued. Page 
Genus Frédacnis H:. Me Smith!22)_ 225=-+---------- 200 
Genus Vastelus lhinck see Sas 2 eee 201 

Subgenus Pleuracromylon Gill_------------------ 202 
Subgenus Mustelus Linek_---------------------- 205 
Genus Scylliogaleus Boulenger----------------------- 209 

Family Sphyrnidae-_----.----------------------------- 210 

Genus Sphyrna Rafinesque-------------------------- 211 
Subgenus Platysqualus Swainson----------------- 212 

Subgenus Sphyrna Rafinesque--_----------------- 213 

Subgenus Eusphyra Gill__---------------------- 221 

Order Cyclospondyli__------------------------------------- 222 

Family Squalidae_____..------------------------------- 223 
Genus Centroscymnus Bocage and Capello_-_---------- 223 
Genus Scymnodon Bocage and Capello--------------- 225 

Subgenus Zameus Jordan and Fowler ------------ 226 
Subgenus Proscymnodon Fowler - - --------------- 228 
Genus Centrophorus Miller and Henle--------------- 228 
Genus Deania Jordan and Snyder-_------------------- 236 
Subgenus Deania Jordan and Snyder------------- 237 
Subgenus Nasisqualus Smith and Radcliffe_------- 241 
Genus Entozychirus Gill___------------------------- 242 
Subgenus Entorychirus Gill_-------------------- 243 
Subgenus Atractophorus Gilchrist - --------------- 245 
Genus Etmopterus Rafinesque- ---------------------- 246 
Subgenus Acanthidium Lowe-------------------- 246 
Subgenus Etmopterus Rafinesque - --------------- 250 
Genus Centroscyllium Miller and Henle-__------------- 252 
Subgenus Centroscyllium Miiller and Henle-------- 252 
Subgenus Paracentroscyllium Alcock-_------------- 254 
Genus Squalus Linnaeus__.---.--------------------- 255 
Subgenus Squalus Linnaeus-_-------------------- 257 
Subgenus Cirrhigaleus Tanaka_-_----------------- 262 
Genus Oxynotus Rafinesque - - ----------------------- 262 

Family Dalatiidae..-o2988-s2412o-Jeet) osag—-) -- 2-2-2 263 
Genus Euprotomicrus Gill... ...-.------------------ 264 
Genus DalaiassRafinesques’. 524220 S22 2-222 266 
Genus. Tsistiis Gil se\reeget) Urey ge i eee 269 
Genus Heteroscymnus Tanaka-_--_-------------------- 272 
Genus Heteroscymnoides Fowler-_--------------------- 273 
Genus Pseudoscymnus Herre------------------------ 274 
Genus. Somnosis/Lesueurcc | f2nee2bet 2-22 Se 275 
Genus Echinorhinus Blainville.___------------------- 277 

Order Squatimaess 2h.05! pols o oe staceb anase> = 25------- 279 

Family Pristiophoridags=_ == 32 ose esa 2 auaS2) ------=--- 279 
Genus Pristiophorus Miller and Henle--------------- 279 
CenneyPhidtinema RRepam=st=** este ek 8 eas 283 

Family Squatinidse te 4p ss<-e st Shaw sies = —2- =~ == -- 284 


Genus Squaiene, Duméril__ 22 5isehs set sie = =. 284 


VI BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Class Pisces—Continued. 


Subclass Elasmobranchii—Continued. Page 
Order Rajae Jo 3 fo s2252 oe Se eae sas SS ee eee ee 289 
amily. Pristidae= 2224. 222 eee eee eee eee eee 290 
Genus» ristisilinclk: S22 seo sana ete Se eee 291 
Subgenus, Prisiis Minek 2s 3S SoS esehe eee 291 
Subgenus Pristiopsiselowler2eaSecee eee 295 

Family: Rhinobatidac: +. 2282252 See oe eee ee 297 
Genuslivhinag Schneider == a seen ee ee aaa 298 
Genus Rhynchobatus Miller and Henle_-------------- 300 
Genus \Rhinobatos*inek. 22) 2b es ee eee eee 304 
Subgenus Leiobatus Rafinesque_-_---------------- 307 
Subgenus #thkinobates uinck y=. oes eee 315 

Genus Aptychotrema Norman..222 522 22-24-2288 322 
Genus Trygonorrhina Miiller and Henle___.-----__--. 325 
Family, Platyrhinidaes 2 22)2238 22 0 ee ee eee se 327 
Genus’ Zanobaiue Garman 1) 5252") Bae ee 327 
Genus Platyrhina Miiller and Henle____________------ 328 
GenuslArhynchovatisp Waites se eee 331 
Bamily:Torpedinidaewss. aussie oe ere see eee 332 
Genus Narcine Henlel 2) sh eon Suse Ba Pee fe 332 
(Cress) Je ARO Cae? INGEN 337 
Genus *Benthobatrs:Alcocks2.4 2 ee ee eee 339 
Genvsvlgp ose we rile eee ee 340 
Genus: Torpedo Houttuy ne eee 341 
Subgenus Torpedo Houttuyn__-=£2_--___-._--.-- 342 
Subgenus: WetronarcetGill sae oe ee eee 345 

Genus Narke Kaupecs ao ae eee See peas 347 
SubgenusNVarherkaupa eee ae eee 349 
Subgenus Bengalichthys Annandale_____._-___---- 352 

Genus Pyphionarke Waiters seo seo. eeene bone Ales 352 
Genus Temera: Grays 2 eee a Re 353 
Family Rajidae ce etisee ee ait i Sard siamese hae ee 354 
Genus: Raja Minnacusse 5 aoe es ae ee ee 355 
Genus Psammobatis: Gunther seo ee a eee 395 
Family: Dasyatidad 2 sneer Scie 396 
Genus Taeniura Miiller and Henle_________-_--_------ 397 
Genus: Dasyatis' Rafinesques 2 ses eae eee eee 401 
Subgenus Himantura Miller and Henle____-____-_- 405 
Subgenus Pastinachus Riippell___.-------------- 413 

_ Subgenus Dasyatis Rafinesque__-_____-_--------- 420 
Subgenus Amphotistius Garman_-____------------ 421 

Genus Urogymnus Miiller and Henle ._______-_---_-- 437 
Genus Urolophus Miller and Henle________._-____--- 439 
Subgenus Urolophus Miiller and Henle_-_-____-_-_-_- 440 
Subgenus Trygonoptera Miller and Henle_-------- 443 

Genus Anacanthobatis Von Bonde and Swart___-_----- 448 
Genus Urolophoides Soldatov and Lindberg___-------- 449 
Genus.Gymnura Kuhl’ 22 eee ee ee 449 
Subgenus Aetoplatea Valenciennes______--_---.--- 450 
Subgenus Gymnura) Kuhlsee eee ss ee ee 452 

Family. Myliobatidae:. Apes eet eee eee eer a 457 
Genus Holorhinus Gules ee ee 458 


CONTENTS Vil 


Class Pisces—Continued. 
Subclass Elasmobranchii—Continued. 
Order Rajae—Continued. 


Family Myliobatidae—Continued. Page 
Genus Myliobatis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire___-_-____---- 469 

Genus Aetobaius Blainvillel=-=222- 3 es oe =e 470 
Genusiithine pera» Cuvier saa SS cet 475 
Bamily-Mobulidaes=s =. si ee ee ee ae eae 478 
Genus Mobulasatinesquess 2) 22s eee ee ese eee 479 

Genus) Mania Banctroftss=.2 9 peees tee coco. kee 483 

Subclass Holocephalits..s.2 sek ess ea eee ee a de 486 
Order: Chimaeroidet!= 222025". - A pe ee ee ee 487 
Bamily) Chimaceridaes 25 ssjert ole eee tee eae 487 
Genus); Chimaera Linnaeus. 2262522522. -22-55.4 487 
Subgenus Chimaera Linnaeus-_------------------- 489 

Subgenus Psyehiehthys Fowler=.=2--=.--..-.--=- 494 

Subgenus sHydrolaguevGilles>ooet he see 496 

Subgenus Bathyaloper Collett_.--------.-------- 498 

Order’ Callorhinchoidei 24. eee hee es eS ee 503 
Family Rhinochimseridac. ses) «ee Ss eee. ahs ee 503 
Genus. Rhinochtmaera Garman. 2 ...2-52-25---..-.--- 503 

Genus Harriotia Goode and Bean.----..------------- 504 

Family. Calionhinchidag*escto2 =< eres 9. 2s esses 505 
Genus Callorhinchus Lacépéde_--2.2s...-22---2.-=2.- 506 

SupclassL cleostoml= 2-25. peereie= See Se hee slice eae 510 
Deries: Ganoidel: 2 == Sao ee oa ee ee See eee 511 
Order Chondrosteissen eae i sews 2 sae ee eee 511 
Family, Acipenseridaes 22 8228s et oe 5. see oe ose 511 
Genus; Acipenser Tanmaetse 224) Seca ee see 512 

Series: eleosterse etl os el aah eee See ee eee ce 517 
Order Tcospondylis soe eeeaa se ee fe Oe eo sence 517 
Family; Blopidaetedeta-ts hte a. es eee Ro Bo eee 518 
Genus Megalops Lacépedeté 2-24 tse Lee 519 

Genus Blons binnaeisi sos S2255 oe. eek 524 

Hamily Albuliddesss »atrastate se eee Sf ese 527 
Genus, Albula: Scopolt-e =2548 2062 2c8. bots 528 

Bamily Osteoglossidae: = 280s spat, assess oa a Secs S 532 
Genus Scleropages: Gunther=- == aoe Jee eee 532 
Subgenus Delsmania Fowler_...---.------------- 533 

Subgenus Scleropages Giinther____._____-_------- 534 

amily Chamidse seem ett ols eee oe ee bes Se 536 
Genus,.Chanes! Dacépaden? 252222 IS oes eek 536 

Family Pterothrissidac. s-\sers 2s os eat eS tte S58 se 541 
GenussPierothressus Hilgendorfi22222 223222222502) 2 eee 541 

Family INGtopreridses_ 24428 i ee ee So oe 543 
Genus Notopterusmiacéped ese so22—- 22522 eee 543 
Subgenus Chetela Fowler. .22-2225--....-2-22 2. 543 

Subgenus Notopterus Lacépéde_-_-_-_____-_----- 545 
HamilysDorosomidses= sesese a eye eneees ys eee 547 
Genus Gonialosa, Reganaes= oso) Sees se else 547 

Genus Anodontostoma Bleeker_.......-.-.-.--------- 549 

Genus Nemataiosa Reganiae ss sin ted Le 552 


GenusiClupanodon-vacénedes= a5 see ee soe ee 556 


VIII BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Class Pisces—Continued. 
Subclass Teleostomi—Continued. 
Series Teleostei—Continued. 


Order Isospondyli—Continued. Page 
Family Stolephoridse: Jo -eeen hers Se 561 
Genus. Stolephorus Lacépede ole 222 ss 2 e 8 22 ee ee 561 
Genus Dussumieria Valenciennes-_------------------- 570 
Genus Etrumeus Bleekersz: 22.282 Uoes es Bese eee. 574 
Subgenus Montalbania Fowler__-_---.----------- 574 
Subgenus: Btrumets Bleeker-o2 2 ues e So ee 576 

Family Clupeidae. 2 === 5222225. 4225. 5 sess eee eee 578 
Genus: Cluped Linnaeus:2=252 2. Joe a eee ees 579 
Genus Harengula Valenciennes=222-2_22-=-222-_--__- 584 
Subgenus Herklotsella Fowler___-_-.------------- 585 
Subgenusi Clupalosa) Bleeker: 2240 See _ 22S lee 2S 587 
Subgenus ‘Paralosableekertst seems. = Seen ele e8 594 

Genus Sardinella Valenciennes. -_-------------------- 601 
Subgenus Sardinella Valenciennes_---_-_---_----_- 602 
Subgenus Amblygaster Bleeker____-_-_----------- 616 

Genus: Arengus Cornideuzl) tiie poe ss eri 3 Se 620 
Genus Macruna Vane El assets ee ee 626 
Subgenus Macrura Van Hasselt___--_-_---_----- 627 
Subgenus Tenualosa Fowler__------------------- 630 

Genus! Guduscahowlers 2 een ee eee oe 634 
Genus: Kowala, Valenciennes: 23225252 222552 ue is ees 635 
Subgenus Clupeoides Bleeker___-_---------------- 636 
Subgenus Kowala Valenciennes___---_----------- 638 

Genus otamalosa:@ cilby sae nee eee anes 640 
Genus: Hyperlophus@Ogilbyaseeen eae ee ee ae 642 
Genus Corica Buchanan-Hamilton___..____.-___-_-_- 644 
Subgenus Corica Buchanan-Hamilton___-_______- 644 
Subgenus Clupeichthys Bleeker.__..___---------- 647 

Genus Pellona=Valenciennes== 4a s a= ee eee 648 
Genus lizsha Richardson encanta 650 
Subgenus Huplatygaster Fowler_____-_---_------- 652 
SubgenuseillishauRichanrds mses sate ee ane eee 655 

Genus: Opisthopierws) Gilluc ae ee eee ee oe 663 
Genus-Raconda: Gray sais Soe ee ee is ee 665 
Family ngraulidaets een ners eee nee ee or ee eens 666 
GenusiLycothrtssas Gunther == eee ee 667 
Genus Xenengraulis Jordan and Seale_______-_______- 668 
Genus Thrissocles Jordan and Evermann___________-_- 669 
Subgenus Thrissocles Jordan and Evermann_-_-_---_- 670 
Subgenus Thrissina Jordan and Seale____________- 683 

Genus )Settpinna Swainsons sete see eee ees 686 
Subgenus Settpinna Swainson________________-_- 687 
Subgenus Stethochaetus Gray_..__--------------- 691 
GenusrEngraulish© wv cre eee 692 
Genus Anchoviella Fowler: 2222 aos ee ee ee 696 
Genus..Coulta Gray 2 20w i ema pone oe I ee 712 
Subgenus Coda Grays 2 ee ee ee 713 
Subgenus Choetomus McClelland_______________- 719 

Pamily Chirocentridse 200 )05. 1:2 Ma i a a 723 


Genus Chirocentrus Cuvier. 2222202222 724 


CONTENTS 


Class Pisces—Continued. 
Subclass Teleostomi—Continued. 

Order Isospondyli—Continued. 
Family Gonorynchidae--------------------------------- 
Genus Gonorynchus Scopoli-_----------------------- 
Series Ostariophysi- ----------------------------------------- 
Order Nematognathi_-_--.-.-------------------------------- 
Family Clariidae-_ 2-2. .--+2---=-~-------+2-=-------=--- 
Gens Clartas i scopoll ese ena ee eee see 
Genus Heterobranchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire-------~--- 
Family Plotosidae--_..-.------------------------------ 
Genus Plotosus*Lacépede.- Y= te =e Se S222 226 ee 
Genus Cnidoglants Ginther22 2-25 =--=22--_-2- =~ = 
Genus: Paraplotosus Bleeker=— ------.--=---- ----~--_ 
Family Tachysuridaes—---2--- <---> 2 = 
Genus Vachysunus wacopede= = 22-2 --- 2-2-5 -- = 
Subgenus Tachysurus Lacépéde-_---------------- 
Subgenus Hexanematichthys Bleeker - ------------- 
Subgenus Netuma Bleeker=- —"=--=5-_--2 = 27 5- 
Subgenus Pseudareus’ Bleeker=e - 5-2 =" _- Sees 
Subgenus Ariodes Miiller and Troschel- -- - ------- 
Genus Osteogeneiosus Bleeker_---------------------- 
Genus Hemtpemelodus Bleeker=-= =< -22--—--_2_22----- 
Order Plectospondylisss-- 2222-525 2-5-22-2---- == 5 = = 
Family Cyprinidae. 22-2 -_-----=---_-_2--=----2--- 
Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus-_-.-~---------------------- 
Gents! Carassius Nilsson. 2) = 22S 22 oe cease 
Genus’ Hampate Van: Hasselt-.. 2 = 22 --- = <2 -S eee 
Genus Mandzbularca Herre: —- 2 2--22---2---22-2-- 
Genus Cephalakompsus Herre- .--------------------- 
Genus Ospatulus Herre! 2+. --—--.----------------_—- 
Genus Puntius Buchanan-Hamilton_-_---------------- 
Genus Lepioparous Biecker == --22~ 22-2 ~~ Ss 
Genus thasvora biceker" 8 54s oe ee Leo eee 
Genus Nematabramis Boulenger--------------------- 
Subgenus Nematabramis Boulenger - - ------------ 
Subgenus Mearnsella Seale and Bean-_----------- 


IX 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Figure 


» Halaelurus garmant Fowler: Type. oa 22224-- 2 362 34 eee eee 
5 Pentanchus spongiceps (Gilbert):: Lypes-2 ==) 25 3 ee eee ee 


Pentanchus verveyt, Howler: hype sans ae one ee ee 
entarichats RenKlotst © OWLS eb VPC aoe al ee 
Pentanchus platyrhynchus (Tanaka): Japan___...-.--.------._-__-- 
Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett): Variation of color pattern______ 
Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann): Variation of color pattern in young_- 
Eulamia pleurotaenia (Bleeker): Manila____.__._._______-_-______- 
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith): Richmond River, New South Wales_-___-__- 
Heteroscymnoides marleyt Fowler: Type--.------------------------ 


= feaja atriventndles MOWLED scl y Pere = aaa mes eae ee yee er 
wiGumnura croakty Mowler? Uy pense pee os ee Ses ae ee ee 
. Scleropages guntheri (Castelnau): Queensland__________.___-______- 


Eirumeus albulinatowler: ly pes as 5-2 soe oe oe ee ee ne pe ee 


. Harengula nymphaea (Richardson): Hongkong_._______-.__-_------- 


Sardeneiia days Regan: Mauritivise sacle een eee ieee ae 


SVIVIC CHAU OL EEVESLE (RIC HAT. SOM))\cicired £4 fo SMa pee ee aaa 
« Hampala lopeze Herre: Port Caltomc. ye ee eae 


Puntius tumba (Herre): Lake Lanao, Mindanao______________-____-- 


. Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes): Variation; Malbato River, Busuanga_ 
. Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes): Variation; Malbato River_______-_- 


Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes): Variation; Malbato River________-_ 


. Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes): Upper, Matatagao and Canino 


Rivers, Palawan; two lower, Lake Lanao. Variations________-_-_- 
(Puntius cataractae (Howler): Wiypesss os 23 ee eee te oe ee 


. Puntius sibukensis, new species: Type, Sibuko Bay, Borneo_-___-_-__-- 
. Puntius collingwoodi (Giinther): Tawao River, Borneo_____-__--_--- 


Punts herret-(CRowler) sy pes a ne nek eee ee ee a ee eee 


. Puntius palata (Herre): Lake Lanao, Mindanao___.__.._.__--------- 
. Rasbora trilineata Steindachner: Sibuko Bay, Borneo__-_------------ 
. Nematabramis everettt Boulenger: Tawao River, Borneo_-__--------- 


x 


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794 


THE FISHES OF THE GROUPS ELASMOBRANCHII, HOLOCEPH- 
ALI, ISOSPONDYLI, AND OSTAROPHYSI OBTAINED BY THE 
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBA- 
TROSS” IN 1907 TO 1910, CHIEFLY IN THE PHILIPPINE 
ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 


By Henry W. Fow err 


INTRODUCTION 


Turs is the sixth volume I have prepared dealing with a study of 
the fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer 
Albatross in the Philippines. Since the fifth volume completed the 
main percoid series, the present work is somewhat of a departure, 
dealing with primitive fishes and following through the various 
groups of living forms to the more generalized bony fishes. 

Most of the localities recorded herein relate to the Philippines, but 
other regions where the Albatross cruised, as the Netherlands Indies, 
China, Formosa, and parts of Oceania, also are listed. 

As the major part of this report deals with the sharks, rays, and 
chimaeras, a few items concerning them seem necessary. They form 
a very natural assemblage of the most truly fishlike vertebrates. 
Equally remarkable is the nearly complete gradation from primitive 
sharks to the forms gradually becoming depressed like the angel 
sharks, saw sharks, sawfishes, guitar rays, and the skates, finally with 
various extremes in the more or less degenerate sting rays, eagle rays, 
and the giant devilfishes. Many fossils, some representing orders 
wholly extinct, have been discovered in various deposits, many in the 
Tertiary. As represented chiefly by teeth, some of these fossils ap- 
parently do not differ from fishes of the present time. 

Usually because of their large size, sharks and rays are rare in 
collections of fishes. It is often difficult, therefore, to examine even 
comparatively abundant species, except for an occasional immature 
specimen. Though I have followed Garman largely in the arrange- 
ment of various groups and many of the species, I have included 
many that he overlooked or ignored. Not only is his excellent 
memoir strikingly incomplete in this respect, but a still greater 
misfortune lies in his neglect to give details about his materials. 

1 


Ze BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


I have followed as nearly as possible the sequence of characters 
as given in my preceding volumes, so that the whole series will be 
uniform. This is a little at variance with the method used by most 
ichthyologists in describing either elasmobranchs or chimaeras. Thus 
the depth of the body refers to the greatest body depth and the 
number of times it is contained in the body to the beginning of the 
lower caudal lobe, or subcaudal as it is usually termed with reference 
to sharks and rays. The head is measured from the snout tip to 
the first gill opening, with the same proportions, its width, in the 
case of sharks, referring to its length. Likewise the snout, measured 
from its tip to the eye, the eye, the mouth width, and the interorbital 
are all given with reference to the head. The space between the 
snout tip and the mouth is the preoral length. The space between 
the nostrils is the énternarial. In the scale structure in the case of 
sharks it is quite varied and is given from microscopic examination. 
The fins, when present, as the dorsals and anal, are given with refer- 
ence to their length in comparison with the head. The caudal is 
often very variable, sometimes longer than the rest of the body and 
usually with a well-developed lower lobe or subcaudal. In the ray- 
hike forms the pectorals gradually widen until the body contour is a 
variable wide disk, often much wider than long. Its length is thus 
measured from the snout tip, or end, to the hind edges of the pectorals. 

With respect to the bony fishes included, as the herrings, anchovies, 
catfishes, and carps, the same method of description is used. If the 
lower jaw should protrude in front, the snout length is given with 
the number of times it is contained in the head, followed by the 
phrase “from snout tip,” this showing that the lower jaw is not 
included in the measurement. Thus the same dimensions for the 
head are intended to follow through the description, or until it is 
said to be the total length of the head. The gill rakers are counted 
on the first arch, those above or below being indicated by the plus 
sign, the former mentioned first. 

The scales of bony fishes are counted in the lateral line to the 
caudal base or hypural bone, and such as may occur on the caudal 
base are so mentioned. If no lateral line is present the count is made 
in a similar location or axially along the side of the body. The ab- 
dominal scutes are given with a plus sign to indicate those that pre- 
cede and those that follow the ventral fins. In indicating fin spines 
roman capitals are used, and simple or rudimentary rays are shown 
by means of small capitals. 

As in preceding volumes acknowledgements are made to Dr. Hugh 
M. Smith and those of the scientific corps engaged in the work of 
the expedition. I wish also to acknowledge my indebtedness to 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 3 


Heber A. Longman, director of the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, 
and Tom Marshall, of the same institution, for their kindness and 
assistance in showing me some of the fishes in their collections. A 
few of these are noted in the present work. In the designation of the 
type locality, if more than one locality is given by an author it is 
understood that the first in sequence be so restricted. 

One new species is proposed herein—Puntius sibukensis (p. 799). 


Class PISCES 


Skull formed with sutures and with membrane bones, as opercle, 
preopercle, etc., present. Skeleton usually bony, though sometimes 
cartilaginous. Gill openings as one or several apertures each side of 
pharynx. Gills filamentous, outer edges free, bases joined to bony 
arches, of which usually 4 pairs and fifth pair are typically formed 
as tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals. Air bladder at first a lung 
formed on lower side of esophagus, but in later forms placed superior, 
becomes degraded into a swim-vessel, or entirely lost with age. 
Heart with auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. Eggs small. Fins 
median and paired, latter with distinct rays. 

This vast assemblage of fishlike vertebrates exceeds all others of 
recent time. A number are known only as fossils, many of which 
are not sufficiently preserved to show the important characters of 
their anatomy. 

The Leptocardii (lancelets) and Cyclostomi (lampreys), usually 
included with all fishlike vertebrate faunas, are not known from any 
undoubted fossil remains and comprise but a small number of living 
forms. The opinions of many writers vary as to the value of the 
different subclasses included in the class Pisces, though most all 
agree as to the status of the lancelets and lampreys. I have admitted 
five, the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi, Crossopterygia, and 
Teleostomi. All but the Dipnoi and Crossopterygia, whose living 
members are fresh-water forms, are represented in the collections here 


studied. 
ANALYSIS OF SUBCLASSES 


a’. Teeth not implanted in jaws; skeleton more or less incompletely of carti- 
lage; skull without membrane bones, as opercle, peropercle, ete.; no 
air bladder; male with claspers. 

b*. Jaws distinct from skull, connected by suspensory bones; teeth distinct; 
gill openings slitlike along side of neck, 5 to 7__-_. ELASMOBRANCHII 
b*. Jaws coalesced with skull; teeth united and formed as bony plates; gill 
opening single each side of neck, leads to 4 gill slits__. HOLOCEPHALI 

a’, Teeth implanted in jaws; skeleton more or less bony; skull with membrane 
bones, as opercle, suborbitals, etc.; air bladder present; gill opening single 
eachyside of neck) -no ClaSpCr shes an— = ae ee ee a ee TELEOSTOMI 


4 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subclass ELASMOBRANCHII 


Membrane bones of head undeveloped, except sometimes rudimen- 
tary opercle. Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull without sutures. Gills 
not free, attached to skin by outer margin. No air bladder. Intes- 
tine with spiral valve. Arterial bulb with 3 series of valves. Optic 
nerve united by chiasma. Cerebral hemispheres united. Ova few, 
large, impregnated, and sometimes developed internally. Embryo 
with deciduous external gills. Skin naked or covered with minute 
rough scales, sometimes with spines. Tail heterocercal. Ventral fins 
abdominal. Male with large intromittent organs, or claspers, 
attached to ventral fins. 

The true sharks and skates form an almost perfect gradation, 
though the notidanoid sharks (Diplospondyli) are somewhat removed 
from the former. Besides those included below, an extinct order of 
sharks, the Ichthyotomi, with simple claspers, is known from early 
fossils. The vernacular name “shark” is usually given as derived 
from carcharus or carcharias, with reference to the sharp teeth. 


ANALYSIS OF ORDERS 
a’. Anal fin present. 
b*. Gill openings 6 or 7; dorsal fin single_______________ DIPLOSPONDYLI 
b*. Gill openings 5; dorsal fins double__-______________ ASTEROSPONDYLI 
a*. No anal fin. 
c. Gill openings lateral. 
dd. Pectoral i fins snoring! ee eee eee ee een CYCLOSPONDYLI 
ad’. Pectoral fins modified, large, expanded horizontally and extended for- 
ward at base in front, which separated from neck by deep notch 
containing ,eilll) openings 222s ae eee SQUATINAE 
GRee Gall OP STATES VON tT ea ee eo eg EE ERI RAJAE 


Order DIPLOSPONDYLI 


Vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each segment equivalent 
to 2 vertebrae and bearing 2 neural arches. Gill openings 6 or 7. 
Dorsal fin single. Anal present. 

The most primitive of existing sharks, with two families, recent 


and extinct. 
ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a’. Gill openings 6 or 7, their covers not crossing throat ; teeth compressed, blade- 


like, notched on edges; mouth inferior____________-___-__- Heptranchidae 
a’. Gill openings 6, their anterior covers crossing throat; teeth with 3 long sharp 
CUSPSis NOU HgC TINE a oe a ae ee Chlamydoselachidae 


Family HEPTRANCHIDAE 


Body moderately long. Head long, depressed. Snout protruding. 
Kyes lateral, anterior, or submedian, without nictitating membrane. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 5 


Mouth inferior, large, arched forward, with labial folds at angles on 
lower jaw. Teeth in jaws dissimilar, comblike, compressed, bases 
slender, pointed cusps of variable number. Nostrils inferior, near 
snout end, without grooves to mouth. Gill openings wide, 6 or 7, be- 
fore pectorals. Spiracle small, lateral on neck. One dorsal, spineless, 
opposite and like anal. Caudal long, without pits, subcaudal well 
developed. 

Genera few and widely distributed in warm or tropical seas. Fos- 
sils, chiefly fragments as teeth, are found in Cretaceous and Tertiary 
deposits. The living forms are viviparous. I do not accept Garman’s 
compound family name Hexeptranchidae, as Heptranchias is the 
earliest generic name, thus eventuating Heptranchidae. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


lea TA TMCS SETTER ee CS Heptranchias 
Ge GTEODENINE Ss Giese et er oe eee eee Hexanchus 


Genus HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque 


Heptranchias RA¥FINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 18, 1810. (Type, 
Squalus cinereus Gmelin, monotypic.) 

Heptranchus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 81, 1841. (Type, 
Squalus cinereus Gmelin.) 

Aellopos (not Hiibner, 1816) AcGassiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 376, 1848. 
(Type, Aellopos wagneri Agassiz, designated by Fowler, Geol. Surv. New 
Jersey Bull. 4, p. 24, 1911.) (Fossil.) (Aellopus Koch, 1842, and Aellopus 
Wolf, 1871, not involved.) 

Notorynchus AyrReEs, Proc. California Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 72, 1855. (Type, 
Notorynchus maculatus Ayres, monotypic.) 

Notorhynchus Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 149. (Type, 
Notorynchus maculatus Ayres.) 

Notidanion JorpAN, Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., vol. 3, p. 97, 1923. (Type, 
Notidanus primigenius Agassiz, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Body elongate, partly fusiform, compressed. Head wide, de- 
pressed, sometimes tapering forward. Mouth large, broad, with fold 
from angle on lower jaw and deep groove behind angle. Lower 
teeth uniform or decreasing toward mouth angles; cusps of cutting 
edge more or less regularly graduated. Nostrils advanced. Gull open- 
ings seven. Spiracle small. Dorsal small, behind ventrals. Caudal 
long. 

HEPTRANCHIAS DAKINI Whitley 


Heptranchias dakinti Wuittry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 6, p. 310, 1931 (on 
McCulloch) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1934 (reference). 

Heptranchias perlo (not Bonnaterre) McCuuiitocnH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, 
p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1911 (type locality: 60 miles south of Cape Everard, 
Victoria). 


According to Whitley, this species appears to differ from the 
European Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre) in having the head 41% 


6 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 
in total length and anal fin originating below the middle of the 
dorsal, with its base shorter than that of the dorsal. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. NotoryNcHus. Head broad; snout broad. 
b*. No median tooth in upper series; primary cusp of lower lateral teeth with 


denticles of inner edge weak or absent_------------------- cepedianus 

b*. Median tooth in upper series; primary cusp of lower lateral teeth dentic- 
wlate: on-inner/edgen 2222s eae ee ee ee pectorosus 

a?, HEPTRANCHIAS. Head tapering; snout narrow__-------------------- perlo 


Subgenus NoTORYNCHUS Ayres 
HEPTRANCHIAS CEPEDIANUS (Péron) 


Squalus cepedianus Pf&Ron, Voyage Australes, vol. 1, p. 337, 1807; ibid., ed. 2, 
vol. 2, p. 218, 1824 (type locality: Adventure Bay, Tasmania ; Baudin’s 
Expedition). (Not consulted.) : 

Notorynchus cepedianus WuittEy, Mem, Queensland Mus., vol 10, pt. 4, pp. 181, 
197, 1934 (North Island, New Zealand). 

Squalus platycephalus TENorE, Mem. Acad. Ponton. Napoli, vol. 1, pp. 241, 258, 
pl. 4, 1809 (type locality: Naples, Italy). 

Notorynchus platycephalus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 18, 1913 
(Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Hast and North Pacific)—Fow1rr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 188 (off Cape of Good Hope). 

Notorhynchus platycephalus CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 5, 
1932 (Cochinchina). 

Heptranchias platycephalus Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, 
p. 1012, 1927 (compiled).—Fowtrme, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 28, fig. 1, 
19380 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 19380 
(California; Indian Ocean).—Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. 
China, vol. 8, no. 8, p. 215, fig. 1, 19382 (Chefoo; Tsingtau; Ningpo; 
Chusan).—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 87, 1933 
(Chusan).—TANnaAkKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 3, 1933. 

Notidanus indicus AGASsiIz, Poissons fossiles, pl. E, fig. 1, Feuilleton, pp. 71, 92, 
pl. B, figs. 14 (teeth), 1835 (type locality: “Indes Orientales” ).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 898, 1870 (Cape Seas).—DaAy, Fishes of 
India, pt. 4, p. 728, pl. 189, fig. 4, 1878 (Madras and Cape Seas example).— 
RAMSAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jack- 
son).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 30, fig. 10, 1889.—Lucas, 
Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 48, 1890 (reference).—TIRANT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 64, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Notidanus (Heptanchus) indicus Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, 
p. 926 (Ningpo). 

Heptanchus indicus MULirr and Hentz, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 82, pl. 
32 (teeth), 1841 (Indian Ocean).—ScHtLeEcet, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 803, 1850 (Japan).—BtLreKkrr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Japan and West India); vol. 26, p. 42, 1857 
(Japan) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 (reference).— 
DumérIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 434, 1865 (part).—BLEEKER, 
Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 119, 1874 (compiled; China). 

Notorynchus maculatus Ayres, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 72, 1855 
(type locality : California). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS a 


Notorhynchus maculatus JORDAN and BVERMANN, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, 
p. 17, 1896 (Monterey to Washington) ; pt. 4, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1900. 

Notorhynchus borealis Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 150 
(type locality : Nisqually, Oreg.; jaws). 


Eye 314 in snout; nostril 514, anterior, close to snout edge. Spi- 


racle small, 224 eye diameters behind eye. 
Scales with strong median keel, pointed forward and slender lobe 


behind. 

Subcaudal 44 in caudal; pectoral width 1%% in its length. 

Back dark gray, spotted all over with black, more on sides. Lat- 
eral line white. Eye white, sprinkled with pale gray. 

South Africa, Indian Ocean, China, Japan. Also in the Eastern 
Pacific in Washington, Oregon, and California and the Atlantic. 


1example. A.N.S.P. Off Cape Colony coast, in 40 fathoms. Specimen skinned 
out, 1,930 mm. long. H. W. Bell Marley. 


HEPTRANCHIAS PECTOROSUS Garman 


Heptranchias pectorosus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 56, pl., 1884 
(type locality : Patagonia ).—BaArNARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, p. 21, 
pl. 1, fig. 1, 1925 (copied Day) (Agulhas Bank).—Fowter, Proe. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congress, Java, p. 484, 1930 (reference). 

Notorynchus pectorosus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 20, 1913 
(Patagonia, New Zealand, Australia). 

Notorhynchus pectorosus McCutiocH, Australian Zool., vol. 1, no. 7, p. 219, fig. 
8, 1919.—WartTe, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 10, fig. 5, 1921.— 
McCvuttocH, Australian Zool. Handbook, vol. 1, p. 4, fig. 3a, 1922—WAtITE, 
The fishes of South Australia, p. 24, figs. 1923—PHitiies, New Zealand 
Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 259, fig. 1, 1924 (Hokitika).—McCuttocu, 
Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 38a, 1927. 

Heptranchus indicus (not Agassiz) MAcDoNnaLp and Barron, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, 1868, p. 37, pl. 33 (Bass Straits)—THompson, Marine Biol. Rep. 
South Africa, No. 2, p. 34, 1914. 

Notidanus indicus Hutton, Colonial Mus. Geol. Survey Dept. (Fishes of New 
Zealand), p. 79, 1872; Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, p. 271, 1873.— 
Horton, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 8, p. 276, 1876.—Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson) .— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, pp. 296, 360, 1881 
(Jervis Bay, Port Jackson).—Jounston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, 
p. 138, 1883.—Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 6, 1888 (Port 
Jackson, Broken Bay, Botany Bay).—ParKer, Nature, vol. 43, p. 142, fig., 
1890 (sternum).—JouHNston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1890, p. 38, 1891 
(Tasmania). 

Notidanus (Heptanchus) indicus McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, vol. 5, dec. 
5, pl. 48, fig. 2, 1880 (Hobsons Bay). 

Heptanchus indicus CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 
217, 1872 (Hobsons Bay).—Haswett, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 9, pp. 88, 381, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 10, figs. 1-2, 1884——Ocirpy, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p 19, 1889. 

156861—41 


9 
a 





8 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Heptranchias indicus Waitr, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 6, 1907 
(reference). 

Notorhynchus indicus JorpAn and SNyveR, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 37, 1901 
(reference ).—WAITE, Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 5, 1904.— 
Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908. 

Notorhynchus indicus ZretTz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 289, 
1908 (South Australia). 

Heptranchus griseus (not Rafinesque, 1810) Recan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 
1873, p. 312 (off Flinders Island, Bass Strait). 

Notorynchus griseus McCurrocu, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 3, 1929 
(reference). 

Notorynchus macdonaldi WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 188, pl. 20, 
figs. 38-5, 1931 (type locality: Manly, New South Wales).—PuHtiirs, New 
Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 16, p. 236, fig. 1, 1935 (Oriental Bay). 

Hepiranchias macdonaldi (Ogilby) Wuitrtry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 
139, 1981 (name in synonymy). 

Depth ? ; head 514 to subcaudal origin, width 114 its length. 
Snout 21/4 in head; eye 814, 314 in snout, 6 in interorbital; dentary 
width 124 in head, length 114 its width, lower labial fold about 14 of 
lower ramus; teeth compressed, bases quadrate, cusps narrow, 15 rows 
above, 13 below; upper teeth with 2 denticles of which imner cusp 
greatly larger, narrower, each of lower larger and with 5 subequal 
cusps; nostrils small, about first third in preoral length, internarial 
21% in dentary width; interorbital 144 in head, broad, slightly convex. 
Gill openings equidistant, graduated smaller from first which largest, 
last before pectoral base and less than half first. Spiracle small pore, 
high, much nearer gill opening than eye. 

Scales quindentate, median point much longest and basally 3 short 
parallel keels. 

Dorsal origin above hind basal edge of ventral, front edge 1% in 
head, hind lobe ends in narrow triangular point; anal origin oppo- 
site middle of dorsal base, front edge 12 in its length which 214 in 
head and ends in short narrow point behind; caudal about 21% in rest 
of body, subcaudal lobe 414 in caudal length; pectoral 1149 in head, 
width 114 its length; ventral slightly longer than pectoral, with thick 
conic claspers reaching far back as end of ventral lobe. 

Brown, paler or lighter uniform brown below. Entire upper sur- 
face irregularly though finely and obscurely sprinkled with darker 
spots or specks. Scattered dark spots occur on upper surfaces of 
paired fins. 

South Africa, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Pata- 
gonia. My example agrees with Garman’s diagnosis of a median 
tooth in its upper series and the median lower tooth without a median 
cusp. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39973. Port Jackson, New South Wales. Australian Museum. 

Length, 1,770 mm. Head and body skinned out. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 9 


Subgenus HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque 
HEPTRANCHIAS PERLO (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus perlo BoNNATERE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 10, 1788 (type locality: 
Mediterranean) (on Perlon Broussonet). 

Heptranchias perlo McCuttocyH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, yol. 1, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1, 
1909-1910 (60 miles south of Cape Everard, Victoria).—GarMaNn, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 21, pl. 56, fig. 1 (heart), pl. 58, fig. 1 (intestine), 
1913 (Mediterranean, Japan).—McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 
2, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 4a, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 483, 1930 (Japan) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 27, 
fig. 3, 1936 (Italy). 

Squalus cinereus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1497, 1789 (type locality: 
Mediterranean). 

Notidanus cinereus BONAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 12, 
descr., pl. 187, fig. 2, 18835 (Rome, Naples, Sicily). 

Heptranchias cinereus BONAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 38, pt. 1, in 
“indice” (name only); Cat. Metod. Pesci. Huropei, p. 17, 1846 (Mediter- 
ranean).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 52 (Bona- 
parte material). 

? Monopterhinus ciliaris BLAINvVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only). 

Notidanus monge var. griseus (Risso) BoNApArte, Cat. Metod. Pesci. Europei, 
p. 17, 1846 (name in synonymy). 

Notidanus monge var. albescens (Risso) BONAPARTE, idem. (name in synonymy). 

Notidanus monge var. rubescens (Risso) BONAPARTE, idem. (name in synonymy). 

Heptancus angio Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pesci, p. 5, pls. 138-14, fig. 3, 1857 (teeth) 
(type locality: Naples, Italy). 

Notidanus feroz PEREz, Estudios sobre algunos escualos de la costa de Chile, 
p. 7, 1886 (type locality : Chile) —PuHitipr, Anal. Uniy. Chile, vol. 71, p. 555, 
pl. 6, fig. 1, 1887.—Qu1sApaA, Boll. Mus. Nae. Chile, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 112, 1913 
(Cartejena). 

Heptranchias haswelli Octtpy, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 62, 
1897 [type locality: “Cape of Good Hope” ? (Australia) ]. 

Notidanus medinae Puriier, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 109, p. 305, 1901 (type 
locality : Cartejena, Chile). 

Notidanus wolnicekyi PHttiir1, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 109, p. 807, 1901 (type 
locality: Coquimbo, Chile).—Qu1sApA, Boll. Mus. Nae. Chile, vol. 5, pt. 1, 
p. 112, 1913 (Coquimbo). 

Notidanus wolniczkii PuHitiipi1, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 109, pl., 1901 (4 upper 
figures of teeth). 

Heptranchias deani JonpAN and Starks, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 2, 
p. 384, 1901 (type locality: Misaki, Japan)—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. 
Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 128, 1901 (Misaki; Nagasaki).—JorpAN and Fowter, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 595, 1903 (type).—PIrTscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 708, 1908 (Japan). 


Depth 10 to 1034 to end of caudal fin; head 674 to 614, width 114 
its length. Snout 3 in head; eye 4 to 414, 2 to 214 in snout, 3 in inter- 
orbital; mouth length 214 to 214 in head, mandible width 214, lower 
labial fold nearly 44 lower ramus; teeth compressed, upper without 
median tooth though with lower tricuspid median tooth, 18 to 20 rows 


10 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


above, 10 below; upper teeth each with slender curved hooked cusp, 
in front simple and some outer or hind ones, of latter 1 or 2 minute; 
lower teeth each with 6 or more cusps, very small notch in front, 
second cusp enlarged, others following small; nostrils small, lateral 
on side of snout, nearly midway in space between snout tip and front 
of mouth; interorbital 3% to 334 in head, moderately broad, little de- 
pressed. Gill openings equidistant, graduated smaller from first 
which largest and extends forward last third in head, last before 
pectoral base. 

Scales minute, median point much longest, 3 keels with median 
longest and strongest. 

Dorsal origin opposite depressed ventral tips, front edge 224 to 224 
in head, hind lobe ends in narrow short point; anal origin opposite 
middle of dorsal base or little posterior, front edge 35% to 414; caudal 
2 to 224 in rest of body, subcaudal front edge 2 to 21% in head; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 4; pectoral 124 to 134, width 114 to 114 its 
length; ventral 2. 

Dull gray brown above, paler to whitish below. Fins dull brown- 
ish. Iris pale yellowish brown. 

Japan, New South Wales, Victoria. In the eastern Pacific at Chile 
and also in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

A.N.S.P. nos. 542, 543, Italy. C. L. Bonaparte (no. 245). Length, 815 to 840 

mm. 

2 examples, A.N.S.P. No data. Two dried skins. 


Genus HEXANCHUS Rafinesque 


Hexanchus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 14, 1810. (Type, 
Squalus griseus Bonnaterre, monotypic. ) 

Hexancus AGAssiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 181, 1846. (Type, Squalus griseus 
Bonnaterre. ) 

Monopterhinus BwuAtnvittr, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121. (Type, 
Squalus griseus Bonnaterre. ) 

Notidanus Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 128, 1817. (Type, Squalus griseus 
Bonnaterre, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, 
p. 97, 1917.) 

Notidamus Munster, Beitr. Petrefak., vol. 5, p. 66, 1842.—Drsmarest, in Chenu’s 
Encyclop. Hist. Nat., vol. 19, p. 349, 1874. (Type, Squalus griseus 
Bonnaterre. ) 


Body partly cylindrical, cavity little over half total. Eyes lat- 
eral. Mouth width shorter than skull, crescentic, with rudimentary 
labial fold on lower jaw at angle. Teeth dissimilar, anterior upper 
raptorial, lower teeth sectorial and compressed in cusps and bases. 
Gill openings 6, edge of first gill cover not free across isthmus. 
Spiracle small, on side of neck. Dorsal single, spineless, nearly 
opposite anal. Caudal axis low and no caudal pit, subcaudal present. 

Tropical and subtropical seas. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 11 


HEXANCHUS GRISEUS (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus griseus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 9, 1788 (type locality : 
Mediterranean) (on Le griset Broussonet, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1780, 
p. 663).—Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 128, 1817 (reference). 

Hexanchus griseus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 80, 1841 
(Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean).—GuicuEenot, Notes fle Réunion, vol. 2, 
p. 30, 1863.—Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 571 (part), 
1905.—Fow.ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 52 (no local- 
ity).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 16, 1913 (Nice).— 
Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 9, p. 319, 1922 (Natal).— 
BagnarD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 22, 1925 (Agulhas Bank 
and Natal coast).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
484, 1930 (compiled).—Tanaxka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 4, 19383.— 
Fowter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 26, 1986 (compiled). 

Squalus vacca ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 138, 1801 (no locality). 

Monopterhinus colombinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only). 

Notidanus monge Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 129, 1826 
(type locality: Nice). 

Hexanchus corinus JORDAN and Gi~Bert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 3, p. 352, 
1880 (type locality: Neah Bay, Wash.).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 17, 1918 (type). 

Notidanus vulgaris Prrrz, Estudios sobre algunos escaulos de la costa de Chile, 
p. 8, 1886 (type locality: Chile).—PuHt1trpr1, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, 
p. 554, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1887 (Santiago).—QutsapA, Boll. Mus. Nac. Chile, vol. 5, 
pt. 1, p. 112, 1918 (San Antonio, Chile). 


Depth about 734 to subcaudal origin, head 5, width nearly equals 
length. Snout 234 in head; eye 614, 214 in snout, 334 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width about 124, groove behind angle apparently 
reaching halfway to first gill opening, with lower labial fold appa- 
rently 234 ramus of lower jaw; anterior upper teeth larger, with 
single cusp, narrowly triangular or pointed, posterior lateral teeth 
single cusp, lower, smaller, more inclined; lower jaws with median 
tooth, short, low cusp directed to right, other teeth each with 5 cusps 
for anterior and 6 for posterior; preoral length 314 in head; nostril 
about half of orbit, about midway between snout end and eye, inter- 
narial 3 in head; interorbital 144, broad, depressed. Gill openings 
6, first largest or about 3 in head, last before pectoral base. 

Scales minute, tricarinate and tridentate. Double row of enlarged 
simple denticles, upper surfaces convex, all along upper edge of 
caudal fin. 

Dorsal origin behind ends of depressed ventrals, front fin edge 
224 in head; anal origin below middle of second dorsal base, front 
fin edge 334 in head; caudal length 234 in rest of body; front sub- 
caudal edge 424 in caudal fin length; least depth of caudal peduncle 
4¥% in head; pectoral 124, width 1% its length; ventral length 1% 
in head. 


t2 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Uniformly drab to bister above, pale or grayish below. Fins 
uniform like body. 

South Africa, Natal, Reunion. Also in the Eastern Pacific at 
Washington and Chile and in the Atlantic. 


A.N.S.P. No. 34639. No data [likely Italy?]. No. 48. Length, 747 mm. Dried 
skin. 


Family CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE 


Body elongated and slender. Head wide and depressed. Snout 
wide. Eyes lateral, without nictitatng membranes. Mouth nearly 
terminal, without grooves to nostrils. Teeth alike in two jaws, rows 
oblique, bases extend back, with 3 long slender cusps. Nostrils sepa- 
rate from mouth. Gill openings 6, anterior covers crossing throat. 
Spiracle present, small. Intestine with spiral valve. Lateral line 
an open groove. Dorsal posterior, spineless. Anal large. Caudal 
long, axis low, without pits. Pectorals small. 


Genus CHLAMYDOSELACHUS Garman 


Chlamydoselachus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 47, 1884. (Type, 
Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, monotypic.) 

Chlamydoselache GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, p. 2, 1887. (Type, 
Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman.) 


Body uniformly slender. Tail greatly compressed and tapering 
to point. Head small. Snout depressed. Eyes small, elongate, ad- 
vanced. Pupil horizontal. Mouth very wide, extends far back of eye, 
without labial folds. Teeth raptorial, alike in two jaws, each with 
broad base and three slender, curved, subconic cusps, with or without 
rudimentary cusps; no median teeth in upper series; median lower 
symphyseal series. Nostrils large, lateral on snout, little inferior. 
Opercle forms broad frill over first gill. Edge of first gill opening 
free across isthmus. Fins wide. Caudal not notched. 

Fossils are known from teeth in the Pliocene of Tuscany. 


CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS Garman 


Chlamydoselachus anguineus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, 1884, p. 47, 
figs. (type locality: Japanese Seas) ; Science, vol. 3, p. 116, text fig., 1884 
(Japan) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1, pls. 1-12, 1885 (anat- 
omy); vol. 17, p. 82, pl. 15, 1888 (lateral canal system).—Goopr and BEAN, 
Oceanic ichthyology, p. 22, pl. fig. 6, 22, 1895 (copied).—ISHIKAWA, Annot. 
Zool, Japon., vol. 2, p. 95, pl. 4, 1898 (young).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 24, p. 41, pl. 7, 1899 (lateral canal system) (type; Tokyo).—JORDAN 
and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 87 (off Yokohama), p. 128 (ref- 
erence), 1901.—JorpAN and Fow.er, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 596, 
1903 (Kuro Shiwo, off Izu, Sagami, Awa).—SreAp, Zool. Anz., vol. 32 p. 303, 
1907 (Port Jackson, Australia).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 14, pl. 59, figs. 4-5 (egg), fig. 6 (branchial skeleton), pl. 61, figs. 7-8 
(embryo), 1913 (Sagami Sea).—IzuKa and MAtTsuurs, Tokyo Museum 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 13 


(Vertebrates) p. 191, 1920 (Tokyo market).—JorDAN and Husps, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 99, 1925 (Sagami Bay).—FowLrer, Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 1980 (Japan).—SoLparovy and 
LinpBerG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 4, 1930 (Far East seas).— 
ScumipT, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. 8. R., vol. 11, p. 3, 1931 (To- 
kyo).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 5, 1933.—FowLrr, Bull. Amer. 
Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 24, fig. 2, 1986 (Japan). 

Chlamydoselache anguinea GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, p. 2, pls. 
64, 65, 1887 (Yeddo Bay opposite Tokyo). 

Didymodus anguineus Corr, Amer. Nat., vol. 18, p. 418, 1884 (note). 

Chlamydoselachus sp. STEAD, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 32, p. 554, 
1907 (Port Jackson).—McCuLLocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, 
1927, p. 4. 

Depth 814 to subcaudal origin; head measured to hind edge of first 
gill opening 514, width 134. Snout 31% in head; eye 814, 234 in snout, 
314 in interorbital, depth 1%, its length; mouth cleft, from snout tip 
134 in head, width 114 its length; teeth in 18 rows each side above 
though without median row in front, 11 rows each side below with 
row at symphysis, not over 6 teeth in row; teeth alike in jaws, tri- 
cuspid, interspace basally between each cusp usually with small 
denticle; nostril rather large, lateral, inferior on side of snout, inter- 
narial space 4 in head; interorbital 224, broad, slightly convex. Gill 
openings very large, first longest. 

Scales all form finely roughened skin, very small and each forms 
flat triangular point with smooth surface. 

Dorsal length 1 in head; anal length 1; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 414; pectoral 114, width 144 its length; ventral length, to 
hind edge of clasper, 1 in head; clasper conic, with deep groove, 
deeply cleft basally, length 184 in head. 

Uniform drab-brown, fins slightly darker terminally. Ivis slaty. 
Teeth pale or whitish. 

Japan, New South Wales. 


U.S.N.M. No. 48530. Japan. Prof. M. Mitsukuri. Length, 1,200 mm. 


Order ASTEROSPONDYLI 


Vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural 
arch and one centrum. Vertebrae each with internal calcareous la- 
mellae radiating from central ring. Gill openings 5. Two dorsal 
fins. Anal fin present. 

Includes the greater number of living sharks. 


ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a’, HETERODONTOIDEI Each of 2 dorsals with fixed spine; snout short; mouth 
narrow, lobed, folded; no nictitating membrane; teeth raptorial forward, 
molarial backward; nasoral grooves present; spiracles present; caudal 
ShontwaxkisS) Talseds= == 220s soe eee eee eee Heterodontidae 


14 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


a’. Dorsal fins without spines. 
b’. Eye without nictitating membrane. 
c. Caudal moderate or small, less than half of entire fish. 
ad. Last gill opening above pectoral base. 
e’, First dorsal lobate, median, or postmedian. 

f?. ScyLIoRHINOWET Caudal peduncle without keel each side; teeth 
raptorial ; nasoral grooves present or absent; spiracles present ; 2 
dorsals (1 in Pentanchus) ; caudal axis little raised, subcaudal 
not produced. 

g'. Caudal short, axis not raised; nasal cirri absent or present; 


nasoral grooves absent or rudimentary__—-__ Scyliorhinidae 
g°. Caudal long, axis little raised ; nasoral grooves and nasoral cirri 
present. 222+ = -22 oe eee Orectolobidae 


f’. IsuroripEr. Caudal peduncle with lateral keel each side; caudal 
lunate or subcaudal well developed; caudal peduncle often with 
keel on each side; snout pointed, variously long or short; no 
nasoral groove; spiracles present, rarely absent. 
hn’. Gills without strainers; teeth large, subulate or triangular, 

entire. or Serrate see ee a ee Isuridae 
h*?. Gills with strainers; teeth minute; size enormous. 
#. Snout subconic; eyes above forward end of mouth; gill 
openings extend nearly around neck______-~_ Halsydridae 
7. Snout broad; eyes near mouth angles; gill openings mod- 
erately wide, last above pectoral base__ Rhincodontidae 
e*. PSEUDOTRIAKOIDEI First dorsal low, long keel, premedian. 

Pseudotriakidae 
ad’. CARCHAROIDEI. Last gill opening entirely before pectoral base; caudal 
moderate, axis low ; snout variously short to very long-_ Carchariidae 
c?, ALOPIOIDAE. Caudal longer than body, axis rather low; snout short, 
CONICS Se eas Bie ee Be ea Ta ee ete ee eee pen NEE Alopiidae 
b*°. SPHYRNOWEI. Nictitating membrane present; head attenuated, sometimes 
expanded across interorbital region ; teeth various, compressed or triangu- 
lar, sometimes in bands or pavements; nasoral grooves absent (except 

Scylliogaleus) ; caudal axis slightly raised, subcaudal produced. 

7. Head not expanded across orbital region. 


Galeorhinidae 
j. Head well expanded across orbital region, kidney-shaped 
to greatly hammer-shaped_____-__________ Sphyrnidae 


Family HETERODONTIDAE 


Body thick set anteriorly, somewhat trihedral, rather short. Head 
thick, high, large, supraorbital ridges prominent. Snout projects 
but little in front. Eyes lateral, small. Mouth narrow, terminal. 
Upper lip with 7 lobes and fold on lower lip. Teeth alike in jaws, 
small and conic in front, large molars behind. Nostrils with 2 thick 
valves, inferior, nearly terminal, with grooves to mouth. Gill open- 
ings 5, of which several above pectorals. Spiracle small, below eye. 
Scales fine, carinate. Dorsals two, moderate, strong spine on each, 
first opposite space between pectorals and ventrals, second before 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 15 


anal. Caudal tip usually notched, fin short, mostly bent up. Anal 
small. 

Small sharks of warm or tropical Pacific waters, of interest chiefly 
from their abundance as fossils of Mesozoic time. The few recent 
forms belong to the genus Heterodontus. Their food is apparently 
mollusks, the shells of which are crushed by means of the molar or 
pavementlike teeth. They are oviparous and the large egg cases of 
unusual spiral form with two long tendrils. Owing to the large 
blunt head the common name of Bullhead Sharks has been applied, 
though as the oldest known species is from Australia that of Port 
Jackson Shark has gained most usage. 


Genus HETERODONTUS Blainville 


Heterodontus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type 
Squalus philippi Schneider, monotypic.) (Heterodon Latreille in reptiles 
not involved.) 

Cestracion ScHaEFFeR, Epistola . . . studii ichthyologici, ete, p. 20, 1760.— 
OKEN, Isis, 1817, p. 1183. (On Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 1817. 
Type, Squalus philippi Schneider, monotypic.) 

Centracion GRAY, Zool. Misc., p. 5, 1831. (Type, Centracion zebra Gray, mono- 
typic.) (Evidently variant spelling of Cestracion.) 

Gyropleurodus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 331. (Type, 
Cestracion francisci Girard, monotypic. ) 

Tropidodus Girt, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 489. (Type, 
Cestracion pantherinus Gill, monotypic.) 

Drepanephorus Ecrrton, Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Britain, 1872, dec. XIII, no. 9. 
(Type, Acrodus rugosus Agassiz.) (Fossil.) 

Molochophrys Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 310, 1931. (Type, Cestracion 
galeatus Gunther, orthotypic. ) 

Wuia Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 233, 1984. (Type, 
Centracion zebra Gray, orthotypic.) 


Body robust, heavy forward. Head oblong, broad. Snout blunt. 
Eye high, ridges above mostly prominent, without nictitating mem- 
branes. Mouth small, with thick labial folds on both jaws. Front 
teeth pointed, with 3 to 5 cusps in young; hind molars twice broad 
as long, in oblique series and in one series enlarged. No narial cirri. 
Crown of head narrowed between prominent supraorbital ridges. 
Gill openings narrow. Spiracle near lower eye edge. Scales small, 
sometimes cruciform. Caudal short, subcaudal well developed. 
Pectorals large. 

Besides the species noticed below the others are all from the East- 
ern Pacific. They are Heterodontus francisci (Girard), Heterodon- 
tus quoyt (Freminville), and Heterodontus peruanus (Evermann 
and Radcliffe) and form the subgenus Gyroplewrodus with spotted 
coloration. 


16 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. HETERODONTUS. Anal base less than 2 times its length from subcaudal origin. 

b*. First dorsal origin above midpectoral base; dark bands on body both 

transverse.and Jongitudinal===22==2 sa =e ee portus jacksoni 

b?. First dorsal origin above hind portion or end of pectoral base; dark 
bands on body transverse and broad to absent. 


c’. Anal base 14 times its length from subcaudal origin---_____ japonicus 
c?. Anal base 114 times its length from subcaudal origin______-_ galeatus 
a7, Wura. Anal base two or more times its length from subcaudal origin; dark 
Transverse Nody sbands Narrow eee zebra 


Subgenus HETERODONTUS Blainville 
Anal base less than 2 times its length from subcaudal origin. 


HETERODONTUS PORTUS JACKSONI (Meyer) 


Squalus portus jacksoni Mryrr, Zool. Entdeck., p. 71, 1793 (on Port Jackson 
Shark Phillip, Voy. Gov. Phillip to Botany Bay, p. 166, pl. 42, 1789; type 
locality: Botany Bay). 

Heterodontus portus jacksoni WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, not. 
4, pp. 181, 197, pl. 27, fig. A, 1984 (Manly, New South Wales). 

Squalus jacksoni Suckow, Naturgeschichte der Thiere, vol. 4, p. 102, 1799 (type 
locality: Port Jackson). 

Squalus jacksonii Turron, A _ general system of nature... Linné, vol. 
1, p. 922, 1806—Buritock, Companion Bullock’s Mus., ed. 8, p. 60, 1810 
(Port Jackson) ; ed. 17, p. 90, pl., figs. 1-2, 1814. 

Squalus phtlippi SCHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 184, 1801 (type locality: 
Botany Bay, New South Wales) (on Phillip, Voy. Gov. Phillip to Botany 
Bay, p. 166, pl. 42, 1789).—Cuvirr, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 1817 
(compiled). 

Heterodontus philippi BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only).—Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 66, 1851 (South Australia, Port 
Jackson, Port Lincoln).—RaAmsAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
5, p. 97, 1880 (Port Jackson).—KeEntT, Oysters and oyster fisheries Queens- 
land, p. ??, 1891.—Waire, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 39, 1898 (New South 
Wales).—StTEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 282, fig. 234 (teeth), 1906.— 
McCut1ocn, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 2, 1911 (between Newcastle and 
Port Stephens, Shoalwater Bight, mouth Murray River, 50 miles southeast 
Wiles and Spencer Gulf, 15 to 75 fathoms).—WArTE and McCuLiLocH, Trans. 
Roy. Soe. South Australia, vol. 39, p. 459, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, 
8 to 94 fathoms).—WarTr, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 10, fig. 6, 
1921.—McCuLLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 
127, 1925 (reference).—McCuL1LocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 
4, pl. 1, fig. 6a, 1927—Fowtmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java. 
p. 484, 1980 (New South Wales). 

Heterodontus phillipi Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 424, 1865 
(Australia ).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 9, 1888 (Port 
Jackson, Port Hacking, Broken Bay) ; Handbook of Sydney, p. 117, 1898.— 
Waite, Mem., Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 30, 1899 (New South Wales).— 
Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 82, 1916 (note). 

Heterodontus phillippi Macteay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 309, 
pls. 23-24, 1879; vol. 5, p. 302, 1880 (Port Jackson, Port Phillip) ; vol. 6, p. 
366, 1881 (Port Jackson, Port Phillip).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 44, 1890 (passim). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 17 


Cetracion philippi Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 1817 (reference) .— 
Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 97, pl. 2 1880 (Port Jackson ; 
Sydney ).—AgAssiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 8, pl. D, figs. 11-16, 1935.— 
Gunn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 108, 1838 (Western Port, Tasmania) .— 
Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 190, 1838.— VALENCIENNES, Régne ani- 
mal Cuvier, Poissons, ed. ill., pl. 115, fig. 3 (jaws), 1889 (New Holland.)— 
GinruHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 415, 1870 (New Zealand, Tas- 
mania, South Australia.) —-CAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, 
vol. 1, p. 219, 1872 (Victoria).—Hecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. 
Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 80, 1872 (compiled).—McCoy, Prodromus 
Zool. Victoria, dec. 12, pl. 118, 1886.—Kernt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 267, 
1893 (Queensland)—Walte, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 25, Zool., p. 325, 
pl. 12, figs. 1-2 (egg), 1896—Kent, Naturalist in Australia, p. 192, fig. 
2, 1897 (Tasmania, Moreton Bay, Freemantle). 

Cestraction phillipi MULLER and HEN LE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 76, 
1841 (not plate) (New Holland).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 3, p. 309, 1879.—Kent, Naturalist in Australia, pp. 192, 194. 
fig., 1897 (Tasmania; Moreton Bay; Freemantle; Spring Bay). 

Cestracion philippii G. BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 27, fig. 1, 
1860 (Port Jackson). 

Cestracion phillippi Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 495, 1908 
(New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand?). 

Centracion philippi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 182, 1913 (New 
Holland). 

Acanthias philippi EICHWALD, De selachis Aristotelis zoologiae, etc., p. 67, 1819 
(on Schneider). 

Squalus philippinus SHaw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 341, 1804 (on Port Jack- 
son Shark Phillip, Voy. Gov. Phillip to Botany Bay, p. 166, pl. 42, 1789, 
type locality: Botany Bay). 

Cestracion heterodontus SHERRARD, Illustr. Official Handb. Aquar. Melbourne, 
pp. 42, 88, figs., 1896 (type locality: Hobson’s Bay, Victoria) (not con- 
sulted). 

Depth 524 to 534 to subcaudal origin; head 4% to 5, width 114. 
Snout 144 to 2 in head; eye 334 to 514, 2 to 31% in snout, 214 to 214 
in interorbital, ellipsoid; supraorbital ridges moderately high, robust, 
extend behind eye 124 to 114 eye diameters; dentary width 234 to 4 in 
head, mouth narrow; labial groove at mouth angle deep on lower 
jaw and with groove obliquely back in extent little less than groove 
in lower jaw or nearly equals space across mandibular symphysis; 
teeth anteriorly in jaws tricuspid, cusps all strong with median largest 
and last series large swollen molars; in young anterior teeth triden- 
tate with median cusps largest, posteriorly teeth carinate, none as 
molars; nostrils level with front of upper dental plate; front nasal 
valve folded in nearly equilateral triangle, wide as internarial and 
hind valve forms rounded broad edge external of nostril; nasoral 
groove deep; interorbital 144 to 214, broadly concave. Gill openings 
with first largest, twice fifth and all but first above pectoral. Spi- 
racle small, barely 14 of pupil, close below and just before level of 
hind eye edge. 


18 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales small, with strong triangular point and median keel, 
smoother on under surface of body. In young scales all appear as 
4-rooted tubercle with short apical cusp. 

First dorsal origin over or close behind hind basal edges of pec- 
torals, spine 144 to 21% in first dorsal length which 1 to 114 in head; 
second dorsal origin midway between ventral origin and anal origin, 
spine 114 to 134 in fin length, which 11% to 18% in head; anal origin 
well behind hind basal end of second dorsal, base of fin 2 to 21% to 
subcaudal origin, length of fin 114 to 134 in head; subcaudal length 
12% in caudal, 1 to 175 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 
to 434; pectoral width 134 to 144 its length, which longer than head 
to last gill opening in young or 11% in head to first gill opening in 
adult; ventral 114 to 114; claspers pointed, not quite reaching end 
of inner ventral lobe of moderate sized example. 

Gray-brown above, paler to whitish below. Blackish-brown band 
across interorbital and down over cheeks where expanded. Dark 
diffuse band from occiput forking just before first dorsal with oblique 
branch each side. Dark median interdorsal band. Young show 
dark predorsal band forks with branch to pectoral base and main 
branch reaches above ventral base. Also dark band along each side 
of back above and back on caudal peduncle. Fin edges mostly paler 
than median and basal areas. 

Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, West 
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Specimen from Port Jackson 
in the Queensland Museum. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22963. Sydney, New South Wales. Australian Museum. Length, 

890 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29017. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Two examples, 610 and 

1,000 mm., latter partly skinned out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29018. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Head, 160 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 89971. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 1,203 mm., 
skinned out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39974. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 745 mm., partly 
skinned out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40006. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 458 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40009. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 468 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40012. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 223-242 mm. 
2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40048. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Egg case. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40044. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. LHgg case. 
U.S.N.M. No. 59855. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 510 mm. 


HETERODONTUS JAPONICUS Duméril 


Heterodontus philippi var. japonicus DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
424, 1865 (type locality: Japan). 

Cestracion japonicus MAcLAY and MactrAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 8, p. 428, pl. 20, 1888 (Japan).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 61, 1897—Rercan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 
1, p. 496, 1908 (Japan). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 19 


Heterodontus japonicus Ocr~By, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 10, 1888 
(Tokio, Japan).—STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 223, 1896 
(Kobe, Hiogo, Nagasaki).—JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
23, p. 336, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, pts. 2-3, p. 38 (128), 
1901 (Yokohama).—JorpDAN and Fow.er, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 
599, 1903 (Misaki, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Hakata, Nagasaki) .— 
PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 
1, p. 707, 1908 (Japan).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, 
p. 52 (Japan).—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 400, 1912 
(Misaki).—IzuKa and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. (Vertebrata), 
p. 191, 1920 (Tokyo).—JorpaN and Huspss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 
99, 1925 (Misaki; Ise coast).—Mor1, Journ. Pan. Pacific Res. Inst., 
vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Mokpo, Korea).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 484, 1980 (Japan).—Fane and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 219, 1932 (Tsingtau; Chefoo; Foochow). 

Centracion japonicus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 184, 1913 
(Sagami Sea).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 
vol. 11, p. 8, 1931 (Misaki).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 7, 1933. 

Centracion phillipi (not Schneider) MUtiirr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagio- 
stomen, p. 76, pl. 31, 1841 (Japan; not New Holland example). 

Cestracion philippt SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 304, 
1850 (Japan; southwest coast of Japan, Nagasaki Bay).—GwtUnrTurr, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 415, 1870 (Japanese specimens) .—D6DERLEIN, 
Arch. Naturg., vol. 49, pt. 1, p. 103, 1888 (Enoshima, Sagami Bay). 

Heterodontus philippi Gray, List of the specimens of fish in the collection of 
the British Museum, p. 66, 1851 (Japan). 

Heterodontus phillippi Brevoort, in Narr. Exped. China Japan, vol. 2, p. 285, pl. 
12, fig. 2, 1856 (Simoda). 

Heterodontus phillipi DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 424, 1865 (part). 

Heterodontus zebra (not Gray) Btirrekrr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 26, p. 
127, 1857 (Nagasaki). 

Heterodontus bonae-spei OciI~py, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, p. 2, 1908 
(type locality: Africa [=Table Bay, South Africa?]).—Barnarp, Ann. 
South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 45, 1925 (note). 


Depth 544 to 514 to subcaudal origin; head 334 to 424, width 1144 
to 1144. Snout 134 to 1% in head; eye 414 to 6, 214 to 4 in snout, 214 
to 21% in interorbital; supraorbital ridges moderately high, robust, 
extend about 114 to 114 eye diameters beyond eyes; dentary width 
214 to 314 in head, mouth angle deep on lower jaw and with groove 
obliquely back in extent little less than groove on lower jaw or about 
equals space across mandibular symphysis; teeth anteriorly in jaws 
tricuspid, cusps all strong though median largest and posterior mo- 
lars elongate; in young teeth quincuspid, with 3 medium cusps sub- 
equally longer, posterior teeth in young elongate and carinate, not 
molar-like; nostrils level with front of upper dental plate; front 
nasal valve folded in nearly equilateral triangle, wide as internarial 
and hind valve forms rounded broad margin external of nostril; 
nasoral groove deep; interorbital 214 to 214, broadly concave. Gill 
openings with first largest, nearly twice fifth and all but first above 


20 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


pectoral. Spiracle moderate, little less than pupil, close below and 
opposite hind edge. 

Scales small, tridentate, with strong median keel and one each 
side; on under surface of body and fins scales often simply triangular 
and with median keel. 

First dorsal origin over hind basal portion of pectoral spine 214 
to 3 in fin length which 1 in head, equals head to fifth gill opening 
in young; second dorsal inserted midway between hind basal end of 
ventral and anal origin, spine 114 to 2 in fin length which 1 to 1% 
in head; anal origin opposite hind basal end of second dorsal, base 
of fin 114 to 124 to subcaudal origin, length 124 to 114 in head; 
subcaudal 134 to 124 in caudal length, 1149 to 124 in head; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 5; pectoral width 13% to 134 in its 
length, which equals head to fifth gill opening, though much longer 
in young; ventral 114 to 124 in head; claspers of medium sized 
examples not reaching beyond ventrals. 

Russet brown largely, with darker cloudings on head and snout. 
Under surface of body whitish. Often about 8 to 10 darker ob- 
securely defined or diffuse transverse bands over head, back and tail. 
Intervening paler areas also with narrow dark bands, often variable 
or broken as blotches and spots. Fins clouded darker on terminal 
portions. 

Japan, Korea, China, East Africa. Garman’s distinction of the 
“base of anal about one and one fourth times its length from that 
of caudal” will not hold, as my smaller examples show 11% to 124. 


U.S.N.M. No. 37982. East Africa. N. M. Ferebee. Length, 457 mm. This 
example is of exceptional interest in view of its remote geographical loca- 
tion. On comparison with the other Japanese specimens there is no question 
of its identity. Its supraorbital ridges and coloration are entirely similar; 
moreover the length of the anal is contained 114 times in the space to the 
subcaudal origin. In view of this determination it is quite possible that 
Heterodontus bonae spei Ogilby may pertain to the present species rather 
than to Heterodontus philippi with which Barnard seems to think it may 
belong. The type of Heterodontus bonae spei in the Queensland Museum, No. 
1.1587, jaws only, from Table Bay, South Africa. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22609. Awa, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 525 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 38839. Japan (?). P. L. Jouy. Length, 380 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39889. Japan. Prof. E. S. Morse. Length, 195-388 mm. 1878. 

2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50730. Misaki, Sagami. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 317 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51292. Tokyo. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 495 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71764. Misaki. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 305 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71831. Tokyo market. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 394 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75954. “Japan.” P. L. Jouy. Length, 563 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 86004. Foochow, China. A. de C. Sowerby. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 2] 


HETERODONTUS GALEATUS (Giinther) 


Cestracion galeatus GiinTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 416, 1870 (type 
locality: Australia [= New South Wales]). 

Heterodontus galeatus MactrAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3; 
p. 313, pl. 25, 1879 (Rose Bay, Port Jackson).—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soe. 
New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 97, 1880 (Port Jackson).—Macteay, Proc, Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 302, 1880 (Port Jackson) ; vol. 6, p. 366, 
1881 (Port Jackson).—Octrpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 10, 
pl. 1, fig. 1 (jaws), 1888 (Port Jackson and Port Stephens).—WAITE, 
Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 39, 1898 (egg case at Wollongong and 
Kiama).—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908.—Fow1er, Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 1930 (reference). 

Gyropleurodus galeatus OcILBy, Handbook of Sydney, p. 117, 1898.—WarTr, Mem., 
Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 31, 1899 (egg cases at Wollongong and Kiama) .— 
Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 495, 1908 (New South Wales). 
—McCuttocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 3, 1911 (off Port 
Stephens, New South Wales, in 43 fathoms).—OcILBy, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 82, 1916 (Tweed Heads and Byron Bay).—McCuLLocH and 
Wuittry, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 (reference) .— 
McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. Ta, 1927. 

Centracion galeatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 185, 1913 (New 
South Wales). 

Molochophrys galeatus Wuirtrey, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 310, 1931; Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, pp. 182, 197, pl. 27, fig. B, 1934 (off Sandon 
Bluff, New South Wales). 


Depth 414 to 544 to subcaudal origin; head 324 to 5, width 114 to 
to 114. Snout 134 to 2 in head; eye 4 to 6, 3 to 314 in snout, 22% to 
3 in interorbital, ellipsoid; supraorbital ridges well elevated, expanded 
outward to overhang orbits, ends abruptly about eye diameter be- 
hind eye; dentary width 234 to 334 in head; labial groove at mouth 
angle deep on lower jaw though without long oblique groove back- 
ward; lower lip over mandibular symphysis less in width than labial 
groove of lower jaw; teeth in front of jaws broadly triangular, tri- 
cuspid, large median cusp much greater than small basal lateral cusp 
each side and posterior molars; in young teeth quincuspid, compressed, 
median cusps largest though all short; posterior teeth carinate and cari- 
nae with small cusps, none molar; nostrils level with front of upper 
dental plate; front nasal valve folded in broad triangular lobe but 
little less in width than internarial and hind valve forms rounded 
broad edge external of nostrils, nasoral groove deep; interorbital 
134 to 2, deeply concave. Gill openings with first largest, twice fifth 
and all but first above pectoral base. Spiracle very small, barely 4% 
of pupil, close below and opposite hind orbital edge. 

Scales appear as quadrate tubercles, with 4 roots and capped by 
short cusp or spine. 

First dorsal origin above or close behind hind basal edges of pec- 
torals, spine 134 to 21% in fin length which 11% in head or equals head 
to fifth gill opening in young, hind basal lobe triangular; second 


29 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


dorsal origin midway between ventral and anal origin, spine 124 to 
2 in fin length, which 1 to 114 in head; anal origin well behind hind 
basal end of second dorsal, base of fin 1 to 11% in space to subcaudal 
origin, length of fin 114 to 11% in head; subcaudal lobe 114 to 1% 
in caudal length, 1 to 114 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 
5; pectoral width 134 to 134 in its length, which greater than head to 
fifth gill opening, about equals head to fourth gill opening in adult; 
ventral 114 to 124 in head; claspers little longer than ventral, extend 
well behind hind ventral edges, pointed and with coriaceous point. 

Brown above, below whitish. Transverse dusky brown band 
across orbits over occiput to spinous dorsal, extends below eye widen- 
ing on cheek. Transverse dark band before and another behind ven- 
trals. Lesser bands before first dorsal, one before second dorsal and 
another over anal. Vertical fins and upper surfaces of paired fins 
brown, edges of all fins narrowly uniform whitish. 

New South Wales. A well-marked species, easily known by the 
high flaring supraorbital ridges, appearing as crests abruptly ter- 
minating behind eyes. Specimens in the Queensland Museum from 
Port Jackson and the Queensland coast. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40001. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 600 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40005. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 517 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40013. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 182 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40017. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 357 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 59876. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 358 mm. 


Subgenus WUIA Fowler 


Anal base 2 or more times its length from subcaudal origin. Dark 
transverse body bands narrow. 


HETERODONTUS ZEBRA (Gray) 


Centracion zebra Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 5, 1831 (type locality: Sea of China).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 181, 1913 (China). 

Cestracion zebra RicHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1845, 15th meeting, 
p. 195, 1846 (seas of China).—BLrEEKrER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 25, 
p. 21, 1853 (Nagasaki; China) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, p. 8, 1856 
(Amboina) ; p. 7, 1857-1858 (Japan).—Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 
vol. 1, p. 496, 1908 (China). 

Heterodontus zebra Gray, Cat. Fishes British Mus., p. 65, 1854 (China).— 
BieekKeR, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, no. 3, p. 6, 1856 (Manado) ; vol. 1, 
no. 5, p. 71, 1856 (Amboina, Nagasaki, Manado) ; Verh. Batay. Genootsch., 
vol. 26 (Japan), pp. 6, 127, 1857 (Nagasaki).—MAcray and MAcLEay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 673, pl. 45, 1886 (Swatow).—OcILBy, 
Cat. Fishes Australian, Mus., pt. 1, p. 10, 1888 (open sea off Swatow).— 
JORDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 99, 1925 (Osaka mar- 
ket).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 2, fig. 1, 1929 
(Amoy).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 29, fig. 2, 1980 (China) ; Proce. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 1930 (reference).—WaNg, Contr. 
Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 88, 1933 (Yenting; Chusan).—FOWLER, 
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 233, 1934 (name). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 23 


Cestracion phillipi var. zebra MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol 1, p. 409, 
1876 (Nagasaki). 
Heterodontus phillipi (not Schneider) Dumgérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 


424, 1865 (part). 

Cestracion philippii Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 (Ningpo). 

Centracion philippi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, pl. 47, figs. 4-6 
(jaws), 1913. 

Cestracion amboinensis Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 436, 1906 
(type locality: Amboyna) ; ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 497, 1908 (type). 

Depth 5 to subcaudal origin; head 5. Snout 1% in head; eye 41/, 
2 in snout; mouth narrow; both jaws with labial folds, upper very 
short or not halfway to narial valves and with short groove behind 
mouth angles, lower folds long as separating interspace; teeth quin- 
cuspid in young, tricuspid with development of molars, which elon- 
gate with longitudinal keel, more swollen with age; supraorbital 
ridge low. Gill openings gradually smaller to last, which 14 of first 
or little over half of eye, above pectoral base. 

First dorsal origin above middle of pectoral base, fin length 314 
in body length to subcaudal origin; second dorsal origin behind ven- 
tral ends, about long as head; anal inserted about opposite last basal 
third of second dorsal, fin length 114 in head; pectoral length 324 
to lower caudal lobe origin, width 184 its length; ventral 114 in head; 
caudal 314 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 114 in head. 

Light yellowish to reddish brown, darker on back, lighter in young. 
Transverse dark bands, alternating wider and narrower, or wider 
split into pair of which lower ends more or less curved and united. 
V-shaped band on snout, then straight bar separating it from orbital 
pair, portions below eye each again divided. Second pair of bars 
on nape, third pair before dorsal spine, fourth behind first dorsal, 
fifth before and sixth and seventh behind second dorsal, eighth at 
caudal origin and others on caudal fin. Length, 550 mm. (Garman; 
Wu.) 


East Indies, China, Japan. According to Regan reaches 780 mm. 


Family SCYLIORHINIDAE 


Body elongate. Tail not keeled or bent up. Pupil of eye oblique, 
slit sloping down and forward. No nictitating membrane. Mouth 
usually wide, without grooves to nostrils. Teeth small or moderate, 
several series functional, small, with median cusp and 1 to 4 on each 
side. Guill openings 5. Spiracle distinct. Head with numerous 
mucous pores, especially on snout below. Two spineless dorsals, 
subequal, first above ventrals. Anal mostly before second dorsal. 
Caudal long, usually with basal lobe. 

A large family of small sharks found in all temperate and tropical 
seas, Some ranging into deep water. Many live at or near the bottom, 

156861—41__-8 





24 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


feeding on crustaceans, worms, and mollusks. Others are known to 
be nocturnal, living or hiding in marine vegetation or the wastes of 
sponges, gorgonians, etc., in the day and feeding by night. All, so far 
as known, appear to be viviparous. Their egg cases are large, usually 
quadrate, often with prehensile horns or tendrils at each corner which 
become attached to seaweeds, rocks, or floating debris. 

The uncertain Caninoa Nardo has been suggested as much like 
Pentanchus. Déderlein? placed it as a doubtful Notidamus (= Hea- 
anchus) ; Canestrini, 1872, suspected the gill openings may have been 
wrongly counted, and Ninni in the same year suggested it may have 
been Odontaspis ferow Agassiz in which the first dorsal was mutilated. 
Nardo, however, in commenting on its peculiar characters erected the 
subfamily Caninoini for it, as follows: Teeth equal, triangular, acute, 
denticulate at base, obtuse toward mouth angles. Gill openings 5. 
No spiracle. One dorsal. Anal present. 


Genus CANINOA Nardo 


Caninoa Narpo, Atti Riunione Sci. Ital., 1841, p. 312. (Type, Caninoa chiere- 
ghinit Nardo=Squalus barbarus (Chiereghini) Nardo, monotypic.) 
Thalassoklephetes GisteL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. vim, 1848. (Type, Caninoa 
chiereghini Nardo, virtually. Thalassoklephetes Gistel proposed to replace 
Caninoa Nardo.) 
CANINOA CHIEREGHINI Nardo 


Caninoa chiereghini Narpo, Atti Riunione Sci. Ital., 1841, p. 312 (on Squalus 
barbarus Chiereghini). 

Squalus barbarus (Chiereghini) NArpo, Atti Riunione Sci. Ital., 1841, p. 312 (on 
Chiereghini, Descr. Pesci Venez., 1818, sp. 12, fig. 492, MSS.; type locality: 
Venice). 

Body rather elongate, rounded, somewhat curved above, swollen 
below; tapering gradually to tail; head 8 in total length, small, some- 
what flattened vertically. Snout short, obtuse, rounded at tip; eye 
convex, oblong, placed between snout tip and mouth; teeth triangular, 
long, very acute, sharp, minutely denticulate near base; followed at 
mouth angles by other round teeth, somewhat truncate, equal in both 
jaws. Gill openings 5, lateral, long, linear. Spiracle absent? 
Mouth very large, arched. 

Skin minutely tuberculate, rough to touch. 

Dorsal single ??, inserted vertically in interspace between ventrals 
and anal; caudal falciform, with upper lobe somewhat longer than 
lower; pectoral long, falcate. 

Color dark, tending somewhat reddish brown, clearer below, sil- 
very. Length, ? (Déderlein.) 

The following egg cases probably pertain to species of this family, 
though at present unidentifiable : 


1 Manuale ittiologico del Mediterraneo, pt. 2, fasc. 1, p. 82, 1881. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 25 


D.5128. Malabrigo Light, N. 44° W., 32.50 miles (lat. 18°12’45’’ N., long. 
121°38'45’’ B.). Hast coast of Mindoro. February 2, 1908. 8 egg cases with 
tendrils. 

D.5504. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 39° E., 6 miles (lat. 8°35’30” 
N., long. 124°36’ E.). August 5, 1909. 9 egg cases 55 to 60 mm. long exclud- 
ing tendrils. 

D.4443. Egg cases 70 mm long exclusive of short tendrils. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. GALEINAE. First dorsal origin not before ventrals. 
b*. Upper caudal edge with modified scaly armature. 
Gresnoutwelongates depressed] == 2 2— = = ae eee Galeus 
CoeSnoucShort,, Chicks 2a 20 ee ney eu ke eee ee Parmaturus 
b°. Upper caudal edge without modified scaly armature. 
ad’. Belly capable of great inflation; labial folds absent or rudimentary ; 
hindenasal vvalves present 202 8.202). ae eee Cephaloscyllium 
ad’. Belly not inflatable. 
e’. Labial folds absent or on lower jaw only, none on upper. 

f*?. Front nasal valves without or with rudimentary cirrus. 
Scyliorhinus 
fj-okrontinasal valves, without cirrus 222s ee Poroderma 

e*. Labial folds around mouth angle. 
g. Hind nasal valve present; snout short; anal and subcaudal short. 
Halaelurus 
g°. Hind nasal valve rudimentary, anterior not reaching mouth; 
anal and subecaudal elongate; dorsals small, sometimes first 
SSC tas see a ee ee ee ee Pentanchus 
g*. Hind nasal valves absent, anterior reaching mouth; anal and 
subcaudal short. 


h*. Snout narrow, short; fold below eye_------~_ Atelomycterus 

h?. Snout broader, short, depressed; no fold below eye; anal 

Jargzerethan’ dorsalss- === ss eee eee Haploblepharus 

a*, PROSCYLLIINAE. First dorsal origin before ventral origin; labial folds short, 
upper larger; anal long, distant from subcaudal____-_--_~-~- Proscyllium 


Genus GALEUS Rafinesque 


Galeus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 13, 1810. (Type, Galeus 
melastomus Rafinesque, designated by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, 1908, p. 53.) 

Pristiurus BoNAPARTE, Giorn. Arcad., vol. 49, p. 52, 1881 (fossil) ; Icon. Fauna 
Ital. Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 7, no pagination, 1884. (Type, Galeus melastomus 
Rafinesque, monotypic. ) 

Pristidurus AGAssiz, Recherches poiss. fossiles, vol. 3, p. 85, 18388.—BoNAPARTE, 
Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. 2, p. 11, 1839. (Type, Galeus melasto- 
mus Rafinesque. Emendation. ) 

Figaro WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 16, no. 4, p. 238, 1928. (Type, Pris- 
tiurus (Figaro) boardmani Whitley, orthotypic. ) 


Body cavity less than half total length. Snout elongate, covered 


with thick cellular tissues secreting within gelatinous substance, es- 
caping by numerous pores in skin. Eye large, lower lid with fold. 


26 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Mouth large, with labial folds around angles on both jaws. Teeth 
small, cusps 3 to 7, median strongest. Nostrils separated from one 
another by broad isthmus, no groove to mouth, inferior; front valves 
without cirri; hind valves short, not extended backward. Gill open- 
ings small, last above pectoral base. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 
Scales fine. Series of small flat spines on each side of upper caudal 
edge above sensory area. Dorsals 2, small, first fin above or behind 
ventral. Anal little before second dorsal. Caudal axis not elevated. 
Subcaudal rather large. Muscular portions of pectoral bases closely 
enveloped by muscles of body. 

Small sharks, usually found in moderate depths. The egg capsules 
are often more or less rounded at one end and the horns very short 
at the other. They are said to be deposited in pairs, or two at one 
time. 

Besides the species noticed below two others are extralimital : 


GALEUS JENSENI (Saemundsson) 


Pristiurus jenseni SArmMuNDSSON, Vid. Medd. Nat. Forh. Kjébenhavyn, vol. 74, 
p. 169, pl. 4, fig. 1, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1923 (type locality: Iceland). 


GALEUS MELASTOMUS Rafinesque 


Galeus melastomus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 13, 1810 
(type locality: Sicily) —Fow Ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 
1, p. 40, fig. 8, 1986 (Madeira; Morocco; Mediterranean; Norway). 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, GALEUS. Upper edge of caudal peduncle and caudal fin armed with enlarged 
denticles. 
b*. Body variegated with indistinct cloudings______________________ eastmani 
b*. Body largely uniform, except row of white points along lateral line. 
hertwigi 


b*. Body largely uniform; fins mostly with dusky or blackish terminally. 
sauteri 


a*. FIgaro. Upper and lower edges of caudal peduncle, as well as upper caudal 
edge, armed with enlarged denticles; dark cross bands on upper half of 
NC ye a a BR ae boardmani 


Subgenus GALEUS Rafinesque 
GALEUS EASTMANI (Jordan and Snyder) 


Pristivrus eastmani JoRDAN and SNypER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 45, p. 
230, pl. 60, 1904 (type locality: Off Idzu, Japan).—Rre@AN, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 464, 1908 (Japan).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 98, 1918 (Idzu Sea, Japan). 

Galeus eastmani Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 1930 
(reference). 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 424. Snout 214 in head; 


rather acutely pointed; eye 4, 1% in snout; mouth width equals 
snout, preoral length equals space between eye center and first gill 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Di 


opening or interorbital width; teeth with 7 acute, pointed cusps, 
central twice high as others; lateral cusps graduated smaller toward 
outer edges of tooth; nostrils with pointed marginal flaps, meet and 
curve inward so nasal cavity tubelike with outer and posterior open- 
ing; internarial between outer anterior nasal openings equals mouth 
cleft along upper jaw or space between front eye edge and spiracle; 
internarial between posterior nasal openings equals half horizontal 
eye diameter. Gill openings equidistant, fifth shortest and above 
pectoral base. Spiracle level with and close behind eye, its width 
equals its distance behind eye. 

Scales trilobed, minute, each with central keel. Upper edge of tail 
with keel beginning eye diameter behind second dorsal base and 
extends posteriorly space somewhat greater than head; keel armed 
by 2 rows of enlarged, toothlike scales like those on body between 
rows of larger ones. 

First dorsal origin about opposite last 24 of ventral base, front 
fin edge 134 in head; second dorsal inserted over last 24 in anal 
length, front fin edge 144 in head; anal length equals head, front fin 
edge 214; caudal 234 in rest of body, subcaudal trifle higher than 
anal, with notch little before last fifth; pectoral obtuse, reaches 
134 to ventral, width 114 its length which 114 in head; ventral 
length 114. 

Brownish above, with indistinct deeper clouding, more conspicuous 
above and little behind pectoral base, midway between pectoral and 
ventral, below dorsal bases, on upper edge of tail and on caudal. 
Tongue and inside mouth without dusky. Dorsals dusky, front edges 
dark brown. Free edges of dorsals and anal white. Front caudal, 
anal and pectoral edges dark brown. Pectorals dusky above, free 
edges white. Length, 345 mm. (Jordan and Snyder.) 

Japan. The type a female, in Stanford University. 


GALEUS HERTWIGI (Engelhardt) 


Pristiurus hertwigi ENGELHARDT, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, p. 644, 1912 (type locality: 
Yokohama and Asburatsubo). 

Galeus hertwigi Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 
1930 (reference). 

Snout short, from front eye edge less than interorbital; preoral 
length less than mouth width. 

Upper surface of body rough, scales moderately large, prominent, 
each with median point longest. 

Dorsals equally large, each long as base length, rounded; second 
dorsal reaches over and beyond beginning of marginal caudal den- 
ticles; anal distant from subcaudal origin 14 its basal length; pec- 
toral short, reaches less than halfway to ventral; ventral short, 
broad. 


28 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Back clear gray-brown. Belly yellowish white. On tail colors 
sharply contrasted. Row of whitish points along lateral line. Anal 
with brownish basal streak. Length, 660 mm. (Engelhardt.) 

Japan. Described from 5 examples in the Miinich Museum. 


GALEUS SAUTERI (Jordan and Richardson) 


Pristiurus sauteri JoRpAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 160, 
pl. 63, fig. 1, 1909 (type locality: Takao, Formosa).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 94, 1913 (Formosa). 

Galeus sauteri Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 19380 
(reference). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 424. Snout 214 in head; eye 
41,2 in snout; mouth width slightly greater than snout length, about 
equals interorbital; teeth with long median cusp, each side another 
cusp about half as long and each short cusp with or without 1 or 2 
rudimentary basal cusps; nostril width equals internarial, equals 
twice space from inner nasal angle and mouth; interorbital little 
elevated. Guill openings equidistant, above pectoral base. Spiracle 
directly behind eye, distant slightly less their diameter. 

Scales minute, with strong central cusp with median keel, small 
rudimentary cusp each side. Upper tail edge with low keel begins 
little less than 2 eye diameters behind second dorsal and extends back 
to merge into upper caudal lobe; keel armed each side with row of 
enlarged scales, between which 4 rows of ordinary scales. 

First dorsal origin over last third of ventral length, front fin edge 
2 in head; second dorsal origin over middle of anal length, front fin 
edge 2 in head; anal length 114, front fin edge 224, lower than sub- 
caudal; caudal length 224 in rest of body, subcaudal with front edge 
1144 in edge with notch before last fourth in its length; pectoral 
reaches 134 to ventral, width 124 its length which 114 in head; ventral 
length 1149; claspers rather robust. 

Uniform brownish on back and upper part of sides, paler below. 
Dorsals black on upper front half, white on posterior third. Upper 
caudal lobe with broad blackish margin. Pectorals dark brownish 
anteriorly above, whitish behind and on free margin. Ventrals and 
anal with rather indistinct pale margins. Length, 305 to 355 mm. 
(Jordan and Richardson.) 

Formosa. Described from 6 specimens in the Carnegie Museum. 


Subgenus F1iGAro Whitley 
GALEUS BOARDMANI (Whitley) 


Pristiurus (Figaro) boardmani WuitLey, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 16, No. 4, 
p. 238, pl. 18, fig. 8, 1928 (type locality: Off Montague Island, New South 
Wales). 

Figaro boardmani Waurttry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 3854, 1929 (ref- 
erence) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934. (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 29 


Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 514. Snout 21% in head; eye 
334, 144 in snout; preoral 214, front tip of mandible slightly in ad- 
vance of front eye edge, short upper and lower labial folds about 
equal half pupil diameter; nostril little nearer eye than snout tip; 
interorbital but little elevated. Gill openings graduated smaller 
from first, which equals half of eye and last above pectoral base. 
Spiracle close behind eye, less than pupil. 

Long caudal peduncle with enlarged denticles on its lower as well 
as its upper median surface, latter extending whole length of upper 
caudal edge. 

First dorsal inserted before middle of body, over hind basal ventral 
edge, its front edge 134 in head; second dorsal origin over last third 
in anal length, front edge of fin 124 in head; anal origin midway 
between ventral and subcaudal origins; caudal 324 in rest of body, 
subcaudal about equally high as anal, and notched at last % its 
length; pectoral 114 in head, deep as long, hind edge nearly truncate 
and reaching halfway to ventral; ventral length 114 in head; clasper 
moderate, pointed. 

Body with brownish cross bands, which cross upper half of body 
and tail and interspersed with lighter brown areas on light gray 
ground color. No black margins to fins. Length, 540 mm. (Whit- 
ley.) 

New South Wales. Known from the type and two other specimens 
in the Australian Museum. 


Genus PARMATURUS Garman 


Parmaturus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 203, 1906. (Type, Par- 
maturus pilosus Garman, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 4, 
p. 518, 1920.) 

Body rounded, nearly long as tail. Head wide. Snout short, thick, 
very vascular. Eye large. Nostrils large, without grooves to mouth; 
front valve short, widely separated across internarial space, without 
cirrus; hind valve short. Upper caudal edge with modified scales, 
somewhat as in Galeus, otherwise appearance more like Scyliorhinus. 
Dorsals small, first above ventrals, second above anal. 


PARMATURUS PILOSUS Garman 


Parmaturus pilosus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 204, 1906 (type 
locality: lat. 34° 59’ N., long. 189° 31’ E., in 480 fathoms, Japan).—REGAN, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 464, 1908 (reference, note).—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 89, pl. 8, figs. 1-5, 1913 (type).— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 1930 (reference). 


Depth 6 to subcaudal origin; head 424, width 124. Snout 244 in 
head; orbit 324, 114 in snout; preoral equals snout; mouth width 2 
in head, length 21% its width; labial folds short, equal, around mouth 


30 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


corners; teeth compressed, asymmetrical, cusps 5 to 9, upper usually 
with 6 of which fourth from inner edge largest, lower commonly 
with 5 with third largest; nostrils large, equal internarial, front 
valve short with well-developed rounded lobe crossing nasal cavity 
medianly, widely separated from one another; hind valve not con- 
tinuous with front one around inner edge of nostril; interorbital 
convex. Spiracle small, close behind eye, width equals space from 
orbit. 

Scales minute, nearly erect, slightly bent backward, with strong 
median cusp and each side basally much smaller one; appearance 
velvety; upper caudal edge %% its length with 2 series of enlarged 
scales separated by 4 series of small ones forming rather broad arma- 
ture, Immediately below each edge narrow space free from scales 
probably sensory or luminous. 

First dorsal origin slightly behind ventral origin, front edge 134 
in head; second dorsal origin over first third in anal length, front 
edge 134 in head; anal length 114, front edge 144; caudal 224 in rest 
of body, subcaudal lower than anal, notch near last fourth in fin; 
pectoral reaches 224 to ventral, width 1% its length, which 114 in 
head; ventral length 134. 

Above warm brown, below lighter. Inside mouth and throat dark. 
Fins darker than body, blackish terminally. Length, 430 mm. 
(Garman. ) 

Japan. Known only from the type, Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 1107. 


Genus CEPHALOSCYLLIUM Gill 


Cephaloscyllium Git, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 407, 408, 
1862. (Type, Scyllium laticeps Duméril, orthotypic.) 

Body robust, longer than tail. Head wide, depressed. Snout 
short, blunt, narrowing rapidly forward. Eye lateral, orbit elongate, 
lower lid included by upper in closing. Mouth wide, greatly arched, 
distensible, labial folds rudimentary. Teeth small, numerous, with 
3 to 5 cusps, median cusp longest. Nostrils widely separated, near 
lip, nearer to snout end than to mouth angles; no groove to mouth, 
valves not extended on internarial space, without cirri, posterior 
short and joined to anterior at inner ends. Last gill opening above 
pectoral. Spiracle behind eye. First dorsal behind ventral origins. 
Second dorsal smaller than first, smaller than anal. 

Eastern Pacific to Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Body variegated with dark bands or blotches and dark or ruddy transverse 


bands. 
brebectoralureachest24nto ventralecce sane Ween pres einen isabellum 
b?. Pectoral reaches not quite halfway to ventral________________- umbratile 


a. Uniform grayish; pectoral reaches less than halfway to ventral___ sufflans 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 31 


CEPHALOSCYLLIUM ISABELLUM (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus isabella. BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 6, 1788 (type locality : 
La mer du sud).—Watsaum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 514, 1792 (on Brous- 
sonet).—DonnpborF, Zoologische Beitriige zur 13 ten Ausgabe... , vol. 
3, p. 836, 1798.—LackprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 255, 1798 (on 
Gmelin).—ScHNEmER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 127, 1801 (New Zealand). 

Squalus sabella GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1489, 1789. 

Scyliorhinus isabellus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Cephaloscyllium sabella WaitE, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 43, p. 384, 1910 
(note on name).—PuHtLuiprs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, nos. 
5-6, p. 264, fig. 8, 1924 (off Hokitika). 

Cephaloscyllium isabella McCurtocH, Zool. Res. Hndeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 6, 
1911 (off Flinders Island, Bass Strait). 

Cephaloscyllium isabellum GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 79, 1913 
(Australia, New Zealand).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 484, 1980 (reference). 

Cephaloscyllum isabella Wuittey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 98, 
19384 (reference) (error). 

Cephaliscyllium isabella isabella WuitLEY, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 324, 
1932 (New Zealand). 

Scyllium laticeps DuUMERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 84, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1853 
(head) [type locality: Coasts of New Holland (Verreaux)]; Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 323, 1865 (type).—GtnruHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 404, 1870 (Tasmania).—Hecror, in Hutton and Hector, Fishes of 
New Zealand, p. 79, 1872 (Dusky Bay).—Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 5, p. 297, 1880 (Tasmania); vol. 6, p. 361, 1881 (Tas- 
mania). 

Catulus laticeps JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 38, 1901 
(Nagasaki). 

Scyliorhinus laticeps Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 458, 1908 
(South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand). 

Cephaloscyllium laticeps Waite, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 6, pl. 
14, fig. 1, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1909 (egg case) (Molyneux Bay to Bay of Plenty, 
18 to 94 fathoms).—Youne, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 60, p. 139, 1929 
(Chatham Island).—WuHItTLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 
1934 (reference). 

Cephaloscyllium isabella laticeps WuHIttEy, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 322, 
fig. 2, 1982 (Derwent River, Tasmania). 

Scyllium? lima RicHarpson, Rep. British Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1842, p. 29, 1843 
(type locality: Eaheenomauwee, New Zealand) (on Squalus lima Parkin- 
son, Ms.). 

Cephatloscyllium indicum (not Gmelin) JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., 
vol. 3, p. 128, 1901 (reference). 

Cephaloscyllium laticeps forma nascione WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, 
No. 6, p. 324, fig. 2, 1982 (type locality: Trawled in 90 fathoms, 24 miles 
NNE. of Montague Island, New South Wales). 


Depth 61% to subcaudal origin; head 434, wide as long. Snout 3 in 
head; eye 10, 314 in snout, on upper surface of head but directed 
laterally ; mouth very large, without distinct labial fold; teeth alike 
in jaws, small, bases broad, cusps 3 with laterals small; 6 rows of teeth 
functional, 70 rows above, 60 below; nostrils close to snout edge, 


ae BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


widely separated, besides front valve hind edge also with lobe of skin. 
Gill openings graduated smaller posteriorly, last 2 over pectoral base. 

Scales very rough, especially on back where prickles large; on 
under surface of tail not enlarged; row of isolated large scales arises 
on each side of occipital region and extends to second dorsal. 

First dorsal inserted little behind midlength over middle of ven- 
trals, front edge 154 in head; front edge of second dorsal 274; anal 
little larger and opposite second dorsal, front edge 224; caudal 324 
in rest of body, subcaudal little higher than anal; pectoral equals 
head to second gill opening, width 11% its length; ventral length 114 
in head to first gill opening. 

Brown above, white below. Upper parts with black transverse 
blotches disposed alternately wider and narrower; wide bands on 
occiput, predorsal, below both dorsals and one at base and another 
towards middle of caudal lobe. Black mark below eye, another 
below occipital patch and connected with first narrow band, others 
along sides of body. In young patches occur also on ventrals and 
on anal and lower caudal lobe, but all markings become confused 
with age and tend to break up into spots. Length, 1,010 mm. 
(Waite.) 

South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Chatham Island. Waite 
says: “When taken from the net the carpet-sharks were of relatively 
enormous girth, due to the inflation of the stomach with water. 
When the abdomen was pierced with a penknife blade a jet of water 
spurted out to a distance of several feet, due to the elasticity of the 
stomach. This inflation is common to members of the genus, and the 
American and Japanese species are described as inflating their stom- 
achs with air, when they float belly upwards.” 


CEPHALOSCYLLIUM UMBRATILE Jordan and Fowler 


Cephaloscyllium umbratile JorpDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 602, fig. 1, 1903 (type locality: Nagasaki).—GAaRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 80, 1918 (Japan).—IzuKa and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spee. 
Tokyo Mus. (Vertebrata), p. 191, 1920 (Tokyo).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 1930 (type).—Fane and WANG6, Contr. Biol. 
Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 221, fig. 3, 1932 (Tsingtau). 

Scyliorhinus umbratilis Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 459, 1908 
(Japan). 

Cephaloscyllium laticeps (not Duméril) Nystrom, Svenska Vet. Akad Handl., 
vol. 13, pt. 4, p. 49, 1887 (Nagasaki) —IsHikAwa and Matsuura, Prelim. 
Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 62, 1897. 


Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 5, width little less than length. 
Snout 224 in head; eye 524, 2 in snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth 
large, rather broad, width 2 in head; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid ; 
nostrils nearer snout tip than eye, not confluent with mouth; inter- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 33 


orbital 2, broad, flat. Gill openings equidistant, last smallest, last 2 
above pectoral base. 

Scales small, rough. 

First dorsal larger than second, inserted over middle of ventrals, 
front edge 114 in head; front edge of second dorsal 214; anal origin 
little before second dorsal origin, fin little larger, front fin edge 2 in 
head; caudal 414 in rest of body, subcaudal little higher than anal; 
pectoral 114 in head, width 124 its length; ventral length 134 in 
head; claspers moderate. 

Pale brown, very light below. Above marbled with darker or 
deeper brown. Back with 5 pale ruddy brown cross bars; with 
blotches of darker brown, first behind eye, next over pectoral base, 
third between last named and first dorsal, also one at second dorsal; 
on caudal 2 broad cross bars, one at caudal base and other near its 
tip. Length, 989 mm. (Jordan and Fowler.) 

Japan. The type, a dried skin, in Stanford University. Garman 
describes an example 1,002 mm. with 118 rows of upper teeth and 124 
lower rows. I cannot agree with Schmidt that it is “probable” that 
the present species is synonymous with Catulus torazame 'Tanaka. 
The different proportions and arrangement of the fins, besides the 
greatly smaller pectorals, at once separate the present species. 


CEPHALOSCYLLIUM SUFFLANS (Regan) 


Scyliorhinus (Cephaloscyllium) sufflans Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 
vol. 7, p. 418, 1921 (type locality: Natal). 

Scylliorhinus sufflans GiucHrist, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, pt. 3, p. 46, 1922 (Natal, in 160 to 175 fathoms).—BarRNarp, Ann. 
South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 41, 1925 (Natal, in 120 to 175 fathoms). 

Cephaloscylliuin sufflans Fow rer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, 
p. 362, fig. 2-3, 1985 (Natal, 70 to 80 fathoms). 

Snout obtusely pointed, its preoral length 14 space between outer 
edges of nasal flaps; mouth twice as wide as long; no labial folds; 
nasal flaps without cirri, internarial space 114 length of posterior 
edge of either and 5 times their distance from edge of lip. Gill 
openings subequal, last 2 closer together than others. 

First dorsal inserted over middle of ventrals, front angle rounded, 
posterior obtuse, base 114 that of second dorsal and equal to its dis- 
tance from that fin, which ends nearly above anal end; anal base 
nearly above anal end; anal base nearly equals first dorsal base, 
longer than its distance from caudal; pectoral angles rounded, 
reaches not quite half way to ventrals. 

Grayish, without distinct spots or markings. Length, 750 mm. 
(Regan. ) 

Off Natal, South Africa. 


34 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus SCYLIORHINUS Blainville 


Scyliorhinus BULAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121. (Type, 
Squalus canicula Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. 
New York, vol. 7, p. 407, 1862.) 

Scylliorhinus BLAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, Poissons, p. 68, 1825. (Type, 
Squalus catulus Linnaeus. ) 

Catulus (not Kniphof, 1759, in Insects) VArmont, Dict. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 
10, p. 114, 1769; vol. 12, p. 421, 1769. [Type, Catulus vulgaris Valmont= 
Squalus canicula Linnaeus, monotypic (inadmissible).]—ANpbREw SMITH, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85. (Type, Squalus canicula Linnaeus, 
designated by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 53.) 

Scyllium Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 124, 1817. (Type, Squalus canicula 
Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, p. 
97, 1917.) 

Scylliodus AGaAsstz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 377, 1848. (Type, Scylliodus 
antiquus Agassiz, monotypic. ) 

Thyellina AGAssiz, idem, p. 378. (Type, Thyellina angusta Agassiz, monotypic.) 
(Fossil. ) 

Palaeoscyllium WaAaner, Anz. Bayer. Akad., vol. 44, p. 291, 1857—MareEx, 
Palaeontographica, Beitr. Naturg. Vorwelt, vol. 11, p. 67, 1863. (Type, 
Palaeoscyllium decheni Marek, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Trigonodus WINKLER, Arch. Mus. Teyler, vol. 4, p. 20, 1876. (Type, Trigonodus 
primus Winkler.) (Fossil.) 


Body shorter than tail. Head short. Snout obtuse, short. Mouth 
large, labial folds on lower jaw. Teeth in numerous rows, each tooth 
with median larger cusp and one to several small lateral cusps. Nos- 
trils distinct from mouth, when posterior nasal valve cirroid with 
rudimentary nasoral groove; nasal valves confluent, hind edge free 
and entire. Guill openings small, last above pectoral. Spiracle small, 
close after eye. Dorsals and anal small, latter largest fin. First 
dorsal above or behind ventral bases. Tail entire, caudal moderate or 
short. Ventrals of male more or less concrescent above claspers. 

Small sharks of warm seas. Fossils known from the Cretaceous 
and Tertiary. In comparison with Galeus, Smith says: “The genus 
is indeed without serrations at the upper edge of the caudal fin, 
though these may sometimes be traced in the difference between the 
large spring scales in the upper rows on each side and the smaller and 
smoother ones in the median dorsal line at the said spot; but it has a 
compensation for them in the stronger development of the spiny scales 
on each side of the body above and behind the anal fin, which almost 
exactly resemble jaw teeth. These scales literally form a rasp, which 
the fish uses as a defensive weapon.” 

The egg cases are oblong and with long filamentous tendrils at each 
corner. As expelled, two at a time, the first pair of the filaments of 
the egg cases are wound around a branch of seaweed or other object 
by the female and there the egg capsule is left to its fate. The young 
sharks are said to hatch in six months’ time. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 35 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Front nasal valve reaches mouth; first dorsal origin postmedian in body ; 
back with alternating light cross bands and darker ones with whitish spots. 
capensis 

a’. Front nasal valve not reaching mouth; first dorsal origin before middle in 
body; brown or gray, with irregular, small, whitish, round spots; dark 
brown blotches with similar spots, somewhat crossbandlike____ torazame 


SCYLIORHINUS CAPENSIS (Miiller and Henle) 


Scyllium capense Mitter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 11, 1841 
(type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—ANbREW SMITH, Proc, Zool. Soc. 
London, 1837, p. 85 (Cape of Good Hope) (name only).—BLEEKER, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. (50, 57) 79, 1860 (Cape of Good 
Hope).—DumMéEriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., p. 320, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope) .— 
Prerers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 853 (Cape of Good Hope).— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 724, pl. 190, fig. 1, 1878 (“India”) ; Fauna 
British India, vol. 1, p. 31, 1889. 

Scyliorhinus capensis REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 458, 1908 
(South Africa). 

Scylliorhinus capensis BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 40, 
1925 (Table and False Bays to Natal, in 20 to 200 fathoms). 

Scyliorhinus (Scyliorhinus) capensis NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 36, 
1935 (lat. 34°2’ S., long. 17°4’ E., in 311 m.). 

Catulus capensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 74, 1913 (South 
Africa). 

Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 614. Snout 234 in head, short, 
blunt; eye 6, 2 in snout; preoral length about 14 of snout; mouth gape 
32% in head, labial folds short, on lower jaw; teeth small, with 1 or 
2 lateral denticles more or less distinct; front nasal valve reaches 
mouth, broad, with moderate attachment or median separation be- 
fore symphyses; interorbital moderately high. Gull openings equi- 
distant, last above pectoral base. 

Scales small, tricuspid. 

First dorsal postmedian in body, behind ventral, front edge 135 
in head; second dorsal inserted slightly before hind basal anal edge, 
front edge 144 in head; anal length 144; pectoral 114, width 214 its 
length which 274 to ventral origin; ventral length 13, in head; caudal 
57% in rest of body, subcaudal slightly deeper than anal, notch at 
last third. 

Back with alternating light cross bands and darker ones with whit- 
ish spots. Lower surfaces uniform light. Length, 1,000 mm. (Day, 
Garman.) 

South Africa, Natal. Day says: “The only reason for recording 
this as an Indian species is due to an example at the British Museum 
being thus marked, and from which the figure is taken. It is stuffed 
and about 40 inches in length.” Regan mentions 6 specimens 600 to 
1,000 mm. in the British Museum though without reference to Day’s 
specimen. 


36 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


SCYLIORHINUS TORAZAME (Tanaka) 


Catulus torazame TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 23, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2, 
1908 (type locality: Misaki, Sagami).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 26, p. 77, 1913 (Misaki) —TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no 8, 1933. 

Halaelurus torazame TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 5, p. 87, 1912.—IzuKa and 
Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 190, 1920 (Awo- 
mori).—ScummtT, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. U. 8. S. R., 1930, p. 18 (225), figs. 
1-2 (clasper structure) (Tokyo, Fusan, Misaki; Nystrém’s example). 

Halaelurus torazama Scumipt, Copeia, 1930, no. 2, p. 48, figs. 1-3; Trans. Pacific 
Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8. S. R., vol. 11, p. 4, 1981 (Misaki; Fusan). 

Scyliorhinus torazame Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
484, 1930 (reference). 

Scyllium laticeps (not Duméril) Nystrom, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 13, 


pt. 4, p. 49, 1887 (Japan). 

Scylliorhinus rudis P1rETSCHMANN, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 45, p. 133, 1908 
(type locality: Japan). 

Ssyliorhinus rudis Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 457, 1908 
(compiled) .—PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber, Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 699, pl. 1, fig. 3, figs. 9-14 (head, teeth, etc), 1908 (Japan). 

Halaelurus rudis TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 1, p. 13, fig. 12, 1911—SNnybEr, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 400, 1912 (Hakodate). 

Depth 634 to subcaudal origin; head 544, width 114. Snout 234 
in head; eye 514, 2 in snout; mouth width 124 in head, crescentic, 
upper labial groove 34 eye diameter or 14 length of lower groove; 
teeth numerous, rather small, tricuspid, equal in jaws; nostrils large, 
separate, nearer eye than snout tip, not confluent with mouth, least 
internarial width 14 eye; front nasal valve large, occupies inner 
24 of nostril, overlapped another valve on posterior border of nostril 
about 34 length of anterior; interorbital 2 in head. Gill openings 
small, last ones little more widely spaced, last 2 above pectoral base. 
Spiracle moderate, posterior to eye almost its own width. 

Skin very rough; each scale with long central cusp and pair of 
short lateral cusps. 

First dorsal inserted midway in total length or opposite hind basal 
ventral edge, front fin edge 114 in head; second dorsal origin slightly 
before hind basal anal edge, front fin edge 134 in head; anal origin 
behind first dorsal base or little nearer subcaudal origin than ventral 
origin, front fin edge 2 in head; pectoral reaches slightly over half 
way to ventral, width 114 its length which 14, in head; ventral length 
equals head; caudal 4% in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 124 
in head, notch at last fourth in caudal length. 

Brownish or grayish, with irregularly scattered whitish round 
spots, each 14 to ¥4 of eye; dark brown blotches with similar spots, 
somewhat cross-bandlike and form large meshed reticulum by join- 
ing with one another. All fins, except anal, like body. Anal dusky 
or brownish (shown nearly uniform). Under surfaces pale. Length, 
449mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan, Korea. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 34 


Genus PORODERMA Andrew Smith 


Poroderma ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85. (Type, Squalus 
africanus Gmelin, designated by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1908, p. 53.) 

Conoporoderma Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85,  p. 234, 
1934. (Type, Scyllium pantherinunm Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 


Body rather stout, cavity more than half total length. Head less 
than one-fourth total. Snout short, longer than mouth, depressed, 
blunt. Eye small, lower lid with very slight fold. Mouth short, 
wide; labial folds at mouth angles only on lower jaws. Teeth small, 
tricuspid. Nostrils without grooves to mouth; front valves. short, 
widely separated, not reaching mouth, with strong cirrus; hind 
valves wide, short. Gill openings moderate, narrow, last above pec- 
toral. Spiracle moderate, behind eye. Scales small, tricuspid, median 
cusp elongate, acute. First dorsal behind ventrals, second dorsal 


smaller than first dorsal or anal. 
South Africa. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. CONOPORODERMA. Nasal cirrus long, reaches mouth. 
b*. Gray, with oval or circular more or less complete dark ocellate markings, 
arranged more or less as longitudinal bands____----__--_~_ pantherinum 
b?. Olive-brown above, with large close-set black spots, none larger than eye, 
also extend on fins including lower surfaces of paired ones____ marleyi 
a*, PoropERMA. Nasal cirrus shorter, not reaching mouth; pale gray to buff, 

with longitudinal blackish bands, one median on back, 2 or 8 lateral. 
africanum 
Subgenus CONOPORODERMA Fowler 


Nasal cirrus long, reaches mouth. Coloration largely with dark 


spots. 
PORODERMA PANTHERINUM (Miiller and Henle) 


Scyllium pantherinum MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 18, pl. 
7, fig., 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—ANpREW SMITH, Illustr. 
Zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 29, fig. 3, 1849 (near Algoa Bay).—Gray, List 
Fish British Museum, p. 381, 1851 (Cape Seas; Smith’s specimen) .— 
DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 822, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope) .— 
Bieeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 18, p. 1, 1879 (Mauritius). 

Scyllium africanum var. pantherina GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 406, 1870 (type). 

Poroderma pantherinum ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85 
(Cape of Good Hope) (name only).—GaArRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 70, 1913 (South Africa).—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 180 (Cape trawl, 140 fathoms; Tugela River, 60 fathoms; Natal 
eoast, 34 fathoms) ; vol. 85, p. 284, 19384 (reference). 

Scyliorhinus pantherinus Re@an, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 456, 1908 
(South Africa; types of Scyllium variegatum Miller and Henle). 

Scylliorhinus pantherinus GILcHRISsT and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 284, 1916 (references).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1925 (False Bay to Algoa Bay) ; pt. 2, p. 1018, 1927 (note). 


38 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Poroderma variegatum ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 88, 
1887 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope) (name only). 

Scyllium variegatum MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 14, 1841 
(Cape of Good Hope).—ANpREW SmiTH, Illustr. zoology of South Africa, 
Fishes, pl. 25, fig. 2, 1849 (Algoa Bay).—DumeriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr. vol. 
1, p. 3822, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—BLrrKker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, vol. 18, p. 1, 1879 (Mauritius). 

Scyllium africanum var. variegata GUNTHER, Cat. fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 
406, 1870 (type of Scyllium variegatum Miiller and Henle). 

Scyliorhinus variegatus Recan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 241, 1908 (Bird 
Island, Natal). 

Poroderma submaculatum ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1837, p. 85 
(type locality: Cape of Good Hope) (name only). 

Scyllium leopardinum (Van Horst) MUtrer and HEnie, Syst. Beschr. Plagios- 
tomen, p. 14, 1841 (name in synonymy). 

Scyllium maecandrinum (Rapp) MULLER and HENLE, idem (name in synonymy). 

Depth 8 to 11 to subcaudal origin; abdominal cavity 124; head 
524 to 614, width 114, broadly depressed. Snout 214 to 214 in head, 
length 11% its width; eye 414 to 614 in head, 134 in snout, 2 in inter- 
orbital; preoral 344 in head; mouth width 2, length 2 to 21% its 
width; lower labial fold behind rictus and along lower jaw 24 man- 
dibular ramus, absent in young; teeth 60 above, 56 below, tricuspid, 
median cusp slender and greatly longest; interorbital 224 in head, 
slightly convex. 

Scales moderate, rough on back and head above, flattened, foliate 
to weakly tricuspid, with strong median point. 

First dorsal origin over last 24 of depressed ventral to hind ventral 
edge; second dorsal inserted little nearer anal origin than subcaudal 
origin, slightly smaller than first dorsal; anal begins behind de- 
pressed first dorsal base; pectoral width 114 to 114 its length; ventral 
length little greater than pectoral width; caudal 314 in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 28, in entire fin. 

Back and above drab, with many thick-set white spots, none larger 
than pupil and extend over unpaired fins and paired fins above. 
Under surface of body soiled buff. Smaller examples with spots and 
rings or enclosures. Smallest example fawn color on back, thickly 
spotted all over with rounded, close set, dusky spots, larger and more 
or less scattered on sides and on fins. Under surface whitish. 

South Africa, Natal, Mauritius. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Cape trawl, in 140 fathoms. H.W. Bell Marley. Length, 

970 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 52996. Tegula River, Natal, in 60 fathoms. H. W. Bell Marley, 

1923. Length, 402 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 58139. Natal coast, in 34 fathoms. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 


250 mm. 
PORODERMA MARLEYI Fowler 


Poroderma marleyi Fowirer, Pree. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 234, 
1934 (type locality: Natal coast, in 20 fathoms). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 39 


Scyliorhinus regani (not Gilchrist) Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 188, fig. 1 (Natal coast in 20 fathoms); Ann. Natal Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 399, fig., 1926 (details of Natal specimen corrected). 

Seylliorhinus regani Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1013, 
1927 (note on above). 

Scyliorhinus leopardus Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, 
p. 361, 1935 (Durban) (lapsus specifically for marley). 

Depth 524 to subcaudal origin; head 424, broadly depressed, width 
11% its length. Snout 21% in head, length 125 width, convexly 
rounded; eye 51% in head, 2 in snout; mouth width 2 in head, length 
half its width, short labial fold at hind edge of each lip; teeth 22 
above, 36 below, rather large, tricuspid, median cusp slenderly tri- 
angular and greatly longest; nostrils large, flap extends well over 
lip or 14 of interorbital; cirrus from front nasal valve reaches mouth, 
hind nasal valve without cirrus; nasoral groove rudimentary and 
front nasal valves not confluent across internarial space. Gull open- 
ings small, equidistant, last above pectoral base. Spiracle small, 
close behind eye. 

Scales rather large, rough, tricuspid, median cusp greatly longest 
and usually with keel. 

First dorsal inserted behind midlength, behind ventral base, front 
edge 134 in head; second dorsal inserted at middle in anal length, front 
edge 21% in head, fin slightly smaller than first dorsal; anal larger 
than dorsals, length 124 in head; caudal 314 in rest of body, front 
subeaudal edge nearly half fin length, notch near last third; pectoral 
width 114 its length which 114 in head; ventral 214. 

Olive-brown, with rather close large black spots above, none larger 
than eye. Spots also extend on fins including lower surfaces of 
paired ones. 

Related to Poroderma pantherinum in its long anterior nasal cir- 
rus, though the body short and robust and the coloration strikingly 
of large black rounded spots on the upper half of the body and over 
all the fins. 


A.N.S.P. No. 53427. Natal coast in 20 fathoms. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 
225 mm. Type. 


Subgenus PORODERMA Andrew Smith 


Nasal cirrus short, not reaching mouth. Body with 3 to 5 blackish 
longitudinal bands. 


PORODERMA AFRICANUM (Gmelin) 


Squalus africanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1494, 1789 (type locality : 
African Sea).—LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 250, 1798 (Cape of 
Good Hope; on Gmelin).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 129 (Africa), 
p. 549, 1801 (on Shaw).—Cuvirr, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 124, 1817 (on 
Shaw) ; ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 886, 1829 (reference). 


156861—41——_4 


40 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scyliorhinus africanus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only).—ReEGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 456, 1908 (South 
Africa) ; Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 241, 1908 (Bird Island).—CLArkK, 
Rep. Sci. Res. Seotia, Scot. Nat. Antarct. Exped., vol. 4, p. 394, 1915 (en- 
trance to Saldanha Bay). 

Scylliorhinus africanus GitcHrRist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 283, 1916 (references).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 
1, p. 39, 1925 (False Bay to Algoa Bay; Madagascar) ; pt. 2, p. 1013, 1927 
(note). 

Scyllium africanum ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 85 (ref- 
erence).—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 12, pl. 7, fig., 
1841 (Cape of Good Hope).—ANpREW SMITH, Illustr. Zool. South Africa, 
Fishes, pl. 25, fig. 1, 1849 (South African Seas).—GraAy, List. Fish. Brit. 
Mus., 1851, p. 31 (Cape Seas, Cape of Good Hope).—Duménrin, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 321, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—GUnrTHer, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 405, 1870 (South Africa).—BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. 
Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 18, p. 1, 1879 (Mauritius).—SAvuvAGrE, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 6 (511), 1891. 

Poroderma africanum ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85 (ref- 
erence).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 70, 1918 (Algoa Bay; 
Cape of Good Hope).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 
189 (Bird Island, South Africa, in 40 fathoms). 

Squalus vittatus WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 516, 1792 (on Broussonet, 
Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1780, p. 659, No. 9; Leipzig Mag., vol. 4, p. 335, 1786, 
type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—SHAw and Nopper, Nat. Misc., vol. 9, 
pl. 346, 1798 (African Seas). 

Squalus striatus LICHTENSTEIN, Descr. Anim. Forster, p. 407, 1844 (type locality : 
“In portu falso ad Prom. b. spei’’). 

Scyllium africanum var. africana s. striata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 406, 1870 (Cape Seas; Cape of Good Hope). 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; abdominal cavity 234; head 434, 
depressed forward, broadly convex behind. Snout 234 in head, length 
24 width, triangular as viewed above and narrowing at tip; eye 514 
in head, mouth length 14 width, labial fold behind rictus and on lower 
jaw, latter 14 mandibular ramus; upper teeth 48, lower 44, small, 
tricuspid, median cusp slender and greatly longest; nasal cirrus 
short, not reaching lip edge; interorbital 14 wider than mouth. 

Scales moderately rough on back and head above, tricuspid, median 
cusp long and large. 

First dorsal inserted opposite hind depressed ventral edge, little 
smaller than ventral, front edge 114 in head; second dorsal inserted 
little nearer subcaudal origin than anal origin, little smaller than first 
dorsal; anal nearly 44 again long as second dorsal; pectoral 154 to 
ventral, width 114 its length; caudal 314 in rest of body, front sub- 
caudal edge 21 in fin. 

When fresh, white with 5 stripes of black and faint one each side. 
Kye yellow, with white ring. 

South Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bird Island, in 40 fathoms. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 
404 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 41 


Genus HALAELURUS Gill 


Halaelurus Girt, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 407, 1862. (Type, 
Scyllium biirgeri Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 

Holohalaelurus Fow irr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 235, 1934. 
(Type, Scylliorhinus regani Gilchrist, orthotypic.) 

Aulohalaelurus Fowter, ibid., p. 237. (Type, Catulus labiosus Waite, orthotypic.) 


Body short, caudal portion longer. Head short, depressed. Snout 
short. Mouth large, with labial fold around each mouth angle and 
oneach jaw. Teeth small, numerous, with 3 to 5 cusps, rarely without 
lateral cusps. Nostrils with two valves; anterior widely separated 
across internarial space, not reaching mouth, cirrus absent or rudi- 
mentary and no groove to mouth. Gill openings narrow, last two 
above pectoral. Spiracle small, near corner of eye. Fins all small, 
first dorsal origin behind ventral origins. Second dorsal farther 
back than anal origin. Anal short. Subcaudal short. 

South Africa, Arabian Sea, India, Australia, Japan, Southeast 
Pacific. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. HoLOHALAELURUS. Mouth without labial folds; coloration variegated with 
dark or light spots. 
b*. Anal base length greater than distance between anal and subeaudal origin. 
regani 
b*. Anal base length less than distance between anal and subcaudal origin. 
punctatus 
a’, HALAELURUS. Labial folds moderate or short, lower not extending halfway 
to symphysis. 
c’. First dorsal smaller than second. 
ad’. First dorsal origin above midventral base; uniform blackish_ alcockii 
ad’. First dorsal origin above 24 of ventral base; brown, with pale cross 
bands-and darker and) lighten, spotsea2 2 = ee bivius 
c’. Dorsals subequal. 
e*. First dorsal origin above midventral base; transverse dark bands, 
spottedswith black 25 2= ses Ee ae ee a burgeri 
e”. First dorsal origin above last third in ventral base. 
f’. Dark, broad, transverse bands, with marblings and reticulations. 


natalensis 
f?. Dark, narrow, transverse bands, about 20 or more__----~ quagga 

c’. First dorsal larger than second. 
poeea Uh ra feo Te TU Ch ULM pe vs eee em eee ce hispidus 


g’. Body variegated, not uniform. 
WV’. Body with darker brown spots, but no pale spots. 


7. With scattered small darker spots___________---_-- analis 
?. With numerous close-set, large, chestnut-brown spots, also 7 
dark: subequal saddles on: baeck-=——._--____~__~ garmani 

h’?. Body brown, with ill-defined darker cross bars, also many 
cream white spots tending to form rings__-_--__ vincenti 


a*, AULOHALAELURUS. Labial folds greatly developed, extending along lower jaw 
HEALhVetOuSVIMDOYSiseee eee eee ee ee we ee ee ee ee labiosus 


42 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subgenus HOLOHALAELURUS Fowler 


Mouth without any labial folds or grooves. Coloration variegated 
with dark or light spots. 


HALAELURUS REGANI (Gilchrist) 


Scylliorhinus regani Gitcurist, Marine Biol. Survey South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, p. 45, 1922 (type locality: Cape seas, in 95 to 131 fathoms).— 
BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 42, 1925 (off Cape Point 
and East London, in 95 to 250 fathoms) ; pt. 2, p. 1013, 1927 (note). 

Scyliorhinus (Halaclurus) regani NoRMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 36, fig. 13, 
1985 (lat. 34° S., long. 17° 58’ E., in 173 to 219 m.). 

Halaelurus regani Fowirr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 235, 
1934 (name). 

Head broad, depressed. Snout obtusely pointed, length 114 in 
space between front edges of nasal flaps; mouth little more than twice 
wide as long; no labial folds, upper lip not overlapping lower; teeth 
with strong central and 1 or 2 lateral cusps; several prominent 
papillae behind mandibular teeth; front and hind nasal valves well 
developed, flaps without cirri and separated from each other by space 
11% in their hind edge. 

First dorsal begins above hind end of “pectoral” [ventral] base, 
front angle rounded, hind angle not rectangular, base nearly 3 times 
space from second dorsal which 11% times larger than first at its base; 
second dorsal origin before hind end of anal by about 14 of latter; 
anal base 21% in first dorsal base, 124 in second dorsal base and nearly 
equals its distance to caudal; pectoral rounded, not reaching half way 
to ventral; in males 500 mm. long, posterior ventral edges united. 

Upper surface covered with dark marks 14 eye diameter, formed 
as spots, circles or horseshoe-shaped bands, all clearly contrasted with 
ground color. (Gilchrist.) 

South Africa. According to Barnard the coloration is light, with 
darker spots on upper part of body and dorsal and pectoral fins, these 
spots being considerably larger than the intervening light ground 
color, except in the very young, and closely set so as to leave a 
reticulate pattern of ground color. Reaches 550 mm. 


HALAELURUS PUNCTATUS (Gilchrist) 


Scylliorhinus punctatus Gitcurist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, vol. 2, 
p. 129, fig., 1914 (type locality: Off Natal coast) ; Special Rep. No. 2, p. 46, 
1922 (off Natal, in 148 to 226 fathoms).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus. vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 48, 1925 (type). 

Halaelurus punctatus Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 235, 
1934 (name) ; vol. 87, p. 361, fig. 1, 1935 (Durban). 

Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) polystigma Recan, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 
7, p. 418, 1921 (type locality: Natal). 


Snout rounded; mouth 11% times wide as long, without labial folds, 
upper lip not overlapping lower at mouth angles; preoral length 14 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 43 


space between outer edges of nasal flaps; nasal flaps without cirri, not 
confluent with upper lip, separated by interspace equal twice length 
hind edge of either flap. Hind gill openings smaller and closer to- 
gether than anterior. 

First dorsal begins above end of ventral base, front angle rounded, 
hind angle rectangular, base 24 interdorsal; second dorsal equals or 
larger than first, begins above basal end of anal; anal base 134 in 
first dorsal base, 114 in second dorsal base, 24 space from subcaudal ; 
pectoral rounded, reaches nearly 34 to ventral origin; ventrals in male 
joined on basal third their hind edges. 

Upper parts covered with numerous small round dark spots, also 
few white spots; 2 faint brown bands between gill slits, 1 below 
pectoral bases, 2 across body between pectorals and first dorsal, 1 be- 
fore and 1 at first dorsal base, 2 between first and second dorsals. 
Length, 320mm. (Regan; Barnard.) 

South Africa, Natal. 


Subgenus HALAELURUS Gill 


Labial folds moderate or short, lower not extending halfway to 
symphysis of lower jaw. 


HALAELURUS ALCOCKII Garman 


Halaelurus alcockii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 87, 1913 (on 
Alcock). 

Scyllium canescens (not Giinther) Atcock, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 65, 
p. 310, 1896 (type locality: Arabian Sea, in 620 to 690 fathoms) ; Cat. Deep 
Sea Fishes Indian Mus., p. 16, 1899 (brief comparative description). 

Halaelurus canescens Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 
1930 (part). 

Snout rather long; eye rather small; labial folds at mouth angles 
rather large; teeth tricuspid, cusps subequal. Body covered with 
simple, stiff prickles. Second dorsal slightly larger than first; anal 
base moderate. Blackish with hoary gray surface. Some fins tipped 
white behind. Single small example. (Alcock.) 

Arabian Sea. From the above imperfect account, originally com- 
pared with Halaelurus hispidus, Garman proposed the name Halae- 
lurus alcockii. 

HALAELURUS BIVIUS (Miller and Henle) 


Scyllium bivium (Andrew Smith) MULter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagisto- 
men, p. 8, 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—ANDREW SMITH, Proc. 
Zool. Soe. London, 1887, p. 85 (name only).—DumMEérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 321, 1865 (South Africa ?; Chile) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 405, 1870 (type). 

Scyliorhinus bivius Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 461, 1908 (type: 
Chile, Patagonia). 

Scylliorhinus bivius BARNARD, Ann, South African Mus., vol. 21, pl. 1, p. 44, 1925 
(compiled). 


44. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Halaelurus bivius GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 86, 1913 (Chile).— 
Fowter, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 1980 (reference). 

Scyllium brevicolle Puiriprr, Anal. Uniy. Chile, vol. 71, p. 558, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1887 
(type locality: Valparaiso, Chile). 

Scyllium gayi PHirier1, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 558, 1877 (type locality: 
Chile). 

Scyllium ee (not Guichenot) VAILLANT, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Poiss., p. 10, 
pl. 1, figs. 1, a-f, 1888 (Orange Bay). 

Scylliorhinus chilensis Smirt, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 24, p. 72, 1898. 

Depth 814 to subcaudal origin, body shorter than tail; head 5, 
width 114. Snout 214 in head; eye 434, 214 in snout, 214 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 21/4 in head, length 114 its width, upper labial 
fold slightly less than half upper jaw length, lower slightly shorter ; 
teeth simple narrow cusps; nostrils with 2 valves, front valve not 
reaching mouth, without cirri, internarial 314 in head; interorbital 
low, depressed, width 3. Gill openings equidistant, last 2 above 
pectoral base. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 

Scales minute, tricuspid. 

First dorsal little smaller than second, front edge 114 in head, 
origin over last basal third of ventral; second dorsal inserted over 
middle of anal length, front edge 114 in head; anal small, base little 
longer than second dorsal base, front edge 21% in head; caudal 414 in 
rest of body, subcaudal high as anal, notch at last fifth its length; 
pectoral width 134 its length, which reaches 44 to ventral or 1149 in 
head; ventral length 1149. 

Grayish brown. Back with ill-defined darker cross bands and 
scattered light spots. Dark and light spots also on fins. Length, 
750 mm. (Vaillant; Garman.) 

Originally credited to the Cape of Good Hope, the type in the 
British Museum. As the species has not since been reported there 
most writers have assumed its habitat to be off Chile and Patagonia. 


HALAELURUS BURGERI (Miller and Henle) 


Scyllium biirgert MULLER and HEnNt®r, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 8, pl. 2, 
1841 (type locality: Japan).—ScHreEceEt, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 
pt. 15, p. 801, 1850 (bays of southwest Japan).—Gray, List Fishes British 
Mus., p. 30, 1851 (reference).—Brrexer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 25, 
p. 21, 18538 (Japan) ; vol. 26, 1857, p. 42 (Japan) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., 
No. 5, vol. 1, p. (8) 69, 1856 (Amboina) ; vol. 2, No. 7, p. 9, 1857 (Amboina) ; 
vol. 3, No. 3, p. 3 (Kioesio), p. 7 (Japan), 1858; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 16, p. 209, 1858 (Batjan).—Dumérim, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 820, 1865 (Japan).—IKnrer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 412, 1865 (Madras) .— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 404, 1870 (Japan, Formosa, 
Amboyna ).—MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Na- 
gasaki; Amboina).—Erra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 616, 1895 (Currimao, 
Luzon, Ilocos). 

Scyllium biirgerii WEBER, in Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Australia, vol. 5, p. 
276, 1895 (Ambon). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 45 


Catulus biirgeri JorDAN and SnyDerR, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 38 (128), 
1901 (Nagasaki). 

Halaelurus biirgeri JoRDAN and Fowtrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 601, 
1905 (Nagasaki; Misaki).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 83, 
1913 (Japan; East Indies).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 485, 1930 (China; Japan).—Scuminpr, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. 
Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 4, 19381 (Nagasaki). 

Scyliorhinus buergert Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 461, 1908 
(Japan, Amboyna). 

Depth 77% to 834 to subcaudal origin; head 544 to 57%, width 1+; 
to 14%. Snout 214 to 2% in head, broad, obtuse; eye 4 to 414, long 
narrow slit, 134 to 124 in snout, 2 to 2% in interorbital; dentary 
width 144 in head, with short labial fold around each mouth angle 
and short space along lower jaw; teeth in 35 to 45 rows in jaws, with 
narrow triangular median cusp and 1 or 2 small cusps at each side 
basally, edges of all entire; nostrils much nearer mouth than snout 
tip, front valves short and wide, width of each 114 in eye; internarial 
width 124 in front valve width; hind nasal valves much narrower than 
front and neither reaching mouth; interorbital 2 to 21% in head, de- 
pressed. Gill openings small, last smallest, third to fifth above pec- 
toral. Spiracle small, close behind eye and opposite lower part of eye. 

Scales rather rough, tricuspid, with median keel and 2 others each 
side, outermost of which on each smaller lateral cusp. 

First dorsal origin behind ventral bases, length 114 to 114 in head; 
second dorsal origin begins behind anal base, length 2 to 2145 in 
head; anal nearer subcaudal origin than ventral origins, length 114 
to 134 in head; subcaudal length equals head to third gill opening, 
height 314 to 414 in its length; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 
41/, in head; pectoral 1 to 114, width 114 to 124 its length; ventral 
114 to 114 in head. 

Rufous-brown on back, whitish below. Nine deep rufous blotches 
or saddles on back, alternating irregularly along sides with some 
smaller similar-colored blotches. All these blotches marked with few 
irregular pale spots or blotches. Vertical fins clouded with little 
darker. Paired fins clouded little darker than lower surfaces. 

India, East Indies, Philippines, China, Formosa, Japan. 
U.S.N.M, No. 22558. Muiramisaki, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 


350 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 48197. Otaru. S. Nozana. Length, 335 mm. 


HALAELURUS NATALENSIS (Regan) 


Scyllium natalense ReeaAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 128, 1904 
(type locality: Natal). 

Scyliorhinus natalensis Reaan, Ann. Natal Goy. Mus., vol. 1, p. 241, 1908 (Bird 
Island).—GitcHRIst and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 283, 
1916 (references) —THompson, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
3, p. 44, 1922 (off Natal, 24 to 194 fathoms).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 405, 1934 (Natal) ; vol. 87, p. 361, 1985 (Durban). 


46 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Seylliorhinus natalensis GiicHRIst and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 11, p. 55, 1911 (Durban).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 48, 1925 (Algoa Bay to Natal, in 50 fathoms). 

Halaelurus natalensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 84, 1913 
(Natal). 

Head broad, depressed. Snout elliptical, with obtusely pointed 
tip; eye 114 in snout; preoral length slightly more than half its 
greatest width or 224 in internarial; labial fold at each mouth angle 
along lower jaw 24 space to symphysis, less than 14 along upper jaw; 
teeth tricuspid, median cusp longest. 

First dorsal inserted over last third of ventral base; second dorsal 
inserted little before hind basal end of anal; dorsals subequal, base 
length of each 24 of interdorsal space; anal base 114 times second 
dorsal base, 124 times distance from caudal; pectoral reaches over 
halfway to ventral; ventral with outer edge evenly rounded anteri- 
orly, becomes very oblique posteriorly. 

Grayish. Back with broad transverse brown bands with darker 
edges and with less distinct intermediate bands of brown marbling 
or reticulations. Upper surface of head covered with reticulations, 
except for first cross band, which lies between hind halves of eyes 
and has convex posterior edge; second band as 2 oval patches at level 
of gill openings, nearly meet in median line; third at level of hind 
part of pectoral; fourth before dorsal, broken into median circular 
or oval and pair of lateral semioval patches; fifth and seventh 
through dorsal fin bases and 2 or 3 on tail. Each dorsal with dark 
blotch on its upper portion. Paired fins each with large dark 
blotch. Length, 425 mm. (Regan.) 

Cape Colony, Natal. Originally described from two specimens 
in the British Museum. 


HALAELURUS QUAGGA (Alcock) 


Scyllium quagga ALcocKk, Cat. Deep Sea Fishes Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 17, 1899 
(type locality: off Malabar, in 102 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Investigator, pt. 
3, pl. 27, fig. 1l-a, 1895 (dorsal view). 
Scyliorhinus quagga Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 461, 1908 
(compiled). 
Halaelurus guagga GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 84, 1913 (Malabar). 
Head 414 to subcaudal origin, broad, depressed, width 11/ its 
length. Snout 234 in head, flat, elliptical in outline with bluntly 
acuminate tip; eye 4, 114 in snout, 134 in interorbital; preoral length 
half greatest breadth of snout; mouth large, crescentic, short labial 
fold only at angles; teeth tricuspid, median cusp longest and most 
acute; nasal valves separated by rather more than % snout length, 
each with very short, inconspicuous cirrus; interorbital 224 in head. 
Gill openings graduated to last, above pectoral bases. Spiracle 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 47 


small, diameter equals pupil diameter, close behind and below eye. 

Scales minute, tricuspid or anchor-shaped, except on throat and 
belly where granular. 

Dorsals subequal, first inserted just before hind basal end of ven- 
tral, front edge 2 in head; second dorsal inserted before hind basal 
end of anal, front edge 214 in head; anal base little larger than either 
dorsal base, 14 to 24 in space to subcaudal; caudal 314 in rest of body, 
subcaudal nearly half caudal length or its front edge 124 in head 
and notch before last fourth in caudal length; pectoral about 11% 
in head, width 7% length; ventral length 114, hind edge very oblique. 

Very numerous well-defined alternate cross bands of light and 
very dark brown on upper half of body, not passing to ventral sur- 
face; cross bands rather irregular in width, dark ones usually nar- 
rowest, not broken up into spots but as continuous stripes and inter- 
vening light cross bands unspotted. Length, 280 mm. (Alcock.) 

Malabar coast. 

HALAELURUS HISPIDUS (Alcock) 


Scyllium hispidum Aucock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 8, p. 21, 1891 (type 
locality: Andaman Islands, in 188 to 200 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Investi- 
gator, pl. 8, figs. 3-3a, 1892; Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 65, pt. 2, p. 310, 
1896 (reference) ; Cat. Deep Sea Fishes Indian Mus., p. 15, 1899 (Andaman 
Sea, 188 to 419 fathoms). 

Scylliorhinus hispidus BRAvUER, Deutsch. Tiefsee Exped., Valdivia, vol. 5, Tiefsee- 
fische, p. 7 (366), 1906 (Andaman Sea, East African coast, 463 to 628 
meters). 

Scyliorhinus hispidus Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 460, 1908 
(Indian Ocean). 

Halaelurus hispidus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 85, 1913 (An- 
daman Sea). 

Depth 8% to subcaudal origin; head 424, width 114. Snout 215 
in head; eye 4, 17% in snout, 134 in interorbital; mouth large, cres- 
centic, short labial fold only at angle; teeth in broad bands in jaws, 
small, mostly tricuspid, sometimes quincuspid; middle cusp much 
largest; nasal valves separated by interval nearly equal to nostril 
diameter, each with very short cirrus; preoral length half snout 
width and almost twice internarial. Gill openings equidistant, last 
2 above pectoral base. Spiracle very small, diameter less than half 
pupil, close behind and below eye. 

Scales minute, stony, tricuspid. 

First dorsal inserted over last basal fourth of ventral, front edge 
124 in head; second dorsal inserted opposite middle in anal length, 
front edge 2 in head; anal length 1, front edge 2; caudal 214 in 
rest of body, subcaudal deep as anal, notch little behind last fourth; 
pectoral reaches 134 to ventral, 114 in head; ventral length 11. 

Dull stone gray, rather lighter ventrally. Length, 280 mm. 
(Alcock). 

Off East Africa and Andaman Islands. 


4S BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


HALAELURUS ANALIS (Ogilby) 


Scyllium anale OcirBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 445 (type 
locality: Middle Harbor, Port Jackson), p. 464 (note), 1885; Cat. Fish. 
Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 6, 1888 (type: Port Jackson).—Waitr, Prelim. 
Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 38, 1898 (New South Wales).—Rnrean, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 460, 1908 (New South Wales). 

Scylliorhinus analis Octrpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, 
p. 180, 1889 (Port Jackson). 

Scyliorhinus analis McCuLLocn, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 3, 1911 
(Bass Strait and New South Wales, 14 to 45 fathoms).—WuiItTLEy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 (reference). 

Scylliorhinus (Halaelurus) analis Waitt and McCuttocH, Trans. Roy. Soc. 
South Australia, vol. 39, p. 459, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, in 88 to 94 
fathoms). 

Catulus analis WAITE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 31, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1899 
(New South Wales) ; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 228, pl. 40, fig. 
38, 1906 (egg cases) (Port Jackson). 

Halaelurus analis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 85, 1913 (New 
South Wales).—Wattr, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 18, fig. 21, 
1921.—McCutLLocu, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 19a, 
1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 485, 1930 
(reference). 

Scyllium maculatum (not Gtinther) Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 97, 1880 (Port Jackson).—JoHNsTon, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 
1882, p. 188, 1883. 


Depth 9 to 1014 to subcaudal origin; head 544 to 6, width 114 to 
1144. Snout 21% to 234 in head, depressed, rounded as seen from 
above; eye 4 to 414, 124 to 124 in snout, 114 in interorbital; dentary 
width 214 to 214 in head, short groove at each angle though lower 
groove trifle longer; teeth in 50 to 53 rows above, 40 below, each 
tooth with 3 to 5 cusps of which median longest, all narrowly tri- 
angular and with entire edges; nostrils in last half of preoral 
length; front nasal valves short, wide, each equals internarial space, 
not nearly reaching mouth and anterior not entirely concealing 
posterior valve which not at all confluent with anterior valve on 
inner edges; interorbital 214 to 21% in head, broadly and slightly 
convex. Gill openings with first largest, gradually smaller to fifth 
and fourth and fifth above pectoral. Spiracle small, close behind 
and level with eye. 

Scales small, tricuspid and median cusp longest and_ best 
developed. 

First dorsal origin close behind ventral base, length 134 to 124 in 
head, hind lobe right angle; second dorsal inserted opposite last 24 
of anal base, length 124 to 114 in head; anal origin midway between 
first and second dorsal origins, length of fin equals head; subcaudal 
longer than head to last gill opening, height 414 to 424 in its length; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 314 to 32% in head; pectoral 114 to 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 49 


1144, width 114 of its length; ventral 114% in head; claspers of young 
male not extended beyond ventral fins. 

Brown above to whitish below. About 8 obscure or diffuse 
shightly darker blotches on back. Back, also head above, with scat- 
tered small and still darker spots. Dorsals and caudal all brownish 
like back, also upper surfaces of paired fins. 

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40016. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 612 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40027. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 515 mm. 


HALAELURUS GARMANI Fowler 
FIGURE 1 


Halaelurus garmani Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 235, 
fig. 1, 1984 (type locality: Hast Indies). 

Depth 61% to subcaudal origin; head 5, width 114. Snout 234 in 

head, broad and obtuse as seen from above; eye 4, 114 in snout, 2 





Ficurp 1.—Halaelurus garmani Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 43749). 


in interorbital, without nictitating fold; dentary width 22% in head, 
with short labial groove only at angle of lower jaw; teeth in 36 
rows above, 30 rows below, each of narrowly triangular median with 
large cusp and small similar cusp each side of base, edges of all 
entire; as seen in profile nostrils nearer eye than snout tip, both 
valves entire, front ones separated by interspace half their width, 
both without cirri and anterior reach mouth and concealing pos- 
terior; interorbital 2 in head, depressed. Guill openings small, first 
deepest with others gradually smaller to fifth, both fifth and sixth 
above pectoral base. Spiracle small, little behind and level with 
lower part of eye. 

Scales finely velvety to touch, rather small, each with median point 
and small point each side basally. 

First dorsal origin close behind end of ventral base, length 114 in 
head ; second dorsal origin at first 24 of anal base, length 114 in head; 
anal origin midway between ventral origins and subcaudal origin, 
length 1144 in head; subcaudal large, height 14 its length, which 


50 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


slightly greater than head to last gill opening; pectoral 114 in head, 
width 154 its length; ventral length 184 in head; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 334. 

Light brown generally. Back and upper surface profusely marked 
with rather large chestnut brown spots and over top of back where 
bounding about 7 dark saddles or blotches, arranged so as nearly sub- 
equal in size with pale interspaces. All fins with some dark or chest- 
nut brown spots. 

Apparently allied with Halaelurus analis (Ogilby) but differing in 
coloration, the dark spots large and prominent or in contrast and 
these defining about 7 rather dark bands transversely or saddles on the 
back. 

East Indies. 


U.S.N.M. No. 48749. Hast Indies. Length, 240 mm. Type. 
HALAELURUS VINCENTI (Zietz) 


Scyllius vincenti Zirevz, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 287, 1908 
(type locality: Investigator Strait and Kangaroo Island, South Australia). 

Scyliorhinus vincenti McCuttocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 4, pl. 2, 
fig. 3, fig. 1, 1911 (mouth) (Zietz example; off Murray River mouth in 20 
fathoms).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 484, 1930 
(reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 
(reference). 

Scylliorhinus vincenti Watrr, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 17, 
1921. 

Depth 8 to subcaudal origin; head 514. Snout 224 in head, 
rounded, blunt in profile; eye 444, 1% in snout, inferior fold well 
marked; preoral 214 in head; mouth width about 114, with distinct 
fold around mouth angle, lower fold longer than upper but less than 
halfway to symphysis; teeth tricuspid, median cusp longer than lat- 
erals; nasal valves produced as lobes outward and backward, hind 
borders emarginate, without cirrus, interspace slightly more than 1 
lobe; interorbital greater than snout length, but little elevated. Gill 
openings graduated smaller to last, which half wide as first and above 
pectoral base. Spiracle large, oval, close behind eye. 

Scales quadrilateral and keeled on head, triangular and acutely 
pointed dorsally, tricuspid on sides. 

First dorsal inserted slightly before middle in total length or be- 
hind hind basal ventral end, front edge 124 in head; second dorsal 
origin over last fourth of anal base, front edge 124 in head; anal 
length 11449; pectoral reaches 144 to ventral, width 114 its length, 
which 114 in head; ventral length equals head measured to second 
gill opening; caudal 414 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 124 in 
head, notch at last fourth. 

Chocolate-brown above, with ill-defined darker cross bars. Indi- 
cations of dark blotches on sides, hinder half of head, body, tail, and 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 51 


fins with many creamy white spots, which tend to form rings. 
Length, 414 mm. (McCulloch.) 
South Australia. 


Subgenus AULOHALAELURUS Fowler 


Labial folds greatly developed, extend along lower jaw nearly to 
symphysis. 
HALAELURUS LABIOSUS (Waite) 


Oatulus labiosus WaAttTE, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 57, fig. 28, 1905 
(mouth) (type locality: Freemantle, West Australia). 

Halaelurus labiosus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 88, 1913 (Aus- 
tralia).—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 77, 1916 (Cape York) .— 
McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 
(reference).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 
1930 (reference) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 237, 1934 
(name). 

Aulohalaelurus labiosus WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 19, no. 2, p. 153, 
fig. 1, 1934 (type) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 (ref- 
erence). 

Squalus maculatus (not Bonnaterre) SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 1380, 1801 
(type locality : Oriental Ocean). 

Scyliorhinus maculatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, p. 121, 1816 
(name).—ReEcGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 462, 1908 (Austra- 
lia; note on Giinther’s specimen). 

Scylliorhinus maculatus OgiLtBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 
4, p. 179, 1889 (northwest coast of Australia; Bramble Bay; Port Darwin). 

Scyllium maculatum GinTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus. vol. 8, p. 401, 1870 
[Bramble Bay (=Bramble Bay, Queensland) ].—MacreaAy, Proce. Linn, Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 366, 1878 (Port Darwin); vol. 5, p. 297, 1880 
(Port Darwin, Port Jackson); vol. 6, p. 361, 1881 (Port Darwin; Port 
Jackson). 

?Squalus cuvier (Peron and LeSueur) LeSvEur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 2, p. 351, 1822 (type locality : Northwest coast New Holland). 


Body elongate, vent before midlength; head 734 in total length, 
much depressed, width considerably more than length in advance of 
spiracles. Snout 31% in head; eye 424; mouth width 114, long labial 
fold around angles, fold of upper jaw extended anteriorly beyond 
lobe of nasal valve to short distance of nostril; lower labial folds 
approach each other to within length of base of one of nasal lobes; 
teeth in several rows in both jaws, lower larger, all with small cusp 
each side; nasal valves separate, each produced into lobe directed 
outward and backward, space between two slightly more than basal 
width of one lobe, without cirrus; interorbital 224 in head. Gill 
openings narrow. 

Skin rough. 

First dorsal origin above hind edge of vent or over hind portion 
of ventral bases; hind end of anal base below middle of second dor- 


52 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


sal; anal base little if any longer than dorsal base, shorter than space 
to subcaudal; pectoral equals head; ventral obliquely truncate. 

Brown above, lighter beneath. Hind part of head, body and under 
surface, from between pectorals backward, ornamented with fairly 
uniform black spots. Dorsals, anal, and caudal similarly marked. 
Three rows of spots on ventrals tend to form transverse bars. 
Length, 620 mm. (Waite; Garman.) 

Western Australia, North Australia, Queensland. Though Waite’s 
name has been accepted for this species, Squalus cuvier Lesueur, very 
incompletely noticed as follows, may be intended for it: 

Head and body very thick. Dorsal moderately emarginate. Cau- 
dal superior in position. Lunulated emargination above tail, another 
beneath at base of fin. Irregular blackish spots on body from sum- 
mit of head to caudal fin, which also spotted; spots disposed in 3 
rows, which rather irregular on anterior part. 


Genus PENTANCHUS Smith and Radcliffe 


Pentanchus SMITH and RADCLIFFE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 490, 1912. 
(Type, Pentanchus profundicolus Smith and Radcliffe, monotypic.) 

Apristurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 96, 1913. (Type, Scyl- 
liorhinus indicus Brauer, orthotypic.) 

Apristurius SCHULZE, KUKENTHAL, et al., Nomencl. Animal., Band 1, Lief 2, 
p. 244,192. (Type, Scylliorhinus indicus Brauer.) 

Parapristurus Fowler, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 237, 19384. 
(Type, Catulus spongiceps Gilbert, orthotypic.) 

Body about half total length. Snout elongate. Eye large. Mouth 
large, with labial folds on both jaws. Teeth small, with 3 to 5 cusps. 
Front nasal valves separate from one another and from mouth; 
usually cirrus on one or both nasal flaps. Gill openings small, last 
above pectoral. Spiracle small, near eye. Upper caudal edge not 
armed with enlarged scales. Dorsals small, inserted behind body 
cavity, first dorsal sometimes absent. Anal, subcaudal, and ventrals 
large, close together. Caudal axis not elevated. Pectorals moderate. 
Ventrals inserted before middle in total length. 

Small sharks in deep water or bathypelagic and of uniform colora- 
tion. The true relations of the genus were at first misunderstood as 
Regan pointed out:? “Pentanchus profundicolus is described as a 
new genus and species, and the representative of a new family of 
notidanoids; in my opinion this fish belongs to the family Scylior- 
hinidae, and if, as I suspect may be the case, the absence of the first 
dorsal fin is abnormal or accidental, it is a Scyliorhinus closely re- 
lated to the species numbered 11 to 14 in my synopsis [éndicus, brun- 
neus, spongiceps, and profundorum].” 


2 Science, new ser., vol. 36, no. 916, p. 81, 1912. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 53 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF PENTANCHUS 


a’, PARAPRISTURUS. Nasal valves entire, without cirri. 
b*. First dorsal origin behind middle in total length; pectoral reaches 34 to 
ventral; caudal more than 2 in rest length of body. 


GarAnallandesubeaudal equally, long! 22) 22) ee ee ae spongiceps 
GeAnaleabouti 24 long, as) subcaudal ae ee verweyi 
b?. First dorsal origin well before middle in total length; pectoral nearly 
reaches ventral; caudal less than half rest length of body____ herklotsi 


a’, PENTANCHUS. Nasal valves with at least small cirrus anteriorly. 
ad’. Dorsals equal, or nearly so. 
e’. Pectoral not reaching ventral 


f’. First dorsal inserted before midlength____________ macrorhynchus 

f°’. First dorsal inserted midway in length____________ platyrhynchus 

G Pectoral) quite reaches: ventral= = 2225 2 ee profundicolus 
Goaseccondydorsal: Janeen than eits tse ee eee saldanha 





FIGURE 2.—Pentanchus spongiceps (Gilbert) : Type (U.S.N.M. No. 51590). 


a*. Apristurus. Nasal valves each with anterior and posterior nasal cirrus; 
first dorsal inserted before mid length, smaller than second dorsal. 
g. Paired fins larger, pectorals nearly or quite reach ventrals. 


he Subedudal lower than'analiies teks a en indicus 
fe Subeaudal: deep asianale Le sles eae Shean) eet ie sibogae 
g’. Paired fins smaller, pectorals not reaching ventrals; subcaudal 
LEC po sass ean ea eae ee ee microps 


Subgenus PARAPRISTURUS Fowler 


Nasal valves entire, without cirri. First dorsal inserted behind 
midlength, smaller than second dorsal. 


PENTANCHUS SPONGICEPS (Gilbert) 
FIGURE 2 


Catulus spongiceps GILeERT, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1903), pt. 2, p. 579, 
1605 (type locality: Bird Island, Hawaii, in 572 to 1,463 meters). 

Scyliorhinus spongiceps Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 459, 1908 
(reference).—WeBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 595, 1913 (Banda 
Sea in 1,158 m.). 

Pristiurus spongiceps GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 94, 1913 (on 
Gilbert). 


54 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Apristurus spongiceps FowLeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17,1928 (compiled) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1930 (type). 

Pentanchus spongiceps Fow ER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 237, 
1984 (name). 

Depth 384 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 134. Snout 2% 
in head, very pliable, flabby, depressed; eye 634, 3 in snout, median 
laterally in head; dentary width 2 in head, both labial folds long as 
eye; teeth in 386 rows in jaws, each with 3 to 5 cusps; nostrils large, 
little longer than eye, internarial space half mouth width; interor- 
bital broadly convex. Gull openings little less than eye. Spiracle 
small, distinct, close behind eye. 

Skin densely covered with simple small cusps, mostly finely rough- 
ened to touch, fin edges and areas of depression behind naked. 

First dorsal length 284 in head, fin inserted largely over ventral 
bases; second dorsal length 214, inserted over middle of anal, ends 





FicurE 3.—Pentanchus verweyi Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 93135). 


slightly behind end of anal, not “terminating slightly in advance of 
its end” as Gilbert states; caudal 244 in rest of body, with notch near 
end and subcaudal subequal with anal; anal length 124 in head; pec- 
toral base 2 in fin length, which 2 in head; ventral length 2, fin broad. 

Dull gray-brown, with traces of sepia brown shades around thorax, 
gills, fin edges, and depressions. 

Known only from the type, described above, and the example re- 
ported from the Banda Sea by Weber. 


U.S.N.M. No. 51590. Bird Island, Hawaiian Group. Albatross collection. 
Length, 482 mm. Type of Catulus spongiceps Gilbert. 


PENTANCHUS VERWEYI Fowler 
FIGURE 3 


Pentanchus verweyi Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 237, 
fig. 2, 1934 (type locality: Station D. 5587, vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo). 
Depth 6% to subcaudal origin; head 324, width 124. Snout 134 in 
head; eye 5, 314 in snout, 114 in interorbital; mouth width 2 in head, 
little arched, long labial folds around each angle; teeth in about 40 
rows above, 38 rows below, tricuspid, upper slightly larger, all with 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 55 


median cusp largest; nostrils long as eye, slightly less than inter- 
narial, which 214 in mouth width or 224 in preoral length which 124 
in head; interorbital 3, broad, little convex. Gill openings small, 
subequal, last little shorter than fourth, last 2 above pectoral base. 
Spiracle close behind eye. 
Scales minute, tridentate, and tricarinate, median point longest. 
First dorsal base over front of anal, origin little nearer caudal tip 
than snout tip, fin length 27% in head; second dorsal origin over last 
24 in ventral base, fin length 214 in head; anal 11%, height about 
1% its length; caudal 214 in rest of body, subcaudal height 41% in its 
length; pectoral 114 in head, width 114 its length, which reaches 134 
to ventrals; ventral 1% in head. 
Uniform brown. Inside mouth and gill openings blackish. 
U.S.N.M. No. 98185. D. 5587. Sipadan Island (W.), S. 12° E., 3.8 miles (lat. 
4° 10’ 35” N., long. 118° 387’ 12’’ E.), vicinity Sibuko Bay, Borneo. Alba- 
tross collection No. 10287. Length, 267 mm. ‘Type. 





Ficure 4.—Pentanchus herklotsi Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 93184). 


Differs from Scyliorhinus macrorhynchus Tanaka in the eye with 
its front edge nearer the pectoral origin than the snout tip, base of 
first dorsal entirely behind ventral, second dorsal greatly larger than 
first and caudal little over 24 total length. It differs from Scylior- 
hinus platyrhynchus 'Tanaka in that the front edge of the eye is 
little nearer pectoral origin than snout tip and second dorsal base 
much larger than first dorsal base. 


PENTANCHUS HERKLOTSI Fowler 
FIGURE 4 


Pentanchus herklotsi Fowtrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 238, 
fig. 3, 1934 (type locality: Station D. 5424. Jolo Sea).—Roxas and Martin, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 12, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 124. Snout 134 in 
head; eye 534, 324 in snout, 214 in interorbital; dentary width 1% 
in head, with long labial folds along each mouth angle; teeth in 38 
rows above, 36 below, each tooth large erect slender pointed median 
cusp, above medially with smaller basal cusp each side and toward 

156861—41——5 


56 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


corners of mouth 2 smaller basal cusps each side, most all lower teeth 
with 2 basal small cusps each side; nostrils oblique, longer than eye, 
internarial greater than either nostril or 2 in mouth width or 234 in 
preoral length, which 1%4 in head; interorbital 234, broadly (dam- 
aged) and slightly convex. Last gill opening largest, last 2 over 
pectoral base. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 

Scales very minute, tridentate, points all slender, median longest, 
each smaller lateral well free. 

First dorsal origin little before ventral base, fin length 244 in 
head; second dorsal origin slightly behind middle in anal base, fin 
length 21% in head; anal length about equals head, height about 334 
in base length; subcaudal length equals 184 head lengths, depth about 
¥, its length; pectoral width 114 its length, which 124 in head; 
ventral 124. 

Uniform brown. Inside mouth and gill openings black. 

Approaches Scyliorhinus indicus Brauer, differing in that the inter- 
narial is greater than the eye, pectorals much greater than postocular 
region to last gill opening, middle of ventrals falls at first 24 of total 
length, origin of first dorsal well before middle in total length and 
long caudal more than 1% total length. 

U.S.N.M., No. 98134, D. 5424, Cagayan Island (S.), S. 11° W., 3.4 miles (lat. 


9° 37’ 05’’ N., long. 121° 12’ 37’ B.), Jolo Sea. March 31, 1909. Albatross 
collection No. 10261. Length, 312 mm. Type. 


Subgenus PENTANCHUS Smith and Radcliffe 


Nasal valves with at least small cirrus anteriorly. 
PENTANCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS (Tanaka) 

Scyliorhinus macrorhynchus TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 27, p. 1, 
1909 (type locality: Misaki, Sagami). 

Scylliorhinus macrorhynchus IzuKA and MatsuuRA, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 
(Vertebrata), p. 190, 1920 (Misaki). 

Apristurus macrorhynchus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 36, p. 97, 1913 
(Misaki).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 1930 
(reference).—J. ScHMIpT, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 
630, 1930 (Misaki).—J. Scumupr, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8S. 8. R., 
vol. 11, p. 5, 1931 (Misaki).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 10, 1983. 

Depth 924 to subcaudal origin, body elevated, rather slender; head 

4, depressed. Snout 13 in head, long, acutely pointed, rather rounded 
as seen above; eye 524, lateral, elevated; mouth width 214, large, 
moderately curved, lower labial fold little less than half space to 
symphysis and upper labial fold 114 times long as lower; preoral 
length slightly less than 2 in head; teeth tricuspid, median cusp 
largest, subequal; internarial 6, each valve with anterior cirrus; 
interorbital 224, gently convex. Gill openings small, median longest, 
last 2 closer and last above pectoral base. Spiracle very small, sub- 
circular, directly behind eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 57 


Scales tricuspid, small, finely velvety to touch and slightly enlarged 
on caudal peduncle. 

Dorsals subequal, small, slender, oblong, base length of first 354 in 
head; hind basal end of second dorsal before hind anal base by space 
24 eye diameter; interdorsal space slightly less than snout length; 
anal base 114 in head, continuous with caudal but with deep notch 
extending almost to fin base; caudal rather long, subcaudal little 
elevated anteriorly, without terminal notch; pectoral moderate, not 
reaching ventral by space equal to postocular; ventrals separate, 
origin slightly nearer anal origin than last gill opening. 

Dark gray, paler beneath. Inside mouth, gill openings, and nasal 
valves blackish. Each fin with blackish anterior and whitish pos- 
terior edge. Length, 470mm. (Tanaka.) 





Ficurn 5.—Pentanchus platyrhynchus (Tanaka): U.S.N.M. No. 22623, from Japan. 


Sagami Sea, Japan. Schmidt’s description differs from the above, 
as he says “length of head 3, 7 in the width, 7.1 length of body to 
root of lower lobe of the caudal fin.” His specimen 492 mm. 


PENTANCHUS PLATYRHYNCHUS (Tanaka) 
FIGURE 5 


Scyliorhinus platyrhynchus TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 27, p. 4, 
1909 (type locality: Misaki, Sagami). 

Apristurus platyrhynchus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 98, 1913 
(Japan).—JorDAN and Husss, Mem, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 99, 
1925 (Sagami).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 
1930 (reference). 

?Pentanchus sp. JoRDAN and Hugss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 100, 1925 
(mounted specimen in Yamado Museum). 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 344, width 144. Snout 134 in 
head, long, depressed, spatulate; eye 614, 334 in snout, 234 in interor- 
bital; dentary width 234 in head, with long labial folds around each 
mouth angle; teeth in 48 rows above, 36 rows below, upper tricuspid, 
lower quincuspid; nostrils not quite long as eye, internarial behind 
middle in preoral length, 4%% in preoral length, which 144 in head; 
interorbital 8, broadly convex. Third gill opening largest, fourth 


58 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


and fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle small, porelike, close behind 
eye. 

Scales very minute, tridentate, with median keel. 

First dorsal origin close behind ventral base, length 234 in head; 
second dorsal origin opposite middle in anal base, length 214 in 
head; anal equals head, height 4 in its base; subcaudal long as head 
to last gill opening, height of fin 484 in its length; pectoral width 
114 in its length, which 124 in head; ventral 114. 

Uniform dark brown, slightly paler on belly and under surface of 
head. Inside mouth and gill openings blackish brown. 

Japan. The specimen described above was presented to the Na- 
tional Museum in 1878, many years before the species was described 
by Tanaka. Tanaka’s account is as follows: 

Depth 824 to subcaudal origin; head 434. Snout trifle less than 
2 in head, pointed, broadly curved; eye 514, lateral, elevated, mid- 
way between snout tip and fourth gill opening; mouth moderately 
curved, upper labial folds slightly less than halfway to hind end of 
front nasal valve, lower labial fold 24 to symphysis; teeth tricuspid, 
median cusp largest, rather wide set; front nasal valves well sep- 
arated from each other and from mouth, with cirrus anteriorly; 
interorbital very broad, gently convex. Gill openings small, sub- 
equal, equidistant, last above pectoral base. Spiracle small, circular, 
just behind eye. 

Scales very small, very finely velvety to touch, scarcely enlarged 
on caudal peduncle and not forming distinct ridge. 

First dorsal small, inserted slightly before anal origin; second 
dorsal inserted above end of first 34 of anal base, its base 24 that 
of first dorsal; anal long, highest forward, continuous with lower 
caudal lobe but with deep notch to fin base; caudal not turned up- 
ward, lower lobe continuous with lower part of upper lobe with 
slight notch, base length of former 4 times long as that of latter; 
pectoral rather large, not reaching ventral, hind edge nearly straight; 
ventrals separate, extend little over halfway to anal. 

Blackish brown, paler beneath. Hind edges of all fins, edges of 
gill openings, and inside mouth black. Length, 800 mm. 


U.S.N.M. no. 22632. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 657 mm. 
PENTANCHUS PROFUNDICOLUS Smith and Radcliffe 


Pentanchus profundicolus SmMitH and RapctirFe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 
p. 490, fig., pl. 42, 1912 (type locality: Mindanao Sea).—Garman, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 95, 1918 (note) —HeErre, Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 26, no. 1, p. 127, 1925 (compiled) —Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 12, 1987 (reference). 

Pentachus profundicolus Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 486, 1930 (type). (Error.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 59 


Depth 5 to subcaudal origin; head 324, width 1%. Snout 2 in 
head, long, depressed, pointed or rather narrowly triangular as seen 
from above; eye 634, 334 in snout, 114 in interorbital; dentary width 
224 in head, with long labial folds around each mouth angle; teeth 
in about 44 rows above, 40 rows below, all more or less quincuspid, 
some median upper tricuspid; nostrils little shorter than eye, inter- 
narial within last third of preoral length, 3 in preoral length, which 
2 in head; interorbital 4, broadly convex. Fourth gill opening 
largest, fourth and fifth over pectoral base. 

Scales very minute, tridentate, with median keel and median 
denticle longest. 

Single dorsal begins little behind middle of anal base, fin length 
1%o in head; anal about 114, height 414 in its base; caudal 214 in 
rest of body; subcaudal 114 in caudal length, height 544; pectoral 
134 in head, width 114 in its length, nearly reaches ventral; ventral 
21%, in head, claspers with modified bony spur projecting forward 
from inner edge, both claspers extending beyond depressed ventrals. 

Uniform dark brown, fins slightly deeper colored. Inside mouth 
dark like general body color. 

Known only from the type. 

U.S.N.M. no. 70260. Mindanao Sea, station 5486. Albatross collection. Length, 

500 mm. Male. Type. 


PENTANCHUS SALDANHA (Barnard) 


Scylliorhinus saldanha Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 
44, 1925 (type locality: off Saldanha Bay, in 500 fathoms). 

Scyliorhinus (Apristurus) saldanha NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 86, 1935 
(lat. 34°8’ S., long. 17°17'33’’, in 4027-548 m.). 

Head (measured to last gill opening) 5 in total length, 214 to vent. 
Eye (not orbit as indicated by scaleless skin) 714 in head (measured 
to last gill opening), 3 in snout, 2 in interorbital; lower labial fold 
extends halfway to mandibular symphysis, upper labial fold halfway 
to nasal cavity; teeth tridentate, only 1 lateral cusp each side of 
median; nostril equals eye, with only indication of cirrus opposite 
cirrus on front flap, which not confluent with its fellow. 

Scales ovoid, tricarinate, median keel ending in point, later ones 
ending in obscure points. Conspicuous patches of mucous pores on 
upper and lower surfaces of snout, especially in middle line and 
below eyes. 

First dorsal inserted above vent, slightly smaller than second; 
basal end of second dorsal opposite basal anal end; fin base equals 
space between hind basal pectoral end and ventral origin; interdorsal 
space equals space between snout tip and spiracle; anal origin slightly 
behind basal end of first dorsal, distant from vent space equal to snout 
length; ends of pectorals separated from ventral origins by space 


60 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


equal to snout length or ventral base length. Claspers reach anal 
origin. 

Slate gray, smooth skin at pectoral bases, etc., blackish brown. 
Pupil pale translucent green. Length, 810 mm. (Barnard.) 

Off South Africa. 


Subgenus APRISTURUS Garman 


Nasal valves each with anterior and posterior nasal cirrus. First 
dorsal inserted before midlength, smaller than second dorsal. 


PENTANCHUS INDICUS (Brauer) 


Scylliorhinus indicus BraurErR, Deutsch. Tiefsee Exped. Valdivia, vol. 5, Tief- 
see-fische, p. 8, pl. 14, fig. 1, 1906 (type locality : Lat. 2°58’8’’ N., long. 47°6’1’’ 
E., in 1,289 meters, off Hast Africa; lat. 18°1’ N., long. 47°10’19’’ H., in 
1,840 meters, Gulf of Aden).—Lioyp, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 1139, 
1909 (Gulf of Oman). 

Scyliorhinus indicus Reagan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 459, 1908 


(copied). 
Apristurus indicus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 87, 1913 
(compiled). 


Depth 51% to subcaudal origin; head 3, width 1% 9 (as measured to 
last gill opening). Snout 184 (head measured to first gill opening), 
spatulate, broadly rounded in front; eye 714, 4 in snout, given as 1% 5 
in interorbital though figure appears to show little over 2; labial 
fold halfway in jaw; teeth moderately large, 5 pointed with lateral 
points smaller than median; internasal equals orbit, space between 
hind nasal edge and mouth 1% orbit; cirrus on anterior and posterior 
nasal flap. Last 2 gill openings above pectoral base. Spiracle close 
behind eye edge, lower edge apparently little lower than lower eye 
edge. 

Scales tricuspid. 

First dorsal inserted little before midlength (on figure), length 
of front edge 214 in head; second dorsal inserted above middle of 
anal base, front edge 17%; anal length 124; caudal 21% in rest of body, 
subcaudal little lower than anal, notched little before last fourth; 
pectoral 134 in head, width 1% its length; ventral 134 in head. 

Brownish black. Eye greenish. Length, 1382 to 336 mm. 
(Brauer. ) 

Indian Ocean off Kast Africa and Gulf of Aden. 


PENTANCHUS SIBOGAE (Weber) 


Scyliorhinus sibogde WerBrEr, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 595, 1918 (type 
locality : Makassar Straits, in 655 nyeters). 

Apristurus sibogae Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 485, 
1930 (reference). 


Depth 11 in total length; head (measured to last gill opening) 
414, depressed, width 174). Snout 2 in head (measured to last gill 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 6] 


opening), spatulate; eye 7, 3349 in snout, 134 in interorbital; lower 
labial fold extends halfway to symphysis; teeth tridentate, moderately 
large, laterals pointed, in upper jaw smaller than median, in 4 rows; 
nasal valves not separate, anteriorly and posteriorly each with cirrus; 
internarial space greater than eye, space between hind nostril edge 
and upper jaw 34 eye. Last 2 gill openings above pectoral base. 
Spiracle half below and behind eye, smaller than pupil. 

Scales tricarinate. 

Dorsals small, first begins little behind vent, second larger and ends 
over second 24 of anal base; anal broad, begins shortly behind ventral 
base or little behind first dorsal origin, ending opposite hind basal 
end of second dorsal, base nearly equals head length to first gill 
opening; subcaudal anteriorly high as anal; pectoral broad, foliate, 
nearly equals head without snout; ventral inserted before middle of 
body, foliate, smaller than anal, base less than snout length. Vent 
behind ends of ventrals and before midlength. 

Dull reddish white. Length, 228 mm. (Weber.) 

Makassar Straits, Celebes. 


PENTANCHUS MICROPS (Gilchrist) 
Scyliorhinus microps GILCHRIST, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, pt. 3, p. 46, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1922 (type locality: Off Table Bay, in 790 
fathoms). 
Scylliorhinus microps BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 41, 
1925 (type). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 31%. Snout 134 in head, 
flattened; eye 614, 314 in snout; preoral length 134 in head; lower 
labial fold reaches half way to symphysis of mandible; interorbital 
little elevated. Guill openings apparently subequal, equidistant, last 
2 above pectoral base (Gilchrist wrongly says above basis of ventral). 
Spiracle close behind eye, lower edge slightly below lower eye edge, 
length 14 orbital diameter. 

Scales not noticed. 

First dorsal along front edge 2149 in head, inserted slightly behind 
veut, ends over front end of anal base; front edge of second dorsal 
1%, origin over middle of anal; caudal length 144 in rest of body, 
subcaudal deepest anteriorly though slightly lower than anal, and 
notched about last fifth; pectoral 134 in head; ventral 214. 

Uniform dark, lighter above, black with tinge of purple below. 
Length, not given. (Gilchrist.) 

South Africa. 


Genus ATELOMYCTERUS Garman 


Atelomycterus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 100, 1913. (Type, 
Scyllium marmoratum Bennett, monotypic.) 

Ateleomycterus FowLeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17,1928. (Type, Scyllium 
marmoratum Bennett.) (Hrror.) 


62 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body elongate, slender, body cavity short, tail longer. Eye large, 
orbit long; lower lid well differentiated, upper edge closing inside 
upper lid, with fold and apparently translucent or semitranslucent. 
Mouth angles with long labial folds, jaws strong. Teeth small, tri- 
cuspid, median cusp longest. Nostrils nearly midway in preoral 
length, with rudimentary groove to mouth, without cirri; front valves 
reaching mouth in rounded lobes, separated by median attachment 
in front of symphysis of jaws; no posterior valves. Gill openings 
moderate, last above pectorals. Spiracle small, close to eye. Dorsals 
larger than anal, origin of first dorsal above ventrals. Hind angles 
of dorsals and anals extended. Anal short. Subcaudal narrow, with 
prominent lobe. Pectorals small, rounded. 





FIGURE 6.—Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett): Variation of color pattern. 


ATELOMYCTERUS MARMORATUS (Bennett) 
FIGURE 6 


Scyllium marmoratum Bennett, Life of Raffles, p. 698, 1830 (type locality: 
Sumatra).—ANpDREW SmiTH, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1837, p. 85 (refer- 
ence).—GtNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 400, 1870 (Singapore ; 
Sumatra, East Indies, India, type of Scyllium maculatum Gray ).—BLEEKER, 
Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 115, 1874 (Chinese drawing).— 
MartTENsS, Preuss. Exped. Ost Asien, p. 409, 1876 (Singapore).—Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 724, pl. 190, fig. 2, 1878 (Hardwicke’s example.)— 
Meyer, Anal. Soe. Wspafi. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Manado, 
Celebes, Macassar).—Day, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 31, fig. 11, 1889.— 
Purra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 616, 1895 (Manila, Luzon).—DuUNKER, 
Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 192, 1904 (locality?) —Vorz, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 238, 1907 (Sumatra?).—Tirant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 65, 1929 (Phuroc-bai). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 63 


Scylliorhinus marmoratus STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wein, vol. 11, p. 227, 
1896 (Bangkok).—WersER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 595, 1918 (Sapeh 
Strait, Sulu, Saleyer). 

Scyliorhinus marmoratus RreGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 462, 
1908 (India, Malay Archipelago, type of Scyllium maculatum Gray). 

Atelomycterus marmoratus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 100, 1913 
(India, Malay Archipelago).—HErRE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, No. 1, 
p. 123, 1925 (Sitanki; Dicuayan).—McCvuttocn, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 
5, pt. 1, p. 9, 1929 (North Australia) —Fow.trer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, 
p. 80, fig. 8, 1980 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
486, 1930 (reference).—CHEvEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 5, 
1932 (Indochina).—WHITteEyY, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 322, pl. 38, fig. 
la-e, 1982 (Port Darwin).—HeErRE, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, 
No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 10, 
1934 (Dumaguete; Linapacan; Siasi; Sitanki)——-WuHiTrLtey, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr, Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 11, 19387 (reference). 

Ateleomycterus marmoratus FowLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 
(compiled) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 6, 1988 (reference) (error). 

Scyllium maculatum (not Schneider) Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, 
vol. 1, pl. 98, fig. 1, 1882 (India).—MULLER and HENL», Syst. Beschr. Plagio- 
stomen, p. 5, pl. 7, 1841 (Indian Ocean).—RicHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 
Adv. Sci. for 1845, 15th meeting, p. 198, 1846 (China Sea; Canton) .—Can- 
tor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1373, 1849 (Singapore, Indian 
Ocean, China Sea, Canton).—BLEEKEr, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland Indié, vol. 
3, p. 740, 1852 (Macassar; as a new species); Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 16, 1852 (Batavia) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 6, p. 314, 1854 (Larantuka, Flores); vol. 8, p. 344, 1855 (Duizend 
Islands) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo.-Néerl., vol. 1, no. 3, p. 8, 1856 (Macassar) ; 
vol. 1, no. 5, p. 8, 1856 (Amboina) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland, Indié, vol. 15, p. 
221 (Biliton), p. 243 (Singapore), 1858; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerl., vol. 6, no. 
2, p. 38 (Doreh, New Guinea); (Sumatra), p. 12 (Benculen) 1859; Nat 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, p. 331, 1859-60 (Amboina); vol. 22, 
p. 110, 1860 (Buru) ; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, p. 20, 
1863 (Hitu, Amboina) ; Nederland, Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 151 (Batjan), 
p. 264 (Atapupu, Timor), 1863—Dumé&ru, Hist Nat. Elasmobr, vol. 1, p. 
3819, 1865 (Seas Indian Archipelago, Amboina, Batavia).—KNer, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 412, 1865 (Java, Singapore).—Enrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 
vol. 1, p. 616, 1895 (Cavite, Luzon). 

Scyllium ornatum Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 1, pl. 98, fig. 2, 
1832 (type locality: China).—JouaNn, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, ser. 
2, vol. 3, p. 276, 1868 (Hongkong). 

Scyllium pardus (Temminck) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 5, 1841 (nanre in synonymy). 

Depth 734 to subcaudal origin; head 534, width slightly less than 
length. Snout 224 in head; eye 524, 214 in snout; mouth width 214, 
mouth length 234 its width; long labial folds around mouth angles; 
nostrils small, midway in preoral, front valves reach mouth in 
rounded lobes and separated by broad median attachment; inter- 
orbital convex. Gill openings small, equidistant, last 2 above pec- 
toral base. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 


64 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales small, sharp, with strong median cusp and rudimentary 
lateral cusps. 

First dorsal inserted above middle of ventral, front edge 114 in 
head; second dorsal inserted above forward half of anal, front edge 
114 in head; anal smaller than second dorsal, front edge 184 in head; 
caudal 314 in rest of body, subcaudal little lower than anal; pectoral 
124 in head, width 144 its length; ventral 114; clasper rather long, 
slender, styliform. 

Light brownish. Young with about 12 transverse bands of brown 
on back, separated by pairs of white spots or light blotches. Fins 
with dark brown blotches and white ends. Lower surfaces whitish. 
With age more irregularly spotted and blotched with brown, less 
banded, white spots retained as brown edged ocelli. Males, 478 mm.; 
females, 503 mm. (Day, Garman.) 

India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East Indies, Siam, Philippines, 
Indo-China, China. From Philippine waters previously known only 
from Elera’s references. 

A432.  Jolo, in lobster pots. March 6, 1908. Length, 455 mm. 


A4895. Siasi Island market. February 17, 1908. Length, 605 mm. 
Ai415, Makassar market, Celebes. December 22, 1909. Length, 695 mm. 


Genus HAPLOBLEPHARUS Garman 


Haploblepharus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 101, 1913. (Type, 
Scyllium edwardsti Cuvier, monotypic. ) 

Body short, caudal portion larger. Head broad, depressed. 
Snout short, rather pointed. Eye moderate, orbit elongate, lower 
lid not attached within upper lid, but closing against it, without 
fold. Mouth moderate, with strong labial fold around angles. 
Teeth minute, numerous, each with strong median and weaker lat- 
eral cusps. Nostrils nearer mouth than snout end, with nasoral 
grooves, without cirri, without posterior valves; anterior valves 
reach mouth in wide angular flap, forming broad lip narrowly at- 
tached in middle. Guill openings moderate, last narrow and above 
pectoral. Spiracle small, close to eye. Hind angles of dorsals and 
anal not produced. Subcaudal small, without prominent lobe. 


HAPLOBLEPHARUS EDWARDSII (Miller and Henle) 


Seyllium edwardsii (Cuvier) ANDREW SmiTH, Proc. Zool., Soc. London, 1887, 
p. 85 (name only).—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 4, 
pl. 1, 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—Gray, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., p. 28, 1851 (Cape of Good Hope).—Dumernrin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 819, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—Gtnruemr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 401, 1870 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Scyliorhinus edwardsii ReGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 463, 1908 
(South Africa) ; Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 241, 1908 (Bird Island) .— 
CLARKE, Rep. Sci. Res. Scotia, Scot. Nat. Antarct. Exped., vol. 4, p. 394, 1915 
(Houties Bay and off Salamander Point; entrance Saldanha Bay). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 65 


Scylliorhinus edwardsii GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 283, 1916 (references).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 41, 1925 (Saldanha, Table and False Bays, Agulhas Bank). 

Haploblepharus edwardsti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 102, 
1913 (South Africa). 

Scyllium pictum MULiLeR and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, pp. 4, 189, 
1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope). 

Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 7, rather broad, depressed. 
Snout 224 in head; orbit 5, 2144 in snout, narrowly elongate; preoral 
length half mouth width; mouth length 14 its width, with moderate 
labial folds around angles; teeth tricuspid, median cusp twice long 
as outer; nostrils small, nearer mouth than snout tip, nasoral groove 
deep to mouth; front nasal valves without cirri, reach mouth, form 
broad angular lip with narrow median presymphyseal attachment; 
interorbital level. Gill openings equidistant. 

Scales tricarinate, with strong median cusp and short lateral cusp 
each side. 

First dorsal origin behind basal ventral end, front edge 114 in 
head; second dorsal origin opposite hind basal anal edge, front edge 
114 in head; anal length 1, front edge 134; caudal 344 in rest of body, 
subeaudal trifle lower than anal, notch little before last fourth in 
caudal length; pectoral long as head, reaches slightly over halfway 
to ventral, width 134 its length; ventral length nearly equals head; 
claspers attenuate. 

Light yellowish brown, with broad, irregular, transverse darker 
bands on back, small brown reticulations or small yellowish spots 
on back and fins. Band crosses hind part of orbit, another last gill 
slit, third at pectoral ends, one through each dorsal and caudal 
peduncle. Below lighter, uniform. Length, 484 mm. (Miiller and 
Henle; Garman.) 

South Africa. Barnard gives its length up to 520 mm. 


Genus PROSCYLLIUM Hilgendorf 


Proscyllium Hiteenporr, Sitz. Ber. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1904, p. 389. (Type, 
Scyllium habereri Hilgendorf, monotypic. ) 

Head elongate. Snout long. Mouth large. Front nasal valves 
separate from one another and from mouth. Dorsals small, inner 
angle produced, first dorsal in part forward of ventrals. Anal long, 
remote from subcaudal. Pectorals small. 

An imperfectly known genus, thought by Garman to approach 
Galeus rather than Scyliorhinus. 


PROSCYLLIUM HABERERI (Hilgendorf) 


Scyllium habereri Hiteenporr, Sitz. Ber. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1904, p. 39 
(type locality: Takao, Formosa), 


66 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Proscyllium habereri GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 103, 1918 
(Takao).—J. ScHmiIpT, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. U. 8. S. R., 19380, p. 627, 
figs. 1-2 (type; Japan); Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8S. S. R., vol. 
11, p. 4, 1931 (Kagoshima). 

Proscyllium haberi JonpDAN, TANAKA, and SnyberR, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, 
vol. 33, p. 8, 1918 (Kagoshima; Formosa). (Hrror.) 

Poroscyllium habereri Fow rer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
486, 1930 (reference) (error). 

Depth 834 to subcaudal origin; head 6, width 1144. Snout 114 in 
head; eye 4, 17% in snout, without nictitating membrane; mouth 
width 2 in head, length 14 its width, labial folds very short, rudi- 
mentary, only at mouth angles; preoral 244 in head; teeth tricuspid, 
symmetrical, median cusp strongest, sometimes with 2 more cusps, 
all nearly same size, 28 rows above; nostrils slightly oblique, inter- 
narial slightly less than hind border of each valve; interorbital 
moderately equidistant, last smallest and above pectoral base. 

Scales very small, tricuspid, with short median spines. 

First dorsal entirely before ventrals, front edge 114 in head, 
second dorsal origin little behind anal origin, front edge 1% in 
head; anal length 27; pectoral 114, width about 14 length which 
not quite to first dorsal origin or little less than half way to ventral 
origin; ventral length 124 in head; caudal 41% in rest. of body, sub- 
caudal little deeper than anal, front edge 21% in head, notch at last 
third. 

Gray-brown, yellowish on belly. Distinct brown crossbands on 
upper side, each spotted with 8 to 5 rows of round dark brown 
spots and interchanging with lighter bands having less spots and 
more narrow; first dark band between eyes, 5 behind eyes to first 
dorsal, 4 between dorsals, 1 below second dorsal and 2 on caudal. 
Some more diffuse dark spots on lower parts of sides. Snout, both 
dorsals, pectorals and caudal above with round dark spots. Under 
surface immaculate. Length, 670 mm. (J. Schmidt.) 

Formosa, Japan. 


Family ORECTOLOBIDAE 


Body short, partly cylindrical to moderate and depressed. Tail 
long and slender with short caudals to rather short with long caudals. 
Head narrow. Snout very short to wide. Eyes small, without nicti- 
tating membrane. Mouth transverse, with labial folds around angles 
on both jaws. Teeth compressed, with or without lateral cusps at 
each side of median. Nostrils with nasoral grooves and cirri on 
anterior nasal valves. Gill openings small to moderate, last 2 or 8 
above pectoral. Spiracle minute and behind eye to large and more 
or less below eye. Fins short and broad, except caudal, which often 
narrow and not lobed. No fin spines. No caudal pits, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 67 


A large family of oviparous or viviparous sharks, variously pe- 
lagic, some bathypelagic or littoral. Their food is largely marine bot- 
tom dwelling animals, especially invertebrates and fishes. Most are 
of small size in the Indo-Pacific, a few in the Atlantic. Several 
reach upward of 12 or more feet. Several features of divergence in 
adaptation are noteworthy. Thus the nurse sharks (Ginglymos- 
toma) like other pelagic forms are of nearly uniform coloration. 
The wobbegongs (Orectolobus) are bottom forms variously mottled 
and many with skinny flaps, living among weeds and rocks, some- 
what suggestive of the so-called angel sharks (Squatina). Other 
forms, as species of Stegostoma and Hemiscyllium, are brilliantly 
contrasted when young, though they become more subdued or uni- 
form with age. Tropical littoral forms (Hemiscyllium, Brachae- 
lurus, Chiloscyllium, Stegostoma) are strikingly barred, spotted, or 
variably marked, often in great contrast. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a. Spiracles very small; anal distinct or well separated from caudal, opposite 
or before second dorsal. 
b. NEBRIINAE. Gill openings subequal; second dorsal origin above or before 
S1Td Ei ene eee ass ee Rea nA OC Pe Oe a Ge aes DoS ect eee Aman ee Nebrius 
b*, PARASCYLLIINAE. Last gill opening largest; second dorsal origin behind 
anal origin or even behind anal base. 
c. Short barbel on throat; second dorsal over last half of anal length. 
Cirrhoscyllium 
ec’. Throat without barbel; second dorsal behind anal________ Parascyllium 
a’, Spiracles large; anal close to subcaudal or only separated by narrow notch, 
behind second dorsal. 
ad’. Spiracle below level of eye; caudal usually short, not over 1% total 
length. 
e’, HEMISCYLLIINAE. Teeth similar, small, tricuspid, arranged in many 
series; head without dermal lobes. 
f'. Tail short, not over 144 longer than combined head and trunk; 


OVOVEVIDATOUS 22 ners oe ee ees Brachaelurus 
f?. Tail long, not less than 1% longer than combined head and trunk; 
OVIPATOUSHOS fe fare Sener ee we ee ee eer Hemiscyllium 


e*. ORECTOLOBINAE. Teeth unlike in jaws, in front long, slender, and 
smooth, laterals small, tricuspid and in few series; sides of head 
and snout with more or less interrupted rows of dermal flaps; 
OVOVLVA DOT OUS ee ee en ee ee ES ee Orectolobus 

d°*. STEGOSTOMINAE., Spiracle behind eye; caudal 14 or even slightly over 
% total length; coloration variegated, young with contrasted numer- 
OWS DiACksuCLoss man GS aes oe ees ee eS Stegostoma 


Genus NEBRIUS Riippell 


Nebrius Rtprett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 62, 1885. (Type, Nebrius concolor 
Riippell, monotypic.) (Nebria Latreille and Nebris Cuvier not involved.) 
Ginglymostoma MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 118. 
(Type, Squalus cirratus Gmelin, Arch, Naturg., 1837, p. 396: Designated 

by Hay, U. S. Geol. Sury. Bull. 179, p. 310, 1902. ) 


68 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Ginglimostoma AGAssiz, Poiss, fossiles, vol. 3, p. 85,1838. (Type Squalus cirratus 
Gmelin. ) 

Plicodus WINKLER, Arch. Mus. Teyler, vol. 3, p. 301, 1874. (Type, Plicodus 
thielensis Winkler, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Acrodobatis LEtpy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 8, p. 250, 
1877. (Type, Acrodobatis serra Leidy, designated by Hay, U. 8S. Geol. Sury. 
Bull. 179, p. 310, 1902.) (Fossil.) 

Acrodontobatis Lrtny, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 8, p. 250, 
1877. (Type, Acrodobatis serra Leidy.) (Fossil.) 

Nebrodes GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 56, 1913. (Type, Nebrius 
concolor Riippell.) 


Body moderate, depressed and broadened forward, compressed 
posteriorly. Head broad. Snout short, obtuse. Eyes small, with- 
out fold. Mouth wide, little curved, inferior. Teeth small, com- 
pressed, cusps 3 to 5 or more, often strong sharp median cusp at 
each side of which pair of denticles, several rows in function. Nos- 
trils near snout end; front nasal valves reach mouth, broadly sepa- 
rated by attachment across symphysis, each with cylindrical cirrus 
at outer edge; hind valve fold on outer side of groove. Gill openings 
moderate, fourth and fifth close together, widest and above pectoral. 
Spiracle minute, at distance behind eye. Dorsals approximated, 
rather large, first above ventrals, larger, second dorsal origin forward 
of anal. Caudal large, subcaudal not lobed. 

Species of tropical seas, pelagic. Some reach a large size, frequent 
shallows, often associating in small schools and found drowsing near 


the surface. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. GINGLYMOSTOMA. ‘Tail moderately iong; teeth mostly tricuspid. 
b*. Angles of fins rounded; pectorals reach less than halfway to ventrals. 
brevicaudatus 
b*. Angles of fins pointed; pectorals reach over halfway to ventrals. 
ferrugineus 
a’. Nesrius. Tail long; teeth multicuspid; angles of fins pointed. 
c’. Ventral length more than half space to anal origin; caudal length more 


Le Faenir ges all fees OS Tyas © Sean 0) © Cys re ASS ne Be ATI a concolor 
c’. Ventral length 21% to anal origin; caudal length more than half rest of 
IS Sy a a NO oS INR I ine ga IL eee eee macrurus 


Subgenus GINGLYMOSTOMA Miiller and Henle 
NEBRIUS BREVICAUDATUS (Giinther) 


Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum GUNTHER, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 141, pl. 21, 1866 
(type locality: Zanzibar) ; Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 408, 1870 (type; 
Seychelles) —RrGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 351 (type; Sey- 
chelles).—GARrMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 55, 1913 (Zanzibar, 
Seychelles, Indian Ocean). 


Depth 81% to subcaudal origin; head 6, width 114. Snout 214 in 


head; eye 20, 8 in snout, 13 in interorbital; mouth wide, labial folds 
crossing half or more of space from angles to symphysis on lower 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 69 


jaw and little less on upper; teeth small, in example 586 mm. long, 
29 rows above, 27 below, several rows functional, usually with strong 
hooked median cusp with denticle each side; nostrils small, front 
valves reaching lip, separated by very broad preoral attachment, 
cirrus half long as valve, hind valve fold on outer side of nasoral 
groove; interorbital 124 in head, nearly level. Last 2 gill openings 
together and close above pectoral base, others equidistant. 

Scales small, with quadrangular exposure, with 3 to 9 scales or 
smooth hinder edges notched by keels or entire. 

First dorsal inserted over middle of ventral base, front edge equals 
head; front edge of second dorsal 114; anal origin opposite first 24 
of second dorsal base, front edge 14% in head; pectoral 214 to ventral 
origin, width 114 its length which equals head; ventral length 114; 
caudal 3 in rest of body, front and subcaudal edge equals head. 

Dark brown above, with minute black dots. Lower surface brown- 
ish white. Length, 635 mm. (Giinther; Garman.) 

Zanzibar, Seychelles. 


NEBRIUS FERRUGINEUS (Lesson) 


Scyllium ferruginewm Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 95, 1880 (type 
locality : Port Praslin, New Ireland; Offack Bay, Waigiu).—BLEEKER, Verh. 
Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 14, 1852 (reference). 

Ginglymostoma ferrugineum REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 351 (com- 
piled).—GARrMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 56, 1918 (India; Hast 
Indies).—Fowrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 18, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1930 (reference) ; Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 314, 1981 (reference).—CHEVvEy, Inst. Oceanogr. Indo 
Chine, 19° note, p. 5, 1932 (Poulo Condore).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 11, no. 6, p. 885, 1984 (Port Moresby, New Guinea) ; List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 6, 1988 (reference). 

Ginglymostoma concolor (not Riippell) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Pla- 
giostomen, p. 22, pl. 6, 1841 (India; Red Sea).—BLEeKeEr, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference).—MArTENS, Preuss. 
Exped. Ost Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Singapore).—Mactray, Proce. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 597, 18838 (New Guinea).—OcILpy, Cat. 
Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 7, 1888 (Purves Sound, Solomons).—Sav- 
VAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference). 

Ginglymostoma miilleri GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 408, 1870 
(type locality: India) (on Miiller and Henle).—KLunziIncrer, Verh. zool.- 
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 670, 1871 (Red Sea). —ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godef- 
froy, no. 6, p. 18, 1877 (Samoa).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 725, 1878 
(India ).—Brusi1na, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 226, 1888 (Red 
Sea).—Day, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 33, 1889—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 487, 1910 (Samoa).—PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 
1912-13, p. E7.—Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note p. 65, 
1929 (Poulo Condar; Cholon). 

Scymnus porosus (Ehrenberg) KLuNzIncER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 670, 1871 (name in synonymy).—HILcENDorRF, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich- 
Ehrenberg, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1899 (type locality: “Mari rubro”). 


70 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 114. Snout 214 in 
head; eye 11, 5 in snout; mouth width, outside labial folds, 214 in 
head; teeth small, with strong median cusp and 3 to 5 smaller lateral 
cusps, several rows in function; front nasal valves reaching mouth, 
cirrus much shorter, hardly half long as valve; interorbital convex. 
Last 2 gill openings together above pectoral base, others equidistant. 

Scales small, with obtuse central keel, hind edge crenulated. 

First dorsal origin opposite ventral origin, front edge 314 in body 
to subeaudal origin; front edge of second dorsal 11% in head; anal 
inserted slightly behind second dorsal, front edge equals head; ven- 
tral length 114; pectoral reaches 114 to ventral, width 1% its length 
which 414 in length to subcaudal origin; caudal 31%, subcaudal front 
edge 124 in head, notch at last sixth in subcaudal. 

Uniform rusty brown. Length, 2593 mm. (Miiller and Henle; 
Garman.) 

Red Sea, Madagascar, India, Singapore, East Indies, Indo-China, 

Melanesia, Polynesia. 


Subgenus NEBRIUS Riippell 
NEBRIUS CONCOLOR Riippell 


Nebrius concolor Ritirprryt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 62, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1835 
(type locality: Massaua).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 
vol. 7, p. 597, 1883 (reference).—OcmtBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 
90, 1918 (Darnley Island); vol. 5, p. 75, 1916 (Darnley Island).—McCutr- 
LocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (ref- 
erence).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1930 
(reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 8, 19388 (reference). 

Ginglymostoma concolor CANTOR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1377, 
1849 (Pinang).—Dumeérin, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 126, 1853 
(compiled).—BLeeKrr, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 344, 1863 
(Madagascar).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 409, 1870 
(Java, Pinang).—KLuNzincErR, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 672, 
1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
7, p. 597, 1888 (Port Moresby, New Guinea).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., 
p. 811, fig., 1888 (Red Sea, India, Malay Archipelago).—Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes 
Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 7, 1888 (Purves Sound, Solomon Islands).— 
Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 226, 1888 (Red Sea).—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 32, fig. 12, 1889 (copied).—ReEcan, 
Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1908, p. 352 (Java; Pinang).—SourHWELL, Ceylon 
Administr. Rep., 1912-18, p. E49.—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, 
p. E15. 

Nebrodes concolor GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 57, 1913 (Red 
Sea to India). 

Ginglymostoma riippellii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 91, 1852 (type locality: Singapore) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland Indié, vol. 3, 
p. (54) 838, 1852 (Singapore).—Dum@&ériL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 334, 
1865 (compiled). 

Nebrodes concolor ogilbyi WutITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 188, 
fig. 1, p. 198 (reference), 1934 (type locality: Darnley Island, Queensland). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 7] 


Depth 544 to subcaudal origin; head 424, width little over half its 
length. Snout 2 in head; eye 12, 5 in snout; preoral length 41% in 
head, little over half mouth width; labial folds well developed, 
widely separated across symphyseal space; teeth multicuspid, cusps 
subequal or graduated to strongest, which not median one; nasal cir- 
rus extends to oral edge of nasal valve; interorbital moderately ele- 
vated. Last 2 gill openings closer, above pectoral, others equidistant. 
Spiracle minute, close behind eye. 

Fins pointed; first dorsal origin opposite ventral origin, fin length 
114 in head, base length greater than interdorsal space; second dor- 
sal length 124 in head; anal length 1%, origin opposite middle of 
second dorsal base; pectoral 114, width 17% its length which half way 
to ventral; ventral length 134 in head; caudal 17% in rest of body, 
front edge of subcaudal 114 in head, notch beyond last eighth its 
length. 

Brownish. Length,700mm. (Regan; Riippell.) 

Red Sea, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, Pinang, Singapore, East 
Indies, Queensland, Melanesia. I am uncertain of Garman’s NVebro- 
des macrurus as a distinct species. The main distinction he gives is 
its greater interdorsal space. Truly, in Riippell’s original figure of 
Nebrius concolor this is shown as not equal to the base length of the 
first dorsal, but then I can not help but suspect this may be an error 
of the artist. This is surely likely if we consider the comparative 
crudeness of Riippell’s figures. In 1888 Day gives a figure, though 
crude in many ways, that is still closer to Garman’s and is especially 
in agreement with its greater extent of the interdorsal space. Regan 
in 1908 in listing an example of 660 mm. from Java and one 700 mm. 
stuffed, from Pinang, gives a description in which he states the base 
length of the first dorsal is greater than the distance from the sec- 
ond. Though Day says the “caudal fin one-third of the total 
length,” he shows it in his figure as 37%. Garman’s reference to 
“Riippell, 1837, Beschr. Chondropt., p. 2, pl. 17, fig. 2” I have not 
seen. Though he gives 1838 for the “Fische des rothen Meeres,” my 
copy is dated 1835. 

NEBRIUS MACRURUS (Garman) 
Nebrodes macrurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 58, pl. 8, figs. 
7-10, 1918 (type locality; Port Louis Harbor, Mauritius). 

Depth 6 to subcaudal origin; head 534. Snout 2 in head, short, 
blunt; eye 1114, 534 in snout; 5 in mouth width; mouth moderate, 
nearly transverse, nearer snout end than eye; labial folds strongly 
developed, widely separated across symphyseal space; teeth in 30 
rows above, 28 below, one transverse series functional, much com- 
pressed, each with low median cusp at each end of which 4 or more 
smaller ones gradually decreasing in size toward outer; nostrils near 

156861—41—6 


Ta BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


snout end, front nasal valve with long cylindrical cirrus and posterior 
valve fold on side of nasoral groove; interorbital well convex. Last 
2 gill openings together, above pectoral, others equidistant. Spiracle 
minute, distant from hind eye edge one eye diameter. 

Scales small, rather smooth to touch, with low median keel, with 
or without smaller lateral keels, larger scales intermixed with 
smaller, hinder edges not crenulate. 

First dorsal origin above first 24 of ventral base, front fin edge 
114 in head; front edge of second dorsal 114; anal origin opposite 
first third of second dorsal base, front edge 114 in head; pectoral 
little longer than head to first gill opening, width 134 its length, 
which reaches 17% to ventral; ventral length 124 in head; caudal 
2149 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 114 in head, notch at last 
sixth. 

Rusty brownish, with sprinkled appearance, from larger whiter 
scales. Length, 788 mm. (Garman.) 

Mauritius. 


Genus CIRRHOSCYLLIUM Smith and Radcliffe 


Cirrhoscyllium SmirH and RapcuirFe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 568, 
19138. (Type, Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Smith and Radcliffe, orthotypic.) 

Zev WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 15, No. 5, p. 290, 1927. (Type, 
Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Smith and Radcliffe, virtually. Zev Whitley 
proposed to replace Cirrhoscyllium Smith and Radcliffe. Cirrhiscyllium 
Ogilby, 1908, not involved.) 

Body very elongate, slightly compressed, abruptly elevated at 
nape, thence tapering regularly to tail. Head wide, depressed. 
Snout flat, tip obtusely rounded. Eye small, lateral, surrounded by 
well developed naked fold, most evident below. Mouth wide, shghtly 
curved, anterior to eye; well developed fold at angle extending to 
symphysis of lower jaw. Teeth conic, with strong lateral cusps in 
both jaws. Nasal valves much convoluted. Pair of widely sep- 
arated skin-covered, threadlike appendages on under side of throat. 
Four front gill slits very narrow, fourth opening on margin of 
anterior wall of fifth which very wide and above pectoral base. 
Spiracles minute, below and slightly behind hind angle of eye. 
Scales elongate, ovate, tricarinate. Dorsals small. Caudal long, sub- 
caudal low. Pectoral short, broad. 


CIRRHOSCYLLIUM EXPOLITUM Smith and Radcliffe 


Cirrhoscyllium expolitum SmirH and RapcriFrFE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, 
p. 568, fig. 1 (dermal denticles), fig. 2 (teeth), pl. 45, 1918 (type locality: 
Lat. 21°33’ N., long. 118°13’ E., in 100 fathoms; China Sea between north- 
ern Luzon and China).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 487, 19830 (reference). 

Chiloscyllium expolitum Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 11, 1987 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 73 


Depth 9 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 124. Snout 21% 
in head, as seen from above rather widely triangular; eye 5, 224 in 
snout, 224 in interorbital, depth 134 its length; dentary width 
344 in head, with deep labial grooves around mouth angle, 
upper short and lower greatly longer or equals separation of folds 
across symphyseal space; teeth in 24 rows in jaws, compressed, tri- 
cuspid, cusps as larger median and small basal one each side, edges 
entire; nostrils about last fourth in preoral space, nasoral groove 
reaching mouth, front valve rounded flap little broader than inter- 
narial space and hind valve with border folded around nostril and 
with small external fleshy point or papilla; interorbital 224, de- 
pressed, scarcely convex. 

Gill openings small, fourth and fifth so close as almost to appear 
as one aperture and with third above level of pectoral base. Spiracle 
close behind and little below lower eye edge. Small barbel long as 
eye opposite hind eye edge each side of pharynx, covered with 
shagreen. 

Scales moderately fine, triangular, each ends in point behind and 
with median keel. 

First dorsal origin well behind ventral base, about midway be- 
tween ventral and anal origins, front edge 11% in head; second dorsal 
origin midway in anal length, front edge 124 in head length; anal 
origin little nearer that of subcaudal than hind basal edge of ventral ; 
subeaudal length greater than head to last gill opening or 1445 in 
caudal length, low or its height 1134 in its length; pectoral width 
124 its length which 114 in head; ventral length 1%. 

Fawn color above, whitish below. Ten ill-defined or obscure 
slightly darker saddles on back. As seen from above pectorals and 
ventrals with narrow whitish edges. 

China Sea. 

U.S.N.M. No. 74603. China Sea, Albatross Station 5310. Length, 332 mm. 

Type. 

as Genus PARASCYLLIUM Gill 


Parascylliium GitL, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 408, 412, 1862. 
(Type, Hemiscyllium variolatum Duméril, orthotypic.) 

Body long, slender, cavity less than half total. Head short. Snout 
short, blunt. Mouth with well-developed lower lip; no genial fold. 
Teeth small, lanceolate, median cusp larger, lateral cusps small or 
absent. Nostrils connected with mouth by nasoral grooves; front 
nasal valve with cirrus, widely separated by preoral attachment. Gill 
openings narrow, fourth and fifth close together above pectoral, fifth 
widest. Spiracle small, below hind part of orbit. Fins all small. 
First dorsal above space between ventrals and anal, second dorsal 
behind anal. Subcaudal short, not lobed. 

Australia, 


74 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. No dark nuchal collar; body with scattered dark or dusky spots, without 
white spots; fins without contrasted large black blotches. 

b*. Fins at least all with few dark spots; dark nuchal collar not contrasted. 

ferrugineum 

b°*. Fins with but few dark spots, none on pectoral; dark nuchal collar well 

contrasted s .% i #24. 4326 AP a ee A Ee PS Sele FANE collare 

a’. Dark nuchal collar closely spotted with white; body clouded with brown and 

white spots; fins with contrasted large black blotches______~~ variolatum, 


PARASCYLLIUM FERRUGINEUM McCulloch 


Parascyllium ferrugineum McCuttocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 7, 
pl. 2, fig. 2, text fig. 2, 1911 (mouth) (type locality: Outside Port Phillip, 
Victoria). —WaItTE and McCuttocu, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 
vol. 39, p. 459, 1915 (Great Australian Bight).—WattTr, Rec. South Aus- 
tralian Mus., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 17, 1921.—Fowterr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1984 (reference). 

Depth 1034 to subcaudal origin; head 7, much depressed. Snout 
21% in head, broadly rounded; eye 514, 2 in snout, with prominent 
fold below; preoral half mouth width, which 1349 in snout; lower 
labial fold half way to symphysis, extends around mouth angle; teeth 
alike in jaws, small, flattened, triangular, acute, rounded projections 
on each side basally but not tricuspid; outer nasal fold with 2 or 3 
small lobes posteriorly, outer longest and pointed; nasal cirrus short, 
thick, reaches lips; interorbital low, fiat, depressed. Gull openings 
graduated larger to last, which 134 in snout and last 2 over pectoral 
base. Spiracle minute, placed half eye diameter behind eye. 

Front edge of first dorsal 114 in head; of second dorsal 114; anal 
length 114; pectoral 1, width 184 its length which reaches 144 to ven- 
tral; ventral length 114 in head; caudal 4% 9 in rest of body, sub- 
caudal deep as anal, with notch little behind last fifth. 

Grayish brown above, with indistinct darker crossbands; first nar- 
row, between eyes, next broader and over gill openings, 2 more before 
first dorsal and one before second dorsal. Entire body with evenly 
spaced large brown spots which darkest on cross bars and become 
elongate on caudal; 3 similar spots each side of nuchal band. Fins 
also with similar spots, most numerous on dorsal. Length, 730 mm. 
(McCulloch. ) 

Victoria. According to McCulloch differs in its broader head, 
more rounded snout, larger fins, and different coloration. 


PARASCYLLIUM COLLARE Ramsay and Ogilby 


Parascyllium collare RAMSAY and OaILBYy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1810, 1888 (type locality: in deep water off Port Jackson) .— 
Waltz, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exp., p. 38, 1898 (between Broken Bay and 
off Tuggerah Lakes, New South Wales, in 20 to 50 fathoms) ; Mem. Aus- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 75 


tralian Mus., vol. 4, p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1899 (New South Wales); Rec. 
Australian Mus., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 229, pl. 41, 1906 (Port Kembla and Botany 
Bay); vol. 7, p. 229, 1908 (oviposition).—R«EGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 
1908, p. 849 (Tasmania).—OcILBy and McCuLtocH, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 42, p. 267, 1909 (type; Broken Head, New South 
Wales, in 28 fathoms).—McCutiocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, 
p. 7, 1911 (Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, in 15-45 fathoms).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 67, 1918 (Australia near Port 
Jackson).—McCuLtocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 
17a, 1927.—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 
(reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1934 
(reference). 

Parascyllium variolatum (not Duméril) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8. 
p. 410, 1870 (Tasmania). 


Depth 914 to subcaudal origin; head 814. Snout 224 in head; eye 
5, 2 in snout; lower labial fold extends half way to symphysis; outer 
nasal fold with small, supplementary cirruslike lobe; nasal cirrus 
very short, thick, not reaching mouth; interorbital moderately low, 
broad, flat, little longer than snout. Last gill opening greatly larger 
than others, close to fourth and both above pectoral base. 

Front edge of first dorsal 145 in head; of second dorsal 1; anal 
length 145; pectoral 1, width about half its length which reaches 
2¥5 to ventral; ventral length equals head length little beyond second 
gill opening; caudal 334 in rest of body, subcaudal little deeper than 
anal, with notch little before last fourth. 

Light brown above, with broad dark brown nuchal collar, widest 
above extending from behind eyes to pectoral origin. Tip of snout 
and 2 small areas below eyes somewhat dark colored. Body with 
scattered darker spots, some very large and ill defined tend to form 
cross bars. Front part of tail with similar markings, posteriorly 
smaller spots absent and cross bands more distinct. Vertical fins 
and ventrals with some ill-defined spots but pectorals uniform. 
Length, 765 mm. (Ogilby and McCulloch.) 

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. 


PARASCYLLIUM VARIOLATUM (Dumeéril) 


Hemiscyllium variolatum DuM#érIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 121, pl. 3, 
fig. 1, 1853 (type locality: Tasmania) ; Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, Dp. 327, 
1865 (type). 

Parascyllium variolatum GILL, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 413, 
1862 (reference).—GUnTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 410, 1870 
(Tasmania).—Btieeker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 115, 1874 
(Chinese drawing ).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 
362, 1881 (Tasmania).—OcILBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 7, 
1888 (Hobart, Tasmania).—REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 349 
(compiled ).—Octrpy and McCutxocu, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soe. New South 
Wales, vol. 42, p. 269, 1909 (cotype of Parascyllium nuchale McCoy from 
Port Phillip).—McCuttocu, Zool. Res, Endeavour, vol, 1, pt. 1, p. 7, pl. 2, 


76 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


fig. 1, 1911 (off Port Phillip Heads).—GArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 
36, p. 67, 1913 (Australia).—WartTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, no. 
1, p. 17, fig. 8, 1921—FowLrer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 34, fig. 7, 1930 
(Bleeker’s record) ; Proc. 4th. (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 
(reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 
(reference). 

Parascyllium nuchalis McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 15, pl. 2, 
1874 (type locality: Hobsons Bay near Melbourne). 

Parascyllium nuchale MAcLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, 
p. 362, 1881 (Port Phillip).—Ocrpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 8, 1888 (Port Phillip).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, 
pp. 44, 1890 (reference). 

Depth 1014 to subcaudal origin; head 8. Snout 234 in head, blunt- 
ly rounded; eye 714, 3 in snout; mouth small, midway in snout length, 
with labial folds around angle, without geneial fold across chin; 
teeth small, tricuspid in young; nostrils large, nasoral groove ex- 
tends to mouth, with short cirri, widely separated by preoral frenum; 
interorbital low, flattened. Gill openings graduated back to last 
which largest or 134 in snout, close to fourth and both above pectoral 
base. 

Front edge of first dorsal 145 in head; of second dorsal 1; anal 
length 1144; pectoral 1, width 124 its length which reaches half way 
to ventral; ventral length 134; in head; caudal 414 in rest of body, 
subcaudal depth little less than anal depth and notch at last fifth 
its length. 

Body and fins clouded with brown, on former tending to form 
cross bands. Broad blackish brown nuchal collar extends from half 
way between eye and first gill opening to pectoral base. Back and 
sides with numerous white spots, which are very small and crowded on 
dark nuchal collar. Each fin with several large blackish blotches. 
Length, 700 mm. (Ogilby; McCulloch.) 

Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, South Western Australia. 
The type in the Paris Museum is said to measure 360 mm. 


PARASCYLLIUM MULTIMACULATUM Scott 


Parascyllium multimaculatum Scott, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1934, p. 63, 
pl. 5, fig. 1, 1935 (type locality: Tamar Heads, northern Tasmania). 

Depth 814 to subcaudal origin; head to first gill opening 73%, 
width 25. Snout 214 in head; eye 5, 234 in snout; preoral length 
344 in mouth width; lower labial fold extends half way to middle of 
jaw, continued well round angle of mouth; longitudinal fold beneath 
eye; nasal cirrus short, fairly thick, reaching lip; exterior nasal fold 
with short blunt lobe at hind external angle; 7 closely set rows of 
teeth above mesially, each tooth small, elongated, bulbous just above 
base, terminal half flattened, acute; lower teeth similar but with 
basal bulb sometimes forming pair of incipient lateral cusps; first 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 77 


gill slit 214 in last, which 114 in snout, fourth and fifth closest and 
over pectoral base. Spiracle minute, below and behind eye. 

First dorsal slightly postmedian, front fin edge 114 in head; 
second dorsal begins close behind anal base, front fin edge 144 in 
head; caudal length 414 in rest of fish, and subterminal notch below 
about last fifth; anal length 114 in head; pectoral 114; ventral 114. 

Pale gray tinged with brown, almost white below, especially before 
ventrals. Ten rather indeterminate rusty brown bars on sides, mostly 
subtriangular, with apices not or occasionally reaching belly pro- 
file and their broad bases confluent on back. One bar shade darker 
forms ill-defined nuchal collar, tapering on sides and ceasing at 
horizontal level of pectoral origin, embracing posterior 3 gill slits. 
Sides and back with very numerous scattered small dark brown 
spots, somewhat darker on body bars; about 50 on either side between 
verticals from dorsal origins. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head 
in advance of spiracle uniform dark brown. Whole ventral surface 
of head whitish, except light slate-gray preoral region. Dorsals 
largely concolorous with body bars, lighter on hind border, each fin 
with 10 or 12 dark spots. Anal like ventral surface of body, with 
one large elongated and 3 or 4 small rounded dark spots. Upper 
half of caudal like body bars, with dark markings like several small 
longitudinal stripes along upper border, lower half paler, with a 
number of subcircular dark spots. 

Length, 710 mm. (Scott.) 

Tasmania. Distinguished from other species by the slightly post- 
median insertion of the first dorsal. From P. variolatum and P. fer- 
rugineum it is distinguished by having the anal inserted wholly 
before the second dorsal. It differs from P. collave in having the 
nasal cirrus reaching the lip, first gill opening nearer spiracle than 
pectoral and in the concave hind dorsal edges. 


Genus BRACHAELURUS Ogilby 


Brachaelurus Ocitpy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 20, p. 27, 1907; vol. 21, 
p. 2, 1908. (Type, Brachaelurus colcioughi Ogilby, orthotypic. ) 

Cirriscyllium OciLBy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, pp. 2, 4, 1908. (Type, 
Chiloscyllium modestum Giinther, orthotypic. ) 

Heteroscyllium Rrean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 455, 1908. (Type, 
Brachaelurus colcloughi Ogilby, virtually. Heteroscyllium Regan proposed 
to replace Brachaelurus Ogilby, 1908, considered generically distinct from 
same name of 1906.) 


Body elongate, depressed anteriorly, partly cylindrical posteriorly. 
Head broad. Snout short, blunt, wide. Eyes small. Mouth mod- 
erate, transverse, with labial folds on both jaws, around angles and 
with symphyseal fold but no fold across chin. Teeth small, tricuspid. 
Nostrils near snout end, with nasoral grooves and long, slender cirri. 


78 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Gill openings small, last widest, last two closer together, 3 above pec- 
toral. Spiracles moderate, behind and partly below eye. Dorsals 
subequal, first above or behind ventrals, second before anal. Anal 
small, near subcaudal. Caudal axis slightly raised. 

Australia. The first reference to this genus by Ogilby * is not only 
without diagnosis or description, but the resultant genotype, “Hemi- 
seyllium modestum” without designated authority, fails for its estab- 


lishment. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, CIRRISCYLLIUM. Anal base near subcaudal_________.__________ waddi 
a*. BRACHAELURUS. Anal base nearly twice its length from subcaudal. 
colcloughi 


Subgenus CIRRISCYLLIUM Ogilby 
BRACHAELURUS WADDI (Schneider) 


Squalus waddi Scunetper, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 130, 1801 (type locality: New 
Holland [ =near Sydney | ; Latham). 

Scyliorhinus waddii Buarinvittr, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Brachaélurus waddi Wuittry, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 182 
(note on earliest name), p. 198 (reference), 1934. 

Chiloscyllium modestum GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 654, pl. 54 
(type locality: Queensland).—Mactray, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 299, 1880 (on Giinther); vol. 6, p. 363, 1881 (Queensland) .— 
OaitBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 8, 1888 (Port Jackson, 
Broken Bay). 

Hemiscyllium modestum Waite, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 28, fig. 9 
(mouth), pl. 4, fig. 1 (fetus), 1901 (Port Macquarie and Lillipilli, New 
South Wales).—OeILsy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 20, p. 27, 1907 
(reference). 

Brachaelurus modestus Reaan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 354, 1908 (type; 
Port Jackson).—Oc¢iLBy and McCuLtocH, Journ. Proce. Roy. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 42, p. 281, 1909 (Woody Point, Moreton Bay; type of Chilo- 
scyllium furvum Macleay).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 47, 1918 (New South Wales).—Ocitey, Commerc. Fish. Fisher. Queens- 
land, p. 45, 1915 (Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol 5, p. 76, 1916 
(South Queensland).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 (reference).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 5, 1926 (Indochina).—McCutitocu, Fishes 
New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 16a, 1927. 

Brachaelurus modestum Wow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 486, 1930 (reference). (Error.) 

Cheloscyllium furvum (Maclay) Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 
vol. 5, p. 97, 1880 (type locality: Port Jackson). (Name ouly; error.) 

Chiloscylium furvum Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 
364, 1880 (Port Jackson.) 

Chiloscyllium fuscum PARKER and HASWELL, Text-book of zoology, vol. 2, p. 
1385, 1897 [no locality (Australia) ]. 


2 Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 20, p. 27, 1906. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 79 


Depth 734 to 734 to subcaudal origin; head 434 to 524, width 1 to 
11%. Snout 2 to 23% in head, broad and obtuse as seen from above; 
eye 81% to 824, 4 in snout, 324 to 334 in interorbital; dentary width 
334 to 334 in head, with long labial folds around each mouth angle 
but not meeting at chin; teeth in 18 to 20 rows in jaws, with rather 
narrow triangular cusp and small cusp each side at base, edges all 
entire; nostrils greatly nearer mouth than snout tip; front nasal 
valve with elongate cirrus twice eye length; hind nasal valve with 
fold on outer side of nostril and continued in fold on outer edge of 
nasoral groove with end free at mouth angle; interorbital 244 to 
374; in head, depressed. Gill openings small, last deepest, fourth 
close to last, third to fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle 34 eye, 
behind and close below eye. 

Scales simple, broadly triangular, each with median keel. 

First dorsal origin above middle of ventral base, close behind 
ventral bases in young, length 124 in head; second dorsal origin 
midway between first dorsal origin and anal origin, length 1 to 124 
in head; anal placed entirely behind second dorsal, length 21% to 234 
in subcaudal or 114 to 2 in head; subcaudal equals head to fourth 
gill opening in young, larger in adults; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 4 in head; pectoral 1 to 114, width 114 to 114 its length; ventral 
length 1 to 124 in head. 

Largely dark brown, little paler below. About 11 obscure and 
slightly darker transverse bands, much wider than pale interspaces. 

Queensland, New South Wales. Specimen in the Queensland 
Museum from Woody Point, Moreton Bay. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40025. Port Jackson, Australian Museum. Length, 653 mm. 


As Chiloscyllium ocellatum. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40036. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 191 mm. 


Subgenus BRACHAELURUS Ogilby 
BRACHAELURUS COLCLOUGHI Osgilby 


Brachaelurus colcloughi Oattpy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, p. 4, 1908 
(type locality: Mud Island, Moreton Bay).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1980 (reference). 

Brachaelurus (Heteroscyllium) colcloughi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
36, p. 48, 1913 (Queensland, Moreton Bay). 

Heteroscyllium colcloughi Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 455, 1908 
(note).—OcitBy and McCutiocn, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 42, p. 284, 1909 (type; Queensland).—Ocuspy, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 5, p. 76, 1916 (Moreton Bay).—McCutiocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1984 (reference). 


Depth 734 in total length; head 534, width 114. Eye 624 in head; 
preoral length 3; mouth width 2%); front nasal angle equidistant 


80 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


from mouth and snout tip, internarial equals preoral length, nasal 
cirrus 12% in preoral length, not reaching lower labial groove; inter- 
orbital 234 in head, mesially concave. First gill opening 114 in eye, 
134 in last gill opening. Spiracle subvertical, in deep, ovate, rimmed 
pit, 114 in eye. 

First dorsal inserted above middle of ventral base, front and outer 
edges sublinear and intervening angle broadly rounded, hind angle 
pointed, fin base 14 more than vertical fin height; second dorsal simi- 
lar but smaller; anal height 244 its base, 144 in space to subcaudal; 
caudal 414 in total body length, subcaudal depth 614 in caudal; pec- 
toral obovate, 144 in head; ventral origin little nearer first dorsal 
than pectoral. 

Upper surfaces, sides and tail ashy gray. Lower surface of 
head, throat, and abdomen white. Length, 457 mm. (Ogilby and 
McCulloch. ) 

Queensland. The type, No. 1965 in the Queensland Museum, from 
Moreton Bay. 

Genus HEMISCYLLIUM Andrew Smith 


Hemiscyllium ANDREW SmiTH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 86. (Type, 
Squalus ocellatus Bonnaterre, monotypic. ) 

Chiloscyllium MULLER and Hente, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 395. (Atypic. Type, 
Scyllium plagiosum Bennett, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 17, 1841: desig- 
nated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 42, 1862.) 

Synchismus Gitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, pp. 407, 408, 1862. 
(Type, Squalus tuberculatus Schneider, orthotypic. ) 

Body elongate, moderate, shorter than tail. Head moderate or 
short. Snout short, obtuse. Eyes small, lower lid without fold. 
Mouth transverse, with labial folds around angles and with or with- 
out continuous fold across chin below symphysis. Teeth small, 
compressed, median cusp triangular with or without smaller lateral 
cusps at base, 3 or more series in function. Nostrils inferior, near 
snout end, with nasoral grooves; front nasal valves reach mouth, 
widely separated by median preoral attachment, each valve with 
long pointed cirrus; hind valves forming fold at outer side of nos- 
tril, continued in fold on outer edge of nasoral groove with short, 
free extremity. Gill openings narrow, last two wider and close to- 
gether, last three above pectoral. Spiracle small, below eye, poste- 
riorly very distinct, without or with ridge on hind edge. Fins 
medium to small. Dorsals two, first behind front of ventral. Anal 
far behind second dorsal, close to caudal. Anal and subcaudal 
narrow. 

Indo-Pacific. Fossils known from Miocene deposits. The egg 
capsules are black and oval and are attached to seaweeds by two 
fibrous extensions along dorsal edge and at some distance from ends. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 8] 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, HeEMIScYLLIUM. Mouth nearer snout end than front eye edge; lower labial 
fold not crossing or forming fold across chin. 
b’. Large ocellate dark spot above pectoral. 
c. First dorsal origin above ends of ventral bases; spots black, round, 


SUT Ce aa ce Ne eS cee ocellatum 

ce. First dorsal origin behind vertical from ventral bases; spots brown, 
CTUSECE Cee ear tte ie Bie OE ELS ee Ee eats cree trispeculare 

b*. Nonocellated black spot above pectoral; dorsal angles extended behind ; 
SHOtS G ark.) MUMErOUS; LOUNGC Cees eee ee freycineti 


a2. Mouth nearer front eye edge than snout end; fold of lower lip continuous. 
d’. CHILOSCYLLIUM. One median dermal ridge on back; anal shorter than 


subcaudal. 
e’. First dorsal origin over forward half of ventral base; dorsals larger 
than ventrals, hind angles extended___-_---_---__-___ punctatum 


e?. First dorsal origin over middle of ventral base; dorsals smaller than 
ventrals, hind angles not extended; body with transverse bands 
andewihites SpOtsae= a= eae = eae ee Le eee plagiosum 

e*. First dorsal origin above ventral ends; dorsals smaller than ventrals, 
hind angles rounded; body with transverse bands and dark spots. 

griseum 

ad°. SyNcHIismus. Three dermal median ridges on back; fins small, anal 
long as subeaudal; first dorsal origin above ventral ends, hind angles 

Oe CO RCETN CON os ee eae ee RE LON cae Ee eee eee colax 


Subgenus HEMISCYLLIUM A. Smith 
HEMISCYLLIUM OCELLATUM (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus ocellatus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 8, 1788 (type local- 
ity: La mer du Sud) (on L’Oeilié Broussonet, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, p. 660, 
no. 10, 1780, New Holland).—SHaw, Nat. Misc., vol. 5, pl. 161, 1783.— 
GMELIN, Syst. Nat Linn., vol. 1, p. 1494, 1789—WatBaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 
3, p. 516, 1792 (copied).—ScHNEmeER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 129, 1801 
(Pacific Ocean at New Holland).—GrirritH, Animal Kingd. Cuvier, vol. 10, 
p. 598, pl. 8, 1834—ANpDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 86 
(reference). 

Scyliorhinus ocellatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Hemiscyllium ocellatum MitrerR and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 16, 
1841 (New Holland).—VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, vol. 3, 
p. 10, 1891 (Thursday Island).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 44, 1913 (Australia, New South Wales).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 (New Guinea, Port Moresby, Port Jackson) ; Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 486, 1980 (East Indies) ; Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 314, 1931 (Port Jackson specimen likely from Queens- 
land).—WHIt try, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 321, pl. 36, figs. la-1d, 
1932 (Low Isles, North Queensland).—Fow.Lrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, 
No. 6, p. 385, 1934 (Port Moresby, New Guinea).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1934 (reference). 

Chiloscyllium ocellatum GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 410, 1870 
(Cape York, North West Australia, Sunday Island, Australia, South Sea) ; 
in Brenchley’s Cruise of Curacoa, p. 409, 1873 (Solomon Islands).— 
Kiunzincer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, 


82 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


p. 427, 1880 (Port Darwin).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 6, p. 363, 1881 (Cape York, Port Darwin, Torres Strait) ; vol. 7, p. 597, 
1883 (New Guinea).—MActeay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 
p. 597, 1883 (reference).—MeEyrEr, Anal. Soc. Espafi., Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 
14, p. 48, 1885 (Kordo, Mysore).—Octrpy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 10, p. 464, 1885 (Port Jackson) ; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., 
pt. 1, p. 8, 1888 (Port Jackson, South East New Guinea, Port Moresby) .— 
STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 25, p. 463, 1900 (Ternate).—RzcAn, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 359 (Cape York, Sunday Island, Solomons, 
North West Australia).—OcitBy and McCuntocu, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soe. 
New South Wales, vol. 42, p. 290, 1909 (Murray Island, Torres Strait, off 
Cooktown, Masthead Island, off Port Curtis, Port Jackson ?).—GwUNTHER, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 488, 1910 (Solomons).—Ocitpy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 76, 1916 (Dunk Island and Green Island, Cairns). 
—McCuttocw and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 
1925 (reference).—WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 228, 1926 
(Northwest Islet, Queensland) ; vol. 16, no. 1, p. 4, 1927 (Michaelmas Cay, 
Queensland). 

Scyllium ocellatum BLyTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vel. 16, p. 726, pl. 25, fig. 
2, 1847 (Australia). 

Squalus oculatus Gray, Narr. Surv. Coasts Australia, King, Pisces, vol. 2 
(“1827”), append., p. 486, April 18, 1926 (type locality: Australia). (On 
Banks and Solander.) 

Hemiscyllium oculatum Dumérint, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 119, 1853 
(collection Banks) ; Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 326, 1865 (type of Brous- 
sonet; specimen from Banks). 


Depth 1134 to 121% to subcaudal origin; head 8 to 814, width 1% 
to 114. Snout 2 in head, broadly obtuse with swollen appearance as 
viewed above; eye 6, 314 to 314 in snout, 21% to 21% in interorbital; 
dentary width 234 to 4 in head, with short labial folds marked by 
deep grooves around mouth angles but not meeting on symphyseal 
surface of lower jaw; teeth in 38 rows above 30 rows below, small, 
tricuspid; nostrils much nearer mouth than snout tip; front nasal 
valves reaching mouth, conic thick cirrus scarcely long as valve or 
114 in eye, internarial space about equals eye; hind nasal valve with 
fold outside nostril and ends in fold on outer edge of groove reach- 
ing mouth angle; lower lip not free across symphysis; interorbital 
21% to 234 in head, depressed. Last gill opening longest, close be- 
hind fourth, third to fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle 4 of eye, 
close below and about half its length posterior to eye. 

Scales triangular, each with median keel. 

First dorsal begins well behind ventrals, length 114 to 124 in head, 
hind lobe rather narrowly triangular; second dorsal begins nearer 
anal origin than first dorsal origin, length 114 to 114 in head; anal 
124 to 13% in subcaudal lobe, height 314 to 414 its length; subcaudal 
equals head to second gill opening, height 6 in its length; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 3 to 314 in head to first gill opening; pectoral 
width 12% to 14% its length, which equals head or head to second 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 83 


gill opening; ventral 1 in head; claspers long, reach back far as ends 
of ventrals, each lobe with 2 curved compressed attenuated plates, 
each of outer with curved denticle-like point. 

Back brown, under surface brownish white. Back, sides, and fins 
with irregular large blackish brown irregular spots, mostly rounded. 
Above depressed pectoral large black rounded blotch, with narrow 
whitish or grayish edge. Paired fins brownish above, whitish or pale 
below. Occasionally several dark or pale blotches on ventrals below. 

India, East Indies, Northwest Australia, Northern Territory, 
Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia. Specimen in the Queens- 
land Museum from North West Islet. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40018. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Australian Museum. 
Length, 400 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40024. Port Moresby. Australian Museum. Length, 735 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40025. “Port Jackson” (doubtless erroneous for Port Moresby). 
Australian Museum. Length, 595 mm. 


HEMISCYLLIUM TRISPECULARE Richardson 


Hemiscyllium trispeculare RICHARDSON, Icones piscium, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1843 
(type locality: Turtle Island, Gulf of Carpentaria); Voy. Hrebus and 
Terror, Fishes, p. 43, pl. 28, figs. 3-7, 1846 (Northwest coast of Australia ).— 
DuMErRT, Rey. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 120, 1853 (compiled).—BLEEKER, 
Versl. Konig, Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 16, p. 362, 1864 (Grand Key, 
Moluccas).—DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 326, 1865 (com- 
piled).—GUnTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 20, p. 67, 1867 
(Turtle Island, Cape York).—GArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
45, 1913 (Northwest Australia) —WuHiTLEy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).—Fow Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 486, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, 
p. 321, pl. 36, figs. 2a—2e, 1982 (Port Darwin). 

Chiloscyllium trispeculare GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 411, 
1870 (type).—MAc.eAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 363, 
1881 (compiled).—ReEGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 859 (type).— 
OeItBy and McCuLiocu, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 42, 
p. 293, 1909 (Port Darwin).—Ocirsy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 77, 
1916 (reference).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference) —Parapic—E and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 9, p. 96, 1927 (Knight Reef, Clarence Straits, North 
Australia). 


Depth 744 to subcaudal origin; head 714, width 114. Snout 2 in 
head; eye 5, 214 in snout; dental width 4, labial folds on both jaws 
around angles; teeth small, trilobate; nostrils small, with nasoral 
groove, front valves reaching mouth, with cirri and hind valves 
with fold on outer side of nostril continued in fold on outer side of 
groove with short free end at mouth angle; interorbital low. Last 
gill opening largest, fourth and fifth closer, third to fifth above 
pectoral base. Spiracle small, below hind eye edge. 

Scales small, partly triangular, with median keel. 


84 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


First dorsal inserted behind ventral base, front edge equals head 
length; front edge of second dorsal similar; anal length 114; pec- 
toral reaches 114 to ventral, width 184 its length which equals head; 
ventral 114; caudal 414 in rest of body, subcaudal deep as anal and 
notch at last fourth its length. 

Brown, with numerous small spots and dots of darker, more or less 
grouped or clustered. Eleven slightly darker underlaid broad ill- 
defined crossbands, pale interspaces subequal. One to 3 or 4 large 
black spots, white-edged, above and behind pectoral base. Belly and 
under surfaces of fins uniformly pale. Length, 570 mm. (Richard- 
son; Garman.) 

East Indies, Northwest Australia, North Australia, Queensland. 


HEMISCYLLIUM FREYCINETI (Quay and Gaimard) 


Scyllium freycineti (Cuvier) Quoy and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 192, 
1824 (type locality: Waigiu).—MULtreR and HEN iE, Syst. Beschr. Plagio- 
stomen, p. 20, 1841 (compiled). 

Chiloscyllium freycineti RICHARDSON, Rep. 12th (1842) Meet. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 
Sci., p. 30, 1848 (Australia).—Rerean, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 359 
(compiled).—BrAvuForT, Bijdr. Dierk., Amsterdam, vol. 19, p. 96, 1913 
(Saonek, Waigiu). 

Hemiscyllium freycineti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 46, 1913 
(Waigiu, Papua).—Fowrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 (com- 
piled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1930 (reference) .— 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1984 (reference). 

Scyllium melaisianum Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 94, pl. 6, 1830 
(type locality: Offack Bay, Waigiu). 

Scyllium malaisianum GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 411, 1870 
(note). 

Chiloscyllium malaianum DumeERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 125, 1853 
(types) ; Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 832, 1865 (types). 

' Hemiscyllium malayanum BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 
(362) 376, 1854 (Batjan) ; vol. 8, p. 393, 1855 (Amboina). 

Hemiscyllium mataisienum BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, 
p. 386, 1857 (Batjan). 

Chiloscyllium plagiosum (not Bennett) BLeeKrer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 
24, p. 17, 1852 (part). 


Depth 824 to subcaudal origin; head 814. Snout 1% in head; eye 
6, 8 in snout; mouth near snout end, with labial folds around angles; 
front nasal valves with fleshy pointed cirri; interorbital convex, well 
elevated. Guill openings with last 2 closer and above pectoral base. 
Spiracle below hind part of eye. 

First dorsal origin close behind basal ends of ventrals, front edge 
equals head to second gill opening; front edge of second dorsal simi- 
lar; anal length 114 in head; pectoral 114 to ventral, width 134 its 
length, which equals head to second gill opening; ventral very slightly 
less than head; caudal 534 in rest of body, subcaudal 114 in caudal 
length. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 85 


Reddish above, darker on back. Body and fins with numerous 
round, irregular dark brown spots. Each dorsal with pair of larger 
dark spots on front edges, spot above inner pectoral axil, 3 or 4 on 
caudal. Back with 6 or 7 dark obscure saddles. Length, 908 mm. 
(Lesson. ) 

East Indies. 


Subgenus CHILOSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle 
HEMISCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM (Miiller and Henle) 


Chiloscyllium punctatum MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 19, 
pl. 8, 1841 (type locality: Java) —Gray, List Fishes British Mus., p. 35, 1851 
(copied ).—BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 4738, 1851 
(Rio) ; Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 24, p. 22, 1852 (Batavia).—DuMERIL, 
Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 123, 1853 (type; Pondicherry Bay; China 
Sea).—BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerland., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 8, 1856 (Macas- 
sar) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, pp. 288, 447, 1859-60 (Singa- 
pore); vol. 22, p. 65, 1860 (Benculen); Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerland. 
(Sumatra), vol. 8, p. 2, 1860 (Benculen).—DuMeéErI, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 380, 1865 (Sea of Indies, China ).—Kwnrr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 413, 
1865 (Java).—BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, 
p. 290, 1868 (Rio, Bintang).—KtLuNzinceER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 427, 1880 (Port Darwin).—OeiLey, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 181, 1889 (on Klunzinger) ; Proce. Roy. 
Soe. Queensland, vol. 20, p. 27, 1907 (egg case from Woody Point).—Rxcan, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 360 (Thursday Island, Singapore, Java).— 
OgitBpy and McCuLtocu, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 42, 
p. 287, fig. 1 (on p. 289 egg case), pl. 48, fig. 2 (fetus), 1909 (Moreton Bay, 
Dunk Island).—SmirH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 567, 1913 (Siasi 
market; Zamboanga; Cebu).—GAarMANn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 61, 1913 (Singapore, Philippines, South Celebes).—WesrEr, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 576, 1918 (Lombok; Saleyer).—Ocgitpy, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 77, 1916 (note).—HEeErRrEg, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, p. 118, 
1925 (San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur; Calapan).—McCuntocH and 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).— 
WHITLEY, Australian Zoologist, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 227, 1926 (Northwest Islet, 
Capricorn Group, and off Flat Top Island, Mackay, Queensland). —Fow Ler, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 592, 1980 (Shanghai) ; Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Rec. 
Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 322, figs. la-f, 19832 (Northwest Islet).—Henrre, 
Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) .— 
Gittay, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., Hors. ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 9, 1933 
(Weeim Island, north of Misol)—Wuttiey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 197, 1934 (reference) —Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 10, 1934 (Cebu; Dumaguete).—Suvart1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 1, 1937 
(Sriracha).—Roxas and Marttn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 11, 1987 (reference). 

Scyllium punctatum VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, May 1823, p.— 
(Java). 

Hemiscyllium punctatwm Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 7, 19388 (reference). 


86 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scyliorhinus russellianus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only; assumed based on Bokee sorrah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, 
vol. 1, p. 10, pl. 16, 1803; type locality: Vizagapatam; Ra sorrah Russell, 
Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 10, 1808, Vizagapatam). 

Chiloscyllium indicum (not Gmelin) BLerKer, Verb. Batay. Genootsch. (Pla- 
giost.), vol. 24, p. 17, 1852 (part).—GwtnNrHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 412, 1870 (part).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 726, 1878 (part).— 
JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 317, fig. 1, 1902 
(Formosa).—JoRDAN and FowLer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol 26, p. 604, fig. 
2, 1903 (Formosa example).—PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 698, 1908 (Japan). 

Chiloscyllium margaritiferum BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 
(240) 243, 1864 (type locality: Obi Island). 

Chiloscyllium griseum (part) MUtiter and Hentie, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
pl. 4, 1841. 

Depth 814 to subcaudal origin; head 6, width 114. Snout 2 in 
head, obtusely pointed as seen above; eye 7, 334 in snout, 224 in inter- 
orbital, twice long as deep; dentary width 324 in head, with short 
labial folds at each mouth angle and broad lower lip free across sym- 
physis; teeth in 30 rows above, 28 below, small cusps rather broadly 
triangular, edges entire; nostrils near first fourth in snout, cirri little 
less than orbit; interorbital 314 in head, broadly and slightly convex. 
Gill openings narrow, third and fourth widest, fifth close under 
fourth and third to fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle 124 in eye, 
opposite hind eye edge and close below. 

Scales very small, crowns flattened, each with 5 to 9 keels. Single 
slight median keel down back. 

First dorsal begins opposite first third of ventral base, length 114 
in head, hind lobe short point; second dorsal origin little nearer anal 
origin than first dorsal origin, length 114 in head, hind lobe short 
point; anal height 14 its length, which 14, in head, 144 in subcaudal, 
21/, in caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle 334 in head; subcaudal 
height 514 its length, height uniform, length equals head to second 
gill opening; pectoral width 1%, its length, which 114 in head; ventral 
124; claspers 114 in ventral, edges smooth. 

Uniform light brown above, paler below. 

East Indies, Philippines, China, Northern Territory of Australia, 
Queensland. Example in the Queensland Museum from Moreton 
Bay. 

U.S.N.M. No. 32700. Batavia, Java. Royal Museum of Leiden. Length, 750 mm. 

HEMISCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM (Bennett) 


Scyllium plagiosum BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1880 (type locality: Suma- 
tra).—ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85 (reference). 

Chiloseyllium plagiosum MU tier and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 17, 
1841 (Indian Ocean, Japan, “Brazil”).—RiIcHARDson, Ichth. China Japan, 
p. 194, 1846 (China Sea, Canton).—CantTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 87 


18, p. 1874, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—JrERpon, Madras 
Journ. Lit. Sci. vol. 17, p. 148, 1851.—Gray, List fish British Museum, 
p. 34, 1851 (China; Cape Seas).—BLrEEKER, Verh. Batavia Genootsch., vol. 
24, p. 17, 1852 (part); vol. 25, pp. 9, 80, 1853 (Bengal), (on Russell).— 
DuMERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., Ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 122, 18538—BLEEKER, Nat. 
Tijdschr, Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 228, 1854 (Macassar) ; vol. 12, p. 218, 
1856 (Nias) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Ind-Néerland., vol. 3, No. 9, p. 6, 1858 (Siboga, 
Sumatra); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 57, 1860 (Cape of Good 
Hope) ; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singa- 
pore).—DumErit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 328, 1865 (Sea of Indies) .— 
Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 267, 1865.—Rerean, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, 
p. 362, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Formosa, Singapore, Manado, Amoy, Manila, China) .— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 62, 1913 (Hongkong, Siam, 
Singapore, Pinang).—Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, p. 120, 1925 
(Manila Bay; Calapan, Mindoro).—Fow.Ler, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 33, 
fig. 6, 1980 (China) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 
(Formosa ; Japan).—SvuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 1, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; 
Sriracha; Canthaburi)—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agri. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 11, 1987 (reference). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. plagiosa GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 412 1870 (China, Amoy, Japan, Formosa). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var, plagiosum Octtpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 8, 1888 (Singapore). 

Hemiscyllium plagiosum Fowtsr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 7, 1938 (reference). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. margaritifera (not Bleeker) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 412, 1870 (China: Japan). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. obscura (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 413, 1870 (Cape Seas, India, Ceylon, China). 

Chiloscylium caeruleopunctatum PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 39, 
p. 230, 1914 (type locality: Fort Dauphin, Madagascar). 


Depth 914 to subcaudal origin; head 614, width 114. Snout 21% 
in head; eye 7, 244 in snout, 3 in interorbital; mouth very broad, 
transversly straight, mandible with broad undivided flap, its hind 
edge undulated; teeth numerous, pointed, rather small, with basal 
cusp each side; nostrils large, with nasoral groove, each with cirrus; 
interorbital 214 in head, slightly elevated, flattened. Gill openings 
subequal except last two which are very close, last 3 above pectoral 
base. 

Scales rather large, coarse. Back with low median keel. 

First dorsal origin over last fourth in ventral base, front edge 11% 
in head; front edge of second dorsal 124; anal length 124; pectoral 
reaches 124 to ventral, width 114 its length which equals head; 
ventral length 11%, clasper robust; caudal 424 in rest of body, sub- 
caudal little deeper than anal and notch at last fourth in caudal 
length. 

Pale brown above, whitish beneath. Above 13 broad deep brown 
crossbars, between which on median line of back deep brown spot. 
Sides of body with many light spots, some invade dark crossbars, 

156861—41—_7 


88 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


more or less regular in size, also some on sides of abdomen enlarged. 
Length, 642 mm. (Jordan and Fowler.) 

Cape Colony, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, 
Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Siam, Philippines, China, Formosa, 
Japan. Chiloscyllium caeruleopunctatum based on an example 665 
mm., was thought to differ chiefly in its numerous small blue spots. 
Garman has shown that variation in color is considerable. His 
largest example was 750 mm. 


HEMISCYLLIUM GRISEUM (Miiller and Henle) 


Chiloscyllium griseum MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 19, 
1841 (type locality: Japan).—Gray, List fish Brit. Mus. p. 35, 1851 
(“India, Java’’).—DuMeEriIn, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 124 (sea of the In- 
dies).—ReEcGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 360, pl. 11, fig. 1, pl. 18, fig. 
3 (young) (Kurrachee, Moluccas, Vizagapatam, Madras, Malabar, Pinang, 
Malay Peninsula, type of Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bimeikrr).—PELLEGRIN, 
Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 3, 1912 (Red Sea.)— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 64, 1918 (South Africa, India, 
Japan).—RaAjz, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 10, pp. 318-819, 1914 (egg case).— 
SoUTHWELL and PRASHAD, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 16, pp. 215, 240, 1919 (egg 
case).—Fowter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 100, 1928 (Bom- 
bay); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 (note on Thiolliére).—PiILnay. 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 850, 1929 (Travancore) .—Fow Ler, 
Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 33, 1980 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 487, 1980 (Indian Ocean material) ; Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 89, 1985 (Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 128, 1987 (Rayong) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 6, 1988 (reference). 

?Scyliorhinus unicolor BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Scyllium griseum VAN HASSELT, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 89, 1824 
(Java) (name only). 

Chiloscyllium plagiosum (not Bennett) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 18, 1841 (part).—Canror, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 1874 (part), 1849—BtLeEeKkrr, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 
24, p. 17, 1852 (Batavia and Samarang).—Dumeérim, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 328, 1865 (part). 

Chiloscyllium obscurum Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 25, 1851 (type lo- 
eality: Moluccas) (no description). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. obscura GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 413, 1870 (Moluccas; type of Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bleeker; Vizaga- 
patam). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. obscurum OciLtBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 
1, p. 8, 1888 (Malabar). 

Chiloscyllium hasseltii BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
pp. 14, 19, 1852 (type locality: Batavia) ; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore). 

Chiloscyllium punctatum (part) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, p. 22, 1852 (Batavia). 

Chiloscyllium indicum (not Gmelin) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 6, p. 726, pl. 188, 
fig. 3, 1878 (India, Malay Archipelago) ; Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 34, 
fig. 14, 1889.—Vorz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 238, 1907 
(Siboga, Priaman, Padang, Benkulen). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 89 


Depth 834 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 114. Snout 2149 in 
head, as seen from above obtuse; eye 71% in head, 3 in snout, 234 in 
interorbital, depth 134 its own length; dentary width 224 in head, 
with short labial folds at each mouth angle and broad lower lip free 
across symphysis; teeth in 30 to 82 rows in jaws, triangular, edges 
entire; nostrils midway in snout length, cirri 114 in eye; interorbital 
234 in head, depressed. Gill openings narrow, third to fifth widest 
and above pectoral base, fourth nearly conceals fifth. Spiracle 124 
in eye, close below and slightly behind eye edge. 

Scales rather narrowly triangular, small, each with single median 
keel. Single median ridge on back. 

First dorsal begins close behind ventral bases, length 114 in head, 
hind lobe slight obtuse angle; second dorsal begins nearer anal origin 
than first dorsal origin, length 124 in head, hind lobe slight obtuse 
angle; anal height 414 its length which 14% in head or 1%% in sub- 
caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 434 in head; subcaudal 
height 524 its length, highest medianly, length equals head; pectoral 
114, width 114 its length; ventral 184 in head, reaches back opposite 
first third in first dorsal base. 

Pale brown. Thirteen transverse dark brown saddles on back, all 
broader than pale interspaces. Dorsals each with 2 large dark 
blotches. Several inconspicuous dark blotches on paired fins. 

Red Sea, South Africa, India, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singa- 
pore, East Indies, China, Japan. 

1 example (with U.S.N.M. no 40032). China Seas. Australian Museum. 
Length, 190 mm. 
Subgenus SYNCHISMUS Gill 
HEMISCYLLIUM COLAX (Meuschen) 


Squalus colar MEUSCHEN, Index Gronow’s Zoophylacium, Pisces, 1781. 

Chiloscyllium (Synchismus) colax Wuititey, Australian Zool., vol. 9, p. 228, 1939. 

Squalus indicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1503, 1789 (type locality: 
Indian Ocean).—WAtLBAuUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 520, 1792 (on Gronow) .— 
Forster, Fauna Indica, p. 13, 1795.—LactpEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 
280, 1796 (on Gmelin).—ScHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 187, 1801 (Hast 
Indies). 

Chiloscyllium indicum GtintTHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 411, 1870 
(Vizagapatam, Pinang, India, types of Squalus caudatus Gray and Chilo- 
scyllium phymatodes Bleeker).—MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, p. 
409, 1876 (Hongkong, Bangkok, Singapore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 726, pl. 188, fig. 3, 1878 —GtntTHeER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, 
p. 51, 1880 (Manila).—K<Aror1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 148, 
1881 (Singapore).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 
p. 48, 1885 (Manado, Celebes).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., vol. 
1, p. 8, 1888 (Chinese Seas).—Day, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 34, fig. 
14, 1889.—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 617, 1895 (Luzon, Santa Cruz, 
Cavite).—BARTLETT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 1384, 1896 (Mara- 
tabas).—JorpDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 388 (Nagasaki), 


90 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


p. 128 (reference), 1901.—JorDAN and Fowtrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
26, p. 604, 1903 (not fig. or Formosan example).—JOHNSTONE, Fasc. Malay- 
enses, Annandale and Robinson, Zool., pt. 2, p. 302, 1903 (Patani Bay).— 
Duncxker, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 192, 1904 (locality ?).— 
Fowtrr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 
(Padang).—ReEGAN, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1908, p. 362, pl. 138, fig. 2 
(types of Squalus caudatus Gray and Chiloscylium phymatodes Bleeker ; 
Cape of Good Hope).—Fow.Lrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, 
p. 53 (Padang material).—GtnrTuHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 488, 
1910 (Solomon Islands).—PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., 
vol. 3, No. 27, p. 8, 1912 (Red Sea).—SourHwe tz, Ceylon Adminstr. Rep., 
1912-13, pp. H44, E49.—Smiru, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 568, 1913 
(Kowloon, China).—ZuemMayer, Abh. Kon. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. 
K1., vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran), p. 17, 1918.—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 65, 1913 (Pinang; Singapore).—PrArson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 
1915-18, p. F12.—Fowter, Copeia, 1918, No. 58, p. 62 (Philippines). — 
BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1925 
(on Regan).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, 
p. 5, 1926 (Indochina).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° 
note, p. 66, 1929 (Cochinchina).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 
5, No. 4, p. 4, fig. 2, 1929 (Amoy).—FowLeEr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 33, 
1930 (China) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 19380 (Hast 
Indies, Philippines).—Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, 
vol. 8, p. 224, fig. 4, 1982 (Chefoo)—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. 
China, vol. 9, p. 88, 1933 (Wenchow; Yenting).—SvuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 1, 1987 (Paknam; Tha-cin; Canthaburi).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 11, 1937 (reference). 

Hemiscyllium indicum Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 7, 19388 (reference). 

Squalus tuberculatus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 137, 1801 (on Le Squale 
dentelé Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 281, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1798, no 
locality). 

Scyliorhinus tuberculatus, BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 
{name only). 

Chiloscyllium tuberculatum MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 20, 
1841 (Cape of Good Hope).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 35, 1851 
(Cape Seas; China).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 20, 1852 (Samarang).—DUMERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 124, 1853 
(compiled).—BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie, vol 10, p. 340, 1856 
(Rio, Bintang) ; vol. 21, p. 57, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—DuMERIL, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 331, 1865 (type of Le Squale dentelé Lacépéde, 
without locality)—KNrEr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 412, 1865 (Madras). 

Squalus gronovianus SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 358, 1804 (type locality: 
Indian Seas; on Le Squale gronovien Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, 
p. 280, 1798, Les mers de I’Inde). 

2Scyliorhinus variegatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only). 

Scyliorhinus dentatus BULAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only, likely on Le Squale dentelé Lacépéde). 

2Scyliorhinus lambarda BULAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 
(name only). 

Chiloscyllium phymatodes BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 
24, pp. 14, 21, 1852 (type locality: Samarang) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indie, 
vol. 2, p. 419, 1856 (Muntok, Banka) ; vol. 20, p. 447, 1859-60 (Singapore) .— 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 91 


Dumeérit, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 331, 1865 (compiled).—KNEr, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 413, 1865 (Ceylon). 

Chiloscyllium indicum var. phymatodes GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 413, 1870 (type; Pinang). 

Squalus caudatus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 8, 1854 (type locality: In mari 
Indico). 

Depth 9 to 934 to subcaudal origin; head 434 to 7, width 114 to 114. 
Snout 2 to 21% in head, obtusely pointed as seen from above; eye 6 to 
71%, 3 to 324 in snout, 3 in interorbital, depth 124 its length; dentary 
width 3 to 324 in head, with short labial folds at each angle and 
broad lower lip free across symphysis; teeth in 30 rows in each jaw, 
cusps rather broadly triangular, edges entire; nostrils slightly before 
middle in snout length, cirri equal eye; interorbital 23% to 234 in 
head, depressed. Gill openings narrow, last widest, fourth close 
before fifth and second to fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle 124 in 
eye, opposite its hind edge and close below. 

Scales rather narrowly triangular, small, each with single median 
keel. Single median ridge on back and less developed one each side 
above flank. 

First dorsal begins behind ventral base, length 114 to 1% in head, 
hind lobe right angle; second dorsal origin nearer anal origin than 
ventral origin, length 114 to 1% in head, hind lobe right angle; anal 
height 5 to 51% its length which 114 to 134 in subcaudal lobe or 114 
to 134 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 414; subcaudal height 
5 to 614 in its length, little higher posteriorly, length equals head 
or head to second gill opening; pectoral 1 to 114 in head, width 124 
to 134 its length; ventral length 124 to 114 in head, ends reach back 
opposite first third of first dorsal base or in very young opposite first 
dorsal origin. 

Pale brown generally. Eleven or 12 broad transverse dark brown 
bands or saddles on head and trunk, wider than pale interspaces and 
on tail narrower than pale interspaces. Each dark band also with 
few pale spots besides obscure darker ones. Dorsals dark brown 
with few whitish spots. Upper surfaces of paired fins pale, with 
few dark spots. In young small white spots, more contrasted, and 
along edges of fin. 

Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Cape of Good Hope, India, Ceylon, Pinang, 
Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Indo China, China, Formosa, 
Melanesia. 


U.S.N.M. No. 12623. No locality. British Museum. Length, 175 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40032. China Seas. Australian Museum. Length, 182 to 217 mm. 
Three examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75953. “Japan?” (probably China?). P. L. Jouy. Length, 195 
to 398 mm. Two examples. 


92 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus ORECTOLOBUS Bonaparte 


Orectolobus BoNAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, fase. 7, 18384 (descrip- 
tion). (Type, Squalus barbatus Gmelin, intended by Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 18, p. 211, 1895.) 

Chrossorhinus ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 86. (Type, 
Squalus lobatus Schneider—=Squalus barbatus Gmelin, monotypic.) 

Crossorhinus MULLER and HENTLE, Sitz. Ber. Askad. Wiss. Berlin, vol. 2, p. 118, 1937 ; 
Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 21, 1841. (Type, Squalus barbatus Gmelin, 
monotypic. ) 

Eucrossorhinus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 357. (Type, 
Crossorhinus dasypogon Bleeker, monotypic. ) 

Body stout, depressed, cavity half or more total length. Tail 
shorter, slender, compressed. Head wide, flattened above. Snout 
obtuse. Eye small, orbit elongate. Mouth wide, transverse, nearly 
terminal or partly inferior, labial folds on both jaws and around 
angles. Teeth compressed, narrow, with or without small lateral 
denticles. Nostrils near snout end, jomed with mouth by nasoral 
grooves, front nasal valves with cirrus. Gill openings narrow, third 
to fifth above pectoral, fourth and fifth close together. Spiracle 
moderate or wide oblique slit below and after eye. Sides of head 
with many skinny flaps. Chin with or without barbels. First 
dorsal after ventrals, second before anal. Anal small, close to sub- 
caudal. Tail short. Caudals narrow, other fins short and broad, 
notch between subcaudal and terminal, 

Eastern Pacific, Australia. “The Wobbegongs or Carpet Sharks 
are ovoviviparous ground sharks of sluggish habits, frequenting the 
neighbourhood of the shore, where they lie concealed among the 
weed covered rocks. Their beautiful color patterns, harmonious 
contrasts of varied browns and lilacs, assimilate their surroundings 
so perfectly as to deceive the small fishes and crustaceans which with 
mollusks, form the bulk of their food. The imitation is accentuated 
by the fringes of dermal lobes which adorn the lips and sides of the 


head, and which are not found in any other selachian.” (Ogilby 
and McCulloch.) 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. ORECTOLOBUS. Last 2 gill openings little closer than others. 
b*. Nasal cirrus with at least short median branch. 
c’. No supraorbital papilla: chin usually without dermal flaps. 


a2 Dermalelopestsimp] esse ae ee ee ee ee ee ee ornatus 
a. Dermat: lobes bifid ering] see se, 1 See ae japonicus 

c’. One or 2 supraorbital papillae; chin usually with dermal lobes. 
e’. Side of head with only few wide-spaced dermal lobes____ maculatus 
e*. Side of head with nearly continuous row of branched dermal lobes. 
ogilbyi 
b*. Nasal cirrus simple; supraorbital papilla present__________- tentaculatus 


a’, EucRossorHINus. Gill openings equidistant; nasal cirrus ramose; 16 to 20 
dermal flaps along edge of lower lip-_--_____________-____-__ dasypogon 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 93 


Subgenus ORECTOLOBUS Bonaparte 
ORECTOLOBUS ORNATUS (De Vis) 


Crossorhinus ornatus DE Vis, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 289, 
1883 (type locality: Queensland coast).—Macreay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 9, p. 63, 1884 (compiled). 

Orectolobus ornatus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 356, pl. 11, fig. 2 
(young) (Australia)-—Ogitpy and McCuttocu, Proe. Journ. Roy. Soe. 
New South Wales, vol. 42, p. 276, pl. 42, fig. 1, 1909 (type; Woody Point, 
Moreton Bay).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 386, p. 49, 1913 
(Queensland ).—Fow Ler. Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 6, p. 385, 19384 (Port 
Moresby, New Guinea material).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 198, 1984 (reference). 

Crossorhinus barbatus (not Gmelin) McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 
5, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1880 (part). Macreay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 7, p. 597, 1888 (New Guinea). 

Orectolobus devisi OctnBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 75, 1916 (type lo- 
eality : Moreton Bay, p. 181) (on De Vis specimen) ; Commerc. Fish. Fisher. 
Queensland, p. 45, 1915 (Moreton Bay; no description) —WAITE, Rec. South 
Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 16, fig. 16, 1921 (St. Vincent Gulf, South Aus- 
tralia) —McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 
127, 1925 (reference).—McCuLiocu, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, 
pl. 1, fig. 15b, 1927.—Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
486, 1980 (compiled). 


Head 4 to subcaudal origin, width 1,5 in its length. Snout 224 
in head; eye 1024, 414 in snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth width 134 
in head, long lower labial folds not crossing mandibular symphysis; 
nasal cirrus short, simple lobe with shorter outer each side, also 2 
above each mouth angle and 2 each side of head; interorbital 27% in 
head. Gill openings equidistant, last 3 above pectoral base. Spir- 
acle nearly twice eye diameter. 

First dorsal origin over last third in depressed ventral length, 
front edge two in head; front edge of second dorsal 214; anal length 
21; pectoral 134, width half its length which 144 to ventral; ventral 
length 144 in head; caudal 31% in rest of body, notch about last 34. 

Grayish, back with obscurely defined dark brown crossbars; one be- 
hind head before gill openings; one opposite pectoral base, one be- 
fore ventrals, one from each dorsal and 2 or 3 on caudal; pectoral 
bar and predorsal bar with irregular edges, each encloses pair of 
ocelli; posterior bars nearly meet in mid-ventral line. Fins with 
large dark spots. Length, 180 mm. (Regan.) 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. Speci- 
mens in the Queensland Museum from Moreton Bay and Woody 
Point. 

ORECTOLOBUS JAPONICUS Regan 


Orectolobus japonicus Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 485, 1906 
(type locality: Japan and China); Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1908, p. 356 
(type).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 53 (no data).— 


94 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 50, pl. 56, fig. 3, 1913 (heart) 
(Japan).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. (Vertebrata) 
p. 190, 1920 (Tokyo).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 32, fig. 5, 1930 
(China) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 486, 1930 (Japan) .— 
SoLtpaTov and LinpsBer@, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher, Inst., vol. 5, p. 5, 1989.— 
(Far East Seas).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comn. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, 
p. 5, 19381 (Nagasaki). —TANAKA, Jap Fish. Life Colours, No. 12, 1933. 

Crossorhinus barbatus (not Gmelin) Mtiier and HeEnre, Syst. Beschr. Pla- 
giostomen, p. 21, pl. 5, 1841 (type locality: Japan) (not New Holland ref- 
erences ).—ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, pt. 15, p. 301, 1850 (Japan, 
Goto Islands, Nagasaki). —BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 
25, p. 21, 1853 (Goto and Nagasaki); vol. 26, p. 42, 1857 (Japan).—Giin- 
THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 414, 1870 (Japanese material).— 
IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fish. Mus. Tokyo, p. 61, 1897.—Jor- 
DAN and SnypDerR, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 38 (128), 1901 (Goto 
Islands).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 5, fig. 3, 
1929 (Amoy). 

Orectolobus barbatus JonpAN and Fow ter, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 606, 
1903 (Hakata and Nagasaki). 

Crossorhinus lobatus (not Schneider) Mitimr and Henre, Syst. Beschr. Pla- 
giostomen, pl., 1841 (Japan). 

Squalus labiatus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 42, 1847 
(name in synonymy). 

Depth 744 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 114. Snout 23% 
in head, broadly depressed, rounded as seen in profile as seen from 
above; eye 101, in head, without tubercle on upper lid, 334 in snout, 
31% in interorbital; dentary width 214 in head, with long deep groove 
around each mouth angle though not meeting at symphysis; teeth in 
18 rows above, 16 below, each tooth with long narrow median cusp 
and short cusp each side basally, edges of all entire; nostrils close 
below end of snout, joined with mouth by short deep nasoral groove; 
front nasal valves reach teeth, each broadly lobate, separated by nar- 
rower preoral lobe, cirrus twice long as valve or eye with short lobe 
midway on outer edge; hind nasal valve forms lobe on outer side of 
nostril and partly continuous with upper lateral fold and fold along 
outer border of nostril; interorbital 3, depressed. Gill openings 
above pectoral, fourth close before fifth which largest. Spiracle 
large, oblique, equals 134 eye diameters, begins opposite hind part of 
eye. 

Scales minute, triangular, with one to several keels or points. 
Above upper lip 2 flattened dermal flaps; behind fold of mouth angle 
series of 4 or 5 flattened dermal flaps; on side of pharynx 2 short 
flattened dermal lobes. 

First dorsal begins opposite middle of ventral base, length 124 in 
head, hind lobe triangular; second dorsal origin nearer anal origin 
than first dorsal origin, length 124 in head; anal 224, 144 in lower 
caudal lobe; sub-caudal height 434 in its length, length 114 in head; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 95 


least depth of caudal peduncle 614; pectoral 144, width 1%6 its 
length; ventral length 14% in head. 

Body light brown above, more whitish below. Ten dark brown 
saddlelike bands across back, all variegated with irregular pale spots 
or blotches samy shade as general body color; intervening pale areas 
clouded or irregularly marked with dark areas, blotches, spots or 
cloudings. Dorsals dark brown, with paler diffusions. Paired fins 
dark brown above, with some pale spots basally and marginally. 
Under surfaces of paired fins with brownish shades. 

China, Japan. The characters of this species were first made 
known by Regan, and he showed that it differs from the Australian 
Orectolobus maculatus in the absence of papilliform projections 
above the eye; nasal cirrus with simple branch; 2 or 3 simple dermal 
lobes above upper lip followed by 3 or 4 near mouth angle, first and 
last of which bifid and by 2 short, broad, terminally notched ones at 
side of head. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22608. Awa, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 540 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 50725. Hakata Jordan and Snyder. 
U.S.N.M. No. 75952. “Japan.” P. L. Jouy. 


ORECTOLOBUS MACULATUS (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus maculatus BONNATERRE, Tabl. Encyelop. Ichth., p. 8, 1788 (type locality: 
La mer du Sud).—ANpDrEwW SmMirTH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 85 


(reference). 

Scyliorhinus maculatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Seyllium maculatum Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 18738, 1849 
(Singapore). 


Orectolobus maculatus Ocirpy and McCuttocH, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 42, p. 273, pl. 42, fig. 2, 1909 (Woody Point, Moreton Bay, 
Queensland).—GarMAaNn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 52, 1918 (Aus- 
tralian Seas).—Ocirpy, Commere. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 45, 1915 
(Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 75, 1916 (Moreton Bay) .— 
Waite, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, fig. 15, 1921.—Mc- 
CuULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 
1925 (reference).—McCuttocy, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 1, 
fig. 15a, 1927—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proe. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 (reference).—WAIT- 
LEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 (reference). 

Squalus barbatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1493, 1789 (type locality: 
New Holland=Sydney) (on Barbu Broussonet, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1780, 
p. 657, no. 7; New Holland).—Watpaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 515, 1792 
(copied).—Lactpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 246, 1798 (Sydney, New 
South Wales).—ScHNEIpER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 128, 1801 (New Hol- 
land) .— BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 32, 1860 (Botany Bay). 

Scylicrhinus barbatus BLAINvitLz, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 


96 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Crossorhinus barbatus DuMERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 125, 1853 (Aus- 
tralia) ; Hist. Nat. EHlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 388, 1865 (Australia; not Japan and 
China).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, no. 4, p. 28, 1869 (South Sea).— 
GUtntuHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 414, 1870 (South Australia, 
New Holland, Tasmania; not Japan).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, 
dee. 5, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1880.—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
5, p. 97, 1880 (Port Jackson).—MAc.L&Ay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 6, p. 365, 1881 (Port Jackson, Tasmania, South Australia).—OcILBy, 
Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 9, 1888 (Port Jackson, Richmond 
River, Port Stephens) .—Lucas, Proce. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 
44, 1890 (reference).—WAITE, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 39, 1898 (off 
Newcastle, New South Wales, in 21 to 48 fathoms). 

Orectolobus barbatus WarITtE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 32, 1899 (off New- 
castle).—RrEGAN, Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1908, p. 355 (New South Wales, 
Sydney, Tasmania, South Australia).—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 


1908. 
Chiloscyllium barbatus Mactmay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 


597, 1888 (reference). 

Squalus lobatus ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 1387, 1801 (type locality: New 
Holland) (on Wati’s Shark Phillip, Voy. Gov. Phillip to Botany Bay, p. 285, 
pl. 58, 1789; Sydney Cove, Port Jackson) —ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, 1887, p. 86 (reference). 

Chrossorhinus lobatus ANDREW SmiTH, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1837, p. 86 
(reference). 

Squalus appendiculatus SHaw, Nat. Mise., vol. 17, pl. 727, 1806 (type locality: 
Antarctic Seas) (on Watt’s Shark Phillip). 

Depth 914 to 10 to subcaudal origin; head 434 to 5, width 1 to 
1%. Snout 214 to 2% in head, widely depressed, rounded in profile 
as seen from above; eye 9 to 10 in head, with 2 tubercles along upper 
eyelid, 325 to 484 in snout, 38% to 444 in interorbital; dentary width 
2 to 2% in head, deep groove around each mouth angle though not 
meeting at symphysis; teeth in 19 or 20 rows above, 16 or 17 rows 
below, each tooth with long narrow median cusp and sometimes short 
basal cusp each side, edges of all entire; nostrils close below ends 
of snout, joined with mouth by short deep nasoral groove; front 
nasal valves reach teeth, each broadly lobate, separated by narrower 
preoral lobe, cirrus twice long as valve or equals 124 eye diameters, 
with short bifid lobe midway on outer edge; hind nasal valve forms 
fold on outer side of nostril extending to upper labial fold and a 
longitudinal fold along side of nasoral groove, free pointed end of 
which directed toward mouth angle; interorbital 234 in head, de- 
pressed. Gill openings above pectoral, fourth much longest and 
close before fifth. Spiracle large, oblique, equals 134 eye diameters, 
begins opposite hind part of eye. 

Scales minute, triangular, with one or several points and keels. 
Above upper lip 3 to 5 flattened dermal flaps; behind fold of mouth 
angle series of 4 or 5 flattened dermal flaps and 2 more on side of 


pharynx. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 97 


First dorsal begins opposite middle to hind end of ventral base, 
length 136 to 134 in head, hind lobe right angle; second dorsal origin 
nearer anal origin than first dorsal origin, length 144 to 1% in head; 
anal 144 to 2, 11% to 144 in subcaudal; subcaudal height 414 its length, 
subcaudal length 144 to 114 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 
5 to 6144; pectoral 1144 to 114, width 114 to 1% its length; ventral 
length 114 to 114 in head; claspers of larger example little developed. 

Upper surfaces brown, below paler to whitish. Upper surface 
variously spotted or marked with pale rings, arcs, bars or blotches. 
Ten obscure underlaid dark saddles, usually on back and tail. Dor- 
sals and caudal largely like back, also paired fins above all with 
some pale spots. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus- 
tralia, Western Australia. Specimen in the Queensland Museum 
from Woody Point, Moreton Bay. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29012. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39999. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 655 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40004. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 570 mm. 


ORECTOLOBUS OGILBYI Regan 


Orectolobus ogilbyi Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 529, 1909 
(type locality: Torres Strait).—Ocirpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 75, 1916 (Dunk Island).—McCuttocH and Wuirriry, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 (reference).—Fowtrer, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 (compiled).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus,., vol. 10, p. 198, 1984 (reference). 

? Crossorhinus barbatus (not Gmelin) Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 7, p. 597, 18838 (New Guinea). 

Crossorhinus dasypogon (not Bleeker) OcrirBy, Cat. Fish. Australian Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 9, 1888 (Torres Strait). 

Orectolobus dasypogon OctLBy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, 
p. 184, 1889 (Torres Strait) —Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 307, 1893 (Thurs- 
day Island).—Ocirsy, Ann. Queensland Mus., no. 9, p. 4, 1908 (Dunk Island, 
Queensland) .—OcirBy and McCurtocH, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 42, p. 272, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1909 (Samarai, New Guinea; Torres 
Strait). 


Depth 77% to subcaudal origin; head 434. Snout 3 in head, broadly 
rounded, flattened above; eye 714, 234 in snout, upper eyelid with 2 
papillae; 6 more or less branched dermal lobes on upper lip, outer- 
most longest; behind mouth angle to first gill opening row of 14 or 
more branched lobes in 3 groups of which first longest; chin with 
row of similar lobes, median longest; nasal cirrus with 2 or 3 simple 
or bifurcated lobes on their outer margins, space between their bases 
equal to 14 mouth width or % interorbital. Gill openings graduated 
back to fourth smaller, fifth larger, first and second more widely 
spaced than others. 


98 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales minute, rough, smoother on tail and hinder portion of body. 

First dorsal origin over last fifth of ventral base, front fin edge 17% 
in head; front edge of second dorsal 2; anal begins behind second dor- 
sal base, front fin edge 224 in head; pectoral 1, width 134 its length, 
which reaches 124 to ventral; ventral length 114 in head; caudal 
43, in rest of body, notch at last sixth its length. 

Light sandy, covered with network of dark brown rings, small on 
head and larger on sides and tail. Each ring with more or less 
distinct darker center, which plainest on tail. Large dark brown 
blotches break uniformity of network at regular intervals. About 
5 inconspicuous darker cross bands on body and 4 more distinct 
ones on tail. Fins like body, except network finer on hind borders. 
Length, 1,210mm. (Ogilby and McCulloch.) 

New Guinea, Queensland. 


ORECTCLOBUS TENTACULATUS (Peters) 


Crossorhinus tentaculatus PrTERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, p. 123 
(type locality: Adelaide, South Australia).—GtntTuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 3, vol. 20, p. 67, 1867 (Adelaide; Cape York).—Macrray, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 865, 1881 (Cape York).—Kernt, Great 
Barrier Reef, p. 48, fig. 5, 1893. 

Orectolobus tentaculatus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, i908, p. 357, pl. 12, 
fig. 2 (Cape York).—OcitBy and McCuttocu, Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 42, p. 278, 1909 (Port Adelaide).—GaArmMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 51, 1913 (Queensland).—O«empy, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 76, 1916 (Queensland; note) ; vol. 6, p. 97, 1918 (Port Dar- 
win).—WAIrTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 16, fig. 17, 1921.— 
McCutiocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 
(reference).—FowtLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 
1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, p. 194, 1934 
(reference). 


Head 4 to subcaudal origin, width 114 its length. Snout 2 in head; 
eye 12, 4 in snout, 514 in interorbital, papilla above posterior part 
of eye; on each side small, simple, dermal lobe above upper lip, 
jarger one at mouth angle and third at side of head; nasal cirrus 
long, simple. Last 2 gill openings close together, others equidistant. 

First dorsal inserted little before hind basal ventral edge, front fin 
edge 1% in head; front fin edge of second dorsal 214; anal length 
124; pectoral 114, width 114 its length which 1,8, to ventral; ventral 
length 2 in head; caudal 414 in rest of body, notch little behind last 
fourth in length. 

Yellowish, back grayish. On back before first dorsal fin 3 large 
dark areas edged with white, continuous or subcontinuous with dark 
vertical bars on sides. Tail completely circled by 8 dark vertical bands, 
correspond to 2 dorsal and anal fins. Fins with large dark spots. 
Length, 430 mm. (Regan.) 

Queensland, South Australia, The type was 900mm. long, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 99 


Subgenus EUCROSSORHINUS Regan 
ORECTOLOBUS DASYPOGON (Bleeker) 


Crossorhinus dasypogon BLEEKER, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat., vol. 2, p. 400, pl. 21, 
fig. 1, 1867 (type locality: Off Waigiu; Aru) ; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Am- 
sterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 298 (Waigiu), p. 306 (Aru), 1868. 

Eucrossorhinus dasypogon ReGan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 357 (type, 
from Waigiu).—GaRrMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 53, 1918 (com- 
piled) .—Fowtsr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 17, 1928 (compiled), 

Orectolobus dasypogon Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
486, 1930 (reference). 

Depth about 714 to subcaudal origin; head 324, little broader than 
long. Snout 224 in head; eye 9 to 14, 3 in snout, 4 to 6 in interorbi- 
tal; mouth width 114 to 11% in head; teeth in 16 to 20 rows; nostrils 
terminal on snout, front valve with long lateral cirrus on fold with 
several lobules; hind valves form fold around outer nasal edge, con- 
tinue backward into upper lip fold and another along side of nasoral 
groove, end in cirroid free extremity toward mouth angle. Gill 
openings equidistant, above pectoral base. Spiracle twice eye 
diameter. 

Scales lanceolate. Between narial lobe and mouth angle 5 branched 
lobes, between mouth angle and pectoral base 20 and 16 to 20 along 
edge of lower lip. 

First dorsal origin above last fourth of ventral base, front edge 
21% in head; front edge of second dorsal 17%; anal inserted behind 
second dorsal base, length about 224 in head; pectoral length 114, 
about wide as long; ventral 114 in head; caudal 3 in rest of body, 
notched at last fifth. 

Brown, variegated with small variable, close-set white spots. 
Caudal with 4 or 5 transverse darker obscure bands. Lower sur- 
faces uniformly pale or plain colored. Length, 800 mm. (Bleeker; 
Garman. ) 

East Indies. 

Genus STEGOSTOMA Miiller and Henle 


Stegostoma MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 112. 
(Type, Squalus fasciatus Hermann, Arch. Naturg., 1837, pt. 1, p. 395; ortho- 
typic. ) 

Body slender, less than half total. Tail long, slender, compressed. 
Head short, wide. Snout short, thick, obtuse. Eyes small, lids with- 
out folds. Mouth transverse, upper lip thin between nasal valves 
and teeth, short labial folds around mouth angles. Teeth small, tri- 
cuspid, in transverse pads of about 28 rows in each. Nostrils with 
nasoral grooves; front valves united in broad thick pad in front of 
preoral fold on outer side of groove ending in short flaps at mouth 
angle. Gill openings small, fourth and fifth close together, last 3 
above pectoral base. Spiracles small, behind eyes. Nasal valves, pre- 


100 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


oral fold and chin covered with modified scales. Dorsals approxi- 
mated, small, first larger and above ventrals, second smaller than and 
advanced from anal. Anal near caudal. Caudal large, horizontal, 
narrow subcaudal without lobe. 

Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. 


STEGOSTOMA FASCIATUM (Hermann) 
FIGURE 7 


Squalus fasciatus HERMANN, Tab. Affin., p. 302, 1783 (on Squalus varius Seba, 
Thesauri, vol. 3, p. 105, pl. 34, fig. 1, 1758, no type locality given).—BtLocH, 
Naturg. auslind. Fische, vol. 1, p. 19, pl. 118, 1785 (Tranquebar).—WALBAUM, 
Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 515, 1792 (on Bloch).—SHAw and Nopper, Nat. Mise. 
vol. 11, pl. 484, 1800 (Indian Seas).—ANprREwW SmiruH, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lon- 
don, 1837, p. 85 (reference). 





Ficurp 7.—Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann) : Variation of color pattern in young. 


Scyliorhinus fasciatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only.) 

Stegostoma fasciatum Mititrr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 24, 
pl. 7, 1841 (Indian Ocean; Red Sea).—Canror, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 18, p. 13878, 1849 (Pinang).—Jerpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, 
p. 148, 1851.—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 38, 1851 (Indian Ocean, 
Madras, India).—BLrEEKER, Verh. Batav, Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 
23, 1852 (Samarang); (Bengal) vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (on Pollee makwm Rus- 
sell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 11, pl. 18, 1830, Vizagapatam).—DuME- 
RIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 128, 1853 (sea of the Indies; Red Sea).— 
BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 22, p. 101, 1860 (Singapore) .— 
BuiyrH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 35, 1860 (Sandheads, Cal- 
cutta).—DuMé&rIL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 336, 1865 (Sea of the 
Indies; coasts of Madagascar).—GUnTHER, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 140, 1866 
(Aden; Zanzibar).—Prters, Montasb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 281 
(Malacca). 

Stegostoma fasciatus KtuNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 672, 
1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Sauvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 
1891 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 101 


Stegostoma (Scyllium) fasciatum GuIcHENOoT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Cherbourg, ser. 2, 
vol. 2, p. 148, 1866 (Madagascar). 

Squalus tygrinus BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 8, pl. 8, fig. 23, 1788 
(type locality: La mer des Indes). 

Squalus tigrinus PENNANT, Indian zoology, p. 24, 1769 (Indian Ocean) (inad- 
missible; name only).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1493, 1789 (In- 
dian Ocean).—Forster, Fauna Indica, p. 24, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1795.—LAcEpEDE, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 248, 1798. 

Scyliorhinus tigrinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Stegostoma tigrinum GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 409, 1870 
(India, Zanzibar, Ceylon, Formosa).—BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., 
vol. 4, p. 115, 1874 (Chinese drawing).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 725, 
pl. 187, fig. 4, 1878 (Red Sea, East Africa, India, Malay Archipelago) .— 
GoreozA, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 74, 1885 
(Paragua).—Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 227, 1888 (Red 
Sea).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 7, 1888 (Cape York; 
Madras; Formosa) ; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 181, 
1889 (Cape York).—Day, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 33, fig. 138, 1889.— 
BouteNGER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 2483 (Muscat).—Savvace, Hist. 
Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference).—ELrra, Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 616, 1895 (Paragua, Puerta Princesa).—BArRtTLEeTT, Sarawak 
Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Buntal and Moratabas).—WaAITE, 
Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 3, p. 1383, 1899 (Hawkesbury River, New South 
Wales; Cape York specimen).—Votz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 
66, p. 2388, 1907 (Priaman and Langkat, Sumatra).—ReEcGAN, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
London, 1908, p. 863 (Zanzibar, Formosa, Sarawak, North West Australia, 
India, Ceylon) .—Ocinpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., no. 9, p. 4, 1908 (Cape York 
and Normanton).—TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 4, p. 65, pl. 16, figs. 55-58, 
1911 (Tokyo market).—SouTHWELt, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. 
E41, E49.—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 489, 1912 (Naha, 
Okinawa).—ZuGMAYER, Abh. Kon. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 
26, p. 8, 1913 (Oman).—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 77, 1916 
(Cape Bowling Green, Dunk Island, Cape York, Normanton).—Fow ter, 
Copeia, no. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1927, p. 255 (Philippines) ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 100, 
1928 (Bombay; Philippine example).—Pimtay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. 
Soc., vol. 33, p 350, 1929 (Travancore).—TtRrant, Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 65, 1929 (Cochinchina).—FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., 
vol. 1, p. 31, fig. 4, 19830 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 486, 1930 (Philippine Islands; Indian Ocean).—Wang, Contr. Biol. 
Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 89, fig. 1, 1933 (Yenting)—WuuttTLEy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 182 (Wyndham, Western Australia; 
Moreton Bay; Botany Bay), p. 198 (reference), 1934.—BarNarD, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 32, pt. 2, p. 45, 19387 (Algoa Bay; St. Francis Bay; Dur- 
ban).—Svvartl, Index Fish. Siam, p. 1, 1987 (Ko Sichang, Gulf of Siam).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 12, 1937 
(reference). 

Stegostoma tygrinum OcitBpy and McCuttocH, Journ. Proce. Roy. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 42, p. 295, 1909 (Little Mulgrave River, Port Jackson district, 
Cape Work, Normanton; Doboo, Aroo Islands; Dunk Island).—Oci~py, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 181, 1915 (Cape Bowling Green, egg case) ; vol. 
A, p. 77, 1916 (Cape Bowling Green, Dunk Island, Little Mulgrave River) ; 


102 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


vol. 6, p. 97, 1918 (Southport, Queensland ).—McCutiocH and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 127, 1925 (reference).—McCuttocnu, Fishes 
New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 18a, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 362, 1935 (Natal); List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 8, 19388 (reference). 

Squalus longicaudus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1496, 1789 (no locality) 
(on Gronow and Seba). 

Squalus maculatus (not Bonnaterre, 1788) ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 130, 
1801 (type locality: ‘Habitat in ocean orientali’’). 

Scyllium quinquecarinatum VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, May 
1823, p. — (type locality: Java). 

Scyllium heptagonum RUpPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 61, pl. 17, fig. 1, 1835 
(type locality: Djedda, Red Sea). 

Stegostoma carinatum BiytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 725, 
pl. 25, fig. 1, 1847 (type locality: India). 

Squalus pantherinus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 23, 1852 (name in synonymy). 

Squalus cirrosus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 46, 1854 (no locality). 

Stegostoma varium GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 59, 1913 (type 
locality: East Africa). —Herrre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, p. 125, 1925 
(Manila Bay; San Jose del Monte).—Cuevey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° 
note, p. 5, 1982 (Cochinchina ).—HeEnrre, Journ. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 
4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) .—TortoneEsg, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 
ser. 3, vol. 48, p. 222, 1983 (mar Rosso) ; ser. 3, vol. 45, p. 8, 1935-36 (Bahia di 
Assab, mar Rosso). 

Stegastoma varium. Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 10, 1934 
(Dumaguete) (error). 


Depth 414 to 41% to subcaudal origin; head 324 to 4, width 1 to 
114. Snout 124 to 134 in head; eye 10 to 1014, 7 in snout, 9 to 934 
in interorbital; mouth width 214 to 324, with short labial folds at 
angles and with preoral upper fold followed by hind narial flap; 
teeth small, tricuspid, 20 to 23 rows in each jaw; interorbital 114 to 
114 in head, broadly convex. Spiracle short vertical slit about half 
eye diameter behind eye and length 11% in eye. 

Scales with median keel and 1 or 2 laterals each side, all ending 
in short points. 

First dorsal inserted little before ventral, length 114 to 114 in 
head; second dorsal before anal, length 124 to 234 in head; anal 
length 2149; ventral 144 to 2; pectoral 114 to greater than head or 
reaches 37% to caudal base, width 114 its length; caudal very slightly 
less than rest of body to little greater in young. 

Brown largely, under surface of head and abdomen uniform 
whitish. Over back 12 cross bands of little deeper brown, each 
bordered broadly by blackish, between snout end and first dorsal 
with first 8 looped variably as pairs; on rest of body and tail about 
25 dark cross bands of which half dozen looped and paired. Whole 
lower side of body and tail, also anal and upper surfaces of paired 
fins, with dark or blackish spots, largest but little longer than eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 103 


Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, East Africa, Madagascar, India, 
Ceylon, Pinang, East Indies, Indo China, Philippines, China, For- 
mosa, Riu Kiu, Japan, North West Australia, Queensland, New 
South Wales. Specimens in the Queensland Museum from Little 
Mulgrave River, Queensland. Also egg case of an example 3,535 mm. 
from Stradbroke Island and egg case with young from the Aru 
Islands, H. Macready, I. 2085. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum Philadelphia. Length, 


356 mm. 
1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Dr. F. Hallberg. Length, 788 mm. 
24149. Makassar, Celebes. December 22, 1909. Length, 274 mm. 
13975. Makassar, Celebes. December 26, 1909. Length, 313 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 49325. Massaua, Red Sea. Bellotti Collection. Length, 282 mm. 
With 28 transverse yellowish bars. 


Family ISURIDAE 


Body fusiform. Caudal peduncle depressed, with lateral keel each 
side. Head subconic. Eye without nictitating folds. Mouth in- 
ferior, large, crescentic, with labial folds. Teeth moderate, pointed. 
Nostrils oblique, near mouth but not confluent with it. Gill opening 
wide, before pectoral. Spiracle small. First dorsal large. Second 
dorsal and anal small. Caudal much less than half, total length, 
vertebral axis and fin much elevated backward from horizontal. 
Caudal with pits. Pectorals falciform. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. Teeth with entire edges, awllike, with or without basal denticles. 


b%. Teeth without basal denticles at all ages__-_----------------~-- Isurus 
b*. Teeth with one or more basal denticles each side, at least with age. Lamna 
a’. Teeth with serrated edges, without basal denticles_-__-_-------_ Carcharodon 


Genus ISURUS Rafinesque 


Isurus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 11, 1810. (Type, Zsurus 
oryrinchus Rafinesque, monotypic. ) 

Oryrhina AGaAssiz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. 3, pp. 87, 276, 1836. (Type, Lamna 
oryrhina Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Plectrostoma GisteL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. x, 1848. (Type, Oryrhina man- 
telli Agassiz, orthotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Isuropsis Git, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 398, 408, 1862. 
(Type, Oryrhina glauca Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 

Anatodus Lx Hon, Prélim. Mém. Poiss. Tert. Belge, p. 8, 1871. (Type, Anatodus 
agassizii Le Hon, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 


Body mackerellike or tunnylike, with slender caudal peduncle. 
Snout pointed, rather long. Teeth awllike, long, lanceolate, cutting 
edges sharp and entire, without basal cusps, base with 2 roots. Gill 
opening wide, before pectoral. Spiracle behind eye or absent. First 

156861—41——_8 


104 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


dorsal large, entirely behind pectoral or nearly midway between 
latter and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal very small. Caudal cre- 
scentic, with well-produced lower lobe. Pectoral large, partly falci- 
form. 
Many fossils, mostly as teeth, known from the Cretaceous and 
later. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, Teeth in 24 rows above, 22 below; lateral line inconspicuous. 
b*. First dorsal height 314 or more in predorsal. 


c’. Anal base wholly behind second dorsal__-____-»___=-__-=---_____ bideni 

ce’. Anal base partly beneath second dorsal___________-._________ glaucus 

b*. First dorsal height less than 314 in predorsal_______._____________ mako 
a’, Teeth in 44 rows above, 56 below; conspicuous ridge as lateral line from 
behind eye, over gill openings then to caudal ecarina____________ guntheri 


ISURUS BIDENI Phillipps 


Isurus bideni PHILuires, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 13, p. 227, fig. 2, 
1932 (type locality: South Africa) (based on jaws and photograph). 
Differs from the New Zealand species in the relative heights of the 
dorsal fins and the depth of the caudal peduncle. Body more rounded 
first dorsal shorter, and caudal less deeply concave. Teeth similar. 


3 


ISURUS GLAUCUS (Miiller and Henle) 


Oxyrhina glauca Mttrer and Hen tg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 69, pl. 29, 
1841 (type locality: Java).—ScHLEceL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica. 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 302, 1850 (Japan).—BtLreeKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Japan) ; vol. 26, p. 42, 1854 (Japan).—Dum- 
ERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 409, 1865 (Mer du Japon et non les 
cotes de Java). 

Lamna glauca GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 391, 1870 (Cape 
Seas; St. Helena).—Hector, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes 
of New Zealand), p. 77, 1872.—Ramsay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—MactrAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 356, 1881 (New South Wales coast).—OciLpy, Cat. Fishes, 
Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 5, 1888 (Port Jackson and Botany Bay).— 
BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Steap, Fishes 
of Australia, p. 233, 1908—GtnrHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 484, 
1910 (St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, Muscat).—ZugmMAyeErR, Abh. Kon. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 (Oman). 

Isuropsis glaucus JORDAN and SnybDer, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 40, 1901 
(Nagasaki). 

Isuropsis glauca JORDAN and SNypeR, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 127, 1901 
(reference).—JorDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 623, 1903 
(Nagasaki; Matsushima).—JorDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 
vol. 28, 1908, pt. 1, p. 48, fig. 5, 1905 (Honolulu) .—PtirrscHMAnn, Sitz, Ber. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 675, 1908 (Japan).— 
IzuKA and MaArsuurs, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 189, 
1920 (Tokyo). 

Isuropsis glaucea JORDAN and THompson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 207, 
1914 (Tokyo market). (Error). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 105 


Isurus glaucus Oartpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1771, 
1888 (Port Jackson).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 35, p. 38, 
1913 (Idzu Sea, Japan).—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 74, 
1916 (Bulwer, Moreton Bay).—WaitTe, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 
2, No. 1, p. 21, fig. 27, 1921—Jorpan and Huses, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 102, pl. 2, 1925 (Zanada Museum).—McCuiiocH and WHITLEY, Mem, 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference).—McCutiocn, Fishes 
of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 8, fig. 22, 1927—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 18, 1928 (Honolulu).—Wuittey, Pap. Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Tasmania, 1928, p. 45, 1929 (Tasmania).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 589, 1930 (Tokyo markets); Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congress, Java, p. 488, 1930 (Japan; Hawaii).—ScHMDDT, 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 6, 19381 (Kagoshima ) .— 
CuHeEvEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 5, 1932 (Indo China).— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 20, 1933. 

Isurus glauca Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 38, pl. 1, fig. 6, 
1925 (from Waite) (Cape Seas). 

Oxynotus gomphodon (not Miiller and Henle) Cross, Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Die- 
men’s Land, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 81, 1855 (Tasmania). 

Lamna (Oavyrrhina) spallanzanii (not Rafinesque) KtuNnzincer, Verh. zool.- 
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 669, 1871 (Red Sea). 

Lamna spallanzanii Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 722, pl. 186, fig. 2, 1878 (Red 
Sea, Indian Ocean); Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 26, fig. 7, 1889.— 
BouLencer, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 243 (Muscat).—WeEseErR, Siboga 
Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 592, 1918 (Lomblem).—ZuGMaAyeEr, Abh. Kon. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Mekran and Oman). 

Lamna spallanzani Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 64, 
1929 (Phuroc-hai). 

Oxryrhina spallanzanit Brusina, Glasnik Narovosl. DruZtva, vol. 8, p. 226, 1888 
(Red Sea). 

Lamna huidobrii Puiirri, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 548, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1887 
(type locality: Santiago).—QuvtsapA, Boll. Mus. Chile, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 111, 
1918 (Chile). 





Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 414, rather narrowly at- 
tenuated in profile. Snout 234 in head; eye 1214, 514 in snout; mouth 
long as wide, sides straight to broadly arched anterior portion; labial 
folds nearly half jaw length, at inner edge of lips; teeth long, slender, 
unequal, sharp-edged, outlines sinuate, 24 rows above, 22 below; 
nostrils small, width 24 orbit, nearer eye than snout tip; interorbital 
broadly convex. Guill openings long as snout, last before pectoral 
base. Spiracle minute, above mouth angle. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner pectoral angle, front fin edge 
134 in head; second dorsal length 4%5; anal length 7; pectoral 1140, 
width 2149 its length; ventral 214 in head; clasper rather slender; 
upper caudal lobe equals head, subcaudal 144 upper; carina on 
caudal peduncle 11% in head. 

Back dark bluish or blackish brown, contrasted sharply by caudal 
carina from white of under surfaces. (Day; Garman.) 


106 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Red Sea, Arabia, Cape of Good Hope, India, East Indies, Indo 
China, Japan, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zea- 
land, Hawaii. Also Chile and the Atlantic at St. Helena. Ac- 
cording to Barnard reaches 2,100 mm. 


ISURUS MAKO Whitley 


Isurus mako Wutrttry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 17, p. 101, 1929 (on 
Phillipps) —Puiturrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 18, p. 227, 1932 
(note). 

Tsuropsis mako WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 194 (Port 
Jackson; New South Wales; Noonta Bay, South Australia), p. 199 (refer- 
ence), 1984. 

Tsurus glaucus (not Miiller and Henle) Puitreps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. 
Techn., vol. 6, p. 268, fig. 13, 1924 (off Auckland; Manukau bar); Trans. 
New Zealand Inst., vol. 56, p. 530, pl. 87, 1926 (New Zealand). 

Differs from Zsurus glaucus and Isurus bideni in the height of 
the first dorsal fin less than 314 in the predorsal length. 
Australia and New Zealand. 


ISURUS GUNTHERI (Murray) 


Lamna guntheri Murray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 18, p. 348, 1884 
(type locality: Kurrachee, India).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 810, 
1888 (copied). 

Tsurus giintheri GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol 36, p. 39, 1913 (copied). 

Snout much produced, partly triangular. Mouth angle midway 
between nostril and first gill opening. “Teeth 224,” (on p. 351 as 
“224. on each side”), edges sharp, smooth, no basal cusp. Nostrils 
conspicuous, open, nearer eye than snout tip. Gill openings sub- 
equal. 

Skin smooth. From before eye to snout tip each side, band of 
irregularly arranged minute pores; similar patch on cheeks and be- 
low snout. Strongly ridged lateral line continued before caudal 
carina along entire body over gill openings ending immediately 
behind eye. 

First dorsal nearer pectoral than ventral, about its own length 
behind hinder pectoral base; anal its own length behind second dor- 
sal; caudal with pit, upper lobe falcate, carina begins opposite anal 
origin; pectoral narrowing falcately from base to tip. 

Dark plumbeous on upper half, grayish on lower half. Underside 
of snout yellowish. Length, 2,220 mm. (J. A. Murray.) 

India. This nominal species is only known from the above de- 
scription. It differs, however, from all the other species of the genus 
in its very conspicuous lateral line, short caudal keel, and the teeth. 
It would seem that Murray intends to give 44 teeth in the upper jaw 
and 56 in the lower, though this is not absolutely certain. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 107 


Genus LAMNA Cuvier 


Lamna Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 126, 1817. (Type, Lamna cornubica 
Cuvier= Squalus cornubicus Gmelin, designated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. 
Hist. New York, vol. 8, p. 32, 1861.) 

Lamia (not Edwards, 1771, or Fabricius, 1775) Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., 
Poissons, vol. 3, p. 123, 1826. (Type, Squalus cornubicus Gmelin, mono- 
typic.) 

Selanonius FLtemine, British Animals, p. 169, 1828. (Type, Squalus selonus 
(Walker) Leach, monotypic.) 

Ezoles GisteL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. ix, 1848. (Type Squalus nasus Bon- 
naterre, virtually. Haoles Gistel proposed to replace Lamna Cuvier.) 


Body short, stout, back elevated. Snout pointed, prominent. 
Teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each with small basal cusp each 
side, sometimes obsolete in young. Gill openings wide. First dor- 
sal and pectoral somewhat falcate, former behind pectoral base. 
Second dorsal and anal very small, nearly opposite. 

This genus differs from Jswrus in the presence of the small basal 
cusp each side of the large median cusp. “The appearance of the 
Porbeagle is even more repulsive than that of the other Sharks. It 
emits an extremely disagreeable, fetid smell, and the surface of the 
body, which is yielding and at several spots flabby, acquires a dirty 
look from the secretion of tough mucus. This is especially copious 
at all the orifices, and it was this uncleanness, which is shared by the 
whole phalanx, that suggested the ancient name of Squalus.” (Smitt.) 


LAMNA NASUS (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus nasus BoNNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 10, pl. 85, fig. 350, 1788 
(no locality) (on Le Nez Broussonet). 

Tsurus nasus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Zool., vol. 36, p. 34, 1918 (British Islands, 
Mediterranean, Western Atlantic, Japan).—FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pa- 
cific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 488, 1980 (Atlantic Ocean).—TanakA, Jap. Fish. 
Life Colours, No. 19, 1983.—Fow Ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, 
pt. 1, p. 32, fig. 5, 1986 (Italy). 

Lamna nasus WAITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, p. 6, 1907 (reference) .— 
JoRDAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 102, 1925 (off Ize).— 
WuHirttry, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 

Squalus glaucus (not Linnaeus) Gunner, Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 
Trondhjem, vol. 4, pt. 1, 1768. 

Squalus cornubicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1497, 1789 (type locality : 
Cornwall, England). 

Squalus cornubica Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 127, 1817 (reference). 

Lamna cornubica AGASSIZ, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 287, pl. G, figs. 3a-d, 1836. 
—MULitrr and HENts, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 67, 1841 (Atlantic 
Ocean, Mediterranean, Japan).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 304, 1850 (Japan).—BtlreKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Japan).—DumMériL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 405, 1865 (France, Algeria). —GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 398, 1870 (Eastbourne, Plymouth, England).—Day, British Fishes, vol. 
2, p. 297, pl. 156, 1880-1884.—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol, 


108 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


3, p. 40 (127), 1901 (reference).—JorDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 26, p. 623, 1903 (compiled).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, 1908, p. 55 (Italian example).—SoLpAtTov and LInpBerG, Bull. Pacific 
Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 11, 1980 (Far East Seas). 

Isurus cornubicus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 42, 
1857 (Japan). 

Squalus pennanti WALBAUM, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 517, 1792 (on Pennant, Arctic 
Zoology, vol. 3, p. 118, pl. 17, 1792, type locality : Atlantic Ocean). 

Squalus monensis SHAw, General Zoology, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 850, 1804 (type locality : 
Beaumaris, Anglesea, England) (on Pennant, British Zoology, ed. 2, vol. 4, 
p. 92, 1769). 

Squalus sealonus (Walker) LeracH, Wernerian Soc. Mem., vol. 2, p. 64, pl. 2, 
fig. 2, 1812 (type locality: Lochfyne). 

Sealanonius walkeri FLEMING, British Animals, p. 169, 1828 (on Leach). 

Lamna philippi PEREz, Estudios sobre algunos escualos de la costa de Chile, p. 1, 
1886 (type locality: Chile) —PuHttppr, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 17, pl. 3, 
fig. 2 1887 (Chile).—QuisapA, Boll. Mus. Chile, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 111, 1913 
(Chile). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal; head 5, width 3. Snout 224 in head; eye 
734, mouth gape 25% in head, narrowly convergent, without folds or 
grooves; teeth 28 above, 26 below, directed inward, most with single, 
minute basal cusp each side; nostrils moderate, at last sixth in snout, 
inferior, well separated, internarial twice space between each one and 
front mouth edge; nasal valve very small; interorbital 334, broadly 
depressed. First gill opening longest or 124 in head, last before 
pectoral base. 

Scales rather rough to touch. 

Front edge of first dorsal 224 in head; of second dorsal 434; anal 
length 4; front subcaudal edge 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 9; 
pectoral 114, width half its length, which 134 to ventral; ventral 
length 3 in head. 

Gray brown above, pale or whitish below, line of demarcation along 
side of caudal peduncle well contrasted by caudal keel. Dorsal fins 
and upper surface of caudal like back, lower pale like belly, though 
with more or less grayish. Pectoral above like back, below paler like 
belly. Ventral and anal pale, slightly with grayish. Iris pale olive 
gray, eyeball whitish. Teeth whitish. 

Widely distributed in the Atlantic. Known from Japan, Kam- 
chatka, Alaska, California, and Chile in the Pacific. I have no 
Pacific materials. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte collection. Length, 623 mm. 
LAMNA WHITLEYI Phillipps 


Lamna whitleyi Puittrrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 16, p. 239, fig. 3, 
1935 (type locality: Island Bay, Wellington, New Zealand). 

Oxyrhina gomphodon (not Miiller and Henle) Cross, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 
yol, 3, pt. 1, p. 81, 1855 (coast of Australia and New Zealand). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 109 


Lamna cornubica (not Gmelin) Haast, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 7, p. 237, 
1875 (Banks Peninsula and Lyttelton, New Zealand).—JoHNSTON, Pap. 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, p. 188, 1883; 1887, pp. xxx, 46, 1888; 1890, 
p. 38, 1891 (Tasmania).—OcILBy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, 
vol. 3, p. 1771, 1889.—Kent, Naturalist in Australia, p. 154, 1897.—Woop- 
warp, Western Australia Year Book, vol. 1, 1900-1901, p. 273, 1902 (Western 
Australia). 

Lamna nasus (not Bonnaterre) WaitEe, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, 
p. 6, 1907 (New Zealand).—PuHittieps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 
6, p. 267, figs. 11-12, 1924 (New Zealand).—McCu.tocH, Australian Mus. 
Mem., vol. 5, p. 14, 1929 (reference). 

Large teeth appear to have only basal cusp, and in very large teeth 
the cusps, though present, are not such a distinctive feature. Outer 
row of upper teeth almost straight and slope outward. The next 
upper row more twisted and slope more obliquely inward. Lower 
teeth 3 rows in front, all twisted in varying degrees toward upper 
row. Some few small teeth with 2 basal cusps on each side at base. 

Dorsal origin just behind pectoral base. Second dorsal origin 
over hind part of anal base and farther back than in Zamna nasus. 
Pectoral base slopes obliquely downward. 

Dull slaty on back and sides becoming lighter below, where general 
color seems rather light yellow, perhaps tinged with red. Eye deep 
green. (Phillipps.) 

New Zealand. Said to have similar dentition to Lamna nasus, also 
the second dorsal originating over the anal, and the body stout. It 
agrees also with Jsurus tigris in the position of its first dorsal and 
the length of its lower caudal lobe. 


Genus CARCHARODON Miiller and Henle 


Carcharodon (Andrew Smith) MULLER and HENLE, Mag. Nat. Hist. Charles- 
worth, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 37, 1838. (Type, Carcharias verus Blainville=Squalus 
carcharias Linnaeus, monotypic.) 

Cycocephalus SCHAEFFER, Epistola studii ichth., p. 20, 1760. (Atypic. Type, 
Squalus carcharias Linnaeus.) (Cynocephalus Walbaum, 1792, Lacépéde, 
1799, not involved.) 

Carcharoles JoRDAN, Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., vol. 3, p. 99, 1923. (Type, 
Carcharias auriculatus Blainyille.) (Fossil.) 

Body fusiform, massive forward. Caudal peduncle strong, de- 
pressed, lateral keel each side. Head conic. Snout produced. Eye 
moderate; pupil erect, no nictitating fold. Mouth large, crescentic, 
with labial folds. Teeth compressed, large, erect, regularly triangular, 
edges serrated, broader in upper jaw of which third tooth on each 
side small. Nostrils small, widely separated, nearer mouth and eye 
than} snout end. Gill openings wide, before pectoral. Spiracle 
minute or absent. First dorsal large or moderate, nearly midway 
between pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal very small. 


110 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Caudal axis greatly elevated backward, lobes of lunate fin not very 
unequal. Caudal pits present. Pectorals large, falciform. Ventrals 
small. 

Large pelagic sharks, found in all warm seas, though fortunately 
nowhere met with in abundance, as they are among the strongest 
and most voracious of all fishes. Fossils known from large detached 
teeth, some from the bottom of the ocean and of 5 or more inches 
in length, indicating these fishes have been more abundant in early 
times than at present. Various Tertiary deposits have also disclosed 
quantities of large shark teeth of the white shark type. These giants 
were surely the largest of all fishes, having been estimated over 
twice the length of the largest living basking sharks or whale sharks. 
Bowerbank estimated their total length upward of 88 feet. Such 
monsters must have rendered incessant the butchery of the majority 
of other aquatic animals. 


CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (Linnaeus) 


Squalus carcharias LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 235, 1758 (type lo- 
cality: Europe) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 400, 1766.—ForsKAL, Descript. Animal., 
pp. vil, 20, 1775 (Djedda).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1498, 1789 
(oceano abysso).—WaLBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 514, 1792 (copied).— 
Forster, Fauna Indica, p. 18, 1795—LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 
169, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1798 (Africa).—BLouMENBAcH, Handb. Naturg., p. 257, 1799. 
—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 132, 1801 (copied).—Cuvirr, Régne 
animal, vol. 2, p. 126, 1817 (reference).—LICHTENSTEIN, Descript. Anim. 
Forster, p. 256, 1844 (Tanna Island).—KITTLITz, Denkw. Reise Mikronesien, 
vol. 2, p. 188, 1858 (Bonin Islands).—G. BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Austra- 
lasia, p. 26, 1860 (Australia).—Jouan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 
vol. 8, p. 245, 1861 (New Caledonia). 

Carcharodon carcharias Oat~tBy, Handbook of Sydney, p. 117, 1898.—Jorpan 
and Snyprr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 127, 1901 (off Tokyo).—JorDAn 
and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 624, 1903 (off West Hondo 
near Misaki).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (19038), 
pt. 1, p. 44, 1905 (Puna, Hawaii).—WaAItTrE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 6, 1907 (reference).—StTEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908.—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 32, pl. 5, figs. 5-9, 1913 (Massachusetts 
Bay).—Octtpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 74, 1916 (Note).—WarTE, 
Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 21, fig. 28, 1921.—PHILLIpps, 
New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 269, fig. 14, 1924 (New Zealand) .— 
JoRDAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 102, 1925 (off Ize).— 
McCuLLocH and Wuiriry, Mem, Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 
1925 (reference).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1925, p. 190 
(Bluff Channel, Natal).—BaArnarpD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 33, 
pl. 1, fig. 7, 1925 (Cape Seas).—HerreE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, p. 114, 
1925 (Camiguin Strait; Malampaya Sound, Palawan).—McCuLiocu, 
Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 23a, 1927—FowLer, Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 18, fig. 3, 1928 (Hawaiian Islands) ; Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 488, 1930 (Hawaii, Atlantic and Indian Oceans). 
—SoLDATOV and LinpBerG, Bull. Pac. Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 12, 1980 
(Far Hast Seas).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 20, 1933.—FowLer, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 111] 


Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 31, 1986 (New 
Jersey ).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 12, 
1937 (reference). 

Carcharhinus carcharias WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (reference; New Zealand). 

Carcharis lamia RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 44, 1810 (on 
Linnaeus). 

Carcharodon verus AGASSIz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, pl. F, fig. 3, 1836, p. 91. 
1888 (on “Carcharodon smithii Miiller and Henle’’). 

Carcharodon capensis ANDEW SMITH, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, p. 86, 18387 (type 
locality: Cape of Good Hope); Ill. zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 4, 1849 
(Cape of Good Hope). 

Carcharodon smithii BoNAPARTE, Mém. Soc. Sci. Neuchatel, vol. 2, p. 9, 1889 (on 
Smith). 

Carcharodon rondeletii MtLtmrR and Heng, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 70, 
1841 (type locality: Mediterranean, Atlantic, Cape Seas, Pacific Ocean).— 
Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 61, 1851 (Cape Seas).—DuMErIL, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 411, pl. 7, fig. 7, 1865 (teeth) (America, Algeria) .— 
GUntTHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol 8, p. 392, 1870 (Cape Seas; Port 
Fairey ?, Australia).—Hercror, Colonial Mus. Governm, Surv. Dept. (Fishes 
New Zealand), p. 78, 1872.—Kiunzincrer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 
math-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 426, 1880 (Australia).—RAmMsAy, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—Mac kay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 358, 1881 (Australian Seas, 
Port Jackson).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 7, pl. 74, 1883.— 
OcitBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 5, 1888 (Port Jackson) ; Proce. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1771, 1888 (New South Wales 
to Broken Bay).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 43, 1890 
(reference).—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 485, 1910 (between 
Polynesia and western South America).—Quv1IgADA, Boll. Mus. Nac. Chile, 
vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 111, 1913 (Chile). 

Carcharias atwoodi Storer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 72, 1848 
type locality: Provincetown, Mass. ). 


Depth 4%% to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 144. Snout 334 in 
head; eye 1214, 314 in snout, about 4384 in interorbital; mouth width 
244 in head, length 13% its width; teeth in 26 rows above, 24 below, in- 
ternarial 114 in preoral, which 414 in head; interorbital 234, rather 
low. Third gill opening 224, deepest, interspace between first and 
second broadest, last 2 closest. 

Scales small, tricarinate. 

First dorsal inserted close behind pectoral base, front edge 114 in 
head; second dorsal base entirely before anal base, fin length 534; anal 
length 524; subcaudal length 114; ventral length 214; pectoral length 
equals head to second gill opening, width 21% its length, reaches 
114 to ventral; upper caudal lobe slightly longer than head to first 
gill opening. 

Back slaty brown, shading to white on sides and beneath. Black 
spot in pectoral axil, followed by white on body and fin. Fins dark- 
ened backward except ventrals, which olive on front portions and 
elsewhere white. Length, 2163 mm. (Garman.) 


i BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Red Sea, Natal, Cape Colony, China, Japan, Kamchatka, Queens- 
land, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, New Zealand, 
Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. Elsewhere in the Pacific 
known also from California and Chile, besides being widely dis- 
tributed in the temperate and torrid Atlantic. This is evidently the 
largest and most formidable of all animals known to man, surely 
of sharks or fishes. Reports or stories of its man-eating exploits are 
legion, doubtless many of them in some measure authentic. Likely 
the man eater is the “great fish” in the story of Jonah. Persons 
washed or fallen overboard from vessels have been devoured or 
swallowed entire. A large shark of this species caught near Soquel, 
Calif., was about 30 feet long and contained in its stomach a young 
sea lion that weighed about 100 pounds. According to the late Rus- 
sell J. Coles, the white shark feeds largely on fishes, though with age 
it seems to specialize on other food, often sea turtles. He expresses 
the opinion that few white sharks ever attack man or look on him 
as food, but having once done so, as by chance, such a shark imme- 
diately becomes very dangerous. 


Family HALSYDRIDAE 
Tue BAaskING SHARKS 


Body massive, elongate. Caudal peduncle restricted, with keel 
each side. Head very large. Snout produced. Eye small, without 
nictitating membrane. Mouth large. Teeth very small, numerous, 
conic, without cusps or serratures. Nostrils near mouth. Guill open- 
ings very wide, extend from front of back nearly down to median 
line of throat, all before pectorals. Spiracle small, above mouth 
corner. Brain very small. First dorsal large, midway between pec- 
torals and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal small. Caudal lunate, 
upper lobe longer. Caudal with pits. Pectorals and ventrals large. 

Huge sharks, among the largest of living fishes, pelagic, living in 
the glacial and temperate seas of the antipodes. Fragmentary fossils, 
chiefly vertebrae and teeth, known from the Cretaceous and later 


formations. 
Genus HALSYDRUS Fleming 


Halsydrus FLteMinG, Scots Mag., 1809, p. 7; Edinburgh Encycl. Brewster, vol. 11, 
p. 718, 1817; Philos. Zool., vol. 2, p. 380, 1822. [Type, Halsydrus pontop- 
pidiani Fleming (on Sea Serpent Stronsay, Orkney Islands=Squalus mazi- 
mus Gunner).] 

Tetroras RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 11, 1810. (Type, 
Tetroras angiova Rafinesque=Squalus maximus Gunner, monotypic. ) 

Tetnoras RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 93, 1815. (Type, Tetroras 
angiova Rafinesque. ) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 113 


Cetorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121. (Type, Squalus 
gumeri Blainville=Squalus mazimus Gunner, designated by Gill, Ann. 
Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, 1861, p. 32.) 

Ceteorhinus AGcAssiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 75, 1846. (Type, Squalus gun- 
neri Blainville. ) 

Selache Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 1817. (Type, Squalus maximus 
Gunner, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, p. 97, 
1917.) 

Selanche JARocKi, Zoologii, vol. 4, p. 452, 1822. (Type, Squalus maximus 
Gunner. ) 

Selachus Minpine, Lehrb. Naturg. Fische, p. 52, 1832. (Type, Squalus maximus 
Gunner.) 

Polyprosopus Coucu, British Fishes, vol. 1, p. 67, 1867. (Type, Squalus rash- 
leighanus Couch, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, vol. 3, p. 3138, 
1919.) 

Hannovera BENEDEN, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belge, ser. 2, vol. 31, p. 504, 1871. 
(Type, Hannovera aurata Beneden, monotypic. ) 

Body partly fusiform, slenderer behind dorsal fin. Snout conic, 
moderate. Eye above forward end of mouth, small. Mouth large, 
curved forward. Teeth subconic, generally curved and directed in- 
ward toward throat. Gill openings with strainers, apparently modi- 
fied teeth or scales and suggestive of whalebone. Caudal large, ver- 
tebral, axis raised, subcaudal lobe much produced. Ventrals rather 
small. Claspers of male with bony denticles. 

These large sharks feed on minute forms of life, which are strained 
from the sea water by means of their peculiar gill rakers. Their great 
size, rivaling that of whales, doubtless added to their confusion with 
these animals has given rise to fables that they devoured dolphins, 
humpbacks, rorquals, etc. “The Basking Shark is a peaceable and 
sluggish creature, harmless to man or other animals of any magni- 
tude, and asserting its presence only by roving in quest of food at the 
surface, sometimes with snout above the water. When it accelerates 
its pace, cleaving the water with the projecting dorsal and caudal 
fins, and when it swims in a company of several, one behind another, 
it presents an appearance that may well have dictated an occasional 
contribution to the history of the great sea serpent. Or the same 
phenomenon may be suggested to the imagination by a sight of this 
fish as it lies during calm weather in repose at the surface, often with 
the belly upwards, and as the waves lap its rotund body . . . Yet ex- 
tremes meet, even in the temperament of the Basking Shark; and it 
has sometimes been seen to leap several feet out of the water.” 
(Smitt.) 

HALSYDRUS MAXIMUS (Gunner) 


Squalus maximus GUNNER, Selsk. Skrift. Trondhjem, vol. 3, p. 33, pl. 2, fig. 1, 
1765 (type locality: Trondhjem).—Cuvuvirer, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 
1817 (reference). 


114 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Cetorhinus mazimus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 61, 1851 (compiled) .— 
McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 11, pl. 104, 1885.—OctitBy, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1772, 1888 (off Portland, Victoria) ; 
Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 6, 1888 (Portland, Victoria).—Lucas, 
Proce. Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 45, 1890 (reference).—WAalITE, 
Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 263, 1902 (Twofold Bay, New South Wales). 
—STEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 238, 1908—Waire, Rec. South Australian 
Mus., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 22, fig. 29, 1921—Puitiiprs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. 
Techn., vol. 6, p. 266, fig. 10, 1924 (Davenport, Auckland record) .—BARNARD, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 34, pl. 2,' figs. 1-la, 1925 (Agulhas 
Bank).—JorDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 102, 1925 
(Yamada Museum, Japan).—McCuLiocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, 
p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 24a, 1927.—Fowtkrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 489, 19380 (California; Atilantic).—Sotpatovy and LinpsBerc, Bull. Pacific 
Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 18, 1930 (Far Hast Seas).—Fane and WANG, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 248, fig. 18, 1982 (Yingtau, a small 
island near Tsingtau).—Tanak4, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 21, 19383.— 
Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 94, 19383 (Chusan).— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 32, pt. 2, p. 48, pls. 6-7, text fig. 1, 
1937 (Table Bay; Hout Bay). 

Selache maxima Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 62, 18384 
(Victoria coast).—KerrsHaAw, Victorian Nat., vol. 19, p. 62, pl., 1902 (Vic- 
toria).—GARMAN, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 39, 1913 (Arctic seas 
to temperate region).—GunpcEr, Science, new ser., vol. 42, p. 653, 1915 (in 
southern hemisphere). 

Halsydrus mazimus WuitTtEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 196, pl. 
29, figs. 1-8, 19384 (reference). 

Tetroras angiova RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 11, 1810 (type 
locality: Sicily). 

Squalus gunnerianus BLAINVILLE, Journ. Physique Chim. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 
71, p. 256, pl. 2, fig. 3 (outline), 1810 (on Gunner). 

Cetorhinus gunneri BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Squalus pelegrinus BLAINVILLE, ibid., 1810, p. 256, pl. 2, fig. 2 (outline) (on Pen- 
nant; specimen in Paris Museum). 

Cetorhinus peregrinus BLAINVILLE, ibid., 1816, p. 121 (name only). 

Squalus homianus BLAINVILLE, ibid., p. 257, pl. 2, fig. 1 (outline), 1810 (on 
Home, 1809). 

Cetorhinus homianus BLAINVILLE, ibid., 1816, p. 121 (name only). 

Cetorhinus shavianus BLAINVILLE, ibid., 1816, p. 121 (name only). 

Squalus isodus Macri, Atti Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 1, pp. 55, 56, pl. 1, fig. 1, 
pl. 2, fig. 2, 1819 (type locality : Capri). 

Squalus rostratus Macri, Atti Acecad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 1, p. 76, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1819 
(type locality: Messina). 

Squalus elephas LEsuEuR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 248, pl., 
1822 (type locality: Browns Point in Raritan Bay, N. J.) 

Squalus rhinoceros (Mitchill) Dz Kay, New York Fauna, p. 358, vol. 3, 1842 
(on Mitchill’s account of Maine example). 

Squalus cetaceus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 6, 1854 (type locality: Norwegian 
Sea). 

Polyprosopus macer CoucH, Fish. British Islands, vol. 1, p. 68, pl. 15, fig. 2, fig. 
(head), 1862 (type locality: Menabilly, Cornwall).—Guitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 199 (monstrosity). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 115 


Squalus rashleighanus CoucH, idem. 

Acanthias blainville (not Risso) CapEetLo, Piex. Plagiostomes, vol. 1, p. 21, 1866. 

Selachi pennantii CornisH, Zoologist, vol. 48, p. 351, 1885 (type locality: Mounts 
Bay). 

Sees maccoyi WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 197, 1934 
(McCoy’s example; Williamstown; southern New South Wales; Mungo 
Beach; Davenport, New Zealand; Whangaparaoa Peninsula; Kapiti Island ; 
Wairoa; Makara; off Wellington). 

Depth 534 to subcaudal origin; head 47%. Snout 514 in head; eye 
11, 111% in snout; mouth cleft 17% in head; teeth small, very numer- 
ous, 6 or more series functional, smooth edged; nostrils small, near 
sides of snout close to mouth; interorbital low. Front pair of gill 
openings narrowly separated on back and on throat. 

First dorsal inserted little behind inner angle of pectoral, front 
edge 114 in head; second dorsal length 2; anal length 224, inserted 
behind second dorsal base; subcaudal 124 in head; pectoral 114, width 
114 its length, which reaches 244 to ventral; ventral length 134 in 
head, clasper reaches anal; caudal length 324 in rest of body. 

Back grayish brown, lower surfaces white. Reaches 10,675 mm. 
(35 feet). (Waite; Garman.) 

South Africa, China, Japan, New South Wales, Victoria, South 
Australia, New Zealand. Also from the Eastern Pacific in Califor- 
nia, Ecuador and Peru, besides in the cooler Atlantic. 


U.S.N.M. No. 27024. Monterey, Calif. D. S. Jordan. 
Family RHINCODONTIDAE 


Body massive, body cavity more than half total length. Tail with 
lateral keel each side. Head wide. Snout broad, subtruncate. 
Eyes small, lower lid without fold. Mouth large, wide, transverse. 
Teeth very small, subconic, curved. Nasoral grooves present. Gill 
openings wide, last 2 above pectoral. Spiracle small. Two dorsals, 
spineless, with produced angles. Anal very small. Caudal erect, 
with pit, subcaudal large. Pectorals large. 

Large sharks, pelagic in tropical seas. 


Genus RHINCODON Andrew Smith 


Rhincodon ANDREW SMITH, Zool. Journ., 1829, p. 443. (Type, Rhincodon typus 
Andrew Smith, monotypic.) 

Rhineodon MULLER and HENLE, Mag. Nat. Hist. Charlesworth, vol. 2, p. 37, 1838. 
(Type, Rhincodon typus Andrew Smith.) 

Rhiniodon Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 317, 1839. (Type, Rhincodon 
typus Andrew Smith.) 

Rhinodon Mutter and HENtp, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 77, 1841. (Type, 
Rhincodon typus Andrew Smith.) 

Micristodus Git1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 177. (Type, Micri- 
stodus punctatus GILL, monotypic.) 


116 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body partly fusiform. Head depressed. Snout obtuse. Eyes lat- 
eral, near mouth angle, without nictitating fold. Mouth anterior, 
with labial folds on both jaws. Teeth very numerous. Nostrils an- 
terior, without cirri. Last gill opening narrower. Spiracle lateral. 
First dorsal before middle in total length, much larger than second, 
separated by more than length of base from second dorsal. Pectorals 
falciform. 

These great sharks are apparently to be referred to a single spe- 
cies. When met with they rarely if ever make any attempt at 
defense, except by attempting to escape by slowly swimming away. 
Stories about its diving when harpooned and dragging a small boat 
with its crew down to the bottom are now discredited. Wright says, 
“Tt now and then rubs itself against a large pirogue as a consequence 
upsetting it, but, under such circumstances, it never attacks or molests 
the men, and while it reigns as a monster among sharks, is not, spite 
its size, as formidable as the common dog fish.” 

Specimens have been recorded between 14 and 45 feet in length. 
Like the basking shark its food is the plankton or minute creatures 
strained from the sea water by means of its modified gills. It is 
supposed to be viviparous. 


RHINCODON TYPUS Andrew Smith 


Rhincodon typus ANDREW SMITH, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 448, 1829 (type locality : 
Table Bay, South Africa).—GaAarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 42, 
(Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Florida), p. 456 (Knights Key, Fla.), 1913.— 
Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 26, p. 116, pl. 1, 1925 (Argao, Cebu; 
Bacolod, Occidental Negros; Manila Bay). 

Rhinodon typicus MULLER, and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 77, pl. 35, 
fig. 2, 1841 (teeth) (Cape of Good Hope).—ANDREW SmiTH, Ill. Zool. 
South Africa, Fishes, pl. 26, 1849 (Capetown) —Dumeérin, Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 428, 1865 (type).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 396, 1870 (Seychelles).—Haty, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 12, p. 48, 
1883 (Seychelles) —TuHursTOoN, Bull. Madras Mus., No. 1, pl. 3a, 1884.—Dary, 
Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 811, 1888 (Ceylon) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 29, 1889.—Bripcr, Cambridge Nat. Hist. Fishes, vol. 7, p. (287) 
454, 1904.—B. A. Bran, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 48, pt. 2, p. 189, pls. 34-36, 
figs. 17-21, 1905 (historical).—(WarD) FouNnTAIN, Rambles Austral. Nat. 
p. 119, 1907 (Great Australian Bight)—Reean, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 
1908, p. 353 (Ceylon; Seychelles).—Ltoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 306, 
1908 (head of Bengal Bay).—VAN KAmpeEN, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 67, p. 124, 1908 (north coast of Java).—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 486, 1910 (Florida, Cape of Good Hope, Seychelles, 
Ceylon, Madras, Japan, California, Panama, Peru, Chile).—H. M. Sirs, 
Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 24, p. 97, 1911 (Negros Occidental, Phil- 
ippines).—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. H44, E49.— 
JORDAN, Science, March 26, 1915, p. 46 (Cebu).—WeEsBER, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 593, 1913 (compiled).—BArNARpD, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1925 (from Dean) (compiled).—PILiay, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 351, 1929 (Trravancore).— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 24, 19383. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 117 


Rhineodon typicus Gray, List. fish British Museum, p. 67, 1851 (reference) .— 
JORDAN and Fow.er, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 626, 1903 (on Kish- 
inouye.) 

Rhinodon typus SAvuvaAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference). 

Rhinodon typicus Evers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 615, 1895 (Luzon, Manila). 

Rhineodon typus GupcER, Zoologica, vol. 1, p. 349, 1915 (natural history) ; 
Science, new ser., vol. 48, p. 622, 1918 (records).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 18, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 488, 1980 (Atlantic record).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 30, p. 647, pl., 1985.—CuHEvEy, Inst. Oceanogr. Indochine, 28° Note, 
Station Maritime de Cauda Annam, pp. 1-32, 19386 (Cochinchina).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 12, 1937 
(reference) .—Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 2, 1987 (Gulf of Siam). 

Micristodus punctatus GiLtt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 177 
(type locality: Gulf of California) (teeth).—Mowsray, Sci. Cruise Nowrma- 
hal, Vincent Astor, No. 1, 1983 (Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos). 

Setache maxima (not Gunner) J. THomMaAs, Cannibals and Convicts Experience 
Western Pacific, p. 380, 1887 (Red Scar Bay, Southern New Guinea). 

Rhinodon pentalineatus KISHINOUYE, Zool. Anz., vol. 24, p. 694, figs., 1891 (type 
locality : Cape Inul, Japan) ; Dobuts. Zasshi, Tokyo, vol. 15, p. 41, fig., 1903 
(Japan). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 514. Snout 21% in head; 
eye 1314, 514 in snout; mouth cleft about 314 in head, upper labial 
fold longer than lower; teeth in 250 to 300 rows in jaws, 12 to 15 
transversely; nostrils at snout end near lip, front valves widely sep- 
arated, reaching teeth; interorbital moderately elevated, wide. Gill 
openings nearly equidistant, third largest or 114 in head. 

Pair of keels or ridges on each flank begin above gill arches, upper 
to interdorsal, lower meeting caudal peduncle keel. 

Front edge of first dorsal 114 in head; second dorsal length 1%; 
anal length 224, begins close behind second dorsal base; ventral 
length 214; caudal 3 in rest of body, subcaudal 4% 9; pectoral 324 
in body to subcaudal origin, width half its length which 114 to 
ventral. 

Purplish to reddish brown, profusely sprinkled with spots and 
streaks of white. Lower surfaces light reddish brown. (Bean; 
Garman.) 

South Africa, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, 
Japan, Australia. Also in the Eastern Pacific in California, Pan- 
ama, Peru, Chile, and the tropical Atlantic. I have not examined 
any Pacific specimens. 


U.S.N.M. No. 50227. Near Ormond, Fla. Anderson and Price. 


Family PSEUDOTRIAKIDAE 


Body longer than tail. Snout rounded, depressed. Eyes lateral, 
without nictitating folds. Mouth wide, very large. Teeth numer- 
ous, small, tricuspid. Nostrils inferior, separate from one another 
and from mouth. Gill openings moderate, last above pectoral. 


118 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Spiracle moderate. Skin with minute scales. First dorsal above 
body cavity, before ventrals. Second dorsal larger than anal. Anal 
present. Caudal moderate, without pits and low subcaudal lobe not 
prominent. Paired fins moderate. 

A family of large sharks, found in deep water. They are dis- 
tinguished chiefly by the long, low, first dorsal. 


Genus PSEUDOTRIAKIS Capello 


Pseudotriakis Carretto, Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, vol. 1, p. 321, 1868. 
(Type, Pseudotriakis microdon Capello, monotypic.) 

Pseudotriacis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 395, 1870. (Type, 
Pseudotriakis microdon Capello.) (Hmendation.) 


Body elongated. Snout short, tapering, end blunt. Eyes oblong. 
Mouth with short labial folds around angles on both jaws. Teeth 
with strong median cusp and small lateral cusps. Nostrils near 
mouth. Spiracle behind eye. First dorsal longer than second, long, 
low, gradually elevated posteriorly. Second dorsal behind ventrals, 
opposite and like anal. Anal below second dorsal and smaller. 
Pectoral short, wide. 


PSEUDOTRIAKIS MICRODON Capello 


Pseudotriakis microdon CapELio, Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, vol. 1, pp. 
315, 321, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1868 (type locality: Setubal, Portugal).—T. H. Bran, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, p. 147, 1883 (Amagansett, Long Island).— 
GoopE and BEAN, Oceanic ichthyology, p. 18, pl. 5, fig. 17, 1895 (Long Island 
example).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 104, 1913 (Portugal 
and New York).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 489, 
1930 (Japan; Atlantic). 

Pseudotriacis microdon GiinTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 395, 1870 
(copied).—Rrean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 464, 1908 
(Portugal). 

Pseudotriakis acrales JorpDAN and SNypER, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 45, p. 
232, pl. 62, 1904 (type locality: Suruga Bay, Japan). 

Pseudotriacis acrales RecaAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, p. 465, 1908 
(note). 

Pseudotriakis aerages GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 104, 1913 
(Pacific near Japan).—JorpAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 
102, 1925 (note). 


Depth 614% to subcaudal; head 414. Snout 234 in head; eye 6, 
214 in snout; deep fold below eye; mouth gape 21% in head; preoral 
length 3; teeth in oblique rows, upper widely spaced posteriorly, 
edges serrated; internarial 414 in head; interorbital 24, low. Gill 
rakers equidistant, subequal. Spiracle less than eye diameter behind 
eye. 

Scales minute, leaflike prickles, each with strong, elevated midrib. 

Second dorsal higher than first, fin length 175 in head; anal length 
114; least depth of caudal peduncle 4; pectoral 134, width 1%, its 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 119 


length, which reaches 3 to ventral origin; ventral length 2 in head; 
front subcaudal edge 124; caudal 475 in rest of body; first dorsal 
length 31%. 

Dark gray above and below. Fins, including first dorsal edged 
blackish. Length, 1,/20mm. (Jordan and Snyder.) 

Japan. Also in the Atlantic. According to Regan reaches 3,000 
mim. 


Family CARCHARIIDAE 


Body rather elongated, compressed. Tail long, compressed, with- 
out lateral fold. Head depressed, tapering. Snout short, sharp; 
tapering. Eyes small, without nictitating folds. Mouth wide, large, 
greatly arched, labial fold on lower jaws. Teeth awl-shaped, large, 
long, slender, narrow, bases 2-rooted. Nostrils transverse. Gill 
openings wide, before pectoral. Spiracle small. Two dorsals, 
moderate, first dorsal median or little behind middle in trunk, second 
dorsal and anal rather large. Caudal elongate, with notch at tip. 
Caudal pits present. Pectorals rather short. 

Sharks of large or moderate size, very voracious. Many fossils 
have been described from the Eocene and later deposits. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’, CARCHARIINAE. Snout short; mouth somewhat protractile; dorsals, ventrals 
and anal subequal; upper caudal pit distinct; subcaudal produced. 

Carcharias 

a*, SCAPANORHYNCHINAE. Snout extended; mouth greatly protractile; dorsals 

smaller than yentrals and anal; caudal pit indistinct; subcaudal not 

produced 4222s Sees ew ee el ee ae Scapanorhynchus 


Genus CARCHARIAS Rafinesque 


Carcharias RA¥INESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 10, 1810. (Type, 
Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, monotypic. ) 

Odontaspis AGAssiz, Recherches poiss. foss., vol. 3, p. 55, 1835; Poissons fos- 
siles, vol. 3, pp. 87, 306, 1886. (Type, Squalus ferox Risso, monotypic.) 
Triglochis MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 113. 
(Atypic.) (Type, Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 396, 

monotypic. ) 
Eugomphodus Gritt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 60. (Type, 
Squalus littoralis Mitchill=Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, monotypic. ) 
Ozytes GIEBEL, Fauna Vorwelt, Fische, p. 364, 1847. (Type, Oxytes obliqua 
Giebel, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Synodontaspis WHITE, Vertebrate Faunas English Eocene, p. 51, 1931. (Type, 
Carcharias tawrus Rafinesque.) 

Parodontaspis WHITE, op. cit., p. 638. (Type, Odontaspis platensis Lahille.) 


Body partly fusiform. Tail with vertebral axis nearly horizontal. 
Head moderate. Teeth with or without denticles each side of large 
median cusp. Gill openings low, subinferior. Spiracle behind eye. 

156861—40--—9 


120 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


First dorsal above space between pectorals and ventrals. Subcaudal 
followed by shallow notch, lobe moderately produced. 

Species few, in most warm seas. I have not consulted the account 
of Carcharias kamoharai Matsubara (Dobuts. Zasshi, Tokyo, vol. 
48, p. 380, 1936). 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Teeth with basal denticle each side of long median cusp; caudal 8% to 4% 
in total length. 
b*. First upper tooth smaller than second; 40 to 45 rows of upper teeth, 36 to 


40 lower; first dorsal before ventrals___________________-__-___ taurus 

b*. First upper tooth equals second; 32 to 34 rows of upper teeth, 30 to 34 
lower; first dorsal partly over ventrals________________ tricuspidatus 

a’. Teeth without denticles; caudal nearly 14 total length______________ owstoni 


CARCHARIAS TAURUS Rafinesque 


Carcharias taurus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 10, pl. 14, 
fig. 1, 1810 (type locality: Sicily) —Wa1Tr, Mem., Australian Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 36, 1899 (Newcastle and Broken Bay, New South Wales).—GaARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 25, pls. 6, 41, 51, 1913 (Atlantic and 
Mediterranean).—BaArNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 386, pl. 2, 
fig. 2, 1925 (Cape Seas).—GiLray, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., Hors 
ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 7, 1933 (Dobo, Aru Is.).—Fowrer, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 29, fig. 4, 1936 (New Jersey). 

Odontaspis taurus MUtirr and HeEnte, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 78, 1841 
(Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope, Atlantic).—DuMérIn, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 417, 1865 (Algeria) —CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. 
Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 217, 1872 (Victoria) —McCoy, Prodromus Zool. 
Victoria, dee. 61, p. 7, pl. 64, fig. 1, 1882 (Victoria) —Ocinpy, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1772, 1888 (New South Wales; Port 
Phillip).—Wattr, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 38, 1898 (off Newcastle 
and Broken Bay, in 16 to 19 fathoms).—Wersrer, Siboga HWixped., Fische, 
vol. 57, p. 593, 1913 (Leiwiu, Obi major). 

Squalus americanus (not Shaw) Mircuitr, Rep. Fish. New York, p. 27, 1814 
(type locality: New York). (AS a new species.) 

Odontaspis americanus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes. British Mus., vol. 8, p. 392, 1870 
(Cape of Good Hope, Tasmania).—RAMsAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—MAc.LEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 6, p. 358, 1881 (Port Jackson, Tasmania).—Octrpy, Cat. 
Fishes. Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 5, 1888 (Port Jackson).—BOULENGER, 
Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 248 (Museat).—ZuamMayer, Abh. Kon. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 (Oman). 

Squalus littoralis MircuHitt, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., vol. 2, p. 328, 1818 
(type locality: New York City). 

Squalus macrodus MircHiLLt, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., vol. 2, p. 328, 1818 
(type locality: New York). 

Carcharias griseus AYRES, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 58, 1842 (type 
locality: Brookhaven, Long Island) (no description) ; Boston Journ. Nat. 
Hist., vol. 4, pp. 288, 293, pl. 12, fig. 4, 1844 (type). 

Odontaspis cinerea (Macleay) RAMSsAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
5, pt. 1, p. 96, 1880 (type locality: Port Jackson) (in footnote). (Name 
only.) 











FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 121 


Lamna ecarinata HILcENDoRF, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich Ehrenberg, p. 8, pl. 
6, fig. 1, 1899 (type locality : Mediterranean ; Alexandria). 

Carcharias arenarius OcI~Bpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., no. 10, p. 37, 1911 (type 
locality : Moreton Bay, Queensland) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 73, 
1916 (Moreton Bay).—WAITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 19, fig. 
23, 1921.—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 129, 1925 (reference).—McCuLtocn, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 
8, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 
(compiled).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 
(reference) ; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 3, fig. 1, 19837 (Batemans 
Bay, New South Wales). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 1144. Snout 324 in 
head; eye 12, 314 in snout, 514 in interorbital; mouth gape 3% in 
head, 124 in mouth width; preoral 434 in head; upper labial fold 
shorter than lower, which 24 to symphysis; 45 rows of teeth above, 
38 to 40 rows below, decrease towards mouth corners, median enlarged 
cusp long, slender and edges sharp, also larger teeth with 3 or 4 small 
basal cusps, 2 on each side; nostril nearly midway in snout length, 
front valve with somewhat extended lobe near edge, internarial 
slightly less than preoral; interorbital 214, little elevated, broadly 
convex. Third gill opening longest, 4 in head, nearly equidistant. 

Scales rather rough to touch, each with 3 keels. 

First dorsal before ventral, front edge 224 in head; second dorsal 
before anal, front edge 334 in head; front anal edge 3; pectoral 134, 
width 11 its length which 244 to ventral; ventral length 224 in head; 
caudal 314 in rest of body; subcaudal front edge 21% in fin. 

Gray brown above, whitish below. Sometimes mottled or spotted 
obscurely with rusty or darker, also fin edges dark. Reaches 
3,666 mm. 

Arabia, South Africa, India, East Indies, Queensland, New South 
Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania. Also in the Atlantic. 
The above description is from West Atlantic (New Jersey) specimens 
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 


CARCHARIAS TRICUSPIDATUS Day 


Carcharias tricuspidatus DAY, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 713, pl. 186, fig. 1, 1878 
(type locality: Kurrachee and Beloochistan) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 
vol. 20, p. 389, 1887 (note).—OciLBy, Ann. Queensland Ms., no. 10, p. 37, 
1911 (note).—GArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 26, 1913 (India, 
Cape of Good Hope, South Australia).—WaiITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 19, fig. 24, 1921.—McCuLLocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 8, 
pl. 2, fig. 21b, 1927.—TirantT, Service Océanogr. péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, 
p. 61, 1929 (Phurochai)—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 487, 1930 (reference).—CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° 
note, p. 5, 1982 (Cochinchina).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference).—TorTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. 
Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45. no. 63, p. 7, 1935-36 (Bahia di ASsab, Mar Rosso). 


122 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Odontaspis tricuspidatus DAy, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 810, 1888.—Day, Fauna 
Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 27, fig. 8, 1889.—StTeap, Fishes of Australia, 
p. 238, 1908.—WalITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 19, fig. 24, 
1921.—McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 21b, 
1927. 

Odontaspis tricuspitatus FANa and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 
8, p. 241, fig. 12, 1982 (Chefoo). 

Carcharias cuspidatus OGILBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 
3, p. 1767, 1888 (note on 2 half grown) (error). 

Odontaspis americanus (not Shaw) Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., 
vol. 2, p. 48, 1890 (reference). 

Odontaspis taurus (not Rafinesque) BARNARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 36, 1925 (part). 

Depth 5 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 114. Snout 324 in 
head; eye 914, 234 in snout, 7 in interorbital; mouth cleft 234 in 
head, 114 in mouth width; teeth in 32 to 34 rows above, 30 to 34 rows 
below, large, awl-shaped, smooth, small basal cusp each side; fourth 
upper tooth each side of symphysis much smaller than those next; 
lower median tooth either side of symphysis slender; nostrils nearer 
mouth than snout end, internarial equals preoral length; interorbital 
moderately high, width 124 in head. Gill openings subequal, last 
before pectoral base. 

Front edge of first dorsal 1%» in head; of second dorsal 1%9; of 
anal 214, origin below first basal third of second dorsal; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 414 in head; pectoral 114, width 21% in fin, which 
134 to ventral; ventral length 134, origin below last fourth of first 
dorsal base; caudal 214 in rest. of body, subcaudal length 314 in fin. 

Brown above, dull white below. Length, 3,735 mm. (Day.) 

South Africa, India, Indochina, New South Wales, South Austra- 
lia. Day says it reaches 6,100 mm. (20 feet) and that his figure was 
made from a skin, described above. 


CARCHARIAS OWSTONI Garman 


Carcharias owstoni GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 24, 1918 (type 
locality : Japan).—Fow.err, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 589, 
19380 (Nagasaki) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 87, 1980 (China) ; Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 487, 1930 (reference). 

Odontaspis americanus (not Shaw) PErERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, 
p. 926 (Ningpo). 

Body fusiform, robust; head depressed. Snout medium, rather 
pointed, broader than deep; eye small, 14 preoral length of snout; 
mouth large, length 24 its width, outline broadly rounded in front; 
upper labial fold rudimentary, mere gash hidden by lip; lower labial 
fold nearly 14 jaw length; teeth small, lanceolate, slender, 2 rooted, 
first upper little smaller than second from middle, fourth upper very 
small and followed by vacant space, first lower small, bases without 
denticles at sides of cusps; nostrils transverse, nearer mouth than 





FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 123 


snout end, with short rounded prominence on inner half. Gull open- 
ings wide, last before pectoral, width equals snout length. Spiracle 
small, 3 times eye behind eye above mouth angle. 

First dorsal inserted behind pectoral ends, fin end reaches opposite 
ventral origin, little larger than second dorsal, ventrals or anal, 
which sub-equal and somewhat less than pectoral; second dorsal like 
first, little shorter, base 34 interdorsal space, front 24 of fin before 
anal; anal like second dorsal, base half its length from caudal; caudal 
depth 24 its length, upper edge curved, vertebral axis little raised, 
length nearly 14 of total; caudal peduncle compressed ; front pectoral 
edge broadly curved, nearly twice length of hinder edge, inner angle 
much rounded; hind edges of all fins concave. 

Grayish to ashy brown, irregularly spotted with rusty brown, 
lighter on lower surfaces. Borders of fins blackish. Length, 965 
mm. (Garman.) 

Japan. According to Garman this species is distinguished by 
having its teeth without basal denticles. 


Genus SCAPANORHYNCHUS Woodward 


Scapanorhynchus Woopwarp, Cat. Fossil Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 351, 1889. 
(Type, Rhinognathus lewisii Davis, virtually. Scapanorhynchus Wood- 
ward proposed to replace Rhinognathus Davis.)  (Fossil.) 

Rhinognathus (not Fairmaire, 1873) Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., ser. 2, 
vol. 3, p. 480, 1887. (Type, Rhinognathus lewisii Davis.) (Fossil.) 

Mitsukurina Jorpan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 260, 1898. 
(Type, Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan, monotypic. ) 


Body elongate, slender, compressed. Tail without lateral folds. 
Snout greatly elongated, rostrum much produced. Eyes small, pupil 
vertically ellipsoid, without nictitating folds. Mouth protruded, in- 
ferior, large, with labial folds. Teeth long, slender, awllike, usually 
with pair of minute lateral cusps. Nostrils oblique, small. Gill 
openings wide. Spiracle present. First dorsal above space between 
pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal small, placed immediately 
above long anal. Caudal long, notched below near end. 

One living species in the Western Pacific and several fossils from 
the Cretaceous. 

SCAPANORHYNCHUS OWSTONI (Jordan) 


Mitsukurina owstoni JorpaNn, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 200, 
pls. 11-12, 1898 (type locality: Misaki, Japan).—Woopwarp, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 3, p. 487, 1899 (note).—JorpDAN and SNnypDmR, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 336, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool, Japon., vol. 3, 
p. 40 (127), 1901 (Yokohama).—JorpAN and Fow ter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 26, p. 621, pls. 26-27, 1903 (Japan).—DEAN, Science, new ser., vol. 17, 
p. 630, 1908 (additional specimens).—VaIrLantT, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 
Paris, vol. 188, p. 1517, 1904 (Japan).—Jorpan and Snyper, Smithsonian 
Mise. Coll., vol. 45, p. 234, 1904 (Kozu; off Okinose; Izu).—B. A. BEAN, 


124 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 815, figs. 1-2, 1905 (between Umezawa and 
Mayegawa, near Kosu, Sagami Bay, 150 to 200 fathoms).—dZrrerz, Trans. 
Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 291, 1908 (near Murray River mouth). 
—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 40, 1912 (Mororan).—WaItE, 
Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 20, fig. 26, 1921 (Goolwa within 
Murray River mouth).—JorDAN and Hugpss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 102, 1925 (Sagami Sea).—WuHiItTLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 199, 19384 (reference). 

Scapanorhynchus owstoni REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 744 (stuffed 
example).—HussakoFFr, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 26, p. 258, text fig. 
1A, fig. 2a—a’, 1909 (dorsal views of head) (Japan).—GaRMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 28, pls. 41, 51, 56, 19138 (Sagami Sea).—Fowter, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java., p. 488, 1980 (reference). 

Scapanorhynchus jordani HussaKorr, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 26, p. 
257, text fig. 1B, fig. 2b—b*, c—c’, pl. 44, 1909 (type locality: Japan). 

Scapanorhynchus dofleini ENGELHARDT, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, p. 644, 1912 (type 
locality: Japan). 

Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width nearly 3. Snout 
about 2 in head; eye 1814, 1124 in snout, 524 in interorbital; mouth 
length from upper jaw tip 4 in head, width about 24 its length; lower 
labial fold less than 14 jaw length; teeth in 48 to 50 rows in jaws, 
slender, curved, bases double, crowded forward in jaws; nostrils small, 
inconspicuous, rather close before eye; interorbital about 14 of head, 
rather low. Gill openings subequal. Spiracle large as eye, posterior 
little over 2 eye diameters. 

First dorsal inserted nearly midway between rostral tip and sub- 
caudal origin; fin length about 3 in head; second dorsal length about 
334; anal length about 2; pectoral 224, width about 1% its length, 
which 2 to ventral origin; ventral length 134 in head; caudal 224 in 
rest of body, front subcaudal edge 314 its length. 

Gray brown, paler below. 

Japan, South Australia. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50972. Between Umezawa and Mayegawa, near Kozu, Sagami 

Bay, Japan, in 150 to 200 fathoms. Alan Owston. February 26, 1903. Length, 

3,355 mm. 


Family ALOPIIDAE 


Body moderately long, partly fusiform. Tail little more than half 
total length, without lateral keels. Head short, rounded. Eye large, 
without nictitating fold. Mouth crescentic, with labial folds. Teeth 
alike in two jaws, small, simple, flat, triangular. Nostrils transverse. 
Gill openings moderate. Spiracles present. First dorsal above space 
between pectorals and ventrals. Caudal with vertebral axis raised, 
pits at root. Pectoral very large. Ventrals rather large. 

One genus. Fossils from the upper Tertiary. Among all fishes 
this shark is readily known by its very long, slender, arched tail, 
greater than the rest of the body. 








FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 125 


Genus ALOPIAS Rafinesque 


Alopias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 12, 1810. (Type, 
Alopias macrourus Rafinesque, monotypic.) 

Alopius Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, p. 91, 1888. (Type, Alopias 
macrourus Rafinesque.) 

Vulpecula VatmMont, Dict. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 3, p. 740, 1768. (Species non- 
binomial.) (Type, Squalus vulpes Gmelin.) (Inadmissible.) 

Alopecias Mittirr and HEN te, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 114. 
(Atypic.) (Type, Alopias macrourus Refinesque.) 

Carcharhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1816, p. 12. (Type, Squalus 
vulpes Gmelin, designated by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1907, p. 63.) 

Carcharorhinus Acassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 65, 1846. (Type, Squalus 
vulpes Gmelin.) 

Carcharinus GRay, List fish British Museum, p. 48, 1851. (Type, Squalus vulpes 
Gmelin, virtually.) (Variant spelling.) 

Charcharinus JoRDAN and STarKs, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 2, p. 430, 1917. 
(Type, Squalus vulpes Gmelin.) 


Body robust, slightly compressed. Snout partly conic, short, ob- 
tuse. Pupil vertical. Mouth large. Teeth compressed, edges entire, 
bases two-rooted. Nostrils small, nearer mouth than snout tip. 
Hindmost gill opening above pectorals. Spiracles small, behind eyes. 
First dorsal large. Second dorsal and anal small. Caudal com- 
pressed, subcaudal produced. Pectorals falcate. 

One species. This shark feeds on fishes schooling at the surface, 
which it attacks by swimming around in gradually diminishing cir- 
cles, lashing the water with its long tail. Stories of its attacks on 
whales or other large marine animals are evidently untrue. 


ALOPIAS VULPINUS (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus vulpinus BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 9, pl. 85, fig. 349, 1788 
(type locality: Mediterranean). 

Alopias vulpinus OatrBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 74, 1916 (Moreton 
Bay).—McCvttocu, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 170, 1916 (off Cape 
Everard, Victoria, in 200 fathoms).—WalrTr, Rec. South Australian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 18, fig. 22, 1921.—Puituiees, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 
6, p. 265, fig. 9, 1924 (New Zealand).—JorpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 101, 1925 (Misaki, Tokyo, and Osaka markets). —McCuwt- 
LocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (refer- 
ence).—McCutLiocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 8, pl. 2, fig., 1927.— 
Morr, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Chinnampo, Ko- 
rea).—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 18, fig. 4, 1928 (Honolulu; 
Fanning Islands) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 87, 19830 (Hongkong) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 488, 1930 (Hawaii; Atlantic) — 
Punters, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 138, p. 226, 1932 (Nelson, 
New Zealand).—Fow ter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 48, 
1936 (New Jersey; Rhode Island). 

Squalus vulpes GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1496, 1789 (type locality: 
Mediterranean ; Scotland ; Cornwall).—WateauM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 508, 
1792 (copied). 


126 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Carcharhinus vulpes BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816, p. 121 (name 
only). 

Alopias vulpes Miter and HEN iE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 74, pl. 35, 
fig. 1, 1841 (teeth) (Mediterranean, Atlantic, Cape of Good Hope).— 
Dumérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 421, 1865 (Atlantic, Cape of Good 
Hope).—Gitnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 393, 1870 (English 
coast; Cape Seas).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 810, 1888 (Ceylon).— 
Ocitpy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1772, 1888 (Port 
Jackson.—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 28, fig. 9, 1889.—Sauvacr, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. 
Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 127, 1901 (Tokyo; Nagasaki).—JorpAN and SNYDER, 
Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 989, 1904 (Honolulu).—JorpAN and EVER- 
MANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, 42, fig. 4, 1905 (Hono- 
lulu).—Strap, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908—GtnTHeEr, Jour. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 483, 1910 (compiled).—ZuamMaygEr, Abh. Kon. Bayer, Akad. 
Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman).—THompson, Marine 
Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 2, p. 147, 1914 (Natal).—W. E. ALLEN, Science, 
vol. 58, p. 31, 1923 (behavior). 

Alopeciens vulpes GUICHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 80, 1862 (error). 

Alopecias vulpes Hecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New 
Zealand), p. 78, 1872 (Blind Bay).—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 6, p. 359, 1881 (Port Jackson).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. 
Victoria, vol. 1, dec. 9, pl. 88, 1884 (part).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 48, 1890 (Queenscliff). 

Alopias macrourus RA¥FINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 12, 1810 
(type locality: Sicily). 

Squalus alopecias Gray, Cat. Fish Gronow, p. 7, 1854 (type locality: Atlantic ; 
Mediterranean). 

Alopecias barrae PuHitiprl, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71 p. 5538, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1887 
(type locality: Valparaiso, Chile). 

Alopecias longimana Putriprr, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 109, p. 308, 1901 (‘type 
locality : Talcahuano Bay, Chile). 

Vulpecula marina GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 30, pl. 7, fig. 42, 
1913 (type locality: Massachusetts Bay).—TanakaA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, 
no. 15, 1938. 

?Alopias profundus NAKAMURA, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ., vol. 14, 
Zool. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1985 (type locality: Formosa) (fetus). 

?Alopias pelagicus NAKAMURA, op. Cit., p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2 (type locality: Formosa) 
(fetus). 


Depth 4 to subeaudal origin; head 414, width 1144. Snout 3% 
in head; eye 734, 2 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth width 3, length 
of gape 11% its width; preoral length 324 in head; outer labial fold 
half gape, inner half length of outer; teeth in 28 to 42 rows, simple, 
smooth, sharp edged; nostrils small, nearer mouth than snout end; 
front nasal valve with short lobe near inner edge; interorbital 214 
in head, moderately elevated, convex. Guill openings small, last 2 
closer below and over pectoral base. 

Scales keeled, quindentate. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 127 


First dorsal origin above inner pectoral origin, front edge 114 
in head; second dorsal length 414; anal length 334, inserted behind 
second dorsal base; front edge of subcaudal 214 in head; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 224; ventral length 135; pectoral 314 in body to 
subcaudal origin; combined head and body to subcaudal origin 114 
in caudal length. 

Dark slaty brown above to level of spiracle, below which con- 
trasted with white of lower surface. Lower sides of pectoral and 
space below gill openings dark slate-gray. 

Arabia, Natal, South Africa, Ceylon, China, Japan, Korea, Queens- 
land, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New 
Zealand, Polynesia, Hawaii. Also in the Eastern Pacific in Cali- 
fornia and Chile and in the Atlantic. It reaches 4,575 mm. (15 
feet) in length. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Newport, Rhode Island. J.C. Dunn. Length, 1245 mm. 


The two following nominal forms are included merely to complete 

the record: 

ALOPIAS CAUDATUS Phillipps 

Alopias caudatus PHitireps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 18, p. 226, fig. 
1, 1982 (on McCoy).—WHITLEy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (reference). 

Alopecias vulpes (not Linnaeus) McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Victoria, vol. 1, dec. ix, 
pl. 88, 1885 (type locality: Hastings, Victoria). 

Alopias vulpinus (not Bonnaterre) PHILIPPS, Bibl. New Zealand Fishes, Fisher. 
Bull. 1, p. 8, 1927. 

The tail approximately equal in length to body as measured to its 
base. Outer margin of pectoral almost straight. Caudal peduncle 
deep, sometimes half body depth at dorsal origin. Length, 10 feet 
2 inches. (Phillipps.) 

North Auckland Peninsula, New Zealand, and Victoria, Australia. 
Phillipps distinguishes this species chiefly by the long tail, equally as 
long as the rest of the body. 


ALOPIAS GREYI Whitley 


Alopias greyi WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 22, p. 25, 1937 (type locality: 
Off Bermagui, New South Wales). 
Differs in its greenish instead of slaty coloration, and the eyes 
modified for backward vision, more advanced in Alopias vulpinus. 
Length, 10 feet; tail about half. 


Family GALEORHINIDAE 


Body elongated. Tail compressed. Head depressed. Snout de- 
pressed, rounded to pointed as seen from above. Eyes lateral with 
nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, well arched. Nostrils be- 


128 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


low snout. Spiracle small or obsolete. Two dorsals, spineless; first 
fin short, elevated, entirely before ventrals; second fin small, opposite 
anal. Tail mostly bent up from caudal base, sides without keel. 

The majority of sharks belong with this family. At least usually 
one and frequently several members occur on most every temperate 
or tropical coast of the globe. Many of the species are very closely 
related, some with great similarity of appearance or the distinguish- 
ing characters subtle and hard to define. A few are cosmopolitan, 
and most all are of generalized sharklike aspect. Both among living 
and fossil forms, which are known since the early Tertiary, the teeth 
have usually been used as the basis of classification. 

The following may belong in this family, known only from jaws 
in the Royal College of Surgeons, according to Whitley and at pres- 
ent indeterminable: 


Genus GALEOLAMNA Owen 


Galeolamna Owen, Cat. Osteol. Roy. Coll. Surg., vol. 1, p. 96, No. 427, 1853. (Type, 
Galeolamna greyi Owen.) 


GALEOLAMNA GREYI Owen 


Galeolamna greyi Owen, loc. eit. (type locality: South Australia).—WHITLEY, 
Rec, Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 324, 1982; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, pp. 185, 198, 1984 (reference). 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. GALEORHININAE. Teeth compressed, triangular, a single series functional. 
b*. Spiracles absent. 
c’. Teeth with entire edges. 


@. Teeth with swollen bases, cusps slender, oblique___-__-_-_ Physodon 
ad’. Teeth without swollen bases. 
e’. Teeth with oblique cusps in both jaws_-__—-2-______-___ Scoliodon 
e*. Teeth with cusps rather slender, upper nearly erect, lower erect. 
Aprionodon 
c. Teeth only serrated on bases of those in upper jaw; lower teeth entire. 
Hypoprion 
ce. Teeth all serrated, at least some or all on bases and cusps. 
[zee MUTStHGCOLS AOTC ATC CLOT: sl Smee te mie ee eee lens ee ee oe Eulamia 
fa Hirst) dorsal mearkventrals ee eee a ee ee ee Glyphis 
b°. Spiracles minute. 
g. Teeth entire, oblique, notched, subequal in jaws_--~-_ Loxodon 
g. Teeth only denticulated in upper jaw; labial folds on both jaws. 
Hemigaleus 
g*. Teeth serrated in both jaws, large, subequal, oblique; labial fold 
alone apperniawaee ee ae = ee ee eee Galeocerdo 
b*. Spiracles small, oblique; teeth short, serrated, notched, oblique; caudal 
Pits  Tudimentary.-)subcaudaleshort = seses na ale Galeorhinus 


b*. Spiracie large; teeth triangular, both coronal edges becoming coarsely ser- 
rated: tOWard. APEX: eerie aa ee ei oe ee hs Del Hemipristis 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 129 


a’, MUSTELINAE. Teeth in bands or pavement, more than one series functional. 
h*’. Teeth compressed, cusps 3 to 5. 
“. Labial folds present. 
7’. No spiracles. 


k*, Caudal with pit ; subecaudal produced______ Triaenodon 

k*. Caudal without pit; subeaudal rudimentary. 
Leptocharias 
7-4 Spiracles’ presenti=s 2202 hs elas te ye Triakis 
i ALNOu aAbiale fOlGSE 2 8 2 oa ee ee Eridacnis 


h*. Teeth in pavement, labial folds long; subeaudal not produced. 
?. Teeth blunt or with cusps rudimentary; no nasoral 


STOOVESELO VINNIE 2 ERS tae oy es Mustelus 
I’. Teeth with flattened crowns; nasoral grooves present. 
Scylliogaleus 


Genus PHYSODON Miiller and Henle 


Physodon Mitimr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 30, 1841. [Type, 
Carcharias (Physodon) miiileri (Valenciennes) Miiller and Henle, mono- 


typic.] 


Body slender, elongate, compressed, cavity nearly half of total. 
Head long, depressed. Snout long. Eye with nictitating membrane. 
Mouth greatly arched, with short labial fold. Teeth entire; upper 
teeth flat, oblique, small in mandible medianly, laterally much 
larger, swollen at base as with narrow oblique cusp; small median 
upper teeth and 2 small lower symphyseal. Nostrils about 44 length 
from mouth forward, far apart. Last gill opening above pectoral 
base. Pit before upper caudal lobe. Fins small. First dorsal 
nearer ventrals than pectorals. Anal much longer than second 
dorsal. 

India, China, Australia. Though for many years but a single 
species was admitted, another was described more recently from Aus- 
tralia. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


CeeOnenipper median: tooth, 2. lower ONCSa= sn ne miilleri 
@. One. upper median tooth, sone below=--22-—-2- tees taylori 


PHYSODON MULLERI (Miller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Physodon) miilleri (Valenciennes) MUiiter and Heng, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 80, pl. 19, fig. 1, 1841 (teeth) (type locality: 
Bengal).—BLeEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 
(reference).—Dum£rIL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 347, 1865 (type). 

Carcharias miilleri GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 360, 1870 (com- 
piled).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 713, 1878 (Bengal).—Mactimay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 851, 1881 (Cape York).—Day, Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 11, 1889 (Bengal).—ZucMAyYER, Abh. Kon. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss. math.-phys. KL, vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran), p. 17 (Pasui), 
1913. 

Carcharias muelleri OctrBy, Proc. Linn. Soc, New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 
p. 1767, 1888 (Cape York). 


130 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Squalus (Triglochis) miilleri Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 42, 1851 
(reference). 

Physodon miilleri GAarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 108, 1913 
(China ).—Ocitny, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 79, 1916 (Cape York 
specimen ).—McCutiocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, p. 128, 
1925 (reference).—Fowtrer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 85, 1930 (China) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 1930 (reference).— 
Wuittey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1984 (reference). 

Elongate, slender, body cavity nearly half total length; head 
broader than deep. Snout long, broad, pointed, 3 in head to first 
gill opening; eye small, lateral, above middle of mouth; mouth greatly 
arched, little wider than long, short labial fold in angle and on lower 
jaw; teeth in 27 rows above, 28 below, edges smooth, 1 median upper 
and 2 median lower; cusps of forward teeth long, sharp, like /swrus 
in outline, with wide base and swollen and with deep notch behind 
cusp; nostrils about 14 of preoral, far apart. Gull openings wider 
than eye, equal, last above pectoral edge. 

Scales very small, with 3 strong keels, each ending in sharp point. 

First dorsal origin midway between bases of paired fins, base not 
reaching ventral origin, hind angle acute, above middle of ventral; 
second dorsal very small, base less 14 of either first dorsal or anal, 
reaches farther back than that of anal, hind angle acuminate; anal 
base distant its length from caudal or ventral bases; caudal moderate, 
subcaudal medium; pectorals subtruncate, inner angle about 90° ; ter- 
minal end of clasper with 4 blades, third smaller, short, rounded, the 
edge toothed. 

Back brownish, below whitish. Fins darker, except. on edges. 

Length, 420 mm. (Garman.) 

India, China, North Australia, Queensland. The type in the Paris 

Museum according to Duméril is 500 mm. long. 


PHYSODON TAYLORI Ogilby 


Physodon taylori Oc1rpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 117, 1915 (type local- 
ity: Townsville, Queensland) ; vol. 5, p. 79, 1916 (type).—McCuttocH and 
WHuitTLrey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference) — 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (refer- 
ence).—WuITtEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 
(reference). 

Body moderately slender, compressed, upper profile convex to first 
dorsal and vent slightly premedian; head 614, in total. Snout rather 
short, obtusely pointed, depressed; eye vertically elliptical, 345 nearer 
mouth than nostril, midway between snout tip and first gill slit, 414 
in preoral length or 345 in mouth width; preoral length 114 ramal 
length of upper jaw, little more than mouth width and 140 less space 
between eye and first gill opening; angle of upper jaw opposite an- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 13] 


terior eye edge and groove behind mouth angle; labial folds moderate, 
lower twice long as upper which 14 ramal length; teeth rather stout, 
moderately oblique, upper with tip straight, lower with tip bent some- 
what inward, each with deep notch behind; upper median unpaired 
tooth, no lower one; nostril width little less than eye, 2 small tri- 
angular valvules, outer larger, near inner anterior nasal angle; inter- 
narial half space between snout tip and nostril, 144 between nostril 
and mouth angle, 144 between outer and nasal angles; interorbital 
149 more than preoral length. Gill openings narrow, last 2 above 
pectoral. 

First dorsal origin little behind inner pectoral angle, inner lobe 
not quite reaching opposite ventral origin; second dorsal base 414 
in first dorsal base; anal ends below middle and 1,%; in second dorsal 
base; pectoral triangular, outer and inner angles obtuse, width 114 
its length and 1,5 in first dorsal base, outer angle reaching anterior 
third of first dorsal; caudal 4 in total, subcaudal 114 in caudal. 

Dark blue-gray above, lighter below. Fins without darker tips 
or borders. A half-grown female. (Ogilby.) 

Queensland. 


Genus SCOLIODON Miiller and Henle 


Scoliodon MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1887, p. 114. [Atypic. 
Type, Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus Miiller and Henle; Arch. Naturg., 
1837, p. 397; Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 27, 1841. Type designated by Gill, 
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 8, p. 35, 1861.] 

Alopiopsis Lioy, Atti Soe. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, vol. 8, p. 398, 1865. (Type, 
Alopiopsis plejodon Lioy, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Rhizoprion (not Jourdain, 1861) Oairpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 182, 
1915. (Type, Carcharias (Scoliodon) crenidens Klunzinger, orthotypic.) 
Rhizoprionodon Wuittry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 354, 1929. (Type, 
Carcharias (Scoliodon) crenidens Wlunzinger, orthotypic. Rhizoprionodon 

Whitley proposed to replace Rhizoprion Ogilby.) 


Body compressed. Head depressed. Snout elongate, end blunt. 
Kye with well developed nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, 
greatly arched, with short labial folds at angles. Teeth alike in two 
jaws, sectorial, more or less smooth on edges, bases broad, with tri- 
angular cusp inclined over notch above base on outer edge; median 
upper tooth and two symphyseal lower teeth, smaller sometimes. 
Scales minute, with 3 to 5 keels. Subcaudal lobe prominent. Caudal 
pits distinct. 

Temperate and tropical seas. Distinguished from Hulamia chiefly 
by the entire teeth at all ages. Fossils are known from the Lower 
Tertiary and later. 


132 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. RHIZOPRIONODON. Anal base length not more than twice second dorsal base. 
b*. First dorsal higher than long; short labial folds only at mouth angles. 
c’. Eye nearly midway between snout tip and pectoral; anal base 14 in space 


to ventrals; anal wholly before second dorsal__-___--_--__- dumerilii 
¢. Eye midway between snout tip and second gill opening; anal wholly 
Defore Second GOLSa) ese SeUee SEMANA eh ae Aee es APES eee ees eee See jordani 


b*. First dorsal longer than high. 
d*. Depressed pectoral reaches beyond first dorsal origin; labial folds 
moderate or well developed. 
e’. Labial folds elongate, nearly subequal, on both jaws___--~ vagatus 
e’. Labial folds moderate, less than 14 of jaws, present on both jaws 
though lower little shorter. 
f’. Pectoral reaches about 14 in first dorsal base, hind inner angle 


oppositehfirst«dorsal origin: 22s" te eee walbeehmnii 
f?. Pectoral reaches middle of dorsal base, hind inner angle little 
behind first dorsal origina eee intermedius 
ad’. Depressed pectoral reaches only opposite first dorsal origin; labial 
TOLASPSHOL ES ease eS EAE ee Se ee Eee oan palasorrah 

a’, Scottopon. Anal base length more than twice second dorsal base length. 
sorrakowah 


Subgenus RHIZOPRIONODON Whitley 
SCOLIODON DUMERILII (Bleeker) 


Carcharias (Scoliodon) dumerilii BrrrKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, 
No. 5, p. (8), 70, 1856 (type locality: Amboina); vol. 2, No. 7, p. 9, 1857 
(Amboina).—Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 344, 1865 (com- 
piled).—BLEEKER, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl. (Batavia), vol. 8, p. 9, 1869 
(Celebes). 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) dumerili Burexker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 
4, p. 115, 1874 (Chinese drawing).—WEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, 
p. 589, 19138 (Makassar). 

Carcharias dumerilii Gintoer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 359, 1870 
(type) ; in Brenchley, Cruise Curacoa, p. 410, 1873 (Celebes).—LUNEL, Mem. 
Soe. Phys. Hist. Nat., 1881, p. 282 (Misol).—Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 1, 1888 (New Hebrides). 

Scoliodon dumérilii GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 111, 1915 
(Amboina).—Fow rr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 84, 1980 (China) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1980 (reference) ; Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1931 (reference).—Herrre, Journ. Pan-Pacific 
Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 11, 1984 (Dumaguete).—Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 
11, No. 6, p. 385, 1984 (New Hebrides). 

Scoliodon dumerili Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 18, 19387 (reference). 


Depth 11 in total length; head 614, much broader than deep. 
Snout twice mouth length; eye 3 times in preoral, pupil vertical 
oval; preoral twice mouth length; labial folds short, in mouth angles; 
teeth entire, oblique, curved; small, erect, median upper tooth; nos- 
trils midway between snout tip and mouth angles, each with prom- 
inent triangular valve. Last gill opening above pectoral. 

Lateral line distinct. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 133 


First dorsal inserted little nearer pectoral than ventral, base less 
than height, emarginate, apex acute, little rounded, posteriorly acute ; 
second dorsal 4 times base length from first dorsal, twice shorter than 
anal, entirely behind anal, little emarginate, acute behind; anal less 
twice low as base length, emarginate, obtusely rounded in front, pos- 
teriorly acute; caudal 314 to 314 in body; pectoral longer than wide, 
emarginate, ends rounded; ventral obliquely quadrate, more than 3 
times shorter than pectoral, little or not emarginate, angles rounded. 

Above olive-coppery, below white. Fins blue-gray, except angle 
of first dorsal, which strongly margined black. Pectorals terminally 
and posteriorly and ventrals with all edges whitish. Length, 553 
mm. (Bleeker.) 

East Indies, China. 


SCOLIODON JORDANI Osgilby 


Scoliodon jordant OcILBy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, p. 88, 1908 (type 
locality: Outer Caloundra Bank in 25 fathoms, South Queensland) ; Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 79, 1916 (type accidentally destroyed!) — 
McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, p. 128, 1925 
(reference).—FoOwLER, Proc. 4th (1929) Pae. Sci. Congress, Java, p. 494, 
1930 (compiled).—WHuiITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 186, 
fig. 218 (type lost; types of Scoliodon affinis and S. longmani; Burnett 
River; Moreton Bay), p. 199 (reference), 1934. 

Carcharias acutus (not Riippell) Oeitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 1, 1888; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1766, 1889 
(Burnett River, Queensland). 

Scoliodon affinis Ocirpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 1, p. 29, 1912 (type local- 
ity: Noosa Head, Queensland) ; vol. 5, p. 79, 1916 (type).—McCuLtocn and 
WuitTLey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference) .— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (compiled). 

Scoliodon longmani Octtpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 1, p. 30, 1912 (type 
locality: Moreton Bay); vol. 5, p. 80, 1916 (type).—McCunLtocH and 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925, (reference) .— 
Fow.ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (compiled). 


Depth 1084 in total; head 5, width 214. Snout 2% in head, pro- 
duced, pointed; eye 8, little nearer first gill opening than snout tip; 
mouth width 33g in head, 54 snout length, 14 more than mouth 
length, mandible tip rounded, not extending forward to front eye 
edge; outer labial groove very short, directed outwards at right 
angle to jaw and % of space between eye and mouth, no inner groove; 
internarial 11459 in mouth width, space between outer nasal angles 
little more than between inner mouth angle and snout tip. Gill 
openings narrow, fourth widest though less than eye. 

First dorsal inserted nearer ventral than pectoral, front edge 
undulose, outer angle rather sharply rounded, hind angle not quite 
reaching ventral origin, base 114 fin height; second dorsal very 
small, inserted much nearer tail tip than first dorsal origin, base 
length 31% of first dorsal; anal inserted much nearer caudal than 


134 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ventral or wholly before second dorsal, hind edge much shorter than 
that of second dorsal and little less than basal length, which 224 in 
space to caudal pit; caudal 1445 in head, 41% in total, subcaudal 21; 
in caudal length to notch; pectoral reaches below first dorsal origin, 
front edge linear, lower angle rounded, width 44 its length; ventral 
rather small, angles obtusely rounded. 

Dark ashy blue above, gray beneath. Iris white. Paired fins 
outwardly edged ash gray. Length, 860 mm. (Ogilby.) 

Queensland. 

SCOLIODON VAGATUS Garman 


Scoliodon vagatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 116, 1913 (type 
locality: Zanzibar).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 
190 (Delagoa Bay). 

Carcharinus vagatus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1012, 
1927 (compiled). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 334. Snout 21% in head; 
eye 7, 3 in snout in profile; mouth length 114 its width, short labial 
folds on both jaws, upper little longer or 24 of eye, reaches 24 to 
hind eye edge in profile; teeth in 25 rows above, 23 rows below, bases 
broad, cusps rather narrow, short, inner or cutting edges well in- 
clined toward mouth angles and all edges entire; upper teeth with 
slightly wider cusps. 

Scales minute, tridentate, with 3 keels. 

First dorsal origin slightly behind pectoral base, well before inner 
pectoral angle, slightly longer than high, hind edge deeply emargi- 
nate and ends behind in sharp, slender point, nearly opposite ventral 
origin; second dorsal base slightly over half of anal base, hind angle 
ends in slender point, base 24 its distance from caudal, insertion little 
before anal origin; anal third again large as second dorsal, base half 
space to ventral origin; caudal 314 in total length, slender, subcaudal 
22 of upper lobe, pits well developed; pectoral reaches 14 in first 
dorsal base, width 154 length, hind edge concave; ventral small, 
rounded externally, hind lobe moderate. 

Back mauve-gray. First dorsal with black edge and tail deeper 
at point. 

Zanzibar, Portuguese East Africa. The type in the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology is 773 mm. long. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Delagoa Bay. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 355 mm. 
SCOLIODON WALBEEHMII (Bleeker) 


Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmii BiLrEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 
10, p. (848) 353, 1856 (type locality; Rio, Bintang Island). 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi Bireker, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 
18, p. 284 (Tjirutjup, Biliton), p. 889 (Timor koepang), 1857.—DuMérIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 344, 1865 (compiled).—BLrEKrEr, Versl. 
Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol, 2, p. 290, 1868 (Rio, Bintang). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 135 


Carcharias walbeehmii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 859, 1870 
(type; Japan).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 712, pl. 185, fig. 2, 1878 
(Malabar).—Mbnyrer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 
1885 (Macassar, South Celebes). 

Carcharias walbeehmi Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 10, 1889 
(India, Malay Archipelago, Japan).—BarrLert, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, 
No. 366, p. 188, 1896 (Baram and Moratabus).—SoutHwrE7i, Ceylon Admin- 
istr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E49. 

Carcharias walbehmii Pearson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F8.—TIRrANT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 60, 1929 (Cochin-china). 

Carcharias walbeemi Pittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. 83, p. 350, 
1929 (Travancore). 

Scoliodon walbeehmi JorpDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 89 
(127), 1901 (Nagasaki).—JorpDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 25, p. 318, 1902 (Formosa).—JoRDAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie 
Mus., vol. 4, p. 161, pl. 63, fig. 2, 1909 (Takao).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 112, 19138 (Singapore, Columbo, Pinang).—Fow Ler, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, p. 2 (Philippines) ; Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 
1918 (Philippines) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 
(Philippines ; Orion).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, no. 4, 
p. 6, fig. 4, 1929 (Amoy).—Fow.Lrr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 84, 1930 
(China) ; Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1980 (Philippines ; 
Formosa).—FAne and Wang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 236, 
fig. 10, 1982 (Chefoo).—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 94, 
19383 (Ningpo; Wenchow).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 23, 1933.— 
Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 11, 1984 (Manila; Duma- 
guete) —Fowrrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 406, fig. 1, 
1934 (Natal) ; vol. 87, p. 89, figs. 4-5, 1935 (Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 128, 1937 
(Bangkok).—Suvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 3, 1987 (Maenam Phatalung). 

Scoliodon walbeehmii JoRDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907) 
p. 235, 1908 (Manila) —Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 464, 
1924 (Tale Sap. Peninsular Siam).—HeErRkRE, Journ. Pan-Paec. Res. Inst., vol. 
8, no. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 18, 1937 (reference).—Fow1er, List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 11, 19388 (reference). 

Carcharinus walbeehmi BArnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 24, 
pl. 1, fig. 2, 1925 (Natal coast). 


Depth 7 to 714 to subcaudal origin; head 4 to 414, width 124 to 17%. 
Snout 21% to 214 in head, as seen from above nearly triangular or 
somewhat pointed; eye 514 to 1014, 3 to 434 in snout, 3 to 4% in 
interorbital, orbit depth 114 to 114 its length; dentary width 3 to 31% 
in head, length 135 to 134 in its width; deep groove at mouth angle 
with longer one above about long as eye and deeper shorter one on 
lower jaw; teeth 26 to 28 rows in jaws, entire, upper little broader, 
triangular, directed towards mouth sides, outer edge of each notched, 
lower narrower, also inclined laterally; nostrils about last 24 in pre- 
oral length, aperture width 3%, in internarial, front valve with short 
narrow triangular papilla; interorbital 2 to 214 in head, broad, 
slightly convex. Guill openings equidistant, last 2 above pectoral 
origin. 

156861—40—-—10 


136 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales minute, lobate, ends in point behind, with 6 to 10 marginal 
denticles. 

First dorsal inserted opposite inner hind angles of depressed pec- 
torals, front edge 134 to 134 in head; second dorsal inserted nearly 
opposite hind basal end of anal, front edge 514 to 6 in head; anal 
origin nearer that of subcaudal than ventral, front edge 4 to 4% 
in head; subcaudal with front edge 2, or 2 in its own length; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 534 to 6% in head; pectoral 114 to 1%, 
width 134 its length; ventral 27% to 3 in head. 

Gray above, under surfaces paler or whitish. 

Natal, India, Ceylon, Singapore, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, 
Indochina, China, Formosa, Japan. This species seems to be well 
figured by Day, though this is apparently overlooked or ignored by 
Garman. Day says, “A well marked groove at the angle of the 
mouth extending on to both the upper jaw and along a portion of 
the mandible.” His figure shows this and agrees with my materials. 
Garman says “labial folds short, extended more on the lower jaws 
than on the upper.” His Scoliodon intermedius seems to differ in 
that the “labial fold on upper jaw about two sevenths of its length, 
that on lower jaw little shorter, partly hidden at angle.” His dis- 
tinction for Scoliodon walbeehmi that the “distance between outer 
angles of nostrils and between them and end of snout about equal” 
and for Scoliodon intermedius “snout rounded, length from nostrils 
little less than the distance between their outer angles” is a variable 
condition. Though my specimens all show the condition for Scoliodon 
intermedius, Day’s figure shows these proportions equal. 

7930. Limbones Cove. February 8, 1909. Length, 580 mm. 

4529. Manila market. December 12, 1907. Length, 330mm. 

5249. Manila market. March 20, 1908. Length, 465 mm. 

6313. Manila market. June 25, 1908. Length, 512 mm. 

4553. Manila, Santa Cruz market. January 4, 1907. Length, 345 mm. 
7910. Off Langao Point. February 7, 1909. Length, 750 mm. 

7907. Off Muya Island. February 7, 1909. Length, 700mm. 


5007. South Tomindao. February 26, 1908. Length, 723 mm. 
5085. Sandakan, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 364 mm. 


SCOLIODON INTERMEDIUS Garman 


Scoliodon intermedius GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 115, 1918 
(type locality : Philippines; East Indies).—Fow.mr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (reference).—Henpre, Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 11, 1984 (Capiz; Unisan; Sitanki)—Suvarri, Index Fish. 
Siam, p. 2, 1987 (Sriracha).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 18, 1937 (reference). 


Body compressed; head elongate, depressed. Snout moderately 
broad, rather long, narrow, twice long as mouth; eye medium, di- 
ameter greater than width of gill openings, twice mouth length; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 137 


mouth somewhat pointed arch, upper labial fold 34 jaw length, lower 
little shorter and partly hidden at angle; teeth in 25 rows above, 
26 rows below, deeply notched on hind edge, broad based, cusps in- 
clined outward, concave on inner edge; upper median and 2 lower 
symphyseal teeth more erect and smaller than others; outer nasal 
angles nearer to snout end than mouth angles. Gill openings rather 
narrow, last 2 above pectoral. 

Scales minute, 5 keels produced as short spines. 

First dorsal base 214 times its length before second dorsal, hind 
angle reaches opposite ventral origin; second dorsal very small, 
acuminate end extended more than halfway from its base to caudal 
pit; anal base nearly twice second dorsal base, ends below middle 
of latter, hind edge deeply excavated; caudal less 14 of total, sub- 
caudal prominent, pits distinct; pectoral reaches middle of first 
dorsal base, hind edge concave, inner angle extends little behind 
vertical from first dorsal origin; ventral equals anal, inner angles 
much less produced. 

Back brown, shading white below from fianks and sides of head. 
Hind pectoral edges white. Length, 480mm. (Garman.) 

East Indies, Philippines. Probably not distinct from Scoliodon 


walbeehmiz. 
SCOLIODON PALASORRAH (Cuvier) 


Carcharias palasorrah Cuvirr, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 388, 1829 (on 
Palasorrah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 9, pl. 14, 1803, type 
locality: Vizagapatam; Madras). 

Carcharias palasorra BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 
1853 (reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) paiasorra BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. 9, 1858 (reference). 

Scoliodon palasorrah GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 111, 1913 
(India, East Indies).—Fowtrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 22, 1928 (com- 
piled) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 83, 1980 (China) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (Hast Indies); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, 
No. 5, p. 514, 1931 (references).—CHEvEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° 
note, p. 5, 1932 (Cochinchina).—Herprr, Journ. Pan.-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 
8, No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 11, 1984 (Dumaguete).—TorrTonEssE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 
ser. 3, vol. 45, No. 63, p. 8, 1935-86 (Massaua, Mar Rosso).—Suvvatt1, Index 
Fish. Siam, p, 2, 1987 (Samut Prakan; Laem Sing; Maeklong).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 138, 19387 (reference) .— 
Fow.er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 11, 1938 (reference). 

Carcharias acutus Rtprett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 65, pl. 18, fig. 4, 1835 
(type locality: Djedda, Red Sea).—Scumenrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 2, 
p. 10, 1865 (South Seas).—GtnruHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 358, 
1870 (Cape of Good Hope, East Indies, Pinang, Singapore, Vizagapatam, 
Japan ).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 655, 1871 (Koseir, 
Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 712, pl. 188, fig. 2, 1878 (Ma- 
dras).—KArou, Termez. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p, 148, 1881 (Sarangoon; 


138 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Palaboen, Java).—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, p. 185 (Mus- 
cat).—OgtrBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1766, 1888 
(Burnett River; Madras); Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 1, 1888 
(Burnett River, Queensland; Madras).—Brustna, Glasnik Naravosl. 
DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 223, 1888 (Red Sea).—Day, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 
10, 1889 (Red Sea, India, Malay Archipelago).—Savvacer, Hist. Nat. Mada- 
gascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference).—E tera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 
p. 618, 1895 (Luzon, Manila).—Votz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 
66, p. 237, 1907 (Sumatra).—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-18, 
pp. H42-E44, E 49.—ZuamMayer, Abh. Kon. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. 
K1., vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran and Oman), p. 16, 1913.—McCurtocn and Wurt- 
LEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).—TIRANT, 
Service Océanogr. Peches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 60, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) acutus MULLER and Henrie, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 29, 1841 (Red Sea, India, Java).—RicHArpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 
194, 1846 (Canton, China Seas).—Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 1381, 1849 (Pinang, Singapore, Malay Peninsula).—BLEEKER, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 473, 1851 (Rio); vol, 3, p. 446, 1852 
(Banka) ; Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 30, 1852 (Batavia) ; 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland Indie, vol. 
15, p. 248, 1858 (Singapore) ; vol. 16, p. 409, 1858 (Jafara, Java); vol. 21, 
p. 186, 1860 (Muntok, Java).—Dumeérin, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 345, 
1865 (Seas of the Indies, China; not Brazil, Guadeloupe, and Martinique 
specimens) .—BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, 
p. 276 (Batjan), p. 290 (Rio, Bintang), 1868.—PrETrRs, Monatsb. Akad. 
Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 281 (Singapore).—MartTENns, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, 
vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Formosa Strait, Bangkok, Singapore, Sunda Strait, Bat- 
jan).—STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 227, 1896 (Bangkok) .— 
Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 588, 1913 (Makassar). 

Squalus (Scoliodon) acutus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 41, 1851 (China 
and Bengal). 

Scoliodon acutus KNER, Reise Novara Fische, p. 414, 1865 (Ceylon).—Day, Fishes 
of Malabar, p. 268, 1865.—BartLet?, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 133, 
1896 (Santubong).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool, Japon., vol. 3, p. 39, 
1901 (‘“Japan”).—Fow.er, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 458 
(Baram, Borneo).—JorDAN and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 
p. 1, 1905; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 3, 1907 (Cavite).—Ocirpy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 79, 1916 (Queensland coast south to Burnett 
River Heads).—Fowter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 31, p. 2, 1926 
(Bombay; Baram example); vol. 32, p. 253, 1927 (Bombay).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 13, 1937 (reference). 

Carcharinus (Scoliodon) acutus BieexeEr, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 
p. 172, 1865 (Siam). 

Charcharinus acutus JoRDAN and Starks, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 2, p. 480, 
1917 (Ceylon). (Hrror.) 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) crenidens KLUNZINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 
math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 426, pl. 8, fig. 3, 1880 (teeth) (type locality : 
Queensland).—Ocitpy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 464, 
1885 (Burnett River Heads, Queensland) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, 
p. 182, 1915 (off Cape Byron). 

Carcharias crenidens MacirAy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 62, 
1884 (Queensland; on Klunzinger)—Oainpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1767, 1888 (note). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 139 


Rhizoprion crenidens Ocmtpy, Commerc. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 45, 1915 
(Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 80, 1916 (Moreton Bay, 
Cape Moreton, Double Island Point, Rock Island Reef).—McCuttocu and 
Wuittry, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference) .— 
McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, 1927. 

Eulamia crenidens Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 491, 
1930 (compiled). 

Rhizoprionodon crenidens WuHrirLey, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 354, 1929 
(reference) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 

Carcharias albomarginatus (not Riippell) (Ehrenberg) KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.- 
bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 655, 1871 (name in synonymy). 

Carcharias acronis (Ehrenberg) IKLuNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 655, 1871 (mame in synonymy). 

Carcharias aaronis HiteEnporr, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich Ehrenberg, p. 8, 
pl. 5, figs. 1, a-c, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). (Hrror.) 

Scoliodon lalandei (not Miiller and Henle) CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. 
Péches. Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 5, 1926 (Gulf of Siam; Tonkin). 


Depth 5 to 7 to subcaudal origin; head 34% to 414, width 124 to 
2%. Snout 2 to 21% in head; eye 8% to 9, 4 to 424 in snout, 334 to 
414 in interorbital; mouth width 3 to 31% in head, length 224 to 314. 
each angle with short groove along upper jaw; teeth in 25 or 26 rows 
in jaws, oblique, slender, entire, upper with notch on outer edge, lower 
little more slender; nostrils little nearer mouth than snout tip, inter- 
narial 144 to 2 in preoral length, which 2% to 214 in head; inter- 
orbital 124 to 214, broad, convex. Gill openings equidistant, last 2 
above pectoral. 

Scales minute, end in 3 or 4 points, with as many keels. 

First dorsal base nearer ventral than pectoral or behind inner hind 
pectoral angle, front fin edge 114 to 124 in head; second dorsal origin 
above middle or hind end of anal base, length 214 to 234 in head; 
anal length 2 to 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 444 to 614; pec- 
toral 114 to 124, width 124 to 2 in its length; ventral length 2 to 214 
in head; caudal 23% to 31% in rest of body, subcaudal 144 to 2 in caudal 
length. 

Gray brown above, belly and below whitish. Paired fins pale 
below. 

Red Sea, Arabia, South Africa, India, Ceylon, Pinang, Singapore, 
East Indies, Philippines, Siam, Indo China, China, Japan, Queens- 
land. In the Queensland Museum 2 examples, 467 to 540 mm.; 1.3958, 
Pellew Group, W. E. J. Paradice. 

7910. Off Langao Point. February 7, 1909. Length, 750 mm. 

7930. Limbones Cove. February 1909. Length, 580 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40029. Queensland. Australian Museum. Length, 340 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 47608. Red Sea. L. M. McCormick. Length, 620 mm. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Baram, Borneo. Dr. Wm. H. Furness, Length, 416 mm. 


2 examples. A.N.S.,P, Off Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 177 
and 198 mm, 


140 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subgenus ScoLIopoNn Miiller and Henle 


SCOLIODON SORRAKOWAH (Cuvier) 


Carcharias sorrakowah CuviER, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 388, 1829 (on 
Sorrah kowah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 9, pl. 15, 1803, 
type locality: Vizagapatam). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah-kowah BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference). 

Scoliodon sorrakowah GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 110, 1913 
(Singapore).—CHABANAUD, Bull. Econom. Indo-Chine, vol. 6, p. 563, 1924 
(Gulf of Siam).—Fowrer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 84, 1930 (China, 
Amoy) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1980 (Malacca) .— 
CuHEvrEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 5, 1932 (Cochinchina; Cam- 
bodge).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 89, 1935 
(Bangkok).—Svuvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 2, 19387 (Gulf of Siam; Nakon 
Srithamarat; Maanam Cau Phaya).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1938 
(reference). 

Scoliodon sarrakowah CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
note, p. 5, 1926 (Gulf of Siam). 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus MULLER and HrEniez, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 28, pl. 8, 1841 (type locality: India).—BLrerkrrR, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference).—DuméErm, Hist. Nat. 
Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 848, 1865 (type). 

Carcharias laticaudus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 358, 
1870 (Bengal, type of Carcharias macrorhynchos, China, Amoy, Japan).— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 712, pl. 188, fig. 1, 1878 (India, Malay Archi- 
pelago).—Octtpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 1, 1888 (Bombay) .— 
Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, p. 9, fig. 1, 1889.—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., 
vol. 1, p. 618, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—BarTLert, Sarawak 
Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 1383, 1896 (Buntal and Moratabas).—Vo1rz, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 236, 1907 (Sumatra?).—Prarson, 
Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E6—ZuamMayrr, Abh. Kon. Bayer. 
Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Mekran).—Prarson, Cey- 
lon Administr. Rep., 1915-1918, pp. F9, F10.—Tiant, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 32, 60, 175, 1929 (Hué; Cochinchina). 

Carcharias laticaudatus Lioyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).— 
PILLAY, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 350, 1929 (Travancore). 

Squalus (Scoliodon) laticaudus Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 41, 1851 
(reference).—BtytTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 35, 1860 (Cal- 
cutta). 

Scoliodon laticaudus Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 414, 1865 (Madras). — 
JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 39, 1901 (“Japan’”).— 
Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 66, 1908 (Malacca speci- 
men).—EVERMANN and SHAw, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, 
p. 98, 1927 (Wenchow).—Wange, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, 
p. 92, fig. 2, 1983 (Yenting). 

Carchariads (Scoliodon) mdacrorhynchos BirEKER, Verb. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, pp. 27, 31, pl., fig. 1, 1852 (head and teeth) (type 
locality: Batavia) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 15, p. 243, 1858 (Singa- 
pore).—DumErim, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 343, 1865 (drawing by 
Bleeker).—WeseEr, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 589, 1918 (Makassar). 

Carcharias (Scoliodon) macrorhynchus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 16, p. 485, 1858 (Pamangkat). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 14] 


Cynocephalus (Scoliodon) macrorhynchus BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, vol. 18, p. 2, 1879 (China). 

Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 2. Snout 1% in 
head, broad, depressed, flattened, as seen above rather attenuated 
with rounded end; eye 8 in head, 5 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth 
width 324, gape length about % 9 mouth width, lower labial fold 
very short, no upper labial fold; upper teeth 22 rows, lower 23, cusps 
directed obliquely outward, entire; nostrils last fourth in snout, 
about 24 of eye, internarial 3 in head; interorbital 214, slightly and 
broadly convex. Second and third gill openings largest, last above 
pectoral base. Scales tridentate, median cusp longest and largest. 

First dorsal origin close behind end of depressed pectoral, front 
fin edge 1% in head; second dorsal origin over last fourth of anal 
base, fin length 3 in head; anal length 214; caudal 23, in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 234 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 41% in head; pectoral length 2, width 114 in its length; ven- 
tral length 3 in head. 

Back and upper surfaces dull naples yellow, with slight gray tinge, 
lower surfaces cream color. Iris pale brown, eyeball shining white. 
Fins all dull brownish, little deeper medially. 

Mekran, India, Ceylon, Malacca, Singapore, East Indies, Philip- 
pines, Indo-China, China, Japan. 

A.N.S.P. No. 517. Straits of Malacca. Length, 186 mm. 


Genus APRIONODON Gill 


Aprionodon Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 400, 401, 411, 
1862. (Type, Carcharias (Aprion) isodon Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 
Aprion (not Valenciennes, 1830) MULLER and HENrs, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 31, 1841. (Type, Carcharias (Aprionodon) brevipinna Miiller and Henle.) 
Differs from H’ulamia chiefly in its dentition, the teeth compressed, 
edges entire and cusps narrow and nearly erect, bases broad. 
Tropical and temperate seas. Fossils known also from lower Ter- 
tiary formations. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a*, Snout short, wide; first dorsal little back of inner pectoral origin; second 
dorsal larger than anal, origin little farther forward; second dorsal larger 


thanvanal; ‘origin hittleyadvanceds 22.) atte ets Jee acutidens 
a’. Snout elongate, tapering; first dorsal origin above inner pectoral origin; 
second dorsal smaller than anal, origin farther back__________ brevipinna 


APRIONODON ACUTIDENS (Riippell) 


Carcharias acutidens RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 65, pl. 18, fig. 8, 1885 
(type locality: Djedda, Red Sea).—GtntTuHmr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 361, 1870 (Seychelles).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 657, 1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 713, pl 


142 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


189, fig. 1, 1878 (Red Sea, Sind, Indian Ocean).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soe 
New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 350, 1881 (Torres Strait).—Brusina, Glasnik 
Naravosl. DruZtva. vol. 3, p. 238, 1888 (Red Sea).—Ocirey, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1767, 1888 (Torres Strait).—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 11, 1889.—BouLencrr, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
London, p. 242, 1889 (Muscat).—Savuvacr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 
p. 510, 1891 (reference).—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 478, 
1910 (Ponapé).—ZuemMaAyYER, Abh. Kon. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., 
vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran and Oman), p 17 (Gwadar), 1913.—Timant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 61, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Carcharias (Aprionodon) acutidens Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
349, 1865 (Red Sea; Mexico?).—Scumerrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, no. 5, p. 40, 
1874 (Australia). 

Squalus acutidens GRAY, List fish British Museum, p. 43, 1851 (compiled). 

Aprion acutidens ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, no. 4, p. 28, 1869 (Port 
Mackay). 

Aprionodon acutidens GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 118, 1913 
(Apiang).—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 80, 1916 (Torres Strait 
specimen ).—McCuttocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 128, 1925 (reference).—Fowrrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 22, 1928 
(Apiang specimen) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 1930 
(reference).—CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine. 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Indo- 
china ).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (ref- 
erence).—TortToNnESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45, no. 
63, p. 9, 1985-36 (Massaua, Mar Rosso). 

Yarcharias forskalii (Ehrenberg) KLUNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 658, 1871 (name in synonymy). 

Carcharias forskdlii H1LcENDoRF, Symbol. Phys. Hemprich Ehrenberg, p. 8, pl. 5, 
fig. 2, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Carcharias munzingerit KoSSMANN and RAvuBER, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Roth. Meer., 
vol. 1, p. 31, 1877 (type locality: Red Sea). 


Depth 71/4 to subcaudal origin; head 34%, width 134. Snout 824 
in head; eye 1134, 314 in snout, about 7 in interorbital; mouth length 
11% in its width, or little greater than preoral length; mouth width 
21% in head; preoral length 41/ ; teeth entire, bases broad, cusps erect, 
narrow, lanceolate, upper slightly notched basally; nostrils midway 
in preoral length, with rather broad inner lobe, internarial equal to 
preoral length; interorbital 144 in head, moderately high. Gull open- 
ings equidistant, last 2 above pectoral. 

Scales small, with 3 to 5 keels and as many points. 

First dorsal inserted opposite hind inner pectoral angle, front edge 
1% in head; second dorsal origin little before anal origin, front fin 
edge 124 in head; anal little smaller than second dorsal, front fin 
edge 224 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 714; pectoral 114, 
width 124 its length; ventral length 21% in head; caudal 24% in rest of 
body, subcaudal 214 in caudal. 

Gray-brown above, below whitish. (Hilgendorf.) 

Red Sea, Arabia, Seychelles, India, Indochina, North Australia, 
Queensland, Micronesia. Riippell’s type was 763 mm. long, and his 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 143 


figure differs a little from that published by Hilgendorf in that the 
second dorsal and anal are shown subequal in size, the pectoral greatly 
smaller or 114 in head so the first dorsal origin would fall about 
opposite the depressed pectoral tip. Day gives a figure differing 
from Hilgendorf’s in the more advanced first dorsal, the origin of 
which is shown close behind the narrow pectoral base, the anal length 
11% in that of second dorsal, the small pectoral very slightly longer 
than that of the head measured to the first gill opening and the upper 
tooth rather broadly triangular and serrated. In his description Day 
says of the teeth, “none serrated” and that he has obtained specimens 
up to 1,830 mm. It is quite evident that Carcharias munzingeri Koss- 
mann and Riuber is intended for the present species, the only dis- 
tinction seemingly from the very imperfect notice given resting on 
its larger dorsal fins, the remarks on the dention hardly of any 
value. 

Garman in describing an example from the Gilbert Islands char- 
acterizes the labial folds as short, the upper directed outward and 
a little forward, lower hidden in the angle. He also describes the 
pectoral width 44 the fin length and the edges of the hindmost fins 
blackish. 


APRIONODON SITANKAIENSIS Herre 


Aprionodon sitankaiensis Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 11, 
1934 (type locality: Sitanki, Sibutu Islands, Sulu Archipelago).—Roxas 
and MartTINn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1937 (reference). 

Greatest depth equals 1145 greatest width; head 344, as measured 
to fifth gill opening, depressed anteriorly. Snout 25% in head, bluntly 
rounded; eye 914, small, 214 in postocular region measured to first 
gill opening, and trifle smaller than latter; mouth arched, nearly long 
as wide, length 314 in head, width 3149; labial fold in angle of jaws, 
barely extends upon upper jaw; teeth 29 above, 31 below, not serrated ; 
upper teeth nearly erect to somewhat oblique, with broad base having 
a large denticle on inclined side; lower teeth erect or almost so, with- 
out serrations or basal denticles; median row of teeth in each jaw 
small and erect. Last gill opening only 24 wide as others, and 2 
posterior gill openings over pectoral base. 

First dorsal little nearer ventral than pectoral, hind edge very con- 
cave and hind angle produced; second dorsal and anal almost oppo- 
site, or anal origin very little advanced; hind anal edge much more 
indented than that of second dorsal; caudal 21% in length; pectoral 
reaches hind end of first dorsal base, width 144 its length, fin falci- 
form, with deeply concave hind margin, angles rounded. 

In alcohol blackish slate-blue on upper half, including dorsals, 
caudal, and upper side of pectorals. Under side whitish. Blackish 
spot on under side of pectoral tip. Ventrals and anals broadly 
edged with dusky bluish. ; 


144 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Length, 880 mm. (Herre.) 

Sulu Archipelago. This nominal species, described without any 
comparison with the other species in its genus, seems most closely 
related to Aprionodon acutidens in its short snout, if indeed it is 
really distinct. 

APRIONODON BREVIPINNA (Miiller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 31, pl. 9, 1841 (type locality: Java) —BLrerKer, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 25, 1852. 

Carcharias (Prionodon) brevipinna BiLEerKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 4, p. 509, 1853 (Batavia, Java). 

Carcharias (Aprionodon) brevipinna Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
348, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias brevipinna GUNTHER, Cat. fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 361, 1870 
(Java).—BovuLEenGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 2438 (Muscat) .— 
PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat., K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, 
p. 678, fig. 4, 1908 (head below) (Japan).—Zuamayrr, Abh. Kon. Bayer. 
Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman). 

Squalus (Aprion) brevipinna Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 42, 1851 (vef- 
erence). 

Aprionodon brevipinna GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 117, 1913 
(Java).—JorpAN, TANAKA, and Snyper, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, 
p. 14, 1913 (Japan).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 
Vertebrata, p. 190, 1920 (Boshiu).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 498, 1930 (reference). 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 324, width about 2 ? Snout 
27% in head, narrowing forward; eye 914, 344 in snout, 6 in inter- 
orbital; mouth length 114 its width, which about 334 in head; pre- 
oral length 21% in head; upper teeth in 36 rows, lower in 33 rows, 
entire, bases broad, narrow cusps erect; nostrils about last third in 
preoral length, inner lobe broad and short, internarial half preoral 
length; interorbital moderate. Gill openings equidistant, last above 
pectoral. 

Scales very small with 8 to 5 keels, with as many points. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner pectoral angle, front fin edge 
124 in head; second dorsal inserted opposite first basal third of anal, 
fin length 3 in head; anal length 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 
524; pectoral 114, width 21% in its length; ventral length 324 in 
head; caudal 244 in rest of body, subcaudal 214 in caudal. 

Gray-brown, below paler. (Miiller and Henle.) 

Arabia, East Indies, Japan. According to Garman the mouth 
with labial folds in the angles only. 


Genus HYPOPRION Miiller and Henle 


Hypoprion MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 34, 1841. (Type, 
Carcharias (Hypoprion) macloti Miiller and Henle, designated by Jordan 
and Gilbert, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 61, 1883.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 145 


Hypoprionodon Gitn, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 399, 401, 409, 
1862. (Type, Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon Miller and Henle, 
orthotypic. ) 

Differs little from Hwlamia and the distinction in the lower erect 
smooth-edged teeth and only the bases of the upper teeth serrated. 
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic. Fossils known from the Miocene. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Second dorsal smaller than anal. 
b*. Snout elongate, pointed; first dorsal origin above inner pectoral angle; 


second dorsal origin above hinder third of anal base____---__~ macloti 

b*. Snout shorter, moderate; first dorsal close behind pectoral; second dorsal 
origin: little behind anal) origin == 22! 3 6 eee ae ee hemiodon 

a7, Second dorsal and anal equal, fins opposite; snout broad and broadly 
rounded; first dorsal nearer pectoral bases than ventrals__---- playfairii 


HYPOPRION MACLOTI (Miller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Hypoprion) macloti MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 34, pl. 10, 1841 (type locality: New Guinea).—Dumérit, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 350, 1865 (type). 

Carcharias macloti GUNTHER, Cat. fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 362, 1870 (com- 
piled).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 713, pl. 188, fig. 2, 1878.—Ramsay, 
Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson) .— 
MAcLeAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 357, 1881 (Port 
Jackson ).—O«itpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 
1888 (Port Jackson).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 12, 
1889.—PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 2. 
1912 (no locality).—ZueMAyYrER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., 
vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Mekran). 

Carcharias mccloti Dunckrr, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 192, 
1904 (locality ?). 

Squalus (Hypoprion) macloti Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 48, 1851 
(compiled). 

Hypoprion macloti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 121, 1913 (New 
Guinea, Indian Ocean).—Waitx, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 12, 
fig. 9, 1921 (copied).—McCuLtocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, 
pl. 1, fig. 9a, 1927.—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 21, 1928 (com- 
piled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 1980 (compiled).— 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 19384 (reference) .— 
Fowler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1938 (reference). 

Hypoprion? (Hemigaleus) ? heterodus Puirrrt, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 541, 
pl. 2, fig. 6, 1887 (type locality: Chile). 

Hypoprion ? (Hemigaleus) ? isodus PHritierr, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 542, 
pl. 2, fig. 5, 1887 (type locality: Chile). 


Depth 634 to subcaudal origin; head 344, width 214. Snout 214 
in head, narrowly triangular; eye 724, 3144 in snout, 334 in inter- 
orbital; mouth cleft 334 in head, about 3% its width, which 114 in 
preoral length; short labial fold behind each mouth angle, not ex- 
tending on jaws; teeth in 27 rows in jaws, slightly inclined, bases 
of upper denticulated on each side of rather narrowly triangular 


146 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


large cusp, lower teeth entire and narrower; nostrils about last 
24 in preoral length, valve with small pointed lobe, internarial 144 
in preoral length or about equals mouth cleft; interorbital 27% in 
head, low. Gill openings equidistant, last smallest and last 2 above 
pectoral base. 

Scales minute, with 3 to 5 keels and as many points behind. 

First dorsal origin above inner pectoral angle, front fin edge 134 
in head; second dorsal smaller than anal, origin above last third 
of anal base, fin length 2% in head; anal length 214; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 514; pectoral 124, width 1% its length; ventral 
length 234 in head, clasper slender, little longer than fin; caudal 
24% in rest of body, subcaudal 214 in caudal. 

Gray-brown, whitish below. (Miiller and Henle.) 

Mekran, India, East Indies, New South Wales. Also Chile in the 
Kastern Pacific. According to Duméril the type is 660 mm. long. 


HYPOPRION HEMIODON (Miiller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon (Valenciennes) MULtER and HENLE, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 35, pl. 19, fig. 12, 1841 (teeth) (type locality: 
Pondicherry ).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 
1853 (reference).—DuMéErIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 351, 1865 
(types).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafl. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 
(North Celebes; Manila Bay, Luzon). 

Carcharias hemiodon GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 362, 1870 
(India, Caleutta).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 714, 1878 (India, Hooghly 
at Calecutta).—Macreay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 366, 
1878 (Port Darwin).—DaAy, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 12, 1889.— 
BouLENGeER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Eera, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 613, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay).—ZueMayeErR, Abh. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl, vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 (Oman).—WEBER, 
Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 590, 1913 (Dama and northwest Waigiu).— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 79, 1929 (Saigon 
River to Thudaumot). 

Squalus (Hypoprion) hemiodon Gray, List Fish British Museum, p. 43, 1851 
(Pondicherry). 

Hypoprion hemiodon GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 122, 19138 
(Pondicherry, India, Calcutta).—WaAITE, Ree. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, 
p. 12, 1921 (not fig. 9).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 21, 1928 
(compiled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 1930 (refer- 
ence).—CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Cochin- 
china).—WHItTLEy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1984 (ref- 
erence).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, 
p. 13, 1987 (reference). 


Snout moderate, blunt, much shorter than in Hypoprion macloti, 
teeth in 29 to 82 rows above, 29 to 27 below; upper subtriangular, 
slightly oblique, smooth on inner edge, notched on outer and with 
several blunt denticles on basal portion; lower not or serrated only 
on outer basal portions, cusps narrower, on broad bases, nearly erect; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 147 


row of smaller median teeth above and below; nostrils little smaller 
than eyes, midway in preoral length; internarial between outer nasal 
angles equals preoral length. 

First dorsal close behind pectoral, upper angle rounded, hinder 
acuminate, hind edge indented; second dorsal above anal, origin 
little behind anal origin, base 24 anal base length, upper angle blunt, 
hinder acuminate; hind anal angle acute, hinder margin deeply 
notched; outer and inner pectoral angles rounded, hind edges 
concave. 

Blackish gray, lighter below. (Garman.) 

Arabia, India, East Indies, Indo-China, North Australia. Re- 
ported from the Philippines by Elera. According to Duméril the 
largest of the 4 types measures 550 mm. 


HYPOPRION PLAYFAIRU (Giinther) 


Carcharias playfairii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 362, 1870 (type 
locality: Zanzibar). 

Hypoprion playfairii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 122, 1918 
(Zanzibar). 

Snout short, obtusely rounded; preoral length rather more than 
mouth length, 114 in mouth width; teeth in 29 rows above, 28 rows 
below, alike in jaws, erect, constricted, on broad 2-rooted base, upper 
rather broader than lower and with some obtuse denticulations on 
base; nostrils midway between snout end and mouth. Gill openings 
much wider than orbit. 

First dorsal fin nearer pectoral base than ventral base; second 
dorsal equal in size and form and exactly opposite anal, 14 size of 
first dorsal; caudal 4 in total; pectorals of moderate length and 
width, not extending to end of first dorsal, length of inner margin 
14 of outer. 

Extremities of all fins with black spot. Length, 416 mm. 
(Giinther.) 

Zanzibar. This species based on a stuffed, likely dry, example in 
the British Museum. 

Genus EULAMIA Gill 


Eulamia Git, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 401, 1862. (Type, 
Carcharias lamia Risso, orthotypic.) 

Platypodon Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 401, 1862. (Type, 
Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah Miiller and Henle, orthotypic. ) 
Isogomphodon Gitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 401, 1862. 

(Type, Carcharias (Prionodon) oxryrhynchus Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 
Lamiopsis Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 401, 1862. (Type, 
Carcharias (Prionodon) temminckii Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 
Isoplagiodon Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 401, 1862. 
(Type, Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah (Valenciennes) Miiller and Henle, 
orthotypic. ) 


148 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Gymnorhinus (not Maximillian, 1841, in birds) Hiternporr, Symbol. Phys. 
Hemprich-Ehrenberg, p. 8, 1899. (Type, Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah 
Miller and Henle.) 

Mapolamia WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, pp. 185, 188, 1934. 
(Type, Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gaimard, orthotypic.) 

Gillisqualus WHiTLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, pp.185, 189, 1984. 
(Type, Carcharinus amblyrhynchos Ogilby=Carcharias (Prionodon) ambly- 
rhynchos Bleeker, monotypic. ) 

Galeolamnoides WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, pp. 185, 191, 
1934. (Type, Carcharias macrurus Ramsay and Ogilby, orthotypic.) 

Body robust. Head depressed, wide. Snout produced in front. 
Eyes with well-developed nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, 
curved forward, labial folds rudimentary or short. Teeth com- 
pressed, subtriangular, with single large sharp cusp, strongly ser- 
rated with age though less so in young; upper teeth broad or narrow, 
lower narrow, straight, nearly erect. Nostrils inferior, separated from 
mouth and from one another. No spiracle. Embryo attached to 
uterus by placenta. First dorsal large, not far behind pectorals. 
Second dorsal small. Caudal with vertebral axis moderately ele- 
vated, subcaudal lobe produced. Caudal with pits at root. Pectoral 
falcate. 

Temperate and tropical seas, some species ascending fresh waters 
or even residing in them. 

“These species are commonly seen slowly following the vessel in 
fine weather and light winds, especially when the salt meat for daily 
consumption is towed behind the ship, as is the general custom, in a 
sort of keg, to be soaked. The Shark is then seen cruising about, 
with dorsal fin projecting above the surface, and as soon as anything 
is thrown into the water, it is at once pounced upon by the fish. 
Bits of wood and other inedible substances are readily seized, but 
soon discarded. The Shark is consequently an easy catch, but the 
hook should be of suitable thickness, the line strong and furnished 
with some iron links next the hook to prevent it from being bitten 
off. These fishes do not disdain any animal substance or filth. In 
securing any floating object, they open their jaws over it quite 
leisurely and raise the whole head above the surface, the mouth being 
situated on the ventral side; but upon objects that sink in the water 
they dart with great rapidity. In taking a baited hook, the Shark 
turns upon its side or.completely over, with the belly upwards, as the 
snout would else come in contact with the line and push the bait 
away. When the wind is at all high, these Sharks are never seen, 
presumably because they are sluggish swimmers and cannot keep up 
with the vessel. In all their actions they greatly resemble a hungry 
dog or wolf prowling in quest of food; hence the names chien de 
mer, grand chien bleu, etc., which are conferred upon them in several 
languages. Most frequently these Sharks are attended by a little 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 149 


fish known among seamen as the Pilot (Naucrates ductor.) This 
fish, which is about a foot long, presents a handsome appearance, 
being silvery blue with broad transverse bands of dark blue. Sea- 
faring folk in general suppose that it guides the Shark to the prey in 
the hope of gaining its share thereof, and this belief has been supple- 
mented by all kinds of romantic additions. Cuvier, who discussed 
the improbability of these fabulous narratives, was of the opinion 
that the companionship of the Shark and the Pilot fish is merely 
fortuitous, each of them following the vessel. But this is not the 
case. The Pilot-fish really attends upon the Shark, but only to feed 
upon its excrements, as a few writers, ancient and modern, have cor- 
rectly stated. I have often had the opportunity on tropical seas of 
carefully watching Sharks accompanied by one or two Pilot-fish, and 
have always made the same observation. The Pilot-fish keeps close 
to the body of the Shark, at the dorsel, pectoral, or ventral fins, but 
now and then quits his post to take some floating object he has espied. 
Apparently, however, he seldom finds anything that tickles his 
palate, and soon returns to the Shark; but the moment the Shark 
passes any excrementitious matter the Pilot promptly and eagerly 
makes off to secure the prize, and then returns to its former station, 
from which it refuses to be enticed for a long while, whereas, when 
it is hungry, it readily swims after any small object thrown into 
the water. I never succeeded in hooking a specimen. In the Bay 
of Bengal I had good opportunity of observing that large turtles are 
also attended by the saine kind of Pilot-fish; and Sucking-fishes 
(Echeneis) accompany both Sharks and turtles, for the same reason 
as the Pilot, but always adhere firmly to the body of their host, till 
they see any morsel of food, when they vie with the Pilot-fish in 
agility, and, their errand accomplished, immediately return to attach 
themselves as before.” (Sundevall.) 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES . 


a’. IsopLaciopon. Second dorsal smaller than anal. 
b*. Second dorsal and anal origins opposite. 
Crm STOUts CLONE 8 tC res ert as ie ee re ee ee ee soe limbata 
c’. Snout moderate, rather pointed. 
a. Preoral length 1144 in mouth width; gill openings twice deep as eye 


SOTA CoN es ee ae = Ne es brachyura 

d@. Preoral length greater than mouth width; eye greater than half depth 
Of eill Opening ies see ae Se ee ee oe ee ee macrura 

ce. Snout moderately rounded, narrow, shovel-shaped, not acute, longer than 
MOULH- WwAGtne COlLOr DLONZev DiASS aes eee as eee ahenea 

c*. Snout pointed before eyes, length less than mouth width. amblyrhynchos 
c®. Snout short, blunt, length less than mouth width__------------ stevensi 


b?. Second dorsal origin behind anal origin; snout moderate, blunt, nostrils 
UDO Ute THAT rn ge te eT a ee ee sorrah 


150 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


a’, PLATyPopoN. Second dorsal and anal equal in size. 
e’. Second dorsal origin before anal origin; snout short, bluntly 


rounded’: fins tipped withublackas ss ee melanoptera 
e*. Second dorsal and anal origins opposite. 

f’. Snout obtusely pointed; pectoral 24 wide as long_.___ menisorrah 

f?. Snout somewhat extended; pectoral twice wide as long. 
spallanzani 
f?. Snout moderate, bluntly rounded; pectoral less twice long as wide. 
dussumieri 
f*. Snout rather extended and pointed__________---____ pleurotaenia 
e*. Second dorsal origin behind anal origin; snout narrowly rounded in 
POM tae A Es Pk at EAs CREE eel ee tephrodes 


a* EULAMIA. Second dorsal larger than anal. 
g. Second dorsal origin before anal origin. 


h?. Snout very short, nostrils near end______________ gangetica 
h?. Snout moderate. 
i Hectoral longs moderately, wide-2—--—— lamia 
Ur EeCtOrale lone aT 0 Wa eee albimarginata 


h®. Snout short, obtuse; pectorals broad. 
j. Upper teeth narrow; lower narrow, lanceolate__ ellioti 
j’. Upper teeth broad, triangular; lower narrow_ temminckii 
g. Second dorsal origin opposite anal origin ; snout moderate, blunt ; 
Oe MOVE Wopavexey ore veya Via (6 (Se ee ee as ee munsing 


Subgenus ISOPLAGIODON Gill 
EULAMIA LIMBATA (Miller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 49, pl. 19, fig. 9 (teeth), 1841 (no locality) —Dumf&rin, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 875, 1865 (Martinique: Bahia).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. 
Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 115, pt. 1, p. 1425, 1906 (Upolu, 
Samoa) ; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. KI. vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 160, 
1907 (Gischin). 

Carcharias limbatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 373, 1870 (Sey- 
chelles, Indian Ocean).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 716 (not pl. 184, 
fig. 2), 1878; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 17, 1889 (copied).—Sav- 
VAGE, Hist. Nat. Madgasear, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference).—GwUNTHER, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 481, 1910 (Indian Ocean).—RoBInson, Natal 
Fisher. Rep., 1919, p. 50 (Natal).—Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 
Chine, 6° note, p. 61, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Carcharinus limbatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 127, 1913 
(tropical and temperate seas; Rio Janeiro).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 26, 1925 (Natal coast).—CHEveEy, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Cochinchina). 

Eulamia limbatus FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 19, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 362, 1935 (Durban); Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 48, fig. 10, 1986 (compiled). 

Eulamia Vimbata Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 491, 
1930 (reference). 

Carcharias microps Low®k, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1840, p. 38 (type locality: 
Madeira). 

Prionodon cucuri CASTELNAU, Animaux Nouy. Amer. Sud, Poiss., p. 99, 1855 
(type locality : Bahia). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 15] 


Isogomphodon maculipinnis Pory, Report Hist. Nat. Cuba, vol. 1, pp. 191, 450, 
pl. 4, figs. 3-4, 1866 (type locality : Cuba). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) miilleri STEINDACHNER, Sitz, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. Kl. vol. 56, p. 356, 1867 (type locality: West Indies and 
Surinam). 

Carcharias ehrenbergi KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 661, 
1871 (type locality: Koseir, Red Sea).—Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. 
DruZtva, vol. 8, p. 234, 1888 (Red Sea). 

Carcharias abbreviatus (Ehrenberg) KuLUNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 661, 1871 (name in synonymy). 

Gymnorrhinus abbreviatus HILGENDORF, Symbol. Phys. Hempr.-Ehrenberg, p. 8, 
pl. 7, fig. 2, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Carcharias aethalorus JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 104, 
1882 (type locality: Mazatlan, Mexico). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 124. Snout 214 
in head; eye 814, 384 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth width 234 in 
head, well arched, length 114 its width, short labial fold at angle, 
slightly extended forward on each jaw with short groove behind; 
teeth in 384 rows above, 31 below, bases broad, cusps narrow, upper 
serrate on bases and somewhat on sides of cusps, lower not serrate 
on cusps or sometimes bases with coarse serrations; upper median 
teeth small, median lower tooth small and tooth each side little 
larger; nostrils little smaller than eye, little behind middle in preoral 
length, internarial 134 in preoral, which slightly wider than mouth 
angle; interorbital 214, rather well elevated, convex. Three median 
gill openings largest, all equidistant, last smallest and last 2 over 
pectoral. 

Scales tricarinate, with as many points to each. 

First dorsal origin over or little before inner pectoral angle, front 
fin edge 124 in head; of second dorsal 37, fin length 214; front edge 
of anal 324, fin length 214, origin opposite first 24 of second dorsal 
base; least depth of caudal peduncle 5 in head; pectoral 114, width 
21 its length, which 134 to ventral; ventral length 214 in head; 
front edge of subcaudal 125; caudal 224 in rest of body. 

Brown above, whitish below. Tips of first dorsal, pectoral, and 
subcaudal black, sometimes also second dorsal and anal. Reaches 
1,983 mm. (Garman; Hilgendorf.) 

Red Sea, Arabia, Natal, Seychelles, Cochinchina, Polynesia. Also 
in the tropical Atlantic. 


EULAMIA BRACHYURA (Giinther) 


Carcharias brachyurus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 369, 1870 
(type locality: New Zealand).—Hkecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dep. 
Fishes New Zealand, p. 75, 1872 (compiled).—WaAITE, Ree. Canterbury 
Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 7, 1907 (reference). 

Carcharinus brachyurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 128, 1913 
(New Zealand; not Australian records).—PHmupps, New Zealand Journ. 
Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 261, fig. 4, 1924 (North Island). 

156861—40——11 


152 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Eulamia brachyura Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 491, 
1930 (part). 

Galeolamnoides brachyurus WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, 
p. 198, 1984 (reference). 

Eulamia macrura (not Ramsay and Ogilby) Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1980 (reference). 


Snout rather pointed, of moderate length; preoral more than snout 
length or about 34 its width; upper teeth oblique, serrated on both 
edges, with deep notch on outer margin; lower teeth narrow, erect, 
lanceolate, serrated, on wide 2-rooted base; nostrils much nearer 
mouth than snout end or nearer latter than mouth angle. Gill open- 
ings at least twice wide as eye. 

First dorsal nearer pectorals than ventrals, distance from pectorals 
but little less than its base length; second dorsal very small, shorter 
and lower than anal; anal origin opposite second dorsal origin and 
midway between ventral and caudal; caudal 4 in total; pectoral nar- 
row, pointed, falciform, length of inner edge 14, of outer. 

Coloration uniform. Length 2,360 mm. (Giinther.) 

New Zealand. 


EULAMIA MACRURA (Ramsay and Ogilby) 


Carcharias macrurus RAMSAY and OGi~By, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
ser. 2, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 168, 1024, 1887 (type locality: Port Jackson, New 
South Wales).—OaILBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 2, 1888 (type; 
Port Jackson) ; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 
1888 (Port Jackson, Broken and Botany Bays). 

Carcharhinus macrurus McCuttocnu, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, 
pt. 4, p. 457, pl. 37, figs. 1-4, 1921 (type; Botany Bay; Port Jackson).— 
WHittey, Australian Zool., vol. 5, p. 354, 1929 (note). 

Galeolamnoides macrurus WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 
1934 (reference) ; Australian Zoologist, vol. 8, pt. 4, p. 214, pl. 18, fig. 1, 
1937 (Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs). 

Carcharias brachyurus (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 369, 
1870 (Australian specimen).—RaAmsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—Mactrray, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 352, 1881 (not description).—O«rBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 1889 (note).—WaAitTH, Mem. New South 
Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 7, 1904; Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 226, 
pl. 39, 1906 (Lake Macquarie).—SrTrEapD, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908. 

Carcharinus brachyurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 128, 1913 
(Australia; not New Zealand).—WaITE, Ree. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, 
p. 12, fig. 8, 1921. 

Carcharhinus brachyurus McCuttocH, Cat. Fish. New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, 
pl. 1, 1927. 

Eulamia brachyura Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 491, 
1930 (New South Wales; not New Zealand). 


Depth 514 to 6% to subcaudal origin; head 334 to 3%, width 
134 to 134. Snout 2%, to 214 in head, rather broadly convex in 
profile as seen from above; eye 7 to 8, 324 to 4 in snout, 434 to 5 in 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 153 


interorbital; dentary width 234 to 2% in head, length 1% in its 
width, with very short inconspicuous upper labial groove; teeth 
in 35 rows above, 30 rows below, serrated; nostrils about last 34 in 
preoral space; internarial 114 in dentary width, anterior valve obtuse, 
short; interorbital width 144 to 2 in head, broadly convex. Gill 
openings small, equidistant, last 2 above pectoral base, fifth smallest. 

Scales tridentate, median point longest and each with three parallel 
keels. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner pectoral angle, front edge 114 
to 2 in head, hind lobe narrow triangular point; second dorsal origin 
opposite anal origin, equal or slightly smaller in size than anal, front 
edge 3 to 334 in head, hind lobe narrow triangular point; front anal 
edge 3 to 344; caudal 234 in rest of body, subcaudal lobe 214 to 2% 
in caudal length; pectoral 114to 114 in head, width 134 to 2 in its 
length; ventral length 214 to 3 in head. 

Largely uniform grayish brown, to little paler below. 

New South Wales. 

U.S.N.M. No. 28666. North of Mount Macleay. Australian Museum. Length, 
525 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 28690. North of Mount Macleay. Australian Museum. Length, 
390 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39990. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Head and body skinned 
out 1,110 mm. long. This shows: Snout 2% in head; eye 11%, 5 in snout, 
6 in interorbital; upper teeth broader, all entire. Second dorsal much smaller 
than anal, their origins apparently opposed. Pectoral width half its length. 


EULAMIA AHENEA Stead 


Hulamia ahenea Strap, Australian Nat., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 98, 1988 (type locality : 
4 miles east of North Head; off Sydney Heads; in 23 fathoms off South 
Head of Port Jackson). 

Body somewhat compressed. Head broader than high, somewhat 
flattened anteriorly; tapers from gills. Snout moderate, rather mod- 
erately rounded, narrow, shovel-shaped, not acute, length 1% greater 
than mouth depth. Eye small, diameter 144 mouth depth, front 
orbital edge just behind front edge of mouth. Mouth large, crescen- 
tic, labial fold at angle short. Teeth almost erect in lower jaw, 
well inclined toward angle in upper jaw, 32 rows above, 32 rows 
below; bases broad in both jaws; cusps very narrow in lower jaw; 
much broader in upper jaw, but considerably narrower than in 
Eulamia brachyura; deeply notched on posterior edge; upper teeth 
finely serrate on bases and on cusps; median upper teeth fairly large; 
median lower teeth small. Nostrils smaller than eye, 24 distance 
from snout end to orbit. Gill openings fairly large; last one slightly 
posterior to position of base of pectoral fin. 

First dorsal origin above end of posterior pectoral margin. Second 
dorsal small; basal length equal to 14 distance to caudal pit. Anal 


154 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


little larger than second dorsal, almost directly below, base longer, 
posterior edge deeply notched with 2 sharp angles. Caudal nearly 
4 in total length; lower lobe produced, pointed. Pectoral subfalci- 
form; outer angles rather sharp, inner blunt rounded; reaches almost 
to end of first dorsal base. Ventral small, situated about 34 of dis- 
tance between dorsal bases. Deep pit above caudal peduncle. 

When fresh a bronze brass color “ like a new penny,” almost pale 
golden at times. Gray or cream strip along sides from eyes. Creamy 
white below. 

Length to 9 feet (2,745 mm.). (Stead.) 

New South Wales, Australia. General form rather elegant; body 
rather more rounded below than in Lulamia brachyura,; snout also 
rather more flattened both above and below. 


EULAMIA AMBLYRHYNCHOS (Bleeker) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos BLrEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 10, p. 467, 1856 (type locality: Java Sea near Solombo Island) ; 
Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore) .— 
Dumérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 364, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias amblyrhynchus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 368, 1870 
(compiled). 

Carcharinus amblyrhynchus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 128, 
1918 (compiled). 

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Octtey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, pp. 81, 94, 
1916 (Cape Bowling Green, Queensland).—McCuttocH and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).—GiLTay, Mem. 
Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., Hors ser. 5, vol. 3, p. %, fig. 1, 1983 (dentition) 
(Dobo, Aru Island). : 

Eulamia amblyrhynchos Fow mr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 491, 1980 (reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 8, 1938 (reference). 

Gillisqualus amblyrhynchoides Wuirtey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, 
1934, p. 189, fig. 49 (type locality: Cape Bowling Green, Queensland), p. 198 
(reference), 1934. 


Depth 7% in total length, body elongate, compressed ; head 5, twice 
wider than deep. Snout pointed; eye 314 in snout, pupil oblong ver- 
tical; mouth width less than preoral, much broader than long, lower 
labial groove little longer than upper; upper teeth triangular, little 
inclined, all serrated; lower teeth slender, serrated, bases broad; 
nostrils much nearer snout tip than mouth, short valve triangular. 
Last gill opening above pectoral. 

Scales very small, with 5 to 7 keels. Lateral line simple. 

First dorsal nearer pectoral than ventral, more than twice lower 
than body depth, apex acutely rounded; second dorsal 5 times its 
length from first dorsal, 3 times lower or shorter than first dorsal, 
longer than high, opposite anal; anal midway between caudal and 
ventral, higher than second dorsal, but little wider, apex acute; caudal 
4 in total length, subcaudal 5149; pectoral little longer than head, 535 


/ 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 155 


in total body length, much less double longer than wide, emarginate, 
acute; ventrals oblique, quadrate, emarginate, one-fourth as long as 
pectoral. 

Body and fins above coppery bluish, below white. Iris gray, pupil 
silver gray. Pectoral white below, apex blackish. Ventral and 
caudal margined with blackish. Length, 1,540 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Singapore, East Indies, Queensland. 


EULAMIA STEVENSI (Ogilby) 


Carcharias stevensi Ocitby, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 38, 1911 (type 
locality : Bustard Bay and North West Islet, Queensland). 

Carcharhinus stevensi Ocitpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 387, 1911 (ref- 
erence) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 80, 1916 (types).—McCuLiocH 
and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference) — 
McCutiocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, 1927. 

Hulamia stevensi Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pac. Sci. Congress, Java, p. 491, 1930 
(compiled). 

Galeolamnoides stevensi WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 191 
(Moreton Bay), p. 198 (reference), 1934. 





Depth 514 to 584 in total length; head 4949, width 124. Snout 
22% in head, short, blunt; eye midway between snout tip and second 
gill opening, 314 to 4 in preoral length; mouth width 214 in head, 
length 114 width, rounded, labial grooves short, upper deeper than 
lower; teeth 29 rows above, 30 below, upper triangular, both edges 
finely serrated and scarcely notched; lower teeth erect, entire, nar- 
row, base moderately broad, front pair very small; preoral length 
344 in head; internarial 114; interocular width 19% 5. Gill openings 
wide, last 114 in third, which 21% to 3 times eye diameter. 

First dorsal inserted 14 nearer pectoral than ventral, front border 
linear, hind angle produced and acute, not nearly reaching vertical 
of ventral, fin height 149 more than basal length; second dorsal in- 
serted 14 nearer tail tip than first dorsal origin, interdorsal 114 in 
predorsal length and 1% 9 times first dorsal base; caudal 314 to 344 
in total length, upper angle obtusely pointed; front edge of sub- 
caudal 2145 in caudal; anal origin opposite second dorsal origin, 
length 1144 in space to subcaudal, which 114 to 126 in that from 
ventral; pectoral 414 to 414 in total body length, inserted little 
nearer snout tip than to ventral, extends below end of first dorsal, 
front and hind borders convex, outer emarginate, upper angle 
pointed and lower rounded; space between ventral and anal 3 to 
344 in space from pectoral. 

Ash blue above, white below. Length, 164 to 187 mm. (Ogilby.) 

Queensland, New South Wales. According to Ogilby the extreme 
shortness of the postventral region, which is at least 14 less than 
head and trunk, is diagnostic. He gives the short tail length as 114 
to 1%4 in head and trunk. I place this species provisionally near 


156 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Eulamia amblyrhynchos, though Ogilby fails to give the propor- 
tions of the second dorsal, whose origin, however, is stated to be 
opposite that of the anal fin. 


EULAMIA SORRAH (Miiller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah (Valenciennes) MUttiter and Henter, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 45, pl. 16, 1841 (type locality: Java; Madagascar ; 
Pondicherry ; India).—BLrrKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 
22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal) ; (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 39, 1852 (Batavia, Sura- 
baja, Kammal); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference); Vers]. Meded. 
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore).—Dumé£rmim, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 368, 1865 (Seas of India and Madagascar). 

Carcharias sorrah GUnTurr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 307, 1870 
(Borneo).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, pp. 711, 714, pl. 185, fig., 1878 
(India, Mangalore, Malay Archipelago).—Prrucra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 269, 1889 (Padang, Sumatra).—Day, Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 12, 1889—Savuvaar, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, 
Poiss., p. 501, 1891 (reference).—Barttert, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 
366, p. 188, 1896 (Santubong).—Sratz, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, no. 1, 
p. 4, 1906 (Shortland Island, Solomons).—Votrz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 66, p. 237, 1907 (Padang and Benculen).—GUnruHer, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 480, 1910 (Hast Indies, Solomons, Hawaii).—BEran 
and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 588, 1912 (Batavia) .—PsLie- 
erin, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, no. 27, p. 2, 1912 
(Singapore) .—VincreaurrRRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 
10, p. 626 (Sarawak), 1926.—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 61, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) sorrah Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 47, 1851 
(Singapore). 

Prionodon sorrah Knrmr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 414, 1865 (Java). 

Prionodon (Charcharias) sorrah GuiIcHENotT, Mém. Soe. Sci. Cherbourg, ser. 
2, vol. 2, p. 148, 1866 (Madagascar). 

Carcharinus (Prionace) sorrah BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 
344, 1863 (Madagascar). 

Carcharinus sorrah GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 182, 1918 (Indian 
Seas, Madagascar, Borneo, Java).—CuHeEvry, Inst. Océanogr. Indiochine, 19° 
note, p. 6, 1982 (Indochine). 

Hulamia sorrah Fowrrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 19, pl. 1a, 1928 (Shortland 
Island, Honolulu, Kauai, type of Carcharias phorcys) ; Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 597, 19830 (Hongkong) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 491, 1930 (Solomons, Hawaii) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, 
p. 385, 1984 (reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 9, 1938 (reference). 

Carcarias taeniatus HiLcENDorF, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich-Ehrenberg, Zool., p. 
8, pl. 4, fig. 8, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). (No description.) 

Carcharias phorcys JoRDAN and HVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 
(1902), p. 163, 1908 (type locality: Honolulu).—JEnxKiIns, Bull. U. S. Fish 
Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 420, 1904 (Honolulu).—SNynmr, Bull. U. S. Fish 
Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 518, 1904 (Honolulu; Kanalei Bay, Kauai.)— 
JORDAN and HVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 39, 
pl. 2, 1905 (type; Honolulu). 

Carcharias marianensis ENGELHARDT, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, p. 647, 1912 (type lo- 
cality : Guam, Marianes). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 157 


Eulamia marianensis Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 
1930 (compiled). 

Carcharinus latistomus FANe and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, Zool., 
vol. 8, p. 235, fig. 9, 1932 (type locality: Tsingtau). 

Depth 414 to 514 to subcaudal origin; head 4 to 414, width 124 to 
1%. Snout 2 to 214 in head, moderately obtuse; eye 914 to 1114, 434 
to 614 in snout, 5 to 534 in interorbital, orbital depth 114 to 134 in 
its length; dentary width 224 to 31% in head, length 114 to 11% in its 
width, labial folds rudimentary or absent; teeth in 26 to 30 rows, 
upper rather broadly triangular with inner edges straight and outer 
deeply notched, lower teeth narrower, more erect, with broad bases, 
edges of all teeth variably finely serrated; nostrils about midway in 
preoral length, width 234 to 414 in internarial, front nasal valve 
broadly obtuse with short point; interorbital 2 to 21% in head, broad, 
convex. Gill openings equidistant, fifth shortest and fourth and fifth 
above pectoral origin. 

Scales minute, quindentate and with 5 keels, finely velvety to touch. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner end of depressed pectoral angle, 
front edge 124 to 124 in head; second dorsal origin opposite first to 
last third of anal origin, front edge 2% to 41% in head; anal origin 
nearer ventral origin than subcaudal origin or midway, front edge 3 
to 4 in head; subcaudal front edge 124 to 2, 134 to 21% in its own 
length; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 5 in head; pectoral 114 to 
144, width 11 to 144 in its length; ventral length 214 to 224; claspers 
small, narrowly attenuated, pointed, not reaching hind ends of 
ventrals. 

Body gray-brown above, whitish below. Fins more or less grayish 
terminally. Sometimes subcaudal lobe with terminal blackish blotch. 

Madagascar, India, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Indo- 
China, China, Melanesia, Hawaii. Known chiefly by the second dor- 
sal smaller than the anal with its insertion further back and its broad 
pectorals. Along side of head eyes in pale or whitish extending from 
lower surfaces, also all around edge of snout. Its caudal is very long, 
equals or exceeds interdorsal space or 214 in rest of body. 

The nominal Carcharinus latistomus Fang and Wang is largely in 
agreement with the present species, having been based on a specimen 
565 mm. in length. It seems to differ only in the shorter and more 
convexly rounded snout; also the broad mouth is shown a little 
greater at the angles than the preoral length. The edges of the lower 
teeth are not described. The profile figure shows the large first dorsal 
advanced over the pectoral base, and the anal origin slightly before 
that of the second dorsal, though both of these fins rather large or 
about long as snout. Though the gill openings are said to be sub- 
_ equal they are shown with the first longest and the others graduated 
shorter to the last or most posterior, 


158 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


The figure of Carcarias taeniatus Hilgendorf agrees in so many 
ways with the present species that I think it was intended for it. 
Though only one broad serrated tooth is shown it may have been 
intended for both jaws. The scales are shown as rounded, though 
with 4 or 5 parallel keels. 

Carcharias marianensis Engelhardt is too briefly noticed for posi- 
tive identification. It is said to have a broadly rounded snout, pec- 
toral long as head, both dorsals and ventrals angularly pointed, first 
dorsal and anal with black apical blotch. Length, 400 mm. 


6705. San Roque market. December 1, 1908. Length, 740 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 32708. Indian Archipelago. Leiden Museum. Length, 590 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72477. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 580 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72478. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 600 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72479. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 420 mm. 


Subgenus PLATYPODON Gill 
EULAMIA MELANOPTERA (Quoy and Gaimard) 


Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and GaAtmMarD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., pts. 5-6, 
p. 194, pl. 43, figs. 1-2, 1824 (type locality: Waigiu; Marianes).—BENNETT, 
Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1880 (Sumatra).—RUpreti, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 
p. 63, 1835 (Red Sea).—GinrHerR, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 142, 1866 (Aden).— 
ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 28, 1869 (Kandayu).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 369, 1870 (South Africa, Amboyna) .— 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 218, 1871 (Red Sea).— 
Prerers, Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 853 (New Ireland) .—STRe£ETS, 
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 7, p. 94, 1877 (Christmas and Washington Islands, 
Fanning Group).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 715, pl. 185, fig. 3, 1878 
(India, Andamans, Malay Archipelago).—PrETERs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. 
Berlin, 1880, p. 1035 (Hong Kong).—Mactmay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 352, 1881 (Torres Strait, Port Darwin).—Meyer, Anal. 
Soe. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Macassar).—Octney, 
Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 2, 1888 (Ugi, Solomon Islands) ; 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 1888 (Torres 
Straits and Port Darwin).—Brustna, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, 
p. 223, 1888 (Red Sea).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, p. 14, 1889.— 
BouLenceErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Lucas, Proce. 
Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 42, 1890 (Hobsons Bay ).—SnyprEr, 
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902). p. 513, 1904 (Honolulu) —Jorpan 
and EverMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 38, pl. J, 
1805 (Honolulu; Samoa).—Vorz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, 
p. 237, 1907 (Sumatra?).—GitnruHeEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 480, 
1910 (Indo-Pacific; Hawaii) —Kenparnt and GonpssoroucH, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 242, 1911 (Fakarava, Paumotus).—PELLEGRIN, Ann. 
Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 2, 1912 (Red Sea; 
Assab).—ZuemMAyeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Miss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, 
p. 8 (Mekran and Oman), p. 17, 1913—McCuttocn, Ree. Australian Mus., 
vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 356, 1913 (Murray Island, Queensland).—TiRAnt, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 61, 1929 (Cochinchina).—PIttay, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 350, 1929 (Travancore). 





FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 159 


Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopierus MUiirr and HeEntr, Syst. Beschr. 
Plagiost., p. 48, pl. 19, fig. 5, 1841 (Waigiu).—RicHArpson, Ichth. China 
Japan, p. 146, 1846 (China Sea).—Brreker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal); (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 33, 1852 
(Batavia, Samarang, Surabaya, Kammal); (Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 
(Japan, China, Hast Indies); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, p. 393, 
1855 (Amboina); Act. Soc. Sei. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 6, 1856 
(Manado) ; vol. 2, No. 7, —p. 9, 1857 (Amboina); Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 26, p. 42, 1857 (Japan); Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néeri., vol. 6, 
No. 2, p. 8, 1859 (Doreh, New Guinea); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 22, p. 110, 1860 (Buru); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet Amsterdam, vol 12, 
p. 30, 1861 (Singapore) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 240, 1863 
(Obi Island) —DuMEnin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 8365, 1865 (types).— 
SCHMELTzZ, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Viti Islands); No. 7, 
p. 64, 1879 (Viti Islands) —STEtNDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 70, p. 519, 1901 (South Sea) ; vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 160, 1907 
(Tamarida).—Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 590, 1913 (Makas- 
sar; Aru Islands). 

Carcharias (Prionace) melanopterus Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 
18, p. 1382, 1849 (Straits of Malacca).—BLEEeKEr, Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 1, p. 264, 1863 (Atapupu, Timor). 

Charcharius melanopterus CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 
1, p. 217, 1872 (Hobsons Bay). (Error.) 

Squalus (Carcharinus) melanopterus Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 46 1851 
(Cape Seas, Moluceas, Port Arthur, China, South Australia )—BLyTH, 
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 36, 1860 (Calcutta). 

Squalus melanopterus JOUAN, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 8, p. 245, 
1861 (Dumbea, New Caledonia). 

Prionodon melanopterus Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 269, 1865—IXner, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 415, 1865 (Java). 

Carcharhinus melanopterus JORDAN and SNYDER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 8, p. 
38, 1901 (Nagasaki).—OciLgy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 81, 1916 
(Moreton Bay ; Northwest Islet; Darnley Isiand)—McCuttocu and WuHIT- 
LEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).—WHITLEY, 
Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 3, 1927 (Fiji) —UMALI, Philip- 
pine Dept. Agr. Comm. Pop. Bull. 6, p. 37, 1936 (Manila).—Roxas and 
MARTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 13, 1937 (reference). 

Carcharinis melanopterus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 134, 1913 
(Apiang, Kingsmills)—BArnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 24, 1925 (Natal coast).—CHEvEY, Inst. Oceanogr. Indochine, i9° note, 
p. 6, 1932 (Indochina).—Gitray, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., Hors ser. 
5, Vol. 3, p. 10, 1983 (Dobo, Aru Island).—TorToNESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. 
Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 44, p. 4, 1934 (Persia) ; ser. 3, vol. 45, p. 9, 1935-36 
(Mar Rosso).—HFrrE, Mid-Pacifie Mag., vol. 16, no. 2, p. 163, April-June 
1985 (Pelew Islands). 

Carcharinus (Prionodon) melanopterus Suvatti1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 2, 1937 
(Ko Tau; Maenam Cau Phya; Sattahip). 

Eulamia melanopterus FOWLER, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 4, 1925 (Guam); Bull. 
38, p. 3, 1927 (Christmas Island, Fanning Group) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 
10, p. 20, 1928 (Palmyra Island, Honolutu, Apiang, Tuamotus, Hanalei Bay. 
Fakarava, Solomons, Thornton and Fanning Islands, Guam); Hong Kong 
Nat., vol. 1, p. 81, 1980 (China) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 314 


160 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


1931 (reference) ; vol. 11, no. 6, p. 384, 1984 (Solomons; Ellice Islands) ; 
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 52, 1936 (Hawaii; Polynesia) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 9, 1988 (reference). 

Eulamia melanoptera Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 
1930 (Solomons, Kingsmills, Japan, Guam, Palmyra, Paumotus, Thornton 
Island, Hawaii). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) henlei (not Valenciennes) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Neder- 
land. Indié, vol. 4, p. 507, 1853 (Batavia, Java). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) brachyrhynchos BuireKrr, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerland., 
(Enumerat.), vol. 6, p. 206, 1859.—DumfriL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
364, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias elegans (Ehrenberg) KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 658, 1871 (name in synonymy).—HILeENDorF, Symbol. Physic. Hem- 
prich-Ehrenberg, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Carcharias hemiodon (part) Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
2, p. 366, 1878 (Port Darwin; “a large one with the tips of all the fins quite 
black ”’). 

Depth 5 to 524 to subcaudal origin; head 324 to 344, width 114 to 
134. Snout 21% to 214 in head, broadly rounded as viewed above; 
eye 714 to 1344, 3 to 5 in snout, 41% to 8 in interorbital; orbit with 
depth 11, to 11% its length; dentary width 21% to 2% in head, labial 
grooves very short or simply as very short rudimentary fold just. 
above angle; teeth in about 26 to 28 rows in jaws, bases broad, upper 
cusps broadly triangular with ends slightly attenuated, inner edge 
obliquely straight and outer deeply notched; lower cusps more erect, 
narrower, edges nearly or quite smooth in young; teeth all more 
or less finely serrate with age; nostrils slightly nearer snout tip than 
mouth, width of aperture 37% in internarial, front valve broad and 
obtuse flap with short point; interorbital 124 to 2 in head, broad, 
slightly convex. Gill openings 5, equidistant, subequal, last 2 above 
pectoral base. 

Scales very small, tridentate, with 3 to 5 keels. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner end of depressed pectoral angle, 
front edge 114 to 12% in head; second dorsal origin opposite anal 
origin, variably slightly forward or backward, front edge 224 to 4% 
in head; anal origin nearer subcaudal origin than that of ventral, 
front edge 3 to 4 in head; subcaudal front edge 12 to 134, 114 to 1% 
in its own length; least depth of caudal peduncle 444 to 5% in head; 
pectoral 1 to 114, width 134 to 1% in its length; ventral length 144 
in head; claspers short and slender, none quite reaching hind ven- 
tral ends. 

Back fawn to warm brown, under surfaces white. First dorsal 
with large black apical blotch, smaller one at apex of second dorsal. 
Anal with black blotch. Subcaudal lobe black apically and fin other- 
wise narrowly edged blackish. Pectoral with black apical blotch. 
Margin of ventral rather narrowly blackish apically. In small ex- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 161 


amples black apical blotches less pronounced or merely fin edge 
blackish, except caudal which colored as in adults. 

Red Sea, Arabia, South Africa, Natal, India, Andamans, Singapore, 
Kast Indies, Philippines, Indo China, China, Japan, Northern Terri- 
tory Australia, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Melanesia, 
Micronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. One in the Queensland Museum from 
Darnley Island and another from Brisbane, also male and female 
foetus. 12566 and 2567 from Piper Island, Mr. Brown. 


9051, 9052. Abuyog, Leyte. July 16, 1909. Length, 500 to 563 mm. Second 
dorsal without black apical spot. 

7876. Cayagan, Jolo. January 8, 1909. Length, 566 mm. Of fins only first 
dorsal with black apical blotch and outer %4 of subcaudal lobe blackish. 

U.S.N.M. No. 32707. Indian Archipelago. Length, 470 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40007. Solomon Islands. Australian Museum. Length, 340 to 
342 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52648. Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries (03872). Length, 
617 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65783. Fakarava, Paumotus. Albatross collection. Length, 1,100 
mm. In this example the claspers extend far beyond the ventrals, 1144 in 
head, pointed, robust, strong, with broad, flat terminal lamina. Tips of paired 
fins narrowly blackish. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51205. Hawaii. U.S. Fish Commission. Length, 890 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51214. Hawaii. U.S. Fish Commission. Length, 770 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62482. Hanelei Bay, Hawaii. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
780 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62483. Honolulu. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 680 mm. 


EULAMIA MENISORRAH (Miiller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah (Valenciennes) MUtter and HENLE, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 46, p. 17, 1841 (type locality: Java; Australia; Red 
Sea).—BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1,. p. 160, 1851 
(Banka); vol. 3, p. 446 (Banka), p. 717 (Paukalpinang, Banka) 1852; 
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1852 (Ba- 
tavia and Samarang) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 12, p. 218, 18586 
(Nias); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Sin- 
gapore).—DumerriL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 369, 1865 (type).— 
MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Sinkawang in 
Borneo). 

Carcharias menisorrah GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 371, 1870 
(Moluccas and Batavia).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 660, 1871 (Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 716, pl. 184, fig. 1, 
1878 (Red Sea, Malay Archipelago, Calicut).—OctLBy, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 2, 1888 (Calicut, type of Carcharias malabaricus Day; Port 
Moresby, New Guinea); Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 
p. 1768, 1888 (south coast of New Guinea).—Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. 
DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 224, 1888 (Red Sea).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 16, 1889.—BouLrencrr, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 243, 1889 (Mus- 
cat).—ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 
(Mekran and Oman).—C.LarK, Rep. Sci. Res. Scotia, Scot. Nat. Antarct. 
Exped., vol. 4, p. 398, fig., 1915 (St. Pauls Rocks).—Boropin, Bull. Vander- 
bilt Marine Mus,, vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (Red Sea). 


i62 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Carcharias menisorah Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 
61, 1929 (Indochina). 

Carcharhinus menisorrah Fow ier, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 
vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 (Padang)—WatltTe, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 5, pt. 3, 
p. 140, 1904 (Lord Howe Island).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila, Techn. Bull. 6, p. 18, 1987 (reference). 

Carcharinus menisorrah GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 185, 1913 
(Pinang).—CHeEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Indo- 
china) .—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 12, 1984 (Cebu). 

Hulamia menisorrah Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 65 
(Padang example); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 20, 1928 (Port Moresby, 
New Guinea) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 1930 (Hast 
Indies, New Guinea) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1931 (ref- 
erence); vol. 11, No. 6, p. 385, 1984 (Port Moresby, New Guinea) ; Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p 52, 1986 (Sumatra); List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 9, 19388 (reference). 

Platypodon menisorrah Wuittny, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 
1934 (reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) tjutjot BLeEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, pp. 28, 36, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1852 (head) (type locality: Batavia).—-DuM- 
pRIL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 371, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias tjutjot PIErsCHMANN, Sitz. Ber Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 683, figs. 7-8, 1908 (teeth) (Japan). 

Oarcharias pharaonis (Ehrenberg) Kiunzinerer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 660, 1871 (name is synonymy). 

Gymnorhinus pharaonis Hircmnporr, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich-Ehrenberg, 
p. 8, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1899: (type locality: Red Sea). 

Carcharias malabaricus Day, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 10, Zool., p. 529, 
1873 (type locality: Palliport near Cochin and Calicut on Malabar coast). 

Oarcharhinus cerdale (Gilbert) JoRDAN and EVERMANN, U. 8. Nat. Mus. ‘Bull. 
47, vol. 3, p. 2746, 1898 (tyne locality: Panama). 

Carcharias cerdale GILBERT and StTARKS, Mem. California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 
p.. 10; pl. 2, fig. 4, 1903. 

Carcharhinus natator Merk and HinpeEBRAND, Field Mus. Publ., No. 215, zool. 
ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1923 (type locality: Panama City). 
Hulamia natator Fowier, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 492, 

1930 (compiled). 

Depth 51% to 634 to subcaudal origin; head 324 to 324, width 1% 
to 124. Snout 214 to 214 in head, obtusely pointed; eye 7 to 11, 3 
to 434 in snout, 324 to 6 in interorbital; orbital depth 144 to 114 in 
its length; dentary width 214 to 2%4 in head, length 24 its width; 
labial fold only as very short groove before mouth angle on upper 
jaw; teeth in 24 or 25 rows in jaws, with broad bases; upper cusps 
broadly triangular, outer edge notched and serrae coarser basally, 
especially on basal part of outer marginal notch; lower cusps nar- 
rowly lanceolate, nearly or quite entire and erect; nostrils slightly 
nearer mouth than snout tip, length of aperture 344 in internarial, 
front valve 1% broad obtuse triangular flap; interorbital 2 in head, 
broad, surface moderately convex. Gill openings about equidistant, 
fourth longest, fourth and fifth above pectoral origin. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 163 


Scales minute, quindentate, and with 4 or 5 keels. 

First dorsal origin opposite hind inner angle of depressed pec- 
toral fin; front edge 124 to 1% in head; second dorsal origin opposite 
that of anal, front edge 334 to 424 in head; anal origin nearer sub- 
caudal origin than that of ventral, front edge 314 to 344 in head; 
front subcaudal edge 124 to 134, 134 to 134 in its own length; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 545 to 61% in head; pectoral 114 to 144, 
width 2 to 214 in its length; ventral length 27% to 3 in head; claspers 
narrow, short, pointed, not reaching hind ventral ends. 

Brown above, whitish below. Dorsals and caudal Like back, also 
anal and upper surfaces of paired fins. Lower terminal portions of 
pectorals blackish, of ventrals brownish. Outer half of subcaudal 
lobe dusky brown. 

Red Sea, Arabia, India, Singapore, East Indies, Indo China, Phil- 
ippines, Australia, Lord Howe Island. Also at Panama. Allied 
with Hulamia spallanzani, BH. dussumiert and EF. pleurotaenia in the 
second dorsal and anal subequal and their origins opposed. I feel 
my examples are the present species, rather than £. spallanzana 
though Garman gives for the latter “pectorals twice as long as wide” 
and for £. dussumieri “pectorals less than twice as long as broad.” 
Miiller and Henle also show for the latter the pectoral width 14 its 
length and Day’s figure shows its width half its length. Possibly 
Squalus spallanzanit Lesueur may be the present species. 

7895. Off Luzon Point, Manila Bay. January 31, 1909. Length, 670 mm. 

7911. Off Luzon Point. February 7, 1909. Length, 627 mm, 

U.S.N.M. No. 39991. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 
610 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 27297. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 


EULAMIA SPALLANZANI (Lesucur) 


Squalus spallanzani Lesurur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 2, pt. 2, 
p. 351, 1822 (type locality: Terre de Witt, New Holland). 

Carcharinus spallanzani GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zovl., vol. 36, p. 186, 1913 
(Indian Ocean). 

Hulamia spallanzani Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Conegr., Java, p. 492, 
1930 (reference). 

Mapolanmia spallanzani WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, pp. 189, 
198, 1934 (reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) bleekeri DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 367, 
1865 (type locality: Pondicherry). 

Carcharias bleekeri GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 370, 1870 
(Seychelles). —DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 715, i878 (Seychelles exam- 
ple) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 15, 1889.—Bameber, Journ. Linn. 
Soe. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 88, 1915 (Sudanese Red Sea). 


Snout moderately produced; teeth in 25 rows above, 23 below, 
finely serrated, upper oblique with inner edge straight and outer 


164 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


notched, narrow lower teeth nearly erect on broad bases; nostrils 
nearly midway in preoral. 

First dorsal origin short space behind inner hind pectoral angle; 
second dorsal opposite, long as but lower than anal, extended in long 
lobe posteriorly; pectoral falciform, upper margin 5 times long as 
lower. 

Deep black spot at lower side end of pectoral. End of subcaudal 
with deep black spot. No spot on first dorsal. (Giinther.) 

Red Sea, Seychelles, India. This species is imperfectly known. 
Giinther’s specimen, described above is estimated by Day to have been 
1,220 mm. long and Duméril’s 2 types of Carcharias (Prionodon) 
bleekeri 310 and 780 mm. 

The brief notice of the original account of this species is as follows: 

Head very much depressed. No spiracles. A lunulated emargina- 
tion above and another beneath the tail. Caudal fin undulated above. 
Pectorals falciform, very narrow, situated under 2 last gill openings. 
Black spot at end of pectorals, another at summit of second dorsal 
and third at end of subcaudal. Inhabits Terre de Witt, New 
Holland. 


EULAMIA DUSSUMIERI (Miller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) dussumieri (Valenciennes) MUtrter and HeEnts, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 47, pl. 19, fig. 8, 1841 (type locality: China; Bom- 
bay; Pondicherry ).—RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 194, 1846 (China 
Sea, Canton).—BLrEkER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 
1853 (reference).—DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 370, 1865 (types, 
Bombay, Pondicherry). 

Carcharias dussumiert GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 367, 1870 
(Batavia).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 714, pl. 187, fig. 2, 1878 (India, 
Malay Archipelago, Malabar).—O«mtBy, Cat. Fishes, Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 2, 1888 (Salangore, Straits Settlements).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 18, 1889.—Bartietr, Sarawak Gaz., vol. 26, No. 366, p. 153, 1896 
(Moratabas).—Votz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland, Indié, vol. 66, p. 287, 1907 
(Padang).—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1912-18, p. H49.—Zue- 
MAYER, Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl, vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 
(Mekran).—VincicurrrA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10 p. 
627, 1926 (Sarawak).—TurAntT, Service Océanogr. péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, 
p. 61, 1929 (Cochinchina).—CHerEvry, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, 
p. 6, 1932 (Indochina).—Herrre, Journ. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 8, no. 4, 
p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete); Fish. Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 12, 1954 
(Dumaguete). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) dussumieri Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 47, 1851 
(reference). 

Pionodon dussumieri Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 414, 1865 (Java). 

Carcharinus dussumierti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 137, 1913 
(China, India, East Indies).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 2, p. 1012, 1927 (copied). 

EHulamia dussumieri Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 190 
(Delagoa Bay) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 82, fig. 10, 1980 (China) ; Proce. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 165 


4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 1980 (Indian Ocean); List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 8, 1938 (reference). 

? Carcharias javanica VAN Hassevt, Algemein, Konst. Letterbode, May 1823, 
p. — (type locality: Java); Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 89, 1824 
(Java). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) javanicus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, pp. 28, 38, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1852 (Batavia); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 9, p. 395, 1855 (Pasuruan); Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland., vol. 1, 
No. 3, p. 10, 1856 (Macassar); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, 
p. 58, 1857 (Kajeli, Buru) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland., vol. 3, No. 6, p. 2, 
1858 (Sinkawang, Borneo).—Dumerrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobranchs, vol. 1, p. 
369, 1865 (compiled). 

Depth 434 to 614 to subcaudal lobe origin; head 334 to 424, width 
1144 to 134. Snout 214 to 214 in head, obtusely rounded as viewed 
from above; eye 8 to 10, 41% to 41% in snout, 5 to 524 in interorbital ; 
orbital depth 114 to 124 in its length; dentary width 224 to 3 in 
head, length 114 to 124 in its width, with only very slight or rudi- 
mentary fold at angle; teeth in 24 or 25 rows in jaws, serrated, upper 
triangular with attenuated cusps, inner edge slightly undulate to 
straight and outer deeply notched, all cusps well inclined toward 
sides of jaws, lower erect. with narrow slender cusps on wide bases 
and edges serrated to tips; nostrils midway in preoral length, aperture 
width 3 in internarial front valve as triangular flap; interorbital 
2 in head, broad, slightly convex. Gill openings equidistant, last 
shortest and fourth and fifth above pectoral base. 

Scales minute, tridentate to quindentate, with as many keels, finely 
velvety to touch. 

‘First dorsal origin opposite hind inner angle of depressed ventral, 
front edge 114 to 114 in head; second dorsal origin opposite that of 
anal, front edge 3 to 424 in head; anal subequal with second dorsal, 
origin little nearer subcaudal than ventral origin, front edge 224 
to 844 in head; subcaudal front edge 124 to 1,%, 134 to 2 in rest of 
fin; least depth of caudal peduncle 5 to 514 in head; pectoral 1 to 124, 
width 134 to 2 in its length; ventral length 2 to 234 in head; claspers 
short, attenuate, not extending back far as hind ventral edges. 

Back gray or fawn color, under surfaces whitish. Fins all more 
or less with uniform grayish, edges pale or whitish all around on 
most all. White on side of head extends up till level with upper 
edge of eye. 

Portuguese East Africa, Arabian Sea, India, Ceylon, Malay Penin- 
sula, East Indies, Philippines, Indo-China, China. Known by its 
uniformly pale fins or margined whitish. Its general appearance 
slender, with rather obtuse snout. 

9319. Cebu market. August 16, 1909. Length, 687mm. Second dorsal with 


hind lobe lost. 
.S.N.M. No. 6457. Hongkong. William Stimpson. Length, 357 mm, 


166 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


BULAMIA PLEUROTAENIA (Bleeker) 
FIGURE § 


Carcharias (Prionodon) picuretaenia Bierkrr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagi- 
ost.), vol. 24, pp. 28, 40, pl. 2, fig. 6, 1852 (head) (type locality: Batavia) ; 
Vers). Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore).— 
Dumitrm, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 377, 1865 (Batavia). 

Carcharinus pieurotacnia GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zocl., vol. 36, p. 1387, 
1913 (Java). 

Eulamia pleurvotaenia Fow ier, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 
1930. (reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 9, 1938 (reference). 


Depth 4 to subcaudal origin; head 324 to 37%, width 124 to 18%. 
Snout 214 to 214 in head, Broadly, Senta as viewed from above; 
eye 10 or 11, 414 to 4% in snout, 534 to 7 in interorbital; orbit slightly 
deeper don long; dentary width 214 to 224 in head, wide, length 


ey 





= i a al ¥ 
la aa 


/ HWE 
os 
4h obs 


aa 


1 


FIGURE 8.—Hulamia pleurotaenia (Bleeker) : Manila. 


134 to 134 in its width, very short fold above angle on upper jaw; 
teeth in 24 to 26 rows, upper with rather moderate triangular cusps 
and lower more erect and slenderly lanceolate, all minutely serrate, 
with serrae coarser basally; nostrils sightly nearer mouth than snout 
tip, width of aperture 4 to 414 in internarial space, front valve broad, 
short, obtuse flap; interorbital 144 to 2 in head, broadly convex. 
Gill openings nearly equidistant, iast shortest, fourth and fifth above 
pectoral base. 

Scales minute, quindentate, and with as many keels. 

First dorsal! origin opposite hind basal end of depressed pectoral, 
front edge 114 to 124 in head; second dorsal opposite anal, origins 
opposed, front edge 4 to 4% in head; anal origin midway between 
ventrals and subcaudal origins, front edge 324 to 314 in head; sub- 
caudal front edge 124 to 134, 1% to 1% in its own length; least depeH 
of caudal peduncle 41% to 414 in head; a 114 to 11, width 134 
to 2 in its length; ventral length 214 to 284 in head; claspers small, 


/v 


slender, pointed, not reaching hind ventral edge. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 167 


Brown above, whitish on under surface. Indistinct pale longi- 
tudinal band, imperfectly defined or diffuse, along sides of body 
medianly from above pectoral until above ventrals. Fins all more 
or less brownish terminally, and on lower surfaces of paired ones 
grayish. Ends of dorsals, pectorais, and subcaudal dusky to black- 
ish. Whitish of lower surface of head extends up to include eye or 
till level with its upper edge and narrowly all around snout margin. 

Singapore, East Indies, Philippmes. This species seems to differ 
from Hulamia dussumieri chiefly in the pale lateral band on the 
flanks, shughtly longer caudal, which nearly to almost equals space 
between origins of two dorsal fins. In my specimens the pectorals 
do not reach beyond the end of the first dorsal, as claimed by Gar- 
man. Also my examples show the anal a little larger than the second 
dorsal. Its body is deep and plump. 

6762. Manila market. April 21, 1809. Length, 520 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 32705. Indian Archipelago. Royal Museum Leiden. Length, 


5383 mm. 
EULAMIA TEPHRODES (Fowler) 


Carcharinus tephrodes Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiiadelphia, 1905, p. 455, 
fig. 1 (type locality: Baram, Borneo). 

EFulamia tephrodes Fowusr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 
1980 (type). 

? Carcharias (Prionodon) borneensis Bieekrr, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néer!. 
(Borneo), vol. 5, p. (2) 8 1859 (type locality: Sinkawang, Borneo) (fetus).— 
DumERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 378, 1865. (compiled). 

Carcharias borneensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 371, 1870 
(compiled ).—H terra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 614, 1895 (Samar, Boron- 
gan).— BARTLETT, Sarawak Gazetie, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 133, 1896 (com- 
piled ).—Fow Ler, Science, new ser., vol. 35, p. 748, 1911 (notes Seale’s name 
as preoccupied).—GitTay, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., Hors ser. 5. 
vol. 3, p. 11, fig. 2, 1983 (teeth) (Samarang, Java). 

Charcharias borneensis SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 268, pl. 1, figs. 
1-4, 1910 (Sandakan, Borneo). (As a new species.) 

Carcharias sealei PIETSCHMANN, Jahrb. Verh. Naturh. Wiesbaden, 1916, p. 172, 
pl. 1 (on Seale). 

Hulamia sealei Fow irr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 482, 1930 
(compiled). 

Depth 524 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 114. Snout 214 
in head; eye 1124, 5 in snout, 724 in interorbital; mouth width 214, 
each corner with short fold which extends obliquely outward; upper 
teeth broad, triangular, edges finely serrated; lower teeth entire, 
long, slender; nostrils close behind middle of preoral length, about 
equal eye, oblique, each with small pointed flap; interorbital 2 in 
head. Three median gill openings largest, last 2 over pectoral base. 

First dorsal origin over hind base of pectoral, front fin edge 134 
in head; second dorsal origin slightly behind anal origin, front fin 

156861—40——12 


168 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


edge 144 in head; anal little smaller than second dorsal, front fin edge 
21/4; least depth of caudal peduncle 434; caudal 21% in rest of body; 
subcaudal 234 in caudal length; pectoral 114 in head, width 114 in its 
length; ventral length 144 in head, obtuse. 

Uniform gray above and on fins, below white. Lower surfaces of 
pectorals and ventrals white. Caudal gray, paler along lower part 
of vertebral column. 

Borneo. Reported from Samar and Borongan by Elera. 


2 examples. A.N.S.P. Baram, Borneo. 1897. A. C. Harrison and H. M. 
Hiller. Length, 367 to 622 mm. Type and paratype of Carcharinus tephrodes. 


Subgenus FULAMIA Gill 
EULAMIA GANGETICA (Miiller and Henle) 


Oarcharias (Prionodon) gangeticus Mitter and HeEnte, Syst. Beschr. Plagios- 
tomen, p. 39, pl. 18, 1841 (type locality: Ganges, 60 hours above the sea at 
Hoogly ).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 
(reference).—DumERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 859, 1865 (Bengal) .— 
STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. K1., vol. 70, p. 519, 
1901 (Laysan). 

Carcharias gangeticus GiwnrHeR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 367, 1870 
(Calcutta and Viti Levu, Fiji) —Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 715, pl. 187, 
fig. 1, 1878 (India; Japan).—RamsAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson).—PrtTers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
p. 926, 1880 (Ningpo).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, 
p. 352, 1881 (Port Jackson).—Oar1rpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 1888 (Port Jackson).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 
1, p. 18, 1889.—BovuLenceEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 248, 1889 (Muscat) .— 
BarTLertT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 133, 1896 (Moratabas).— 
Luoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).—GtnturEr, Journ. 
Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 479, 1910 (Indian Ocean, Indian Archipelago, 
Tigris River to Bagdad, Viti Levu).—ZuamMAyer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 
math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indochine, 6° note, p. 61, 1929 (Saigon, Cholon, Cochinchina). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) gangeticus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 45, 1851 
(Caleutta).—BtytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 36, 1860 
(Calcutta). 

Carcharhinus gangeticus JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 38, 
1901 (‘“Japan”).—McCutiocnu, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 5, 1927.— 
Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 34, p. 303, 1927 (Mindoro, Lake Naujan).— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 26, 1983.—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 18, 1937 (reference). 

Carcharinus gangeticus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 139, 1913 
(India ; Fiji; Japan). —Warrte, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 11, fig. 
7, 1921.—Cuevey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Indo 
China). 

Eulamia gangeticus FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 20, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 82, 1930 (China). 

Eulamia gangetica Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 
1930 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 169 


Platypodon gangeticus WurtLtEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 
1934 (reference). 

? Squalus carcharias (not Linnaeus) BucHANAN-HAmiIttTon, Fishes of Ganges, 
p. 4 (861), 1822 (Ganges River). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) japonicus SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 
pt. 15, p. 302, pl. 1383, 1850 (type locality: Japan).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Japan) ; (Japan), vol. 26, p. 42, : 
1857 (Japan). 

Carcharias japonicus JoRDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p, 614, 
1908 (Hakodate, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kawatana, Nagasaki).—Sotpatov and 
LinpeerG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 9, 1980 (Far Hast Seas). 

Prionace japonica JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 39, 1901 
(Nagasaki). 

Eulamia japonica Fowter, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 590, 1930 
(Tokyo market). 

Carcharinus japonicus Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 
8, p. 233, fig. 8, 1982 (Tsingtau).—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, 
vol. 9, p. 92, 1983 (Chusan). 

Depth 6 to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 114. Snout 2%» in 
head, bluntly rounded as seen from above; eye 24, 8 in snout, 14 in 
interorbital; mouth width 134 in head, length half its width, very 
short labial fold at angles; preoral length 214 in mouth width or 
41% in head; teeth in 27 to 31 rows, subtriangular, serrated, broad 
upper ones slightly inclined in front more so toward mouth angles 
and outer teeth with more indented outer edge; lower erect teeth 
narrower, bases wide, edges serrated and deeply indented above base 
with prominence at side of notch in some, median teeth small; nos- 
trils close below snout edge, about opposite last third in preoral 
length, front lobe triangular point, internarial 124 in mouth width; 
interorbital 124 in head, low. Gill openings equidistant, first long- 
est, last 2 over pectoral and smallest. 

Scales minute, quindentate, each with 3 or 4 keels. 

First dorsal begins opposite last fifth of pectoral base, front fin 
edge 114 in head; front edge of second dorsal 234 ; anal origin slightly 
behind first dorsal origin, front fin edge 3% in head; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 434; ventral length 214, conic or attenuate clasper 34 
to anal; caudal 234 in rest of body, subcaudal 114 in head or 224 
in caudal; pectoral 336 in body to subcaudal origin, width 1% its 
length which 114 to ventral. 

Gray brown, paler below. (Miiller and Henle; Garman.) 

Arabia, India, East Indies, China, Indochina, Japan, New South 
Wales, South Australia, Polynesia, Hawaii. 


EULAMIA LAMIA (Blainville) 


Squalus lamia BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 88, pl. 22, fig. C, 1820 
(on Duhamel, Traité général des péches, vol. 4 (sect. 9, chapt. 4, art. 1), 
p. 297, pl. 19, 1769-82, type locality : ‘“Nos mers’). 


170 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Squalus (Carcharinus) lamia Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 44, 1851 (no 
locality). 

Carcharinus lamia BUAINVILERE, Bull. Soc. Philoma., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only).—PHILLIPPs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 260, fig. 
3, 1924 (New Zealand). 

Carcharias lamia Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons vol. 3, p. 119, 1826 
(not fig.).—Gtnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 872, 1870 (Mediter- 
ranean; Atlantic) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 158, 1874 
(Shanghai).—Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 853 (Pacific 
Ocean).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 
(Togian, Bay de Tomini, North Celebes).—GtnTuHeEr, Rep. Voy. Challenger, 
vol. 31, p. 5, 1889 (Kermadee Group).—Bovutencrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 
1892, p. 186 (Muscat)—Gitnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 481, 
1910 (Muscat; Kermadec Islands).—ZuaMaAyer, Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., 
math.-phys. KL, vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Oman). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) lamia Mtuier and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 37, pl. 12, 1841 (Mediterranean; Atlantic) —Dumerin, Hist. Nat. Hlas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 356, 1865 (Malabar, Cape of Good Hope, Bay of Sharks, 
West Australia). 

Prionodon lamia Day, Wishes of Malabar, p. 270, 1865 (compiled). 

Squalus carcharias (part) Lrnnagus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 235, 1758; 
ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 400, 1766—Wateaum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3 p. 514 
(copied), 1792.—Forstrr, Fauna Indica, p. 18, 1795.—LaAcfprEpE, Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., vol. 1, p. 169, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1798 (no locality).—ScHNEIprER, Syst. Ichth. 
Bloch, p. 132, 1801 (copied). 

Squalus commersonii BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 90, 1820 (on 
Squalus carcharias Lacépéde). 

Carcharhinus comimersonii BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

Carcharinus commersonii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 140, 1913 
(Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific). 

Eulamia commersonii FowLer and Batx, Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 4, 1925 (Kauai, 
Laysan, Nikoa, Gardner and Wake Islands).—Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull. 
38, p. 8, 1927 (Jarvis Island); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 20, 1928 
(Honolulu, Laysan, Gardner and Wake Islands, types of Carcharias insul- 
arum and Carcharias nesiotes) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 82, 1930 (China) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 1929, p. 493, 1930 (Hawaii; 
Atlantic) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, pt. 52, 1936 (Florida). 

? Carcharhinus lividus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

? Carcharhinus ustus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

2 Carcharhinus heterodon BLAtNVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

? Carcharhinus verus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

? Carcharhinus broussonetti BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

Squalus (Carcharias) maou Lesson, Voy, Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 91, pl. 1, 
1830 (type locality: Seciety Islands) —Dumérim, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 379, 1865 (note). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) maow MtLLER and HENIE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 44, 1841 (Pomotus). 





FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 171 


Squalus (Carcharinus) maou Gray, List. fish Brit. Mus., p. 46, 1851 (reference). 

Carcharias maou GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 368, 1870 (note). 

Carcharinus maou GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 144, 1918 
(copied). 

Eulamia maou Fowter, Proe. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 19380 
(reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) anboinensis MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagios- 
tomen, p. 40, pl., fig. 1841 (dentition) (type locality: Amboina)—BLEEKER, 
Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, p. (458) 507, 1854 (Amboina).— 
DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 361, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias (Prionace) anboinensis BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 306, 1868 (Aru Islands). 

Carcharias amboinensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 372, 1870 
(compiled).—WebER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 540, 1913 (Lomblen). 

Squalus (Carcharias) amboinensis Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 45, 1851 
(reference). 

Carcharinus amboinensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 134, 1913 
(Amboina). 

Eulamia amboinensis FOwLeR, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 
1930 (reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) teucas MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 42, 1841 (type locality: Antilles). 

Carcharias ieucas G. BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 29, 1860 (Port 
Jackson ).—Jouan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 9, p. 190, 1863 
(between New Caledonia and Australia); ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 106, 1870 
(Seychelles). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) leucos DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 358, 
1865 (Antilles; Algeria). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) milberli (not Miiller and Henle) Gray, List fish British 
Museum, p. 45, 1851 (India) —Btytn, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, 
p. 35, 1860 (Calcutta). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) fasciatus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, p. 87, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 4, p. 510, 1853. (Batavia).—DumériL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vel. 1, 
p. 263, 1865 (compiled). 

Carcharias fasciatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 368, 1870 
(compiled). 

ELulanvia fasciata Fowtrer, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 19380 
(reference). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) zambezensis PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1852, 
p. 276 (type locality: East Africa).—MARTENS, in von der Decken’s Reise 
Ost Afrika, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 144, 1859-69 (Zambezi at Tette and Sena).— 
DumMeEnriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 358, 1865 (note).—PertTers, Reise 
Mossambique, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1868 (Zambesi, 120 miles from coast). 

Carcharias zambesensis BoULENGER, Catalogue freshwater fishes Africa, vol, 1, 
p. 2, 1909 (compiled). 

Carcharinus zambesensis BARNARD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 25, 
1925 (compiled). 

Squalus longimanus Pory, Mem. hist. nat. Cuba, vol. 2, p. 338, pl. 19, figs. 9-10, 
1858-61 (teeth) (type locality: Cuba). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) obtusirostris Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, vol. 1, 
p. 382, figs. 53-54, 1880 (teeth) (type locality: Cette; Nice; Atlantic Ocean). 

Carcharias lamiella JorDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 110, 
1882 (type locality: San Diego, Calif.). 


172 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Carcharias (Prionodon) siamensis STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, 
p. 229, 1896 (type locality: Mouths of Irrawaddy, Rangoon, Burma). 

Eulamia (Platypodon) platyrhynchus GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, 
p. 548, 1891 (type locality: Revillagigedo Islands, Lower California). 

Carcharias insularum SNYDER, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 518, 
pl. 1, fig. 1, 1904 (type locality: Off Diamond Head; between Molakai and 
Oahu). 

Carcharias nesiotes SnyprER, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 514, 
pl. 1, fig. 2, 1904 (type locality: French Frigates Shoals; Laysan). 

Carcharias spenceri OGILBY, Proc. Roy. Soe. Queensland, vol. 23, pt. 1, p. 3, 1911 
(type locality: Brisbane River). 

Carcharhinus spenceri Oat~tBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 81, 1916 (More- 
ton Bay, Great Sandy Straits, Old Woman Island, Hervey Bay, Rocky 
Island Reef).—McCutiocH and Ocipy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 128, 1925 (reference). 

Eulamia spenceri Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 492, 
1930 (compiled). 

Galeolamnoides spenceri WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 
1934 (reference). 

Depth 444 to 5 to subcaudal origin; head 344 to 87%, width 124 to 
114. Snout 2% to 3 in head, rather wide, broad, obtusely rounded; 
eye 12 to 1424, 424 to 41% in snout, 914 to 10 in interorbital; mouth 
width 134 to 214 in head, short labial fold at each angle; preoral 
length 234 to 314% in head; teeth in 28 to 30 rows in jaws, subtrian- 
gular, lower erect and narrower, all serrated; nostrils from first 25 
to last 24 in preoral length, each more or less subequal with orbit, 
internarial 24 to 44 of preoral length; interorbital 134 to 2 in head, 
moderately high and convex. Gill openings equidistant, third and 
fourth longest, last 2 over pectoral base. 

Scales quindentate, with as many small keels. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner pectoral angle, well behind pec- 
toral base, front edge 114 to 114 in head; front edge of second dorsal 
3 to 31f, fin length 224 to 214, inserted trifle before anal origin; front 
anal edge 21% to 234, fin length 214 to 214; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 434 to 5; ventral length 2149 to 214; caudal 214 to 3 in rest 
of body, subcaudal 114 to 1% in head; pectoral 314 to 314 in total 
length to subcaudal origin, width 144 to 214. 

Gray to neutral gray above, sometimes irregularly variegated or 
mottled darker in preserved examples. Under surfaces paler to 
whitish. Fins often dusky towards tips, sometimes broadly pale on 
smaller ones. Young bluish, with fins variously dusky terminally, 
sometimes first dorsal pale apically, 

Arabia, East Africa, Cape Colony, Seychelles, India, East Indies, 
China, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Kerma- 
dec Islands, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. Also in the Eastern 
Pacific in California, Lower California, Revillagegedos and Galapa- 
gos, besides the warmer Atlantic. It includes an extensive synonymy 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 173 


with Squalus lamia as apparently the earliest available name. 
Though Garman accepted Squalus (Carcharias) maou Lesson, its im- 
perfect description and crude figure, likely in part at least inaccu- 
rate, suggest to me it may more probably have been intended for the 
present species. 

Carcharias (Prionodon) amboinensis, described with second dorsal 
opposite anal, smaller; caudal slender, acute; pectoral acute; ventral 
partly quadrate, little emarginate. 

Above gray-blue, with numerous transverse diffuse deep bands, 
below whitish. Fins gray-blue or clouded bluish. Length, 2,860 
mm. (Bleeker.) 

Carcharias (Prionodon) zambezensis Peters seems close to, if not 
the same as the present species. It is figured with the first dorsal 
origin clearly behind the pectoral base. 

The imperfectly noticed nominal Carcharias (Prionodon) fasciatus 
Bleeker is likely an adult variant of the present species, with which 
Bleeker compares it. 

Depth 81% in total length, body elongate, compressed; head 6, ob- 
tuse, broader than high. Snout obtuse, short; short preoral; mouth 
width twice preoral, broader than long, semilunar; teeth in jaws tri- 
angular, oblique, broad, all serrated, outer basal edge serrated. 

First dorsal nearer pectoral than Miller and Henle is incompletely, 
if not unsatisfactorily noticed by these authors. Though Garman 
placed it near Hulamia plumbea (Nardo), from which he thinks it 
differs in longer pectorals, with sharp outer and rounded hinder 
angles and with their hind margins deeply indented, besides its broad, 
triangular subequal teeth. Even Miiller and Henle’s figures of the 
dentition do not leave it clear to me that such may not be individual 
variation. I suspect Carcharias (Prionodon) siamensis Steindachner 
to be the present species. The following is condensed from the 
original account: 

Snout broad, obtusely rounded. Eye very small. Preoral length 
more than 114 times mouth width. Deep crescentic groove near 
mouth angle; lip without fold. Jaw teeth as in Carcharias pleuro- 
taenia Bleeker ; upper regular, triangular, even isosceles, edges clearly 
serrate, in 29 rows; lower very slender, pointed, edges very obscurely 
serrated, on wide entire base, rows 29. Inner nasal angle more than 
twice nearer snout end than front mouth edge. Depth of first gill 
opening equals half of last, which 14 snout length. 

Scales small, with 3 keels, each keel ending in point behind. 

First dorsal nearer pectoral than ventral base, base length 134 in 
head measured to last gill opening, upper fin angle blunt with rounded 
tip, hind upper fin edge very weakly concave, fin ends in point 
behind. Second dorsal not clearly better developed than anal of 


174 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


which it begins little in advance, hind edge less weakly concave than 
anal, origin from first dorsal fin 314 times greater than base length of 
second dorsal. Caudal length more than 3%% in total length, termin- 
ally truncate below; front edge of falcate subcaudal 21% in fin. Pec- 
toral moderate, triangular, upper edge weakly convex, lower edge 
strongly concave; inner hind edge forms right angle, form of fin 
rounded falcate, upper edge 3 times longer than lower. 

Above and on sides lead color, below yellowish white. Caudal 
somewhat darker at angular tip or gray black, though without dark 
blotch. Paired fins dirty yellowish white. Length, 630 mm. 

It seems to me that Carcharias spenceri Ogilby is a synonym of 
the present species. It is described with a short blunt snout, and 
though the first dorsal is said to be inserted a little nearer to the 
pectoral than to the ventral, it is not however described as over the 
pectoral base. Moreover, the pectoral is said to extend below or 
beyond the end of the first dorsal. Ogilby’s type was 1,220 mm. long 
and is No. 290 in the Queensland Museum. Also an example from 
Brisbane, 315 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 51213. Hawaii. U. S. Fish Commission. Length, 850 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62457. Between Molokaiand Oahu. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
580 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62465. Between Molokai and Oahu. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
585) mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62470. Between Molokai and Oahu. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
560 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50859. Off Diamond Head, Oahu. Albatross collection. Length, 
2.130 mm. Type of Carcharias insuiarum. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50860. French Frigates Shoals. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
1,488 mm. Type of Carcharias nesiotes. 


EULAMIA ALBIMARGINATA (Riippell) 


Carcharias albimarginatus Rippett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 64, pl. 18, fig. 1, 
1835 (type locality: Ras Mehamet, Red Sea). 

Carcharias albomarginatus GUNTHER, Cat. fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 370, 
1870 (compiled). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) albimarginatus MUtirr and HEN iE, Syst. Beschr. 
Plagiostomen, p. 44, 1841 (Ras Mehamet).—DuMmeEriL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 366, 1865 (Red Sea). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) albomarginatus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 660, 1871 (Red Sea).—Marrtens, Preuss. Exped. Ost.-Asien, vol. 1, 
p. 409, 1876 (Makassar Straits) —Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 
3, p. 228, 1888 (Red Sea). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) albimarginatus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 
46, 1851 (reference). 

Carcharinus albimarginatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 141, 
1913 (Red Sea). 

Eulamia albomarginata Fow ier, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
493, 1930 (reference). 

Carcharias pharaonis (Ehrenberg) Kitunzincer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 660, 1871 (name in synonymy). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 175 


Depth 634 to subeaudal origin; head 414, width 124. Snout 214 
in head, obtusely rounded, blunt; eye 714, 314 in snout, about 424 in 
interorbital; mouth width 1% in head, gape length half its width or 
1144 in preoral length; teeth in 25 to 27 rows in jaws, serrated, tri- 
angular, upper slightly inclined and notched on outer edge, narrower 
lower erect, indented on outer edge and median teeth in both jaws 
small and with entire edges; nostrils nearer mouth than snout end, 
internarial little greater than preoral or 11% in snout; interorbital 
rather low. Gill openings equidistant, gradually smaller to last, of 
which 2 above pectoral. 

First dorsal origin close behind inner pectoral angle, front fin edge 
11% in head; second dorsal length 214, origin little forward of anal 
origin; anal length 224; pectoral 114, width 214 its length which 1%4 
to ventral; ventral length 235 in head; caudal 224 in rest of body, 
subeaudal 214 in caudal. 

Grayish yellow, lighter below, tips and hind fin edges pure white. 
(Riippell; Garman.) 

Red Sea, East Indies. MRiippell says the body dimensions are like 
those of Carcharias melanopterus. Duméril gives 940 mm. as the 
length of a specimen in the Paris Museum. The species seems to be 
distinctive in the pure-white borders to its fins. 


EULAMIA ELLIOTI (Day) 


Carcharias ellioti Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 716, pl. 189, fig. 2, 1878 (type 
locality: Kurrachee); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 15, 1888 
(copied ).—BovuLencer, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 185 (Muscat) .— 
ZUGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K!., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 
(Mekran and Oman). 

Carcharinus ellioti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zocl., vol. 36, p. 142, 1913 
(India). 

Carcharias murrayi GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 11, p. 187, fig. 
1883 (teeth) (type locality: Kurrachee.)—Murray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 5, vol. 13, p. 389, 1884 (jaws from Kutch).—Day, Fishes of India, 
Suppl. p. 809, 1889 (KKurrachee) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 16, 
1889.—BouLenceEr, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 245: (Muscat ).—ZuaMAYeER, 
Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Mekran and 
Oman). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 11%. Snout 3 in 
head, obtusely rounded; eye 9, 3 in snout, 614 in interorbital; mouth 
width 2 in head, length of gape 145 its width, well developed upper 
labial groove, slight lower one; teeth 24 to 26 rows above, 30 to 34 
below, upper nearly triangular without notch or basal enlargement 
though -coarsely serrated, lower obliquely erect, awllike, smaller and 
more triangular at mouth angle; awl-shaped teeth with cusp either 
side of base, below which outer edge with few serrations; nostrils 
nearer mouth than snout end, internarial about 1% in preoral length 


176 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIGNAL MUSEUM 


which 224 in head; interorbital 114, convexly elevated. First gill 
opening largest, others equidistant, last 2 smallest and over pectoral. 

First dorsal inserted little behind inner pectoral angles, front edge 
equals head; second dorsal origin opposite anal origin, front fin 
edge 114; front anal edge 114; ventral length 114; caudal 43% in 
rest of body, subcaudal 224 its length; pectoral 414 in body to sub- 
caudal origin, width half its length which reaches 1%4 to ventral 
origin. 

Gray superiorly, becoming nearly white beneath. Length, 1,830 
mm. (Day.) 

Arabia, India. Though Day gives caudal 334 in the total length 
his figure shows 5%. 


EULAMIA TEMMINCKII (Miller and Henle) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) temminckii MULiER and HENtgE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 48, pl. 18, 1841 (type locality: Pondicherry).—B.LEeKErR, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference).—DuMERIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 378, 1865 (compiled).—MarrTEns, Preuss. 
Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Makassar Straits). 

Carcharias temminckii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 374, 1870 
(Calcutta).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 717, 1878 (India); Fauna 
British India, vol. 1, p. 17, 1889.—VinciauERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 
Genova, vol. 29, p. 160, 1889-90 (Rangoon). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) temminckit Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 48, 1851 
(Caleutta).—Btytu, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 36, 1860 


(Calcutta). 
Carcharinus temminckii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 142, 19138 


(Indian Seas). 
Eulamia temminckii Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 
1930 (reference). 

Depth 47% to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 134. Snout 214 
in head; eye 15, 624 in snout, 8 in interorbital, orbicular; dentary 
width 224 in head, length 134 its width with very short transverse 
groove around angle and upper jaw; teeth in 36 rows above, 30 
below, upper serrated and rather broadly triangular, lower narrowly 
lanceolate, erect and entire, all with broad bases; nostrils about last 
2, in preoral length, aperture width 21% in internarial, front valve 
small triangular flap; interorbital 2, broad, slightly convex. Guill 
openings about equidistant, last shortest and fourth and fifth above 
pectoral origin. 

Scales very small, tricuspid, with 3 keels, finely velvety to touch. 

First dorsal origin opposite hind inner angle of depressed pectoral, 
front edge 214 in head; second dorsal origin slightly behind anal 
origin, front edge 2%4 in head; anal origin slightly nearer ventral 
origin than subcaudal origin, front edge 244 in head, fin smaller 
than second dorsal; subcaudal front edge 214 in head, 2 in its own 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 177 


length; least depth of caudal peduncle 514 in head; pectoral 1%, 
width 1% its length; ventral length 21% in head. 

Fawn color above, below whitish. On head whitish of lower 
surfaces extends up to include side of snout and head until at least 
level with upper part of eye. Iris gray. Fins largely gray 
terminally. 

India, Burma, East Indies. Apparently rare in collections. 
Known chiefly by its second dorsal distinctly larger than the anal, 


wide pectoral, small eye and teeth. 
U.S.N.M. No. 8090. No locality. National Institute. Length, 403 mm. 


EULAMIA MUNSING (Bleeker) 


Carcharias (Prionodon) munsing BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), 
vol. 22, p. 16, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Sura- 
baya); (Plagiost.), vol. 24, pp. 27, 32, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1852 (head) (Kammal 
and Surabaya).—Dumértt, Hist. Nat. Blasmobr., vol. 1, p. 354, 1865 


(compiled). 

Carcharias munsing GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 365, 1870 
(compiled). 

Carcharinus munsing GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 144, 1913 
(Java). 


Eulamia munsing Fow Ler, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 8, no. 7, p. 3, 1923 
(Honolulu); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 21, fig. 6, 1928 (Honolulu 
specimen); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 493, 1930 
(Hawaii). 

Head 51% to subcaudal origin, greatly wider than deep. Snout in 
profile about 324 in head, depressed, widely convex or blunt as seen 
from above; eye small, lateral, about first third in head, diameter 
about 14 in snout length as seen in profile; mouth width 114 in head, 
well arched, length 144 its width, which much greater than preoral, 
with slight groove above angle; teeth in about 24 rows in jaws; 
upper teeth well serrated, broadly triangular, lower entire and with 
slender cusps; nostrils midway in preoral length, each subequal with 
eye, internarial equals preoral length; interorbital about 1144. No 
spiracle. 

Seales rather diamond-shaped, with 5 strong parallel ridges 
formed to slightly serrated edges. 

First dorsal origin nearer ventrals than pectorals or origin at 
last 24 in space between pectoral and ventral origins, front fin edge 
about 114 in head; second dorsal little smaller than first, slightly 
larger than anal; second dorsal and anal origins apparently oppo- 
site; caudal 3 in rest of body; subcaudal about 114 in head; pectoral 
514 in body to upper caudal origin, width 114 its length which half 
way to ventral; ventral length 114 in head. 

Uniform gray-brown above, under surface paler. Iris slaty. 


178 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Originally known only from Java, from 2 specimens, a male and 
female 390 to 401 mm. The above description from a cast and head 
of an example 1,500 mm. taken in the Honolulu market about 1904 
and now in the Bishop Museum. 


Genus GLYPHIS Agassiz 


Glyphis AGAssiz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. 3, p. 245, 1848. (Type, Glyphis hastalis 
Agassiz, monotypic. Glyphis Carpenter, 1857, in mollusks precluded. ) 

Galeus VAIMONT, Dict. Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 464, 1768. (Species non- 
binomial. Type, Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, designated by Garman, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 4, 1918.) (Inadmissible. ) 

Prionodon (not Horsfield, 1828, in mammals) Mitiier and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. 
Piagiostomen, p. 35, 1841. (Type, Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, designated by 
Fowler, Geol. Sury. New Jersey Bull. 4, p. 74, 1911.) 

Prionace Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1399, 1849. (Type, 
Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, virtually, as Prionace Cantor proposed to re- 
place Prionodon Miiller and Henle.) 

Body elongate, partly fusiform, tapering to head and tail. Head 
depressed. Snout pointed, elongate. Eyes lateral, nictitating mem- 
branes well developed. Mouth inferior, greatly arched, with rudi- 
mentary labial folds, short and hidden at mouth angles. Teeth 
curvilinear triangles, with serrated edges and broad bases. Nostrils 
oblique, nearer mouth than snovt end. Last 2 gills above pectoral 
base. No spiracles. Scales minute, with wide, tricarinate crowns. 
Dorsals, anal, and ventrals small. First dorsal nearer ventrals than 
pectorals. Second dorsal opposite anal. Caudals narrow, pointed. 
Pit before caudal above and below. 

Temperate and tropical seas. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


«, Head 414% to 414; ventral not larger than anal; pectoral with innermost 


MAGS IM TCOMEA KE Ie Ese Eke TOU Cog em 0 OE Pe ele eee glaucus 
a. Head 4; ventral larger than anal; pectoral with innermost margin rounded. 
mackiei 


GLYPHIS GLAUCUS (Linnaeus) 


Squalus glaucus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 285, 1758 (type locality: 
Ocean Europaeo) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 401, 1766.—GMeELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 
1, p. 1496, 1789 (in omni mari).—WatzauM, Artedi Pisce. vol. 3, p. 513, 1792 
(copied ).—Forsrer, Fauna Indica, p. 18, 1795.—LaAc&prepr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 1, p. 213, pl. 9, fig. 1, 1798 —ScHNEtDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 131, 1801 
(omni mari).—Cuvimr, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 126, 1817 (reference) .— 
G. BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 33, 1860 (Australia). 

Squalus (Carcharinus) glawcus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 44, 1851 
(English coast; no locality). 

Carcharhinus glaucus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1916 
(name only). 

Carcharinus glaucus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 26, 
1925 (Agulhas Bank). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 179 


Carcharias (Prionodon) gliaucus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 36, pl. 11, 1841 (Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean).—DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. 
Blasmobr., vol. 1, p. 353, 1865 (no locality; New Zealand). 

Carcharias glaucus Giinruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 364, 1870 
(Pondicherry, English coast, Mediterranean, St. Helena, Port Arthur, Austra- 
lia).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 351, 1881 
(Port Arthur, Tasmania).—-Oerrsy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 1, 
1888 (Australia) ; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1768, 
1888 (compiled).—GiNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 31, p. 5, 1889 (South 
Atlantic and Japan).—Kent, Naturalist in Australia, p. 193, 1897.— 
ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 62, 1897.— 
GtnTHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 479, 1910 (“Polynesia’’). 

Prionodon glaucus SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 28, 1869 (Pacific). 

Prionace glauca Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 56 (Swa- 
tow ).—OciLsy, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 23, p. 732, 1898 (Lord 
Howe Island).—Jorpan and Snyprr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 127, 1901 
(veference).—JorpAN and FowrrEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 
613, 1903 (Misaki).—Snyper, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1992), p. 
515, 1904 (lat. 28°31’ N., long. 141°47’ W.).—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 
232, 1908.—McCuLtocs, Zool. Res. Hndeavour, vol. 1, p. 9, 1911 (South Aus- 
tralia).—IzuKA and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebrata, 
p. 190, 1820 (Boshiu).—JorpAN and JorDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 4, 1922 (Hawaii).—Puittires, New Zeal. Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, 
p. 2261, fig. 5, 1924 (Lyail Bay).—Jorpan and Huses, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 101, 1925 (Misaki, Tokyo and Osaka markets).—McCuLtocu, 
Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 10a, 1927.—Fane and Wang, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 231, fig. 7, 1932 (Chefoo).— 
WANG, op. cit., vol. 9, p. 91, 1933 (Chusan; Wenchow).—WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 198, 1934 (reference). 

Prionace glaucum WAITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 12, fig. 10, 1921. 

Galeus glaucus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 145, pl. 3, fig. 13, 
1913 (Japan, Massachusetts Bay).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, no. 
17, 1988. 

Glyphis glaucus FOowLER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 19, 1928 (Hawaiian 
Islands) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 81, 1980 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 491, 1930 (Hawaii, California, Chile, Atlantic) ; 
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 54, fig. 18, 1986 (Italy). 

Squalus caeruleus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only) ; Faune Frangaise, vol. 1, p. 90, 1828 (type locality: Mediter- 
ranean). 

Carcharias hirundinaceus (Valenciennes) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. 
Plagiostomen, p. 87, 1841 (type locality: Brazil). 

Carcharias pugae PEREZ, Estudios sobre algunos escuaios de la costa de Chile, 
p. 2, 1886 (type locality: Chile).—PuHrtiprI, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 
538, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1887 (Valparaiso). 

Carcharias gracilis Puivipr1, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 589, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1887 
(type locality: Chile). 

Carcharias aethiops Putirepr, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 109, p. 311, 1901 (type 
locality : Chile). 


Depth 514 to 714 to subcaudal origin; head 414 to 414, width 2. 
Snout 214 to 284 in head, conic, depressed; eye 514 to 814, 2% to 3 


180 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


in snout, 244 to 3 in interorbital; mouth gape 34 its width to % 
latter, 314 to 334 in head; preoral length 2 to 214 in head; teeth 
large, serrate, upper broadly triangular with slightly curved ends 
and lower narrower teeth more erect; nostril moderate, with very 
obtuse flap, little nearer mouth than snout tip or midway; internasal 
34 to 24 of mandible width; interorbital 2 to 214 in head, broad, 
depressed, very slightly convex. Gill openings about long as eye, 
last 2 above pectoral base. 

Scales minute, each with 3 keels. 

First dorsal about midway between snout tip and subcaudal origin 
or midway between paired fins, front edge 134 to 21% in head; second 
dorsal length 244 to 3; anal similar, little smaller and opposite second 
dorsal, length 3 to 314; caudal 234 to 224 in rest of body, subcaudal 
24, to 3 in caudal length; pectoral 3 to 48% in combined head and 
body to subcaudal origin, width 2%4 its length; ventral inserted 
nearly midway between origins of dorsals, length 224 to 3 in head. 

Gray to light blue, sometimes with violaceous tint in young, on 
upper surfaces. Sometimes adults neutral slaty or gray black. 
Lower surfaces of body white, often soiled. 

South Africa, China, Japan, Lord Howe Island, Queensland, New 
South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand. Also in the Eastern Pacific 
and throughout the Atlantic. 

The blue shark is so called from its color, which is always a deep 
blue on the upper half of the body, the under surface white. In the 
young the blue color is often very brilliant and with violet or purple 
tints. Its food is chiefly fish. 

“ When in pursuit of prey or excited, they continually cover and 
uncover their eyes with their nictitating membrane. The time of 
their greatest activity is at night, when they may be seen stealing 
through our summer seas like beasts of prey: their bodies not even 
disturbing the phosphorescence which at that time of the year so 
fills the ocean. A most puzzling circumstance; and but for the flex- 
ible part of the dorsal fin and tip of the tail, it would be impossible 
to detect their presence in the darkest night.” (Dunn.) 

U.S.N.M. Nos. 52637-52640. Lat. 28°31’00’" N., long. 141°47'00"’ W. (Hawaii). 

Bureau of Fisheries, 1901-1902. 

U.S.N.M. Nos. 52645-52650. Lat. 28°31'00’’ N., long. 141°47’00’" W. Bureau of 

Fisheries, 1901-1902. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52676. Hawaii. Bureau of Fisheries, 1901-1902. 
U.S.N.M. Nos. 52765, 52766. Honolulu. Bureau of Fisheries, 1901-1902. 
U.S.N.M. No. 54605. Lat. 28°31’00’’ N., long. 141°47'00’’ W. Bureau of Fish- 

eries, 1902. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55001. Lat. 28°31'00’’ N., long. 141°47'00’’ W. Bureau of Fish- 

eries, 1901-1902. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58538. Lat 28°31'00’’ N., long. 141°47’00’’ W. Bureau of Fish- 

eries, 1901-1902. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 181 
GLYPHIS MACKIE! (Phillipps) 


Prionace mackici PHituipps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 16, p. 288, 
fig. 2, 1935 (type locality: Lyall Bay, Wellington). 

Depth 8 to origin of subcaudal; head to first gill opening 51%. 
Snout 2%, in head to first gill opening; eye 234 in snout. Gill open- 
ings 5, subequal, posterior totally behind pectoral origin. 

First dorsal origin nearer ventral origin than pectoral origin, front 
edge of fin 134 in head; length of second dorsal 134 in head; length 
of second dorsal 134 in front edge of first dorsal, slightly smaller 
than anal which opposite; anal origin little in advance of second 
dorsal origin; tail slender, upper caudal lobe acuminate to end, length 
314 in rest of fish; subcaudal length 14 of caudal length; pectoral 
124 in head; ventral origin behind end of depressed first dorsal and 
over half large as same fin. 

Length, 6 feet 3 inches. (Phillipps.) 


Genus LOXODON Miiller and Henle 


Lorodon Mutter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 61, 1841. (Type, 
Lozodon macrorhinus Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 

Body elongate, slender, cavity less than half total length. Head 
depressed, moderately wide. Snout long. Eye moderate, pupil 
rounded, orbit elongate, nicitating membrane well developed and be- 
low eye. Mouth greatly arched, with short labial fold. Teeth 
oblique, subequal, with smooth edges, outer of which deeply notched 
near base. Nostrils midway from snout end to mouth, nasal valve 
with sharp lobe. Spiracle porelike, behind orbit. Dorsals above 
space between pectorals and ventrals, second dorsal small and near 
caudal. Caudal long, pointed, pit in front above and another below. 
Subcaudal lobe large, notch behind. Pectorals moderate. Ventrals 
small. 

LOXODON MACRORHINUS Miiller and Henle 


Loxodon macrorhinus MULLER and Hents, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 61, pl. 
25, 1841 (locality unknown).—DuMEénrIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 395, 
1865 (compiled).—GtntTuHeErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 21, p. 662, 1871 
(Red Sea).—Brustna, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 224, 1888 (Red 
Sea).—Savvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 107, 1913 (Mauritius; Indian 
Ocean). 


Depth 11 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 214. Snout 214 in 
head; eye 534, 214 in snout, 234 in interorbital; mouth width 324 in 
head, length 114 its width, short labial fold around each angle; teeth 
in 25 rows above, 26 below, oblique cusp directed outward over deep 
notch on outer edge, edges of all entire; nostrils small, midway in 
preoral, nasal valve with short pointed lobe, internarial 2 in preoral 


182 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


length; interorbital about 22% in head, nearly level. Gull openings 
small, equidistant, last above pectoral. 

Scales small, tridentate, median point longest. 

First dorsal origin midway between pectoral and ventral origins, 
front fin edge 1%5 in head; second dorsal begins behind anal base, 
length 234 in head; anal length 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 
424; pectoral 124, not quite reaching opposite first dorsal origin, width 
2 in its length; ventral length 3 in head; caudal 2¥% in rest of body, 
subeaudal 3 in caudal or 11% in head. 

Gray-brown, edges of fins paler. Length, 305 mm. (Miiller and 
Henle.) 

Red Sea, Mauritius. Garman’s specimen was 433 mm. 


Genus HEMIGALEUS Bleeker 


Hemigaleus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagivst.), vol. 24, p. 45, 1852. 
(Type, Hemigalcus microstoma Bleeker, designated by Jordan, Genera of 
Fishes, pt. 2, p. 250, 1919.) 

Chaenogaleus Gitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p 411, 1862. 
(Type, Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker.) 

Negogaleus Wuittry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 6, p. 334, 1931. (Type, Hemi- 
galeus microstoma Bleeker.) 

Body slender, elongated. Head depressed, flattened below. Snout 
rounded or tapering. Eye with nictitating membrane. Mouth with 
distinct labial folds. Teeth unlike in two jaws; upper inclined, 
with denticles on basal part of outer edge; lower more erect, with 
narrow cusp on wide base, without denticles. Spiracles small. 
First dorsal opposite space between pectorals and ventrals. Tail 
with prominent subcaudal lobe, notch behind subcaudal; caudal 
pits present. 

Small sharks, mostly from the Western Pacific and tropical Indian 
Ocean. Known by their distinct though small spiracles, labial folds, 
dentition and distinct caudal pits, also the intestine with few trans- 
verse turns to spiral valve. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


i*. CHAENOGALEUS. Snout tapering, rather pointed; mouth cleft nearly as long 
as preoral. 


bre Caudalslessthanmnterdorsaluspaces =. ee ae ee machlani 
DraGaudalaequal sein tercdOrsalley Ss Ce masse ee eee macrostoma 
Bie Aenea eeAleL ia en TALS 12k COTES EN GS eG eet balfouri 
a*, HEMIGALEUS. Snout broadly rounded; mouth cleft 234 in preoral; caudal 
equalsinterdorsall: spaces sa eee bee ae microstoma 


Subgenus CHAENOGALEUS Gill 
HEMIGALEUS MACHLANI Herre 


Hemigaleus machlani Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 40, p. 231, 1929 (type 
locality: Jolo, Sulu Province, Philippines) —Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1937 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 183 


Head trifle less than 4 in length, depressed anteriorly, much 
wider than high. Snout more than 144 times width of arched mouth; 
eye equals width of gill openings; mouth length 145 times it own 
width, labial folds on both jaws at mouth angle, upper about half 
length of mouth and lower fold trifle more than half length of 
upper; teeth in 21 rows above, larger, oblique, bases broad, with long 
sharp point and 5 or 6 denticulations on concave cutting edge, 3 
median rows small, erect and simple; lower teeth 40, small, acute, 
slender, smooth, nearly erect, last 7 rows on each side very much re- 
duced; nostrils nearer snout end than mouth angles, with triangular 
lobe over inner one. Spiracle hardly half an eye diameter behind 
eye, much larger than pores. 

Anal origin behind second dorsal origin, which larger than anal 
and 24 large as first dorsal; caudal less than interdorsal space, 
nearly 3% in length; subcaudal pointed; pectoral falciform, pointed, 
little more than twice long as broad, extends below middle of dorsal. 

Uniform gray, becoming yellowish white underneath. Fins with 
reddish or violaceous tinge, more or less pale edged, tips of both 
dorsals whitish. Length, 773 mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. 


HEMIGALEUS MACROSTOMA Bleeker 


Hemigaleus macrostoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 46, pl. 2, fig. 10, 1852 (type locality: Batavia and Samarang); Versl. 
Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore).—DumMErIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 392, 1865 (Batavia, Java).—KNeER, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 415, 1865 (Java).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 376, 1870 (type).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 151, 1913 
(Java).—WeEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 591, 1913 (Makassar).— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo Chine, 6° note, p. 62, 1929 (Phuroc 
Hai).—CueEvey Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 (Indochina) .— 
Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1988 (reference). 

Hemigaleus marcrostoma Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
490, 19380 (reference). (Error.) 

¥ Hypoprion notatus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Mid. Oost Java), vol. 
23, pp. 1-23, 1850 (type locality: Java). 


Depth 9 in total length, body elongate, compressed; head 61/4, 
acute, broader than deep. Eye 21% in snout, pupil triangular; mouth 
width very slightly greater than preoral length, mouth length 114 in 
mouth width; labial fold around each mouth angle, upper 14 upper 
jaw length, lower less than 14 to symphysis; teeth in about 34 rows, 
bases wide, upper inclined with concave edges and 2 or 3 denticles on 
outer basal edge, small median teeth erect, lower triangular teeth 
acute, slender, smooth and erect; nostrils about first 24 in space be- 
tween snout tip and mouth angle, though little nearer mouth than 
snout tip, internarial 124 in preoral; nasal valves each with triangular 

156861—40-——13 


184 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


lobe. Gill openings large, last above pectoral. Spiracle small, less 
than eye diameter behind eye. 

Scales small, tricarinate or quadricarinate. Lateral line incon- 
spicuous. 

First dorsal nearer pectoral than ventral, high as long, emarginate, 
apex rounded acutely, posteriorly very acute; second dorsal before 
anal, similar though shorter than first dorsal; anal shorter and lower 
than second dorsal, 2 in space to subcaudal; caudal 414 in total length, 
acute, emarginate; pectoral shorter than head, width less twice its 
length, emarginate, acute; ventral twice shorter than pectoral, clasp- 
ers conic, longer than ventrals, with 3 or 4 valves. 

Gray above, below whitish. Fins gray or bluish gray, partly with 
white edges. Length, 690 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Singapore, East Indies, Indochina. 


HEMIGALEUS BALFOURI Day 


Hemigaleus, balfouri Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 717, pl. 185, fig. 4, 1878 (type 
locality: Waltair, Coromandel coast); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 18, fig. 2, 1889—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 152, 1913 
(Coromandel coast). 

Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 524, width about 134. Snout 
21% in head; eye 7, 3 in snout, about 4 in interorbital; mouth long as 
wide, 3 in head, labial folds at each mouth angle, not over one-third 
to symphysis, subequal; teeth in 24 rows in jaws, upper notched or 
with about 3 denticles along outer side of base, slightly smaller lower 
erect and smooth; nostrils little nearer mouth than snout end, inter- 
narial 214 in preoral, which 234 in head. Gill openings at least twice 
width of orbit, gradually closer to last, last 2 above pectoral base. 

Front edge of first dorsal 124 in head; second dorsal length 124; 
anal length 2, origin opposite second dorsal origin; pectoral 114 in 
head, width 1% its length, which half way to ventral; ventral length 
17%, clasper slender; caudal 4 in rest of body, subcaudal 21% in caudal. 

Dark brown, fins gray, second dorsal with dark summit. Length, 
826 mm. (Day.) 

India. 


Subgenus HEMIGALEUS Bleeker 


HEMIGALEUS MICROSTOMA Bleeker 


Hemigaleus microstoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 46, pl. 2, fig., 1852 (head) (type locality: Batavia) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind.- 
Néerl., No. 7, vol. 2, p. 9, 1857 (Amboina); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Am- 
sterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 (Singapore).—Dumfrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 392, 1865 (Batavia).—GtnrTuHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 
375, 1870 (type).—Barttetr, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 133, 1896 
(Moratabas).—GArmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 151, 1913 
(Java).—WeEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 591, 1913 (Sapeh 
Straits).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 1930 
(reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1988 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 185 


Hemigaleus pingi EVERMANN and SHaw, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 
16, p. 98, 1927 (type locality: Wenchow, China). 

Depth 9 in total length, body elongate, compressed; head 7 to 71,, 
broader than deep. Snout rather broadly rounded; eye 214 to 
214 in snout, pupil triangular; mouth width nearly equals preoral 
length, length of gape 214 its width; labial fold around each mouth 
angle, upper nearly half jaw length, lower 14 to symphysis; upper 
teeth in about 32 rows, obliquely triangular with outer edges serrated 
and inner edge smoothly convex, smaller lower teeth with broad bases 
and entire, slender, narrow cusps; nostrils at first 34 in space between 
snout tip and rictus, slightly nearer snout tip than mouth and nasal 
valve with triangular lobe. Last gill opening above pectoral. Spir- 
acle small pore, close behind eye. 

Scales each with 3 or 4 keels. Lateral line inconspicuous. 

First dorsal midway between pectorals and ventrals, high as long, 
emarginate, angle acute; second dorsal before anal, shorter and lower 
than first dorsal; anal little lower than long, angles acute, strongly 
emarginate, twice in space to subcaudal; caudal 2 in total length, 
strongly emarginate; pectoral twice long as wide, emarginate, 
strongly acute; ventral subquadrate, little longer than broad, emargi- 
nate, angles acute. 

Above reddish gray, below yellowish. Fins gray, second dorsal 
dusky, apex whitish. Length, 701 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Singapore, East Indies, China. 

The imperfectly described Hemigaleus pingi is probably synony- 
mous, having been based on a young specimen: 

Body elongate, slender; head depressed, flattened below. Nictitat- 
ing membrane present; preoral equals mouth width; mouth inferior, 
cerescentic, with distinct labial folds, groove at angle extending some 
distance on each jaw; 3 rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws, each 
tooth with basal lobe; nostrils nearer mouth than to snout, space 
between their outer points slightly greater than mouth width; space 
between eye and spiracle about 3 in eye diameter. Spiracle small. 
First dorsal opposite space between pectorals and ventrals; second 
dorsal little in advance of anal; pit below and one above caudal; 
“pectoral near gill opening.” Dark brown, lighter below. A few 
black spots on each side of body. Length, 266mm. (Evermann and 
Shaw.) 

Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle 


Galeocerdo Mtitrr and Henig, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 115. 
(Type, Squalus arcticus Faber, in Miiller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1837, 
p. 897, monotypic. ) 

Galeodes (not Olivier, 1791, in Arachnida, or Bolten, 1798, in Mollusca) HEcKEL, 
Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 11, p. 324, 1854. (Type, 
Galeodes priscus Heckel, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 


186 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Boreogaleus Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 402, 411, 1862. 
(Type, Squalus arcticus Faber, orthotypic.) 


Body robust, elongated. Head depressed. Snout wide, short. 
Eye moderate, with nictitating fold. Mouth crescentic, large, 
labial folds on both jaws. Teeth alike in two jaws, oblique, 
subtriangular, compressed, more flattened on outer side and swollen 
on inner, edges coarsely serrated and edges of denticles serrated, 
outer edge deeply notched and convex on inner. Spiracle present, 
small, behind eye. First dorsal above space between pectorals and 
ventrals; second dorsal above anal. Caudal elongate, with double 
notch. Caudal pit basally above and below. 

Tropical seas, ranging 70° or more from the Equator. Species 
few, large sharks with bars and stripes when young, uniform with 
age. Many fossils known from the Cretaceous and later. 


GALEOCERDO CUVIER (Lesueur) 


Squalus cuvier (Peron and Lesueur) LEsSUEUR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, vol. 2, p. 351, 1822 (type locality : Northwest coast of New Holland). 
Galeocerdo cuvier WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (reference). 

Squalus articus Faper, Nat. Fische Islands, p. 17, 1829 (type locality: Iceland). 

Galeocerdo arcticus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 60, pl. 
24, 1841 (Northern Seas, Iceland, Faroé Islands, Norway).—Gray, List 
fish British Museum, p. 54, 1851 (North Sea Islands, Faroé, Norway).— 
DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 394, 1865 (mers du nord).— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 377, 1870 (Arctic seas).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 148, pl. 43, figs. 6-8, 19138 
(brain) (tropical and temperate seas to 70° or more from Equator).— 
OciLBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 78, 1916 (Queensland coast ; note).— 
WalITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 13, fig. 11, 1921.—Barnarp, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 27, 1925 (Natal coast).—Mc- 
CuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 
(reference).—Fow Ler and Batt, Bishop Mus. Bull., 26, p. 4, 1925 (Lay- 
san, Nihoa, Lisiansky, Gardner Islands).—Grirrin, Trans. Proc. New Zea- 
land Inst., vol. 58, p. 137, fig. 1, 1927—McCuntocH, Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 11a, 1927.—PuHitiirps, New Zealand Journ. 
Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 226, fig. 8, 1928 (Bay of Islands).—Fow Ler, Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 19, fig. 5, 1928 (Honolulu, Laysan, Nihoa).—Trrant, 
Service Océanogr. péches-Indo Chine, 6° note, p. 62, 1929 (Cochinchina).— 
Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 1930 (Hast 
Indies, Japan, Hawaii, Atlantic) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 
1931 (reference).—CHEvVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 
(Indochina).—Gr1itTay, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belge, Hors ser. 5, vol. 3, 
p. 12, 1938 (Dobo, Aru Island).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 6, 
p. 886, 1934 (Ugi record) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1938 (reference). 

Galeus maculatus RANZANI, Nov. Comment. Acad. Sci. Bonon., vol. 1, p. 68, pl. 1, 
1889 (type locality: Brazil). 

Galeocerdo tigrinus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 59, pl. 23, 
1841 (type locality: India, Pondicherry).—GrAy, List fish British Museum, 
p. 54, 1851 (Indian Seas).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 187 


vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference).—BtytTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 
29, p. 36, 1860 (Calcutta) —DuMéri, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 393, 
1865 (mer des Indes; Pondicherry).—GwUuntTuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 878, 1870 (Japan; East Indies).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. 
Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 663, 1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—DAy, Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 718, 1878 (Red Sea, India, Japan).—BrusinA, Glasnik Naravosl. 
DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 224, 1888 (Red Sea).—Ocirsy, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 3, 1888 (Ugi, Solomon Islands).—DAyY, Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 21, 1889.—BouLencEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 248 
(Muscat).—Savvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (refer- 
ence).—JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 39 (“Japan”), 
p. 128 (Nagasaki), 1901.—JorDAN and FOWLER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
26, p. 612, 19038 (Nagasaki).—FowLer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
ser, 2, vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 (Padang).—JorDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 27, p. 940, 1904 (Oahu).—JorpDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. 
Fish Comm., vol. 28 (1903), pt. 1, p. 36, 1905 (Honolulu).—FOowLEr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 61 (Padang material).—GUNTHER, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 488, 1910 (Hawaii).—SouTHWELL, Ceylon 
Adminstr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E46 (description), p. E49.—ZuGMAyEr, Abh. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Mekran and Oman). 
—PEARsON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F12. 

Galeus cepedianus AGASSIz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. 3, p. 91 (230), pl. E, figs. 
5-6, 1833-48 (teeth) (type locality: East Indies). 

Carcharias (Prionodon) fasciatus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, p. 510, 1852 (type locality: Batavia). 

Galeocerdo fasciatus VAN KAMPEN, Bull. Dept. Agr. Ind. Néerl., vol. 8, p. 9, 1907. 

Galeocerdo rayneri MACDONALD and Barrow, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 
368, pl. 32 (type locality: Australia, Lord Howe Island, Pacific).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 877, 1870 (India).—DaAy, Fishes of 
India, pt. 4, p. 718, pl. 187, fig. 3, 1878 (India; Australia).—RAMSAY, Proce. 
Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 95, 1880 (Port Jackson).—MACLEAY, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 353, 1881 (Port Jackson).— 
OctLtpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, p. 1, 1886 (Solomon Islands) ; Cat. 
Fishes Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 2, 1888 (Port Jackson) ; Proce. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 38, p. 1768, 1889 (Australia ; Solomons) .—DaAyY, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 20, fig. 3, 1889.—IKKENT, Naturalist in 
Australia, p. 198, 1897.—OcILBy, Handbook of Sydney, p. 117, 1898.— 
STEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908 (Port Jackson).—WEBER, Siboga 
Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 591, 1913 (Lumakera; Lomblen).—Rosinson, 
Natal Fisher. Rep., 1919, p. 50 (Natal).—PILLAy, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. 
Soe., vol. 38, p. 350, 1929 (Travanccre).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference) ; Australian Zoologist, vol. 8, pt. 4, p. 
216, 1937 (Middleton Reef). 

Galeocerdo obtusus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 664, 1871 
(type locality: Koseir, Red Sea).—BrusiIna, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, 
vol. 3, p. 225, 1888 (Red Sea). 

Galeocerdo hemprichii (Ehrenberg) KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 668, 1871 (name in synonymy).—HILGENDORF, Symbol. Physic. Hem- 
prich-Ehrenberg, p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 8, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). 


Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 114. Snout 3 in head; 
eye 6, 2 in snout, 324 in interorbital; mouth width 2 in head with 
rather long outer fold; teeth with 18 to 20 rows in jaws, broad, com- 


188 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


pressed, margins finely serrated and 5 small cusps externally; nos- 
trils little nearer front end of snout than mouth, with small flaps, 
internarial half mouth width; interorbital 124 in head, convex. 
Third gill opening largest, last 2 over pectoral base. 

Scales broadly though slightly trilobate, each with 3 ridges. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, front fin edge 114 
in head; second dorsal length 2; anal length 214; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 524; pectoral 114, width 144 its length, which 214 
to ventral; ventral length 2 in head; caudal nearly 2 in rest of body, 
subcaudal 244 in caudal. 

Slaty gray, paler below. In smaller examples upper surface of 
body and pectoral, also dorsal and caudal, variegated with deep 
leaden gray blotches, many on side of trunk more or less elongate 
and vertical. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Natal, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Indo-China, 
China, Japan, North Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, 
South Australia, Western Australia, New Zealand, Lord Howe 
Island, Melanesia, Hawaii. In the Eastern Pacific in the Galapagos 
Islands and California. Also in the Atlantic. One, 3,050 mm., in 
the Queensland Museum from Moreton Bay. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 


Length, 995 mm. 
Genus GALEORHINUS Blainville 


Galeorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Squalus galeus Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New 
York, vol. 7, p. 402, 1862.) 

Galeus SCHAEFFER, Epistola Studii. Ichth., p. 20, 1760. (Atypic. Type, Squalus 
galeus Linnaeus).—(Klein) WasaAum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 580, 1792. 
(Type, Squalus galeus Linnaeus.) (Inadmissible.) 

Emissola JArockt, Zoologia, vol. 4, p. 448, 1822. (Type, “l’Emissole’—Squalus 
galeus Linnaeus. Not consulted.) 

Eugaleus Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 148. (Type, Squalus 
galeus Linnaeus, orthotypic.) 

Notogaleus Wuittry, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 310, 1931. (Type, Galeus 
australis Macleay, orthotypic. ) 

Body moderately long, slender, cavity about one-half total length. 
Head moderate. Snout obtuse, depressed. Orbit longer than wide, 
with nictitating membrane. Mouth wide, crescentic, with short 
labial fold on each jaw. Teeth alike in two jaws, oblique, com- 
pressed, subtriangular, notched, inclined toward mouth angles, 
smooth on edges except two to four denticles on outer edge between 
notch and base. Last gill opening above pectoral. Spiracle small, 
behind eye. First dorsal above space between pectorals and ven- 
trals; second dorsal above anal. Caudal rather short, with single 
notch; subcaudal lobe present, not very remote from notch behind 
subeaudal. No pit at caudal base. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 189 


Large to moderate or small smooth sharks, known as topes, feed- 
ing largely on fishes and found in most warm seas. Young about 


20 to 40 in summer. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Front nasal valve with 2 points; second dorsal and anal fins subequal. 
b*. Fins largely uniform or like upper surface of body__---_-__--__ australis 
b*. Hind edges of dorsals and pectorals whitish, upper borders of dorsals and 
endvoL Cau Gals aka ee SE eS ee a ee galeus 
a*, Front nasal valve with rounded lobe; second dorsal much larger than anal; 
COlOTAONF Ole fins BUNT OTT se ee ere japanicus 


GALEORHINUS AUSTRALIS (Macleay) 


Galeus australis Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, pt. 2, 
p. 354, 1881 (type locality: Port Jackson).—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 (Port Jackson; no description).—McCoy, 
Prodromus Zool. Victoria, vol. 1, dec. 7, pl. 64, fig. 2, 1882.—Ocmtpy, Edible 
Fishes New South Wales, p. 2, 1886; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 3, 1888 (Port Jackson) ; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 
p. 1769, 1889 (New South Wales north to Port Stephens).—Lucas, Proc. 
Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 42, 1890. (passim).—Walre, Rec. 
Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 7, 1907 (reference) .—ZieTz, Trans. Roy. Soe. 
South Australia, vol. 32, p. 290, 1908 (compiled).—OcitBy, Proc. Roy. Soe. 
Queensland, vol. 21, p. 23, 1908 (Moreton Bay).—WarTE, Rec. Canterbury 
Mus., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 9, pl. 15, 1909 (young) (New Zealand, Chatham Island in 
18 to 105 fathoms).—McCutiocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 9, 1911 
(Oyster Bay, Tasmania).—ReEGAN, Brit. Antarctic Terra Nova Exped., Zool., 
vol. 1, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 14, 1914 (North Cape, New Zealand).—Ocittpy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 78, 1916 (Moreton Bay).—Wa1ts, Rec. South 
Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 13, fig. 12, 1921. 

Galeorhinus australis OatrBpy, Handbook of Sydney, p. 117, 1898.—Watre, 
Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 34, 1899 (New South Wales).—Hurron, 
Index Faunae New Zealand, p. 54, 1904—McCuttocu, Proe. Linn. Soe. 
New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 459, pl. 37, figs. 5-7, 1921 (New South 
Wales) ; Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 6, fig. 1927—PHiLuiprs, New 
Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 259, fig. 2, 1924 (New Zealand).— 
McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 
(reference).—Youne, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 60, p. 140, 1929 
(Chatham Island).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
490, 1930 (reference). 

Mustelus australis WattE, Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, no. 2, p. 7, 1904. 

Eugaleus australis Watre and McCurtocH, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 
vol. 39, p. 460, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, in 22 fathoms). 

Notogaleus australis Wuittry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 6, p. 310, 1931 (refer- 
ence) ; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 324, figs. 3 a—c, 1932; Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 

Galeus canis (not Mitchill) Dumérm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 390, 
1865 (coasts of New Holland).—GwuNrTHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 379, 1870 (Tasmania).—Hector, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. 
(Fishes, New Zealand), p. 81, 1872.—Ktunzincer, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, 
p. 45, 1872 (Murray River); Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
Cl, vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 426, 1880 (Murray River).—Jounston, Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Tasmania, 1882, p. 187, 1883; 1890, p. 38, 1891. 


190 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Galeous canis CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 216, 1872 
(Hobsons Bay). 


Carcharinus cyrano WHITLEY, Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 4, pt. 3, p. 93, fig. of 
jaws, 19380 (type locality: New South Wales). 


Depth ? to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 134. Snout 2 in 
head, as seen above rather attenuate and end rounded; eye 11, 51% 
in snout, 5 in interorbital; dentary width 234 in head, length 114 
its width, with long upper labial groove twice length of lower; teeth 
triangular, edges entire, 38 rows above, 30 below; nostrils at last 
fourth in preoral space, internarial 114 in dentary width; front 
nasal valve with 2 short points; interorbital 214 in head, broad, 
slightly convex. Gill openings equidistant, last 2 above pectoral 
base and fifth shortest. Spiracle small slit about eye diameter directly 
behind eye. 

Scales tricarinate, with 3 short points of which median longest. 

First dorsal origin behind end of pectoral base, front edge 144 in 
head, hind lobe ends in slender point; second dorsal origin slightly 
before anal origin, front edge 47% in head, hind lobe ends in slender 
point behind; caudal longer than head, subcaudal lobe half fin 
length; pectoral width 1% its length, which 114 in head; ventral 224. 

Back and upper surfaces gray brown, paler to whitish below. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tas- 
mania, New Zealand. In describing the Atlantic Galeorhinus galeus 
Garman says: “End of tail and upper border of dorsal darker,” 
though they are uniform with the rest of the fins in my example of 
the present species. 


U.S.N.M. No. 89972. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 1,420 mm. 
Head and body skinned out. 


GALEORHINUS GALEUS (Linnaeus) 


Squalus galeus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 234, 1758 (type locality: 
European Ocean) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 899, 1766.—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 
p. 128, 1801 (Atlantic, European, and Pacific Oceans).—Cuvirr, Régne ani- 
mal, vol. 2, p. 128, 1817 (reference). 

Galeorhinus galeus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only).—FowLeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 19, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 1980 (California; Atlan- 
tie Ocean) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 57, 1986 (Mediter- 
ranean; Azores). 

Galeus galeus GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 482, 1910 (Hurope, 
California, Cape of Good Hope, Hawaii). 

Hugaleus galeus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 158, 1918 (Mediter- 
ranean, San Diego, Calif.). 

Galeus vulgaris FLEMING, British Animals, p. 165, 1828 (British Isles).—StTEn- 
DACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 70, p. 19, 1901 
(Laysan), 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 19] 


Galeus canis BoNAaPaRTE, Icon. Fauna Italica, Pesci, vol. 3, fase. 8, description, 
pl. 3, 1834 (type locality: Italy).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 52, 
1851 (Antarctic Exped., Indian Seas, Cape of Good Hope).—DUMERIL, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 390, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope, sea of Indies; not 
coasts of New Holland).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 379, 
1870 (Cape Seas, Indian and Antarctic Oceans).—? Exera, Cat. Fauna Filip., 
vol. 1, p. 614, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz). 

Galeorhinus canis BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 28, pl. 1, 
fig. 3, 1925 (Cape Seas). 

Galeus nilssoni BONAPARTE, Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 19, 1846 (type locality: 
Northern Ocean). (No description; on Squalus galeus Bloch.) 

Galeus communis OWEN, Cat. Osteol., Roy. Coll. Surg. vol. 1, p. 92, 1853. 

Galeus linnei Matm, GOteborgs Bohusl. Fauna, p. 618, 1877 (type locality: 
Goteborg). 

Galeus zyopterus JORDAN and GILBERT, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. no. 16, p. 871, 1883 
(type locality: San Pedro, Calif.) 

Galeus chilensis PEREZ, Estudios sobre algunos escualos de la costa de Chile, p. 
3, 1886 (type locality: Chile) —Pui1pri, Anal. Univ. Chile, vol. 71, p. 548, 
pl. 4, fig. 2, 1887 (Valparaiso). 

Galeus molinae PHILIPPI, Anal. Uniy. Chile, vol. 71, p. 544, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1887 
(type locality: Valparaiso). 

Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 435, width 134. Snout 21% in 
head; eye 414, 314 in snout; mouth width 21% in head, labial folds 
around mouth angles not extending half way to symphysis and 
lower shorter; preoral length 214 in head; about 44 rows of upper 
teeth, mostly tricuspid, outer cusp of each lateral tooth best devel- 
oped; nostrils rather large, internarial half mouth width, placed at 
last 24 in snout; interorbital 214, broad, little convex, depressed 
medially. Guill openings subequal, third and fourth largest, last 2 
over pectoral base. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 

First dorsal origin behind end of pectoral base, fin closer to pector- 
als than ventrals, front fin edge 144 in head; second dorsal length 
21%; anal length 214, fin origin slightly behind second dorsal origin; 
front edge of subcaudal 11% in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 
5; pectoral length 114, width half its length, which 214 to ventral; 
ventral length 214; caudal 31% in rest of body. 

Gray-brown, below white. Dorsals dusky above, whitish poste- 
riorly. End of caudal dusky, subeaudal with pale border. Pectoral 
dusky above, grayish below. 

South Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. Reported from the 
Philippines by Elera. Also found in the Eastern Pacific in Cali- 
fornia, Lower California, Peru and Chile. Widely distributed in 
the Atlantic. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 605-608. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte collection (No. 254). Length, to 

450 mm. 


A.N.S.P. No. 582. San Francisco, Calif. U. S. Fish Commission (No. 27190). 
Length, 324 mm. Cotype of Galeorhinus zyopterus. 


192 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


GALEORHINUS JAPANICUS (Miller and Henle) 


Galeus japanicus MULLER and HENtg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 58, pl. 22, 
1841 (type locality: Japan).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 53, 1851 
(Japan).—PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 
117, pt. 1, p. 687, 1908 (Nagasaki). 

Galeus japonicus DumériL, Hist. Nat. Blasmobr., vol. 1, p. 391, 1865 (com- 
piled).—GinTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 880, 1870 (compiled ).— 
Weser, in Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Australia, vol. 5, p. 276, 1895 
(Ambon).—JorpDAN and Fow Ler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 611, 1903 
(Onomichi, Hiroshima, Nagasaki).—Jorpan and THOMPSON, Mem. Carnegie 
Mus., vol. 4, p. 162, 1909 (Formosa record). 

Galeorhinus japonicus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 
1853 (Japan); (Japan), vol. 26, p. 44, 1857 (Japan).—NystTrom, Bihang. 
Kong. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, vol. 13, pt. 4, no. 4, p. 50, 1887 
(Nagasaki).—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 89 (Yoko- 
hama), p. 128 (reference), 1901—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. 
Tokyo Mus., Vertebrata, p. 190, 1920 (Hizen). 

Galeorhinus japanicus JorDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 
p. 318, 1902 (Formosa).—JorpAN and Husgs, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 105, 1925 (Miyazu and Osaka market).—FowLrr, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 1980 (Japan). 

Eugaleus japanicus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 154, 1913 
(Japan). 

Depth 814 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 134. Snout 21% 
in head; eye 6, 234 in snout; mouth width 2, length 14 its width, 
labial fold around each mouth angle, upper nearly halfway to sym- 
physis, lower much shorter; teeth with 2 strong denticles on outer 
edge; nostrils much nearer mouth than snout end, or midway be- 
tween snout end and mouth angles, internarial 144 in mouth width; 
front nasal lobe broad and rounded; interorbital low. Gull openings 
equidistant, last 2 over pectoral base. Spiracle very small, close 
behind eye. 

Scales tridentate, median point largest, each with 3 low keels. 

First dorsal begins behind inner pectoral angles, front edge 114 
in head; second dorsal front edge 134; front anal edge 214, fin origin 
opposite first fourth in second dorsal base; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 514 in head; pectoral 1, width 2149 its length, which 134 to 
ventral; ventral length 2, clasper slender, pointed; caudal 4 in rest 
of body, front subcaudal edge 224 in caudal. 

Gray, paler below. (Miiller and Henle.) 

Formosa, Japan. Reported from Amboina by Weber. The head 
of a huge specimen was seen by Jordan in Nagasaki, and Jordan 
and Fowler state that it reaches a length of 6,625 mm. (25 feet) 
and a weight of nearly 2,000 pounds. 


Genus HEMIPRISTIS Agassiz 


Hemipristis Acassiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 1, p. 8, 1838 (nomen nudum) ; vol. 3, 
pp. 237, 302, 1843. (Type, Hemipristis serra Agassiz, designated by Wood- 
ward, Cat. Fossil Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 450, 1889.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 193 


Dirrhizodon KLUNZINGER, Verh. z0ol.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 664, 1871. (Type, 
Dirrhizodon elongatus Klunzinger, monotypic. ) 

Body elongated, slender. Head with slightly convex profile. 
Snout rounded in front, little wider than long. Teeth elevated, tri- 
angular, mostly curved or inclined backward, toward apex both 
coronal edges becoming coarsely serrated; root divided into two di- 
vergent branches; upper teeth relatively large, broad, flat; front 
lower teeth slender, subulate, curved inward, without denticles or 
only one or two minute basal points. Nasal flap distinct. Inter- 
orbital level. Guill openings wide. Spiracle one-fourth of eye, one 
diameter behind eye. First dorsal close behind pectoral base; second 
dorsal over anal. Caudal with upper lobe much longer, notched 
near end. Pectorals moderate. 

One species known from the Red Sea and several from Cretaceous 
and later formations. 


HEMIPRISTIS ELONGATUS (Klunzinger) 


Dirrhizodon elongatus Kiunzinerr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 665, 
1871 (type locality: Red Sea).—Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 
3, p. 225, 1888 (Red Sea). 

Depth 9; head 6, width 1. Snout 314 to 4 in head, %4 to % 
postocular part of head; front of lower lip with lobe and upper lip 
with 3 grooves from angle; teeth in 13+13 rows, mostly 6 rows 
inside; interorbital 5. Last gill opening above pectoral, each gill 
opening 3 times high as eye. 

Scales with 3 to 5 keels. 

First dorsal begins above hind angle of pectoral; second dorsal 
moderate, 2 to 214 times lower than first dorsal; anal somewhat 
smaller, begins below middle of second dorsal; caudal length nearly 
equal to both dorsals, upper lobe 3 times longer than lower and sub- 
caudal very curved; pectoral not quite twice long as high, not smaller 
than first dorsal, similar and deeply concave; angles of all fins 
pointed. 

Back slate-gray. Belly white. Fins gray, hind tips of anal 
white. Length, 2.3m. (Klunzinger.) 

Red Sea. 

Genus TRIAENODON Miiller and Henle 


Triaenodon MULLER and HENL#, Siiz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1987, p. 117. 
(Atypic: Type, Carcharias obesus Rtippell; Arch. Naturg., 1837, pt. 1, p. 
396. Atypic: Type, Carcharias obesus Riippell, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 55, 1841. Type, Carcharias obesus Riippell, designated by Jordan, 
Genera of Fishes, pt. 2, 192, 1919.) 


Body rather slender, tapers to head and tail. Head wide, nar- 
rows forward from broad convex crown. Snout short, wide, de- 
pressed. Eyes small, lateral with nicitating membrane. Mouth 


194 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


wide, greatly arched, labial folds rudimentary. Teeth small, equal, 
numerous, with stronger median cusp and 1 or 2 small lateral cusps. 
Nostrils nearer mouth than snout end, front valves folded inward 
with appearance as if double, with short rounded lobe. Last gill 
openings above pectoral. No spiracles. Scales small, with 3 to 7 
keels. First dorsal above space behind pectorals. Second dorsal 
above anal. Caudal with pit at root above, subcaudal lobe well 
developed. 


TRIAENODON OBESUS (Riippell) 


Carcharias obesus RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 64, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1835 
(type locality: Djedda, Red Sea). 

Triaenodon obesus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 55, pl. 
20, 1841 (Indian Ocean, Red Sea).—BireKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (reference).—DuMErRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 386, 1865 (Red Sea). —GuntTuHer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 
20, p. 67, 1867 (Red Sea; Aneiteum); Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 383, 1870 (Seychelles; Aneiteum, New Herbrides).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. 
zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 617, 1871 (Red Sea).—PetTers, Monatsb. 
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 447, 1876 (Seychelles)—Meryrr, Anal. Soc. 
‘Espafi. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Misol).—Goreoza, Anal. Soc. 
Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 74, 1885 (Manila).—Brusina, Glasnik 
Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 226, 1888 (Rea Sea).—Day, Fauna British 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 25, 1889 (probably off India).—HErra. Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 615, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay).—GUntTuHeER, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 482, 1910 (Misol, Macassar, Aneiteum, Tahiti).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 163, 1918 (Red Sea and Indian 
Ocean).—WesrR, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 592, 1913 (Makassar, 
Daanar, Northwest Waigiu).—FowLrer and Batt, Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 
4, 1925 (Laysan, Lisiansky and Wake Islands).—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 22, fig. 7, 1928 (Laysan example) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci Congr., Java, p. 489, 1930 (Laysan). 

Trioenodon obesus SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (ref- 
erence). 

Leptocharias obesus Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 51, 1851 (reference). 

Triaenodon obtusus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 720, pl. 189, fig. 3, 1878 (type 
locality : Kurrachee) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 25, 1889 (fig. 6 
copied).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 168, 1913 (copied).— 
PrArRSoN, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, p. E4. 

Eulamia odontaspis Fow irr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1908, p. 63, fig. 
2 (type locality: probably Indian Ocean). 


Depth 444 to 47% to subcaudal origin; head 4%5 to 434, width 134 
to 124. Snout 234 to 3 in head, broadly obtuse with rounded profile 
as seen from above; eye 514 to 534 in head, 144 to 2 in snout, 3 to 
314, in interorbital, depth 34 its length; dentary width 214 to 234 
in head, length 44 its width, preoral 124 to 134 in dentary width, 
labial fold very short and not extended along jaws; dentition unde- 
veloped; nostrils nearer mouth than snout end, about 214 in inter- 
narial space, front nasal valve moderate triangular flap and hind 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT sEAs 195 


valve rather narrowed triangular flap; interorbital 184 to 124 in 
head, broad, convex. Gill openings narrow, about equally spaced, 
last deepest and above pectoral. 

Scales small, mostly as smooth tubercles (young). 

First dorsal origin midway between hind basal edge of pectorals 
and ventral origins, length 114 to 114 in head, hind lobe ends in short, 
narrow, triangular point; second dorsal similar, origin little nearer 
ventral origin than subcaudal origin, length 124 to 2 in head; sub- 
caudal height 114 to 114, 21% to 214 in caudal length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 414, to 514 in head; pectoral length 114, width 13, its 
length; ventral length 2 to 23%. 

Light cinnamon brown generally, paler below. Fins all more or 
less darker terminally. Though neither species with white tips to 
fins, first dorsal and caudal tips paler than rest of fin. 

Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East 
Indies, Philippines, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. 

U.S.N.M. No. 6688. Bonin Islands. William Stimpson. Length, 280-286 mm. 

Two examples. 


Genus LEPTOCHARIAS Miiller and Henle 


Leptocharias (Andrew Smith) Mtiier and Hents, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Charles- 
worth, vol. 2, p. 386, 19388. (Atypic: Type, Triaenodon smithii Miiller and 
Henle.) 

Leptocarias (Andrew Smith) Mtrrer and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 56, 1841. (Type, Triaenodon smithii Miller and Henle. “Typus der Gat- 
tung Leptocarias Smith”.) 

Leptocarcharias GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 384, 1870. (Type, 
Triaenodon smithii Miiller and Henle, orthotypic.) 

Body elongate, rather slender. Head short. Snout produced, 
rounded at end. Eye with nictitating membranes. Mouth large, 
greatly arched, labial folds long. ‘Teeth equal, small, numerous, alike 
in jaws, with longer median cusp and 1 to 3 smaller lateral cusps at 
each side on base. Nostrils nearer mouth than snout end, front nasal 
valve with elongate lobe. Last gill opening above pectoral base. 
First dorsal above space between pectorals and ventrals. Second 
dorsal above anal. Caudal without pit at root, small subcaudal 
undeveloped. 

Though known only from the West African coast Barnard sug- 
gests it may eventually be also found in South Africa. Jordan gives 
“Leptocarias Smith: Ill. S. Af. Zool.; orthotype 7’riaenodon smithi 
Gray,” but on turning to that work I fail to find it there. 


LEPTOCHARIAS SMITHII (Miiller and Henle) 


Triaenodon smithii MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 56, pl. 21, 
1841 (type locality: Kabenda Bay, West Africa).—BLrEKrr, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland Indié, vol. 21, p. 57, 1860 (reference)—Dumérin, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 387, 1865 (compiled). 


196 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Leptocharias smithiti Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 51, 1851 (type).— 
GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 164, 1913 (compiled) .—Fow er, 
Copeia, No. 1, p. 21, 1980 (note on identity of Mustelus osborni) ; Bull. Amer, 
Mus, Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 59, fig. 15, 1986 (type of Mustelus osborni). 

Leptocarcharias smithii GiinrHeR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 384, 
1870 (type locality given as “South Africa’). 

Leptocarcharias smithit Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 28, 
1925 (compiled). 

Mustelus osborni Fowtrr, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 103, p. 1, 1928 (type locality: 
Mouth of the Congo). 

Depth 1044 to subcaudal origin; head 624, width 114. Snout 2 in 
head ; eye 914, 434 in snout, 5 in interorbital; mouth width 2°, in head, 
long as broad; preoral length 124 in mouth; teeth small, alike in jaws, 
with median longer cusp and 1 or 2 smaller basal cusps, all decreasing 
in size toward mouth angles; small median erect lower tooth; nostrils 
behind middle in snout length, much closer to mouth than snout end, 
front valve with long, slender, pointed lobe, internarial 114 in preoral 
length; interorbital 134, in head, rather low. Gill openings 
equidistant. 

Scales minute, tridentate, median point longest. 

First dorsal origin opposite depressed pectoral tip, front fin edge 
equals head measured to second gill opening; second dorsal front edge 
very slightly less than head to first gill opening; anal origin opposite 
first third of second dorsal base, front fin edge 134 in head; pectoral 
114), width 134 its length; ventral length 114, slender clasper long as 
fin; caudal 414 in rest of body, subcaudal 3 in caudal. 

Gray brown, paler below. (Miiller and Henle.) 

West Africa. Barnard gives its length as 550 mm. 


A.M.N.H. No. 8281. Mouth of the Congo. Messrs. H. Lang and J. H. Chapin. 
Length, 752 mm. Type of Mustelus osborni. 


Genus TRIAKIS Miller and Henle 


Triakis Mittrr and Hentz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Charlesworth, vol. 2, p. 86, 
1838. (Atypic: Type, Triakis scyllium Miiller and Henle; Syst. Beschr. 
Plagiostomen, p. 63, 1841. Type, Triakis scyllium Miiller and Henle, mono- 
typic.)—AaGassiz, Nomenclat. Zool., Index, p. 375, 1846. 

Triacis GiintueR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 348, 1870. (Type, Triakis 
scyllium Miiller and Henle. Emendation.) 

Rhinotriacis Git, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 486. (Type, 
Rhinotriacis henlei Gill, monotypic.) 

Calliscyllium TanaKa, Fishes of Japan, vol. 10, p. 17, 1912. (Type, Calliscyl- 
lium venustum Tanaka, monotypic.) 

Hemitriakis Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 23, p. 70, 1923. (Type, Hemi- 
triakis leucoperiptera Herre, monotypic. ) 


Body elongate. Head depressed, flattened below. Snout obtuse. 
Eye small, with nictitating fold. Mouth arched, labial folds and car- 
tilages well developed. Teeth small, numerous, bases with 2 roots, 
each tooth with stronger median cusp and at each side of base denticle 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 197 


or denticles. Front nasal valve with rounded lobe. Last gill open- 
ings above pectoral base. Spiracles small, behind eyes. First dorsal 
above space between pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal above 
anal. Caudal short, no pit at origin and notch behind small 
subcaudal. 

Small sharks, without caudal pits and often blotched or spotted. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, TRIAKIgs. Internarial more than half preoral length; outer fin edges concave. 


6: Coloration “uniform brownish_23 bits ee leucoperiptera 
b*%. Coloration brown, with darker obscure cross bands and scattered black 
SPOtSoe es! REA 2a Ube Rieke =A OM) oe A a obs oh SS seyllium 


a’. CALLISCYLLIUM. Inner internarial 14 outer internarial width, less than half 
preoral length; outer fin edges scarcely concave; coloration greatly varie- 
gated with small dark spots over upper surface of body_--------- venusta 


Subgenus TRIAKIS Miller and Henle 
TRIAKIS LEUCOPERIPTERA (Herre) 


Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 23, p. 71, pl. 1, 
1923 (type locality: Dumaguete, Philippines) ; Journ. Pan-Pacifie Res. Inst., 
vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 
1931, p. 12, 1934 (Dumaguete).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1987 (reference). 

Triakis leucoptera Fow rr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 
19380 (reference). (Error.) 

Depth 524 to 724 to subcaudal origin; head 4 to 514, width about 
144. Snout 2% to 214 in head; eye 4 to 534, 1% to 21% in snout, 
trifle less than 2 in interorbital; mouth width 214 in head, length 
21% its width, labial folds large, upper longer than lower or about 
24 upper jaw; teeth in 18 rows above, 34 below, strongly oblique with 
longer sharp pointed cusp and 2 or 3 much smaller denticles on 
outer side; lower median teeth with no to 3 small basal denticles 
each side; remaining rows of teeth smaller than opposing upper 
teeth, strongly oblique, with larger cusp directed toward mouth angle 
and 1 to 4 minute cusps on denticles on outer side; nostrils about 
midway in preoral, each front valve with outer triangular pointed 
flap near inner angle of nostril and under and at right angles smaller 
dividing fold or flap, internarial 134 in preoral length; interorbital 
low. Guill openings with third largest, last smallest, last 2 over 
pectoral. 

First dorsal origin before hind inner pectoral angle, front fin edge 
14%, to 1% in head; front edge of second dorsal 114 to 134; front 
anal edge 21/, to 224, origin below middle of second dorsal base; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 534 to 6; ventral length 1% to 214; pectoral 
1 to 1144, width 1% its length, which reaches nearly opposite hind 
first dorsal basal edge with age; caudal 3 to 384 in rest of body, 
subcaudal 21% to 224 in caudal or 1% to 2 in head. 


198 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Nearly uniform dark gray-brown above lateral line, darkest on 
crown, snout and predorsal. Paler below, whitish or with yellowish 
cast’ beneath. Fins with narrow, white, hind edges. Length, 955 
mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. Known only from the type, containing 12 young 
200-218 mm. long. 


TRIAKIS SCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle 


Triakis scyllium MUtirr and HENrE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 63, pl. 26, 1841 
(type locality: Japan).—BLrErKeErR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 
24, p. 121, 1858 (Japan).—Brevoorr, Narr. Exped. China Japan, Perry, vol. 
2, p. 285, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1956 (Simoda).—BtLerKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 26, p. 42, 1857 (Japan).—Dumérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 397, 1865 (compiled).—StTEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, 
p. 224, 1896 (Kobe, Hiogo, Nagasaki).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proce. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 336, 1900 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japan, vol. 3, p. 39 
(127), 1901 (Yokohama).—JorpAN and EverRMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 25, p. 318, 1902 (Formosa).—JorpDAN and Fow ter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 26, p. 609, 1903 (Tokyo, Tsuruga, Onomichi, Hakata ).—PIETSCHMANN, 
Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 689, 1908 
(Japan).—Snyper, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 400, 1912 (Tokyo; 
Misaki).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 166, 1913 (Japan) .— 
IzuKA and MAtTsuuRA, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 190, 
1920 (Tokyo).—WattTe, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 20, fig. 25, 
1921 (St. Vincent Gulf).—Morr, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 
1928 (Jensen, Korea).—Wuv, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, 
No. 4, p. 7, fig. 5, 1929 (Amoy).—Sorpatoy and Linppere, Bull. Pacific Sci. 
Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 8, 1930 (Far East Seas).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat- 
uralist, vol. 1, p. 80, fig. 9, 1930 (China); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 490, 1930 (Japan).—Fane and Wang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 229, fig. 6, 1932 (Chefoo).—TANnaka, Jap. Fish. Life 
Colours, No. 13, 1933.—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 91, 
1933 (Chusan).—WuitLtey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (reference). 

Triacis scyllium Ginruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 884, 1870 (com- 
piled).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 
62, 1897. 

Triacis semifasciata (not Girard) GinrHer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 
13, p. 154, 1874 (Chefoo). 


Depth 634 to 734 to subcaudal lobe origin; head 414 to 434, width 
114 to 134. Snout 214 to 236 in head, rounded, obtuse; eye 534 to 
614, 214 to 21% in snout, 234 to 3 in interorbital, depth 24 its length; 
dentary width 27% to 3 in head, length 34 its width, labial grooves 
deep on each jaw, upper slightly longer and both slightly less than 
half of each jaw; teeth in 40 rows above, 36 rows below, each with 
narrow median triangular cusp and 1 or 2 small basal cusps each 
side, edges entire; nostrils at last third in preoral, front valve wide, 
its width 144 in internarial space; interorbital 214 to 214 in head, 
broad, little convex. Gill openings with second to fourth subequally 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 199 


longest, fourth and fifth closer than others and above pectoral base. 

Spiracles small, level with and 14 diameter behind eye. 

Scales small, as simple, narrow triangular, tricarinate cusps, 
rough velvety to touch. 

First dorsal origin opposite hind edge of depressed pectoral, 
length 114 to 11% in head, hind lobe rather short narrow triangular 
point; second dorsal origin little before anal origin or at last fifth 
in space between ventral and anal origins, length 114 to 124 in head, 
like first dorsal; anal origin opposite first third of second dorsal or 
opposite middle of second dorsal, length 114 to 2145 in head; sub- 
caudal equals head, 114 to 124 in caudal length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 414 to 5 in head; pectoral 114 to 114, width 136 to 
144 its length; ventral 134 to 1% in head. 

Back and upper surface gray to dark mauve brown, under surfaces 
of head, body, and tail whitish. Ten diffuse dark bands on head 
above and back, with few variable scattered dusky or slate black 
spots also over back and sides. In some examples few whitish or 
gray spots scattered over head and back. Under surfaces of paired 
fins grayish. 

China, Formosa, Korea, Japan, South Australia. The dark spots 
on the body are subject to great variation, though most always quite 
small. While never absent they are variously obscure or even greatly 
contrasted. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22607. Awa, Japan. Japanese Government. Length 473 mm. 
Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 5, width 1144. Snout 214 in head, rather 
broadly convex as seen from above; eye 614, 2%4 in snout, 244 in interorbital, 
depth half its length; dentary width 2°4 in head, length 214 its width, with 
moderate, deep fold around each angle, of which upper little longer or some- 
what less than half each half of upper jaw, also groove extends from mouth 
angle to divide labial folds; teeth in 86 rows above, 32 rows below. As 
Carcharias japonicus. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50726. Tokyo. Jordan and Snyder. Two examples. Length, 
233 to 295 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71711. Misaki, Japan. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 298 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71712. Misaki. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 368 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71765. Misaki. Albatross collection (0273). Length, 254 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71767. Tokyo. Albatross collection (0476). Length, 305 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71771. Tokyo. Albatross collection (0483). Length, 289 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71772. Misaki. Albatross collection (09609). Length, 308 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71773. Misaki. ‘Albatross collection (0888). Length, 326 mm. 


Subgenus CALLISCYLLIUM Tanaka 
TRIAKIS VENUSTA (Tanaka) 
Calliscyllium venustum TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 10, p. 171, pl. 46, figs. 
178-183, 1912 (type locality: Tokyo market, Japan).—ScuHmint, Compt. 


Rend. Acad. Sci. U. 8S. 8S. R., 1928, p. 65, figs. 1-8 (teeth, fins, ete.) (Okinawa; 
RiuKiu).—TAnaAkA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 6, 1933, 


1§6861—40——14 


200 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Triakis venusta GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 456, 1913 (Sagami 
Sea ).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 490 (reference), 
1930. 

Depth 924 to subcaudal origin; head 7, width 114. Snout 23% 
in head; eye 4, 124 in snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth width 2 in head, 
length 2¥, its width or 11% in preoral, labial folds short; teeth small, 
subequal, slightly inclined outward, with larger median and 2 or 3 
lateral cusps each side; nostrils about last third in preoral length, 
internarial about 14 in width between outer nasal borders; inter- 
orbital 21% in head, low. Last 2 gill openings closer, above pectoral. 

Scales small, each with median keel ending in point behind, slight 
obtuse point widely each side. 

First dorsal origin much nearer ventral origin than pectoral, front 
fin edge 1 in head; front second dorsal edge 1; front anal edge 2, 
origin little before second dorsal origin; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 41%4 in head; pectoral 1, not reaching dorsal origin, width 
11% its length; ventral length 114 in head; caudal 3,3, in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 314 in caudal length or 144 in head. 

Light sepia, pale beneath. Numerous dark brown spots, irregu- 
larly scattered on upper parts of body and fins except anal and under 
surface of pectoral and ventral. About 17 indistinct clouded like 
saddles on back. Length, 645mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. The type No. 3398, Science College Museum, Tokyo. 


Genus ERIDACNIS H. M. Smith 


Eridacnis H. M. Smirw, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 599, 1913. (Type, 
Hridacnis radcliffei H. M. Smith, orthotypic. ) 

Body elongate, rather slender, compressed. Head moderate. Eye 
with nictitating membrane. Mouth wide, angular, without labial 
folds. Teeth small, erect, pluricuspid, alike in jaws. Guill openings 
rather narrow, last 2 or 3 above pectoral. Spiracle moderate, close 
behind eye. Scales tridentate. Dorsals subequal, first entirely be- 
fore ventrals. Anal opposite second dorsal, much smaller. No 
caudal pits. Caudal long, nearly straight, notch near tip, subcaudal 
little distinct. Pectorals rounded. 

Small, deep water, viviparous sharks. One species. Differs from 
Triakis chiefly in the absence of labial folds. 


ERIDACNIS RADCLIFFEI H. M. Smith 


Eridacnis radcliffei H. M. Smiru, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 599, pl. 47, 
1913 (type locality: Off Jolo, Sulu Islands, in 161 fathoms).—Fowterr, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 490, 1980 (reference).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull 6, p. 14, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 514 to 54% to subcaudal origin; head 4 to 424, width 114 to 
114. Snout 2% to 3 in head; eye 314 to 4, 1 to 114 in snout, 1% 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 201] 


to 134 in interorbital; mouth width 21% to 214 in head, gape 11% to 

114 its width, form nearly equilateral triangle, without folds or 

grooves at corners; upper jaw with about 60 rows of fine, tricuspid 

teeth, edges of all entire and median cusp largest, narrowly triangu- 
lar; nostril 24 to 34 long as eye, internarial less than nostril length, 

134 to 21% in preoral length, which 24% to 31% in head; interorbital 

214 to 244, broadly and slightly convex. Last gill opening smallest, 

nearer fourth than width of other interspaces. Spiracle rather large, 

close behind lower eye edge. 

Scales minute, tridentate, median point longest and with median 
keel. Caudal without pits. 

First dorsal origin little nearer second dorsal origin than snout 
tip, fin length 1 to 14% in head; second dorsal length 1149 to 144; 
anal length 114 to 114, origin opposite to slightly in advance of 
second dorsal origin; caudal 214 to 21% in rest of body, subcaudal 
length 114 to 114 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 
4 to 414, in head; pectoral 14% to 114, width 114 to 114 in its length; 
ventral length 114 to 18% in head. 

Upper surface gray brown, under surfaces pale to whitish. 
Caudal with 4 obscurely defined slightly darker broad bandlike 
blotches, much wider than pale interspaces. Young with hind por- 
tions of dorsals whitish. 

Philippines. 

D. 5135. Balukbaluk Island (North) S. 59° W., 6.25 miles (6° 44’ 45’’ N., 121° 
48’ E.), Sulu Archipelago, near Basilan Island. February 7, 1908. Length, 
110 to 228 mm. 2 examples. 

3301 to 3304, 3665. D. 5403. Capitancillo Island Light, S. 46° W., 15.7 miles 
(11° 10’ N., 124° 17’ 15’’ E.), between Leyte and Cebu. March 16, 1909. 
Length, 119-190 mm. 5 examples. 

1716. D. 5503. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 31° E., 6.6 miles (8° 36’ 
26’’ N., 124° 36’ 08’’ H.). August 4, 1909. Length, 120 mm. 

1954, 1962. D. 5518. Port Tagolo Light, S. 64° W., 8.7 miles (8° 48’ N., 123° 31’ 
E.), Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length, 213-234 mm. 2 examples. 

15380. D. 5537. Apo Island (C.), S. 26° W., 11.8 miles (9° 15’ 45’’ N., 123° 
22’ 00’’ E.), between Negros and Siquijor. August 19, 1909. Length, 242 


mm. 
Genus MUSTELUS Linck 


Mustelus Linck, Mag. Phys. Naturg. Gotha, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 31, 1790. (Type, 
Squalus mustelus Linnaeus, monotypic.) 

Mustelus VALtMont, Dict. Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 8, p. 1388, 1768; vol. 12, p. 523, 
1769. [Type, Galeus stellatus Valmont=—Squalus mustelus Linnaeus (in- 
admissible).]—Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 126, 
1826. (Type, Squalus mustelus Linnaeus.) 

Mustellus FISCHER-WALDHEIM, Zoognosia, ed. 3, vol. 1, p. 78, 1813. (Type, 
Squalus mustelus Linnaeus.) 

Myrmillo Gistet, Naturg. Theirreichs, p. x, 1848. (Type, Squalus musteius 
Linnaeus, virtually.) (Myrmillo Gistel proposed to replace Mustelus 
Linck.) 


202 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Pleuracromylon Git, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 148. (Type, 
Mustelus laevis Risso, orthotypic.) 

Cynias GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 960, 1903. (Type, Squalus canis 
Mitchill, orthotypic.) 

Cynais Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 55. (Type, Squalus 
canis Mitchill.) (Error.) 

Body slender, nearly long as tail, Head short, depressed, wide, 
tapers in front, wider and flattened below. Snout long, depressed, 
produced, and rounded. Eye large, ellipsoid, lateral, lower lid with 
nictitating fold. Mouth crescentic, subangular, rounded anteriorly, 
labial folds well developed. Teeth small, numerous, polyserial, flat, 
smooth or with shallow notches or low cusps, rhombic, pavementlike, 
alike in jaws. Nostrils large, well separated, without groove to 
mouth, front valve produced in outer angle. Spiracle small, close 
behind eye. Dorsals alike. First dorsal large and above abdomen, 
close behind pectorals, second dorsal above anal, which smaller. Tail 
nearly straight, lower lobe almost obsolete, without pits. Pectorals 
large. 

Small sharks found in most cool seas, their food usually crusta- 
ceans, mollusks, and small fish. They have been divided into two 
groups, based on the presence or absence of the placental attachment 
in the embryo. This has evidently evolved by means of vascular 
folds of the umbilical sac of the embryo attaching with membranes 
lining the so-called uterus. This then functions as a sort of pseudo- 
placenta in which nutritive matter is diffused with maternal blood to 
the foetus, as in higher animals. 

Cynias kanekonis Tanaka * is described in Japanese. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, PLEURACROMYLON. Coloration usually uniform, without spots. 


b*. First dorsal origin behind inner pectoral origin-_---_______ lenticulatus 
b*. First dorsal origin opposite inner pectoral angle; teeth without extended 
Cusp yw Slightly, concaveron inneriedges= sees ee antarcticus 
b®. First dorsal origin forward of inner pectoral angle; teeth with notches or 
denticles ee 07. jue si i ma eer Die ee ee Bg IE canis 


a*, Mustetus. Coloration variegated with dark or light spots. 
c’. Usually spotted with white. 


d’. First dorsal origin above inner pectoral angle_______________ manazo 
d@’. First dorsal origin opposite pectoral axil___________________ mustelus 
ce’. Usually spotted with black; first dorsal origin behind inner pectoral 
GINS wf cea a gE cs Sup ak a LT igi Eanes Oe Se ld punctulatus 


Subgenus PLEURACROMYLON Gill 
MUSTELUS LENTICULATUS Phillipps 


Mustelus lenticulatus PHiLLIpps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 13, p. 226, 
1932 (type locality: Wellington Harbor).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 


4Dobuts. Zasshi Tokyo, vol. 28, p. 26, 1916 (type locality : Japan). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 203 


Mustelus antarcticus (not Giinther) PHILLIPpPps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., 
vol. 6, p. 2638, fig. 7, 1924 (New Zealand) ; Bibl. New Zealand Fish., Fisher. 
Bull. 1, p. 8, 1927. 


Snout to pectoral origin 524 in total length, equals distance from 
hind tip of first dorsal to origin of second dorsal. First 3 gill slits 
slightly increase in size backward and last 2 decrease considerably. 
Dorsal origin halfway between snout tip and second dorsal origin, 
just behind rounded inner edge of pectoral, and hind dorsal lobe 
reaches nearly to ventral, which much nearer snout than tip of tail. 
Anal reaches over one-third and under half distance from its base to 
caudal origin. Upper caudal lobe measured obliquely equals dis- 
tance from snout to last gill opening. (Phillipps.) 

New Zealand. Said to differ from Mustelus antarcticus in its spot- 
ted body, prenasal space 334 in head to first gill slit (compared with 
3), gills increasing in size backward to third which largest and then 
suddenly decreasing (compared with gills decreasing backward or 
first 2 largest), upper caudal lobe equals space from snout to last 
gill opening (compared with same space much less in Mustelus ant- 
arcticus), and reaching over one-third space from its base to caudal 
(under one-third space from its base to caudal in M. antarcticus). 


MUSTELUS ANTARCTICUS Giinther 


Mustelus antarcticus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 387, 1870 
(type locality: New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand, Antarctic Ex- 
pedition).—CasTELN4AUv, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 216, 
1872 (Hobsons Bay).—Hecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. Sury. Dept. (Fishes 
New Zealand), p. 76, pl. 12, fig. 123, 1872.—CasTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. 
Soe. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 88, 1873 (Melbourne).—Herctor, Handb. New Zea- 
land, p. 16, 1879.—RAmsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 
1880 (Port Jackson).—MAac.eay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, 
p. 356, 1882 (Tasmania, Port Phillip, Port Jackson).—ParKeErR, Trans. New 
Zealand Inst., vol. 15, p. 219, pl. 30, 1882.—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Vic- 
toria, dec. 9, pl. 87, 1884.—Oainpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 4, 
1888 (Port Jackson, Broken Bay; Launceston, Tasmania) ; Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1770, 1888 (New South Wales).—PARKER, 
Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 331, pl. 19, 1889.—Lucas, Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 48, 1890 (passim).—WaiTs, Prelim. Rep. 
Thetis Exped., p. 38, 1898 (east to Newcastle Bight, New South Wales) ; 
Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 7, 1907 (reference) ; No. 2, p. 10, 
pl. 14, fig. 2, 1908 (New Zealand coast in 10 to 105 fathoms).—McCuttocnu, 
Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 7, p. 315, pl. 90, fig. 3, 1909 (Manly ).—OcILBy, 
Commerce. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 46, 1915 (Moreton Bay); Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 78, 1916 (Southport, Moreton Bay, Brisbane 
River, Great Sandy Strait)—Wartre, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 
2, Apr. 23, p. 14, fig. 18, 1921—McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 128, 1925 (reference).—McCutiocu, Fishes of New 
South Wales, ed. 2, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 13a, 1927.—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pa- 
cific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 489, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus. vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 


204 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Galeus antarcticus. WAITE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 33, 1899 (New 
South Wales) ; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 175, fig. 19, 1902 (fetus and 
shell gland). 

Galeorhinus antarcticus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 175, 1913 
(Melbourne).—Waite and McCutiocu, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 
vol. 39, p. 459, 1915 (Great Australian Bight in 86-94 fathoms). 

Mustelus vulgaris (not Miiller and Henle) Gray, List fish British Museum, 
p. 56 1851 (Antarctic Expedition). 

Mustelus laevis (not Risso) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 415, 1865 (Auck- 
land). 

Depth 7 to 7% to subcaudal origin; head 414 to 434, width 134 to 
144. Snout 214 to 21% in head, rather obtusely rounded as seen from 
above; eye 424 to 534, twice long as deep, 2 to 21% in snout, 214 to 
21% in interorbital; dentary width 3 to 334 in head, length 11% to 14 
its width, with deep labial grooves, upper longer or not quite half 
jaw length; teeth in 60 rows in jaws, smooth, broader than long; 
nostrils much nearer mouth than snout end, width 114 in internarial, 
front valve triangular; interorbital 234 to 224 in head, broad, convex. 
Gill openings with last 2 or 3 closer together, second and third larg- 
est, fourth and fifth above pectoral base. Spiracle small, level with 
eye and about 14 eye diameter posterior. 

Scales very small, end in single point, tricarinate. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner angle of depressed pectoral, front 
edge 1% to 144 in head; second dorsal origin nearer that of ventral 
than subcaudal lobe origin, front edge 134 to 2 in head; anal inserted 
opposite first 14 or 3% of second dorsal base, front edge 214 to 2% 
in head; subcaudal length 114 to 114, front edge 144 to 2% in its 
length; least depth of caudal peduncle 6% to 7 in head; pectoral 
length 114 to 114, width 114 to 1% its length; ventral length 135 to 
134 in head; claspers narrow, slender, pointed, extend little beyond 
ventrals. 

Gray or gray-brown above, under surfaces whitish. 

South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zea- 
land. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39675. New Zealand. Otago University. Length, 405 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40028. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 440 mm. 


MUSTELUS CANIS (Mitchill) 


Squalus canis MircHILL, Trans. Literary Philos. Soc. New York, vol. 1, p. 486, 
1815 (type locality: New York). 

Mustelus canis Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 30, 1925 
(Natal).—NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 36, 1985 (lat. 33°53’ S., long, 
17°39’ E., in 310 m.).—Fowter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; vol. 70, pt. 1, 
p. 61, fig. 16, 1986 (New Jersey). 

Mustelus vulgaris CLoquet, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 14, p. 406, 1819 (on Galeus laevis 
Rondelet, Pisc.. p. 375, 1554, type locality: Europe). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 205 


Mustelus laevis Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, 1826, p. 127 
(type locality: Nice).—CiLarK, Rep. Sci. Res. Scotia, Scot. Nat. Antarct. 
Exped., vol. 4, p. 395, 1915 (Cape Colony). 

Galeorhinus laevis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 176, pl. 4, figs. 
4-9, pl. 60, figs. 1-4, 1918 (France; New York). 

Mustelus equestris BoNAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fasc. 7, 
descr., pl. fig. 2, 1834 (type locality: Italy). 


Depth 714 to 8 to subcaudal origin; head 5 to 6, width 114 to 134. 
Snout 2 to 224 in head; eye 414 to 614, 214 to 234 in snout, 5 to 514 
in interorbital; mouth width 214 to 314 in head, length 224 to 3 in 
width, end of mandible shghtly before front eye edge; outside mouth 
angle rather long fold forms flap projecting posteriorly, though 
groove distinct posteriorly around it short along upper jaw; teeth in 
55 rows, blunt, tubercular; nostrils midway in preoral, internarial 
half preoral length; interorbital 214 to 234 in head, slightly convex. 
Third gill opening deepest, last 2 over pectoral. 

Scales minute. 

First dorsal origin well behind pectoral base, over hind inner 
pectoral angle, front fin edge 14% to 124 in head; front edge of second 
dorsal 1324 to 144; anal origin opposite middle of second dorsal base, 
front fin edge 2 to 214 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 514 to 
6%; caudal 31% to 3% in rest of body; front subcaudal edge 2 to 21% 
in head; pectoral 1 to 134, width 134 to 2 in its length; ventral 114 
to 134 in head. 

Dull gray-brown above, or pale gray to olive. Under surface of 
body whitish. Upper fins gray, paired fins paler below. Young 
often with blackish on dorsals and caudal terminally and hind fin 
edges pale. 

Atlantic, South Africa. 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 617-620. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. Length, 225 to 664 mm. Types 
of Mustelus equestris. 


Subgenus MustTgEuus Linck 
MUSTELUS MANAZO Bleeker 


Mustelus manazo BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, pp. 42, 
126, 1857 (type locality: Nagasaki).—DuMmérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 403, 1865 (copied).—GUntTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Museum, vol. 8, 
p. 387, 1870 (Japan; Ceylon?) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 154, 
1874 (Chefoo).—BtrEeKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 119, 1874 
(Amoy).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 720, pl. 186, fig. 8, 1878 (Kurra- 
chee).—Perrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 926 (Ningpo).—Day, 
Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 24, 1888 (Kurrachee); Fauna British India, 
vol 1, p. 24, 1889 (fig. copied) (India; Japan).—BovuLenceEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, 1889, p. 243 (Muscat). —STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, 
p. 224, 1896 (Kobe, Hiogo, Nagasaki).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. 
Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 62, 1897.—JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 386, 1900 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japan., vol. 3, pts. 


206 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


2-3, p. 39 (128), 1901 (Yokohama; Hakodate).—JorpAN and FowLer, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 608, 1903 (Hakodate, Aomori, Matsushima, 
Tokyo, Misaki, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata).—DuNckrr, Mitt. 
Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 192, 1904 (locality?).—ScHMipT, Fishes 
western seas Russia, p. 289, 1904 (Gensan).—SmirH and Popr, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 460, 1906 (Kochi, Japan).—Snyprr, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 42, p. 400, 1912 (Otaru, Hakodate, Tokyo, Kagoshima).— 
ZUGMAYER, Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 
(Mekran and Oman).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1925 (Natal).—Tirant, Service Océanogr. péches Indo- 
chine, 6° note, p. 638, 1929 (Cochinchina).—Wuv, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soe. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 8, fig. 6, 1929 (Amoy).—KFow ter, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 589, 1930 (Tokyo; Nagasaki) ; Hong Kong 
Nat., vol. 1, p. 80, fig. 8, 1980 (China) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 489 19380 (Japan).—Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 86, p. 408, 1934 (Natal) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 10, 1938 (reference). 

Mustelus mustelus manazo Brera, Faune Russie, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 68, 1911 (Gen- 
san and Hakodate).—SoLpatTovy and LinpBerG, Bull. Pac. Sci. Fisher. Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 7, 1980 (Far Hast Seas). 

Galeorhinus manazo GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 171, 1913 
Tokyo).—Scumipt and Linpperc, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1930, p. 186 
(Tsuruga).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, 
p. 5 1931 (Nagasaki).—CueEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 
1932 (Indo China).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 9, 1933. 

Cynias manazo IzuKA and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Verte- 
brata., p. 190, 1920 (Tokyo).—Jorpan and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 
10, p. 100, 1925 (Sapporo; Yokohama; Osaka ; Chosi; Misaki).—Mort, Journ. 
Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Jensen and Mokpo, Korea ).—Fanea@ 
and Wana, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 233, fig. 8, 1952 
(Tsingtau).—Wane, Biol. Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 91, 
1983 (Ningpo; Chusan; Haimen; Wenchow; Yengting). 

Mustelus vulgaris (not Miiller and Henle) SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Ja- 
ponica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 308, pl. 184, 1850 (Bay of Nagasaki). 

Mustelus griseus PIETSCHMANN, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 45, p. 182, 1908 
(Japan) ; Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 694, 
pl. 2, figs. 1, 8 a-b, 1908 (type).—JorpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 10, No. 2, p. 101, 1925 (Mikawa Bay, Toyama, Tokyo market). 

Cynais griseus Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Genzan 
and Mokpo, Korea). 

Mustelus mustelus (not Linnaeus) PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Berg. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 690, 1908 (Japan, Fusan, Tokyo, Nagasaki; 
not Trieste). 

Cynias mustelus TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 3, p. 47, pl. 12, figs. 37-41, 1911. 


Depth 644 to 914 to subcaudal origin; head 41% to 4%, width 114 
to 144. Snout 21/4 to 21% in head, triangular as seen in profile from 
above; eye 444 to 51%, 2 to 2% in snout, 2 in interorbital, twice long 
as deep; dentary width 314 to 3% in head, length 2% its width, with 
deep labial grooves, upper longer or not quite half jaw length; teeth 
in 48 rows above, 40 below, small, convex on crown; nostrils much 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 207 


nearer mouth than snout end, width 114 in internarial, front valve 
triangular; interorbital 214 to 234 in head, broad, convex. Gill 
openings equidistant, first largest and others graduated to last which 
smallest, last 2 above pectoral base. Spiracle moderate, level with 
eye and 14 eye diameter posterior. . 

Scales very small, each ends in single point, triangular, tricarinate. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner angle of depressed pectoral, 
front edge 114 to 134 in head; second dorsal origin nearer ventral 
origin than subcaudal origin, front edge 144 to 1% 9 in head; anal 
origin opposite last third in second dorsal base, front edge 27% to 3% 
in head; subcaudal length 11% to 114, front edge 144 to 2,5 its length; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 6 to 614 in head; pectoral length 114 
to 114, width 114 to 1% its length; ventral length 135 to 2 in head; 
claspers narrow, slender, extend little beyond ventrals. 

Gray-brown above, whitish below. Scattered whitish spots over 
upper surface of body. 

Arabian Sea, Natal, Indo-China, China, Korea, Japan. 


U.S.N.M. No. 22610. Muiramisaki, Japan. Japanese Government. 
U.S.N.M. No. 49410. Yokohama. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49411. Yokohama. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50727. Yokohama. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 5380 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 50729. Nagasaki. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 335 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 59782. Kochi. Dr. H. M Smith. Length, 315 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71774. Otaru. Albatross collection 1906. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71775-71777. Kagoshima. Albatross collection 1906. 
U.S.N.M. No. 85861. Northeast China. <A. de C. Sowerby. 


MUSTELUS MUSTELUS (Linnaeus) 


Squalus mustelus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 235, 1758 (type locality : 
Europe) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 400, 1766—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 
1492, 1789 (Oceano europaeo et pacifico).—WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 
505, 1792 (copied).—LAc&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 244, 1798 (Europe, 
Pacific seas).—ScHNEIDFR, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 128, 1801 (European 
Ocean, Pacific). 

Mustelus musteius Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 191 
(Cape waters); Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 61, 1936 
(copied). 

Mustelus asterias CLOQUET, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 14, p. 406, 1819 (on Galeus asterias 
Rondelet, Pise., p. 376, 1554, type locality: HEurope).—Brusina, Glasnik 
Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 226, 1888 (Red Sea). 

Squalus hinnulus BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 83, pl. 20, fig. 2, 
1825 (type locality: Mediterranean). 

Mustelus hinnulus Brustna, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 228, 1888 
(Red Sea). 

Mustelus stellatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 126, 
1826 (type locality: Nice).—BLEEKerR, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie, vol. 
21, p. 57, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Mustelus plebejus BONAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Italica, Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. vm, 
descr., pL, fig. 1, 1834 (type locality: Italy). 


208 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Squalus albomaculatus Piucar, Fisch Platz zu Triest., p. 7, 1846 (type locality: 
Trieste). 

Mustelus vulgaris (not Cloquet) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie, vol. 
21, p. 57, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—Ktunzincrr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 
Wien, vol. 21, p. 668, 1871 (Massaua). 

Squalus edentulus (Chiereghini) DODERLEIN, Manual ittiologico del Mediter- 
raneo, pt. 2, p. 30, 1881 (type locality: Venice). (Reference in synonymy). 

Depth 614 to 7 to subcaudal origin; head 434 to 5, width 114 to 
114. Snout 21% to 214 in head; eye 4 to 6, 2 to 214 in snout, 21% in 
interorbital; mouth width 134 to 2 in head, length 14 its width, 
labial folds nearly half jaw length, upper little longer; teeth smooth, 
small, crowns convex; nostrils midway in preoral or little nearer 
mouth, front valve with rather extended rounded lobe, internarial 
2 to 214 in preoral length; interorbital 2 in head, low. Last gill 
opening over pectoral base. 

Scales very minute. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base or well before inner 
hind pectoral angle, front fin edge 1 to 114 in head; front second 
dorsal edge 114 to 144; front anal edge 214 to 38, origin opposite 
middle of second dorsal base; least depth of caudal peduncle 434 to 5 
in head; pectoral 1 to 114, width 114 to 1% its length; ventral length 
114 to 124; caudal 324 to 324 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 
21% to 234 in head. 

Gray above, paler to whitish below. Along upper half of body 
or above lateral line numerous and variable white spots. Fins all 
more or less with whitish borders. 

Eastern Atlantic, South Africa, Red Sea. Although Barnard 
places Mustelus vulgaris, as figured by Miiller and Henle, with 
Mustelus canis, its advanced first dorsal and blunt teeth show it is 
surely closer to the present species. 


4 young, A.N.S.P. Cape waters. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 140 to 150 mm. 
MUSTELUS PUNCTULATUS Risso 


Mustelus punctulatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 128, 
1926 (type locality: Nice) MULLER and Henig, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 190, 1841. 

Galeorhinus punctulatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus., Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 178, 1913 
(Nice). 

Mustelus megalopterus ANDREW SMITH, Ill. zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 2, 
1849 (type locality: Capetown).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 58, 
1851 (reference). 

Mustelus vulgaris (not Cloquet) Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 56, 1851 
(Cape Seas).—GincHurist, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, pt. 3, p. 47, 1922 (off Natal, in 150 fathoms). 

Mustelus laevis GiintHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 885 (Cape of Good 
Hope), p. 386, 1870 (footnote of Mustelus natalensis).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. 
Z001.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 668, 1871 (Red Sea).—HreEnporF, Symbol. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 2()9 


Physic. Hemprich-Ehrenberg, pl. 7, figs. 3, a—e, 1899 (Red Sea).—BaArnaprp, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 29, 1925 (Table Bay, Kalk Bay to 
Natal, to 100 fathoms). 

Galeorhinus laevis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 176, 1913, not 


figures (part). 

Mustelus mosis (Ehrenberg) Ktunzinerr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 668, 1871 (name in synonymy). 

? Mustelus maculatus (not Kner and Steindachner) CiarK, Rep. Sci. Res. 
Scotia, Scot. Nat. Antarctic Exped., vol. 4, p. 395, 1915 (entrance to 
Saldanha Bay). 

Mustelus nigromaculatus EvERMANN and Rapciirre, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, 
p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1917 (type locality: Lobo de Tierra, Peru).—Fow ter, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 489, 1930 (reference). 

Body elongate, slender; head narrow, depressed. Snout long, 
tapering, blunted at end; eye small, pupil horizontal, orbit 224 in 
snout; mouth small, width 24 snout length, length half its own 
width, short labial folds less half jaw length, upper little longer; 
teeth smooth, cusps rather produced and angular, with concave in- 
dentation on outer edge, though not denticulate; nostrils at last third 
of preoral length, front valve produced in rounded lobe. Gull open- 
ings narrow, greatest width 2% orbit length. 

Fins all concave on hind edge and rounded on outer angle; first 
dorsal origin above inner pectoral angle, height 34 base length which 
half space to second dorsal, end reaching opposite ventrals; second 
dorsal base nearly equals first, fin about half as large, middle of 
base above anal origin; anal extends 1% orbit length farther back 
than second dorsal, base length 24 of space to subcaudal; caudal 
nearly 5 in total, subcaudal weak; pectoral rather small, not reaching 
middle of dorsal base, width 11% in length. 

Gray with scattered small black spots. Lower surfaces white. 
Fins darker, subcaudal blackish toward lower edges. Length 628 
mm. (Garman.) 

Atlantic, South Africa, Red Sea. Mustelus nigromaculatus Ever- 
mann and Radcliffe, founded on an example 500 mm. long from the 
Peruvian coast, does not appear to differ. 


Genus SCYLLIOGALEUS Boulenger 


Scylliogaleus BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 10, p. 51, 1902. (Type, 
Scylliogaleus quecketti Boulenger, monotypic. ) 

Body slender, compressed, shorter than tail. Head wide, de- 
pressed. Snout broad, widely rounded. Eye with nictitating mem- 
brane, pupil an oblique slit. Mouth regularly arched, with strong 
labial folds. Teeth small, in pavement, with flattened crowns, in 
bands in both jaws. Nostrils far apart, connected with mouth by a 
groove, front valves broad and reaching to teeth, narrowly separated 
from one another medially. Spiracle distinct, behind eye. Scales 


210 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


keeled. First dorsal above space between pectorals and ventrals, 
second fin above anal, not much smaller. Anal much smaller than 


second dorsal. Caudal slender, not deep, without pits or lateral 
folds. 


SCYLLIOGALEUS QUECKETTI Boulenger 


Scylliogaleus quecketti BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 10, p. 51, 
pl. 4, 1902 (type locality: off Natal in 40 fathoms).—GaAarRMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 179, 1918 (Natal).—Gi~cHrRist and THOMPSON, Ann. 
Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 283, 1916 (reference).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 5, 1925 (copied). 

Scylliogaleus queketti BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1013, 
1927 (note). 

Depth 61% to subcaudal origin; head 514, width about 114. Snout 
234 in head; eye 4, 134 in snout; mouth width about 284 in head, 
length about 214 its width, which much greater than preoral length; 
long labial folds nearly half length of each jaw; teeth numerous, 
38 rows below, with feebly ribbed crowns; nostrils nearer mouth than 
snout end, wide front valves reach mouth, internarial equals preoral ; 
interorbital low. First gill opening equals eye, last 2 shortest and 
little closer above pectoral. 

Scales keeled, acutely pointed. 

First dorsal origin little nearer pectoral than ventral origin, front 
edge equals head; front edge of second dorsal 114; and origin oppo- 
site first fourth of anal base; anal smaller, front edge 17% in head; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 37; pectoral 1,45, reaches little be- 
yond first dorsal origin; ventral length 114; caudal 314 in rest of 
body. 

Uniform gray above, white beneath. Fins gray, caudal edged with 
white. Length 340 mm. (Boulenger.) 

Natal, South Africa. 


Family SPHYRNIDAE 


Head with remarkable lateral expansions of skull across frontal 
region, thus eyes moved outward. Eyes with well-developed nictitat- 
ing membranes. Mouth crescentic, inferior. Teeth alike in two 
jaws, compressed, oblique, each notched on outside near base and 
labial folds rudimentary. Nostrils distinct from one another and 
from mouth. Last gill opening over pectoral base. No spiracles. 
First dorsal large, in advance of ventrals though nearer pectorals. 
Second dorsal and anal small. Caudal root with pit, single notch 
toward fin tip. Pectorals large. 

A very distinct group of sharks, greatly suggestive of typical 
Galeorhinidae in many ways, such as Scoliodon, Eulamia, etc., differ- 
ing in the greatly expanded lateral lobes on each side of the head. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 211 


These expansions vary greatly from those species with only a slight 
prominence to the extremes in which each lobe greatly exceeds the 
length of the head. It is only with maturity such modifications are 
found, for in the young they are less developed. All are voracious 
feeders, usually living in deep water and some species reaching fif- 
teen feet in length. A large female has been known to contain 
upward of forty embryos. Fossils are known from the early 
Tertiary. 
Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque 


Sphyrna RAFINESQUE, Indice itt. siciliana, pp. 46, 66, 1810. (Type, Squalus zygaena 
Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 26, 
1883.) 

Cestracion (Klein) WaAtsAuMm, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 580, 1792. (Type, Squalus 
zygaena Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, 
vol. 8, p. 87, 1861, inadmissible. ) 

Sphyrnias RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 93, 1815. (Type, Squalus 
zygaena Linnaeus, virtually, as Sphyrnias Rafinesque proposed to replace 
Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810.) 

Cestrorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, designated by Fowler, Geol. Surv. New Jersey, 
Bull. 4, p. 77, 1911.) 

Zygaena (not Fabricius 1775 in Lepidoptera) Cuvier, Régne Animal vol. 2, 
p. 27, 1817. (Type, Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Zygoena Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 125, 1826. Type, 
Squalus zygaena Linnaeus.) 

Zygana Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 318, 18389. (Type, Zygaena 
laticeps Cantor, monotypic.) 

Sphyrichthys THIENEMANN, Lehrb. Zool., p. 408, 1828. (Type, Squalus zygaena 
Linnaeus, virtually, as Sphyrichthys Thienemann proposed to replace 
Sphyrna Rafinesque. ) 

Platysqualus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 318, 1838. (Type, Squalus 
tiburo Linnaeus, monotypic. ) 

Sphyra Hoeven, Handb. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 68, 1858. (Type, Squalus zygaena 
Linnaeus, virtually, as Sphyra Hoeven emendation for Sphyrna Rafinesque. ) 

Eusphyra GitL, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 403, 412, 1862. 
(Type, Zygaena blochii Cuvier, monotypic. ) 

Reniceps Git, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 408, 412, 1862. 
(Type, Squalus tiburo Linnaeus, orthotypic. ) 


Body behind head compressed. Head much depressed, with wide 
oculonarial expansion at each side. Eyes remote from middle of 
head, with nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, greatly arched 
forward, labial fold rudimentary. Teeth compressed, triangular, 
bases broad, with cusps more or less obliquely directed toward mouth 
angles and notched on outer edges. Nostrils at front edge of head. 
No spiracles. First dorsal above space between pectorals and ven- 
trals. Second dorsal above anal. Caudal with pits at origin, with 
produced subcaudal lobe. 


212 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. PLaTysquaLus. Head heart- or kidney-shaped, oculonarial expansion nar- 
row; eyes and nostrils not widely separated_____------------_-_ tiburo 
a*. Head hammer-shaped, very broad. 
bt. SPHyRNA. Eyes and nostrils close together. 
c'. Oculonarial expansion at right angles to body. 
ad’. Narial groove in front of snout; outer edge of hammer rounded and 


front of snout broadly; rounded eee eee tudes 
a. No narial groove; outer edge of hammer and front of snout nearly 
straights) 22 7 tee 6 Ee ee ee OA oe mokarran 


ce. Oculonarial expansion medium, oblique. 
e’. Coneayity in front profile, as seen from above, very slight over 


nostril; cusps of teeth low, very oblique__--------------__ lewini 

e’. Coneavity in front profile, as seen from above, deep over nostril; 
CUSDSHOl. ECU ap TO Tne rn ee ee zygaena 

b?, HuSPHYRA. Hyes and nostrils widely separated; oculonarial expansion 
SOV CLG sr SSL CTY Th a een epee See eed blochii. 


Subgenus PLATYSQUALUS Swainson 
SPHYRNA TIBURO (Linnaeus) 


Squalus tibwro LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 234, 1758 (type locality : 
In America); ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 399, 1766—Waxpaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 
p. 516, 1792 (copied) .—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 127, 1817 (on “Marcgr. 
181’). 

Zygaena tiburo VALENCIENNES, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 9, p. 226, 
pl. 12, figs. 2a—b, 1822 (Brazil).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, ed. 2, p. 394, 
1829 (reference).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Museum, vol. 8, p. 382, 
1870 (New Orleans, Belize, Atlantic, Bahia, China).—Hrra, Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 615, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay, Navotas). 

Sphyrnias tiburo Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 50, 1851 (China; American 
Seas). 

Cestracion tiburo GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 160, pl. 1, figs. 
4-5, 1913 (Massachusetts Bay). 

Sphyrna tiburo Fowter, Hong Kong Naturalist, vol. 1, p. 86, 1930 (China). 

Sphyrna tiburu Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 
1980 (Atlantic Ocean). (Error.) 


Depth 534 to subcaudal origin; head 334, length 114 its width. 
Snout in profile 214 in head; eye 724, 3 in snout, 834 in interorbital; 
mouth width 21% in head, length 114 its width, no labial grooves; 
teeth in 30 rows in jaws, entire, outer edge notched, without basal 
cusps; nostril large, internarial 124 in head width, obsolete groove 
forward along front snout edge to first emargination; interorbital 
equals head length to third gill opening. Gill openings with second 
and. third longest, last over pectoral. 

Scales very minute. 

First dorsal origin opposite inner hind pectoral angle, front fin 
edge 114 in head; second dorsal length 2;4,; anal length 1,%,, origin 
little before second dorsal origin; least depth of caudal peduncle 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 213 


434 in head; pectoral 134, width 114 its length; ventral length 21% 
in head; caudal 214 in rest of body, subcaudal 3144 in caudal. 

Pale brown on back, whitish or pale gray white below. Fins gray, 
dull brown medianly, also reflected on lower surfaces of paired fins, 
anal and subcaudal. 

China, Philippines. Also in the Atlantic. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Newport, Rhode Island. Samuel Powell. Length, 311 mm. 


Subgenus SPHYRNA Rafinesque 
SPHYRNA TUDES (Valenciennes) 


Zugaena tudes Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 398, 1817 (reference).—VALEN- 
CINNES, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 9, p. 225, pl. 12, figs. la—b, 1822 
(type locality : Mediterranean ; Cayenne ; Coromandel).—Cuvirr, Régne Ani- 
mal, Poiss., ed. ill., pl. 117, fig. 1, 1839.—Lay and Bennett, Zool. Beechey’s 
Voy., Fishes, p. 47, 1939 (Oahu).—Jouan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 
vol. 8, p. 245, 1861 (IKXanala, New Caledonia ).—GUnrTuHe_r, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 382, 1870 (West Indies, Demerara, Zanzibar, Sumatra) .— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 720, pl. 188, fig. 4, 1878 (Mediterranean, In- 
dian Ocean, Indian Archipelago, Atlantic) —Ocingpy, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 4, 1888 (Madras).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 23, 1889 (Indian Ocean, East Indies).—BarrLertT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 
26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Bumtal).—ZuGMayeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 
math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 (Mekran).—V1IncIauERRA, Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 626, 1926 (Sarawak).—Tirant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 60, 1929 (Purochai).— 
PILLAY, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 351, 1929 (Travancore). 

Zygoena tudes SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference) 

Sphyrna tudes MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 53, 1841 
(Cayenne and Coromandel).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), 
vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1908, p. 66 (Surinam).—PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new 
ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 2, 1912 (Honolulu).—WeseEr, Siboga Exped., Fische, 
vol. 57, p. 592, 1918 (Makassar and Timor).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1919, p. 129 (Surinam example); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 28, 1928 (compiled); proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 
1930 (Atlantic and Indian Oceans).—H5885, Copeia, No. 4, p. 144, 19380 
(Manila Bay, Cebu, Zamboanga).—Svuvattri1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 3, 1934 
(Samut Prakan, Gulf of Siam).—Fow.ter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
vol, 70, pt. 1, p. 64, 1986 (Surinam).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agric. 
Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1987 (reference). 

Sphyrna (Platysqualus) tudes McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference). 

Sphyrnias tudes Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 50, 1851 (compiled). 

Cestracion (Zygaena) tudes Dum&ERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 384, 1865 
(Nice, Algeria, Cayenne). 

Cestracion tudes GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 159, 1918 (Rio 
Janeiro, Panama).—CHEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 1932 
(Indochina). 

Sphyrna tiburo (not Linnaeus) RAFINESQUE, Indice @ittiologia siciliana, p. 47, 
1810. 

Sphyrna chiereghini Narpo, Synon, Moderna Pesce. Chiereghini, p. 111, 1847 (type 
locality: Venice, Italy). 


214 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 444 to subcaudal origin; head 324, width behind lateral ex- 
pansions 214 in head length. Snout 114 in head, lateral expansion 
shorter than its width; eye 7 in head, 934 in interorbital; dentary 
width 314 in head, length 134 in its width, with short lower labial 
fold, also upper one rudimentary; teeth in about 30 rows above, 26 
below; nostril 114 eye diameters before eye, with long groove along 
front edge of hammer half way to middle of snout, which with dis- 
tinct and rather prominent concavity before nostril as seen in front 
profile when viewed above; interorbital space equals head length to 
last gill opening. Gill openings rather large, last 2 above pectoral 
base and last shortest. 

Scales tridentate, median point little largest and each with keel, 
extending parallel. 

First dorsal begins before hind inner pectoral angle, front edge 
114 in head, lobe falcate and hind lobe narrow short point; second 
dorsal inserted little behind anal origin, front edge 414 in head, with 
long, slender, pointed hind lobe greater than fin base; anal larger 
than second dorsal, front edge 314 in head, ends behind in long 
slender point; caudal 1% in rest of body, subcaudal 124 its length; 
ventral length 214 in head, pointed behind; short, flattened, pointed 
claspers less than hind edge. 

Gray brown above, below whitish. 

Arabian Sea, East Africa, India, East Indies, Indochina, Queens- 
land, New South Wales, Melanesia, Hawaii. Also in the tropical 
Atlantic. Specimens from Mazatlan, Panama, and the west coast 
of South America in the United States National Museum. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49330. Massaua, Red Sea. Museo Civico Milan. Length, 380 


mm. 
SPHYRNA MOKARRAN (Riippell) 


Zygaena mokarran Riprett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 66, pl. 17, fig. 3, 1885 
(type locality: Massauah, Red Sea).—GUnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 383, 1870 (copied).—KLuUNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 667, 1871 (Red Sea).—Day, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 20, 
p. 389, 1887 (note).—Brusina, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 3, p. 225, 
1888 (Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 809, 1888 (Red Sea to 
Kurrachee) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 23, 1889.—ZuemMayer, Abh. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Mekran). 

Sphyrna mokarran MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 54, 1841 
(Red Sea).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 86, fig. 12, 1980 (China). 

Sphyrnias mokarran Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 51, 1851 (compiled). 

Cestracion (Zygaena) mokarran DumMéERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 388, 
1865 (compiled). 

Cestracion mokarran BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 115, 1874 
(Chinese drawing).—GaArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 160, 19138 
(Red Sea; India). 

Zygaena dissimilis Murray, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 2, p. 103, pl., 1887 
(type locality: Kurrachee) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. 20, p. 304, 1887. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 215 


Depth 77% to subeaudal origin; head 41/4, 114 in its width. Snout 
1124 in head, front edge nearly straight or with few weak undula- 
tions; eye about 19; mouth width 214, length about 4; width; teeth 
triangular, inclined, edges finely serrated, lower little narrower; nos- 
trils rather close before eye, upper profile of head not notched above, 
broad internarial 11/4, in head width; interorbital equals head length 
to last gill opening. Last 2 gill openings above pectoral. 

First dorsal origin behind pectoral base though before inner hind 
pectoral angle, front fin edge equals head to first gill opening; sec- 
ond dorsal length 124; anal length 17, origin slightly behind second 
dorsal origin; ventral length 21% in head, clasper slender, not to 





Ficure 9.—Sphyrna lewini (Griffith): U.S.N.M. No. 40014, from Richmond River, New 
South Wales. 


anal; pectoral long as head to second gill opening; caudal 14 in 
rest of body, subcaudal 334 in caudal. 
Soiled blue-gray, under surfaces flesh color. Iris grayish yellow. 


(Riippell.) 
Red Sea, India, China. According to Riippell exceeds 3,050 mm. 


SPHYRNA LEWINI (Griffith) 
FIGURE 9 


Zygaena lewini GRIFFITH, Animal Kingd. Cuvier, vol. 10, p. 640, pl. 1, 1834 (type 
locality: South coast of New Holland). 

Zygaena leuwinii RAMSAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 96, 1880 
(Port Jackson). 

Cestracion leeuwenti Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 271, 1865 (compiled). 

Cestracion (Zygaena) leeuwenii DumMéRm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 383, 
1865 [“Cotes de la terre de Leeuwen (Australie)’’]. 

Cestracion lewini OciLBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 81, 1916 (Moreton 
Bay). 


156861—-40——15 


216 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Sphyrna lewini Warrr, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 34, 1890 (Shoalhaven 
Bight, New South Wales).—McCuttocn, Zool. Res. Endearour, vol. 1, p. 9, 
1911 (Flinders Island, Bass Strait)—Wuirrry, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 192, pl. 28, figs. a-ec (Moreton Bay), p. 199, 1934 (refer- 
ence) ; Ree. Austral. Mus., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 4, 1987 (Batemans Bay). 

Sphyrna (Sphyrna) lewinit McCuLLtocH and Wuirtrey, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference). 

Zygaena malleus (not Risso) Oei~By, Cat. Fishes Austral. Mus., pt. 1, p. 3, 1888 
(part). , 

Sphyrna zygaena (not Linnaeus) StTupDER, Zool. Forsch. Gazelle, vol. 3, p. 263, 
1889 (Moreton Bay). 

Sphyrna tudes (not Valenciennes) Ogitpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 4, 
1908 (Moreton Bay; Tweed Heads).—Boropin, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine 
Mus., vol. 1, p. 69, 19382 (Southport, Queensland). 

Cestracion tudes OaitBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, pp. 82, 94, 1916 (Tweed 
Heads; Moreton Bay; Cabbagetree Creek; Brisbane River; South Hill; 
Double Point Island). 

Cestracion oceanica GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 158, 19138 
(type locality: Society Islands). 

Sphyrna oceanica FowiLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 28, 1928 (copied) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 1930 (reference). 


Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 37%, width behind lateral 
expansions 2 in head length. Snout 136 in head, lateral expansion 
shorter than its width; eye 6 in head, 714 in interorbital; dentary 
width 234 in head, length 2 in its width, without labial folds; teeth 
immature, very small; nostril eye diameter before eye, without any 
groove along front edge of hammer, which with only very slight 
concavity before nostril as seen in front profile when viewed above; 
interorbital space equals head length to last gill opening. Gill 
openings rather large, last 2 above pectoral base and last shortest. 

Scales quindentate, points subequal, each with keel so that keels 
parallel. 

First dorsal begins before hind inner pectoral angle, front edge 
1 in head, falcate lobe and hind lobe short triangular point; second 
dorsal inserted slightly behind anal origin, front edge 3 in head, 
ends behind in long slender pointed lobe; anal little larger than 
second dorsal, front edge 3149 in head, ends in slender pointed lobe, 
behind shorter than that of second dorsal; caudal 2 in rest of body, 
subcaudal lobe 244 in caudal fin; pectoral 124 in head, width 114 
its length; ventral length 214 in head, claspers broad, flattened, 
pointed and shorter than hind ventral lobe. 

Brown above, whitish beneath. Fins all with more or less grayish. 

Society Islands, New South Wales. This species is very close to 
Sphyrna zygaena, from which it is distinguished chiefly by the very 
shallow concavities in the front profile line as the fish is viewed 
from above. Moreover there is no groove along the front edge of 
the hammer from each nostril as in Sphyrna zygaena. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 217 


U.S.N.M. no. 40014. Richmond River, New South Wales. Australian Museum. 


Length, 450 mm. 
SPHYRNA ZYGAENA (Linnaeus) 


Squalus zygaena, LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 234, 1758 (type locality : 
Europe; America) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 399, 1766.—ForsKAL, Descript. Animal., 
p. 10 (Arabia), p. 18, 1775 (Malta).—BuLocH, Naturg. auslind. Fische, vol. 
1, p. 29, pl. 117, 1785 (Smirna).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1494, 
1789 (Atlantic, Mediterranean, American and Indian Seas).—WALBAUM, 
Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 508, 1792 (copied).—Forstrer, Fauna Indica, p. 13, 
1795.—LackpéEpeE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 257, 1798 (all the seas).— 
BLUMENBACH, Handb. Naturg., p. 257, 1799.—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 
p. 181, 1801 (Indian, American, and Mediterranean Seas).—SHAw, General 
zoology, vol, 5, p. 354, pl. 154, 1804.—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 127, 1817 
(our seas). 

Squalus zygena BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Encyclop. Ichth., p. 9, pl. 6, fig. 15, 1788 
(Atlantic and Mediterranean). 

Sphyrna zygaena RAFINESQUE, Indice itt. siciliana, p. 46 (p. 19 in appendix), 
1810 (Sicily).—MitLiter and Hentz, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 51, 1941 
(Mediterranean, France, Brazil, Indies).—RICHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, 
p. 194, 1816 (China Seas, Canton).—Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 
18, p. 13883, 1849 (Pinang, Singapore, Malay Peninsula).—BLmEeKrER, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 8, 1852 (Batavia, 
Samarang, Surabaja, Kammal); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (on Koma 
sorra Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 8, pl. 12, 1808, Vizagapatam) ; 
(Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Nagasaki, China, Hast Indies, Malacca, 
India, Australia) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 314, 1854 
(Anjer) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind.-Néerl., vol. 1, no. 5, p. 8, 1856 (Amboina) ; vol. 
3, no. 3, p. 7, 1858 (Japan).—Perrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, 
p. 853 (Moreton Bay); 1880, p. 926 (Ningpo).—OcILBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1769, 1888 (East and southeast coasts ; 
Tasmania).—JoRDAN and SNYDER, Annot. Zool. Japon, vol. 3, pp. 39, 127, 
1901 (Nagasaki). —JorpDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 
316, 1902 (Formosa).—JorDAN and Fowl er, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 618, 1903 (Nagasaki, Misaki, Wakanoura).—JENKINS, Bull. U. 8. Fish 
Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 420, 1904 (Honolulu).—Fowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 (Padang).—JoRDAN and 
EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), p. 41, 1905 (Honolulu) .— 
JORDAN and SEALF, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 1, 1905 (Hong 
Kong) ; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), p. 183, 1906 (Apia, Samoa) ; vol. 
26, 1906, p. 3, 1907 (Cavite).—SrTeap, Fishes of Australia, p. 232, 1908.— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 66 (Padang material) .— 
PIETSCHMANN, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, 
p. 676, 1908 (Japan).—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 
(Tokyo).—BEaNn and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 587, 1912 
(Batavia).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebrata, 
p. 189, 1920 (Ugo).—Wart#, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 14, fig. 14, 
1921.—NorMan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 9, p. 318, 1922 (Natal).— 
Puirtrrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 6, p. 262, figs. 66a, 1924 
(Paihia, Bay of Islands).—JorDAN and Husps, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 
10, p. 101, 1925 (Misaki, Shizuoka, Osaka markets).—McCuttocH, Fishes 
New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 14a, 1927——FowLrer, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 22, 1928 (Honolulu; Fanning Islands).—Mor!, Journ. Pan 
Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, No. 8, p. 3, 1928 (Jensen and Mokpo, Korea) .— 


218 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1930 (East In- 
dies, Japan, Hawaii, Panama, Atlantic Ocean).—HERRE, Copeia, No. 4, p. 
148, 1930 (Manila, Palawan, Mindanao, Cebu, Jolo, Sitanki, Dumaguete, 
Davao).—SorpaTov and LINpDBERG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher, Inst., vol. 5, p. 
10, fig. 2, 1980 (Far East Seas).—FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 85, 
1930.—Scumuint, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 6, 1931 
(Fusan).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 314, 1931 (refer- 
ence ).—HeErkk, Journ. Pan-Pacifie Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (several 
places in Philippines) WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, 
p. 199, 1934 (reference).—Fow Ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, 
pt. 1, p. 6&4, fig. 17, 1936 (Massachusetts; New Jersey; Guiana; Panama; 
Mediterranean; Sumatra).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1987 (reference).—Fowtsr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 12 
(246), 1988 (reference). 

Sphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference). 

Sphrna zygaena ToRTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45, 
p. 10, 1985-86 (Massaua; Baia di Assab) (error). 

Sphyrna zigaena Fowtrr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 85, 1930 (China). 
(Error. ) 

Sphyrnias zygaena Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 48, 1851 (Mediterranean, 
Sumatra, Demarara). 

Zygaena zygaenad VAN Hassett, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 
(Java).—GuntTHeErR, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 484, 1910 (Samoa, 
Friendly Islands, Fiji, Hawaii). 

Cestracion zygaena Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 270.—Dumérin, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 382, 1865 (Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and South 
America, Australia, Japan).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
157, pl. 1, figs. 1-8, 1918 (New York).—Tanaxka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, 
No. 16, 1933. 

OCestracion zygoena CHEVEY, Inst. Oceanogr. Indo Chine, 19° note, p. 6, 1982 
(Cochinchina). 

Squalus malleus Rrisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 34, 1810 (type locality: Nice). 

Zygaena malleus VALENCIENNES, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 9, p. 228, pl. 2, 
figs. 1, a—b, 1822 (our coasts; Brazil)—ScHLrceL, in Siebold’s Fauna 
Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 306, pl. 188, 1850 (Nagasaki Bay).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 381, 1870 (Mediterranean, Madeira, West 
Africa, British Guiana, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Pinang, Moluccas, Formosa, 
Amoy, Japan, South Australia, Fiji) —Kiounzinerer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 
Wien, vol. 21, p. 666, 1871 (Red Sea).—CasrTeLnav, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. 
Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 216, 1872 (Hobson’s Bay).—HeEcror, Colonial Mus. 
Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 76, 1872.—ScHMELTz, Cat. 
Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Tonga).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 719, pl. 186, fig. 4, 1878.—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 64, 
1879 (Tonga Islands).—GUntHer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 58 
(Tongatabu), p. 59, 1880 (Honolulu).—Mactresy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 6, p. 355, 1881 (Port Jackson; Port Phillip)—McCoy, 
Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 6, pl. 56, fig. 1, 1882.—Mryrr, Anal. Soc. 
Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Macassar; Manila Bay) .— 
Ocinpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 3, 1888 (Port Jackson, Rich- 
mond River, Brisbane waters).—BrusiInA, Glasnik Naravosl. DruZtva, vol. 
3, p. 225, 1888 (Red Sea).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 22, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 219 


1889.—BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 248, 1889 (Muscat).—Vuinct- 
GUERRA, LO Spallanzani Giorn. Romano Sci. Biolog., ser. 2, vol. 19, p. 489, 
1890 (Zanzibar) —Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 48, 
1890 (Port Phillip).—Eterra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 610, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila Bay, Laguna de Bay).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 62, 1897.—WartzE, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped., p. 38, 
1898 (off Shoalhaven Bight in 15 fathoms).—Duncxkrr, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. 
Hamburg, vol. 21 (1903), p. 192, 1904 (locality?).—Vonz, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 238, 1907 (Padang).—SouTHWEeELL, Ceylon Ad- 
ministr. Rep., 1912-13, p. H49.—ZuemaAyer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.- 
phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Mekran and Oman).—Marpas, Ceylon Ad- 
ministr. Rep., 1921, p. H7.—Pmuay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, 
p. 351, 1929 (Travancore).—TiIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 60, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Zygoena malleus Sauvacr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 


(reference). 
? Cestrorhinus caroliniensis BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, vol. 8, p. 


121, 1816 (name only). 
? Cestrorhinus pictus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris., vol. 8, p. 121, 


1816 (name only). 
Zygaena indica VAN HASssELT, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, May 1825, p. — 
(type locality: Java) ; Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 (Java). 
Zygaena subarcuata STorER, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 70, 1848 
(type locality: Cape Cod, Mass.). 

Zygaena erythraea (Ehrenberg) KLuNzinarr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 666, 1871 (name in synonymy ).—HuIteEenpDorr, Symbol. Physic. Hemprich- 
Ehrenberg, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1899 (type locality : Red Sea). 


Depth 424 to 744 to subcaudal origin; head 3% to 47%, length 114 
to 124 in width, as seen from above front edge moderately convex 
with rather deep concave notch above nostril. Front median end 
of snout, measured across from snout end to eye, 114 to 184 in head; 
eye 8 to 834, orbit nearly twice eye in young to but slightly larger 
with age, 514 to 7 in snout, 12 to 1314 in interorbital; dentary width 
21% to 3, length half its width, grooves at mouth angles rudimentary 
or absent; teeth in young about 35 rows above and 32 rows below, 
alike in 2 jaws, compressed, outer edges deeply notched and inner 
edge straight, all minutely serrated in young and entire with age; 
prenasal groove along front snout edge about 114 to median snout 
end, outer nasal groove about long as orbit terminating anteriorly 
on hammer about diameter of orbit at front anteriorly; least width 
of expansion of hammer equals its projection from body, with hind 
edge oblique and slightly concave. Gill openings with second and 
third largest, fourth and fifth closer than others and above 
pectorals. 

Scales minute, with 3 to 5 points and as many keels. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, length 1 to 114 in 
length, base length 21% to 214 in interdorsal space, hind lobe, narrow, 
short, triangular; second dorsal opposite anal, length 21@ to 234 in 


220 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


head, base length 114 to 114 in head; anal length 2 to 334 in head, 
ends in long narrowed point behind nearly long as that of soft 
dorsal; subcaudal 114 to 124, 214 to 244 in caudal; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 324 to 4 in head; pectoral 114 to 124, width 13 to 
144 in its length; ventral length 17% to 22 in head. 

Gray to gray-brown above, whitish below. Fins more or less 
blackish terminally. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Natal, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, 
Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Indo- 
China, China, Formosa, Korea, Japan, Queensland, New South 
Wales, Victoria, South Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia, Hawaii. 
Also in the Eastern Pacific and tropical Atlantic. This species is 
somewhat variable, not only with individuals but with age. Waite 
separated the Australian form on account of the short nasal groove 
along the front of the head, noting “each groove is less than one- 
third the width of the head measured between the preocular prom- 
inences”. To this he applied Zygaena lewini Griffith, whose figure 
does not seem to differ from the common hammer head. McCoy’s 
figure of Zygaena malleus is similar, both showing the concavity 
above the nostril rather deep. Hilgendorf’s reproduction of Ehren- 
berg’s Zygaena erythraea shows the concavity above the nostril shal- 
low, or more as in Garman’s Cestracion oceanica, though as it 
seems somewhat faulty in some other respects I hesitate to place it 
with that species. It shows the groove from the nostril about 14 of 
space to middle of snout. 

6120. Iloilo market. June 2, 1908. Length, 785 mm. 

A422. Jolo market. March 6, 1908. Length, 498 mm. 

6314. Manila market. June 25, 1908. Length, 550 mm. 

6755. Manila market. April 20, 1908. Length, 420 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40014. Richmond River, New South Wales. Australian Museum. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40026. Richmond River. Australian Museum. Length, 420 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 51209. Hawaiian Islands. U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51289. Wakanoura, Japan. D. S. Jordan and J. O. Snyder. 
U.S.N.M. No. 51291. Nagasaki. D. S. Jordan and J. O. Snyder. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52642. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries (038309). 

Length, 510 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52644. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries (2552). 

Length, 568 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56337. Philippines. G. A. Lung. Length, 460 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71779. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72476. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 470 mm. 
1 example. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. Harrison and Hiller. Length, 

628 mm. When fresh in arrack, dark slaty brown above and over greater por- 

tion of body. Abdomen, head below, and bases of pectoral and ventral dull 

creamy buff or white. Pectoral tips below and tip of lower caudal lobe black. 

Peritoneum white. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 221 


Subgenus EusPHyRA Gill 
SPHYRNA BLOCHII (Cuvier) 


Zygaena blochii Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 127, 1817 (on Bloch).— 
VALENCIENNES, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 9, p. 227, pl. 11, fig. 2a—b, 
1822 (fetus) (no locality).—BrNNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1880 (Suma- 
tra).—CantTor, Quarterly Medical Journ. Calcutta, p. 315, pls. 1-4, 1887; 
Trans. Med. Phys. Soe. Caleutta, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. ecxl, append., 1937.— 
BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 73, 1863 (Banka).— 
GintuEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 380, 1870 (Calcutta, Singa- 
pore, India, Pinang, Malabar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 719, pl. 184, 
fig. 4, 1878 (India, Malay Archipelago, Malabar); Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 22 (fig. 4 copied) (India, Malay Archipelago).— 
BartTLetT, Sarawak Gaz., vol. 26, No. 866, p. 184, 1896 (Buntal and Morata- 
bas).—JOHNSTONE, Fasc. Malayenses, Annandale and Robinson, Zool., pt. 2, 
p. 302, 1908 (Patani Bay).—Dtncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 
21, p. 192, 1904 (locality ?).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, 
p. F9.—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 59, 175, 
1929 (Cochinchina). 

Zygaena blochi Vourz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 237, 1907 
(Benkulen). 

Sphyrna blochii MULter and HeEnte, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 54, 1841 
(locality unknown), p. 199 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammel).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Ben- 
gal, vol. 18, p. 1386, 1849 (Pinang, Singapore, Malay Peninsula) .—JrERpon, 
Madras Journ. Lit. Sci. vol. 17, p. 148, 1851—BtLreKkrr, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 7, 1852 (Batavia, Tegal, 
Samarang, Surabaya, Kammal).—Prtrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1868, p. 281 (Singapore).—Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 
1876 (Pontianak, Borneo) .—Oeripy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 4, 1908 
(Rockingham Bay).—Fowter, Proc. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 66, 1908 
(Pondicherry) ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 101, 1928 (Bom- 
bay); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 494, 1980 (Indian 
Ocean).—Herke, Copeia, No. 4, p. 142, 1980 (Turtle Islands in Sulu Sea).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agric. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 14, 1937 
(reference).—Fow Ler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 11, 1988 (reference). 

Sphyrna (Husphyra) blochti McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference). 

Sphyrna blochi PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 
27, p. 2, 1912 (Singapore).—Svuvatt1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 8, 1987 (Gulf of 
Siam; Thale Sap Songkhla; Chonburi). 

Sphyrnias blochit Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 50, 1851 (India; Singa- 
pore).—BLyYTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 35, 1860 (Calcutta). 

Cestracion (Zygaena) blochit DuMéRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 383, 1865 
(Indian Ocean).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
KL, vol. 60, p. 571, 1870 (Singapore). 

Cestracion blochii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 156, 1913 
(Pinang).—Oci~py, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 81, 1916 (Rockingham 
Bay record). 

Cestracion blochi Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 464, 1924 (Tale 
Sap).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 5, 
1926 (Poulo-Condore).—Svvarti, Index Fish, Siam, p. 8, 1937 (reference). 


222 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Eusphyra blochii WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 189, 1934 
(reference). 

Squalus zygaena (not Linnaeus) Biocu, Naturg. auslind. Fische, vol. 1, pl. 117, 
1785 (probably India).—ScHNeEmeR, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 131, 1801 (Indian 


Ocean). 

Zygaena platycephala VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, May 1823, 
p. — (type locality: Java); Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 
(Java). 


Zygaena laticeps CANTOR, Quart. Med. Journ. Calcutta, p. 315, pls. 1-3, 1837 
(young) (type locality: Calcutta). 

Zygana laticeps SwAINson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, p. 134, fig. 11, 1888 
(head) ; vol. 2, p. 318, fig. 97, 1889 (dorsal view). 

Depth 5%% to 534 to subeaudal origin; head 31% to 414, 25% to 3 in 
its width. Snout length in profile 514 in head; eye about 714 to 
10, 6 to nostril; mouth width 2 to 21% in head, length 144 to 2 in its 
width, no labial folds; about 28 rows of upper teeth, 24 rows, broadly 
triangular, inclined, each with outer notch; nostrils much nearer 
mouth than eyes, internarial 244 in head width; snout tip to mouth 
subequal with oculonarial expansion and front edge or between nos- 
trils broadly rounded as seen from above. Last 2 gill openings 
over pectoral. 

First dorsal inserted over pectoral base posteriorly, front edge 
31% to 314 to subcaudal origin; second dorsal length 134 to 2 in head, 
origin opposite first third in anal base; anal length 124 to 1% in head; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 314 to 324; pectoral 114 in head to 
second gill opening with age, width 1% to 214 its length; ventral 
134 to 2% in head to first gill opening; caudal 2 in rest of body, 
subcaudal 224 to 234 in caudal. 

Dusky or gray brown above, below whitish. In young edges 
above of oculonarial expansion, anal, caudal and paired fins all 
narrowly paler. 

India, Ceylon, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Indochina, Queens- 
land. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Pondicherry, India. June 9, 1840. Thomas Ryan. Dry 
skin, 1,284 mm. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay. Dr. F. Hallberg. Length, 347 mm. 


Order CYCLOSPONDYLI 


Kyes without nictitating membranes. Gill openings before pectorals. 
Spiracle present. Vertebrae with calcareous lamellae arranged in 
a ring about central axis. Two dorsal fins, with or without spines. 
No anal. Caudal bent upward, lower lobe little developed. Pectoral 
normal, not expanded or deeply notched. 


ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a’. Each of 2 dorsals with spine; snout moderate to long____________ Squalidae 
@, Hach of 2'dorsals spineless: snout shortés22- 022 eee Dalatiidae 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 223 
Family SQUALIDAE 


Body usually elongate, partly rounded. Tail slender, compressed. 
Head depressed. Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Mouth 
inferior, rather large, moderately arched, with deep labial folds and 
deep groove at each angle, slightly protrusible. Teeth compressed, 
variously formed, oblique, erect, with one or more cusps. Nostrils 
inferior, separate, remote and not joined with mouth. Gill openings 
moderate or narrow, all before pectorals. Spiracles rather large 
Dorsal fins 2, each with spine in front, first dorsal before ventrals. 
No anal. Lower caudal lobe small or obsolete. Ventrals inserted 
posteriorly, not much before second dorsal. 

Small sharks, mostly of cool or temperate seas or deep water. 
The more typical genera usually known by the presence of a strong 
spine at the front of each dorsal fin. Many are gregarious. Many 
fragments as fossils, usually as teeth or spines, all from late Tertiary 


deposits. 
ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. ETMopPTERINAE. Dorsal spines with lateral grooves; notch below terminal 
part of caudal. 
b*. Teeth unicuspid, unlike in 2 jaws; nostrils oblique. 
c’. Inner pectoral angles not extended; nostrils oblique. 
ad’. Seale crowns pinacoid, rounded, excavated or smooth, on slender 
OCCU TCT SO Fea ae EE a a ee es Centroscymnus 
ad’. Seales pedunculate, with 3 strong, extended keels______ Scymnodon 
c’. Inner pectoral angles not or scarcely extended; nostrils transverse. 
e*. Scales leaf-shaped, stalked, with strong median keel. Centrophorus 
e*. Seales tricuspid, tridigitate, slender in stalk and cusp; snout much 


produced Hs ees PE ete EE Eee has Eh oe LAE NTA BU Deania 

c’. Inner pectoral angles extended; scales subsessile, with converging keels 

and stout-,peduncl esa ss 25s ee eee Entoxychirus 

b*. Teeth pluricuspid; nostrils slightly oblique. 

f’. Teeth pluricuspid only in upper jaws_______________ Etmopterus 

f- Teeth pluricuspid im both jaws__--.=—-2 =" * Centroscyllium 

a’. Dorsal spines without lateral grooves; caudal not notched subterminally 
below. 

7g. SQUALINAE. Body subrounded; dermal folds on tail, if present; 

feethealike In both 3a wes. 2s. Aes a ee Squalus 


g. OXYNoTINAE. Body subtriangular, dermal fold each side; teeth 
unlike in 2 jaws; first dorsal spine inclined forward. 
Oxynotus 
Genus CENTROSCYMNUS Bocage and Capello 


Centroscymnus BocacE and CAPELLO, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1864, p. 263. 
(Type, Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage, monotypic. ) 

Body partly fusiform, slightly compressed. Snout produced. Eye 
large, with nictitating membrane, pupil circular. Mouth transverse, 
slightly curved, deep groove and labial fold at each angle. Teeth 
unlike in 2 jaws; upper raptorial, small, lanceolate, in 3 groups, 


224 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


middle one of which outside (in front) of lower jaws; lower sec- 
torial, broad, with oblique triangular cusps. Nostrils oblique, dis- 
tinct from mouth cavity. Spiracles moderate, with large prespira- 
cular cavity extending forward to orbit. Body scales pedicellate, 
crown depressed and smooth above pedicel, edges striate to carinate; 
head with sessile and carinate scales. Dorsals small, spines hardly 
visible or hidden. No anal. Caudal rather short and deep, with 
subcaudal. Pectorals small, inner angle not extended. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Preoral length longer than postocular to first gill opening ; first dorsal smaller 


than second dorsal which inserted over midventral base_—_-_-~- owstonii 
a’. Pectoral length equals postocular to first gill opening; dorsals equal, second 
inserted opposite hind end of ventral base__________-______________ fuscus 


CENTROSCYMNUS OWSTONII Garman 


Centroscymnus owstoniti GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 207, 1906 
(type locality: Yenoura, Suruga Gulf, Sagami Bay).—PirTscHMANN, Sitz. 
Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 671, text fig. 
4, 1908 (head below) (Japan).—GaRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 205, pl. 13, figs. 5-8, 1913 (type).—Fowtsmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 495, 1980 (reference). 

Centroscymnus owstoni Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 49, 1908 
(reference). 

Depth 6% to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 134. Snout 3 in 
head; orbit 31%, 114 in snout, 124 in interorbital; mouth width 226 
in head, moderately curved, deep groove at each angle; labial folds 
short, upper longer, hidden by groove; teeth in 72 rows above, 36 
below, narrow upper lanceolate in 3 groups separated by smaller 
teeth, median group widest and most prominent and functions out- 
side (in front) of lower jaws, lateral groups narrower and function 
inside (between) lower jaws; lower teeth wide, compressed, single 
series functional except when about to be shed, cusps obliquely 
directed outward; nostrils oblique, small, first 24 in snout, valve 
broad, internarial 214 in preoral length, which 21% in head; inter- 
orbital 214, low. Gill openings small, 14 of orbit, before pectoral. 
Spiracle medium, backward and above from eye, externally sep- 
arated from orbit by twice their width. 

Scales pedicellate, on flanks and back comparatively smooth and 
rounded above pedicel; over head, shoulder, and belly with 3 to 5 
weak keels. 

First dorsal origin about opposite depressed pectoral tip, height 
half length of free portion which long as base, fin length 124 in head; 
second dorsal origin over middle of ventral base, fin length 114 in 
head, height equals 114 height of first dorsal; dorsal spines weak, 
very little exerted; caudal 324 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 225 


half of fin; least depth of caudal peduncle 5 in head; pectoral 1%,, 
width 2 in length; ventral length 11 in head. 

Dark brown, slightly mottled and clouded. Length 794 mm. 
(Garman. ) 

Japan. The type, M. C. Z. No. 1037, is the only specimen known. 


CENTROSCYMNUS FUSCUS Gilchrist and Von Bonde 


Centroscymnus fuscus GILCHRIST and Von Bonne, Rep. Fishes Marine Biol. 
Surv. South Africa, No. 3, p. 2, 1924 (type locality: off St. Helena Bay, 
lat. 82° S., long. 16° E., South Africa in 280 fathoms).—BARNARD, Ann, 
South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 51, 1925 (compiled). 

Body subfusiform, moderately robust. Snout broadly rounded 
anteriorly, moderate, depressed; eye large, orbit elongate and 34 in 
snout; mouth wide, slightly greater than preoral length, with deep 
grooves laterally, labial folds at each angle; upper teeth acutely 
pointed from broad bases, lower broad, compressed, directed obliquely 
toward mouth angles; nostrils oblique, at end of first quarter of 
preoral, which equals postocular to first gill opening. Gill openings 
narrow, equidistant, before pectoral. Spiracle 14 orbit. 

Scales pedicellate, on body concave, on dorsal surface of head 
with 3 to 5 keels, on spaces between gills very small and weakly 
keeled, on ventral side of head 8 to 5 keeled up to line running 
between second gill openings of each side; all fins scaled with con- 
cave scales which absent from pectoral axils. 

Dorsal spines small, ends exposed; base of first dorsal equals 
height; second dorsal distant from first 614 times base of first, 
apparently (damaged) equals first dorsal, origin opposite end of 
ventral base; subcaudal (damaged) large, apparently slightly sep- 
arated from terminal caudal portion by notch; pectoral medium, not 
reaching first dorsal origin, hind angle rounded; ventral base broad, 
long as first dorsal. 

Uniform brown. Length 1,100 mm. (Gilchrist and Von Bonde.) 

South Africa. Only the type known, in the Government Marine 
Survey of South Africa. 


Genus SCYMNODON Bocage and Capello 


Seymnodon Bocacr and CapeLio, Mem. Acad. Real. Sci. Lisboa, vol. 3 (1864), 
p. 3, 1865. (Type, Scymnodon ringens Bocage and Capello, monotypic.) 
Zameus JORDAN and Fow rer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 632, 1908. (Type, 

Centrophorus squamulosus Giinther, orthotypic.) 
Proscymnodon Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 239, 1933. 
(Type, Centrophorus plunketi Waite, orthotypic. ) 


Body slightly triangular in cross section. Head flattened on 


crown, wide posteriorly. Mouth large, arched forward, with deep 
straight groove at each angle and with labial folds. Teeth unlike in 


226 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


2 jaws; upper awl-shaped, raptorial; lower compressed, smooth on 
edges, sectorial, more or less oblique. Nostrils below snout, oblique, 
well advanced. Spiracles large, behind eyes, elevated. Two small 
dorsals, with spine shortly exposed. Caudal well developed, verte- 
bral axis raised backward, subcaudal lobe rather weak. 

Small sharks, usually of deep water. The dorsal spines are often 
weak or poorly developed. Zameus based primarily on scale struc- 
ture is not distinct from Scymnodon. Garman includes Centro- 
scymnus macracanthus Regan from Magellan Straits, placing it 
near Scymnodon plunketi, though its well developed dorsal spines 
strongly projecting. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a Second dorsal origin behind ventral origin; pectoral not reaching second 
dorsal origin. 
6b’. ZAMEUS. Orbit more than half snout. 

c’. First dorsal origin nearly midway between hind orbital angle and second 
dorsal origin or nearly midway between snout tip and hind end of 
second dorsal; second dorsal and ventral subequal____-__ squamulosus 

c’. First dorsal origin midway between last gill opening and second dorsal 
origin or midway between snout tip and end of last caudal vertebra. 

sherwoodi 
b?. Scymnopon. Orbit less than half of snout; first dorsal origin slightly 
nearer first gill opening than second dorsal origin (east Atlantic)_ ringens 
a. ProscyMNopon. Second dorsal origin above or close behind ventral ori- 
gin, fin greatly larger than ventrals; pectoral nearly reaches opposite first 
dorsal origin which at first third in total length; orbit nearly long as snout. 
plunketi 

Sub genus ZAMEUS Jordan and Fowler 


SCYMNODON SQUAMULOSUS (Giinther) 


Centrophorus squamulosus GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 433, 
1877 (type locality: Off Inosima, Japan); Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, 
p. 5, pl. 2, fig. B, 1887 (lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 189° 28’ E., in 345 fathoms) .— 
JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, pp. 41, 129, 1901 (Enoshima). 

Zameus squamulosus JonpAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 633, 
1903 (compiled). 

Scymnodon squamulosus Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 48, 1908 
(Atlantic coasts Europe).—GARrMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 209, 
1913 (Japan).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 
1930 (references).—ScHmipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. 8S. R., 
vol. 11, p. 7, 1931 (Misaki; Sagami Bay). 


Depth 524 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width about 215. Snout 
334, in head; orbit 514, 114 in snout, about 224 in interorbital; mouth 
width about 23, in head, rather long deep groove at each angle, upper 
labial fold about half jaw length, lower 24 jaw length; upper lip 
with fringed edge; teeth entire, upper narrower and more erect, lower 
broader with triangular cusp on subquadrangular base; nostrils mid- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 227 


way in snout, oblique, small narrowly triangular flap in middle of 
front valve; internarial 224 in preoral length, which 214 in head; 
interorbital 214, rather low. Gill openings about 1% orbit, upper 
ends before pectoral. Spiracle little above eye and length of orbit 
behind orbit. 

Scales minute, tricarinate and with 3 points, median largest. 

First dorsal origin midway between spiracle and second dorsal 
origin, fin length 15% in head, lower than second dorsal; second dorsal 
origin over hind basal edge of ventral, fin length 114 in head; caudal 
334 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 444 in head; pectoral 124, reaches about 114 
to first dorsal origin; ventral length 114 in head. 

Uniform deep black. Length, 690 mm. (Giinther.) 

Japan, eastern Altantic. 


SCYMNODON SHERWOODI Archey 


Scymnodon sherwoodi ArcHEY, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 58, p. 195, pl. 39, 
text figs. 1-2, 1921 (type locality: New Brighton, New Zealand) .—PHILLIPPs, 
New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 225, fig. 7, 1928 (New Brighton 
beach).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensiand Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 
(reference). 

Depth 51% to subcaudal origin; head 414, width about 144. Snout 
314 in head; orbit 434, 124 in snout, about 3 in interorbital; mouth 
width about 18% in head, with deep groove at each angle, upper labial 
fold about 2 in jaw, lower about 21% in jaw; upper teeth rather long, 
slender, lower broader and inclined laterally; nostrils nearer orbit 
than snout tip, about first third in preoral length, internarial 144 
in preoral length, which 224 in head; interorbital low, about 114 
in head. Gill openings equidistant, 114 in orbit, last before pectoral. 

Scales pedunculate, with 3 parallel keels, each ends in point, central 
keel longest. 

First, dorsal origin midway between last gill opening and second 
dorsal origin, fin length 2 in head; second dorsal origin over middle 
of ventral base, fin length 2 in head; caudai 334 in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 214 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 634 in head; pectoral 17%, width 2% its length, which 
reaches 214 to first dorsal origin; ventral length 144 in head; claspers 
subterminally each with curved sharp claw, opposite middle of free 
posterior edge of second dorsal. 

Dark brown, with 2 submedian lighter areas extending from below 
gill openings to ventrals. Angles of gill openings tipped dirty white. 
Hind angle and hind border of pectorals with narrow dirty white 
margin. Length, 803 mm. (Archey.) 

New Zealand. 


228 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subgenus PROSCYMNODON Fowler 


Second dorsal origin above ventral origin, fin greatly larger than 
ventral. Dorsal spines short, not half height of fins. Pectoral 
nearly reaches opposite first dorsal origin, which at first third in 
total length. Orbit but little shorter than snout. 


SCYMNODON PLUNKETI (Waite) 


Centrophorus plunketi Wa1tr, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 42, 1909, p. 384, 
3 text figs. (mouth, teeth, scales), pl. 37, 1910 (type locality: off Kaikoura, 
New Zealand); vol. 46, 1913, p. 127, pl. 3, 1914 (young) (Kaikoura).— 
PHILLIPPS, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 225, fig. 6, 1928 (off 
Kaikoura). 

Scymnodon plunketi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 210, 1913 
(compiled).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 
1930 (reference). 

Proscymnodon plunketi WHiTLHY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (reference). 

Depth 53 to subcaudal origin; head 524, width about 114. Snout 
3% in head; orbit 314, slightly greater than snout; mouth width 
equals preoral length, which 21% in head, deep groove and labial 
fold at each mouth angle, lower little shorter; upper teeth small, 
very acute, in 4 rows, 2 rooted; lower teeth in single row of 30, form 
upper oblique cutting edge with laterally directed cusp; nostrils 
midway in snout length, inferior, internarial 1,% in preoral length; 
interorbital low. Gill openings equidistant, half of orbit, before 
pectoral. Spiracle large, orbital length posterior to eye. 

Scales on snout tip granular, mosaiclike, on head otherwise and 
rest of body and fins imbricate, strongly tricarinate and tricuspid; 
lateral ridges and cusps strong as median, not quite so long; each 
scale with many as 8 roots. 

First dorsal origin slightly behind depressed pectoral tip, fin length 
equals head; second dorsal origin opposite ventral origin, fin length 
equals head to third gill opening, little higher than first dorsal 
height ; caudal 31% in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 124 in caudal 
length; pectoral equals head to first gill opening, width 21% its 
length; ventral length 114 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 3. 

Uniform dark brown. Length 1,414 mm. (Waite.) 

Off Rileys Islands, New Zealand. 


Genus CENTROPHORUS Miiller and Henle 


Centrophorus MULter and HENLE, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 398. (Type, Squalus 
granulosus Schneider, monotypic.) Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 88, 1841. 
(Type, Squalus squamosus Bonnaterre, designated by Swainson, Nat. Hist. 
Animals, vol. 1, p. 146, 18388, invalid.) 

Lepidorhinus Bonaparte, Nuoy. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, vol. 2, p. 207, 1838. 
(Type, Squalus squamosus Bonnaterre, monotypic.) 

Machephilus JOHNSON, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1867, p. 713. (Type, Machephi- 
lus dumerilli Johnson, monotypic. ) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 229 


Body elongate, partly rounded. Tail short. Head depressed. 
Snout rather wide, rounded terminally. Eyes large, without nictitat- 
ing folds. Mouth large, arched, deep labial fold and groove at each 
mouth angle. Teeth sectorial, unlike in 2 jaws; upper pointed, cusp 
more erect; lower wider, cusp directed toward mouth angles; median 
tooth present above and below. Gull openings moderate, before pec- 
toral. Scales small, close together, leaf-shaped, pedunculate on 
trunk, with strong median keel and weaker laterals, sessile with con- 
vergent keels on snout. Dorsals elongate, first near pectorals. Cau- 
dal short, deep, subcaudal lobe not produced. Pectorals small, inner 
angle little produced. 

Small deep-sea sharks, known chiefly by their leaflike scales. 

The following imperfectly known nominal species, described 
briefly, without reference to dentition and squamation, though men- 
tioning the first dorsal with a large black spot, is based on a fetus 
424 mm. long. Giinther says “No distinctive characters can be given 
from a single undeveloped example which is not in good condition” 
and which he lists as “type of Centrophorus moluccensis, Blkr.” It 
is admitted by Regan and placed next to Centrophorus tessellatus 
Garman with the statement “in the British Museum one specimen, 
210 mm. in total length, type of the species.” 

Centrophorus moluccensis BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerland. (Amboina), 
vol. 8, p. 3, 1860 (fetus) (type locality: Amboina).—Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 54, 1908 (type).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 201, 1913 (copied ).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 495, 1980 (reference). 

Centrophorus granulosus (not Schneider) DumMfrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 


1, p. 448, 1865 (note).—GUntTuHer, Cat. Fishes British Museum, vol. 8, p. 420, 
1870 (types of Centrophorus moluccensis). 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. First dorsal higher than second; snout and eye subequal; snout 324 in head; 
mouth! width, 54),(NewsZealand)) 2s. see eee nilsoni 
a. Second dorsal high as first dorsal. 

b*. Second dorsal base % of space to supracaudal origin (Japan)_ tessellatus 
b*. Second dorsal base twice space to supracaudal origin (Eastern Atlantic). 
granulosus 

a*. Second dorsal little higher than first. 
c’. Snout much shorter than orbit (Japan) _-_-_____--_---___ steindachneri 

c. Snout greatly longer than orbit. 

ad’. Mouth width 236 to 234 in head. 


Gr SNOUL one ile NEAG (JAPAN) hee 2 ean ee eh eee rossi 
Ge, Shout224nineneads (New. Zealand) se kaikourae 
d’. Mouth width 4 in head; snout 3% in head (New Zealand) _____ waitei 
a‘. Second dorsal barely over % or more height of first dorsal. 
7 Orbit 214 invinterorbital. (Australia) 1232-28 2282 scalpratus 


f- Orbit’ 1% in interorbital. ¢japan)- =e foliaceus 


230 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


CENTROPHORUS NILSONI Thompson 


Centrophorus nilsoni THoMpson, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 3, No. 4, p. 276, pl. 
44, figs. a-i, 19380 (type locality: Deep water off Kaikoura).—WHITLEy, 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 (reference). 

Depth 534 to origin of lower caudal lobe; head to first gill opening 
5, width 1144. Snout 324 in head; eye 324, subequal with snout, 2 in 
interorbital; mouth width 214 in head to first gill opening, little 
curved; labial folds extend 14 along both upper and lower jaws, and 
backward projection from angle same length; upper jaw with 4 
rows of lanceolate teeth bearing lateral extensions near base, while 
almost straight up and down in front take distinct slope toward 
angle of mouth at sides of jaw; lower teeth in 2 rows with inner 
lateral edges deflected over to form cutting edge of tooth till at 
angles of 20° with jaw and median tooth present in outer set; inter- 
orbital 1% 9 in head to first gill opening, low. Gill openings increase 
in size posteriorly so last nearly twice long as first. Spiracle long, 
wide, above and well behind eye. 

Body covered with smallish leaf-shaped scales, mostly with one 
strong median and 2 less marked lateral keels. In most of scales 
keels end in lobes, but these absent on part of snout. 

First dorsal length from spine 1 in head to first gill opening, fin 
base 2 in interorbital space, moderately high; second dorsal length 
124 in head to first gill opening, moderately high, fin extends 2% 
caudal length; both dorsal spines low, largely covered, half fin 
height; caudal length 344 in rest of fish, subcaudal length 124 in 
caudal; anal 114, posterior tip reaching below middle of second 
dorsal; pectoral 114 in head to first gill opening. 

Brown on back and sides, very light brown below. Inside mouth 
and eye sockets white. 

Length, 103 em. (Thompson.) 

New Zealand. 


CENTROPHORUS TESSELLATUS Garman 


Centrophorus tessellatus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 205, 1906 
(type locality : Lat. 35° N., long. 189° 30’ E., in 400 fathoms).—Rerean, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 54, 1908 (reference).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 202, 1913 (type) —Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 1930 (reference). 

Body subfusiform, robust; head including gill opening 4 in total, 
depressed, flattened below and on crown, sides steep. Snout long, 
broad, bluntly rounded at end; eye large, less than half preoral 
length, hind end of orbit above mouth; mouth width 34 of preoral 
length, little curved, at each angle long deep straight groove with 
labial folds extends 14 length of each jaw; teeth ir 41 rows above, 31 
below, compressed, serrated on basal portions of each cusp; upper 
teeth erect in middle of mouth, oblique towards angles, each tooth 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 231 


with slender pointed broader based cusp; lower teeth broader, 
oblique, inner or cutting edge convex or serrated, ending in sharp 
smooth edged cusp at outward extremity; nostrils nearly transverse, 
valve with oblique angular lobe bearing on inner side lobule, inter- 
narial equals their distance from snout end or less than 2% of space 
from mouth. Gill openings small, first about 14 of orbit, last nearly 
twice wide as first, much wider than fourth, before pectoral. Spi- 
racles moderate, semilunate, distant 114 times their diameter from 
orbit. 

Scales somewhat rough, with 5 to 9 converging keels or striae on 
those of head and shoulders; farther back apices smooth from wear, 
remains of striae surround base. 

First dorsal reaches little beyond middle in total length, base 44 of 
outer pectoral edge, upper angle rounded, acute hind angle extended ; 
second dorsal long as and height 44 of first dorsal height, similar, 
base 35 of distance from caudal; caudal with well-developed sub- 
caudal; pectoral wide, acuminate inner angle very long, hind edge 
otherwise slightly concave; ventrals reach below second dorsal spine, 
hind edge concave, ends acute; claspers short, ends slender and 
pointed with short slender spine near end on outer side. 

Back and flanks brownish, lower surfaces white. White border on 
fins and gill covers. Length 875 mm. (Garman.) 

East of Japan. 


CENTROPHORUS GRANULOSUS (Schneider) 

Squalus granulosus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 135, 1801 (no locality 
given). 

Etmopterus granulosus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 49, 
1925 (off Cape Pcint, to 800 fathoms). 

Spinar granulosus NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 1985 (lat. 34° 8’ S., 
long. 17°33’ E., in 402-548 m.). 

Centrophorus granulosus Fow Ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, 
p. 73, 1936 (Mediterranean). 


Depth 724; head 514. Snout 3 in head; orbit 4, long narrow slit; 
mouth broadly transverse, slightly convex, each angle with deep 
groove 2% to first gill opening; teeth rather fine; upper teeth erect, 
small, well compressed, rather broadly triangular, directed laterally 
so inner margin forms cutting edge and outer edge of each tooth 
deeply notched; large nostrils equal about half of internasal which 
154 in preoral, nostrils at first third in preoral, Last gill opening 
longest, above pectoral base. Spiracle large, little above hind edge 
of eyelid and distant about its own length. 

Scales 3 to 6 keeled, many keels often more or less obsolete. 

First dorsal spine inserted midway between snout tip and origin of 
second dorsal spine, latter much nearer caudal vertebra than hind 

156861—40——16 


232 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


basal edge of first dorsal or well behind ventral base; caudal broad, 
inserted well behind origin of lower lobe; subcaudal lobe 14 of 
caudal fin; pectoral reaches middle of first dorsal base, width slightly 
less than half its length; ventral inserted near last 24 between hind 
basal edge of first dorsal and origin of second dorsal spine. 

Light brownish to cinnamon brown, paler on belly and lower sur- 
face of head. 

Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, South Africa. 
A.N.S.P., one example. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte collection. No. 42. Dr. T. B. 


Wilson. Length, 843 mm. Dried skin. 
A.N.S.P., one example. No data. Dried skin. 


CENTROPHORUS STEINDACHNERI Pietschmann 


Centrophorus steindachnert PIrTSCHMANN, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 44, 
p. 394, 1907 (type locality: Japan) ; Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 667, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1908 (type).—Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 58, 1908 (reference). 

Lepidorhinus steindachneri GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 213, 
1913 (Japan).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 
1930 (reference). 

Depth 54 to subcaudal origin; head 3%. Snout 344 in head; orbit 
3, little greater than snout; mouth broadly curved, with deep groove 
and labial folds at each angle, upper fold less than half jaw length, 
lower slightly less than upper; teeth sectorial, median shaped as 
isosceles triangle and nearly erect, become more oblique laterally, 
lower much more oblique and nearly twice as broad; nostrils much 
nearer snout tip than mouth; interorbital low. Gull openings about 
26 of orbit, last 2 closer, before pectoral. Spiracle above though close 
behind eye. 

Scales small, leaf-shaped, with strong median keel and weaker 
lateral keels, hind edge with 3 points of which median longest. 

First dorsal origin behind pectoral base, fin length 124 in head; 
second dorsal origin opposite hind basal ventral edge, fin length 134 
in head, subequal in height with first dorsal; caudal 27% in rest of 
body, front subcaudal edge 144 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 434 in head; pectoral length 134; ventral length 2. 

Grayish brown. Length, 432mm. (Pietschmann; Garman.) 

Japan. 


CENTROPHORUS ROSSI Alcock 


Centrophorus rossi ALcocK, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 2, p. 148, 1898 
(type locality: Off Travancore coast in 4380 fathoms) ; Ilustr. Zool. Investi- 
gator, pt. 3, pl. 26, fig. 3a-c, 1895; Cat. Deep Sea Fishes Indian Mus., p. 13, 
1899 (type). 

Lepidorhinus rossi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 214, 1913 
(compiled). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 233 


Centroscymnus crepidater (part) REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, 
p. 50, 1908 (on Alcock). 

Depth 534 to subcaudal origin; head 3, width 134. Snout 214 in head; 
orbit 4, 144 in snout, about 144 in interorbital; mouth width 224 in 
head, crescentic, protractile, upper labial fold 24 upper jaw, lower 
about 24 lower jaw; upper teeth acute, triangular, in 2 series, lower 
very oblique and uniserial; nostrils inferior, about first fourth in 
preoral length, valve short point on hind edge, internarial 345 in 
preoral length, which 134 in head; interorbital 2, low. Gill open- 
ings about 24 of orbit, last 2 closer and before pectoral. Spiracle 
oblique slit half orbit, begins opposite hind eye edge to which 
superior. 

Scales minute, acutely tridentate or anchor shaped. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, fin length 144 in 
head; second dorsal origin opposite midventral base, fin length 
144 in head, higher than first dorsal; caudal 244 in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 214 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 54% in head; pectoral 17%, width about 1% its length; ventral 
length 214. 

Uniform jet black. Length, 254mm. (Alcock.) 

Off Travancore coast, India. Only the type known. 


CENTROPHORUS KAIKOURAE Whitley 


Centrophorus kaikourae WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 
1934 (on Thompson). 

Centrophorus calceus (not Lowe) THompson, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 3, No. 
4, p. 275, pl. 42, figs. a-i, 19830 (type locality: Deep water, off Kaikoura). 


Depth 775 to subcaudal origin; head to first gill opening 314, width 
2. Snout 21% in head; eye 5%, 3 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth 
width 4 in head to first gill opening, little curved; preoral length 
134; labial fold extends a little way along both jaws and upper and 
lower folds approximately equal in length, with upper continued 
back in straight line past mouth angle to distance 24 of preoral fold; 
upper teeth in 2 functional sets and one developing set, triangular 
in shape, descending to broad base; lower teeth in 2 rows, close to- 
gether, without median tooth and inner lateral edge greatly inclined 
outward to form cutting edge of tooth; interorbital 224 in head to 
first gill opening, low. Gull clefts fairly wide, subequal. Spiracle 
opening wide, behind and slightly above eye. 

Body covered with small, tricuspid scales mounted on moderately 
long stalks; median cusp directed backward, and 2 lateral ones 
backwardly and laterally inclined. On top of snout and edges of 
jaws flattened, knob-shaped scales. 


234 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


First dorsal length from spine 114 in head to first gill opening, fin 
base 134 in interdorsal space, fin long, low, height 34 of eye socket, 
spine 34 of fin height; second dorsal higher and shorter, length 2 in 
head to first gill opening, long curved spine high as posterior fin 
which extends 14 caudal length; caudal 1% in head to first gill open- 
ing, anal 2; subcaudal length 2 in caudal; pectoral 1% 9 in head to 
first gill opening. 

Uniform dark brown. Inside eye socket gray black, like internal 
margins of gill clefts. Mouth with patches of gray black. 

Length, 107 cm. (Thompson.) 

New Zealand. 

CENTROPHORUS WAITEI Thompson 
Centrophorus waitei THompson, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 3, No. 4, p. 277, pl. 
44, figs. a-k, 1930 (type locality: Deep water, off Kaikoura).—WHITLEy, 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 19384 (reference). 

Depth 6% to subcaudal origin; head to first gill opening 414, width 
134. Snout 31% in head; eye 4, 114 in snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth 
width 23% in head to first gill opening, wide; preoral length 2%4; 
labial fold extends well along edges of both jaws, on upper portion 
not so marginated, shorter than other portion; upper teeth small, 
very acute, in 4 irregular rows; lower teeth with upper oblique cut- 
ting edge and laterally directed cusp and oblique cutting edge parallel 
to jaw; interorbital 21/, in head to first gill opening, low, little convex 
in profile; nostrils ventral, close to snout tip and near its edge, inter- 
nasal space slightly greater than eye. Gills subequal, last one 24 of 
eye. Spiracle large, rather nearer eye than gill opening. 

Scales variable; on lower lip like blunt spear head, overlap closely 
showing little median keel; on upper lip similar, but with strong 
median keel; on lateral ventral surface 3-pronged with little “palm,” 
prongs subequal; on middorsal part of middle of body tricuspid, only 
moderately carinate, with median finger longest and “palm” 
considerable. 

First dorsal 214 in head to first gill opening, 214 in interdorsal 
space, fin low; second dorsal 2 in head to first gill opening or 114 to 
subcaudal origin; dorsal spines moderate, 24 height of respective fins ; 
anal 134 in head to first gill opening, hind tip reaches opposite 
second dorsal spine, fin 2 to subcaudal origin; caudal 224 in rest of 
fish, front edge of subcaudal 214 in caudal length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 614 in head to first gill opening; pectoral 134. 

Brownish-black all over. Inside of mouth, edge of nostrils and 
eyes blue gray. Assumes a brownish-gray appearance on drying. 

Length, 320 mm. (Thompson.) 

New Zealand. Said to resemble C. plunketi Waite in the tail 
though the shape of the caudal fin, pectoral, and teeth different. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 235 


CENTROPHORUS SCALPRATUS McCulloch 


Centrophorus scalpratus MCCULLocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 97, 
pl. 18, figs. 2-7, 1915 (type locality: Victorian coast, in 70-80 fathoms) .— 
Fowler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 19380 (copied).— 
WuHittey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1930 (reference). 


Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 4%, width 124. Snout 3 in 
head; orbit 314, 114 in snout, about 21% in interorbital; mouth width 
17% in head, very slightly arched, with deep groove and short labial 
folds at each angle; oblique lateral groove extends backward behind 
spiracle, long as 24 mouth width; teeth compressed, upper much 
smaller than lower with symphyseal triangular, erect, edges entire, 
other more oblique toward sides, lateral cutting edge almost hori- 
zontal; lower teeth with nearly horizontal cutting edge, margins of 
cusps serrated; nostrils midway in snout, front nasal flap with 2 
lobes near outer edge, inner one smaller, hind nasal edge with narrow 
skinny border and large rounded externo-internal prominence; inter- 
narial 21% in preoral length, which 13% in head; interorbital 134, low. 
Gill openings larger and closer backward, last widest or %% of orbit, 
before pectoral. Spiracle large, subtriangular, above and little be- 
hind orbit. 

Scales small, depressed, pointed posteriorly, upper surface rough 
with several keels converging towards point. 

First dorsal origin well behind pectoral base, fin length equals 
head; second dorsal length 214, entirely behind depressed ventral; 
caudal 334 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 5 in head; pectoral length 114, width 
275, inner slender pectoral angle reaches half way in first dorsal 
base; ventral length 124 in head. 

Gray above and on sides, white beneath. Inner pectoral angles 
white. Length, 907 mm. (McCulloch. ) 

Victoria. The type was a female 870 mm. long. McCulloch says 
“these specimens agree with C. granulosus, Schneider, in having the 
cusps of the lower teeth serrated, and they are possibly identical 
with that species.” 


CENTROPHORUS FOLIACEUS Giinther 


Centrophorus foliaceus GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 433, 
1877 (type locality: Off Inosima, Japan); Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, p. 
5, pl. 2, fig. A, 1887 (type, from lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 189° 28’ E., in 125 
fathoms).—JorDAN and SNybDeER, Annot Zool. Japon., vol. 3, pp. 41, 129, 1901 
(Enoshima).—REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 53, 1908 (type: 
Japan). 


236 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Lepidorhinus foliaceus JorDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 
631, 1903 (near Misaki).—SmirH and RaApctiirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 41, p. 679, 1912 (between Leyte and Mindanao, in 960 fathoms) .— 
Fow rr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1930 (Philippines 
and Japan).—Roxas and MArtTiIn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 15, 1937 (reference). 

Body rather elongate, tail tapering; head to last gill opening 434 
in total length, width 114. Snout 314 in head to last gill opening; 
eye large, lateral, nearer snout than gill opening, 134 in interorbital ; 
mouth width 214 in head to last gill opening, slightly curved, with 
deep labial fold at each corner; lower teeth with several small cusps; 
nostrils large, inferior, nearer eye than snout tip or nearer latter 
than mouth; preoral length 134 in head to last gill opening; inter- 
orbital 2, broad, flattened. Gill openings low, before pectorals. 
Spiracles large, round, interspiracle width 2 in interorbital or 3 in 
head to last gill opening. 

Scales rather large, leaf-shaped, tridentate, keeled in front and on 
a pedicle; large on trunk above and below, especially enlarged before 
dorsal. 

Both dorsals with sharp spines, only tips exposed; first dorsal 
origin nearer snout tip than second dorsal base and short space 
behind pectoral base; caudal 314 in rest of body; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 3 in interorbital; pectoral short, truncate, less than 
2 in head; ventrals small, before second dorsal, nearer caudal tip 
than snout tip. 

Uniform gray brown, nostril edges and lower lips blackish. 
Length, 361mm. (Jordan and Fowler.) 

Japan, Philippines. 


Genus DEANIA Jordan and Snyder 


Deania JorpDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 80, 1902. (Type, 
Deania eglantina Jordan and Snyder, monotypic.) 

Nasisqualus SMirH and RapcuiFre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 681, 1912. 
(Type, Nasisqualus profundorum Smith and Radcliffe, monotoypic. ) 
Deaniops WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 6, p. 326, 1932. (Type, 

Acanthidium quadrispinosum McCutyiocn, orthotypic.) 

Body elongate, partly fusiform, little compressed. Head de- 
pressed. Snout produced, longer than, rest of head, spoonlike, blunt. 
Eyes large, without nictitatimg membranes. Mouth transverse, be- 
hind middle of head and with long deep groove each side. Teeth 
triangular, with single erect or oblique cusp. Nostrils transverse, 
before middle of head. Gill openings narrow, before pectorals. 
Spiracles superior, large, behind eyes. Scales very small with slen- 
der peduncle on broad polygonal or radiating base, crowned with 3 
or 4 slender, acuminate cusps. Two dorsals, with compressed spines 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 237 


which grooved laterally and second spine much larger than first; 
first dorsal above space between pectorals and ventrals. No anal. 
Tail much less than body, subcaudal scarcely extended. Pectorals 
moderate, inner angles not extended. 

I cannot accept Garman’s use of Acanthidium for this genus as 
its type species Acanthidiwm pusillum Lowe properly conveys it 
to the synonymy of Htmopterus. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, DEANIA, First dorsal origin nearer subcaudal origin than snout tip, well 
behind depressed pectoral end. 
b*. Second dorsal origin over or close behind hind edge of ventral base. 
c’. Depressed first dorsal far from opposite ventral origin. 
d’. Eye center midway between snout tip and pectoral origin. 


ey spiracie above level Of Cyena-2- 2 oe ee quadrispinosa 

e*. Spiracle behind superiorly level of eye--__------_--__--__ rostrata 

da’. Eye center nearer snout tip than pectoral origin-_________ aciculata 

c*. Depressed first dorsal nearly reaches opposite ventral origin. hystricosa 
b*. Second dorsal origin over middle of ventral base__-_-------___ eglantina 


a’, NASISQUALUS. First dorsal origin or spine much nearer snout tip than 
subcaudal origin or close behind pectoral base. 

f*. Second dorsal origin above hind basal ventral edge__ profundorum 

f?. Second dorsal origin well behind ventral base____-_~~ natalense. 


Subgenus DEANIA Jordan and Snyder 
DEANIA QUADRISPINOSA (McCulloch) 


Acanthidium quadrispinosum McCuttocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, pt. 3, 
p. 100, pl. 14, figs. 5-8, 1915 (type locality: Great Australian Bight and 
Victorian coast, in 150-300 fathoms).—War1tTH, Ree. South Austrian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 23, fig. 31, 1921.—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 496, 1930 (compiled). 

Deaniops quadrispinosus WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 6, p. 326, 
1932 (type) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 (reference). 

Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 214. Snout 1% 
in head; eye 424, 224 in snout, 114 in interorbital; mouth width 324 
in head, slightly arched, long upper and short labial fold at each 
angle; upper teeth little smaller than lower, with pointed cusps 
arising from broad bases, nearly all upright, become slightly oblique 
laterally; lower teeth in male very similar to upper, somewhat 
broader and little more oblique laterally, in female cutting edges 
almost horizontal with tips turned slightly upward; preoral length 

134 in head; nostrils little nearer orbit than snout end, internarial 

334 in preoral length, inner portions with free skinny borders; inter- 

orbital 3 in head, low. Gill openings subequal, equidistant, width 

about 24 or orbit. Spiracle large, behind end of orbit, about half 
diameter above. 

Scales with 4 spines, of which 1 broad and leaflike, on stellate 
bases with slender peduncles, 


238 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


First dorsal origin midway between hind end of orbit and ventral 
origin, fin length 184 in head; second dorsal origin behind ventral 
base, fin length 124 in head, fin little higher than first dorsal; caudal 
324 in rest of body, subcaudal 214 in caudal; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 7 in head; pectoral 2, width 134 its length which reaches 
about 11% to first dorsal origin; ventral length 244 in head. 

Gray above, somewhat lighter beneath. Front portions of dorsals 
and pectorals somewhat darker in young. Length, 1,188 mm. 
(McCulloch.) 

South Australia, Victoria. 

McCulloch had 5 specimens, 2 males and 3 females; the smallest 
683 mm., a young male, he selected as type. 


DEANIA ROSTRATA (Garman) 


Acanthidium rostratum GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 206, 1906 
(type locality: Suruga Gulf, Japan) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 218, 
pl. 11, figs. 14, 1913 (type).—FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 496, 1930 (reference). 

Centrophorus rostratus Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 52, 1908 
(reference). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 214. Snout 2 in 
head; eye 524, 244 in snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth width 314 in 
head, little arched, groove moderate, folds short, upper longer; 34 
rows of upper teeth; 30 below, upper triangular with 8 near middle 
of mouth nearly erect and lateral teeth becoming more oblique, with 
more of notch on outer edge; lower teeth larger, oblique, cutting edge 
directed outward nearly horizontally above deep notch on outer edge; 
nostrils small, midway in snout, each crossed by short angled lobe on 
inner side of which lies smaller one, internarial 324 in preoral length, 
which 134 in head; interorbital 244 in head, rather low, flattened at 
crown. Gill openings moderate, about half orbit. Spiracle large, 
semilunate, distant its width up and behind orbit. 

Scales very small, base stellate to polygonal, peduncle crowned 
with 3 or 4 acuminate cusps, along outer surface of each a keel. 

First dorsal origin midway between hind orbital edge and ventral 
origin, fin length 114 in head; second dorsal length 124, little higher 
than first dorsal, origin above hind basal edge of anal; caudal 3% 
in rest of body, subcaudal 2 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 514 in head; pectoral 17%, width 134 its length which 
reaches 114 to dorsal origin; ventral 2 in head. 

Ashy brown, probably greenish in life, darker on head, snout, back, 
and upper parts of fins. Hind border of pectorals whitish, lighter 
on hind margins and inner angles of other fins. Lower surfaces 
lighter. Length, 865 mm. (Garman.) 

Japan. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 239 


DEANIA ACICULATA (Garman) 


Acanthidium aciculatum GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 207, 1906 
(type locality: Sagami Bay, Japan) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 217, 
pl. 12, figs. 14, 1918 (type).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
496, 1930 (reference). 

Centrophorus calceus (part) Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 51, 
1908 (on Garman). 

Depth 644 to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 17%. Snout 214 in 
head; eye 414, 144 in snout, 124 in interorbital; mouth width 23% in 
head, moderately arched, with deep groove more than half of which 
anterior and labial folds at each angle; lower labial fold more than 
half length of jaw, upper shorter and hidden by groove; teeth 30 
rows above, 31 rows below, upper with sharp erect triangular cusps 
rising from middle of cutting edges, broadening at bases, little more 
oblique near angles; below group of sharp pointed teeth near sym- 
physis, become slightly oblique toward mouth corners and cusp base 
much broader than central portion; preoral length 124 in head; nos- 
trils small, midway in snout, internarial 27% in preoral length, front 
valve with short pointed lobe crossing nostril; interorbital 214, low. 
Gill openings narrow, subequal, 14 of orbit, before pectoral. Spiracle 
large, distant less than diameter from corner of eye, valve with 
laminaelike gills. 

Scales very small, slender, pedunculate, each with 3 slender, sharp 
cusps. 

First dorsal origin midway between front spiracle edge and ventral 
origin, fin length equals head, height about 14 its length; second 
dorsal begins close behind ventral base, length 124 in head, higher 
than first dorsal; caudal equals head to second gill opening or 4 in 
rest of body, subcaudal 214 in caudal length; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 534 in head to first gill opening; pectoral 2, width 11% its 
length which reaches about 24 to first dorsal origin; ventral 134 in 
head, clasper rather slender, shorter than ventral. 

Uniform brown. Length, 868 mm. (Garman.) 

Japan. 


DEANIA HYSTRICOSA (Garman) 


Acanthidium hystricosum GarMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 206, 1906 
(type locality: Sagami Bay).—PrieTscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 661, 1908 (Japan).—GaArMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 220, pl. 11, figs. 5-8, 1913 (type).—Fowter, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1930 (reference). 

Centrophorus hystricosus ReGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 51, 1908 
(reference). 


Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 144. Snout 21% 
in head; eye 41/,, 2 in snout, 144 in interorbital; mouth width 314 in 
head, slightly curved, with deep straight groove and labial folds at 


240 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


each angle, upper fold half jaw length and lower shorter; teeth in 33 
rows above, 30 below, upper little narrower, cusp triangular, roof 
shaped in cross section, erect near middle of mouth, more oblique 
laterally; lower teeth much inclined toward mouth angles, cutting 
edge nearly horizontal, deep notch on outer edge; nostrils slightly 
nearer snout tip than eye, internarial 344 in preoral length, narrow 
valves with short angular lobe across middle of nostril and another 
smaller one short space farther inward; preoral length 13% in head; 
interorbital 214, low. Gill openings subequal, about '34 of eye, before 
pectoral. 

Scales pedicellate, with radiate base and 8 sharp, slender cusps at 
summit, each bearing keel on its outer side, fourth erect cusp fre- 
quently above peduncle. 

First dorsal origin little nearer ventral origin than spiracle, fin 
length slightly less than head, fin height about 14 fin length; second 
dorsal begins behind ventral base, fin length 114 in head, little higher 
than first dorsal; caudal equals head to third gill opening or 314 in 
rest of body, subcaudal 21% in caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle 
514 in head; pectoral 134 in head to first gill opening, width 14, its 
length which reaches 124 to first dorsal origin; ventral length 214 
in head. 

Dark brown, little lighter below. Inside mouth, gill openings, nos- 
trils and fin edges blackish. Length, 922mm. (Garman.) 


DEANIA EGLANTINA Jordan and Snyder 


Deania eglantina JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 80, fig. 
2, 1902 (type locality: Totomi Bay, off Numazu).—JorDAN and Fow Ler, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 632, fig. 4, 1903 (type). 

Acanthidium eglantina GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 221, 1913 
(copied).—FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 
1930 (type). 

Acanthidium eglantinum PIrTscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 158, 1908 (Japan). 

Centrophorus calceus (not Lowe) Rrecan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, 
p. 51, 1908 (Japanese specimen). 

Depth 8 to subcaudal origin; head 3, snout 2 in head; eye 34,, 214 
in snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth below hind part of eye, rather 
broad; lips moderately fleshy; teeth small, compressed, with small 
basal cusp; preoral length 124 in head; nostrils about midway be- 
tween snout tip and eye. Guill openings all before pectoral, first 
1% of eye. 

Scales each with short bristlelike spines or 2 small prickles on each 
side, rather velvety to touch. 

First dorsal with very short tip of spine exposed, origin about 
midway between middle of snout and subcaudal origin, fin length 
about 2 in head; second dorsal origin midway between hind edge of 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 24] 


first dorsal and subcaudal origin, spine 324 in head, front fin edge 
21% ; caudal length 114, subcaudal length 144 in caudal length; pectoral 
214, in head; ventral 324. 
Uniform gray brown. Length, 305 mm. (Jordan and Fowler.) 
Japan. 
Subgenus NASISQUALUS Smith and Radcliffe 


DEANIA PROFUNDORUM (Smith and Radcliffe) 


Nasisqualus profundorum SMITH and RaApcuirre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 
p. 681, text fig. 3 (under view of head), pl. 53, 1912 (type locality: Between 
Leyte and Mindanao, 7386 to 976 fathoms; between Marinduque and Luzon, 
736 fathoms; off northern Mindanao, 410 fathoms; between Siquijor and 
Bohol, 392 fathoms). 

Acanthidium profundorum GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 219, 
1913 (Philippines).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 496, 1930 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agric. Comm. Manila, 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 15, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 17%. Snout 214 in 
head; eye 314, 114 in snout, 134 in interorbital; mouth width 27% in 
head, 144 in preoral length, groove and labial fold well developed; 
skin at upper side of mouth angle smooth; preoral length 134 in head; 
nostril width equals internarial, median in snout length; low inter- 
orbital 214 in head. Gill slits subequal, last 3 closer. Spiracle half 
of internarial or little less than gill slits. 

Skin rough velvety to touch; each scale as small trident of 3 slender 
subequal spines. 

First dorsal inserted well behind pectoral base or at last third in 
depressed pectoral, fin length 114 in head; second dorsal length 114; 
caudal 31% in rest of fish, subcaudal 2 in caudal length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 6 in head; pectoral 124, width 11, in its length, reaches 
1% in first dorsal length; ventral 2 in head. 

Color in alcohol uniform dark brown, most of fins dark marginally. 
Tris gray black, pupil light or buff. 

Philippines. 

U.S.N.M. No. 70258. D. 5491. Lat. 9°24’ N., long. 125°12’ E., between Leyte 
and Mindanao. In 736 fathoms. August 1, 1909. Length 440 mm. Type of 
Nasisqualus profundorum. 

D. 5219. Between Marinduque and Luzon. In 530 fathoms. April 23, 1908. 
Female. Length 440 mm. Paratype of same. 

D. 5491. Between Leyte and Mindanao. In 736 fathoms. August 1, 1909. 
Female. Length 505 mm. Paratype of same. 

D. 5495. Between Leyte and Mindanao. In 976 fathoms. August 1, 1909. 
Female. Length 590mm. Paratype of same. 

D. 5511. Off Camp Overton Light, northern Mindanao. In 410 fathoms. Length 
210 and 335 mm. Two examples. Paratypes of same. 

D. 5527. Between Siquijor and Bohol Islands. In 3892 fathoms. August 11, 
1909. Length 225mm. Paratypes of same. 


242 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


DEANIA NATALENSE (Gilchrist) 


Acanthidium natalense GiLcHRIST, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, pt. 3, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1922 (type locality: Natal coast in 160 
fathoms).—BaArNArD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 51, pl. 3, 
fig. 1, 1925 (compiled). 

Depth 714 to subcaudal origin; head 314%. Snout 2 in head; eye 4, 
2 in snout; mouth wide, width 234 in preoral length, groove and 
labial folds well developed; skin at upper side of mouth angle pli- 
cated; preoral length 124 in head; nostrils wide, width 14 distance 
apart, situated about halfway between snout end and eye, valves 
narrow; interorbital low. Gill openings subequal, last 2 closer, about 
l% of eye. Spiracle large, length equals space from hind upper eye 
edge or about half of orbit. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, fin length 124 in 
head; second dorsal length 124, origin well behind ventral base; 
caudal 27% in rest of body, subcaudal 21/4 its length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 634 in head; pectoral 1% 9, width 12%, its length; 
which reaches 14 in first dorsal length; ventral 224 in head. 

Color not given, apparently uniformly dark. Length not given. 
(Gilchrist. ) 

Natal. 

Genus ENTOXYCHIRUS Gill 


Entovychirus GitL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, pp. 496, 498. (Type 
Squalus uyato Rafinesque, orthotypic.) 
Entorychyrus DuMEéERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 699, 1865. (Type, Squalus 
uyato Rafinesque.) 
Atractophorus GitcHrRist, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spee. Rep., No. 2, 
pt. 8, p. 48, 1922. (Type, Atractophorus armatus Gilchrist, monotypic. ) 
Body fusiform. Head depressed. Snout blunt. Eyes large, 
without nictitating membrane, orbits long and with angle at each 
end. Mouth wide, little arched, deep labial fold at each angle. 
Teeth unlike in 2 jaws, compressed; upper with triangular cusp, 
more erect; lower with inner or cutting edge directed outward. 
Nostrils slightly oblique. Guill openings moderate, before pectorals. 
Spiracles superior, rather large. Two dorsals, each with laterally 
longitudinally grooved spine, exposed at top; first dorsal near pecto- 
rals; second dorsal behind ventrals. Tail without pits; subcaudal 
separated by notch from terminal. 
Small bathypelagic sharks. 
Although Whitley lists Lntowychirus uyatus (Rafinesque) in Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 1934, “The record of this 
species from Australia may be referable to a Squalus”. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 243 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a*. ENToxycHirus. Second dorsal spine not shaped as arrowhead terminally. 
b*. Second dorsal larger than ventrals; orbit less than snout. 


c’. Second dorsal high as first, fins subequal________________________ acus 
c. Second dorsal % height of first, smaller_________.___________ harrissoni 
b°. Second dorsal smaller than ventrals, both smaller than first dorsal; orbit 
TOWSESR RCN ATIG SING UW Gea ee a el ac ee atromarginatus 


a. ATRACTOPHORUS. Second dorsal spine shaped as arrowhead terminally ; orbit 
longer than snout; inner pectoral angle extends far back as first dorsal 
ETC a me dine ee ee ae Se Te 2h ee ev, 2 eer ee Behe armatus 


Subgenus ENTOXYCHIRUS Gill 


ENTOXYCHIRUS ACUS (Garman) 


Centrophorus acus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 204, 1906 (type 
locality : Japan).—RercAan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 53, 1908 (ref- 
erence).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 199, pl. 12, figs. 5-8, 
1913 (Japan).—IzuKA and MAtTsuurA, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus,, Verte- 
brata, p. 189, 1920 (Misaki).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
p. 495, 1980 (reference).—TaNnaxka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours No. 27, 19383. 

Depth 6 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 135. Snout 3 in 
head; orbit 314, 1149 in snout, 124 in interorbital; mouth width 214 
in head, slightly curved, with deep straight groove and short labial 
fold at each angle; teeth in 36 rows above, 34 below, upper with tri- 
angular sharp cusps median erect and lateral oblique; lower with 
cusps little broader, from symphysis outward directed obliquely to- 
ward angles of mouth; nostrils about last third in snout, valves with 
sharp pointed lobes, internarial 234 in preoral length, which 2 in 
head; interorbital 21%, rather low. Gill openings large, last largest 
or 324 of orbit, before pectorals. Spiracle moderate, semilunate, 
width 34 space to orbit or nearly 14 of orbit. 

Scales rough, each with strong median and 2 weaker lateral cusps 
on hinder edge extended from keels on crown; on white scales scat- 
tered over body keels appear more numerous and vanish before reach- 
ing hinder part of scale. 

First dorsal origin behind pectoral base, or opposite upper or 
outer pectoral angle, long as head; second dorsal length 1149, high 
as first dorsal, origin close behind hind basal ventral end; caudal 314 
in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 4145 in head; pectoral length 114, width 1% its 
length, inner angle reaches about opposite first third in first dorsal 
base; ventral length 134 in head. 

Dark gray-brown, light below. Lighter in area behind orbit and 
another in middle of forehead. Length, 819 mm. (Garman.) 

Japan. 


244 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ENTOXYCHIRUS HARRISSONI (McCulloch) 


Centrophorus harrissoni McCuttocu, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 99, 
pl. 14, figs. 1-4, 1915 (type locality: Near Gabo Island, Victoria ).—Fow Ler, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 1930 (copied).—WHITLEY, 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 (reference). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 134. Snout 2% 
in head; orbit 324, 114 in snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth width 214, 
slightly arched, with deep groove and short labial folds at each 
angle; oblique lateral groove extends behind vertical of spiracle, 
equals 24 or 84 of mouth width; upper teeth much smaller than 
lower, near symphysis little ante others more oblique and some- 
what ‘larger toward sides, lateral cutting edge almost horizontal; 
lower teeth with cutting edge nearly horizontal, imperfectly ser- 
rated; nostrils slightly nearer orbit than snout fot front nasal flap 
with triangular lobe and sometimes secondary lobule, hind nasal 
edge with narrow skinny lobe, internarial 214 in preoral length, 
which 17% in head; interorbital 214, low. Gill openings become 
closer together posteriorly, last widest. Spiracle large, subtriangu- 
lar, little behind and well above eye. 

Scales small, sessile, pointed posteriorly, upper surface with sev- 
eral keels which converge towards point. 

First dorsal origin well behind pectoral base, fin length 114 in 
head; second dorsal length 124, origin well behind ventral base, fin 
lower than first dorsal; caudal 3 in rest of body, front subcaudal 
edge 224 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 6 in head; 
pectoral 114, width 1% its length, inner angle reaches about midway 
in first dorsal base; ventral length 2 in head. 

Gray above, lighter beneath without darker markings. Length, 
800 mm. (McCulloch.) 

Victoria. Described from 3 females and 1 male, smallest 760 
mm., a female selected as type. 


ENTOXYCHIRUS ATROMARGINATUS (Garman) 


Centrophorus atromarginatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 200, 
pl. 18, figs. 1-4, 1913 (type locality: Suruga Gulf, Japan).—Fow Ler, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 1980 (reference). 

Depth 6 to subcaudal origin; head 4, width 134. Snout 324 in 
head; orbit 3, little greater than snout, about 114 in interorbital; 
mouth width 214 in head, little curved, with long straight groove 
and labial folds at each angle; teeth in 42 rows above, 30 rows below, 
upper of 8 or 10 longitudinal rows trifle smaller and nearly erect, 
from these becoming oblique; lower teeth larger and cutting edges 
more nearly horizontal; nostrils about last third in snout length, 
valve rounded lobe with basal lobule, internarial 244 in preoral 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 245 


length, which 2 in head; interorbital 21%, rather low. Gill openings 
equidistant, last largest, about half orbit, before pectoral. Spiracle 
large, semilunate, above and behind eye distant about %% eye 
diameter. 

Scales with keels or striae converging towards apex, smooth and 
pavementlike on body, where worn. 

First dorsal origin opposite upper or outer pectoral angle, well 
behind pectoral base, fin length equals head; second dorsal length 
11%, origin close behind basal ventral edge, high as first dorsal; 
caudal 3 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 414 in head; pectoral length 114, 
width 124 its length, inner angle reaches opposite first fourth in first 
dorsal base; ventral length 1% in head. , 

Upper surfaces grayish-brown, thickly sprinkled with white 
scales. Whitish below. Pectorals, dorsals, and caudal edged black- 
ish. Length, 857 mm. (Garman.) 

Japan. 

Subgenus ATRACTOPHORUS Gilchrist 
ENTOXYCHIRUS ARMATUS (Gilchrist) 


Atractophorus armatus GiLcoHRIsT, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, pt. 3, p. 48, pl. 7, fig. 3, 1922 (type locality: Natal coast in 160 
fathoms).—BaARNAgRD, Ann. South Afric. Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 2, 
1925 (type).—Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 364, 
1935 (Durban, Natal). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal origin; head 334. Snout 3% in head; 
orbit 214, greater than snout; mouth width equals its distance from 
nostrils, angle with deep groove and short labial fold on each jaw 
about 14 mouth width; teeth unicuspid, with cutting edge horizontal 
except at symphysis of upper jaw, where single undeflected tooth; 
preoral length slightly less than half of head length; nostrils at end 
of first third in preoral length, internarial about equals preoral 
length; interorbital low, broad. Spiracle above and behind eye, 
distant from orbit half its distance from first gill opening. 

Scales small, accuminate, with many sharp ridges. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, fin length 114 in 
head ; second dorsal length 144, origin close behind depressed ventral, 
spine barbed like an arrow head; least depth of caudal peduncle 5; 
caudal 214 in rest of body, subcaudal front edge 234 in caudal length; 
pectoral 11449 in head, width 114 its length, inner angle slender and 
reaches opposite hind basal edge of first dorsal; ventral length 214 
in head. 

Color not given, apparently uniform. Length, 355 mm. (Gil- 
christ.) 

Natal. 


246 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus ETMOPTERUS Rafinesque 


Etmopterus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 14, 1810. (Type, 
Squalus aculeaius Rafinesque, monotypic.) 

Spinaz Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 129, 1817. (Type, Squalus spinagx Lin- 
naeus, tautotypic.) 

Acanthidium Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 91. (Type, Acanthidium 
pusillum Lowe, designated by Goode and Bean, Oceanic ichthyology, p. 10, 
1895. Precludes Acanthidiwm Montrouzier, 1858, in Rhynchota.) 

Acanthidim Sotwas, Zool. Record, vol. 48, 1906, p. 58, 1907. (Type, Acanthidium 
pusillum Lowe.) 

Body partly cylindrical or fusiform, longer than tail. Snout pro- 
duced, blunt, wide. Eyes large, lateral, shielded by pigment in up- 
per front of orbit, without nictitating membranes. Mouth trans- 
verse, moderately arched, long deep groove at each mouth angle. 
Teeth dissimilar in 2 jaws; upper erect, tricuspid, bladelike; lower 
very oblique, inner margin forming cutting edge. Nostrils well ad- 
vanced, on lateral edge of snout. Gill openings narrow, Spiracle 
large, above and behind eye, superior. Scales small, with wide 
quadrangular or radiate bases and with or without an erect cusp. 
Often with luminous organs, very minute and numerous as lines and 
patches covering nearly entire ventral body surface. Dorsals with 
spines doubly grooved laterally, second longer than first, behind ven- 
trals. No anal. Caudal short, without pit in front, with shallow 
notch between subterminal and subcaudal portions. 

Bathypelagic. Like Jsistius some of the species of interest as 
luminous. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


@. ACANTHIDIUM. Second dorsal origin behind ventral base; first dorsal origin 
midway between orbit and second dorsal origin. 
b*. Ventrals inserted nearer pectoral origin than subcaudal origin. 
c. Caudal long as head to last gill opening; second dorsal inserted opposite 


hind wibasaleiventral red ess “res eee he ne elie EE lucifer 
c*. Caudal long as head to first gill opening; second dorsal inserted nearly 
or entirely behinds ventrala= == os se eee eee brachyurus 


b*. Ventrals inserted midway between pectoral and subcaudal origins or little 
nearer latter; second dorsal inserted close behind hind basal ventral edge. 
pusillus 
a’. ETMopTERUS. Second dorsal origin over or little before ventral base; ventral 
origin slightly nearer subcaudal than pectoral origin. 

ad. First dorsal origin much nearer second dorsal origin than spiracle. 
villosus 

@’. First dorsal origin much nearer spiracle than second dorsal origin. 
spinax 

Subgenus ACANTHIDIUM Lowe 


ETMOPTERUS LUCIFER Jordan and Snyder 


Etmopterus lucifer JoRDAN and SnypDER, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 79, 1902 
(type locality : Misaki) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 129, 1901 (KuroSiwo, 
off Misaki; no description).—JorDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 247 


vol. 26, p. 634, fig. 5, 1903 (type).—SmirH and RapciirrE, Proc. U. §. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 41, p. 679, 1912 (Mindanao Sea off north coast Mindanao; be- 
tween Negros and Siquijor; Balayan Bay; Verde Island Passage; off east- 
ern Mindoro; Malavatuan Island; off west Jolo; between Jolo and Tawi 
Tawi).—Tanaka, Fishes of Japan, vol. 8, p. 133, pl. 36, figs. 187-141, 1912 
(Mochiyama in Sagami Sea, 300 fathoms).—Snyprr, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Mororan).—GarMaANn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 226, 19138 (Odawara).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. 
Vertebrata, p. 189, 1920 (Tateyama, Boshiu).—Gmtcurist, Marine Biol. 
Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. No. 2, pt. 3, p. 49, 1922 (Natal, in 150-250 
fathoms).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1930 
(Philippines and Japan).—Scumipt, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 461, 1930 (note) ; Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S. 8S. R., vol. 11, 
p. 8, 1931 (Misaki). —Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 14, 1933.—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 15, 1937 (reference). 

Spinax lucifer REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 45, 1908 (Japan).— 
WEBER, Siboga EXxped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 597, 1913 (Flores Sea).—NoRMAN, 
Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 1985 (lat. 34° 8’ S., long. 17° 33’ E., in 402?— 
548 m.). 

Depth 8 to 9 to subcaudal origin; head 434 to 5, width 134 to 2. 
Snout 24% to 3 in head, coriaceous, obtuse; eye 4 to 514, 114 to 144 
in snout, 134 to 14% in interorbital, orbit very large, depth about 114 
to 11% its length; dental width 27, to 224 in head; teeth 28 rows 
above, 82 below, upper with median lanceolate cusp, 3 or 4 graduated 
inner cusps and 2 outer cusps of which outermost smaller; lower 
cutting edge nearly horizontal, cusps low as compressed terminal 
denticle to each tooth directed outward; nostrils anterior, sublateral 
and inferior, aperture width equals internarial, front valve small 
triangular point; interorbital 214 to 224 in head, depressed. Gill 
openings subequal in width with spiracles, last widest, before pectoral] 
origin. Spiracles superior, eye diameter behind and level with upper 
part of eye. 

Scales are small or minute simple denticles, arranged in longi- 
tudinal close-set series or rows on body above, flanks and over tail, 
scattered irregularly over black-pigmented lower surfaces. Along 
side of tail rows of scales most distinct. 

First dorsal origin at first 24 in space between pectoral and ventral 
origins, spine subequal with eye, fin length 144 to 214 in head; second 
dorsal inserted nearer ventral origin than subcaudal, spine 2 to 21% 
in head, fin length 126 to 134; subcaudal front edge 144 to 2, 214 
to 234 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 634 to 734 
in head; pectoral 134 to 144, width 144 to 114 its length; ventral 
1%, to 1% in head; each clasper bears 4 rather large, slender, terminal 
antrorse spines and extends beyond ventrals, 

Back and sides rather dark brown, separated on flanks and side 
of tail by lighter brown longitudinal bands from blackish of belly 
and under surface of tail. On lower sides of tail from above ven- 


156861—41——_17 


248 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


trals black band or line extends forward below second dorsal. Lower 
black area of tail extends along close above subcaudal lobe short 
space. Fins all pale or dull brown. Caudal dark terminally. Iris 
slaty. 

Natal, East Indies, Philippines, Japan. Known by its denticulate 
scales forming longitudinal ridges over the upper surface of the body. 
None of my material seems to show a condition of probably becom- 
ing “uniform black with age” as Garman suggests. Some specimens 
have the markings less contrasted, though this doubtless in a measure 
the result of preservation. 


U.S.N.M. No. 50254. Misaki, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 290-340 mm 
3 paratypes. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50728. Misaki. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 285mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51282. Misaki. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 192-354mm. 11 
examples. 

4520. D. 5111. Sombrero Island, S. 180° E., 6.75 miles (lat.138°48’22’’ N., long. 
120°47'25’’ B.). Jan. 17, 1908. Length, 110mm. 

1652. D. 5122. Malabrigo Light, N. 14° W., 9 miles (lat. 13°27'20’’ N., long. 
121°17'45’’ EB.), east coast Mindoro. Feb. 2, 1908. Length, 218mm. 

2685. D. 5172. Jolo Light, E. 24.75 miles (lat. 6°03’15’’ N., long. 120°35’30’’ E.). 
March 5, 1908. Length, 256mm. 

2753. D. 5268. Matocot Point, E. 50° E., 5.80 miles (lat. 13°42’ N., long. 120° 
57’15’’ E.), Mindoro. June 8, 1908. Length, 128 mm. 

10093. D. 5281. Malavatuan Island (N.), S. 84° W., 4.80 miles (lat. 13°52’45’’ 
N., long. 120°25’ E.). July 18, 1908. Length, 210 mm. 

2811. D. 5365. C. Santiago Light, S. 68° W., 5.4 miles (lat. 18°48’30’’ N., long. 
120°43'45’’ B.), Balayan Bay, Luzon. Feb. 20, 1909. Length, 208 mm. 

10174. D. 5501. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 35° E., 8.2 miles (lat. 
8°37'37’’ N., long. 124°35’ H.). August 4, 1909. Length, 218 mm. 

2448, D. 5504. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 39° H., 6 miles (lat. 
89°35’30’’ N., long. 124°36’’ E.). August 5, 1909. Length, 188 mm. 

1887, 1388. D. 5505. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 31° E., 7.7 miles 
(lat. 8°37'15’’ N., long. 124°36’ E.). August 5, 1909. Length, 165 to 260 mm. 

1720. D. 5506. Macabalan Point Light (Mindanao), S. 41° E., 12.2 miles (lat. 
8°40’ N., long. 124°31'45’’ H.). August 5, 1909. Length, 128mm. 

1 example. No data. Length, 117mm. 


ETMOPTERUS BRACHYURUS Smith and Radcliffe 


Etmopterus brachyurus SmirH and Ravdcwirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 
p. 679, text fig. 2 (under view of head), pl. 52, 1912 (type locality: Lat. 
6°02’00’’ N., long. 120°44’40’’ BE. in 263 fathoms, off Jolo).—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 227, 1913 (Jolo).—I"ow rr, Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1930 (Philippines) —Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agri. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 15, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 714 to origin of subcaudal lobe; head 4745 measured to first 
gill opening, width 124. Snout 3 in head to first gill opening; eye 

414, 114 in snout; preoral length 2% in head to first gill opening; 

mouth width slightly greater than preoral length; upper teeth small, 

with 5 evenly graduated lanceolate cusps, lower larger, single oblique 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 249 


cusp to each; nostrils large, each 134 in internasal space, which 234 
in preoral length; interorbital low, convex. Gill opening small, first 
largest or about 14 of eye. Spiracle rather large, or about half of 
eye, midway between snout tip and last gill opening. 

Upper surfaces with distinct longitudinal keels over-lapping mi- 
nute denticles of scales, most distinct on tail. Lower surfaces of body 
roughly denticulate, and without longitudinal keels. Lower side of 
head about mouth naked. 

First dorsal inserted midway between middle of eye and second 
dorsal origin, length along front edge 2 in head measured to first gill 
opening, spine 21% in front dorsal edge; second dorsal entirely pos- 
terior to ventral, length along front edge 17% in head to first gill 
opening, spine 114 in length of front fin edge; caudal long as head, 
subcaudal 134 in its length; pectoral length 144 in head to first gill 
opening; ventral 134, origin midway between first gill opening and 
subcaudal origin. 

Light brown above, below dark brown. All fins yellowish brown. 

Philippines, in deep water. Differs from ELtmopterus lucifer in 
the broader head, shorter and more obtuse snout, wider mouth, and 
shorter and broader caudal fin. 


U.S.N.M. No. 70257. Lat. 6°02’ N., long. 120°44’40’’ E.. off Jolo Light, Jolo, in 
263 fathoms. September 17, 1909. Length, 227 mm. Type. 


ETMOPTERUS PUSILLUS (Lowe) 


Acanthidium pusillum Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 91, 1889 (type locality : 
Madeira). 

Spinaz pusillus Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 144, 1908 (Misaki, 
to 343 fathoms). 

Etmopterus pusillus TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 6, p. 88, pl. 22, figs. 84-88, 
1912 (Misaki).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 228, 1913 
(Madeira; Japan).—IzuKkA and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. 
Vertebrata, p. 189, 1920 (Misaki) —Fowturr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 496, 1930 (Japan).—Scumint, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 461, 1980 (luminosity) ; Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. 
U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 9, fig. 1, 1931 (Misaki). 

Spinax niger (not Bonaparte) Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 71, 1851 (on 
Lowe). 

Etmopterus frontimaculatus PIETSCHMANN, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 44, 
p. 395, 1907 (type locality: Japan); Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.- 
nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 654, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 2, text figs. 1-2, 1908 
(types). 


Depth 7 to subcaudal origin; head 344, width 114. Snout 334 in 
head; orbit 334, 1 in snout, 124 in interorbital; mouth width 144 
‘in head, only very slightly curved, deep groove and short labial folds 
on both jaws at angles; upper teeth erect, tricuspidate, about 24 rows; 
lower teeth oblique, points turned aside so inner margin forms cut- 
ting edge; nostrils about first third in snout, oblique, internarial 314 


250 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


in preoral length; interorbital 214 in head, convex. Hind gill open- 
ings smaller and closer, last before pectoral. Spiracle large, oval, 
about half orbital length above and behind eye. 

Skin with fine spineless tubercles as scales, arranged irregularly, 
without longitudinal striae. Lateral line high, concurrent with back. 

First dorsal inserted about opposite depressed pectoral tip, fin 
length 214, in head; second dorsal origin behind ventral base, fin 
length 114 in head, spine 8; caudal 334 in rest of body, front sub- 
caudal edge 2 in caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle 824 in head; 
pectoral 17%, width half its length; ventral length 134 in head. 

Brownish-black, dark blackish lower side abruptly contrasted 
except beneath hind edge of second dorsal and in oblong space above 
ventral, where skin of lower side colored like back. Upper eyelid 
with crescentic milk-white border posteriorly. Triangular milk- 
white blotch on interorbital medially. Fins, except caudal, paler 
than body, outer portions whitish. Caudal brownish black, tip 
darker, broad paler transverse band before terminal dark part. 
Length, 201 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. Also in the Atlantic at the Madeira Islands. Garman 
says the scales are variable, diverse on different parts of the body, 
commonly with a broad, tetragonal 4-pronged base under the skin 
and a small exposed quadrangular superstructure surrounded by a 
ridge with or without serrations or spinules and with hindmost 
angle produced in a depressed spine. In some cases the crown is con- 
cave, in others convex, in still others it forms a tubercle or short spine. 


Subgenus ETMOPTERUS Rafinesque 
ETMOPTERUS VILLOSUS Gilbert 


Etmopterus villosus GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2 (1903) 
p. 580, pl. 66, 1905 (type locality: off south coast Molokai, in 222-498, fath- 
oms).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 225, 1913 (type).— 
Fowxer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 23, 1928 (type); Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 496, 1930 (type). 

Spinax granulosus (part) Recan, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 44, 
1908 (note). 

Depth 614 to subcaudal lobe origin; head 834, width 114. Snout 
324 in head, pliable, depressed, length half its width; eye 514 in 
head, 134 in snout, orbital slit 114 in interorbital; dentary width 2 
in head, labial fold deep at upper jaw angle, its length but little less 
than horizontal orbital slit; teeth above in 27 rows, 29 rows below, 
tricuspid with median cusp longest; nostrils large, 24 horizontal 
orbital slit, internasal 14 mouth width; interorbital broadly convex. 
Gill openings 14 of eye. Spiracle large, transverse, superior behind 
eye, width 14 of pupil. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 251 


Skin with small hispid asperities, each as simple little point, on 
tail form longitudinal rows which narrow to 10 along least depth 
of caudal peduncle. Fins naked, hispid points extend only over 
basal areas broadly; small smooth areas behind dorsals, ventrals, and 
pectorals; lips, spiracles, nostrils, and gills also naked. 

First dorsal length 134 in head, inserted little nearer snout tip than 
upper caudal origin, spine 124 in second dorsal spine which slightly 
greater than interorbital; second dorsal length 114 in head, longer 
than first dorsal; caudal 314 in rest of body; subcaudal lobe longer 
than second dorsal; pectoral 2 in head, broad basal length 24 fin 
length; ventral 144 in head, small, base extending little posterior to 
second dorsal origin. 

Dark brown, belly slightly darker than upper surface. Dorsals 
dull blackish basally, broadly whitish terminally. Other fins dark 
basally and paler terminally. Iris neutral dusky, pupil pale brown- 
ish. Gill opening blackish. 

Hawaiian Islands. Only known from the type, described above. 


U.S.N.M. No. 52583. Off south coast of Molokai, in 222-498 mm. Albatross 
collection. Length, 170 mm. Type. 


ETMOPTERUS SPINAX (Linnaeus) 


Squalus spinag LINNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 238, 1758 (type locality: 
Europe). 

Etmopterus spinaz BaRNarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 49, 1925 
(off Cape Point, in 417 fathoms).—Fow.Ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 80, fig. 27, 1936 (Italy). 

Spinax spinaz Norman, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 1935 (lat. 34° 8’ S., 
long. 17° 33’ E., in 4027-548 m.). 

Depth 614 to 944%; head 5 to 556. Snout 2% to 31% in head; iris 
3 to 5, orbit long as snout in profile; mouth length 14 its width, front 
edge of upper jaw about last third in eye; groove outside each mouth 
corner forms deep pit or socket; upper teeth erect, quincuspid, me- 
dian cusp longest, slender; lower teeth all directed laterally, outer 
edge with single deep notch; nostrils lateral on snout below, equal 
internasal, placed at first fourth of preoral; each with 2 short, obso- 
lete fleshy points. Last gill opening before pectoral base, first 
largest, or 14 of interorbital. Spiracle little elevated from eye and 
distant space 14 of interorbital, length 414 in same. 

Scales setiform, velvety to touch, finer on fins. 

First dorsal origin trifle nearer second than snout tip; spine about 
half front fin edge, upper 34 exposed; fin smaller than second. 
Origin of second dorsal about midway between first and end of last 
caudal vertebra or over hind basal portion of ventral; spine well 
compressed, 34 front edge of fin. Lower caudal lobe little before 


252 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


upper. Pectoral short, falls well before dorsal. Ventral inserted 
midway between tip of lower jaw and caudal tip. 

Upper surface brown, lower surface darker to blackish. 

Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, South Africa. 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 480-482. Italy. Length, to 416 mm. 


Genus CENTROSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle 


Centroscyllium Mttier and Henie, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 191, 1841. 
(Type, Spinaz fabricii Reinhardt, monotypic. ) 

Paracentroscyllium Atcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 379, 1889. 
(Type, Paracentroscyllium ornatwm Alcock, monotypic.) 


Body elongate, fusiform. Tail shorter than body cavity. Head 
wide. Snout short, blunt, depressed. Eye large, orbit elongate, no 
nictitating membrane. Mouth wide, moderately arched, with deep 
groove and labial fold at each angle. Teeth small, raptorial, with 
3 to 7 sharp cusps. Gill openings narrow, before pectoral. Spiracle 
behind eye higher, superior. Scales small, usually with wide base 
and slender acuminate cusp. Dorsal spines well exposed, grooved 
longitudinally each side; first dorsal near pectorals; second dorsal 
behind ventrals. No anal. Caudal without pits, subcaudal deep, 
lobe little produced. 

Small dark or black sharks, mostly of deep seas. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


qa, CENTROSCYLLIUM. Caudal truncated posteriorly, lower edge of fin with dis- 
tinet posterior notch; second dorsal origin before hind basal ventral edge. 

b*. First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, before pectoral tip; black, 
finkedzesswith> white bord ergs. as ene eee ee nigrum 

b*. First dorsal origin opposite depressed pectoral tip; fins broadly whitish 
HORTA Nays he a Nn el it ee ce ed ee ritteri 

a’, PARACENTROSCYLLIUM. Caudal ends in point posteriorly, lower edge of fin 
without distinct) posterior notch: black ae ornatum 


Subgenus CENTROSCYLLIUM Miiller and Henle 
CENTROSCYLLIUM NIGRUM Garman 


Centroscyllium nigrum GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 24, p. 28, pl. 1, 
fig. 2, pls. 4-5 (anatomy), pl. 69, fig. 1, 1899 [type locality: Lat. 7° to 6° 
N., long. 81° W., in 546 555 fathoms, off Galapagos].—Reean, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 41, 1908 (compiled).—GarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 231, 1918 (type).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 28, 1928 (type of Centroscyllium ruscosum); Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1980 (same material). 

Centroscyllium ruscosum GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2 (1903) 
p. 580, fig. 230, 1905 (type locality: Near Kauai, in 418-429 fathoms). 


Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 114. Snout 31% 
in head, soft, pliable, depressed; eye 414, 114 in snout, 2 in inter- 
orbital; dentary width 2 in head, short labial fold around angle; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 253 


teeth in 40 rows above, 44 rows below, tricuspid, median cusp largest ; 
nostrils large, 24 horizontal eye diameter, internarial space 2 in 
mouth; interorbital broad, depressed. Gill openings half of eye. 
Spiracle superior, close behind eye, 21% in eye. 

Body largely smooth, only scattered small, inconspicuous sparse 
short filaments visible with lens. 

First dorsal length 134 in head, fin inserted well behind pectoral 
base, spine 124 in second dorsal spine; second dorsal length 135 in 
head, spine 114 in interorbital; caudal length 3 in rest of body; sub- 
caudal lobe nearly large as second dorsal, not hollowed out as shown 
in Gilbert’s figure; pectoral 134 in head, not foreshortened as in 
Gilbert’s figure; ventral 114, moderate, base entirely before second 
dorsal base. 

Dark brown, lower half or more of body darker, thus belly much 
darker than back. Sides and back, also top of head with variable 
pale blotches, due to torn areas in thin skin. Fins all bordered 
broadly with whitish. Iris slaty. Lower surface of body especially 
with dusky to blackish brown dots, distinct under a lens, also showing 
less so and sparsely over back. 

Galapagos and Hawaiian groups in deep water. 

Gilbert’s Centroscyllium ruscosum was founded on the type, de- 
scribed above, and a paratype 400 mm. long, an adult male. Its scales 
are said to be rather distinct fine prickles on small stellate bases. 
Many of teeth with 4 or 5 cusps. Claspers reaching over halfway to 
subcaudal origin, each with pair of lateral slender hooked subterminal 
spines, between which median soft prolongation tapering to point 
and bearing terminal prolongation of groove. White margin of fins 
narrower than in the type, a feature in agreement with Garman’s 
original figure of Centroscyllium nigrum. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51585. Near Kauai, in 418-429 fathoms. -Albetross collection. 
Length, 215 mm. Type of Centroscylliwm ruscosum. 


CENTROSCYLLIUM RITTERI Jordan and Fowler 


Centroscyllium ritteri JoRDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 635, 
fig. 6, 1903 (type locality: Misaki).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 232, 1918 (Misaki).—IzuKka and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo 
Mus. Vertebrata, p. 189, 1920 (Misaki).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 496, 1980 (Japan). 

Centroscyllium fabriciti (not Reinhardt) Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 
vol. 2, p. 40, 1908 (note). 


Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 414. Snout 314 in head; 
orbit 314, about equals snout; preoral length 2 in head, about equals 
mouth width and labial fold at each mouth corner; teeth tricuspid, 
alike in both jaws; nostrils large, inferior, midway in snout; interor- 


254 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


bital 2, greater than space between spiracles. Guill openings equidis- 
tant, last before pectoral. Spiracle large, superior, behind eye. 

Scales as small, single, scattered prickles, not on preoral, small on 
lower abdominal surface. 

First dorsal inserted opposite hind depressed pectoral end, fin 
length 114 in head; second dorsal origin opposite first fourth in 
ventral, spine 124 in head, fin length 114; caudal 3 in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 434 in head; pectoral 17%, width 114 its length; ventral length 
134 in head. 

Uniform dark gray-brown, blackish below. In front fins all more 
or less broadly whitish. Length, 406 mm. (Jordan and Fowler.) 

Japan. The type in Stanford University. 


Subgenus PARACENTROSCYLLIUM Alcock 
CENTROSCYLLIUM ORNATUM (Alcock) 


Paracentroscyllium ornatum Atcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 379, 
1889 (type locality: Swatch of No-ground, in Bay of Bengal, 405-485 
fathoms). 

Centroscyllium ornatum Atcock, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 65, pp. 308, 
310, 1896 (Arabian Sea, 620-690 fathoms); Cat. deep-sea fishes, Indian 
Mus., p. 14, 1899 (Bengal Bay; Arabian Sea); Illustr. Zool. Investigator, 
pt. 7, pl. 35, fig. la-b, 1900.—Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, 
p. 41, 1908 (type).—GArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 233, 1913 
(Bengal Bay and Arabian Sea, 285-690 fathoms). 

Depth 734 to subcaudal origin; head 37%, width 114. Snout in 
profile 314 in head; orbit 3%, slightly greater than snout, 17% in 
interorbital; mouth crescentic, large, width equals or slightly exceeds 
preoral length, which 2 in head; teeth minute and tricuspid in both 
jaws; nostrils large, on ventral surface of edge of snout about last 24 
its length; interorbital 2 in head in profile, flat, depressed. Gill 
openings subequal, shghtly over half of orbit, gradually closer to 
last, which before pectoral base. Spiracle rather small, about 14 of 
orbit, behind and about 14 orbital diameter above. 

Scales minute, extremely deciduous, each with stelliform base. 

First dorsal origin opposite hind depressed pectoral edge, spine 
114 in orbit, fin length 114 in head; second dorsal origin opposite 
hind basal ventral edge, spine 21% in head, fin length 134; caudal 24 
in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 444 in head; pectoral 17%; ventral 134. 

Uniform jet black, integument very deciduous. In young deep 
violet black, lighter between eyes. Head with minute white spots 
arranged in shape of lute. Ventral tips pale. Length, 173 mm. 
(Alcock.) 

Arabian Sea, Bengal Bay, to 690 fathoms. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 255 


Genus SQUALUS Linnaeus 


Squalus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 233, 1758. (Type, Squalus 
acanthias Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, 
vol. 8, p. 39, 1861.) 

Squallus Scopowi, Introd. Nat. Hist., p. 464, 1777. (Type, Squalus acanthias 
Linnaeus. ) 

Acanthorhinus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera 
of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 95, 1917.) 

Acanthias Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 181, 1826. (Type, 
Acanthias vulgaris Risso=Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Carcharias (not Rafinesque) GisTEeL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. vi, 1848. (Type, 
Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, virtually. Carcharias Gistel proposed to re- 
place Acanthias Risso.) 

Centrophorides Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 478, 1887. 
(Type, Centrophorides latidens Davis.) 

Cirrhigaleus TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 9, p. 151, 1912. (Type, Cirrhigaleus 
barbifer Tanaka, monotypic.) 

Phaenopogon Herre, Copeia, 1935, No. 3, p. 123, fig. 1. (Type, Phaenopogon 
barbulifer Herre, orthotypic.) 

Body elongate, partly round, longer than tail. Head flattened 
below. Snout produced, tapering. Orbit lateral, elongate. Mouth 
wide, little arched, with deep groove and with labial folds at each 
angle. ‘Teeth compressed, sectorial, alike in 2 jaws, with oblique 
cusp and with cutting edge nearly parallel to jaw edge. Nostrils 
transverse, inferior, remote from mouth. Gill openings before pec- 
toral. Spiracles behind and elevated from eye. Each dorsal with 
spine in front, which not grooved on sides, first dorsal near pectoral 
and second behind ventrals. Caudal with produced subcaudal, with- 
out notch below terminal portion. Pit at root of caudal. 

The dogfishes, spur dogs, or piked dogfishes are a cosmopolitan 
group and may be said to occur in all cool seas. Though Garman 
admits but three species, quite likely a number of others are valid. 
Roving far and wide in shoals, they feed variously on marine inver- 
tebrates and fishes, and are very voracious. Also especially destructive 
to the great schools of cod and herring, at times appearing in equally 
great numbers. The females are said to approach the shore in the 
spring and each give birth to about ten young. 

I include the following four nominal species though I have been 
unable to examine any materials: 


SQUALUS GRIFFINI Phillipps 


Squalus griffini PHILuieps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 12, No. 6, p. 360, 
1931 (type locality: “Trawled in Hauraki Gulf’). 
Distance from snout to pectoral origin just over 5 in total length. 
Labial folds 5, run obliquely outward from below angles of jaws. 
Teeth of upper jaw smaller than lower, points deflected outward and 


256 BULLETIN .100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


upward. Rounded central lobe at base of each tooth and smaller 
lobe in front of each deflected point. These double basal lobes quite 
noticeable in teeth of both upper and lower jaws. First gill opening 
much more oval than others; second, third, and fourth approximately 
equal, and fifth larger. 

First dorsal originates just behind inner pectoral margin. Spines 
of dorsals with polished appearance, rounded on sides and not flat- 
tened laterally. Ventral origin nearer caudal tip than snout. Space 
from hind ventral edge to lower caudal lobe’ equals length of upper 
caudal lobe. 

No sign of spots. 

Length, 31.75 mm. (Phillipps). 

New Zealand. Differs from Squalus megalops, a nominal Aus- 
tralian species, in the heavy, compressed, unpolished second dorsal 
spine, somewhat shorter head, and more backward ventral fin. 


SQUALUS KIRKI Phillipps 


Squalus kirki PHuitrrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 12, No. 6, p. 361, 
1931 (on Phillipps, 1929). 

? Squalus acanthias (not Linnaeus) ReNDAHL, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk. naturh. 
Forenh. Kjébenhayn, vol. 81, p. 1, 1925 (Akaroa Harbor, New Zealand). 
Squalus fernandinus (not Molina) PuHitiipps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., 
vol. 10, p. 228, 1928 (type locality: New Zealand).—WuHuItLry, Mem. 

Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 199, 19384 (reference). 

Middle of ventral base posterior to midway between end of snout 
and end of upper caudal lobe (in Squalus megalops middle of ventral 
base exactly midway between snout end and end of upper caudal 
lobe). Reaches 8 feet 6 inches. 


SQUALUS TASMANIENSIS Rivero 


Squalus tasmaniensis Rivero, Occas. Pap. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 267, 
pl. 10, figs. a-e, 1986 (type locality: Hobart Town, Tasmania). 

Depth 824 in length to subcaudal origin; head 5144 measured to 
first gill opening, width 134. Snout 21% in head to first gill open- 
ing; eye 844, 334 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth width 3 in head 
to first gill opening; preoral length 214; mouth with short deep 
groove and labial fold at each angle; teeth with cutting edges on 
both jaws; upper teeth narrower, with 1 median tooth, its cusp 
median, erect, pointed, with 2 lateral lobes; lower teeth broader and 
more parallel to jaw, 2 rows in use and in both rows upper median 
tooth clearly visible; nostrils transverse, halfway between mouth 
and snout tip, anterior valve broadly rounded with rudimentary 
extension on its hinder edge. Gill openings little less than half 
length of orbit, all in front of pectorals. 

Scales formed by thtn median ridge, curved backwards and ending 
posteriorly by blunt point, its anterior angle rounded, its upper 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 257 


margin almost parallel to body, alike on all parts of body. These 
scales somewhat resemble a claw, but not curved or pointed. 

Brown with hinder angles of dorsal, ventrals, hind margin of 
pectorals and ventral surface whitish. No spots evident on any 
part of body. 

Length, 247 mm. (Rivero.) 

Tasmania. Said to differ from Squalus acanthias in the long 
orbit, long snout, dermal denticles, median upper teeth and colora- 
tion. Said to differ from other species in the median upper teeth 
and pattern of the dermal denticles. 


SQUALUS WHITLEYI Phillipps 


Squalus whitleyi PHitiipps, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 12, No. 6, 
p. 361, 1981 (on McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Victoria, vol. 1, dec. 8, pl. 75, 1886, 
type locality: Hobson’s Bay).—WHItTLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 199, 1984 (reference). 


Noticed by Phillipps: “For the species without labial folds de- 
scribed by McCoy I propose the name Squalus whitleyi.” 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. SqguaLus. Nostrils without barbel. 
b*. First dorsal inserted well behind pectoral base, over or behind depressed 
pectoral; nasal valve not distinctly bilobate. 
c’. First dorsal spine behind and remote from inner pectoral angle. 
acanthias 
c’. First dorsal spine opposite or little behind inner pectoral angle. 
suckleyi 
b*. First dorsal inserted close behind pectoral base, well before inner pectoral 
angles nasal valve distinctly bilobed=—--_ == --- se fernandinus 
a7, CIRRHIGALEUS. Hach nostril with barbel long as eye; first dorsal origin over 
INNES PeClLOral Ane esew ae ee eee es ee ee barbifer 


Subgenus SQuALUS Linnaeus 
SQUALUS ACANTHIAS Linnaeus 


Squalus acanthias LINNaEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 233, 1758 (type lo- 
cality : European Ocean) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 397, 1766—BONNATERRE, Tableau 
Encyclop. Ichth., p. 11, pl. 5, fig. 11, 1788 (Atlantic).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 
Linn., vol. 1, p. 1500, 1789 (omni mari).—WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 
505, 1792 (copied).—Forstrer, Fauna Indica, p. 138, 1795—BLUMENBACH, 
Handb. Naturg., p. 257, 1799.—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 135, 1801 
(omni mari).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 192, pl. 14, figs. 
14, pl. 43, figs. 9-10, pl. 59, figs. 1-2, 1913 (France and New England) .— 
THompson, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 2, p. 149, 1914.—Nor- 
MAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 87, 1985 (lat. 33° 53’ S., long. 17° 38’ E., 
in 310 m.).—Fow ter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 69, figs. 
19-20, 1936 (middle Atlantic States). 

Acanthias vulgaris Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 70, 1851 (Cape Seas).— 
BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, pp. 50, 58, 79, 1860 (Cape 
of Good Hope).—GvuIcHENoT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 30, 1863.— 


258 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 28, 1869 (South Africa).— 
GiunrueEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 418, 1870 (Cape of Good 
Hope).—CASsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 219, 1872 
(compiled).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Cape of 
Good Hope).—SaAvuvAcr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (ref- 
erence). 


Depth 614 to 834 to subcaudal origin; head 44% to 514, width 114 
to 124. Snout 224 to 23% in head; orbit 424 to 5, 2 to 21% in snout, 
31/4 to 31% in interorbital; mouth width 2, slightly arched, with short 
deep groove and labial folds at each angle; upper teeth narrower and 
little more inclined than lower; nostrils nearly midway or at last 24 
in snout, front valve short, longer and with sharp outer angle, 
oblique, internarial 234 in preoral length which 13% to 134 in head; 
interorbital 214 to 224, widely convex. Fifth gill reaches opposite 
first dorsal in male, little shorter in female; ventral length 114 to 
13% in head; claspers reach below middle of second dorsal. 

Slate gray to brown above. Sometimes 2 rows of white spots on 
each flank, variable in shape and number, usually pair near front 
of each dorsal and another behind and lower rows often much elon- 
gate. Lower surface whitish. Fins with pale edges in young. 

South Africa. Also in Atlantic. Described from Atlantic ma- 
terial. Length to 915 mm. 


SQUALUS SUCKLEYI (Girard) 


Spinar (Acanthias) suckleyi GirarD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 196, 
1854 (type locality: Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound). 

Squalus sucklii JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 40, 1901 
(reference).—ReEGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 46, 1908 (Pacific 
coast of North America south to California) —GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 194, 1918 (northeast and northwest Pacific).—FowLer, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 1980 (Formosa, Japan, 
Hawaii, British Columbia, California). — 

Squalus suckleyi Mort. Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Jinsen, 
Korea).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 28, 1928 (Pearl Harbor, 
Honolulu, Maui); Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 88, 1980 (China); Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1931 (reference).—FAane and WANG, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 246, fig. 14, 1982 (Chefoo). 

Squalus suckli TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 22, 1933. 

Acanthias vulgaris (not Risso) MUiirr and HEN tg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 83, 1841 (“Sudee”).—ScHLEcEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 
15, p. 305, pl. 185, 1850 (Bay of Nagasaki).—BirerKrer, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Nagasaki) ; (Japan), vol. 26, p. 44, 
1857 (Japan).—GUntTHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 418, 1870 
(Cape of Good Hope; not Australia).—NystroOm, Bih. Kon. Svensk. Vet. 
Akad. Handl. Stockholm, vol. 13, No. 4, p. 50, 1887 (Nagasaki).—ISHIKAWA 
and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 61, 1897. 

Squalus mitsukurii JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 129, 1901 
(Misaki; no description).—JorpAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
26, p. 629, fig. 3, 1903 (type locality: Misaki and Aomori).—Snyprr, Bull. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 259 


U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 515, 1904 (Honolulu, off Maui, 267— 
283 fathoms).—JorRDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 
(1903), p. 45, fig. 6, 1905 (Kailua).—GiBert, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23 
(1903), p. 580, 1905 (off Maui, in 267-283 fathoms).—RecGan, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 47, 1908 (China, Japan, Hawaii).—Snyprr, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Mororan, Tomakomai, Misaki).— 
TaNnAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 26, p. 471, pl. 180, figs. 3868-3870, 1917 
(Watanoka, Province Rikuzen).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 
3, No. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—Fane and WAwNG, Contr. Biol. Lab. 
Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 248, fig. 15, 1982 (Chefoo).—Wane, Contr. Biol. 
Lab. Sei. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 95, 1988 (Chusan; Ningpo; Chanhai; Siapu; 
Haimen; Wenchow; Yenting). 

Squalus sucklii subsp. mitsukurii Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. 
U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 7, 1931 (Fusan; Nagasaki). 

Acanthias mitsukurii GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 490, 1910 
(Japan and Hawaii). 

Squalus japonicus IsHIKAWA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 71 
(type locality: Tokyo market, Kagoshima)—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. 
Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 188, 1920 (Tokyo market).—Mokrt, 
Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 38, 1928 (Fusan, Korea). 

Squalus wakiyae TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 27, p. 475, 1918 (on Jordan and 
Fowler). 

Squalus acanthias (not Linnaeus) SoLtpatov and Linppere, Bull. Pace. Sci. 
Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 16, 1980 (Far Hast Seas). 


Depth 7 to 734 to subcaudal origin; head 41% to 434, width 124 
to 124. Snout 214 to 224 in head; orbit 324 to 4, 184 to 134 in 
snout, 124 to 2 in interorbital; mouth width 21% to 21% in head, deep 
groove at each angle, upper labial fold little longer than lower; 
teeth subequal, inclined laterally, upper little narrower; nostrils at 
last 24 or 14 of snout, front valve with short lobe scarcely divided, 
internarial 214 to 214 in preoral length, which 134 to 1% in head; 
interorbital 214 to 224, little elevated, flattened medially. Last gill 
openings closer, before pectoral. Spiracle about size of pupil close 
above and behind orbit. 

Scales minute, pedunculate, on back some tricarinate. 

First dorsal origin over inner hind pectoral edge, fin length 134 
to 134 in head; second dorsal origin over or behind ventral ends, fin 
length 124 to 144 in head; caudal 31% to 4 in rest of body, front 
subcaudal edge 2 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 
624 to 714 in head; pectoral 124 to 1%, width 114 to 1% its length, 
reaching first dorsal origin to 24 in fin base; ventral length 2 to 214 
in head. 

Gray above, white beneath. Variably with 1 or 2 pale longitudi- 
nal bands on front part of side, merging with whitish of lower 
surface posteriorly. Sometimes scattered whitish spots in 2 rows 
on front part of body or extending posteriorly. Lobes of fins all 
more or less blackish, hind angles or edges pale to whitish. 


260 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


China, Formosa, Korea, Japan, Hawaii. Also in the Eastern 
Pacific in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California 


U.S.N.M. No. 37755. Korea. J. B. Bernadon. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55448. Honolulu. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55728. Hilo, Bureau of Fisheries. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62450. Honolulu. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62461. Honolulu. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62464. Honolulu. Albatross collection. 

U.S.N.M. Nos. 62467 and 62468. Honolulu. Albatross collection. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71812. Mororan, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71884. Tomakomai, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71885. Misaki, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. 


SQUALUS FERNANDINUS Molina 


Squalus fernandinus Morina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 229, 1782 (type locality: 
Chile).—ReEGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 46, 1908 (Tasmania ; 
New Zealand).—WAITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 12, pl. 16, fig. 
1, 1909 (New Zealand, 9-105 fathoms).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 195, 1913 (Juan Fernandez).—WaitTr and McCuttocu, Trans. 
Roy. Soe. Australia, vol. 39, p. 460, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, 88-94 
fathoms).—WAITE, Ree. South Austral. Mus., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 23, fig. 30, 
1921.—Gitcurist, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. No. 2, pt. 3, p. 
48, 1922 (off Natal in deep water).—Herrn, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 23, 
p. 738, 1923 (Dumaguete).—FowtLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 191 (Natal); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 495, 
1980 (Chile and Indian Ocean).—HeErRE, Journ. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 8, 
No. 4, p. 6, 1988 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 12, 
1934 (Dumaguete).—Fow.ter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 
71, 1986 (Italy) —Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agric. Comm. Manila, Techn. 
Bull. 6, p. 14, 1987 (reference). 

Squalus fernandezianus NorMAn, Discovery Rep., vol. 16, p. 10, 1987 (Juan 
Fernandez). 

Squalus acanthus (part) LActprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 272, pl. 10, fig. 2, 
1798. 

Acanthias blainvillii Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 70, 1851 (type locality : Cape 
Seas).—GUnTHRER, Cat. fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 419, 1870 (Cape of Good 
Hope; New Holland).——Oacizgy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, 
vol. 3, p. 1096, 1888 (deep water off Port Jackson). 

Acanthias blainvillei BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, pp. 50, 
58, 80, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—MaAc kay, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 367, 1881 (“New Holland” on Giinther).—SAvvaAGE Hist. 
Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference). 

Acanthias vulgaris (not Risso) Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 70, 1851 (New 
Holland ).—HeEctor, Colonial Mus. Governm. Sury. Dept. Fishes New Zea- 
land, p. 76, 1872.—KtunzincEr, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 47, 1872 (Hobsons 
Bay) ; Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 428, 1880 
(Australia ).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 8, pl. 75, 1883.—OaIBy, 
Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 11, 1888 (Port Jackson) .—Lwucas, Proce. 
Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 44, 1890 (reference) —ISHAKAWA and 
MArTsuvRA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 51, 1897. 

Acanthias megalops MActrAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 367, 
1881 (type locality: Port Jackson).—Ogitpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 185, 1889 (Port Jackson). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 261 


Squalus megalops Wattr, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 33, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1901 
(fetus) ; Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 8, 1904.—Rrgan, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 47, 1908 (South Australia; Tasmania) .— 
McCutiocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 9, 1911 (off Babel and Flin- 
ders Island in Bass Strait) ; Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 9, pl. 2, 
fig. 25a, 1927.—PuHitiirers, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 223, 
1928 (waters north).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, 
p. 194, pl. 27, fig. c, 1934 (Victoria), p. 199 (reference). 

Squalus acutipinnis Reaan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 248, pl. 37, 1908 
(type locality: Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Mauritius); Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 47, 1908 (type, South Africa ; Mauritius) .— 
CLARK, Rep. Sci. Res. Scotia, Scot. Nat. Antarct. Exped., vol. 4, p. 395, 1915 
(Houtjes Bay and off Salamander Point; entrance to Saldanha Bay).— 
GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 284, 1916 (refer- 
ences ).—NORMAN, piscovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 19385 (lat. 34° S., long. 17° 
58’ E., in 173-210 m.; lat. 33° 48’ S., long., 17° 30’ E., in 329 m.) 

Squalus philippinus alor Shaw) SmiTH and RapcLirrs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
41, p. 677, fig. 1, pl. 51, 1912 (type locality: lat. 13° 45’ 15’’ N., long. 120° 46’ 
30’’ E., off Sombrero Island, west coast Luzon, in 286 fathoms). 

Squalus brevirostris TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 26, p. 464, pl. 129, figs. 
362-363, pl. 130, fig. 864, 1917 (type locality: Tokyo market, probably 
Shimonoseki).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, 
Korea).—Fane and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 250, 
fig. 16, 1982 (Chefoo). 

Squalus montalbani Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 310, 1981 (on Squalus 
philippinus Smith and Radcliffe, not Shaw, 1804). 


Depth 57% to 6% to subcaudal origin; head 334 to 434, width 114 
to 13%. Snout 314 to 314 in head; orbit 3 to 314, subequal with 
snout, 114 to 134 in interorbital; mouth width 21% to 224 in head. 
slightly arched, with deep groove at each angle long as upper labial 
fold, lower much shorter; teeth subequal in jaws, directed laterally, 
with inner edges forming cutting edges; nostrils nearly midway to 
last third in snout, front valve distinctly bilobed, internarial 214 to 
224 in preoral length, which 144 to 2 in head. Gill openings little 
less than orbit, last little closer, before pectoral. Spiracle rather 
small, less than pupil, close behind eye superiorly. 

Scales minute, tridentate, with median denticle longest, laterals 
half as long, all on flat base. 

First dorsal origin close behind pectoral base, fin length 114 in 
head; second dorsal origin well behind depressed ventral tips, fin 
length 1% in head; caudal 3 to 324 in rest of body, front subcaudal 
edge 2 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 714 to 724 in 
head; pectoral 114 to 134, width 11% its length which extends 34 in 
first dorsal base; ventral length 114 to 134 in head. 

Above dark grayish, below paler. Dorsals blackish terminally, 
paler basally. Caudal blackish medianly, lobes pale yellowish gray. 

South Africa, Natal, Mauritius, Philippines, Japan, Korea, New 


262 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New Zealand. 
Also in the Eastern Pacific: at Chile. 
U.S.N.M. No. 70256. Station 5111, lat. 13°45’15’’ N., long. 120°46’30’’ E., off 


Sombrero Island, West coast Luzon, in 236 fathoms. Albatross collection. 
Length, 325mm. Type of Squalus philippinus. 


Subgenus CIRRHIGALEUS Tanaka 
SQUALUS BARBIFER (Tanaka) 


Cirrhigaleus barbifer TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 9, p. 151, pl. 41, figs. 156— 
162, 1912 (type locality: Tokyo market, Japan). 

Squalus (Cirrhigaleus) barbifer GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 457, 
1913 (Japan). 

Phaenopogon barbulifer Herre, Copeia, No. 3, p. 123, fig. 1, 1985 (type locality: 
Japan). 

Depth 534 to subcaudal origin; head 514, width 114. Snout 34% 
in head; orbit 414, 11% in snout, 17% in interorbital; mouth width 134 
in head, little arched, upper labial fold half way to symphysis of 
upper jaw or 1% groove extending back from each mouth angle; 
teeth in 26 rows in each jaw, subequal, directed obliquely; nostrils 
nearer eye than snout tip, about midway in preoral length, each 
with barbel long as snout in profile; internarial 144 in preoral length 
which 2 in head; interorbital 214, low. Gill openings equidistant, 
gradually large to last which 44 of orbit, before pectoral base. 
Spiracle above and close behind eye, about 24 of orbit. 

Scales small, with prominent median keel and less elevated lateral 
ridges; little larger on nuchal region, on under surfaces flat, heart- 
shaped, almost without ridges. 

First dorsal origin opposite hind inner pectoral angle, fin length 
11% in head; second dorsal origin behind hind basal ventral edge, fin 
length 114 in head; caudal 334 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 
2 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 51% in head; 
pectoral 114, width 1% its length; ventral length 11, in head, clasper 
extending but little behind, short, thick. 

Color not given. Length, 855mm. (Tanaka.) 


Genus OXYNOTUS Rafinesque 


Oxynotus RAFINESQUE, Indice @ittiologia siciliana, pp. 45, 60,1810. (Type, Squalus 
centrina Linnaeus, monotypic. ) 

Centrina Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 180, 1817. (Type, Squalus centrina 
Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Body stout and subtriangular medianly, slender and compressed 
in tail. Head small, depressed, flattened somewhat at crown. Snout 
obtuse, wide. Eye without nictitating folds. Mouth transverse, 
with labial folds and grooves, also lip. Teeth unlike in 2 jaws; upper 
slender, in narrow group; lower compressed, triangular, serrated, 
functional in single series, except perhaps when about to be shed. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 263 


Gill openings narrow. Spiracle rather large, behind eye. Scales 
uniform, rough. Two dorsals with deeply imbedded spines and an- 
terior spine rising obliquely forward. No anal. 

OXYNOTUS BRUNIENSIS (Ogilby) 

Centrina bruniensis (Morton) Oarnpy, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 62, 1893 
(type locality: Brunny Island, Tasmania).—Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 42, 1908 (note). 

Oxynotus bruniensis War1tr, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1907 
(reference).—McCutiocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 2, p. 80, pl. 18, 
1909-1910 (East Bass Strait and Great Australian Bight, in 80-220 fath- 
oms).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 191, 1913 (Tasmania) .— 
Waite, Ree. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 24, fig. 82, 1921—McCuLiocn, 
Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 157, 1926 (off Gabo Island, 
Victoria).—Puittirrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 222, 
fig. 2, 1928 (New Zealand).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. 
Java, p. 495, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, 
pt. 4, p. 199, 1934 (reference). 

Centrina salviana (not Risso) Hurron, Trans, New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 276, 
1890. 

Depth 314 to subcaudal origin; head 414%. Snout 234 in head; 
orbit 4149, 11%4 in snout; mouth small, transverse, lateral grooves 
broad and deep; upper jaws with patch of small, conic, curved 
teeth of about 4 irregular series; lower teeth uniserial, larger than 
upper, erect, compressed, minutely serrated, scalpriform; nostril 
about first 24 in snout; preoral length 2149; interorbital moderately 
high. Gill openings small, about 14 of orbit, equidistant, before 
pectoral. Spiracle about equals gill openings, above and distant 
from hind eye edge about its own diameter. 

Scales rough, with central spine giving 4 compressed radiating 
wings, each ending in shorter spine. 

First dorsal origin over third gill opening, fin height from hind 
basal edge equals head, base length little greater than head to last 
gill opening; interdorsal space 124 in head to first gill opening; front 
edge of second dorsal 1; caudal 214 in rest of body, front subcaudal 
edge 144 in caudal length; least depth of caudal peduncle 34% in 
head; pectoral 1149, width 2 in its length which not quite reaching 
opposite hind basal edge of first dorsal; ventral origin opposite last 
third in second dorsal base, fin length 134 in head. 

Uniform sandy brown. Length,600 mm. (Garman; McCulloch.) 

Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia. 


Family DALATITDAE 


Body partly fusiform, cavity more than half total length. Snout 
subconic. Eyes without nictitating membranes. Mouth transverse, 
little arched, with long deep straight oblique groove each side. 

156861—41——18 


264. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Teeth unlike in two jaws, upper raptorial, lower sectorial. Gill 
openings moderate to narrow, entirely before pectoral. Spiracles 
small, present. Scales uniform. Dorsals two, small, spine absent or 
rudimentary. No anal. Tail short, without lateral folds or caudal 
pits. 

Mostly small sharks, differing from the Squalidae chiefly in the 
absence of fin spines. Many are widely distributed and the Arctic 
Somniosus reaches a large size. Most are viviparous. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’, DALATIINAE. Dermal armature fine or moderate shagreen, without scattered 
tubercles; snout subconcave; teeth unlike in 2 jaws. 
b*. Head subconie. 


ce. Second dorsal much longer than first-____-____________ Euprotomicrus 
c’. Second dorsal nearly equals first. 
a’. wsecond dorsal mearer!pectorals... |) fet awote tp Py Dalatias 
@. Second! dorsal nearer ventrals-) (Veet ea eee 2 Isistius 
b*. Head depressed; eyes small; first dorsal small, behind pectorals. 
e’. Second dorsal smaller than first__...__.__________ Heteroscymnus 
e”. Second dorsal larger than first. 
[> Leeth im both jaws entire. ==. oe eee Heteroscymnoides 
f’. Upper teeth entire; lower teeth serrated________ Pseudoscymnus 
e3) Secondi dorsal tequals ifirsti222) oe inter ade Somniosus 
a’, ECHINORHININAE. Skin with scattered tubercles or bucklers; snout broad, 
LAD erIN Ss Bree tn ellie mst] Avy See er Echinorhinus 


Genus EUPROTOMICRUS Gill 


Euprotomicrus Gi, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 264. (Type, 
Scymnus (Laemargus) labordii Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 
Squaliolus SmMirH and Ravpcuirre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 683, 1912. 

(Type, Squaliolus laticaudus Smith and Radcliffe, monotypic.) 

Body elongate, fusiform. Head subconic. Snout short, subconic. 
Eyes without nictitating folds. Mouth with deep straight groove at 
each angle. Upper teeth small, subulate; lower. large, compressed, 
smooth edged, with sharp and somewhat oblique cutting edges. 
Nostrils near snout end. Gill openings narrow, before pectorals. 
Spiracles rather wide, behind eye. Scales uniform, minute, flattened. 
First dorsal small, without or with small spine, behind pectorals and 
second dorsal much longer, without spine. No anal. Caudal short 
and deep. 

Indo-Pacific. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


GSD OLSAl SIN SELGLO Worm eC arate ee eae ee ae en bispinatus 
Ge DOTSalg MSE ELOM Ee MCC chien wo Mec aera ee laticaudus 


EUPROTOMICRUS BISPINATUS (Quay and Gaimard) 


Scymmus bispinatus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 197, pl. 44, figs. 
1-2, 1824 (type locality: Mauritius). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 265 


Dalatias (Somniosus) bispinatus Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 77, 1851 (ref- 
erence). 

Euprotomicrus bispinatus Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 56, 1908 
(Indo-Pacific ).—GaArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 285, 1913 (In- 
dian Ocean, Mauritius, New Zealand).—PHILLIprs, New Zealand Journ. 
Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 224, fig. 5, 1928 (note).—Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 19580 (reference).—WuHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 (New Zealand). 

Scymnus mauritianus Quoy and GAIMARD, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., Atlas, vol. 11, 
pl. 114, fig. 2, 18830 (Mauritius) ; vol. 27, pl. 114, fig. 2, 1831. 

Seymnus (Laemargus) labordii MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 94, 1841 (type locality: Mauritius; Bourbon). 

Scymnus labordii WartTE, Ree. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, p. 8, 1907. 

Laemargus labordii DumMérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 457, 1865 (Mauri- 
tius). 

Euprotomicrus labordii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 428, 1870 
(no locality).—BouLEeNGER, Rep. Coll. Southern Cross, p. 174, 1902 (Camp- 
bell Island). 

Euprotomicrus labordei SAuvaGcE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (ref- 
erence). 

Euprotomicrus hyalinus R. S. EIGENMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 
3, p. 30, 1891 (type locality: Between Honolulu and San Francisco) .— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 235, 1913 (copied). 


Depth 634 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 124. Snout 3 in 
head; orbit 434, 124 in snout, 144 in interorbital; mouth width 235 in 
head, slightly arched, deep groove at each angle; lower teeth 28, 
curved, sharp, upper smaller and narrower; nostril about first 24 in 
snout, oblique, valves broad, without point; internarial equals nostril 
or nearly 6 in preoral length, which 1% in head; interorbital 244, 
moderately high, convex. Gill openings small, first largest and 
about equals pupil, others gradually smaller and last before pectoral 
origin. Spiracle large as pupil, about 34 orbital length behind and 
opposite upper eye edge. 

Scales small, quadrate, crown depressed medially. 

First dorsal inserted midway between snout tip and caudal base, 
very small or long as orbit; second dorsal begins behind hind basal 
ventral edge, fin length 124 in head; caudal 514 in rest of body, sub- 
caudal 114 in caudal length or 134 in head; least depth of caudal 
peduncle nearly 3 in eye; pectoral 124 in head, length 214 its width, 
reaches half way to first dorsal; ventral 134 in head. 

Brown. Iris yellow. Dorsals and ventrals pale. Pectoral basally 
blackish, broadly whitish terminally. Caudal dark brown largely, 
hind edge of upper lobe moderately and subcaudal terminally 
broadly pale to whitish. Length, 168 mm. (Quoy and Gaimard.) 

Mauritius, Bourbon, Campbell Island, New Zealand. Also in the 
eastern Pacific as Huprotomicrus hyalinus. 


266 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


EUPROTOMICRUS LATICAUDUS (Smith and Radcliffe) 


Squaliolus laticaudus SMiIrH and Rapcuirre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 
p. 684, text fig. 4 (under view of head), pl. 54, 1912 (type locality: Lat. 13° 
42’ N., long. 120° 57’ 15’’ E., Batangas Bay, Luzon). 

Euprotomicrus laticaudus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 235, 1913 
(Luzon).—Fow.tesr, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 19380 
(reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 15, 19387 (reference). 

Depth 61% to subcaudal origin; head 344, width 214. Snout 2% in 
head; orbit 5, 114 in snout, 134 in interorbital; mouth width 4 in head, 
transversely straight, with deep groove back from each angle 4 mouth 
width; nostril slightly before middle in snout length, equals inter- 
narial, valves rounded; interorbital 3 in head, well convex. Gill 
openings small, last 3 closer. Spiracle equals internarial, half orbital 
length behind and above eye. 

Scales small, quadrate, each with depressed median crown. 

First dorsal inserted little nearer second dorsal origin than snout 
tip, equals preoral length; second dorsal begins over hind basal ventral 
edge, fin 234 in head; caudal 514 in rest of fish, subcaudal 12% in 
caudal or 2 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% in orbit; 
pectoral 224 in head, width 114 its length, reaches half way in first 
dorsal base; ventral 2 in head. 

Color in alcohol dark brownish black. First dorsal brown basally, 
white marginally. Second dorsal white. Caudal brown basally, 
whitish marginally. Pectoral black basally, also small blotch termi- 
nally, otherwise white. Ventral rays and disklike terminal expansions 
white. 

Philippines. One of the smallest of sharks. 

U.S.N.M. No. 70259. D. 5268. Lat. 13°42’ N., long. 120°57’15’’ E., in Batangas 
Bay, Luzon. In 170 fathoms. July 8, 1908. Length, 150 mm. Type of 
Squaliolus laticaudus. 

U.S.N.M. D. 5297. Same locality as above. July 24, 1909. Length 115 mm. 


Apparently female, as ventral without modified terminal disks as in type. 
Paratype of Squaliolus laticaudus. 


Genus DALATIAS Rafinesque 


Dalatias RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali Sicilia, p. 10, 1810. (Type, Dalatias 
sparophagus Rafinesque=Squalus licha Bonnaterre, designated by Jordan, 
Tanaka, Snyder, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, p. 22, 1913.) 

Dalatius AGAss1z, Nomencl. Zool., Pisc., p. 21,1845. (Type, Dalatias sparophagus 
Rafinesque. ) 

Scymnus (not Kugelmann 1914) Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 180, 1817. (Type, 
Squalus americanus Gmelin, monotypic.) 

Scymnorhinus BoNAPARTE, Cat. Metod. Pesci Huropei, p. 16, 1846. (Type, Squalus 
licha Bonnaterre. ) 

Borborodes GistEL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. x, 1848. (Type, Squalus licha Bon- 
naterre, virtually. Borborodes Gistel proposed to replace Scymnorhinus 
Bonaparte.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 267 


Body elongate, fusiform, cavity 34 of total. Tail shorter than 
body. Snout subconic, end obtusely rounded. Eye large, without 
nictitating folds. Mouth transverse, with deep straight groove and 
labial folds at each angle. Villous upper lip before teeth. Upper 
teeth raptorial, lanceolate; lower sectorial, compressed, serrated on 
edge, nearly erect in middle of mouth. Nostrils advanced, valve with 
rounded lobe in inner half. Gull openings narrow, small. Spi- 
racles wide, transverse, behind eye and little higher, open upward. 
Scales minute, carinate. Dorsals short, without spine, first before 
ventrals. No anal. Caudal large, subcaudal deep. 

Jordan and Evermann designated the type of Dalatias Rafinesque 
as Dalatias nocturnus Rafinesque = ? Centrophorus granulosus 
Schneider ®> as formally restricted by Swainson.’ This is useless as 
Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder had already (1913) given a formal type 


designation. 
DALATIAS LICHA (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus licha BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 12, 1788 (on La Liche 
Broussonet, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, p. 677, 1780, type locality : “Le Cap Breton” 
in southern France). 

Scymnus (Scymnus) lichia MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
$2, 1841 (Nice, Atlantic, Cape Breton, Bayonne).—Dumérrim, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 452, 1865 (Mediterranean). 

Scymnus lichia GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 425, 1870 (Medi- 
terranean, Nice, Madeira).—IsHIkKAWA and MarsuvurA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 
Mus. Tokyo, p. 61, 1897. 

Daltatias lichia Gray, List. fish British Mus., p. 75, 1851 (Madeira).—IzuKa and 
Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 188, 1920 (Misaki). 

Dalatias licha JorpDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 637, 1903 
(Tokyo Museum).—Fowtukrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
497, 1930 (Atlantic). 

Scymnorhinus lichia ReeAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 54, 1908 
(Japan). 

Squalus americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1503, 1789 (on Brous- 
sonet).—WaALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 521, 1792 (copied).—LAcEPEDE, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p, 279, pl. 10, fig. 3, 1798 (Cape Breton).— 
SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 186, 1801 (copied). 

Dalatias americanus JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 129, 
1901 (Misaki; Suruga). 

Squaius nicaeensis Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 6, 1810 (type locality: 
Nice). 

Dalatias sparophayus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 10, pl. 13, 
fig. 2, 1810 (type locality: Sicily). 


Depth 714, to 1034; head 444 to 514, width 134. Snout 4 to 434 in 
head; eye 534 to 624, 114 to 114 in snout, 124 to 1% in interorbital; 
mouth width 234 to 3 in head, with deep straight groove, both jaws 
with long labial folds; teeth in 18 or 19 irregular rows above, 19 


5 Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 77, 1917. 
° Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, p. 141, 1838. 


268 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


rows below, upper lanceolate and narrowly pointed, lower wider and 
sectorial, with wide serrated triangular sectorial cusps; nostrils little 
nearer snout end than eye, valve obtuse point on inner edge, inter- 
narial 614 to 714 in head; interorbital 3 to 324, broadly depressed 
or slightly concave medially. Gill openings small, last 2 closer to- 
gether, before pectoral base. 

Scales minute, as simple denticles, bicarinate, with keels joined at 
apex of denticles or sometimes each scale with single keel. 

First dorsal origin close behind depressed pectoral tip, length 114 
to 124 in head; second dorsal origin opposite last fifth in ventral 
base, fin length 124 to 134 in head; caudal length 3 in rest of body, 
front subcaudal edge 214 to 214 in caudal length; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 5 to 61% in head; pectoral 114 to 136, width 21% to 
21% in its length; ventral length 1 to 124 in head. 

Nearly uniform cinnamon-brown, fins all slightly darker. Iris 
slate or grayish. 

Japan. Also in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 478, 479. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. (No. 240.) Dr. T. B. Wilson. 
DALATIAS PHILLIPPSI (Whitley) 


‘ Scymnorhinus phillippsi WuirtEy, Australian Zoologist, vol. 6, p. 310, 1931 
(on McCulloch). 

Scymnus lichia (not Bonnaterre) Parker, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 15, p. 
223, pls. 31-32, 1883. 

Scymnorhinus licha Waite, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 46, 1913, p. 128, pl. 4, 
fig. 1, 1914——McCut1ocn, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 2, pt. 3, 1914, p. 81, pl. 
14, text fig. 1, 1914 (mouth, teeth, scales) (Great Australian Bight, 160-200 
fathoms).—WarT#, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 24, fig. 33, 1921.— 
Pururrs, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, p. 224, fig. 4, 1928 
(specimen Dominion Museum). 

This nominal species does not seem to be satisfactorily defined. 
Phillipps says “which, as McCulloch hinted, is obviously not con- 
specific with the Squalus licha Bonnaterre.” 


DALATIAS BREVIPINNIS (J. L. B. Smith) 


Scymnorhinus brevipinnis J. L. B. SmirH, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Africa, vol. 24, 
p. 1, text figs. 1-2, 1936 (type locality: Approximately 35 miles south of 
Cape Recife, about lat. 34° 32’ S., long. 25° 42’ E., in 110-150 fathoms). 

Depth 714 to origin of subcaudal lobe; head 5 to first gill opening. 
Snout 5 in head to first gill opening; eye 714 to 814, 114 in snout; 
orbit 4 in head to first gill opening; mouth transverse, close behind 
hind edge of eye, with straight longitudinal groove from each angle; 
lower lip thick, no labial folds; upper teeth in 19 series, narrow, 
pointed, central tooth almost vertical, remainder oblique, edges entire, 
second row close behind first and behind these 3 more rows in suc- 
cession; 19 compressed triangular teeth, central (anterior) tooth 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 269 


erect, remainder oblique, increasingly so posteriorly, edges serrate, 
19 to 26 fine serrae on each edge, and behind single row of function- 
ing teeth 4 overlapping rows of inwardly depressed teeth in succes- 
sion; inner internasal space 14 in preoral length; nostrils more or 
less rounded, separated, without serrae or oronasal grooves. Gill 
openings equal longitudinal diameter of eye. Spiracles large. 

Head and body covered with small scales, each more or less quad- 
rate, with dorsal ridge ending in a stout spine, usually also 1 or 2 
minute basal spines. 

First dorsal inserted midway between hind eye edge and second 
dorsal origin, length along front edge 14 in head to first gill opening ; 
second dorsal inserted over last fourth of ventral base, length along 
front edge 124 in head to first gill opening; caudal from subcaudal 
origin 334 in rest of fish, front edge of subcaudal 21% in caudal; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 414 in head to first gill opening; pectoral 
114, width 214 in its length; ventral length 114 in head. 

Uniform dark brown, slightly lighter below. Tips of fins slightly 
lighter. 

Length, 770-1,100 mm. (J. L. B. Smith.) 

South Africa. Differs from Dalatias licha according to Smith “in 
numerous dimensional relationships, notably in the smaller fins, the 
caudal lobes being markedly lower ... the teeth of the lower jaw in 
licha are oblique in juveniles but erect in adults.. In my specimens 
of brevipinnis, of which the larger are presumably adults, all but 
the central symphyseal erect tooth of the lower jaw are oblique, the 
posterior teeth very markedly so.” 


Genus ISISTIUS Gill 


Isistius Grit, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 264. (Type, Scymnus 
brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, monotypic.) 

Leius Kner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 24, p. 9, 1865. 
(Type, Leius feror Kner, monotypic.) 

Body elongate, fusiform, cavity 24 total length. Tail short. Head 
subconic. Eye large, without nictitating folds. Mouth transverse, 
with straight deep groove, covering labial folds, at each angle, ending 
at end of transverse fold in front of and covering distinct upper lip. 
Upper teeth raptorial, slender, subconic; lower sectorial, compressed, 
with smooth-edged, triangular cusp erect. Nostrils anterior, nasal 
valve short lobe in middle. Gill openings narrow. Spiracles trans- 
verse. Scales minute, polygonal or quadrangular, with central de- 
pression on crown, in pavement. Dorsals and paired fins small. 
Caudal short. Tail without lateral folds or caudal pits. 

Pelagic in tropical and temperate seas. One species, of interest 
as one of the first sharks noticed to be luminous. 


270 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ISISTIUS BRASILIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard) 


Scymnus brasiliensis (Cuvier) Quoy and GArmarD, Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 198, 
1824 (type locality: Brazil). 

Scymnus (Scymnus) brasiliensis MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 92, 1841 (Mauritius, St. Jago, Rio Janeiro).—DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 458, 1865 (types of Scymnus wnicolor and Scymnus tor- 
quatus). 

Dalatias brasiliensis Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 76, 1851 (reference). 

Isistius brasiliensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 429, 1870 
(South Pacific, Gulf of Guinea).—-PErerRS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 
853, 1876 (lat. 14° S., long. 118° E., in Indian Ocean).—SAUvAGE, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 511, 1891 (reference).—WAITE, Rec. Austral. Mus., 
vol. 3, p. 195, text figs. 1-2, 1900 (teeth) (Lord Howe Island) ; vol. 5, p. 141, 
1904 (Lord Howe Island).—ReEGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 
55, 1908 (tropical and subtropical seas).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 288, 1913 (tropical and temperate seas).—FOWLER and BALL, 
Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 5, 1925 (note).—WHITLEy, Journ. Pan Pacific Inst., 
vol. 2, No. 1, p. 3, 1927 (Fiji) —Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 23, 
1928 (Honolulu); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 
(Hawaii) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1981 (reference). 

Isistius braziliensis MACLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 368, 
1881 (‘“‘Australia” on Kner). 

Squalus fulgens F. D. BENNETT, Narr. Whaling Voy., vol. 2, p. 255, 1840 (type 
locality: Lat. 214° S., long 163° W.; lat. 55° N., long 110° W.).—G. BEn- 
NETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 66, 1860 (copied). 

Scymnus torquatus (Valenciennes) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 93, 1841 (no locality). 

Scymnus unicolor (Valenciennes) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 93, 1841 (type locality: Mauritius). 

Leius ferog KNrER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Kl., vol. 24, p. 10, 
pl. 4, figs. 2-2a, 1865 (type locality: Australia).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 19384 (reference). 

Apristurus spongiceps (not Gilbert) JoRDAN and JorpDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 3, 1922 (cast of Honolulu specimen). 

Echinorhinus brucus (not Bonnaterre) FoOwLer, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 8, 
No. 7, p. 375, 1923 (Honolulu). 


Body longer than tail, slender, tapering behind. Snout short, 
obtuse, tapers little from eye, depressed above, length 34 its width; 
eye large, long as snout in profile, pupil rounded; mouth wide, trans- 
verse, width greater than snout length and deep labial folds around 
angles; teeth in 20 rows in jaws, narrow upper ones more slender, 
broadly lower triangular, erect, entire, not notched; nostrils nearly 
at first third in snout; interorbital and head above depressed, surface 
convex. Gill openings small, before and all little above pectoral 
origin, last half width of first. Spiracles large, deep, transverse, 
length 24 of eye and about 44 eye diameter behind eye. 

Skin with small, simple scales, close set in pavement. 

Dorsals and ventrals behind middle in total length; dorsals small, 
rounded, first above and little before ventral origin; second dorsal 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 271 


well behind ventral, not reaching caudal; caudal 51% in rest of body, 
with slight notch in upper lobe behind, subecaudal forming distinct 
lobe; pectoral short, partly truncate, angles rounded; ventral larger 
than dorsals. 

Color dull vinaceous brown above, paler below. Dark color of 
back extends as band completely encircling gill openings and same 
region of pharynx. Fins colored dark like back, except pectoral 
which pale greenish on under surfaces and hind portions above, also 
borders of most of other fins. Iris dusky, large pupil green. 

Mauritius, Australia, Lord Howe Island, Hawaii. Also in the 
tropical Atlantic. 

“When the larger specimen, taken at night, was removed into a 
dark apartment, it afforded a very extraordinary spectacle. The en- 
tire inferior surface of the body and head emitted a vivid and green- 
ish phosphorescent gleam, imparting to the creature, by its own light, 
a truly ghastly and terrific appearance. The luminous effect was 
‘constant, and not perceptibly increased by agitation or friction. I 
thought, at one time, that it shone brighter when the fish struggled, 
but I was not satisfied that such was the fact. When the shark 
expired (which was not until it had been out of the water more than 
three hours) the luminous appearance faded entirely from the ab- 
domen, and more gradually from other parts; lingering the longest 
around the jaws and on the fins. 

“The only part of the under surface of the animal which was free 
from luminosity was the black collar around the throat; and while 
the inferior surface of the pectoral, anal, and caudal fins shone with 
splendour, their upper surface (including the upper lobe of the tail 
fin) was in darkness, as also were the dorsal fins, back and summit 
of the head. 

“T am inclined to believe that the luminous power of this shark 
resides in a peculiar secretion from the skin. It was my first im- 
pression, that the fish had accidentally contracted some phosphores- 
cent matter from the sea, or from the net in which it was captured ; 
but the most rigid investigation did not confirm this suspicion ; while 
the uniformity with which the luminous gleam occupied certain por- 
tions of the body and fins, its permanence during life, and decline 
and cessation upon the approach and occurence of death, did not 
leave a doubt in my mind that it was a vital principle, essential to 
the economy of the animal.” (Bennett.) 

Since the above was written it has been found that the luminous 
condition continued some hours after death. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum. Length, 
317 mm. 


B72, BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus HETEROSCYMNUS Tanaka 


Heteroscymnus TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 6, p. 102, 1912. (Type, Hetero- 
scymnus longus Tanaka, monotypic.) 


Body elongated, somewhat compressed, body cavity % total 
length. Tail short. Head depressed. Snout pointed. Eyes small, 
without nictitating membrane. Mouth nearly transverse, with deep 
groove at each angle. Teeth unlike in two jaws, upper lanceolate and 
numerous, lower larger, compressed with oblique triangular cusp. 
Nostrils near snout end. Guill openings moderate, before pectoral. 
Spiracle small, behind and elevated from eye. Scales minute. Fins 
rather small. Dorsals spineless, first above postpectoral space. No 
anal. Caudal short, deep, without pits. 

Japan. 


HETEROSCYMNUS LONGUS Tanaka 


Heteroscymnus longus TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 6, p. 102, pl. 26, figs. 
102-107, 1912 (type locality: Tokyo market, Japan).—GaARMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 239, 1913 (Sagami Sea).—Fowtsr, Proce. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 19380 (reference). 


Depth to subcaudal 4%; head 514, width 124. Snout 234 in head, 
obtuse as seen above; eye 8, 3 in snout, 414 in interorbital; mouth 
width 214 in head, little arched, with groove from angle backward 
little less than 14 to gill opening; similar but very short groove on 
upper lip; lips thin; upper teeth lanceolate, sharp, irregular, close 
set, in several rows, of which 4 visible from outside and 20 in row 
visible from-outside; lower teeth much larger, triangular, directed 
somewhat outward, without serration in margin, arranged in 2 rows, 
about 15 in row visible from outside, actual number 18; preoral 
length 214 in head; interorbital 1% 9, convex. Guill openings sub- 
equal, last before pectoral base, largest about twice eye. Spiracle 
small, oval, behind eye, interspiracle space 224 in head. 

Scales minute, finely shagreened, none enlarged. Short and rather 
indistinct ridge below lateral line on caudal peduncle. 

First dorsal origin slightly nearer snout tip than subcaudal origin, 
front fin edge 124 in head; second dorsal origin close behind ventral 
base, front fin edge 214 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 in 
head; caudal length from subcaudal origin 31% in rest of body, sub- 
caudal 135 in caudal length; pectoral 114 in head, width 1% its 
length; ventral length 124 in head. 

Blackish brown, edges of all fins darker. Length, 1,860 mm. 
(Tanaka.) 

Japan. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 273 


Genus HETEROSCYMNOIDES Fowler 


Heteroscymnoides Fow.eER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 2389, 
1934. (Type, Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler, orthotypic. ) 


Body elongate, slender. Head long. Snout depressed. Eye large, 
little nearer gill opening than snout tip, without nictitating mem- 
brane. Mouth transverse, little arched, with deep groove back and 
upward from each corner. Teeth erect, pointed above, lower di- 
rected more obliquely and outward. Gill openings 5, subequal, small, 
before pectoral. Spiracle large, higher, and well behind eye. Scales 
small, simple, triangular plate ending in sharp point behind and with 





Ficurp 10.—Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler: Type. 


keeled median ridge above. First dorsal begins close behind pectoral 
origin. Second dorsal long, low, begins over middle of ventrals. 
Caudal broad. Pectoral without inner free lobe. Coloration black. 

Differs from Heteroscymnus Tanaka in the long snout with long 
preoral region, the nostrils subterminal, the advanced first dorsal 
and longer low second dorsal. 


HETEROSCYMNOIDES MARLEYI Fowler 
Ficure 10 


Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, 
p. 240, fig. 4, 1984 (type locality: Durban Coast at Point Ocean Beach, 
Natal). 

Heteroscymnus longus (not Tanaka) Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 191 (Durban coast at Point Ocean Beach).—BARNARD, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1018, 1927 (copied). 


Depth 92% to last caudal vertebra, body somewhat compressed ; 
head 334, width 24%. Snout 2149 in head, width 11% its length; eye 
634 in head, 314 in snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth width 314 in 
head, slightly arched, with deep straight groove across each angle 


274 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


backward 34 to gill opening; teeth in 20 rows in each jaw, upper 
slightly raptorial, lower larger, compressed, sectorial, not serrated; 
median lower tooth present; nostrils large, oblong, at first third in 
snout; internarial equals preoral length, which 274 in head; inter- 
orbital 144, broadly convex. Guill openings small, last before pectoral. 
Spiracle equals pupil, eye diameter behind eye. 

Scales moderate, triangular points with entire edge, each with 
median longitudinal groove. 

First dorsal origin little nearer snout tip than subcaudal origin, 
depressed fin entirely before middle in total, fin length 2 in head; 
second dorsal origin little nearer first dorsal origin than last caudal 
vertebra and ends in slender point behind like first dorsal, fin length 
144 in head; caudal 344 in rest of body, subcaudal 114 in caudal 
length; least depth of caudal peduncle 9 times in head; pectoral 
214, width 21% its length, reaches middle of first dorsal; ventral 
length 214 in head. 

Brownish black. Tips of caudal and pectoral fins white. Eye 
violet. 

Natal. Characters contained in those of the genus. 


A.N.S.P. Durban coast at Point Ocean Beach, Natal. April 1, 1923. H. W. 
Bell Marley. Length,128 mm. ‘Type. 


Genus PSEUDOSCYMNUS Herre 


Pseudoscymnus Herre, Copeia, No. 3, p. 124, fig. 2, 1935. (Type, Psewdoscymnus 
boshuensis Herre, orthotypic.) 

Body elongate, fusiform: Groove on each side from above pectoral 
origin to above ventral. Head rather small, somewhat depressed, 
flattened above. Snout short, broadly rounded. Eyes large, elongate, 
without nictitating membrane. Mouth gently arched, with very 
long labial fold concealing each angle. Teeth unlike in two jaws 
18 rows in each. Upper teeth slender, pointed, several rows func- 
tioning. Lower teeth broad, with single, triangular serrate cusp 
on a broad and long base, slightly oblique, but one row visible. Nos- 
trils very far forward. Gill openings narrow, in front of pectoral. 
Spiracle large, transverse, on top of head well behind eyes. Scales 
on lower side of snout conspicuously larger than elsewhere, simple, 
smooth, triangular, imbricate. Elsewhere scales minute, closely ap- 
pressed, widely spaced, more or less keeled, and trifid with long 
central point and with 2 lateral points at right angles to central 
one. Fins small. Dorsals without spines, first between pectorals and 
ventrals and origin of second over hind part of ventrals. 

Distinguished by its serrate lower teeth, position and character 
of fins, and in the presence of two kinds of scales. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 275 


PSEUDOSCYMNUS BOSHUENSIS Herre 


Pseudoscymnus boshuensis Herre, Copeia, No. 3, p. 124, fig. 2, 19385 (type local- 
ity: Boshu, Sagami Bay, Japan). 

Depth 8 in total; head measured to first gill opening 214, width 
114. Snout 414 in head; eye 434, 114 in snout, 21% in interorbital; 
mouth width gently arched, width 314 in head; upper lip extended 
laterally into prolonged skinny flap reaching far below mouth and 
concealing its outer fourth; upper teeth simple, awl-shaped, with 4 
rows of different sizes in use; only 1 row visible in lower jaw, ser- 
rate cusps slightly oblique, with more or less evident basal notch on 
outer side; space between outer nasal edges 324 in head, internasal 
space 434, lower or innermost concealed by scaly flap; interorbital 
2%, low. Gill openings narrow. Spiracle 224 in orbit. 

Scales smooth as stroked toward caudal, very rough and spines- 
cent as rubbed toward head. 

Small first dorsal well premedian, base 3 in head measured to first 
gill opening, hind edge truncate; second dorsal larger, middle of 
base over hind end of ventral base, base 214 in head, hind edge 
slightly concave; subcaudal origin little in advance of upper caudal 
origin, fin 3149 in total fish, front edge of subcaudal 214 in caudal 
length; least depth of caudal penduncle 514 in head to first gill open- 
ing; pectoral 114, width 2 in its length; ventral 114, in head. 

Color in alcohol blackish brown. Peculiar scales on lower side 
of snout glisten with brilliant metallic luster. Dorsals, subcaudal, 
and paired fins black with pale margins. 

Length, 337 mm. (Herre.) 


Japan. 
Genus SOMNIOSUS Lesueur 


Somniosus Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 222, 1818. 
(Type, Somniosus brevipinna Lesueur, monotypic.) 

Laemargus MULLER and Hente, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss Berlin, p. 116, 1887. 
(Atypic. Type, Squalus borealis Scoresby, in Miiller and Henle, Syst. Beschr. 
Plagiostomen, p. 93, 1841. Type, Squalus borealis Scoresby, designated by 
Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 2, p. 192, 1919.) 

Leiodon Woop, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 174, 1846. (Type, Leiodon 
echinatum Wood, monotypic.) 

Rhinoscymnus GiLt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 264. (Type, 
Scymnus rostratus Risso, monotypic.) 


Body elongate, robust. Head rather short. Snout moderate. 
Mouth transverse, with deep straight groove across each angle and 
with labial folds. Upper teeth pointed, raptorial, several series 
functional; lower teeth wider, sectorial, with cusp directed obliquely 
outward, presenting inner edge of each tooth toward upper teeth 
and with notch on outer edge at base. Nostrils near snout end. 


276 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Gill openings narrow, hardly extend above level of pectorals. Spir- 
acles moderate, behind and slightly above level of eye. Tubercles 
small, uniform. 

Two species in Arctic and North temperate seas. Oviparous, 
though the eggs without a horny capsule and deposited on the sea 


bottom. 
SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS (Schneider) 


Squalus microcephalus SCHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 185, 1801 (type local- 
ity: Glacial Sea). 

Acanthorhinus microcephalus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, 
p. 121, 1816 (name only). 

Somniosus microcephalus JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 
129, 1901 (Tokyo).—JorpAN and Fowtrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 638, 1903 (Tokyo).—Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 54, 
1908 (Arctic Seas south to Japan, Cape Cod and France).—GARMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 241, pl. 15, figs. 4-6, 1913 (Massachusetts).— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 (reference) .— 
SoLpATow and Linpperc, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 17, 1930 
(Far East Seas). 

Acanthorhinus norwegianus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, 
p. 121, 1816 (name only). 

Squalus norvegianus BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 61, 1825 (Mers 
du Nord; on Haa-skierding Gunner, Act. Nidrosiana Trondhjem, vol. 2, p. 
330, pls. 10-11, 1763). 

Somniosus brevipinna Lesurur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 1, 
p. 222, pl., 1818 (type locality: Near Marblehead, Mass.).—Garman, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 240, pl. 15, figs. 1-8, 19138 (Sagami Sea, Japan). 

Squalus borealis Scoresspy, Arctic regions, vol. 1, p. 538, pl. 15, figs. 3-5, 1820 
(type locality: Spitzbergen Sea). 

Scymnus rostratus Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 138, pl. 
8, fig. 7, 1826 (type locality: Nice). 

Scymnus gunneri THIENEMANN, Lehrb. Zoologie, p. 1828 (on Gunner). 

Scymnus glacialis Faser, Nat. Fische Islands, p. 23, 1829 (type locality: Iceland). 

Scymnus micropterus VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, 
p. 458, pl. 20, 1882 (type locality: “Habitat in Oceano boreali’”). 

Leiodon echinatum Woop, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 174, 1846 (type 
locality: “Taken about 80 miles east of Portland’). 

Squalus norvegicus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 8, 1854 (type locality: Biorn 
Island, Norwegian Sea). 


Depth 5% to 614 to subcaudal origin; head 414 to 424. Snout 
21% to 234 in head; orbit 9 to 1114, 314 to 414 in snout; mouth width 
subequal with snout, with groove at angle extending back or little be- 
hind spiracle; teeth in 70 rows above, narrower than lower, 54 rows 
below, roots variably slender or elongate to short and wide in lower; 
nostrils about first third in snout; preoral length 21% to 214 in head; 
interorbital rather elevated. Gull openings equidistant, 244 to 3 in 
snout length, upper edge of last before pectoral origin. Spiracle 
nearly or quite equals orbit, superior, distant from upper hind orbital 
edge space equal to 23% to 3 in snout length. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 277 


Scales minute simple or curved tubercles, with 3 to 6 ridges con- 
verging apically. 

First dorsal origin nearer snout tip than caudal tip, variably nearet 
pectoral or ventral origins, fin length 134 in head; second dorsal origin 
about over last fourth in ventral base, fin length 134 to 1% in head; 
caudal 334 to 334 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 124 in caudal 
length or 124 to 114 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 434 to 
514; pectoral 134 to 124, width 2% to 21% its length; ventral length 
144 to 1% in head. 

Blackish brown. Length, 2,692 mm. (Garman.) 

Arctic Seas, south to Japan, Massachusetts, and France. Though 
Garman has separated Somniosus brevipinna Lesueur as a distinct 
species, I do not feel his distinctions are conclusive. The position 
of the first dorsal as well as the appearance of the scales and teeth 
are likely only individual variations as he figures them. 


Genus ECHINORHINUS Bilainville 


Echinorhinus BLAINvILLe, Bull. Soe. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, pl. 121, 1816. 
Type, Squalus spinosus Gmelin, monotypic.) 

Goniodus AGASSIz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 183, 1836. (Type, Squalus spi- 
nosus Gmelin.) 

Rubusqualus Wuittry, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 311, 1931. (Type, Hchi- 
norhinus mccoyi Whitley, orthotypic.) 


Body partly fusiform, longer than tail. Head depressed. Snout 
short, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil erect, without nictitating mem- 
branes. Mouth wide, arched forward, with deep labial folds around 
angles. Teeth sectorial, smooth edged, alike in two jaws, broad, com- 
pressed, with cusp directed toward mouth angles and with denticle 
or more at side of base. Nostrils nearly midway from snout end 
and mouth, valve with pointed lobe in middle. Gill openings mod- 
erate, last before pectoral. Spiracle minute. Skin with scattered 
tubercles and bucklers. Two dorsals, close together, behind middle 
in total length, spineless. Tail short, without lateral folds or pits. 

One species living. Fossils known from the Tertiary. 


ECHINORHINUS BRUCUS (Bonnaterre) 


Squalus brucus BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 11, 1788 (type locality : 
The Ocean). 

Echinorhinus brucus ParKker, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 16, p. 280, 1884 
(Dunedin, New Zealand).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 248, 
1913 (Pacific and Australia).—WatTr, Ree. Canterbury Mus., vol. 2, pt. 
1, p. 17, 1913 (Opotiki, Bay of Plenty).—PHr.iers, New Zealand 
Journ. Sci. Techn., vol. 10, No. 4, p. 221, fig. 1, 1928 (Cook Strait).— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 (reference). 

Squalus spinosus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1500, 1789 (type locality: 
In Oceano).—WAtLBAuM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 519, 1792 (copied).—Lack- 
PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 2838, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1798 (copied). —ScHNEIDER, 
Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 186, 1801 (Atlantic). 


278 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Echinorhinus spinosus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 78, 1851 (Cape 
Seas).—Gtnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 428, 1870 (English 
coasts to Cape of Good Hope).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 2, 
pl. 144, 1887—BovuLEnNGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 243, 1889 (Muscat). 
—Lwcoas, Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 44, 1890 (reference) .— 
Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 42, 1908 (North Atlantic, 
Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand).—ZuamMayeEr, Abh. 
Bayer, Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman).—Jorpan, 
TANAKA, and SNYDER, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, p. 23, 1913 (Japan). 

Echinorhinus obesus ANDREW SMITH, Ill. zoology South Africa, Fishes, pl. 1, 
1849 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope). 

Echinorhinus cookei PIETSCHMANN, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Nachr. 65, p. 297, 
1928 (type locality: Hawaii); Bishop Mus. Bull. 73, p. 3, fig. 1, 1930 
(teeth and scales; type, from south coast of Kauai). 

? Echinorhinus (Rubusqualus) me coyi WuitLey, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 311, 
19381 (on Hchinorhinus spinosus, said not of Gmelin, McCoy, 1887; type 
locality: Portland, Victoria) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 
1934 (reference). 

Depth 514 to subcaudal origin; head 424, width 124. Snout 3 in 
head; eye 614, 214 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth width 2 in 
head, well arched, labial fold around each angle; teeth in 20 rows 
in each jaw, sectorial, cusp with cutting edge inclined to horizontal 
and several notches each side of base; nostril at last fourth in snout, 
inferior, internarial 114 in preoral length, which 2%, in head; inter- 
orbital 134, low. Gill openings large, first and second more sepa- 
rated, last largest or 234 in head. Spiracle small, close behind eye. 

Skin with radiated bony tubercles with conic median spine, scat- 
tered, irregular, very variable. 

First dorsal origin little behind ventral origin, fin length 134 in 
head; second dorsal origin over hind basal ventral edge, fin length 
17% in head; caudal 234 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 234 in 
caudal length or 124 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; 
pectoral length 114, width about 134 its length; ventral length 1144 in 
head. 

Purplish brown, paler below. Back and sides with numerous, 
rounded, darker spots. Whitish under chin and edge of lip. Tuber- 
cles white. Paired fins and caudal edged darker brown. Iris green- 
ish black, with silvery and bronze green and blue radiating lines 
from pupil edge. Length, 2,193 mm. (McCoy.) 

Arabia, South Africa, Japan, Victoria, New Zealand, Hawaii. 
Also in the Atlantic. I cannot find that Hchinorhinus cookei is 
other than a variant of this species. It is based on an example 2,033 
mm. long, which I have examined in the Bishop Museum at Hono- 
lulu. Whitley says of his Xchinorhinus (Rubusqualus) me coyt, “It 
differs from a specimen in the Australian Museum from Tuscany in 
having the eye over anterior portion of mouth, thicker and heavier 
tail, dorsal fins closer together, the first dorsal originating over the 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 279 


anterior portion of the anal instead of originating almost over the 
middle of that fin.” 


Order SQUATINAE 


Mouth wide, anterior or terminally inferior, or entirely inferior. 
Snout sometimes extended into a “saw.” Vertebrae with calcareous 
lamellae ranged in several concentric series or rings about central 
axis. Guill openings before pectoral. Dorsal fins small, posterior. 
Pectorals sometimes modified into lateral expansions. 

Two widely divergent families, the angel sharks and the saw sharks, 
constitute this order. They graduate toward the skates. The saw 
sharks form an almost perfectly connected link between the sharks 
and the sawfishes. 

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a. Snout greatly produced in long bladelike saw, with sharp teeth on edges and 


PWG Delt Des = she ee ke a ee a eee ee ee Pristiophoridae 
a, Snout short, obtuse; mouth anterior, terminal; pectorals produced, free from 
Nea Sit ssaies Sal eis ee eee ee es Se ae ee Squatinidae. 


Family PRISTIOPHORIDAE 


Body long. Head greatly depressed. Snout produced in long flat 
blade, edge of each with series of sharp teeth suggestive of Pristis; 
barbel below each side of blade some distance before nostrils. Eyes 
superior, elongate, directed laterally; no nictitating membranes. 
Mouth inferior, behind eyes. Rudimentary labial fold at angles of 
lower jaws. Teeth small, numerous, number of series in function at 
once. Nostrils inferior, valve conspicuous. Gill openings lateral, 
before pectoral. Spiracles rather large, behind eye. Scales fine, 
smooth. Dorsals well developed, first above body, second above tail, 
spineless. No anal. Tail with dermal fold at lower edge of each 
side. Subcaudal reduced, separated from tip by notch and supra- 
caudal broader backward. Pectoral rather long. 

A small group of sharks, greatly resembling the sawfishes but of 
smaller size, with their gill openings lateral and the saw furnished 
with a pair of tentacles. Indo-Pacific. Known from fossils in the 
Cretaceous and Tertiary. 

ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


Gee OPEN WIGS ya ene aoe ee es ee SO AES ee 2 ees Pristiophorus 
G-wGilvoned ings: , 6 =< fae ee ee es Pliotrema 


Genus PRISTIOPHORUS Miiller and Henle 


Pristiophorus Mt~ier and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 116. 
(Atypie. Type, Pristis cirratus Latham) ; Arch. Naturg., pt. 1, p. 399, 18387. 
(Type, Pristis cirratus Latham, monotypic.) 

156861—41——_19 


280 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body elongate, tapering to head and tail. Tail flattened below. 
Head depressed. Snout shorter in young, barbel longer in young. 
Rostral teeth sharp and of unequal length. Eye large, before mouth. 
Teeth in jaws close-set, each with sharp cusp on broad base. Nostrils 
not connected with mouth. Gull openings 5, moderate. Dorsals sub- 
equal, spineless, hinder angles produced. First dorsal before ventrals, 
second fin large. Lower caudal lobe narrow. Pectorals broad, free 
from head. Ventrals small, edge oblique. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a@. Dorsals and pectorals entirely covered with scales; upper teeth in about 


AZ LOWS ais Seen RE pe eS SR ee ee cirratus 
a’. Dorsals and pectorals nearly covered with scales; upper teeth in about 46 
EOS ETO WIS ea eee ee ee Se re ee japonicus 


a*. Dorsals and pectorals nearly naked; upper teeth in 35 to 39 rows_ nudipinnis 
PRISTIOPHORUS CIRRATUS (Latham) 


Pristis cirratugs LATHAM, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 281, pl. 26, fig. 5, 
pl. 27, 1794 (type locality: New Holland). 

Pristis cirrhata ScHNEDDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 351, pl. 70, fig. 2, 1801 (on 
Latham). 

Pristis cirrhatus Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 182, 1817 (reference) .—GuNN, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 108, 1888 (Western Port, Tasmania).—G. 
BENNETT, Gatherings Nat. Australasia, p. 35, 1860 (Port Jackson). 

Pristiophorus cirratus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 98, 
1841 (Port Jackson, New Holland).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 
88, 1851 (not Japan; Tasmania, Australia).—Dumérint, Hist. Nat. 
Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 61, 1865 (Australia, Tasmania).—GUnrTuEr, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 482, 1870 (Tasmania, New Holland).—CasTELNAv, 
Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 220, 1872 (Hobart Town) .— 
MAcLeay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 369, 1881 (Tasmania, 
South Australia, Port Jackson).—OctLpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 
1, p. 18, 1888 (Broken Bay, Manly, Port Jackson).—RaAmsay, Proce. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 97, 1890 (Port Jackson).—WaAtIrE, Mem. 
Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 87, 1899 (New South Wales).—RereGAn, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 56, 1908 (New South Wales, Victoria, Tas- 
mania).—McCoutiocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 9, 1911 (New South 
Wales and Bass Strait, 15-45 fathoms).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 245, 1913 (Hast Australia, New South Wales, Australia ).—WAITE, 
Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 25, 1921—Barnarp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, p. 53, 1925 (“identification of a specimen from 
False Bay by Dr. Boulenger”).—McCuniocH, Fishes of New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 9, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 
1930 (reference).—WuHItTLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 
1934 (reference). 

Pristiphorus cirratus CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 
220, 1872 (Hobart Town, Tasmania). 

Pristiphorus cirrhatus Strap, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908 (Port Jackson). 

Squalus anisodon LActkpmrpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 679, 680, 1802 (type 
locality: New Holland). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 281 


Squalus tentaculatus SHaw, General Zoology, vol. 5, p. 359, 1804 (type locality : 
New Holland).—SHaw and Nopper, Nat. Mise., vol. 15, pl. 630, 1804 
(Southern Seas). 

Depth 14 to subcaudal origin; head 214, width 5. Snout 114 in 
head, rostrum armed with 24+26 principal denticles also usually 
smaller on each side of base of each principal one; barbel 424 in 
snout; eye 1214 in head, 924 in snout, 124 in interorbital; mouth 
width 814 in head; 2 short rudimentary grooves at each mouth 
angle; teeth in 36 rows above, 30 below, each with broad low simple 
cusp; nostrils at last sixth in preoral length, internarial 134 in mouth 
width; interorbital 914 in head, with slight concavity medianly. 
Gill openings subequal, last 3 closer. Spiracles large, half eye 
diameter and close behind eye. 

Scales broad, each ending in slender, acuminate point, with median 
keel. Dorsals and paired fins scaled. 

First dorsal close behind pectoral, obtuse, front edge 414 in head, 
with blunt hind point; second dorsal inserted little nearer subcaudal 
origin than first dorsal origin, similar to first dorsal, front edge 4 
in head; caudal 2, subcaudal without lobe; pectoral 314, width 114 
its length; ventral 5 in head. 

Gray brown above, paler to whitish below. Along each side of 
rostral cartilages pale streak, also hind edges of paired fins pale or 
whitish. 

South Africa, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South 
Australia, Philippines. Reaches 1,200 mm. 

10170 (D. 5536). Apo Island, S. 26° W., 11.8 miles (lat. 9° 15’ 45” N., long. 

123° 22’ 00” E.) between Negros and Siquijor. August 19, 1909. Length, 

490 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40003. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. 
U.S.N.M. No. 59842. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. 


PRISTIOPHORUS JAPONICUS Giinther 


Pristiophorus japonicus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 433, 1870 
(type locality: Japan).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 
Mus. Tokyo, p. 61, 1897.—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 
pp. 40, 129, 1901 (Nagasaki).—Jorpan and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 26, p. 639, 1803 (Aomori; Nagasaki).—RrcGan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 
8, vol. 2, p. 57, 1908 (type; Japan).“PretscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 652, 1908 (Japan) —Garman, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 246, pl. 52, fig. 3, pl. 56, fig. 6, pl. 58, fig. 5, pl. 
64, fig. 1, 1918 (anatomy) (Yenoura, Japan).—IzuKA and Marsuura, Cat. 
Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 188, 1920 (Sagami).—Mortr, Journ. 
Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Mokpo, Korea).—Fowter, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 590, 1930 (Tokyo) ; Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr. Java, p. 497, 1930 (Japan) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 
129, fig. 18, 1980 (Japan).—SoLpAtov and LinpserG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. 
Inst., vol. 5, p. 18, 1980 (Far East Sea).—Scummt, Trans. Pacific Comm. 
Acad. Sci. U. 8. S. R., vol. 11, p. 10, 1981 (Nagasaki; Fusan).—Fane and 


282 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Wana, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 252, fig. 7, 1982 (Chefoo) — 
Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 95, 1933 (Chusan).— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 25, 1933. 

Pristiophorus cirratus (not Latham) ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 305, 1850 (Nagasaki Bay).—Gray, List fish British Museum, 
p. 88, 1851 (Japan). 

Pristiophorus cirrhatus SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss. pt. 15, 
pl. 187, 1850. 

Head about 234 to subcaudal origin; width 414. Snout 114 in 
head, rostrum armed with 24+26 principal denticles, also 2 or 3 
smaller intermediate teeth between larger teeth; barbel 324 in snout; 
eye 2024 in head, 16 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth wide, rudi- 
mentary labial fold at angle of lower jaw; teeth in 46 (46 to 58) rows 
in upper jaws, 88 or more in lower, crown broad, with sharp slender 
cusp; nostril in front of eye, about 14 of space from mouth to barbel; 
interorbital 914 in head. Guill openings moderate, wide as spiracle or 
2 orbit, before pectorals. Spiracles long as eye. 

Scales minute, with strong median keel, irregular, point projecting. 

First dorsal origin behind hind depressed pectoral edge length of 
first dorsal base, fin length 424 in head; second dorsal length 41, 
inserted behind depressed ventral length of second dorsal base; cau- 
dal to upper lobe origin, 424 in rest of body, subcaudal narrow; pec- 
toral 814 in head, width 114 its length; ventral 5 in head. 

Olivaceous brown above, whitish below. On foramen in front of 
skull narrow whitish band near each edge of rostrum and another on 
each flank. Each side of white bands on rostrum general color darker 
brown, appearing as 4 dark longitudinal bands. Length, 864 mm. 
(Schlegel; Garman.) 

Japan, Korea. The specimen described from Aomori by Jordan 
and Fowler measured 1,023 mm. Schlegel says that according to 
Biirger it reaches 1,220 or 1,525 mm. 


PRISTIOPHORUS NUDIPINNIS Giinther 


Pristiophorus nudipinnis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 432, 1870 
(type locality: Tasmania and New Holland).—Kutunzincer, Arch. Naturg., 
vol. 38, p. 45, 1872 (Port Phillip) ; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., math.- 
nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 428, 1880 (Port Phillip) —Macteay, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 369, 1881 (Tasmania; South Australia).— 
McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Victoria, dec. 6, pl. 56, fig. 2, 1887-—Lucas, Proc. 
Roy Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 45, 1890 (passim).—Recan, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 57, 1908 (type); type Pristiophorus 
owenii).—McCuttocH, Zool. Res. Hndeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 10, pl. 1, 
fig. 2, 1911 (South Australia) —GArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 247, 1913 (Melbourne, Hobsons Bay, Tasmania).—WarIrTE, Rec. South 
Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 25, fig. 35, 1921—McCuttocu, Fishes New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 26b, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 19384 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 283 


Pristiphorus nudipinnis CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, 
p. 220, 1872 (Hobsons Bay). 

Pristiophorus owenii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 482, 1870 
(no locality ).—Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 
1930 (reference). 

Head 3 to subcaudal origin; width 314. Snout 114 in head, ros- 
trum armed with 21+20 principal denticles, usually 1 and sometimes 
2 intermediate teeth between larger teeth, with age many as 4; 
barbel 224 in snout; orbit 1014 in head, 7 in snout, 124 in interor- 
bital; teeth in 85 rows in upper jaw, crowns broad, each with strong, 
narrow, median cusp; interorbital 6% in head. Gill openings nearly 
equidistant, last 2 closer. Spiracles about equal orbit. 

Scales minute, crowns with three keels (3 to 7) on forward half, 
smooth posteriorly; scales absent from marginal portions of dorsals 
and pectorals. 

First dorsal origin behind depressed pectoral tip length of orbit, 
fin length 31% in head; second dorsal origin behind depressed ventral 
length of second dorsal base; caudal to subcaudal origin 5 in rest of 
body, subcaudal narrow; pectoral 244 in head, width equals its 
length; ventral length 314 in head. 

Brown, lighter beneath. Rostrum longitudinally striped with 
brown and light. Length, 445 mm. (McCulloch; Garman.) 

Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia. Types of the species and 
Pristiophorus owenii in the British Museum, the largest 1,000 mm. 
long. 

Genus PLIOTREMA Regan 


Pliotrema ReeaAn, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 1, 1906. (Type, Pliotrema 
warrenit Regan, monotypic.) 
Rostral teeth serrated behind. Pupil subcircular. Guill openings 
6 each side. 
Differs from Pristiophorus in 6 gill openings. 


PLIOTREMA WARRENI Regan 


Pliotrema warreni Recan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 1, pl. 1, 1906 
(head) [type locality: Natal; False Bay, Cape of Good Hope; p. 24 (Bird 
Island)]; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 2, p. 57, 1908 (type).—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 248, 1913 (Natal; Cape of Good Hope) .— 
GitcHrist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 284, 1916 (ref- 
erences).—GILcHRIST, Marine Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep., no. 2, p. 50, 
1922 (off Durban).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 8, 1925 (False Bay to Natal).—Fowtmr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1925, p. 192 (Natal). 


Depth 944 to subcaudal origin, body with well-developed dermal 
ridge each side of tail; head 214, width 5. Snout 114 in head; eye 
12, 914 in snout; mouth width 8 in head, little arched, groove at 
each angle; upper jaw teeth in 40 to 44 rows, lower 31 to 34; rostral 


284 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


teeth compressed, pointed, unequal; nostrils at last seventh in preoral 
length, internarial 914; preoral length slightly over 114 in head; 
interorbital low. Gill openings subequal, last 2 closer, before pec- 
toral. Spiracle close behind eye, less than half of eye. 

Scales small, pointed, with median keel and sometimes with pair 
of lateral keels, close-set on lower parts of body and front fin edges, 
terminal parts naked. 

First dorsal origin behind pectoral base but before hind inner pec- 
toral angle, fin length 224 in head; second dorsal begins orbital length 
behind ventral base, fin length 3 in head; caudal 4 in rest of body; 
pectoral 224 in head, width 124 its length; ventral length 414 in head. 

Uniform grayish. Pupil emerald green. Length, to 810 mm. 
(Regan; Barnard.) 

South Africa. The two original specimens 750 mm. Type in the 
British Museum. 


Family SQUATINIDAE 


Body greatly depressed, broadened. Head depressed, profile 
rounded as seen from above. Snout obtuse, wide. Eyes small, well 
separated. Mouth anterior. Teeth with broad backward extended 
base anteriorly, with acute rather narrow somewhat compressed cusp 
with sharp ridge each side, continued to edge of base and with ex- 
tension downward below cone in front and another backward behind; 
usually no median tooth on symphysis; about 20 rows of jaw teeth 
with 8 or 4 series functional. Nostrils on front snout edge, with 
skinny flaps. Gill openings lateral, wide, partly inferior and partly 
hidden by pectoral base. Spiracles wide. Scales of young with 
broad base, somewhat stellate with slender hooked cusp, conic in 
terminal portion and ridged with 4 keels on more basal section. 
Body smoother below. Dorsals 2, small, subequal, on tail, supra- 
caudal and subcaudal moderate. Caudal small. Pectoral free from 
head, expanded forward and backward. 

Small sharks of warm or tropical seas, of interest as intermediate 
between sharks and rays, though more like the latter in habit. Vivip- 
arous, about 20 young produced at one time. Perfected fossils known 
from the Cretaceous and Tertiary. 


Genus SQUATINA Duméril 


Squatina Dumérir, Zool. Analytique, p. 102, 1806. (Type, Squatina angelus 
Duméril=Squalus squatina Linnaeus, virtually tautotypic.)—VALMontT, Dict. 
Hist. Nat., No. 1, p. 273, 1768; No. 11, p. 46, 1769; No. 12, p. 593, IV, 1769 
(nonbinomial ; inadmissible). 

Rhina SCHAEFFER, Epistola studii ichth., p. 20, 1760. (Type, Squalus squatina 
Linnaeus.)—(Klein) Watsaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 580, 1792. (Type, 
Squalus squatina Linnaeus, monotypic, inadmissible.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 285 


Thaumas (not Huebner 1820, Ehrenberg 1832) Mtwnster, Beitr. Petrefak., vol. 
5, p. 62, 1842. (Type, Thaumas alifer Miinster, monotypic. Fossil.) 
Phorcynis THIOLLIERE, Poiss. Fossiles Bugey, p. 9, 1854. (Type, Phorcynis 

catulina Thiolliére, monotypic. Fossil.) 

Scaldia (not Ryckholt 1851 in mollusks) Le Hon, Prélim. Mém. Poiss. Tert. 
Belge, p. 7, 1871. (Type, Scaldia biforis Le Hon, monotypic. Fossil.) 
Trigonodus (not Newberry and Worthen, 1866) Winker, Arch. Mus. Teyler, 

vol. 4, p. 14, 1876. (Type, Trigonodus primus Winkler, monotypic. Fossil.) 
Body, head, and tail depressed and flattened. Head short, wide. 
Eyes superior, eyeball free from edge of orbit. Mouth broad, one 
labial fold on upper jaw and 2 on lower. Nostrils anterior, thin 
fold along each side from nostril to angle of jaws. Front nasal 
valve with 2 cirri and more or less fringed in young. Guill openings 
5, crowded together before pectoral. Spiracle crescentic, behind eye. 
Caudal axis not raised, supracaudal fin shorter and subcaudal widen- 
ing backward. Blunt keel each side of tail posteriorly. Pectorals 
broad, free from head. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Mid-dorsal series of enlarged scales with age. 


b*. Interspiracle width greater than interorbital width-___-_---_-- japonica 
b*. Interspiracle width less than interorbital width______------ tergocellata 
a’. No mid-dorsal series of enlarged scales with age. 
Gapbermalidenticles not carinates =e see a ee eee eae australis 
GaowWermal denticlesstricarinates =e — oe eer eee ees africana 


SQUATINA JAPONICA Bleeker 


Squatina japonica BiLEeKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl. (Japan), vol. 3, No. 3, 
p. 40, 1858 (type locality: Nagasaki).—JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 336 (Tokyo), p. 740 (Yokohama), 1900; Annot. Zool. 
Japon., vol. 3, pp. 40, 129, 1901 (Yokohama; Nagasaki).—JorDAN and 
Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 641, 1903 (Kobe; Nagasaki) .— 
Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Tokyo).—IzuKa and 
MAtTsuurA, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 188, 1920 (Tokyo 
market ).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, 
Korea).—Fowtler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 590, 1930 
(Tokyo) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1980 (Japan) ; 
Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 130, 1980 (Japan).—ScHMiIpT and LINDBERG, Bull. 
Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., p. 186, 1980 (Tsuruga).—Fane and Wang, Contr. 
Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 254, fig. 18, 1982 (Chefoo).—WAng, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 96, 1983 (Chusan). 

Rhina japonica GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 255, 1918 (Japan) .— 
ScHumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. II, p. 10, 1931 
(Nagasaki).—Tanaka, Jap, Fish, Life Colours, No. 28, 1933. 

Squatina vulgaris (not Risso) MULier and Hentre, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
pl. 35, 1841 (snout).—ScHLEcEet, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 
pt. 15, p. 305, pl. 186, 1850 (southwest coast, Japan).—BLEEKER, Verh. 
Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Japan) ; (Japan), vol. 26, 
p. 44, 1857 (Japan). 

Rhina vulgaris MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Yoko- 
hama). 





286 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Rhina squatina (not Linnaeus) GtnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 480, 1870 (Japan).—Euers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 617, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila, Navotas).—IsHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. 
Tokyo, p. 61, 1897. 

Squatina nebulosa Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 489, 1906 (type 
locality: Japan). 

Rhina nebulosa GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 256, 1913 (copied). 
_ Depth 924 to subcaudal origin; head to hind edge of gill opening 
344, width 814. Snout 314 in head; eye 1214, 314 in snout, 434 in 
interorbital; dentary width 134 in head; teeth in 20 to 22 rows in 
jaws, narrowly triangular; internasal 114 in interorbital; front nasal 
valve broad, ends in rather long point and with inner tentacle equally 
as long; hind nasal valve obtuse flap; interorbital 224 in head, de- 
pressed concavely with bulge above each eye. Spiracles subequal 
with eye, front edge fringed, interspiracle width greater than inter- 
orbital. 

Scales simple, conic points, rough to touch. Median row of verte- 
bral tubercles, about 36 to first dorsal. 

First dorsal length 3 in head; second dorsal length 314; upper 
caudal lobe 124, broad, subcaudal more angular, 134; pectoral length 
234 to subcaudal origin, width 134 in its length; ventral 324 in length 
to subcaudal origin, with slender point behind. 

Brown above, under surfaces whitish. Each tubercle on back 
gives appearance of finely dotted with darker. 

Japan, Korea. Garman describes the “subcaudal vertically sub- 
truncate, convex” and Schlegel’s figure shows it similar, though the 
impression one gets is that it may have been damaged. My specimen 
shows a more slender angular lobe ending in a rather narrow point. 
U.S.N.M. No. 49408. Yokohama. K. Otaki. 


U.S.N.M. No. 57519. Japan. P. L. Jouy. 
U.S.N.M. No. 75873. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 440 mm. 


SQUATINA TERGOCELLATA McCulloch 


Squatina tergocellata McCuLtocH, Biol Res. Endeavowr, vol. 2, pt. 8, p. 84, pl. 
15, text fig. 2, 1914 (front of head) (type locality: Great Australian Bight, 
in 160-200 fathoms).—Warrs, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 26, fig. 
37, 1921.—Fowtmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 
(reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 
(reference). 

Squatina squatina (not Linnaeus) WaAITE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 37, 
1899 (all along coast line New South Wales). 


Head to hind edge of gill openings 4 to subcaudal origin, width 
314%. Snout 334 in head; eye about 914, 21% in snout, 3 in interorbital; 
teeth strong in 2 rows anteriorly and in 3 on sides of each jaw; skinny 
fold each side of head, very short indistinct lobe anteriorly ending 
in front of mouth angle, remaining portion of nearly equal width 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 287 


throughout; inner nasal lobes very large, in 2 portions, innermost 
forms ramose flap on short stalk and other portion broader with 
ramose border; outer nasal lobes hidden beneath others, margins 
fringed; interocular 234 in head, concave. Spiracle about 34 of eye, 
interspiracle width slightly less than interocular. 

Snout and interorbital with stout, spiniform tubercles, row of 3 
from snout to supraorbital, 1 or 2 smaller around base of last, another 
before eye, 3 more between eye and spiracle superiorly; back with 
minute tricarinate denticles, median somewhat enlarged, form series 
nearly to first dorsal; present on paired fins basally, rest of upper 
surfaces naked; head granular above and before eyes, and on its 
sides; tail uniformly with minute denticles above; head and body 
below naked, on tail closely covered with imbricate denticles not 
extended to base. 

First dorsal length 27% in head; second dorsal length 214; upper 
caudal lobe 2, subcaudal length 214; pectoral length 214 to subcaudal 
origin, width 134 its length; ventral 324 to subeaudal origin. 

Light yellowish brown, closely covered with small, round, blue 
spots. Upper surface with 8 dark-edged and dark-spotted ocelli, 4 
in row across back behind head, 2 outer larger and on pectorals; 
4 others in line with front of ventrals, 2 inner larger, others on pec- 
torals posteriorly less marked than first. Several other paired brown 
rings at intervals along back. Length, 420 mm. (McCulloch.) 

Great Australian Bight, New South Wales. 


SQUATINA AUSTRALIS Regan 


Squatina australis REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 4388, 1906 
(type locality: Port Jackson).—WAITE and McCutiocyu, Trans. Roy. Soe. 
South Australia, vol. 39, p. 460, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, 80-140 
fathoms).—WalItTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 25, fig. 36, 1921.— 
McCuLtocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 9, p. 21, fig. 27a, 1927.— 
FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 497, 1930 (reference). 
—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 200, 1934 (reference). 

Rhina australis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 255, 1913 (off 
Victoria, Australia). 

Rhina squatina (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER; Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 
480, 1870 (Sydney and Georgetown, Tasmania).—CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Ac- 
climat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 221, 1872 (Melbourne market ).—KLuUNzINGER, 
Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 47, 1872 (Hobson’s Bay) ; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., 
Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 429, 1880 (Hobsons Bay).—RAmsaAy, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 97, 1880 (Port Jackson).— 
MacteAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 368, 1881 (coast of 
Australia, Port Jackson).—JoHNSTON, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, p. 
139, 1883.—OeILBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 12, 1888 (Port 
Jackson).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 44, 1890 
(reference). 


I8s BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Squatina squatina WAttE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 37, 1899 (New South 
Wales).—Strap, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908 (Port Jackson) .—McCuvut- 
LocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 10, 1911 (Shoalhaven Bight, Northwest 
of Greenly Island and 42 miles south of St. Francis Island, in 15-45 
fathoms). 

Depth 1034 to subcaudal origin; head to hind edge of gill openings 
4, width 314. Snout 324 in head; eye 14, 4 in snout, 5 in interorbital; 
teeth in 20 rows in jaws, slenderly or narrowly triangular; inter- 
nasal 1+; in interorbital; front nasal valve moderate cutaneous flap, 
pointed, fringed and with shorter, similar, inner fringed tentacles; 
outer nasal valve broad obtuse cutaneous flap; interorbital 27% in 
head, broadly convex. Spiracle little oblique, little larger than eye, 
front edge finely fringed and interspiracle width eye diameter greater 
than interorbital. 

Scales simple, conic points, quite rough to touch. Median row of 
vertebral tubercles but very slightly larger than scales, about 42 
before first dorsal. 

First dorsal length 214 in head; second dorsal length 244; upper 
caudal lobe 2, broad subcaudal little more angular so hind edge of 
fin slightly and widely notched, subcaudal length 124 in head; pec- 
toral length 244 to subcaudal origin, width 134 its length; ventral 
334, with slender point behind. 

Brown above, marked with minute to variously small pale spots, 
small ones very numerous and larger scattered about chiefly on outer 
portions of paired fins, though few also on dorsals and caudal. In 
addition whole upper surface marked with extremely numerous deep 
brown dots or minute specks, little darker than body color and not 
invading any of pale or whitish spots. Under surface whitish. 

New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania. Appar- 
ently this species is chiefly distinguished by its coloration. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39980. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 770 mm. 
SQUATINA AFRICANA Regan 


Squatina africana Recan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, pp. 242, 248, pl. 38, 1908 
(type locality: Durban Bay, Natal).—GincHrIist and THompson, Ann. Dur- 
ban Mus., vol. 1, p. 284, 1916 (reference).—GitcHrist, Marine Surv. South 
Africa, Spec. Rep. No. 2, pt. 3, p. 50, 1922 (off Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 54, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1925 (Natal).—Fowter, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 192 (Natal, in 270 fathoms). 

Depth 834 to subcaudal origin; head 334, width 114. Snout 4 in 
head, front of profile as seen above slightly concave; eye 9, 214 in 
snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth width 15% in head, with broad labial 
fold around each mouth corner; 18 rows of upper teeth, 16 lower, none 
at symphysis, all erect simple conic points; fold each side of head 
lobed behind nostril and fringed flap in front with tentacle long as 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 289 


eye; internarial 314 in head; interorbital 214, broadly and slightly 
concave. Spiracle little greater than eye or 24% in interorbital. 

Two spines each side of snout end; 2 spines before each eye and 
4 or 5 behind; whole upper surface of body with scattered asperities 
crowded though not enlarged down median line, outer margins of 
all fins smooth; under surface of disk smooth, except some very fine 
close-set asperities on outer front pectoral and ventral edges. 

First dorsal very slightly longer than second or 3 in head; caudal 
pointed, length 124, subcaudal 114 in caudal; pectorals form broad 
disk width, 114 in its length, or pectoral length 214 in body length 
to subcaudal origin; outer edge very slightly convex; ventral length 
equals head. 

Upper surface of body nearly fawn color to prout’s brown. On 
head before middle numerous variable pale spots, none larger than 
pupil, rather close set and some quite small. On back and paired 
fins basally, scattered round to ellipsoid pale spots, largest not ex- 
ceeding eye. Margins of paired fins very narrowly whitish, sub- 
marginally dusky brown. Dorsals and caudal dark or dusky brown, 
margins broadly and irregularly pale. Under surface of disk whit- 
ish, submargins of paired fins broadly dusky all around, leaving only 
very narrow pale edge. 

Natal. 

A.N.S.P. No. 53011. Natal coast. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 268 mm. 


Order RAJAE 


Body typically disklike, wide, flat, edges of disk usually formed 
by expanded pectorals. Eyes inferior. Mouth inferior, more or 
less protractile. Gill openings 5, inferior, slitlike. Spiracles present. 
Vertebrae cyclospondylous. Dorsal fins, when present, placed on tail. 
No anal fin. Caudal small or wanting, tail comparatively slender. 
Pectorals with long basal and many radial cartilages extending for- 
ward above gill openings. 

A greatly modified group, very different from the typical sharks, 
though with complete intergradations. Excepting the skates most 
are OVOViviparous. 

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 
a’. RHINOBATOIDEL Disk narrow, elongate, short to broad; skull produced in 
median rostral cartilage, long to short; teeth small, in pavement; nasoral 
grooves absent or incipient; electric organs absent or incipient; pelvis 
transverse; tail with 2 dorsals and well-developed caudal. 

b*. Rostrum produced, toothed on edges; no nasoral grooves; pectorals not 

extended forward on side of head, disk small________________ Pristidae 

b*. Rostrum more or less produced, not expanded in sawlike blade. 

c’. No nasoral grooves; pectorals extend to side of head, not reaching end 
OBS STO) Gye es ce re eee re OP RE eae Rhinobatidae 
c’. Nasoral grooves rudimentary or absent; pectorals extend to end of snout, 
rostral cartilage short, large disk broad and rounded__ Platyrhinidae 


290 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


a*. ToRPEDOIDEI. Disk broadly rounded; snout short, obtuse; teeth raptorial, 
small, in bands; nasoral grooves present; well developed electric organs; 
pelvis arched backward, with lateral prepelvic extensions; tail short, with 
2 dorsals, 1 dorsal or none and well developed caudal____~~ Torpedinidae 

a’, Rasower. Disk broad, angular to rounded; skull extended in narrow pointed 
rostral cartilage, rarely obsolete; teeth small, in pavement; nasoral grooves 
present; electric organs rudimentary or absent; pelvis transverse with 
lateral prepelvic extensions; tail moderate to slender, usually with 2 small 
dorsals and more or less imperfect membranous caudal__--__-~ Rajidae 

a‘, MYLIOBATOIDEL. Disk broad to greatly so, polygonal to rounded; pelvis arched 
forward, with median prepelvic extension; tail slender, whiplike, without 
or with 1 to 3 serrated spines, rarely rayed fins present, sometimes only as 
low membranes. 

c’. Teeth small, in pavement; pectorals form broad rounded to polygonal disk 


and usually obtusely pointed snout______________________ Dasyatidae 
c’. Teeth broad, molarial; snout usually in single lobe, sometimes divided; 
pectorals form broad polygonal disk, angular__________ My liobatidae 


c’. Teeth minute, very numerous in bands; snout very wide, with 2 lateral 
lobes; pectorals and body very wide, massive, angular, disk 
polygonal a swene oke Wows | ere VEE Ne lek ee US Dee BM Mobulidae 


Family PRISTIDAE 


Body elongate, robust, moderately depressed, flattened below. Fold 
along each side of tail. Snout extended in long, thin, flattened blade, 
each side of which with row of strong toothlike points set in sockets. 
Eye without nictitating membrane. ‘Teeth in jaws obtuse, very small 
and numerous. Nostrils inferior. No tentacle. Spiracles rather 
large. Dorsals large, without spines, first nearly opposite or above 
ventrals. Caudal well developed, bent up, usually with lower or sub- 
caudal lobe. Pectorals moderate, front edge quite free, not reaching 
snout. 

One genus. Large fishes of tropical and subtropical seas. They 
often ascend tidal rivers. Living on the bottom the large sawlike 
rostrum is said to be used in raking or rooting up the sand and thus 
make available their food, which consists largely of various marine 
animals living on or near the sea bottom. Stories of sawfishes attack- 
ing large marine animals and cutting out portions of their flesh by 
blows of the saw are doubtful. The saws are, however, dangerous 
weapons and capable of causing serious lacerations to the incautious. 
The young are produced alive. Several fossils, as Sclerorh'ynchus 
from the Chalk of Mount Lebanon and Propristis from the Upper 
Kocene beds of Egypt, are interesting. The former, with more super- 
ficially placed rostral teeth without sockets in the rostral cartilages, 
suggests a closer approach to the usual dermal spines in the genus 
than any of the recent sawfishes. In Propristis the rostral teeth are 
also without sockets, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 291 


Genus PRISTIS Linck 


Pristig Linck, Mag. Phys. Naturg. Gotha, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 31, 1790. (Type, 
Squalus pristis Linnaeus, monotypic.)—K tern, Neuer Schauplatz, vol. 7, 
p. 403, 1779. (Type, Squalus pristis Linnaeus. Nonbinomial.) 

Pristobatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Pristis antiquorus Latham=Squalus pristis Linnaeus, designated by Fowler, 
Geol. Surv. New Jersey Bull. 4, p. 81, 1911.) 

Pristobatys ‘BLAINVILLE, Nouv. Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2, vol. 27, p. 385, 1818. (Type, 
Pristis antiquorus Latham.) 

Pristibatis BLAINVILLE, Faune Franeaise, Poissons, p. 49, 1825. (Type, Pristis 
antiquorus Latham.) 

Myriosteon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 163, 1864. (Type, Myriosteon hig- 
ginsii Gray, monotypic. Fragment of Pristis saw, supposed to be 
echinoderm !) 

Pristiopsis Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 459. (Aug. 14). 
[Type, Pristis perrotteti Miiller and Henle, orthotypic. Pristiopsis Schmidt, 
Ent. Zeitschr Stettin, 66 Jahrg., heft 2, p. 832, 1905, in Rhynchota homoptera, 
precluded (p. 884 “Ausgegeben im November 1905’) .] 

Eopristis Stromer, Beitr. Pal. Oester. Ufigarn, vol. 18, p. 52 (16), 1905. (Type, 
Pristis (HEopristis) reinachi Stromer, monotypic. Fossil.) 


Rostral teeth firmly imbedded in rostral cartilages, except in very 
young. Upper half of eye not free from orbit, lower half of orbit 
serving as nictitating membrane when eye retracted. Mouth trans- 
verse. Oral teeth small, pavementhke or smooth, rows 70 to 178 or 
more in upper jaw. Gill openings small, on under surface of head. 
Spiracle moderate, behind eye. Caudal axis elevated. Pectorals 
joined with head along gills but not reaching snout. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Pristis. Subcaudal lobe absent. 
b1. Rostral teeth 24 to 32 each side. 
c’. First dorsal origin opposite ventral origins; second dorsal reaches caudal. 
pectinatus 
c’. First dorsal origin more than 1% basal length behind ventral origins; 
Second: dorsal. equals first dorsale 2 ee eee zijsron 
b*. Rostral teeth 21 each side; first dorsal origin 14 its basal length behind 
ventral origins; second dorsal smaller than first_________-_____- clavata 
a’. Pristiopsis. Subcaudal lobe present. 
@. Subcaudal lobe small; rostral teeth 17 to 22 each side; first dorsal 


inserted before: ventral) origins 2. ee microdon 
d@. Subcaudal lobe prominent ; rostral teeth 23 to 35 each side; first dorsal 
inserted hehindsventral’ bases= 223" ss. ee ee cuspidatus 


Subgenus Pristis Linck 
PRISTIS PECTINATUS Latham 


Pristis pectinatus LATHAM, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 278, pl. 26, fig. 2, 
1794 (saw) (type locality: In the ocean).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 
131, 1817 (reference).—MULiLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
109, 1841 (Cayenne).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 55, 1852 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 166. 


292 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—Btrytu, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, 
p. 36, 1860 (Calcutta) —Dumérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 475, pl. 9, 
fig. 3 (snout), 1865 (Haiti) —GUntTHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 439, 1870 (West Indies, Mexico, Calcutta, Cape of Good Hope).— 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 673, 1871 (Koseir, Red 
Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 811, 1888.—Oeigy, Cat. Fishes Aus- 
tralian Mus., pt. 1, p. 14, 1888 (Red Sea).—BouLencEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 89, 1889 (Akyab).—SavvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 
(reference).—Emra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 618, 1895 (Luzon, Manila 
Bay, Laguna de Bay).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 7, 1909 
(Ganges estuaries).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 262, 1913 
(tropical and temperate seas).—ZuamMaygEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.- 
phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Oman).—Rosrnson, Natal Fisher. Rep., p. 51, 
1919.—NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 9, p. 320, 1922 (Natal) .— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 192 (Durban).—Tor- 
TONESH, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 8, vol. 45, p. 11, 1985-386 
(Mar Rosso). 

Pristis pectinata BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poiss, p. 51, pl. 12, fig. 3, 1825 
(our seas). 

Squalus pectinatus BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 5, 361, 1822. 

Squalus pristis (not Linnaeus) ForsKAtL, Deseript. Animal., p. 101, 1775 (Djedda ; 
Lohaja).—Btocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 1, p. 41, pl. (26) 120, 1785 
(EHurope).—BoNNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 24, 1788 
(Atlantic Ocean).—LAc&pPEbE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 286, 1798 (North 
Atlantic; Africa) ; vol. 4, p. 684, 1802. 

Pristis granulosa ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 352, 1801 [type locality: 
Havana (on Parra) ]. 

Pristis mississippiensis RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, p. 80, 1820 (type locality : 
Lower Mississippi). 

Pristis megalodon DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 476, pl. 9, fig. 4, 
1865 (no locality). 

Pristis acutirostris DumMéRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 479, 1865 (type 
locality: Antilles). 

Pristis occa DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 479, 1865 (no locality). 

Pristis leptodon DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 480, 1865 (type locality : 
Red Sea). 

Pristis brevirostris DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 480, 1865 (type 
locality : Réunion). 

Pristis waermanni Fiscurer, Jahrb. Hamburg, vol. 1, p. 89, 1884 (type locality: 
West Africa). 

Pristis annandalei CHAuUDHURI, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 391, figs., 1908 
(Burma).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1909 
(type). 

Rostrum width basally 7 in its length, serrae 31+ 29, closer forward; 
eye 244 in interorbital; mouth width 61% in head, slightly less than 
interorbital; teeth 68 above, 70 below, in pavement; interorbital 
slightly convex medially. Spiracles and nostrils oblique. 

Scales with simple ovoid crowns, larger ending in point behind. 

First dorsal begins opposite first third of ventral base, equals sec- 
ond dorsal, which inserted little nearer subcaudal origin than hind 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 293 


edge of first dorsal; low lateral postventral keel; supracaudal lobe 
slightly more produced than subcaudal, latter with trace of lobe. 
Above olive-buff, disk edges, pectoral and ventral edges, caudal 
lobe and hind body keels white, like under surface of body. 
Red Sea, Arabia, Natal, South Africa, Reunion, Madagascar, India, 
Philippines. Also in the tropical Atlantic. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Durban beach, Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 734 
mm. 
PRISTIS ZIJSRON Bleeker 


Pristis zijsron BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. (417) 442, 
1851 (type locality: Bandjermassing, Borneo, in rivers); vol. 3, p. (409) 
441, 1852 (Bandjermassing).—WHITLEY, Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 3, pt. 
1, p. 21, 4 figs., 1927; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 15, p. 289, 1927 (Manly; 
Paramatta River). 

Pristis zysron BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 55, 1852 
(Bandjermassing) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, No. 7, p. 9, 1859 (Am- 
boina).—GUnrtH_Er, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 488, 1870 (Ceylon).— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 729, pl. 91, fig. 2, 1878 —Macteay, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 306, 1880 (Moreton Bay) ; vol. 6, p. 370, 
1881 (Moreton Bay) ; OctiBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 18, 1888 
(Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Queensland, Maryborough).—Day, Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 38, 1889 (Mekran and Sind coast).—WEBER, 
Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederland. Ost Indien, p. 458, 1894 (Borneo, Java and 
Ternate, fresh water).—Vouz, Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 12, p. 484, 1904 (Sakaran- 
da, Sumatra).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 459 
(Baram, Borneo).—Vouz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 239, 
1907 (Padang and Langhat).—STEAp, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908 (New 
South Wales, Queensland).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2,, p. 8, 
1909 (India).—GaARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 262, 1913 (India, 
East Indies, Ceylon, Borneo, Amboina).—ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. 
Wiss., math.-phys. Kl. vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran), p. 17, 1913 (Gwadar).— 
OcILBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 83, 1916 (Queensland coast) .— 
McCuLbLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 
(reference). —McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 
28a, 1927.—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1930 
(East Indies).—CHEVEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 19382 
(Cochin China; Camboge). 

Pristis zisron TrRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 71, 1929 
(Cochin China). 

Pristis dubius BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 56, pl. 4, 
fig. 11, 1852 (type locality: East Indies) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 5, p. 459, 1853 (Bandjermasing; Batavia) ; vol. 8, p. 398, 1855 (Amboina). 


Rostrum long, teeth 23 to 27 on left side, 23 to 28 on right side 
(usually 26). Eye 284 to 314 in interorbital. Nostrils and spi- 
racles inclined moderately. Shagreen denticles along median keels of 
back, anterior margins of dorsals and caudal above, pectorals, ven- 
trals and along lateral keel of side of tail after ventrals, enlarged. 
Keel after first dorsal obsolete after 24 of space to second dorsal. 


294 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Origin of first dorsal little behind ventral origin, not larger than 
second dorsal. Subcaudal broadly rounded, without trace of lobe 
below. Pectoral with outer angle broadly rounded, hind edge con- 
vex, and hind angle not extended. 

India, Ceylon, East Indies. Garman gives the rostral teeth 25 to 
32, with hindmost farther apart. Two mounted examples, each about 
4575 mm. long, from Moreton Bay, Queensland, seen in the Queens- 
land Museum in 1929. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59897. Clarence River, New South Wales. D. G. Stead. 


8 examples. A.N.S.P. Baram, British North Borneo. 1898. Wistar Institute 
of Anatomy. Length, 404 to 580 mm. 


PRISTIS CLAVATA Garman 


Pristis clavata GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 46, p. 208, 1906 (type 
locality: Queensland) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 263, pl. 16, figs. 
6-7, 1913 (type).—Oairpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 84, 1916 (ref- 
erence).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 129, 1925 (reference).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 498, 1930 (reference). 

Head to last gill opening nearly 214 in total length; width at 
spiracles 3 in its length to spiracles. Snout 114% in head measured 
to spiracles; eye 17, 15 in snout, 314 in interorbital; rostral teeth 
21+21, long, slender, rounded on each edge; mouth wide, slightly 
arched forward, 6 in preoral length, labial folds rudimentary; teeth 
very small, 78 rows above, 76 below, in pavement; nostrils wide, 
oblique, front valve with broad rounded median lobe, hind valve 
narrowly free behind, with outer division extended as partition into 
nostril in sort of flap below lobe of front valve, internarial greater 
than nostril width and over half space to mouth; interorbital 514 
in head to spiracles. Gill openings small, last smallest, outer edges 
of valves in sigmoid curves. Spiracle eye diameter behind eye, 
equals eye. 

Scales very small, usually with wide base, peduncle stout and 
smooth depressed crown sharp angled posteriorly; at rostral end 
and under surface crown rounded, smooth, convex, sessile. 

First dorsal origin over first third of ventral base, fin length 34% 
in head measured to spiracle; second dorsal length 314; caudal 62 
in rest of body, subcaudal not lobed, obliquely truncated; pectoral 
length 184 in head measured to spiracle, width 214 its length; ven- 
tral length 24% in head. 

Olivaceous brown, yellowish to greenish, darker on crown, fins 
lighter, ventral surfaces white. Length, 620 mm. (Garman.) 

Queensland. The type, No. 733 in Museum of Comparative 
Zoology. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 295 


Subgenus PRISTIOPsIs Fowler 
PRISTIS MICRODON Latham 


Pristis microdon LATHAM, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 280, pl. 26, fig. 4 
(rostrum), 1794 (habitat ?).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 351, 1801 
(copied).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 182, 1817 (reference) .—MULLER 
and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 107, 1841 (no locality).—Gray, 
List fish British Museum, p. 90, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 54, 1852 (Batavia, Gresik and Suracarta, 
Java; Bandjermassing, Borneo); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 80, 1853 (refer- 
ence).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 265, pl. 55, fig. 3, pl. 64, 
figs. 2-3 (anatomy), 1918 (tropical seas, in rivers; Amazon and tributa- 
ries).—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 84, 1916 (reference).— 
McCuLitocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 
(reference).—HeErrRE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 34, p. 305, 1927 (Lake 
Naujan, Mindoro).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pac. Sci. Congress, Java, 
p. 498, 1930 (reference).—CHeEveEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 6, 
1932 (Cochinchina; Cambodge).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 15, 19387 (reference). 

Pristis perotteti (Valenciennes) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 108, 1841 [type locality: Senegal (fresh water) ].—Gray, List fish British 
Museum, p. 91, 1851 (reference).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 486, 1870 (Atlantic Ocean, West Indies, Chipam, Bandjermassing, 
Zanzibar).—SAvuvaGeE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (Mada- 
gascar).—WeBrER, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederliind. Ost-Indien, p. 458, 1894 
(Borneo and Sumatra, fresh water).—Vo.uz, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. in von der 
Decken’s Syst., vol. 19, p. 413, 1904 (Palembang; Bantung); Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 239, 1907 (Palembang).—Prarson, Ceylon Ad- 
ministr. Rep., p. F9, 1915-18.—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 12, 19384 (Laguna de Bay). 

Pristis perrotetti MARTENS, in von der Decken’s Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 3, pt. 1, 
1859-61, p. 144, 1869 (Ebenda).—Svuvarr1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 15, 1937 
(Nonthaburi; Tha-cin; Rayong). 

Pristis perrotteti Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 729, pl. 191, fig. 1, 1878 (Maha- 
nuddee River, Orissa).—Mryerr, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 
14, p. 49, 1885 (Laguna de Bay, Luzon).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 8, 1889.—Barttetr, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 
(Moratabas).—Matrpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., p. E6, 1921.—Trrant, Serv- 
ice Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 71, 175, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Pristis perottetii ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 6, 1909 (off Arakan 
and Orissa). 

Pristis perrottetti Pirtay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, No. 2, p. 352, 
1929 (Travancore). 

Pristis antiquorum (not Latham) BriytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, 
p. 36, 1860 (Calcutta ).—GuicHEnot, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 30, 1863. 

Pristis zysron (part) Brieekmr, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 441, 1852. 

Pristis zephyreus JorDAN and Srarks, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 5, 
p. 383, 1895 (type locality: Panama).—Ocirpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 
9, p. 4, 1908 (Queensland coast). 


Head to spiracles 234 to subcaudal origin; width at pectoral origin 
234. Snout 114 in head measured to spiracle; eye 20, 18 in snout, 314 
in interorbital; rostral teeth 17+17, well spaced, grooved behind to 

156861—41—— 20 


296 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


form 2 cutting edges, of which lower more prominent; jaw teeth in 
70 rows above, 72 rows below, in pavement; interorbital 514 in head to 
spiracle. Spiracles oblique, 1 to 114 diameters behind orbit, subequal 
with orbit. 

First dorsal inserted before ventral origin or nearly opposite tips 
of depressed pectorals, fin length 314 in head to spiracle; second dor- 
sal length 334; caudal 514 in rest of body, slight subcaudal lobe 224 in 
caudal length; pectoral length 2 in head measured to spiracle, width 
17% its length; ventral length 4%, in head to spiracle. 

Reddish brown above, dull white ‘on abdominal surface. Iris 
golden, with black edge. Reaches 4,575 mm. (Day; Garman.) 

Zanzibar, Madagascar, Réunion, India, East Indies, Indo-China, 
Queensland. Also in the tropical Atlantic. Enters tidal water 


where fresh. 
PRISTIS CUSPIDATUS Latham 


Pristis cuspidatus LATHAM, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 2, p. 279, pl. 26, fig. 3 
(rostrum) 1794 (habitat ?).—Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 131, 1817 
(reference).—MuLier and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 107, 1841 
(Sumatra).—Gray, List. fish British Museum, p. 90, 1851 (Tenasserim).— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 55, 1852 (name) .— 
Dumérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 476, 1865 (no locality ).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 489, 1870 (Pinang, India, East Indies, 
Tenasserim, Bengal).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 728, pl. 191, fig. 3, 
1878 (Calicut and Madras).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 14, 1888 (Madras).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 37, fig. 15, 
1889.—Barttert, Sarawak Gaz., vol. 26, No. 366, p. 184, 1896 (Santubong 
and Moratabas).—JoHNSTONE, Fase. Malayensis, Annandale and Robinson, 
Zool., pt. 2, p. 302, 1903 (Patani and Jhering coasts)—DuNcKER, Mitt. 
Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, (1803) p. 192, 1904 (Kuala Lamgat) .— 
Voitz, Rev. Suisse, Zool., vol. 12, p. 484, 1904 (Chalipah Bedager; 
Wampu R.); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 239, 1907 (Padang 
and Langhat).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 5, 1909 (off Orissa 
and Ganges mouth).—SouTHWELL, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 6, pt. 24, p. 187, 
1910 (with intrauterine embryos) ; Ceylon Administr. Rep., pp. E42, E44, 
E48, £49, 1912-13.—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 261, 1913 
(India, Red Sea, East Indies).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., p. E23, 
1914 (Trincomalee) ; p. F138, 1915-18; pp. F26, F28, 1926—Fowter, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. 33, p. 101, 1928 (Bombay).—PiLLAy, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 33, p. 352, 1929 (Travancore). —TrRrant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 71, 1929 (Cochinchina) —Fow Ler, 
Proe. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1980 (Indian Ocean) ; 
Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 131, fig. 14, 1980 (Indian Ocean). —CHEvey, Inst. 
Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1982 (Indochina).—Wane, Contrib. 
Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 96, fig. 3, 1983 (Yenting) —SvuvarTrt, 
Index Fish. Siam, p. 3, 1987 (Gulf of Siam)—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 11, 1938 (reference).—Gittray, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., ser. 5, 
vol. 3, p. 12, 1983 (Tiaandjong Priok). 

Pristis cuspidata SoHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 351, 1801 (on Latham).— 
Van Hassett, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 (Java).—Lioyp, 
Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 297 


Squalus semisagittatus SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 861, 1804 (type 
locality: Indian Seas). (On Yahla Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, 
p. 8, pl. 13, 1803 (Vizagapatam). 

Pristis semisagittatus SwaINson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 319, 1839 (on 
Russell).—MULuerR and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 108, pl. 40 
mouth), 1841 (Coromandel, Mediterranean).—CAntTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. 
Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1389, 1849 (Pinang, Singapore, Malay Peninsula).— 
Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 91, 1851 (India).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 53, 1852 (Batavia and Samarang) ; 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (reference).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 272, 
1865. 

Pristis semi-sagittatus DumMfRrim, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 477, pl. 9, figs. 
6-6a (saw), 1865 (Mer des Indes). 

? Pristobatus emarginatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

Depth 1134 to subcaudal origin; head 224, width at front of 
spiracles 414. Rostrum long, slender, tapers very gradually, teeth 
23+24, narrowly triangular, with inner subbasal barb, not extending 
on basal fourth of rostrum; eye 27% in interorbital; mouth width 
slightly greater than interorbital or 6144 in head; teeth in 62 rows; 
nostril oblique, larger than eye, 234 in interorbital; interorbital with 
superciliary regions little convex, higher than broad median con- 
vexity, width 61% in head. 

Skin smooth. 

First dorsal inserted behind ventral base, long as high or 4 in head; 
second dorsal little higher than long, 4149 in head; subcaudal 114 
in caudal, which 244 in head; caudal peduncle depth 24 its width 
which 21% in interorbital; pectoral 315 in head, long as wide; ventral 
3%, 

Dark drab or neutral gray above, below whitish. Borders of fins 
and lateral fold of tail whitish. Iris dark gray. Rostral teeth all 
pale. 

Red Sea, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, East Indies, 
Cochin China. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay. Dr. F. Hallberg. Length, 615 mm. 


Family RHINOBATIDAE 


Body depressed, sharklike, disk passing gradually into long, 
strong, depressed tail. Disk tapers forward, wide behind. Snout 
produced, not toothed on edges. Orbit with fold below eye and 
projecting shield above pupil. Teeth in pavement, small, numerous. 
Nostrils oblique, each valve in three sections, an outer and an inner 
separated by elongate lobe. Spiracle large, close to eye. Skin nearly 
smooth or with warty tubercles, without conspicuous spines. No 
electric organs. Dorsals two, well developed. Caudal moderate or 


298 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


small. Conspicuous dermal fold along each side of tail. Rayed 
parts of pectorals not reaching snout, continued opposite gill 
openings. 

Sharklike rays of warm seas, typically with an elongated body. 
Ovoviviparous. Fossils known from the Cretaceous and later deposits. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. RHININAE. First dorsal origin above, before or immediately behind ven- 
trals, which placed well behind pectorals; subcaudal well developed; pec- 
toral not extending forward beyond level of mouth. 

b*. Snout broad, rounded; mouth deeply undulated; nostril length less than 
INTELNATI Al wid Case OMS pia CULT Ol Cl See ee ee Rhina 
b*. Snout elongate, narrow, pointed; mouth not deeply undulated; nostril 
length greater than internarial width; 2 spiracular folds_ Rhynchobatus 

a’. RHINOBATINAE. First dorsal origin well behind ventrals; no distinct sub- 
eaudal; pectorals extend forward beyond level of mouth, well separated 
anteriorly. 

c’. Front nasal valves not united to form quadrangular flap. 
ad’. Nostrils oblique or occasionally nearly transverse; inward extension 
of front nasal valve ends on or crossing front margin of nostril; 1 or 


2. Spiracnlart toldsn = es ie eee a ee ee Rhinobatos 

d*. Nostrils nearly transverse; inward extension of front nasal valve 
Grossesuinner angle or: nostrilsa 2.2 eee Aptychotrema 

c?. Front nasal valve united to form quadrangular flap; snout short, obtusely 
WOOT eC se ec ee ee es Je ee Trygonorrhina 


Genus RHINA Schneider 


Rhina ScHNeIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 352, 1801. (Type, Rhina ancylostomus 
Schneider, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 
p. 59, 1917. Rhina Schaffer 1760, Walbaum 1792, inadmissible, therefore 
not preoccupying Rhina Schneider.) 

Demiurga GistEL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. x, 1848. (Type, Rhina ancylos- 
tomus Schneider, virtually. Demiurga Gistel proposed to replace Rhina 
Schneider.) 

Rhamphobatis Girt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 408, 1862. 
(Type, Rhina ancylostomus Schneider, virtually. Rhamphobatis Gill pro- 
posed to replace Rhina Schneider.) 


Body depressed. Tail depressed, nearly half total length, slender, 
continuous with body and pectorals. Body and head, also pectorals, 
united as subtriangular disk, about one-third total length. Snout 
broad, blunt, rounded. Mouth arched forward, deeply undulated. 
Teeth larger on prominences. Nostrils nearly transverse, length of 
each less than internarial width. Spiracles large, without folds. 
Scales small, tubercles large and compressed. First dorsal above 
ventrals. Caudal axis raised in fins, subcaudal lobed. Ventrals re- 


mote from pectorals. 
Indo-Pacific. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 299 


RHINA ANCYLOSTOMA Schneider 


Rhina ancylostomus ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 352, pl. 72, 1801 (type 
locality: Coromandel; Indian Sea).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 183, 
1817 (copied).—Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 102, fig. 2, 
1832-34 (India). —Agassiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 82, pl. 4, figs. 3-4, 
1835.—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 110, 1841 (locality 
unknown).—RIcHARDSON, Fishes China Japan, p. 195, 1846 (Seas of 
China).—CantTor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, p. 1391, 1849 
(Pinang).—JERpON, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 148, 1851.—Gray, 
List fish British Mus., p. 92, 1851 (Madras, China, Pinang). 

Rhina anchylostoma VAN HAssett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, p. —, 1823 
(Java).; Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 (Java). 

Rhina ancylostoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, pp. 51, 
56, 1852 (Batavia) ; (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 16, 1853 (reference) .—TorTONESE, 
Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 8, vol. 45, p. 11, 1985-36 (Baia de 
Assab, Mar Rosso).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 13 (246), 1938 
(reference). 

Rhamphobatis ancylostomus Dumériz, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 482, 
1865 (compiled).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 10, pl. 5, fig. 5, 
1909 (Off Orissa and Hughli River mouth).—GaArmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 267, 1913 (Africa, China, Hast Indies).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 19380 (reference) ; Hong Kong 
Nat., vol. 1, p. 132, fig. 15, 1980 (compiled ).—CHkEvry, Inst. Océanogr. Indo- 
chine, 19° note, p. 7, 19382 (Cochinchina).—TorToNESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. 
Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 48, p. 233, 1933 (Baia de Assab). 

Rhamphobatis ancylostoma JorpAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 643, 1908 (Kinkwazan).—Ocirpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., no. 9, p. 6, 
1908 (Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 84, 1916 (Moreton 
Bay and Dunk Island).—McCuLitocH and WuHitTLey, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference).—NorMAN, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 
p. 948, text fig. A (nostril), 1926 (East Africa, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, 
Indian Archipelago, Australia, Japan). 

Rhynchobatus ancylostomus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 440, 
1870 (Madras, China, Seychelles, Pinang).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 730, pl. 193, fig. 8, 1878 (Madras); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 41, 1889.—BovuLencErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 136, 1892 (Muscat).— 
Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 305, 1893 (Queensland).—E.tmra, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 169, 1898 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).— 
BARTLETT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (lower Sarawak 
River).—ZuceMayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, 
p. 8, 1918 (Oman).—PEArRsSon, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1914, p. E4.—Trrant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 72, 1929 (Cochinchina ).— 
Prrnay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 351, 1929 (Travancore). 

Rhynchobatus anchylostomus PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, pp. F9, 
F14, F18. 

Rhina cyclostomus Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 322, 1839 (on 
Schneider). 


Head measured to spiracle 444 to subcaudal origin, disk length 
114 its width. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, broadly convex in 
front, rostral cartilages short; eye 614, 5 in snout, 324 in interor- 
bital; dentary width 17%, equals preoral length; teeth in 77 to 75 


300 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


rows, median 22 upper and 27 lower vertical rows, largest on sum- 
mits of 3 elevations in each jaw, obtusely rounded and each with 
several longitudinal ridges; nostrils twice eye, 1144 in internarial 
which 114 in mouth width; nasal valves weak, short; interorbital 
144 in head to spiracle, slightly concave. Spiracle 114 eye diameters 
behind eye, equals eye, without folds. 

Irregular row of large tubercles from ridges above each eye to 
nape, vertebral row before first dorsal, 2 parallel rows each side 
above pectoral base of which inner partly continuous with supra- 
orbital row. 

First dorsal origin about over ventral origin, fin length 175 in 
head to spiracle; second dorsal length 114; caudal 51 in rest of | 
body, subeaudal 134 upper caudal lobe; pectoral broadly angular, 
hind truncate edge equals head to spiracle; ventral about 114. 

Dull brown, lighter below. Body and sometimes fins covered 
with whitish dots. Occasionally some tortuous black lines. Length 
2,084 mm. (Day.) 

Red Sea, Arabia, East Africa, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Pinang, 
East Indies, Philippines, Cochin China, China, Japan, Queensland. 


Genus RHYNCHOBATUS Miiller and Henle 


Rhynchobatus Miter and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 116. 
(Type, Rhinobatus laevis Schneider, monotypic. ) 

Rhynchobatis Mutter and HeEntg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 111, 1841. 
(Type, Rhinobatus laevis Schneider, monotypic.) 

Disk partly triangular, longer than wide. Tail with axis some- 
what raised. Snout elongated, narrow, pointed, length much great- 
er than interorbital, not extended beyond nostrils. Teeth obtuse, 
pavement-like, dental surfaces undulated. Nostril length greater 
than internarial width. Spiracle with two very small folds on hind 
edge. Median row of tubercles directed backward, from nape to 
first dorsal and between first and second dorsals; another partly 
median row on each shoulder and row above each orbit. First 
dorsal opposite ventrals. Caudal keels weak, lower lobe well de- 
veloped. Front pectoral edge free. 

Large rays of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific and in South 
Africa of some interest to anglers. A second species on West 
African coasts. They differ from hina in the produced snout, like 
that of Rhinobatos. 


RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS (Forskal) 


Raja djiddensis ForsKAuL, Descript. Animal., pp. vim, 18, 1775 (type locality: 
Djedda and Lohaja, Red Sea).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1511, 
1789 (Red Sea).—Watsaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 534, 1792 (copied).— 
LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 1, p. 185, 1798 (copied).—SHaw, General 
Zool., vol. 5, p. 319, 1804. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 30] 


Raia djiddensis BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 5, 1788 (Red Sea). 

Rhinobatus djiddsensis SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 856, 1801 (Red Sea), 

Rhinobatus djiddensis CuviER, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 188, 1817 (reference) .— 
BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1880 (Sumatra). 

Rhinobatus djeddensis RUppeLt, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische, p. 54, pl. 
14, fig. 1, 1828 (Red Sea).—BEnNNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 698, 1830 (Sumatra). 
—Boropin, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (Philip- 
pine Islands). 

Rhinobatus djettensis RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 68, 1835 (reference). 

Rhinobatis djeddensis ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus,, vol. 2, p. 12, 1909 (Bengal 
Bay). 

Rhynchobatus djeddensis CANToR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, p. 
1394, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—JERDON, Madras Journ. 
Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 148, 1851.—GUnTuHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 441, 1870 (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Sumatra, Hast Indies, India) .— 
Day, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 704, 1870 (Andamans); Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 730, pl. 192, fig. 1, 1878 (Coromandel Coast).—Meryrr, Anal. Soc. 
Hspah. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 49, 1885 (Macassar).—BOULENGER, 
Proce. Zool. Soe. London, p. 2438, 1889 (Muscat).—DaAy, Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 40, fig. 16, 1889.—OcILBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 181, 1889 (Port Jackson).—SAvvaAcE, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference).—HLerA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 
1, p. 619, 1895 (Samar, Luzon, Santa Cruz, Cavite).—BartTLettT, Sarawak 
Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Moratabas).—JorDAN and SNYDER, 
Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 41, 1901 (Nagasaki).—Duwncxkrr, Mitt. Natur- 
hist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 198, 1904 (Kuala Langat).—VoLz, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 239, 1907 (Sumatra?).—ZuGMAYER, 
Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Oman).— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 58, 1925 (on Robinson). 
—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (compiled).—TIRANT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 72, 1929 (Cochin China) .— 
Pruutay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 352, 1929 (Travancore) .— 
TORTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45, No. 638, p. 
11, 1935-86 (Mar Rosso; Baia di Assab). 

Rhyncobatus djeddensis Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 273, 1865. 

Rynchobatus djeddensis OcILBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 
465, 1885 (Port Jackson) ; Cat. Fish. Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 13, 1888 
(Port Jackson; Madras).—GUntTHeEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 491, 
1910 (‘“ Woodlark Island’’). 

Rhynochobatus djeddensis FOw LER, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 498, 1930 (Hast Indies, Japan). (Error.) 

Rhynchobatis djeddensis MALPas, Ceylon Adminstr. Rep., 1921, p. ES. 

Rhynchobatus djiddensis KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 674, 
1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—JorDAN and FOwLEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
26, p. 644, 1903 (Tsuruga, Japan).—FowLer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 (Padang).—JorpDAN and SEALz, Bull. 
Bur. Fisher,, vol. 26 (1906), p. 4, 1907 (Cavite).—Ocmrey, Ann. Queensland 
Mus., No. 9, p. 5, 1908 (Queensland coast).—FowLEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, p. 469, 1910 (Padang example).—BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 588, 1912 (Batavia).—PEArson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 
1912-18, p. E6.—SoUuTHWELL, Ceylon Adminstr. Rep., pp. E43, £44, E46, E49, 
1912-13.—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 268, 1913 (Red Sea, 
East Indies, Africa, India).—WEsrErR, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 597, 


302 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


1913 (Makassar).—Prarson, Ceylon Adminstr. Rep. 1914, p. E4; 1915-1918, 
pp. F9, F11, F138, F16.—Ocitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 84, 1916 
(Moreton Bay, Cartwright Point, Nor-West Islet).—MALpAs, Ceylon Ad- 
ministr. Rep., 1922, p. F6—McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 5, 1926 (Indochina).—NorMAN, Proc. Zool. 
Soe. London, 1926, p. 944, text fig. B (nostril) (East Africa; Red Sea; Pa- 
cific). —McCuttocn, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 157, 1926 (Queens- 
land); Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 29, 1927; Aus- 
tralian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 23, 1929 (Queensland; New South Wales) .— 
Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 12, 1934 (Manila).—Rox4s 
and Martin, Depart. Agri. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 16, 1937 (ref- 
erence).—SvuvATTI, Index Fish. Siam, p. 4, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; Maenam 
Canthaburi; Trat).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 14 (246), 1938 (ref- 
erence). 

Rhynchobatis djiddensis Fow er, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines). 

Rhinobatus laevis ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 354, pl. 71, 1801 (type 
locality : Tranquebar).—VaN HAssELt, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 
1824 (Java).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 306, 
pl. 189 (not 129 as in text), 1850 (Japan). 

Rhinobates laevis SwWAINson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 822, 1889 (on Walawah 
tenkee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 6, pl. 10, 1803, Visagapatam). 

Rhynchobatus laevis Mttirr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. Latte 
1841 (India, Red Sea, Malabar).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 92, 
1851 (Indian Seas ?, Red Sea, India).—B.LerKeR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, pp. 51, 58, 1852 (Batavia and Samarang); (Japan), 
vol, 25, p. 22, 1853 (Japan, East Indies, Malacca, India, Red Sea) ; (Bengal), 
vol. 25, pp. 9, 82, 1853 (reference).—Duméri, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 483, 1865 (Malabar, Pondicherry, mer des Indes, Red Sea).—SrTern- 
DACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 60, p. 571, 1870 
(Singapore). 

? Rhinobatus laevissimus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

? Rhinobatis duhameli BLAINVILLE, Faune Franeaise, Poiss., p. 48, pl. 11, figs. 1-2, 
1825 (no locality). 

Rhinobates riippellii SwArnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, p. 185, fig. 24, 1838 
(no locality). 

Rhinobatus jaram Montrovuzirr, Ann. Soc. Agric. Hist. Nat. Lyon, p. 220, 1856 
(type locality: Woodlark Island, Louisiades). 

? Rhinobatus thouinit (not Lacépéde) KAror1, Termész. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 
5, p. 148, 1881 (Japan). 

Rhinobatus columnae (not Bonaparte) Rosinson, Natal Fisher. Rep., p. 50, 1919 
(Natal). 


Depth 10 to 1124 to subcaudal origin; head 214 to 27%; disk width 
114 to 124 in its length. Snout 1%% in head; eye 924 to 1034, 7 to 714 
in snout, 3%4 to 3% in interorbital; dentary width 3% to 414 in head, 
with short upper and lower labial fold at each angle; teeth in 40 rows 
in each jaw, smooth, rhomboid; nostrils large, wide, oblique, narrower 
and slightly curved back toward mouth on inner ends, each nearly 7 
dentary width, little greater than internarial, valves feeble, with 
short interior lobe; interorbital 314 to 324 in head, slightly depressed 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 303 


concavely. Gill openings nearly equidistant, short. Spiracles close 

behind eye and subequal, hind edge with 2 folds. 

Row of small tubercles along each supraorbital edge, interrupted 
by division of spiracle. Median row of small vertebral tubercles 
down back, also short series on each shoulder, broken midway in 
its length. 

First dorsal origin over ventral origin, front edge 2 in head, with 
long narrow point behind; second dorsal inserted nearer caudal origin 
than first dorsal orgin, front edge 214 to 23% in head, with long, narrow 
point behind; caudal axis slightly elevated; supracaudal pointed, 144 
to 1% in head, subcaudal 114 in supracaudal; pectoral not reaching 
forward opposite nostrils; ventral length 214 to 21% in head. 

Above gray, with obscure small white spots scattered about, sur- 
rounding round blackish spot less than eye in size, which above each 
end of shoulder girdle. Under surfaces uniform gray white. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Natal, Seychelles, India, 
Ceylon, Andamans, Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East Indies, 
Philippines. Cochinchina, Japan, Melanesia, Queensland, New South 
Wales. 

4528. Manila market. December 18, 1907. Length, 443 mm. 

5250. Manila market. March 20, 1908. Length, 517 mm. 

6728. Manila market. December 5, 1908. Length, 770 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72480. Batavia Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 590 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 513856. Tsuruga, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Head and part of 
pectoral fin, 510 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29019. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Specimen skinned 
out, 1,500 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 25125. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 
Length, 734 mm. Color in arrack gray above, tinted with very pale oli- 
vaceous. Disk edges above, ventrals and lateral edges of caudal peduncle 
and trunk whitish like under surface of body. Large round jet-black spot 
little less than eye at each pectoral base. About eyes, black pectoral spot 
and on hind basal portion of pectoral, together with upper trunk sides op- 
posite first dorsal, number of small white spots about size of pupil, each 
edged with pale slaty. Several dark spots on snout below anteriorly. 


RHYNCHOBATUS YENTINENSIS Wang 


Rhynchobatus yentinensis Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, No. 
3, p. 98, fig. 4, 1983 (type locality : Wenchow). 

Body elongate, depressed throughout. Head rather large, pointed, 
much depressed, width much greater than depth. Snout long, 
pointed, tip acutely rounded, twice or more longer than interorbital 
width; eye superior, above and in front of mouth angle, much nearer 
first gill opening than snout tip; mouth inferior, moderate, slightly 
undulated, much nearer hind gill opening than snout tip; teeth oval, 
very obtusely rounded, some with central cusp, alike in both jaws, in 
27 rows; nostrils large, inner end obliquely inclined above mouth 


304 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


angles, internasal space nearly equals nostril length or slightly nar- 
rower; interorbital rather broad, more or less flattened, with ridge 
provided by series of obtuse spines on front and upper edge of 
orbit. Gill openings 5, inferior, last one slightly smaller. Spiracles 
smaller than eye, short space posterior, with 2 distinct valves on 
inner hind edge. 

Skin finely roughened. Series of obtuse spines on middle line of 
back from occiput to second dorsal origin, those between dorsals 
much smaller. Two pairs of spines and another single one on each 
side of shoulder girdle, another series of spines on supraorbital 
ridges as above mentioned. Each side of tail with cutaneous fold, 
more prominent posteriorly. 

First dorsal inserted above or slightly behind ventral origin with 
hind edge concave and lower angle acute; second dorsal inserted at 
hind third of space between first dorsal origin and caudal base, 
like first dorsal only slightly smaller. No anal. Caudal gently bent 
up, subcaudal well developed, separated from supracaudal by deep 
notch. Pectoral edge behind straight, inner angle acute. Ventral 
far separated from pectoral, interspace much greater than ventral 
base. Clasper slender. 

Gray brown above, dirty white below. Lateral whitish horizontal 
band from hind edge of pectoral to caudal base. Back between 
dorsals with 2 series of white spots. Dark spot on shoulder girdle. 
Dark oblong spot on eye immediately before spiracle. Dusky spot 
on side of snout not far from tip. 

Length to last vertebra, 1,010 mm. (Wang.) 

China. Differs from Rhynchobatus djiddensis in dentition and 
color. Second dorsal more posteriorly inserted and first dorsal 
advanced. 

Genus RHINOBATOS Linck 


Rhinobatos Linck, Mag. Phys. Naturg. Gotha, ser. 3, vol. 6 p. 32, 1790. (Atypic. 
Type, Raja rhinobatos Linnaeus, assumed tautotype.) 

Rhinobatus (Klein) Watpaum, Artedi Pisce., vol. 3, p. 581, 1792. (Atypic. Type, 
Raja rhinobatos Linnaeus, assumed  tautotype.) (Inadmissible.)— 
ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 38538, 1801. (Type, Raja rhinobatos 
Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Rhinobatis BuAInvittE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 47, 1825. (Type, Raja 
rhinobatos Linnaeus.) 

Rhinobates Swanson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 198, 1839. (Type, Raja 
rhinobatos Linnaeus). 

Leiobatus RA¥FINESQUE, Caratteri nuovi animali piante Sicilia, p. 16, 1810. 
(Type, Leiobatus panduratus Rafinesque, monotypic.) (Not precluded by 
Leiobatus Klein.) 

Leiobatis BLAINVILLE, Faune Frangaise, Poissons, p. 43, 1825. (Type, Leiobatus 
panduratus Rafinesque. ) 

Squatinoraja Narvo, Osservazioni ed aggiunte all’ Adriaticae ittiologia ..., 1824. 
(Type, Squatinoraja colonna=—Rhinobatus columnae Miiller and Henle. ) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 305 


Aellopos Minster, Neues Jahrb. Mineral., p. 581, 1886. (Type, Aellopos elongatus 
Miinster. ) 

Euryarthra AGAssiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 382, 1843. (Type, EZuryarthra 
munsteri Agassiz.) 

Glaucostegus BoNnAparts, Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 14, 1846. (Type, Rhino- 
batus cemiculus Geoffroy Saint Hilaire=Raja rhinobatos Linnaeus.) 

Spathobatis THIOLLIERE, Ann. Soc. Agric. Hist. Nat. Lyon, ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 63, 
1849. (Type, Spathobatis bugesiacus Thiolliére.) 


Body depressed, gradually passing into tail. Tail depressed, ro- 
bust anteriorly. Disk partly triangular, rounded and wider behind. 
Snout elongate, pointed, formed by long rostral cartilage and vas- 
cular area each side. Teeth obtuse, with indistinct transverse ridge. 
Nostrils oblique, wide, front valves not confluent and not reaching 
mouth. Spiracles wide, behind eye, mostly with two folds on hind 
edge, rarely with one or none. Dorsals spineless, both behind ven- 
trals. Caudal small, subcaudal part weak and without lobe. Pec- 
torals rather narrow, best developed behind shoulder girdle, nar- 
rowed to acute in front, not extended into snout. Ventrals close to 
pectorals. Claspers slender, pointed. 

Species numerous in warm seas, and vary greatly in the form of 
the snout. 

Ehinobatos dumerilii Castelnau’ is an imperfectly described and 
doubtful species. 

FRhinobatos is the original way of spelling the name for this genus 
and is so accepted here. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. LEIOBATUS. Front nasal valve extends inward to some extent on internarial 
space. 
b*. Front nasal valve not extending inward much beyond level of inner nos- 
tril edge, not nearly reaching that of opposite side. 
c’. Snout rather long; mouth width 31%4 to 324 in snout; space between 
spiracles 25 to 314 in snout. 
da’. Rostral ridges widely separated throughout their length; nostril length 
144 times internarial; blunt tubercles down median line of back. 
holcorhynchus 
d°*. Rostral ridges approximated or narrowly separated anteriorly; nos- 
tril length 1144 to 1% times internarial; tubercles in median line 
of back very small or rudimentary. 

e’. Rostral ridges more or less separated throughout their length, ap- 
proximated only at snout end; horizontal distance from outer 
nostril edge to lateral snout edge little less than nostril length. 

formosensis 

e*. Rostral ridges more or less approximated in front 24 their length; 
horizontal distance from outer nostril edge to lateral snout edge 
ereater than nostril lengths ete <2 Si ee schlegelii 


™Proc. Zool. Acelimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 148, 1873 (type locality: Western Aus- 
tralia ).—MACLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 372, 1881 (copied). 


306 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ce. Snout short; mouth width 214 to 3 in preoral length; space between 
spiracles 21% to nearly 3 in snout; first dorsal base less than 3 times 
in interdorsal. 
f'. Mouth width 2% to 2% in snout; both spiracular folds well 
developed. 

g’. Space between rostral ridges rather narrow; series of spines in 
median line of back; first dorsal base 2% to 2% in interdorsal. 
annandalei 
g’. Space between rostral ridges broader; series of minute tubercles 
in median line of back; first dorsal base 245 in interdorsal. 
lionotus 
f’. Mouth width 24 to 3 in snout; inner spiracular fold small or 
rudimentary; rostral ridges rather broad, narrowly separated 

anteriorly ; median line of tubercles on back rudimentary. 
hynnicephalus 
b*. Front nasal valves extend inward well beyond level of inner nostril edge, 

nearly meets that of opposite side. 
h*. Both spiracular folds developed; mouth width 2% to 3% in 
preoral length. 
i. Nostril length about equals internarial; space between 
spiracles 2 to 2°45 in snout. 
j. Mouth width 2%4 to 3 in preoral length; horizontal dis- 
tance from outer edge of nostril to lateral snout edge 3 
to 324 in preoral length; back with dark annular ocelli. 
annulatus 
7’. Mouth width 214% to 2%6 in preoral length; horizontal 
distance from outer edge of nostril to lateral snout edge 
2% to 234 in preoral length; snout and pectoral fins 
with pale bluish gray spots and blotches__ leucospilus 
@#. Nostril length 1% times internarial; space between spiracles 
nearly 3 times in snout. 

k?. Mouth width 3 in preoral length, 7144 in space from 
snout tip to front edge of vent; horizontal distance 
from outer nostril edge to lateral snout edge more 
than four in preoral length; coloration uniform. 

zanzibarensis 

k*, Mouth width 314 in preoral length, more than 8 in 
space from snout tip to front edge of vent; horizontal 
distance from outer nostril edge to lateral snout edge 
336 in preoral length; back with numerous bluish gray 


OCCT EER Re rie a ee ee ocellatus 
h?. Only outer spiracular fold developed; mouth width 2%4to 2% 
INGHTEOLAls lene thea EC TL, EEA blochii 


a’. RHINoBATOS. Front nasal valve extends inward on internarial space. 
Tt. Nostril length nearly 2 or 3 in mouth width, about 
equals internarial. 

mm. Snout very long, narrow, nostril ridges approxi- 

mated for greater part their length; mouth width 

22 CORO A AD SNOU bse granulatus 

m. Snout short, broad, rostral ridges more or less 

separated throughout their length; mouth width 

Oey NTN STO UN Ga ee eee eee obtusus 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 307 


77. Nostril length less twice mouth width, greater than 
internarial. 

nm’. Snout expanded at tip; nostril length 1% in 

mouth width, nearly twice internarial. 
thouin 
n’. Snout not expanded terminally. 

o'. Nostril length nearly equals mouth width, 

which 24% to 2% times internarial__ typus 

o. Nostril length 1144 to 1144 in mouth width, 

which 114 to 134 times internarial__ halavi 


Subgenus LEIoBATUS Rafinesque 
RHINOBATOS HOLCORHYNCHUS Norman 


Rhinobatus holcorhynchus NorMAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, ser. 9, vol. 
9, p. 818, 1922 (type locality: Natal).—BaRrnarp, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 61, fig. 9¢ (mouth and nostrils), pl. 3, fig. 7, 1925 (Natal 
and Zululand).—NorMan, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1926, p. 957, fig. 10 
(rostra) (type).—BarNarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1014, 
1927 (note). 

Rhinobatus natalensis Fowrimr, Ann. Natal Mus., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 195, fig. 1, 1925 
(type locality: Natal). 

Rhinobatus rasus (not Garman) Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 192 (type of Rhinobatus natalensis). 


Head to first gill opening 414 in total length. Snout 544 in head; 
eye 51%, 2 in interorbital; mouth width 3% in head, nearly straight; 
nostril 514; antero-nasal space 214, front nasal lobe feeble, extends 
halfway in nostril length, hind valve 24 in nostril length; preoral 
length 5 in total body length; interorbital 314 in head, crown de- 
pressed, level, edges but slightly raised. Spiracle 34 of eye, with 
prominent outer fold, inner small. 

First dorsal length 214 in head; second dorsal length 234; caudal 
2; pectorals form disk width 11% in its length or 3 in total length. 

Slightly darker cloudings of brown down middle of back. 

Natal, Zululand. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Natal Bluff, in 100 fathoms. H. W. Bell Marley. 
Length, 294 mm. Type of Rhinobatus natalensis. 


RHINOBATOS FORMOSENSIS Norman 


Rhinobatus formosensis NoRMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 958, fig. 11 
(rostra) (type locality: Formosa). 

Rhinobatus schlegeli (not Miiller and Henle) Ginrumr, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 446, 1870 (Formosa specimen). 

Rhinobatus schlegelii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 276, 1913 
(part). 


Snout long, bluntly pointed, margins straight or little concave; 
rostral ridges rather narrow, more or less separated throughout their 
length, nearly parallel anteriorly, diverging little posteriorly; eye 414 
to 424 in snout, eye with spiracle nearly equals space between spira- 


308 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


cles; mouth nearly straight, width 334 to 324 in preoral length; 
nostrils moderately long, oblique, 124 to 114 in mouth width, about 
114 in internarial, front valve extends inward nearly far as level of 
inner nostril edge. Outer fold of spiracle well developed, inner 
small, interspiracular space little over 3 in snout. 

Skin covered with minute denticles smooth to touch; series of 
rudimentary tubercles in median line of back, around orbits and 
above spiracles, scarcely evident without lens. 

First dorsal nearly twice high as long, origin space behind ventral 
base equal to or greater than interdorsal, base 3 to 314 in interdorsal. 

Coloration not given. Length, 630 mm. (Norman.) 

Formosa. Type in the British Museum. 


RHINOBATOS SCHLEGELII Miller and Henle 


Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) schlegelii Mttter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagios- 
tomen, p. 123, pl. 42, 1841 (type locality: Nagasaki).—BLerKrr, Act. Soc. 
Sci. Indo-Néerl., (Japan), vol. 3, p. 41, No. 3, 1858 (Japan).—DumMEnrIL, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 497, 1865 (compiled). 

Rhinobatus schlegelii RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 195, 1846 (Sea of 
Japan).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 97, 1851 (Japan).—BLEEKER, 
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Nagasaki).— 
GiunrTuHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 445, 1870 (Japan; not For- 
mosan specimen).—MAarTENs, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 
(Yokohama, Nagasaki).—Savuvacr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 
1891 (reference).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 619, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila, Navotas).—STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 225, 
1896 (Kobe, Hiogo, Nagasaki).—IsHIkKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 60, 1897.—PIETscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 651, 1908 (Japan).—ZuemaAyer, Abh. Bayer. 
Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Oman).—GaARMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 276, 19138 (Japan).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. 
Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 188, 1920 (Boshiu).—NormMAn, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. London, p. 959, fig. 12 (rostra), 1926 (Japan).—ScumMipr, Trans. 
Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 10, 1931 (Nagasaki). 

Rhinobatus schlegeli ScHiLEcEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 
807, 1850 (Nagasaki Bay).—JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 23, p. 837, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 41, 1901 (refer- 
ence).—JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 318, 1902 
(Formosa).—Scummt and Linpsere, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1930, p. 
1187 (Tsuruga).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 29, 1933. 

Rhinobatus schlegel JorpAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 645, 
1903 (Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hakata, Nagasaki). 

Rhinobatos schlegeli Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan 
and Mokpo, Korea).—Fane and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, 
vol. 8, p. 259, fig. 19, 1932 (Tsingtau). 

Rhinobatos schlegelii Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 590, 
1930 (Nagasaki); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1930 
(Japan). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 309 


Depth 15 to 17 to subcaudal origin; head 31% to 3%, disk width 
114 to 114 in its length. Snout 124 to 1% in head, long, pointed; 
eye 814 to 914, 5 to 6 in snout, 214 to 234 in interorbital; dentary 
width 314 to 334 in head, with 2 short lower labial grooves at each 
angle; teeth in 44 to 60 rows in each jaw, smooth, rhomboid; nostrils 
rather large, oblique, narrowing posteriorly, each about 44 dentary 
width; front nasal valve moderate point, inner of sections broader, 
extend halfway from lobe to inner nostril edge and then turned 
forward; hind nasal valve larger than outer, inner section of large 
flap much broader or larger than outer; interorbital 314 to 314 in 
head, broadly depressed. Gill openings moderate, equidistant, last 
one smallest. Spiracle close behind eye, smaller, with large fold on 
hind edge. 

Scales very fine, smooth to touch. No spines above eye or on 
shoulder. Row of small vertebral spines, about 36 before first 
dorsal. 

First dorsal pointed, front edge 214 to 214 in head; second dorsal 
lke first, front edge 214 to 214; caudal 134 to 214, subcaudal without 
lobe, moderate; ventral 124 to 1% in head. 

Brown above, finely though obscurely mottled or speckled with 
darker. Snout each side of rostral cartilages translucent or paler 
brown. Under surfaces of body whitish. Lateral fold each side of 
tail narrow, pale or whitish. 

Arabia, Philippines, Formosa, Japan, Korea. Known by its gen- 
eral smooth body of nearly uniform coloration. The young are 
marked with rather numerous though well-scattered small round 
whitish spots. Also the nasal flaps are greatly developed, though 
not shown by Miiller and Henle. 

U.S.N.M. No. 34546. Simoda, Japan. J. C. Brevoort. Length, 298 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 50753. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 460 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 75874. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 329 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51288. Hakata, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 870 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 26540. Japan. C. S. Morse. Length, 630 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 75877. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 530 mm. 


RHINOBATOS ANNANDALEI Norman 


Rhinobatus annandalei NorMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 960, text fig. 
18 (rostra) (type locality: Bast Channel, mouth of River Hughli, 40 
fathoms). 

Rhinobatus columnae (not Bonaparte) Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 811 
(part), 1888; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 44, 1889—ANNANDALE, 
Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 14, 1909 (off Hughli River mouth).—Prarson, 
Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E5.—SourHwett, Ceylon Administr. 
Rep., 1912-13, pp. H42, E43, 145, H48, E49.—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. 
Rep., 1914, p. #14. 

Rhinobatus columnae Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 15, 1888 
(Mangalore). 


310 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


? Rhynchobatus columnae DuNCKER, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 
p. 193, 1904 (locality ?). 

Rhinobatos rhinobatos (not Linnaeus) Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 138, 19388 
(reference). 

Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, margins little concave; rostral 
ridges more or less separated throughout their length, parallel ante- 
riorly, diverging little posteriorly; eye 335 to 324 in snout; eye 
diameter with spiracle little greater than space between spiracles; 
mouth nearly straight, width 214 to 214 in preoral length; nostrils 
moderately long, 144 in mouth width, internarial 174 in nostril, front 
valve extending inward to level of inner nostril edge or little be- 
yond. Both folds of spiracle strongly developed, outer more 
prominent, space between spiracles 214 in snout. 

Skin covered with minute denticles, rather smooth to touch; series 
of rather small close-set spines in median line of back, 2 to 4 on each 
shoulder, several around orbits and above spiracles; all spines 
stronger and sharper in male. 

First dorsal little more than twice high as long, origin behind 
ventral base 114 to 114 in that between 2 dorsals, base 214 to 224 in 
interdorsal. 

Color not given. Length, 415 mm. (Norman.) 

India, Ceylon. ‘Type in the British Museum. 


RHINOBATOS LIONOTUS Norman 


Rhinobatus lionotus Norman, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 961, text fig. 14 
(rostra) (type locality: Hast Channel, mouth of River Hughli, in 40 
fathoms). 

Rhinobatis schlegeli (not Miiller and Henle) ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 15, 1909 (off Hugli River mouth and Mutlah River). 

Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, margins scarcely concave; rostral 
ridges more or less separated throughout their length, parallel an- 
teriorly, diverging posteriorly; eye 335 in snout, eye with spiracle 
about equals space between spiracles; mouth nearly straight, width 

24 in preoral length; nostrils of moderate length, oblique, 124 in 
mouth width, 114 times internarial, front valve extending inwards 
about to level of inner nasal edge. Both folds of spiracle very 
strongly developed, outer more prominent. 

Skin covered with minute denticles, smooth to touch; series of 
minute tubercles in median line of back, single one on each shoulder 
and several around orbits and above spiracles. 

First dorsal twice high as long, origin distance behind bases of 
ventrals about equals interdorsal, base 24% in interdorsal. 

Color not given. Length, 500 mm. (Norman.) 

Bengal. Type in the British Museum. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 311 


RHINOBATOS HYNNICEPHALUS Richardson 


Rhinobatus hynnicephalus RICHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 195, 1846 (type 
locality: China Seas; Canton).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 97, 
1851 (reference).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 274, 1913 
(copied).—NorMAN, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1926, p. 962, fig. 15 (rostra) 
(Japan, Hiroshima, Inland Sea of Japan).—Scumint, Trans. Pacific Comm. 
Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 10, 1931 (Nagasaki).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. 
Tsing Hua Univ., ser. b, vol. 1, p. 154, figs. 6-6Ga, pl. 1, fig. 2 (scales), pl. 3, 
fig. 5, (teeth) 1982 (Tsingtao; Hong Kong). 

Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 498, 1930 (reference); Hong Kong Nat., vol. i, No. 3, p. 188, 1930 
(copied).—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 100, fig. 5, 
1933 (Chusan). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) polyophthalmus BLeEKrer, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 26, p. 129, 1854 (type locality: Nagasaki). 

Rhinobatus (Syrrhina) polyophthalmus BLeeKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerland. 
(Japan), vol. 3, No. 3, p. 7, pl. 4, 1858 (Nagasaki, Japan). 

Rhinobatus polyophthalmus JoRDAN and Fow ter, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 646, 1908 (Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki).—GARMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 274, 1918 (China). 

Rhinobatos polyophthalmus Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 498, 1980 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 138, 1950 (compiled). 

Rhinobatus schlegeli (not Miiller and Henle) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 446, 1870 (Japan). 

Raia (Syrrhina) columnae (not Bonaparte) BLerker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk, 
vol. 4, p. 115, 1874 (Chinese drawing). 

Rhinobatus columnae STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 225, 1896 
(Kobe, Hiogo, Nagasaki). 

?Rhinobatos rhinobatos (not Linnaeus) Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. 
China, vol. 9, p. 102, fig. 6, 1933 (Chusan). 


Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, edges scarcely concave; rostral 
ridges rather broad, narrowly separated anteriorly, diverging little 
posteriorly; eye 424 to 544 in snout, eye with spiracle 114 to 1144 in 
space between spiracles; mouth nearly straight, width 3 in preoral 
length; nostrils moderately long, oblique, 114 to 1% mouth width, 
about 114 times internarial, front valve extending inwards to level 
of inner nostril edge or little beyond. Outer fold of spiracle mod- 
erately developed, inner rudimentary or absent, interspiracular width 
224 to 214 in snout. 

Skin covered with minute denticles, smooth to touch; series of very 
small, blunt tubercles in median line of back, few around orbits and 
above spiracles. 

First dorsal about twice high as long, origin distance behind ven- 
tral base 144 to 114 times interdorsal, base 214 to nearly 3 in 
interdorsal. 

Back brownish with groups of small, blackish-brown spots, some- 
times forming oval or rounded rings. Markings tend to become less 

156861—41——21 


312 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


conspicuous with age. Young with faint dark blotch below end of 
snout. Length, 700 mm. (Norman.) 
China, Japan. 


RHINOBATOS ANNULATUS Miller and Henle 


Rhinobatus (Syrrhina) annulatus (Andrew Smith) MULLER and HENIE, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 116, 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).— 
ANDREW SMITH, Ill. Zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 16, 1842 (Cowie River ; 
Algoa Bay).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 94, 1851 (Cape Sea).— 
Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 487, pl. 10, fig. 6 (scutes), 1865 
(type). 

Rhinobatus annulatus Papper, Edible Fish South Africa, p. 22, 1854 (Table Bay). 
—Kvner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 416, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—PAPPE, 
Edible Fish South Africa, ed. 2, p. 22, 1866 (Cape Seas).—GarMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 272, 1918 (South and East Africa).—BARNARD, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 59, fig. 9a (nostrils and mouth), 
1925 (Simon’s Bay to Natal).—NorMan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, 
p. 964, text fig. 17 (type; Cape of Good Hope, Port Natal, Bird Island, 
Zululand coast). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) annulatus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 (reference). 

Rhinobatus columnae (not Bonaparte) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 446, 1870 (Cape of Good Hope, Natal).—THompson, Marine Biol. Surv. 
South Africa Rep. No. 2, p. 155, 1914—-GitcurIst and THOMPSON, Ann. 
Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 285, 1916 (references). 

Rhinobatus blochii (part) ReaaAn, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 242, 1908 
(Durban Bay). 

Rhinobatus rhinobatus (not Linnaeus) Von BonpdE and Swarr, Fishes Marine 
Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. No. 5, p. 3, 1923 (reference). 


Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, margins straight or very little 
concave; rostral ridges rather narrow, separated throughout their 
length, parallel or converging little anteriorly, diverging posteriorly ; 
eye 5 to 534 in snout, eye with spiracle 114 to 114 in space between 
spiracles; mouth nearly straight, width 234 to 3 in preoral length; 
nostrils moderately long, oblique, 134 to nearly twice mouth width, 
internarial about equals nostril, front valve extends inward well 
beyond level of inner nostril edge, nearly meeting that of opposite 
side. Both folds of spiracle well developed, outer more prominent, 
space between spiracles 214 to 2%, in snout. 

Skin covered with minute denticles, rather smooth to touch; series 
of small, compressed spines in median line of back, in 1 or 2 groups on 
each shoulder and some smaller spines around orbits and above 
spiracles; all spines less prominent with age. 

First dorsal nearly twice high as long, origin space behind ven- 
trals about equal to interdorsal, base 214 to nearly 3 in interdorsal. 

Upper surface of body with dark annular ocelli, largest smaller 
than eye. Length, 1,020 mm. (Norman.) 

South Africa. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 313 


RHINOBATOS LEUCOSPILUS Norman 


Rhinobatus leucospilus NoRMAN, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 966, fig. 18 
(rostra) (type locality: Durban, Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1014, 1927 (note). 

Rhinobatus blochii (not Miiller and Henle) Rreaan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 242, 1908 (Durban Bay).—GitcHrist and THompson, Ann. South African 
Mus,, vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 55, 1911 (Natal). 

Rhinobatus blochi BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 61, 1925 


(part). 

Very close to Rhinobatos annulatus but snout rather shorter and 
broader; eye 314 to 4 in snout, eye with spiracle little less than space 
between spiracles; mouth width 214 to 234 in preoral length; space 
between outer nostril edge and lateral snout edge 214 to 234 in preoral 
length. Space between spiracles 2 to 214 in snout. 

Spines on back and shoulders minute. 

Back brownish, margins of pectorals and ventrals bluish gray. 
Snout and pectorals with number of pale blue-gray spots and blotches 
symmetrically arranged. Length, 415 mm. (Norman.) 

Natal. Type in the British Museum. 


RHINOBATOS ZANZIBARENSIS Norman 


Rhinobatus zanzibarensis NoRMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 966, text fig. 
19 (rostra) (type locality: Zanzibar). 

Rhinobatus schlegelii (not Miiller and Henle) GtnrHer, Fishes of Zanzibar, 
p. 142, 1866 (Zanzibar). 

Rhinobatus columnae (not Bonaparte) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 446, 1870 (Zanzibar specimens). 

Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, margins straight; rostral ridges 
rather broad, separated throughout their length, almost parallel; 
eye 414 in snout, eye with spiracles about equals space between 
spiracles; mouth nearly straight, nearly 3 in preoral length; nostrils 
rather long, oblique, nearly 114 in mouth width, 114 times internarial, 
space between outer nasal edge and lateral snout edge more than 
4 times preoral length, front valve extending inward well beyond 
level of inner nostril edge, separated from that of opposite side by 
space which 234 to 3 in internarial. Both folds of spiracle well 
developed, outer more prominent. 

Skin covered with minute denticles; series of very small, blunt 
spines in median line of back, in 2 groups on each shoulder and some 
smaller spines around orbits and above spiracles. 

First dorsal about 114 times high as long, origin distance behind 
ventral bases 114 to 114 times interdorsal, base 254 in interdorsal. 

Coloration not given. Length, 750 mm. (Norman.) 

Zanzibar. 


314 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


RHINOBATOS OCELLATUS Norman 


Rhinobatos ocellatus NorMAN, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 967, fig. 20 
(rostra) (type locality: Bird Island, Algoa Bay).—Barnarp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1015, 1927 (compiled). 

Rhinobatus columnae (not Bonaparte) RecaAn, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 
242, 1908 (Bird Island).—GitcHrist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., 
vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 285, 1916 (references). 

Close to Rhinobatos zanzibarensis. Mouth width 31% in preoral 
length, which more than 8 times in space from snout tip to vent; 
nostrils moderately long, oblique, 124 in mouth width, 114 in inter- 
narial; space between outer nostril edge and lateral edge of snout 
33% in preoral length, front valve extending inward well beyond 
level of inner nostril edge, separated from that of opposite side by 
distance 314 in internarial. 

Skin covered with minute denticles; series of small, blunt spines in 
median line of back, single pair on each shoulder, several spines 
around orbits and above spiracles. 

First dorsal about twice high as long, origin behind ventral bases 
space little greater than interdorsal, base 335 in interdorsal. 

Back brownish, with numerous bluish-gray ocelli, largest smaller 
than eye. Length, 700 mm. (Norman.) 

South Africa. 


RHINOEBATOS BLOCHIIT Miiller and Henle 


Rhinobatus (Syrrhina) blochii MtLutrr and Hens, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 115, pl. 87, fig. 1, 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—Gray, 
List fish British Museum, p. 94, 1851 (Cape of Good Hope).—DuMERIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 488, pl. 10, fig. 5 (scutes), 1865 (Cape of 
Good Hope). 

Rhinodetus blochit BLerEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland Indie, vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 
(reference).—GUntHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 477, 1870 (Cape 
of Good Hope).—ScuMeEtrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Cape 
of Good Hope).—PertrErs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 853, 1877 
(Cape of Good Hope).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 271, 
1913 (Cape of Good Hope).—GitcHrist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 284, 1916 (references).—NoRMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 968, 
text fig. 21, 1926 (Cape of Good Hope; Table Bay). 

Rhinobatus blochi Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 61, 1925 
(Natal) ; pt. 2, p. 1014, 1927 (note). 


Snout short, broad, obtusely pointed, margins somewhat convex; 
rostral ridges rather narrow, separated throughout length, parallel 
anteriorly, diverging little posteriorly; eye 314 to 4 in snout, eye with 
spiracle 114 to 124 in space between spiracles; mouth nearly straight, 
width 214 to 224 in snout; nostrils short, oblique, 134 to nearly 
twice mouth width, about equal internarial, front valve extending 
inward well beyond level of inner nostril edge, nearly meeting that 
of opposite side. Only outer spiracular fold developed, interspir- 
acular space 124 to 1% in snout. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 315 


Skin covered with minute denticles, smooth to touch; series of 
small spines in median line of back, smaller ones on head and scap- 
ular region; spines less prominent and irregular with age. 

First dorsal 114 to 184 times high as long, origin behind ventral 
base equals or little greater or less than interdorsal, base 2 to 214 in 
interdorsal. 

Young with few, small, round white spots on head and body above. 
Length, 960 mm. (Norman.) 

South Africa. 


Subgenus RHINOBATOS Linck 
RHINOBATOS GRANULATUS Cuvier 


Rhinobatus granulatus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 396, 1829 (no 
locality ).—BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 (name 
only).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 95, 1851 (Mediterranean ?, 
India).—BLrEEKeR, Verh. Batav. Genotsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 
(reference).—BLyTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 36, 1860 (Cal- 
cutta).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 275, 1865 (compiled) —GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 443, 1870 (part).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, 1870, p. 704 (Andamans).—Marvrens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, 
vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Bangkok and Singapore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 732, pl. 192, fig. 2, 1878 (Malabar).—MactrEay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 2, p. 866, 1878 (Port Darwin) ; vol. 5, p. 307, 1880 (Port 
Jackson, Cape York); vol. 6, p. 371, 1881 (Port Jackson, Cape York) .— 
KArowi, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 148, 1881 (Singapore) .— 
Macieay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 598, 1883 (New 
Guinea).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 49, 
1885 (Macassar).—Oaiipy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 14, 1888 
(lagoon on Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay, Madras; South East New 
Guinea ).—DaAy, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 42, fig. 17, 1889.—KeEnrt, 
Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, pl. 48, fig. 4, 1893 (Torres Straits to Moreton 
Bay).—JOHNSTONE, Fase. Malayenses, Annandale and Robinson, Zool., pf 
2, p. 302, 19038 (Patani Bay).——Voutz, Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 12, p. 484, 1904 
(Padang; Kwala); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 240, 1907 
(Langhat).—GaArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 272, 1913 (India).— 
McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 
(reference).—NoRMAN, Proce. Zool. Soe., London, 1926, p. 949, text fig. 3 
(rostra) (Madras, India, type of Rhinobatus spinosus; Shanghai).—PILiAy, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 352, 1929 (Travancore) .—Tr1Rant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 73, 1829 (Cochinchina).— 
CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1932 (Indo-China ).—Hora 
and MuKERJI, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 38, pp. 18, 21, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1986 (Maung- 
magan, Burma). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) granulatus MULLER and HENtrr, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 117, pl. 38, 1841 (Tranquebar and Pondicherry, types).— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (refer- 
ence).—Dumeénrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 493, 1865 (Malabar, Ganges 
River, Pondicherry). 

Rhinobatis granulatus ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 14, 1909 (off 
Orissa). 


316 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Rhinobatos granulatus FowLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (Port 
Moresby, New Guinea) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 
1980 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 182, 1980 (compiled) ; Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 314, 1931 (reference); List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 18, 1938 (reference). 

Rhinobatus rhinobatus (not Linnaeus) ScHNeEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 353, 
1801 (India, Coromandel, Red Sea). 

?Rhinobatus russellianus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

?Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) philippi MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr, Plagios- 
tomen, pl. 119, pl. 389, 1841 (type locality: Ocean). 

Rhinobatus philippi Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 
(Ningpo).—GarMAaN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 278, 1913 
(Queensland). 

Rhinobatus tuberculatus (Cuvier) BLEEKER, Verh. Batavy. Genootsch. (Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (on Suttiwarah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, 
p. 7, pl. 11, 1808, type locality: Vizagapatam). 

Rhinobatus spinosus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 518, 1870 
(type locality: “Mexico,” erroneous). 

Rhinobatus thouini (not Shaw) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 732, pl. 190, 
fig. 4, 1878 (Andamans). 

Rhinobatus acutus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 51, p. 253, 1908 (type 
locality : Ceylon) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 273, pl. 17b, figs. 1-2, 
1913 (type). 

Depth 1414 to 173% to subcaudal origin; head 3 to 334, disk width 
114 to 124 its own length. Snout 114 to 1% in head, long, pointed; 
eye 834 to 1244, 714 to 9 in snout, 3 to 4 in interorbital; dentary 
width 314 to 3% in head, with short upper and lower labial folds 
at each angle; teeth in 53 to 60 rows, smooth, rhomboid; nostrils 
large, wide, oblique, narrowing posteriorly, each 34 dentary width; 
valves feeble, with short anterior lobe; internarial width 134 to 1% 
in nostril; interorbital 3 to 314 in head, depressed. Gill openings 
nearly equidistant, last shortest. Spiracle close behind eye, small, 
hind edge with 2 obscure papillae. 

Above rather coarsely tuberculate, rough to touch. Row of fine 
supraorbital tubercles, extending continuously over spiracle. About 
19 to 30 larger vertebral tubercles to first dorsal, interdorsal smaller ; 
cluster or patch of several slightly enlarged tubercles on each 
shoulder. 

First dorsal pointed, front edge 234 to 31% in head; second dorsal 
like first, front edge 234 to 3149; caudal 144 to 214, subcaudal moder- 
ate; ventral 17% to 214 in head, 

Above brown, each side of rostral cartilages snout buff brown. 
Dorsals and caudal grayish. Under surfaces white. 

Red Sea, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Siam, Singapore, East Indies, 
Cochin China, China, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South 
Wales. My specimens agree with Miiller and Henle’s figure. Their 
example was 350 mm. long. Known by its roughness, the asperities 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 317 


in the back quite coarse, especially about the vertebral and shoulder 
tubercles. Its snout is rather wide terminally. Two seen in the 
Queensland Museum from Moreton Bay, one of 1,525 mm. length. 


9385. Cebu market. September 2, 1909. Length, 520 mm. 

7621. Mouth of Malampaya River and vicinity. December 26, 1908. 498 mm. 

5082. Sandakan, Borneo. March 1, 1908. Length, 595 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30530. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 
278 to 368 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40022. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Length, 530 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29015. No locality. Australian Museum. Length, 980 mm. 


RHINOBATOS OBTUSUS Miiller and Henle 


Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) obtusus MULtrr and HEN ts, Syst. Beschr. Plagios- 
tomen, p. 122, pl. 37, fig. 2, 1841 (type locality: India, Pondicherry, Mala- 
bar).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 
(reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 (name).— 
DumérIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 498, 1865 (Malabar, Indies, 
Pondicherry). 

Rhinobatus obtusus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 97 1851 (Cape Seas) .— 
BiytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 37, 1860 (Calcutta).—Day, 
Fishes of Malabar, p. 274, 1865—GtnTHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 448, 1870 (Hast Indies).—THomeson, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, 
No. 2, p. 155, 1914 (Natal).—NorMan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 950, text 
fig. 4 (rostra), 1926 (India, Hast Indies).—BARNARD, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1014, 1927 (note). 

Rhinobatus halavi (not Forskal) DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 731, pl. 192, 
fig. 4, 1878 (Mangalore).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 275, 
1913 (part).—BarnaArp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 62, 1925 
(Natal). . 


Snout short, broad, obtusely pointed, margins scarcely concave; 
rostral ridges rather narrow, more or less separated throughout their 
length, diverging little anteriorly and posteriorly; eye about 8 in 
snout, eye and spiracle 124 to 134 in space between spiracles; mouth 
nearly straight, width 154 in preoral length; nostrils rather long, 
oblique, twice mouth width, nearly equal internarial, front valve 
scarcely extending inwards. Only outer fold of spiracle developed, 
weak, space between spiracles 214 in snout. 

Denticles enlarged on back, scapular region and top of head; some 
in median line of back spinous; no distinct series of spines. 

First dorsal nearly twice high as long, origin distance behind ven- 
tral bases twice interdorsal, base 214 to 214 in interdorsal. 

Color not given. Length, 930mm. (Norman.) 

South Africa, Natal, India, East Indies. 


RHINOBATOS THOUIN (Anonymous) 


Raja thouin ANONYMOUS, Allg. Lit.-Zeit., vol. 3, pp. 287, 677, 685, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, 
1798 (no locality given). 

Raja thouinianus SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, 1804, p. 318, pl. 147, fig. 2, 
1804 [“Mus. Prince of Orange”. On La raie thouin Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., vol. 1, p. 134, pl. 1, figs. 3-5, 1798 (locality unknown) ]. 


318 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Rhinobatus thouini VAN Hassect, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, p. —, 1823 (Java) ; 
Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussae, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 (Java).—Gray, List fish 
British Museum, p. 96, 1851 (reference).—GtntHer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 442, 1870 (Pinang ; East Indies).—ScuMEttTz, Cat. Mus. Godef- 
froy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Rockhampton and Port Mackay) .—MakTENS, Preuss. 
Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. i, p. 409, 1876 (Bangkok and Batavia). —Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 732, 1878 (part).—Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 372, 1881 (West Australia; on Castelnau).—K<ArRo.i, Ter- 
mesz. FWiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 148, 1882 (Yokohama).—MaActmray, Proc. 
Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, p. 280, 1884 (Hood Bay, New 
Guinea).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 44, 1889.—BartTLert, 
Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Buntal and Moratabas).— 
PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new series, vol. 3, No. 27, p. 4, 1912 
(Singapore; Assab).—Weser, Siboga Wxped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 597, 1918 
(Makassar and Aru Islands).—GArmMaAan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
276, 1918 (Pinang).—HorA, Mem. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 464, 1924 
(Tala Sap, Singora).—CHABANAUD, Bull. Heonom. Indo-Chine, vol. 6, No. 169, 
p. 563, 1924 (Gulf of Siam) ; Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 
5, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).—Timant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° 
note, pp. 73, 175, 1929 (Cochin China).—Svvarr1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 4, 
1937 (Canthaburi; Samut Prakan; Maenam Wen, Hast Coast). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) thouini MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 120, 1841 (“Surinam; Mediterranean”’).—DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 500, pl. 10, fig. 2, a-b (snout and teeth), 1865 (type locality 
unknown; Red Sea). 

Rhinobatos thouinianus Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 460, 1904 
(Baram, Borneo) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (compiled) ; Proce. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1930 (reference) ; List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 14 (246), 1938 (reference). 

Rhinobatus thouiniana NorMAN, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1926, p. 951, text fig. 5 
(rostra) (Pinang and Malay Archipelago). 

Rhynchobatus thonint DuNcKER, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 198, 
1904 (locality?). 

? Rhinobatus coromandelicus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

Rhinobatus rhinobaius (not Linnaeus) BEnNeErT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 18380 
(Sumatra). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) ligonifer CANtTor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 1397, pl. 14, 1849 (type locality: Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore) .— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 59, 1852 (Bantam 
and Samarang). 

Rhinobatus ligonifer BiurrKrer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 409, 
1852 (Sampit); Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 73, 1863 (Banka) ; 
vol. 2, p. 172, 1865 (Siam; reference). 


Snout rather long, expanded at tip, margins distinctly concave; 
preorbital length 314 to 334 in space between spiracles, preoral length 
httle more than 3 times mouth width. Rostral cartilage narrow, 
expanded anteriorly, ridges converge greater part their length. Eye 
8 to 834 in preorbital; combined eye and spiracle 114 to nearly 114 
in space between spiracles. Both folds of spiracle feebly developed, 
outer more prominent. Nostrils long, oblique, 114 in mouth width, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 319 


nearly twice internarial space; front valve not extending inward. 
Mouth nearly straight. 

Denticles somewhat enlarged on back, scapular region, and top of 
head; series of strong compressed spines in median line of back, 2 on 
each shoulder, and several around orbits and above spiracles. 

First dorsal about twice high as long, origin space behind base of 
ventral 145 to 114 that between two dorsals, base 214 to 214 in 
interdorsal space. 

Length, 330 to 405 mm. (Norman.) 

Red Sea, Malaya, East Indies. 


RHINOBATOS TYPUS Bennett 


Rhinobatus typus Bennett, Life of Rafiles, p. 694, 1830 (type locality: Sumatra). 

Rhinobatus armatus Gray, Ilustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pts. 13-14, 
pl. 99, 1882-34 (type locality: India) ; List fish British Museum, p. 96, 1851 
(reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 16, 
1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, p. 154, 1853 (Macas. 
sar); vol. 15, p. 243, 1858 (Singapore) ; vol. 22, p. 98, 1860 (New Guinea) ; 
Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 298, 1868 (Waigiu).— 
PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 853 (Bougainville Island ).— 
GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 492, 1910 (compiled).—OcgttBy, 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 182, 1915 (Moreton Bay) ; Commerce. Fish 
Fisher. Queensland, p. 45, 1915 (Moreton Bay); vol. 5, pp. 85, 95, fig. 1 
(ventral view) 1916 (Queensland coast).—McCutiocu and Wuuittry, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference).—NorMAN, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. London, p. 952, text fig. 6, 1926 (India, Singapore, Macassar, type of 
Rhinobatus typus, Cape York, Groote Eyland, West Australia ).—WHITLEY, 
Australian Zoologist, vol. 4, p. 228, 1926 (North West Islet and Townsville, 
Queensland ).—Herrp, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 12, 1934 
(Sitanki). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) armatus Mttumr and HeEntre, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 119, 1841 (India).—B.eeKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 
24, p. 60, 1852 (Samarang and Singapore) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 3, p. (54) 85, 1852 (Singapore; Samarang); Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1858 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 9, p. 283, 1855 (Macassar); Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, No. 3, 
p. 10, 1856 (Macassar) ; vol. 6, No. 2, p. 3, 1859 (Doreh, New Guinea) .— 
DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 494, pl. 10, fig. 4 (scutes), 1865 
(type “sans indication d’origine’’), 

Rhinobatos armatus Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 13 (246) 1988 (reference). 

Raja (Rhinobatus) armatus Bierxer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, Dp 
271, 1865 (reference). 

Rhinobatus granulatus (not Cuvier) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 448, 1870 (India; type of Rhinobatus typus)—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 732, 1878. 

Rhinobatus halavi (not Forskil) GArMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
275, 1913 (part).—CHrvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1932 
(Indo China).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 16, 1937 (reference). 

Rhinobatos halavi FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 24 (compiled). 


320 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Snout moderate, bluntly pointed, margins scarcely concave; rostral 
ridges narrow, closely approximated for greater part of length, diverg- 
ing little posteriorly; eye 614 to 814 in snout, eye with spiracle 114 
to 124 in space between spiracles; mouth nearly straight, width 3 in 
preoral length; nostrils long, oblique, 5% of or nearly equal mouth 
width, 214 to 224 times internarial, front valve not extending inward. 
Both folds of spiracles feebly developed, outer more prominent, space 
between spiracles 3 to 34 in snout. 

Denticles somewhat enlarged on back, scapular region and top of 
head; series of rather strong compressed spines in median line of 
back, 1 or 2 groups on each shoulder and several smaller spines around 
orbits and above spiracles. 

First dorsal twice or more than twice as high as long, origin dis- 
tance behind ventral base 114 to 184 times interdorsal, base 2 to 21/4 
in interdorsal. 

Coloration not given. Length to 550 mm. (Norman.) 

India, Singapore, East Indies, Western Australia, Northwest 
Territory, North Australia, Queensland, Melanesia. 


RHINOBATOS HALAVI (Forsk&!) 


Raja halavi ForsKAt, Descript. Animal, pp. 8, 19, 1775 (type locality: 
Djedda).—WaALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 585, 1792 (copied). 

Raia halavi Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 396, 1829 (reference). 

Rhinabatus halavi RUPPELL, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische, p. 55, 1828 (Red 
Sea). 

Rhinobatus halavi Ruppert, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische, pl. 14, fig. 2, 
1828.—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 95, 1851 (China, Red Sea, In- 
dia). —GUnTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 442, 1870 (West Africa, 
Gambia, Red Sea, China).—Ktunzinerr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 675, 1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 731, 1878.— 
KossMAn, Zool. Anz., vol. 2, p. 21, 1879 (Red Sea).—KossMAN and RAUBER, 
Zool. Ergebn. Reise Roth. Meer, p. 32, 1879 (Red Sea).—KLuNzINGER, 
Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 428, 1880 
(Australia).—Oeitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus. pt. 1, p. 14, 1888 
(Cochin, Malabar).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 48, 1889.— 
BoutencER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 248, 1889 (Muscat).—Etera, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 619, 1895 (Luzon, La Union).—STEINDACHNER, 
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 160, 1907 
(Gischin).—GaArmMaAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 275, 1913 (part).— 
ZUGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 
(Oman).—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, pp. E7, E8.—NorMan, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 956, fig. 9, 1926 (Red Sea, Muscat, China).— 
TrrANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 73, 1929 
(Cochinchina ). 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) halavi MULLER and Hentg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 120, 1841 (Red Sea).—Dumé&nrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
496, 1865 (Red Sea). 

Rhinobatis halavi ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 138, 1909 (India). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 321 


Rhinobatus halvai SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. H44. 
(Error.) 

Rhinobatos halavi Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (part) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 498, 1980 (reference) ; Hong Kong 
Nat., vol. 1, p. 133, fig. 16, 1930 (compiled). 

Rhinobatus schlegeli (not Miiller and Henle) BouLenaer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- 
don, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat). 

Rhinobatus granulatus (not Cuvier) BAMBER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 31, 
Zool., p. 477, 1915 (Sudanese Red Sea). 

Depth 17 to 1714 to subcaudal origin; head 314; disk width 134 
to 234 its length. Snout 114 in head, moderately broad, rather evenly 
rounded; eye 914 to 10, 634 to 6% in snout, 324 to 4 in interorbital ; 
dentary width 3 to 834 in head, with 3 or 4 very short folds at each 
mouth corner; teeth in 48 to 50 rows in jaws, each with small, obtuse 
cusp, rhombic; nostrils large, narrowing inward, length 114 in 
dentary width or greater than internarial width; front nasal valve 
feeble, narrow, short point and narrow lobe reaches halfway from 
lobe to inner edge of nostril; hind nasal valve larger than front one, 
broader and inner rather narrow section reaches about 24 to inner 
nostril edge; interorbital 224 to 2% in head, medially flat, with each 
orbital rim little elevated anteriorly and above spiracles. Gull 
openings subequal, equidistant. Spiracle large, deep, close behind 
eye and each hind edge with 2 folds. 

Body rather smooth, usually 2 or 3 large preocular spines and 3 
above each spiracle; 15 to 19 predorsal spines to first dorsal and 1 
interdorsal vertebral spine besides 1 or 2 wide-set tubercles on each 
shoulder; spines all large in young. 

First dorsal with front edge 324 to 334 in head, fin broad; second 
dorsal similar, front edge 3 to 314 in head; caudal 146 to 1%, sub- 
caudal moderate, without lobe; pectoral moderate; ventral 124 to 
134 in head; claspers narrow, slender, extend 44 to hind ventral edge. 

Olive above, disk nearly cinnamon marginally and cinnamon trans- 
lucence each side of snout. Under surface of body white. 

Red Sea, Arabia, India, Burma, Philippines, Cochinchina, China, 
Australia. My specimens do not show the brownish spot below the 
end of the snout, as described by Garman. The species is known by 
its large spinous bucklers and comparatively broad snout, with the 
shagreen of the skin rather smooth to the touch. Also reported 
from the Eastern Atlantic on the West African coast. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47612. Red Sea. McCormick. Length, 373 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 89490. Burma. G. E. Gates. Length, 173 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49316. Red Sea. M. Bellotti. Length, 275 mm. 

The following species said to resemble Rhinobatos cemiculus G. 
Saint-Hilaire, but that species with the eye 6 in preorbital and but 2 
spines longitudinally on each shoulder, 


322 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


RHINOBATOS PETITI Chabanaud 


Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) petiti CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 
vol. 1, p. 365, fig. 1, 1929 (type locality: Madagascar, west coast, Nosy 
Marirana Bank, between Ankilibe and Tulear). 

Snout elongate, obtuse, its end not expanded; lateral edges partly 
straight, slightly convex, level with nostrils. Rostral crests straight, 
nearly in contact to middle, feebly dilated in front. Eye 7 in pre- 
orbital, 4 in interorbital. Combined eye and spiracle 34 space be- 
tween spiracles. Mouth little curved, width 214 in preoral length. 
Nostrils long, oblique; internasal space 14 of nostril; anterior nasal 
valve forms straight lobe. 

Body covered with extremely fine denticles, flat, and smooth above, 
granular on rostral crests and middle of body, forming obtuse tu- 
bercles on front and upper border of orbit; vertebral series of tu- 
bercles present, also short series of 3 or 4 on each shoulder. 

First dorsal triangular, hind edge concave, front edge 134 in 
preorbital length; second dorsal like first; caudal long and straight. 

Body above uniform reddish brown. Dorsals and caudal blackish, 
except bases, hind borders, and angles. Below whitish. 

Length, 665 mm. (Chabanaud.) 


Genus APTYCHOTREMA Norman 


Aptychotrema NorMAn, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 977. (Type, Rhino- 
batus (Syrrhina) bougainvillii (Valenciennes) Miiller and Henle.) 


Differs from Rhinobatos in the nearly transverse nostrils, inward 
extension of front nasal valve crossing inner angle of nostril and 
absence of spiracular folds. 


Australia. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Snout 114 to 1% in head measured to first gill opening; mouth slightly 
curved; teeth subequal; mouth width 3% in preoral length______-__ banksii . 
a’. Snout 11% to 1% in head measured to first gill opening; mouth well curved; 
median lower teeth little enlarged; mouth width 244 in preoral length. 
bougainvillii 
APTYCHOTREMA BANKSII (Miiller and Henle) 


Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus) banksii MULLEn and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, pp. 123, 192, 1841 (type locality: New Holland).—DuMEnRIL, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 490, 1865 (Australia). 

Rhinobatus banksii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 446, 1870 
(compiled).—HEcTor, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New 
Zealand), p. 82, 1872 (compiled).—MAcLEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 372, 1881 (Australia; on Giinther).—WAITE, Mem. Aus- 
tralian Mus., vol. 4, p. 38, pl. 3, 1899 (New South Wales).—OcILBy, Com- 
mere. Fish Fisher. Queensland, p. 46, 1915 (Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 5, p. 85, text fig. 1 (left figure ventral view), 1916 (South 
Hill, Moreton Bay, Cartwright Point, Low Bluff, Double Island Point, 
Hervey Bay, Hummocky Island, 7 to 24 fathoms), —McCuLLocu and W8IT- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 323 


LEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference).—McCUL- 
1ocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 157, figs. 1-4, 1926 (off Bustard 
Head Light and Fraser Island, 15 to 20 fathoms). 

Rhinobatus (Syrrhina) banksii Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 95, 1851 
(reference). 

Rhinobatis banksii STEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908. 

Rhinobatos banksii MCCULLOCH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 2, 
fig. 30a, 1927. 

Aptychotrema banksii NorMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 978, text fig. 30 
(rostra) (Botany Bay).—WHuITLEy, Australian Zool., vol. 5, p. 354, 1929 
(note). 

Raja rostrata SHAW and Nopper, Natur. Misc., vol. 5, p. 173, 1794 (no locality ).— 
(Banks) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 128, 1841 
(New Holland). (From Banks manuscript.) 

Rhinobatus tuberculatus MActEAY, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 
pt. 1, p. 12, 1883 (type locality: Port Jackson). (Name only.) 

Rhinobatus vincentianus HAACKE, Zool. Anz., vol. 8, pp. 488, 508, 1885 (type 
locality: St. Vincents Gulf, South Australia). 

Rhinobatos vincentianus Fowler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 498, 1980 (compiled). 

Rhinobatus philippi (part) GArmMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 278, 
1913 (Australia). —WAlITE, Ree. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 27, fig. 
38, 1921. 

Depth 1614 to subcaudal origin; head 314 to 336; disk width 
14 to 114 its length. Snout 114 to 1% in head, long, tapers to 
point; eye 734 to 101% in head, 51% to 924 in snout, 21% to 344 in 
interorbital; dentary width 334 to 4 in head, with 3 very short or 
rudimentary grooves at each angle; teeth in 30 to 34 rows in jaws, 
80 to 84 rows with age, smooth, rhombic; nostrils moderate, length 
2°£ in dentary width or nearly 1 to 14% in internarial width; front 
nasal valve reaches halfway from its lobe to inner edge of nostril 
and very little turned forward at end; hind nasal valve larger and 
outer section much shorter than inner; interorbital 325 to 424 in 
head, depressed, or nearly level medially, orbital edge elevated little 
anteriorly and above spiracles. Guill openings subequal, equidistant. 
Spiracle large, deep, close behind eye and without fold on hind edge. 

Body rather rough, tubercles all rather large, 2 or 3 before each 
eye, 1 or 2 above spiracle and 23 principal large vertebral tubercles 
before first dorsal, also 3 interdorsal vertebral ones besides 2 well 
spaced at shoulder. Tubercles inconspicuous with age. 

First dorsal broad, front edge 27% to 314 in head; second dorsal 
similar, 3 to 314 in head; caudal 21% to 224, subcaudal without lobe, 
moderately low; pectoral broader posteriorly; ventral length 17% 
to 1%» in head. 

Back largely uniform brown, pale or creamy translucent space 
each side of snout. Under terminal portion of snout, also its margins 
each side back opposite nostril, besides rostral cartilages, blackish. 
Rest of under surface whitish. 


324 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, New Zealand. 
The large vertebral and shoulder tubercles, besides the blackish 
lower surface of the snout are very characteristic. One seen in the 
Queensland Museum from Southport. 

U.S.N.M. No. 40083. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 247 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 29015. No locality. Australian Museum. Head and body partly 


skinned out 930 mm. long. Under surface of snout with suffused dusky 
to blackish. 


APTYCHOTREMA BOUGAINVILLII (Miiller and Henle) 


Rhinobatus (Syrrhina) bougainvillii (Valenciennes) MUtterR and HENLE, Syst. 
Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 117, 1841 (locality unknown).—Gray, List fish 
British Museum, p. 95, 1851 (reference).—DumériL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 491, pl. 10, fig. 1 (snout), 1865 (type). 

Rhinobatus bougainvillii GiinTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 445, 1870 
(compiled).—Ocmpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 464, 
1885 (New South Wales; Cape York) ; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 15, 1888 (Port Jackson, Parramatta River).—WaiTr, Mem. Australian 
Mus., vol. 4, p. 38, pl. 3, 1899 (off Cape Hawk to Shoalhaven Bight, in 
10 to 48 fathoms).—GarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 277, 1913 
(Port Jackson). 

Rhinobatos bougainvillii Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 498, 1980 (reference). 

Aptychotrema bougainvillii NorMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, p. 978, text 
fig. 29 (rostra) (Port Jackson). 

Depth 13 to 16 to subcaudal origin; head 334 to 514; disk width 
114 to 114 its length. Snout 114 to 12% in head, long, tapers to point; 
eye 7 to 1014, 41% to 7 in snout, 224 to 234 in interorbital; dentary 
width 8 to 324 in head with 2 very short labial folds at each mouth 
angle; teeth in 50 rows in jaws, nearly smooth or with very low cusp to 
each tooth, rhomboid; nostrils moderate, 14 of dentary width or 1% 
in internarial width; nasal valves moderate, anterior rather slender 
curved flap; posterior valve of similar size, extends little beyond 
middle of nostril, flaps rather small with inner little broader or 
larger than outer; interorbital 234 to 34 in head, depressed or level 
medially, elevated supraorbital ridges. Gull openings equidistant, 
nearly subequal. Spiracle deep, close behind eye, hind edge with 
low fold. 

Scales very fine, smooth to touch. Spines all short and only one 
to several inconspicuous before eye or above spiracles and about 28 
inconspicuous larger in vertebral row to first dorsal, few more in- 
conspicuous in interdorsal vertebral row besides 2 widely separated 
low short spines at each shoulder. 

First dorsal with front edge 24 to 3 in head, rather broad; second 
dorsal similar, front edge 244 to 3; caudal 14% to 21%, subcaudal 
without lobe, moderately low; pectoral moderately wide; ventral 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 325 


134 to 124; claspers narrow, slender, reach 34 to hind ventral ends. 
Uniform brown above, paler to whitish below. 
Queensland, New South Wales. Related to Rhinobatos philippi 
but differs in its much smoother body, especially in the comparatively 
inconspicuous vertebral and shoulder tubercles. 


U.S.N.M. No. 40030. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 167 to 170 
mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 84371. Queensland. Endeavour collection. Length, 455 mm. As 
Rhinobatus banksii. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39984. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 845 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39986. Port Jackson. Australian Museum Length, 805 mm. 


Genus TRYGONORRHINA Miiller and Henle 


Trygonorrhina Mutter and Hentz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Charlesworth, new 
ser., vol. 2, p. 90, 19388. (Atypic: Type, Trygonorhina fasciata Miiller and 
Henle.) 

Trygonorhina Mitter and HEN rE, Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 124, 1841. (Type, 
Trygonorhina fasciata Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 

Trigonorhina Gray, List fish Brit. Mus., p. 98, 1851. (Type, Trygonorhina 
fasciata Miiller and Henle.) 

Trigonorrhina GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 287, 1913. (Type, 
Trygonorhina fasciata Miiller and Henle.) 


Disk wide, shorter than tail. Tail not broad at base, moderately 
slender. Rostral cartilages strong, wide at fontanel, tapering 
blunted. Nasal valves confluent in wide quadrangular flap, forming 
front edge of mouth, free on lateral edges behind nostrils. Spiracle 
large, close to eye, with fold. Dorsals remote from ventral bases. 
Subcaudal not lobed. Pectorals not extended in front of nostrils. 
Ventral origins close to pectoral axils. 

One species in Australia. Fossils known from the Middle Eocene. 


TRYGONORRHINA FASCIATA Miiller and Henle 


Trygonorhina fasciata MititerR and Hente, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 124, 
1841 (type locality: New Holland). (On Banks manuscript).—DuUMERLL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 502, 1865 (West Australia; types).— 
GUnTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 20, p. 67, 1867 (New South 
Wales ?); Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 448, 1870 (Tasmania, South 
Australia, New South Wales, Sydney).—CAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Soc. Vic- 
toria, vol. 1, p. 223, 1872 (Melbourne market).—Hecror, Colonial Mus. 
Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 82, 1872 (compiled).— 
ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Port Mackay).— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 309, 1880 (Tasmania, 
Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales).—JoHNsTON, Proc. Roy. Soc. 
Tasmania, 1882, p. 140, 1883.—HaAsweE LL, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 9, p. 107, pl. 2, figs. 1-5 (skeleton), 1884.—OcitBy, Cat. Fishes New 
South Wales, p. 5, 1886; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 15, 1888 
(Port Jackson).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 45, 
1890 (south part of Port Phillip) —Jounston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 
1890, p. 39, 1891.—Hr1, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 10, 


326 BULLETIN: 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


p. 206, pl. 20, 1895 (abnormality) —WartrTr, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exp., p. 39, 
1898 (north to Manning Bight, New South Wales) ; Mem. New South Wales 
Nat. Club, no. 2, p. 9, 1904.—Z1rrz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 
32, p. 292, 1908.—McCuttocnu, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 
4, pl. 38, figs. 1-2, 1921—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 499, 1930 (reference). 

Trygonorrhina fasciata MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, pl. 
43, 1841.—Sveap, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908.—McCuttocy, Proc. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 460, 1921 (off Sandon Bluff and Port 
Jackson).—WaItTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 27, fig. 39, 1921.— 
McCuttocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 31a, 1927. 

Trigonorhina fasciata Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 98, 1851 (South 
Australia). 

Trigonorrhina fasciata GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 287, 1913 
(Australia and Tasmania). 

?Rhinobatus fasciatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

Raja fasciata (Banks) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 124, 
1841 (name in synonymy). 

Trygorrhina fasciata guanerius Wuittry, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 327, 
1932 (type locality: Glenelg, South Australia; compared with Melbourne, 
Port Jackson, and New South Wales materials). 


Depth 814 to 97% to subcaudal origin; head 345 to 4; disk width 
1149 to 1% in its length. Snout 124 to 134 in head; eye 644 to 814, 
4 to 514 in snout, 3 to 414 in interorbital; dentary width 2%, to 234 
in head, with short groove at each mouth angle; teeth in 50 rows in 
Jaws, smooth, rhombic; nostrils moderate, anterior valves connected 
across internarial space concealing posterior valves besides greater 
part of each nostril, reaching mouth; internarial little wider than 
dentary width; interorbital 214 to 214 in head, depressed concavely 
medially. Gill openings equidistant, small, short, last shortest. 
Spiracle nearly large as eye, close behind eyeball as deep pit. 

Several small tubercles before and above eye, also several above 
spiracle; row of 16+1 to 3 vertebral eubtrcles; 2 groups of 2 or 2 
or 3 on each shoulder. 

First dorsal higher than long, front edge 214 to 214 in head; 
second dorsal similar, 2 to 224 in head; caudal 114, without subcaudal 
lobe; pectoral rather large; ventral length 114 to 13, in head. 

Light or dark brown, with transverse rib like grayer bands on 
disk, several of which may cross back. All bands defined by dark 
bordering lines, much broader in young. With age dark bordering 
bands may break as bars or bands on back. Lower surface pale or 
uniform. 

West Australia, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40031. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 218 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 848738. New South Wales. Hndeavour collection. Length, 395 


mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 29014. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 960 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 327 


U.S.N.M. No. 39996. Paramatta River, New South Wales. Australian Museum. 
Length, 5838 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29012. Locality ? Donor ? Length, 670 mm.; skinned out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 29018. Locality ? Donor ? Length, 780 mm.; skinned out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39995. Paramatta River. Australian Museum. Length, 465 mm. 


Family PLATYRHINIDAE 


Disk large, wide, circular. Tail rather slender, axis not raised, 
fold along each side. Snout broad, blunt. Nostrils nearly trans- 
verse; valves variable; nasoral grooves rudimentary or absent. Dor- 
sals two, far behind ventrals. Caudal moderately long, subcaudal 
without lobe and nearly equals supracaudal. Pectorals wide, rounded, 
extend forward to snout end. Claspers unsegmented. 

Genera few, oviparous or viviparous. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. PLATYRHININAE. Rostral cartilages present; two dorsals. 
b*. Rostrum extends to end of snout, pointed; front nasal valves joined across 


ATATCESD ACER ete hie Nethe Eele EU Ee AS A ESS Se eee ees Zanobatus 
b*. Rostrum short, wide, not half length of snout; front nasal valve not joined 
across), internarial, (space 2. 22 240F. ut eee Platyrhina 

a’, ARHYNCHOBATINAE. Rostral cartilages absent; one dorsal fin. 
Arhynchobatis 


Genus ZANOBATUS Garman 


Zanobatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 291, 1913. (Type, 
Platyrhina schoenleinii Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 


Disk wider than long, partly rounded. Tail slender, nearly half 
total length. Snout short, blunt, rostral cartilages small and grad- 
ually tapering. Nostrils transverse, narrow, interspace wide; front 
valves confluent, hind ones with inner portion large, reaching mouth. 
Spiracles large, without fold. Fins rounded. Dorsals small, far be- 
hind ventrals. Caudal small, rounded. Pectorals very wide, sepa- 
rated at end of snout. Ventrals close to pectorals. 

India. 


ZANOBATUS SCHOENLEINIE (Miiller and Henle) 


Platyrhina schoenleinii MULLER and HENIE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 125, 
pl. 45, 1841 (type locality: India).—BLrEKeEr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference). —Dumrrim, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 577, 1865 (India).—GutntTurr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 471 
(compiled).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 735, 1878 (Madras Museum) ; 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 47, 1889. 

?Platyrhina schoenleini STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 44, 
p. 50, pl. 7, 1882 (Goree). 

Discobatus schonleiniti GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 3, p. 523, 1880 (India ; 
reference). 

Zanobatus schoenleini GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 291, 1913 
(compiled). 


156861—41——_22 


328 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Head to hind spiracle edge 524 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; orbit 57%, 314 in snout, 114 in interorbital ; 
mouth width 224 in head to first gill opening; teeth very small; 
nostrils short, each 214 in internasal, which 314 in head to first gill 
opening; front valves continuous across internarial space, hind valve 
with inner flap wide as combined outer flap and lobe, extend near 
though not quite to mouth angle; interorbital 314 in head to hind 
spiracle edge. Spiracles entire, close behind orbit and 114 in orbit. 

Scales variably minute or larger. Small tubercles above rostral 
cartilages, orbital ridges, basal pectoral cartilages and entire vertebral 
series to dorsal. 

First dorsal origin about midway between hind ventral ends and 
second dorsal origin, fin 21% in head to hind spiracle edge; second 
dorsal 21% ; caudal 134, no subcaudal lobe, fin rounded; pectorals form 
subcircular disk with blunt snout tip in front, length 11% in rest of 
body, 114 in its width; ventrals obtuse. 

Above and below brown, upper surfaces with darker transverse 
bands and between toward pectoral edges scattered dark spots. Be- 
low body with irregular large dark blotches. (MUller and Henle.) 

India. Also reported from West Africa by Steindachner. His 
specimen was about 400 mm. long and according to his figure is a 
little differently marked, the dark blotches on the pectorals greatly 
larger toward bases of fins and tail with broad dark bands bordered 
with smaller ones. Duméril gives 473 mm. length for the specimen 
in the Berlin Museum. 


Genus PLATYRHINA Miiller and Henle 


Platyrhina Mitier and Hentz, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 90, 1888; Beschr. 
Plagiostomen, p. 125, 1841. (Type, Rhina sinensis Schneider, selected by 
Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, vol. 2, p. 205, 1838.) (Platyrhinus 
Schellenberg 1798 not involved.) 

Narcopterus AcAssiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 382, 1843. (Type, Narcopterus 
bolcanus Agassiz, monotypic. No description.) (Fossil.) 

Analithis GisteLr, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. x, 1848. (Type, Rhina_ sinensis 
Schneider, virtually. Analithis Gistel proposed to replace Platyrhina 
Miiller and Henle.) 

Disk subcircular to subtriangular, with broadly rounded angles. 
Tail slender, about half total length. Rostral cartilages short, wide, 
not extended half space from skull to snout end, truncate and sup- 
plemented by soft prolongations, somewhat as in Torpedo. Eyes 
small. Nostrils nearly transverse, connected with mouth by deep 
groove; front narial valves extended upon but not crossing inter- 
narial space. Spiracles close to eyes, with cartilage each side, with- 
out folds. Dorsals far behind ventrals, small, rounded. Caudals 
about equal, truncate; subcaudal not lobed. Pectorals very wide, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 329 


form snout end, where rather narrowly separated. Ventrals close to 
pectorals. 
China, Japan. 


PLATYRHINA SINENSIS (Schneider) 


Rhina sinensis ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 352, 1801 (on La raie chinoise 
Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, pp. 34, 157, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1798, type locality : 
China=from Chinese drawing). 

Narcobatus sinensis BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816 (name only). 

Platyrhina sinensis MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 125, pl. 
44, 1841 (Japan, China).—RicHarDson, Ichth. China, Japan, p. 186, 1846 
(Seas of China; Canton).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 (reference) ; (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Japan, China, 
East Indies).—Dumerrtn, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 576, 1865 (Tou- 
rane, Cochin China.)—GtnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 171, 
1870 (China).—PErtTreRs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 (Ning- 
po).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 41, 1901 (Japan) .— 
JORDAN and Huspss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 109, 1925 (Mikawa 
Bay and Sagami Bay).—Fow.urr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, 
p. 597, 1980 (Hongkong); Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 184, fig. 17, 1980 
(Japan).—Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 259, 
fig. 20, 1932 (Tsingtau)—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, 
p. 108, 1983 (Chusan).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 13, 138 (reference). 

Discobatus sinensis GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 3, p. 523, 1880 (China; 
reference).—JORDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 
(Wakanoura; Hiroshima).—SNyDrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 
1912 (Tokyo).—GaRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 289, pl. 56, 
fig. 8 (heart), pl. 66, 1913 (Japan).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. 
Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 187, 1920 (Boshiu).—Fow ter, Proce. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sei. Congr., Java, p. 499, 1980 (Japan).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing 
Hua, Uniy., ser. B, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 188, text-figs. 7-7a, pl. 2, fig. 4 (scales), pl. 
5, fig. 12 (teeth), 1982 (Tsingtao).—TanakA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 30, 
1983. 

Discobatis sinensis PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 647, 1908 (Japan). 


Depth 1124 to 1784 to end of tail; head 414 to 484; disk length 
144 to 144 its width (width 11% in its length with age), little greater 
than tail, with age tail subequal to slightly longer. Snout 114 to 
134 in head, ends in slight point formed by broadly obtuse angle; eye 
7 to 10, 414 to 614 in snout, 3 to 4 in interorbital; dentary width 
3 to 8% in head, subequal with internarial; teeth in 48 rows in jaws, 
92 rows with age; nostrils small; front nasal valve with feeble outer 
section, lobe strong, moderate inner section extended somewhat on 
internarial; hind nasal valve with outer section large, curves around 
outer end of nostril; interorbital 224 to 214 in head, depressed con- 
cavely. Gill openings small, equidistant, last shortest. Spiracle 
wide, little larger than eye and close behind. 


330 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Skin largely smooth. Dermal fold along each side of tail. Above 
eye 4 or 5 tubercles, 2 or 3 in median row at front of back and median 
vertebral series on tail 12 to 23 to first dorsal. 

First dorsal length 314 to 314 in head; second dorsal length 2 to 
314; caudal small, shorter than either dorsal, longer with age; pec- 
toral broad, forms subcircular disk, outer edges widely convex; 
ventrals broad, hind edges deeply notched; claspers broad, end in 
obtuse points, length 24 hind ventral edges. 

Brown above, with pale translucent space each side of and between 
rostral cartilages. Often disk darker medially and sometimes dark 
blotch on pectorals basally and posteriorly. Under surfaces whitish, 
with outer margins of pectorals and ventrals broadly brownish. 

China, Japan. My young examples do not show the “scattered 
enlarged granules above the body cavity, around each of the twenty 
or more small tubercles in the vertebral series, around each of those 
in the two pairs on each shoulder, in the pair above each spiracle 
and around each of the single ones at the front of the orbit. Small 
tubercles in four or five series, the larger sharper granules appear 
along the outer edges of the anterior half of the pectorals,” as de- 
scribed by Garman. These are all features with age. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51295. Tokyo. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 680 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 717386. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. Length, 220 to 2380 
mm. 2 examples. 


PLATYRHINA LIMBOONKENGI Tang 


Platyrhina limboonkengi TANG, Lingnan Sci. Journ., vol. 12, No. 4, p. 561, pl. 42, 
figs. 1-2, 1983 (type locality: Amoy, China). 

Disk subcircular, broader than long. Snout obtuse, preorbital 
length 2 or more times space between spiracles; preoral length 214 
times mouth width. Rostral cartilage reduced, not reaching end of 
snout. Eye 8 to 9 in preorbital length of snout; eye and spiracle 2 
in space between spiracles. Nostril connected with mouth by groove, 
length equals or slightly longer than internarial width; front nasal 
valves expanded, partly covering inner part of nostrils and not 
joined across internarial space. Mouth slightly arched, no elevations 
or depressions on jaws. Teeth small, in pavement, 82 to 88 rows 
in lower jaw, each with short median keel. 

Most of disk densely covered with prickles, especially on snout, its 
anterior margins and center of back and tail surrounding spines. 
Each supraorbital ridge with 3 or more spines; 2 pairs on shoulder 
and 8 smaller on lateral border; row on median line of back to 
ventral bases, sometimes down to tail; 2 rows on tail and 2 pairs 
between dorsals. 

First dorsal twice high as long, origin nearer caudal than ventral 
origin, reaching or almost reaching second dorsal origin. Inter- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 331 


dorsal space 384 to 524 in space between hind base of ventral and 
first dorsal origin. Second dorsal 17%) to 2 in height, reaching to or 
beyond caudal origin. Tail longer than disk, with broad cutaneous 
fold along each side of tail and reaches caudal base. 

Color uniform brown, with pale anterior margin. White below. 

Length, 406 to 517 mm., width of disk, 197 to 269 mm. (Tang.) 

China. Related to Platyrhina sinensis, which differs in the shorter 
snout, space between spiracles less than 2 in preorbital, first dorsal 
origin nearer ventral base than caudal origin, longer interdorsal 
space 214 to 3 In space between ventral base and first dorsal origin; 
first dorsal fin 34 interdorsal space; smooth teeth granular; prickles 
fewer; only 3 spines on each supraorbital ridge, 2 pairs on shoulder 
but without smaller ones on its lateral border, single row on back 
and tail, 2 on interdorsal space; spines in cephalothoracic region 
embedded in whitish or light yellow spots. 


Genus ARHYNCHOBATIS Waite 


Arhynchobatis WAITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 20, 1909. (Type, 
Arhynchobatis asperrimus Waite, montypic.) 

Body and head depressed as rounded disk, little shorter than tail. 
Tail long, depressed, slender, with fold each side. Cranium without 
cartilaginous rostral prolongation. Each nostril with two valves, 
anterior tubelike, posterior triangular and latter pair joined me- 
dially. Skin with small spines or thorns. One dorsal, near end of 
tail. Caudal well developed. Pectorals continuous in front, modi- 
fied to form small nasal tip. Ventrals distinct from pectorals, deeply 
notched. 

ARHYNCHOBATIS ASPERRIMUS Waite 


Arhynchobatis asperrimus WAITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 150, 
pl. 20, 1909 (type locality: Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, in 66-94 fathoms) ; 
vol. 1, No. 4, p. 316, 1912 (reference).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 292, 1913 (compiled).—FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 499, 1930 (reference). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 6%% in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; orbit 414, 314 in snout, 214 in interorbital; 
mouth width 114 in snout, but slightly undulated; teeth small, with- 
out cusps; nasal flap triangular, deeply notched medially to form 
2 triangles, each slightly fimbriate at apex; interorbital 144 in head 
to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle close behind eye, posterior edge of 
valve pilose. Gull openings moderate, convergent posteriorly. 

Skin everywhere covered with closely set spines; thorns in area be- 
tween eyes and spiracles, hind ones largest; transverse patch of large 
thorns on humeral region, median row extended forward short space ; 
tail with row of strong conic thorns in midline and several irregular 
series of smaller ones each side extending forward into pelvic region; 


332 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


no spine between dorsal and caudal; whole body and tail below 
smooth, without pores. 

Dorsal terminal on long tail, distant from caudal space equal its 
own base, small or about long as orbit; caudal 124 in interorbital; 
pectorals form nearly circular disk which long as tail, length 114 in 
its own width; ventrals deeply notched, each separately attached to 
lower side of tail. 

Uniform pale purplish gray above, below deep yellow. Length, 
640 mm. (Waite.) 

New Zealand. 

Family TORPEDINIDAE 


Head and trunk smooth, depressed, partly circular disk. Tail 
short, with lateral fold each side and base wide. Rostrum short, 
more or less branching. Front orbital cartilages extended forward 
to support disk edges. Front nasal valves reaching mouth, con- 
fluent, somewhat free, as lip behind median attachment. Electric 
organ of vertical cells, modified from ampullae, on each side of head 
and separating pectoral. Gill openings small, between electric or- 
gans and head. Spiracles present. Skin soft and naked. Lateral 
line rudimentary, on lower side of disk as vesicles of Savi. Dorsals 
two, one, or none. Caudal not lobed. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. TORPEDININAE, Two dorsals. 
b*. Tail long. 
c. Disk subcircular, medium; tail with lateral folds; ventrals distinct. 


a. Nasal flap much broader than’ long! > 22222 es Narcine 

d*. Nasal flap only little broader than long________________ Heteronarce 

c’. Disk elongate; tail without lateral folds; eyes obsolete____ Benthobatis 
b*. Tail short. 

e’. Disk rather large, elongate; ventrals united______________ Hypnos 

e’. Disk rather large, broad, subcircular; ventrals distinct__._._ Torpedo 


a’, NARKINAE. One dorsal; disk circular; tail medium, with lateral folds; 
spiracles entire, close to eye. 


f?. Ventrals distinct from pectorals; eyes distinct-_._________ Narke 

f. Front part of ventrals modified for walking, hind part coalesced 

With) GISk: veVvesmtUdlmen tayo soon ee ee Typhlonarke 

a, TEMERINAE. No dorsal; disk subcircular, longer than tail________ Temera 


Genus NARCINE Henle 


Narcine HENLE, Uber Narcine, p. 31, 1934. (Type, Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers, as 
example by Bonaparte, Ann. Soc. Nat., Bologna, vol. 2, p. 204, 1838.) 
Syrravis (Jourdan) BONAPARTE, Fauna Ital. Pesc., vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 18, 1835; 
fase. 30 (no pagination), 1841. (Type, Narcine indica Henle, montoypic.) 
Cyclonarce Gi~tt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 387, 1862 (Type, 

Raja timlei Schneider, virtually monotypic.) 
Goninarce Gitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 7, p. 387, 1862 (Type, 
Narcine indica Henle, virtually monotypic.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 333 


Disk subcircular, shorter than tail. Tail moderate, with well- 
developed lateral folds. Snout strong, produced, rigid with age. 
Rostral cartilages elongate, stout, broad, trough- or shovel-shaped. 
Mouth transverse, protractile. Teeth in narrow bands on skin, which 
loosely attached to jaws. Front nasal valves united in broad, free 
edged flap reaching mouth; hind valves feebly developed. Spiracles 
close behind orbits or at short space behind, with or without fringe 
of papillae. Ventrals distinct, inserted below pectoral ends. 

Tropical Atlantic and Indo Pacific. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Spiracles close behind eye. 
b*. Spiracles without papillae. 
c’. Brown, spotted with darker above. 
ad’. First dorsal origin opposite ends of ventral bases__________ maculata 
ad’. First dorsal origin little behind ends of ventral bases________ timlei 
cxauniform jbrown  abovels: 2s 22 el saci A Sie eat brunnea 
b?. Spiracles with rudimentary papillae-i2-2~__----_ -- lingula 
a’, Spiracles at least an orbital diameter behind orbit, without papillae. 


tasmaniensis 
NARCINE MACULATA (Shaw) 


Raja maculata SHAaw, General zoology, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 316, 1804 (type locality: 
Indian Seas; on Temeree Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 1, pl. 1, 
1803, Vizagapatam). 

Narcobatus maculata BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

Narcine maculata DuMERIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 274, 1852 (Java) ; 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr. vol. 1, p. 518, pl. 11, figs. 2-2a (nostrils, mouth, teeth), 
1865 (Java specimen).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 500, 1980 (reference). 

Narcine indica HeNLr, Uber Narcine, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1834 (type locality: 
Tranquebar coast).—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
130, 1841 (Tranquebar).—Canvtor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1399, 
1849 (Sea of Pinang).—Jrrpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci. vol. 17, p. 148, 
1851.—B.LrekerR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.) vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 
(Pinang) ; (Bengal) vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (on Temeree Russell). —DuméRn, 
Rey. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 274, 1852 (Pondichery) ; Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 517, pl. 11, figs. 2-2a (nostrils, mouth, teeth), 1865 (Pondi- 
cherry; type of Narcine microphthalma).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 276, 
1865.—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 1913, p. 299, 1913 
(Pinang).—Fow ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 14, 1988 (reference). 

Narcine microphthalma (Valenciennes) DuMirIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4. 
(Pinang).—Fowter, List. Fish. Malaya, p. 14, 1938 (reference). 


Disk about half total length, subovate, broader than long, greatest 
width equals space from snout to vent. Snout moderate, broadly 
rounded in front; eyes small; mouth small; teeth in 27 rows above, 26 
below, small, each acuminate on inner edge; teeth bands narrow, 
rounded at outer ends; front nasal valves very short, confluent, reach- 
ing teeth in median prominence, rounded on outer angles; hind nasal 


334 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


valves in low fold, reach outer side of nostril, extend back from 
middle in wider fold toward mouth angle. Spiracles much larger 
than eyes, close behind orbits, without papillae on edges. 

Dorsals about equal, upper angles rounded; first dorsal origin 
above ends of ventral bases, base nearly twice interdorsal; caudal 
medium, angles rounded; subcaudal rather deep, hind edge obliquely 
convex. 

Brown, with smaller and larger spots of darker. (Garman.) 

India, Pinang, East Indies. Duméril gives the length as 330 mm. 
and Cantor as 455 mm. 


NARCINE TIMLEI (Schneider) 


Raja timlei ScHNEmER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 359, 1801 (type locality: Tran- 
quebar). 

Torpedo timlei VAN Hassett, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 
(Java).—O.trrers, Torpedo, p. 22, 1831. 

Narcine timlei Hentz, Uber Narcine, p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 1-la, 1834 (Tranquebar) .— 
MULLER and HeEnte, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 180, 1841 (India, Ja- 
pan).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 196, 1846 (Indian Ocean; Sea 
of Japan).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 102, 1851 (China Seas).— 
DumeErRIL, Rey. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 275, 1852 (Bengal).—BLEEKER, 
Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 (Java; Celebes) ; 
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol 4, p. 512, 1853 (Batavia, Java) ; vol. 
20, pp. 217, 447, 1859-60 (Singapore).—DuMEnrIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 519, 1865 (Bengal; type of Torpedo macrura).—Kwnekr, Reise Novara, 
Fische, p. 417, 1865 (Ceylon; Madras).—GUtntTHEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 452, 1870 (compiled) —BLrEEKeER, Nederland Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, 
p. 115, 1874 (Chinese drawing).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 733, 1878.— 
Oaitgpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 16, 1888 (Madras).—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 45, 1889.—Duncker, Mitt. Naturh. 
Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 198, 1904 (Singapore).—JorpDAN and SEALE, Proc. 
Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 2, 1905 (Hong Kong).—ANNANDALE, Mem. 
Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 44, pl. 3a, figs. 1 (mouth), la (teeth), 1909 (Puro, 
Orissa coast).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E5.—GaARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 300, pl. 61, fig. 6 (young), 1913 (China, 
East Indies, Japan).—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. 
E49.—Pearson, Ceylon Adminstr. Rep., 1915-18, pp. F10-F12.—CHABANAUD, 
Service Océanogr. Peches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 6, 1926 (Tonkin).—PiLLay, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 358, 1929 (Travancore) .—TiRAnt, 
Service Océanogr. Péches, Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 74, 1929 (Cochin China) .— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference) ; 
Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 187, 1930 (compiled).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 
15, livr. 2, p. 131, 1935 (Bagan Api Api; Batavia).—Fow.er, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 15, 1988 (reference). 

Narcina timleit Jorpan and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, pl. 1, 1905 
(error). 

Narcine microphthalma (Valenciennes) Dum«éri, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, 
p. 275, 1852 (type locality: Malabar coast, Pondicherry Bay). 

Narcine macrura (Valenciennes) DuMf&rRIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 277, 
1852 (type locality: Sea of the Indies). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 335 


Narcine indica (not Henle) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 
25, p. 9, 1852 (on Nalla temeree RUSSELL, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 2, 
pl. 2, 1808, Vizagapatam). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 214 in disk length. Snout 11% in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eye very small, about 14 spiracle; mouth small, 
protractile; teeth bands narrow, rounded on outer edge; teeth in 23 
rows above, 21 below, each with acuminate point on inner edge of 
crown; front nasal valves short, confluent in broad flap reaching 
mouth, with 2 slight notches and 3 low prominences on hind border; 
hind nasal valves feeble, extend to outer side of nostril, continued in 
a slight fold toward mouth angle; interorbital 2 in head to front 
edge of spiracle. Spiracle large, close behind eye. 

First dorsal origin behind hind basal end of ventral, fin length 114 
in head to hind spiracle edge; second dorsal length 134; caudal 514 
in rest of body, rounded; pectorals form subcircular disk, length 
slightly less than rest of body, wide as long; ventrals 614 in total 
body length. 

Light brown above, with large round brown spots, larger than 
interspaces. Under surface white. Length, 180 mm. (Jordan and 
Seale; Garman.) 

China. According to Annandale adults reach 340 mm. He gives 
the color as chocolate brown above profusely marked with large spots 
of dark purple brown. In the young these spots surrounded by 
rather indefinite pale rings, sometimes persisting with age and giving 
an ocellate appearance. Hind dorsal and caudal edges somewhat 
broadly and front edges narrowly bordered with white. Ventral 
surface dead white, sometimes clouded with dark pigment in large 
individuals. Annandale also says it is very sluggish in its move- 
ments and that he failed repeatedly to induce it to give an electric 
shock even when it was in a bucket of sea water. 


NARCINE BRUNNEA Annandale 


Narcine brunnea ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 45, pl. 3a, figs. 2 
(mouth), 2a (teeth), 1909 (type locality: Hughli River mouth).—GaRrMAn, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 300, 1913 (compiled). 

Narcine timlei (not Schneider) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, pl. 192, fig. 3, 1878; 
Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 45, fig. 18, 1889. 

Narcine firma GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 301, 1913 (type locality : 
Colombo, Ceylon). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 514 to end of tail; disk length 214. 
Snout 114 in head to hind spiracle edge; eye very small, about half of 
spiracle; posterior projection of teeth much shorter than transverse 
diameter of base, rather broad and blunt; mouth roof behind teeth 
with cutaneous ridge bearing irregular serraticns, on mouth floor 


336 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


similar ridge with or without median notch but not divided as 2 dis- 
tinct processes; free edge of nasal flap with distinct median projec- 
tion; interorbital 3 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle large, 
equals interspiracular space. 

First dorsal inserted entirely behind ventral, length 2 in head 
measured to hind spiracle edge; second subequal with first, inter- 
dorsal space about 134 in second dorsal length; caudal 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; pectorals form slightly ovate disk, about wide 
as long; ventral about 14 pectoral length. 

Above warm chocolate brown, without spots, under surface creamy 
white. Narrow cream white edge around disk, more distinct anter- 
iorly. Dorsals and caudals edged gray white. Length, 220 mm. 
(Day; Annandale.) 

India. Marcine firma is based on an example 432 mm., with “colors 
too faded for description,” and would appear to represent advanced 
age. ‘The characters Garman gives, such as the first dorsal having its 
basal length behind ventral bases, caudal obliquely rounded, and 
rostral ridges nearly parallel, do not seem to me sufficient. 


NARCINE LINGULA Richardson 


Narcine lingula RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 196, 1846 (type locality: 
China).—Dumfrm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 516, 1865 (copied).— 
GUnTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 452, 1870 (China).—GaARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 298, 1913 (China).—CHABANAUD, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Cochinchina).—TrIRant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 74, 175, 1929 (Cochin- 
china).—Fowt1er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 
(reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 137, 1980 (compiled).—Lin, Sci. 
Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 158, figs. 8-8a, pl. 3, fig. 6 (tooth) 
1932 (Tsingtao?). 

Disk less than half total length, broad, subovate, nearly round, 
slightly narrowed and edges straighter opposite head, wider than 
long. Snout strong, broadly rounded in front; eyes small; mouth 
protractile; teeth bands moderate, semicircular on outer edges; teeth 
in 25 rows in each jaw, small, each with prominent acuminate cusp 
on inner edge of crown; front nasal valves confluent in broad flap, 
free on hind edge, reaching teeth in rounded prominence, angles 
rounded; hind nasal valves quite rudimentary, absent around un- 
covered portion of nostril, slightly developed in thin fold back from 
middle of nostril toward mouth angles; crown convex transversely. 
Spiracles larger than eyes, close behind orbit, with rudimentary 
papillae on margins. 

Dorsals subequal, rather pointed, bases wider than fins; first dorsal 
origin little behind ends of ventral bases, space from second more 
than half of base; caudal longer than deep, vertically truncate. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 337 


Rusty brown, with irregular smull and larger spots, largest along 
middle of back. White beneath. Length, 330mm. (Garman.) 
China. 


NARCINE TASMANIENSIS Richardson 


Narcine tasmaniensis RicHARpDSsoN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1840, p. 29 (type 
locality : Port Arthur and Hobart Town, Tasmania); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon- 
don, vol. 3, p. 178, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a—b, 1841 (Port Arthur).—DuMéRIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 517, 1865 (compiled). —GtnruHer, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 452, 1870 (type).—CaAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. 
Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 228, 1872 (Bass Straits and Hobart Town) .— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 310, 1880 (Tas- 
mania) ; vol. 6, p. 374, 1881 (Tasmania).—Lvucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new series, vol. 2, p. 45, 1890 (St. Kilda beach).—Waitr, Mem. Australian 
Mus., vol. 4, p. 41, 1899 (off Wata Mooli, New South Wales, in 70 to 78 
fathoms).—McCuLiocy, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 14, 1911 (Bass 
Strait).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 301, 1913 (Tasma- 
nia).—McCouLtocH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, pl. 3, fig. 34a, 
1927.—Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 
(reference). 


Head to first gill opening 524 in total length. Snout 21% in head 
to first gill opening; eye 914, 424 in snout, 334 in interorbital; mouth 
width 41% in head to first gill opening, protractile; teeth bands 
narrow, angular on outer border; teeth in about 12 or 13 rows, each 
with acute point on inner edge of crown; front nasal valves con- 
fluent in wide flap, form obtuse lobe on side of each nostril, inter- 
narial 334 in head to first gill opening; interorbital 244, nearly 
level. Spiracle at least orbital diameter behind orbit, which 114 in 
spiracle. 

Origin of first dorsal above hind basal ends of ventrals, fin length 
134 in head to first gill opening; second dorsal length 124; caudal 
41% in rest of body; pectorals form broadly ovate disk, length 1% 
its width or 224 in total length; ventral 544, obtuse. 

Above uniform yellowish brown, below pale. Length, 367 mm. 
(Richardson. ) 

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. 


Genus HETERONARCE Regan 


Heteronarce Rraan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 7, p. 414, 1921. (Type, 
Heteronarce garmani Regan, monotypic.) 


Nostrils minute. Nasal flap only little broader than long, studded 
with pores. Spiracles contiguous with eyes. Dorsals two. 
Indian Ocean. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Spiracles large, each 24 their interspace; disk slightly more than half total 
lene tf) 2 ose a POI A Pit TEN yey See A) AIOE mollis 

a’, Spiracles small, each 14 their interspace; disk less than half total length. 
garmani 


338 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


HETERONARCE MOLLIS (Lloyd) 


Narcine mollis Lioyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 5, 1907 (type locality: Lat. 
13°36’00’’ N., long. 47°32’00’’ E., Arabian Sea, in 1380 fathoms); p. 8, 
1907 (Gulf of Aden).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, pl. 3a, figs. 3 
(mouth), 3a (teeth), 1909.—Lioyp, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 144, 1909 
(type) ; Illustr. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, pl. 46, figs. 1-la, 1909 (type).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 302, 1918 (compiled). 

Head to spiracle 734 to end of tail; disk length 1%. Snout 135 
in head to spiracle; orbit 314, 214 in snout, 134 in firm part of 
interorbital; mouth width 114 in head to spiracle; teeth in 10 to 12 
rows in both jaws, front ones with triangular flat surfaces, hind 
ones with sharp median cusp; nasal flap length 124 in internarial; 
interorbital over firm area 2 in head to spiracle. Spiracle close 
behind and equals eye. Round disk margin, along sides of tail, over 
snout, openings of mucous pores symmetrically arranged. 

First dorsal inserted just behind ventrals, length 114 in head to 
spiracle; second dorsal length 114; caudal 4149 in rest of body length; 
rounded pectorals form evenly rounded broad ovoid disk, width 
equal to its length; ventrals not notched; vent slightly nearer front 
snout edge than tip of tail. 

Dark brown above, grayish brown below. (Lloyd.) 


Arabian Sea. 
HETERONARCE GARMANI Regan 


Heteronarce garmani Rrecan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 7, p. 414, 1921 
(type locality: Natal) —Gi~curist, Marine Biol. Sury. South Africa, Spec. 
Rep. pt. 3, p. 50, 1922 (off Durban).—VoNBonpE and Swart, Marine Biol. 
Surv. South Africa Rep. pt. 3, 1922, p. 4, 1924 (compiled).—Barnarp, Ann. 
South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 92, 1925 (Natal, in 120 fathoms) ; pt. 2, 
p. 1016, 1927 (note). 

Narecine garmani Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 198 (type 
of Narcine natalensis). 

Heteronarce regani VONBONDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Sury. South Africa Rep. 
pt. 3, 1922, p. 14, pl. 22, fig. 2, 1924 (type locality: off Natal, in 115 to 180 
fathoms). 

Narecine natalensis Fowier, Ann. Natal Mus., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 198, fig. 2, 1925 
(type locality: East London). 


Head 514 in total length. Snout to eye 81% in total length; eye 5 
in snout, 3 in interorbital; mouth small, nearly straight, width 3 in 
snout; preoral length 8 in total length; front narial valves short, 
within small flap covering mouth, hind edge of which irregular; 
interorbital 114 in snout, depressed, orbital edges elevated so eyes 
protrude. 

First dorsal length 1,4 in snout; second dorsal length 1; caudal 
14% in head; pectorals form subcircular disk, wide as long, width 
1,% in total length; outer ventral edges convex. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 339 


Uniform brown above, edges of disk not narrowly white. Under 
surface of body cream white. 

Natal. 

Although Heteronarce regani is based on an example 190 mm. long, 
there is little in the original description to contend for its separation 
as a distinct species. Its caudal is described with the “lower margin 
broadly rounded, hind margin oblique, slightly sinuous.” The figure 
shows the hind caudal edge truncate. 


1 example, A.N.S.P. Hast London, South Africa, in 40 fathoms. H. W. Bell 
Marley. Length, 260mm. Type of Narcine natalensis. 


Genus BENTHOBATIS Alcock 


Benthobatis Atcoox, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 2, p. 144, 1898. (Type, 
Benthobatis moresbyi Alcock, monotypic). 

Disk little longer than broad. Tail distinct, longer than disk, 
without lateral folds. Snout more than one-third of disk. Eyes 
small, rudimentary. Mouth small, protractile. Teeth in bands. 
Front nasal valves confluent in quadrangular flap. Upper lip distinct. 
Electric organ between head and pectoral. Spiracle moderate, close 
behind eyes. Skin soft, smooth. Two dorsals. Caudal well 
developed. 

Rays of the deeper waters of the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf 
Stream. 

BENTHOBATIS MORESBYI Alcock 


Benthobatis moresbyi ALcocK, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 2, p. 145, 1898 
(type locality: Off Travancore coast in 430 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Inves- 
tigator, pt. 4, pl. 26, fig. 1, 1896; Cat. deep sea fishes Investigator, p. 18, 
1899 (types).—LLoyp, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 4, 1907 (lat. 15° 55’ 30’’ 
N., long. 52° 38’ 30’’ E., in 585 fathoms, Arabian Sea).—ANNANDALE, Mem. 
Indian Mus., vol. 2, pl. 3a figs. 5 (mouth), 5a (teeth), 1909.—LLoyp, Mem. 
Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 145, 1909 (reference).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 294, 1913 (compiled). 

Head 444 to end of body; disk 214. Snout 224 in disk length; 
eyes 2 very small unpigmented spots, size of pin head; mouth small, 
protractile; teeth small rhomboid plates, posterior angle strongly 
and acutely extended, arranged in mosaic in about 10 very oblique 
series in either jaw; interorbital 534 in disk length. Gill openings 
large, well spaced, last nearer vent than mouth. Spiracle large, 
34% in interspiracular space, which 224 in snout. 

First dorsal inserted little before hind limit of ventrals, length 
324 in disk; second dorsal 324; caudal 224, end obtuse; pectorals form 
elongate disk, width 11,4 its length; ventrals separate, not notched. 

Purplish black; scattered on disk and marginally some small white 
pores, not much smaller than eyes. Tips of second dorsal and caudal 
sometimes white. Length, 357mm. (Alcock.) 

Arabian Seas, India. 


340 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus HYPNOS Duméril 


Hypnos DuMé&RIL, Rey. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 277, 1852. (Type, Hypnos 
subnigrum Duméril, monotypic. ) 

Hypnarce WAITE, Ree. Austral. Mus., vol. 4, p. 180, 1902. (Type, Hypnos subni- 
grum Duméril, virtually. Hypnarce Waite proposed to replace Hypnos 
Duméril, supposed preoccupied by Hypna Hiibner in Lepidoptera.) 

Hypnarea SHARP, Zool. Record, vol. 39, 1902, index, p. 9, 1903. (Type, Hypnos 
subnigrum Duméril.) 


Disk broader than long. Tail short. Eyes small. Mouth mod- 
erate, not protractile, preoral region short. Teeth small, numerous, 
tricuspid, in rather wide bands. Guill openings small. Spiracle 
large, close behind eyes, fringed. Large electric organ between head 
and each pectoral. Dorsals two, small, above ventrals. Caudal 
small. Ventrals large, united. Vent far behind middle of total 
length. 


HYPNOS SUBNIGRUM Duméeril 


Hypnos subnigrum DumErIL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 279, pl. 12, 1852 
(type locality: Sydney, New South Wales); Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 520, 1865 (types).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 453, 
1870 (West Australia).—MACLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 
5, p. 810, 1880 (Port Jackson; West Australia) ; vol. 6, p. 874, 1881 (Port 
Jackson; West Australia).—Woops, Fish. Fisher. New South Wales, p. 100, 
1882.—MacLkeAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 12, 1883 
(Port Jackson).—HASWELL, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 
104, pl. 11, figs. 6-9 (skeleton), 1884.—OgirBy, Cat. Fish. New South Wales, 
p. 5, 1886; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 16, 1888 (Clarence River, 
Port Jackson).—HoweEs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 669, pl. 57 (vis- 
ceral anatomy).—WAITE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 42, 1899 (New 
South Wales); Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 10, 1904.— 
ZiETz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 292, 1908.—STEap, Fishes 
of Australia, p. 233, 1908 (New South Wales).—McCULLocH, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, pl. 38, figs. 3-4, 1921—Fowtmrr, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 499, 1980 (reference). 

Hypnos subniger Ocrrpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 83, 1916 (Moreton 
Bay and South Hill). 

Hypnarce subnigrum WattE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 42, 1899 (off 
Newcastle Bight and Shoalhaven Bight, 11-48 fathoms).—GArMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 304, 1918 (Sydney and West Australia).— 
McCuttocuH, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 467, 1921 
(New South Wales; Great Australian Bight; Port Jackson and Clarence 
River estuary; Rottnest Island, West Australia).—WAITE, Rec. South Aus- 
tralian Mus., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 28, fig. 41, 1921—McCuttocu, Fishes New 
South Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 38a, 1927. 

Hypnarce subnigra WaAttE, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 180, 1902 (Rottnest 
Island, West Australia).—McCuLtocu, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 46, p. 457, 1921.—McCuntocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (reference). 


Depth 7% to 11% to end of tail; head 334 to 414, disk width 124 
to 134 its length. Snout 2 to 2% in head; eye very small, 4% to 5 in 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 34] 


interorbital; mouth width 21% to 23% in head; teeth in 40 to 50 rows 
in jaws, bicuspid, cusps long, slender points; internarial 2 to 234 in 
mouth width; front nasal flap small, broad, with short adnate ten- 
tacle; interorbital 31 to 4 in head, nearly level, supraorbital edges 
little elevated. Gill openings rather large, equidistant, subequal. 
Spiracles large, deep, twice eye, edge fringed all around. 

Skin smooth. 

Dorsal 214 to 3 in head; second dorsal 214 to 224; caudal 27% to 
324, rounded; pectoral convex, not very broad, forms deeply ovate 
disk; ventrals equal head, obtusely rounded; claspers about equal 
mouth width, depressed, robust, with deep curved groove terminally. 

Brown above, clouded little with darker and edges of disk paler 
all around. Below uniform whitish. 

Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, West Australia. 
One from Moreton Bay seen in the Queensland Museum. 

Waite says, “I unwittingly placed my hand on one as it lay on 
deck partly concealed by overlying fishes. As was afterwards found, 
it was the largest example obtained, and measured 690 mm. (2 feet 
3 inches) in length. The shock I so unexpectedly received was very 
intense and it is quite conceivable that one from such a fish, not 
previously harassed, would be sufficient to disable a man.” 


U.S.N.M. No. 28667. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 380 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 39994. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 325 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 39997. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 340 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 843874. Great Australian Bight. Hndeavour collection. Length, 
330 mm. 
Genus TORPEDO Houttuyn 


Torpedo HovuttTuyn, Nat. Hist. Linn., p. 453, 1764 (Atypic: Type, Raja torpedo 
Linnaeus, assumed by tautonymy).—DuMérim, Zool. Analytique, p. 348, 
1806 (Atypic: Type, Raja torpedo Linnaeus). 

Narcacion KLEIN, Neuer Schauplatz, pt. 2, p. 287, 1776; pt. 4, p. 726, 1777. 
(Species nonbinomial. Type, Raja torpedo Linnaeus, designated by Jordan 
and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 39, 1917.) 

Narcobatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Raja torpedo Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of 
fishes, pt. 1, p. 95, 1917.) 

Narcobatis BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 48, 1825. (Type, Raja 
torpedo Linnaeus, monotypic. ) 

Tetronarce GILL, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, p. 387, 1862. (Type, 
Torpedo occidentalis Storer, monotypic.) 

Tetranarce JORDAN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 3, p. 307, 1919. (Type, Torpedo occi- 
dentalis Storer. Emendation.) 

Gymnotorpedo Fritscu, Arch. Anat. Phys. Leipsig, p. 365, 1886. (Type, Tor- 
pedo occidentalis Storer.) 

Fimbriotorpedo FritscH, Arch. Anat. Phys. Leipzig, p. 365, 1886. (Type, Tor- 
pedo marmorata Risso.) 

Tetronarcine TANAKA, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 23, p. 2, 1908. (Type, 
Tetronarcine tokionis Tanaka, monotypic.) 


342 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Eunarce Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 472. (Type, 
Torpedo narke Risso, orthotypic.) 

Notastrape WuHiT.Ey, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 327, 19382. (Type, Nota- 
strape macneilli Whitley, orthotypic.) 


Disk wider than long, subcircular. Tail distinct, short, with low 
keel each side. Snout short, weak, flexible. Rostral cartilage weak, 
short, reduced to pair of slender rods. Mouth crescentic, with longi- 
tudinal fold at each angle. Teeth small, in pavement, bases broad, 
crown with an acute angle directed inward. Spiracles moderate, 
close behind eyes, with or without fringed edges. Two dorsals. Cau- 
dal well developed. Ventrals not united, anteriorly below pectorals. 

Tropical and temperate seas. The species are evidently quite 
variable and the slight structural differences, such as the position 
of the dorsal fins are apparently unreliable. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. TorPEpo. Spiracles fringed, at least in young. 
b*. Body marbled or spotted finely with darker__________________ marmorata 
b?. Body marked with variable or irregular large and small dark spots. 
sinus persici 
a*. TETRONARCE. Spiracles entire, not fringed. 
c’. Base of first dorsal and ventral bases ending even_________-_ fairchildi 
c’. Base of first dorsal half above ventral basegs______________ nobiliana 
c*. Base of first dorsal with less than half its base over ventrals__ tokionis 


Subgenus TORPEDO Houttuyn 
TORPEDO MARMORATA Risso 


Torpedo marmorata Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 20, pl. 111, fig. 4, 1810 (type locality: 
Nice).—GuicHENoT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 12, p. 20, 1866 
(Madagascar ).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 450, 1870 (Port 
Natal).—BouLenger, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 243 (Muscat).— 
SavvaGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 2, 1891 (Madagascar).—REGAN, 
Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., 1908, p. 242 (Bird Island, Congella, Algoa Bay) .— 
ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 42, pl. 3a, fig. 4 (teeth), pl. 5, fig. 3, 
1909 (Puri and Quilon).—Zuamayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. 
K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, p. 8, 1918 (Mekran).—GiILcHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. 
Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 286, 1916 (reference). 

Narcacion marmoratus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 305, pl. 61, 
figs. 1-3 (embryos), pl. 67, fig. 1-2, 1913. 

Narcobatus marmoratus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 90, 
pl. 5, fig. 4, 1925. 

Raja torpedo (part) LinnAEuvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 231, 1758. 

Narcobatus torpedo Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 472 
(Bonaparte material). 

Raja maculata SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 316, 1804 [on Temeree Russell, 
Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 1, pl. 1, 1803 (type locality: Vizagapatam) ]. 

Raja bicolor SHAaw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 316, 1804 [on Nalla temeree 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 2, pl. 2, 1803 (type locality : Vizaga- 
patam) }. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 343 


Torpedo galvani Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 21, pl. 111, fig. 5, 1810 (type locality: 
Nice) (on Rondelet).—Bonaparts, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 
3-5, 18383 (Italy) ; Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 14, 1846 (Mediterranean 
and Atlantic). 

? Torpedo ocellata Quoy and GarMarD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 199, 1824 (type 
locality: Table Bay at Cape of Good Hope). 

Torpedo panthera OL¥FERS, Torpedo, p. 15, 18381 (‘“Mus. Berol.”; diagnosis). 

Torpedo mamorata var. panthera OL¥FEeRS, Torpedo, p. 16, 1831 (type locality: 
Red Sea). 

Torpedo panthera (Hhrenberg) RUpPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 68, pl. 19, 
fig. 1, 1885 (Tor, Red Sea).—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiost- 
omen, p. 193, 1841 (Red Sea).—DumeEriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 510, 
1865 (compiled).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 451, 1870 
(copied). —KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 678, 1871 
(Koseir, Red Sea).—BAmbBer, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 38, 
1915 (Sudanese Red Sea).—Fow.er, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1925, p. 198 (Tegula River mouth in 60 fathoms) ; vol. 87, p. 364, 1935 
(Durban). 

Narcacion panthera GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 307, 1913 
(Red Sea). 

Torpedo diversicolor Davy, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 542, pls. 
22-24 (anatomy), 1834 (type locality: Malta). 

Torpedo vulgaris FLEMING, British animals, p. 169, 1842 (type locality: Irish 
coast; English coast). 

Torpedo picta Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1848, p. 98 (type locality: Madeira). 

Torpedo trepidans VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 101, 
1835-1850 (type locality: Canaries). 

Torpedo hebetans VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, pl. 23, fig. 2, 
1835-1850. 

Torpedo fuscomaculata PrtTers, Arch. Naturg., p. 278, 1855 (type locality: 
Mozambique, Anyoxe, Ibo).—DuMérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 510, 
1865 (copied).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 451, 1870 (Zanzi- 
bar).—PetTers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 447, 1876 (Mauritius; 
Seychelles).—SavuvageE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891. 

Narcacion fuscomaculata GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 308, 1913 
(Mauritius). 

Narcobatus polleni BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 171, 1866 
(type locality: Réunion) ; Faune Madagascar, 1874, p. 1, pl. 1—SavuvacgE, 
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891. 

Torpedo suessii STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 107, pt. 1, p. 784, pl. 2, 1898 (type locality: Perim; Mocca, Red Sea). 

Narcacion suessi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 308, 1913 (copied). 

Torpedo zugmayerit ENGLEHARDT, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, p. 647, 1912 (type locality: 
Gwadar, Beluchistan).—ZueMayeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. 
K1., vol. 26, p. 8 (Mekran), p. 17, 1913 (copies Englehardt). 


Snout short, greater than interorbital, nearly horizontal or straight 
across front profile as seen from above; eye less than spiracle, 2 in 
level interorbital; mouth small, width slightly over half preoral 
length, longitudinal fold each side; teeth in 18 rows, small, bases 
wide; internasal equals mouth width. Spiracle eye diameter behind 
eye, with 8 or 9 fleshy marginal tentacles behind. 

156861—41——23 


344 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Skin smooth. 

Dorsals small, inner angles obtuse, origin of first above ventral end, 
base end slightly behind ventral base; second dorsal origin slightly 
behind depressed ventral ends; tail 31% in total, small, weak, low fold 
each side, hind caudal edge convex; pectorals form subcircular disk, 
length 114 its width. 

Nearly burnt umber above, everywhere with small, irregular, light 
or pale broken vermiculating lines, some circles, others dots, hooks, 
bars or blotches and smaller, more numerous, and crowded along disk 
edges, especially forward. Below whitish, disk edges, ventrals, and 
tail below mottled with dull umber and whitish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Cape of Good 
Hope ?, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Beluchistan, India. Also 
in the Atlantic. 

Torpedo zugmayeri is evidently a synonym, having been separated 
only on minor differences. It is noticed as follows: 

Snout tip to vent 190 mm.; distance between outer eye edges equals 
that of eye from body edge. Spiracle each with very short fringe, 
width in space between spiracles 124 and equals space from hind 
spiracle edge to eyes. Second dorsal 34 of first dorsal; caudal with 
robust lateral keels; disk width equals distance from mouth to ends 
of ventrals; vent to tail tip 140 mm. 

Above clear brown, marbled with blackish, below yellowish white 
with brownish blotched edges. Length, 330 mm. 


4322. D. 5220. San Andreas Island (W.), S. 57° W., 8.50 miles (13° 38’ N., 
121° 58’ H.). April 24, 1908. In 50 fathoms. Edges of spiracle entire. 
Length, 105 mm. Back warm brownish. Many large, darker brown 
blotches, several large as combined eye and spiracle, others variously small 
though most close set on middle of back and tail. Dorsals and caudal brown- 
ish. Under surface whitish, pectoral margins broadly posteriorly and most 
of lower surfaces of ventrals dull umber brown. 

1 example, A.N.S.P. Tugela River mouth, in 60 fathoms, Natal. H. W. Bell 
Marley. Length, 210 mm. 


TORPEDO SINUS PERSICI Olfers 


Torpedo sinus persici OLFERS, Torpedo, pp. 15, 17, 1831 (on Kimpfer).—HENLE, 
Uber Narcine, p. 31, 1834.—DuMmEriL, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 239, 
1852 (Red Sea); Hist. Nat. Hlasmobr., vol. 1, p. 509, 1865 (Red Sea) — 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 677, 1871 (Koseir, Red 
Sea).—SavvagE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 3, pl. 1, 1891 (Madagas- 
car).—BamprEr, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 38, 1915 (Su- 
danese Red Sea).—FowLer, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 4, 
p. 2, 1926 (Bombay) ; vol. 33, No. 1, p. 101, 1928 (Bombay). 

Narcacion sinus persici GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 309, 1913 
(South Africa ?, Persian Gulf). 

Raja torpedo (not Linnaeus) GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1504, 1789 
(on Kampfer). 

Torpedo smithii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 451, 1870. (type 
locality: South Africa). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 345 


Snout short, much greater than interorbital, nearly straight across 
front profile as seen from above; eye less than spiracle, 2 in level of 
interorbital; mouth small, width 134 to 1%4 to front profile; teeth 
small, in about 20 rows in each jaw; internasal 1 to 1145 mouth width. 
Spiracle eye diameter behind eye, with 8 or 9 fleshy marginal 
tentacles behind. 

Skin smooth. 

Dorsals small, inner angles rounded; origin of first before hind 
basal edge of ventral and base end well behind ventral base; tail 214 
in total length, with small low fold each side; hind caudal edge 
convex; pectorals form subcircular disk, length 1,45 its width. 

Nearly fawn color above, with large dusky to dusky black 
blotches, not sharply defined, close set, more or less uniform and all 
nearly twice larger than eyes and spiracles. None extend on dorsals 
or caudal or have faded ? from caudal peduncle and also not very 
distinct on ventrals. Lower surface whitish, with light brown 
around edges of disk. 

Red Sea, Persian Gulf, South Africa ?, Madagascar, India. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay. Bombay Natural History Society. 1925. Length, 
140 mm. 
Subgenus TETRONARCE Gill 


TORPEDO FAIRCHILDI Hutton 


Torpedo fairchildi Hutron, Colonial Mus. Geol. Survey Dept. (Fishes of New 
Zealand), p. 88, pl. 12, fig. 134 (outline), 1872 (type locality: Napier Har- 
bor, New Zealand).—Hosson, New Zealand Journ. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 27, 1238, 
1886 (breeding).—McCuLtocH, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 12, p. 171, pl. 25, 
1919 (New South Wales).—Fow.Ler, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 499, 1980 (reference). 

Narcacion fairchildi Waite, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1907 
(reference) ; vol. 1, No. 2, p. 144, pl. 17, 1909 (Otago Heads, Banks Penin- 
sula, Cook Strait, Poverty Bay, Bay of Plenty, Hauraki Gulf, in 18-102 
fathoms).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 310, 1918 (Napier 
Harbor; Australia). 

Narcobatus fairchildi Watts, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 28, fig. 40, 
1921.—McCurtocnH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 159, 1926 (Bass 
Strait, Great Australian Bight, in 80-320 fathoms) ; Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 32a, 1927. 

Torpedo fusca Parker, Trans New Zealand Inst., vol. 16, p. 283, pl. 22, 1884 
(type locality: Dunedin, New Zealand).—Kincoyne, Trans. New Zealand 
Inst., vol. 27, p. 672, 1895. 

Notastrape macneilli WHITLEY, Records Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 327, 1982 (type 
locality : Off Green Cape, New South Wales, 49 fathoms, as Torpedo fairchildi 
McCulloch, not Hutton). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 724 in total length. Snout 124 in 
head to hind spiracle edge; eye 7, 414 in snout, 334 in interorbital; 
mouth arched, wide as its distance from end of snout; teeth in band 
in jaws, with broad bases and sharp upstanding points; each nostril 


346 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


with free erect lobe posteriorly, second pointed one overhangs upper 
lip; internasal valve subquadrangular, angles rounded, hind edge with 
median incision with small fleshy tubercle; internasal equals half 
preoral length; interorbital 1,% in head to hind spiracle edge. 
Spiracle subovate, oblique, edges entire, interspiracle width 214 in 
head to hind spiracle edge. 

Skin smooth. Lateral line well defined each side of back. 

First dorsal with middle of base over hind basal ventral edge, fin 
length 114 in head to hind spiracle edge; second dorsal 2; caudal 
414% in rest of body; pectorals form subcircular disk, length 114 its 
width, tail 11% in disk length; ventral 5 in total length, obtuse. 

Chocolate-brown above, white below. Width, 470 mm. (McCul- 
loch.) 

South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, New Zealand. 
Reaches 716 mm. according to McCulloch. Of Notastrape macneilli 
Whitley says: “The Australian species . . . is chocolate brown in 
colour above and white below, whereas the New Zealand type is 
uniform greyish-black above and has a more prominent snout, and 
disk much broader anteriorly.” 


TORPEDO NOBILIANA Bonaparte 


Torpedo nobiliana BoNAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital. Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 12 
(descr., pl.), 1885 (type locality: Italy) ; Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 14, 
1846 (Mediterranean). 

Tetronarce nobiliana Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1901, p. 3386 
(types). 

Narcobatus nobiliana Fow irr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 472 
(types). 

Narcobatus nobilianus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 89, 1925 (compiled). 

Narcacion nobilianus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 310, pl. 25, 
fig. pl. 61, figs. 4-5, 1918 (young).—NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 
1935 (South Africa). 

Torpedo hebetans Lower, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 195, 1841 (type lo- 
cality : Madeira).—VoNn BonpbrE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa 
Rep., pt. 3, 1922, p. 15, 1924 (reference). 

Torpedo occidentalis Storer, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, vol. 45, p. 166, pl. 3, 1848 
(type locality: Wellfleet, Mass.). 

Torpedo nigra GUICHENOT, Hxplor. Algérie, Poiss., p. 131, pl. 8, 1850 (type 
locality : Algeria). 


Depth 10 to 1014 to subcaudal origin; head to first gill opening 
41/4, to 414. Snout end to eye 2 to 234 in head; eye 6 to 714, 3 to 334 
in snout, 3 to 314 in interorbital; mouth width 214 to 224 in head, 
slight groove at each angle; teeth in 22 to 50 rows above, 20 to 45 
below, cusps short, conic, acute, erect ; internarial 314 to 314 in head; 
interorbital 214 to 244, nearly level. Spiracle long as eye, interspace 
slightly greater than interorbital, margins entire. Median gill 
openings largest, about 134 times eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 347 


Skin everywhere smooth. 

First dorsal with about first fourth its base over hind base of 
ventral, length 184 to 144 in head; second dorsal 214 to 234; caudal 
1, hind edge obliquely rounded; pectorals form orbicular disk, length 
114 to 114 in its width, broadly rounded; tail 1 to 114 in disk length; 
ventral length 4 to 434. 

Above cinnamon, mostly uniform. Eyes gray. Fins like back. 
Under surface of body pale brownish to creamy white, sometimes 
outer edges of pectorals and ventrals narrowly cinnamon. 

Though native in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, also 
reported from South Africa. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 426-439, 461-469. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte No. 234. Dr. T. B. 


Wilson. Length, 193 to 250 mm. Cotypes of Torpedo nobiliana. Also jaws 
220 mm. wide of large example. 17 are males. 


TORPEDO TOKIONIS (Tanaka) 


Tetronarcine tokionis TANAKA, Journ. College. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 23, p. 2, text 
fig. (outline), 1908 (type locality: Sagami Bay). 

Narcacion tokionis Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 312, 1913 
(copied). 

Torpedo tokionis Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 
1930 (reference). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 834 in total. Snout 134 in head to hind 
spiracle edge; eye small, orbit 314 in head, 2 in snout, 11% in inter- 
orbital; mouth small, width shghtly greater than its distance from 
snout tip; teeth in jaws in several rows, each tooth with sharp point; 
front nasal valves confluent into quadrangular lobe; interorbital 2 
in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles oblong, less their longi- 
tudinal diameter or less twice eye length behind eye, edge entire, not 
fringed. 

Skin smooth. 

First dorsal origin before hind ventral end, less than half dorsal 
base opposite ventral, fin length equals head to hind spiracle edge; 
second dorsal 114; caudal 514 in rest of body, hind edge emarginate ; 
pectorals form rounded disk, length slightly greater than tail, or 114, 
in its own width; ventrals separate, obtuse. 

Brown above, uniform. Below whitish, narrowly brown along 
margins. Length, 1136mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. 

Genus NARKE Kaup 
Narke Kavp, Isis, vol. 18, p. 88, 1826. (Type, Raja capensis Gmelin, monotypic.) 
Astrape MUuLier and HENTE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1887, p. 117. (Atypic; 
Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 400. Type, Raja capensis Gmelin, designated by 
Jordan, Genera of Fishes, vol. 2, p. 198, 1919.) 


Bengalichthys ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 46, 1909. (Type, Ben- 
galichthys impennis Annandale, monotypic. ) 


348 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body, head, electric organs, and pectorals joined as subcircular disk. 
Tail short, with fold each side. Eyes small, protruding. Mouth 
small, protractile, surrounded by fold. Teeth small, in narrow bands. 
Front nasal valves confluent in quadrangular flap, free behind, cover- 
ing mouth. Gill openings narrow. Spiracles larger than eyes, close 
behind orbits, with smooth raised edges. Skin smooth, soft, naked. 
One dorsal. Caudal moderate, supracaudal longer. Ventrals broad, 
distinct, inserted below pectorals. 

Concerning Bengalichthys, Annandale has the following interesting 
remarks: “In several respects the adaptation is of a nature closely 
similar to that which has brought about the evolution of Benthobatis 
from Nareine, although the environment in which this evolution has 
taken place is not the same in the two cases. Benthobatis, as I have 
already pointed out, is a deep-sea form—it occurs at depths from 
about 400 to about 700 fathoms—and, like many deep-sea forms, has 
degenerate eyes. The disk, moreover, is thick and muscular and 
bears on the dorsal surface numerous little glandular pits; the pec- 
toral fins are not clearly marked off from the body. In all these points 
the species of Bengalichthys to be described immediately resembles 
Benthobatis, although it is not a deep-sea form, having been taken in 
only 15 fathoms. In two striking characters, however, it differs from 
Benthobatis, viz, in coloration and in the number of the dorsal fins. 
The former difference is probably owing to its environment, the lat- 
ter to its ancestry; in other words, the former is an adaptive character, 
the latter a morphological one. A character common among deep-sea 
fish of all kinds is a dark and uniform coloration of both the dorsal 
and the ventral surface, while among the rays of shallow water it is 
unusual for the ventral surface to be dark, although this is the case 
in a few species. The only [then] known species of Benthobatis has 
a dark ventral surface, the only known species of Bengalichthys a pale 
ventral surface. The genera of the Torpedinidae, on the other hand, 
fall naturally into several groups separated by the number (or ab- 
sence) of their dorsal fins. Benthobatis belongs to one of these 
groups, Bengalichthys to another. There can be little doubt, there- 
fore, that the two genera have not had the same ancestry but have 
become like each other owing to parallel, or rather convergent, lines 
of evolution. Although Bengalichthys does not live in the dark 
abysses of the sea, we may suppose that its mode of life is very similar 
to that of Benthobatis. Neither can be a powerful swimmer, but 
both, judging from the manner in which the muscles of the disk are 
developed, must be powerful wrigglers and squirmers. It must be 
remembered in this connection that the flabbiness of the flesh (i. e., 
the muscles) of deep-sea fish which have been brought to the surface 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 349 


is mainly an artificial condition, not one that would be apparent if 
it were possible to examine the fish in their natural environment. Now, 
quite apart from the question of the depth at which a fish lives, it 
is clear that eyes may be inconvenient to an animal which wriggles 
about in the mud at the bottom of the sea, and I have little doubt that 
both the fish under discussion live in this way, perhaps actually bur- 
rowing into the mud, through which the movements of their disks 
assist them to make their way. Their mouths, like those of their 
nearest allies in both cases, are feebly developed and probably suctorial 
in function. Neither they nor their allies can attack large organisms 
of any kind, and it is clear that their electric organs must be weapons 
of defense rather than offense. Perhaps both Benthobatis and Ben- 
galichthys have become more perfectly adapted for obtaining their 
food by sucking it from the mud, owing to the degeneracy of certain 
organs that are of no use for this particular purpose.” 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. NARKE. Eyes small, though distinct and pigmented. 
b*. Dorsal base above ventrals; vent postmedian; variably uniform dark brown 
above DeElOW Wihite.ft ssh EEL a ye EE AE Se Be capensis 
b?. Dorsal base behind ventrals; vent median. 
c’. Ventrals with outer angle, edge concave; brown above, with white spots 


andredges:; white belowes 22 ts. 22242 25 aes oe Ee dipterygia 
c’. Ventrals without outer angle, edge convex; brown above and below, plain 
or spotted with) blacksand! winitem 2 oe Sa Ph teed OE eA japonica 


a’. BENGALICHTHYS. Eyes minute, sunken, colorless; above deep buff, clouded 
with dark brown and few pale spots or streaks and edge creamy, below 
CTOATNY El eA SEL Ere oA UD MEA een ST Ae impennis 


Subgenus NARKE Kaup 
NARKE CAPENSIS (Gmelin) 


Raja capensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1512, 1789 (type locality : Cape 
of Good Hope).—WatrBavuM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 586, 1792 (on Gronow).— 
LAc&pEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 158, 1798 (copied).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. 
Ichth. Bloch, p. 860, 1801 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Torpedo capensis OL¥FERS, Torpedo, p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1831 (Cape of Good 
Hope).—Gray, Cat. fish Gronow, p. 13, 1854 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Narcine capensis HENLE, Uber Narcine, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1834. 

Astrape capensis MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 130, 1841 
(Cape of Good Hope).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 108, 1851 (ref- 
erence).—DuMERIL, Rey. Zool., p. 280, 1852 (reference).—BLEEKER, Nat. 
Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—Dum£ri, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 522, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—Kwner, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 419, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—GUuUnNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 454, 1870 (Cape of Good Hope; Madagascar) .— 
SavvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891.—Rerean, Ann. Natal 
Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 242, 1908 (Bird Island).—Gi~cHRIst and THOMPSON, 
Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 287, 1916 (references). 


350 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Narke capensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 386, p. 318, 1913 (Cape of 
Good Hope; Madagascar).—THompson, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, no. 
2, p. 161, 1914—VoNnBonpDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa 
Rep., pt. 3, 1922, p. 15, 1924 (compiled).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 92, pl. 5, fig. 8, 1925. 


Head to spiracle 724 total length. Snout 1% in head to spiracle; 
eye 514, 3 in interorbital, which 144 in head to spiracle. Spiracle 
close behind eye, little larger. 

Dorsal origin close behind hind basal ventral edge, fin length 114 
in head to spiracle; caudal 4 in rest of body; pectorals form some- 
what broadly elliptical disk, length little greater than rest of body, 
width about 1% its length; ventral about 414 in total, obtuse; vent 
nearer end of tail than front edge of body. 

Above variably uniform dark brown above. Lower surfaces whit- 
ish. Reaches 280 mm. (Barnard.) 

South Africa, Natal, Madagascar. According to Garman invari- 
ably spotted white above and brown below. 


NARKE DIPTERYGIA (Schneider) 


Rhinobatus dipterygia SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 359, 1801 (type locality : 
Tranquebar). 

Narcobatus dipterygius BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, vol. 8, 1816, p. 
121 (name only). 

Torpedo dipterygia OL¥FErs, Torpedo, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1831. 

Narcine dipterygia Henin, Uber Narcine, p. 38, 1834. 

Astrape dipterygia MULLER and Hentz, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 181, 1841 
(Tranquebar).—Cantor, Jour. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1401, 1849 
(Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Lancavy Islands, Singapore).—Gray, List fish 
British Museum, p. 108, 1851 (reference).—JrErpoN, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 
vol. 17, p. 149, 1851.—DumeEntL, Rev. Zool. ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 281, 1852 (refer- 
ence).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 
(Singapore, Pinang) ; (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference).—DuMERIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 523, 1865 (Malacea).—Day, Fishes of Mala- 
bar, p. 523, 1865 (Malacca).—Gutntuer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 
454, 1870 (Pinang, Canton).—Marrens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 
409, 1876 (Yokohama).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 7384, pl. 192, fig. 4, 
1878 (Madras) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 46, fig. 19, 1889 — 
BARTLETT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, no. 366, p. 184, 1896 (Oya and Mora- 
tabas).—ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 60, 
1897.—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 46, pl. 3a, fig. 6, 1909 (off 
Orissa and Bengal Bay).—ZuemMaAyeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. 
K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 19138 (Mekran).—Pitiay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 
vol. 33, p. 358, 1929 (Travancore).—TiIRAntT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 
Chine, 6° note, p. 75, 1929 (Cochinchina).—Svuvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 4, 
1937 (Pattani). 

Astrappe dipterygia PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, p. E4 (error). 

Narke dipterygia GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 318, 1913 (Pinang, 
Tranquebar, Malay Peninsula, Laneavy Islands, Malacca, Hindostan, Can- 
ton).—Fow.Ler, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 32, p. 258, 1927 (Bom- 
bay); Proe. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1980 (Indian 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 351 


Ocean) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 138, fig. 19, 1980 (compiled).—Wang, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 107, fig. 8, 19838 (Chusan).— 
Fowler, List Fish, Malaya, p. 15, 1988 (reference). 

Narce dipterygia CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, 
p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam). 


Snout short, greater than interorbital, slightly convex across front 
profile as seen from above; eyes small, about half length of spiracle, 
31% in interorbital; mouth width equals space to front profile, small, 
protractile; teeth in 15 rows in each jaw, low broad cusps; internasal 
slightly less than mouth width; interorbital depressed. Spiracles 
continuous with eyes, greatly larger, ovate, edges entire. 

Skin smooth. 

Dorsal inserted behind ventral tips, little nearer upper caudal 
lobe origin than ventral origin; pectorals form subcircular disk, wide 
as long, length little less than tail; ventral with deeply incised outer 
margin, front rays forming anterior lobe. 

Brown above, with several diffuse blackish cloudings medially. 
Dorsal and caudal brown, also upper surface of ventral. Under 
surface of body and ventrals below white. 

Arabian Sea, India, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East 
Indies, Indo China, China, Japan. 


1 example A. N. S. P. Bombay. 1925. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 185 mm. 
NARKE JAPONICA (Schlegel) 


Torpedo (Astrape) japonica SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 
15, p. 307, pl. 140, 1850 (type locality: Japan). 

Astrape japonica BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 
1853 (Japan).—ISHIKAWA and MatTsuurA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, 
p. 60, 1897.—JorpAN and SNyYpER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 740, 1900 
(Yokohama); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 41, 1901 (Nagasaki).—Jorpan 
and Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., vol 26, p. 656, 1903 (Wakanoura).— 
PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, 
p. 640, 1908 (Japan). 

Narke japonica Snyver, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Misaki; 
Kagoshima).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 314, pl. 24, 
fig. 3, pl. 56, fig. 10, pl. 67, figs. 3-4, 1918 (Sagami Sea).—IzuKa and MAT- 
suuRA, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 187, 1920 (Misaki) .— 
Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 12, fig. 9, 1929 (Amoy).— 
Fow Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 (Japan).— 
Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 11, 1931 
(Tokyo).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 33, 1933. 

Ceratoptera ehrenbergii (not Miiller and Henle) Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., 
p. 812, 1888 (note on woodcut). 

Astrape dipterygia (not Schneider) ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 60, 1897. 


Depth 8 to 111, to end of tail; head 5 to 714; disk width 114 to 
2 in its length to hind pectoral edge. Snout 114 to 1% in head, 
front edge broadly and but slightly convex as viewed from above; eye 


352 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


7 to 714, 4 to 5 in snout, 3 to 314 in interorbital; dentary width 314 
to 4 in head; teeth in 13 or 14 rows in jaws, small, rhomboid, flat- 
tened; nostrils rather large, nasoral continuous with mouth, inter- 
narial greater than mouth width or 3 to 4 in head; interorbital 2 to 
224, level. Gill openings small, nearly equidistant. Spiracle small, 
close behind eye, subequal with eye. 

Skin smooth; soft. 

Dorsal length 114 to 1%% in head, rounded lobe; caudal 31% to 4 in 
rest of body length, lobes subequal; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 
to 514 in head; pectoral moderate, outer edge broadly convex; ventral 
42£ to 5 in total length. 

Burnt umber above, below paler, everywhere uniformly colored. 

Japan. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57520 Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 307 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 71186. Misaki, Japan. Albatross expedition 1906. Length, 158 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71376. Kagoshima, Japan. Albatross expedition. Length, 103 mm. 


Subgenus BENGALICHTHYS Annandale 
NARKE IMPENNIS (Annandale) 


Bengalichthys impennis ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 48, text fig. 9, 
pl. 3a, figs. 7 (mouth), Ta (teeth), 1909 (type locality: Orissa coast). 
Narke impennis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 315, 1913 (Orissa). 
Head to hind spiracle edge 814 in total length. Snout 124 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eyes minute, deeply sunk, colorless, close to 
spiracles; teeth with triangular, transverse ridge, somewhat pointed ; 
somewhat narrow, long rectangular process on mouth roof, directed 
backwards rather than vertically downwards, its terminal edge 
sinuous but not bilobed and similar smaller process on mouth floor; 
interorbital about 214 in head to hind spiracle edge. 

Dorsal small, halfway between hind basal ends of ventrals and 
caudal, length 144 in head to hind spiracle edge; caudal 444 in rest 
of body, rounded posteriorly (figure shows middle of hind edge with 
median notch) ; pectorals form ovate disk, widest anteriorly, length 
slightly less than tail, long as wide, each fin posteriorly with sub- 
marginal fringed ridge; ventrals distinct, about 6 in total along sides 
of tail. 

Body above deep buff clouded with dark brown. Under surfaces, 
margins of disk and fins, large oval spot each side of back before 
root of tail, forwardly directed streak on each side of tail in front of 
dorsal fin and backwardly directed streak on base of disk at either 
side cream color. Length 175mm. (Annandale.) 

India. 

Genus TYPHLONARKE Waite 


Typhlonarke Waite, Rec, Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 16, 1909. (Type, 
Astrape aysoni A. Hamilton, monotypic.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 353 


Disk subcircular, outline broken only by notch under tail. Tail 
short, with slight lateral fold each side. Eyes not distinct. ‘Teeth in 
front part of jaws, pavementlike, hind series with sharp cusps. 
Spiracles with entire edges. Body naked. Dorsal fin single. Front 
part of ventrals modified for walking; hind part coalesced with pec- 
torals to form hinder disk edge. 

New Zealand. Differs from Narke in the absence of functional 
eyes, circular disk, short tail and the ventrals coalesced with the disk. 


TYPHLONARKE AYSONI (A. Hamilton) 


Astrape aysoni A. HAmitton, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 34, p. 225, pls. 10-12. 
1902 (type locality: Foveaux Strait, New Zealand). 

Typhlonarke aysoni WattE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 16, pl. 18, 
1909 (New Zealand, Foveaux Strait, off Otago Heads, 36-102 fathoms) .— 
Fowter, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 714 in total length. Eye minute, white 
spot close before each spiracle; mouth narrow, protractile in fold of 
skin; lips extremely fleshy, upper divided in midline by an apparent 
space; lower lip very deep, sides of median fissure close together, each 
forming ridge where approximating; teeth form small pavementlike 
plate confined to front of each jaw; hind angle of each tooth produced 
slightly on anterior series, increasingly so backward until in hinder 
teeth sharp cusp developed; nostrils close together, covered by com- 
mon subquadrangular valve; spiracles well developed, interspiracle 
space 234 to end of snout. Gill openings in subparallel series. 

Dorsal origin little before hind disk edge, length 14 greater than 
base, latter equals interspiracle width between outer spiracle edges; 
caudal 434 in rest of body length, rounded; tail 214; pectorals form 
circular disk, about long as wide; ventrals advanced, widely separated, 
directed almost at right angles or horizontally to body axis, front 
edges and rounded extremities covered with thick skin, attached pos- 
teriorly far within disk margin, horizontal length of each equals their 
distance apart; claspers small, not reaching hind disk edge. 

Coffee-brown above, pale brown beneath, darker round disk margin. 
Mouth parts and ventral edges yellow. Length, 375mm. (Waite.) 

New Zealand, in depth to 102 fathoms. 


Genus TEMERA Gray 


Temera Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 7, 18381. (Type, Temera hardwickii Gray, mono- 
typic. ) 

Disk suborbicular, broader than long, longer than tail. Tail short. 
Kye small. Mouth small, protractile. Teeth in bands. Nasal valves 
short, confluent, reaching mouth. Spiracle smooth, moderate, close 
to eye. Electric organ between head and pectoral. No dorsal. Ven- 
trals wide. 


304 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


TEMERA HARDWICKII Gray’ 


Temera hardwickii Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 7, 1831 (type locality: Pinang) ; Illustr. 
Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, p. 2, pl. 102, figs. 1, a-b, 1832-34 (type) .— 
MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 131, pl. 60, fig. 2, 1841 
(Pinang).—CAntTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1402, pl. 12, figs. 
1-2, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—Dumérit, Rey. Mag. Zool., 
ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 42, 1852 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 (Singapore, Pinang) ; (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 16 
(on Gray), p. 82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, 
p. 451, 1859-60 (Singapore).—DumM£ri, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 524, 
1865 (compiled).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 455, 1870 
(types).—MArtTmENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 (Singa- 
pore).—GaRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 316, 1913 (Pinang).— 
Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 15, 1988 (reference). 

Temerara hardwickit Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, 
p. 75, 1929 (Cochinchina) (error). 

Head to first gill opening 514 in total length. Snout 144 in head 
to first gill opening; orbit 714, 334 in snout, 324 in interorbital; mouth 
width 224 in head; internarial 3; interorbital 2. Spiracle around 
hind eye edge, little greater than eye. Gill openings subequal, small. 

Caudal about 424 in rest of body, hind edge apparently uneven; 
pectorals form circular disk, length little greater than tail, 114 in 
width; ventral 3% 9 in total body length, obtuse, without prominent 
front lobe; vent midway between mouth and tip of tail. 

Disk and body above brown, below creamy white, edges of disk 
grayish. Eyes and spiracles each in dull yellowish blotch. Figure 
shows black line curving from right eye over to middle of left pec- 
toral submarginally. Another black vertical line apparently intended 
as vertebral opposite ventrals. (Gray; Garman.) 

Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, Cochinchina. 


Family RAJIDAE 


Body and head greatly depressed, united with pectorals to form 
rhomboid disk. Tail distinct, slender, depressed, with rather long 
fold along each side. Eyes superior. Mouth inferior. Teeth small, 
numerous, in pavement. Gill openings small, inferior. Spiracles 
superior. Skin usually more or less rough with small sharp spines 
and larger tubercles. Males with erectile spines near middle of upper 
side of each pectoral. Electric organ rudimentary. Dorsals small, 
usually two, behind midlength of tail. Males often with large 
claspers. 

A large family, with numerous species mostly in cool seas or in 
deep water, usually difficult to distinguish. Sexual dimorphism 
usually greatly contrasted. So far as known the species are vivipa- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 355 


rous, the eggs deposited in large leathery four-angled cases or cap- 
sules, with two long tubular horns at each end. Fossils are known 
from the Cretaceous and later formations. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’, Rostral cartilage extended from skull, pointed; pectorals widely separated in 


fen ON Ge. tee Se ee te Be ee ey re ke Ye A) Raja 
a’. Rostrum soft and flexible; pectorals narrowly separated behind short rostral 
PODOCCSS Ss aaa ee Se ee ee ee a ees phe 8 le eed 9 oe, Psammobatis 


Genus RAJA Linnaeus 


Raja LINNAEvS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 231, 1758. (Type, Raja clavata 
Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 36, 1882.) 

Raia Scoprorr, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 464, 1777; Index Aninyal., p. (6), 1787; 
BONNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., p. 4, 1788. (Type, Raja clavata Linnaeus.) 
Leiobatus KiLetn, Neuer Schauplatz, vol. 1, p. 316, 1775 (species nonbinomial). 
(Type, Raja oryrinchus Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Evermann 

Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 36, 1917. Inadmissible. ) 

Dipturus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 16, 1810. (Type, Raja 
batos Rafinesque—Raja batis Linnaeus, monotypic.) 

Cephaleutherus RAFINESQUE, Indice @ittiologia siciliana, pp. 48, 61, 1810. (Type, 
Cephaleutherus maculatus Rafinesque, monotypic. Monstrosity.) 

Platopterus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 938, 1815. (Type, Raja cla- 
vata Linnaeus, virtually. Platopterus Rafinesque proposed to replace Raja 
Linnaeus. ) 

Dasybatus (not Klein) BLatnvitt4, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 
1816. (Type, Raja batis Linnaeus.) 

Dasybatis (not Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810) BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Pois- 
sons, p. 12, 1825. (Type, Raja batis Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and 
Evermann, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, p. 184, 1917.) 

Propterygia Orto, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Bonn., vol. 10, p. 112, 1821. (Type, 
Propterygia hyposticta Otto, monotypic. Monstrosity.) 

Laeviraja BoNAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Italica, Pesci, vol. 3, fasc. 6, 1834 (descrip- 
tion). (Type, Raja oxryrinchus Linnaeus.) 

Laeviraija BONAPARTE, Nuov. Ann. Mus. Bologna, No. 2, p. 208, 1888. (Type, 
Raja ozyrinchus Linnaeus.) 

Batis (not Boie 1833 in birds) BoNAPARTE, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 
vol. 2, p. 7, 1889; Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 12, 1846. (Type, Raja radula 
Delaroche, monotypic. ) 

Hieropterd FLEMING, Philosoph. Journ. Edinburgh, vol. 31, p. 236, pls. 4-5, 
1841. (Type, Hieroptera abredonensis Fleming, monotypic. Monstrosity.) 

Actinobatis AGASsiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 372, 1848. (Type, Raia (Acti- 
nobatis) ornata Agassiz.) 

Eleutherocephalus AGAssiz, Nomenclatoris zoologici index uniyersalis, pp. 71, 136, 
1846. (Type, Cephaleutherus maculatus Rafinesque. ) 

Peroptera GISTEL, Naturg. Thierreichs, 1848, p.x. (Type, Hieroptera abre- 
donensis Fleming, virtually.) (Peroptera Gistel apparent misspelling for 
Hieroptera Fleming.) 

Perioptera GIsTEL, idem. (Type, Hieroptera abredonensis Fleming, virtually.) 
(Perioptera Gistel apparent misspelling for Hieroptera Fleming.) 

Amblyraja MauM, Goéteborgs Bohusl. Fauna, p. 607, 1877. (Type, Raja radiata 
Donovan.) 


356 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Leucoraja Matm, Gioteborgs Bohusl. Fauna, p, 609, 1877. (Type, Raja ful- 
lonica Linnaeus.) 

Alpharaia LeiaH-SuarpreE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 567, 568, 1924. (Type, 
Raia circularis Couch, orthotypic.) 

Betaraia LEIGH-SHARPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 567, 568, 1924. (Type, 
Raja clavata Linnaeus, orthotypic.) 

Gammaraia LEIGH-SHARPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 567, 571, 1924. (Type, 
Raja batis Linnaeus, orthotypic. ) 

Deltaraia LeicH-SHArpr, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 567, 578, 1924. (Type, 
Raia radiata Donovan, orthotypic.) 

Epsilonraia LeicH-SHarpe, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 568, 574, 1924. (Type, 
Raia platana Giinther, orthotypic.) 

Zetaraia LeIGH-SHARPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 568, 575, 1924. (Type, 
Raia brachyura Giinther, orthotypic.) 

Etaria LerIcH-SHarpPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 568, 576, 1924. (Type, 
Raja murrayi Giinther, orthotypic.) 

Thetaraia LEIGH-SHARPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 568, 577, 1924. (Type, 
Raja eatoni Giinther, orthotypic. ) 

Totaraia LrieH-SHArpPE, Journ. Morphol., vol. 39, pp. 568, 577, 1924. (Type, Raia 
marginata Lacépéde, orthotypic. ) 

Disk partly circular to quadrangular. Tail with fold along each 
side. Snout more or less produced and pointed, with strong exten- 
sion from skull as rostral cartilage. Eyes prominent, with fimbriate 
velum above pupil. Mouth transverse, nearly straight. Teeth 
small, tessellate, variably flat to sharply pointed. Nostrils with two 
valves, front wide and reaches mouth, posterior folded in tube; 
nasoral groove to each nostril. Gill openings small. Spiracles close 
to eye. Skin usually more or less spiny. Caudal electric organs 
often present or rudimentary. Two rayed dorsals on tail above. 
Caudal membranous, rudimentary or absent. Pectorals widely sep- 
arated at snout, not confluent. Ventrals notched. 

A large genus with many species, upward of 80 living and 25 
fossil. Some of the living forms reach a width of 7 or 8 feet. Dis- 
tributed in northern and southern hemispheres, many ranging into 
deep water. The sexes are usually well differentiated. The males 
are more spiny, with patches of erectile spines on the pectorals above 
and with claspers, the last sometimes enlarged. Their coloration 
closely resembles the sea bottom, on which they dwell. As they lie 
concealed in the gravel or sand they await small marine animals, as 
crustaceans, worms, squids, fishes, etc. Suddenly darting over their 
victim and covering it with their wide body and fins, it is readily 
devoured. The egg cases are quadrangular, each angle with a point 
but without tendrils. The embryo leaves the egg soon after its 
exclusion or even during its transmission through the cloaca of the 
female. 

Raja punctata Woodward ® is apparently a nomen nudum. 


® Western Australian Year Book, vol. 1, 1900-1901, p. 273, 1902 (Freemantle). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 357 


Raja polyommata Ogilby® I have been unable to locate from 
Ogilby’s original citation for 1910. The type is No. I. 1540 in the 
Queensland Museum. 

The following egg cases may pertain to unidentified species of 
Raja: 


4436. D. 5313. 21°30’ N., 116°43’ E. (China Sea, vicinity of Hongkong). 
November 1908. Length, 75 mm. 

D. 5526. Balicasag Island (C.), N. 15° W., 18.4 miles (9°12'45” N., 123°45’30” 
E.), between Siquijor and Bohol Islands. August 11, 1909. Length, about 
95 mm. 

4251. D. 5587. Sipadan Island (W.) S. 12° E., 3.8 miles (4°10'385” N,, 
118°37'12” E.), Sibuko Bay, Borneo. September 28, 1909. Length, 70 mm. 

4090. D. 5656. Olang Point, N. 67° W., 14.5 miles (3°17'40” S., 120°36'45” 
E.), Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 19, 1909. Length, 92 mm. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Teeth in less than 50 rows. 
b'. Large bucklerlike spines in female, mostly absent in male______. _ clavata 
b’. Body without large bucklerlike spines in female, none in male. 
c’. Body largely smooth. 
d’. Snout abruptly narrowed into long sharp point; median row of spines 
OUST A Te eo Ea acer ee 2 ee Oe ew? N oP ROL OV, FPR re tengu 
@’. Snout not greatly extended and narrowed in long sharp point. 
e*. Lower surface of disk dark or at least partly dark. 
f’. Row of median vertebral thorns on back and tail. 


g. Pole above: dark below. -+ 2-2. 02882 reversa 
G. Darky above and helowe. 2 fen be eas atriventralis 
g’. Brown above, with or without white spots; below whitish or 

blotehed blacks 2 te ie eS eS smithii 


f. Row of median vertebral thorns on tail only, also series may be 
present each side. 

h*. Uniform brown or spotted white; pectoral and ventral fins 
with dark to blackish broad borders both above and below, 
ESPCEIal vari y OTT ose eee ee ae ees CT alba 

h*, Uniform dark above and below; young with dark ring at each 
pectoral base and yellowish white below, outer half of each 
WEClOLAING ait keee See ee ee een ee Ce So ped ae fusca 

h®. Smoky black above; black, mottled white, below. 

johannis-davisi 
e*. Lower surface of disk pale or whitish. 
i. Only single row of regular medial vertebral spines. 
j’. No ocellus or dark blotch at each pectoral base above. 
k’. Uniform brownish above. 


l. Southern Australia and New Zealand_____ lemprieri 
PO ORD Otaku Sede. op see. 2 Es Bee smirnovi 
k*. Finely and entirely dotted dark above______ hollandi 
k*. Upper surface brownish, with traces of small pale spots. 
barnardi 


°“Some new Queensl. Fish., 20, Dec. 1910, p. 86: Cape Moreton, S. Q.,” Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 5, p. 86, 1916 (Cape Moreton to North Reef in 70 fathoms). 


358 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


f#. Ocellus or dark blotch above at each pectoral base. 
m*, Entirely with irregular, waved or reticulated dark 
lines, form cluster at each pectoral base. 


katsukii 
m’*. Disk with pale spots, often black blotch at each 
pectoral base se sk ee ee kenojei 


m’*. Dark blue-black ocellus at each pectoral base 
above; with or without small dark spots, some- 
times ocellate. 

nm’. Bye greater than firm interorbital space. 
miraletus 
n*. Hye less than firm interorbital space__ ocellifera 

«@. Three rows of vertebral spines on back and tail. 
caudaspinosa 
c’. Body largely roughened above, smooth areas small, inconspicuous or 
absent. 
0. Body partly or wholly dark on lower surface. 
p’. Row of vertebral spines only on tail and row 
each side; gray above, chocolate below. 


annandalei 
p*. Row of vertebral spines on back ‘and tail. 
gq. Uniform jet-black__________ mamillidens 


q. Reddish brown above and below, latter 
with whitish around mouth and abdomen. 


durbanensis 
q. Brownish gray above, brownish black 
Delowee =e one eee ee eee isotrachys 


gq. Purplish brown above; below white, hind 
disk edges and ventrals broadly blackish. 
tobae 
q°. Purplish brown with few irregular black 
spots; white below, with few dusky spots, 
MALTON CELT yee ee kujiensis 
o°. Body with under surface entirely pale or white. 
r. Single row of vertebral spines only on 
tail. 

s'. Uniform brown above________ nasuta 
s’. Brown, with darker or lighter spots; 
with or without yellowish ocellus at 
each pectoral base________ murrayi 
r’. Single row of vertebral spines on back 
and tail; pale brown, blotched darker 
brown and white, latter may form nar- 
row lines and tail transversely banded. 
plutonia 
r*. Band of fine vertebral spines on back and 

tail; brown above, white below. 
sibogae 

a’, Teeth in more than 50 rows. 
t. Upper surface of body largely 
smooth. 
uw’. Median line of vertebral spines 
present, at least on tail. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 359 


v. Pectoral without distinct basal 
ocellus. 

w’. Uniform brownish gray 
above; below white; 5 ir- 
regular rows of spines on 
Cail eee ee Pe lintea 

w. Brown or dark greenish 
brown, uniform or with 
white and dark spots; be- 
low gray with dark specks; 
1 to 8 rows of spines on tail. 

batis 

w*. Uniform brown or with many 
round dark spots, 1 near 
pectoral base usually more 
prominent, larger, and bor- 
dered by light ring; below 
light with irregularly 
shaped dark blotches on 
pectorals and ventrals; me- 
dian row of vertebral spines 
on tail, sometimes 1 or 2 
rows each side posteriorly. 

naevus 

vo”. Pectoral with distinct basal 

ocellus each side of middle of 
disk. 

x’. Uniform brown above; 8 
somewhat irregular rows 
of spines on tail__ philipi 

x, Warm brown; 2 or 3 rows 
of spines on tail__ powelli 

v*. Brown, uniform, or with numer- 
ous darker brown spots, or few 
large white spots, more or less 
ocellate on pectoral base; me- 
dian irregular rows of spines 
on back, 5 rows on tail. 

oculata 

wu’. Median line of back and tail with- 
out spines; brown, uniform or 
with darker spots or light dark- 
edged ocelli; young usually with 
round black spot marbled yellow 

at each pectoral base; teeth 70 

tO, SO ees quadrimaculata 

t’. Back largely rough. 

y’. Single median vertebral 
row of spines on back 
and tail. 

2. Uniform slate gray 
above and below. 


andamanica 


156861—41 24 





360 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


2’. Dusky brown, with nu- 
merous dark brown 
or blackish variable 
spots; pale uniform 
yellow below. 

leopardus 
2°. Light brown, marbled 
dark brown; dark 
brown blotches orna- 
mented by small, 
round, yellowish ocel- 
Li? Baie en nitida 
y’. Median vertebral spines 
in 3 or 4 rows on back 
and 3 to 5 rows on tail; 
brown above, snout 
white; below whitish, 
tinged brown__ porosa 
y*. No median large vertebral 
spine on back or tail; 
pale slate gray, becomes 
darker toward inner 
pectoral edges, lower 
surface of body similar. 
spinacidermis. 

RAJA CLAVATA Linnaeus 


Raja clavata LinnAnus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 232, 1758 (type locality: 
European Ocean).—GiintHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 456, 1870 
(Europe, Madeira, Mauritius ?)—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, 1910, p. 471 (Bonaparte material). 

Raia clavata GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 326, 1918 (Norway 
to Madeira, Mediterranean).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1925 (Natal). 

Dasybatis clavata Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci., vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 29, 
descr., pl., fig. 4 (male), 1840 (Italy) ; Cat. Metod. Pesci. Europei, p. 12, 1846 
(Mediterranean; Atlantic). 

Raja rubus Buiocu, Fische Deutschlands, vol. 38, p. 67, pl. 84, 1784 (type locality : 
North Sea; Hamburg). 

Raja cuvieria ScHNeEiER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 367, 1801 (on La Raie Cuvier 
Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 141, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1798, type locality: 
Fiquainville prés de Vallemont). 

Raia aspera Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 5, 1810 (type locality: Nice). 

Raja pontica PALLAs, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., vol. 38, p. 58, pl. 8, a-b, 1811 (type local- 
ity: Littore Tauriae). 

Raja capensis (not Gmelin) Mttimr and Hentp, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 151, 1841 (Cape of Good Hope).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 112, 
1851 (reference).—BureKrr, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 58, 
1860 (reference).—DumérIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 540, pl. 12, fig. 
11-12 (tubercle of tail), 1865 (type).—Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 419, 
1865 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Raia capensis SAvUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (reference).— 
THompson, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 2, p. 157, 1914.—von BonbDE and 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 361 


Swart, Fishes Marine Surv. South Africa, Spec, Rep. No. 5, p. 4, 1923 (off 
Natal, 146-160 fathoms). 

Raia rhizacanthus Reaan, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 2, 1906 [type 
locality : Natal coast, in 40 fathoms (young) ]; 1908, p. 242 (Bird Island) .— 
GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 8, p. 286, 1916 (ref- 
erence).—VoN BONDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Sury. South Africa, Rep., 
pt. 3, 1922, p. 5, 1924 (compiled). 

Raja rhizacanthus NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 40, 1935 (Kalk Bay, False 
Bay, Agulhas Bank, off Cape St. Blaize; Bird I., Natal). 

Raja bonae-speiensis Fow.ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 468 
(on Miiller and Henle; specific name lapsus for bonde-spei). 

Raia ocellifera (part) GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 365, 1913 
(on Miiller and Henle, and Regan). 

Snout 114 to 1543 in head; mouth width 1%4 to 2%; preoral length 
1% to 1% %; internarial 144 to 27%; orbit 1 to 2 ? in interorbital; 
upper teeth 82 to 44, lower 33 to 41; interorbital 314 to 414 in head. 

Males have but few spinous bucklers above or below and quite rough, 
one female with 79 spiny bucklers below. Spines on tail of male not 
developed to any extent anteriorly though on females extending to 
dorsal. Females quite rough. Several young examples differ from 
adults in having only medial vertebral tail and back spines. Also 
single small spine on each side of back medially. Superciliary spines 
usually 2 in front, behind usually 1, also pair between spiracles. Body 
above entirely rough, with fine asperities. 

First dorsal length 134 to 324 ? in head; front ventral edge 134 
to 1%. 

One female mottled with deeper brown blotches or spots than body 
color above. 

South Africa, Natal, Mauritius ? 

7 examples. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. Nos. 80, 83, 231, 227. Length, 
287 to 750 mm., width 175 to 517 mm. 


RAJA TENGU Jordan and Fowler 


Raja tengu JorDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 654, fig. 8, 
1908 (type locality: Matsushima Bay; Aomori; Hakodate).—JorpAN and 
Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 110, 1925 (description in key).— 
Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1980 (reference). 

Raia pulchra Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 162, figs. 
10-10a, 1982 (type locality: Tsingtao). 

Depth 20 to end of tail; head 344; disk length 114 its width, tail 
less than disk. Snout 124 in head, long, slender; eye 9, 8 in snout, 
224 in interorbital; dentary width 314 in head; teeth in 28 rows in 
jaws, small, each with low cusp or keel; nostrils small, front nasal 
valve small, twice size of inner, internarial equals dentary width; 
interorbital 314 in head, depressed. Gill openings small, subequal, 
equidistant. Spiracle large as eye and close behind. 


362 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body largely smooth. Two strong preocular spines, 1 above each 
spiracle, 1 occipital and median vertebral row begins on tail over 
ventrals, as 13 to first dorsal and 2 in interdorsal. 

First dorsal broad, rounded, length 4 in head; second dorsal simi- 
lar, length 414; caudal low cutaneous fold from second dorsal to end 
of tail; pectoral quite convex in outline; ventral length 2 in head. 

Rather warm brown above, with variable large paler blotches, ill 
defined and mostly faint. Below whitish. 

Japan. Known by its long slender snout, among the Japanese 
species. The coloration of the young suggests that of Raja kenojei 
in the obscure or pale blotches. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50813. Station 3770, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 217 


mm. 
RAJA REVERSA Lloyd 


Raia reversa Luoyp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 310, 1906 (type 
locality : Arabian Sea off Beluchistan coast, in 820 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. 
Investigator, Fishes, pt. 9, pl. 39, pl. 41, fig. 2, 1908; Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 141, 1909 (type).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 354, 
1913 (compiled). 

Head to spiracle 544 in total length; disk 1445 in its width, tail 
1149 in disk length. Snout 11% in head to spiracle, prominent, mod- 
erately exserted; eye 624 in head, 54 in snout, 3 in interorbital; 
mouth width 214 in head to spiracle, 214 in preoral length, outer 
portions transverse, curved medianly; 42 rows of teeth in each jaw, 
median teeth long, curved, bases heart shaped; internasal 1% 9 in 
preoral length or 2149 in head to spiracle, hind edge of each broad 
flap at mouth corner fimbriate; interorbital 214 in head to spiracle, 
firm cartilaginous interspace 334. Spiracles oblique, close behind 
and equal eye. 

Skin over skull but not over snout, covered with fine denticles; 
front half or more of pectorals covered with small denticles; 2 series 
of larger spines on each pectoral, 1 series of about 20 opposite shoul- 
der girdle and another of about 15 opposite eye; large white stellate 
spine before eye and 2 or 3 smaller behind eye; 4 or 5 similar spines 
in mid-dorsal line; on upper surface of tail 3 regular rows of large 
spines, those in median row half numerous as in lateral rows and 
sides of tail spiny; lower surface of disk and tail smooth. 

Dorsals joined basally, separated by narrow notch, caudal as low 
fold from second dorsal; dorsals subequal, first 234 in head to spi- 
racle; pectorals form broad rhomboid disk, front edges undulate, 
outer angle broadly rounded, hind angle rounded. 

Upper surface when fresh pure white, passing into dark gray at 
pectoral margins. Upper surfaces of ventrals and claspers gray. 
Iris black, pupil milk white. Entire lower surface purplish black. 
Length, 600 mm. (Lloyd.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 363 


Arabian Sea. According to Lloyd the consistency of the whole 
body soft and flabby and when taken from the trawl it was rolled up 
in a cylindrical posture. 


RAJA ATRIVENTRALIS Fowler 
FicurE 11 


Raja atriventralis Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 241, 
fig. 5, 1983 (type locality: Japan). 
Depth 1524 to 1634 to end of tail; head 334 to 434; disk length 
1144 to 114 in its width; tail little shorter than disk length. Snout 
134 to 134 in head, tip little produced and end rounded; eye 8%% to 





FIGURE 11.—Raja atriventralis Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 75876). 


9, 524 to 524 in snout, 3 to 314 in interorbital; dentary width 2 to 
23/ in head; teeth in 48 (38) rows above, 44 (34) rows below, in male 
each with narrowly triangular and moderately long cusp, in female 
much lower, obtuse and with only low rudiment of cusp; nostril 
moderate, internarial space 114 in dentary width, sections of outer 
valve subequal; interorbital 23/4 to 3 in head, broadly concave. Gill 
openings small, equidistant, subequal or last little shortest. Spi- 
racle transverse, equals eye, front inner edge with fringe of small 
papillae. 

Skin smooth. In male row of small thorns at front of eye con- 
tinued over supraorbital ridge back to spiracle, at occiput 2 thorns, 
on tail median vertebral row of 24 thorns to first dorsal and 3 in 
interdorsal with row of larger ones each side irregularly; 4 rows of 
erectile spines on each outer portion of pectoral; tip of snout both 


364 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


above and below and along upper front edge, asperous. Female 
smoother, with only lower surface of snout rough and larger thorns 
on tail. 

First dorsal 444 to 5 in head, second dorsal 244 to 5; caudal present 
in female only as short lobe 114 length of first dorsal; pectorals 
form broad subquadrangular disk, front edge undulate, angles 
broadly convex; ventral 1 to 134 in head, long clavate compressed 
claspers of male equal head length to second gill opening, with 
broad deep terminal lamina. 

Largely brown above, male mottled, or more or less clouded with 
darker, distinctly mottled on outer portions of disk tail, ventrals and 
claspers. In addition very numerous variable small to minute pale 
dots, specks or spots inconspicuously scattered about. In female 
coloration of uniform appearance. Below entire surfaces smutty 
or brownish, nearly dark as above. In male under surfaces all 
specked, spotted or dotted over median surface of disk, with ill- 
defined paler spots or blotches, all very irregular and sometimes 
simulating cloudings. 

Diagnosis—Differs from Raja kenojei in its dark or soiled lower 
surface of the body. 


U.S.N.M. No. 51296. Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 565 mm. Female. 
U.S.N.M. No. 75876. Japan? P. L. Jouy. Length, 400 mm. Male. Type. 


RAJA SMITHII Miller and Henle 


Raja smithii Mutter and HENtE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 150, pl. 48, 
fig. 1, 1841 (type locality: South Africa).—Gray, List fish British Museum, 
p. 112, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, 
p. 58, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).—Dumérm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 558, 1865 (copied; probably not Bosphorus specimen).—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 467, 1870 (type). 

Raja smithi NormMAn, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 87 (lat. 38° 48’ S., long. 17° 
29’30'’E., in 235-402 m.), p. 40, 1985 (South Africa; type). 

Raia smithii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 366, 1913 (South 
Africa).—Von BonpbrE and Swart, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, 
Rep. No. 3, 1922, p. 5, 1924 (compiled).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, p. 66, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1925 (Cape Point, 380-475 fathoms). 

Raja eatoni GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 17, 1876 (type locality: 
Royal Sound, Kerguelen’s Land) ; Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 14, 
1880 (Northeast Kerguelen Island). 

Raia eatonii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 365, 1913 (copied). 


Head to spiracle 6 in total length; disk length 124 in its width, 
tail 1144 in disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, slightly pro- 
duced and pointed, rostral cartilages separate nearly half their 
length; eye 6, 5 in snout, 3 in interorbital; teeth in 28 to 30 rows 
in jaws, not very close together, with points in both sexes; internasal 
nearly equals distance of nostril from snout tip; interorbital 1% 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 365 


in head to spiracle, firm interspace 244. Spiracle little oblique, 
close behind eye. 

Upper surface with 4-rooted asperities on snout, interorbital, 
anterior, posterior and outer margins of pectoral, back, and tail; 
with or without spine before orbit; median series of spines on back 
and tail, former sometimes incomplete or absent; lower surface 
smooth. 

Dorsals small, well separated; pectorals form rhomboid disk, 
front rays extend quite close up to snout point, front margin un- 
dulate, outer angle rounded, hind edge convex. 

Brownish, with or without whitish spots. Lower surface white, 
sometimes blotched with black, also tail. Reaches 650 mm. (Barn- 
ard.) 

South Africa, Kerguelen Island. 


RAJA ALBA Lacépéde 


Raja alba LActkrEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 661, 663, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1803 (type 
locality: Rouen, France).—von BoNDE and Swapst, Fishes Marine Surv. 
South Africa, Spec. Rep., No. 5, p. 5, 1923——Norman, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, 
pp. 37, 40, 1935 (Kalk Bay, Simonstown, Agulhas Bank, Cape St. Blaize; 
Bird I., Natal). 

Raia alba GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 332, 1913 (coasts of 
Europe). 

Raja rostrata (not Shaw and Nodder) LactpEprE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 
660, 672, 1802 (Rouen, France). (On Noél).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1910, p. 471 (Bonaparte material). 

Raja marginata Lac&pEpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 662, 663, pl. 20, fig. 2, 
1803 (type locality: Dieppe, Liverpool, Brighton).—Bonaparter, Iconogr. 
Fauna Itali., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 6, descr., pl., fig. (2 of male), 1834 
(Italy) ; Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 16, 1846 (Mediterranean and Atlantic). 

Raia marginata THomMpson, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 2, p. 158, 1914.— 
BarnarpD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 65, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1925 
(Walfish, Table and Algoa Bays, Natal). 

Raia rostellata Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 8, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-2, 1810 (type locality: 
Nice). 

Raia bicolor (not Shaw) Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 155, 
1826 (Nice). 

Laeviraj@ bramante Sassi, Nuoyv. Annal. Sci. Nat. Bologna, ser. 2, vol. 6, p. 387, 
1846 (type locality: “Mare di Genoya’”’). 

Raia stabuliforis (not GARMAN) VON BONDE and Swart, Fisher. Marine Surv. 
South Africa, Spee. Rep. No. 8, 1922, p. 12, 1924 (Mossel Bay). 


Head to spiracle 4 in total; disk length 114 its width, tail 114 in rest 
of body. Snout 114 in head measured to spiracle, rostral cartilages 
separate not quite their basal quarter; snout end abruptly narrowed 
into long acute projection; eye 714 in head to spiracle, 6 in snout, 
234 in interorbital; teeth 40 to 46, with sharp points in male; inter- 
narial less than space from nostril to snout tip. Spiracles behind eye 
their diameter, about equal eye. 


366 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Upper surface smooth; spine usually before and one behind each 
orbit; median row of spines on tail, with another series each side; 
lower surface with small 4-rooted spines and asperities on snout and 
along front pectoral edge. 

First dorsal about long as eye, well separated from second. Front 
pectoral edge deeply concave, disk edge undulate, hind edges broadly 
convex or even concave near outer angle, which triangular. 

Brownish, uniform or more or less spotted with white, darker 
towards pectoral ends. Lower surface white, tail and edges of pec- 
torals and ventrals often brownish or blackish, especially in young. 
Reaches 2,100 mm. (Barnard.) 

South Africa. Also in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

Snout 114 to 11% in head; orbit 1149 to 114 in interorbital; mouth 
width 1%, to 21% in head; teeth in 88 to 41 rows above, 35 to 40 below; 
internarial 214 to 224 in head; preoral length 11% to 114; interorbital 
314 to 4. 

An anterior superciliary recurved spine and usually 1 posterior, 
sometimes absent; front disk edge below and median snout surface, 
also its edges, finely asperous. 

First dorsal length 224 to 3 in head; front ventral edge 14 to 2. 

Pectorals margined dusky in most examples. 


6 examples. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. Length, 225-335 mm. 
RAJA FUSCA Garman 


Raja fusca GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 42, 1885 (type locality: 
Japan ).—JoRDAN and FowtLer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 649, 1903 
(copied ).—PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 
117, pt. 1, p. 645, 1908 (Japan).—JorpDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 10, No. 2, p. 110, 1925 (Toyama, Misaki, Yokohama market).—FOowLer, 
Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (reference).—ScH™MuiInT, 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., p. 11, figs. 2-3, 1931 (Misaki). 

Raia fusca GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 349, pl. 24, figs. 4-5, 
1913 (Yedo Bay).—LIn, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 
163, figs. 11-1la, 1932 (Tsingtao). 

Raja kenojei (not Miiller and Henle) JorpAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 23, p. 387, 1900 (Tokyo).—JorpAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 26, p. 652, 1903 (Misaki, Tokyo, Wakenoura, Kobe, Tsuruga, Naga- 
saki).—ScHMipT, Fishes Western seas Russia, p. 289, 1904 (Gensan).—Jor- 
DAN and STARKS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 515, 1806 (Port Arthur, 
Manchuria).—PIrzrscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 646, 1908 (Japan).—BeEre, Faune Russie, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 92, 
1911 (Gensan).—JorDAN and THOMPSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 
208, 1914 (Schinabara, Misaki). —JorpAN and Huspgps, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 112, 1925 (Toyama; Misaki; Yokohama).—Mor1, Journ. Pan 
Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 8, 1928 (Mokpo and Jinsen, Korea).—FowLer, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 590 (Tokyo), p. 579, 19380 
(Hongkong). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 367 


Depth 17 to end of tail; head 3%4, disk length 11% in its width, 
tail 1144. Snout 1% in head, elongate triangle, ends in extended 
slender tip; eye 714, 5 in snout, 214 in interorbital; dentary width 
31% in head; teeth in 36 rows in jaws, each tooth, with small low 
cusp; nostrils small, front valve moderate, internarial equals dentary 
width; interorbital 314, depressed concavely. Gill openings equi- 
distant, last smallest. Spiracle rather small, much less than eye and 
at hind edge of concavity close behind eye. 

Skin largely smooth. Two small spines before each eye, 2 large 
ones along upper hind eye edge, large occipital one and median row 
of 13 vertebral on tail behind disk, continued as 1 in interdorsal. 
Broad lateral cutaneous fold each side of tail. 

First dorsal 414 in head; second dorsal 534; caudal ?; pectorals 
broad, form broad triangular disk, front edge of each slightly undu- 
late, hind edges convex; ventrals moderate, with deep notch forming 
long point in front; claspers short, depressed, rather slender and 
pointed. 

Brown above, uniform and snout translucent each side of rostral 
cartilages, buff in color. Entire under surface brown like back, also 
paler or more buff on snout. 

Philippines, China, Japan, Korea. 

8290 (D. 5388). Bagatao Island Light (outer), S. 86° H., 21 miles (12°51’30’’ 


N., 123°26'15’’ E.), between Burias and Luzon. March 4, 1909. Length, 
303 mm., caudal tip broken off. 


RAJA JOHANNIS-DAVISI Alcock 


Raja johannis-davisi Atcock, Cat. deep-sea Fishes Investigator, p. 21, 1899 
(type locality: Travancore coast, in 224-284 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Inves- 
tigator, pl. 27, figs. 2-2a, 1899.—BrAvurEr, Deutsch. Tiefsee Exp. Valdtvia, 
vol. 5, p. 367, 1906 (reference). 

Raia johannis-davisi GARMAN, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 855, 1913 
(compiled). 

Head to first gill opening 334 in total; disk length 114 its width, 
shghtly larger than tail. Snout 184 in head, slender, much exserted ; 
eye 7, 414 in snout, 124 in niterorbital; mouth width 24% in head, 
straight; teeth obtusely pointed in male, about 32 very oblique upper 
rows, 30 below; nostrils large, internarial 21% in preoral length, which 
124 in head; interorbital 344. Spiracles close behind eye, oblique, 
22 eye. 

Disk smooth except star-shaped prickles on ventral surface of ros- 
tral cartilage and snout edges and adjacent part of pectorals; 2 strong 
preorbital and 1 postorbital; very strong spine in middle of nape; 
tail smooth except middorsal row of large spines to second dorsal base. 

First dorsal 5 in head, second dorsal slightly smaller and confluent 
with caudal; first dorsal base about equals interdorsal space; pectorals 


368 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


form rhomboidal disk, front edges nearly straight or only slightly 
undulate, outer angles rounded, hind ones broadly rounded; ventrals 


deeply notched. 
Smoky black above. Black mottled with white below. Length, 


263mm. (Alcock.) 
India. 


RAJA LEMPRIERI Richardson 


Raia lemprieri RicHARDsON, Voy. Hrebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 34, pl. 28, 1846 
(type locality: Port Arthur, Van Diemens Land).—DumMériL, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 552, 1865 (compiled). —Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 17, 1888 (Hobart, Tasmania).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 864, 1918 (compiled). 

Raja lempriert Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 112, 1851 (reference).— 
GUuntHErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 463, 1870 (compiled) .— 
CASTELNAUD, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 224, 1872 (Victoria) ; 
Rec. London Internat. Exhib., pt. 7, No. 5, p. 17, 1873 (Victoria) —Ktun- 
ZINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 428, 
1880 (Murray River).—MaActeay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 
p. 311, 1880 (Tasmania; Port Phillip) —Lucss, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 45, 1890 (Victoria).—WattTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 29, fig. 42, 1921—RFowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference). 

Raya lemprieri CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 7, 1873 
(Hobsons Bay). 

Raja lamprieri MActEeAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 375, 1881 
(Tasmania; Port Phillip). — 

Raia acutidens Owen, Cat. Osteol. Roy. Coll. Surg., vol. 1, p. 106, 1853 (type 
locality: South Australia).—WuttLey, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 234, 
1932 (reference). 

Raia parvidens Own, Cat. Osteol. Roy. Coll. Surg., vol. 1, p. 106, 1853 (type lo- 
cality: South Australia) —Wutttry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 234, 
1932 (reference). 

Raia molaridens OwEN, Cat. Osteol. Roy. Coll. Surg., vol. 1, p. 106, p. 107, 1858, 
(type locality: South Australia).—Wuuittry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, 
p. 234, 1982 (reference). 

Raia dentata Kiunzinerr, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 46, 1872 (type locality: Port 
Philip, Australia). 

Raja dentata KLuNzINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, 
pt. 1, p. 429, 1880 (Port Phillip).—Macreay, Proce. Linn. Soe. New South 
Wales, vol. 9, p. 63, 1884 (Port Phillip).—LucaAs, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 46, 1890 (reference). 

Raja australis MActmay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, p. 461, 
1884 [(type locality: Off Botany Bay, in 40 to 55 fathoms). (‘Dove”’)]; 
vol. 9, p. 68, 1884 (outside Port Jackson, 50 fathoms).—WariTE, Mem. Aus- 
tralian Mus., vol. 4, p. 40, pl. 4, 1899 (New South Wales).—McCuttiocn, 
Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 10, 1911 (Shoalhaven Bight, New South 
Wales) ; Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 11, pl. 3, fig. 85a, 1927.—McCut- 
LocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 129, 1925 (ref- 
erence).—F ow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 500, 1930 
(reference). 

Raia australis OcrrBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 18, 1888 (type: 
Port Jackson) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 86, 1916 (Cape Moreton). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 369 


Head to first gill opening 41% to end of tail; disk length 1,5 its 
width, tail 34 disk length. Snout 1% in head; eye 6%, 41%4 in 
snout, 2 in interorbital; mouth width 214 in head, curved; teeth 
round disks with central conic cusp; preoral length 184 in head; 
nostrils large, about last 24 in preoral length, internasal half preoral 
length; interorbital 334 in head. Spiracles large, oblique, along hind 
eye edge, little larger than eye or long as orbit. 

Small denticles on upper parts rough on snout end, rostral carti- 
lages, interorbital, front edges of disk and pectorals; group of small 
tubercles at front inner portions of pectorals, row on orbital ridge 
and vertebral row from behind eyes to dorsals, somewhat broken 
behind center of disk and as more irregular rows along each side 
of tail above. Males with band of 2 or 4 series of depressible spines 
on outer portion of each pectoral. 

Dorsals subequal, each equals combined eye and spiracle, interdor- 
sal about half first dorsal base; pectorals form broad disk, front 
edges undulate, outer angle broadly convex, likewise hind angle; 
ventral deeply notched. 

Blackish gray above, lateral regions of snout and pectoral edges 
flesh colored, under surface almost entirely white. Tip of snout 
above and below and point of tail beneath, black. Length, 480 mm. 
(Richardson. ) 

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, Queens- 
land. Waite also notes the males with the teeth acutely spinous, in 
females nowhere spinous. Disk of male much more spiny and single 
median vertebral spine above, little above disk center. Single spine 
in interdorsal space. In female large patch of spines at front of 
pectorals absent and tail with 5 rows of spines. Waite notes the 
color of this species with scattered brown spots on the under side of 
the disk and yellow marks at the bases of the disks and on the ventral 
fins. Also the numerous pores on the underside of the snout and 
head black. One from New South Wales in the Queensland Museum. 


RAJA SMIRNOVI Soldatov and Pawlenko 


Raja smirnovi SoOLDATOyY and PAWLENKO, Ann. Mus. Zool., Acad. Imper. Sci. 
Petrograd, vol. 20, No. 1, p. 162, pl. 5, 1915 (type locality: Peter the Great 
Bay ; Okhotsk Sea in lat. 58° 38’ N., long. 152° 45’ E., in 69 fathoms) .—JorpAN 
and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 111, 1925 (Fukui on Japan Sea; 
Takashima).—SoLpatroy and LINDBERG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, 
p. 21, pl. 1, 1980 (Far East Seas).—FAne and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 262, fig. 21, 1932 (Chefoo).—TARANETz, Western Branch 
Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. No. 13, pp. 90, 91, 1985 (note). 

Raja omiruovi Fowtmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 
(reference ; typographical error). 

Raja binoculata (not Girard) ScHMipt, Pisces marinum orientalium, p. 291, 
1904 (Far East Seas).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 502, 1930 (reference). 


370 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Raja meerdervoorti (not Bleeker) Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 
401, 1912 (part). 


Head to spiracle 6 in total length; disk length 124 its width, tail 
about 5% disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, broad, not ex- 
tended at tip, angle slightly obtuse; eye 7 in head to spiracle, 414 in 
snout, 3 in interorbital; interorbital 214 in head to spiracle, broad, 
concave. Spiracle little oblique, close behind eye, equals eye. 

Both upper and lower surfaces naked; only few minute spines or 
prickles present along front and hind borders of pectorals, on snout 
tip and on front and hind portions of orbit; 3 strong spines on mid- 
dle of back in male, only 2 in female; 2 strong scapular spines, one 
each side of median line, in male as in female; no spines on middle 
of disk; tail with median row of 22 to 26 spines, wide band of coarser 
minute prickles on each side; under surface without spines and 
prickles. Wide lateral fold along each side of tail. Erectile pectoral 
spines well developed, usually radial, in 22 or 23 series and at most 6 
or 7 hooks in series. 

Dorsals high, subequal, about 24, in head to spiracle, interdorsal 
very narrow deep notch, with spine in females; pectorals form 
broad rhomboidal disk, front edge broadly notched medially, outer 
and hind angles broadly convex; ventrals deeply notched. 

Light brown above, whitish below, no spots or blotches. Length, 
1,077 mm. (Soldatov and Pavlenko.) 

Okhotsk Sea. Said to differ from Raja binoculata Girard in the 
absence of lateral spines on the tail. Described from 2 specimens, 
the larger a male taken as type. 


RAJA HOLLANDI Jordan and Richardson 


Raja hollandi JorpAN and RicHaRDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 163, 
pl. 64, 1909 (type locality: Takao, Formosa).—Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (reference). 

Raia hollandi GarMANn, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 86, p. 851, 1918 (compiled). 

Head to spiracle 534 in total; disk length 114 its width, slightly 
longer than tail. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, not much produced, 

ending in small point; eye 534 in head to spiracle, 434 in snout, 2%, 

in interorbital; mouth width 134 in snout, scarcely undulate; teeth 

small, rounded, about 45 rows above; nostrils confluent with mouth, 
hind edges of nasal flaps fringed; interorbital 234 in head to spiracle, 
concave. Spiracles close behind eyes, oblique, about 44 of eye. 

Supraorbital semicirclet of 8 or 10 short spines, directed back- 
ward; single median dorsal spine little farther behind eyes than 
interorbital; back and sides of tail with 5 rows of short backwardly 
directed spines; under snout edges till opposite first gill opening 
with numerous minute spines; body otherwise smooth. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 37] 


First dorsal 3 in head to spiracle, second dorsal 314, or 114 in inter- 
dorsal; caudal 214 in head to spiracle; pectorals form broad 
rhomboid disk, front edges slightly undulate, outer angles broadly 
rounded, hind edges very slightly convex and hind angles broadly 
convex; ventrals deeply notched. 

Brown above, lighter bluish to greenish beneath. Back and all 
upper surface, except tail and snout, densely covered with small black 
specks about size of coffee grains. Snout translucent, upper surface 
appearing whitish in reflected light. Numerous pores on under side 
of snout and sides of mouth each surrounded with black circle. 
Tail brownish above, paler with some dusky underneath. Length, 
370mm. (Jordan and Richardson.) 

Formosa. 

RAJA BARNARDI Norman 


Raja barnardi Norman, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 48, fig. 14, 1985 (type local- 
ity: Lat. 34° S., long. 17°58’ E., in 178-210 m., off Capetown). 

Disk little broader than long, width scarcely %% total length; front 
margins little undulated; outer angles smoothly rounded. Vent 
little nearer to snout tip than to end of tail. Snout with rather 
short, obtuse, triangular projection, its length 414 in disk width. 
Interorbital equals eye; combined eye and spiracle 224 in snout. 
Internarial width 214 in preoral length of snout. Teeth more or 
less pointed in middle of jaws; rows 40 to 42. 

Upper surface of disk and tail mainly smooth, but large patch of 
spinules on front part of each pectoral, and some scattered spinules 
on snout, interorbital, middle of back and hind parts of pectorals; 
2 preocular and 4 postocular spines; 3 median nuchal spines, with 
smaller one on each side; single median spine above suprascapulary 
region; 2 scapular spines; 24 median spines extending from just be- 
hind suprascapulary region to first dorsal; front part of tail with 
somewhat irregular series of spines on each side; edges of tail with 
numerous small spines. Lower surface quite smooth except at edges 
of snout. 

Upper surface brownish, with traces of small pale spots. Lower 
surface uniformly pale. 

Length, 375 mm., 210 mm. across disk. (Norman.) 

South Africa. 


RAJA KATSUKII Tanaka 


Raja katsukiti TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 35, p. 662, pl. 154, figs. 426-428, 
1927 (type locality: West coast Province Mutsu, Japan).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 19380 (compiled). 

Head to spiracle 514 in total; disk length 114 in its width, tail 

114 in disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, slightly produced 

with rather bluntly pointed tip; eye 544 in head to spiracle, 424 in 


372 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


snout, 21@ in interorbital; mouth slightly waved, width 134 in pre- 
oral length from mouth corner; teeth above, flattish, paved, in 50 
rows; front nasal valve tubular, hind flap slightly produced and 
recurved; hind nasal valve large, with fringes posteriorly; inter- 
narial 114 in space between latter and snout tip; interorbital 214 
in head to spiracle. Spiracles directly behind eye, edges entire, 
little oblique, about equal eye. 

Row of supraorbital spines each side, before eye and on inner 
spiracle edge; single median row of 3 spines on shoulder girdle; 
small group of very small spines at median line of snout somewhat 
near tip, on middle and posteriorly; 1 or 2 rows of weaker small 
irregular spines on sides near middle above abdomen, none on 
median line; rather small recurved biserial spines within hind lateral 
disk edge; 5 rows of spines on tail, supero-lateral row begins more 
anteriorly; interdorsal with 8 spines interspersed with several 
smaller ones between; body otherwise naked. 

Two small dorsals, subequal, interdorsal equals dorsal bases; sec- 
ond dorsal well separated from rudimentary caudal; pectorals form 
rhomboid disk, front edge nearly straight, outer and hinder angles 
broadly rounded; ventrals rather shallowly notched. 

Rusty red, profusely marked with brownish, irregularly curved 
continuous lines, forming ground color polygonal or irregular areas 
and spots. Opposite outer disk angle on each side near median line 
reticulated marking about equal to orbit, more or less surrounded by 
broad area of ground color. Under surface whitish, excepting 
median portion near snout tip, region around mouth and gill open- 
ings and sides of abdomen to ventral insertion, these all irregularly 
blotched and soiled darker. Length, 395 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. According to Taranetz this species is a synonym of 
Raja kenojet. 

RAJA KENOJEI Miiller and Henle 
Raja kenojei (Biirger) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 149, 
pl. 47, 1841 (type locality: Southwest coast of Japan; Nagasaki market).— 
RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (Seas of China and Japan; 
Canton) .—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 808, 1850 
(Nagasaki).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 112, 1851 (reference).— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Nagasaki; 
China); Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerland., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 38 (Kioesio), p. 7 
(Japan), p. 42, 1858; vol. 8, p. 65, 1860 (Nagasaki).—DumérIL, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 556, 1865 (compiled).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 461, 1870 (Japan).—PertTrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 
1880 (Ningpo).—Nystrém, Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 18, pt. 4, p. 51, 
1887 (Nagasaki).— ? Huers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 620, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila, Samar, Borongan, Paragua, Puerta Princesa).—IsHIKAWA and 
MatsuuRA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 60, 1897.—JorDAN and 
Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol, 3, p. 42, 1901 (reference).—PIETSCHMANN, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 373 


Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 646, 1908 
(Japan).—IzuKA and Marsuur4, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, 
p. 187, 1920 (Tokyo).—Jorpan and Husgs, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 
113, 1925 (Misaki, Toyama, Miyazu).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (Japan) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 136, fig. 
18, 1980 (Japan).—Sotpatov and LinpBerc, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 19, 1980 (Far East Seas).—Scumupr, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. 
Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 11, 1931 (Nagasaki; Kagoshima; Misaki; Fusan).— 
Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 31, 1983.—Taranetz, Bull. Associate 
Acad. Sci. S.S.S.R., Nos. 1-3, p. 67, 19833.—Wane, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 105, fig. 7, 1983 (Chusan).—TaRANETZ, Bull. Associate 
Acad. Sci. 8.S.S.R., No. 18, 1935 (note). 

Raia kenojei GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 351, pl. 24, figs. 1-2, 
1913 (Idzu Sea, Japan). 

Raja meerdervoortii BLrrKrr, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 66, 1860 
(type locality: Nagasaki).—PirerscHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
mrath.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 642, 1908 (Japan).—IzuKa and MArTsuourRA, 
Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 187, 1920 (Agamushi). 

Raja meerdervoorti JoRDAN and SnNypDrER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 
(reference).—Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Otaru, 
Mororan, Hakodate). 

Raja japonica Nystrom, Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 18, pt. 4, p. 52, 1887 (type 
locality : Nagasaki).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 
1901 (reference). 

Raja smirnovi (not Soldatov and Pavlenko) JoRpAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie 
Mus,., vol. 10, p. 111, 1925. 

Raja tengu (not Jordan and Fowler) Sotpatrov and Linpprra, Bull. Pacifie Sci. 
Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 20, fig. 3, 1980 (Far East Seas). 


Depth 1314 to 15 to end of tail; head 414 to 414; disk length 114 
to 114 in its width and tail less than disk. Snout 114 to 134 in head, 
tip slightly produced and rounded; eye 4 to 414 in snout, 214 to 27% 
in interorbital; dentary width 3 to 31% in head; teeth in 30 to 45 
rows in jaws, small, each with low cusp as keel; nostrils small, inter- 
narial space equals dentary width, front section of inner nasal valve 
little longer than hind valve; interorbital 214 to 234 in head, depressed 
concavely. Guill openings small, equidistant, subequal. Spiracle sub- 
equal with eye, close behind eye, edge without grooves. 

Body largely smooth, especially with age. In young tubercles 
strong and prominent, 2 preocular, 1 above each spiracle, 1 occipital 
with median vertebral row beginning on tail about opposite ventral 
origins, continued as 10 to 18 spines to first dorsal and 1 or 2 in inter- 
dorsal; with age spines much less distinct and largely evident only on 
tail posteriorly. 

First dorsal broad, length 314 to 4 in head; second dorsal similar, 
314 to 4; caudal low, continuous fold from second dorsal; pectoral 


rather obtusely rounded; ventral length 114 to 11% in head; claspers 
broad, flat, extend 24 to hind ventral tips. 


374 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Brown above, in young with variable scattered obscure whitish 
spots, often variably clustered in middle of disk. At each side of 
middle of disk rounded to ellipsoid dark or dusky blotch, always 
larger than eye, sometimes with white or pale center, again as 2 dark 
rings with one inside the other. In addition sometimes a white 
blotch of similar size, with dark ring as border, may be present little 
outside and posterior, also small blackish blotch on hind part of pee- 
toral near base. Large examples show body more uniform, without 
trace of dark spots, though often a white blotch may occur on each 
pectoral little behind its middle. 

China, Japan. Though listed from several localities in the Philip- 
pines by Elera, no other records have ever been given and until they 
are established by unquestioned materials they had best remain as 
doubtful. I have followed Garman in placing Raja meerdervoortit 
Bleeker with this species. My specimens show a great range of vari- 
ation in color markings with age. 


6842. Kowloon, China. October 20, 1908. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 485 
mm. Tail with 5 rows of thorns. Blotchlike cluster of small dark spots on 
pectoral posteriorly and marginally. 

1976 [189]. D 5310. Lat. 21°33’N., long. 116°13’ E., China Sea, vicinity of 
Hongkong. November 4, i908. Length, 124 mm. Armature largely absent, 
mostly smooth. Cluster of dark spots opposite and close to eyes and an- 
other larger at middle of pectoral base, besides some dark spots in inter- 
orbital and few obscure umber spots about hind portions of pectorals. 

1488. D. 53888. Bagatao Island Light (outer), S. 86° E., 21 miles (12°51'30’ 
N., 123°26’15’’ E.), between Burias and Luzon. March 11, 1909. Like the 
following. Both armed as in Miiller and Henle’s plate. Disk above with 
yery minute asperities, giving rough velvety touch. Length, 298 mm. 

1488. D. 5826. Hermanos Island (N.), N. 69° E., 8 miles (18°32’30’’ N., 122° 
01’ E.). November 12, 1908. 2 examples. Length, 290 mm. Lower sur- 
faces nearly dark as back or upper surfaces. Disk above largely smooth. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22612. Miuramisaki, Japan. April 28, 1898. Japanese Govern- 
ment. Length, 482 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48198. Japan. S. Nozawa. Length, 173 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50731. Tokyo, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 266 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 507382. Hakodate, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 200-222 
mm. 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59797. Kagoshima, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 116 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59798. Kochi, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 200 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59800. Kagoshima. Dr. H. M. Smith. May 7, 19038. Length, 
275 mm., very poor. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71129. Japan. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 187 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71801. Hakodate, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 150 to 180 
mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71830. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. Length, 452 mm. 
Male with long clavate claspers, equal head measured to first gill opening. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71904. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. Length, 470 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75875. Japan? P. L. Jouy. Two examples, 373 and 437 mm. 
Smaller male with long clavate claspers nearly long as head. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 375 


RAJA MIRALETUS Linnaeus 


Raja miraletus LINNAxUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 231, 1758 (type locality: 
Mediterranean Sea).—Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
fasc. 3, descr., pl. fig. 2, 1833 (Italy); Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 14, 
1846 (Mediterranean).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 
p. 471 (Bonaparte material). 

Raia miraletus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 324, 1913 (off 
southern Europe).—VONBONDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Sury. South Africa 
Rep. pt. 3, 1922, p. 5, 1924 (compiled).—BArnaArp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 68, 1925 (Agulhas Bank, in 36 fathoms; Natal). 

Raia biocularis Grorrroy SAINT-HILAIRE, Descr. Egypte, Poiss., vol. 1, pl. 24, 
fig. 2, 1809 (type locality: Egypt). 

Raia percomaculata YVoNBoNDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa 
Rep. pt. 3, 1922, p. 9, pl. 21, fig. 2, 1924 (type locality: Station 116, South 
Africa, in 298 fathoms). 


Snout 114 to 114 in head; orbit 1 to 11% in interorbital; mouth 
width 214 to 244 in head; teeth 32 to 41 above, 35 to 40 below; in- 


ternarial 214 to 2% in head; preoral length 11% to 114; interorbital 
434 to 6. 

Spines before and behind eyes vary 1 to 3, on back medianly 
sometimes reduced to 1. In smaller examples median series on tail 
continuous till close up behind eyes and again additional 1 on each 
side of back anteriorly. In some cases median series on tail be- 
come rather reduced in size and inconspicuous in males. Large fe- 
male with 5 series of large spines on back of tail anteriorly and an- 
other shows traces of same number. 


First dorsal length 214 to 3% in head; front ventral 124 to 2. 
South Africa, Natal. Also in the Atlantic. 


12 examples. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte No. 224, also skeleton same 
data. Length 165 to 421 mm., width 96 to 263 mm. 


RAJA OCELLIFERA Regan 


Raia ocellifera Recan, Ann. Natal Goy. Mus., vol. 1, p. 2, pl. 2 (type locality: 
Algoa Bay and Natal coast, 40 fathoms), p. 242, 1906 (Bird Island).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 365, 1913 (South Africa).— 
GILcHRIsT and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 286, 1916 
(compiled ).—Von Bonpbe and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep. 
pt. 3, 1922, p. 5, 1924 (compiled).—BarnuHarp, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 21, p. 67, 1925 (False Bay to Natal) ; vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1015, 1927 (note). 

Raja ocellifera Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 193 
(Natal).—NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 42, 1935 (False Bay, Agul- 
has Bank, off Cape St. Blaize, Algoa Bay; Natal; types). 

Raja capensis (not Gmelin) Mititrr and Henie, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 151, 1841 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—Dumérm, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 540, pl. 12, figs. 11-12 (tubercle and spine), 1865 
(types).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 419, 1865 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Raia capensis Von BonbDe and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep., 
pt. 3, 1922, p. 4, 1924 (South Africa, in 146-160 fathoms). 

156861—41——_25 


376 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 214 in snout; head to first gill opening 2 in length to vent. 
Snout 114 in head to spiracles, produced in short point; eye 234 in 
snout, 144 in interorbital; mouth width 134 in preoral length; firm 
interorbital 224 in snout. 

Before each eye strong divergent spines and 1 close behind; strong 
median vertebral spine 114 in eye; down back of tail row of 10 
spines to first dorsal, also spine between dorsals. 

First dorsal opposite middle of tail; pectorals form disk length 
114 in its width, front angle obtuse, front edges slightly undulate ; 
tail to base little longer than disk length, 114 in disk width. 

Above chocolate, with variable scattered neutral dusky spots, few 
or obsolete toward disk margins and none oscellated. On caudal 5 
transverse neutral dusky bands or blotches. Below whitish, margin 
of disk grayish. 

South Africa, Natal. 


1 example A.N.S.P. Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 183 mm. 
2 egg cases A.N.S.P. Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 80 mm. 


RAJA CAUDASPINOSA Von Bonde and Swart 
Raia caudaspinosa Von BONDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa 


Rep., pt. 5, p. 8, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1923 (type locality: Natal coast, in 280 
fathoms).—BarNarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 66, 1925 (Natal). 


x 


Raja caudaspinosa NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 37, 1935 (lat. 34°8’ S., 
long. 17°33’ E., in. 302?-548 m.; lat. 38°48’ S., long. 17°29’30’’ E., in 235- 
402 m.). 

Head to spiracle 714 in total; disk length 114 its width, tail slightly 
longer than rest of body. Snout 114 in head measured to spiracle, 
blunt, hardly produced, angle very obtuse; eye 33% in head to spir- 
acle, 244 in snout, 214 in interorbital; teeth in numerous rows, square 
based and sharp pointed; 3 suprascapulary spines each side from 
region 3 rows of large stellate-based spines extend all space to first. 
dorsal where median series ends, lateral series continue to end of 
tail either side dorsal and caudal; spines gradually smaller towards 
end of tail; all way from shoulder to first dorsal spines of lateral 
series larger than median series; also on sides of compressed tail from 
root to nearly half way 2 belts of numerous, minute spines, belts 
narrowing until at middle of tail continued as single row of small 
spines to end of tail; outer nasal edges with grooved, fringed, long, 
projecting funnel-like flaps and fringed flaps over mouth corners; 
interorbital 124 in head to spiracle, flat. Spiracles slightly inclined 
from horizontal, little less than eye and close behind. 

Except smooth areas behind spiracles either side and either side 
median line above abdomen disk sparsely covered with stellate based 
spines; latter as 2 broad belts on front disk edges, rostrum, inter- 
orbital and orbital ridges, as triangular cluster behind head including 
region of shoulder girdle; on hind disk edges each side group of 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 377 


scattered spines, between groups and belts on front edges few scat- 
tered spines; 6 spines on orbital ridge. 

Dorsals oval and caudal continuous along slightly raised median 
fold, no spine between dorsals, all 3 covered 34 either side with small 
spines in belt from front part of base along dorsal margin of fins 
backwards. Pectorals form subcircular disk, front edges sinuous, 
slightly concave behind and convex in wide curve opposite eyes. 

Uniform dusky gray or mud color. Lower surface white. Length, 
346 mm. (Von Bonde and Swart.) 

Natal. 


RAJA ANNANDALEI Weber 


Raja annandalei Werser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 598, 1913 (type lo- 
cality: Between Kajoa and Batjan, in 397 m; Halmahera Sea, in 827 m).— 
Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (compiled). 

Snout somewhat prominent; mouth transverse, bowed medially, 
width nearly half preoral; teeth in 40 to 42 rows, median bowed 
and longer than laterals, bases oval heart-shaped; interorbital some- 
what less than 14 snout length from eye or from middle of mouth. 
Spiracle not large, diameter 34 horizontal eye diameter. 

Whole back more or less covered with small denticles, absent each 
side of snout tip; large, curved, hooked thorns, on round bases, 3 in 
middle of snout, 2 or 3 before and 1 behind orbital edge, 1 above 
spiracle, 4 in mid-line of back; in middle of each pectoral group of 
5 depressible; on upper side of tail 3 rows of thorns, 30 in median 
row and each side row with 25 or 26; upper side of tail with fine 
denticles; under side of disk and tail smooth. 

Dorsals equally long and bases in contact; caudal low fold; pec- 
torals form disk width greater than space between snout tip and caudal 
base; front pectoral angles scarcely sinuous, lateral angles rounded; 
cloaca nearly 14 nearer snout end than caudal end. 

Upper surface of body clear gray. Dorsals brownish. Under sur- 
face of body, including ventrals and tail, chocolate color. Disk length, 
154 mm., width 190 mm. (Weber.) 

East Indies. According to Weber young above dark gray, below 
whitish with reddish. Near Raja reversa Lloyd. 


RAJA MAMILLIDENS Alcock 


Raja mamillidens Atcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 380, 1889 (type 
locality: Gulf of Manaar, in 597 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Investigator, pl. 8, 
fig. 1, 1892; Cat. Deep Sea Fishes Indian Mus., p. 19, 1899 (type). 

Raia mammillidens GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 350, 1913 
(compiled). 

Head to spiracle 614 in total length; disk length 114, its width or 
2149 in total length. Snout 11% in head to spiracle, short, broad, only 
slightly exserted ; eye 614 in head to spiracle, 524 in snout, 314 in inter- 
orbital; mouth crescentic; teeth in female with globular base and 


378 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


mammary point, 24 oblique rows in upper jaw, 18 in lower; inter- 
orbital 134 in head to spiracle. Spiracle close behind along hind eye 
edge, nearly equals orbit. 

Whole upper surface of disk, including ventrals and tail, all sur- 
faces of posterior half of tail including dorsals and rudimentary 
caudal, covered with small, sharp, close set prickles; large spine at 
each angle of each orbit, pair between spiracles, 1 or 2 on each shoul- 
der girdle each side center of disk and single row down middle of 
back from occiput nearly to first dorsal fin; under surface of disk 
smooth and glandular. 

Dorsals adjacent, separate, posterior larger or about 2 in head to 
spiracle, interdorsal very narrow notch; pectorals form rhomboidal 
disk, angles rounded, front edges slightly and broadly sinuous. 

In life uniform jet black, dark chocolate in spirit. Length, 292 
mm. (Alcock.) 

India. Known only from the type, a female in the Indian Museum. 


RAJA DURBANENSIS Von Bonde and Swart 


Raja durbanensis VoN Bonvr and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep., 
pt. 5, p. 11, pl. 22, fig. 1, 1923 (type locality: Natal coast, in 470 fathoms).— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 69, 1925 (Natal coast). 

Head to spiracle 634 in total; disk length 114 its width, 214 in tail. 
Snout 114 in head measured to spiracle, front edges almost straight 
and meet at acute angle; eye 5 in head to spiracle, 414 in snout, 214 
in interorbital; mouth nearly straight, 214 in preoral length; teeth 
in numerous rows, rhombic based and slightly denticulate; outer nos- 
tril edges with funnel-shaped flaps and slight fringed flaps cover 
mouth corners; interorbital 214 in head to spiracle, flat. Spiracles 
small, oblique, close behind eyes, smaller than eyes. 

Whole upper surface, including sides of tail, covered with small 
spines; under surface smooth; stellate based spine before each orbit 
and 2 behind; row of equally large median spines from behind head 
to tail to first dorsal; 2 suprascapular spines on each shoulder, 1 large 
and other small. 

Dorsals separate, small, pointed, first little larger or 124 in snout; 
caudal minute; pectorals form quadrangular to rhombic disk, front 
margins nearly straight, outer angles, posterior margins and angles 
broadly rounded; ventrals pointed posteriorly and notched about to 
middle. 

Reddish brown. Dorsals, caudal, and lateral folds deep reddish 
brown. Under surface as above, except areas around mouth and 
abdomen, which white. Tail below like body. Length, 232 mm. 
(Von Bonde and Swart.) 

Natal. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 379 


RAJA ISOTRACHYS Giinther 


Raja isotrachys GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 434, 
1877 (type locality: Coast of southern Japan, in 365 fathoms) ; Rep. Voy. 
Challenger, vol. 22, p. 7, pl. 3, 1887 (lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 188°, E., in 365 
fathoms).—JorpDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 (ref- 
erence).—JORDAN and Fow Ler, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 649, 1903 
(compiled).—TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 35, p. 670, pl. 155, figs. 480-4382, 
1927 (Mororan to Hokkaido, Kesen).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java. p. 501, 1980 (reference). 

Raia isotrachys GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 354, 1913 (com- 
piled). 


Head to spiracle 524 in total; disk length 1% its width, slightly 
greater than tail. Snout 11% in head to spiracle, not produced, would 
form slightly obtuse angle, slight notch either side near tip; eye 414 
in head to spiracle; 484 in snout, 244 in interorbital; mouth slightly 
waved, width 2% in preoral length from mouth corner; teeth sub- 
equal, bluntly pointed, upper about 35 rows; oronasal groove, inter- 
narial 214 in space to snout tip and little greater than mouth width, 
hind valve large, with rather weakly developed fringes posteriorly ; 
interorbital 2 in head to spiracle. Spiracles directly behind eye, 
oblique, little greater than eye. 

Body and tail entirely covered above with small asperities, each 
with stellate base and spine at center; no spine on superciliary edge; 
on back near front end of vertebral column pair of larger spines, 
interspace equals interorbital; asperities about middle of interspace 
between spines larger than others; about 20 median spines in row 
on tail end at first dorsal; under surface smooth. 

Dorsals subequal, about 3 in snout, interspace about 14 base of first; 
caudal rudimentary, 314 in snout; pectorals form rhomboid disk, 
front edges slightly undulate, broad angle blunt and convex, hind 
edge broadly convex, likewise hind angle; ventrals deeply notched. 

Above uniform purplish brown, narrowly edged much darker on 
posterior edge of disk. Hind ventral edges darker narrowly. Be- 
low whitish, edged with dark color on hind edge of disk and ventrals, 
corresponding with upper surface. Length 600 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. 


RAJA TOBAE Tanaka 


Raja tobae TANAKA, Dobuts. Zasshi, Tokyo, vol. 28, p. 313, 1916 (type locality: 
Miyazu).—JorpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 113, 1925 
(Miyazu; Tokyo market; Toba market; Kagoshima Bay; Mikawa Bay).— 
TanAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 35, June 20, p. 673, 1927 (Kesen in Riku- 
zen) ; vol. 36, pl. 156, figs. 484-486, 1927.—Fow ter, Proce. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1980 (reference).—F ane and Wane, Contr. Biol. 
Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 264, fig. 22, 1982 (Chefoo).—WAng, op. cit., 
vol. 9, No. 3, p. 104, 1983 (Chusan). 


380 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Raja meerdervoortii (not Bleeker) JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 23, p. 337, 1900 (Tokyo).—PAvLENKo, Minutes Kazan Soc. Naturalists, 
vol. 42, p. 11, 1910 (Petri Magni Bay).—Fowtrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1910, p 471 (Hakodate).—Jorpan, TANAKA, SNyDER, Journ. 
Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, p. 26, fig. 1913 (Japan).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific 
Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 3, p. 38, 1928 (Fusan, Korea). 

Raja meerdervoorti JoRDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 650, 
fig. 7, 1903 (Tokyo, Nagasaki, Kobe, Wakanoura, Hakodate).—JorpAN and 
Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., vol. 31, p. 515, 1906 (Port Arthur, 
Manchuria). 

Raja meerdevoorti SMITH and Popr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 460, 1906 
(Kochi; Kagoshima). 

Raia meerdervoortii ENGELHARDT, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, pt. 3, p. 102, 
1913 (Munich Museum). 

Head to spiracle 824 in total length; disk length 114 in its width, 
124 in tail. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, would form wide obtuse 
angle, with short point at tip; eye 314, 27% in snout, 14% in inter- 
orbital; mouth slightly waved, width 134 in space between mouth 
corner and snout tip; teeth in 31 rows, subequal, bluntly pointed; 
oronasal groove present, anterior nasal valve tubular, posterior valve 
large, without or with weak fringes, internarial 114 in distance to 
snout tip, subequal in length to mouth width; interorbital 1% 9 in 
head to spiracle. 

Body and tail above entirely covered with small asperities, each 
with stellate base and spine at center; no large spines on supra- 
orbital; on back near front part of vertebral column 2 large spines 
each side, pair nearer median line larger; row of large vertebral 
spines from middle of back to dorsals of which 12 to 14 before vent 
and 25 to 29 posterior; 1 or 2 interdorsal spines; under surface 
smooth. 

Dorsals small, first little larger or 224 in head to spiracle, inter- 
dorsal 34 base of first; caudal low small fold; pectorals form rhom- 
boid disk, front edge undulate, outer and hind angles broadly convex. 

Uniform purplish brown, narrowly edged darker in hinder and 
inner margins. Hind ventral edge narrowly edged darker. Under 
surface whitish, hind edges of disk and ventrals broadly edged with 
dark dusky. Length,282 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan, Korea, Manchuria. Included by Taranetz as a synonym 
of Raja kenojei. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Hakodate, Japan. Stanford University. Snout 144 in 
head; interorbital 344 to 4; mouth width 234 to 224; internasal 234 to 
234; preoral length 14% to 1144; first dorsal length 3 to 4; front ventral 
edge 1%4; upper teeth 38 to 40, lower 37 or 38. Single median thorn on 
back. Preocular spines 2, postocular 1. Dusky pores or ducts of loren- 
zini below. Row of spines down tail above. Spine between dorsals. Lat- 


eral folds of tail well developed. No caudal fold. One with copepod 
parasite on upper surface of ventral. Both males. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 381 


RAJA KUJIENSIS Tanaka 


Raja kujiensis TANAKA, Dobuts. Zasshi, Tokyo, vol. 28, p. 173, 1916 (type 
locality : Kuji, in Hitachi, northeast of Tokyo).—JorDAN and Huspss, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 109, 1925 (translation).—FowLeEr, Proc. 4th 
(1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (compiled). 


Disk rhomboid, wider than long inclusive of ventrals. Snout 
slightly pointed, tip forming angle of 140° length twice interor- 
bital; teeth in 25 rows in jaws. Spiracle shorter than eye. 

Body with uniformly scattered small spines, very few in small 
area behind spiracle, none on eye border only; large spines in single 
row from behind eye to second dorsal on midline of back; near 
disk center pair of rather large spines either side of line of mid- 
dorsal spines; lower surface of disk entirely smooth. 

Disk weakly crenulate in front edges, rounded at outer angle form- 
ing angle about 100°, hind disk angles rounded in angle about 90°. 

Purplish brown, with few black spots, scattered irregularly and 
unsymmetrically in relation to middorsal white. Below dead white, 
with few dusky spots, margin dusky gray. Length, 825 mm. 
(Tanaka.) 


Japan. 
RAJA NASUTA Miller and Henle 


Raja nasuta (Banks) Miiiter and HEnte, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 150, 
1841 (type locality: Australia, Ocean near Totaranni, New Zealand) .— 
Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 112, 1851 (reference).—DuMERIL, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 572, 1865 (copied).—Hercror, Colonial Mus. Gov- 
ernm. Surv. Rept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 84, 1872.—Hutrton, Trans. Proc. 
New Zealand Inst., vol. 8, p. 216, 1876 (Oamaru).—Hecror, Handb. New 
Zealand, p. 16, 1879.—WaireE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 18, pl. 19, 
pl. 21, fig. 2, 1909 (Chatham Islands, New Zealand, 9-105 fathoms).— 
RENDAHL, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. Kjébenhavn, vol. 81, p. 1, 
1925 (Napier).—Younc, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 60, p. 140, 1929 
(Chatham Islands).—Fow.tmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 500, 1930 (reference). 

Raia nasuta GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 366, 1913 (New Zealand 
and Australia). 

Raya oryrhynchus (not Linnaeus) CAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Vic- 
toria, vol. 1, p. 224, 1872 (Victoria). 

Raya rostrata (not Lacépéde) CasTELNAU, Victoria Office Rec. Philadelphia 
Exhib. (Intercol. Exhib. Essays No. 5), p. 17, 1873 (Melbourne) ; Proc. Zool. 
Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 57, 1873 (on above). 

Raja rostrata Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 312, 
1880 (Port Phillip) ; vol. 6, p. 376, 1881 (Port Phillip). 

Raia scabra Oatpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 17, 1888 [type locality : 
Manly, New South Wales; Port Phillip, Victoria (on Raya rostrata 
Castelnau) ]. 

Raja scabra Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 46, 1890 (refer- 
ence).—McCuLtocn, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 11, 1927, 


382 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 14% to end of tail; head 344; disk length 11% in its width, 
tail less than disk. Snout 124 in head, moderately long, produced in 
rather broad tip; eye 9, 624 in snout, 3 in interorbital; dentary width 
244 in head; teeth in 44 rows in jaws, small, each with low cusp; 
nostrils small, front valve moderate, internarial equals dentary 
width; interorbital 38, depressed concavely. Gill openings small, sub- 
equal, equidistant. Spiracle slightly less than eye, deep, broad, edges 
entire. 

Skin above rough to touch, asperities large on end of snout and 
rostral cartilages terminally, before each eye and in interorbital; 4 
large tubercles along superciliary edge, besides smaller one outward 
and directly before eye; large occipital tubercle ends in sharp-pointed 
spine, followed by smaller one; from above ventrals row of strong 
vertebral tubercles, 24 to first dorsal and 2 more in interdorsal space; 
sides of tail roughly asperous. 

First dorsal broad, length 5 in head; second dorsal 514, similar; 
moreover the body appears much rougher. 

New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand. 


U.S. N. M. No. 39667. New Zealand. Otago University. Length, 410 mm. 
RAJA MURRAYI Giinther 
Raja murrayi GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 15, pl. 5, 1880 (type 


locality : Kerguelen Island). 
Raia murrayi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 364, 1913 (compiled). 


Head to first gill opening nearly 5 in total length; disk length 
114 its width, 2 in total length. Snout 134 in head, forms slightly 
obtuse angle with end somewhat projecting; eye 5, 27% in snout, 214 
in interorbital; mouth width 27% in head, but very slightly arched; 
teeth pointed in both sexes, more so in male than in female; nostrils 
rather large, internarial 3 in head, broad flap at each mouth corner 
with hind edge fringed; preoral length 114 in head; interorbital 
1%, cartilaginous firm region wide as orbit length. Spiracle large, 
oblique, close behind eye, slightly less than eye. 

Curved spine in front and behind each orbit; 4 to 6 similar spines 
in triangle in middle of back; tail with median series of 16 to 18 
spines, only very small ones on sides; these spines present in both 
sexes, young and old; in male greater part of body above smooth, 
with usual patch of recurved spines near pectoral angle; in female 
whole upper surface covered with scattered, small, stellate asperities, 
still more numerous in young; caudal series of spines in young 
usually continued forward to dorsal spines. 

Dorsals close together, posterior little larger, 27% in head, inter- 
dorsal narrow notch; pectorals form rhomboid disk, front edges 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 383 


undulate, outer and hind angles obtusely rounded; ventrals notched, 
hind section broad. 

Above brown, with rounded darker and lighter ill-defined spots. 
Yellowish ocellus, little larger than orbit, edged with blackish, on 
each side of median line in male. Length, 445 mm. (Giinther.) 

Kerguelen Island. Only known from the types, 2 adults and 3 
young, obtained by the Challenger Expedition. 


RAJA PLUTONIA Garman 


Raia plutonia GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 8, p. 236, 1881 (type locality : 
Off South Carolina) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 335, pl. 18, fig. 1, 
1913 (lat. 31°57’ N., long. 78°18’35’’ W., in 333 fathoms).—Barnarp, Ann. 
South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 68, 1925 (off Cape Point and south of 
Agulhas Bank, 450-560 fathoms). 

Raia albalinea VoNBoNDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep., pt. 
5, p. 6, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1928 (type locality: South Africa, in 280-600 fathoms). 

Head to spiracle 8 in total length; disk width 1,5 in its length, 
which 124 in rest of body. Snout 1% in head to spiracle, angle 
broadly obtuse; eye 3 in head to spiracle, 245 in snout, 2 in inter- 
orbital; mouth slightly undulate, width little less than half preoral 
length; teeth in numerous rows, small, slightly spinose; outer nostril 
edges fringed, flaps over mouth corners slight and unfringed; inter- 
orbital 114 in head to spiracle, flat. Spiracle close behind eye, 
oblique, length 11% in eye. 

Disk and sides of tail covered with spines; 2 spines before and 2 
or 3 larger behind orbit; median series of large spines behind head 
extend on tail to first dorsal; each shoulder with group of 2 or 3 
spines; no spines between dorsals; under surface smooth. 

Second dorsal much larger than first, about 2 in snout, interdorsal 
narrow notch; caudal shorter than first dorsal; pectorals form sub- 
circular disk, front margins slightly undulate, outer angles and hind 
margins very rounded and arclike. 

Brown to light brown above, with irregular transverse white retic- 
ulations, on tail forming irregular white blotches. Under surface 
cream colored. Length, 165 mm. (Von Bonde and Swart.) 

South Africa. Also off east coast of North America in the At- 
lantic. I follow Barnard in placing Raia albalinea with this species. 
He gives its length to 250 mm. 


RAJA SIBOGAE Weber 


Raja sibogae Wrser, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 600, fig. 122, 1913 (type 
locality: Bali Sea, in 289 m.).—FowLer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 (reference). 

Head to spiracle 624 in total length; disk length 114 in its width, 

1% in tail. Snout to orbit 124 in head to spiracle, little exserted in 


384 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


broad triangular point; orbit 314, 214 in snout, 17% in interorbital ; 
middle of jaws arched, 36 rows of teeth above, and 28 below, conic; 
interorbital 114 in snout to orbit, concave. Spiracles little inclined, 
close behind orbit, half of orbit. 

Upper surface of disk covered with small spines, absent above 
ventrals and each side of back posteriorly, also outer broad pectoral 
borders; row of larger thorns along each inner edge of orbit; row 
of 5 vertebral thorns medially over branchial region; at front of 
each pectoral band of large thorns, also oval group on outer postero- 
median portion of each pectoral, all these areas nearly twice length 
of orbit; tail above with many irregular rows of thorns; entire lower 
surface smooth. 

Dorsals and caudal continuous basally, former two separated by 
narrow notch, subequal, 134 in snout to orbit; caudal low fold but 
little over half dorsal; pectorals form rhomboidal disk, front edges 
undulate, outer and hind angles broadly convex. 

Brown above, with indistinct, darker, rounded blotches. Under 
surface white. Length, 314mm. (Weber.) 

Bali Sea. Described from a male said to suggest Raia andamanica 
Lloyd, known from a female. 


RAJA LINTEA Fries 


Raja lintea Frirns, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 1838, p. 154 (type locality: 
Sweden). 

Raia lintea GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 36, p. 329, 1913 (northern 
Europe).—BArnNaArp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 72, 1925 
(west coast off Cape Peninsula, in 200-3800 fathoms). 

Width only little greater than body length, equals space from snout 
end not quite to end of ventrals. Snout produced, pointed, tip acute, 
front margin slightly undulate; rostral cartilages united about half 
their length; eye less than interorbital, which 4 in snout; teeth in 
female in 60 rows with very small points; internasal twice distance 
of nostril from snout tip. 

Upper surface with stellate-rooted asperities and small hooked 
spines over snout, front edges and hind parts of pectoral; groups of 
slightly larger spines in front of and behind orbits, on and before 
suprascapular region and in about 5 irregular rows down back, con- 
tinued along tail to dorsal fin; sides of tail closely set with smaller 
spines; lower surface with minute asperities on snout. 

Outer pectoral angle broadly rounded, hind edge convex. 

Uniform brownish gray, light beneath. Length, 740 mm. (Bar- 
nard.) 

West coast of South Africa. Also North Atlantic. Barnard’s 
record on a single female. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 385 


RAJA BATIS Linnaeus 


Raja batis LinNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 231, 1758 (type locality: 
European Ocean).—Fow tr, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 471 
(Italy).—NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 39, 1985 (off Cape Point, in 
100 fathoms). 

Raia batis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 331, 1918 (coasts of 
Europe).—THOMPSON, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 2, p. 156, 1914.— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 70, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1925 (False 
Bay and off Cape Point, in 34 to 100 fathoms). 

Dasybatis batis BONAPARTE, Cat. Metod. Pesci. Europei, p. 18, 1846 (Atlantic). 

Raia machuelo Osspeck, Nova Act. Acad. Leopold. Carol., vol. 4, pp. 99, 104, 1770 
(type locality: Spain). 

Raja osbeckii WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 5382, 1792 (on Osbeck). 

Raja hispanica SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 369, 1801 (on Osbeck). 

Raia gaimardi VALENCIENNES, Voy. Island Groénland, Gaimard, Poiss., without 
text, pls. 2-8, 1847 (no type locality given). 

Raja leiobatos GRAy, Cat. fish Gronow, p. 10, 1854 (type locality: Oceano Sep- 
tentrionali). 

? Raia chinensis BASILEWSKy, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, p. 251, 1855 
(type locality: Oriental Sea, Pekin, China).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 356, 1913 (copied). 

Raja chinensis Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 1930 
(reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 187, 19380 (compiled). 


’ 


Snout 114 in head; mouth width 2%49; teeth above 48, below 45; 
preoral length 124 in head; internarial 234 ; interorbital 4149. 

Body largely smooth above; series of spines externally to pectoral 
tip to ventral; single small vertebral spine behind pharynx; series of 
median obsolete tail spines above; snout tip slightly rough above, 
below largely rough; body otherwise smooth. 

Dorsals 2, well separated, first dorsal length 3 in head; no caudal; 
lateral tail folds well developed; front ventral edge 114. 

Pores to ducts of lorenzini dusky. 

South Africa, also in the East Atlantic. 

Raia machuelo Osbeck is noticed with oblong body, except caudal. 
Head rough, partly rounded, oval. Eyes oblong. Upper jaw long. 
Teeth acute, wide. Nostril large. Body finely rough. Pectorals 
form rhomboid disk. Brown above, white to pink white below. 
Length, 305 mm. or more. 

The imperfectly noticed Raia chinensis Basilewsky is said to be 
near this species. The following are the few fragments of its 
description : 

Snout long, pointed. Jaw teeth small, robust, smooth. Head 
rough above; under edge and ends of pectorals for outer third with 
pointed, curved spines; back with single obtuse scute. Caudal fleshy, 
partly compressed, with obtuse scutes anteriorly, acute behind; small 
dorsals; caudal small; at base ventrals fleshy, notched, shorter than 
disk. Gray above, white below. Length, 509 mm. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Italy. C.L. Bonaparte. Length, 390 mm.; width 250 mm. 


386 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


RAJA NAEVUS Miller and Henle 


Raja naevus Mutter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 138 (type lo- 
cality: Atlantic coasts of Europe, Mediterranean Sea) ; p. 194, 1841 (note). 

Raia naevus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 321, 1918 (Atlantic and 
Mediterranean coasts of Europe).—BARnN4rD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 
21, pt. 1, p. 72, 1925 (west coast, off Cape Peninsula and Saldanha Bay, 100— 
200 fathoms). 

Width little greater than space from snout end to ends of ventrals. 
Snout somewhat obtuse, short, only slightly produced; rostral car- 
tilages united about half their length; eye less than interorbital, 
which little over 3 in preocular length; teeth 54 with short points in 
male; internasal less than space from nostril to snout tip. 

Upper surface with small asperities on snout, front pectoral edge, 
and sides of tail, more numerous and widely spread in young; 
spines on supraorbital ridge, 1 or 2 on suprascapula, median row 
from occiput to dorsal, flanked on hinder part of body and on tail 
in larger individuals by another row, sometimes by 2 rows on tail; 
lower surface smooth. 

Pectorals with front edges undulate, outer angles broadly rounded, 
hind margin convex. 

Brown, uniform or chiefly in young with numerous round dark 
spots, of which one near pectoral base usually more prominent and 
larger than others, surrounded by light ring. Under surface light, 
with usually some irregularly shaped, but more or less symmetrically 
arranged, dark blotches on pectorals and ventrals. Length to 700 
mm. (Barnard.) 

West coast of South Africa, Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts 
of Europe. 

RAJA PHILIPI Lloyd 


Raia philipi Liuoyp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 309, 1906 (type lo- 
eality: Gulf of Aden, in 130 fathoms) ; Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 5, 1907 
(lat. 13°36’00’’ N., long. 47°32’00’’ E., in 180 fathoms, Arabian Sea) ; Ilustr. 
Zool. Investigator, Fishes, pt. 9, pls. 40, 41, fig. 1, 1908; Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 142, 1909 (type).—GaRMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
3538, 1913 (compiled). 

Head to spiracle 514 in total; disk width 1149 in its length, tail 
114 in disk. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, slender, prominent; eye 
614, 5 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth width 214 in head to 
spiracle, 1% in preoral length, which 11, in head to spiracle; mouth 
widely angular; teeth in 80 rows above, 60 below, low, triangular, 
on rhomboidal base; edges of nasal valves deeply fimbriated, united 
across middle line by distinct fold of skin which separated from 
upper jaw by deep curved groove, least width of internarial 224 in 
head to spiracle; interorbital 234, firm cartilaginous portion 414. 
Spiracle close behind eye, little oblique, subequal with eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 387 


Numerous small spinules on snout tip above and close to antero- 
lateral disk edge in posterior half only; 4 thorns before and 3 be- 
hind eye; row of 5 median vertebral spines over branchial region; 
between ocellus and pectoral edge group of lanceolate denticles 
pointing inward; whole lower surface of snout covered with fine 
denticles; 3 somewhat irregular rows of spines on tail above and its 
sides spiny, below smooth. 

Hind dorsal little larger, 234 in snout, interdorsal 7% first dorsal 
length; caudal small, low; pectorals form rhomboidal disk, front 
edges slightly undulate, lateral and hind angles broadly rounded. 

Uniform brown above, with dark ocellus surrounded by paler 
ring at postero-median base of each pectoral. Uniform white 
below, tail dark mottled below. Length, 360 mm., male. (Lloyd.) 

Gulf of Aden. Lloyd suggests Raia powelli may be the female; 
also a female from Travancore appears intermediate. 


RAJA POWELLI Alcock 


Raja powelli Autcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 2, p. 145, 1898 (type 
locality: Gulf of Martaban, Burma, in 67 fathoms) ; Illustr. Zool. Investi- 
gator, pt. 6, pl. 26, fig. 4, 1899; Cat. Deep Sea Fishes Indian Mus., p. 20, 
1899 (type). 

Raja powellii ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 16, 1909 (off Trivandrum, 
west coast of India). 

Raia powelli GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 353, 1913 (copied). 

Raiia powelli Puxay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 352, 1929 
(Travancore). 

Head to spiracle 524 in total length; disk length 11% in its width, 
tail about 114 in disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, rather 
slender, much exserted; eye 614, 514 in snout, 3 in interorbital; mouth 
straight; teeth in 55 rows in either jaw in female, obtusely pointed 
or obscurely tricuspid; preoral length nearly half again as much as 
outer internarial; interorbital 214 in head to spiracle, firm carti- 
laginous interspace 4. Spiracles large, close behind eye, oblique, 
equal orbit. 

Disk surfaces smooth except prickles near snout edge, and edge 
of anterior half of pectoral fin; 2 or 3 spines on front edge of orbit, 
1 behind orbit; row of 8 vertebral spines at nape; 2 or 3 rows of 
spines extend from hind fourth of disk to first dorsal, each side of 
tail thorny; short series of thorns in interdorsal. 

Second dorsal little larger than first, 334 in head to spiracle, inter- 
dorsal 114 in second dorsal; caudal small, low; pectorals form 
rhomboid disk, front edges broadly sinuous, outer and hind angles 
broadly rounded. 

Above warm brown, with pair of large ocelli, one at each postero- 
median part of pectoral base. Lower surface dirty white. Length, 
318mm. (Alcock.) 

India. 


388 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


RAJA OCULATA Risso 


Raia oculata Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 149, 1826 
(type locality: Nice).—GarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 319, 
1913 (off southern England and France).—VoNBoNbDE and Swart, Marine 
Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep., pt. 3, 1922, p. 4, 1924 (compiled). 

Raja maculata (not Shaw 1803) Monraeu, Mem. Werner Soc., vol. 2, p. 426, 
1811-1816 (type locality: “South coast of Devonshire’”’).—BoNAPARTE, Cat. 
Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 18, 1846 (Atlantic, Mediterranean). 

Raia maculata BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 71, 1925 
(compiled). 

Raia brachyura LA¥Font, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 28, p. 503, pl. 25, 1871 
(type locality: “Des cdtes de la Gironde’’). 

Raja brachyura Fow.rr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 471 
(Mediterranean). 

Raia blanda Horr and CAupERwoop, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., new ser., vol. 5, 
p. 395, 1895 (type locality : West coast of Ireland). 

Raja montagui Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 468 (on 
Raia maculata Montagu).—NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 46, 1935 
(note). 

Depth 1014 to end of tail; head to first gill opening 5. Snout 114 
in head, tip slightly protruded and rounded; eye 884, 614 in snout, 
4 in interorbital; mouth width about 2 in head, apparently little 
curved; teeth in 88 rows above, about 86 below, each tooth with 
rather strong point; internasal 314 in head; interorbital 214, firm 
cartilaginous interorbital 4, deeply concave. Second and third gill 
openings longest, subequal with eye. 

Upper surfaces all finely asperous; 4 small spines before each 
eye; median, vertebral series of dorsal spines, from close behind 
spiracles, most developed on tail; incomplete lateral row of few spines 
on each side of tail irregularly, of 10 spines on left side and 7 on 
right side; space above each ventral laterally on disk smooth; also 
front lobe of ventral; lower surface of disk largely smooth, broad 
medial area with scattered asperities, also under surface of tail more 
or less roughened. 

First dorsal fin little shorter than second or 214 in snout; no 
caudal; tail 114 in disk length; pectorals form rhomboid disk, 
slightly shorter than wide, with front edges undulate and hind 
edges slightly convex; front ventral lobe 124 in snout. 

Above dull brown, with numerous close-set, rounded, darker brown 
spots, all smaller than interspaces. Below uniformly pale. 

South Africa. Also in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 


A.N.S.P. No. 17366. Mediterranean. C. L. Bonaparte. No. 76. Dr. T. B. Wilson. 
Length, 1,095 mm. Dried skin. 


RAJA QUADRIMACULATA Risso 


Raia quadrimaculata Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 150, 
1826 (type locality: Nice).—GarMaNn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
323, 1913 (coasts of Europe and Madeira).—VoNBonpDE and Swart, Marine 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 389 


Biol. Surv. South Africa Rep., pt. 5, p. 5, 1924 (South Africa, 205 fathoms) .— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Moe er 21, pt. 1, p. 70, 1925 (west coast 
South Africa, Cape Peninsula, Saldanha Bay, 100-250 fathoms). 

Raja quadrimaculata BoNAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 3, 
deser., pl. fig. (2 males), 1833 (Italy) ; Cat.-Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 14, 
1846 (Mediterranean).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 
p. 471 (Bonaparte material). 

Raja falsavela BoNApartTs, Icon. Fauna Ital., Peek vol. 3, pt. 2; fase. 26, 
descr., pl. fig. 1, 1836 (type locality: Italy). 

Raia spinosa YARRELL, British fishes, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 574, 1841 (type locality: 
North of Ireland; Dublin Bay). 

Raja circularis Mam, Ofy. Vet.-Akad. Firh., Stockholm, 1857, p. 187 (Sweden). 


Snout 124 in head; mouth width 275; upper teeth 40 to 43, below 
42 or 43; preoral 114; internarial 214 to 234; interorbital 514 to 6. 

Male with patch of recurved spines on head near disk margin op- 
posite eyes. Smaller spines or asperities before and one behind, 
obsolete toward pectoral tips. On back medianly close behind eyes 
2 spines, 3 before and 3 behind eye, and series of depressible ones 
on each pectoral externally. On back of tail traces of 3 series of 


spines. 
First dorsal length 244 to 2% in head; front ventral edge 135 to 
134. 


South Africa. Also East Atlantic. 


2 examples, A. N. S. P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte No. 221. Length, 330-518 mm., 
width 225-231 mm. 


RAJA ANDAMANICA Lloyd 


Raia andamanica Luoyp, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 140, 1909 (type locality: 
Andaman Sea, in 279 fathoms); Illustr. Zool. Investigator, Fishes, pl. 46, 
fig. 2, 1909 (type).—GarMAn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 352, 1915 
(compiled). 

Head to spiracle 614 in total; width 11% its length which 11% in 
rest of body. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, projects very slightly, 
would form obtuse angle; eye 5 in head to spiracle, 334 in snout, 214 
- In interorbital; mouth nearly transverse line, very slightly curved, 
1% of snout; 54 rows of teeth above, 40 below, bases oval, front ones 
worn flat, back ones with low pointed cusp; front limit of nostril 
removed from mouth corner by space equal to mouth breadth; inter- 
orbital 214 in head to spiracle. Spiracle close behind eye, diameter 
about half of eye. 

About 15 large spines over rostral cartilage, not quite reaching end 
of disk; continuous row of 8 large thorns on supraorbital ridge, first 
before eye, last behind eye; single row of large spines in mid-dorsal 
line from short space behind spiracles to tail where less regular; rest 
of upper surface mostly, except posterolateral margins of pectorals, 
covered with small denticles; sides and top of tail spiny, spines larger 


390 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


on upper surface; entire lower surface smooth and naked, except 
terminal half of tail, which bears few very small spines. 

Dorsals small, anterior somewhat larger than posterior (figure 
shows reverse), close to end of tail and separated by space less than 
base of either; caudal narrow fold of skin on lower side of tail; pec- 
torals form rhomboidal disk, front edges undulate, lateral and hind 
angles evenly rounded. 

Uniform slate gray above and below. Length, 210 mm. (Lloyd.) 

Andaman Sea. Known only from the type in the Indian Museum. 


RAJA LEOPARDUS Von Bonde and Swart 


Raid leopardus Von BoNnDE and Swart, Marine Surv. South Africa Rep., pt. 5, 
p. 7, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1923 (type locality: Natal coast in 40-280 fathoms) .— 
BarRnaArD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 74, 1925 (Natal coast). 

Raja leopardus NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 85 (lat. 84°8’ S., long 17°33’ 
E., in 402?-548 m.), p. 44 (off Dassen Island, Table Bay, Cape Point; Natal; 
type), 1935. 

Head to spiracle 714 to tip of tail; disk length 214, length 144) its 
width. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, projects in rounded point 
forming obtuse angle; eye 514 in head to spiracle, 4 in snout, 3 in 
interorbital; mouth nearly straight, with angle in middle toward 
snout, width 2 in preoral length, interorbital 124 in head to spiracle, 
flat. Spiracles oblique, close behind orbit, long as eye. 

Whole disk, excluding ventrals, covered with small spines, extend- 
ing to end of tail, except median line which occupied by row of large 
vertebral spines from shoulder to first dorsal; small spines more 
densely strewn along front edges, rostrum, interorbital and sides of 
median line from head to tail; sparsely covered or almost smooth 
patches on either side of tail root and 2 areas anterior to suprascapu- 
lar regions just behind head; also 2 before and 2 behind eye along 
orbital ridge; 2 suprascapular spines each side of disk center; no 
median spines between dorsals. 

Dorsals and caudal continuous along shallow fold, subequal, about 
long as orbit; pectorals form subcircular disk, front margins slightly 
curved outward and slight concavities in margins either side of front 
end of rostrum, outer angles and hind edges and angles broadly 
rounded in wide curve; ventrals notched about half their length, 
oblong posteriorly and bluntly pointed either side of tail. 

Dusky brown, with numerous distinct very dark brown, nearly 
black spots, varying in size from large, oval, oblong, and circular 
about size of eye on tail to smaller, more evenly circular and numer- 
ous spots on disk and along edges of margins; whole effect resembles 
appearance of leopard skin. With age color of background and spots 
fade, then dirty dusky yellow tinged with brown; spots less intense, 
far between, smaller and less well marked; tail well marked with 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 391 


smaller and larger spots; dorsals and caudal stained black, except 
hind free edges, which brown; lower surface unmarked and with 
ordinary pale yellow color. Length, 247 mm. (Von Bonde and 
Swart.) Natal. 


RAJA NITIDA Giinther 


Raja nitida GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 27, pl. 14, fig. a, 1880 
(type locality: Off Twofold Bay, New South Wales, in 120 fathoms) .— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 63, 1884 (Twofold 
Bay, in 120 fathoms).—McCu.tocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 10, 
fig. 3 (mouth), 1911 (Bass Straits and Victoria); Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 11, 1927.—Fowtker, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference). 

Raia nitida GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 363, 1913 (compiled). 


Head to spiracle 534 in total length; disk length 1449 in its width, 
tail about 114 in disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, tip very 
thin median papillary projection, forms broadly obtuse angle; eye 
314 in head, 21% in snout, 124 in interorbital; teeth with very small 
points, nearly obtuse; internarial between outer nostril edges less than 
their distance from snout tip; interorbital 214 in head to spiracle, 
firm cartilaginous interspace less than orbit. Spiracle close behind 
eye, 114 in eye. 

All upper parts covered with minute asperities; 1 or 2 curved 
spines in front and behind orbit; 1 in middle of back and series along 
median line of tail to dorsals. 

Dorsals close together, interspace nearly % base of first which 
larger or 314 in head to spiracle; pectorals form rounded disk, front 
edge very slightly undulate, outer and hind edges and angles rather 
evenly to obtusely convex; ventral deeply notched, broad behind. 

Above light brown, marbled with dark brown, dark brown blotches 
ornamented by small, round, yellowish ocelli. Length, 204 mm. 
(Giinther.) Victoria, New South Wales. 


RAJA POROSA Ginther 


Raja porosa GUnruer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 154, 1874 (type 
locality : Chefoo).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 
(Mokpo, Korea).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 501, 
1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 185, 1980 (compiled).—FaANeG 
and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 266, fig. 23, 1932 
(Chusan).—WanG, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 104, 19383 
(Chusan).—IkKEDA, Hakubutugaku Zassi, vol. 35, p. 582, 1927 (Momotori- 
Mura). 

Raia porosa GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 350, 1913 (China).— 
Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 160, pl. 5, fig. 15, 1982 
(tooth) (Tsingtao). 

? Dasybatis undulata (not Lacépéde) BiEeKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 
4, p. 120, 1874 (Chinese drawing). 

156861—40——26 


392 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Front part of snout abruptly contracted into narrow thin appen- 
dage; disk width much more than distance from snout end to hind 
margin of ventral fin. Teeth in 54 or 56 series above, pointed in 
male, flat in female; interorbital more than 14 in snout. 

Superciliary margin with a series of spines; rostral process with 
small stellate asperities; series of 3 or 4 spines in median line of 
back behind head; tail with 3 series of spines in male, 5 in female. 
Male with band of hooks near pectoral angle and again on each side 
of head and front disk edge covered with asperities on upper side in 
whole length. Female smooth on parts just noted, but provided with 
broad band of small hooks along upper side of posterior margin. 

Pectorals forming anterior profile undulated. 

Upper parts brown, snout white. Lower parts whitish, tinged 
with brown. Skin of lower part of snout and throat perforated with 
numerous large pores, white in center and surrounded by black ring. 
Width, 110 mm. (Giinther.) 

Northern Chefoo. Giinther’s description based on a male and a 
female. 

RAJA SPINACIDERMIS Barnard 


Raia spinacidermis BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 18, pt. 8, p. 440, 1923 
(type locality: South Africa) ; vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 73, pl. 4, fig. 6, 1925 (South 
Africa, probably off Cape Point in deep water). 

Raja spinacidermis NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 46, 1935 (type). 

Head to spiracle 4%, in total length; disk length 114 in its width, 
tail 124 in disk length. Snout 114 in head to spiracle, pointed but 
little produced, rostral cartilages narrow and slender, united little 
over half their length; eye 6, 47% in snout, 224 in interorbital; teeth 
in 60 rows, median ones slightly pointed; internarial less than dis- 
tance of nostril from snout tip; interorbital 224 in head to spiracle, 
firm cartilaginous interspace 4. Spiracles little oblique, close behind 
eye. 

Whole upper surface of disk and upper and lateral surfaces of tail 
covered with closely set fine, setiform spinules, resembling skin of 
Spinaa, larger and closer on tail than elsewhere; large spines entirely 
absent; lower surface of snout tip with few spinelets; lower surface 
of tail, except median line of basal 24, with setiform spinules similar 
to those on upper surface. 

Dorsals small, separated, about 4 in head to spiracle; pectorals form 
thomboid disk, front edge nearly straight, outer angle broadly 
rounded, hind edge convex. 

Pale slaty gray, becomes slightly darker toward inner margins of 
pectorals, distinctly darker on ventrals. Lower surface similarly and 
as deeply colored as upper surface. Reaches 600 mm. (Barnard.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 393 


South Africa. Known only from a female, possibly a sexual 
variation of Raja microps Giimther, which Barnard considers it. 
The following species of the North Pacific are listed here for 


completeness : 
RAJA ALEUTICA Gilbert 


Raja aleutica Gitpert, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., pt. 11 (1893), p. 397, pl. 21, 1895 
(type locality: Station 3257, north of Sannak Pass, Aleutian Islands, depth 
81 fathoms).—JoRDAN and EVERMANN, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 75, 
1896 (Unalaska).—EvERMANN and GoLpssporoueH, Bull. Bur. Fisheries, 
vol. 26 (1906), p. 230, 1907 (Alaska).—SobpAtoy and Linpsere, Bull. Pacific 
Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 22, 1980 (Far East Seas). 

Raia aleutica GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 348, 1918 (off 
Aleutian Islands). 


Localities: Kamchatka, Aleutians, Alaska. 
RAJA BINOCULATA Girard 


Raja binoculata GirarpD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854, p. 186 (type 
locality: San Francisco).—JoRDAN and GILBERT, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, 
p. 878, 1883 (compiled).—JorDAN and EVvERMANN, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, 
pt. 1, p. 72, 1896 (Monterey to Sitka)—ScH™Mipt, Fishes western seas 
Russia, p. 291, 1904 (Korsakowsk at Saghalin).—EvERMANN and GOLDs- 
BOROUGH, Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 26 (1906), p. 229, 1907 (Alaska locali- 
ties).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 470 (Pacific 
Grove, Calif.)—Brre, Faune Russie, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 90, 1911 (Korsa- 
kowsk ).—JorDAN, TANAKA, and Snyper, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, 
p. 28, 1913 (reference).—Fow.ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1920, 
p. 400 (California materials) ; 1928, p. 279 (Vancouver, British Columbia ; 
Seattle, Wash.), p. 2838 (San Francisco), p. 295 (La Jolla, Calif.).— 
SoLtpatov and LinpperG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 19, 1930 
(Far East Seas). 

Raia binoculata BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 260, 1882 (Sitka; Port 
Althorp; St. Paul; Kadiak).—Garman, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 846, 1913 (California northward). 

Uraptera binoculata GrrarD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survy., Fish, pt. 10, p. 373, 1858 
(San Francisco; Presidio, Calif.). 

Raja cooperi GIRARD, op. cit., p. 872 (type locality: Sand flats near the entrance 
of Shoalwater Bay).—JorDAN and GILBERT, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 42, 
1883 (Monterey to Sitka). 


Snout 1% to 114 in head; interorbital 4 to 434; mouth width 224 
to 234; internasal 234 to 27%; snout tip to mandible 11 to 1%; first 
dorsal length 3144 to 414; front ventral edge 15; to 2149; teeth above 
40 to 44, below 36 to 48; eye socket 114 to 184 in interorbital. 

In male disk widest slightly after middle in its length, front pro- 
files well undulated, and snout tip not extremely tapering. Inter- 
orbital concave. Eye shorter than spiracle. Mouth little curved. 
Teeth acute. Body smooth above, except minute asperities on ros- 
tral cartilages, preocular, vertebral column just after pharynx and 
opposite ventral bases, and along front pectoral margins and lower 
snout surface. Median series of spines on back begins over hind 


394 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


basal region of ventral. About 4 small spines above eyes and 2 
above left spiracle. Series of depressible spines externally on each 
pectoral. Color in alcohol dull chocolate brown above. Several 
obscure dusky blotches at each pectoral base. Below whitish, ducts 
of lorenzini ending in dusky pores. Narrow lateral cutaneous fold 
along tail. Dorsals 2, separated, second continuous basally with 
caudal fold. 

Female with disk widest well after middle of its length, front 
profiles scarcely undulated. Snout pointed. Mouth straight. Teeth 
rather acute. Minute asperities similar to but smaller than in male, 
more numerous on head posteriorly, over greater pectoral area and 
lower region of back. No depressible pectoral spines. On back just 
after pharynx 2 vertebral spines. Over eye 4 spines, none over 
spiracle, An obscure lateral series of spines, besides enlarged median 
series. . 

Saghalin, Korsakowsk, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, 
Oregon, California. Description above from specimens from Pacific 
Grove, Calif., in A. N.S. P. 


RAJA INTERRUPTA Gill and Townsend 


Raia interrupta Girt and TOWNSEND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 232, 
1897 (type locality: Bering Sea).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 345, 1913 (copied). 

Raja interrupta JoRDAN and EvERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2751, 
1898 (compiled).—SotpaToy and LInpBERG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 22, 1980 (Far East Seas). 


Localities: Far East Seas, Bering Sea. 
RAJA PARMIFERA Bean 


Raia parmifera Brean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 157, 1882 (type locality : 
lliuliuk, Unalaska).—JorDAN and GILBERT, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 878, 
1883 (copied).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. 36, p. 345, 1913 
(Unalaska). 

Raja parmifera GILBERT, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., pt. 19 (1893), p. 395, 1895 
(Bristol Bay, Alaska).—JoRpAN and EVERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 47 pt. 
1, p. 74, 1896 (copied).—HvERMANN and GoLpssorouGH, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 26 (1906), p. 230, 1907 (Frederick Sound; Shelikof Strait; Chignik 
Bay; Alitak Bay, Alaska).—Sortpatov and LinpserG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. 
Inst., vol. 5, p. 21, 1980 (Far Hast Seas).—Taranetz, Bull. Associate Acad. 
Sci. S. S. S. R., No. 18, pp. 90, 91, 1985 (note) ; Bull. Pacifie Sci. Inst. Fisher. 
Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 51, 1987. 


Localities: Far East Seas, Alaska. 


RAJA ROSISPINIS Gill and Townsend 


Raia rosispinis Git and TowNsEND, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 231, 
1897 (type locality: Bering Sea.) —Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 345, 1913 (copied). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 395 


Raja rosispinis JORDAN and EVERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2751, 
1898 (copied).—Sotpatov and LinpBere, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. ° Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 22, 1980 (Far East Seas).—Taranetz, Bull. Pacific Sci. Inst. 
Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 51, 1987. 

Raia obtusa Git and TOWNSEND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 2381, 
1897 (type locality: Bering Sea). 


Localities: Far East Seas, Bering Sea. 


RAJA VIOLACEA Suvorov 


Raja violacea Suvorov, Bull. Acad. Sci. Leningrad, vol. 3, p. 483, fig. 1, 1985 
(type locality: Okhatsk Sea).—Taranetz, Bull. Associate Acad. Sci. 
S. S. S. R., No. 18, pp. 90, 99, 1985 (‘Described on two specimens probably 
belonging to different species”); Bull. Pac. Sci. Inst. Fisher. Oceanogr., 
vol. 2, p. 50, 1937. 


Locality: Okhotsk Sea. 


Genus PSAMMOBATIS Giinther 


Psammobatis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 470, 1870. (Type, 
Psammobatis rudis Giinther, monotypic.) (Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 in 
reptiles not involved.) 

Malacorhina GARMAN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, 1877, p. 203, 1878. 
(Type, Raja mira Garman, monotypic.) 

Trolita Wuittey, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 97, 1931. (Type, Raja waitii 
McCulloch, orthotypic.) 


Disk circular. Tail depressed, with fold on each side. Snout very 
short, overlapped by front portions of pectoral fins, which form fore- 
most part of disk. Teeth obtuse. Each nostril with 2 nasal valves, 
anterior forming sort of tube, posterior triangular. Two small dor- 
sals near end of tail, latter without distinct terminal fin. Each 
ventral divided by deep notch, front part narrow and enveloped in 
very loose skin. 

PSAMMOBATIS WAITI (McCulloch) 


Raja waitii McCuLLocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 12, pl. 3, text fig. 4 
(ventral view), 1911 (type locality: Northwest of Greenly Island, South 
Australia, in 44 fathoms).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr. 
Java, p. 500, 1930 (reference). 

Psammobatis waitit WATE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 30, fig. 48, 1921. 

Irolita waititi WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 97, 1931 (reference). 

Head to first gill opening 434 in total length; disk length 1/5 in 
its width, tail 114 in disk length. Snout 124 in head to spiracle, 
broadly rounded, with median rounded papilla; eye 434, 334 in snout, 

31% in interorbital; mouth width 21% in head to first gill opening; 

teeth small, rounded, scarcely juxtaposed, each with small median 

point ; nostrils with raised tubular margin, forming lobe posteriorly ; 
nasal lobes extended back and out, outer edges truncate, posterior 
sinuate, internarial 234 in head to first gill opening; preoral length 

1%; interorbital 17% in head to spiracle. Gill openings gradually 


396 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


smaller to posterior, first rather more than half width of spiracle. 
Spiracle oblique, equals eye. 

Disk smooth above except 2 pairs of spines above front part of 
eyes and 4 over posterior portions; several minute spines on upper 
eyelid; tail with several rows of spines, largest anteriorly, most 
numerous posteriorly; both dorsals covered with minute spines. 

Dorsals subequal, interspace about half base length, first dorsal 
3 in head to spiracle; no caudal; pectorals form circular disk, edges 
all rounded; front ventral lobes well extended. 

Pale brown above with lighter patches covered with small brown 
dots. Body, fins, and tail with numerous small bluish spots, absent 
only on lighter patches of disk. In places bluish spots confluent and 
form reticulations. Lower surfaces slate colored. Length, 454 mm. 
(McCulloch. ) 

South Australia, Southwest Australia. 


Family DASYATIDAE 


Body, head, and pectorals depressed, forming wide disk. Tail 
distinct from disk, narrow and tapering, usually with serrated spine. 
Mouth transverse, more or less curved. Teeth small, in quincunx, 
tessellated. Front nasal valves confluent across narrow isthmus, 
reaching mouth. Gill openings narrow. Spiracles large, close be- 
hind eyes. Front copula of hypobranchial cartilages segmented. 
Skin smooth or rough with spines or tubercles, or both. Pectorals 
meet in front of cranium, forming snout without supporting rostral 
cartilages. Ventrals small, below pectorals. 

A large family with many species, living mostly in the seas and 
rivers of subtropical or tropical countries. They are generally found 
in bays, lagoons, or inlets in shallow water. As they conceal their 
bodies by burying in the mud or sand leaving only their eyes and 
spiracles free, they are a scourge to the unwary bather or fisherman, 
for should one be trodden on it immediately darts its murderous 
caudal spine into the foot or leg of its victim, inflicting painful or 
even mortal wounds. Sting rays are said to fling their tails around 
fishes they attack for food, piercing or tearing at them with the 
deadly caudal spine, much the same as they would try to defend 
themselves from a powerful enemy. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a. DASYATINAE. Disk about wide as long. 
b. Tail long and whiplike. 
Cc. Tail with serrated spine. 
GpeWisks Ovals y tallvGQlMpEesse ds aes. anaes taeene eee ee ereee Taeniura 
@~ Disk quadranculare tail filamentary) eee ee Dasyatis 
c’. Tail without serrated spine; disk cireular____--__-_______ Urogymnus 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 397 


b>. Tail moderate or short. 
e’. Caudal fin present. 


fia ebaile witht sernated spine 2it22 = oh rmerai yess ae ie See Urolophus 

f*.. Pail .withouti serrated, spine)... f2444-.2- =+=.5 Anacanthobatis 

Gi (Nowenuealletime’ eek eo a Urolophoides 

a?, GYMNURINAE. Disk broader than long; tail short-_---___--___--_~- Gymnura 


Genus TAENIURA Miiller and Henle 


Taeniura MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 117. (Atypic: 
Type, Trygon ornatum Gray); Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 400. (Type, Trygon 
ornatum Gray, virtually orthotypic. ) 

Trygon (not Cuvier) GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Descr. Egypte, Poiss., pl. 25, 1817. 
(Type, Raja lymma Forskal, monotypic.) 

Alexandrinum Moin, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., math.-nat. Kl., vol. 42, 
p. 579, 1861 (Atypic: Type, Alezandrinum molini Zigno).—Zieno, Reale 
Inst. Veneto, vol. 8, p. 299, 1874. (Type, Alerandrinum molini Zigno= Raja 
muricata Volta, 1796.) 

Discotrygon Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 468. (Type, 
Discobatis marginipinnis Maclay and Macleay, orthotypic. ) 

Taeniurops GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 3899, 1918. (Type, 
Taeniura meyeni Miiller and Henle.) 

Disk rounded. Tail longer than body, with spine above, in front 
of middle of length. No rostral cartilage. Mouth small, with 
papillae, velum fringed. Teeth small, tessellate, grooved trans- 
versely. Front nasal valves confluent, with free lateral and hind 
edges, median attachment narrow. Cranium prominent, fontanel 
broad and rounded in front of skull, narrow between orbits. No 
dorsal. Subcaudal rayless below terminal end of tail. Pectorals 
meet in front of skull. Ventrals elongate, front rays longer than 
posterior. 

The following species, insufficiently described, appears to approach 
Taeniura meyeni: 


TAENIURA GRABATA (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) 


Trygon grabatus GOEFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Descr. Egypte, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 218, 
pl. 25, figs. 1-2, 1809; p. 232, 1827 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Trygon grabata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 484, 1870 (copied). 
Taeniura grabata MULLER and HEnNts, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 172, 1841 
(Alexandria).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 125, 1851 (copied). 
Taeniura grabatus DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 621, 1865 (com- 

piled). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 514 in total length. Snout 1% in 
head to hind spiracle edge, front edge as seen above broadly convex ; 
eye 13, 9 in snout, 584 in interorbital; interorbital 214 in head to 
hind spiracle edge. Spiracle large, close behind eye, 3 times long as 
eye and interspiracle space 214, in head. 

Skin smooth, except few asperites along side of tail before caudal 
spine and back to its tip (shown on figure). 


398 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Tail 13% in disk length, with caudal fold beginning under caudal 
spine insertion and extending to tail tip; caudal spine 2 in head to 
hind spiracle edge; pectorals form circular disk, which slightly 
broader than long; ventrals obtuse, extend little below hind disk 
edge. 

Above uniform. (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.) 

Giinther says “upper surface covered with minute spines with a 
radiated base.” According to Duméril reddish gray above, white 
below. Disk 1,117 mm., tail 865 mm. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Mouth curved; 2 oral papillae; skin smooth in young, medianly little rough 
with age; grayish, with rounded, dark-edged blue or black spots__ lymma 
a*, Mouth straight; 5 oral papillae; skin smooth; blackish brown_--_._ meyeni 


TAENIURA LYMMA (Forskal) 


Raja lymma ForsKAu, Descript. Animal. pp. VIII, IX, 1775 (type locality: 
(Lohaja, Red Sea).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1511, 1789 (Red 
Sea).—Watrpaum, Artedi Pisce. vol. 3, p. 533, 1792 (copied).—LAcEPEDE, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 119, pl. 4, figs. 2-8, 1798 (“isles de Praslin, 
Cayenne, Asie, Afrique, Amérique”). 

Raia lymnia BoNNATERRE, Tableau encyclop., Ichth., p. 5, 1788 (Red Sea). 

Raja lymna ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 365, 1801 (Red Sea). 

Raia lymna Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 187, 1817 (reference). 

Trygon lymma GEOrFROY SAINT-HiLarrE, Descr. Egypte, Poiss., pl. 27, fig. 1, 1818 
(Red Sea). 

Trygon lymna CLOQuET, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 38, p. 62, 1825. 

Trigon lymna RUPPELL, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, p. 51, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1828 
(Red Sea) ; Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 69, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1885 (reference). 

Taeniura lymma Mttire and HEntrs, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 171, pl. 55, 
fig. 3, 1841 (India, Red Sea, Timor, New Ireland).—Gnray, List fish British 
Mus., p. 124, 1851 (Red Sea, Singapore).—BLrErkrr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 78, 1852 (Batavia, Singapore) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Neder- 
land. Indié, vol. 3, p. (54) 85 (Singapore, Batavia), p. 546, 1852 (Amboina) ; 
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 228, 1854 (Macassar) ; vol. 12, p. 194 
(Ternate), p. 218, 1856 (Nias) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 6, 
1856 (Manado) ; vol. 1, No. 5, p. 8, 1856 (Amboina) ; vol. 2, No. 7, p. 9, 1857 
(Amboina) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, p. 389, 1857 (Timor, 
Koepang) ; vol. 15, p. 248, 1858 (Singapore) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., 
vol. 1, p. 160, 1863 (Morotail, Halmahera).—Dumérm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 619, 1865 (Red Sea, types of Trygon halgani).—Marrens, Verh. 
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 379, 1866 (Red Sea).—GtntTHeEr, Fishes of 
Zanzibar, p. 148, 1866 (Aden, Zanzibar, Mozambique) ; Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 483, 1870 (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Singapore, East Indies, 
Ceram) .—KLuNzINGER, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 241, 1871 (Red 
Sea).—GintTHer, in Brenchley’s Cruise of Cwragoa, p. 409, 1873 (Solomon 
Islands).—ScHMELT2, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Kandavu).— 
Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 1876 (Singapore) .— 
ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 64, 1879 (Kandavu).—K<Arorz, 
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 148, 1881 (Singapore; Sarawak}.— 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 399 


Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 598, 1883 (New 
Guinea).—Ocitpy, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 465, 1885 
(Cape York); Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 20, 1888 (South East 
New Guinea).—Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 
p. 499, 1904 (Padang).—Srate and Bran, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 
239, 1907 (Zamboanga).—Vo.z, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 
241, 1907 (Padang).—Fowtrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 
473 (Padang example).—GiinrHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 495, 
1910 (New Mecklenberg, Solomons, Admiralty Islands).—OcmBy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 1, p. 21, 1912 (Darnley Island).—GAarman, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 399, pl. 53, fig. 4, pl. 55, fig. 7, pl. 71, figs. 4-5, 
1913 (Red Sea, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji) —Wersrr, Siboga Exped., Fische, 
vol. 57, p. 604, 1913 (Saleyer).—Octtpy, Mem. Queensland Mus,, vol. 5, p. 87, 
1916 (Green Island, Cairns, Cape York, Darnley Island).—McCuLtocy, Rec. 
Australian Mus., vol. 13, pt. 2, p. 41, pl. 10, 1920 (Murray Island, Port 
Douglas and St. Crispin Reef, Queensland).—WHlItLEy, Australian Zool- 
ogist, vol. 4, p. 228, 1926 (North West Islet, Cape York and Sir Edward 
Pellew Islands, Queensland).—PaARADICE and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 9, p. 78, 1927 (Pellew Group).—Barnarp, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1015, 1927—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 
1928 (Port Moresby) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 1930 
(Siam, East Indies, Indian Ocean) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 
1931 (reference).—HerrE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 18, 1934 
(Sitanki; Jolo).—Tortronesr, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 
45, No. 63, p. 12, 1985-36 (Red Sea).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 16, 1987 (reference).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 18, 1988 (reference). 

Taeniura lymna Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1412, 1849 
(Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 60, p. 571, 1870 (Singapore).—ScHMELTZz, 
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Hast Indies).—Savvace, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891.—McCuniocH and WuHiTLEy, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 130, 1925 (reference) —-CHABANAUD, Service 
Océanogr. Peches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).—GILTAy, 
Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 16, 1933 (Poeloe Endoe, Aru 
Islands).—Suvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 5, 1937 (Nam Chieu, Trat). 

Taeniura lijmma BiLEeKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland, Indié, vol. 3, p. 740, 1852 
(Macassar). 

Trygon ornatus GRaAy, Ilustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 1, pl. 99, 1832 
(type locality: Singapore). (ornatwm in list of figures. ) 

Trygon halgani Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 100, pl. 3, 1830 
(type locality: Offack Bay, Waigiu; Port Praslin, New Ireland).— 
GUERIN, Iconogr. Poiss., pl. 69, fig. 3, 1838. 

Trygon haiganii SCHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 29, 1869 (Kandavu). 

Taeniura lymnia halgani WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 3, p. 97, 
pl. 11, 1931 (Murray Island, Whitsunday Passage, North West Islet, Bramp- 
ton Island, St. Crispin Reef, Cape York, Port Darwin, Pellew Group). 

Taeniura melanospilos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 4, p. 513, 
1853 (type locality: Batavia, Java).—Dumirit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 620, 1865 (compiled).—SoUTHWELL, Rep. Ceylon Marine Lab., vol. 
1, p. 185, 1910 (Ceylon pearl banks); Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, 
pp. B48, E49.—Fowter, Proc, 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 
1930 (reference). 


400 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Taeniura melanospila GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. British Mus., vol. 8, p. 484, 1870 
(compiled).—KiLuNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 682, 1871 
(Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 740, 1878 (off Coromandel) .— 
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 49, 1885 (North 
Celebes and Macassar).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 56, 
1889.—BovuLenceR, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1892, p. 186 (Muscat) .— 
ZuaMAyeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 
(Oman).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 400, 1913 (copied). 

Discobatis marginipinnis Mactay and Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 10, p. 676, pl. 46, figs. 7-15, 1886 (type locality: Pacifie Ocean 
near Admiralty Islands; on specimen with mutilated tail from Sorry or 
Wild Island). 

Discotrygon marginipinnis Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 
p. 462 (on Maclay and Macleay). 

Depth 18 to 1314 to end of tail; head 6; disk width 1449 to 11% 
in its length, which 11% in tail. Snout 114 to 11% in head, front 
profile as seen from above convex; eye 5 to 514, 314 in snout, 314 to 
31% in interorbital; dentary width 314 to 3% in head, 114 in inter- 
narial width; teeth in 15 to 24 rows in jaws, convex, rhombic; nos- 
trils simple deep pits, edges entire; interorbital 124 to 224 in head, 
depressed medianly, each eye bulging little upward. Gill openings 
moderate, equidistant, last smallest. Spiracles large, deep, larger 
than eye, edges entire. 

Skin smooth in young, variably larger examples roughened with 
some fine asperities near middle of disk. On trunk median row of 
small vertebral tubercles. Tail with 1 to 2 spines in large examples 
of which posterior longer or about long as snout. 

No dorsal; anal as wide fold inferiorly on tail, its depth greater 
than tail depth; pectorals form subcircular disk, outer edges broadly 
convex; ventrals partly triangular elongate, ends in rather wide 
points. 

Back gray-brown, disk paler marginally and including pectorals 
and ventrals, marked with small dark blue or slate blue spots, larg- 
est on head medially and about pectoral bases but becoming numer- 
ous and smaller as if crowded about outer portions of disk. With 
age spots greatly more numerous, especially submarginal small ones. 
None of spots extend on tail, which has blue superolateral longi- 
tudinal line each side. Under surface of body whitish. Anal dusky 
marginally, brownish basally. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malay Pen- 
insula, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Siam, Queensland, Me- 
lanesia, Polynesia. A handsome species easily known by its ornate 
coloration. Garman describes the body as smooth, though with age 
my examples show some roughness. 

8432. Cebu market. March 24, 1909. Length, 440 mm. 


5187. Jolo market. March 7, 1908. Length, 360 mm. to end of broken tail. 
A1412. Tampotana Island. December 31, 1909. Length, 472 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 40] 


7669. Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island. December 28, 1908. Length, 500 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 47611. Red Sea. Glen Island New York Museunr. Length, 280 
mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49826. Massaua, Red Sea. Milan Museum. Length, 345 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58008. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 725 mm. Tail 
eut in half, with 2 spines. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39975. Port Moresby, New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 
585 mm.. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 
Length, 405 mm. In arrack pale olivaceous brown above, darker or dusky 
down disk center and tail above. Disk above marked everywhere with large 
deep ultramarine blue spots varying up to eye in size and irregularly dis- 
tributed. Tail above with 2 longitudinal narrow blue bands along each side 
from junction with disk till opposite lower caudal lobe base. Disk edges 
above somewhat soiled buff brown. Disk below white, edges or borders 
similar to those above, same also of ventrals. Tail dirty white below. 
Lower caudal lobe blackish. 


TAENIURA MEYENI Miiller and Henle 


Taeniura meyeni MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 172, pl. 
1841 (type locality : Mauritius ).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 124, 1851 
(Cape Upstart, Queensland).—DumeEnriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 620, 
1865 (type).—GUnNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 4838, 1870 
(copied).—SaAuvvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., pp. 5, 510, 1891.—Prar- 
son, Ceylon Administr. Rep., p. E18, 1912-13.—GarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 36, p. 400, 19138 (Mauritius).—WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., 
vol. 18, p. 99, 1981 (reference). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 624 to caudal tip. Snout 124 in head to 
hind spiracle edge; eye 434, eye 434 in snout, 244 in interorbital; mouth 
straight, width 114 in internarial or 21% in preoral length; about 28 
lower rows of teeth each with transverse groove; interorbital 134 in 
head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle close behind and slightly less 
than eye, interspiracle space 124 in head to hind spiracle edge. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail with low keel above near end; subcaudal extends over great 
part of tail terminally, equally deep medially as terminally; pectorals 
form nearly circular disk, which little broader than long, subequal 
with tail. 

Blackish brown above. Below white, pectorals and ventrals with 
blackish edges. (Miiller and Henle.) 

Mauritius, Ceylon. According to Duméril the type is 480 mm. 
long. 

Genus DASYATIS Rafinesque 


Dasyatis Rarinesqur, Caratteri animali piante Sicilia, p. 16, 1810. (Type, 
Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque, monotypic. ) 

Dasybatus (Klein) WaLsaum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 581, 1792. [Atypic; type, 
Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, designated by Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol, 4, p. 35, 1881 (inadmissible) .] 


402 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dasibatis Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Pisces, p. 21, 1845.—(Garman) JorDAN and 
Girpert, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 65, 1883. (Type, Raja pastinaca Lin- 
naeus. ) 

Uroxig RAFINESQUE, Indice d’ittiologia siciliana, p. 48,1810. (Type, Dasyatis ujo 
Rafinesque, virtual monotype.) 

Trygonobatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816. (Type, 
Trygonobatus vulgaris Blainville=Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, designated by 
Jordan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. $4, 1917.) 

Trygonobatis BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poiss., p. 35, 1825. (Type, Raja 
pastinaca Linnaeus.) 

Trygon (Adanson) Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 186, 1817. (Type, Raja 
pastinaca Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, 
pt. 1, p. 98, 1917. 

Pastinachus Riprett, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Fische, p. 82, 1828. (Type, 
Raja sephen Forskal.) 

Pastinaca Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 172, 1838. (Type, Raja 
sephen Forskal.) 

Pastinacha Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, pp. 192, 319, 1839. 
(Type, Pastinacha olivacea Swainson=Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, virtually 
tautotypice. ) 

Himantura Mistter and Hente, Arch. Naturg., p. 400. 1837. (Atypic; type, 
Raja uarnak Forskal, designated by Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
36, p. 375, 1913.) 

Himanturus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 875 (392), 1913. (Type, 
Raja warnak Forsk§l.) 

Hypolophus Mutter and HENtE, Arch Naturg., p. 400, 1887. (Atypic; type, 
Raja sephen Forsk&l, selected as example by Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., 
Bologna, vol. 2, p. 202, 18388.) 

Hemitrygon Miter and HENtE, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 90, 1838. (Type, 
Trygon bennettii Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 

Heliobatis MarsH, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, ser. 3, vol. 14, p. 256, 1877. (Type, 
Heliobatis radians Marsh, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Xiphotrygon Corr, Amer. Nat., vol. 13, p. 333, 1879. (Type, Xiphotrygon acuti- 
dens Cope, monotypic.) 

Brachioptera GRatzianow, Zool. Anz., 1906, p. 400. (Type, Brachioptera rhin- 
oceros Gratzianow, monotypic. ) 

Pteropiatytrygon Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 474. (Type, 
Trygon violaceum Bonaparte, orthotypic.) 

Amphotistius GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 375 (392), 1913. 
(Type, Trygon sabina Lesueur, orthotypic. ) 

Toshia WHItTLey, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 19, No. 1, p. 60, 1933. (Type, 
Dasyatis fluviorum Ogilby, orthotypic.) 

Bathytoshia WHITLEY, op. cit., p. 61. (Type, Dasyatis thetidis Whitley, ortho- 
typic.) 

Disk partly quadrangular to partly circular. Tail elongate, whip- 
like, with serrated caudal spine, with or without dermal fin folds 
behind spine and without lateral folds on base. No rostral cartilages 
supporting snout. Front copula of branchihyal cartilages segmented. 
Skin smooth or with spines and tubercles. No rayed dorsal fins. 
Pectorals wanting in front of skull. 

The following species is known only from the original imperfect 


figure of Miiller and Henle: 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 403 


DASYATIS PURPUREUS (Miiller and Henle) 


Trygon purpurea (Andrew Smith) MULier and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 160, pl. 52, 1841 [no locality (probably South Africa, on drawing 
by Sir Andrew Smith.) ]—GUnrTuer, Cat. Fishes British Museum, vol. 8, p. 


472, 1870 (reference). 
Trygon (Himantura) purpureus DumMértIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 593, 


1865 (compiled). 

Dasybatis purpurea BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 78, 1925 
(on original figure of Miiller and Henle). 

Dasybatus purpurea BARNARD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 138, p. 229, 1934 
(Kalk Bay; False Bay, South Africa). 

Head very small, 1334 in total length. Snout 2 in head to hind 
spiracle edge, as seen above forms widely obtuse angle; eye very 
small, 5 in head, 2 in snout, 21% in interorbital; mouth width large; 
preoral length 114 in mouth width; about 26 rows of upper teeth; 
internarial slightly greater than preoral length or 114 in mouth 
width, edge of each flap entire; interorbital 124 in head to hind spir- 
acle edge. Spiracle small, close behind eye, slightly larger than eye, 
interspiracle width 21% in head. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail little shorter than disk length, tapering, spine (one figure 
shows 2 spines) midway in tail length, 514 in disk length; pectorals 
form broad rhomboid disk, front edges but very slightly sinuous, 
outer angles convex; ventrals obtusely rounded. 

Above dark blue to violet, below somewhat clearer blue. Size not 
given, length of larger figure 285 mm. (Miiller and Henle.) 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, HIMANTURA. Tail without keels or folds; disk broader than long; tubercles 
depressed in pavement. 
b*. Tail 3 times body or more. 
c’. Oral papillae 4 to 7. 


G7. Brown, with) aark spots: tail bandeda ==") 22222 Eee ee uarnak 
Ge Brown awith: ughter spots; tall, banded= 22-9222 2 _ gerrardi 
ce. Oral. papillae 2; brown, tail without bands___.__-._.______-____ bleekeri 


b*. Tail twice length of body or myrore. 
e*. Oral papillae 7; reddish-brown spots, more or less reticulate. 


krempfi 
e. Oral papillae 4; brown, with paler spots, snout pointed____ alcockii 
e*. Oral papillae 2; brown, with yellow reticulations__________ favus 


a, PastinacHus. Cutaneous fold on tail below, none above; disk broader than 
long; tubercles rounded, stellate. 

f’. Tail 3 times disk length; snout sharp; oral papillae 5; scales 
tessellatedis brownie aaa se 8 ee bennettii 

f?. Tail more than twice to nearly 3 times disk length. 

g'. Oral papillae 5. 

WV’. Brown, uniform or irregularly spotted white__________ latus 
hes Brown, taily blackish. 5. 2 = Lay ee pS MW os oa A sephen 
ga Oral papillae 4" browny tail, blackisho- === 2292 2s eruveli 


404 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


f®. Tail 114 times disk length; oral papillae 9; bluish slate. 
agulhensis 
f*. Tail once disk length. 
i. Oral papillae 5; 7 median spines on back; greenish-slate 


ADO VE eek rt ed RUE es EN Ph AT Ra DS BN schreineri 
?. Oral papillae 3; spines stellate; slate gray, spotted with 
White tin tbh DAMN, GA UN Ub Si ee eA brevicaudatus 


a*. Dasyatis. <A cutaneous fold below tail, keel above; disk broader than long ; 
oral papillae 5; body smooth; tail 114 body lengths; brown, greenish to 


olive or grayish, with or without pale spots___-------------_~_ pastinacus 

a‘. AMPHOTISTIUS. <A cutaneous fold below tail and another above; disk broader 
than long. 

j’. No larger tubercles in vertebral row___--~----~- sinensis 


7’. Tubercles in vertebral row narrow, depressed. 

k*. Tail little over 2 disk lengths. 
Ut. Back rough, with median row of tubercles; oral papil- 
lae %; brown, olivaceous_-_-~------_-_ fluviorum 
. Body smooth, only tail roughened terminally; oral 
papillae 7; gray, with irregular blackish margins. 
ushiei 

k*. Tail equals 2 disk lengths. 

m. Oral papillae 3; median row of tubercles; above 


chocolate! browne22- 2-2. navarrae 
m. Oral papillae 2; brown, with black-edged blue 
SHOUSH: at Te awe SA ee ee kuhlii 


k*. Tail less than 2 disk lengths. 
nm’. Oral papillae 5; back smooth to rough, tubercles 
broad based in vertebral and scapular rows; 
brown olive to grayish_--—-~__________ brevis 
n. Oral papillae 38; back roughened, tubercles ver- 
tebral and humeral; brown, uniform to clouded. 
akajei 
n*. No oral papillae; back smooth to rough, tubercles 
in median row large; brown, yellowish to red- 
GUIS Tn ah a ed ee ee Be ee as zugei 
k*. Tail once or more length of body. 
o. Oral papillae 5; tubercles with stellate bases; 
white; tail gray, brown=2--—- === microps 
o°. Oral papillae 4. 
p. Olive, tail gray; snout pointed; tubercles 


POUNG CG) a-2 le ee ray ee jenkinsii 
p. Coloration uniform 222-22 22222 ponapensis 
oO} Orally napillsevs 2.22 A eee eee uylenburgi 


o*. Oral papillae 2. 
g. Gray with blackish margins. marginatus 
@. Reddish brown, yellow spotted. 
imbricatus 
@. Brown, with 9_ ill-defined, crescentic, 
brownish markings arched along middle 
OLveach) pectoral== saa granulatus 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 405 


Subgenus HIMANTURA Miiller and Henle 
DASYATIS UARNAK (Forskal) 


Raja uarnak Forskau, Descript. Animal., pp. VIII, 18, 1775 (type locality: 
Arabia ).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn. vol. 1, p. 1509, 1789 (copied )—WAL- 
BAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 534, 1792 (copied). 

Raja arnak ForskKAu, Descript. Animal., p. IX, 1775 (Lohaja; Red Sea).— 
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1512, 1789 (Red Sea).—WaLBAuM, 
Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 5386, 1792 (copied).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 
p. 364, 1801 (Red Sea). 

Raia uarnac Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 1386, 1817 (reference). 

Trygon warnak MU.Lirr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 158, 1841 
(Indian Ocean and Red Sea).—Canror, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 
1405, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—Gray, List fish British 
Museum, p. 116, 1851 (Red Sea; Madras).—BLeEKer, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 69, 1852 (Batavia); (Bengal), vol. 25, 
p. 16 (on Trygon russellii Gray), p. 82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, p. 398, 1855 (Amboina); vol. 21, p. 58, 1860 
(Cape of Good Hope).—BtytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 44, 1860 
(Calcutta ).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 277, 1865.— BLrerKer, Vers]. Meded. 
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 276, 1868 (Batjan).—GintTuer, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 4738, 1870 (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Seychelles, 
Madras, Pinang, India, East Indies).—KtLunzIneceR, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 
Wien, vol. 21, p. 679, 1871 (Red Sea).—Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Ber- 
lin, 1876, p. 853 (New Ireland).—MakrrTens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 
1, p. 407, 1876 (Bangkok).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 737, pl. 194, 
fig. 1, 1878—Mac ray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 366, 
1878 (Port Darwin) ; vol. 5, p. 313, 1880 (Port Darwin) ; vol. 6, p. 377, 1881 
(Port Darwin) ; vol. 8, p. 212, 1883 (Lower Burdekin River, Queensland ).— 
BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 667 (Muscat).—Oermsy, Cat. 
Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 19, 1888 (Burdekin River, Marysborough, 
Port Essington; Malabar).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 
53, 1889.—BartT Lett, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 184, 1896 (Bun- 
tal).—Duncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 193, 1904 (“Sun- 
gai Batu’’?, Banda, Maharami).—STrINDACHNkER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 160, 1907 (Scheich Othman and Kor Gar- 
rich).—Vouz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland, Indié, vol. 66, p. 240, 1907 (Palem- 
bang).—Luoyp, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).—ANNAN- 
DALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 22, fig. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-2, pl. 2, figs. 1-la, 
pl. 3, fig. 2, 1909 (Bengal Bay).—GutntTuer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 
402, 1910 (Samoa ).—PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 
3, No. 27, p. 4, 1912 (Singapore).—Zwaan, Durch Zentral-Sumatra, vol. 2, 
p. —, 1912 (Taluk, Sumatra).—Perarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1912-18, p. 
E 13.—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1912-13, pp. E 43, E 44.—Zue- 
MAYeER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math. phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman) .— 
WEBER, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 602, 1913 (Tamal Djampeah, Makas- 
sar, Saleyer).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, p. E 4; 1915-18, p. 
F 12.—Bampber, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 1915 (Sudanese 
Red Sea).—GiItcurist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 287, 
1916 (reference).—TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 
77, 175, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Trygon warnack RicHarpDsoN, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (Sea of China, 
Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope). 


406 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Trygon (Himantura) uwarnak DumérIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 585, 1865 
(Red Sea, Malabar, Seychelles, Tourane, Cochinchina, Dorey, New Guinea). 

Trygon narnak Weser, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederliind. Ost Indien, p. 458, 1894 
(Borneo, Banka, Java, Ternate, in fresh water). 

Pastinachus warnak RUpreLL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 69, pl. 19, figt 2, 1835. 

Leiobatus uarnak BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 264, 1863 
(Atapupu, Timor). 

Himantura uarnak Sauvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (refer- 
ence).—JORDAN and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 235, 
1908 (Manila).—Ocitzy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 88, 1916 (More- 
ton Bay, Platypus Bay, Pine Peak, Burdekin River, Goode Island).—Mc- 
CULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, July 7, p. 130, 
1925 (reference).—McCuLtocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 12, 
fig. 38 a, 1927—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 17, 1987 (reference). 

Himantura arnak. McCuttocn, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 29, 1929 (North 
Australia; Queensland; New South Wales). 

Dasybdatis uarnak Reean, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 242, 1908 (Durban Bay, 
Natal).—Ropinson, Natal Fisher. Rep., p. 51, 1919.—Barnarp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, p. 76, 1925. 

Dasyatis warnak Stesp, Additions to fish fauna New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 2, 
1907 (Queensland).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 
p. 473 (Padang); vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (Orani and Orion, Philippines) ; 
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 1930 (Hast Indies, Philippines); Hong Kong 
Nat., vol. 1, p. 177, fig. 20, 1980 (East Indies, Philippines) —Wane, Contr. 
Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 109, fig. 9, 1933 (Yenting).—FowLer, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 364, 1985 (Durban); List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 17, 1988 (reference). 

Dasyatis waranak Fowuer, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 101, 1928 
(Bombay ; also Philippine and Sumatran examples) (error). 

Dasybatus uarnak GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 376, 1913 (Indian 
Ocean, Red Sea, East Indies).—Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 7, 1937 
(Maenam Canthaburi; Gulf of Siam; Songkhla; Maenam Tha-cin; Packnam 
Wen). 

Dasybatus (Himanturus) uarnak CHABpANAuD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 
Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam). 

Raja ommescherit ForskAL, Descript. Animal., p. vim, 1775 (type locality: Red 
Sea). 

Raja tajara ForskAu, Descript. Animal., p. vim, 1775 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Raja schoukie Forskat, Descript. Animal., p. vil, 1775 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Raja mula ForsKat, Descript. Animal., p. vil, 1775 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Raja uarnata WatsauM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 713, 1792 (on Forsk4l). 

Raja tafara Watsaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 7138, 1792 (on Forsk§l). 

Trygonobatus longicaudatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 
112, 1816 (name only). 

? Trygonobatus russellianus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, 
p. 112, 1816 (name only). 

? Trygonobatus sindrachus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, 
p. 112, 1816 (name only). 

Trygon chindrakee (Cuvier) BLerKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, 
p. 82, 1853 (on Tenkee shindraki Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 3, 
pl. 5, 1808, type locality : Vizagapatan). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 407 


Trygonobatus russellii Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 100, 
1882-34 (type locality: India). 

Trygon russellii BuytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 42, 1860 
(Calcutta). 

Dasyatis russellii Fowirr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 
p. 499, 1904 (Padang examples). 

Trygon variegatus McCLeLLaND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 60, pl. 2, 
fig. 2, 1841 (type locality: Salt lake, near Calcutta).—BLreEKrR, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 24 (on McClelland), p. 82, 1853 
(reference).—BLyTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. vol. 29, p. 48, 1860 (Cal- 
cutta). 

Trygon (Himantura) variegatus Dumért, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 587, 
1865 (copied). 

Trygon undulata BuEEKeR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 70, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia, Samarang); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 8, p. (152) 167, 1855 (Bandjermassing, Batavia, Samarang). 

Trygon (Himantura) undulatus Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p, 586, 
1865 (Malabar). 

Trygon maculata (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 70, 1852 (name in synonymy). 

Trygon pareh BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 71, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia): Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, p. 
(428) 461, 1853 (Pengaron, Borneo; Batavia). 

Trygon semirugosa (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 71, 1852 (name in synonymy). 

Trygon warnacoides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 
72, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Samarang); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 3, p. (717) 7388, 1852 (Pankalpinang, Banka; Java); vol. 7, 
p. 314, 1854 (Bantem); Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, No. 7, p. 9, 1857 
(Amboina) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 78, 1863 (Banka).— 
BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 588, 1912 (Batavia). 

Trygon acuta (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 72, 1852 (name in synonymy). 

Trygon pastinacoides BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 75, 1852 (type locality: Batavia).—BrAN and Weep, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 588, 1912 (Batavia). 

Trygon ellioti BuytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 41, 1860 (type 
locality : Lower Bengal). 

Trygon punctata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 474, 1870 (type 
locality : East Indian Archipelago ?).—BARTLETT, Sarawak Gaz., vol. 26, No. 
366, p. 184, 1896 (Buntal). 

Trygon (Himantura) ovyrhynchus SavvaGcE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, 
vol. 2, p. 94, 1878 (type locality: Saigon, Cochinchina). 

Himantura gerrardi (not Gray) Tosu, Marine Biol. Rep. Queensland, p. 4, pl. 5, 
fig. 2, 1903 (Goode Island). 


Depth 1634 to 2334 to end of tail; head 6 to 1014; disk about long 
as wide, its length 134 to 234 in tail. Snout 114 to 1% in head, 
forms short median point of blunt wide angle; eye 514 to 8 in head, 
4 to 514 in snout, 234 to 4% in interorbital; dentary width 336 to 4 
in head, waved; teeth in 25 to 38 rows in jaws; nostrils simple pits, 
internasal little broader than dentary width; interorbital 114 to 214% 

156861—41——27 


408 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


in head, nearly level. Gill openings moderate, equidistant, last 
smallest. Spiracle large, deep, little larger than eye, edges entire. 

Skin largely smooth. Spine 1% in interspiracle. A few fine 
asperities on occiput. Large median white tubercle in center of disk, 
surrounded by many smaller close-set flattened ones in form of 
rhomb. 

Dorsal and anal absent; tail very long and tapering; pectorals 
form broad rhomboid disk, hind edges very slightly convex; ventrals 
triangular, rather pointed; claspers short points. 

Back and upper surface of disk dark brown, below whitish. Tail 
dusky. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Mada- 
gascar, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singa- 
pore, East Indies, Siam, Cochinchina, Philippines, Northern Terri- 
tory Australia, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia. With, age the 
middle of the back becomes studded more or less with tubercles, 
finally extending more or less over the head, body and tail. Garman 
says “the vertebral series apparently does not extend upon the tail” 
which is true also of my large examples as well as the small ones. 


9058. Aboyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 1,260 mm. Covered all over 
above with very numerous close-set dark brown spots, crowded closely, though 
smaller toward edges of disk. 

7635. Mouth of Melampaya River. December 26, 1908. Length, 1,445 mm. 
Covered entirely with thick-set dark spots. 

8293. Sorsogon market, Luzon. March 12, 1909. Length, 1,027 mm. Body 
above with small close-set dark obscure spots. 

5087. Sandakan, Borneo, Dutch East Indies. March 2, 1908. Length, 675 mm. 
Marked with creamy spots above though larger and most conspicuous pos- 
teriorly on disk. 

5109. Sandakan. March 3, 1908. Length, 910 mm. 

7187. Port San Vicente. November 18, 1908. This agrees in coloration and 
armature with the Melampaya River specimen. Caudal spines 2, posterior 
1% in head. 

6324. Manila market. July 11, 1908. Length, 1,490 mm. 

6754. Manila market. April 20, 1909. Length, 1,690 mm. This and the pre- 
ceding differ a little, though as both are males possibly sexual. Both have 
in addition to the large median tubercle at the center of the disk 11 or 12 
forward and 4 or 5 posteriorly vertebral tubercles, all smaller. These also 
have a more pointed snout than the others of large size and the dark spots 
are much more indistinct or less defined, also apparently less numerous. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39983. Maryborough, Queensland. Australian Museum. Length, 
1,250 mm. Body marked with close-set pale spots, intervening dark lines 
forming reticulations. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39985. Port Essington. Australian Museum. Length, 1,040 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72481. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. April 2, 1909. 
Length, 178 mm. As Trygon pastinacoides. Disk entirely smooth; caudal 
spine 1%4 in head or little greater than interspiracle width. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72482. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 508 mm. 
As Trygon uarnacoides. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 409 


2 examples A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. Disk 
196 to 225 mm. Brown above, darker in disk center and on disk posteriorly 
number of round whitish spots with darker brown borders than body color. 
Tail basally with similar spots and most entire length with many equal 
whitish rings. Below white, tinted pale brown along edges. 


DASYATIS GERRARDI (Gray) 


Trygon gerrardi Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 116, 1851 (type locality: 
India).—GtnrTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 474, 1870 (types: 
East Indies: Japan).—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 620, 1895 (Lu- 
zon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—Vorz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, 
p. 246, 1907 (Priaman, Padang, Benkulen). 

Trygon gerrardii ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 2, 
pl. 3, fig. 6 (mouth), 1909 (Burma, Chittagonge, Orissa). 

Leiobatis gerrardi BuerKrr, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat., vol. 13, p. 36, 1878 (New 
Guinea). 

Himantura gerrardi JoRDAN and SnypeEk, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 8, p. 42, 1901 
(“Japan”). 

Dasybatus gerrardi GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 377, 1915 
(India, East Indies, Samoa, Zanzibar). 

Dasyatis gerrardi FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java., p. 504, 1980 (reference) ; List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 16, 1988 (reference). 

Trygon macrurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 607, 1852 
(type locality: Padang, Batavia, Samarang); Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 74, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang, Padang); Act. Soc. 
Sci. Ind.-Néerl. (Sumatra), vol. 8, p. 11, 1860 (Priaman); Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, pp. 239, 447, 1859-60 (Singapore) ; Nederland. 
Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 73, 1863 (Banka). 

Trygon liocephalus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool,-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 678, 
1871 (type locality: Koseir, Red Sea). 

Himantura fai JorpAN and SeaLe, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), p. 184, 
fig. 2, 1906 (type locality: Apia, Samoa). 

Trygon uarnak (part) GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 492, 1910 
(on Jordan and Seale). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 111% in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, seen above meets at widely obtuse angle, not 
projecting; orbit 5, 314 in snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth width 134 
in snout; teeth in about 13 upper rows, 23 below; interorbital 114 
in head. Spiracle close behind eye, subequal. 

Seven small spines, close-set vertebral row over last half of bran- 
chial area above center of disk; few scattered minute asperities 
scarcely showing through skin near vertebral spines and on inter- 
orbital, otherwise disk entirely smooth. Upper surface of tail with 
scattered small asperities. 

Tail long, whiplike, without any folds (spine removed); disk 
subquadrangular, length 114 in its width or 2% in tail, front edges 
slightly sinuous, outer angles broadly rounded, hind edges convex 
with ends obtuse. 


410 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Above drab brown, uniform, top of tail dusky. Under surface of 
disk uniform white and under surface of tail light brown. 

Red Sea, Zanzibar, India, East Indies, Japan, Polynesia. Also 
reported from the Philippines by Elera. According to Garman 
possibly a variety of Dasyatis warnak. 


U.S.N.M. No. 51712. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 1,195 mm. 
Type of Himantura fai. 


DASYATIS BLEEKERI (Blyth) 


Trygon bleekeri BryruH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 41, 1860 (type lo- 
eality : Bengal).—Dumfrm. Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 598, 1865 (copied). 
—GuUnTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 475, 1870 (copied).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 738, pl. 195, fig. 3, 1878; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 54, 1889.—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 26, pl. 3, 
fig. 9 (mouth), 1909 (off Burma and Orissa).—Prarson, Ceylon Admin- 
istr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F14.—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, p. 
173, 1923 (Nontaburi) ; Mem. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 464, 
1924 (Tale Sap, Outer Lake).—Tr1Rant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 
Chine, 6° Note, p. 175, 1929 (Cochin China).—Suvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 
5, 1937 (reference). 

Dasybatus bleekeri GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 379, 1913 (com- 
piled) —Suvatri1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 6, 19837 (Ko Yai; Kwae Yai). 

Dasybatus (Himanturus) bleekeri CHeEvEyY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° 
Note, p. 7, 1932 (Cochin China). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 834 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eye 834, 614 in snout, 424 in interorbital; jaws 
distinctly undulated, upper medially forms narrow conical downward 
projection, lower with corresponding median concavity; teeth dark 
reddish brown, with single transverse ridge, very distinct on unworn 
teeth and divides as 2 equal convex surfaces marked with longitudi- 
nal corrugations; on mouth floor 2 long fingerlike processes nearer 
one another than either to mouth angle but rather widely separated ; 
interorbital 214 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles close be- 
hind and little larger than eyes, interspace 2. 

Large round tubercle in middle of back, commonly 3 smaller dis- 
posed before and 8 similarly behind. Tubercles sometimes along 
upper tail surface to caudal spine, with age extend to its extremity. 

Tail long, whiplike, spine about first eighth of its length or 27% 
in head to hind spiracle edge; pectorals form subrhomboidal disk, 
length 214 in tail, width 1}; in its length, front edges slightly sinuous 
and hind and outer angles broadly rounded. 

Above uniform dark brown. Ventral surface in young white, with 
broad dark-brown margin, with age broadens over most of disk; 
sometimes leaving distinct median streak which may be obscured by 
dark blotches or disappear. (Day, Annandale.) 

India, Ceylon, Cochin China. Known by its uniform coloration 
above, the tail without pale rings. Blyth reported one 2,465 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 41] 


long. According to Garman “apparently one of the numerous 
varieties of D. warnak.” 


DASYATIS KREMPFI Chabanaud 


Dasybatus (Himanturus) krempfi CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
1923, p. 47, text fig. 2 (buccal papillae) (type locality: Pnom Penh, Cam- 
bodia) ; Service Océanogr. Péches. Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 6, 1926 (reference). 

Dasybatus krempfi CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1923, p. 558 (Pnom 
Penh). 

Dasyatis ee Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 
19380 (reference). 

Snout short, sharp point on front disk edge; eye somewhat promi- 
nent, nearly large as spiracle; mouth feebly incurved, upper jaw with 
3 undulations; lower less so; teeth small, white, in oblique rows, 
with transverse keel faced behind well-marked concavity; 2 series of 
oral papillae, 4 in front equidistant and 3 behind; interocular width 
234 in snout from eye. 

Skin with small polygonal scutes or more or less rounded, sparse 
upon snout and disk above, more numerous upon head and median 
region; somewhat behind center of back large rounded pearl-like 
scute, followed by smaller; more posteriorly series of spiniform scutes, 
prolonged upon tail nearly 3% its length, which considerably more 
remote than insertion of caudal spines. 

Tail 21% to 8 times longer than disk, armed with 2 short spines 
marked each side with 2 feeble grooves, below 2 other grooves deeper 
and approaching each other so convex space separated resembles 
an elevated keel; these 4 indistinct grooves at tail base well marked 
medianly in their length and nearly to their extremity, appearing to 
form above and below rudimentary cutaneous fold; pectorals form 
subcircular disk, somewhat longer than broad, front edges partly 
linear, outer angles rounded and hind angles narrowly rounded; 
ventrals subtriangular, outer angle moderately prolonged. 

Above very pale, with reddish-brown spots, irregularly rounded, 
often confluent, paler in centers, compact so pale coloration gives 
aspect of network. Rest of tail and all body below white. Length, 
655 mm. (Chabanaud.) 

Indochina. Said to be near Dasyatis imbricatus though its colo- 
ration suggesting Dasyatis favus. 


DASYATIS ALCOCKII (Annandale) 


Trygon alcockii ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 27, fig. 3, 1909 (type 
locality : Puri, Orissa coast). 

Dasybatus alcockii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 378, 1913 
(copied. ) 


Head to hind spiracle edge 1% in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above pointed, forming right angle; 


412 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


eye small, 934 in head, 714 in snout, 5 in interorbital; mouth small, 
jaw distinctly but not strongly undulated; teeth white, with single 
distinct transverse ridge, larger on upper jaw at sides than in middle, 
not occupying whole exposed surface of either jaw; interorbital 2 in 
head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles little larger than eye and 
farther apart or interspace 144. 

Skin tough. Scales flat, more or less rounded; largest in small 
patch behind shoulder girdle; between eyes and on middle of hind 
part of back and base of tail larger than those on central part of 
disk, where small and deeply sunk in skin to almost invisible; tail 
completely covered with flat scales except ventral surface of part 
anterior to spine, this surface, pectoral and pelvic fins bare. 

Tail nearly cylindrical but somewhat flattened above base, tapering, 
without cutaneous folds, with single spine equal to space across inter- 
spiracle; pectorals form quadrangular disk, its length 124 in tail, 114 
in its width, outer angles rounded. 

Above dark olive-brown, with small, obscure, pale spots scattered 
all over disk and base of tail. Fin edges purplish above. Dorsal 
and lateral surfaces of tail brown, without markings except at base. 
Ventral surface, including base of tail, white suffused with pink. 
Rather broad purplish lateral margin marbled with white. Length, 
about 1,988 mm. (Annandale.) 


DASYATIS FAVUS (Annandale) 


Trygon favus ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 3, 
fig. 10 (mouth), 1909 (type locality: Off Orissa). 
Dasybatus favus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 377, 1913 (copied). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 714 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, rather produced; eyes small, widely separated ; 
mouth large; teeth white, transverse ridge feeble even on unworn 
teeth; on mouth floor 2 bluntly triangular processes with irregularly 
serrated margins and joined together by similarly serrated ridge. 
Spiracle large, 534 in head. 

Skin without denticles with stellate bases. 

Tail slender, tapering (spine apparently removed in photograph, 
its insertion about first thirteenth in tail length) ; pectorals form very 
flat disk, broadly rounded, length 134 in tail. 

Dorsal surface of disk very dark brown with bold reticulation of 
dull yellow, becomes less regular on fore part of disk; yellow spot 
or streak in middle of most of meshes of reticulations. Ventral sur- 
face white. Length, 1,300 mm. across disk. (Annandale.) 

India. According to Garman “apparently a variety of D. warnak.” 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 413 


Subgenus PASTINACHUS Riippell 


DASYATIS BENNETTII (Miller and Henle) 


Trygon bennettii Miitter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 160, pl. 52, 
1841 (type locality: China and Trinidad).—Ginruer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 480, 1870 (China, India, British Guiana).—T1RaAnt, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 77, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Trygon bennetti Mittter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, pl. 52, 1841.— 
RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan. p. 197, 1846 (China Sea).—-Gray, List 
fish British Museum, p. 118, 1851 (China).—BLEerKerR, Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 2, p. 55, 1865 (Amoy).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 52, 1889. 

Trygon bennetii Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 620, 1895 (Luzon, Manila). 

Trygon (Hemitrygon) bennetti DuMEéRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 595, 
1865 (no locality). 

Dasybatus bennetti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 388, 1913 
(compiled). 

Dasybatus (Pastinachus) bennetti CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19* Note, 
p. 7, 1982 (Cambodge). 

Dasyatis bennettii Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 
19380 (reference). 

Dasyatis bennetti FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 178, 1930 (compiled). 

Trygon carnea RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (type locality: 
China Sea, Macao).—DumEriL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 595, 1865 
(reference). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 824 in total length. Snout 124 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above ends in nearly even triangular 
point; eye 5, 314 in snout, 224 in interorbital; mouth width 2% in 
preoral length; internarial 2; interorbital 2 in head to hind spiracle 
edge. Spiracle close behind and little larger than eye, interspiracle 
space 17%. 

Skin smooth in young, with age rough with pavement of scales 
and tubercles on middle of back and tail, asperities less close set be- 
hind caudal spine. 

Tail with serrated spine about first eighth its length, long as 
snout; narrow fold below about long as caudal spine; pectorals form 
subrhomboid disk, length 21 in tail, very slightly longer than wide, 
front edges nearly straight, outer angles and hind edges broadly 
rounded. 

Above grayish yellow, tail darker. Below white. (Miller and 
Henle.) 

India, China, Cochin China, Amoy. Also reported from the 
Philippines by Elera. Duméril gives the length of an example in 
the Paris Museum as 914 mm. 


DASYATIS LATUS (Garman) 


Trygon lata GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 6, p. 170, 1880 (type locality : 
Hawaiian Islands).—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 498, 1910 
(copied), 


414 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dasibatis lata (Garman) JorpAN and GirpErt, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 67, 
18838 (type). 

Dasyatis lata JorpAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1 
(1903), p. 47, 1905 (copied). 

Dasybatus latus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 388, pl. 32, fig. 1-2, 
1913 (type). 

Dasyatis latus Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (Honolulu; type 
of Dasyatis sciera) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 1930 
(Hawaii). 

Trygon tuberculata (not Bonnaterre) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 480, 1870 [type locality: Sydney (not American materials) ].— 
Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 378, 1881 (Port Jack- 
son).—Oemsy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 20, 1888 (Port 
Jackson). 

? Trygon pastinaca (not Linnaeus) Macieay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 5, p. 313, 1880 (Port Darwin; Port Jackson). 

Dasyatis thetidus (Ogilby) Watre, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 46, 1899 
(type locality: Newcastle Bight and off Wata Mooli, New South Wales).— 
McCuttocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, p. 104, 1915 (description in key) ; 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 462, pl. 40, fig. 1-2, 
text figs. 1 (tail), 3 (back of female), 1921 (off North Head, New South 
Wales, 20-40 fathoms) ; Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 12, 1927. 

Dasyatis thetidis Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 233, 1908 (New South Wales). 

Dasyatis sciera JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 421, pl. 1, 
fig. 2, 1904 (type locality : Honolulu).—Swnypek, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 
22 (1902), p. 515, 1904 (Honolulu).—Jorpan and EverMaANn, Bull. U. S. 
Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1 (1903), p. 47, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1905 (type). 


Depth 2134 to end of tail; head 724; disk length 114 its width, 
15% in tail. Snout 114 in head, ends in very slight point of broad 
angle; eye 634, 5 in snout, 314 in interorbital; dentary width 314 in 
head, 114 in internasal; teeth in 40 to 44 rows in jaws (not 26 very 
oblique series as given by Jordan and Evermann) ; row of 8 fleshy 
points along floor of mouth; nostril large pit, simple, internarial 
broader than mouth; interorbital 2 in head, nearly level. Gull 
openings equidistant, last shortest. Spiracle large, deep, about 114 
eye diameters, edges entire. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine extracted. Tail rather rough or 
asperous terminally above. 

Dorsal rudimentary, only as very slight, short median keel behind 
caudal spine; anal as long low median cutaneous keel below; pec- 
torals form partly quadrangular disk, their outer hind edges slightly 
convex; broad ventrals rather short. 

Uniform brown above. Tail dusky terminally. Under surface 
whitish, with pale brownish on outer marginal portions of pectorals. 

Hawaiian Islands. Garman said of the tail “with top and sides 
armed with small tubercles and an irregular series of broad-based 
tubercles along each side. A pair of large erect compressed tubercles 
in front of the caudal spine, a single tubercle above the middle of 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 415 


the pelvic arch, three larger, elongated tubercles the points of which 
extend backward above the middle of the shoulder girdle.” 


U.S.N.M. No. 64125. Honolulu. O. P. Jenkins. Length, 1,032 mm. Type of 
Dasyatis sciera. 
DASYATIS SEPHEN (Forskal) 


Raja sephen ForskKAt, Descript. Animal., pp. VIII, 17, 1775 (type locality: 
Djedda, Lohaja, Red Sea).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1508, 1789 
(Red Sea).—Watpaum, Artedi Pisce. vol. 3, p. 533, 1792 (copied).— 
Lac&kprpDsE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 122, 1798 (Red Sea).—ScHN«EIDER, Syst. 
Ichth. Bloch, p. 3860, 1801 (Red Sea).—SHaw, General zoology, vol. 5, 
p. 288, 1804. 

Raia sephen BoNNATERRE, Tableau Encylop. Ichth., p. 4, 1788 (Red Sea).— 
Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 187, 1817 (reference). 

Trygonobatus sephen BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816 

‘(name only). 

Trigon (Pastinachus) sephen RUpPpELL, Atlas Reise Nord]. Afrika, Fische, p. 52, 
1828. 

Trigon sephen RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth. Fische, p. 69, 18385 (reference). 

Trygon sephen GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 482, 1870 (Indian 
Ocean, East Indies, Pinang, Seychelles).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Port Mackey).—PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
p. 853, 1876 (New Britain).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 740, pl. 195, 
fig. 2, 1878.—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 212, 
1883 (Lower Burdekin River) ; vol. 9, p. 64, 1884 (Lower Burdekin River 
in salt water).—Octmpy, Cat. Fish. Australian Mus. pt. 1, p. 20, 1888 
(Burdekin River; South East New Guinea).—Day, Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 50, figs. 21-22, 1889.—Savuvacr, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, 
Poiss., p. 510, 1891.—BovuLEeNcER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1892, p. 136 
(Muscat).—Weser, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederlind. Ost.-Indien, p. 458, 
1894 (Java, in fresh water).—DunckKER, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 
vol. 21, p. 194, 1904 (Kuala Lumpur).—Vo1iz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 66, p. 240, 1907 (Palembang).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 85, 1909 (off Burma).—Gitnrurer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, 
p. 384, 1910 (New Pomerania; Pelew Islands).—PEraARsoN, Ceylon Administr. 
Rep., 1912-13, p. H13—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, 
pp. E41, E42, £45, E48, E50.—Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 604, 
1913 (Aru Islands).—ZucGMAyYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math-phys. K1., 
vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 (Mekran and Oman).—BaAmMBeER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 
vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 1915 (Sudanese Red Sea).—PrArson, Ceylon Admin- 
istr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F12.—Ocirspy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 87, 
1916 (Moreton Bay and Lower Burdekin River).—Pittay, Journ. Bombay 
Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. 33, p. 353, 1929 (Travancore).—T1RAnt, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 77, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Trygon (Hypolophus) sephen KLUNZzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 680, 1871 (Red Sea). 

Hypolophus sephen MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 170, 1841 
(India; Red Sea).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, 
p. 429, 1849 (Sea of Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—BLEEKER, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal).—Gray, List 
Fish British Museum., p. 123, 1851 (India).—BtrerKrer, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 77, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang, Gresik, 
Surabaja, Kammal, Surakarta); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 [on Wolga 


416 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


tenkee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 2, pl. 3 (Vizagapatam), 
p. 15 (on Raia sancur Buchanan-Hamilton), p. 82, 1803 (reference) ].— 
Biytu, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 37, 1860 (Calceutta).— 
DuMEnRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 616, 1865 (Red Sea).—Day, Fishes 
of Malabar, p. 279, 1865.—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1905, p. 461 (Baram, North Borneo).—OctLtBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 
5, p. 87, 1916 (Moreton Bay).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, 
p. 465, 1924 (Tale Sap, Outer Lake, Singora). 

Hypolophus sepheni Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 5, 1937 (on Hora). 

Dasyatis sephen Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 238, 1908 (New South Wales).— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (Orion, 
Philippines) ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 102, 1928 (Bombay ; 
Philippine example) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10 p. 25, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 1930 (East Indies; Phil- 
ippines) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 19381 (note).—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 16, 1937 (refer- 
ence).—Fow Ler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 17, 1938 (reference). 

Dasyatis (Pastinachus) sephen TorToneEsE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 
ser, 3, vol. 45, p. 12, 1985-86 (Mar Rosso; Massaua). 

Dasybatus sephen GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 384, 1913 (Indian 
Ocean, Red Sea, East Indies, India).—Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 6, 
1937 (Bangkok; Thale Sap, Inner Lake). 

Dasybatus (Pastinachus) sephen Curvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° Note, 
p. 7, 1982 (Cochinchina ; Cambodia). 

Pastinachus sephen McCuttocn and Wurittey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 130, 1925 (reference).—McCvuttocn, Fishes of New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 37a, 1927. 

Raia sancur BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, p. 2, 1822 (type locality: 
Ganges River). 

Trigon forskalii Riprett, Atlas Reise Nord]. Afrika, Fische, p. 53, pl. 13, fig. 
2, 1828 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Trygon wogla-tenkee Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 399, 1829 (on 
Wogla-tenkee Russell). 

Taeniura atra MActeAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 598, 1883 
(type locality: New Guinea).—GarMaAn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 401, 1913 (copied).—Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 1928 
(copied); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 1930 
(reference). 

Pastinachus sephen ater Wuittry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 3, p. 99, 
1931 (type of Taeniura atra; Burdekin River). 

Taeniura mortoni Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 212, 1883 (type locality: Lower Burdekin River, Queensland) ; vol. 9, 
p. 64, 1884 (copied).—Oamrpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 87, 1916 
(note).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 30, 1925 (reference). 

Taeniura lymma (not Forskél) Oertpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 20, 1888 (type of Taeniura mortoni; Cape York). 


Depth 1114 to 1514 to end of tail; head 624 to 1014; disk length 
114, 114 in its width, 1 to 1% in tail. Snout 114 to 134 in head, 
forms short. point of wide blunt front profile angle; eye 434 to 51/4, 
3 to 3% in snout, 234 to 4 in interorbital; dentary width 244 to 3 
in head; teeth in 20 rows in jaws, upper dental plate bent forward 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 417 


and lower plate more flattened, largest upper teeth each side of 
middle little broader than long; nostrils simple, deep pits, inter- 
narial about equals dentary width; interorbital 135 to 1%, nearly 
level. Gill openings moderate, equidistant, last smallest. Spiracle 
twice eye, deep, edges entire. 

Skin of young smooth, with age finely and closely roughened all 
over middle of disk, 1 or 2 caudal spines present, second larger or 
nearly long as head. 

No dorsal; anal as broad cutaneous fold 2 or 3 times deep as tail 
and extends more than half way to its slender tip; pectorals form 
partly quadrangular disk, angles obtuse and hind edges nearly 
straight; ventral short, wide, obtuse, hind edges convex; claspers 
short, narrow, slenderly pointed. 

Back uniform brown. Below whitish. Anal fold blackish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Penin- 
sula, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Indo-China, Melanesia, 
Micronesia, Queensland, New South Wales. A well-marked species, 
readily known by its deep anal fold. According to Whitley the type 
of Taeniura atra measures 899 mm. and is still in the Australian 
Museum. The types of Taeniwra mortoni are lost, though the Aus- 
tralian Museum has a specimen from Macleay’s Burdekin River 
collection which agrees with his brief description, as follows: 

Disk covered with minute spines and 38 or 4 round flattened 
tubercles in line of back on scapular region; sides of disk smooth 
or finely granular. Tail 1% longer than body, with broad rayless 
fin beneath extending to extremity; disk subcircular. Disk dark 
brown in center, sides pale color. 

7448. Bolalo Bay. December 21, 1908. Length, 780 mm. 

5531. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length, 400 mm. 

8291. Sorsogon market, Luzon. March 12, 1909. Length, 900 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39082. Burdekin River, Queensland. Australian Museum. Length, 
1,070 mm. 

DASYATIS GRUVELI Chabanaud 

Dasybatus (Pastinachus) gruveli CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 
45, fig. 1, 1923 (type locality: Gulf of Siam); Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam). 

Dasyatis gruveli Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 
1930 (reference). 

Snout angle very obtuse, snout equals interorbital; eyes very pro- 
truded, somewhat larger than their apertures, longitudinally equals 
22 mouth length; upper jaw forms sharp angle at symphysis drawn 
in reversed V with branches curved in obtuse angle and lower jaw 
strongly undulated; teeth yellowish, many smaller upon middle of 
upper jaw; oral papillae 4, median pair very close together; 
interorbital flat. 


418 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Skin soft above, with small asperities upon snout, interocular and 
crown, larger and very rough on back medially posteriorly and base 
of tail, upon middle of back form 3 or 4 longitudinal series of large 
convex scutes. 

Tail nearly 214 times disk, strongly depressed basally; single spine 
inserted little before first third in tail; lower fold extends from first 
fourth of tail nearly 34 total tail length; pectorals partly rhom- 
boidal, front lateral edges partly convex, outer angles rounded, hind 
edges partly rectilinear; ventrals with outer angles rounded. 

Gray-brown above, darker medially, below tail and especially ter- 
minally. Lower fold of tail brown passing to black at its free border. 
Below disk and tail whitish. Length, 1,000 mm. (Chabanaud.) 

Gulf of Siam. Said to be related to Dasyatis sephen in body more 
convex, pectorals short before snout, and 4 oral papillae instead of 5. 


DASYATIS AGULHENSIS Barnard 


Dasybatis aguihensis BarnarD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 78, 
1925 (type locality: Agulhas Bank, South Africa). 

Snout obtusely angular, with small median point; eyes small, closer 
together than spiracles; teeth in about 46 rows, not angularly bent, 
each tooth more or less hollowed in center; cutaneous flaps on mouth 
floor 9, 3 median, 1 submedian, and 2 lateral; outer angles of inter- 
nasal flap quadrate. 

Disk smooth, except 3 or 4 small tubercles on radiate bases on point 
of snout, 1 or 2 slightly larger ones before each orbit and 4 com- 
pressed spinelike scutes in middle of back between posterior gills. 
Tail tuberculate. 

Tail 114 times body length, not basally depressed, with lower cu- 
taneous fold extending from beneath spine to or almost to tip, about 
1% tail depth; single caudal spine length 14 its distance from tail 
base; pectorals form disk little wider than long, front margin of 
pectoral slightly longer than hind margin also straight or slightly 
concave, lateral and posterior angles rounded. 

Uniform bluish slate. Length, 1,905 mm. (Barnard.) 

South Africa. 


DASYATIS SCHREINERI (Gilchrist) 


Trygon schreineri GitcHRiIsT, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, vol. 3, p. 33 (text 
fig.), 1918 (type locality: “Off the rocks at St. James in False Bay”). 
Dasybatus schreinert VONBONDE and Swart, Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa 
Rep., pt. 3, 1922, p. 16, 1924 (reference). 

Dasyatis schreineri BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 76, 1925 
(False Bay, Agulhas Bank to 40 fathoms).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 409, 1934 (Natal). 


Eyes small; teeth with transverse ridges, in about 33 to 48 rows; 
5 oral papillae on mouth floor; outer angles of internasal flap 
rounded ; interorbital Jess than interspiracle width. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 419 


Disk smooth. Tail tuberculate. Series of 7 median spines, in- 
creasing in length to sixth, which about 14 length of tail, seventh 
considerably less. 

Tail subequal to body length, with cutaneous fold below ending 
before tip of tail, deepest anteriorly where 34 diameter of tail above; 
large caudal spine preceded by small one; pectorals form disk little 
wider than long, front edges also longer than hind edges; front pro- 
file of disk as seen above broadly convex, with very small median 
point, lateral and posterior angles rounded. 

Dark greenish slate above, whitish below. Reaches 1,830 mm. 
(Barnard.) 

South Africa. The type destroyed. 


DASYATIS BREVICAUDATUS (Hutton) 


Trygon brevicaudatus Hutrron, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 317, 1875 
(type locality: Dunedin Harbor, New Zealand); Trans. Proc. New Zea- 
land Inst., vol. 8, p. 216, 1876. 

Dasybatis brevicaudatus Hutron, Index Fauna New Zealand, p. 53, 1904. 

Dasybatus brevicaudatus WaAttTE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 151, 
pl. 22, 1909 (off Table Cape and Bay of Plenty, 34-55 fathoms).—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 385, 1913 (New Zealand). 

Dasyatis brevicaudatus McCuttocy, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 102, 
pl. 15, fig. 1, pl. 17, fig. 1, 1915 (Bass Strait, in 60 fathoms).—McCuLLocH 
and Waite, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 39, p. 461, 1915 
(Great Australian Bight, in 22 fathoms).—WaiItTrE, Ree. South Australian 
Mus., vol. 2, p. 31, fig. 44, 1921—McCuttocy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 462, text fig. 2 (tail), 1921 (New South Wales and 
South Australia, in 20-40 fathoms); Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, 
p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 36c, 1927—Fowter, Proe. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 505, 19380 (reference). 

Bathytoshia brevicaudata WHITLEY, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 19, No. 1, p. 61, 
19383 (reference). 

Trygon thalassia (not Miiller and Henle) Hecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. 
Surv. Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 85, 1872 (dried tail); Trans. New 
Zealand Inst., vol. 8, p. 216, 1876. 

Trigon thalassia Hector, Handb. New Zealand, p. 16, 1879. 


Head to hind spiracle edge 5% o in total length. Snout 11% in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eye 8, 6 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth 
width slightly less than 114 in preoral length; lateral teeth tubercu- 
lar, inner each with angular cusp with longest on median line; 
broad fimbriated flap behind upper jaw and 5 papillae inside lower, 
of which outer pair smaller than and remote from other 3; inter- 
narial little less than their distance from snout tip, outer angles of 
lobe acute, hind edge with narrow papillose flap forming 2 small 
lobes near median line; interorbital 214 in head to hind spiracle 
edge. Spiracles very large, longer than broad, 1% in interorbital. 

Disk smooth above and below. Tail smooth basally, few small scat- 


420 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


tered spines on sides level with spine insertion more numerous and 
finally rough terminally. 

Tail very slightly shorter than rest of body, depressed before and 
cylindrical behind spine, which inserted little before first third of 
tail, length equals head to hind spiracle edge; tail with low cutaneous 
fold on under surface below caudal spine; pectorals form subquad- 
rangular disk, length 114 in its width, angle of snout broadly obtuse, 
front edges indistinctly sinuous, outer angles rounded, posterolater- 
al borders little convex, nearly straight and form obtuse angle with 
inner margins; ventrals with convex margins, angles somewhat 
rounded. 

Uniform pale grayish brown above, white below. Width, 1,080 
mm. (McCulloch.) 

South Australia, New South Wales, Bass Strait, New Zealand. 


Subgenus DAsyAaTis Rafinesque 
DASYATIS PASTINACUS (Linnaeus) 


Raja pastinaca LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10., vol. 1, p. 232, 1758 (type locality : 
Europe).—ForskaAL, Descript. Animal., p. XVIII, 1775 (Malta).—GMELIN, 
Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1509, 1789 (Europe, Red Sea, Indian Sea.).—WaAtL- 
BAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 527, 1792 (on Linnaeus).—Forstrer, Fauna In- 
dica, p. 13, 1795.—LackpEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 414, 1798 (compiled). 

Trygon pastinaca BONAPARTE, Icon. Fauna Italica, Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 
6, descr., pl., 1834 (Italy) ; Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 12, 1846 (Medi- 
terranean; Atlantic).—NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 9, p. 320, 
1922 (Natal).—Pirtay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 358, 1929 
(Travancore). 

Trigon pastinaca GUIGHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 32, 1863.—SAUVAGE, 
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 4, 1891. 

Dasyatis pastinaca Fow eR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 474 
(Italy ; Beirut, Syria) ; 1928, p. 35 (Beirut example). 

Dasybatus pastinacus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 3889, 19138 
(Hastern Atlantic; Mediterranean). 

Dasybatis pastinacus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 77, 
pl. 4, fig. 8, 1925 (Agulhas Bank to Natal Coast). 

Trygon vulgaris Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe merid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 160, 1826 
(type locality: Nice). 

Pastinaca laevis Gray, Cat. Fish Gronow, p. 11, 1854 (type locality: Atlantic 
coasts of Europe). 

Trygon pastinaca var. marmorata STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-Nat. K1., vol. 59, p. 381, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1892 (type locality: Bay of 
Goreé, Senegambia). 


Depth 514 to 7 in length of disk (measured to hind pectoral edge) ; 
head to first gill opening 244. Snout 124 to 1% in head; eye 5 to 7, 
4 to 51% in snout, 3 to 31% in interorbital; mouth width 27% to 31% in 
head to first gill opening; teeth in 23 to 33 rows above, 22 to 32 be- 
low, small, with obtuse points or cusps; preoral length 114 to 134 in 
head; internarial 244 to 314; interorbital 114 to 17%, depressed, with 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 421 


eyes little elevated each side. Spiracles 114 to 114 times larger than 
eyes. Third gill opening largest, subequal with eye. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail slightly longer than disk, with short low fold behind tip of 
spine and longer lower one below, spine about equals interorbital ; 
pectorals form broad subquadrangular disk, length 1144 to 114 its 
width, front edge nearly straight or but slightly convex, hind edge 
slightly convex; ventral broad, obtuse. 

Above ecru drab to fawn color, outer margins of disk pale, tail 
also deeply colored like middle of back. Under surface of disk 
creamy white, with outer margins of pectorals broadly pale brown. 

South Africa, Natal, Madagascar, India. Also in the Atlantic. 


3880 to 384 A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. No. 219. Dr. T. B. Wilson. 
Length, 315-410 mm. 


Subgenus AMPHOTISTIUS Garman 
DASYATIS SINENSIS (Steindachner) 

Trygon sinensis STEINDACHNER, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 29, p. 1383, 1892 
(type locality: Shanghai) ; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 
59, p. 382, pl. 6, 1892 (type). 

Dasybatus sinensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 393, 19138 
(Shanghai).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 166, 
figs. 12-12a, pl. 5, fig. 7 (teeth), pl. 4, fig. 1 (seale), 1982 (Antung). 

Dasyatis sinensis Fow rer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 
1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 179, 1930 (compiled). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 624 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen from above upper edge forms point 
slightly less than right angle; eye 11, 814 in snout, 5 in interorbital ; 
mouth waved; about 30 rows of upper teeth, pointed in male; 5 oral 
papillae, 3 close together, forward, others wider spaced near mouth 
angles; internarial slightly greater than mouth width, hind edge 
very slightly waved; interorbital 224 in head to hind spiracle edges. 
Spiracle close behind eye, equals 214, eye diameters, interspace 214 in 
head to hind spiracle edge. 

Finely roughened above snout, over interorbital, branchial region 
and back toward caudal spine, with asperities slightly larger on 
vertebral line. 

Tail tapers, filamentous, spine removed though inserted near first 
fifth of tail, with dermal fold above and little higher and longer one 
below; pectorals form rhomboidal disk, front edge largely convex, 
angles widely convex and hind edges nearly straight; ventrals with 
wide hind edges, obtuse; claspers robust, long as interorbital. 

Above and medially light gray, with broad lateral yellowish brown 
edges. Disk length, 320 mm.; tail, 510 mm. (Steindachner.) 

China, 


422 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


DASYATIS FLUVIORUM Ogilby 


Dasyatis fluviorum OciILpy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, p. 6, 1908 (type 
locality: Brisbane River, above tides) —McCuttocu, Biol. Res. Endeavour, 
vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 103, pl. 16, fig. 1, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1915 (Brisbane River and 
Port Jackson).—McCuttocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 (reference).—McCuLtocn, Fishes of New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 36b, 1927.—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 505, 1930 (compiled). 

Dasybatus fluviorum TosH, Marine Biol. Rep. Queensland, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1903.— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 394, 1913 (compiled).—OcILBy, 
Commere. Fish Fisher. Queensland, p. 45, 1915 (Moreton Bay); Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 180, 1916 (Nerang Creek; Great Sandy Strait; 
Moreton Bay). 

Toshia fluviorum Wauittey, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 19, No. 1, p. 60, 1933 (refer- 
ence). 

Trygon pastinaca (not Linnaeus) Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 2, p. 366, 1878 (Port Darwin).—GwunTHeErR, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 
1, pt. 6, p. 37, 1880 (Arafura Sea).—Macteay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 6, p. 377, 1881 (Port Darwin; Port Jackson).—OciLBy Cat. 
Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 19, 1888 (Port Jackson).—KENT, Great 
Barrier Reef, p. 267, 1893 (Queensland). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 814 in total length. Snout 135 in 
head to hind spiracle edge, seen above snout forms obtuse angle slight- 
ly projecting beyond front contour; eye 6, 4 in snout, 334 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width equals internarial between front nasal angles, 
jaws undulated; lower lip corrugated; upper jaw succeeded by wide, 
fimbriated, membranous flap, bearing 30 cilia on free border; mouth 
floor with 7 papillae in 3 groups; free edge of nasal flap minutely 
fringed; interorbital 144 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles 
close behind eyes, little larger, interspace about equals interorbital. 

Row of small, open, mucigerous papillae between snout tip and 
frontal depression; each preorbital group with much larger group, 
extending backward above and below eye and united to rostral sys- 
tem by oblique series of single pores; small, irregular cluster outside 
and partly anterior to preorbital group; semicircular series either 
side of and pair transversely within occipital depression; crescentic 
biserial band of subcutaneous tubular pores below and well outside 
eye; similarly situated oval cluster below spiracles. Small group of 
blunt tubercles above each spiracle, from which more or less ex- 
tended series curves forward along superciliary edge; transverse row 
of 3 tubercles behind occipital depression, from behind middle one 
series of retrorse spines extends along dorsal ridge and continues 
on tail nearly to caudal spine base; 1 of median interscapular spines 
slightly larger than others of vertebral series; entire scapular region 
tuberculigerous, central group quinqueradiate, one branch directed 
forward along and converging on axial series, 2 directed outward to 
level with spiracle and 2 backward but somewhat divergent from 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 423 


axis; on either side between basal angles of outer and hinder 
branches 2 or 3 enlarged tubercles. Spinous tubercles of tail, espe- 
cially 4 nearest caudal spine, larger than those of dorsal ridge; sides 
of tail with few scattered prickles. 

Tail elongated, slender, with upper short fold, highest posteriorly 
and overlapped in front by caudal spine, lower surface of tail with 
much larger and slightly higher fold which originates below base of 
caudal spine; caudal spine inserted about first sixth in tail length, 
long as snout; pectorals form subcircular disk, length very slightly 
less than width or about half tail length, front edges linear, outer 
angles widely obtuse, hind borders rather feebly and inner mod- 
erately convex; outer ventral border nearly straight, long as snout. 

Olive brown above, edges of disk and ventral fins lighter. Tail 
black, lower surface and sides of basal fourth brown. Spine and 
tubercles whitish. Lower surfaces bluish white, discal borders 
brown. Length, about 794 mm. (Ogilby, McCulloch.) 

New South Wales, Queensland. 


DASYATIS USHIEI Jordan and Hubbs 


Dasyatis ushiei JorvAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 114, 1925 
(type locality: Mikawa Bay, Japan).—Fow er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 19380 (compiled). 

Snout tip but slightly produced, front angle 150°; eyes somewhat 
elevated; mouth width about 1/4 less than internarial, little less than 
half preoral, which 14 space from mouth to inner hind angle of 
ventrals; only 23 oblique rows of upper teeth; 7 oral papillae, in 3 
groups of which median comprises 3 papillae; interorbital flattish, 
24 long as snout. Orbit large as spiracle which rhomboid and faces 
about equally outward, upward, and forward. 

Body smooth and smooth shagreen only on posterior 34 of tail. 

Tail little more than twice disk length, slightly compressed ante- 
riorly, terete and whiplike behind spine base; its upper edge with 
rudimentary keel shorter than orbit located not far behind spine 
base and lower edge with very low fold with origin opposite spine 
base extending nearly 14 of space to tail tip, where grading into low 
keel, covered with shagreen, which extends almost to extreme tail 
tip; pectorals form disk nearly 14 broader than long, front margin 
nearly straight. 

Above gray, with some blackish margins of irregular form and 
disposition. Tail mostly blackish, white mottled with darker on 
lower surface of thickened basal portion. Disk white below, with 
darker clouds towards margin posteriorly. Length, 988 mm. (Jor- 
dan and Hubbs.) 

Japan. 

156861—40——28 


424 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


DASYATIS NAVARRAE (Steindachner) 


Trygon navarrae STEINDACHNER, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 29, p. 132, 1892 
(type locality: Shanghai) ; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 59, p. 381, pl. 5, 1892 (type). 

Dasybatus navarrae GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 393, 1913 
(Shanghai).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 
167, figs. 18-18a, pl. 5, fig. 8 (teeth), 19382 (Tsigtao). 

Dasyatis navarrae Fow rr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 
1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 180, 1980 (compiled). 

Dasyatis bennetti (not Miiller and Henle) JoRDAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Car- 
negie Mus., vol. 4, p. 164, pl. 65, 1909 (Takao). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 984 in total length. Snout 114 in 
head to hind spiracle edge; eye 624, 5 in snout, 324 in interorbital; 
mouth width 21% in interspace between first pair of gill openings; 
margin of nasal flap with short fringe; interorbital 2 in head to 
hind spiracle edge. Spiracles little larger and close behind eye, 
interspace 124 in head. 

Median vertebral row of short strong spines begin behind branchial 
region and extend to caudal spine; tail largely and over terminal 
portion above roughened by minute spine-like tubercles. 

Tail long, whiplike, with serrated spine 2 in head to hind spiracle 
edge; behind reflexed spine very short low fold on top of tail ex- 
tends back for space equal to interorbital; below and beginning under 
spine low black cutaneous fold extends back 3 times interorbital; 
pectorals form rhomboid disk, long as wide or 214, in tail, front edges 
nearly straight, outer angles rather evenly convex and hind edges 
shghtly convex; ventrals obtuse, width 114 in interorbital. 

Uniform blackish above, pale below. Tail without bands. Length 
1,145mm. (Jordan and Richardson.) 

China, Formosa. The type, a mature male with the disk 330 mm. 
long, had a band of minute denticles longitudinally over each eye, 
along the vertebral column and grouped about the center of the disk. 


9 


DASYATIS KUHLII (Miller and Henle) 


Trygon kuhlii MULLER and HeENLB, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 164, pl. 50, 
1841 (type locality: Vanicoro, New Guinea, India).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s 
Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 308, 1850 (Japan).—Gray, List fish 
British Museum, p. 120, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. 
Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 73, 1852 (Batavia; Samarang); (Japan), 
vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Japan, East Indies, New Guinea, Vanicolo, West India) : 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 7, p. 228, 1854 (Macassar) ; vol. 10, p. 348, 1856 (Rio, Bintang) ; Act. 
Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerl., vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 8, 10, 1856 (Macassar) ; vol. 2, No. 7, 
p. 9, 1857 (Amboina) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland Indié, vol. 20, p. 141, 1859-60 
(Badjoa, Boni).—KNeEr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 420, 1865 (“Auckland”) .— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 479, 1870 (Zanzibar; East 
Indies ).—Hector, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New Zea- 
land), p. 85, 1872 (Kner’s Auckland record).—PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 425 


Berlin, 1876, p. 853 (New Ireland).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 789, pl. 
193, fig. 2, 1878 (Madras).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, 
vol. 14, p. 49, 1885 (North Celebes).—Oeitpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., 
pt. 1, p. 19, 1888 (Parramatta River, New South Wales; Malay Archipelago ; 
Tonga; Port Essington; Ugi, Solomons; South East New Guinea).— 
Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 52, 1889.—ANNANDALE,, Mem. 
Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 34, 1909 (off Gopalpur, 24 fathoms).—GUNTHER, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 494, 1910 (New Caledonia, New Meck- 
lenburg, Tongatabu, Samoa).—PraRson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, 
p. E12.—Weser, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 605, 1915. (Makassar, 
Sulu, Menado, Saleyer).—PrEArson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, pp. F4, 
F10, F15, F16, F18—RaJ, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 10, p. 317, 1914 (habits) .— 
Mapas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, pp. E5-E8; 1922, p. F6.—TIRaAnt, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 77, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Trygon kuhli Buecker, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, pp. 288, 447, 
1859-60 (Singapore).—GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 58, 1880 
(Tongatabu).—JoRDAN and SNypDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 741, 
1900 (Yokohama).—SourHwett, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1912-13, pp. H41- 
H48, E50. 

Trygon (Trygon) kuhlii DumériL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 6038, 1865 
(Sea of the Indies, Amboina, Java, Vanicolo, New Guinea). 

Trigon kuhlii SAuvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891. 

T'rygon kuhelii Pearson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F17. 

Leiobatus kuhli BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, 
p. 290, 1868 (Rio, Bintang). 

Dasybatus kuhlii GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 40, 1885 (no locality) ; 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 395, 1913 (Japan, India, East Indies) .— 
Ocitpy, Commerce. Fish Fisher. Queensland, p. 45, 1915 (Moreton Bay) ; 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 87, 1916 (Coolangatta, Currumbin, 
Merang Creek, Moreton Bay, Port Curtis, Nor West Islet, Edgecombe Bay). 
—HerRRE, Journ. Pan—Pacific Res. Inst., vol 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Duma- 
guete); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 12, 1934 (Dumaguete: 
Capiz; Sitanki). 

Dasybatus (Amphotistius) kuhlii CHEevEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, 
p. 7, 1932 (Cochinchina ; Cambodia). 

Dasybatus kuhli Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 6, 1987 (Siracha). 

Dasyatis kuhlii JorpAN and SNypeR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 338, 1900 
(Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 (Nagasaki; Yokohama ).— 
TosH, Marine Biol. Rep. Queensland, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1903.—JorDAN and FOWLER, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 659, 1903 (Hakodate, Tokyo, Misaki, Waka- 
noura, Onomichi, Hiroshima).—WaitTr, Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, 
No. 2, p. 11, 1904.—McCuttocu, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, 
pt. 4, p. 46, pl. 39, figs. 1-2, 1921 (off Bustard Head, Queensland, 14-20 
fathoms; Parramatta River estuary).—Fowtrer and Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 62, p. 1, 1922 (Cebu).—McCuLLocn and WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 (reference).—McCuttocu, Fishes of New 
South Wales, ed. 2, p. 11, 1927.—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 
1928 (Ugi, Solomons).—WdHuItTLEY, Journ. Pan Pacific Inst., vol. 3, p. 11, 
1928 (Santa Cruz Islands).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 505, 1930 (Solomons, Japan, Indian Ocean); Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 11, p. 314, 1931 (reference) —Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. 
Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 270, fig. 24, 1982 (Chefoo).—Wanea, Contr. Biol. Lab. 
Sei. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 111, 1983 (Chusan).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. 


426 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 90, 1985 (Bangkok).—Roxas and MArtTIn, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 16, 1987 (reference) —Fowter, List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 16, 1988 (reference). 

Dasyatis kuhli JorpAN and SEALs, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 p. 4, 1907 
(Philippines).—SraLe and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 239, 
1907 (Zamboanga).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 264, 1910 
(Philippines). 

Trygon glauconotus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLerKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 74, 1852 (type locality: Java). (Name in 
synonymy.) 

Raya trigonoides CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 121, 
1873 (type locality: New Caledonia). 

Dasybatus varidens GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 40, 1885 (type 
locality : Hongkong). 

Dasyatis varidens Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 181, 1980 (compiled). 

Depth 187% to 1414 to end of tail; head 61% to 8; disk length 114 
to 114 its width, 114 to 114 in tail. Snout 134 to 114 in head, meets 
at very blunt angle in front; eye 424 to 5 in head, 3 to 314 in snout, 
3 to 324 in interorbital; dentary width 314 to 414 in head; teeth in 
25 to 30 rows in jaws, rhombic, cusps as slight keel; nostrils deep, 
simple, internarial equals dentary width; interorbital 124 to 144 in 
head, nearly level. Gill openings small, equidistant, last smallest. 
Spiracle greatly larger than eye, deep, edges entire. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine extracted. 

Dorsal as short, low, median, cutaneous fold behind spine; anal 
as long and much deeper one below, deep as tail depth; pectoral 
with outer posterior edges almost straight, angles blunt; ventrals 
triangular, front edge straight and hind edge little convex. 

Brown above, with darker mottling or specks about eyes and 
interorbital. Variable gray spots, not larger than eye and often 
with slightly darker marginal rings, scattered about disk, though 
largest ones posterior at each side of disk. Tail like back, though 
with 3 distinct buff rings terminally, but crossing dark cutaneous 
anal. Under surface of disk whitish. 

Zanzibar, India, Ceylon, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, 
Cochinchina, China, Japan, West Australia, Queensland, New South 
Wales, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Recorded by Kner from 
Auckland, New Zealand, locality doubtless erroneous. Miiller and 
Henle show a figure with 2 caudal spines, also a very few small 
rounded blue spots on each pectoral medianly, besides an imperfect 
row of vertebral spines on back. Garman says: “Skin smooth on 
the young, later a vertebral series of depressed tubercles appears 
from the shoulder girdle forward, to be still later continued back- 
ward to the caudal spine.” 

9327. Cebu market. August 17, 1909. Length, 393 mm. 


9328. Cebu market. August 17, 1909. Length, 585 mm. 
6283. Manila. June 11, 1908. Length, 325 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 427 


5110. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 3, 1908. Length, 630 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 6529. Hong Kong. William Stimpson. Length, 350 mm. 
Type of Dasybatus varidens. A young male with rather slender, pointed 
claspers about equal to internarial space. The contour shows greatest disk 
width opposite disk center and posterior inclined edges of pectorals slightly 
convex. Traces of blue blotches or spots on disk medially and tail with at 
least 3 pale or buff transverse rings terminally. Caudal spine removed. 

U.S.N.M. No. 84207. Philippine Islands. Length, 318 mm. (not 613 as given by 
Fowler and Bean). 

U.S.N.M. No. 31516. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 530 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 26519. No locality. No donor. Length, 390 mm. Only 3 small 
pale ocelli on right pectoral posteriorly and basally and 2 on left pectoral. 

U.S.N.M. No. 39988. Ugi, Solomons. Australian Museum. Length, 5385 mm. 
Well marked, with variable gray ocelli posteriorly on disk above. 

U.S.N.M. No. 5800. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 345 mm., tail cut 
off near base. 

DASYATIS BREVIS (Garman) 

Trygon brevis GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 6, p. 171, 1880 (type lo- 

eality: Payta, South America). 
Dasibatis brevis (Garman) JoRDAN and GILBERT, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 70, 
1883 (Peru). 

Dasybatus brevis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 396, pl. 32, figs. 
5-6, 1913 (Peru and California). 

Dasyatis brevis FOWLER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 1928 (Honolulu; 
type of Dasyatis hawaiensis) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 505, 1980 (Hawaii; California) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 
1931 (Honolulu). 

Dasyatis hawaiensis JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 420, pl. 
1, fig. 1, 1904 (type locality: Honolulu).—JorpAN and EVERMANN, Bull. 
U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 28, pt. 1 (1903) p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1905 (type). 

Trygon hawaiensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 494, 1910 (copied). 
Depth 1524 to end of tail; head 724; disk length 114 in its width, 

11% in tail. Snout 1% in head, meets at wide or blunt angle in front; 

eye 6, 41% in snout, 4 in interorbital; dentary width 3 in head; teeth 

in 80 rows in jaws rhombic, smooth, cusps barely evident; nostrils 
deep, simple, internarial slightly greater than dentary width; inter- 
orbital 126 in head, nearly level. Gill openings small, equidistant, 
last smallest. Spiracles greatly larger than eye, deep, edges entire. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine about 11% in interspiracle width. 

Dorsal as short low median cutaneous fold behind spine; anal as 
longer and deeper fold; pectorals with outer edges convex, both in 
front and posteriorly; ventrals rather obtuse, hind edge convex; 
claspers short and pointed. 

Uniform brown above, disk paler marginally. Lower surface of 
disk whitish. Tail dusky to blackish terminally, also cutaneous 
dorsal and anal folds. 

Hawaiian Islands. Also Peru and California. Garman says 
“Disk naked in young. Adults have three rows of tubercles on the 
back.” 


428 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 64127. Honolulu. O. P. Jenkins. Length, 420 mm. Type of Dasy- 
atis hawdaiensis. 


DASYATIS AKAJEI (Miller and Henle) 


Trygon akajei (Biirger) MiLter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 165, 
pl. 53, 1841 (type locality: Southwest coast of Japan).—RicHarpson, Ichth. 
China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (copied).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 308, 1850 (Japan).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 120, 
1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 
1853 (Japan); Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 10, p. 44, 1858 (Naga- 
saki).—SauvaGcE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 104, 1881 
(Swatow).—SoLpatov and LinpBerG, Bull. Pacifie Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, 
p. 24, 1980 (Far Hast Seas). 

Trygon (Trygon) akajei Dumtrtt, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 604, 1865 
(compiled). 

Trygon pastinaca var. akajei MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 
1876 (Yokohama, Tschifu, Schott-miiller). 

Pastinaca akajei (Biirger) MULier and Hente, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
165, 1841 (name in synonymy). 

Dasyatis akajei Rurrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 56 
(Swatow).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 
(Nagasaki).—JorpDAN and EverRMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 319, 
fig. 2, 1902 (Formosa).—JorpAN and Fowtrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
26, p. 659, 1903 (Onomichi, Tokyo, Matsushima, Misaki, Wakanoura, 
Hiroshima, Tsuruga, Hakata, Kawatana, Nagasaki).—PIETscHMANN, Sitz. 
Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 639, 1908 (Japan) .— 
JoRDAN and RicHarpDson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 164, fig. 2, 1909 
(copied).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 473 (Onomi- 
chi example).—Snyprr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Otaru, 
Shioyama, Tokyo, Misaki).—JorpAN and RicHarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 
vol. 6, p. 6, fig. 4, 1913 (Fusan).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. 
Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 186, 1920 (Jusangata).—JorpAN and Husps, 
Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 114, 1925 (Miyuzu, Mikawa Bay).—Mor1, 
Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—FowLer, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 1930 (Japan).—ScHMIDT 
and LinpBerG, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., p. 1137, 1930 (Tsuruga).—FANG 
and WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci Soc. China, vol. 8, p. 272, fig. 25, 1932 
(Chefoo).—WANG, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 111, 1933 
(Chusan; Ningpo; Yenting; Chinhai; Haimen; Wenchow). 

Dasybatus akajei GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 394, 1913 (Japan ; 
China).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, 
p. 12, 1931 (Fusan).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 32, 1933. 

? Trygon pastinaca (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 
p. 638, 1880 (Yokohama). 


Depth 12 to 173% to end of tail; head 614 to 8; disk length 1145 
to 114 in its width, 114 to 2 in tail. Snout 124 to 134 in head, forms 
an obtuse angle with very slight point at tip; eye 514 to 7 in head, 
314 to 514 in snout, 314 to 41% in interorbital; dentary width 3 to 4 
in head; teeth in 20 to 25 rows in jaws, rhombic, each with feeble 
cusp; nostrils deep, simple, internarial equals dentary width; inter- 
orbital 124 to 134 in head, nearly level, Guill openings equidistant, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 429 


subequal or last little shorter. Spiracle large, deep, little larger 
than eye, close below and along its hind edge. 

Skin smooth. Spine nearly or quite equals width between 
spiracles. 

Dorsal as median cutaneous keel behind spine on tail; anal sim- 
ilarly on tail below, only little higher; pectorals form rhomboid 
disk, outer and posterior angles rounded; ventrals obliquely truncate, 
angles obtuse. 

Uniform brown above, little paler about edges of disk. Whitish 
below, outer margins of disk little brownish. Tail terminally and 
membranes representing dorsal and anal dusky to blackish brown. 

China, Japan, Korea. Though my specimens are all small Garman 
says “larger examples with tubercles on the middle of the back above 
the shoulder girdle, and more advanced stages with a vertebral row 
of backward-directed tubercles from the back of the head, largest 
on the base of the tail in front of the caudal spine and with a parallel 
row on each shoulder.” Miiller and Henle’s figure shows two caudal 
spines and row of seven vertebral spines at front of back. 


U.S.N.M. No. 26544. Japan. Prof. E. S. Morse. Length, 168 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 50734. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 305 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57511. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 400 mm. As Dasyatis kuhlii. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71128. Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 298 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71906. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. Length, 326 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71908. Misaki, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 610 mm. 
One caudal spine. Uniform dark slaty above. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71905. Shiogama, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 
584 mm. Two caudal spines, upper little longer. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22613. Awa, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 518 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51287. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 770 mm. 
Tubercle on tail opposite hind ventral ends and preceded by 3 small vertebral 
tubercles. Small tubercle in center of disk, preceded by row of 18 small 
ones. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75869. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Two examples, 525 and 550 mm. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Onomichi, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length ? 


DASYATIS ZUGEI (Miiller and Henle) 


Trygon zugei (Biirger) MULtrr and Henig, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 165, 
pl. 53, 1841 (type locality: Japan, China, Pondicherry, India ).—R1cHarp- 
son, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (China, Macao).—Cantor, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1408, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singa- 
pore).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 309, 1850 
(Nagasaki Bay).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 120, 1851 (refer- 
ence).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 68, 1852 
(Batavia) : Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 446, 1852 (Banka) ; 
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Bengal) ; vol. 25, p. 
82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. Tijdschr Nederland. Indié, vol. 10, p. 348, 1856 
(Rio, Bintang); vol. 11, p. 419, 1856 (Muntok, Java); Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 6, 1857 (Nagasaki); Act. Soc. Sci. Indo- 
Néerl., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 7, 1857 (Japan); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 


430 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


16, p. 409, 1858 (Japara, Java).—Gunruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 481, 1870 (Japan, East Indies, Pinang, Madras).—Day, Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 739, pl. 190, fig. 3, 1878 (Madras).—Oaitey, Cat. Fishes Australian 
Mus., pt. 1, p. 20, 1888 (Madras).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 
1, p. 52, 1889—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 33, pl. 4, fig. 2, 
1909 (off Burma and Orissa).—PELLeGrIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, 
new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 4, 1912 (Hong Kong).—Werser, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 603, 1918 (Java).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 
1915-18, pp. F12-F14.—Timant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° 
note, p. 77, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Trygon (Trygon) zugei Duméri, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 606, 1865 
(Sea of the Indies, Pondicherry, Macao). 

Dasyatis zugei JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 42 
(Nagasaki).—JorDAN and FowLer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 660, 
1903 (Kobe, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Onomichi, Hiroshima).—JorpAn and 
SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 2, 1905 (Hong Kong).— 
EVERMANN and SHAw, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 99, 
1927 (Chefoo).—Fow Ler, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 102, 1928 
(Bombay) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 1930 (Japan, 
Indian Ocean); Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 180, 1930 (Indian Ocean; 
Japan).—ScHMipr and Linppere, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 1930, p. 1187 
(Tsuruga).—Fow ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 17, 1988 (reference). 

Dasybatus zugei GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 398, 1913 (Pinang, 
China, India, Japan, East Indies).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, 
vol. 5, No. 4, p. 13, fig. 10, 1929 (Amoy).—Scumint, Trans. Pacific Comm. 
Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 14, 1981 (Nagasaki).—Horsa and MUKEBJI, 
Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 38, p. 18, 1986 (Maungmagan, Burma). 

Trygon crozieri BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, p. 45 (type locality : Lower 
Bengal). 

Depth 23 to 2514 to end of tail; head 5 to 514; disk length equals 
its width, 114 to 124 in tail. Snout 1144 to 114 in head, extended 
in rather narrow acute triangle; eye 6 to 814, 534 to 6 in snout, 3 in 
interorbital; dentary width 41% in head; teeth in 24 rows in jaws, 
cusps low or obsolete; nostrils deep, simple, internarial equals den- 
tary width; interorbital 24, to 334 in head, level, fontanel depression 
little concave. Gill openings equidistant, subequal or last but little 
shorter. Spiracle much larger than eye, broad, deep, close below 
and along hind eye edge. 

Skin smooth. Spine greater than interspiracle width or 135 in 
snout. 

Dorsal as median cutaneous keel behind dorsal spine on tail; anal 
as slightly higher and longer keel on tail below; pectorals form 
quadrangular disk and rounded on outer angles and posteriorly ; 
ventrals triangular, pointed. 

Brown above, little paler marginally. Tail with dorsal and anal 
cutaneous folds dusky brown. Under surface of body whitish. 

India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, 
Cochinchina, China, Japan. The figure of Miller and Henle agrees 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 431 


very well with my materials. Garman says with age “scattered 

tubercles in the vertebral series. Large individuals have a more or 

less complete median series, and have the tail roughened by small 

spines.” 

U.S.N.M. No. 50733. Onomichi, Bingo, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Section of 
interocular region of skin, width, 66 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75871 and 75872. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 190-328 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 75870. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 560 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 51358. Kobe, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 730 mm. 


DASYATIS MICROPS (Annandale) 


Trygon microps ANNANDALE, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 393, pl. 27, 1908 (type 
locality: Bengal Bay off Chittagong, in 17 fathoms) ; Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 26, text fig. 1, pl. 2, fig. 3 (denticles), pl. 3, fig. 1 (mouth), pl. 4, 
fig. 1, 1909 (types; off Orissa). 

Dasybatus microps GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 381, 1913 
(copied). 

Snout 814 to 414 in disk length, greater than interorbital, rounded, 
with small terminal projection covered with enlarged denticles; 
eyes very small, little prominent; mouth large, upper jaw slightly 
undulated, lower not undulate; coarsely digitate cutaneous flap 
hanging down from mouth roof; usually 5 short fingerlike processes 
on mouth floor, 3 in center joined together at base and one at either 
side; teeth white, transverse ridge very conspicuous in unworn teeth, 
part anterior slightly concave and considerably greater in area than 
that posterior, which convex. 

Skin soft and delicate, without enlarged tubercles on disk, bear- 
ing numerous minute, spiny denticles, all with stellate bases; denti- 
cles larger on snout tip and region around eyes and spiracles than 
elsewhere, sometimes extending to ventral surface at pectoral edges. 
Tail toward base with much larger denticles, which largest on sides 
and only bear very short stellate spines on ventral surface; terminal 
part densely clothed with denticles similar to but smaller than those 
on sides of basal part. 

Tail without cutaneous fins, not longer than disk, with broad flat 
basal part about half long as disk and slender cylindrical terminal 
part of about same length, with single massive spine at junction of 
2 parts; very low ridge on ventral surface of terminal part; pectorals 
form rhombic disk, length little over 114 in width, outer angles 
rather greater than right angles. 

White, dorsal surface of disk suffused with rose pink, without 
definite markings. Eyes dark. Tail gray above, becomes darker 
terminally. Length, 3,170 mm. (Annandale.) 

India, 


432 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


DASYATIS JENKINSII (Annandale) 


Trygon jenkinsii ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 28, text fig. 4-a, 1909 
(type locality: off Ganjam coast, India, 23-27 fathoms). 
Dasybatus jenkinsii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 378, 1913 


(copied). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 334 in disk length. Snout 1%4 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above snout sharply pointed in broad 
obtuse angle, not much produced; orbit 414, 2% in snout, 2% in 
interorbital; mouth jaws feebly undulated; teeth white, practically 
uniform in size, each with low transverse ridge situated near hind 
edge and with distinct transverse depression in front; papillae on 
mouth floor 4, 2 median rather well separated; interorbital 114 in 
head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles close behind eye, subequal 
with orbit. 

Skin fairly tough. Few enlarged rounded denticles in scapular 
region, followed posteriorly by single row of stout, short, retroverted 
spines with flat bases, row extending on tail to base of anterior spine; 
middle of back occupied by pavement of small, flat, round scales, 
gradually smaller towards periphery. Tail covered by small blunt- 
ly spinous tubercles. Pectorals and ventrals naked. 

Tail cylindrical, without folds, not much longer than disk width, 
sometimes with 2 long, slender spines; pectorals form broad sub- 
quadrangular disk, length 114 in its width which greatest just behind 
spiracles, outer angles rounded, front edges linear, hind edges con- 
vex. 

Dorsal surface reddish olive, paler at edges of fins, without def- 
inite markings. Tail dark gray, mottled on ventral surface with 
brown and white at base. Ventral surface of disk dead creamy 
white. Length, 192 mm. (Annandale.) 

India. According to Garman possibly a variety of Dasyatis 
uarnak. 

DASYATIS PONAPENSIS (Giinther) 


Trypon ponapensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 498, 1910 (type 
locality: Kubary, Ponape, Carolines). 

Dasybatus ponapensis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 380, 1913 
(copied). 

Dasyatis ponapensis FowLeR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (compiled) ; 
Proce. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 50, 1980 (reference). 

Head to hind edge of spiracle 824 in total length. Snout 144 in 
head to hind spiracle edge, as seen above broadly rounded with very 
slight prominence; eye 4, 224 in snout, wide as orbital protrusion, 114 
in firm interorbital, 324 across entire interorbital width; dental 
plates undulated; 4 papillae on mouth floor, as pair medially be- 
hind lower dental plate and 1 each side near mouth angle; inter- 
narial 24% 9 in preoral length, flap with entire edge; interorbital 11% 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 433 


in head to hind spiracle edge. Interspiracle space 114, spiracle length 
little greater than orbit. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail long, whiplike, strong basally, tapering, without dermal 
folds, spine inserted little before first fifth its length, 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; pectorals form circular disk, width slightly less 
than length, which 14% in tail. 

Uniform. Size not given, a young female. (Giinther.) 

Micronesia. Probably the young of the very variable Dasyatis 
imbricatus, though thought by Giinther to differ in the presence of 
4 papillae on the floor of the mouth. 


DASYATIS UYLENBURGI Giltay 


Dasyatis uylenburgi Gittay, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 13, 
figs. 8-6, 1933 (type locality ; Poeloe Endoe, Aru Islands). 

Disk width very slightly less than its length; snout 324 in disk 
length to hind pectoral end; eye 524 in snout, 3 in interorbital; 
mouth small, 214 in preoral length; upper jaw curved and well un- 
dulated, upper teeth 33, lower 27, small, white, subtriangular, 
pointed; buccal papillae 3, two external ones much longer than 
median; interorbital 2 in snout; spiracle little longer than eye. 

Scales of back form regular design from interorbital to base of 
tail, cordiform; on median line of tail row of 5 spiniform, lanceolate 
scutes. 

Tail short, 114 times longer than disk, armed with barbed spine 
above; upper and lower ridges little distinct, obsolete. 

Disk above uniformly brown, paler toward edges. Below white. 

Length of disk, 180 mm., disk width, 190 mm., tail, 280 mm. 
(Giltay.) 

Aru Islands. Said to differ from Dasyatis imbricatus in dentition, 
the 3 buccal papillae inside the mouth, and the long continuous paved 
area of scutes on the back. 


DASYATIS MARGINATUS (Blyth) 


Trygon marginatus BiytH, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 38, 1860 
(type locality: Lower Bengal).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 738, 1878 
(Blyth’s example) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 54, 1889.—AN- 
NANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 30, text fig. 5, pl. 3, fig. 11 (mouth), 
1909 (off Burma and Ganjam, 24 fathoms).—PErArson, Ceylon Administr. 
Rep. 1915-18, p. F16. 

Trygon (Himantura) marginatus DumMéRm, Nat. Hist. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 
588, 1865 (Calcutta). 

Dasybatus marginatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus., Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 378, 1913 
(Burma, Ganjam, India). 

Trygon atrocissimus Biyru, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 39, 1860 
(type locality: Probably Indian Ocean (tail with spine).) 


434 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Head to hind spiracle edge 934 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above front profile obtusely rounded 
sometimes with short terminal projection; eye small, about 12 in head, 
8 in snout, 514 in interorbital; mouth rather small, lower jaw more 
distinctly undulated than upper, which nearly straight; teeth faintly 
tinged brown, unworn ones distinctly but minutely ridged longitudi- 
nally, strong transverse ridge with well-marked concavity on surface 
in front; two short papillae on mouth floor, one near each angle; 
interorbital 17% in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle nearly twice 
large as eye, close behind eye, interspiracle width 11% in head. 

Skin delicate. Head and center of back covered with close-set, 
rounded, nearly flat denticles, on tail intermixed with stellate spines. 
On back denticles gradually smaller from middle outward and not 
forming clearly defined design; externally each side some with stel- 
late bases, this marked on those on pectorals where somewhat ar- 
ranged in longitudinal lines; extend to margin and sometimes over 
it on ventral surface. 

Tail without folds and with single large caudal spine; pectorals 
form broad quadrangular disk, length 114 its width or 21% in tail, 
outer angles somewhat narrowly rounded, front edges nearly linear 
and hind edges only slightly convex; ventrals small. 

Above gray, with distinct blackish tint and without any tinge of 
brown. Male with series of livid bluish marks running round disk at 
some little distance from margin. Tail blackish. Ventral surface 
white, with broad blackish margin laterally and posteriorly, some- 
times indistinct. Length, 342mm. (Annandale.) 

India, Burma. 

DASYATIS IMBRICATUS (Schneider) 


Raja imbricata SCHNEWMER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 366, 1801 (type locality : Coro- 
mandel). 

Trygonobatus imbricatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 
1816 (name only). 

Trygon imbricata CuviErR, Régne Animal, vol. 2, p. 186, 1817 (reference).— 
MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostomen, p. 164, 1841 (Coroman- 
del; Java).—CaANntor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1407, 1849 
(Pinang Sea, Singapore, Malay Peninsula).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Ge- 
nootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Bangcallang and Kammal).—Gray, 
List fish British Museum, p. 119, 1851 (reference) —BLEEKER, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 63, 1852 (Coromandel, Bengal) ; 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 [on Isacurrah tenkee Russell, Fishes of Coro- 
mandel, vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 4 (Vizagapatam), p. 24 (on McClelland), p. 82, 1803 
(reference) ].—BLyTu, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 40, 1860 (Cal- 
cutta).—GtnrTHErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 481, 1870 (com- 
piled). —DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 789, 1878; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 52, 1889.—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 32, pl. 3, fig. 
5, text fig. 6, 1909 (Puri on Orissa coasts).—PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. 
Rep., 1912-18, p. E18.—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, p. Ed. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 435 


Trygon (Trygon) imbricatus DUMERIL, Nat. Hist. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 606, 1865 
(Coromandel; Pondicherry). 

Dasybatus imbricatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 379, 1913 
(East Indies).—Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 6, 1987 (Laem Sing; Sri- 
racha; Chonburi; Trat). 

Dasybatus (Himanturus) imbricatus CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam). 

Dasyatis imbricatus Fow ter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 102, 
1928 (Bombay); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 505, 19380 
(Indian Ocean); Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 179, 1980 (Indian Ocean) ; 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 89, fig. 6, 1985 (Bangkok ; 
Sriracha; Paknam); vol. 89, p. 128, 1987 (Paknam); List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 16, 1938 (reference). 

? Trygonobatus dorsatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 
1816 (name only). 

Pastinaca dorsalis SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 319, 1839 
(on Isacurrah tenkee Russell). 

? Raia fluviatilis BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, p. 1, 1822 (type lo- 
ecality: Kampur, Ganges River). 

Trygon immunis BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1830 (type locality: Sumatra). 

Pastinaca brevicauda Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 319, 1889 (on 
Tenkee shindraki Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 5, 1803, 
(type locality: Vizagapatam). 

Dasybatus brevicauda Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 460 
(Baram, North Borneo). 

Trygon walga MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 159 (not fig.) 
1841 (type locality: India, Red Sea).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 
117, 1851 (Singapore).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 
24, p. 67, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (ref- 
erence); Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 136, 1860 (Muntok, 
Banka).—BLytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, voi. 29, p. 40, 1860 (Cal- 
cutta).—KNegg, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 420, 1865 (Singapore).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 475, 1870 (Bengal Bay, East Indies, 
Pinang, Java).—MAkTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 409, 1876 
(Singapore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 738, pl. 194, fig. 3, 1878— 
Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 (Ningpo).—SavvaceE, 
Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 104, 1881 (Swatow).—OcIzpy, 
Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 19, 1888 (Bombay, Madras, Singa- 
pore).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 55, 1889.—BARTLErT, 
Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Buntal) —STEINDACHNER, 
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 161, 1907 
(Gischin).—Ltoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220 1907 (Akyab).—PELLE- 
GRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 4, 1912 (no 
locality ).—SoUTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-138, pp. E48, E45, B47 
description, E48, H49.—PrArson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, p. H4; 
1915-18, pp. F9, F10, F11, F13.—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, 
p. E8.—VinorcverrRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 625, 1926 (Sarawak).—Prittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, 
p. 353, 1929 (Travancore).—TIRAnt, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, pp. 32, 175 (Hué), p. 77 (Saigon-Thaudaumot), 1929. 

Trygon (Himantura) walga DuMérIm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 589, 
1865 (Sea of the Indies, Ganges mouth, Java). 

Dasyatis walga RUTTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 57 (copied). 


436 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Trygon chindrakee (Cuvier) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 
25, p. 9, 1853 (on Tenkee shindraki Russell). 

Trygon heterurus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 67, 
1852 (type locality : Batavia) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, p. 895, 1855 
(North Pasuruan, Java) ; vol. 20, pp. 238, 447, 1859-60 (Singapore). 

Trygon (Himantura) heterurus DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 591, 
1865 (compiled). 

Trygon polylepis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 73, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia) ; Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 
1861 (Singapore).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 475, 1870 
(Ceylon).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 680, 1871 
(Red Sea).—PErTERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 447, 1876 (Mauritius ; 
Seychelles).—BaARTLETT, Sarawak Gaz., vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Buntal). 

Trygon (Himantura) polylepis DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 590, 
1865 (compiled). 

Trigon polylepis SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891. 

Trygon dadong BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland, Indié, vol. 10, p. (3848) 355, 
1856 (type locality: Rio, Bintang). 

Trygon (Himantura) dadong DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 591, 
1865 (Bintang). 

Leiobatus dadong BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 
2, p. 290, 1868 (Rio, Bintang). 

Trygon nuda GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 476, 1870 (type 
locality : Singapore, India). 

Trygon nudus MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 408, 1876 (Singa- 
pore). 

Himantura nuda JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 
(“Japan”). 

Dasyatis nudus Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 16, 1988 (reference). 

Raja obtusa (Ehrenberg) KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 680, 
1871 [type locality: Red Sea (name in synonymy) ]. 


Snout produced, sharp angular point, shghtly longer than preoral 
or nearly double interorbital; eye 334 in interorbital; mouth width 
3 in preoral length, little undulate; 2 oral papillae; teeth in about 
32 rows in each jaw; interorbital 17% in snout, slightly depressed 
medially. Spiracle large as eye. 

Interorbital, short space before eyes, cranium and middle of back 
broadly covered with minute rough plates or tubercles; at disk 
center small spine and slight enlarged vertebral row to tail where 
about 9 down to caudal spines, posterior of which larger and 214 
in snout. 

Tail without membranes; disk nearly wide as long, front edges 
little concave, broadly rounded at angles and behind; claspers 
moderate. 

Uniform brown above, whitish below. 

Red Sea, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, 
Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Indo China, China. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Dr. F. Hallberg, Disk to hind ventral 
ends, 238 mm., tail, 285 mm., disk width, 225 mm, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 437 


DASYATIS GRANULATUS (Macleay) 


Trygon granulata Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, pt. 4, 
p. 598, 1883 (type locality: New Guinea). 

Himantura granulata Wurrtry, Rec. Australian Mus. vol. 16, p. 211, figs. 1-2, 
1928 (type: Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Group) ; Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 
8, No. 1, p. 11, 1928 (Santa Cruz Group). 

Dasyatis granulatus FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol, 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1981 
(reference). 

Dasyatis gerrardi (not Gray) GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 
377, 1913 (part).—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 24, 1928 (part) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 1930 (reference). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 714 in total length. Snout 11% in head 
to hind spiracle edge as seen above meets at broadly obtuse angle; 
eye 5, 3 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth width 3 in head to first 
gill opening; teeth lozenge-shaped, close-set in oblique series, each 
with cusp over its long axis; upper buccal flap fringed with about 
21 points; 2 fairly large buccal papillae with rounded but somewhat 
frayed edges; interorbital 2 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle 
close behind eye, little larger than eye. 

Head, back, median line of tail to root of caudal spine evenly cov- 
ered with thorny granules, which largest near median line, not form- 
ing median row or differing amongst themselves except in size. 
Similar minute granules over snout and on sides of pectorals. Scat- 
tered prickles stud long tail, smaller and disappearing before tip. 
Ventrals, under surface of disk, sides and lower surface of tail 
basally, smooth. 

Tail filamentous (spine removed), without folds; pectorals form 
subeireular disk, width slightly less than its length, which 1144 in 
tail, outer angles widely rounded, hind edges convex and hind angles 
obtusely rounded; ventrals slightly longer than interorbital width. 

Brown, lighter below. Margins of ventral surface smoky brown. 
At least 9 ill-defined, crescentic, brownish markings arched along 
middle of each pectoral, largely faded. Length, 865 mm. (Whitley.) 

East Indies, Melanesia. The above is largely from Whitley’s 
redescription and figure of Macleay’s holotype of 7’rygon granulata. 
He also describes and figures a smaller one 751 mm. long from the 
Santa Cruz Group with “no ocelli” and therefore evidently with- 
out the crescentic markings on the pectorals in the holotype. 


Genus UROGYMNUS Miiller and Henle 


Urogymnus MULiter and HENLE, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 4384. (Type, Raja as- 
perrima Schneider, virtually. Urogymnus Miiller and Henle proposed to 
replace Gymnura Miiller and Henle.) 

Anacanthus (not Gray 1831, Audinet-Serville 1932) (Ehrenberg) Hoven, Handb. 
Dierk., vol. 2, p. 179, 1883. (Type, Raja africana Schneider. ) 

Gymnura (not Kuhl 1824) MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1837, p. 117. (Type, Raja asperrima Schneider, monotypic.) 


438 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Rhachinotus (not Gray 1831 or Serville 18382) Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Ben- 
gal, vol. 18, p. 404, 1849. (Type, Raja africana Schneider, monotypic. 
Rhachinotus Cantor proposed to replace Anacanthus Miiller and Henle.) 


Body disciform, partly circular. Tail long, slender, tapers, without 
spine or fins other than narrow cutaneous subcaudal at some stages. 
No rostral cartilage. Mouth undulate, transverse. Teeth tessel- 
lated, flattened, rhomboid. Spiracles large, close behind eyes. Scales 
tubercular, with broad rounded to polygonal bases, varying in shape, 
size, and numbers with age. No dorsal. Pectorals meet at front 
of disk, margins and angles rounded. Ventrals short, wide. 


UROGYMNUS AFRICANUS (Schneider) 


Raja africana ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 367, 1801 (type locality: 
Guinea). 

Anacanthus africanus MUtttrr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 157, 
1841 (Red Sea; Guinea). 

Rhachinotus africanus CANtToR, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1404, 1849 
(Pinang).—BLErKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 65, 
1852 (Red Sea; Guinea) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland, Indié, vol. 4, p. 514, 1853 
(Batavia).—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 374, 1913 (Indian 
Ocean; East Indies).—CHEVveEy, Inst. Oceanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 
1982 (Cochinchina). 

Urogymnus africanus DumérRIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 581, 1865 
(copied). —Ocirpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 88, 1916 (Darnley Is- 
land).—McCutitocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 
130, 1925 (reference).—FowteEr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 
p. 504, 1980 (reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 18 (246), 1988 (reference). 

Raja asperrima ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 367, 1801 (type locality: Indian 
Ocean, Bombay). 

Raja asperrimus MULLER and Hentz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Charlesworth, vol. 
2, p. 90, 18388 (name). 

Urogymnus asperrimus GRay, List fish British Museum, p. 115, 1851 (refer- 
ence).—Dumeérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 580, 1865 (Seychelles).— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 471, 1870 (India, Pinang, Africa, 
Seychelles).—Jousan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, ser. 2, vol. 5, 
p. 106, 1870 (Seychelles).—Ktunzinorr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, 
p. 684, 1871 (Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 786, pl. 195, fig. 1, 
1878 (Madras Museum).—Macteay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 5, p. 812, 1880 (Cape York); vol. 6, p. 376, 1881 (Cape York).— 
Ocirpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 18, 1888 (Kingsmill Islands). 
—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 48, fig. 20, 1889.—BouLENGER, 
Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1889, p. 248 (Muscat).—Savuvacs, Hist. Nat. 
Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891.—DuNcKeEr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 
vol. 21, 1903, p. 198, 1904 (Kuala Langat).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 37, pl. 3, fig. 8 (mouth), pl. 5, figs. 2-2a, 1909 (off Chittagong 
Island) ; vol. 3, p. 3, 1910.—SouTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, 
pp. E47 (descriptive) E49.—ZuaMAyer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.- 
phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 8, 1918 (Oman).—WEeEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, 
p. 602, fig. 128, 19138 (Lumu-Lumu, Borneo Bank).—Prarson, Ceylon, Ad- 
ministr. Rep. 1915-18, p. F18.—Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 439 


Chine, 6° note, p. 76, 1929 (Cholon).—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, 
no. 5, p. 314, 19381 (reference).—Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 5, 19387 (Ko- 
Chang). 

Urogymus asperrimus PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F12 (error). 

Anacanthus asperrimus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 157, 
pl. 60, figs. 5-7, 1841 (India). 

Urogymnus rhombeus KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 683 
1871 (type locality: Koseir, Red Sea). 

Urogymnus laevoir ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 37, 1909 (type 
locality : Malpe, South Canara on Malabar Coast). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 824 in total length. Snout 2 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eye 5, 2144 in snout, 4 in interorbital; mouth 
waved, inner buccal fold fringed, 3 to 5 oral papillae on mouth 
floor; teeth blunt, broader than long, in 48 rows; front nasal valves 
confluent, fringed posteriorly; interorbital 124 in head to hind spir- 
acle edge. Spiracle close behind and larger than eye, interspiracle 
114 in head to hind spiracle edge. 

Scales tubercular, unequal, more or less striated, with rounded 
bases where not in contact, with polygonal bases where crowded and 
with cusps short to long, acute, blunt or rounded to depressed and 
shovel-shaped. 

Tail long, tapering, with or without narrow fold below according 
to age; pectorals form suboval disk, more pointed backward and 
with slight prominence at snout end, width 11% in its length, which 
equals tail or 2 in tail length; ventrals well covered by pectorals. 

Yellowish to whitish on tubercles, skin dark brown where exposed. 
(Day ; Garman.) 

Red Sea, Arabia, East Africa, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Malay 
Peninsula, Pinang, East Indies, Indo China, Queensland, Melanesia. 
According to Annandale the disk length reaches 1,125 mm. 


Genus UROLOPHUS Miiller and Henle 


Urolophus MULitErR and HENtE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 17, 1837. 
(Type, Raja cruciata Lacépéde. ) 

Leiobatus (not Walbaum or Rafinesque) BLAINvirLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 
vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, Leiobaius sloani Blainville, designated by Jor- 
dan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 95, 1917.) 

Trygonoptera MUttrr and HENIx, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 174, 1841. 
(Type, Raja testacea (Banks) Miiller and Henle, monotypic. ) 

Disk partly quadrangular, narrower behind, front edges waved, 
meeting at blunt angle in front, outer and hinder angles rounded. 
Tail shorter than body, stout, with spine. Snout little produced. 
Papillae at mouth floor. A small dorsal variably present or absent. 
Caudal short, moderately deep, rounded behind. Ventrals short, 
broad, front and hind rays subequal, directed back. 


156861—41 29 





440 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. URoLopHus. Tail short, length less than half its space from mouth. 
b*. No tubercle on shoulder girdle. 


Ce. (BACK UNITOLNG DIO WI oe re eee ee ee een ees aurantiacus 
Back with Gark vertebrale sted kaa ee ee ee sufflavus 
c’. Back with dark transverse and longitudinal markings_______ cruciatus 
b*. Back spinose, tubercle on shoulder girdle; brown with more or less scat- 
tered round dark spotes. 222 ee seen ee ee ee armatus 


a’, TRYGONOPTERA. Tail longer than its space from mouth. 
ad’. Hind edge of internasal valve with narrow fringe or lobules; nostrils 
without broad hind lobes. 
e’. Papillae behind lower jaw numerous, close together. 
f’. Snout would form right angle; back pale brown, closely specked 


with small brown shmwii teu Obs. = eee bucculentus 
f?. Snout would form very blunt angle; back dark brown, with numer- 
OusismMall sors paleyspotsease asses ee javanicus 
e*. Papillae behind lower jaw fewer, widely spaced. 

g. Disk slightly broader than long; back uniform_________ viridis 

g°. Disk much wider than long. 
Aa wa Ck Mit ORMe ess tne cs re Le Bees ene ere kaianus 
fe Backawatned ark Gloss) asm e ene ee ee ee expansus 
ad’. Hind edge of internarial valves broadly fringed; nostrils with broad 
posterior lobes 2 Sake wi oe ee ae See ee eee testaceus 


Subgenus UROLOPHUS Miiller and Henle 
UROLOPHUS AURANTIACUS Miller and Henle 


Urolophus aurantiacus MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 178, 
pl. 56, 1841 (type locality: Gotto Island, southwest coast of Japan).— 
SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 307, 1850.—Gray, 
List fish British Museum, p. 126, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. 
Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 (Gotto; China); Nederland. 
Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 68, 1865 (reference).—Fow Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 508, 1980 (reference). 

Pastinaca jeinorit (Biirger) MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 173, 1841 (name in synonymy). 

Urolophus cruciatus (not Lacépéde) DumeEnrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 626, 1865 (part). 

Urolophus fuscus GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 41, 1865 (type lo- 
cality: East coast Niphon, Japan).—JorpAN and Fowtrr, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 26, p. 657, 1908 (Tokyo, Kobe, Hiroshima, Hakata, Wakanoura).— 
SMITH and Pops, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 460, 1906 (Kagoshima) .— 
PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 117, pt. 1, 
p. 640, 1908 (Japan).—Swnyber, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 
(Tokyo).—JorpAN and THomMPSoN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 208, 1914 
(Osaka). —IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebrata, 
p. 187, 1920 (Misaki).—JoRDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 115, 1925 (Yokohama, Toba, Misaki, Kagoshima Bay).—Mort, Journ. 
Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—Fow.Ler, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 503, 1930 (Japan).—Scumopr, 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. 8. R., vol. 11, p. 14, 1981 (Misaki). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 44] 


Urolophus tullbergi NystROM, Bihang Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 13, pp. 4, 53, 
1887 (type locality : Nagasaki).—JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 23, p. 338, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 (refer- 
ence). 

Depth 10 to 1334 to end of caudal; head 4 to 47%; disk length 1 to 
114 in its width; tail 114 to 1% in disk length. Snout 144 to 1% 
in head, forms narrow triangular point in front; eye 414 to 534, 2%, 
to 324 in snout, 214 to 24 in interorbital; dentary width 214 to 314 
in head; teeth in 28 to 30 rows in jaws, each with rather narrow 
triangular cusp; upper lip with fringed edge, lower with rather 
large pleats; nostrils small, internarial width 114 in dentary; inter- 
orbital 114 to 144 in head. Gill openings small, equidistant, last 
shortest. Spiracles quite large, deep, wide, equal about 1% eye 
diameters. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine 134 to 224 in head. 

No dorsal or anal; caudal moderately deep and rounded, its great- 
est expansion about equals spiracle; pectorals form partly quadran- 
gular disk, broadly rounded; ventrals broad, obtuse; claspers flat- 
tened though robust, compressed, about half head length. 

Back and above uniform brown. Below whitish, outer edges of 
disk broadly brownish. 

Japan, Korea. I follow McCulloch’s suggestion in placing Urolo- 
phus fuscus Garman as a synonym of the present species. 


U.S.N.M. No. 50735. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 128 
to 260 mm. 2 examples. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71829. Tokyo market. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 350 mm. 


UROLOPHUS SUFFLAVUS Whitley 


Urolophus suffavus Wurtley, Australian Zool., vol. 5, p. 354, 1929 (on Urolo- 
phus aurantiacus McCulloch, 1916). 

Urolophus cruciatus (not Lacépéde) WairTe, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, pt. 
1, p. 43, 1899 (Shoalhaven Bight and Jervis Bay) ; Mem. New South Wales 
Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 10, 1904. 

Urolophus aurantiacus (not Miiller and Henle) McCuttocn, Biol. Res. En- 
deavour, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 172, pl. 49, 1916 (off Manning River to Port 
Kemblon, New South Wales, in 20-84 fathoms); Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 12, pl. 8, fig. 39a, 1927—Fowtkrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 503, 1980 (reference; part). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 514 in total length. Snout 124 in head 
to hind spiracle edge; eye 514, 334 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth 
width 21% in preoral length; teeth pavementlike in female, each with 
elongate flattened spine in male; median papilla behind lower jaw, 
which subdivided into 2 to 4 lobes, another simple or bifurcate one 
each side and one near each angle of jaws; internarial 244 in preoral 
length, hind outer angles of lobe separated from hinder margin as 


442 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


small rounded tubercles, fimbriate hind edge little sinuous; nostrils 
large, confluent with mouth and separated by thick median frenum; 
interorbital 2 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle along and be- 
hind eye, about equals 134 eye diameters. 

Tail 114 in disk length, width between ventrals subequal with 
mouth, spine 134 in head to hind spiracle edge, inserted about first 24 
in tail below disk; caudal begins above directly behind spine end, be- 
low middle of its length on lower surface and width subequal variably 
with internarial; pectorals form more or less rounded disk, front 
margins almost straight from snout to broadly rounded outer angles, 
hind lateral edges convex, form obtuse angles with inner edges; 
ventral edges convex, angles rounded. 

Rich ochreous yellow above when fresh, sometimes stained with 
pink toward disk edges. Indefinite brown median dorsal stripe may 
extend from eyes to dorsal spine. White below, purplish toward 
edges. Width, 387 mm. (McCulloch.) 

New South Wales. Apparently differs from the Japanese 
Urolophus aurantiacus in the dark median dorsal stripe. 


UROLOPHUS CRUCIATUS (Lacépéde) 


Raja cruciata Lactrzpr, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 4, pp. 201, 210, pl. 55, 
fig. 2, 1804 [type locality: New Holland (Australia) ]—MULLER and HENLE, 
Mag. Nat. Hist. Charlesworth, vol. 2, p. 90, 1886 (name only). 

Leiobatus cruciatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816 
(name only). 

Urolophus cruciatus Dumérir, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 626, 1865 (Aus- 
tralia, Port Western, Tasmania).—GUnTuHmr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
8, p. 485, 1870 (Port Arthur).—Macreay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 6, p. 378, 1881 (Port Arthur).—Jounston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 
1882, p. 141, 1883; 1890, p. 39, 1891.—OciLpy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., 
pt. 1, p. 21, 1888 (Port Jackson).—McCuttocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 
1, p. 14, 1911 (Bass Strait) Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 408, 1913 (Hobart, Tasmania).—Wartrm and McCutitocu, Trans. Roy. 
Soe. South Australia, vol. 39, p. 460, 1915 (Great Australian Bight, in 22-140 
fathoms).—McCuttocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 171, 1916 
(Bass Strait, off Port Davey, Mainwaring Cove, Bay of Fires, Tasmania; 
Investigator Group, South Australia; in 37-88 meters).—WatIT#, Rec. South 
Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 32, fig. 45, 1921—FKowtmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pa- 
cifie Sci. Congr, Java, p. 503, 1930 (reference). 

Urolophus ephippiatus RicHAaRrpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 35, pl. 
24, 1846 (type locality: Storm Bay, Van Diemens Land).—DuMéErm, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 627, 1865 (copied). 

Trygonobatus ephippiatus Gray, List fish British Mus., p. 126, 1851 (reference). 


Depth 9% to 1814 to end of caudal; head 424 to 4%,; disk length 
1 to 1% in its width; tail 114 to 124 in disk length. Snout 114 to 
134 in head, forms broad, obtuse point for very wide angle of front 
profile line; eye 524 to 614, 4 to 414 in snout, 234 to 3 in interorbital; 
dentary width 44 in head; teeth in 18 to 20 rows in jaws, wider than 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 443 


long, with slight transverse concavity on crown; both lips with fringed 
edges; nostrils small, internarial width subequal with dentary width; 
interorbital 214 to 214 in head, level. Gill openings small, subequal, 
equidistant, first and last shorter. Eye 134 of large spiracle. 

Skin smooth. Caudal with 2 spines, near end of tail, second longer 
or 11% in head. 

No dorsal or anal; caudal moderately deep, end rounded; pectorals 
form partly quadrangular disk, broadly rounded; ventrals broad, 
obtuse; claspers flattened though robust, obtusely conic, little less 
than total ventral length. 

Uniform brownish above. Below whitish, outer portions of pec- 
torals laterally, also of ventrals and all of caudal dusky. 

New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania. 

U.S.N.M, No. 39989. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 530 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39993. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 470 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 40008. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 420 mm. 


UROLOPHUS ARMATUS Miller and Henle 


Urolophus armatus (Valenciennes) MULtEr and Henig, Syst. Beschr. Pla- 
giostomen, p. 174, 1841 (type locality: New Ireland).—Duméinm, Hist. Nat. 
Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 628, 1865 (type).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 485, 1870 (copied); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 495, 1910 
(copied ).—GaARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 407, 1913 (New Ire- 
land).—Fowtrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 503, 1930 (reference). 


Snout somewhat pointed and prominent; mouth waved; teeth flat. 

Above with small asperities on rostral cartilages, along back and 
row on tail; strong tubercle on shoulder girdle. 

Tail scarcely shorter than disk; pectorals form rhomboid, orbicular 
disk, rather wider than long, front edges rectilinear, angles and hind 
edges rounded. 

Brown, with numerous round black spots. Belly white, edges 
darker. Length, 175 mm. (Miller and Henle; Duméril.) 

New Ireland. 


Subgenus TRYGONOPTERA Miiller and Henle 
UROLOPHUS BUCCULENTUS Macleay 


Urolophus bucculentus MacueaAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 
172, 1884 (type locality: Outside Port Jackson, in 40-60 fathoms) .—OcILBy, 
Cat. Fish. Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 21, 1888 (types; off Barranjoey, Port 
Jackson).—WaAiITE, Fisher. Rep. Thetis, p. 41, 1898 (Nelsons Bay at Port 
Stephens, New South Wales).—McCuttocn, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 4, 
pt. 4, p. 177, 1916 (Bass Straits, in 70-100 fathoms) ; McCuttocu, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 46, pt. 4, p. 466, pl. 41, figs. 1-8, 1921 
(east of Botany Bay, in 60 fathoms); Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, 
p. 13, 1927. 


444 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Trygonoptera bucculenta Wattr, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 44, pl. 5, 
text fig. 8 (preoral region), 1899 (New South Wales).—Sreap, Fishes of 
Australia, p. 233, 1908—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 410, 
1918 (Australia). —Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
504, 1930 (reference). 

Depth 13 to end of caudal fin (caudal fin broken) ; head 35%; disk 
length 114 its width; tail (end cut off) apparently about half disk 
length. Snout 134 in head; eye 8, 5% in snout, 3 in interorbital; 
dentary width 324 in head; teeth in 24 rows in jaws, rhombic, crowns 
convex; nostrils large, internarial width equals dentary width; inter- 
orbital 234 in head, generally depressed with median depression. 
Gill openings small, subequal, equidistant, last smallest. Spiracles 
large, twice eye, wide and deep. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine large, 434 in disk length. 

Single small dorsal, length 2 in interorbital, close before base of 
caudal spine; caudal fin moderate; pectoral broad, front edge 
slightly emarginate, angles broadly convex; ventrals broad, half of 
head, ends obtuse. 

Brown above, nearly uniform. Below whitish. 

New South Wales. Garman gives the teeth in about 18 rows. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39979. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 620 mm. to 
end of broken tail. 


UROLOPHUS JAVANICUS (Martens) 


Trygonoptera javanica Martens, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 260, 1864 
(type locality: Batavia).—GarMaNn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 410, 
1913 (Batavia).—Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 504, 
1930 (reference). 

Urolophus (Trygonoptera) javanica GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 486, 1870 (copied).—Marrmns, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 
1876 (Batavia). 

Snout tip forms blunt angle, length twice mouth width; mouth 
weakly waved; teeth in pavement; 3 oral papillae. Spiracle close be- 
hind eye, pointed oval, edges entire, equals 114 eye diameters. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail shorter than disk; spine on tail with 20 denticles each side; 
upper fold on tail wider behind than lower, which extends forward 
nearly opposite insertion of caudal spine; low half heart-shaped dor- 
sal on tail; disk rounded, somewhat longer than wide, front edge 
weakly convex, hind edges strongly convex. 

Above dark brown, with numerous small, pale or dark spots. 
Below pale reddish gray. Paired fins on under sides dark brown, 
colored with radiations. Length, 338 mm. (Martens.) 

Fast Indies. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 445 


UROLOPHUS VIRIDIS McCulloch 


Urolophus viridis McCuttocH, Biol. Res. Hndeavour, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 176, 
pl. 51, 1916 (type locality: Off Sandon Bluffs, New South Wales to Bass 
Straits, Tasmania, in 10-100 fathoms) ; Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, 
Dy 13, 192% 

Urotrygon viridis Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 503, 
1930 (reference). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 434 in total length. Snout 1% in 
head to hind spiracle edge, as seen above forms short broad triangular 
point; eye 514, 4 in snout, 214 in interorbital; mouth width 214 in 
preoral length; median teeth with flattened cusps in male; fimbriate 
lip behind upper jaw, several variously disposed widely spaced 
papillae behind lower; internarial 234 in preoral length, hind edge 
of valve with narrow lobulate border not fringed, outer hind angles 
form papillae in groove outside lips; nostrils without large free 
lobes, posteriorly overhanging mouth angle; interorbital 224 in head 
to hind spiracle edge. Spiracle 34, close along behind eye, inner 
edge without angular projection. 

Tail depressed, 114 in disk length, with well-developed fold each 
side, width between ventrals equals mouth width; spine inserted 
midway in tail, length 144 in head to hind spiracle edge and some- 
times with small anterior tubercle though no dorsal fin; caudal large, 
narrow, width 44 internarial, begins below hind part of spine on 
upper tail surface and extends forward as ridge to beneath front 
part of spine below; pectorals form rhomboidal disk, length 114 
its width, front edges slightly sinuous or almost straight with rounded 
outer angles, hind lateral edges little convex and junction with 
inner edges rounded; ventrals broad. 

Light moss green above, extreme disk edges whitish. Iris golden. 
Lateral folds of tail and lower surfaces porcelain white, disk mar- 
gins purplish. Back changes purplish brown after death, some- 
times with broad blackish bar across interorbital and extending 
outward either side of eye. Width, 275 mm. (McCulloch.) 

Tasmania, New South Wales. 


UROLOPHUS KAIANUS Giinther 


Urolophus kaianus GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 87, 1880 
(type locality: Ki Islands, in 129 fathoms) ; vol. 22, p. 12, 1887 (reference) .— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 409, 1913 (copied).—FowLer, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 508, 1930 (reference). 


Snout not projecting. 
Disk entirely smooth. 


446 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Tail little shorter than disk; no dorsal; disk much broader than 
long, front edges meet at very obtuse angle. 

Uniform brownish. Length, 235 mm. (Giinther.) 

Ki Islands. 


UROLOPHUS EXPANSUS McCulloch 


Urolophus expansus McCuLtocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 178, fig. 2 
(on p. 200), 1916 (type locality: Great Australian Bight, in 80-120 fath- 
oms).—WaAITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 33, fig. 47, 1921— 
Fow ter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 503, 1930 (reference). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 434 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle length, as seen above forms broad obtuse angle with 
very short point; eye 414, 3 in snout, 144 in interorbital; mouth width 
2%; 2 or more papillae on median line of mouth behind lower jaw 
and several others widely spaced on either side; internarial 214, hind 
outer angles of valve forms small rounded tubercles, hind edge fimbri- 
ate; nostrils large, narrow, without skinny lobe posteriorly; inter- 
orbital 224. Spiracle along and behind eye, length 32. 

Tail depressed, with narrow keel on either side, length 124 in disk 
length, width between ventrals subequal to that of mouth; spine in- 
serted slightly before middle in tail length, 114 in head to hind spi- 
racle edge, without dorsal fin; caudal narrow, width less than inter- 
narial, begins below spine end on upper surface of tail and extends 
farther forward below; pectorals form widely rounded disk, length 
11%, its width, front edges nearly straight to rounded outer angles and 
hind edges feebly convex and form obtuse angles at junctions with 
inner edges; ventrals subquadrangular, angles rounded. 

Drab gray above, with 2 faint plumbeous cross bars on hinder part 
of head and oblique bar on either side of disk anteriorly. Width, 
208mm. (McCulloch.) 

Great Australian Bight. Said to differ from Urolophus kaianus 
in the variegated color pattern, though as this is described from 
formalin material in the above species, this character requires 
confirmation. 

UROLOPHUS TESTACEUS (Miiller and Henle) 


Trygonoptera testacea (Banks) MULLER and HENtrEg, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 
p. 174, pl. 56, 1841 [type locality: New Holland (Australia) ].—Gray, List 
fish British Museum, p. 126, 1851 (reference).—Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 629, 1865 (Australia).—Watrr, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 
4, p. 44, 1899 (New South Wales) ; Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 
2, p. 10, 1904.—Fowtrr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 419, 1908 
(Victoria ).—StEap, Edible Fishes New South Wales, p. 119, 1908; Fishes of 
Australia, p. 238, 1908.—GarMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 410, 
1918 (Australia).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 
504, 1930 (reference). 

Raja testacea (Banks) MUttrer and HEN ts, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 174, 
1841 (name in synonymy). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 447 


Urolophus testaceus GiinrHeR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 486, 1870 
(Sydney, Cape Upstart, Australia).—Mac.ieay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 5, p. 315, 1880 (Cape Upstart, Port Jackson) ; vol. 6, p. 379, 1881 
(Cape Upstart, Port Jackson).—OciLpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, 1886, 
p. 6; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 21, 1888 (Port Jackson, Port 
Phillip) —Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 46, 1890 (Port 
Phillip).—Warttr, Prelim. Rep. Thetis Exped. p. 40, 1898 (New South 
Wales).—TosH, Marine Biol. Rep. Queensland, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1903 (Jumpin 
Pin).—Ocirpy, Commere. Fish Fisher. Queensland, 1915, p. 45 (Moreton 
Bay).—McCut1ocH, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 4, p. 174, pl. 50, 1916 (5 miles 
southwest of Fraser Island and Port Hacking in 15 fathoms).—OciLBy, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 86, 1916 (Jumpin Pin, Cape Moreton, South Hill, 
Low Bluff, Double Island Point).—WalrTeE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 
2, p. 82, fig. 46, 1921—McCunLiocH and WuirTLtey, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 1380, 1925——McCuttocu, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 12, 
pl. 3, fig. 39b, 1927. 

Trygon testacea ZiErz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 292, 1908. 

Trygon mulleri (not Castelnau) STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 53, pt. 1, p. 479, pl. 6, fig. 4 (young), 1866 (Port Jackson, 
Australia). 

Trygon henlei (not Castelnau) STernpACcHNeER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. K1., vol. 53, pt. 1, p. 479, pl. 6, fig. 4 (half grown), 1866 (Port 
Jackson). 

Trygon australis (not Castelnau) STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat, K1., vol. 53, pt. 1, p. 480, pl. 7, 1866 (South Seas). 


Head to hind spiracle edge 52% in total length. Snout 124 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above ends in very short obtuse point; 
eye 534, 4 in snout, 234 in interorbital; mouth width 21 in preoral 
length; teeth pavementlike, each with horizontal ridge in female, 
which elevated into obtuse spine in male; fimbriate lip behind upper 
jaw, median fimbriae largest; median bilobed papilla behind lower 
jaw, with 1 or 2 smaller each side; large free posterior nasal lobes 
overhanging mouth angles; internarial valve with broad free fringe 
of flattened tentacles, 14 on each side and outer external angles form 
small papillae hidden in mouth; internarial 234 in preoral length; 
interorbital 2 in head to hind spiracle edge. Spiracles along and 
behind eye, 4 in head to hind spiracle edge. 

Tail depressed, without lateral folds, width between ventrals 
equals mouth width, length slightly less than disk length; caudal 
spine inserted about midway in tail length, 144 in head to hind 
spiracle edge; dorsal long as eye, inserted close before caudal spine; 
caudal width 2% internarial, begins below hind fourth of caudal 
spine above and below extends forward nearly opposite dorsal; pec- 
torals form rhomboidal disk, slightly broader than long front edges 
slightly sinuous or nearly straight from snout to broadly rounded 
outer angles, hind lateral edges convex, junction with inner edges 
rounded; ventrals broad. 


448 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Uniform cinnamon brown above, including eyes and tail. Extreme 
disk edges and caudal white. Below white with broad pale brown 
margin to pectorals and ventrals. Large examples darker brown, 
intramarginal parts of disk and caudal blackish. Width, 322 mm. 
(McCulloch. ) 

South Australia, Victoria New South Wales, Queensland. 


Genus ANACANTHOBATIS Von Bonde and Swart 


Anacanthobatis Von BonbDE and Swart, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv. South Africa, 
Rep., No. 3, 1922 errata slip, 1924. (Type, Leiobatis marmoratus Von Bonde 
and Swart, monotypic. ) 

Body and head form subcircular or partly rhomboid disk, little 
wider than body. ‘Tail shorter than disk, tapering, without lateral 
folds or serrated spine. Pair of cutaneous flaps on mouth roof. 
Teeth in numerous rows, rounded, blunt or pointed. Skin smooth. 
No dorsal. Caudal very small. Ventrals notched, male with claspers. 


ANACANTHOBATIS MARMORATUS (Von Bonde and Swart) 


Leiobatis marmoratus Von BonbDE and Swart, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv. South 
Africa, Rep. No. 3, 1922, p. 18, pl. 23, 1924 (type locality: Natal coast in 160 
fathoms).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, p. 79, 1925 (Natal 
coast). 

? Se dubius Von Bonpe and Swart, Fisher. Marine Biol. Surv. South 
Africa, Rep. No. 3, 1922, p. 19, 1924 (type locality: South Africa). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 434 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, tip extends in short soft point; eye 534, 434 in 
snout, 224 in interorbital; mouth width 3 in preoral length to base of 
rostral filament; teeth small, blunt, in numerous rows, bases round; 
pair of arclike fringed flaps suspended inside mouth from top jaw, 
seen when mouth opened; nostrils large, close to mouth corners and 
continuous along very shallow nasoral grooves; 2 broad fringed flaps 
from inner nasal edges overhang mouth corners and grooves and outer 
nasal edges extended into 2 tubular, projecting, fringed flaps; inter- 
orbital 234 in head to hind spiracle edge, concave. Spiracle close 
behind and slightly less than eye. 

Above smooth, also below. Dark red papillalike projections of 
skin sparsely scattered over upper surface, including ventrals. 

Tail rounded, thin, tapering, 114 in disk length, no lateral folds; 
caudal rudimentary as small vertical thin fold or ridge; pectorals 
form subcircular disk in female, nearly quadrangular to rhombic in 
male, but very slightly broader than long; ventrals deeply notched, 
completely joined along inner edges with tail, infused outer edges 
serrated or denticulated. 

Reddish brown, profusely mottled above with very small white 
spots, also scattered, pale, faintly brown ocelli. Length, 245 mm. 
(Von Bonde and Swart.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 449 


South Africa. Zetobatus dubius based on an example but 102 mm., 
is said to have the same coloration as the above and its slight alleged 
structural characters are hardly distinctive. 


Genus UROLOPHOIDES Soldatov and Lindberg 


Urolophoides (Lindberg) SotpArov and LinpserG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 24, 1930. (Type, Urolophoides giganteus (Lindberg) Soldatov 
and Lindberg, orthotypic.) 

Disk much broader than long, longer than tail. Greatest disk 
width opposite first 24 of disk length as measured from snout tip 
to hind edge of pectorals. Tail short, stout, tip blunt, length about 
44 of disk length. Upper part of tail covered with numerous small 
prickles; 2 strong spines at base of tail and 2 at first basal third; 
2 needles, large, near middle of tail. No dorsal or caudal fins. Ver- 
tical membranous fold on upper surface of tail. Skin of disk smooth, 
except hind parts of pectorals and ventrals. 

Related to Urolophus in general appearance, but differs in the 
absence of the caudal fin. It resembles Dasyatis in the membranous 
caudal fold, but differs in its short, stout, nonwhiphike tail. 


UROLOPHOIDES GIGANTEUS Soldatov and Lindberg 


Urolophoides giganteus (Lindberg) Sot~patov and Linpserc, Bull. Pacific Sci. 
Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 26, fig. 4, 1930 (type locality: Peter the Great 
Bay).—TARANETZ, Bull. Pacific Sci. Inst. Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 52, 
fig. 29, 1937. 


Snout longer than interorbital width or space between spiracles, 
334 in disk length as measured to hind pectoral edge. Eye 24 of 
spiracle, or 514 in interorbital; combined eye and spiracle 21% in 
snout. Mouth width 2 in preoral length. Ventrals extend but 
slightly behind hind ends of pectorals. Caudal needles slightly 
longer than interorbital space, very strong, serrated, inserted behind 
middle of tail. 

Total length, 2,320 mm., disk width, 1,780 mm. (Soldatov and 
Lindberg.) 

Peter the Great Bay. 


Genus GYMNURA Kuhl 


Gymnura Kuunu, Algemein Konst Letterbode, May, 1823, p. 316; Bull. Sci. Nat. 
Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824. (Type, Raja micrura Schneider, monotypic. 
Precludes Gymnura Lesson 1827, Horsfield and Vigors 1827, Nuttall 1854.) 

Aetoplatea (Valenciennes) MULtrr and Hentre, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
175, 1841. (Type, Aetoplatea tentaculata Miiller and Henle, monotypic.) 

Aétoplatia AGaAsstz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 10, 1846. (Type, Aetoplatea 
tentaculata Miiller and Henle.) 

Aetoplatia Scupper, Nomencl. Zool., Univers. Index, p. 8, 1882. (Type, Aeto- 
platea tentaculata Miiller and Henle.) 


450 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Pteroplatea Mitttrr and HENIE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 117. 
(Atypic.) (Type, Raja altavela Linnaeus, virtually affixed by Jordan and 
Gilbert, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 16, p. 46, 1883.) 

Planerocephalus GRATZIANOW, Zool. Anz., 1906, pp. 400, 408. (Type, Planero- 
cephalus elliott Gratzianow=—Raja micrura Schneider, monotypic.) 
(Monstrosity. ) 

Disk much wider than long, lozenge shaped, angles rounded, de- 
pressed and thin. Tail short, slender, with jor without narrow 
dermal folds behind serrated spine. Head not prominent. Eyes 
small, prominent. Mouth wide, transverse, little arched; jaws 
slender. Teeth minute, numerous, in broad band, each tooth with 
wide base, with 1 to 3 sharp cusps. Nostrils wide, separated by 
broad isthmus; front valves confluent, crossing isthmus as narrow 
fold; posterior valves rudimentary. Spiracles large, close behind 
eyes. No dorsal fin. Pectorals wide, meeting in front of head. 
Ventrals small, narrow. 

Temperate and tropical seas. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. AETOPLATEA. Usually small dorsal fin at base of tail before caudal spine. 


b*. Tentacle behind spiracle; tail less than half of body_------- tentaculata 

b*. No tentacle behind spiracle; tail about half as long as body______ zonura 
a*, GyMNuRA. No dorsal fin. 

Caahailinearly: lonssas bodys een we eis Tee eee eee Ee poecilura 


c’. Tail half long as body. 
a’. Chin without 2 denticles. 


EL Uniform ybrown: above wets fhe y ew Shae UN ings ees aa japonica 

Cea iwolarcenwhitel blotches tabovess = eee bimaculata 

@. Chintwith pair of wide-set denticles =e) at) eee crooki 
CT ail lessithan half long as body22 220s te eet ee ae micrura, 


Subgenus AETOPLATEA Valenciennes 
GYMNURA TENTACULATA (Miller and Henle) 


Aetoplatea tentaculata (Valenciennes) Miter and Hrentrs, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 175, 1841 (type locality: Red Sea, Malabar).—BLEreKrr, Verh. 
Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference).—DUMERIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 6380, 1865 (types) —GARMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 411, 1918 (Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Malabar). 

Pteroplatea tentaculata GiiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 488, 1870 
(copied).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1909 
(off Hughli River mouth, Orissa and Ganjam coasts, in 15-30 fathoms). 

Pteroplatea australis RAMSAY and OciLBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 10, p. 575, 1885 (type locality: Cape Hawke, New South Wales).— 
O«gILBy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 10, p. 466, 1885 (no des- 
eription) ; Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 22, 1888 (type; Broken 
Bay); Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 5, 1908 (Moreton Bay); Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 88, 1916 (Moreton Bay, off Port Curtis and Cape 
Gloucester, 14-25 fathoms; note).—McCutiocu, Australian Zool., vol. 1, 
pt. 4, p. 89, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1917 (Tuggerah Lakes, New South Wales) .— 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 451] 


McCuLlLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 1380, 1925 
(reference).—McCuLtocu, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 
40a, 1927. 

Pteroplatea natalensis GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 
11, p. 56, 1911 (type locality: Natal); Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 288, 
1916 (reference).—VoN BONDE and Swart, Fisher. Marine Biol. Sury. South 
Africa Rep., No. 38, 1922, p. 17, 1924 (reference).—Barnarp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 81, 1925 (Natal). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 534 in total length. Snout 124 in head 
as seen above with short point in broad obtuse profile; orbit 4, 214 
in snout, 31% in interorbital; interorbital 114 in head. Tentacle at hind 
angle of spiracle variable in length, always slender and pointed. 

Tail variable, usually less half as long as disk in adult, sometimes 
with faint dorsal and anal cutaneous folds; serrated spine minute 
or absent; dorsal about twice long as high, more than half long as 
inner ventral edge and its front border nearer base than terminal 
ends of ventrals; pectorals form disk little less twice as broad as 
long in adult, more than twice as broad in young, angles somewhat 
rounded in both. 

Young greenish slate above, marked with irregular roundish spots 
of dark brown and with faint and close reticulation of paler shade 
of brown. This reticulation separates closely set roundish areas of 
ground color. With age brown spots enlarge and assume greenish 
color, finally become dark olive and occupy greater part of surface. 
Faint reticulation disappears and large spots and blotches of yellow- 
ish green develop. Tail faintly barred at all ages. Adult above 
without minute dark dots and faint markings of tail. Young white 
below, with age marbled and clouded darker. Reaches disk width 
of 730 mm. (Annandale.) 

Red Sea, South Africa, India, Australia. In depths of 15 to 30 
fathoms. I am unable to find satisfactory distinctive characters in 
the descriptions of the nominal Pteroplatea australis Ramsay and 
Ogilby and Pteroplatea natalensis Gilchrist and Thompson, the latter 
only based on a young male but 280 mm. wide with a nonserrate 
caudal spine and undeveloped teeth. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39978. Cape Hawke. Australian Museum. Length, 440 mm. 
GYMNURA ZONURA (Bleeker) 


Aetoplatea zonurus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 79, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java) —DuMérin, Hist. Nat, Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 631, 1865 (copied).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 411, 
1913 (Singapore and Batavia).—Fow.uer, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 506, 1980 (reference). 

Pteroplatea zonura GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 488, 1870 
(type).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1909 (Puri, 
Orissa coast, in 15-20 fathoms). 


452 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Head to hind spiracle edge 7 in total length. Snout 114 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen above with short though distinct point 
in convex profile; orbit 5, 3 in snout, 414 in interorbital; nasal flap 
nearly straight, barely fringed; interorbital nearly equals head to 
hind spiracle edge. 

Tail variable, often more than half as long as disk; serrated spine 
minute or absent, and low cutaneous fold sometimes present on under 
surface of tail; dorsal twice long as high, about 14 long as free part 
of pectorals and front border slightly placed before hind border of 
pectorals, 

Olive-green above, minutely and closely speckled with darker dots, 
boldly marked with large round or irregular spots of greenish yellow 
and often joined together by irregular lines and blotches of same 
color, sometimes ocellate. In young dark spots paler and less nu- 
merous, while spots less irregular and of brownish color. Ventral 
surface without pigment. Tail white below with row of large longi- 
tudinally oval blackish spots above. Reaches disk width of 850 mm. 
(Annandale.) 


India, Singapore, East Indies. 


Subgenus GYMNURA Kuhl 
GYMNURA POECILURA (Shaw) 


Raja poecilura SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 291, 1804 [on Tenkee kunsal 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 4, pl. 6, 1803 (type locality: 
Vizagapatam) J. 

Trygon poecilurus BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1830 (Sumatra). 

Pteroplatea poecilura GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 412, 1913 
(Red Sea, India, Calcutta, Pinang, Java).—CHABANAUuD, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).—Fow.rr, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 506, 1980 (reference). 

Pteroplatea poecilouwra Fow irr, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 102, 
1928 (Bombay) (error). 

Gymnura poecilura Fowirr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 18, 1988 (reference). 

Gymnura micrura (not Schneider) Kuni, Algemein Konst Letterbode, p. 316, 
1828 (Java). 

Pteroplatea micrura MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiost., p. 169, 1841 
(India).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 1846 (China and Java 
Seas, Indian Ocean, Red Sea).—CanrTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 409, 1849 (part).—BiLmeKkeEr, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. (65) 76, 1852 (Batavia and Samarang) ; (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9 (on Tenkee 
kunsal Russell), p. 24 (on Me Clelland), p. 25, 1853 (reference). —DuUMERIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 618, 1865 (Sea of the Indies, mouth of 
Ganges).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 278, 1865.—GwUnTHmr, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 487, 1870 (Calcutta, Pinang, Singapore, India) .— 
MARTENS, Preuss, Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 1876 (Bangkok).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 741, pl. 194, fig. 2, 1878; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 56, fig. 28, 1889.—Vouz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland Indié, 
vol. 66, p. 241, 1907 (Sumatra).—ANNANDALE, Mem, Indian Mus., vol. 2, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 453 


p. 39, 1909 (Puri).—SourHwet1t, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. 
E43-H45, E49.—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, pp. F1l1-F14. 
Pteroplatea micrurus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 
22, 1853 (Nagasaki, China, East Indies, Malacca, Bengal, Red Sea); Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 136, 1860 (Muntok, Banka). 

Dasyatis micrura GRAY, List fish British Museum, p. 122, 1851 (Calcutta, India, 
Singapore). 

Dasyatis microura BtytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 37, 1860 
(Caleutta). 

Pastinaca kunsal Cuvrmr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vel. 2, p. 400, 1829 (on Tenkee 
kunsal Russell). 

Pteroplatea annulata Swartnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 319, 1839 (on 
Tenkee kunsal Russell). 

Raia pastinaca var. altavela (not Linnaeus) LicHTENsTEIN, Descr. Anim. 
Forster, p. 256, 1844 (Tanna, Society Islands). 


Head greatly depressed; snout about 11% in interorbital; eye 514; 
mouth width 114; teeth in about 40 rows in each jaw; internasal 
space 114 in width; interorbital flat, with broad median depression, 
greater than interspiracle width. Spiracle larger than eye, with- 
out tentacle. 

Skin smooth. 

No dorsal; tail without dorsal folds, without caudal spine; disk 
length 1% 9 in width. 

Brown above. Iris gray. Tail whitish, with 9 broad blackish 
bands much wider than pale interspaces. 

Red Sea, India, Ceylon, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Siam, 
China, Japan, Polynesia. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Dr. F. Hallberg. Disk length, 153 mm., 
tail, 90 mm., disk width, 285 mm. 


GYMNURA JAPONICA (Schlegel) 


Pteroplatea japonica SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, 
p. 309, pl. 141, 1850 (type locality: Nagasaki Bay).—BLerxKer, Act. Soc. 
Sci. Indo-Néerl. (Japan), vol. 2, p. 45, 1857.—Dumerrit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 614, 1865 (copied ).—JorpDAN and Snynpmr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
23, p. 338, 1900 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 42, 1901 (refer- 
ence).—JORDAN and Fow.er, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 662, 1903 
(Wakanoura).—Snypver, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 401, 1912 (Tokyo). 
—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 413, 1913 (Japan).—IzuKa 
and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 187, 1920 
(Boshiu).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indochine, 1° note, p. 6, 
1926 (Cambodia).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 
(Fusan, Korea).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 
1930 (Japan.)—Soumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8S. S. R., vol. 11, 
p. 15, 1931 (Nagasaki).—F Ane and WANG, Contr. Biol. Liab. Sci. Soe. China, 
vol. 8, p. 274, fig. 26, 1932 (Chefoo).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua 
Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 170, figs. 14-14a, 19382 (Tsingtao).—Wana, 
Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, No. 3, p. 112, 1983 (Chekiang).—- 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 34, 1983. 


454 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dasyatis micrura var. japonicus Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 122, 1851 
(Japan, China). 

Pteroplatea hirundo (not Lowe) ISHIKAWA and MAtTsuuRA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 
Mus. Tokyo, p. 60, 1897.—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, 
vol. 1, pl. 5, fig. 6 (teeth), 1932 (Tsingtao). 

Depth 12 to 1234 to end of tail; head 4 to 414, disk length 144 to 
17% in width; tail length to base 2149 to 244 in disk length. Snout 
124 to 14% in head forms very slight angle to obtusely conic front 
profile of disk; eye 6 to 8 in head, 4 to 5 in snout, 5 to 536 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 144 to 2 in head; teeth in 30 to 40 rows in 
jaws, each with sharp, triangular denticle; nostril broad, oblique, 
internarial width 114 to 124 in mouth width; front nasal valve 
broad, low lobe, hind valve short fold extending half way to in- 
ternarial; interorbital 114 to 134 in head, broad, level, with broad 
median fontanel forming concave depression. Gill openings small, 
equidistant, last shortest. Spiracles large, broad, transverse; eye 
114 to 11% in spiracle. 

Skin smooth. Small caudal spine long as spiracle, or shorter. 

No dorsal or anal; tail slender, conic, tapers to firm, slender point; 
pectoral wide lobe, front edge little undulate, hind edge little con- 
vex, apex obtuse; ventral small, broad, 214 to 214 in head; claspers 
short, depressed, firm points, reach hind ventral edge. 

Above uniform umber. Tail whitish, with 6 black blotches above, 
wider than pale interspaces. Under surface of disk whitish. 

China, Japan, Korea. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75878. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 223-260mm. 2 examples. 


U.SN.M. No. 75879. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 200 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71902. Tokyo market. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 220 mm. 


GYMNURA BIMACULATA (Norman) 


Pieroplatea bimaculata NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 16, p. 270, 
1925 (type locality: Yenting, Chekiang Province, China).—Fow Ler, Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 19380 (copied) ; Hong Kong 
Nat. vol. 1, p. 182, 1980 (compiled). 

Pteroplatea micrura (not Schneider) RicHARpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 197, 
1846 (China Seas). 

Pteroplatea jordani Cuu, China Journ., Shanghai, vol. 12, No. 6, p. 357, pl. 
1930 (type locality: Ning-po fish market; Bast Sea, China). 

According to Norman ‘closely related to Pteroplatea japonica 
Schlegel, but with the anterior margins of the disk less undulated 
and the tail a little shorter; pair of large, ovate, bluish white spots 
separated by distance equal twice interorbital width, their anterior 
edges level with the hinder margins of the spiracles. Greatest width, 
365 mm., length from snout tip to vent, 170mm., from vent to tail 
end, 87 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 455 


GYMNURA CROOKI Fowler 
Figure 12 


Gymnura crooki Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 241, fig. 
6, 1933 (type locality : Kowloon, China). 

Depth 14 to end of tail; head 414; disk length 144 its width; tail 
2 in disk length. Snout 134 in head, forms short blunt end of wide 
obtuse angle of front profile; eye 9 in head, 6 in snout, 514 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 2 in head; teeth in 65 rows above, 45 below, 
each tooth with 1 to 3 slender cusps of which median largest; nostril 
broad, oblique, internarial 314 in mouth width, front valve broad 
lobe, hind valve low short fold extending halfway to internarial; 
interorbital 134 in head, broad, nearly level except concave depres- 
sion due to broad fontanel. Gill openings small, last smallest, equi- 
distant. Spiracle large, oblique, deep, twice eye. 

Skin smooth. No caudal spine. 

No dorsal. Scarcely an anal developed, unless low rudimentary 
ridge on tail below. Tail rather robust, flexible, tapers to rather 
strong point. Pectoral wide lobes, front edge little concave and 
hind edge little convex, apex broadly convex. Ventral small, long, 
with claspers conic, rather large and along inner edge of ventral 
long as its outer edge, which 2 in head. 

Back uniform dusky brown. Below whitish. Tail light or pale 
brownish, irregularly blotched or spotted above with dark brown, 
like back, only about half of blotches crossing over lower surface of 
tail narrowly and of more pale tint than above. 

My specimen differs from Schlegel’s plate of Pteroplatea japonica 
in that it not only has no trace of a caudal spine and no trace of 
any removal of such, could it have been present, but also the 
coloration of the tail is very different. Schlegel’s figure shows the 
tail as whitish with 5 black, well-contrasted transverse bands, the 
terminal 3 of which are clearly wider than the pale interspaces. 
My specimen also shows a hard knoblike denticle on the lower jaw 
each side of the middle and projecting, each of these knobs about 
opposite the limit of the internarial space. 


GYMNURA MICRURA (Schneider) 


Raja micrura ScHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 360, 1801 (type locality: “Suri- 
nam” [likely erroneous] ). 

Trygonobatus micrurus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816 
(name only). 

Pteroplatea micrura Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1409, 1849 
(Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 278, 
1865.—BartLertT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Buntal 
and Moratabas).—DunckeEr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 194, 
1904 (locality?).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 461 


156861—41——30 


456 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


(Baram, North Borneo).—Votz, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indié, vol. 66, p. 241, 
1907 (Sumatra).—Ltoyp, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).— 
PELLEGRIN, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, new ser., vol. 3, No. 27, p. 5, 1912 





Ficurn 12.—Gymnura crooki Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 6830). 


(Singapore).—PrEarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. E11.—Zua- 
MAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 8, 1913 
(Mekran).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1914, p. H5.—JorpaN and 
Starks, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 2, p. 480, 1917 (Ceylon) .—VINCIGUERRA, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 457 


Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 625, 1926 (Sarawak) .— 
Pray, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 353, 1929 (Travancore) .— 
TirRANT, Service Océanogr., Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 78, 1929 (Phuroc 
hai).—Boropin, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (no 
locality ).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 1930 
(East Indies).—CuHerveEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1932 
(Cochinchina).—Suvatt1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 5, 1937 (Laem Sing; 
Sriracha ; Maenam Cau Phaya). 

Gymnura micrura Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 17, 1938 (reference). 

Ceratoptera ehrenbergii (not Miller and Henle) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 745, fig. 1878 (type locality: Madras). (Monstrosity.) 

Astrape dipterygia (not Schneider) Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 812, 1888 
(same example). 

Pteroplatea hirundo (not Lowe) Etrera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 621, 1895 
(Manila, Luzon). 

? Planerocephalus ellioti GRATZIANOW, Zool. Anz., 1906, pp. 403, 404. [Madras, 
Indian Ocean (on Day; monstrosity).] 

Depth 1514 to end of tail; head 414, disk length 1% in its width; 
tail length to base 3 in disk length. Snout 1%% in head, forms blunt 
end of wide, obtuse angle of front profile; eye 714 in head, 5 in snout, 
5 in interorbital; mouth width 134 in head; teeth 60 to 65 rows, each 
with short pointed cusp; nostril broad, oblique, internarial 124 in 
mouth width, front valve broad low lobe, hind valve short, fold ex- 
tending halfway to internarial; interorbital 114 in head, broad, level, 
with board median fontanel forming concave depression. Gill open- 
ings small, equidistant, last shortest. Spiracles large, broad; eye 134 
in spiracle. 

Skin smooth. No caudal spine. 

A small rudimentary dorsal long as eye. No anal. Tail slenderly 
conic, tapers to rather firm point. Pectoral wide lobe, front edge 
slightly undulate, hind edge little convex, apex obtuse. Ventral 
small, broad, 2 in head. 

Back nearly uniform blackish brown. Tail with end broadly 
blackish and two blackish saddles above, below whitish. Under sur- 
face uniformly whitish, slightly brownish or soiled on pectorals 
apically. 

Arabian Sea, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, 
East Indies, Indo China, Philippines. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39978. Cape Hawke. Australian Museum. Length, 440 mm. 
Family MYLIOBATIDAE 


Body, head, and pectorals form lozenge-shaped disk. Tail long, 
slender, whiplike and usually with basal serrated spine. Eyes promi- 
nent, lateral. Teeth angular, broad, fiat, tessellated, median series 
commonly wider than laterals, if any. Spiracles large, behind eyes, 
opening laterally. Cranium prominent. Tail often with small dor- 


458 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


sal on basal portion. Pair of rostral fins, jomed in front of snout, 
either separated from pectorals or connected with them at side of 
head. 

Large sting rays of tropical or subtropical seas, feeding chiefly on 
mollusks, which they crush with their large grinding teeth, though 
usually less of bottom dwellers than the true rays. In moving 
through the water they seem to appear as if flying or soaring. 
Aquarium specimens have been known to utter a rather loud bellow- 
ing noise when taken from the water. Like the sting rays, these 
creatures are also dreaded for their murderous spines on the tail, so 
they are usually removed by the fishermen. All the known genera 
represented by fossils. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. MYLIOBATINAE. Snout in single lobe; pelvis arched. 
b*. Teeth in more than 3 rows in each jaw. 


c’. Side of head not free from pectorals______________________ Holorhinus 
c’. Side of head free from pectorals. 
@: No ceed MSpines Maceo ets ee wee Ck ee eet ae Aetomylus 
i Caudale spine present. ss Uee he AOL eee eee eee Myliobatis 
breeth in 1" row inv each® fawn ee eee eg ee Ee Aetobatus 
a’, RHINOPTERINAE. Snout in 2 separate lobes; pelvis greatly arched. 
Rhinoptera 


Genus HOLORHINUS Gill 


Holorhinus Git, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 331. (Type 
Rhinoptera vespertilio Girard, monotypic. ) 

Myliobatis (not Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) (Duméril) Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, 
p. 18, 1817. (Type, Raja aquiia Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, 
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 50, 1883.) 

Myliobates Scutnz, Thierreich Cuvier, vol. 2, pt. 19, pp. 234, 832, 1822.— 
(Berthold) LATREILLE, Nat. Fam. Tierr., p. 108, 1827. (Type, Raja aquila 
Linnaeus. ) 

? Ictaetus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 93, 1815. (Atypic, nomen 
nudum.) 

? Ptychopleurus AGassiz, Rech. Poiss. Fossiles, vol. 3, p. 67, 1837; Poissons 
fossiles, vol. 3, pl. 45, figs. 1-8, 1838. (Type, Ptychacanthus (Ptychopleurus) 
faujasii Agassiz, monotypic, fossil.) 

Bates Prosst, Wiirtembergs Jahresb., vol. 33, p. 88, 1877. (Type, Bates specta- 
bilis Probst, monotypic, fossil.) 


Disk wide. Tail long, slender, whiplike, strong retrorsely ser- 
rated spine above base and behind dorsal. Head moderately prom- 
inent. Eyes lateral. Teeth hexangular, flat, tessellated, in 7 rows, 
median wider, laterals narrow. Front nasal valves confluent in 
broad flap with free edge before mouth and joined by frenum to 
upper jaw. Spiracles lateral. Skin smooth. Dorsals small, be- 
tween ventrals. Pectorals slender, falciform, continue along side of 
head to snout end where joined to form simple lobe. Ventrals short, 
wide, not emarginate. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 459 


All warm seas. Numerous fossils, mostly flat dental plates, known 
from the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Ovoviparous. The following 


imperfectly described nominal species not seen since originally 
described : 


HOLORHINUS RHOMBUS (Basilewsky) 


Myliobatis rhombus BAstLEwSKy, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, p. 250, 

1855 (type locality: Pekin).—GarMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 

p. 434, 1913 (copied).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, 

p. 506, 1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 185, 1930 (compiled). 

Head truncate; mouth transverse; teeth tetragonal, smooth, broad, 

in pavement. No dorsal; tail long, filiform, rough with sharp tuber- 

cles; pectorals fleshy, acutely and prominently pointed, form rhom- 

boidal disk; ventrals 2, fleshy, broad, end behind disk. Above brown, 

white below. Disk width, 535 mm., length, 508 mm., tail, 458 mm. 
(Basilewsky.) 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Snout short, broad, rounded. 
b*. Dorsal origin more than 2 lengths of base behind ventral bases. 
c’. Median upper teeth 4 to 6 times broad as long above; brown. 


ad’. Orbital horn longer; snout little pointed_____-_________-__-__ aquila 
ad’. Orbital! horn shorter; snout more pointed-_--__-_-_---_--_-_- cervus 
c. Median upper teeth 115 to 244 times broad as long. 
Go BUT era DOV Cae Fg Pes oo Sa Pe The ate SE hamlyni 
e*. Yellowish olive-brown above, with 26 to 28 large irregular light- 
DIEM SPOtSS esse OE Nae ee Ee ee ee australis 
b?. Dorsal origin 1 base length behind ventral bases; yellowish olive above, 
with blue transverse bars on head and across disk_--__-_ tenuicaudatus 


a’. Snout elongate, pointed; dorsal origin 144 lengths of base behind ventral 
bases; light brown, young with many lighter or reddish spots, most distinct 
OStCLIOL] y= oe eis ee ets A Se Eee oe es tobijei 


HOLORHINUS AQUILA (Linnaeus) 


Raja aquila LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 232, 1758 (type locality : Medi- 
terranean Sea) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 396, 1766. 

Myliobatis aquila Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 128, 1851 (reference).— 
GUICHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 32, 1863.—Rrcean, Ann. Natal Gov. 
Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 242, 1908 (Bird Island, Natal).—Fowt.er, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 475 (Bonaparte material).—GitcHRisT and 
TuHompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 38, p. 288, 1916 (reference) .— 
BarRNaARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 82, pl. 4, fig. 7, 1925 
(Walfish and Table Bays, Indian Ocean). 

Myliobates aquila SauvaceE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891 (refer- 
ence). 

Myliobatis noctula BonApartE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, vol. 3, pt. 2, fase. 2, 
deser., pl., fig., 1833 (type locality: Italy). 


Snout 154 to 2 in head; mouth width 214 to 234; internarial 27% 
to 814; preoral length 124 to 2; front ventral edge 1 to 114; dorsal 
length 3 to 4144; ventral width 1144, to 134. Disk length, 125 to 225 
mm., width, 219-347 mm., tail, 292-408 mm. 


460 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 410-413. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte (No. 217). All females. Cotypes 
of Myliobatis noctula. 


HOLORHINUS CERVUS (J. L. B. Smith) 


Myliobatis cervus J. L. B. SmirH, Rec. Albany Mus., vol. 4, p. 169, fig. 1, 1935 
(type locality: Knysna; Cape Agulhas; Bushman River; Port Alfred; 
Great Fish Point). 

Disk 134 times wide as long. Pectoral tips moderately pointed, 
subfalcate. Snout not very blunt, rounded, with apical point. 
Flanges on side of head, connecting rostrals with pectorals, very 
narrow. Circular flap of iris projecting over most of pupil from 
above. Males with small conical horn above orbit. Central series 
of teeth 4 to 5 times wide as long. 

Skin smooth, no tubercles. 

Dorsal small, projects beyond hind edge of base, originates 3 to 
314 lengths of base behind posterior part to margin of ventral base, 
1 to 114 lengths of base behind end of ventral. Males with 2 serrated 
caudal spines, posterior longer, females with 1 or 2 spines. Caudal 
114 to 2 times long as disk. 

Color uniform brown. 

Length of female up to 4 feet (1,220 mm.) across disk, male usually 
much smaller. (J. L. B. Smith.) 

South Africa. Females differ from Holorhinus aquila in the shape 
of the snout, somewhat more pointed in H. cervus, and this the only 
apparent difference in the female. Orbital horn of H. cervus very 
slight. “Full specific distinction of cervus from aquila is perhaps of 
doubtful validity, since the females of these species cannot easily be 
distinguished one from another.” 

Holorhinus cervus differs from the related H. tobijet in the wider 
disk and in the more posterior insertion of the dorsal. 


HOLORHINUS HAMLYNI (Ogilby) 


Myliobatis hamlyni Octrpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 40, 1911 (type lo- 
cality : Moreton Bay, Queensland) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 89, 1916 
(Moreton Bay; note).—McCuLlLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 130, 1925 (reference).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 1930 (compiled). 

Head length 234 in disk length from snout tip to hind angle of 
vent. Snout 434 in disk length, tip broadly rounded; eye 224 in 
snout length, 224 in firm interorbital, 4149 in interocular; mouth 
width 114 in snout length, upper jaw with 6 and lower 9 series of 
dental plates, each of 7 teeth, as wide transverse median which 
gradually increases in width from front and 3 small laterals directed 
outward and backward and of equal size throughout; in upper jaw 
with first median wide as and last 214 times 3 lateral teeth; in 
lower jaw first half wide as, third wide as, and last twice wide as 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 461 


lateral 3, fifth median lower tooth 234 times wide as long; inter- 
narial frenum smooth, hind edge of flap truncate and coarsely 
fringed, tips of fringes lobate and front nasal angle nearer middle 
of flap than snout tip; interorbital fontanel deepest and widest 
anteriorly, greatest width 214 its length; interocular 3 in disk 
length. Spiracle wide, slightly oblique, extends outward forward to 
hind lower angle of orbit, inner opening wider than eye diameter. 
Gill openings narrow, subequal. 

Body smooth. 

Dorsal fin begins behind ventral tips, its vertical height 114 its 
length which equals eye; tail long (broken), slender, without folds, 
spine well developed; pectorals form disk length 14, its width, 
which slightly behind front edge of abdominal region, front and 
hind borders gently undulous, outer angle obtusely pointed and bent 
conspicuously backward; outer ventral border feebly rounded, base 
1% its length. 

Upper surface and tail behind spine purple, pectoral fins shading 
outwards to olive brown. Lower surfaces cream color. Disk length, 
152mm., width, 280mm. (Ogilby.) 

Queensland. 

HOLORHINUS AUSTRALIS (Macleay) 


Myliobatis australis MACLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 
380, 1881 (type locality: Port Jackson).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Vic- 
toria, pl. 63, 1882.—OciILBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 22, 
1888 (Port Jackson and Parramatta River).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soe. Vic- 
toria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 46, 1890 (reference).—WaITE, Mem. Australian 
Mus., vol. 4, p. 47, 1899 (New South Wales) ; Mem. New South Wales Nat. 
Club, No. 2, p. 1, 1904.—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 283, 1908—McCut- 
LOCH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 
(reference).—McCuttocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 13, pl. 
3, fig. 41a, 1927. 

Aetobatus australis McCuttocu, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 15, 1911 
(Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, in 15-45 fathoms); Biol. Res. Hn- 
deawvour, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 86, fig. 3, 1914 (dentition) (New South Wales). 

Myliobatus aquila (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 489, 1870 (Sydney).—CASTELNAU, Proe. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, 
vol. 1, p. 225, 1872 (Hobson’s Bay).—HeEcrTor, Colonial Mus. Governm. Sury. 
Dept. (Fishes of New Zealand), p. 86, 1872 (on Banks).—Macteay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 380, 1881 (Port Jackson; on Giin- 
ther). 

Myliobatis nieuhofii (not Schneider) CAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. 
Victoria, vol. 1, p. 226, 1872 (Melbourne market). 

Myliobatis nienhofii MaActEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 
p. 316, 1880 (Port Phillip, on Castelnau) ; vol. 6, p. 380, 1881 (error). 

Myliobatis tenuicaudatus (not Hector) GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, 
p. 433, 1918 (Australia; not New Zealand).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1980 (reference; part). 


Depth 5 to 514 in disk length measured to hind pectoral edge; 
head 324 to 335; disk length 134 to 134 in its width, disk length 


462 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


114 to 114 in tail. Snout 124 to 14% in head; rostral fins forming 
broadly convex lobe in front; eye 37% to 5, 234 to 2% im snout, 334 
to 4 in interorbital; dentary width 214 to 2% in head; teeth with 
broad median row 2 to 6 times wide as long, with 2 lateral rows 
each side; upper lip with narrowly fringed edge, lower pleated; 
nostrils simple, deep pits, internarial width 1144 in dentary width; 
interorbital 1 to 124 in head, level, with wide median depression 
due to broad fontanel. Gill openings equidistant, last shortest. 
Spiracle deep lateral slit, twice eye, opens laterally. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine 11% in interorbital. 

Dorsal length 314 in head; no anal; tail long, slender, whiplike; 
pectorals wide, triangular, front edge nearly straight, hind edge 
slightly concave, ends in rather obtuse front point and acute hind 
point; ventrals short, broad, hind edge broadly convex; claspers 
short, flat, somewhat pointed. 

Rather dark brown above. Under surface whitish. Tail and 
dorsal all dusky, at least terminally. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria. According to McCulloch 
attains a width of 1,220mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59887. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 445 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 59888. Wouboyn? River, New South Wales. D.G. Stead. Length, 


498 mm. 
HOLORHINUS TENUICAUDATUS (Hector) 


Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Hector, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, p. 468, pl. 10, 
1877 (type locality: Wellington Harbor, New Zealand).—WarrTr, Rec. Can- 
terbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 9, 1907 (reference) ; vol. 1, No. 2, p. 152, 1909 
(off Poverty Bay and Bay of Plenty, in 16 to 57 fathoms).—GaRMAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 483, 1918 (New Zealand; not Australia) .— 
WaAITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 34, fig. 48, 1921.—Fow Ler, 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (reference; part). 

Myliobatis aquila (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 489, 1870 (part). 

Head to hind spiracle edge 6 in total length. Snout 144 in head 
to hind spiracle edge, as seen from above front profile broadly con- 
vex; eye 5, 3 in snout, 314 in interorbital; teeth in pavementlike 
plates, upper flat, lower curved, all yellow; both plates in 2 series, 
median broad row and 2 laterals, latter of rows of subcircular plates, 
3 in width and together about half width of median series, not ex- 
tending to front of mouth; upper median plates 11, lower 7; nostrils 
close together, separated by thick columnar frenum; nasal fold long 
and rectangular, hinder border concave and papillose, widest at free 
edge where twice its length; interorbital 126 in head. Spiracle 
twice eye diameter. 

Body smooth. 

Dorsal small, base 1 less than spiracle, on tail with middle over 
hinder ventral edge; 2 serrated spines on tail behind fin; tail little 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 463 


shorter than disk; pectorals form broad disk, length 134 its width, 
front edges little undulate, hind edges concave, outer angles 
triangular. 

Yellowish olive above, with blue transverse bars on head and 
across disk. Tail black. Lower surfaces white. Total length, 775 
mm. (Waite.) 

New Zealand. 


HOLORHINUS TOBIJEI (Bleeker) 


Myliobatis tobijei BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 180, 
1857 (type locality: Nagasaki) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 115, 
1874 (Chinese drawing).—MartTeEns, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 
1876 (Yokohama).—JorDAN and SNyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 
338, 1900 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 48, 1901 (Nagasaki; 
Yokohama).—JorpDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 663, 
1903 (Tokyo, Hakodate, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Hakata, Nagasaki).—Gar- 
MAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 483, 19138 (Japan).—Mort, Journ. 
Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 8, 1928 (Fusan and Mokpo, Korea) .— 
Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (Japan) .— 
Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 15, 1931 
(Nagasaki).—Lin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., ser. B, vol. 1, p. 172, 
pl. 3, fig. 10 (teeth), 1982 (Tsingtao).—Fane and Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. 
Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, p. 277, fig. 27, 1932 (Chefoo).—TanaKka, Jap. 
Fish. Life Colours, No. 35, 1933.—Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, 
vol. 9, p. 118, 1938 (Ningpo). 

Aetobatis tobijei SnyprER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 489, 1912 (Naha, 
Okinawa).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Verte- 
brata, p. 186, 1920 (Rikuzen).—Taranetz, Bull. Paeific Sci. Inst. Fisher. 
Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 52, 1937. 

Myliobates aquila (not Linnaeus) ScuHircet, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 310, pl. 142, 1850 (Japan). 

Myliobatis aquila BuLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 
1858 (Japan).—GinrHerR, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 63, 1880 
(Yokohama ).—PIETSCHMANN, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl. 
vol. 117, pt. 1, p. 688, 1908 (Japan). 

Myliobatis cornuta GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 490, 1870 (type 
locality: Japan).—IsSHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fish. Mus. 
Tokyo, p. 60, 1897. 

Myliobatis cornutus JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 438, 1901 
(“Japan”). 

Depth 514 to 534 in disk length as measured to hind pectoral edge; 
head 3 to 314; disk length 14 to 2 in its width, 2 in tail. Snout 134 
to 144 in head; eye 6 to 714, 314 to 434 in snout, 514 to 51% in inter- 
orbital; dentary width 214 to 234 in head; teeth with broad median 
row 4 to 6 times wide as deep and 3 rows of small teeth each side; 
upper lip with fringed edge, lower with pleats; nostrils each simple 
deep pit, internarial width 114 in dentary width; interorbital 114 
to 114 in head, level, with wide median depression due to broad 
fontanel. Guill openings equidistant, last shortest. Spiracle twice 
eye, large, deep, open laterally. 


464. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Skin smooth. Caudal spine long as head. 

Dorsal length 3 in head; no anal; tail long, slender, whiplike; 
pectorals broad, front edge entire, hind edge little concave, angles 
rather obtuse; ventrals broad, obtuse, rather short; claspers flattened, 
conic, ends blunt, each with 2 deep lateral grooves, length 114 in head. 

Back uniform brown, little paler about edges of disk. Tail dusky. 
Under surface of body whitish. 

China, Japan, Korea. None of my specimens show any lighter or 
paler spots. 

U.S.N.M. No. 8067. Nippon. William Stimpson. Length, 575 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 22611. Miuramisaki, Japan. Imperial Government of Japan. 

Length, 565 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49409. Yokohama, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 565 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51297. Nagasaki, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 260 mm. 
to end of cut off tail. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75866. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 585 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75867. Japan ? P. L. Jouy. Length, 550 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75868. Japan ? P. L. Jouy Length, 485 mm. 


Genus AETOMYLUS Garman 


Aetomylus GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 51, p. 252, 1908. (Type, Mylio- 
batis maculatus Gray, orthotypic.) 

Aetomyleus SHarp, Zool. Record, No. 44, 1908, index, p. 1, 1910. (Type, Mylio- 
batis maculatus Gray.) 

Aetomyleus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 484, 1918. (Type, Mylio- 
batis maculatus Gray.) 

Disk broad. Tail without caudal spine. Head moderately con- 
spicuous. Teeth with 3 narrow lateral rows each side of wide median 
row. Rostral fins not continuous with pectorals at side of head, 
placed on lower level and united in one lobe. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Dorsal origin behind ends of ventral bases. 
b*. Back with median small spines and tubercles; brown-edged ocelli on hind 


DOGO GRO LINCS Keer ae se a a Ee maculatus 
b?. Back smooth; brownish with network of black, anteriorly in bands. 
vespertilio 


a’. Dorsal origin opposite ends of ventral bases. 
c. Disk less twice wide as long; green brown-edged ocelli on hind part of 


USS Tee eee a milvus 
c. Disk twice wide as long; about 5 blue cross bands, disappearing with age. 
nichofii 


AETOMYLUS MACULATUS (Gray) 


Myliobatis maculatus GrAy, Illustr. Indian Zool., Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 101, 
1832-84 (type locality: Pinang).—MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 178, 1841 (India).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 129, 
1851 (no locality).—BLeEKER, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 
24, p. 84, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang, Pasuruan); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 
1853 (reference) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 5, no. 7, p. 2, 1859 (Sinka- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 465 


wang, Borneo); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 30, 1861 
(Singapore).—DuMEnrIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 639, 1865 (copied).— 
BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 290, 1868 
(Rio, Bintang).—GUnTHErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 490, 1870 
(India).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 742, 1878; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 59, 1889.—Fow.er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 19, 1988 (ref- 


erence). 

Myliobates maculatus RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 (China 
Sea). 

Myliobatis maculata ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 53, 1909 (off 
Orissa). 


Myliobalis maculata MALPAS, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, p. E8 (error). 

Aetomylaeus. maculatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 485, 1913 
(Indian Seas, East Indies, Pinang).—Fow.esr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 87, p. 90, fig. 7, 1985 (Bangkok).—SuvvAtTtI, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 7, 19837 (Maenam Thai-cin; Sriracha). 

Aetomylus maculatus Fowtrmr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 
1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 183, fig. 22, 1980 (compiled) .— 
Wane, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 9, p. 113, fig. 11, 1983 (Yen- 
ting). 

Myliobatis cyclurus VAN HAssett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, p. —, 1823 
(type locality: Java) ; Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussae, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 (Java). 

Head to first gill opening 3 in disk length, 13 in tail. Snout 2 
in head to first gill opening; eye 614, 3 in snout, 4 in interorbital, 
pupil erect; mouth width 234 in head to first gill opening; teeth in 
median row 5 to 6 times wide as long; internarial 314 in head to 
first gill opening; interorbital 114, concave in front of fontanel. 
Spiracles large, hardly visible from above, 214 times long as eye. 

Skin rough with small tubercles or spines in dorsal area on young. 

Dorsal length about half interorbital, rounded above, hind edge 
nearly vertical, short free edge behind base ends in right angle, 
inserted little behind ends of ventral bases; tail over 4 times disk 
length, without spine; pectorals form broad disk with length 124 
its width, outer ends curved, acute, front edge convex, hind edge 
concave; ventrals longer than broad, inner edge short, hind edge 
oblique, angles rounded. 

Back brown with dark edged rounded spots of whitish posteriorly. 
Tail indistinctly banded brown and darker. White below. Length, 
724mm. (Garman.) 

India, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, China Sea. 


AETOMYLUS VESPERTILIO (Bleeker) 


Myliobatis vespertilio BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 85, 1852 (type locality: Batavia).—DuM£riL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 636, 1865 (copied).—GtnTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 490, 
1870 (copied).—Fowterr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 20, 1938 (reference). 

Aetomylacus vespertilio GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 437, 1913 
(Batavia and Pinang).—Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 7, 1937 (Siam). 

Aetomylus vespertilio FOwLER, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 
1980 (reference). 


466 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Myliobatis milvus (not Miiller and Henle) Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 18, p. 1415, 1849 (part; not synonymy). 


Head truncate; snout 6 in greatest disk width; eye 314 in inter- 
orbital, pupil cordiform; median row of teeth 6 times broad as long, 
lower longer than wide; nasal valves confluent, flap with rounded 
angles, little notched in middle; oral papillae 6. 

Skin smooth. No horn on orbit. 

Tail long, without spine; dorsal origin behind ends of ventral 
bases, fin not extending to ends of ventrals; pectorals form disk 
nearly twice broad as long, disk length 544 in tail, acute, front edges 
convex, hind edges concave; hind pectoral angles above ventrals. 

Fawn color, with anastomosing black lines arranged transversely 
on front half of disk so interspaces resemble broad transverse bands; 
elsewhere lines form open network; front pectoral and dorsal edges 
without black meshes. Tail brownish near base, with faint blackish 
rings, otherwise black. Ventral surfaces white. Disk to vent 193 
mm., tail, 1,165 mm. (Bleeker; Garman.) 

Pinang, Java. Bleeker had a single female 560 mm. 


AETOMYLUS MILVUS (Miiller and Henle) 


Myliobatis milvus (Valenciennes) MULLER and HENtrE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiosto- 
men, p. 178, 1841 (type locality: Red Sea).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. 
Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1415, 1849 (Pinang).—Gray, List fish Brit. Mus., p. 129, 
1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, 
p. 87, 1852 (Batavia and Samarang).—Dum@&rRiL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 
1, p. 688, 1865 (Sea of the Indies).—GtnTueErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 491, 1870 (China, Hast Indies).—KLUNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 
Wien, vol. 21, p. 686, 1871 (Red Sea).—MarteEns, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, 
vol. 1, p. 410, 1876 (Batjan).—Ewrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 621, 1895 
(Manila).—BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 589, 1912 
(Batavia).—ViInciaurRRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 624, 1926 (Sarawak). 

Aetomyleus milvuus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 485, 1913 (Red 
Sea, China, East Indies).—Fow.ter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. vol. 33, 
No. 1, p. 108, 1928 (Bombay). 

Aetomylus milous Fow ter, 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 1980 
(Indian Ocean) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, No. 4, p. 184, 1930 (Indian Ocean). 

Aetomylaeus milvus SUVATTI, Index Fish. Siam, p. 7, 1937 (Menam?). 

Myliobatis vultur MUttiER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 179, 1841 
(type locality: China).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 129, 1851 
(China).—Dumeérin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 640, 1865 (compiled). 

Myliobates vultur RicHARDsoN, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 (Chinese Seas). 

Myliobates oculeus RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 (type locality: 
Sea of China, Canton). 

Myliobatis oculeus GRAY, List fish British Museum, p. 129, 1851 (reference). 


Skull wide, broadly convex in front; snout about twice long as 


nasal valves, rounded anteriorly ; eye rather small, 514 in interorbital; 
mouth width 21% in interorbital; median teeth 7 or 8 times wide as 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 467 


long and 3 series of small laterals each side; internarial 17% in pre- 
oral length, nasal valves form broad free flap, leaving wide space 
before teeth, hind edge shortly fringed and with slightly median 
notch; interorbital level, fontanel moderate. Spiracle little larger 
than eye. 

Body entirely smooth. 

Dorsal origin above ends of ventral bases, hind margin not free 
from tail, edge 134 in interorbital; tail without spine; disk length 
1% in its width, convex along front edges, hind edges concave and 
outer angles rather narrow; ventrals little more than interorbital, 
width little less half length; claspers extend but little beyond 
ventrals. 

Back dark uniform brown, without traces of spots. Below whit- 
ish, with disk marginally more or less soiled with dirty brown. Iris 
dark gray. Tail brown, paler below anteriorly. 

Red Sea, India, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, China. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. Disk length to clasper 
ends, 280 mm., tail, 328 mm., disk width, 488 mm. 


AETOMYLUS NICHOFII (Schneider) 


Raja nichofii ScuNeEweER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 364, 1801 (on Zee-vieermuis 
Nieuhof, Gadenk. Reiz., vol. 1, p. 278, fig., 1682, type locality: East Indies). 

Aetobatus nichofii BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816 
(name only). 

Myliobatis nieuhowii Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 1, p. 138, 1817 (on Willoughby). 

Myliobatis nieuhofii Mitter and Hentz, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 177, 
1841 (India, New Holland, Mediterranean, Malabar, Pondicherry) .— 
Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1414, 1849 (Pinang) .—Gray, 
List Fish British Museum, p. 1929, 1851 (reference).—JERDoN, Madras 
Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 149, 1851.—BieeKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 85, 1852 (Batavia); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 
(on Mookarah tenkee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 4, pl. 7, 
Vizagapatam), p. 82 (reference), 1803; Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 10, p. 348, 1856 (Rio, Bintang); vol. 16, p. 196, 1858 (Sinkawang, 
Borneo) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 5, No. 7, p. 2, 1859 (Sinkawang).— 
Dumeérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 638, 1865 (Pondicherry ).—KNEr, 
Reise Novara, Fische, p. 421, 1865 (Java).—BLrreKker, Vers]. Meded. Akad. 
Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 290, 1868 (Rio, Bintang).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 491, 1870 (Pinang, Moluccas, Japan) .— 
CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 227, 1872 (Mel- 
bourne materials; Singapore; Malacca); vol. 2, p. 58, 1873 (Melbourne 
sea) —MartTens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 410, 1876 (Singa- 
pore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 742, 1878 (Madras).—KARotl, 
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 148, 1881 (Yokohama).—Lwucas, 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 46, 1890 (passim).—ELrra, 
Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 621, 1895 (Cavite, Luzon).—JorpAN and 
Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 604, 1903 (on Giinther’s Japanese 
record).—Vouz, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 241, 1907 
(Padang).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 51, 1909 (off Orissa, 
Chittagong, Burma, Ganges mouth).—Bran and Weep, Proc. U. S. Nat. 


468 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Mus., vol. 42, p. 588, 1912 (Batavia).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 
1915-18, pp. F10-F14.—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, p. E8.— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 79, 1929 (Cochin 
China). 

Myliobates nieuhofii RicHarDson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 (Chinese and 
Australian Seas). 

Myliobatis nieuhofi BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, 
p. 30, 1861 (Singapore).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 
p. 43, 1901 (Japan). 

Myliobatis nieuhofiti SourHweLL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. H42, B49, 
BH50.—Pirtay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. 383, p. 358, 1929 
(Travancore). 

Myliobatis nichofii Fow irr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 19, 1938 (reference). 

Aetomylaeus nichofii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 486, 1913 
(India, East Indies, Japan). 

Aetomylus nichofii Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 506, 
1930 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 184, 1980 (compiled). 

Aetomyleus nichofii CHrvEey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1932 
(Indo-China). 

Raja fasciata SHaw, General zoology, vol. 2, p. 286, pl. 148, 1804 (on Willoughby ; 
on Mookarah tenkee Russell). 

Raia macrocephala (Parkinson) RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 


(name in synonymy). 

Depth 514 in disk length as measured to hind pectoral edge; head 
314 to 314; disk length 124 to 144 im its width, 214 to 41% in tail. 
Snout 134 to 2 in head, forms pointed lobe at low level in front; eye 
7 to 714, 31% to 4 in snout, 414 to 7 in interorbital; dentary width 
234 to 3 in head; teeth with broad median row and 3 narrow lateral 
rows each side; upper lip very finely and inconspicuously fringed, 
lower entire; nostril each simple deep pit, rather larger internarial 
little less than mouth width; interorbital 124 to 114 in head, broad, 
nearly level with slight depression at fontanel. Gill openings small, 
subequal, last smallest. Spiracles large, deep, twice eye, shielded 
above to open laterally. 

Skin smooth in young, very finely though imperfectly asperous 
over much of disk above with age. No caudal spine. 

Dorsal triangular, front edge 214 to 314 in head; no anal; tail long, 
slender, whiplike; pectoral little broader than long, its front edge 
nearly straight, hind edge slightly concave, outer and hind angle both 
narrowly pointed ; ventrals long, rather slender, ends convex; claspers 
44 front ventral edge, conic, extend well beyond fin. 

Back dark brown anteriorly with 3 to 5 transverse or horizontal 
gray bands, posteriorly large, rather close set, variable, rounded gray- 
ish blotches. Tail of young rather irregularly blotched dusky or 
dark brown on whitish ground color. Under surface of body whitish, 
with age hind margins of pectorals rather narrowly dusky. 

India, Ceylon, Burma, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, 
Cochin China, China, Japan, Australia, Victoria. Of the three speci- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 469 


mens reported from Java by Bean and Weed I have examined the 
two listed below. I do not find that their Myliobatis milvus, identi- 
fied as the larger specimen, is different. The smaller, though with 
more or less apparent uniform disk, shows traces of a few of the gray 
horizontal lines anteriorly as well as the posterior spots. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72488. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 840 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72484. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 1,540 mm. 


Genus MYLIOBATIS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 


Myliobatis Grorrroy SAINT-HILarRE, Descript. Egypte, Poiss., vol. 1, pl. 26, 1809. 
(Type, Myliobatis bovina Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, designated by Fowler, Geol. 
Surv. New Jersey Bull. 4, p. 84, 1911.) 

Pteromylaeus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 487, 1913. (Type, 
Myliobatis asperrimus Jordan and Evermann.) 


Head rather long. Tail long, slender, with serrated spine behind 
dorsal. Snout somewhat narrowed forward. Teeth tessellate, in 7 
rows as very wide median row and each side with 3 very narrow rows. 
Spiracles open upward. Pectorals falciform, not continuous with 
rostral fins at each side of head. Ventrals elongate, narrow. 

Panama, Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, South Africa, Ad- 
miralty Islands. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Dorsal origin above ends of ventral bases; uniform brown, young with 7 or 


Stpalestransyersexstreaks 2s ease ee eee bovina 
a*. Dorsal origin near ends of pectoral bases ; greenish gray with irregular whitish 
SDOtSh es 6. Soe ee ee eee Cote eae ae tet eee ee ee punctatus 


MYLIOBATIS BOVINA Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 


Myliobatis bovina GEOFFROY SAINT-Hinatre, Descr. Egypte, Poiss., vol. 1, pl. 26, 
fig. 1, 1809; p. 323, 1827 (type locality: Egypt).—GwtntTumr, Cat. Fishes 
British Museum, vol. 8, p. 490, 1870 (Madeira).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 475 (Bonaparte material). 

Pteromylaeus bovina GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 489, 19138 
(Mediterranean and neighboring Atlantic). 

Pteromylaeus bovinus BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 88, 
1925 (Agulhas Bank). 

Myliobatis aquila (not Linnaeus) BoNnaAparTE, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci., pt. 2, 
fase. 2, descr., pl., fig., 1838 (Italy). 

Myliobates episcopus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 98, 
pl. 24, 1886-44 (type locality: Canary Islands; Algiers). 

Myliobatis bonaparti DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 635, 1865 (type 
locality: Mediterranean; Algeria; types of Myliobates episcopus). 


Head large. Snout 144 in head, extended, slender, tip blunt; 
mouth width 3 in head; teeth in 7 rows, median 6 to 8 times wider 
than long, outer narrow; internasal 424 in head, front nasal valves 


confluent; preoral length 134. Spiracle large, scarcely visible as 
viewed above. 


470 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dorsals small, inserted close behind ends of dorsal bases, length 
234 in head; tail 3 times disk length, with serrated spine; pectorals 
form broad disk, about twice wide as long; ventrals rather long or 
front edge 134 in head. 

Brown above. White below. 

Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, South Africa. The young with 
7 or 8 obsolete or pale transverse whitish streaks. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. No. 216. Female. Length, 


889 mm. 
MYLIOBATIS PUNCTATUS Maclay and Macleay 


Myliobatis punctatus Mactay and MAc BAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 675, 1885 (type locality: Admiralty and Lub or Hermit 
Islands). 

Miliobatis punctatus Mactay and Mactiray, op. cit., pl. 46, figs. 1, 2, 1885. 

Aetobatis punctata GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 497, 1910 (copied). 

Pteromylaeus punctatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 489, 1913 
(copied) .—Kow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 25, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 
4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1980 (reference). 

Head to first gill opening 3%, in total length. Snout 21/4 in head, 
long and triangularly pointed; eye about 20, 9 in snout, 714 in inter- 
orbital, pupil vertically oval; mouth width 434 in head or 21% in 
preoral length; 2 curtainlike flaps overiap lateral labial folds, which 
distinct on open mouth and lower border of labial fiaps slightly 
notched; upper dental plates nearly twice wide as lower, formed of 
many longitudinal rows of teeth with median largest; on back of 
mouth above 7 papillae in first row, 4 in second, smaller lateral lower 
papillae; internarial 244 in preoral length, nostrils subequal with 
eyes; interorbital 214 in head, convex. Gill openings subequal, inter- 
space of last pair 17% in that of first pair. Spiracle about 3 times 
eye and as far posterior. 

Dorsal slightly greater than space between spiracles, hind pectoral 
edge opposite center in its length or about middle of ventral length, 
rounded behind; tail 114 in disk length, with 2 spines inserted about 
first fourth its length; pectorals form wide disk, length 144 its width, 
front edges slightly convex, hind edges concave and outer angles 
triangular; ventrals obtuse, width 144 length. 

Above greenish gray, with variable irregular white spots. Below 
dirty white, darker on pectorals. Disk length to hind ventral edge, 
1,130 mm., tail from dorsal fin, 640 mm. (Maclay and Macleay.) 

Melanesia. 

Genus AETOBATUS Blainville 


Aetobatus BLAINvILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 122, 1816. (Type, 
Raja narinari Euphrasen, designated by Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
17, p. 122, 1894.) 

Aetobatis BUAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Poissons, p. 38, 1825. (Type, Raja 
narinari Huphrasen.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 471 


Aetobates R1cHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846. (Type, Raja narinari 
Euphrasen. ) 

Aetobatys DumérRIL, Mem. Acad. Sci. France, vol. 27, p. 145, 1856. (Type, Raja 
narinari Euphrasen.) 

Stoasodon Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1416, 1849. (Type, 
Raja narinari Euphrasen, monotypic.) 

Goniobatis Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 385, 1859. (Type, 
Raja flagellum Schneider, monotypic.) 

Tail long, slender, with serrated basal spine. Head prominent, 
narrowing downward and forward on sides. Snout narrower, pro- 
duced. Teeth in single row in each jaw, fused, lower pavement pro- 
duced. Front nasal valves confluent; median notch in pectoral flap. 
Dorsal fin on tail basally before serrated spine. Pectorals slightly 
falciform, not continuous forward to snout. Rostral fins separated 
from pectorals and at lower level on side of head. Ventrals narrow, 


elongate. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a, Snout long, tapering, acute; uniform or spotted with whitish_-__~ narinari 
a*. Snout short, tapering, blunt; marked with thickly set small dark bordered 
BE a Bee ee Se ee eS fe See ee ee ee ee eee ocellatus 


AETOBATUS NARINARE (Euphrasen) 


Raia narinari EvpHraseNn, Kon. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl. Stockholm, vol. 11, p. 
217, pl. 10, 1790 (type locality: St. Bartholomieu, West Indies) (on Narinari 
brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Brasil., p. 175, fig., 1648, Brazil). 

Raja narinari ScHneweEr, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 361, 1801 (Tahiti). 

Myliobatis narinari BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 694, 1880 (Sumatra). 

Aetobatis narinari MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 179, 1841 
(India, Red Sea; Brazil; Surinam).—BLEeKER, Verh. Batav. Ge- 
nootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal).—Gray, List fish British 
Museum, p. 180, 1851 (Sumatra).—BLeEKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagi- 
ost.), vol. 24, p. 87, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang, Surabaja, Kammal); (Ben- 
gal), vol. 25, p. 9 (on Hel tenkee Russell), p. 82, 1853 (reference) ; Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 11, p. 95, 1856 (Banda); Act. Soe. Sci. 
Ind.-Néerl., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 10, 1856 (Macassar).—GutIcHENoT, Notes Ile 
Réunion, vol. 2, p. 32, 1863—BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 
1, p. 240, 1863 (Obi Island).—Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 641, 
1865 (Brazil, Red Sea, India).—DaAy, Fishes of Malabar, p. 280, 1865.— 
GintTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 492, 1870 (Pinang, India, Sey- 
chelles, Sumatra).—KLUNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 686, 
1871 (Red Sea).—ScHMELtTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 41, 1874 (Bowen, 
South Sea).—PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 447, 1876 (Mau- 
ritius, Seychelles).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 748, pl. 194, fig. 4, 1878.— 
ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 64, 1879 (South Seas).—MACLEAY, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 317, 1880 (Cape York) ; 
vol. 6, p. 381, 1881 (Cape York).—OciLBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 10, p. 466, 1885 (Cape Hawke, New South Wales) ; Cat. Fish. 
Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 22, 1888 (Cape Hawke; Madras).—DaAy, Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 59, fig. 24, 1889.—BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. 
Soe. London, 1889, p. 244 (Muscat).—BARTLErT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, 


156861—41——31 


472 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


No. 366, p. 184, 1896 (Buntal and Santubong).—Duncxknmr, Mitt. Naturhist. 
Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 199, 1904 (locality ?).—vVoLz, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 66, p. 241, 1907 (Sumatra ?).—LtLoyp, Rec. Indian 
Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).—SreAp, Fishes of Australia, p. 223, 
1908.—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus. vol. 3, p. 4, 1910 (off Madras coast).— 
GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 496, 1910 (Hawaiian Islands; 
Samoa; Solomons).—GiILcHRISt and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., 
vol. 11, p. 56, 1911 (Natal).—PrEArson, Ceylon Administr. Rep. 1912-18, 
p. E5.—SourHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. E41, B44, B48, 
E50.—WeskErR, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 604, 1913 (Lombok) .—Zue- 
MAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 9, 1913 (Me- 
kran; Oman).—BAMBER, Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 
1915 (Sudanese Red Sea).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, pp. 
F10, F138, F14.—Gitcurist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, 
p. 289, 1916 (synonymy).—MAtrpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, p. H5.— 
Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 88, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1925.— 
McCuttocnu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 42a, 1927.— 
Pintay, Journ. Bombay Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, p. 353, 1929 (Travancore) .— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 79 (Mekong, Saigon 
River), p. 175, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Aetobatis narrinari STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 70, p. 519, 1901 (Laysan).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 (reference). 

Aetobates narinari SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 510, 1891. 

Aetobatus narinari SEALE, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 20, 22, 1902 
(Honolulu).—JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 421, 
1904 (Honolulu).—Snyver, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 515, 
1904 (Honolulu).—Fowrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, p. 475, 
(no data).—GupeER, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 183, p. 241, pls. 
1-10, 1914 (historical). —OcILpy, Commerce. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 46, 
1915 (Moreton Bay) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 89, 1916 (Moreton 
and Wide Bays).—FowlLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 
194 (Durban Bay, Natal).—FowLrr and BALL, Bishop Mus., Bull. 26, p. 5, 
1925 (Johnston Island).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, TANAKA, Proc. California 
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 651, 1927 (Honolulu).—FowLmr, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 26, 1928 (Honolulu and Johnston Island).—McCuLtocH, 
Austral. Mus. Mem., No. 5, pt. 1, p. 30, 1929 (reference).—FoOWLER, Proce. 
4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (Tropical Atlantic) ; Hong 
Kong Nat., vol. 1, p. 186, 1980 (Indian Ocean, Hawaii, Atlantic) ; Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 19381 (reference).—ScuMipt, Trans. Pa- 
cifie Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 15, 1931 (Kagoshima) .— 
CuHeEvey, Inst. Oceanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 7, 1982 (Cochinchina).— 
WaNe, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 9, p. 115, fig. 12, 1933 (Yen- 
ting).—Herre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Du- 
maguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 19381, p. 18, 1984 (Taytay Bay, 
Palawan; Sulu Islands).—TortToneEsg, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat Comp. Torino, 
ser. 3, vol. 45, No. 638, p. 12, 1985-36 (Mar Rosso).—HeErrE, Field. Mus. Nat. 
Hist. Publ. 853, zool. ser. vol. 21, p. 24, 1936 (Tahiti; New Hebrides; Solo- 
mons; Dutch New Guinea; Celebes; Borneo; Philippines).—Fow Ler, Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 187, fig. 57, 1936 (tropical Atlantic 
and eastern Pacific) —Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 17, 1937 (reference).—Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 7, 1987 (Gulf 
of Siam).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 19, 1988 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 473 


Stoasodon marinari Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1416, 1849 
(Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—JrErpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci. 
vol. 17, p. 149, 1851.—JorpAn and EvrermMann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 
23, pt. 1 (1903), p. 49, fig. 7, 1905 (Honolulu; Hilo).—Jorpan and SEALE, 
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 4, 1907 (Cavite).—Jorpan, Journ. Pan 
Pacific Inst., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 3, 1927 (Samoa). 

Raia flagellum Scuneiwer, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 361, pl. 75, 1801 (type locality: 
Coromandel). 

Aetobatis flagellum MiLirr and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 180, 1841 
(India, Red Sea).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 130, 1851 (refer- 
ence).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 82, 1852 
(Indian Ocean, Red Sea, China); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (refer- 
ence).—BLytTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 29, p. 37, 1860 (Calcutta).— 
DuméRiL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 642, 1865 (Sea of the Indies) .— 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 246 (note), 1871 (Red 
Sea).—ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 57, 1909 (off Orissa and 
mouth Chilka Lake).—GarMANn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 44, 1913 
(Red Sea and Indian Ocean).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Java, p. 507, 1980 (Hawaii; Indian Ocean). 

Aetobates flagellum RicHarRDSOoN, Ichth. China Japan, p. 198, 1846 (China Seas, 
Macao). 

Actobatus flagellum BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 
82, 1852 (China). 

Raja guttata (not Schneider, 1801) Saaw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 285, pl. 142, 
1804 [type locality: Madagascar; Coromandel; Brazil (on Hel tenkee 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 5, pl. 8, 1803, Vizagapatam) ]. 

Aetobatis guttata ANNANDALE, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 56, pt. 1909. 

? Aetobatus sinesis BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816 
(name only). 

? Actobatus filicaudatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 
1816 (name only). 

? Aetobatus forsteri BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soe. Philom., Paris, vol. 8, p. 112, 1816 
(name only). 

Raia quinqueaculeata Quoy and GaimMaRD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 200, pl. 43, 
fig. 3, 1824 (type locality: Guam). 

Myliobatis eeltenkee Riipretn, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 70, pl. 19, fig. 3, 1835 
(teeth) (type locality: Djidda and Massaua). 

Aetobatis indica Swarinson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 321, 1839 (on Hel 
tenkee Russell). 

Myliobatis macroptera McCLELLAnD, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 60, pl. 
2, fig. 1, 1841 (type locality : Bengal). 

Raja edentula (Forster) LicHTENSTEIN, Descr. Anim. Forster, p. 227 (Tahiti), 
p. 256, 1844 (type locality: Tanna). 

Aetobatis latirostris Dumérit, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 10, p. 242, pl. 
20, fig. 1, 1858 (type locality: Gaboon coast) ; Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, 
p. 648, 1865 (type). 

Goniobatis meleagris A@Assiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 385, 1859 
(type locality: Hawaiian Islands). 

Aetobatis laticeps Gi~Lt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 8, 1865, p. 137, 
1861 (type locality unknown). 

Aetobatis tenuicaudatus Hector, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, p. 468, 1877 
type locality: Wellington Harbour).—McCuttocH, Biol. Res. Hndeavour, 
vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 86, text fig. 3, 1914 (dentition). 


474 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Myliobatis tenuicaudatis Hector, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, pl. 10, figs. 
a-e, 1877. (Hrror.) 

Myliobatis tenuicaudatus WartE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 152, pl. 
23, 1909 (off Poverty Bay and Bay of Plenty). 

Myliobatis aquila (not Linnaeus) Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 103, 1893 
(Elliott Island). 

Dicerobatis eregoodoo (not Cantor) Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893 
(part). 

Depth 41% to 434 in disk length; head 2% to 3; disk length 114 
to 144 in its width, 4 in tail. Snout 1% to 2 in head, forms pointed 
lobe at low level in front; eye 8 to 1014, 414 to 5 in snout, 634 to 734, 
in interorbital; dentary width 324 to 4 in head; teeth uniserial, lower 
pavement projecting slightly; lips papillose; nostrils each simple 
deep slit, internarial 114 to 124 in dentary width; interorbital 114 
to 144 in head, broad, nearly level or only very slightly convex. 
Gill openings subequal or last smallest, equidistant. Spiracles large, 
deep, oblique apertures, twice eye diameter. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine (single in my specimens) 124 to 1% 
in interorbital. 

Dorsal length 334 to 41% in head; no anal; tail very long, whip- 
like; pectoral forms very wide disk, front edges slightly convex 
and hind edges slightly concave, acute at outer angle; ventral 114 
to 124 in head, rather narrow and obtuse or convex terminally. 

Back brown or olive brown. Scattered white, creamy or gray- 
white spots scattered principally over last half of disk, largest 
toward middle of disk, and become little more numerous and smaller 
marginally behind. All spots well contrasted, though ill defined 
or without sharp borders. Few spots may extend on front of back, 
on ventrals and base of tail, none on head or greater part of tail. 
Under surface whitish, outer angles of pectorals marginally little 
brownish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Natal, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, 
Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Co- 
chin China, China, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia, Mi- 
cronesia, Polynesia, Hawaiian group. A _ well-marked species 
known by its uniform or ill-defined white spots chiefly on the pos- 
terior portion of the disk. These quite variable and sometimes 
said to be entirely absent. The white spots are not known to ex- 
tend on the head. As here understood Aetobatis narinari (Euphra- 
sen) also ranges through the tropical Atlantic and along the American 
shores in the tropical eastern Pacific. 

4656. Manila Harbor. June 13, 1908. Length, 1,020 mm. 


8292. Sorsogon market. March 12, 1909. Length, 1,330 mm. 
9054. Abuyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 1,893 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 475 


U.S.N.M. No. 71907. Okinawa, Riu Kiu. Albatross collection. Length, 1,330 mm, 
Spots all small and of scattered appearance, inconspicuous, not extending 
on head or nape and anterior rows just before middle of disk tending to 
form broken horizontal pale lines. 


AETOBATUS OCELLATUS (Kuhl) 


Myliobatis ocellatus Kuni, Algemein Konst Letterbode, p. —, 1828 (type, 1o- 
cality: Java).—VAn Hassett, Bull. Sci. Nat. Férussac, vol. 2, p. 90, 1824 
(Java). 


Aetobatus ocellatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 442, 1913 
(Indian Ocean). 

Depth 534 in disk length; head 3; disk length 244 in its width, 
314 in tail. Snout 21% in head, forms broadly obtuse depressed lobe 
below and at low level in front; eye 924, 5 in snout, 614 in inter- 
orbital; dentary width 37 in head; teeth uniserial, lower pavement 
projects slightly ; lips papillose; nostrils each deep simple slit, inter- 
narial 114 in dentary width; interorbital 134 in head, broad, slightly 
convex. Gill openings subequal or last smallest, equidistant. Eye 
134 in spiracle, which wide and deep. 

Skin smooth. No caudal spine. 

Dorsal length 4 in head; no anal; tail very long, whiplike; pec- 
toral forms very wide disk, front edges nearly straight, hind edge 
slightly concave, acute at outer angle; ventral 114 in head, expanded 
terminally and convex behind. 

Back brown, marked with many scattered, close-set, whitish 
spots, becoming smaller about disk edges. Spots also extend well 
over head, dorsal, ventral and base of tail. Tail largely dusky. 
Under surfaces dusky. 

East Indies, Indian Ocean. I identify the specimen described 
above with this species as all its white spots appear to have for- 
merly been more brilliant, contrasted and apparently ocellated. 
U.S.N.M. No. 39987. South Sea Islands. Australian Museum. Length, 1,100 


mm. 
Genus RHINOPTERA Cuvier 


Rhinoptera (Kuhl) Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 401, 1829. (Type, 
Myliobatis marginata Grorrroy SAINT-HILaIRE, designated by Fowler, Geol. 
Surv. New Jersey Bull. 4, p. 101, 1911.) 

Zygobatis AGAssiz, Poissons fossiles, vol. 3, p. 79, 18388. (Type, Myliobatis jus- 
sieui Cuvier, monotypic. ) 

Zygobates Agassiz, loc. cit., vol. 3. p. 328, 1848. (Type, Myliobatis jussieui 
Cuvier. ) 

Trikeras Har.ess, Abh. Nat. Phys. K1., vol. 5, p. 841, 1850. (Atypic.) (Type, 
Myliobatis marginata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.) 

Mylorhina, Guu, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, p. 139, 1865. (Type, 
Rhinoptera lalandii Miiller and Henle, orthotypic). (Mylorhinus Bois- 
duval, 1835, in Coleoptera not involved.) 


476 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Micromesus Gitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, p. 139, 1865. (Type, 
Rhinoptera adspersa Miller and Henle, orthotypic.) 

Trycera (Koch) DoprertriIn, Manuale ittiologico Mediterraneo, vol. 3, p. 242, 
1885. (Type Myliobatis typica Koch=Myliobatis marginata Geoffroy Saint- 
Hilaire.) (Name in synonymy.) 


Body, head, and pectorals formed as wide lozenge-shaped disk. 
Tail long, slender, whiplike, with basal serrated spine. Cranium 
prominent. Eyes prominent, lateral. Teeth wide, angular, flat, in 
pavement, median row widest. Spiracles large, behind eyes, open 
laterally. Dorsal fin above basal part of tail. Pectorals greater de- 
veloped in front half. Pair of rostral fins, not joined with front of 
skull and not continuous at sides of head with pectorals. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


@.,hepthy in. rows ‘Skin ismooth= tt ge Dg javanica 
a’. Teeth in 9 rows above. 

b*. Median row of teeth and second on each side 3 times wide as long, nar- 

rower than row each side of median___-______--_/)_ + adspersa 

b*. Median row of teeth 8 times wide as long, next row 4 times____ jayakari 


RHINOPTERA JAVANICA Miiller and Henle 


Rhinoptera javanica Mutter and Henig, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 182, 
pl. 58, 1841 (type locality: Java).—BLrerKkrer, Verh. Batav Genootsch. 
(Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal).—Gray, List fish British Museum, 
p. 182 1851 (reference).—BtLrerKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), 
vol. 24, p. 89, 1852 (Batavia, Samarang, Soerabaya).—Dumérti, Hist. Nat. 
Hlasmobr., vol 1, p. 647, 1865 (Malabar).—GwtnrHer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 8, p. 494, 1870 (types of Rhinoptera affinis and Rhinoptera 
smithit).—BLeEeKeER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 120, 1874 
(China).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 744, pl. 195, fig. 4 (teeth), 1878 
(Kurrachee) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 61, fig. 25 (teeth), 
1889.—BartLeTT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 
(Moratabas).—Duncxkrr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 194, 
1904 (locality ?).—SourHwett, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, p. H50.— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 446, 1918 (Java and India) .— 
PraRson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-18, p. F10.—Horsa, Mem. Asiatic 
Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 465, 1924 (TaleSap, Singora).—CHABANAUD, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 6, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).—Pm1ay, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe, vol. 33, p. 354, 1929 (Travancore) .— 
Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 597, 1930 (Hong Kong) ; 
Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (reference) .— 
UmaAtt, Philippine Dept. Agri. Comm. Pop. Bull. 6, p. 46, 1936 (Manila).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agri. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 17, 1937 
(reference).—Svvattt, Index Fish. Siam, p. 8, 19387 (reference).—Fow Ler, 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 20, 1988 (reference). 

Rhinoptera smithti Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 494, 1851 (type locality: 
“Antarctic Seas’). 

Rhinoptera truncata (Van Hasselt) Brteexrer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 89, 1852 (Hast Indies). (Name in synonymy.) 
?Rhinoptera affinis BLEEKER, Verh. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 19 

(fetus), 1868 (type locality: Guinea). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 477 


Depth 414 to 5 in disk length to hind pectoral edge; head 234 
to 4; disk length 124 to 134 in its width, 31% in tail; head width sub- 
equal with its length. Snout width subequal with interorbital, 
with shallow median notch, tips of rostral fins showing as viewed 
from above; eye 6 to 714 in head, 42% to 534 in interorbital; 
mouth width 124 to 134 in head; upper lip with edge fringed, 
lower papillate; teeth in 7 rows in jaws, median row 14 to 7 times 
as wide as those in lateral rows; outermost row of teeth smallest, 
wide as long; internarial width 124 in mouth width; interorbital 
114 to 114 in head, broad, slightly convex. Gill openings moderate, 
equidistant, last smallest. Spiracles large, twice eye and closely 
posterior to eye. 

Skin smooth. Caudal spine 114 to 1% in interorbital. 

Dorsal length 144 to 1% in interorbital; no anal; tail long, slen- 
der, whiplike; pectorals falcate, front edges convex, hind edges con- 
cave, tips acuminate; ventrals rather long, narrow, end in obtuse 
inner lobe. 

Uniform brown above, below white. 

India, Ceylon, East Indies, China. 

This species has a much longer tail than Garman describes. It dif- 
fers from the other Indo-Pacific species Rhinoptera adspersa Miller 
and Henle and Rhinoptera jayakari Boulenger in the possession of 
but 7 rows of teeth in each jaw. 

6763. Manila market. April 29, 1909. Length, 660 mm., tail end broken. 
6764. Manila market. April 29, 1909. Length, 1,010 mm. 


RHINOPTERA ADSPERSA Miiller and Henle 


Rhinoptera adspersa (Valenciennes) MUilier and HENtg, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 183, 1841 (India).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 
18, p. 1418, 1849 (Pinang).—JErpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 149, 
1851.—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 132, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, 
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Plagiost.), vol. 24, p. 82, 1852 (Indian Ocean) ; 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 1853 (reference).—Dumerrin, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., 
vol. 1, p. 648, 1865 (type).—GUnrTuHrEr, Cat. Fishes British Museum, vol. 8, 
p. 494, 1870 (Hast Indies).—DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 744, 1878 
(Madras) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. i, p. 61, 1889.—GaAarMaAN, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 447, 1913 (Indian Ocean). 


Snout short and broad; upper teeth in 9 rows, median row and 
second on each side about equal, each of teeth less than 3 times 
broad as long, narrower than separating rows; lower teeth in 7 rows, 
median row wider, other rows narrowing to outer. 

Back rough with small stellate based spines. 

Dorsal origin little behind ventral bases, tail more than 3 times 
disk length; pectorals form disk twice wide as long, front edges 
nearly straight, hind edges concave, outer angles pointed, hind 
angles straight; cephalic fins rounded, not prolonged. 


478 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Greenish brown above, lighter below. Length, 991 mm. (Miller 
and Henle; Duméril.) 

India, Pinang. 

RHINOPTERA JAYAKARI Boulenger 
Rhinoptera jaydkari BouLtencrr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 141, 
1895 (type locality: Muscat, Arabia) Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 36, p. 448, 1918 (copied). 

Head long as wide. Snout emarginate; mouth width nearly equals 
preoral length; teeth in 9 rows, those of median upper row 8 times 
wide as long and nearly twice wide as those adjacent; median lower 
teeth 6 times wide as long and 114 wide as adjacent one. 

Skin smooth. 

Tail 21% in total length; disk 134 times broad as long. 

Blackish above, whitish beneath. Length, 740 mm. (Boulenger.) 

Arabia. I have no way of distinguishing the imperfectly noticed 
Rhinoptera neglecta Ogilby, which follows. 


RHINOPTERA NEGLECTA Ogilby 


Rhinoptera neglecta Oattpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 1, p. 32, 1912 (type 
locality: Moreton Bay, Queensland) ; vol. 5, p. 89, 1916 (copied).—McCur- 
LOCH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 130, 1925 (refer- 
ence).—Fowtrr, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 
(reference). 

Rhinoptera javanica (not Miiller and Henle) DrVis, Proc. Roy. Soe. Queens- 
land, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 12, 1885 (Moreton Bay). 

Nine series of teeth in each jaw, those of median upper series 8 
times wide as long and 124 times as wide as adjacent series; middle 
lower teeth little wider than upper. Disk more than twice broad as 
long. Median notch of snout deep. Disk width, 860 mm. 

Queensland. “This unique Australian specimen is unfortunately 
in such wretched condition as to preclude a more detailed descrip- 
tion.” 


Family MOBULIDAE 


Head, body, and pectorals form partly rhomboid disk, wider than 
long. Tail slender, whiplike. Head broad, flat. Eyes large, lat- 
eral. Mouth large, transverse. Teeth small, numerous, in pave- 
ment. Guill openings large. Spiracles moderate, behind orbits. 
Small triangular dorsal on tail, above and between ventrals. Pec- 
torals wide, triangular, not continuous at side of head, acute angled 
laterally and posteriorly. Cephalic fin as separated section of pec- 
torals, extended forward as hornlike extension from each side. 
Ventrals small, between pectorals, 

Gigantic rays, remarkable for their great width, which sometimes 
reaches 610 cm. with a weight of 4 tons. They are frequent in tropi- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 479 


cal or subtropical seas and are usually found floating near the surface, 
especially in situations where vast areas of plankton and neckton 
occur. Their weak dentition and modified branchial apparatus prob- 
ably serve to strain out the minute organisms, like the branchial 
strainers of Cetorhinus and Rhincodon, as the water flows through 
their gill slits. Owing to their immense size and the fear of native 
fishermen, specimens are seldom brought to museums intact. Like 
other large marine animals our knowledge of them is therefore very 
fragmentary or unsatisfactory and often confused or erroneous.”° 
So far as known they are viviparous, producing but several young 
in a season. 
ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a?, MopuLINaE. Mouth inferior; teeth in both jaws or at least in upper jaw. 


Mobula 
a?. CEPHALOPTERINAE. Mouth anterior or terminal; teeth usually only on lower 
jaws sometinies in both jaws-—--------_ = = Manta 


Genus MOBULA Rafinesque 


Mobula RAFINESQUE, Indice @ittiologia siciliana, pp. 48, 61, 1810. (Type, Mobula 
auriculata Rafinesque, monotypic.) 

Apterurus RAFINESQUE, Indice dittiologia siciliana, pp. 48, 62, 1810. (Type, Raja 
fabroniana Lacépéde, monotypic.) 

Apturus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. 1, p. 215, 1828. (Type, Raja fabroniana 
Lacepéde. ) 

Cephalopterus (not Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809) (Duméril) Risso, Ichth. Nice, 
p. 14, 1810. (Type, Raja giorna Lacéptde=Raja cephaloptera Schneider, 
virtually tautotypic.) 

Cephaloptera (Duméril) Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 188, 1817. (Type, 
Raja cephaloptera Schneider, monotypic. ) 

Cephalopteram GrirrITH and SmirH, Animal Kingd. Cuvier, Griffith’s, vol. 10, 
p. 17, 1834. (Type, Raja giorna Lacépéde.) 

Dicerobatus BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 8, p. 121, 1816. (Type, 
Raja mobular BoNNATERRE, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera 
of fishes, pt. 1, p. 95, 1917.) 

Dicerobatis BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Vertebr., p. 40, 1825. (Type, Raja 
mobular Bonnaterre.) 

Diarobatus Agassiz, Nomenclat. Zool., Pisces, p. 22, 1845. (Type, Raja mobular 
Bonnaterre. ) 

Pterocephalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, pp. 170, 174, 1888. (Type, 
Raja cephaloptera Schneider.) (Pterocephalus Schneider 1887, Linstow 1899, 
Raw 1908, in invertebrates precluded.) 

Pterocephala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 319, 1839. (Type, 
Raja giorna Lacépéde, monotypic.) 


Tail slender, whiplike, with or without serrated spine. Head broad, 
flat, truncate. Rostrum short, broad, sharp-edged anteriorly. Mouth 


wide, inferior. Teeth on both jaws, small, numerous, in pavement. 
Internarial space wide. Dorsal fin between ventrals. Rostral fins 


10 Gill, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 52, p. 155, figs. 1908. 


480 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


moderate, distinct from pectorals, directed forward and obliquely 
downward but rolled from below outward in subcylindrical roll when 


not in use. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a... Serrated ‘caudal spine Spresent_o eo ae ee ek japanica 
a Noiserratedscaudall |spinvee ee fo gh ae ae a ee diabolus 


MOBULA JAPANICA (Miiller and Henle) 


Cephaloptera japanica MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostomen, p. 
185, 1841 (type locality: Japan). 

Cephaloptera japonica SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 15, p. 
310, 1850 (Japan).—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 134, 1851 (refer- 
ence).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 22, 1853 
(Japan).—Dumirm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 659, 1865 (copied).— 
GuntTuHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 17, p. 498, 1910 (reference). 

Dicerobatis japonica GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 496, 1870 
(compiled). 

Aodon japonicus JoRDAN and SnyprEr, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 438, 1901 
(“Japan”). 

Mobula japonica JoRDAN and Fowter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 666, 
1903 (Misaki).—IzuKa and Matsuura. Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Ver- 
tebrata, p. 186, 1920 (Tokyo).—Fow.Ler, Bishop Mus. Bull. 38, p. 3, pl. 1, 
figs. a-c, 1927 (Honolulu).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 
1928 (Mokpo, Korea).—Fowrrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 26, 1928 
(compiled). —Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 36, 1933. 

Mobula japanica GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 450, 1913 
(Japan).—Fowter, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 
(Japan; Hawaii).—Wu1tttry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 8, pt. 8, p. 187, 
1986 (compiled). 

I reported an incomplete specimen in 1927 obtained in the Hono- 
lulu markets now in the collections of the Bishop Museum. 
Teeth bands extend to mouth angles, 84 rows above, 101 rows 


below. 

Head above dark dusky brown, below creamy white. Eye pale. 
Edge of lower lip and upper snout edge neutral gray, also inner 
surfaces of cephalic fins. 


MOBULA DIABOLUS (Shaw) 


Raja diabolus SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 291, 1804 (on Hregoodoo-tenkee 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 5, pl. 9, 1803, type locality: 
Vizagapatam).—Swain, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1882, p. 308 
(on Shaw). 

Mobula diabolus Wuittry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 185, 1986 (Bris- 
bane; India; New Hebrides). 

? Raja bankiana LAcépEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, p. 115, pl. 5, fig. H, 1800 
(type locality: East Indies). 

Raia eregoodoo-tenkee Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 402, 1829 (on Hregoodoo 
tenkee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 5, pl. 9, 1803, Vizagapatam). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 481] 


Mobula eregoodoo-tenkee GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 451, 1913 
(Indian Seas, Malay Archipelago, Red Sea).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1918, p. 2 (Philippines); vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (same exam- 
ple); Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (reference) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 20 (246), 1938 (reference). 

Mobula eregoodoo-tenke Fowter, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (same example). 

Dicerobatis eregoodoo CANtTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1420, 1849 
(type locality: Pinang).—Jerpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 149, 
1851.—BireKer, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 9, 1853 (on 
Eregoodoo tenkee Russell).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 497, 
1870 (Indian Seas).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 744, pl. 193, fig. 1, 1878 
(Jerdon’s example) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 62, fig. 26, 1889.— 
Boutencer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 244 (Muscat).—Kent, Great 
Barrier Reef, p. 370, pl. 48, figs. 2-8, 1893 (Palm Islands).—Luxoyp, Rec. 
Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 179, text, fig. 2 (teeth), pl. 4, fig. 1, 1908 (Madras) .— 
ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 9, 1913. 

Dicerobatus eregoodoo Woop Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 144 (Cocos 
Keeling Atoll). 

Dicerobatis ereegoodoo Puay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 354, 
1929 (Travancore). 

Cephaloptera eregoodoo DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 655, pl. 6, figs. 
2-3 (teeth), 1865 (compiled). 

Mobula eregoodoo Octtsy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 90, 1916 (Moreton 
Bay) ; vol. 6, p. 97, 1918 (Moreton Bay).—McCuLLocu and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 (reference).—McCULLOocH, Aus- 
tralian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 31, 1929 (Queensland).—RoxAs and MARTIN, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 17, 1937 (reference). 

Cephaloptera tatraniana VAN Hassett, Allgem, Konst- en-Letterb., vol. 1, p. 316, 
1823 (on Eregoodoo tenkee Russell, 1803). 

Cephaloptera kuhlii (Valenciennes) MULiErR and HENLx, Syst. Beschr. Plagi- 
ostomen, p. 185, pl. 59, fig. 1, 1841 (type locality: India).—Gray, List fish 
British Museum, p. 134, 1851 (reference).—BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo- 
Néerl., vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 1, 6, 1858 (Amboina).—DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elas- 
mobr., vol. 1, p. 654, pl. 6, figs. 9-9a (teeth), 1865 (type).—VoRDERMANN, 
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 56, p. 40, 1897. 

Dicerobatis kuhlii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 82, 
1853 (reference).—GtnTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 497, 1870 
(type; Zanzibar).—DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 745, 1878; Fauna British 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 638, 1889.—SAuvaceE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 
p. 510, 1891.—WEeEBEr, in Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Australia, vol. 5, p. 276, 
1895 (Ambon). 

Mobula kuhli MiLuar, Zoologist, No. 694, p. 145, pl. 1, 1899 (Durban).—BaAkR- 
NARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1925 
(Natal). 

Modula kuhlii GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 452, 1913 (Indian 
Ocean, East Indies, Japan).—Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacifie Sci. Congr., 
Java, p. 507, 1930 (reference).—WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 
186, 1936 (compiled). 

Cephaloptera olfersii (not Miiller) Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 183, 1851 
(Indian Ocean). 

Dicerobatis monstrum KiLuUNZINGER, Vehr. zool.-bot. Gess. Wien. vol. 21, p. 687, 
1871 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Mobula monstrum WHtttEy, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 8, p. 186, 1986 (com- 
piled). 


482 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dicerobatis draco GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 10, p. 422, 1872 
(type locality: Misol). 

Mobula draco GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 451, 1913 (Misol).— 
Fow.Ler, Proc. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 507, 1930 (refer- 
ence).—WuiTtey, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 8, p. 186, 1986 (compiled). 

Dicerobatis thurstoni LiLoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 179, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 
2, 1908; vol. 26, pt. 6, p. 9, 1913 (type locality: Mekran and Oman). 

Mobula thurstoni WHITLEY, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 187, 19386 (copied). 

Depth 524 in disk measured from median concavity of snout to 
hind pectoral edge; head 4; disk length 134 in its width, 1% in tail; 
head width little greater than its length. Tip of rostral flap to eye 
114 in head; eye 534, 6% in interorbital; mouth width 114 in head; 
teeth in 50 to 52 rows in jaws; internarial space slightly less than 
mouth width; interorbital slightly greater than head length, nearly 
level or only very slightly convex. Gill openings large, second to 
fourth largest or 4% in interorbital, last 44 of third. Spiracle small, 
inconspicuous below ridge and in deep wide groove, about size of 
pupil. 

Skin smooth. No caudal spine. 

Dorsal length 214 in interorbital, ends little before hind ventral 
ends; no anal; tail long and whiplike; pectorals falcate, angles acute 
and rather sharp, front edges of fin nearly straight and hind edges 
concave; ventrals small, rather long, ends obtuse. 

Brown above, paler to whitish below, with pectorals terminally 
little brownish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, India, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Queens- 
land. Although Garman has accepted 4 species in this genus without 
a serrated caudal spine I cannot believe that the distinctions, based 
on the width of the dental bands and the length of the tail are satis- 
factory. Day gives the dentition as 340 upper and 360 lower teeth 
in jaw 12 inches across gape and 5,490 mm. (18 feet) wide; one 4 
inches across jaws had 240 rows above and 244 below; Cantor gives 
80 teeth above and 95 below for an example 30 inches (663 mm.) 
wide. Garman gives the teeth in Mobula kuhlii as 44 rows above 
and 54 below in an example 420 mm. wide. Duméril separates Ce- 
phaloptera kuhlii on the dental plate entire behind and with but 36 
to 38 rows of teeth, while in the present species he gives the dental 
plate emarginate behind and the rows of teeth about 80. As he had 
Miiller and Henle’s type of the former he gives the disk width 740 
mm. In Giinther’s Dicerobatis draco the disk is 884 mm. wide and 
the upper teeth are said to be in 46 series. It was supposed by Garman 
to differ in the longer tail, which about equals 244 disk lengths. 

5705. Manila market. May 4, 1908. Length, 1,088 mm. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. 
Disk length, 254 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 483 


Genus MANTA Bancroft 


Manta BANcrort, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 144, 1828-29. (Type, Cephalopterus 
manta Bancroft, monotypic). 

Ceratoptera MULLER and HENLE, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 118. 
(Atypic; Arch. Naturg., 1887, p. 401.) (Type, Cephalopterus giorna (not 
Lacépéde) Lesueur, virtual orthotype. ) 

Brachioptilon NEwMAN, Zoologist, vol. 7, p. 2896, 1849. (Type, Brachioptilon 
hamiltoni Newman, monotypic. ) 

Diabolicthys HoumEs, Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 39, 1856. (Type, 
Diabolicthys elliotti Holmes, monotypic). 

Diabolichthys MArsHaAtt, Nomenclat. Zool., p. 72, 1877. (Type, Diabolicihys 
elliotti Holmes.) 

Daemomanta WutTtEy, Rec. Austrailian Mus., vol. 18, No. 6, p. 327, 1932. 
(Type, Manta alfredi Stead, orthotypic.) 

Desmomanta Fow LER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 6, p. 386, 1934. (Type, 
Manta alfredi Stead.) (Error.) 

Indomanta WHITLEY, Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 6, p. 11, 1986. (Type, In- 
domanta tombazii Whitley, orthotypic.) 


Head greatly depressed, broad, flat, truncate. Rostrum short, 
broad. Eyes prominent, lateral. Mouth large, very wide, straight, 
anterior or terminal with narrow edges to jaws. Teeth present 
only as lower dental plate, very small, close-set, numerous. 
Internarial very wide. Gill openings wide. Skin rough with small 
prickles. Rostral fins distinct from pectorals, directed or rolled 
forward. Small dorsal between ventrals. Tail slender, whiplike, 
without serrated spine on caudal. Pectorals form wide disk, greatly 
wider than long, outer angles acute. 

Giant rays of tropical seas and though several species have been 
described perhaps referable to one or two species. Fossil fragments 
also have been referred to the genus. 


MANTA BIROSTRIS (Walbaum) 


' Raja birostris WatpAum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 535, 1792 (on Diabolus 
marinus Willoughby, Hist. Pisce. Append., p. 5, pl. 9, fig. 3, 1686; no type 
locality ).—Divel PENNANT, Arctic zoology, vol. 2, pt. 4, p. 354, 1792, copied.— 
Catrssy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Append., p. 32, 1771 (type locality : Carolina). 

Manta birostris Fowier. Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 8, No. 7, p. 375, 1923 
(Honolulu) ; Bishop Mus., Bull. 28, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. d-g, 1927 (Fanning 
Islands) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 26, 1928 (Honolulu, off Oahu) ; 
Proe. 4th (1929) Pacific Sci. Congr., Java, p. 508, 1930 (Fanning and 
Hawaiian Islands); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 19381 (on 
Ogilby’s New Hebrides Ceratoptera).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 
353, zool. ser. vol. 21, p. 25, 1936 (Cocos Island; Galapagos).—WHITLEY, 
Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p, 179, 1986 (compiled). 

Raja banksiana LAckpeEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, p. 105, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1800 (type 
locality : East Indies). 

Manta? banksiana Wuittry, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 180, 1936 (com- 
piled; Nauru and Solomons). 

Raia fimbriata LactrkpeE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 671, 677, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1802 
(type locality: North Atlantic Ocean). 


484 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Raja manatia ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 364, 1801 (type locality: 
Tropical America). 

Cephalopterus vampyrus Mirouitt, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 1, 
p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1824 (type locality: Near entrance to Delaware Bay). 

Cephaloptera giorna (not Lacépéde) LeSurur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 6, 1824 (type locality: Georgia). 

Raia cornuta LESUEvR, op. cit., p. 120 (on Catesby). 

Cephalopterus manta Bawncrort, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 4538, 1828-29 (type 
locality: Jamaica). 7 

Manta americana americana BANcROFT, op. cit., p. 454 (type locality: 
Jamaica). 

Ceratoptera lesuewrii Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 320, fig. 100, 
1839 (on LeSueur 1824). 

Ceratoptera johnii Mttiter and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiost. p. 186, pl. 49, 
1841 (type locality: Jamaica). 

Ceratoptera ehrenbergii MULterR and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, p. 
187, 1841 (type locality: Red Sea).—Gray, List Fish Brit. Mus., p. 134, 
1851 (reference).—DuméErm, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 661, 1865 
(compiled).—GUtntuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 498, 1870 (com- 
piled).—KtLunzincer, Vehr. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 687, 1871 (Red 
Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 745 (not woodcut), 1878.—BARTLETT, 
Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 366, p. 134, 1896 (Moratabas).—DUuNCKER, 
Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21 (1908), p. 194, 1904 (Jeram). 

Manta ehrenbergit GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 36, p. 455, 1913 
(compiled).—Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 183, 1936 (com- 
piled).—Fowterr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 20, 1988 (reference). 

Manta ehrenbergi Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 87, 1925 
(Table Bay, East London, Durban, Natal). 

Brachioptilon hamilioni NEWMAN, Zoologist, vol. 7, p. 74, 1849 (type locality: 
Gulf of California, west coast of Mexico). 

Manta hamiltoni Brrsr, The Arcturus adventure, pp. 128, 134, 206, 304, 415, 
figs. 30-85, 1926 (Galapagos).—Wuuttry, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, 
p. 180, 1936 (compiled). 

Diabolichthys elliotti Hotmers, Proc. Hlliott Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 39, 1856 
(type locality: Charleston, 8S. C.). 

Deratoptera alfredi Krerrt, Illustrated Sydney News, vol. 5, pp. 3, 9, wood- 
cut fig., 1868 (type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales). 

Ceratoptera alfredi MActEAy, Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 
3881, 1881 (Manly Beach).—Oetrey, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, p. 
23, 1888 (type; Port Jackson). 

Manta alfredi Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 238, 1908 (Port Jackson).— 
McCuLtocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 48a, 1927 
(photograph) .—Fow.er, Proc. 4th (1929) Pac. Sci. Congr., Java, p. 508, 
1930 (reference). 

Daemomanta alfredi Wuittey, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 6, p. 328, pl. 
37, figs. 1-4, 1982 (compiled records and notes); Australian Zoologist, 
vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 167, pl. 12, text figs. 1-3, 1986 (Maher Island, Queensland). 

Cephaloptera stelligera (Ehrenberg) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Museum, 
vol. 8, p. 498, 1870 (name in synonymy).—Hincenporr, Symbol. Physic. 
Hemprich-Ehrenberg, pl. 2, figs. 1-9, 1899 (type locality: Red Sea). 

Manta raya Barr, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 112, 1899 (type lo- 
cality: Zorritos, Peru). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 485 


Mobula japonica (not Miiller and Henle) Jorpan and EveRMANN, Bull. U.S. 
Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), p. 50, 1905 (Honolulu). 

Ceratoptera orissa Lioyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 2, p. 176, fig. 1, pls. 5-10, 
figs. 1-2, 1908 (type locality: Puri). 

Manta orissa Wurttey, Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 181, 1986 (compiled). 

Indomanta tombazii WuIttry, Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 6, p. 11, 1936 [on 
Dicerobatis, not Cantor, Tombazi, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 37, 
p. 227, pl., 1934 (type locality : Cape Mouze, 20 miles from Karachi, India) ]; 
Australian Zool., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 183, 1936 (copied). 

Manta pinchoti WHITLEY, op. cit., p. 182 (type locality: Marquesas Islands) 
(on Manta birostris Fowler, 1932). 

Manta fowleri Wuirtey, op. cit., p. 182 (type locality: Fanning Islands) (on 
Manta bdirostris Fowler, 1927). 

Manta pakoka WHITLEY, op. cit., p. 183 (type locality: Uaar Hat Island, Teuaua, 
Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands) (on Pakoka Pinchot, To the South Seas, pp. 
406, 408, 421, fig., 1930). 


Head width 324 in total length; head length to first gill opening 
824 in its own width. Snout very broad, as seen above with broadly 
concave profile; eye lateral, equally visible above and below, about 
14 across interorbital; mouth width 234 in disk length, or 635 in 
greatest disk width; dental plate below with 148 teeth in transverse 
series; interorbital widely depressed, slopes convexly down each side. 
First pair of gill openings 114 in interspace, likewise smaller last pair. 

Skin with rough asperities, each of larger with radiated bases. 

Triangular dorsal fin over ventrals, with hind truncate edge ending 
little before hind ventral edges, fin length 51% in disk length to mid- 
dle of front snout edge; tail slightly longer than disk length, without 
spine; disk length 2%4 in disk width, widest midway in its length, 
outer angles narrowly triangular and curved backwards, front edges 
little convex and hind edges concave; ventral ends extend little be- 
yond hind pectoral edges, obtuse. 

Above blackish or dark olive, below whitish. Length, 1773 mm. 
(Hilgendorf.) 

Red Sea, Natal, South Africa, India, Malay Peninsula, East Indies, 
New South Wales, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. I have long thought 
the Polynesian and Hawaiian specimens with 150 teeth in the dental 
plate were the Atlantic Manta birostris Walbaum. Hilgendorf’s fig- 
ure of a Red Sea specimen, however, shows only 143 teeth and Barnard 
mentions a South African specimen with 230. Garman maintains 
the Atlantic species with the dental plate extending over the whole 
width of the lower jaw bearing about 100 separated rows of teeth, at 
least in the young. 

The following is Macleay’s account of Ceratoptera alfredi Krefft: 

“This is the name affixed to a stuffed specimen of this genus of 
enormous size, in the Australian Museum. It was captured at Manly 


486 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Beach in 1868, and was considered by Mr. Krefft as new and unde- 
scribed species, but unfortunately he never described it, and descrip- 
tion is now impossible, so much painting and puttying and clipping 
have been practised in setting up the specimen.” 


Subclass HOLOCEPHALI 


Body massive, compressed. Tail and caudal region attenuated. 
Upper jaws and other palatal cartilages joined with skull. Dental 
plates in 3 pairs, vomerine and palatine above, mandibular below. 
Opercles rudimentary. One gill opening each side of pharynx, con- 
tains 4 gill clefts and 4 gills united with skin terminally. No 
spiracles, except in embryonic stages. Skull without system of mem- 
brane bones, as opercles, suborbitals, etc. Skeleton cartilaginous. 
No distinct suspensorial cartilage for lower jaw. Vertebrae imper- 
fect, coalescent anteriorly. Brain massed posteriorly, more dis- 
tributed forward, hemispheres distant from optic lobes and attached 
to them by nerve-like thread. Intestine with spiral valve. Skin 
naked, muciferous system highly developed. Dorsal fin erectile, with 
spine. Pectorals normal, low. Ventrals abdominal. Mature males 
with erectile frontal tentacle and prepelvic claspers. 

The living chimaeroids are a divergent and modified branch of 
some primitive sharklike type. Besides certain characters of the bony 
fishes they have acquired others distinctively their own. Their rela- 
tion to the elasmobranchs is seen in their cartilaginous skeleton, 
dermal denticles, the brain structure and especially the reproductive 
organs. The large eggs and their enclosure in horny coverings is 
another interesting feature in common. The single gill opening 
is modified toward the bony fish type, also the structure of the gill 
filaments, the presence of an opercle, the rectum opening externally 
before the urino-genital apertures and not into a cloaca. 

Six families are admitted and of these three are represented by a 
few living forms. The fossils are, however, very numerous and date 
from Paleozoic time. As but few forms are known outside the Indo- 
Pacific I have included all the living forms, based chiefly on Garman’s 
memoir. 

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a’, CHIMAEROIDEL Snout prominent; soft, without proboscis; claspers trifid, 


PAVE) Yoh Die Eka See Ee Bis ee hs EPC ERS EES ES ee Chimaeridae 

a’, CALLORHINCHOIDEI. Snout produced, more or less as proboscis; claspers 
simple. 

b’. Snout produced in long simple beak_________________ Rhinochimaeridae 


b*. Snout produced into leaf-shaped flexible appendage_______ Callorhinchidae 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 487 


Order CHIMAEROIDEI 


Snout prominent, soft, without proboscis. Claspers trifid, rarely 
bifid. 
Family CHIMAERIDAE 


Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly to 
point at tail. Head large, compressed, without proboscis. Mouth 
small, inferior, upper lip deeply notched. Jaws with teeth confluent 
into 4 bony laminae or tritors above, 2 below, receive impact on 
edges. Nostrils confluent with mouth separated by narrow isthmus. 
Free gills 3 and one-half gill each side. Gill rakers small. Isthmus 
moderate. No spiracles. Notochord surrounded with narrow ring- 
like segments. Cerebral hemispheres fused with olfactory lobes 
distant from optic lobes. Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. 
Lateral line open canal, usually with numerous branches anteriorly 
or on head. Oviparous, egg-cases long, elliptical, with silky fila- 
ments. Mature male with erectile “frontal holders” on forehead 
and prepelvic tenacula. Dorsal usually divided, anteriorly short 
and with very strong spine, grooved behind. Second dorsal long 
and low. Caudal narrow, tapering, subcaudal with extended lobe. 
Pectorals large, free, low. Ventrals abdominal, many rayed. Ma- 
ture males with trifid claspers, rarely bifid. 

The living forms are remarkable for their striking appearance. 
Most are found in deep water or cool seas. About 17 genera de- 
scribed, all extinct and only Chimaera persisting to recent time. 


Genus CHIMAERA Linnaeus 


Chimaera LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 236, 1758. (Type, Chimaera 
monstrosa Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, U. S. Nat. Mus. 
Bull. 16, p. 54, 1883.) (Poli, 1791, in Mollusca and Ochsenheimer, 1808, in 
Microlepidoptera precluded.) 

Chimoera Cuvier, Tabl. Element. (an. 6), p. 317, 1798. (Type, Chimaera 
monstrosa Linnaeus. ) 

Chimera RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 92, 1815. (Type, Chimaera 
monstrosa Linnaeus. ) 

Chimaira Dumérm, Mem. Acad. Sci. France, vol. 27, p. 155, 1856. (Type, 
Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus. ) 

Plethodus Dixon, Fossils of Sussex, p. 366, 1850. (Type, Plethodus expansus 
Dixon, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Hydrolagus Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 331. (Type, 
Chimaera colliei Lay and Bennett, monotypic.) 

Dipristis Gervais, Zool. Pal. Générale, p. 240, 1869. (Type, Dipristis chimae- 
roides Gervais, monotypic.) (Fossil.) 

Bathyalopex CotteTr, Arch. Naturv. Christiania, vol. 23, p. 5, 1901; Forh. Vid. 
Selskr. Christiana, No. 9, 1904, p. 5, 1905. (Type, Chimaera (Bathyalopez ) 
mirabilis Collett, monotypic.) 

156861—41 32 





488 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Psychichthys Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 419. (Type, 
Hydrolagus waitei Fowler, orthotypic.) 

Phasmichthys JorDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus. vol. 10, p. 119, 1925. 
(Type, Chimaera mitsukurii Dean.) 

Head partly conic, compressed. Snout soft and fleshy, conspicu- 
ous, large, blunt. Eye large or moderate, lateral. Mouth inferior. 
Tritors or dental laminae rodlike. Lips thick, lower with frenum. 
Gill opening small. Skin smooth. Lateral line on head with zigzag 
openings. First dorsal triangular. Anal present, distinct or joined 
with subcaudal, or rudimentary. 

According to Smitt: “In the seventeenth century Kentman sent to 
Gesner a drawing of a fish from Denmark which he called Meeraff 
(Simia marina); and when Linnaeus found the same kind of fish 
from Bohuslin in the Royal Museum at Ulriksdal, he called it 
Monkey-fish or Monster-fish (Chimaera). ‘Master is the name given 
to this fish which is so unlike all others and as it were a medley of all 
fishes. At certain seasons when this strange fish dieth and is cast 
ashore, the common people behold in him a miracle and imagine that 
they see laces, points, topknots, and other finery, which they believe 
have so displeased the great God that He hath seen good to warn 
them with signs and wonders, which belief news-men, no less wise 
than they, speed the whole world through to the edification of all’. 
Thus the name of Chimaera was introduced into ichthyology; and 
though the monstrosity formerly seen in the structure of the genus 
has disappeared in the light of modern researches into its relations 
to the other Elasmobranchs, the life led by these fishes is still in 
great part a mystery to us.” 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Anal fin distinct from subcaudal. 
b*. CHIMAERA. Caudal filament long; eyes large. 
c’. Lateral line in short even waves on flank. 
ad’. Claspers bifid 24 their length. 


e... Tritors-5 to\7 onveach -vomerine: =. 3 ee Fe monstrosa 

¢. ‘Dritors 3:on each vomerine—__—---.- Wo  * pseudomonstrosa 

@. Claspers’ bifid’ 34, their length." eee phantasma 
c’. Lateral line irregular, not waved; claspers divided 14 their length. 

¢. Irideseent ‘dusky, blackish below ec.22+2 8 jos). ee Se jordani 

e*. Mottled light, tail with light streaks__________-_________ owstoni 


b*. Caudal filament short. 
f’. PSycHICHTHYS. Eyes small; second dorsal not indented. 
g. First dorsal origin little behind gill opening. 
h’. First dorsal 144 in head; pectoral reaches beyond ventral 


OUT ra a NS nee tae ae purpurescens 
h*. First dorsal 1144 in head; pectoral reaches 44 to ventral. 
eidolon 


g’. First dorsal origin over gill opening. 
4. Hirst Gorsali24:in head=2 222 ee ae affinis 
7. First dorsal little greater than head__-------_--__ waitei 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 489 


f?. Hyprotacus. Byes large; second dorsal indented; body with 


white spots. 
7. Second dorsal deeply indented; caudal filament usually 


SEN OTe asa se a ce ce cl rer Re colliei 
j’?. Second dorsal scarcely indented ; caudal filament but little 
less;than rest of body=2-—— 2 = novae zealandiae 


a’. BATHYALOPEx. No distinct anal fin. 
k’. Eye large. 

I’. Second dorsal not indented; lateral line straight, en- 

tire, irregular but not in short waves. 

m', Claspers trifid half their length. 
m. Blackish above, clouded lighter, below dark 
sepia; vertical fins nearly black___ mitsukurii 
n*?, Blackish, with white spots------------ barbouri 
m’*, Claspers divided half their length; dorsal spine 1% 
head lengths; dark brown, fins purplish black. 


africana 

1’. Second dorsal deeply indented ; dark brown. 
o'. Dorsal spine long as head--------------~ deani 
o?. Dorsal spine 11%4 in head_--------_ mirabilis 


k*. Eye moderate; lateral line with short even waves on 
side; brownish, with spots and narrow bands. 
ogilbyi 
Subgenus CHIMAERA Linnaeus 


CHIMAERA MONSTROSA Linnaeus 


Chimaera monstrosa LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 286, 1758 (type 
locality: Atlantic Ocean); ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 401, 1766——Buiocu, Naturg. 
ausliind. Fische, vol. 1, p. 61, pl. 124, 1785 (North Sea).—BOoNNATERRE, 
Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 18, pl. 8, fig. 25, 1788 (northern seas.)—GMELIN, 
Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1488, 1789 (Atlantic and North Sea).—WaAL- 
BAUM, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 587, 1792 (on Bloch).—Lac&épéps, Hist. 
Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 392, pl. 19, fig. 1, 1798 (northern sea).—ScHNEIDER, 
Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 349, 1801 (on Linnaeus).—LAay and BENNETT, 
Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fishes, p. 72, pl. 23, fig. 3 (ventral fin and 
clasper), 1839.—Gray, List fish British Museum, p. 21, 1851 (no locality).— 
DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 686, pl. 13, figs. 3-4, pl. 14, fig. 1, 
1865 (Cape of Good Hope).—GtUntTuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 
849, 1870 (North Atlantic materials).—GoopE and BEAN, Oceanic ichthy- 
ology, p. 31 (not. fig. 31) 1895 (compiled).—GaRrMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 40, p. 84, 1911 (North Atlantic, to 600 fathoms or more).— 
Route, Res. Comp. Sci. Monaco, vol. 52, p. 126, 1919 (Azores, 1,165 meters; 
west of Fayal, 1,962 meters).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 94, 1925 (off Cape Point and Saldanha Bay, in 450-500 fathoms). 

Chimaera argentea ASCANIUS, Icon., vol. 2, p. 6, 1772 (type locality : “On trouve ce 
poisson depuis Tronhiem jusques au Sund”). 

Chimaera praecisa WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 588, 1792 (on Callorhyn- 
chus americanus Gronow, Act. Helvet., vol. 3, p. 49, 1772, type locality: 
American Ocean). 

Chimaera americana ScHNeEwER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 350, 1801 (on Gronow 
1772, type locality: American Ocean). 

Chimaera borealis SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 365, pl. 157, 1804 (type 
locality : Northern Ocean). 


490 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Chimaera mediterranea Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 
168, 1826 (type locality: Nice). 

Chimaera cristata FAsBreR, Nat. Fische Islands, p. 45, 1829 (type locality: 
Iceland). 

Chimaera arctica GistTEL, Naturg. Thierreichs, vol. 8, p. 103, 1848 (type lo- 
eality: Northern Seas). 

Callorynchus centrina Gray, Cat. Fish Gronow, vol. 2, p. 15, 1854 (type lo- 
cality: American Ocean). 

Callorynchus atlanticus Gray, Cat. Fish Gronow, vol. 2, p. 16, 1854 (type 
locality: Atlantic Seas). 

Chimaera vaillanti Dean, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 32, p. 7, 1906 
(type locality: Cape of Good Hope). 

Depth 714 to 81% in total length; head 614 to 714. Snout 214 to 
234 in head; mouth before eye; vomerine dental plates with 5 to 7 
tritors; interorbital low. Gull rakers 12 short points. 

Lateral line irregular though without distinct even waves. 

First dorsal inserted over hind gill opening edge, spine 114 to 
124 in head, front and hind edges finely serrated and. fin joined with 
second dorsal by low fold; second dorsal 2%% to 224 in total, uni- 
formly low; anal slightly less than eye, in male little before supra- 
caudal and in female encroaches below front of supracaudal; in 
male subcaudal little longer than supracaudal, in female subequal; 
caudal filament 314 to 4 in rest of body; pectoral 5 to 514 in total, 
reaches ventral bases, width 2 in its length; ventral 114 to 114 in 
head, triangularly pointed. 

Back reddish brown, lighter or darker. Sides mostly silvery, 
shading to blue above, below white. Under silvery luster of sides dor- 
sal color spreads in curious figures, oblong spots, arranged in longitu- 
dinal rows, sinuous, indefinite patches kind of marbled pattern thus 
formed. Silvery lateral line marked by brown edges. Iris golden 
or silvery, pupil greenish. Vertical fins like back, caudal with black 
margin more or less forward along second dorsal and upper hind 
edge of first dorsal. Paired fins like back, anterior or under surface 
lighter with rays of ashy gray. Inside mouth and pharynx more 
or less black, tongue and branchial arches yellowish. Said to reach 
1,200 mm. (Smitt.) 

South Africa. Also North and middle Atlantic and Mediter- 
ranean. 


2 examples. A.N.S.P. Italy. C. L. Bonaparte. No. 252. Articulated skele- 


tons. 
CHIMAERA PSEUDOMONSTROSA Fang and Wang 


Chimaera pseudomonstrosa FANG and WANge, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, 
vol. 8, p. 280, fig. 28, 1982 (type locality: Tsingtau). 
Depth subequal with head length; head 5 or less to subcaudal 
origin, width 2 in its length. Snout 21% in head; eye 414, 2 in snout, 
greater than interorbital; mouth small, inferior, with thick lips; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 49] 


teeth 2 above, 2 below, edges of each tooth strongly concave, more or 
less ridges at inner surface, and lower teeth much longer than upper; 
3 elongate tritors on each of vomerine dental laminae, 1 anterior, 2 
posterior and large one at inner basal wall of each lower tooth; 
nostrils large, close together, confluent with mouth corners. 

Lateral line wavy from anterior to second dorsal origin, less so 
hindward, nearly straight behind middle of second dorsal; an up- 
ward curve below dorsal spine and a gentle downward curve above 
origin, running posteriorly along base of subcaudal. 

First dorsal spine 1149 in head, strong erectile spine keeled in front 
and grooved, serrated at hind edge of terminal portion and followed 
by low dermal fold; fin triangular, short, deep, arises directly behind 
head; low second dorsal uniformly high, begins just behind tip of 
depressed dorsal spine, 8 times long as head, not indented on upper 
edge, reaches supracaudal origin; anal small, rises slowly, separated 
from subcaudal by narrow notch; caudal fin low, rises slowly in front 
gradually descends behind; pectoral 114 times head, width 134 in 
length, extends beyond ventral base; ventral inserted little behind 
second dorsal origin, premedian in fish. 

Color in formalin pale, somewhat dusky on dorsal side. Body 
with dark, longitudinal broken streaks, darker along lateral line. 
Fins grayish silvery. 

Length, 980 mm. (Fang and Wang.) 

China. Said to be very closely related to Chimaera monstrosa of 
the Atlantic, differing in having 3 tritors on each vomerine instead 
of 5 to 7, and one more on inner wall of each tooth of lower jaw. 


CHIMAERA PHANTASMA Jordan and Snyder 


Chimaera phantasma JoRDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 
338, 1900 (type locality: Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 48, 1901 
(Nagasaki; Goto Is.; Yeso; Yokohama).—JorpAN and Fowrer, Proc. U. 8. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 670, 1903 (type).—DEAN, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 19, 
art. 3, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3-4, 1904 (Misaki).—JorpAN and Snyper, Proce. U. 8S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 223, fig. 1, 1904 (type).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 40, p. 87, 1911 (Sagami Bay).—H. M. Smiru, Proce. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 42, p. 231, 1912 (Verde Island Passage; northern Mindanao).— 
IzUKA and MarTsuurs, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 185, 
1920 (Tokyo market).—Jorpan and Husgss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 116, 1925 (Osaka market; Sagami Bay).—Mort1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. 
Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Mokpo, Korea).—Luin, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., 
ser. B, vol. 1, p. 178, figs. 15-15a, 1932 (Tsingtao).—TAnaAxkA, Jap. Fish. Life 
Colours, No. 37, 1933.—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. 
Bull, 6, p. 17, 1987 (reference). 

Chimaera monstrosa (not Linnaeus) ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pt. 15, p. 300, pl. 182, 1850 (Iles Goto).—BLEeKER Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 21, 1853 (Goto, Japan).—ScumMipt, Trans. 
Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 16, 1931 (Misaki; Nagasaki; 
compared with North Sea and Palermo materials). 


492 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Chimaera purpurascens (Gilbert) JorpAN and Snyper, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 
vol. 45, p. 235, 1904 (mame and reference only).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 40, No. 3, p. 86, 1911 (part). 

Depth 2 to 224 to vent; head 1% to 21%, width 134 ? to 2. Snout 
27% to 3 in head; eye 2% to 3, subequal with snout, much greater than 
interorbital; mouth very slightly before front eye edge; upper dental 
plates with parallel vertical ridges; interorbital 5 to 6, convex. Gill 
opening low, apparently not extending upward beyond pectoral 
origin. 

Skin smooth. Lateral line very finely and rather evenly waved 
in its course over paired fins, less so posteriorly. 

Dorsal spine 114 in head, with few low antrorse serrae along each 
hind edge terminally, 224 to 314 in length of soft dorsal; caudal fila- 
ment 114 in rest of body; anal small, low, distinct from caudal; pec- 
toral large, reaches about opposite middle of depressed ventral, longer 
than head or 13 in head and body to vent; ventral 3. 

Brown generally, paler to grayish below. Fins all more or less 
dusky to blackish brown. Under surface of head and belly whitish. 
Iris grayish. 

Japan, Korea. The following, all very poorly preserved, the 
muscles soft and easily falling apart, therefore the above description 
imperfect. All seem to belong to the present species, which not pre- 
viously reported from the Philippines. 

According to Dean the females reach 1,000 mm. or more, the males 
850mm. They are usually sluggish in their movements when kept in 
shallow water. They swim about slowly, but oftener remain in the 
same position, merely balancing, moving their pectorals up and down, 
in slow rhythm. In confinement, as when in shallow water in large 
floating fish baskets, they rarely live longer than the second day. 
At their accustomed depth, judging from their behavior when freshly 
caught, Dean was convinced they are normally far stronger and more 
alert than he had been led to believe. 


6680. D. 5297. Matocot Point, S. 50° E., 5.10 miles (lat. 13°41’20’ N., long. 
120°58’ B.). China Sea, vicinity southern Luzon. July 24, 1908. Length 
292 mm. 

6672. D. 5296. Matocot Point, S. 63° E., 4.50 miles (lat. 13°40’09’’ N., long, 
120°57’45"’ E.). July 24, 1908. Length, 330 mm. to end of broken caudal. 
10027. D. 5298. Matocot Point, §. 38° E., 6.70 miles (lat. 18°43’25”’ N., long. 

120°57’40’’ E.). July 24, 1908. Length, 263 mm. 

3100. D. 5516. Point Tagolo Light, Mindanao, S. 80° W., 9.7 miles (lat. 8°46’ 
N., long. 123°32’30’’ H.). August 9, 1909. Length, 331 mm. 

D, 5550. Jolo Light, Jolo, N. 83° E. 15.5 miles (lat. 6°02’00’’ N., long. 
120°44’40’"’ E.). September 17, 1909. Larva, 75 mm. long, tail long and 
filamentous. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 493 


CHIMAERA JORDANI Tanaka 


Chimaera jordani TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 20, art. 2, p. 2, pl. 1, 
fig. 1, 1905 (type locality: Off Idzu, Sagami Sea); Fishes of Japan, vol. 1, 
pl. 10, fig. 30, 1911 (type).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo 
Mus. Vertebrata, p. 186, 1920 (Manazuru). 

Chimaera purpurascens (not Jordan and Snyder) GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 40, p. 86, 1911 (part). 

Depth 65% in total; head 69%. Snout 21% in head, obtusely convex; 
eye 334, 124 in snout; mouth close before eye; teeth confluent, 5 or 6 
rods in each lamina above, margin sinuate and slightly convex; man- 
dibular plates included within upper; interorbital 414 to 5 in head, 
rather low. 

Lateral line straight along side of body, almost without any sinua- 
tion. 

First dorsal inserted over gill opening, spine 644 in total length, 
with median keel and smooth anteriorly, grooved behind with 
terminal third with recurved spinules, fin continuous with second 
dorsal by low fold; second dorsal length 214 in total length uniformly 
high; anal with hind notch separating subcaudal little behind upper 
notch, length 314 in second dorsal length; upper caudal lobe little 
shorter though similar to subcaudal; pectoral 484 in total, reaches 
little beyond ventral origin, width 274 its length; ventral 124 in head; 
clasper of male trifid, divided to 2% its length. 

Uniformly dark brown. Length, 900 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. 


CHIMAERA OWSTONI Tanaka 


Chimaera owstoni TANAKA, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 20, art. 2, p. 10, pl. 1, 
figs. 2-3, 1905 (type locality: Sagami Bay); Fishes of Japan, vol. 1, p. 18, 
pl. 5, figs. 17-18, 1911 (types).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, 
p. 86, 1911 (compiled). 

Depth 6, in total; head 644. Snout 2 in head, obtusely convex; 
eye 344, 144 in snout; mouth before eye; 6 rods in front plate of 
upper jaw, edge of plate sinuate and slightly convex; each lower 
lamina with 2 concavities more or less sinuate in margin; inter- 
orbital 414 in head. 

Lateral line finely sinuate on body anteriorly, more pronounced 
behind ventrals. 

Dorsal spine equals head, front surface smooth with median keel, 
hind edge with recurved spinules little less half its length, inserted 24 
eye diameter behind gill opening and joined with second dorsal by 
low fold; second dorsal 214 in total, uniformly high; anal separated 
from subcaudal by notch opposite hind edge of second dorsal, fin 
length about 314 in second dorsal; subcaudal little longer and deeper 
than supracaudal, though little lower than second dorsal; pectoral 


494. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


41, in total, reaches ventral, width 234 its length; ventral 114 in 
head; male with clasper trifid, divided to terminal third. 

Dark brown, with lighter dotlike and elongate spots, often indis- 
tinctly vermiculate by spots fusing. This marking extends on head 
and bases of paired fins. On side behind ventrals 3 pale broad 
lines below lateral line and 1 above. Dorsals, anal, caudal and free 
margins of paired fins blackish; basal parts of dorsals similar on 
side of body; numerous transverse series of dark dots above lateral 
canal on side of body. Length, 935 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Japan. 

Subgenus PsYCHICHTHYS Fowler 


CHIMAERA PURPURESCENS Gilbert 


Chimaera purpurescens GILBERT, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 2 (1903), 
p. 582, fig. 231, 1905 (type locality: Kaui, Hawaiian Islands). (Chimaera 
purpurascens Jordan and Snyder 1904, not involved.) 

Chimaera gilberti GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 90, 1911 (on 
Gilbert).—Fow.ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 26, 1928 (compiled). 

Depth 5, body greatly compressed and very deep; head 41, width 
2, sides flattened. Snout 2% in head, elevated, deep, well compressed, 
formed as flexible flap, width at front of eyes half its length; eye 5, 
front edge little before middle in head length, 21% in snout, greater 
than interorbital; mouth width 314 in head, jaws massive, very broad 
lips finely papillose; upper dental plate with 7 rods each side median 
line; lower jaw with 2 very widely spaced dental points; interorbital 
6, convexly elevated, constricted. 

Skin largely smooth, though lower side of pharynx fully wrinkled, 
area extending forward to mandible, 

Dorsal spine smooth and compressed, 124 in head, but trifle short- 
er than fin; second dorsal occupies greater upper portion of tail; 
upper caudal lobe length 224 in base of second dorsal; pectoral much 
longer than head or 334 in entire body length, greatest width 14 
length; ventral 134 in head. 

Dark drab brown, shaded darker below. Iris pale grayish. Fins 
all slaty. 

Hawaii. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51594. Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
845 mm. ‘Type. 

CHIMAERA EIDOLON (Jordan and Hubbs) 


Psychichthys eidolon JorDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 117, 
pl. 5, fig. 1, 1925 (type locality: off Mishima, Izu, in Sagami Bay, Japan). 

Chimaera purpurascens (not Gilbert, 1903 [1905]) JorpAN and SnypER. Smith- 
sonian Mise. Coll., vol. 45, p. 235, 1904 (off Mishima, Izu in Sagami Bay).— 
TANAKA, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 20, p. 14, 1905. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 495 


Depth 6% in total; head 614, width 2. Snout 1% in head, ob- 
tusely convex; eye 414, 214 in snout; mouth before eye; front lower 
dental plates with 5 to 7 enamel rods, front plates of lower jaw 
notched at symphysis; interorbital little narrower than eye, convex. 

Lateral line very slightly undulous, though not evenly waved. 

First dorsal inserted nearly eye diameter behind head, spine 114 in 
head, slender, entire, continuous with second dorsal by low fold; 
second dorsal Jength 214 in total length, uniformly high; upper 
and lower caudals alike, latter longer or begins well before hind end 
of second dorsal; pectoral 5 in total, 114 to ventral, width 14% its 
length; ventral 124 in head. 

Uniform deep purplish black, as dark on belly as on_ back. 
Length, 1,285 mm. (Jordan and Hubbs). 

Japan. Said to differ from Chimaera purpurescens in the much 
higher first dorsal and shorter pectoral. 


CHIMAERA AFFINIS Capello 


Chimaera affnis CAretto, Jorn. Sci. Mat. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, vol. 1, p. 314, 
pl. 3, figs. 1, 1868 (type locality: Setubal, Portugal).—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 350, 1870 (copied).—Goopr and Bran, Ocean- 
ic ichthyology, pp. 31, 509, pl. 10, figs. 82-35, 1895 (off Georges Banks) .— 
JORDAN and EvrerMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, 95, 1896 (com- 
piled).—GarMAn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 91, 1911 (North 
Atlantic from 300-900 fathoms). 

Chimaera plumbea Git, Bull. Philos. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 182, 1877. 
(type locality : “Southeast of La Have bank, in lat. 42°40’ N., long. 68°23’ W., 
at a depth of 350 fathoms”). 

Chimaera abbreviata Git, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, p. 254, 1883 (type 
locality : Lat. 40°16’15’’ N., long. 66°58’ W., in 1,290 fathoms). 

Depth 5% in length to end of upper caudal lobe; head 514. 
Snout 2 in head, acutely produced; eye about 7, 314 in snout; cephal- 
ic appendage with 5 spines on inner surface; mouth below front of 
eye; interorbital moderately high. 

Lateral line with few feeble undulations anteriorly, jugular branch 
meets postorbital near junction of latter and suborbital and angular 
branches. 

First dorsal 124 in head, spine with front edge rounded, fin con- 
tinuous with second dorsal by low fold; second dorsal little more 
than half total length to hind end of upper caudal lobe, uniformly 
low and without emargination, its upper edge straight; upper cau- 
dal and subcaudal similarly high as second dorsal, origin of latter 
about opposite last fifth of second dorsal; pectoral 414 in length to 
hind edge of upper caudal lobe, not quite reaching ventral origin, 
width half its length; ventral 134 in head; clasper of male trifid at 
terminal third its length. 

Uniformly plumbeous. Length, 1,246 mm. (Goode and Bean.) 

North Atlantic, in 300-963 fathoms. 


496 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


CHIMAERA WAITEI (Fowler) 


Hydrolagus waitei Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 419, fig. 1 
(type locality: Victoria, Australia). 

Chimaera waitei GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 91, 1911 (com- 
piled). 


Depth 524 in total; head about 5, width 2144. Snout 144 in head, 
obtusely convex; eye 614, 3 in snout; mouth before eye, width 3 in 
head; above 2 small flat triangular mouth plates and below 2 trench- 
ant strong plates; interorbital 334 in head. 

Lateral line straight along side of body axially; jugular section 
meets postorbital near junction of latter with angular and subor- 
bital branches. 

Dorsal spine slightly larger than head, front edge sharply trench- 
ant, hind edges with about 30 serrae, apparently not connected with 
second dorsal; second dorsal uniformly low, length about 224 in total 
length; supracaudal little higher than anal and about as long; no 
anal; pectoral reaches middle of ventral base, 54 in total length, 
width 14 its length; ventral 214, obtuse. 

Uniform dull brownish. 

Victoria. Apparently only known from the above described ex- 
ample, now dried and in poor condition. 


A.N.S.P. No. 33119. Victoria, Australia. Mrs. Agnes F. Kenyon. Length, 305 mm. 
Type. 
Subgenus HYDROLAGUS Gill 


CHIMAERA COLLIEI Lay and Bennett 


Chimaera colliei LAy and BHNNETY, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fishes, p. 71, pl. 23, 
figs. 1-2, 1889 (type locality: Monterey, Calif.).—Grrarp, Rep. Pacific R. R. 
Sury., Fish, pt. 10, p. 360, 1858 (Puget Sound; Washington).—DumErIL, 
Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 689, 1865 (compiled).—GtntTHeER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 8, p. 350, 1870 (Hsquimault Harbor ; Monterey).—GARMAN, 
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 92, 1911 (California and northward). 

Chimaera colliaei JoRDAN and Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 16, 1881 
(Monterey, California).—JoRDAN and Gizpret, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, 
p. 55, 1883. (compiled). 

Chimaera collet Dran, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 32, p. 7, pls. 8-11, 
1906 (Monterey, Calif.) —Sorpatovy and Linpperc, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. 
Inst., vol. 5, p. 28, 1980 (Far East Seas). 

Hydrolagus colliei Git, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 331, 1862 (refer- 
ence).—Corz, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 13, p. 24, 1873 (Alaska).—JorpAN 
and EvrermMAnn, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 95, 1896 (Monterey to 
Alaska).—EVERMANN and GOLDSBOROUGH, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906) 
p. 230, fig. 4, 1907 (Alaska).—Fow.urr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1910, p. 603 (Monterey, Alaska). 

Hydrolagus colliei GoopE and BEAN, Oceanic ichthyol., p. 32, 1895 (compiled). 

Callorhynchus antarcticus (not Linnaeus) GoopH and BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyol., 
pl. 10, fig. 86, 1895 (from Lay and Bennett). 

? Chimaera media GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 91, 1911 (locality 
uncertain). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 497 


Depth 5% to 6% in total length; head 4% to 614. Snout 2 in head, 
obtusely convex; eye 3 to 334, 144 to 2 in snout; mouth before eye; 
vomerine teeth with 5 to 7 rods; interorbital 34 in head, rather low. 

Lateral line straight on body, jugular section meets postorbital 
near junction with suborbital and angular. 

Dorsal spine 1 to 114 in head, interdorsal equals first dorsal base 
and continuous by low fold; second dorsal length 224 to 27% in total 
length, upper edge medially emarginate nearly 34 anterior height 
and posterior height little lower; upper and lower caudals lower than 
second dorsal, lower begins only very slightly before end of second 
dorsal, fin ending in slender attenuated point but usually not a fila- 
ment; pectoral nearly 4 in total, width 3 in length; ventral 6, rounded ; 
male with claspers short, not reaching ventral ends, bifid about half 
their length, trifid cartilages with 2 or 3 confluent by skin terminally. 

Brown or gray-brown, shading whitish below. Back and sides 
with many variable irregular whitish spots. 

North east Pacific from California to Alaska. 

Garman describes Chimaera media on a male and female without 
locality, differing chiefly from the present species in the second dorsal 
fin divided. His specimens are 510 and 560 mm. long. Possibly they 
are only variants of Chimaera colliei. 

1 example. A. N. S. P. Alaska. George Davidson. 


1 example. A. N.S. P. California ? W. N. Lockington. 
4 examples. A. N.S. P. Pacific Grove, Calif. Harold Heath. 


CHIMAERA NOVAE ZEALANDIAE Fowler 


Chimaera novae zealandiae Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1910, 
p. 603 (on Hector).—Grirrin, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 54, p. 246, 
pl. 20, fig. 2, 1928 (9 miles north of Kaipara Heads). 

Chimaera monstrosa var. australis (not Shaw) Hector, Trans. New Zealand 
Inst., vol. 34, p. 239, pl. 14, fig. C, 1902 (type locality: New Zealand). 

Chimaera australis WaITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 9, 1907 (ref- 
erence).—GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 88, 1911 (compiled). 

Depth 814 in total; head 714, upper profile of male convex before 
eye. Snout 1% in head, obtusely conic; eye 314, 134 in snout; mouth 
before eye; tritors on dental plates rodlike; interorbital 114 wide as 
eye. Convex. Lower gill rakers 9. 

Lateral line first concave, then convex above pectoral, then along 
side slightly above middle by series of very short waves until below 
hind edge of second dorsal, when bending to lower edge of caudal 
axis; jugular branch meets orbital near junction of latter with 
angular and suborbital. 

Dorsal spine 11% in head, keeled on front edge and serrated behind ; 
first dorsal ray 124, connected with second dorsal by low fold; 
second dorsal length 334 in total length, upper edge slightly concave 
medially with front portion of fin slightly higher than posterior; 


498 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


supracaudal very slightly shorter than subcaudal, equally high and 
subeaudal begins near last sixth of second dorsal, without distinct 
anal; caudal moderate filament; pectoral reaches hind ventral angle, 
about 644 in total, width 124 its length; ventral 114 in head, obtuse; 
front ventral claspers retractile into shallow crescentic glandular 
pouches; large posterior claspers bifid, 3 times anterior claspers and 
about equal ventral fin, inner split along about half its length and 
both claspers almost wholly with short spines directed backwards. 

Ground color cream, marbled with purplish brown. Double line 
of bluish white spots above eye from nape to base of snout. Light 
buff blotches and spots, various, at short intervals along margin of 
back. Lateral line dull white. Eye silver-white and blue-black. 
Horny cap on top of head cream color, streaked with brown. First 
dorsal spine white, base streaked with brown, rays and membranes 
blackish brown with broad mesial white band. Second dorsal with 
small dark patch on front rays, thence broadly margined black, 
bases of rays much lighter. Caudal rays uniform blackish brown, 
filament white. Paired fins brownish gray. Length, 773 mm., 
filament 210 mm. (Griffin.) 

New Zealand. 


Subgenus BATHYALOPEX Collett 
CHIMAERA MITSUKURII Dean 


Chimaera mitsukurii DEAN, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 19, art. 3, p. 6, pl. 1, 
figs. 1-2, 1904 (type locality: Misaki, Sagami).—JorpAN and SNYDER, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 234, fig. 2, 1904 (Sagami Bay).—GarmMan, Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 87, 1911 (Sagami Bay).—IzuKA and MATSUURA, 
Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 186, 1920 (Misaki). 

Phasmichthys mitsukurit JorpAN and Husgs, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 119, 1925 (Misaki). 

Chimaera phantasma (not Jordan and Snyder) JoRDAN and Fowtsr, Proc. U. 8. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 669, 1903 (Sagami Bay). 

Depth 934 in total length; head 814. Snout 214 in head, obtusely 
convex; eye 314, 124 in snout; mouth below front of eye; upper front 
dental plate with about 8 tritors, hind plate with 3 well-marked on 
inner face and most lateral narrowest; lower dental plate with a 
single tritor projecting sharply from its inner surface, narrow; 
interorbital low. 

Lateral line somewhat irregular, not waved; jugular section meets 
angular short space below junction of orbital and angular. 

Dorsal spine long as head, inserted over hind edge of gill opening, 
front and hind edges serrated, connected with second dorsal by low 
fold; second dorsal length 244 in total, upper edge slightly concave 
little before middle; subcaudal little deeper than supracaudal, ap- 
parently twice as long as supracaudal with its origin opposite middle 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 499 


of second dorsal, anal not distinct; caudal filament slightly over 

twice in rest of body; pectoral 614, reaches middle of ventral base, 

width 134 its length; ventral 114 in head, rather obtusely pointed. 
Blackish above, with here and there clouded light areas, below 

dark sepia. Vertical fins nearly black, somewhat paler basally. 

Bluish tint on front rim of ventral. Length, 600 mm. (Dean.) 
Japan. 


CHIMAERA BARBOURI Garman 


Chimaera barbourt GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 51, No. 9, p. 255, 1908 
(type locality: Aomori, Japan).—TANAKA, Fishes of Japan, vol. 1, p. 16, pl. 
4, fig. 14, pl. 5, fig. 19, 1911—GaArMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 
88, 1911 (Aomori; off Otsu). —TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 38, 1938. 
Bathyalopex barbouri JoRDAN and Hupss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 118, 
1925 (reference). 
Chimaera spilota TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 23, p. 15, 1908 (type 
locality : Off Miyako, Rikuchu; Ishinomaki, Rikuzen). 
Head little over 5 in length to end of second dorsal, 214. Eye 
31% in head. 
Lateral line irregular, not in short waves; jugular branch meets 
postorbital near junction of latter with suborbital and angular. 
Dorsal spine 114 in head; dorsals united by low fold, interdorsal 
shorter than base of first dorsal; second dorsal 21% times head length, 
depth equals orbital length and depth in mid-length half as much, 
border rising posteriorly to nearly anterior height; upper caudal 
slightly deeper than longer subcaudal, caudal a filament; pectorals 
large, reach ventrals, hind edges slightly concave; male with short, 
stout claspers trifid, more than half their length, each of 3 branches 
somewhat similarly expanded terminally. 
Blackish, with white spots on flanks. (Garman.) 


CHIMAERA AFRICANA Gilchrist 


Chimaera africana GILcHRIst, Marine Biolog. Surv. South Africa, Spec. Rep. 
No. 2, p. 51, pl. 8, 1922 (type locality: Natal coast in 324 fathoms) .— 
BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 95, 1925 (copied) .— 
NorMan, Discovery Rep., vol. 12, p. 47, 1985 (South Africa). 

Depth 104 in total; head 834. Snout 214 in head, ends in rather 
robust convexity; eye 8, 114 in snout; mouth before front of eye; 
upper dental plate sharp, 5 columns on each side of jaw, with pro- 
jecting irregular margin; lower dental plate similar, wider, on each 
side of more numerous teeth, ill defined forms continuous cutting 
edge deeply incised; interorbital rather low. 

Lateral line straight. Cephalic appendage with 6 short spines. 

First dorsal spine 634 in total length, variable, anteriorly with 
thin ridge bluntly serrated from base to 34 its length, on hind side 
of groove bordered each side by sharp ridge or keel with low retrorse 


500 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


spines from point where joining soft rays to tip; second dorsal con- 
tinuous with first by low membrane, separated from caudal by notch, 
second dorsal length 314 in total length, uniformly high; upper 
caudal and subcaudal similar, both little lower than second dorsal, 
origin of subcaudal about last fifth of second dorsal; pectoral 514 
in total, reaches ventral, width 224 its length; ventral 87%, front and 
hind claspers well developed, each of latter ending in rounded knob 
with small terminal papillae, divisions of hind claspers 14 their 
length. 

Body dark brown, fins purplish black. Length not given. (Gil- 
christ.) 

Natal coast. 


CHIMAERA DEANI H. M. Smith and Radcliffe 


Chimaera deani (H. M. Smith and Radcliffe) H. M. Smiry, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 42, p. 282, pl. 29, 1912 (type locality: lat. 13°45’15’’ N., long. 
120°46'30'’ E., off Sombrero Island, west coast of Luzon, in 236 fathoms). 

Chimaera daeni Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 17, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 514 to supracaudal origin; head 414. Snout 214 in head, 
obtuse, profiles alike; eye 214, elevated, subequal with snout; mouth 
opposite front eye edge, hind angle of jaws opposite hind pupil edge, 
or its length 31% in head; interorbital moderate, forms slight con- 
vexity in upper profile of head above front of eye. 

Lateral line axial and continuous, deflected little behind supracau- 
dal origin; with continuous forward loop around eye on side of head. 

Dorsal spine inserted close behind gill opening, long as head, feebly 
and sparsely serrated on upper or terminal half, fin height 344 in fish 
to supracaudal origin; interdorsal notch very narrow; second dorsal 
height anteriorly 3149 in head, twice its height posteriorly; supra- 
caudal height 8 in head; caudal filament elongated, slender, little 
longer than space between snout tip and supracaudal origin; no 
anal; pectoral 25%, width 2 in its length, hind edge convex; ventral 
114 in head, hind edge little concave. 

Uniform blackish brown. 

Philippines. 

This species differs from Chimaera mirabilis in the smaller eye, 
higher first dorsal with longer and more slender spine, more elevated 
second dorsal, less extensive subcaudal, longer pectoral, and different 
coloration. 


U. S. N. M. No. 72284. Lat. 18°45’15’’ N., long. 120°46’30" H., off Sombrero 
Island, west coast of Luzon, in 236 fathoms. Albatross Expedition. Length, 
19.5 cm. from snout tip to supracaudal origin, 23.5 em. from supracaudal 
origin to end of caudal filament. Type. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 501 


CHIMAERA MIRABILIS Colleti 


Chimaera (Bathyaloper) mirabilis Cottert, Forh. Vid. Selskr. Christiania, No. 
9, p. 5, 1904 (type locality: Faroe Bank in 750-1,200 meters); Rep. Nor- 
wegian Fish. Marine Investigation, vol. 2, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1905 (Faroe 
Channel; Faroe Bank). 

Chimaera mirabilis GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, No. 3, p. 89, 1911 
(Faroe Channel, 750-1,200 meters). 

Depth 9% in total length; head 87%. Snout 2 in head, obtusely 
convex; eye 2, equals snout; interorbital low, forehead obtusely con- 
vex over front of eye. 

Lateral line bends in short upper loop close behind junction with 
ocular and orbital branches; jugular branch meets angular below 
eye and short space below junction of angular with orbital and sub- 
orbital branches; on body lateral line straight. 

Dorsal spine long as dorsal base or 114 in head, reaches second 
dorsal origin and continuous with second dorsal by low fold; sec- 
ond dorsal length 3°85 in total length, little higher anteriorly than 
posteriorly and depressed medially; supracaudal 144 subcaudal 
length, which begins little before last third in second dorsal base 
and without anal division; caudal ends in long filament about eye 
diameter longer than rest of body; pectoral 624 in total, reaches 
little beyond ventral base, width 114 its length; ventral 124 in head, 
convex behind. 

Gray brown, fins darker. Length, 450 mm. (Collett.) 

Faroe Bank. 


CHIMAERA OGILBYI Waite 


Chimaera oglibyi Waite, Prelim. Rep. Thetis, p. 41, pl. 11, 1898 (type locality: 
New South Wales); Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 48, pl. 6, 1899 (off 
Port Hacking, New South Wales).—TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 
23, art. 7, p. 10, 1908 (Suruga Bay; Kagoshima).—Srtmap, Fishes of Aus- 
tralia, p. 288, 1908—McCuLtocnH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 5, 1911 
(Bass Strait)—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, No. 3, p. 90, 
1911 (compiled).—McCuLtocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 18, 
pl. 2, fig. 44a, 1927. 

Depth 634 in total length; head 514. Snout 124 in head, obtusely 
conic; eye 5, 314 in snout; mouth before eye; front upper dental 
plates with sinuous margin and each formed of 6 to 8 enamel rods, 
palatine pair with outer edges roughly denticular and flat surfaces 
each with 3 tubercles white and enamel-like; lower dental plates 
with margin incised by 3 deep clefts, 1 median and 2 lateral, form- 
ing 4 rounded prominences and long white enamel elevation back- 
ward from behind each of outer or posterior cusps; interorbital low. 

Lateral line with even short waves over greater portion anteriorly 
on body; jugular section meets orbital section close to junction of 
orbital with angular and suborbital sections. 


502 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dorsal spine 114 in head, front and hind edges terminally ser- 
rated; first dorsal ray 114% (fin apparently separate from second 
dorsal) ; second dorsal uniformly low, length 224 in total length; 
supracaudal little shorter than subcaudal which begins slightly be- 
fore supracaudal but without notch to indicate anal; pectoral 
reaches middle of ventral, 414 in total length, width 2 in its length; 
ventral 124 in head, pointed. 

Silvery above and on sides, yellowish below. Snout tip black. 
Eye yellow. Lateral line raised, brown. Markings formed as narrow 
bands passing obliquely from behind forward and downward, con- 
fined to head and front part of body and formed of brown splashes 
which below become rings, also extend across chin and pectoral bases. 
Above lateral line whole body marked with 25 narrow transverse 
broken lines, oblique on tail. Fin membranes bluish black, bases 
of paired fins horn color. Caudal filament yellow. Length, 860mm. 
(caudal filament incomplete). (Waite.) 

Bass Strait, New South Wales. 


CHIMAERA TSENGI Fang and Wang 


Chimaera tsengi FANG and WANe, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 8, 
p. 281, fig. 29, 19382 (type locality: Chefoo; Chinhai; Chekiang). 

Depth 11% in head length; head greater than 5 in length to supra- 
caudal origin, width 2 in its length. Snout 214 in head, soft and 
triangular in anterior profile, without rostral appendage; eye 414, 
134 in snout, greater than interorbital; mouth small, inferior; teeth 
2 in each jaw, upper with 10 laminae forming serrated cutting edge, 
anterior one pointed, posterior very short, broad and its hind edge 
more or less roughened; laminae of lower jaw 8 each side, forming 
broadly concave cutting edge; vomerine tritors 1 anterior and 2 
posterior on each side which much elongated, 1 tritor in inner wall 
of lower teeth; nostrils large, close together, short space before 
mouth. Gill opening small, before pectoral base. 

Lateral line wavy anteriorly, less so below front part of second 
dorsal and straight posteriorly; an upward curve below supracaudal 
origin and posteriorly along subcaudal base. 

First dorsal spine 114 in head, compressed, pointed, straight, front 
edge smooth and keeled, hind edge serrated, especially its tip and 
with shallow groove, when depressed nearly reaches second dorsal 
origin; second dorsal very long, uniform, joined to first dorsal by 
very low rayless fold of skin and separated from supracaudal by 
deep notch. Anal confluent with subcaudal. Caudal with very short 
filament; supracaudal much lower than second dorsal and shorter 
than subcaudal. Pectoral 114 times head, width 114 times its length, 
with thick muscular base, when depressed reaches far posterior to 
ventral base. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 503 


Color in formalin light brown above, paler below. Back with 
broad and longitudinal dark streak along base of dorsals to caudal, 
2 shorter and more obscure streaks, 1 above lateral line and 1 below, 
on anterior part of body. Lateral line dusky. Top of head darker, 
lighter band across snout in front of eye. Fins blackish toward tips. 

Length, 750 mm. (Fang and Wang.) 

China. Differs from Chimaera monstrosa and allied species chiefly 
in the confluent anal and subcaudal fins. 


Order CALLORHINCHOIDEI 


Snout produced, more or less as proboscis. Claspers simple. 


Family RHINOCHIMAERIDAE 


Body elongate, tapering into very long tail, tip filamentous. Head 
with long rostral proboscis, pointed, with cartilaginous midrib and 
foliaceous lateral skin expansions at base. Gill openings separated 
by wide isthmus. Notochord with rings. Cerebral hemispheres dis- 
tant from both olfactory and optic lobes. Lateral canal system 
subtubular. Dorsals 2, first with great, erectile, triangular spine, 
lateral edges serrate, close to head; second dorsal low. Anal not 
distinct from subcaudal. Caudal tapers backward to filament. Sub- 
caudal well developed, without produced lobe. Pectorals large, free. 
Males with small, simple claspers, slender, end in volute knob with 
hooked spines. Males with frontal holder or tenaculum and _ pre- 
pelvic tenacula. 


Bathypelagic. 
ANALYSIS OF GENERA 
a’. Snout compressed; upper caudal edge spinose____________ Rhinochimaera 
a’, Snout depressed; upper caudal edge not spinose________________ Harriotta 


Genus RHINOCHIMAERA Garman 


Rhinochimaera GARMAN, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 2, p. 76, 1901. (Type, 
Harriotta pacifica Mitsukuri.) 

Snout depressed, elongated into slender point, profile of forehead 
nearly straight. Teeth without tritors or dental plates, much like 
horny covers of jaws of tortoises or birds. Supracaudal low, upper 
edge armed with spines. Male with peduncle of frontal tenaculum 
short and straight, owing to straight upper profile of head. 


RHINOCHIMAERA PACIFICA (Mitsukuri) 


Harriotta pacifica MirsuKurtI, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, vol. 7, p. 97, pl. 16, 1895 
(type locality: Kurihama, near Misaki, Sagami Sea).—JorpAN and SNYDER, 
Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 48, 1901 (Sagami Bay?).—Dgran, Jour. Coll. 
Sci. Tokyo, vol. 19, art. 4, pls. 1-2, 1904. 


156861—41 


99 
oo 





504 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Rhinochimaera pacifica GARMAN, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 2, p. 75, 
1901 (reference) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 41, p. 247, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-2, 
pl. 3, figs. 1, 4-5, pl. 4, figs. 24, pl. 5, figs. 1-2, pls. 8-9, pl. 12, pls. 14-15 
(anatomy), 1904; Mem. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. 40, p. 94, 1911 (Japan) .— 
H. M. SmirH, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 282, 1912 (egg-capsule from 
lat. 3°17'40’’ S., long. 120°36’45”’ E). 

Rhinochimaera (Harriotta) pacifica DEAN, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. 19, art. 
4, p. 1, 1904 (Misaki). 

Depth 914 in total; head 324, width 4. Snout 1144 in head; eye 
1014, 8 in snout, subequal with interorbital, 234 to end of front of 
upper jaw; jaws fall little before last fourth in snout length; inter- 
orbital convexly elevated. 

Dermal denticles of male on frontal and 2 ventral pairs of claspers; 
in female only on dorsal rim of supracaudal. Lateral line nearly 
straight along side. 

First dorsal begins eye diameter behind gill opening, spine 375 in 
total head length, hind lateral edges for terminal third with minute 
irregular denticles, fin continuous with second dorsal by low fold; 
second dorsal low, gradually little higher behind middle, length 475 
in total; supracaudal low fold, little distinct, subcaudal deep as 
second dorsal also as long; tail ends in slender filamentous point; 
pectoral 6 in total, reaches about 7% to ventral, width 314 its length; 
ventral 224, pointed; long slender claspers little shorter than ventral 
line, ends small and globular. 

Plumbeous, paler below. Muzzle white, which color extends for- 
ward along sides and ventral margin of greatly produced snout. 
Dorsals margined with dusky band and paired fins darkest along 
front margins. Mature females over 1,300 mm., males 900 mm. 
(Dean.) 


Japan, 
Genus HARRIOTTA Goode and Bean 


Harriotta GooDE and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 471, 1895. (Type, 
Harriotta raleighana Goode and Bean, monotypic.)—(Goode and Bean) 
GoopE, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, p. 104, 1886 (generic name only). 

Anteliochimaera TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 27, p. 27, 1909. (Type, 
Anteliochimaera chaetirhamphus Tanaka, monotypic. ) 





Snout elongate, depressed, somewhat flattened, forehead curving 
down before snout. Teeth with tritors, notches, or sinuations on 
cutting edges. Supracaudal moderately high, upper edge without 
spines. Frontal tenaculum of male with elongate, much-curved stem 
to comport with downward curve of forehead. 


HARRIOTTA RALEIGHANA Goode and Bean 


Harriotta raleighana Goopr and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 472, pl. 
19, 1895 (type locality: Gulf Stream in lat. 36°-39° N., long. 70°-74° W., in 
707-1,081 fathoms); Oceanic ichthyology, p. 33, pl. 11, figs. 37-40, 1895 
(Gulf Stream).—JorpDAN and EvERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 505 


p. 96, 1896 (compiled) ; pt. 4, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1900 (copied).—GARMAN, Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 41, p. 263, pl. 2, figs. 3-5 (head), pl. 4, fig. 1 (skin), 
pl. 5, figs. 3-9 (dentition), 1904 (types).—DEaAN, Carnegie Inst. Washington 
Publ., No. 32, p. 6, 1906 (reference).—BrEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 37, p. 662, pl. 38, 1910 (North Atlantic) —GARMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 95, 1911 (Western Atlantic, in 707-1,080 fathoms). 

Rhinochimaera atlantica Hott and Byrne, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 3, 
p. 279, 1909 (type locality: Lat. 50°31’ N., long. 11°31’ W., 670-770 fathoms, 
Irish Atlantie slope). 

Harriotta atlantica GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 96, 1911 (copied). 

Anteliochimaera chaetirhamphus TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 27, 
p. 7, pl. 1, 1909 (type locality: Sagami Sea); Fishes of Japan, vol. 1, p. 10, 
pl. 8, fig. 11, pl. 4, figs. 15-16, 1911. 

Harriotta chaetirhamphus BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 87, p. 662, 
pl. 39, 1910 (North Pacific, Japan).—GarMANn, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
40, No. 3, p. 95, 1911 (Okinose, Sagami Sea, in 400 fathoms). 

Depth 424 to 77% in total; head 4 to 41%, width 1% 9 to 2144. Snout 
11% to 114 in head; eye 614 to 914, 435 to 614 in snout, 214 to 3 in 
interorbital; preoral length 114 in head; mouth rather close before 
eye; interorbital 2%, convex. 

Lateral line nearly straight along side of body axially; jugular 
section meets orbital behind junction of orbital with suborbital and 
angular branches. 

Dorsal spine 124 to 234 in head, hind edges finely serrated, inter- 
dorsal space nearly equals eye; second dorsal uniformly low, about 
5 in total length; supracaudal shorter than subcaudal, which longer 
than supracaudal in young; no anal; tail ends in rather short fila- 
ment with age, less than subcaudal length; pectoral 334 in total in 
young to 614 with age, reaches ventral in adult though much shorter 
with young, width half its length; ventral 134 to 234 in head, 
pointed. 

Uniform brown, caudal filament paler. 

Japan. Also in the Atlantic. 


HARRIOTTA PINNATA Schnakenbeck 


Harriotta pinnata SCHNAKENBECK, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 44, p. 40, figs. 
6-9, 1931 (type locality: Walvis Bay, Southwest Africa).—FowLer, Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 2, p. 1158, fig. 488, 1986 (copied).— 
BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 32, pt. 2, p. 46, 1937 (reference). 

If really different from Harriotta raleighana this species seems to 
be distinguished chiefly by the presence of a small well-marked anal 
lobe below the hind end of the low dorsal. Described from a male 

100 cm. and a female 108 cm. long. 


Family CALLORHINCHIDAE 


Body compressed, tapers backward and becomes slender in tail. 
Head short, pointed. Snout with flexible proboscis ending in retrose 
leaflike terminal end. Teeth with tritors receiving impact on sides 


506 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


instead of edges. Tritors of palatines in mandibulars on sides of 
laminae. Notochord without rings. Cerebral hemispheres nearer 
optic lobes than to olfactories, connections slender. Lateral line 
tubular. First dorsal advances near occiput, short, with strong 
erectile spine; second dorsal short; anal farther back than dorsal, 
distinct from subcaudal. Caudal axis slightly elevated from body. 
Pectorals large, free, male with simple, slender claspers, appear as 
if rolled into tube joined near end. Male with frontal tenaculum 
and 2 prepelvic tenacula. 


Genus CALLORHINCHUS Lacépéde 


Callorynchus Gronow, Zoophylacii, p. 31, 1763 (species nonbinomial). (Type, 
Chimaera callorynchus Linnaeus, monotypic; Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 
2, ed. 1, p. 140, 1817.) 

Callorhinchus LAckprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 400, 1798. (Type, Chimaera 
callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 

Callorhincus DumérRIL, Zool. Analytique, p. (104) 333, 1806. (Type, Chimaera 
callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 

Callorhyncus FLEeMiInc, Philos. Zool., vol. 2, p. 380, 1822. (Type, Chimaera 
callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 

Callorhynchus Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, ed. 2, p. 382, 1829. (Type, 
Chimaera callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 

Callorinchus GRIFFITH and SmirH, Animal Kingd. Cuvier, Griffith’s, vol. 10, p. 
97, 1834. (Type, Chimaera callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 

Callirhynchus AcAsstz, Nomencl. Zool. Index, pp. 56, 60, 1846. (Type, Chimaera 
callorynchus Linnaeus. ) 


Body and head somewhat deeper than wide. Vomerine teeth 
without rods. Mandibular and palatine dental plates with 1 or 2 
tritors each; in some young tritors longitudinal parallel bars on 
side of lamina, sometimes persistent. Frontal tenaculum of male 
with wide stem and broad articulation. Caudal with more or less 
produced subcaudal lobe. Caudal filament moderate to short or 


absent. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Pectorals reach ventrals. 

b*. Dorsal origin forward of ends of pectoral bases; pectorals nearly reach 
mid-bases of ventrals; tritors with long, slender, pointed prongs, subequal. 
capensis 
b°. Dorsal origin little behind pectoral origin; pectorals reach beyond mid- 

bases of ventrals; tritors with thick, unequal prongs, outer shorter. 
callorynchus 
b®. Dorsal origin somewhat before pectoral bases; pectorals nearly or quite 
reach ventral bases; tritors with short, thick prongs, outer very short. 
milii 
a’. Pectorals not reaching ventrals; tritors 2 on each palatine tooth, not fused 
with age, strong, longitudinally parallel bars_________-___--_____ smythii 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 507 


CALLORHINCHUS CAPENSIS Duméril 


Callorynchus capensis DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 695, pl. 13, 
figs. 5-5a, 1865 (type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—GArMAN, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 99, 1911 (Cape of Good Hope).—Fowtrr, Bull, Amer. 
Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 2, p. 1159, fig. 489, 1986 (compiled). 

Callorhynchus capensis GiNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 351, 1870 
(Cape of Good Hope).—BARNArpD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 96, 1925 (west coast from Walfish Bay south to Agulhas Bay, to 50 
fathoms). 

Callorhynchus antarcticus (not Lay and Bennett) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. (50, 57) 78, 1860 (Cape of Good Hope).— 
DuMEéERIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 698, pl. 13 (head), 1865: 
(Cape of Good Hope).—GUnrTHe_Er, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 351, 
1870 (Cape of Good Hope).—ReEcAn, Ann. Natal Goy. Mus., vol. 1, p. 242, 
1908 (Bird Island).—GiLcHRIst and THOMPSON, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, 
p. 290, 1917 (references). 


Depth 51% to subcaudal origin; head 314. Snout 124 in head; eye 
524, 334 in snout; palatine plate with 2 narrow longitudinal tritors, 
mandibular plate with slightly broader median tritor which anteri- 
orly acute; interorbital low. 

Lateral line rather uniformly irregular, waves moderate and sim- 
ilar. 

Dorsal spine inserted nearly eye diameter before pectoral origin, 
1%, in head, front and hind edges serrated; second dorsal inserted 
above hind part of ventral base, front fin edge 214 in head, or 214 
in its base; anal begins before hind dorsal end, length 275 in head; 
caudal 244 in rest of body, front subcaudal edge 4 in head; ventral 
2; pectoral reaches about 14 in ventral, 234 in length to subcaudal 
origin, width 31, its length. 

Silvery, back and fins dark brown. Dorsal spine, dental plates 
and hooks on tenacula greenish. Pupil emerald green, iris like body. 
Female to 960 mm., male 740 mm. (Barnard.) 

South Africa, to 50 fathoms. 


CALLORHINCHUS CALLORYNCHUS (Linnaeus) 


Chimaera callorynchus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 236, 1758 (type 
locality: “In Mari Aethiopico’”’) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 402, 1766 (copied).— 
BoNNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 14, 1788 (Chile).—WaAtLsaum, Arte- 
di Pisc., vol. 3, p. 589, 1792 (copied). 

Chimaera callorhynchus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1489, 1789 (Aethio- 
pian Sea; Chile; not New Holland).—ScHNeEtpeER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 350, 
1801 (Mari Aethiopico; Chile). 

Chimaera callorhinchus LackprEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 1, p. 401, pl. 12, fig. 2, 
1798 (Chile; not New Holland), 

Callorynchus callorynchus MrenscH, Mus. Gronow, p. 19, 1778 (reference).— 
GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 98, 1911 (off southern South 
America ).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1926, p. 277 (Chile). 


508 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Callorhynchus callorhynchus Brera, Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires, vol. 4, p. 18, 1895 
(Santa Cruz, Mar del Plata, Montevideo, Rio de la Plata).—HverMANN and 
KENDALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 73, 1906 (Argentina). —EvERMANN 
and Rapcuirre, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, p. 18, 1917 (La Ventanilla, Peru) .— 
NorMAN, Discovery Rep., vol. 16, p. 35, figs. 12, 13, 1987. 

Chimaera australis SHAw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 368, pls. 157 (upper fig.) and 
158, 1804 (type locality: southern seas). 

Callorynchus elephantinus Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 61, 1828 (type 
locality : Chile). 

Callorhynchus elephantinus GisteL, Naturg. Thierreichs, p. 108, 1848 (Chile). 

Callorhynchus antarcticus LAy and BrENNetr, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fishes, 
p. 75, 1839 (no type locality).—Gtnrurr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, 
p. 351, 1870 (Chiloe) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 19.—Smirr, Bihang 
Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 24, p. 66, pl. 6, fig. 48a, 1899 (Bay of 
Puerto Madryn, Tierra del Fuego).—GarMANn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 
41, pl. 7, figs. 7-9, pl. 10, 1904. 

Callorynchus peronii DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 694, pl. 14, figs. 
4-49 (spines), 1865 (type locality: “Péron de son voyage aux terres aus- 
trales; Valparaiso’). 

Callorynchus argenteus Puirxier, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, sec. 1, p. 11, pl. 5, fig. 1, 
1892 (type locality: Chile). 

Depth 5 to subcaudal origin; head 3. Snout 11% in head, frontal 
flap as seen above elongately triangular, with broad short stem; 
eye 634, about 424 in snout; (each palatine plate of adult with sin- 
gle tritor, fused portion massive and broadly rounded, prongs in 
front rather short and thick, especially outer one—Garman) ; in- 
terorbital low. 

Lateral lines irregularly sinuous, not evenly waved; small asperi- 
ties in rows in interorbital on cheek and along back before and be- 
hind second dorsal. 

Dorsal spine 114 in head, origin about opposite pectoral origin, 
front edge with fine serrae medially and hind edge with larger 
antrorse serrae terminally; front edge of second dorsal 214 in head, 
11% in its base, origin behind ventral origin; anal begins behind end 
of second dorsal, length 2 in head; caudal nearly 2 in rest of body, 
front subeaudal edge 3 in head; ventral 17%; pectoral 234 to subcau- 
dal origin, reaches middle of depressed ventral, width 214 its length. 

Silvery with blotches of dull bluish over the back. Borders and 
ends of fins blackish. Male 337 mm., female 348 mm. (Smitt.) 

Off Chile and Argentina. 


CALLORHINCHUS MILII Bory 


Callorynchus milii Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 62, pl. 5, 1823 (type 
locality: Western coasts of New Holland).—GarmMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool., vol. 40, p. 100, 1911 (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand). 

Callorhynchus milii GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 41, p. 267 (Hobart- 
town), pl. 6, figs. 7-8 (teeth), pl. 15, figs. 4-5 (brain), 1904.—WaAITE, Rec. 
South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 35, fig. 49, 1921. 

Callorhynchus millii McCuLLocH and WuitTLey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 
8, pt. 2, p. 180, 1925 (Giinther’s Port Denison record said incorrect). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 509 


Callorhynchus tasmanius RIcHARDSON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 29, 
1840 (type locality: Murderers Bay, Tasmania, Jan. 16, 1770, Solander) ; 
Trans. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 3, p. 174, 1841 (Tasmania).—DuMmerm, Hist. 
Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 696, 1865. i 

Callorynchus australis (not Shaw 1804) Hoxsson, Tasmania Journ. Sci. Agr. 
Stat., vol. 1, p. 14, 1842. 

Callorhynchus antarctica (not Lay and Bennett) GrAy, List Fish British 
Museum, vol. 1, p. 22, 1851 (Australia) —Hecror, Trans. New Zealand 
Inst., Wellington, vol. 34, p. 239, pl. 14, figs. A—B, 1902. 

Callorhynchus antarcticus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 351, 
1870 (Australia; Kangaroo Island; Port Denison; New Zealand).—HEcTor, 
Colonial Mus. Gov. Surv. Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 74, 1872.—CASTEL- 
NAU, Proce. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 214, 1872 (Cape of Good 
Hope, Victoria, Portland, Tasmania).—MAcLEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 5, p. 285, 1880 (Australia; Tasmania); vol. 6, p. 349, 
1881 (coasts of Australia and Tasmania).—McCoy, Prodromus Zool. Vic- 
toria, dec. 12, pl. 112, 1886.—OcitBy, Cat. Fishes Australian Mus., pt. 1, 
p. 24, 1888 (Bass Straits; Tasmania; Hobart). 

Callirhynchus dasycaudatus CoLENsO, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 11, p. 298, 
pl. 17, fig. 1, 1879 (type locality : Poverty Bay). 

Callorhynchus callorhynchus (not Linnaeus) WAITE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 
1, No. 2, p. 23, pl. 16, fig. 2, 1909 (east coast South Island to Cook Strait, 
in 9-102 fathoms).—McCuttocn, Zool. Res. Hndeavour, vol. 1, p. 16, 1911 
(Bass Straits and Victorian coast). 


Depth 314 to vent; head 2, width 3. Snout 134 in head, lower 
flap of rostrum 14 its length; eye 514 in head, 34% in snout, 114 in 
interorbital; mouth width 6 in head; edges of teeth in both jaws 
straight and nearly even; interorbital 414, broadly convex. Gill 
opening 534. 

Skin smooth. Lateral line continuous to end of caudal; extends 
forward and parallel with hind and lower eye edges, giving branch 
toward pectoral and 3 anterior radiating on cheek; upper branch 
connects its fellow at supraoccipital and sends branch forward to 
end of snout. 

Dorsal spine 11% in head, 114 in pectoral length, which 2 in com- 
bined head and trunk length to vent; ventral length 4. 

Silvery gray, little darker on head above and on back. Iris 
grayish. Fins all more or less brownish, first dorsal soft portion 
more deep or dark gray brown terminally. 

Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand. 


U.S.N.M. No. 39697. New Zealand. Otago University. Length, 270 mm. 
CALLORHINCHUS SMYTHII Lay and Bennett 


Callorynchus smythii Lay and BENNETT, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fishes, p. 75, pl. 
22, fig. 3, 1839 (type locality: Pacific Ocean, La Concepcion, South Amer- 
ica).—DumErti, Hist. Nat. Elasmobr., vol. 1, p. 697, 1865 (copied). 

Callorhynchus smythii GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 41, p. 271, pl. 6, figs. 
1-4, 1904; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 98, 1911 (Chile; Peru). 

Callorynchus callorynchus (not Linnaeus) Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 140, 
1817. 


510 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Callorhynchus antarcticus (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 8, p. 351, 1870 (part).—VaILLANT, Mission Sci. Cap Horn, Poiss., 
p. 16, 1888 (Estuaire de Santa Cruz de Patagonie).—GArMAN, Bull. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 17, p. 74, pls. 3-4, 1888 (lateral canal system) .—PHILIPPI, 
Anal. Mus. Nae. Chile, see. 1, pl. 4, 1892. 

Callorynchus tritoris GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 41, p. 271, pl. 6, fig. 9, 
1904 [type locality : Mexillones, Peru (on nearly complete skeleton) ]; Mem. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, p. 101, 1911 (copied). 

Depth 414 to subcaudal origin; head 314. Snout 114 in head; eye 
5, 314 in snout; tritors of dental plates commonly elongate bars, as 
in young, not swollen and fused posteriorly, thus 2 tritors on each 
palatine plate; interorbital low. 

Lateral line with short waves between ventrals and anal, below 
second dorsal, otherwise rather straight. 

Dorsal spine inserted nearly over gill opening, nearly long as head, 
hind edge barbed terminally; second dorsal origin opposite ventral 
origin, front fin edge 214 in head or 114 in fin base; anal begins 
opposite end of second dorsal, length 324 in head; caudal 21% in rest 
of body, front subcaudal edge 314 in head; pectoral reaches 44 to 
ventral, length 25% to subcaudal origin, width 214 its length; ventral 
224 in head. 

With age more or less uniform silvery, varying pale or dark. 
Young with black spots on dorsal bases, on second dorsal tip, row 
of 4 or 5 along lateral line from second dorsal forward, sometimes 
large spot below eye and another above pectoral, also 1 on ventrals 
and one on subcaudal. (Lay and Bennett; Garman.) 

Chile, Peru. Known chiefly by its short pectorals. 


Subelass TELEOSTOMI 


Jaws and fins normally fishlike. Membrane head bones, as opercle, 
preopercle etc., developed. Skeleton sometimes cartilaginous, usually 
bony. Skull with sutures. Bones supporting fin rays called ac- 
tinosts or pterygials, greatly modified, though concealed by body 
integument. Usually 2 bones connect pectoral fin with shoulder 
girdle. Hypercoracoid flat, square, usually perforated by foramen. 
Variation in coracoids, sometimes imperfect or specially modified. 
Lungs imperfectly developed, or degraded to form swim-vessel, or 
entirely absent. Heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle 
and arterial bulb. Gills with outer edges free, their bases attached 
to bony arches, normally four pairs and fifth pair typically modified 
into tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals. Ova small. Median and 
paired fins usually developed, latter with distinct rays. No claspers. 

Among these, the true fishes, a number of the more generalized 
orders group themselves into several series, of which the ganoids 
may be considered first. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 51] 


Series GANOIDEI 


Skeleton usually cartilaginous, sometimes very primitive. Air 
bladder highly developed, usually cellular and functional as a lung. 
but connects with upper side of gullet, not with ventral side as in 
dipnoans. Optic nerves crossing before reaching eyes, thus form 
more or less perfect chiasma. Arterial bulb of heart with many 
valves. Intestine with spiral valve. Usually an armature of bony 
plates present, diamond-shaped and with an enamel like that formed 
on teeth. Tail usually distinctly heterocercal, if only obviously so. 
Pectoral fin with numerous basal bones or actinosts. 

The ganoid fishes form a purely provisional assemblage, showing 
many archaic features and therefore are grouped together nearest 
the crossopterygians or fringe fin stock of fishes. The great range 
of variation in structure and form likely indicate the remnants of a 
vast host of primitive fishes derived from some of the fringe fins. In 
Mesozoic seas ganoids were hardly less varied and perhaps scarcely 
less numerous than the teleosts living in the seas today. In number 
and variety of forms they greatly exceed the fringe fins. Of the six 
orders usually admitted, four are still represented by a few living 
forms. 


Order CHONDROSTEI 


Teeth small or absent. Subopercle and preopercle absent. Bran- 
chiostegals few or absent. Cartilaginous vertebrae imperfectly de- 
veloped. Notochord persistent. Axinosts and baseosts of median 
fins arranged in simple regular series, rays more numerous than sup- 
porting elements. Pelvic fins with well-developed baseosts. Shoul- 
der girdle with pair of infraclavicular plates. Optic nerves forming 
chiasma. Intestine with spiral valve. Body naked or with longi- 
tudinal rows of bony plates. Rhombic plates on tail. One dorsa! 
and one anal, distinct from caudal. Caudal usually heterocercal. 
Pair of pectorals and pair of ventrals. 

A large group comprising nearly half of the extinct ganoid fishes 
besides the few living sturgeons, now thought degenerate modern 
forms. Families, three. 


Family ACIPENSERIDAE 


Body elongate, partly cylindrical. Head large, robust. Snout de- 
pressed, extended, conic or partly spatulate, with sensory areolac 
on lower surface. Eyes small. Mouth small, inferior, protractile. 


Lips thick, produced into marginal lobes. No teeth, except micro. 
scopic ones in larval stages. Maxillary distinct from premaxillary. 
Four barbels in transverse row on snout below before mouth. Nos- 


512 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


trils large, double, olfactory membrane with smooth central disk 
surrounded by rosette of folds. Gills 4, also accessory opercular gill. 
Branchial arches 5. Pseudobranchiae imperfect. Guill membranes 
joined to isthmus. No branchiostegals. Air bladder large, joined 
to esophagus with short pneumatic duct, sides spacious. Pancreas 
divided into mushroomlike pyloric appendages. Spiral valve in 
rectum. Five longitudinal rows of bony plates or bucklers, each 
with median keel ending in spine, sometimes obsolete with age. Plates 
as median dorsal, lateral and abdominal row each side, last some- 
times deciduous. Skin between large plates rough with small irregu- 
lar plates. Head covered with bony plates joined with sutures. Fin 
rays slender, articulated. Vertical fins with fulera. Dorsal fin pos- 
terior. Anal similar and somewhat behind. ‘Tail heterocercal, lower 
lobe developed and upper covered with rhomboid scales. Pectorals 
moderate, low. Ventrals many rayed, small, behind middle of body. 

Large sluggish fishes, living in the seas and fresh waters of northern 
countries. Their food is small or minute plant and animal life sucked 
in through the tubelike mouth. Great variation individually and 
with age has led to the description of many nominal forms. Genera, 
four or five among living forms. 


Genus ACIPENSER Linnaeus 


Acipenser LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 237, 1758. (Type, Acipenser 
sturio Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Copeland, Bull. Buffalo Soe. Nat. 
Hist., vol. 3, p. 161, 1876.) 

Accipenser GouAN, Hist. Pise., pp. 12, 13, 1770. (Type, Acipenser sturio 
Linnaeus. ) 

Ichthyocolla Grorrroy, Descr. 719 plantes, p. 399, 1767. (Type, Acipenser huso 
Linnaeus. ) 

Sterleta GULDENSTADT, Nov. Com. Sci. Petropol., vol. 16, p. 5338, 1772. (Species 
nonbinomial. Type, Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus. ) 

Sturio RA¥FINESQUE, Indice Itt. sicil., p. 41, 1810. (Type, Acipenser sturio Lin- 
naeus, monotypic.) 

Dinoctus RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., vol. 3, p. 447, Oct. 1818. 
(Type, Dinoctus truncatus Rafinesque, monotypic. No description.) 

Sterletus RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, p. 80, 1820. (Type, Accipenser serotinus 
Rafinesque=Acipenser rubicundus Lesueur, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1877, p. 87.) 

Sterleda BONAPARTE, Cat. Metod. Pesci Huropei, p. 21, 1846. (Type, Acipenser 
ruthenus Linnaeus. ) 

Dinectus RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, p. 82, 1820. (Type, Dinectus truncatus 
Rafinesque—Acipenser rubicundus Lesueur, monotypic. ) 

Ellops Minvine, Lehrb. Naturg. Fische, p. 124, 1832. (Type, Acipenser helops 
Pallas. ) 

Huso BrAnpt and RatTzEBure, Med. Zool., vol. 2, p..4, 18388. (Type, Acipenser 
huso Linnaeus, tautotypic. ) 

Helops (not Fabricius, 1775, in Coleoptera) Mutrier, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1834, p. 73. (Type, Acipenser stellatus Pallas.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 513 


Antaceus Hecke, and Frrzincer, Ann. Wiener Mus., vol. 1, pp. 269, 293, 1836. 
(Type, Acipenser schypa Giildenstidt). 

Lioniscus HeckeL and FirztNncuEr, op. cit., p. 370. (Type, Acipenser glaber 
Fitzinger. ) 

Schipa Branpt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersburg, vol. 7, p. 118, 1850. (Type, Acipen- 
ser schypa Giildenstidt. ) 

Sinosturio JaEKEL, Mon. Geol. Palaeont., vol. 3, text-fig. 25, 1929. (Type, 
Acipenser dabryanus Duméril.) 


Snout mostly depressed below level of forehead, partly conic. 
Lower lip developed only at mouth corners. Gills rather small, nar- 
row, slender. Pseudohranchiae small. Small spiracle above eye. 
Caudal peduncle deeper than wide, rather short, incompletely 
armored and rows of bony plates distinct to base of caudal fin. Tail 
not produced as filament, its tip surrounded by caudal rays. 

Over 20 species known. Other more northern species in the 
Pacific are as follows: 


ACIPENSER DAURICUS Georgi 


Acipenser dauricus Grorei, Reise im Russ. Reich., vol. 1, p. 352, 1775 (type lo- 
eality: Amur; Argun; Schilka; Onon).—HeEcKEL and FirzincER, Ann. 
Wiener Mus., vol. 1, p. 318, 1836 (copied). 

Acipenser (Sterletus) dauricus Dumérit, His. Nat. Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 2, p. 
259, 1870 (part). 

Huso dauricus Bonaparte, Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 22, 1846 (reference) .— 
Bere, Zapiski Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, vol. 24, p. 16, 1909 (Nikolajewsk, 
Onon R. 30 km. from Tschindinty, mouth of Amur R., Cape Naleo, Ussuri) ; 
Faune Russie Poiss., vol. 1, p. 146, pl. 4, 1911 (same material).—SoLpaTov 
and LinpsBere, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 30, figs. 5-6, 1980 
(Far East seas).—TaRANETZ, Bull. Pacific Sci. Inst. Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 
11, p. 53, fig. 30, 1987 (head below). 

Acipenser orientalis Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., vol. 3, p. 107, 1811 (on Georgi 
and Steller) —Maack, Travels in Amur, p. 28, 1859 (Schilka at Nert- 
schinsk, Onon); Travels in Ussuri, p. 201, 1861 (Ussuri, Sungatschin, 
Lake Hanka). 

Huso orientalis DysBowski, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. 22, p. 218, 1872 
(Amur, Argun, Onon, Ussuri, Sungatschi, Lake Hanka); Rep. St. Peters- 
bourg. Dep. Imp. Russ. Geogr. Soc., vol. 8, p. 23, 1877 (Amur, Argun, Onon). 

Acipenser kaluschka (Steller) Hecke, and Firzincrer, Ann. Wiener Mus., vol. 
1, p. 318, 18386 (name in synonymy). 

Acipenser mantschuricus BASILEWsKy, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 
10, p. 250, 1855 (type locality: Amur). 


ACIPENSER SCHRENCKI Brandt 


Acipenser schrencki BRANbT, Mélang. Biol. Soc. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, vol. 
7, p. 115, 1869 (type locality: Amur River and larger tributaries) .— 
BerG, Zapiski Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, vol. 24, p. 20, 1909 (Nikolajewsk, 
Ussuri, Amur River mouth near Cape Maleo, 2 km. below Chor River 
mouth) ; Faune Russie, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 274, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1911 (above lo- 
calities).—Sotpatov and Linpserc, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, 
p. 31, figs. 7-8, 1930 (Far East seas).—TaRANeErz, Bull. Pacific Sci. Inst, 
Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 53 (reference), 1987. 


514 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Sturio schrencki DyBowski, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. 22, p. 219, 1872 
(Amur, Ussuri, Sungatschin, Hanka, Argun, Onon); Rep. St. Peters- 
bourg Dep. Imp. Russ. Georgr. Soc., vol. 8, p. 24, 1877 (above localities). 

Acipenser sturio (not Linnaeus) Grorci, Reise im Russ. Reich., vol. 1, p. 352, 1775 
(Schilka).—Pa..as, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., vol. 3, p. 91, 1811 (Hastern seas).— 
Maack, Travels in Ussuri, p. 200, 1861 (Amur, Ussuri, Sungatschin, Lake 
Hanka). 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Snout obtuse or short, at least 1 or 2 times in postocular. 
b*. Dorsal rays 111 or Iv, 31 to 36. 
c’. Lateral plates 41 to 48; dorsal plates 15 or 16; ventral plates 12 to 16. 


multiscutatus 
ec. Lateral plates 34; dorsal plates 7 or 8; ventral plates 9_____ acutirostris 
b*. Dorsal rays m1, 63; lateral plates 32; ventral plates 11________ kikuchii 


a’. Snout elongate, attenuate, slender, at least longer than postocular. 
d’. Lateral plates 33; no asperities between preopercle and opercle. 


dabryanus 
ad’. Lateral plates 40 or 41; row of vertical asperities between preopercle 
ANAGOPET CLE 2 oe eee ti BNE EES BD cease ena SC chinensis 


ACIPENSER MULTISCUTATUS Tanaka 


Acipenser multiscutatus TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 23, art. 7, p. 21, 
pl. 2, fig. 1, 1908 (type locality: 7 miles off Ikedohama, Iwaki, Tokyo). 

Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 444, width 134. Snout 224 
in head, short, rather obtuse; eye 177%; preoral length 1%; inter- 
orbital 114%, longitudinally concave. 

Dorsal plates 15 or 16, each with median longitudinal ridge, with- 
out distinct spine, large, rugose, close behind small plate from fourth 
to seventh; lateral plates 41 to 43, similar to dorsal, anterior 2 each 
with small plate in front and all well separated though without pos- 
terior small plate; ventral plates 12 to 16. Behind dorsal fin 4 or 5 
rugose plates, 3 behind, 2 before anal; skin between rows of plates 
soft and smooth; large scapular plate with small one posterior; cheek 
with fine stellate prickles; skin with rather sparse, small, stellate 
prickles. 

Dorsal begins behind ends of ventrals, front edge 114 in head, rays 
vi, 35; anal begins behind middle of dorsal base, rays vu, 28; 
caudal 334 in rest of body, subcaudal 114 in caudal or equals head; 
pectoral 114; ventral about 2. 

Color ? Length, 2,120 mm. (Tanaka.) 

Northern Japan. 


ACIPENSER ACUTIROSTRIS Ayres 


Acipenser acutirostris AYRES, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 14, 1854 (type 


locality: San Francisco).—Gtnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 344, 
1870 (from Ayres). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 515 


Acipenser medirostris AYRES, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 15, 1854 
(type locality: San Francisco).—KrrscH and Forpice, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1889, p. 249, 1890 (San Francisco).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, 
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 104, 1896 (compiled).—Brre, Faune 
Russie, Poiss., vol. 1, p. 287, pl. 8, fig. 38, 1911 (Hakodate and Aniwa Bay at 
Korsakowsk, Saghalin I.).—Sortpatrov and LiNpBerG, Bull. Pacific Sci. 
Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 32, figs. 9-10, 1980 (Far East seas).—TARANETz, Bull. 
Pacific Sei. Inst. Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 53, 1937 (reference). 

Acipenser (Antaceus) medirostris DuMERIL, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
vol. 3, p. 167, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1867 (San Francisco); Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
Ganoides, vol. 2, p. 222, 1870. 

Acipenser (Antaceus) agassizi DumérIL, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
vol. 3, p. 181, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1867 (type locality: San Francisco) ; Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 2, p. 237, 1870 (type). 

Acipenser (Antaceus) alexandri DumMé&rRIL, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
vol. 3, p. 183, pl. 15, fig. la—b, 1867 (type locality: San Francisco) ; Hist. 
Nat. Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 2, p. 239, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1870 (type). 

Acipenser (Antaceus) oligopeltis DumMERIL, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
vol. 3, p. 184, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1867 (type locality: San Francisco) ; Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 2, p. 241, 1870 (type). 

Acipenser mikadoi HILGENporF, Sitz. Ber. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 98, 1892 
(type locality: Tokyo market, doubtless from Hokkaido).—JorpaANn and 
Snyper, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 15, p. 308, 1901 (Ishikari River, 
Teshio, Mikawa).—Scumint, Pisces marinum orientalium, p. 284, 1904 
(Hakodate).—JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 398, 
1906 (Ishigari River, Teshio and Mikawa streams, Hokkaido).—IzuKa and 
Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 185, 1920 (Ishikari- 
gawa). 

Depth 614 to 7; head 334 to 344. Snout 2 to 2% in head, short, 
rather sharp. — 

Dorsal plates 7 or 8; laterals 34; ventrals 9. Plates well keeled, 
with radiating striae, rather rugose; 4 to 6 plates behind dorsal; 2 
to 4 plates behind anal; sides above, between series of large plates, 
with smaller mostly stellate plates, 14 forming irregular row behind 
dorsal series. Top of head long; cheeks with rough plates; opercle 
rugose. 

D. tv, 31 to 36, fin height 314 in head; A. m1, 25 to 28; caudal 
114 in head. 

Length, 1,200mm. (Jordan and Snyder.) 

Northern Japan. Also in the northeastern Pacific in California. 
Hilgendorf says it reaches 1,525 mm. He gives snout 21% in head, 
moderately pointed; barbel nearer eye than snout tip; 10 dorsal plates, 
30 or 31 laterals; D. 39 to 48. Length, 967 mm. 





ACIPENSER KIKUCHII Jordan and Snyder 


Acipenser kikuchii JoRDAN and SNypDER, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 15, 
p. 302, pl. 15, figs. 1-2, 1901 (type locality: Misaki, Sagami Bay); Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 397, 1906 (type). 


516 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 414, width 134. Snout 334 
in head, short, sharp; eye ? ; preoral length 134; interorbital 2%, 
longitudinally concave. 

Plates of back 11, large, rugose or warty, without distinct spines; 
lateral plates 32, each with spine in front; ventral plates 11, smooth. 
No bony plates on body except few small ones between large anterior 
ones of dorsal series; body skin soft and smooth between plates; 
opercle rugose; cheeks with fine stellate prickles. 

Dorsal origin entirely behind ventrals, front edge 144 in head, 
with more than 60 rays; anal origin opposite last 24 of dorsal base, 
front edge 134 in head, with 40 rays; caudal 41% in rest of body, 
front edge of subcaudal 114 in head; pectoral 134; ventral 21%. 

Color ? Length,1,800mm. (Jordan and Snyder.) 

Japan. The type was captured in the open sea at Misaki and 
prepared as a dry mounted specimen for the Museum of the Im- 
perial University at Tokyo. 

ACIPENSER DABRYANUS Dunéril 


Acipenser (Antaceus) dabryanus DuMERIL, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 
4, p. 98, pl. 22, fig. 1, a-b, 1868 (type locality: Yantze-Kiang). 

Acipenser (Acipenser) dabryanus Dumé&rin, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 2, 
p. 198, 1870 (type). 

Acipenser dabryanus Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Jinsen 
and Ruganho, Korea). 

Depth 8 to subcaudal origin; head 314, width 214. Snout 1%» in 
head, elongate, narrowly triangular; eye 1414, 734 in snout; barbels 
near last % in snout length; interorbital 324 in head. 

Dorsal plates 12, each ending in rather large spine, rugose; 33 
lateral plates, rather small and well spaced; ventrals 10, rugose, each 
with strong spine. 

Dorsal falls close behind depressed ventral ends, front edge 244 
in head, rays 42; anal origin about opposite last 24 of dorsal base, 
front edge 31% in head, rays 30; caudal equals head, front edge of 
subcaudal 1% 9; pectoral 2; ventral 3149. 

Back brown to lateral keels, rest of body yellowish white with 
silvery sheen on belly. Length, 350 mm. (Duméril.) 

Yang-tze-kiang, China, Korea. 


ACIPENSER CHINENSIS Gray 


Acipenser chinensis GRAY, Mlustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 98, fig. 
5, 1832-34 (type locality: China).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 
198, 1846 (China).—Gray, List fish British Museum, vol. 1, p. 6, 1851 
(China). 

Acipenser (Acipenser) chinensis DumMfrit, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ganoides, vol. 
2, p. 191, 1870 (China, probably Hong Kong). 

Acipenser sinensis GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 122 (China).— 
FITzINGER and HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., Zool. Abhandl., vol. 1, p. 275, 
1886 (copied).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, p. 388, 1870 (types) .— 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 517 


SAUVAGE and DE THIERSANT, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, vol. 1, Zool., p. 18, 1874 
(China).—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 638, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, 
Santa Cruz [doubtful, perhaps imported market specimens] ).—NICHOLS, 
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 58, art. 1, p. 2, 1928 (reference) .— 
Morr, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Reisui, Korea).— 
Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 15, fig. 11, 1929 
(Amoy).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., No. 6, p. 4, 1988 (Hongkong). 

Depth 624 to subcaudal origin; head 224. Snout 1% in head, 
elongately triangular; eye 1434, 8 in snout; barbels short, thin, much 
nearer eye than snout tip; interorbital moderately low. 

Dorsal plates 17, with strong spine and rugose striate; 40 or 41 
lateral plates, each with keel, overlapping; vertical row of minute 
denticles between preopercle and opercle, skin of body otherwise 
entirely smooth. 

Dorsal origin close behind ends of depressed ventrals, front fin 
edge 244 in head, rays 50; anal begins nearly opposite middle of 
dorsal base, fin length 334; caudal 11% in head, front subcaudal edge 
21%; pectoral 214; ventral 414. 

Back dull plum color to row of lateral scutes, rest of body more or 
less pale brownish on fins and armature, otherwise whitish. (Gray; 
Giinther.) 

China, Amoy, Korea. Duméril’s specimen was 280 mm. and he 
gives dorsal rays 47, anal 30. 


Series TELEOSTEI 


Skeleton bony, firm. Air bladder, if present, not cellular or 
functional as lung, usually simple or with slender duct communi- 
cating with intestinal tract. Optic nerves crossing, not forming 
solid chiasma. Arterial bulb thin, with pair of opposite valves. 
Intestine simple, without spiral valve. Armature, when present, 
usually of scales of rounded design. Tail homocercal. 

The remaining vast group of living fishes, not included in the 
small series of ganoids, is included in the present assemblage. It 
contains largely very heterogeneous orders, sometimes made up of 
various forms apparently dissimilar. 


Order ISOSPONDYLI 


Bones of jaws developed. Maxillary wide, distinct from pre- 
maxillary, forms part of upper edge of mouth gape. Opercular 
apparatus distinct, complete. Pharyngeal bones simple above and 
below, lower not scythe shaped. Guill openings wide. Gills four, 
slit behind fourth. Air bladder small or absent, with duct when 
present. Skeleton mostly firmly ossified. Symplectic bone present. 
No interclavicles. Front vertebrae simple, not modified, without 


518 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


auditory ossicles. Mesocoracoid arch always well developed, forms 
bridge from hypercoracoid to hypocoracoid. Shoulder girdle well 
developed, joined to cranium by bony post-temporal. Scales usually 
cycloid. No developed photophores. Dorsal and anal fins without 
true spines. Ventrals abdominal, sometimes absent. 

A large group of marine fishes, seldom in fresh water, the fossils 
fewer though better represented than most bony fishes. As some 
show characters like those of the higher ganoids or bowfins, these 
have been thought to suggest possible lines of descent. 


ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a‘. CLUPEOIDET. Scales cycloid, absent from head; mouth without barbels. 
b'. Dorsal median, not far posterior. 
c’. Lateral line present. 
ad‘. Branchiostegals 12 to 20 or more. 
e*. Gular plate present between each ramus of lower jaw; mouth large; 
teeth small, pointed; axillary scales and sheaths large; dorsal 


median ‘or before sanallo=_ 2" eee eee Elopidae 
e*. No gular plate at chin. 
f’. Dorsal median, over ventral; mouth inferior __________ Albulidae 
f°. Dorsal post median, over anal; mouth superior or terminal. 
Osteoglossidae 


dad’. Branchiostegals 4 to 9. 
g. Anal short, posterior. 
re DORM miei lea TVS) Te Chanidae 
h°. Dorsal extensive over back, rays numerous__ Pterothrissidae 
g. Anal greatly elongate, confluent with abortive caudal; dorsal 
SmaAllsort absentee ae Se ee ee ee Notopteridae 
c’. No lateral line. 

i. Stomach gizzardlike; mouth small, inferior, toothless; 
maxillary simple or nearly so_--_____--__ Dorosomidae 

i. Stomach not gizzardlike. 
j’. Mouth moderate, terminal; maxillary usually in 3 pieces. 
k’. Belly rounded, covered with ordinary scales; supple- 


mental maxillary very narrow _______ Stolephoridae 

k*. Belly compressed, with bony serrae; supplemental maxil- 

lany broad eis: ss Ue aed eee Te Clupeidae 

j. Mouth very large, partly to quite inferior, below tapering 

piglike snout; maxillary very long_______ Engraulidae 

b*. Dorsal far back, opposite anal; teeth large______________ Chirocentridae 
a’, GONORYNCHOIDEI. Scales ctenoid, covering head as well as body; mouth with 
barbels 2225-255 A ee Re ee Gonorynchidae 


Family ELOPIDAE 


Body elongate or oblong, mostly compressed. Mouth large, termi- 
nal, lower jaw conspicuous, lateral borders of jaws formed by maxil- 
laries. Premaxillaries short, not protractile. Maxillary with two 
supplemental bones. Elongate bony gular plate between branches 
of lower jaw. Villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 519 


pterygoids, and tongue. Gill rakers rather long. Gill membranes 
free, separated. Pseudobranchiae present or absent. Branchioste- 
gals numerous, over 20. Air bladder large. Scales cycloid. Belly 
without keels or scutes. Head naked, with collar of large thin scales 
around occiput. Paired fins with long, scaly axillary flaps. Lateral 
line straight, with simple or branched tubes. Dorsal slightly behind 
ventral origin. Anal far behind dorsal. Caudal forked. Pectorals 
low, fold like ventrals. Ventral rays 10 to 16. 

Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas, sometimes 
entering fresh water. Genera few. Though of large or moderate 
size not valued as food, as the rank flesh is full of numerous small 
bones. The young pass through a metamorphosis, like the 
Leptocephalus stage of the eels, though easily known by their forked 
tails, 

ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. Body deep, oblong; scales large; last dorsal ray ends in filament__ Megalops 
a’. Body slenderer; scales small; fins without filaments___-__-____-----_- Elops 


Genus MEGALOPS Lacépéde 


Megalops Lactpmpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 289, 1803. (Type, Megalops 
filamentosus Lacépéde=Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet, monotypic.) (Pre- 
cludes Megalops Leach 1814, Rafinesque 1815, Dejean 1833, Erichson 1840, 
Hallowell 1860.) 

Brisbania CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 241, 1878. 
(Type, Brisbania staigeri Castelnau, monotypic. ) 

Tarpon JoRDAN and EverMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, 1896, p. 409. 
(Type, Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, monotypic. ) 


Body oblong, elongate, well compressed. Eyes large, with adipose 
lids. Mouth very large, oblique, reaches behind eye. Teeth in jaws, 
on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue villiform. Gill rakers 
lanceolate. Pseudobranchiae absent. Branchiostegals 23 to 27. 
Scales large, tough, silvery. Anal without basal scaly sheath, 
though basally with smaller scales. Lateral line with branched tubes. 
Dorsal inserted little or well behind ventrals, little shorter than anal, 
last ray greatly elongated. Ventral rays 10 or 11. 

Tropical seas, entering rivers. The young pass through a long 
ribbonlike transparent larval stage. 


MEGALOPS CYPRINOIDES (Broussonet) 


Clupea cyprinoides BroussoneEt, Ichth., no pagination, pl. 9, 1782 (type locality : 
Oceans between the Tropics [not Jamaica and Antigua or Rio Janeiro, 
Brazil]; Tanna Island, South Pacific)—BoNNATERRE, Tab]. encyl. Ichth., 
p. 187, pl. 75, fig. 814, 1788 (Pacific Ocean).—GmMe tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 
1, p. 1407, 1789 (copied).—Watrsaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 40, 1792 
(copied).—Btiocu, Naturg. auslind. Fische, vol. 9, p. 82, pl. 403, 1795 
(Pacific Ocean, Tanna).—ScHNEME_ER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 427, 1801 (Tran- 


156861—41 4 





520 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


quebar).—Lac&prpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 424, 458, pl. 18, fig. 3, 1803 
(Pacific Ocean) .—LicHTENSTEIN, Descr. Anim. Forster, p. 296, 1844 (Tanna 
Island). 

Megalops cyprinoides Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 292, 1838 
(on Bloch).—GtnrueEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 471, 1858 (Zan- 
zibar, Shire River, Madras, Bengal, Pinang, Java, Sumatra, Amboina, East 
Indies, Formosa, Aneiteum, Cape York, Port HEssington).—BLreEeKrr, Atlas 
Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 85, pl. (12) 270, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java and 
Celebes).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 37, 1874 (Kandavu; 
Upolu).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 364, 1878 
(Port Darwin).—GtnrHeEr, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 168, p. 
471, 1879 (Rodriguez).—ScuHMettz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 58, 1879 
(Viti; Samoa).—Gutnruer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 33 (Mary River, 
Queensland), p. 36, 1880 (Ovalau, Fiji) —Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 4, p. 388, 1880 (Hawkesbury River; Port Darwin).— 
SAuvaAGcE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 1881 (Swatow).— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 262, 1881 (reference) ; 
vol. 8, p. 210, 1888 (Lower Burdekin River, Queensland), p. 278, 1884 
(Goldie River in fresh water, New Guinea).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 88, pt. 1, 1888, p 1108, 1884 (=Bris- 
bania staigeri).—Pout, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 (Samoa).— 
Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Kordo, 
Mysore).—OciLpy, Cat. Fish. New South Wales, p. 57, 1886 (compiled).— 
Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 402, fig. 126, 1889.—Savuvacg, 
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 497, pl. 49a, fig. 8, 1891 (Onilahy or Saint 
Augustin; Morondewa, Titsobohana, Mammambolo).—Kent, Great Barrier 
Reef, pp. 302, 870, pl. 45, fig. 6, 18938 (Rockhampton; Queensland) .— 
EverA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 584, 1895 (Manila, Luzon).—RvrtTTER, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 63 (compiled).—KeEnt, Natural- 
ist in Australia, p. 175, 1897 (Moreton Bay).—SrALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 1, No. 8, 1900, p. 63, 1901 (Guam).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, 
Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 327, 1902 (Formosa, Giran).—DUNCKER, 
Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1903, p 186, 1904 (Kuala Lum- 
pur).—JorpAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 
(Negros).—SEALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 68, 1906 (Tubuai, 
Austral Islands).—JorpAN and Seater, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, (1905), 
p. 185, 1906 (Apia).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 
615, 1906 (Nafa; Tokyo).—HvERMANN and Seats, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 
1906, p. 538, 1907 (Bulan and Tarlac).—JorpAN and SrarKs, Proe. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 492, 1907 (Okinawa).—Ltoyp, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 
1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab).—GitcHrIst and THompson, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 6, p. 270, 1908-11 (Natal).—GtntHrer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 
pt. 16, p. 387, 1909 (Indian Ocean, South Sea, Society Islands).—JorDAN 
and RicHArDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 165, 1909 (copied).— 
Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 204 (Apia).—Snynprer, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 489, 1912 (Naha, Okinawa).—BrEAN and 
Weep, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 589, 1912 (Batavia).—GincHrtst, 
Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 52, 1913—WesrErR and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 5, fig. 4, 1913 (Batavia, 
Tambak, Sumur, Makassar, Ceram, Merauke).—Wesrr, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 1, 1918 (Macassar) ; Nova Guinea, vol. 9, p. 515, 1913 
(Lorentz River, Alkmaar, Merauke).—Ocitpy, Commercial Fish. Wisher. 
Queensland, p. 46, 1915 (Brisbane) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 96, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 521 


1916 (Queensland coast) —CHaupHuRI, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 5, p. 417, 
1916.—RovucuHiry, Fishes of Australia, p. 11, pl. 1, 1916 (north and east 
coasts, New South Wales).—GitcHrist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., 
vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 292, 1917 (reference).—FowtLer, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(Philippines).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, p. 175, 1923 
(Nontaburi) ; Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 479, 1924 (Tale Sap, 
Inner Lake).—McCuttocH and Wuirtry, Mem, Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 
2, p. 131, 1925 (reference).—Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 4 (Guam), 
p. 31, 1925 (Samoa).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 
104, fig. 11, 1925 (young).—Osuima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, p. 2, 1926 
(Haiha, Hainan).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
note, p. 7, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).—McCutrtocn, Fishes of New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 46a, 1927.—FowtLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1927, p. 256 (Philippines, San Fernando, Vigan, Orani).—Herrre, Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 34, p. 296, 1927 (Lake Taal; Mindoro).—FowtLer, Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 27, 1928 (Guam, Tubuai, Apia).—McCuttoca, 
Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 34, 1929 (reference).—Pitnay, Journ, Bom- 
bay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 855, 1929 (Travancore).—Trrant, Service 
Océanogr, Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 128, 174, 1929 (Saigon, Cholon, 
Cochin China).—Scumipt, Journ. Pan-Pacifie Res. Inst., vol. 5, p. 2, 1980.— 
Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 49, fig. 2, 1931 (Philippines, Micronesia, 
Polynesia); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, p. 3814, 1931 (reference) .— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 99, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api).— 
Herre, Journ. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 18, 1934 (Bauang Sur; Bulacan; 
Manila).—FowlLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 67, 1934 
(10 miles north of Padang Baai, Bali).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 
55, p. 289, pl. 1, fig. 1 (scale), 19384 (Luzon; Mindoro; Guimaras; Negros; 
Palawan; Balabac; Camaguin).—Herre, Mid-Pacifie Magazine, vol. 10, No. 
2, p. 168, April-June 1985 (Pelew Is. in fresh water); Field Mus. Nat. 
Hist. Publ. 358, zool. ser. vol. 21, p. 25, 1986 (New Hebrides, Tahiti, Fiji).— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 129, 1987 (Bang- 
kok).—Svuvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 8, 1987 (Maenam Canthaburi, Samut 
Prakan, Ko Tau).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 18, 19387 (reference).—HeERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 
18, p. 11, 1937 (Pulau Ubi near Singapore).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 21, 1988 (reference). 

Elops cyprinoides PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 272, 1868 (Bicol R., 
Luzon).—Martens, in von der Decken’s Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 3, pt. 1, 
1859-61, p. 148, 1869 (Pangani River, Kisanga Peninsula, Sumpfeat Limbo 
and Kilimane, Zanzibar, Tette and Boror). 

Clupea thrissoides (part) SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 424, 1801 (Atlantic 
and Pacific Oceans). (On Broussonet. ) 

Megalops filamentosus LActkprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 289, 290, pl. 18, 
fig. 3, 1803 (type locality: Fort Dauphin, Madagascar).—Swat1nson, Nat. 
Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 298, 1839 (on Kundinga Russell, Fishes of Coro- 
mandel, vol. 2, p. 81, pl. 203, 1803, Vizagapatam).—BLrexKer, Atlas Ichth. 
Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 86, pl. (15) 273, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, 
Timor, Ceram). 

Cyprinodon cundinga BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 254, 283, 1822 
(type locality: Salt-water estuaries of Ganges River). 

Elops cundinga Cantor, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1271, 1849 (sea 
and fresh water, Pinang, Malayan Peninsula). 


522 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Megalops kundinga JeRpvon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 146, 1851.—BLEEKEr, 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 87, pl. (16) 274, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java). 

Megalops setipinnis RicHARpSoN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 493, 1848 (type 
locality : Port Essington and Coburg Peninsula) ; Ichth. China Japan, p. 310, 
1846 (Chinese Seas). 

Clupea setipinna (Forster) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 285, 1846 
(Tahiti). (Name in text.) 

Megalops setipinna Birexmr, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 345, 1863 
(Madagascar). 

Megalops curtifilis RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 310, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Seas). 

Megalops indicus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 388, pl. 542, 1846 
(type locality: Fort Dauphin, Madagasear; Mauritius; Bouru; Coromandel; 
Pondicherry; Malabar; Alipey; Canaror; Panimbang; Java; Tahiti; 
Tanna ).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 339, 1865 (Java).—STEINDACHNER, 
Sitz, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 56, pt. 1, p. 819, 1867 (Cape 
York). 

Megalops macrophthalmus BirErKrER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, 
p. 421, 1850 (type locality: Batavia, Java); Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Chiroe.), vol. 24, p. 15, 1852 (Batavia). 

Elops apalike (not Lacépéde) Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 228, 1865 (Malabar). 

Megalops macropterus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 8, p. 284, 1866 
(type locality: Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Bintang, Celebes, Amboina) ; 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 85, pl. (15) 278, fig. 2, 1866-72.— 
Mactesy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 594, 1883 (New 
Guinea). 

Megalops oligolepis BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 292, 1866. 

Brisbania staigeri CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 241, 
pl. 3, 1878 (type locality: Brisbane River, Queensland).—Mac ray, Proce, 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 258, 1881 (reference) ; vol. 8, p. 288, 
1882 (Lower Burdekin River).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 302, 370, 1898. 

Depth 31% to 334; head 314 to 334, width 2 to 214. Snout 3% to 
41% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 34%, greater than snout or inter- 
orbital, with moderately narrow adipose lid, most evident with age; 
maxillary reaches opposite or little beyond hind eye edge, expansion 
14, to 234 in eye, length 124 to 144 in head from snout tip; inter- 
orbital 414 to 514, convex; slender gular plate 244 to 3 in head meas- 
ured from tip of mandible. Gill rakers 15 to 17+30 or 31, lanceolate, 
14 longer than gill filaments, which 14 of eye. 

Scales 35 to 37 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on 
latter ; 5 or 6 above, 6 below, 12 to 20 predorsal. Tubes of lateral line 
with 3 or 4 branches. Scales rather narrowly imbricated, smaller 
on caudal base, small and crowded on anal base. Scales with about 
10 to 16 basal radiating striae, reticulations medially. 

D. rv or vy, 18, 1 to 15, 1, fourth simple ray 11% to 134 in total head 
length; A. 1v, 19, x to 23, 1, fourth simple ray 124 to 314; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 234 to 314; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 1% to 214; 
caudal deeply forked, 3 to 344 in rest of body. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 523 


Back brown, sides and below silvery white. Vertical fins and pec- 
torals above gray to dusky, otherwise fins whitish. 

Zanzibar, East Africa, Natal, Madagascar, Rodriguez, India, Cey- 
lon, Malacca, East Indies, Philippines, China, Riu Kiu, Japan, 
Formosa, Queensland, New South Wales, North Australia, West 
Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Though marine it 
sometimes enters fresh waters. In my Fishes of Oceania the lower 
gill rakers are given as 13; they should have read 33. 


5986 [748]. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length, 148 mm. 

21001. Creek below Pancol, Malampaya Island, Palawan. December 26, 1908. 
Length, 195 mm. 

22248, 22350 to 22355. Dampalit, near Malabon. August 10, 1908. Length, 95— 
192 mm. 

6058. Dumaca River, Luzon. February 25, 1909. Length, 218 mm. 

6639. Tloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 215 mm. 

5824. Iwahig River and tributary. April 4, 1909. Length, 178 mm. 

7401. Malaga River, Hinunangan Bay, Leyte Island. July 30, 1909. Length, 
212 mm. 

1 example. Malabon market. August 8, 1908. Length, 103 mm. 

4908, 4909, 4913, 18935, 18936. Malinao River, Palawan. April 2, 1909. 
Length, 183-245 mm. 

9082 to 9084. Manila market. June 24, 1908. Length, 240-247 mm. 4 
examples. 

7175 and 7177. Panguran River, Port Caltom. December 16, 1908. Length, 
204-244 mm. 

22290. River at Port Dupon, Leyte. In brackish water. March 17, 1909. 
Length, 123 mm. 

12624, 12625. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. 
Length, 185-228 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30509. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 343 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30540. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 800 mm., 
caudal damaged. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47800. No locality. Length, 390 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47902. Port Jackson. Length, 518 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51970. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 68-70 
mm., caudal tips damaged. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52355. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 108-206 
mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56077. Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4183). Length, 440 
mm., caudal largely broken off. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59005. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4052). Length, 
243 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59863. New South Wales. Length, 424 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72088. Nafa, Okinawa, Riu Kiu. Albatross collection. Length, 
229 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72488. Batavia, Java. April 2, 1909. Bryant and Palmer. 
Length, 268 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72489. Batavia. 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 240-250 
mm. 38 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 86978. Foochow, China. A. de C. Sowerby. Length, 245 mm. 
2 examples. A.N.S.P. Apia, Samoa. U. S. Fish Commission. Length, 192- 
197 mm. From one example I took a small Apogon in good preservation. 


524 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus ELOPS Linnaeus 


Elops LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 518, 1766. (Type, EHlops saurus 
Linnaeus, monotypic. ) 

Mugilomorus Lactrrpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 397, 3898, 1803. (Type, 
Mugilomorus anna-carolina Lacépéde, monotypic.) 

Trichonotus (not Schneider 1801) RArinEesQuE, Analyse de la nature, p. 88, 1815. 
(Type, Mugilomorus anna-carolina Lacépéde, virtually. Trichonotus Rafin- 
esque, proposed to replace Mugilomorus Lacépéde.) 


Body elongated. Mouth little inclined. Maxillaries very long. 
Fine teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. 
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Branchiostegals 27 to 34. Verte- 
brae 63 to 79, of which 29 caudal. Scales small, thin. Dorsal and 
anal both depressible in basal scaly sheaths. Paired fins each with 
long scaly flap. Lateral line straight, tubes simple. Dorsal slightly 
behind ventrals. Anal similar, smaller. Paired fins moderate. 
Ventral rays 17 or 18. 

Large fishes of tropical or subtropical seas, sometimes entering 
tidal rivers. All are brilliant silvery in color. Young transparent, 
bandlike, changing with age like those of Megalops and Albula. 


ELOPS SAURUS Linnaeus 


Elops saurus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 518, 1766 (type locality: 
Carolina).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 177, 1817 (reference).—VALEN- 
CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 365, 1847 (Massauah, Red Sea, 
Mauritius, Pondicherry, Coromandel).—CaAntor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 18, p. 1269, 1849 (Sea of Pinang).—JrrpDoN, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 
vol. 17, p. 146, 1851.—BLrerkrr Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, 
p. 18, 1858 (Japan); Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 56, 1860 
(reference).—GUICHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863.—KNeER, 
Reise Novara, Fische, p. 338, 1865 (Madras).—BLrereKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 6, p. 84, pl. (10)218, fig. 38, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Pinang, 
Singapore, Celebes).—GtnruHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 470, 
1868 (Zanzibar, Djedda, Pinang, China, Cape of Good Hope).—KLuUNZzINGER, 
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 603, 1871 (Red Sea).—BLEEKER, 
Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 147, 1874 (compiled).—Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 649, pl. 166, fig. 1, 1878—CastTeLNAv, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 241, 1878 (Singapore, Malacca, Cape of Good 
Hope, Brisbane).—MaActeAy, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 4, 
p. 382, 1880 (Port Jackson) ; vol. 6, p. 261, 1881 (Port Jackson; north coast) ; 
vol. 7, p. 594, 1888 (New Guinea); vol. 8, p. 210, 1883 (Lower Burdekin 
River).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Hspafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 
(North Celebes).—OciLpy, Cat. Fish. New South Wales, p. 56, 1886 (ref- 
erence).—BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 666, 1887 (Muscat).— 
SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 497, pl. 49a, fig. 4, 1891.—KeEnrt, 
Great Barrier Reef, pp. 302, 307, 1898 (Cooktown, Townsville, Bowen.)— 
ELerA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 584, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay).— 
ISHIKAWA and MAtTSuuRA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 8, 1897.— 
Fow.ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 406, 1900 (Hawaiian Is- 
lands).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.—nat. KIL., vol. 
70, p. 518, 1901 (Honolulu).—Jenxins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 525 


(1902), p. 432, 1904 (Honolulu).—WarrTs, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 6, 
pt. 2, p. 58, 1905 (Murray River near Mandurah).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, 
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), p. 53, 1905 (Honolulu).—Jorpan and 
Herre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 616, fig. 1, 1906 (compiled) .— 
EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 53, 1907 
(Bulan).—JorpAN and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 492, 
1907 (Okinawa).—JorDAN and RicHArpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 
(1907), p. 285, 1908 (Manila).—GitcnrRist and THompson, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 6, p. 270, 1908-11 (Natal).—Bou Lencer, Catalogue fresh 
water fishes Africa, vol. 1, p. 25, fig. 17, 1909 (Senegal, Zanzibar, Hast 
Africa, Cape of Good Hope).—Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, 
Suppl. vol. 1, p. 4, 1910 (Sagami Bay and Aburatsubo).—GiILcHRIsT, Marine 
Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 50, pl. 2, 1918 (Algoa Bay, East London, 
Natal, Delagoa Bay).—BovuLeneer, Catalogue fresh water fishes of Africa, 
vol. 4, p. 152, 1916 (note).—IzuKa and Marsvuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Mus. 
Tokyo, Vertebr., p. 184, 1920 (Tokyo market).—Barnarp, Ann. South Afri- 
can Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 1038, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1925 (Port Elizabeth to Delagoa 
Bay).—OsHimMa, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, p. 2, 1926 (Haiho, Hainan) .— 
PILLAY, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 33, p. 354, 1929 (Travancore) ..— 
TrRAnt, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 128, 1929 (Cochin 
China). 

Argentina machnata ForsKAL, Descript. Animal., pp. x1, 68, 1775 (type locality : 
Djedda, Red Sea).—BONNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 176, 1788 
(Red Sea).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1895, 1789 (Red Sea).— 
Wasaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 46, 1792 (copied). —LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 365, 367, 1803 (Arabia).—SHaAw, General zoology, vol. 
5, p. 129, 1804. 

Elops machnata RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. (80)84, 1885 (Red Sea).— 
RrcHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 311, 1846 (Canton; seas of China) ; 
Voy. Hrebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 59, pl. 30, figs. 8-5, 1846 (China).—- 
SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Pisces, pts. 10-15, 241, pl. 109, fig. 
2, 1850 (Southwest coast Japan; Korea).—DaAy, Fishes of Malabar, p. 
227, 1865.—Guntuer, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 121, figs. (tails), 1866 (Zan- 
zibar).—SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 497, pl. 49a, fig. 4, 
1891.—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 52, 1901 (ref- 
erence).—JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 327, 
1902 (Formosa, Suwata).—Reean, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. 38, 
p. 39, 1909 (Madras, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, China, Lake 
Nyasa, Shiré River).—BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 
p. 589, 1912 (Batavia).—WepER and BeEAvurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 4, 1918 (note).—Gi~cHRIsT and THompson, Ann. Dur- 
ban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 29, 1917 (references).—JoRDAN and Hupss, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 119, 1925 (Misaki and Kobe markets) .—Mort, 
Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—Fow er, 
Hong Kong Nat. vol. 2, p. 50, 1981 (compiled) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 21, 
1938 (reference). 

Elops indicus SwAInson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 292, 18389 (on Jinagow 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 68, pl. 179, 18038, type locality: 
Vizagapatam). 

Elops capensis ANDREW SMITH, Il. zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 7, 1849 (type 
locality: Cape of Good Hope).—CaAstELNAv, Mem. Poiss. Afrique Australe, 
p. 67, 1861 (Port Natal).—GuincHrist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, 
p. 50, pl. 2, 1913 (Natal). 


526 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Flops purpurascens RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 811, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Seas). 

Elops australis Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 38, p. 39, 1909 (type 
locality : New South Wales). 

Elops hawaiensis Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 3, p. 39, 1909 (type 
locality: Hawaii).—JorpAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 165, pl. 66, upper fig., 1909 (Takao).—GUnruHrr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 
pt. 16, p. 386, 1909 (Hawaii).—Fow.er, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1911, p. 204 (Honolulu).—Snyper, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 489, 1912 
(Naha, Okinawa).—Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 1, 1913 (Macas- 
sar).—Weser and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 
3, fig. 2, 1913 (Batavia and Macassar).—Oginpy, Commerc. Fish. Fisher. 
Queensland, p. 46, 1915 (Brisbane) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 96, 
1916 (Queensland coast).—FowtLmr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
79, p. 256, 1927 (Orani, Philippines)—McCuttocu, Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 45a, 1927.—Wuuiriry, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. 
Inst., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 8, 1927 (Fiji) —Jorpan, Journ. Pan Pacific Inst., vol. 
2, No. 4, p. 3, 1927 (Samoa).—F ow rr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 26, 1928 
(Honolulu ; Hilo).—McCuttocn, Austral. Mus. Mem. vol. 5, p. 34, 1929 (refer- 
ence).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 314, 1981 (Honolulu) .— 
CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 8, 1932 (Cochin China).— 
Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 288, pl. 1, fig. 11 (seale), 1934 
(Manila).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 18, 1987 (reference). 

Hlops hawaiiensis Fowirr, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; No. 112, 
p. 82, 1922 (Hawaii); Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 23, 1925 (Honolulu) .— 
McCutitocH and Wuittny, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 131, 1925 
(reference ).—HErRE, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 
(Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 18, 1934 (Manila; 
Capiz; Dumaguete).—Herrrp and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 11, 
1987 (Singapore). 


Depth 444 to 514; head 31% to 4, width 224 to 224. Snout 35% 
to 41% in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 614, 11% to 12% in snout, 
little greater than interorbital in young to 114% in interorbital with 
age, adipose lids broad; maxillary reaches well beyond eye, expan- 
sion 124 to 184 in eye, length 134 to 1% in head; teeth in finely 
villiform bands in jaws, small patch on vomer and wide areas on 
palatines and tongue; interorbital 41% to 514, depressed or slightly 
concave, at least medially. Gill rakers 7 or 8+16 or 17, lanceolate, 
about 11% in eye. 

Scales 85 to 95 in lateral line to caudal base, 7 or 8 more on latter; 
12 or 14 scales above, 9 or 10 below, 38 to 46 predorsal. Scales with 
13 to 18 basal striae; circuli very fine, none apical. 

D. v to vin, 17, 1 or 18 1, fifth to eighth simple ray 114 to 126 in 
total head length; A. rv or v, 11,1 or 12, 1, fourth or fifth simple ray 
2 to 23£; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 1% to 2; 
ventral 17% to 2; caudal 314 in rest of body. 

Back and head above brown, sides and below bright silvery white. 
Fins all pale brownish. Dorsal and caudal terminally with pale 
brownish, fins otherwise whitish. Iris silvery white. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 527 


Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Delagoa Bay, Natal, Cape of Good 
Hope, Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar, India, Pinang, East Indies, 
Philippines, Hainan, China, Formosa, Japan, Korea, Queensland, 
New South Wales, Hawaii. Also in the tropical Atlantic. I feel 
obliged to consider the nominal species described by Regan as Flops 
hawaiensis and EKlops australis as synonyms. Likewise his interpre- 
tation of Hlops machnata breaks down upon a survey of the materials 
before me. The distinctions used in grouping Elops machnata and 
Elops lacerta with “mandible projects, covers front part of premaxil- 
lary band of teeth when mouth closes” will not hold, as various con- 
ditions occur. Thus in some specimens the mandible is shorter than 
the snout, or it may protrude, but never covers or conceals the pre- 
maxillary teeth, even with age. LHlops machnata and Elops lacerta 
may hold on their fewer vertebrae 63 or 64, compared with 78 or 79 
for the other species. 


22346. Dampalit, near Malabon. August 10, 1908. Length, 185 mm. Lower 
gill rakers 14. 

13186. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 179 mm. Lower gill rakers 15. 

U.S.N.M. No. 8020. Hong Kong, China. William Stimpson. Length, 353 mm. 
Scales 84+ 7. Lower gill rakers 14. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47921. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 600 mm., 
caudal broken. Scales 87+7. Gills taken out. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51032. Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 273 
mm. Scales 90+10. Lower gill rakers 138. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55455. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
228-277 mm. Scales 838 to 86+9 or 10. Lower gill rakers 13 to 15. 38 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59858. New South Wales. D. G. Stead. Length, 460-470 mm., 
caudals broken. Scales 89 to 93-+10. Lower gill rakers 14 or 15. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71890. Okinawa, Riu Kiu. Albatross collection. Length, 288 
mm. Scales 90+8. Lower gill rakers 15. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72485. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Scales 98+9, 
Lower gill rakers 15. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72486. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Scales 70+8. 
Lower gill rakers 15. Length 265 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72487. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Scales 82-8. 
Lower gill rakers 14. Length, 253 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 83103. Hilo, Hawaii. U.S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 735 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 83444. No locality. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Fins. 

A.N.S.P. No. 1181. Hawaiian Islands. Dr. W. H. Jones. Length, 266 mm. 


Family ALBULIDAE 


Body elongated, belly flattened. Snout conic, conspicuous, partly 
quadrangular. Eye medial. Mouth inferior, bordered above for 
greater extent by premaxillaries, and only hind part of edentulous 
maxillaries. Villiform teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines; coarse 
blunt teeth on pterygoids, sphenoid, and tongue. Lower jaw without 


528 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


gular plate. Gill membranes widely separated, free. Pseudobran- 
chiae present. Branchiostegals 12 to 16. Vertebrae about 70, of 
which 28 caudal. Air bladder large. Scales cycloid, brilliant silvery 
white. Head naked with few large scales forming occipital collar. 
Paired fins each with long scaly axillary flap. Lateral line complete. 
Dorsal moderate, before ventrals. No adipose fin. Anal very small, 
near caudal, far behind vent. Caudal deeply forked. Pectorals 
small, low. Ventrals small, rays 10 to 14. 

World-wide in warm tropical seas, the species usually referred to 
Albula, though the West Indian Divonina differing in the last dorsal 
and anal ray ending in an extended filament. The living A/bula is 
also known from Eocene deposits and several other fossil genera have 
been referred to the family. 


Genus ALBULA Scopoli 


Albula Gronow, Zoophylacii, p. 102, 1763. (Species nonbinomial. ‘Le type est 
le Butirin macrocephale (Clupea macrocephala Lacépéde)”=Hsox vulpes 
Linnaeus, designated by Desmarest, Encyclop. Hist. Nat., Chenu, vol. 19, 
p. 809, 1874.) (Albula Osbeck, Reise durch China, p. 309, 1762. Type, 
Albula chinensis Osbeck=Salanx Cuvier 1817. Inadmissible.) 

Albula Scopont, Introd. Nat. Hist., p. 454, 1777 (on Gronow). (Type, Hsor 
vulpes Linnaeus. ) 

Vulpis Catessy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, ed. 2, p. 1, 1771. (Type, Hsoxr vulpes 
Linnaeus, tautotypic. Inadmissible. ) 

Butyrinus Lactprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 45, 1803. (Type, Butyrinus 
bananus Lacépéde, monotypic. ) 

Butirinus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 329, 1829. (Type, Butyrinus 
bananus Lacépéde. ) 

Butirinis BireKker, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 2, p. 509, 1845. 
(Type, Butyrinus bananus Lacépéde). 

Buturinus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 316, 1847. (Type, Buty- 
rinus bananus Lacépéde. ) 

Glossodonta CuviErR, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, p. 282, 1815. (Atypic.) 
(Type, Argentina glossodonta Forskal, assumed tautonym. ) 

Glossodus (Cuvier) Agassiz, Pisce. Brasil. Spix, p. 48, 1829. (Type, Argentina 
glossodonta Forskal. ) 

Hsunculus Kaur, Cat. Apodal Fish. British Mus., p. 1438, 1856. (Type, 
Esunculus costei Kaup.) (Warva.) 

Conorhynchos (not Bleeker 1858) Grn, Cat. Fish. East Coast North America, 
p. 55, 1861. (Type, Butyrinus vulpes Storer.) (Conorhynchos Motschoul- 
sky 1860 in Coleoptera precluded.) 

Atopichthys GARMAN. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 24, p. 326, 1899. (Type 
Atopichthys esunculus Garman, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, 
pt. 4, p. 486, 1920.) 


Body little compressed. Head moderate. Snout piglike. overlaps 
mouth. Eye large, with bony ridge above. Annular adipose eyelid 
nearly covers eye. Mouth small, horizontal. Maxillary strong, 
simple, with one supplemental bone. Gill rakers short tubercles. 
Scales forming regular horizontal or longitudinal series parallel with 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 529 


lateral line. Lateral line with simple tubes. Dorsal short, midway 
in body. Last dorsal and anal rays not extended. Pectorals short, 
folding like ventrals. 

One species in all tropical seas, remarkable for its anatomical pecu- 
harity in that the rudimentary conus arteriosus of the heart is fur- 
nished with two rows of valvules in place of one, though none of the 
ganoid fishes have less than three. Like related families, the young 
pass through larval stage, in which they are long, bandlike, trans- 
parent, and scaleless. 


ALBULA VULPES (Linnaeus) 


Hsoz vulpes LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 318, 1758 (type locality: 
Bahama Islands) (on Bone fish Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, pl. 2, fig. 
1, 1737, Bahamas) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 516, 1766 (copied). 

Synodus vulpes LAcEkprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 321, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1803 (no 
locality). 

Albula vulpes JoRDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 52, 1901 (refer- 
ence).—JENKINS, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 22, (1902), p. 482, 1903 (Hono- 
lulu).—Snyp_er, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 521, 1904 (Hanalei 
Bay, Kauai).—JorpAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, 
1903, p. 55, 1905 (Honolulu; Hilo).—Srarr, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, 
No. 1, p. 5, 1906 (Tahiti) —Ocitpy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 21, 
p. 87, 1908 (Moreton Bay).—KENDALL and GoLpsBorouGH, Mem. Mus, Comp. 
Zool., vol. 26, p. 242, 1911 (Funafuti; Ellice Islands).—Snyprer, Proce. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 402, 1912 (Kagoshima market).—WeEBER and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 7, fig. 5, 1913 (Batavia).— 
GitcHrist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 58, 1918 (Natal).— 
GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 293, 1917 (refer- 
ence).—McCutiocH, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 12, No. 8, p. 172, 1919 
(Sydney; Malekula, New Hebrides; Hood Bay, Papua).—McCuntocH and 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 18, 1925 (reference).— 
Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 4 (Guam) p. 23, 1925 (Honolulu) .— 
Fow er and Batt, Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 5, 1925 (Lisiansky).—BaARrNarp, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 106, 1925 (Natal coast).—FowLrer, 
Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 38, p. 5, 1927 (Christmas Island).—McCuttoca, 
Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 47a, 1927.Fow ter, 
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 27, 1928 (Tahiti, Honolulu, Lisiansky, Guam, 
Funafuti, Society Islands) —McCuttocu, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 35, 
1929 (reference).—FoOwWLER, op. cit., vol. 11, p. 315, 1931 (Honolulu).— 
CuHEveEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 8, 1922 (Cochin China) .— 
Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 18, 1984 (Jolo).—Roxas, 
Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. 55, p. 242, pl. 1, fig. 12 (scale), 1934 (Cadiz 
Nuevo, Negros; Mekong R.).—Fowtrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 86, p. 67, fig. 1 (Sanoer, Bali), p. 410 (Durban), 19384.—TortTonEskE, 
Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45, p. 12, 1935-86 (Mar 
Rosso).—Fowter, Bull. Amer. Mus Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 158, fig. 62, 
1936 (West Indies).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 358, zool. ser., vol. 
21, p. 26, 1986 (New Hebrides).—Wu1rt try, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 20, No. 
1, p. 6, fig. 2 (larva), 19837 (New Hebrides).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 18, 1987 (reference).—FowtsEr, List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 22, 19388 (reference). 


530 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Argentina glossodonta ForskAt, Descript. Animal., pp. x11, 68, 1775 (type lo- 
eality: Djedda and Lohaja, Red Sea).—BonnaATERRE, Tableau encyclop. 
Ichth., p. 177, 1788 (Red Sea).—Gwme tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1894, 
1789 (Red Sea).—Watsaum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 45, 1792 (copied).— 
Cuvier, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 371, 1819. 

Butirinus glossodontus RUpretLt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 80, pl. 20, fig. 3, 1835 
(Djedda).—ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, 
p. 242, pl. 109, fig. 83, 1846 (Japan; Korea).—GUnTHeEr, Fishes of Zanzibar, 
p. 120, 1866 (Zanzibar). 

Butirinus glossodonta Lay and BENNETT, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Fishes, p. 46, 1839 
(Oahu). 

Elops glossodontus Swartnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 292, 1839 (on 
Riippell). 

Conorhynchus glossodon BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 838, pl. 
(12)270, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Pinang, Banka, 
Biliton, Celebes, Obi Major, Saparua, Ceram, New Guinea); Versl. Meded. 
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 300, 1868 (Waigiu). 

Albula glossodonta KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 602, 
1871 (Red Sea).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
K1., vol. 70, p. 518, 1901 (Honolulu) .—Ocitgy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 
5, p. 96, 1916 (Queensland Coast). 

Albula glossodon GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 385, 1909 (Society 
and Hawaiian Islands). 

Hsox argenteus ScHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 395, 1801 (type locality: 
Australia, New Zealand).—LIcHTENSTEIN, Descr. Anim. Forster, p. 196, 
1844 (Tahiti), p. 256 (Tauna). 

Synodus argenteus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 398, 1801 (no locality). 

Clupea brasiliensis SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 427, 1801 (type locality: 
Brazil). 

Albula conorynchus SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 4382, 1801 (type locality: 
Antilles). 

Albula conorhynchus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 356, 1846 (com- 
piled).—GUnruHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 468, 1868 (Port Natal, 
Cape Verde, West Indies, Jamaica, Puerto Cabello, Belize, Bahia, Pacific 
coast Central America, New Hebrides, Singapore, Ceylon, Zanzibar, Red 
Sea).—Srreetrs, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 7, p. 76, 1877 (Honolulu).—ScHMELTz, 
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 6, p. 18, 1877 (Samoa).—Day, Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 648, 1878—ScuMetrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 58, 1879 
(Samoa ).—GutntTuHmr, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 61, 1880 (Hilo) — 
MactmAy, Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 598, 1883 (New 
Guinea); vol. 8, p. 278, 1884 (Hood Bay, New Guinea).—Kernt, Great 
Barrier Reef, p. 302, 1898 (north Queensland).—Tr1RAnt, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 123, 1929 (Phuroc-tinh). 

Albula conorhyncus GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 
6, p. 269, 1908 (Natal). 

Albula plumieri SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 432, pl. 86, 1801 (on above). 

Albula immaculata ScHNEDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 451, 1801 (type locality: 
Central America). 

Butyrinus bananus (Commerson) Lactpipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 46, 1803 
(type locality: No. locality—=Mauritius ?). 

Albula bananus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 345, 1846 (Mauri- 
tius).—GuicHENoT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863—Kwnmr, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 389, 1865 (Java). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 531 


Argentina bonuk Lactprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 365, 366, 1803 (type 
locality : Arabian Sea). 

Clupea macrocephala LAcéprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, 1808, pp. 426, 460, pl. 
14, fig. 1, 1803 (type locality: Martinique). 

Glossodus forskalii AGASsiz, Pisce. Brasil. Spix, p. 49, 1829 (type locality: Bahia, 
Brazil). 

Engraulis sericus (Spix) Aa@assiz, Pise. Brasil. Spix, p. 49, pl. 28, fig. 2, 1829 
(name in synonymy). 

Engraulis bahiensis (Spix) Agassiz, Pise. Brasil. Spix, p. 49, pl. 24, fig. 2, 1829 
(type locality : Bahia). 

Albula parrae VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 245, 1846 (type locality : 
Martinque, Bahia; Rio Janeiro). 

Albula goreensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 248, 1846 (type 
locality : Goree, West Africa). 

Albula neoguinaica VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 253, 1846 (type 
locality : New Guinea). 

Albula seminuda VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 254, 1846 (type 
locality : New Guinea). 

Albula erythrocheilos VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 540, 1846 (type 
locality: Friendly Islands).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 1265, 1849 (Pinang). 

Albula forsteri VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 256, 1846 (type locality : 
Tahiti) —THIOLLIERF, Fauna Woodlark, p. 207, 1857 (Woodlark Island). 
Albula rostrata Gray, Cat. fish Gronow, p. 189, 1854 (type locality: American 

Ocean, Indian and Mediterranean Seas). 
Albula virgata JORDAN and JorpAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 
1, 1922 (type locality: Honolulu and Hilo). 


Depth 4 to 534; head 314 to 344, width 17% to 234. Snout 214 to 3 
in head; eye 414 to 47%, 114 to 2 in snout, 1 to 134 in interorbital, only 
narrow vertical aperture in adipose lid; maxillary not quite reaching 
eye, length 245 to 314 in head; teeth villiform, in bands in jaws, on 
vomer and palatines; interorbital 3 to 4, nearly level. Gill rakers 
vur+ vit to x11, low tubercles. 

Scales 69 or 70 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 or 7 more on 
latter; 9 scales above, 6 or 7 below, 23 to 28 predorsal. Scales with 
& basal radiating striae; circuli very fine. 

D. rv or v, 14,1 or 13, 1, first branched ray 124 to 134 in head; A. 
ut, 6, 1, first branched ray 2% to 4; least depth of caudal peduncle 
314 to 334; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 21% to 214; caudal 324 to 3% 
in rest of body. 

Back gray-brown. Sometimes scale junctures on back show dark 
longitudinal streaks or lines above lateral line, all following within 
scale junctures. Sides and under surfaces bright or gleaming silvery 
white. Dorsal and caudal pale gray or brown, other fins whitish. 

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal, Mauritius, India, Ceylon, Pinang, Singa- 
pore, East Indies, Japan, Korea, Queensland, New South Wales, 
Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii. 


532 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


10789 to 10791, 18888. Matnog Bay, East Luzon. May 31, 1909. Length, 
178-213 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 18004. Honolulu. Dr. T. H. Streets. Length, 500 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52667. Hawaiian Islands. Albatross collection (03588). Length, 
300 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55133. Hanalei River, Hawaiian Islands. Albatross collection. 
Length, 198-205 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65722. Funafuti. Bureau of Fisheries (08336). Length, 75 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 25997. Durban, Natal. 1927. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 238 mm. 


Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 


Body elongate, sides flattened and ventrally compressed. Mouth 
edge formed by premaxillaries and longer maxillaries. Teeth va- 
rious. Subopercle much reduced, more or less concealed beneath 
preopercle. Gill openings wide. No pseudobranchiae. Branchio- 
stegals 7 to 16. Stomach without blind sac. Pyloric coeca 2. No 
oviducts. Scales large to very large, cycloid, formed as mosaiclike. 
Head scaleless. Lateral line complete, with single tubes. Dorsal 
opposite anal, both approximated to rounded caudal. Pectorals low, 
folding against body. Ventral rays 5 or 6. 

Fresh waters of South America, Africa, Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, and Australia. As here understood the family resolves into 
three subfamilies; the Osteoglossinae including the American Osteo- 
glossum besides Scleropages; the American Arapaminae with Ara- 
pamia,; the African Clupisudinae with Clupisudis, usually known by 
later Heterotis. The fossils Phareodus from the Wyoming Eocene 
and Anogmius from the Cretaceous of Kansas are evidently related 
forms. As Giinther has shown, the distribution of the members of 
the family closely parallels that of the Dipnoi. 


Genust SCLEROPAGES Giinther 


Scleropages GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, p. 196, 1864. (Type, 
Scleropages leichardti Giinther, monotypic. ) 

Delsmania Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 2438, 1984. 
(Type, Osteoglossum formosum Schlegel and Miiller, orthotypic.) 

Body compressed ventrally to trenchant edge. Mouth cleft very 
wide, greatly inclined. Lower jaw prominent, with pair of barbels 
at tip. Maxillary very long, narrow. Jaws with series of small 
teeth and villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. 
Gill membranes united at bases, free from isthmus. Gill rakers stout, 
few, with series of protuberances on inner side of first branchial arch. 
Branchiostegals 15 or 16. Scales large. Dorsal much shorter than 
anal. Dorsal and anal separated from caudal. Pectorals elongate. 

Several species in the Indo-Malayan region. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 533 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, DELSMANIA. Scales 21 to 24 in lateral line, 2 or 3 above; pectoral 3 in com- 

bined ‘head! and) body to caudal) base. —2 22) eee ee ee formosus 

a*. ScLEROPAGES. Scales 34 to 39 in lateral line, 3 to 5 above; pectoral 3% to 
44, in combined head and body to caudal base. 

db’. Seales 3 or 4 above lateral lines; D. 20; A. 31; pectoral 414 in combined 


NeadtanGdehHodyzco Caudal DaAsei es =e ee eee ee ee leichardti 
b?. Seales 4 or 5 above lateral line; D. 16 to 19; A. 27 to 29; pectoral 3% in 
combined head and body to caudal base_____-____-___-_______ guntheri 


Subgenus DELSMANIA Fowler 


Scales 21 to 24 in lateral line, 2 or 8 above. Pectoral 3 in com- 
bined head and body to caudal base. 


SCLEROPAGES FORMOSUS (Schlegel and Miiller) 


Osteoglossum formosum ScHLEGEL and MUzier, Verh. Nat. Ges. Nederland. 
Zool., p. 1, pl. 1, 1829-41 (type locality : Borneo).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., vol. 19, p. 225, 1846 (copied).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 145, pl. (18) 276, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Sumatra, Banka, Borneo) .— 
GunruHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 8, p. 378, 1870 (Borneo).—MARTENS, 
Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, pp. 304, 312, 404, 1876 (Danau, Sriang, 
Borneo).—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 
623, 1926 (Ludu, Borneo). 

Scleropages formosus WrBER and Breaurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 13, fig. 7, 1918 (Palembang, Sumatra, Borneo).—H. M. SMITH, 
Copeia, 1931, p. 64 (Kratt).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 85, p. 248, 1934 (reference) ; vol. 86, p. 335, 1984 (Kratt).—HarprEn- 
BERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 304, 1984 (Pulu Perdamaran, Rokan River 
mouth, Sumatra) ; vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 226, 1986 (Sungei Terentang, middle 
course Kapuas R., Borneo).—Svuvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 75, 1937 (Trat; 
Maenam Trat).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, pp. 22, 246, 1938 (reference). 


Depth 314 nearly to 5; head 314 to 4. Snout 434 in head; eye 4 to 
41%, subequal with snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches be- 
yond eye, 134 in head; chin prominent, with 2 stout fleshy barbels, 
little shorter or longer than eye; interorbital rather low. Gill 
rakers 8, stout, 14 shorter than gill filaments or 24 of eye. 

Scales 21 to 24 in lateral line, of which last 1 or 2 on caudal base; 
2 or 8 above, 3 below, about 21 predorsal. Scales large, with prom- 
inent, reticulated striae. 

D. 20, origin over middle of anal base, height of fin 224 in head; 
A. 26 or 27, height of fin 224; caudal 134, hind edge convex; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 334; pectoral 27% in combined head and 
body to caudal base; ventral 134 in head. 

Above dark olivaceous-green, sides and ventral surface silvery or 
golden green, sometimes with longitudinal rows of oblique dark 
patches, shining through lateral scales. Fin membranes bluish, rays 
reddish brown. Length, 4830 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

East Indies. Buccal incubation has been noticed by Fuhrmann 
(1905). 


534 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subgenus SCLEROPAGES Giinther 


Scales 34 to 39 in lateral line, 3 to 5 above. Pectoral 314 to 414 in 
combined head and body to caudal base. 


SCLEROPAGES LEICHARDTI Giinther 


Scleropages leichardti GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 14, p. 196, 
pl. 7, 1864 (type locality: Burdekin Rilver and Princhester, 90 miles from 
Rockhampton, Queensland).—KeEnt, Proc. Roy. Soe. Queensland, vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 108, 1892 (eastern coastline of Queensland).—WeEBER, Notes Leyden 
Mus., vol. 32, p. 226, pl. 3, 1910 (Digul River, Dutch New Guinea) ; Nova 
Guinea, vol. 9, p. 516, 1918 (copied).—WeEBER and BEAuFoRT, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 14, 1913 (copied) —FowLer, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 38, 1928 (compiled).—McCuLtocH, Austral. Mus. Mem., 
vol. 5, p. 36, 1929 (Queensland). 

Scleropages leichardtii BAncrort, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 28, p. 93, 
1916 (Dawson River). 

Scleropages leichhardti McCULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 131, 1925 (reference). 

Osteoglossum leichardti GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 378, 1868 
(type).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 256, 1881 
(Queensland Rivers).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 299, 1893 (Fitzroy, 
Dawson, and other intertropical Queensland rivers). 

Osteoglossum jardinii KENT, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 8, No. 3, p. 105, 
1892 (type locality: Batavia and Gregory Rivers, Cape York, Gulf of 
Carpentaria, Queensland). 

Osteoglossum jardinei Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 300, 1893 (Batavia, Nor- 
man and Gregory Rivers). 

Scleropages jardinii BANCROFT, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 28, p. 95, 1916 
(Gregory River). 

Scleropages jardinei McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 181, 1925 (reference). 


Depth 334; head 314. Snout 724 in head from snout tip; eye 71%, 
subequal with snout; maxillary reaches well beyond eye, length 17% 
in head from upper jaw tip; lower jaw protudes, with pair of very 
small barbels near symphysis; series of small, close-set, conic teeth 
in each jaw and band of coarse cardiform teeth runs round palate; 
interorbital 334 in head; broad suborbitals finely striate like opercle. 

Scales 33 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 4 
above, 5 below, about 28 predorsal. Scales very large, higher than 
long, minutely granulated; finely reticulate around larger median 
mesh. 

D. 20, inserted slightly before middle of anal base, ninth ray 3 in 
total head length; A. 31, base nearly long as head, third ray 324; 
caudal 21%, convex behind; ventral 314; pectoral 114, not quite reach- 
ing ventral, 4144 in combined head and body to caudal base. 

Entire body finely dotted with brown. Vertical fins and opercular 
membrane with small whitish spots. Length 712 mm. (Giinther.) 

Queensland. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 535 


SCLEROPAGES GUNTHERI (Castelnau) 
FIGURE 13 


Osteoglossum guntheri CASTELNAU, Journ. Zool., Gervais, vol. 5, p. 131, 1876 
(type locality: Northeast Australia). 

Scleropages guntheri Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 220 
(labeled “New Zealand” though doubtless from Queensland). 

Scleropages guentheri McCULLOcH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 131, 1925 (reference).—McCuttocH, Austral. Mus., Mem., vol. 5, 
p. 36, 1929 (Queensland). 

Osteoglossum leichardti (not Giinther) Ken’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 108, 1892 (part). 


Depth 3% to 4%4; head to hind opercle edge 3% to 424, width 
21% to 214. Snout 414 to 5 in head from snout tip; eye 514 to 
614, 114 in snout, 134 in interorbital; maxillary reaches 7% in eye, 
expansion 2 in eye, length 134 to 17% in head from snout tip; con- 





FicurE 13.—Scleropages guntheri (Castelnau) : Specimen from Queensland. 


tinuous series of strong moderate-sized jaw teeth, laterally more or 
less concealed by tough thick lips; at snout tip 2 enlarged teeth, also 
each side little below or opposite nostrils 2 or 3 others; each side of 
mandibular symphysis 3 enlarged strong teeth and none more than 
twice size of others; vomer anteriorly with 3 transverse strong teeth, 
5 smaller each side, also long area of small strong palatine teeth 
besides broad asperous pterygoid area; interorbital 324 to 37%, broadly 
convex, depressed. Gill rakers 8+138, pointed, rather robust, 134 in 
eye. 

Scales 30 to 34 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on 
latter; 4 or 5 scales above lateral line, 4 to 6 below, 21 to 26 predorsal ; 
exposures reticulated pattern on mosaic-like surface. Along anal 
base scales extend out from body and ensheath bases of fin rays; 
caudal base scaly. Tubes short, simple, horizontal, median on scale 
exposures. 

D. 16 to 19, twelfth ray 144 in total head length; A. 27 to 29, sixth 
ray 124; caudal 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 27%; ventral 
17%; pectoral 314 in combined head and body to caudal base. 


35 





156861—41 


536 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Largely dull brown, paler below and with leaden gray sheen. 
Each scale with 1 or 2 yellowish spots. Top of head brownish dusky, 
sides largely with silvery sheen. Fins dull brownish, membranes 
of dorsal, anal, and caudal mostly dusky. 

Queensland. 


13 examples. A.N.S.P. Queensland (wrongly labeled “New Zealand”). Dr. 
J. Haast. Length, 292-591 mm. 


Family CHANIDAE 


Body oblong, compressed. Abdomen broad, rounded or flattened. 
Snout depressed. Eye completely covered with broad adipose lids. 
Mouth small, lower jaw with small symphyseal tubercle. Maxillary 
short, wide, excluded from mouth gape, without supplemental bone. 
Mandible overlapped by upper jaw. No teeth. Guill membranes 
broadly united, free from isthmus. Pseudobranchiae moderate and 
accessory branchial organ in cavity behind gill cavity. Branchi- 
ostegals 4, wide. Mucous membrane of oesophagus raised in spiral 
fold. Air bladder large. Intestine with many convolutions. Ver- 
tebrae 45. Scales small, firm, adherent, cycloid. Lateral line com- 
plete, tubes simple. Dorsal opposite ventral. Anal shorter than 
dorsal. Caudal long and deeply forked. Pectorals low. Ventral 
rays 10 to 12. 

Large fishes of the Indo-Pacific. One living genus, besides several 
as fossils from European Cretaceous and Eocene deposits. 


Genus CHANOS Lacépéde 


Chanos LAc&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 395, 1808. (Type, Chanos arabicus 
Lacépéde, monotypic.) 

Lutodeira VAN HASSELT, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, p. 383, May 1823. (Type, 
Lutodeira indica Van Hasselt, monotypic).—VAN Hassett, Bull. Sci. Nat. 
Férussae, vol. 2, p. 92, 1824. (Type, Lutodeira indica Van Hasselt.) 

Lutodira Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ., p. 217, 1846. (Type, Lutodeira 
indica Van Hasselt.) 

Scoliostomus Riprett, Atlas Reise NoGrdl. Afrika, Fische, p. 17, 1828. (Type, 
Lutodeira indica Van Hasselt.) 

Ptycholepis (not Agassiz 1832) Gray, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, 
vol. 2, p. 218, 1842. (Type, Mugil salmoneus (Forster) Schneider.) 


Body fusiform. Belly not keeled. Head depressed. Eye large. 
Mouth terminal, transverse. Upper edge of upper jaw formed by 
premaxillaries, with which front end of maxillary firmly joined. 
Gill rakers very fine and numerous. Scales silvery, rows arranged 
longitudinally. Head naked. Dorsal and anal with basal scaly 
sheaths. Lateral line with simple tubes. Caudal forked, long. Pec- 
torallow. Ventral rays 10 to 12. 

One species. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 537 


CHANOS CHANOS (Forsk4l) 


Mugil chanos ForsKAt, Descript. Animal., pp. xiv, 74, 1775 (type locality: 
Djedda, Red Sea).—BoNNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 180, 1785 
(Red Sea).—GmMeE tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1898, 1789 (Red Sea).— 
WatzAum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 22, 1792 (copied).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. 
Ichth. Bloch, p. 116, 1801 (Red Sea). 

Lutodeira chanos Riprett, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische, p. 18, pl. 5, figs. 
1-2, 1828 (Red Sea); Neue Wirbelth., Fische, pp. 80, 84, 1835 (note).— 
GUNTHER, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 120, 1866 (Kiswarra Bay; Seychelles). 

Lutodera chanos MARTENS, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 379, 1866 
(Gebel Fernjeh, Red Sea). 

Chanos chanos KLuNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 605, 1871 (Red 
Sea ).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. KL, vol. 70, 
p. 514, 1901 (Honolulu).—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 
p. 52, 1901 (Riu Kiu).—JorpaN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
25, p. 327, 1902 (Giran, Taihoku, Toii, Formosa).—JrEnxK1ns, Bull. U. S. 
Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 432, 1904 (Honolulu).—JorpAN and SNYDER, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 124, 1904 (Honolulu).—JorDAN and EVER- 
MANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1908), p. 56, fig. 10, 1905 (Moanalaua, 
Honolulu).—Jorpan and SeaALr, Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 25, 1905, p. 186, 
1906 (Samoa); vol. 26, 1906, p. 4, 1907 (Cavite) —EvERMANN and SEALE, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 595, 1906 (Manila).—JorpAN and HmrRE, 
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 622, fig. 3, 1906 (compiled).—Jorpan and 
Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 491, 1907 (Okinawa).—Sratre and 
BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 239, 1907 (Zamboanga).—SrTe1n- 
DACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 158, 
1907 (Kalansiye).—JorpAN and RricHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 
(1907), p. 226, 1908 (Manila).—Sraxy, Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. A3, p. 519, 
1908 (Philippines).—JorpAN and RicHARDsoN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 166, 1909 (Giran, Taihoku, Toii) GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 
16, p. 387, 1909 (New Caledonia, Samoa, Hawaii, Society Islands).—WaAITE, 
Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 42, 1909, p. 381, 1910 (Norfolk Island).— 
Franz, Abh. Bayer Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 4, 1910 (Sagami 
Bay).—KENDALL and GotpssorouGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 248, 
1911 (Makemo and Niau, Paumotus).—Bran and Wes», Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Batavia) —WesrER, Siboga Hxped., Fische, vol. 
57, p. 3, 1913 (Macassar and Gisser Island).—Weser and BrAvurort, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipciago, vol. 2, p. 15, fig. 8, 1913 (Krawang, Batavia) .— 
Ocitgy, Commercial Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 46, 1915 (Brisbane) ; 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 97, 1916 (Queensland).—CHAUDHURI, 
Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 5, p. 417, 1916.—GitcHrRIst and THOMPSON, Ann. 
Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 298, 1917 (reference).—FowLeR, Copeia, No. 
58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo, 
Mus. Vertebrata, p. 184, 1920 (Miyakojima).—Fow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, 
p. 23, 1925 (Honolulu).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 
1, p. 106, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1925 (Natal coast).—McCutiocn and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference).—CHABANAUD, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 7, 1926 (Gulf of Siam).— 
McCuttocnH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 17, pl. 5, fig. Ta, 1927.— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (Philip- 
pines, San Fernando, Vigan, Orani) ; Bishop Mus. Bull. 38, p. 5, 1927 (Fan- 
ning and Christmas Islands).—Wuittry, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 
2, No. 1, p. 3, 1927 (Fiji).—Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. 34, pp. 296, 


538 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


803, 1927 (Lake Taal; Lake Naujan).—KFowtrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 28, pl. 1, 1928 (Honolulu, Oahu, Fiji, Niau, Makemo, New Guiana, Tuamo- 
tus). —McCuttocu, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 42, 1929 (Queensland, New 
South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria).—HeErre and Mtnpoza, Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 38, No. 4, p. 451, pl., 1929.—Fowrrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1929, p. 598, 19830 (Hong Kong).—Scumipt, Journ. Pan-Pacific 
Res. Inst., vol. 5, p. 3, 1930.—FowLrer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 51, fig. 3, 
19381 (Hong Kong, East Indies, Polynesia, Hawaii); Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 1931 (Honolulu).—Herre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. 
Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 19833 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 
1931, p. 13, 1934 (Bulacan; Malabon; Cavite; Capiz; La Paz; Duma- 
guete).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, No. 3, p. 245, pl. 1, fig. 3 
(scale), 1934 (Luzon; Panay; Bantayan; Mactan; Bohol; Palawan; Bun- 
gau).—TorTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 45, p. 18, 
1935-36 (Massaua).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 358, zool. ser. vol. 
21, p. 27, 1986 (Marquesas; New Hebrides; Philippines; Java).—SvuvatmTt, 
Index Fish. Siam, p. 8, 1987 (Maenam Canthaburi; Khlong Lek; Samut 
Prakan; Ko Samet).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 19, 19387 (reference).—Fow.ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 22, 1938 
(reference). 

Mugil salmoneus (Forster) ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 421, 1801 (type 
locality : Pacific Ocean) —LICHTENSTEIN, Descr. Animal. Forster, p. 299, 1844 
(Tanna Island). 

Leuciscus (Ptycholepis) salmoneus Gray, in Dieffenbach’s Travels in New 
Zealand, vol. 2, p. 218, 1842 (New Zealand). 

Lutodeira salmonea RICHARDSON, Voy. Hrebus and Terror. Fishes, p. 58, pl. 36, 
fig, 1, 1846 (Point Smith, Port Essington, Torres Straits). 

Chanos salmoneus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 201, 1846 (between 
New Caledonia and Norfolk Island).—BLrrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 81, pl. (14)272, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Pinang, Celebes, 
Borneo) .—GunrH_ErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 473, 1868 (Red Sea, 
Zanzibar, Seychelles, Pinang, Formosa, Cape York, Port Essington, type of 
Leuciscus zeylonicus) —HeEctor, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. (Fishes 
New Zealand), p. 64 (compiled), p. 120, pl. 11, fig. 101, 1872 (copied).— 
MarTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 1876 (Manila) .—BLEEKER, 
Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat., vol. 13, p. 38, 1878 (New Guinea).—Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 651, pl. 166, fig. 2, 1878 (South Canara).—ScHMELTz, Cat. 
Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 59, 1879 (South Seas).—Mac.LeAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 383, 1880 (Port Jackson, north coasts Australia, 
Fiji) —GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 61, 1880 (Honolulu).— 
MAcLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 262, 1881 (Port Jack- 
son; northern coast) ; vol. 7, p. 594, 1883 (New Guinea) ; vol. 8, p. 210, 1883 
(Lower Burdekin River).—Pount, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 
(South Seas) .—Oettpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, p. 57, 1886.—VAILLANT, 
Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 58, 1886-87 (Tahiti) —-BoULENGER, 
Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 666, 1887 (Muscat).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, 
pp. 302, 370, pl. 46, fig., 1893.—WeEsER, Zool. Nederland, Ost. Ind., vol. 3, p. 427, 
1894 (Batavia).—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 585, 1895 (Luzon, 
Estanques de Malabon, Manila).—IsHIKAWA and MatTsuurA, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 7, 1897.—KEnT, Naturalist in Australia, p. 175, 1897.— 
Reean, Fauna Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Arch., Gardner, vol. 1, p. 280, 
1903 (lake, Kendikolu, Miladumadulu Atoll) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 
2, vol. 12, Zool., pt. 1, p. 219, 1907 (Chagos Archipelago, Diego Garcia).— 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 539 


GriucHRIsT and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 271, 1908-11 
(Natal).—Gincurist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 54, 1913 
(Natal). —Pittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soec., vol. 33, p. 356, 1929 
(Travancore) .—TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 128, 
1929 (Hué, Cochinchina). 

Chanos salmonoides GUNTHER, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 168, p. 471, 
1879 (Rodriguez). 

Chanos arabicus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 395, 396, 1808 (type 
locality: Arabia).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 187, 1846 
(Mohila and Djedda). 

Lutodeira indica VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, p. 333, 1823 (type 
locality: Java). 

Cyprinus tolo Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 276, 1829 (on Tooleloo 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 85, pl. 208, 1803, type locality: 
Vizagapatam). 

Cyprinus pala Cuvirr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 276, 1829 (on Palah bontah 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 84, pl. 207, 1808, type locality: 
Vizagapatam). 

Chanos pala CANTOR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1260, 1849 (Pinang; 
Malay Peninsula).—JErpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 144, 1851.— 
Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 224, 1865 (Cochin, Malabar). 

Leuciscus zeylonicus BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 184, 1882 (type 
locality : Ceylon). 

Mugil lavaretoides (Solander) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 11, p. 489, 
1836 (type locality: Mer du Sud) (name in text).—RicHarpson, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 489, 1843 (Tolaga).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 18, p. 187, 1846 (reference). 

Chanos cyprinella EyDoux and SoULEYET, Voy. Bonite, Zool., vol. 1, p. 196, 1841 
(type locality : Hawaiian Islands).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, 
p. 198, 1846 (Honolulu). 

Chanos oriental Eypoux and SoOULEYET, Voy. Bonite, Zool., vol. 1, p. 196, pl. 7, 
fig. 1, 1841 (type locality: Hawaiian Islands). (Name in synonymy.) 
Chanos orientalis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 197, 1846 (no 
locality ).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 1, p. 10, 1864 (South Seas).— 
Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 341, 1865 (Java).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. 
Akad. Wis. Wien, math-nat. K1., vol. 56, p. 320, 1867 (Cape York) .— 

ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 25, 1869 (Viti Islands). 

Chanos mento VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 194, 1846 (type locality: 
Mauritius). 

Chanos chloropterus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 195, 1846 (type 
locality : Madeoplan, India).—Kwnrr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 341, 1865 (Java 
and Tahiti). 

Lutodeira chloropterus PLAyFratr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 868. 

Chanos nuchalis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 196, 1846 (on Palah 
bontah Russell). 

Chanos lubina VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 199, pl. 567, 1846 (type 
locality: Buru, Seychelles, Mauritius).—GuicHmnor, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 
2, p. 29, 1863.—Bieeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 82, 1866-72 
(compiled).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 474, 1868 
(compiled). 

Buterinus maderaspatensis JERDON, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 15, p. 344, 1849 
(type locality : Madras). 


540 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Chanos mossambicus PErrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 684, 1852 (type lo- 
eality : Mozambique).—MArtTENS, in von der Decken’s Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 
3, pt. 1, p. 144, 1869 (Kisanga). 

Lutodira mossambica PerErs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 268 (Mozambique). 

Chanos gardineri Reean, Fauna Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Archi., Gardner, 
vol. 1, p. 280, 1908 (type locality: North Pool of Hulule Island, Male Atoll). 


Depth 314 to 434; head 314 to 414, width 14% to 214%. Snout 314 
to 4 in head; eye 31% to 7, greater than snout, 114 to 124 in interorbital, 
covered with large adipose lids; maxillary not quite reaching eye, 
length 4 to 414 in head; interorbital 224 to 314, low or only slightly 
convex. Gill rakers 147 to 160+107 to 165, fine, extremely slender, 
21% to 8 in gill filaments. 

Scales 78 to 80 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 11 more on 
jatter; 12 or 18 scales above, 9 to 11 below, 80 to 46 predorsal. Scales 
with 31 to 51 horizontal parallel striae, ending in slender points; basal 
notch well developed, with rather coarse circuli 12 to 15 or fine. 

D. tv to vi, 9, 1 to 12, 1, fourth to sixth ray 114 to 124 in total head 
length; A. m1, 6,1 to 8, 1, third simple ray 31% to 334; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 2% to 8; pectoral 124 to 124; ventral 134 to 214; 
caudal 234 to 314% in rest of body. 

Dull olive-brown, paler to whitish brown. Sides and under sur- 
faces bright silvery white. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish to gray- 
ish, also pectoral above, fins otherwise whitish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Mauritius, Rodri- 
guez, Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, Maldives, Laccadives, India, 
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, China, 
Formosa, Japan, West Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, 
New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Melanesia, Polynesia, 
Hawaii. In life the coloration is dark gray, greenish or neutral above, 
silvery white below and dorsal, caudal and anal fins dusky terminally. 
18369, 18370. Caloocan, Manila, Luzon. August 12, 1908. Length, 89-189 mm. 
19485 to 19488. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 183-186 mm. 


2 examples. Nabatas, Luzon—fish ponds and Malabon River, from Malabon. 
July 12, 1908. Length, 75-88 mm. 

7 examples. Bangao plant in Palatikin 100 x 120. May 29, 1905. Caught Au- 
gust 8, 1908. Length, 64-88 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 20861. Hawaiian Islands. B. B. Redding. (Introduced in Cali- 
fornia.) 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30601. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 163 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30612. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 156 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49282. Red Sea. Milan Museum. Length, 315 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51066. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Fish Commission (04013, 03177). 
Length, 215-280 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52349. Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 331 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55551. Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 303-805 

mm. 2 examples. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 541 


U.S.N.M. No. 55602. Manila. Dr. HE. A. Mearns. Length, 145 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56334. Cavite, Luzon. G. A. Lung. Length, 277 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 580839. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 310-315 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 61667. Honolulu. C. L. Berndt. Length, 225 mm., deformed ex- 
ample with body abnormally short. Depth 2%. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65798. Niau Island, Paumotus. Albatross collection. July 16, 
1890. Length, 240 mm., caudal tips broken. Back with steel blue or blue- 
green reflections, under surface whitish. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65799. Makemo, Paumotus. Albatross collection. Length, 210 
mm. 2 examples. Back with blue-green reflections, otherwise largely silvery 
white. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72273. Manila market. R. C. McGregor. Length, 310 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72492. Batavia, Java. 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 3038 
mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72493. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 220 mm., 
eaudal tips broken. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82799. Fiji. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 120 mm., 

U.S.N.M. No. 82895. Oahu. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 160 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 83448. No locality. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Head, 45 mm. long. 


Family PTEROTHRISSIDAE 


Body oblong, elongate, belly rounded. Head narrow, oblong. Eye 
large. Mouth narrow, upper jaw edge formed by premaxillaries 
mesially and maxillaries laterally. Teeth minute, imbedded in thick 
lips. Opercular apparatus complete. Gill openings wide. Pseudo- 
branchiae present. Stomach with blind sac. Pyloric coeca numer- 
ous. Air bladder with thick walls, ends in 2 short horns in front, 
pointed behind. Head naked. Lateral line present. Dorsal long, 
with numerous rays, little higher in front. Anal very small, pos- 
terior. Caudal forked. Pectoral low. 

One living genus, also as fossil /stiews Agassiz from the Cretaceous 
of Europe and Syria. 


Genus PTEROTHRISSUS Hilgendorf 


Pterothrissus WiLcENporF, Act. Soc. Leopoldina Carol., pt. 13, p. 127, 1877. 
(Type, Pterothrissus gissu Hilgendorf, monotypic.) 

Bathythrissa GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 448, 1877. (Type, 
Bathythrissa dorsalis Giinther, monotypic. ) 

Body rather slender, tapers gradually back from front of dorsal 
to small slender caudal peduncle. Head large, with well-developed 
mucous cavities on cheek. Snout long, conic, end blunt, projects 
beyond mouth, with median ridge above. Eye median, high. Mouth 
small, subterminally inferior. Maxillary with marginal row of very 
small teeth. Orbital ridges project above sides of interorbital space. 
Gill membranes united. Gill rakers short, stout, papillate or tuber- 


542 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


culate. Scales small, cycloid, deciduous. Caudal finely scaly over 
greater portion from base. Pyloric coeca 14. Vent near last fifth 
of body without caudal. Dorsal length half of body without caudal. 
Pectorals longer than ventrals, latter less than half of head and in- 
serted midway between gill opening and anal origin. 
One species. 
PTEROTHRISSUS GISSU Hilgendorf 


Pterothrissus gissu H1iteenporr, Act. Soc. Leopolidina Carol., pt. 13, p. 127, 1877 
(type locality: off Tokyo).—JorpAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 28, p. 349 (Tokyo), p. 743, 1900 (Hakodate).—Jorpan and Snyper, 
Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 52, 1901 (reference).—JorDAN and STARKS, 
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 578, 1902 (Matsushima and Suruga 
Bay).—JorDAN and Herre, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 618, 1906 
(Suruga Bay, Matsushima Bay, Tsuruga Straits, Hakodate).—FrAanz, Abh. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, suppl. vol. 1, p. 4, 1910 (Aburatsubo).—SNnypDEr, 
Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 402, 1912 (Tokyo market).—Jorpan and 
Hugss, Mem, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 119, 1925 (Shizuka and Yokohama 
markets).—ScHMiInT, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, 
p. 17, 19381 (Tokyo).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 40, 1933. 

Bathythrissa dorsalis GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 443, 
1877 (type locality: off Inosima, Japan); Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 22, 
p. 222, pl. 56, fig. A, 1887 (type, from 345 fathoms depth). 

Depth 5 to 714; head 31% to 4, width 2 to 324. Snout 234 to 3 in 
head; eye 3 to 41%, 1 to 1% in snout, greater than interorbital; 
maxillary reaches 34 to 44 to eye, expansion 2 to 234 in eye, length 
314 to 434 in head; teeth fine, conic, short, in rather broad bands in 
jaws; palate edentulous; interorbital 434 to 57%, low, medianly de- 
pressed. Gill rakers 3+11, short, spinescent tubercles, 14 of gill 
filaments which 14 in eye. 

Scales 100 to 104 in lateral line to caudal base and 9 or 10 more 
on latter; 8 or 9 above, 6 or 7 below, 20 to 22 predorsal. Scales with 
7 basal radiating striae; circuli fine, none apical. 

D. m1 to v, 51, 1 to 53, 1, first branched ray 2149 to 234 in head; 
A. ut, 9, 1, first branched ray 234 to 3%; caudal 12% to 124, deeply 
forked, lobes broad; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 414; pectoral 
124 to 134; ventral 214 to 214. 

Brownish above, below silvery minutely dotted with brown. Al- 
coholic specimens only paler below as scales have fallen. 

Coasts of Japan, in deep water. Giinther’s fish was only 384 mm. 
in length. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51414. Matsushima, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 74-95 

mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51449. Matsushima, Japan. Albatross collection. June 5, 1900. 

Length, 175-249 mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57548. Tsushima, Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 366 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 61664. Tokyo. Bureau of Fisheries (2353). Length, 490 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 71878. Tokyo market. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 473 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 543 


Family NOTOPTERIDAE 


Body greatly compressed, caudal region very long, tapering. 
Head compressed. Upper jaw edge formed by premaxillaries and 
maxillaries, latter more developed. Parietals separate supraoccipital 
from frontal bones. Large hole on each side of skull between squa- 
mosal, exoccipital, and epiotic. No subopercle. Interopercle small, 
hidden under preopercle. No barbels. No pseudobranchiae or 
pharyngeal teeth. Air bladder divided in interior, communicates 
with ear. Stomach without blind sac. Pyloric coeca 2. No ovi- 
ducts. Ribs sessile, accessory bones (adpleurals) attached to ends 
of front ribs or even fused, embraced by double ventral serratures. 
Precaudal vertebrae with transverse processes before ribs. Head 
and body densely scaled. Dorsal short, when present on caudal part 
of vertebral column. Anal very long. Pectoral depressed against 
sides. 

Two genera, living in fresh or brackish water, chiefly in swamps 
or lagoons of southeast Asia and tropical Africa. The fishes of this 
family may be readily known by the extraordinarily long based anal, 
usually confluent with the small caudal fin. 


Genus NOTOPTERUS Lacépéde 


Notopterus Lactpipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, p. 189, 1800. (Type, Notopterus 
kapirat Lacépede=Gymnotus notopterus Pallas, virtually tautotypic. ) 
Chitala Fow er, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 244, 19384. (Type, 

Mystus chitala Buchanan-Hamilton, orthotypic.) 

Body elongated, strongly compressed. Snout obtuse, convex. 
Mouth large or moderate, cleft lateral. Small teeth on premaxil- 
laries, maxillaries, vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Front 
nostril with tentacle, hind one near eye. Bones of head cavernous, 
lower preopercle edge serrated. Gill membranes partly united. 
Branchiostegals 6 to 9. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. CHITALA. Opercular scales not larger than those on body; 12 to 22 trans- 
verse rows of scales on preopercle; 37 to 45 pairs of abdominal scutes. 
b*. Maxillary reaches far behind eye; 20 to 22 transverse rows of scales on 


POCO CTCL el eee ee a th Ee chitala 
b*. Maxillary reaches hind border of eye or little beyond; 12 to 16 transverse 
LOWS? Of Senlesonmpreaperclese= 2-22 2) = ile eee eee borneensis 


a’. NOTOPTERUS. Opercular scales much larger than those on body; 8 to 10 
transverse rows of scales on preopercle ; 28 to 33 pairs of abdominal] scutes ; 
Maxillary reaches hind pupil or eye edge____--______________ notopterus 


Subgenus CHITALA Fowler 


Opercular scales not larger than those on body. Preopercle with 
10 to 22 transverse rows of scales. Abdominal scutes 37 to 45. 


044 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


NOTOPTERUS CHITALA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Mystus chitala BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 236, 382, 1822 (type 
locality: Bengal and Bebar Rivers).—Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool., Hard 
wicke, vol. 1, pl. 91, fig. 1, 1882 (plate missing in Academy copy). 

Notopterus chitala Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 16, 1881 (Indian Seas).—BLrEKkEr, Ver- 
slag. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 16, p. 356, 1864 (Siam) ; Nederland. 
Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 176, 1865; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
147, pl. (16) 274, fig. 2, pl. (17) 275, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, 
Bengal) —GUnTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 479, 1868 (Hast India, 
Siam, types of Notopterus lopis and Notopterus hypselonotus).—MARTENS, 
Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 1876 (Sintang in Borneo).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 654, pl. 159, fig. 5, 1878 (Sind, Lower Bengal, 
Orissa, Assany, Burma, Siam).—Duncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 
vol. 21, p. 187, 1904 (Kuala Lipis).—Porra, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 27, 
p. 209, 1906 (Upper Mahakam, Borneo).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1911, p. 205 (without locality).—Wersrr and BEAUFORT, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 10, fig. 6, 1918 (Sahilan, Djambi, 
Nias, Djonkong).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 175, 
1923 (Nontaburi).—Vireutya, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, p. 227, 
1923 (Bangkok)—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
Note, p. 7, 1926 (Cambodia; Cochinchina).—TiIRANT, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 124, 1929 (Cochinchina).—Boropin, Bull. 
Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (Saigon).—FKow.unr, Proce. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 90, 1985 (Bangkok; Paknam).— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 8, p. 226, 19386 (Pontianak; middle 
course of Kapuas R., Borneo).—Suvart1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 18, 1937 
(Bung Baraphet; Samrong Canal; Ban Pho; Suphanburi River).—HkErRE 
and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 14, 1987 (Chandra Dam, Perak) .— 
Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 23, 1988 (reference). 

Notopterus ornatus Gray, Zool. Mise., p. 16, 18381 (type locality: Indian Seas). 

Notopterus maculatus VALENCIENNES, Voy. Ind. Orient. Belanger, Zool., p. 396, 
pl. 5, fig. 2, 1834 (type locality: India). 

Notopterus buchanant VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 108, 1848 (type 
locality : Calcutta, Bengal). 

Notopterus lopis BLerkrr, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 2, p. 510, 1845 
(type locality: Batavia) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (17) 275, 
fig. 2, 1866-72. 

Notopterus hypselonotus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Chiroc.), vol. 24, 
p. 27, 1852 (type locality: Mussi River, Palembang, Sumatra).—BLEHKER, 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (16) 274, fig. 2, 1866-72. 


Depth 4; head 444. Snout 7 in head; eye 744, trifle before first 
fifth in head, slightly less than snout; maxillary reaches well behind 
eye, expansion 124 in eye, length 235 in head; teeth uniserial, along 
front of each jaw edge; row of palatine teeth, little enlarged in front; 
interorbital 924, little convex; lower preopercle edge minutely serrate. 

Seales about 135 ? tubular (damaged) in lateral line; scales about 
200 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 more on latter; 21 above, 37 
below, about 165 predorsal scales. Scales cycloid, crowded and 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 545 


smaller along body edges, very minute and numerous over most all 
of anal and caudal. Cheek with 16 series of scales over greatest extent. 
Ventral scutes about 50. 

D. uy, 5, 1, origin more than eye diameter nearer caudal base than 
hind eye edge, length 214 in head; caudal little less than greatest anal 
depth; A. v, 122 (not including lower undefined half of caudal) and 
upper lobe contains about 7 more; pectoral m, 12, small (damaged) ; 
rudimentary ventral close before anal. 

Brown, with silver-gray tint, mostly uniform, immaculate; fins pale. 

India, Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Nias, Borneo. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. No locality. Dried skin, 450 mm. 
NOTOPTERUS BORNEENSIS Bleeker 


Notopterus borneensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. (417) 
437, 1851 (type locality: Sambas, West Borneo).—GitnrTHeErR, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 479, 1868 (type; type of Notopterus maculosus).— 
BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 147, pl. (17) 275, fig. 1, 
1866-72 (Sumatra and Borneo).—Vou1z, Zool. Jahrb., abth. syst., vol. 19, p. 
410, 1904 (Benakat, Sumatra).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1905, p. 489 (Baram, Borneo).—WEeEsER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 11, 1913 (compiled)—VINcIcuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 624, 1926 (Lundu River, Borneo). 

Notopterus maculosus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, pp. 417, 
438, 1851 (type locality: Sambas, West Borneo). 

Depth 324 to 4; head 434 to 5. Eye 48% to 5 in head, longer than 
snout; maxillary reaches hind edge of eye or little beyond, length 
21/4, to 21% in head; lower suborbital edge and lower border and ridge 
on preopercle slightly serrated. Guill rakers ? 

Scales about 75 transversely from anal origin; scales on opercles not 
larger than on body, 12 to 16 transverse rows on preopercle; double 
series of 37 to 41 spines along abdomen. 

D. 9 or 10; origin about midway between snout and caudal base 
in young, with age midway between eye and caudal base; A. 112 to 
124; pectoral long as or shorter than postorbital part of head, rays 
16 or 17; ventral 4 or 5. 

Grayish silvery, back darker. Anal and caudal margined with 
brown. Axil of pectorals sometimes brown. Sides of body, anal and 
caudal sometimes with smaller or larger brownish spots. Length, 
430 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Sumatra, Borneo. 


Subgenus NotopTerus Lacépéde 


Opercular scales much larger than those on body. Preopercle with 
8 to 10 transverse rows of scales. 


546 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


NOTOPTERUS NOTOPTERUS (Pallas) 


Gymnotus notopterus PALiLAs, Spicil. Zool., vol. 7, p. 40, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1769 (type 
locality : Indian Ocean).—BonNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., p. 37, pl. 
25, fig. 83, 1788 (seas of Asia).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1139, 
1789 (Amboina).—WaAtLBAuM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 166, 1792 (copied).— 
Forstrmr, Fauna Indica, p. 14, 1795. 

Notopterus notopterus WEBER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 9, 1913 (Batavia, Java).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Siam, vol. 
6, p. 175, 1928 (Nontaburi).—VireuLs, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, 
p. 226, 1923 (Bangkok).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 482, 
1924 (Tale Sap, Inner Lake) —CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo- 
Chine, 1° note, p. 7, 1926 (Cambodia; Cochinchina).—Fowterr, Proce. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 85, 1984 (Chieng Mai; Bangkok) ; vol. 87, 
p. 90, 1935 (Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 180, 1937 (Bangkok; Paknam; Tachin).— 
Herre and Myrrs, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 14, 1987 (Lake Chiwni, 
Pahang).—Suvatti1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 18, 1987 (Ayuthaya; Canthaburi; 
Khlong Sok; Mae-Nga).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 23 (246), 1938 
(reference). 

Notopterus kapirat LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, p. 190, 1800 (type locality: 
Amboina).—Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 16, 1831 (Indian Seas).—VALENCIENNES, 
Voy. Ind. Orient. Belanger, Zool., p. 39, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1834 (tanks of Ben- 
gal).—RiIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 309, 1846 (compiled ).—JxERpDon, 
Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 15, p. 348, 1849—Btrekrr, Nova Acta Acad. 
Caes. Leop. Carol. Naturae Curios, vol. 24, pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 6, 1854; Neder- 
land. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, pp. 35, 176, 1865 (Siam); Atlas Ichth. Ind, 
Néerland., vol. 6, p. 146, pl. (18) 276, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Celebes, 
Bengal).—GUntTHER, Cat. Fish. British Mus., vol. 7, p. 480, 1868 (Madras, 
Nilgherries, Dekkan, Loodianali, Poonah, Calcutta, Bengal, Assam, Cachar. 
Siam, East India, East Indies) —DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 653, pl. 159, fig. 
4, 1878 (India).—K<Aro1i, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 184, 1881 
(Siam).—SavuvackE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 152, 1883 
(Menam).—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 9, 
1889, p. 355, 1890 (Rangoon, Mandalay, Kokarit).—Wesrr, Zool. Nederland. 
Ost Ind., vol. 3, p. 427, 1894 (Batavia).—Dunckrr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. 
Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 187, 1904 (Kuala Semantan).—Ltoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 222, 1907 (Akyab).—WeEBER and BrAvurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 9, 1918 (Batavia).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 31, 124, 174, 1929 (Thudoumot).—Boropin, Bull. 
Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (Saigon). 

Mystus kapirat BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 285, 382, 1822 
(ponds and rivers of fresh water of Bengal).—Gray, [llustr. Indian Zool. 
Hardwicke, vol. 1, pl. 91, 1832 (plate missing in Academy copy). 

Clupea synura SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 426, 1801 (type locality: Mala- 
bar; China). 

Mystus badgee SYKES, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 376, pl. 67, fig. 2, 1838 
(type locality: Poona, Seedataik). 

Notopterus palldsii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 22, p. 95, 1848 (type 
locality : India). 

Notopterus bontianus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 22, p. 107, pl. 613, 
1848 (type locality : Irrawaddi and Java).—BtrexKer, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. 
(Bengal), vol. 25, p. (76) 151, 1853 (Calcutta). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 547 


Depth 334 to 344; head without opercular flap 5 to 524. Hye 4% 
to 5 in head, equals snout or slightly longer; maxillary reaches hind 
pupil or eye edge, according to age, 214 to 21% in head; 2 ventral 
ridges of mandible and preopercle serrated, also lower border of sub- 
orbitals. Gill rakers 8, 34 of eye, 14 shorter than gill filaments. 

Scales about 65 transversely at anal origin; 8 to 10 transverse rows 
on preopercle; much larger on opercles than on body. Double series 
of 26 to 33 spines along abdomen. 

D. 8 or 9, origin midway between snout and end of caudal, high 
as postorbital part of head; A. 100 to 110; pectoral long as head with- 
out snout, rays 15 to 17; ventral 5. 

More or less grayish silvery, back darker. Anal and caudal often 
margined with blackish. Length, 350 mm. © (Weber and Beaufort.) 

India, Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra. 


Family DOROSOMIDAE 


Body short, deep, well compressed. Belly compressed to edge 
armed with bony serrae. Head short, rather small. Eyes with adi- 
pose lids. Mouth smail, inferior, oblique, overlaps blunt snout. No 
teeth. Mandible short, deep, rami enlarged basally. Premaxillaries 
not protractile. Gill membranes not united, free from isthmus. 
Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals 6. Stomach short, muscu- 
lar, like gizzard of fowl. Scales thin, deciduous, cycloid. Head 
naked. No lateral line. Dorsal median, usually behind ventrals 
and last ray often prolonged in filament. Anal very long, low. 
Caudal forked. 

Mud-eating fishes of the coasts and rivers of warm regions, many 
in fresh water. They are usually little valued as food. The gizzard- 
like stomach seems to be the outstanding character of distinction for 
the family. 

ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. Dentary edge reflected outward in front of maxillary end; mouth toothless, 
subterminal or inferior, transverse, its cleft forming angle. 
b*. Last dorsal ray not prolonged in filament. 
c’. Maxillary slender, terminally slightly expanded and curved downwards. 


Gonialosa 

c’. Maxillary straight, thin, transversely expanded plate, tapering terminally. 
Anodontostoma 

63 Last dorsal ray, prolonged in’) flament=_-- es) eee Nematalosa 
a’, Dentary edge not reflected outward in front of maxillary ; mouth terminal or 
subterminal; last dorsal ray prolonged in filament___________ Clupanodon 


Genus GONIALOSA Regan 


Gonialosa ReGan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 315, 1917. (Type, 
Chatoessus modestus Day, designated by Jordan, Genera of fishes, pt. 4, 
p. 560, 1920.) 


548 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Indialosa Herre and Myers, Lingnan Sci. Journ., No. 10, p. 238, 1931. (Type, 
Clupanodon manminna Buchanan-Hamilton, orthotypic. ) 


Mouth subterminal or inferior, transverse, cleft forming an angle, 
toothless. Maxillary slender, terminally slightly expanded and 
curved downward. One supplemental maxillary. Scales 45 to 75 in 
longitudinal series, 16 to 25 transversely. Vertebrae 44 to 46. Dor- 
sal rays 14 to 17, with basal scaly sheath, last ray not prolonged. 
Anal rays 22 to 28. Ventrals with 8 rays, below or in advance of 
dorsal origin. 

Rivers of India and Burma. Mouth as in Vematolosa but differs 
in not having last dorsal ray prolonged. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Depth 2 to 214; scales 45 to 47 in lateral series__________________ modesta 
a’. Depth 236 to 314; scales 55 to 65 in lateral series______________ manminna 


GONIALOSA MODESTA (Day) 


Chatoessus modestus Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1869, p. 622 (type lo- 
eality: Bassein River high as Hen-gay-gyee Lake, Burma) ; Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 638, pl. 160, fig. 1, 1S78 (Hen-gay-gyee Lake and Moulmein) ; Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 886, 1889. 

Gonialosa modesta ReGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 315, 1917 
(Burma). 


Depth 2 to 214%; head 314 to 4. Snout shorter than eye, which 
3 to 314 in head; maxillary reaches front eye edge. 

Scales 45 to 47 in medial lateral series; 16 to 18 transversely. 
Ventral scutes 17 to 19+9 to 12. 

D. 14 to 17; A. 24 to 28; ventrals below or in advance of dorsal 
origin. 

Usually a dark humeral spot. Length to 100 mm. (Regan.) 


Burma. 
GONIALOSA MANMINNA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon manminna BuUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 247, 249, 
385, 1822 (type locality : Fresh-water branches of Ganges). 

Chatoessus manmina VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 114, 1848 (com- 
piled). 

Chatoessus manminna Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 633, pl. 160, fig. 2, 1878 
(Sind, Ganges, Jumna, Brahmaputra, Mahannadi, Assam); Fauna Brit. In- 
dia, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 386, 1889. 

Gonialosa manmina Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 315, 1917 
(North India and Assam). 

? Clupanodon cortius BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 249, 383, 1822 
(type locality: The Brahmaputra near Goyalpara). 

Chatoessus cortius VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 115, 1848 
(copied ).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. British Mus., vol. 7, p. 410, 1868 (Bengal; 
Cachar). 


Depth 2% to 314; head 334 to 414. Snout shorter than eye, which 
3 to 38% in head; maxillary not or barely reaching eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 549 


Scales 55 to 65 in medial lateral series; 21 to 25 transversely. Ven- 
tral scutes 16 to 19+10 to 18. 

D. 14 to 17; A. 22 to 26; ventrals below or in advance of dorsal. 

Sometimes a dark humeral spot. Length to 130 mm. (Regan.) 


India. 
Genus ANODONTOSTOMA Bleeker 


Anodontostoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 15, 
1849. (Type, Anodontostoma hasseltii Blecker=Clupanodon chacunda Bu- 
chanan-Hamilton, monotypic.) 

Maxillary straight, thin, transversely expanded plate, tapering 
terminally and supplemental maxillary very slender. Vertebrae 42. 
Scales 40 or 42 in lateral series, 12 to 17 transversely. Dorsal rays 
17 to 19, with broad basal scaly sheath extending to end of last ray, 
which not prolonged. Anal rays 18 to 21, depressible in scaly sheath. 
Ventral rays 8, fin below middle or front half of dorsal. 

Coasts and rivers of India and Indo-Australian Archipelago. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Snout little protruded; scales 19 transversely ; D. 15_---_--------~ chanpole 
a, Snout well protruded; scales 12 or 13 transversely ; D. 17 or 18____ chacunda 


ANODONTOSTOMA CHANPOLE (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon chanpole BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 249, 383, pl. 
18, fig. 74, 1822 (type locality: Ponds and ditches of every part of Bengal). 

Clupanodon champole Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 320, 1829 (on 
Buchanan-Hamilton). 

Chatoessus chanpole VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 111, 1848 
(copied).—GitnrTHEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 410, 1868 (no lo- 
eality). 


Depth 214; head little over 4. Snout not much projecting beyond 
mouth, which nearly transverse. 

Scales 46 in medial lateral series; 19 transversely. 

D. 15, origin nearer snout end than caudal base, scarcely before 
ventral bases; A. 21. 

Blackish spot on shoulder, followed by several other similar but 
smaller spots. Length, 153 mm. (Giinther.) 

Bengal. 

ANODONTOSTOMA CHACUNDA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon chacunda BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 246, 283, 
1822 (type locality: Gangetic estuaries). 

Chatoessus chacunda VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 111, 1848 (Mo- 
lueea Sea; Malacca).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1293, 
1849 (Pinang and Malay Peninsula ).—JrErpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, 
p. 146, 1851.—Kwrer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 337, 1865 (Java).—Day, Fishes 
of Malabar, p. 242, 1865.—GinrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 
411, 1868 (Cochin, Ganges, Siam, Borneo, Pinang, Sumatra, Hast Indies, 
type of Chatoessus selanghat).—MArvTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 


550 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


p. 404, 1876 (Malabar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 632, pl. 160, fig. 3, 
1878 (India, Burma, Andamans).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 7, p. 598, 1888 (New Guinea).—Day, Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 386, 1889.—WeseEr, Zool. Nederland. Ost Ind., vol. 3, p. 
427, 1894 (Batavia).—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 582, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila).—Pittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 1929 
(Travancore). 

Dorosoma chacunda BirEKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 143, pl. 
(3)261, figs. 5-6, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Pinang, Singa- 
pore, Bintang, Banka, Borneo, Celebes, Halmaheira, Amboina).—V1INctI- 
GUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 616, 1926 
(Sarawak).—Trirant, Service Océanogr., Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 
116, 174, 1929 (Cochin China).—HarpEnserc, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 100, 
1931 (Bagan Si Api Api) ; vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 227, 1986 (Padang, Tikarbay ; 
Telok Pekadai; Sungei, Terentang; Sungei, Kakap, Borneo). 

Anodontostoma chacunda JorDAN and SEALE, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 
771, 1905 (Negros).—SmiTH and SEatsz, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, 
p. 74, 1906 (Mindanao).—JorpAN and Seater, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 
(1906), p. 5, 1907 (Cavite). —EvERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 
26 (1906), p. 54, 1907 (Bacon).—JorpAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 236, 1908 (Manila: Iloilo).—BraNn and W'EEp, 
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 592, 1912 (Batavia) —Werser and BEAv- 
FoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 25, fig. 14, 1913 (Batavia, 
Tjilatjap, Bagan Api Api, Nias, Balikpapan, Kota Baru).—Rercan, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 316, 1917 (India; Indo-Australian 
Archip.)—Fow Ler, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; Journ Bombay 
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 1, p. 39, 1924 (Calicut).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic 
Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 481, 1924 (Singora).—OsuHima, Annot. Zool. Japon., 
vol. 11, p. 2, 1926 (Haiho, Hainan).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 79, p. 258, 1927 (San Fernando; Santa Maria; Orion; Orani) ; 
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (compiled) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 
2, p. 57, fig. 7, 1931 (India; Philippines).—Herre, Journ, Pan-Pac. Res. 
Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 
1931, p. 15, 1984 (Bauang Sur; Manila).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., 
vol. 55, p. 256, pl. 1, fig. 13 (scale), pl. 3, fig. 1 (head), 19384 (Luzon; 
Mindoro; Masbate; Leyte; Samar; Panay; Guimaras; Balabac; Mindanao; 
Borneo).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 86, 1934 
(Bangkok) ; vol. 87, p. 90, 1935 (Bangkok).—Suvatti, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 18, 1987 (Lang Suan; Bangkok; Gulf of Siam; Bang Plasoi; Maenam 
Canthaburi).—Roxas and MArtTIn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 23, 1937 (reference).—HErRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 13, 
1937 (Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore).—Fowter, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 25, 19388 (reference). 

Gonostoma javanicum Kuni and VAN HAssett, Algemein Konst Letterbode, p. 
329, 1823 (type locality: Java). 

? Clupea mauritiana BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 32, 1833 (type 
locality : Mauritius). 

Chatoessus tampo VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 117, 1848 (type 
locality: “Dessin du major Farquhar” [Malacca] ).—Ginryer, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 406, 1868 (copied). 

Anodontostoma hasseltii BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 15, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaya; 
Java Sea near Batavia, Samarang, etc.). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 551 


Chatoessus selangkat BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, pp. 
16, 47, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java). 

? Chatoessus breviceps PeTers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 848, 1877 
(type locality: New Hannover). 

Anodontostoma breviceps REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 316, 
1917 (copied). 

Depth 2149 to 214; head 314 to 314, width 1% to 2. Snout 41% to 
44£ in head; eye 314 to 4, greater than snout or interorbital or 114 
in interorbital with age; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, 3 to 314 
in head; no teeth; interorbital 234 to 314, convexly elevated; many 
radiating venules on cheek, opercle, postocular and humeral regions. 
Gill rakers 65+ 83, finely lanceolate, 214 in gill filaments, which 114 
in eye. 

Scales 37 to 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 or 4 
more on latter; 12 or 13 scales transversely, 10 or 11 predorsal. Ab- 
dominal serrae 17 or 18+11 or 12. Scales firmly adherent, narrowly 
imbricated. Scales with 5 or 6 vertical parallel striae, only most 
apical one complete, others interrupted medianly; apical edges of 
scales with about 26 weak crenulations, points more or less extended, 
though narrow and tips rounded; circuli fine, concentric. 

D, m1, 15, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114 in head, last branched 
ray 214 to 2% in first ray; A. u, 16, 1 or n, 17, 1, first branched ray 
31% to 4 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 31%; pectoral 
114 to 124; ventral 144 to 214; caudal 234 to 814 in rest of body, deeply 
forked, lobes pointed. 

Brownish above, sides and below whitish. Dark slaty humeral 
blotch about size of eye in depth, only width narrower. Iris shows 
through adipose eyelid largely slaty. Fins pale. 

Mauritius, India, Andamans, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, 
Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Hainan, Melanesia. 

12074. Cavite market, Luzon. December 1, 1908. Length, 145 mm. 
13008. Tloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 140 mm. 
20823. Lingayen Gulf, east of Point Guecet, west Luzon. May 11, 1909. 

Length, 90 ? mm., caudal tips broken. 

20428. Malampaya River, Palawan. December 26, 1908. Length, 133 mm. 
11455 to 11457. Manila market. December 12, 1907. Length, 125 to 143 mm. 
11886. Manila market. March 14, 1908. Length, 149 mm. 

6262, 8188 to 8190. Manila market. June 12, 1908. Length, 185 to 147 mm. 
18674 to 18677. Manila market. June 24, 1908. Length, 141 to 149 mm. 

10718. Port Ciego, Balabae. January 3, 1909. Length, 148 mm. 

Nine examples. Shore above Iloilo River, Panay, June 2, 1909. Length, 45 to 

52 mm. 

21389. Sebatic Island, Borneo. January 2, 1909. Length, 97 mm. 
20751. Sebatic Island. October 1, 1909. Length, 110 mm. 


19910. Sebatic Island. November 3, 1909. Length, 111 mm. 
11887. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 126 mm. 


156861—41 36 





502 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


5257. Sandakan Bay. March 21,1908. Length, 108-138 mm. 11 examples. 

Two examples. Sebatic Island, Borneo. October 1, 1909. Length, 41-53 mm. 

21259, 21260. Tifoe Bay, Bouro Island. Length, 78-85 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51981. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 82-111 
mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56081. Mindanao, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4225). 
Length, 205 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56065. Luzon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (3231). Length, 
190 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56308. Cavite, Philippines. Dr. G. A. Lung. Length, 95-143 mm. 
2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No 72222. Iloilo, Philippines. R. C. McGregor. Length, 126 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72515. Cavite, Philippinues. Length, 151-153 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72516. Batavia, Java. 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 212- 
125 mm. 2 examples. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 145-155 mm. 


Genus NEMATALOSA Regar 


Nematalosa Reagan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 313, 1917. (Type, 
Clupea nasus Bloch, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 4, p. 560, 
1920.) 

Mouth toothless, subterminal or inferior, transverse, its cleft form- 
ing an angle. Maxillary slender, terminally slightly expanded and 
curved downward; dentary edge reflected outwards in front of 
maxillary end; one supplemental maxillary. Veterbrae 43. Scales 
44 to 50 in lateral series, 14 to 21 transversely. Dorsal rays 13 to 
18, with scaly basal sheath and last ray prolonged in filament. Anal 
rays 18 to 24. Ventral rays 8, below or little before dorsal. 

Coasts and rivers of Asia and Australia, from Arabia to Japan 
and New South Wales. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Second suborbital with oblique antero-inferior edge, leaves naked area above 
lower preopercle limb. 


oe Depth: 2) tot256 sHAL 20M ON aie Ena One Ae ee come 

vb. Depth 2% to 3. 
Gia AD) 

Oy Depthii2se wees air ee Wr ee ES EE ee er EE arabica 

a iDepthy foe et eiaree ee Pa ee ee dees a De ee elongata 

CG. AS 21-023" depths aes Fo Se ee ee ae ae japonica 

a’. Second suborbital covers cheek, front edge vertical and lower edge horizontal 

and in contact with lower preopercle limb___—~______________-______ nasus 


NEMATALOSA COME (Richardson) 


Chatoesus come (Russell) RicHarpDson, Voy. Hrebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 62, 
1846 (type locality: Western Australia; Indian Ocean). 

Chatoessus come RICHARDSON, Ichth. Voy. Hrebus and Terror, Fishes, pl. 38, 
figs. 7-9, 1846.—Ktunzincer, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 48, 1872 (Murray 
River). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 553 


Dorosoma come OcitBy, Commerc. Fish, Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 1915 (Bris- 
bane) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 188, 1915 (Norman R.).—WAITE, 
Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 88, fig. 54, 1921. 

Nematalosa come Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 314, 1917 
(Indo-Australian Archipelago).—McCunLtocH and Wuititey, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 1382, 1925 (1eference).—McCutitocu, Fishes of 
New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 17, pl. 5, fig. 56a, 1927; Austral. Mus. Mem., 
vol. 5, p. 41, 1929 (reference). 

Chatoessus nasus (not Bloch) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 407, 
1868 (part).—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 3870, 1898 (Queensland) .— 
WEBER, in Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, p. 274, 1895 (Bur- 
nett River). 

Dorosoma nasus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind.-Néerland, vol. 6, p. 142, pl. (2)260, 
fig. 4, 1866-72.—-Sreap, Edible fishes New South Wales, p. 24, pl. 3, 1908.— 
WEBER and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 24, 
1913 (part). 

Chatoessus erebi GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 407, 1868 (type 
locality : Namoi and Cape York, New South Wales).—CaASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. 
Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 184, 1872 (Melbourne market Murray, 
Darling, Clarence, Burnett and Fitzroy Rivers); Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 2, p. 24, 1878 (Brisbane River mouth).—Macteay, Proce. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 368, 1880 (Burnett and Fitzroy 
Rivers).—K.LunzincEr, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 
80, pt. 1, p. 418, 1880 (Murray River).—GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, 
vol. 1, p. 33, 1880 (Tiaro, Mary River; ? lat. 27° 9’ S., long. 144° E.).— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 258, 1881 (North 
and West coasts).—Woops, Fish Fisher. New South Wales, p. 106, 1882.— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, p. 209, 1884 
(Lower Burdekin River).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fish. New South Wales, p. 55, 
1886.—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 302, 370, 1893.—WeserR, in Semon’s 
Zool. Forsch. Reis. Australia, vol. 5, p. 274, 1895 (Burnett River). 

Chaetoessus erebi MAcLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 71, 
1883 (Palmer River). 

Nematalosa erebi REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 314, 1917 (Cape 
York, Burnett River, Mary River, New South Wales).—McCuLLocH and 
WuitLey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference) .— 
McCutiocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 17, 1927; Austral. Mus. 
Mem., No. 5, p. 41, 1929 (reference). 

Chatoessus richardsoni CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, 
p. 144, 1873 (type locality: Rivers of Murray River system, Australia) .— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 869, 1880 (Mur- 
rumbidgee) ; vol. 6, p. 258, 1881 (Murray basin).—Woops, Fish Fisher. 
New South Wales, p. 106, 1882.—Ocamgpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, 
p. 55, 1886.—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soe, Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 37, 1890 
(reference).—OgitBpy, Edible Fishes New South Wales, p. 178, 1893. 

Nematalosa richardsoni WAITE, Rec. South Austral. Mus., vol. 8, p. 225, pl. 18, 
1927.—McCuLtLocH, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 41, 1929 (reference). 

Chatoessus horni Zerrz, Rep. Horn Sci. Exped., vol. 2, p. 180, pl. 16, fig. 6, 1896 
(type locality: Red Bank Creek, McDonnell Ranges, Central Australia).— 
McCutLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 
(reference). 


554 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Nematalasa horni Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 314, 1917 
(types from Red Bank Creek; Bulloo Creek in Queensland; Borwan River 
in New South Wales).—McCutiocn, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, 
Dp: £1927. 

Depth 214 to 234; head 344 to 4, width 17% to 21%. Snout 414 in 
head, protrudes well beyond eye; eye 414, 1 in eye, 11% in interorbital, 
adipose lids largely covering eye; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, length 
4 to 414 in head; interorbital 314 to 324, rather broadly convex; 
opercle smooth. Gill rakers 185+218, setiform, slender, 214 to 224 
in gill filaments, which 114 in eye. 

Scales 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more on 
latter; 15 scales transversely, 21 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 
15+12. Ventral axillary scale 24 of fin. Scales with 6 or 7 marginal 
striae, of which 1 crosses scale transversely or vertically; circuli as 
transverse close-set vertical striae; apically continuous portion with 
radiating flutings crossed by waved transverse striae. 

D. tv, 10, first branched ray 114 in head, last elongated ray 234 to 
3144 in combined head and body to caudal base; A. m1, 16 to 18, first 
branched ray 27% to 314; caudal 27% to 3 in rest of body, deeply 
forked, slender lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% to 
21/, in head; pectoral 114; ventral 13, to 144. 

Back olivaceous, with steel-blue reflections. Sides and lower sur- 
faces, also iris, silvery white. Dorsal and caudal brownish, lower 
fins pale. 

Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales. 


U.S.N.M. No. 47866. Mary River. Australian Museum. Length, 255 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 47867. Burdekin River. Australian Museum. Length, 245 mm. 


NEMATALOSA ARABICA Regan 


Nematalosa arabica Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 318, 1917 
(type locality: Muscat). 

Depth 234; head 324. Snout equals eye, which 414 in head; max- 
illary reaches 14 in eye; second suborbital with oblique lower edge, 
leaves naked space above lower limb of preopercle. 

Scales 50 in medial lateral series, 19 transversely. Ventral scutes 
18+ 18. 

D. 17; A. 19; ventral little before middle of dorsal. 

Dark longitudinal streaks along series of scales on upper part of 
body. Length, 150 mm. (Regan.) 

Arabia. Known only from type. 


NEMATALOSA ELONGATA (Macleay) 


Chatoessus elongatus MACLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, 
p. 209, 1884 (type locality: Lagoons, Mary River, Queensland) —MAct&Eay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 59, 1884 (compiled ).—KeEnt, 
Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 555 


Nematalesa elongata JOHNSTON and BANcRoFT, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 
33, p. 177, 1921 (mortality at Longreach, Thomson River). —McCuttocyH and 
WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference) .— 
McCuttocnu, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 1382, 1929 (reference). 


Depth 3, little more than head; profile of head somewhat flatter 
than in Nematolosa come. Eye % hidden by adipose membrane. 

Scales 42 in median lateral series. Abdomen strongly serrated its 
whole length, scales not deciduous. 

D. 14, last ray reaches caudal origin; A. 19; ventral begins opposite 
third dorsal ray. 

Silvery, with back and fins darker. Length, 280 mm. (Macleay.) 

Queensland, in fresh water. 


NEMATALOSA JAPONICA Regan 


Nematalosa japonica REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 318, 1917 
(type locality: Inland sea of Japan). ‘ 


Depth 3; head 414. Snout equals eye, which 41% in head; max- 
illary reaches 14 in eye; second suborbital with oblique lower edge, 
leaves naked space above lower limb of preopercle. 

Scales 48 to 50 in medial lateral series, 19 or 20 transversely. Ven- 
tral scutes 19 or 20+ 12 to 14. 

D. 16 to 18; A. 21 to 23; ventral below front or middle part of 
dorsal. 

A dark humeral spot. Length, 200 mm. (Regan.) 

Japan. Described from 3 specimens. 


NEMATALOSA NASUS (Bloch) 


Clupea nasus Biocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 9, p. 116, pl. 429, fig. 1, 1795 
(type locality : Malabar ).—ScHNEIprEr, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 426, 1801 (Mala- 
bar).—Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 174, 1817 (reference) ; ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 
320, 1829 (on Kome Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 76, pl. 196, 
1808, Vizagapatam). 

Chatoessus nasus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 298, 1889 (copied) .— 
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 104, 1848 (Pondicherry; Bom- 
bay ).—BLEEkKeErR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 18, 1853 (refer- 
ence).—GUtnTHErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 407, 1868 (part).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 634, pl. 160, fig. 4, 1878 (India).—BouLENGER, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 666 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 387, fig. 120, 1889.—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 581, 1895 
(Luzon: Manila).—Pmuay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 
1929 (Travancore).—TrRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, 
pp. 116, 174, 1929 (Thudaunot). 

Dorosoma nasus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland, vol. 6, p. 142, pl. (2) 260, 
fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Singapore, Banka, Celebes, Batjan, Obi Major, Amboina, 
Ceram, Philippines).—SrernpAcHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.— 
nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 156, 1907 (Tamarida, Kor Garrieh, Gischin).— 
WEBER and BEAvFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 24, 1913 
(Bleeker’s specimen).—OsHimA, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, p. 2, 1926 
(Haiho, Hainan).—CHaBANnaup, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 


506 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


note, p. 7, 1926 (Tonkin).—DERANIYAGALA, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 15, p. 45, 
eee Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 44, 19383. 

Konosirus nasus JORDAN and SnypDER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 8, p. 538, 1901 
(reference).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 625, 1906 
(East Indies, north to southern Japan).—SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 33, p. 239, 1907. 

Clupanodon nasus JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 328, 
1902 (Formosa, Giran, Kotosho). 

Clupanadon nasus Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Chin- 
nampo, Korea) (error). 

Nematalosa nasus REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 313, 1917 (Sind, 
Bombay, Canara, Madras, Calicut, Burma).—Fowtrr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 
2, p. 56, fig. 6, 19351 (compiled).—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 
1931, p. 15, 1984 (Culion).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 254, 
pl. 1, fig. 1 (seale), pl. 3, fig. 2 (head), 1984 (Luzon; Panay; Palawan; 
Mindanao; Amoy, China).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 231, 19387 (reference ).—HrERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., 
No. 18, p. 18, 1987 (Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore).—Fowter, 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 25, 1938 (reference). 

Anodontostomus nasus SuvatTtI, Index Fish. Siam, p. 14, 1937 (Thale Sap Song- 
khla; Canthaburi; Pak Phayun; Thale Noi). 

Clupea thrissa (not Linnaeus) BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclop. Ichth., p. 188, pl. 
76, 1788 (Sea of the Indies). 

Konosirus thrissa JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 2, 1905 
(Hong Kong).—Jorpan and RicHaRDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 167, 
1909 (Takao). 

Clupanodon nasica Lackpipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 468, 472, 1803 (Mala- 
bar; on Bloch). 

Chatoessus altus Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, p. 91, fig. 2, 1932-- 
34 (type locality: India).—Jrrpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 146, 
1851.—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 243, 1865. 

Chatoessus selangkat (not Bleeker) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 337, 1865 
(Java). 

Chatoessus chanpole (not Buchanan-Hamilton) GUnTuHer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 410, 1868 (no locality). 


Depth 224 to 244; head 324 to 4. Snout long as or shorter than eye, 
which 31% to 4 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye; second suborbital 
covering cheek, with vertical anterior edge and horizontal inferior 
edge attached to lower limb of preopercle. 

Scales 45 to 50 in medial lateral series; 15 to 19 transverse. Ven- 
tral scutes 16 to 19+10 to 12. D. 15 to 17; A. 21 to 24; ventrals below 
origin or anterior third of dorsal. 

Dark longitudinal streaks along upper series of scales. Often a 
dark humeral spot. Length, 200 mm. (Regan.) 

India, Burma. 

Genus CLUPANODON Lacépéde 


Clupanodon LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 465, 1803. (Type, Clupea 
thrissa Linnaeus, designated by Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
6, p. 112, 1866-72.) (Type, Clupanodon jussieu Lackrkpr, designated by 
Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 574, 1882, invalid.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 557 


Thrissa RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 88, 1815. (Type, Clupea thrissa 
Linnaeus, virtually. Thrissa Rafinesque, proposed to replace Clupanodon 
Lacépéde. ) 

Konosirus JorpAN and SNypDeR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 349, 1900. 
(Type, Chatoessus punctatus Schlegel, orthotypic.) 

Konoshirus JoRDAN and SNypER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 58, 1901. (Type, 
Chatoessus punctatus Schlegel.) 

Nealosa HeRRE and Myers, Lingnan Sci. Journ., No. 10, p. 286, 1981. (Type, 
Chatoessus punctatus Schlegel, orthotypic.) 


Mouth terminal or subterminal, with lateral cleft and toothless. 
Maxillary normal, reaches front or middle part of eye; front supple- 
mental maxillary absent. Gill rakers slender, very numerous. Ver- 
tebrae 49 to 51. Scales 48 to 58 in lateral series, 20 to 23 transversely. 
Dorsal rays 15 to 18, last ray prolonged in filament. Anal rays 20 
to 28, low. Ventral rays 8, fin below front part of dorsal. 

Shores and rivers of China and Japan. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


GanWeptneese tor ola: scales 48°.) ! 2k ee thrissa 
Gee pEne o tOs te + SCALES Do CO OSL ou St oe oe Ve ONE punctatus 


CLUPANODON THRISSA (Linnaeus) 


Clupea thrissa LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 318, 1758 (type locality: 
Indian Ocean; on Lagerstrom, 1750; Osbeck, 1757).—Ospeck, Reise Ost Ind. 
China, p. 336, 1765 (China).—Broussonet, Ichth., vol. 1, no pagination, pl., 
1782 (India, China; not Carolina and Jamaica).—HoutTruyn, Verh. Hol- 
land. Maatsch. Haarlem, vol. 20, p. 341, 1782 (Japan).—BoNNATERRE, Tab- 
leau encyclop. Ichth., p. 186, (not pl. 76, fig. 8315), 1788 (part; Sea of the 
Indies).—GMeELIN, Syst., Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1406, 1789 (India, China, 
Japan).—BtocnH, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 9, pl. 404, 1795.—ForsTer, 
Fauna Indica, p. 16, 1795.—ScHNeEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 424, 1801 (In- 
dia, China, Japan).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 174, 1829 
(reference). 

Clupanodon thrissa LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 468, 470, 1803 
(China).—Rercan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 309, 1917 (For- 
mosa and China).—Fowter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 33, p. 108, 
1928 (Bombay) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (compiled) ; Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 599, 1980 (Hong Kong) ; Hong Kong 
Nat. vol. 2, p. 54, 1981 (Hong Kong). 

Dorosoma thrissa Rutter, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 63 (Swa- 
tow) .—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 48, 1933. 

Konosirus thrissa JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 2, 
1905 (Hong Kong).—Jorpan and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 
p. 626, 1906 (compiled).—EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 
1906, p. 54, 1907 (Philippines) —HerrrE, Fish Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 15, 1984 (Sitanki). 

Chatoeéssus osbecki VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 106, 1848 
(type locality: China).—GintTHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 406, 
1868 (copied). 

Clupanadon osbecki Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, p. 38, 1928 (Jin- 
sen, Korea) (error). 





508 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Chatoessus triza RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 307, 1846 (type locality: 
China Sea). 

Chatoessus chrysopterus RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 308, 1846 (type 
locality : China Sea). 

Chatoessus maculatus (Gray) RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 308, 1846 
(type locality: Canton; Chinese Sea).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 21, p. 108, 1848.—GUnrTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 409, 1868 
(Formosa).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 30, 
174, 1929 (Hué).—CHEvey, Inst, Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 8, 1932 
(Indochina). 

Clupanodon maculatus JORDAN and HIVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 
p. 327, 1902 (Giran, Formosa). 

Amblygaster maculatum JORDAN and RicHAaRDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 166, 1909 (copied 1902). 

Chatoessus nasus (not Bloch) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 407, 
1868 (Cochin, Java, Amboina, Philippines).—RAMSAy and OerLBy, Proc. 
Linn. Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. %, p. 8, 1886 (Strickland River, 
New Guinea). 

Konosirus nasus SMITH and Pope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 462, 1906 
(Urado).—SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 239, 1907 
(Zamboanga). 

Clupea (Clupanodon) libertatis (not Giinther) BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 4, p. 118, 1874 (Chinese drawing). 

Chatoessus punctatus (not Schlegel) Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 582, 
1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz). 

Clupanodon paihoensis OSHIMA, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, p. 3, 1926 (type 
locality: Haiho, Hainan). 

Depth 234 to 3144; head 31% to 334, width 214 to 27%. Snout 4 to 
41, in head, mandible tip well inferior or snout protruding; eye 
324 to 414, greater than snout in young to 1 to 114 in snout with age, 
greater than interorbital in young to equal with age; broad adipose 
lids cover 14 of eye in front and behind; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 
in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 224 to 3 in head; interorbital 414 
to 414, slightly convex. Gill rakers 215+220 (132+160? in young), 
fine, setiform, slightly longer than gill filaments or 114 to 214 in eye. 

Scales 44 or 45 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 or 4 
more on latter; 17 scales transversely, 16 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 17 to 19+10 to 12. Postocular, occipital and suprascapular 
region, cheek and preopercle venulose. Scales with 2 or 3 vertical 
striae, sometimes these or only 1 complete, besides many fine parallel 
vertical striae; broadly entire vertically. 

D. 11 or rv, 12, 1 or 18, 1, first branched ray 124 to 1% in head, 
last ray 145 to 14% in head in young or 234 to 244 in combined head 
and body to caudal base with age; A. m or 11, 19, 1 to 28, 1, first 
branched ray 335 to 414 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 21, 
to 3; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 21% to 234; caudal 31% to 314 in 
combined head and body to caudal base. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 559 


Back slate gray, sides and below white. Six dark slate-black 
blotches along upper side to back from behind suprascapula, first 
largest, others gradually smaller. Iris yellowish white. Fins brown- 
ish. Dorsal and caudal with little dusky terminally. 

India, East Indies, Philippines, Cochin China, Hainan, China, 
Formosa, Japan, Korea. 


U.S.N.M. No. 6495. Hong Kong? Length, 187 or 188 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56105. Philippine Islands. Bureau of Fisheries (4171). Length, 
203 mm. As Konosirus thrissa. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57625. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 170-205 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58043. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. 1906. Length, 140-185 
mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59802. Urado, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 180-180 mm. 
3 examples. 

3 examples. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 85-104 mm. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Hong Kong. April 26, 1929. Henry W. Fowler. Length, 
168-176 mm. 

11807 to 11810. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 5, 1908. Length, 167- 
185 mm. 

5009. Panabutan Bay. February 6, 1908. Length, 210 mm. 

17552. Sorsogon market. March 12, 1909. Length, 177 mm. 

1 example. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 100 mm. 

6318, 9959. Kowloon market, China. September 18, 1908. Length, 170?- 
178 mm. 

texample. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 938 mm. 


CLUPANODON PUNCTATUS (Schlegel) 


Chatoessus punctatus SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, 
p. 240, pl. 109, fig. 1, 1846 (type locality: Bays on coast of southwest 
Japan ).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 107, 1848 (copied).— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. (18) 50, 1853 (Naga- 
saki) ; (Japan), vol. 26, p. 6, 1857 (Nagasaki) ; Act. Soc. Sei. Indo-Néerl., 
vol. 3, No. 3, p. 6, 1858 (Japan) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 57, 
1865 (Amoy).—KNER, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 336, 1865 (Madras; Ta- 
hiti)—GUntuer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 408, 1868 (Japan, 
Amoy, type of Chatoessus aquosus) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, 
p. 158, 1874 (Chefoo).—MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 
1876 (Yeddo and Yokohama).—ISHIKAWA and MAtTsuurA, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 9, 1897.—GUNTHErR, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 
1, p. 268, 1898 (Newchang, North China). 

Dorosoma punctatum RUTTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 62 
(Swatow). 

Konosirus punctatus JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 349, 
1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 53, 1901 (reference).—SMITH 
and Popr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 462, 1906 (Urado).—JorDAN 
and HERR, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 624, 1906 (Tokyo, Nagasaki, 
Matsushima Bay).—FrAnz, Abh. Bayer Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, 
p. 5, 1910 (Sagami Bay and Misaki).—SnNyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
42, p. 402, 1912 (Tokyo, Misaki, Kagoshima) .—JorDAN and THOMPSON, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 208, 1914 (Nogoya).—IzuKA and Marsuura, Cat. 
Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 184, 1920 (Jusangata).—Wu, Contr. 


560 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 18, fig. 14, 1929 (Amoy).— 
SoLpATovy and LINDBERG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 37, 1930 
(Far East seas). 

Clupanodon punctatus ReaAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 309, 1917 
(China and Japan).—JorpDAN and Husps, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 
120, 1925 (Misaki, Miakawa Bay, Kagoshima Bay, Fukui, Miyazu, Tokyo, 
Kyoto).—Fowrirer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (compiled).— 
ScHMIprt and LINpDBERG, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1980, p. 1187 (Tsu- 
ruga).—FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 55, fig. 5, 1981 (compiled).— 
ScuMipt, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1931, p. 103 (Obama) ; Trans. Pacific 
Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 18, 19381 (Nagasaki; Kagoshima) .— 
IkepA, Hakubutugaku Zassa, vol. 86, p. 583, 1987 (Momotori-Mura). 

Clupanadon punctatus Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, 1928 (Fusan, 
Korea) (error). 

Chatoessus aquosus RicHarRpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 307, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Sea).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 109, 1848 
(compiled). 

Clupanodon thrissa (not Linnaeus) JorDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 23, p. 743, 1900 (Yokohama). 


Depth 31% to 324; head 314 to 314, width 2% to 234. Snout 5 to 
51% in head, mandible tip only slightly inferior; eye 424 to 534, 11% 
to 114 in snout, 1144 to 114 in interorbital, broad lids largely cover 
eye; maxillary reaches 14 to 1% in eye, expansion 144 to 2% in eye, 
length 234 to 314 in head; interorbital 4 to 424, broadly convex. Gill 
rakers 182+170 (in medium-sized example), setiform, subequal with 
gill filaments or 114 in eye. 

Scales 42 to 46 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 17 scales transversely, 20 to 26 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 20+13 to 15. Axillary ventral scale 35 of fin. Scales with 
single transverse or pronounced vertical stria; circuli extend over 
entire scale area as fine close set vertical striae. 

D. ut, 14, 1, first branched ray 124 to 134 in head, last ray 114 to 
224 in combined head and body measured to caudal base; A. m1, 17, 1, 
first branched ray 324 to 4 in head; caudal 1 to 114; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 314 to 324; pectoral 134 to 144; ventral 224 to 214. 

Back gray or brown, with metallic bluish reflections. Each scale 
on back with small round dusky basal spot, appearing as longitudinal 
rows. Sides of head and body silvery white. Usually dark or dusky 
humeral blotch or bar, equals vertical eye diameter. Iris whitish. 
Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, lower fins whitish. 

India, China, Japan, Korea, Polynesia. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22588. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 93-220 mm. 6 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No, 26245. Japan. 1878. E. E. Morse. Length, 1385-154 mm., caudal 
ends broken. 10 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 37759. Korea. Bernandon. Length, 104 mm., caudal ends broken. 


U.S.N.M. No. 388387. Tokyo market. Educational Museum of Tokyo. Length, 
245 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 561 


U.S.N.M. No. 44891. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 198?-225 mm. 4 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49506. Tokyo. Albatross collection. Length, 163-215 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57624. Japan. P.L. Jouy. Length, 192 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59803. Urado, Japan Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 155 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71048. Tokyo market. Albatross collection. 1906. Length, 190-198 
mm. 38 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71050. Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 225 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82607. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 95-104 
mm. 2 examples. 


Family STOLEPHORIDAE 


Body elongated, belly rounded. Jaws nearly or quite equal. Mouth 
terminal, rather small, bordered by small premaxillary and long max- 
illary; maxillary broad and rounded behind, with 2 supplemental 
bones. Small teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue, 
which deciduous or may be absent, none caninelike. Guill membranes 
separate, free from isthmus. Gill rakers very fine and slender, not 
numerous. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchiostegals 6 to 15. Scales 
moderate or large, thin, deciduous. Belly without scutes and covered 
with surrounding scales. Fins small; anal short. 

Small clupeids of tropical or subtropical seas, well distinguished 
as the round herrings, as their bellies rounded and without scutes or 
spines. 

ANALYSIS OF GENERA 
a. Dorsal inserted above ventrals; teeth feeble or absent; dorsal with less than 
18 branched rays. 


b*. Dorsal origin nearer snout tip than caudal; anal rays 9 to 13_ Stolephorus 
b°. Dorsal origin nearer caudal than snout tip; anal rays 15 to 17 


Dussumieria 
a’. Dorsal well before ventrals; teeth moderate; dorsal branched rays 18 to 29; 
ANE SUIT Si lebte ee o  o ee Bee eS arery ces 21a ated pel kb Mya eae Etrumeus 


Genus STOLEPHORUS Lacépéde 


Stolephorus LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 381, 1808. (Type, Atherina 
japonica Houttuyn, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 
16, p. 272, 1883.) 

Spratelloides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, pp. 12, 
29, 1852. (Type, Clupea argyrotaeniata Bleeker—Clupea gracilis Schlegel, 
monotypic. ) 

Gilchristella Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 865, 1985. 
(Type, Spratelloides aestuarius Gilchrist, orthotypic. ) 


Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Tail very short. Snout 
conic. Adipose eyelids mostly obsolete. Jaws nearly or quite equal. 
Mouth cleft small, bordered by elongate premaxillary and broad 
maxillary, which rounded behind and with 2 supplemental bones. 
No teeth, or if present very minute or deciduous in jaws, on vomer, 


062 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


pterygoids and tongue. Guill membranes separate, free from isthmus. 
Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals 6, flat. Scales deciduous, 
large, thin. Dorsal short, inserted opposite ventral or nearer snout 
tip than caudal base. Anal very short, rays 9 to 15. 
Indo Pacific. Small, brilliant silvery little round herrings, with 
small fins, 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Seales in lateral line 35 to 88; no silvery white lateral band. 


eta Pas DF; (0 i | eR a aie EAS Oe MAA te 0 NAR RI Ce PA | delicatulus 
BRS Ay US GOy A es ee ee ee A eh no ee alburnus 
a, Seales in lateral line 40 to 44. 
c. No brilliant silvery white lateral band; A. 9___--______-_____ robustus 
c. Brilliant silvery white lateral band present. 
Ba =e all ahd ihe be Pal ne sth A nh at Oe bat Ad el PR Patent ek 2 japonicus 
De IAL! UGG 0) DUE as SE ES EE NEU ee SEA madagascariensis 


STOLEPHORUS DELICATULUS (Bennett) 


Clupea delicatula BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 1, p. 168, 1831 
(type locality: Mauritius). 

Spratelloides delicatulus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 464, 1868 
(East Indies and Australia) —Btrrxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 96, pl. (6) 264, fig. 8, 1866-72 (Singapore, Banka, Celebes, Halmaheira, 
Ternate, Amboine, Saparoua, Banda).—ScHMeEttTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 5, p. 37, 1874 (Samoa).—Perrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 
445 (Mauritius).—ALLEYNg and MaActrray, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 1, p. 850, 1877 (Darnley I.).—ScuHMetrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Samoa).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 6, p. 260, 1881 (reference).—PO6OHL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 
1884 (Samoa).—KeEnt, Breat Barrier Reef, pp. 302, 870, 1893 (Queens- 
land).—Rerean, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, p. 242, 1908 (Kosi Bay).— 
GUntTuHeR, Jour. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 383, 1909 (Samoa, Jaluit, Bon- 
ham Islands).—Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 4, 1913 (Kan- 
geang Island, Siau, Karkaralang, Salibabu, Obi Major, between Fau and 
Gebe, between Gusi Bay and Ceram Laut, Saleyer, Tuir Island).—WEBER 
and Brauvrorr, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 20, 1913.— 
GILcHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 296, 1917 (ref- 
erence).—BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 110, 1925 
(Zululand coast).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
note, p. 7, 1926 (Annam coast; Tonkin).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 122, 1929 (Cochinchina).—HarpEensBere, Treubia, 
vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 216, 1983 (Thousand Is. near Batavia; Karimon Djawa; 
Bawean; Kangean Archipelago).—HeErre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, 
No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 14, 
1934 (Calapan; Culion; Dumaguete; Sitanki).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 55, p. 250, 1984 (Bacon).—Herre, Mid-Pacific Mag., vol. 10, p. 
163, No. 2, April-June 1935 (Pelew Islands).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 23, 1987 (reference). 

Stolephorus delicatulus JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), 
p. 186, 1906 (Apia and Pago Pago).—SrEatE, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, 
No. 1, p. 5, 1906 (Shortland Island, Solomons).—EvERMANN and SEALE, Bull. 
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 53, 1907 (Bulan, Bacon).—KENDALL and GoLps- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 563 


BOROUGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 243, 1911 (Taritari, Gilbert 
Islands; Arhno; Marshall Islands; Rangiroa, Paumotus).—WEBER and 
Beaurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 20, 1913 (Saleyer, 
Karakaralong Islands, Lirung, Obi major, between Gisser and Ceram 
Laut; Gebe).—Ocirpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 97, 1916 (Murray 
Island).—Fowter, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 8, No. 7, p. 3875, 1923 (Hono- 
lulu) ; Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 4, 1925 (Guam).—FowLer and Bat1, Bishop 
Mus. Bull. 26, p. 6, 1925 (Lisiansky)—McCurtocnw and WHITLEY, Mem. 
Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 1381, 1925 (reference).—Fowter, Proc. 
Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 256 (Bacon); Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 29, 1928 (Honolulu, Shortland Island, Fate, Laie Beach, Lisiansky, 
Guam, Tongatabu, Gilbert Islands, Arhno Atoll, Rangiroa, Kauai).— 
WHiITttLey, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 54, p. 92, 1929 (Ontong 
Java, Lord Howe Group, Melanesia).—McCuttocu, Austral. Mus. Mem., 
vol. 5, p. 37, 1929 (Queensland; South Australia).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 19381 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, 
p. 112, 1931 (reference).—Herre, Field Mus, Nat. Hist. Publ. 353, zool. ser. 
vol. 21, p. 32, 1986 (Fiji, New Hebrides, Solomons).—Fow ter, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 24, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea flosmaris RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 305, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Seas; Canton, Canton River).—GitnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 412, 1868 (copied). 

Clupea macassariensis BLeEKeR, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 3, p. (69) 72, 1849 
(type locality : Macassar). 

Clupeoides macassariensis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 
p. 17, 1852. 

Sardinella sirm (not Walbaum) JorpAN and Seater, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 
28, 1905, p. 770, 1906 (Negros). 

Sardinella clupeoides (not Bleeker) JorDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 28, 1905, p. 770, 1906 (Negros). 


Depth 4 to 544; head 234 to 4%, width 21% to 244. Snout 31% to 4 
in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 324, greater than snout to subequal 
with age, always greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches to or 
slightly beyond front eye edge, expansion 2 to 214 in eye, length 214 
to 3 in head from snout tip; interorbital 344 to 51/4, little convex. 
Gill rakers 6 to 10+21 to 30, finely lanceolate, little longer than gill 
filaments or 34 to eye. 

Scales 32 to 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 more 
on latter; 7 to 9 transverse, 12 to 15 predorsal. Scales with 2 to 7 
vertical striae, often irregular. 

D. 1, 9 or m1, 10, first branched ray 124 to 134 in total head length; 
A. 1, 7, 1 or 1, 8,1, first branched ray 4 to 414; caudal 124 to 14, 
forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 244 to 314; pectoral 134 to 
17%; ventral 1% to 214. 

Back slaty, line of demarcation above eye well contrasted from 
silvery white of eye and lower surface. Fins pale. 

Zululand, Natal, Mauritius, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, 
China, Queensland, Lord Howe Island, Melanesia, Micronesia, Poly- 
nesia, Hawaii. I cannot but think that Richardson’s account, based 


564 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


on a drawing, must pertain to this fish. The only disagreement is 
his statement “Length of figure 6 inches” whereas Stolephorus deli- 
catulus reaches only 80 mm. This would hardly be an exaggeration 
of his artist? In life Stolephorus delicatulus has the back dark blue, 
well contrasted with the bright silvery white sides and lower surfaces. 


38 examples. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length, 31-48 mm. 

98 examples. Balalo Bay. Electric light. December 20, 1908. Length, 27-54 mm. 

1 example. Balamban, Cebu. April 2, 1908. Length, 70 mm. 

5 examples. Balikias Bay. July 14, 1909. Length, 65-74 mm. 

9308. Biri Channel. June 1, 1909. Length, 46 mm. 

8 examples. Bongao Anchorage. February 22, 1908. Length, 42-65 mm. 

4 examples. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 28-28 mm. 

45 examples. Cagayan, Sulu Island. January 8, 1909. Length, 33-65 mm. 

15081, 15082, 15084. Capulaan Bay, Pigbilao Island. February 24, 1909. 
Length, 64-70 mm. 

18 examples. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length, 33-72 mm. 

19892. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum. January 6, 1910. Length, 52-60 mm. 9 
examples. 

D. 5451. East Point (Batan Island), S. 38° E., 8.2 miles (lat. 13°22’22”’ N.. 
long. 124°00’48’’ E.). June 5, 1909. Length, 20 mm. 

34 examples. Catbalogan, Samar. April 16, 1908. Length, 55-73 mm. 

3 examples. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 58-58 mm. [1891.] 

2 examples. Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 74-79 mm. 

7389. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Sanrar. July 28, 1909. Length. 39 mm. 

26 examples. Grande Island reef. Dynamite. January 8, 1908. Length, 
36-72 mm. 

35 examples. Guijulugan, Negros. April 2, 1908. Length, 28-46 mm. 

64 examples. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 8, 1909. Length, 57-70 mm. 

6 examples. Jolo anchorage, Jolo. March 5, 1908. Length, 30-64 mm. 

7744 to 7749. Jolo market, Jolo. February 12, 1908. Length, 81-84 mm. ~ 

14684. Langao Point, Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length, 57-68 mm. 13 examples. 

8727. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length, 56 mm. 

15660, 15661. Mactan Island. March 25, 1909. Length, 55-59 mm. 

19 examples. Maculabo Island. June 13, 1909. Length, 17-25 mm. 

7875. Maculabo Island. June 14, 1909. Length, 53-75 mm. 5 examples. 

1 example. Malcochin Harbor, Malcochin Island. December 18, 1908. Length, 
24 mm. 

27 examples. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length, 38-64 mm. 

16 examples. Maribojac, Bohol. March 25, 1909. Length, 33-57 mm. 

277 examples. Matnog Bay, Luzon. May 31, 1909. Length, 18-64 mm. 

1 example. Nogas Point, Panay. February 3, 1908. Length, 60 mm. 

3 examples. Panubatan Bay, Mindanao. February 5, 1908. Length, 41-60 
mm. 

15651 to 15658. Paron Point, Luzon. June 21, 1909. Length, 58-60 mm. 

2 examples. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 41-43 mm. 

69 examples. Port Galera, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 28-76 mm. 

47 examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 35-63 mm. 

2examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 39-43 mm. 

4 examples. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908. Length, 
56-66 mm. 

4 examples. Romblon Harbor, Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length, 76-83 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 565 


13 examples. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 
20-79 mm. 

11 examples. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 25, 1908. Length, 
52-83 mm. 

§280. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay. June 4, 1909. Length, 40 mm. 

22072. Santa Cruz, Marinduque Island. April 24, 1908. Length, 62-72 mm. 

10 examples. Tataan, Simalue Island. February 10, 1908. Length 60-75 mm. 

22623. Tataan anchorage. February 21, 1908. Length, 65-80 mm. 5 examples. 

103896, 10461, 10462. Tilig, Lubang Island. July 14, 1908. Length, 55-62 mm. 

b4 examples. Tumindao Island, Anchorage. February 25, 1908. Length, 
49-86 mm. 

27 examples. Veradero Bay, Luzon, July 22, 1908. Length, 21-58 mm. 

1 example. Veradero Harbor, Luzon. July 22, 1908. Length, 21 mm. 
Damaged. 

387 examples. Veradero Bay, Luzon. July 28, 1908. Length, 26-68 mm. 

12988, 14348. Tobea Island. December 14, 1909. Length, 68 mm. 

8 examples. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length, 25-39 mm. 

4 examples. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length, 58-70 mm. 

19892. Daisy Island, west of Bumbum. January 6, 1910. Length, 60 mm. 

12 examples. Langao Point. June 24, 1909. Length, 57-68 mm. 

4 examples. Maculabo Islands. June 14, 1909. Length, 53-75 mm. 

20 examples. Powatik Harbor, Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length, 
58-58 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51956. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 88-40 
mm., caudal ends broken. 2 examples. As Sardinella clupeoides. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52028. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 62 
mm. As Sardinella sirm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52237. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (07546). Length, 31- 
50 mm. 12 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56062. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4009). Length, 
38-52 mm. 37 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56254. Bulan, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (8756). Length, 
43-66 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 66042. Gilbert Islands. Albatross collection. 15 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 66043. Arhno Atoll. Albatross collection. 49 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 66044. Rangiroa, Paumotus. Albatross collection. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 88005. Tongatabu. Length 32 and 33 mm. 4 examples. 

A.N.S.P. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 50-62 mm. 7 


examples. 
STOLEPHORUS ALBURNUS (Kner) 


Alausa alburnus KNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 54, p. 
387, pl. 1, fig. 16, 1866 (type locality : “Valparaiso, Chile”).—ScHMELTz, Cat. 
Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 25, 1869 (Samoa). 

Spratelioides alburnus ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 37, 1874 
(Samoa); No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Samoa).—P6ut, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, 
p. 39, 1884 (Samoa).—Gutnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 384, 1909 
(Samoa). 

Stolephorus alburnus Fow ier, Mem. Bishop Mus., voL 10, p. 29, 1928 (com- 
piled) ; vol. 11, p. 315, 1931 (reference). 


Depth 514; head 344. Snout 334 in head from snout tip; eye 324, 
equals snout; maxillary reaches front eye edge, length 214 in head 
from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 24 eye diameter, level. 


566 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 2 more on 
latter; 6 transversely, about 16 predorsal. Scales small on breast 
and at pectoral base. Fins, except caudal base, scaleless. 

D. 1, 11 (11 or 12 in description), second branched ray 144 in 
total head length; A. 12 (11 or 12 in description), fin length 2; 
caudal 134, little concave behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; 
pectoral 134 ; ventral 214. 

Back dark, sides and below whitish, without silvery lateral band. 
Fins uniform. Length, 51mm. (Kner.) 

Samoa. Not seen since originally described. 


STOLEPHORUS ROBUSTUS (Ogilby) 


Spratelloides robustus Octtry, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 64, 
1897 (type locality: “Coast of New South Wales” [=Maroubra]). 

Stolephorus robustus Wattr, Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 12, 
1904; Ree. Austral. Mus., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 195, 1906 (Queenscliffe).—Ocitey, 
Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 5, 1908 (Southport River) ; Commercial 
Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 1915; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5. p. 
98, 1916 (South Queensland coast).—McCutxocu, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 18, 
pt. 2, p. 42, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1920 (Sydney and Port Hacking; Bulwer, Queens- 
land; Queenscliffe, Victoria ; Tasmania).—WaArttTE, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 38, fig. 55, 1921—McCuttocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 131, 1925 (reference).—WuIt Ley, Australian Zoologist, 
vol. 4, p. 228, 1926 (North West Islet, ejected by white-capped noddies).— 
McCurtocH, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 51a, 1927.— 
WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 16, p. 4, 1927 (Michaelmas Key, North 
West Islet, Moreton Bay; Port Hacking and Shellharbor, New South 
Wales; Queenscliffe; off Derwent River, Tasmania; types)—McCuLtocuH, 
Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 37, 1929 (reference). 

Spratelloides delicatulus (not Bennett) Zimetz, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Australia, 
vol. 32, p. 295, 1908. 


Depth 5 to 514; head 334 to 41%, width 224 to 234. Snout 314 to 
314 in head from snout tip; eye 8 to 344, 1 to 11% in snout, greater 
than interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 2 to 
21%, length 2°4 to 27% in head from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 
4V5 to 414, but slightly elevated, largely level, sides and top of head 
with some venules. Gill rakers 12+ 28, lanceolate, 114 in eye; gill 
filaments 24 gill rakers. 

Scales 36 to 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 8 or 4 
more on latter, narrowly imbricated; 9 transversely, 14 predorsal. 
Axillary ventral scale half fin length. Scales with 1 or 2 transverse 
vertical striae, of which only one may be complete; circuli as parallel 
vertical close set striae, none apical. 

D. u, 9, first branched ray 124 to 11% in total head length; A. n, 
7, first branched ray 31% to 314; caudal 11% to 114, moderately forked, 
lobes broad; least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 314; pectoral 134 
to 144; ventral 124 to 134. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 567 


Back neutral dusky to brown, sides and below silvery white. Iris 
white. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, lower fins whitish. 
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. 


U.S.N.M. No. 48824. Port Jackson. J. D. Ogilby. Length, 506-86 mm. 6 ex- 
amples. Cotypes [paratypes]? of Spratelloides robustus. 


STOLEPHORUS JAPONICUS (Houttuyn) 


Atherina japonica Houtruyn, Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Haarlem, vol. 20, p. 340, 
1782 (type locality: Japan).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1397, 
1789 (Japan).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 111, 1801 (copied). 

Siolephorus japonicus LactripE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 381, 382, 1803 
(Japan).—JorpAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 
(Negros).—SmirH and Pork, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 462, 1906 
(Susaki).—JorpDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 629, 1906 
(Wakanoura, Nagasaki, Heda, Osaka).—Snypbrr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
42, p. 403, 1912 (Nagasaki).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo 
Mus. Vertebrata, p. 184, 1920 (Tokyo market).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 1928 (compiled); vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 1931 (refer- 
ence).—ScumiptT, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 19, 
1931 (Nagasaki).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 353, zool. ser. vol. 21, 
p. 33, 1986 (Tahiti). 

Spratelloides japonicus Mori, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 
(Fusan, Korea).—TanakA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 47, 1983. 

Engraulis commersonianus (not Lacépéde) RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, 
p. 808, 1846 (compiled). 

Clupea gracilis SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, p. 2388, 
pl. 108, fig. 2, 1846 (type locality: Southeast coasts of Nagasaki). 

Spratelloides gracilis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootseh. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 18, 
1853; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 96, pl. (8) 266, fig. 2, 1866-72 
(Celebes and Ternate).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 6, p. 465, 
1868 (Japan; type of Clupea argyrotaenia).—KLUNZINGER. Verh. zool.-bot. 
Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 601, 1871 (Red Sea).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 5, p. 37, 1874 (Viti Levu).—MartTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 
p. 405, 1876 (Nagasaki).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 58, 
1879 (Viti Levu).—PéuL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 (Viti 
Levu).—Ocirpy, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 72, 1889 (Lord Howe 
Island).—ISHIKAWA and MATsuuRA, Prelim. Cat. Fish. Mus. Tokyo, p. 8, 
1897.—STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 25, p. 456, 1900 (Ternate and 
Batjan).—JorDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 58, 1901 
(southeast Japan).—Borsierr, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, 
vol. 4, p. 218, 1904 (Nocra).—GtnrnHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 
384, 1909 (Fiji) —Weser and BreAurokrt, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 20, fig. 12, 1913 (Kangeang Islands; Obi Major; Nusa Laut; 
Banda ).—Herre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 
(Dumaguete) .—HARpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 215, 1933 (Temiang 
Island, Lingga Archipelago, Sumatra ).—GrRuUVEL and CHABANAUD, Mém. Inst. 
Egypte, vol. 35, p. 4, 1987 (Gulf of Suez).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 23, 1987 (Dumaguete). 

Stolephorus gracilis EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, (1906), 
p. 53, 1907 (Bacon).—Fowterr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 24, 19388 (reference). 


156761—40——37 


568 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea argyrotaeniata BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 3, p. 72, 1849 (type 
locality, Macassar, southwest Celebes). 

Clupea argyrotaenia REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, pt. 6, p. 276, 1914 
(Mimika River, New Guinea). 


Depth 61% to 614; head 4 to 414, width 214 to 3. Snout 3 to 314 
in head from snout tip; eye 325 to 344, 11% to 114 in snout, 14 to % 
greater than interorbital; adipose lid rather narrow along hind eye 
edge; maxillary reaches 14 to ¥% in eye, expansion 11% to 134 in eye, 
length 234 to 224 in head from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 514 
to 614, nearly level; sides and top of head venulose. Gill rakers 
18+ 28, finely lanceolate, twice gill filaments or 114 in eye. 

Scales (pockets) 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 
more on latter; 8 scales transversely, 13 predorsal. Scales with 2 
or 3 transverse radiating striae, often connected at middle of scale; 
circuli partly concentric, basal, none apical. 

D. 11, 11 or m1, 10, first branched ray 13% to 124 in head; A. m1, 12 
or 11, 11, first branched ray 4 to 444; caudal 114 to 124, well forked, 
lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3% to 4; pectoral 134 
to 1%; ventral 2 to 214. 

Back light brownish, under surfaces still paler. Side of head and 
iris silvery white. Broad silvery white lateral band, expanding 
over anal until wide as eye, its upper edge bounded all along by 
neutral gray line. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, lower fins still 
paler to whitish, 

Red Sea, East Indies, Philippines, Japan, Korea, Lord Howe 
Island, Polynesia. 


7 examples. Bongao anchorage. Electric light. February 22, 1908. Length, 
33-44 mm. 

5 examples. Bulan Island, Sanaleo Group. Hlectric light. September 13, 1909. 
Length, 35-54 mm. 

7 examples. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 23, 1908. Length, 33-40 mm. 

46 examples. Grande Island reef. Dynamite. January 8, 1908. Length, 23- 
48 mm. 

19 examples. Isabella Basilan. September 11, 1909. Length, 40-68 mm. 

3 examples. Jolo. Electric light. February 7, 1908. Length, 40-46 mm. 

1 example. Lucena anchorage. LHlectric light. February 24, 1909. Length, 
43 mm. 

5 examples. Matnog Bay. Seine 150 feet. May 31, 1909. Length, 58-67 mm. 

11 examples. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 21, 1909. From stomach 
of No. 9840. Length 45-57 mm. (?) 

14 examples. Occidental Negros. January 22, 1909. Length, 52-58 mm. 

204 examples. Philippines. Length, 38-55 mm. 

144 examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 33-57 mm. 

27 examples. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 31- 
53 mm. 

1 example. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque Island. April 24, 1908. Length, 
34 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 569 


4 examples. Tataan Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 21, 1908. Length, 
41-53 mm. 

1 example. Tumindao Island anchorage. Electric light. February 26, 1908. 
Length, 40 mm. 

5 examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. Electric light. July 22, 1908. Length, 
26-37 mm. 

6 examples. Varadero Bay. Electric light. July 23, 1908. Length, 25-52 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52019. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Bean. Length, 50-54 
mm. 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56169. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (3501). Length, 
57 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59785. Susaki, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 77-78 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62342. Nagasaki, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 60-94 mm. 
50 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 70781. Kagoshima, Japan. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 79- 
94 mm. 10 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 87648. Tahiti, Society Islands. J. M. Clements. Length, 33 mm. 


STOLEPHORUS MADAGASCARIENSIS (Sauvage) 


Spratelloides madagascariensis SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1882, p. 160 
(type locality: Madagascar); Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 496, pl. 
48, fig. 2, 1891 (type). 

. Spratelloides aestuarius GILCHRIST, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 
55, fig., 1918 (type locality: Zwartkops River, Port Elizabeth; tidal rivers 
East London; Princess Vlei, Cape Peninsula).—REGAN, Ann. Durban Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 167, 1916 (Durban).—GiLcHRIst and THompson, Ann. Durban 
Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 296, 1917 (reference).—BARNARD, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 109, 1925 (False Bay, Port Elizabeth, East London, 
Natal). 

Gilchristella aestuarius FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 
365, fig. 4, 1985 (Blue lagoon, Natal). 

Depth 5; head 334. Snout 334 in head from snout tip; eye 4, 1144 
in snout; maxillary reaches front eye edge, length 234 in head from 
snout tip; mandible apparently slightly protruded; interorbital low, 
scarcely elevated. 

Scales 38 in median lateral series to caudal base and 2 more on 
latter; 9 transversely, about 19 predorsal. 

D. m1, 13, first branched ray 114 in total head length, origin slightly 
behind ventral origin; A. 16 branched rays (description gives A. 19), 
fin length 114 in head, first branched ray 314; caudal 314 in combined 
head and body to caudal base, well forked, long lobes pointed; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 2% in head; pectoral 114; ventral 17%. 

Brownish, broad silvery band from head to caudal. Length, 60 
mm. (Sauvage.) 

South Africa, Natal, Madagascar. Though I have identified the 
South African form with the present species the figure by Sauvage 
differs a little from his description. Possibly owing to an artist’s 
mistake ?, the belly shows 9 preventral denticles and 7 postventral! 


570 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Barnard describes Spratelloides aestuarius with depth of body equal 
to length of head, 4 to 414 in length, A. 18 to 21 and beginning 
under end of dorsal and ventral wholly in front of dorsal. 


A.N.S.P., eight examples. Blue lagoon, in enclosed water. August 2, 1933. 
H. W. Bell-Marley. Length, 44-51 mm. 


Genus DUSSUMIERIA Valenciennes 


Dussumieria VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 467, 1847. (Type, Dus- 
sumieria acuta Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Body elongate, more or less compressed. Snout pointed. Eyes 
with very thin, wide, adipose lids. Jaws equal. Mouth bordered 
by very small premaxillary and maxillary, latter with 2 supplemental 
bones. Small teeth in jaws, in villiform patches on palatines, ptery- 
goids and tongue, none on vomer. Gill membranes separate and free 
from isthmus. Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals 15 to 20, 
very fine. Scales moderate, thin, very deciduous. Dorsal opposite 
ventrals, origin of fin nearer caudal than end of snout. Anal small, 
far behind dorsal. 

Chabanaud has described and figured a fish which he refers to the 
present genus, though its entirely different appearance suggests the 
Atherinidae. This is seen in the elevated pectoral, the opposed pos- 
terior second dorsal and anal, and advanced ventral. The first dorsal 
is unique in that it is well premedian in the body, over the ventral, 
and composed of a spine and 5 branched rays. It may be found 


as follows: 
DUSSUMIERIA PRODUCTISSIMA Chabanaud 


Dussumieria productissima CHABANAUD, Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, No. 627, 
p. 4, fig. 3 (tongue), p. 4 (gill raker), pp. 5-6 (scales), 1983 (type 
locality: Gulf of Suez; Grand Lac Amer, Isthmus of Suez; Lac Timsah, 
Isthmus of Suez); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 58, p. 289, 1933 (above 
materials). —GruvEL and CHABANAUD, Mém. Inst. Egypte, vol. 35, p. 3, fig. 3, 
1937 (types). 


Gruvel and Chabanaud say it is more elongate than Dussumieria 
hasseltt% Bleeker, has more numerous gill rakers (29 to 34 in place of 
19 to 24), also more numerous anal rays (17 to 19 in place of 16). 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


BNA tCeT Aly: SCAT OS eA OO RAD Aoi eg Rs EE ee acuta 
a witateralscaless 52 stor pGtweee ae 2 es LO ei aes ea hasseltii 


DUSSUMIERIA ACUTA Valenciennes 


Dussumieria acuta VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 467, pl. 606, 1847 
(type locality : Bombay, Coromandel).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 18, p. 1268,1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore) .—JErRpon, Madras 
Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 145, 1851.—BierxKker, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal}, vol. 25, p. 73, 1853 (reference).—KwNer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 3380, 
1865 (Java and Manila).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 226, 1865.—GUNTHER, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 571 


Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 466, 1868 (Sarawak and Pinang).—BLEEKER, 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 94, pl. (18) 271, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java, 
Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Borneo, Celebes, Batjan, 
Amboina) ; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 275, 1868 
(Obi Island); Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 118, 1874 (Chinese 
drawing).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 647, pl. 166, fig. 4, 1878 (Sind, 
India, Malabar).—BLreKer, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol 18, p. 3, 
1879 (China).—MActeEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 278, 
1884 (Hood Bay, New Guinea).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, math. nat. kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 157, 1907 (Gischin).—BraN and WEED, 
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Pelaboen Ratoe, Java ).—WEBER, 
Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 3, 1913 (Macassar).—WerBER and BEAU- 
ForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 21, fig. 138, 19138 
(Batavia).—Fow Ler and Bran, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, p. 2, 1923 
(Cebu).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 481, 1924 (Singora).— 
CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 7, 1926 (Gulf 
of Siam).—VINcIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 622, 1926 (Sarawak).—Fow.Lrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 80, 1928 
(copied).—Priutay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, No. 2, p. 355, 
1929 (Travancore).—TiRaNnt, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo Chine, 6° Note, 
p. 122, 1929 (Cochin China).—DERaNIvaGaLa, Spoilia Zeylanica, vol. 15, 
p. 83, 1929.—Fowtrr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 598, 1930 
(Hong Kong) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 118, 1981 (reference).—DERANI- 
YAGALA, Ceylon Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 82, 1983.—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, 1984 (Sanoer, Bali).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 55, p. 251, pl. 1, fig. 5 (scale), 1984 (Orani; Manila).—Fowter, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 90, 1935 (Paknam; Bangkok) ; 
vol. 89, p. 130, 1987 (Paknam; Tachin).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 22, 1937 (reference).—Suvarti, Index Fish. 
Siam, p. 12, 19387 (reference).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 24, 1938 
(reference). 

Dussumieria elopsoides BLEEKER, Vehr. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 12, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaya, 
Java); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 294, 1868 (Rio, 
Bitang), p. 300, 1868 (Waigiu).—GunTHeErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 466, 1868 (type; part). 


Depth 37%; head 324, width 224. Snout 335 in head from snout 
tip; eye 33%, 1 in snout, greater than interorbital, adipose lids nar- 
row and marginal; maxillary reaches 44 to snout, expansion 134 in 
eye, length 314) in head from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 4, but 
slightly elevated, level; side of head, occiput and humeral region 
venulose. Guill rakers 11+21, lanceolate, 7% of gill filaments or 14 in 
eye. 

Scales (fallen) 48 in median lateral series to caudal base and 7 
more on latter; 12 transversely, 23 predorsal. Scales with 5 trans- 
verse vertical complete striae and 6 short marginals basally; circull 
as fine transverse vertical striae, none apical. 

D. 1, 12, first branched ray 144 in head; A. m1, 13, 1, first branched 
ray 3144; caudal 1, deeply forked, lobes narrowly triangular; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 124; ventral 214. 


Die BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Back drab-brown, also occiput. Side of body, head, and under 
surface paler brown. Dorsal and caudal pale brown, lower fins 
whitish. Iris grayish. 

Red Sea, India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Pinang, East 
Indies, Philippines, China. 


2 examples. Jolo. Hlectrie light. February 7, 1908. Length, 28 mm. 

20158. Jolo market. February 11, 1908. Length, 84 mm. 

1 example. Sebatic Island, Borneo. October 1, 1909. Length, 68 mm. 

38 examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 21-23 mm. 

1 example. Varadero Harbor. Electric light. July 22, 1908. Length, 
40 mm. 

1 example. D. 5561. September 19, 1909. Length, 18 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72494. Palaboean Ratoe, Wynkoops Bay, Java. October 1909. 
Bryant and Palmer. Length, 158 mm. Very poor specimen. 

U.S.N.M. No. 84176. Philippine Islands. Dr. Fred Baker. Length, 140 mm. 


DUSSUMIERIA HASSELTII Bleeker 


Dussumieria hasseltii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland, Indié, vol. 1, p. 422, 
1850 (type locality: Batavia, Cheribon, Samarang, Surabaya) ; Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Chirocent.), vol. 24, p. 18, 1852; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 95, pl. (18) 271, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Singa- 
pore, Celebes, Batjan, Obi-major, Amboina).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 647, pl. 166, fig. 5, 1878 (Canara, Coromandel); Fauna British 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 399, 1889.—JorpaAN and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 27, 1907, p. 236, 1908 (Manila).—BrAN and WEED, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Batavia).—WeserR and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 23, 1913 (Batavia, Banju- 
wangi, Balikpapan, Lombok).—OcimrBy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, 
p. 184, 1915 (Cape York); vol. 5, p. 98, 1916 (Cape York).—Fow er, 
Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 
vol. 30, No. 1, p. 39, 1924 (Calicut)—DetsmMan, Treubia, vol. 6, p. 297, 
1925 (young).—McCutiocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 181, 1925 (reference). —Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (San Fernando; Orani; Orion).—FowLer and BEAN, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 71, p. 1, 1927 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—Mc- 
CutLocH, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 37, 1929 (Queensland) .— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 122, 1929 (Cochin- 
china ).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 100, 1931 (Bagan Si Api 
Api).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 113, 1931 (reference). —CHEVEY, 
Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° Note, p. 8, 1932 (Cochin China).—Herrre, 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931 p. 14, 1934 (Gulf of Lingayen; Uni- 
san; La Paz; Cebu).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 252, pl. 1, 
fig. 2 (scale), 1934 (Luzon; Samar; Panay; Guimaras).—Roxas and MARTIN, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 22, 1937 (reference).—HERRE 
and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Singapore; near Ma- 
lacca; Kuala Muda, Kedah).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 24, 1988 
(reference). 

Dussumieria hasselti Wrsrr, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 3, 1913 (Sa- 
leyer.)—HorAa and MUKERJI, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 38, p. 18, 1986 (Maung- 
magan, Burma). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 573 


Dussumieria elopsoides (not Bleeker) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 
7, p. 466, 1868 (part; Amboyna; Amoy).—MeEyeEr, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. 
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 (Manila Bay).—Eurra, Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 584, 1895 (Luzon; Manila).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 328, 1902 (Kotosho).—DUNcKER, Mitt. Natur- 
hist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 186, 1904 (Kuala Lumpur).—Fow ter, Journ. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang).— 
JORDAN and SEALs, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906, p. 5 (1907) (Cavite).— 
JORDAN ‘nd RiIcHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 p. 286, 1908 
(Iloilo) ; Mem., Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 166, 1909 (copied Jordan and 
Evermann, 1902).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 
205 (Padang examples). 

Elops javanicus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 95, 1866-72 (name in synonymy). 

Dussumieria acuta (part) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 647, 1878 (copied). 


Depth 5 to 514; head 314 to 334, width 27% to 224. Snout 3 to 349 
in head from snout tip; eye 334 to 334, 11% to 11% in snout, greater 
than interorbital, adipose lids moderate; maxillary not or quite 
reaches eye, expansion 3 to 314 in eye, length 3 to 314 in head from 
snout tip; row of rather long, slender, uniform teeth in each jaw, 
also extend along each maxillary edge, on palatines and down tongue 
medially; interorbital 4 to 424, broadly convex; opercle and sides 
of head smooth. Gill rakers 12+26, finely lanceolate, slender, longer 
than gill filaments or 1% of eye. 

Scales 45 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more on 
latter; 12 scales transversely, 24 predorsal. Scales very caducous. 
Scales with 3 or 4 vertical parallel striae; 8 to 11 basal radiating 
striae and 15 to 20 apical marginal striae; circuli fine. 

D. rv, 14, 1 to rv, 16, 1, first branched ray 2 to 214 in total head 
length; A. m1, 12, 1, first branched ray 4 to 6144; caudal 1 to 114, 
well forked, slender lobes pointed, equal; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 27% to 334; pectoral 2 to 2149; ventral 214 to 22. 

Pale brownish, back dusky above, also dusky line from shoulder 
to caudal base medianly. Iris and side of head silvery white. Fins 
pale, dorsal lobes dusky terminally. 

India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, For- 
mosa, China, Queensland. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72495. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 147 


mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72496. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 82 


mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72497. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 90 


mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72498. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 89-118 


mm. 7 examples. 
2 examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 95-97 mm. 


pa 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 


574 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Length, 176 mm. When fresh in arrack faded, back bluish slaty, darker 
above, sides and lower surface silvery. Head mostly silvery. Fins pale, 
pectoral with rudimentary ray dusky at base. 


The following young clupeids are likely the present species: 


1 example. Balamban, Cebu. April 2, 1908. Length, 25mm. 
1 example. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 22 mm. 
1 example. San Vicente Harbor, Luzon shore. November 13, 1908. Length, 
27 mm. 
Genus ETRUMEUS Bleeker 


Etrumeus BULEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 58, 1853. 
(Type, Clupea micropus Schlegel, monotypic.) 

Perkinsia Rosa SmirH, Amer. Nat., Feb. 1891, p. 153. (Type, Perkinsia othonops 
Rosa Smith, monotypic.) 

Montalbania Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 244, 1934. 
(Type, Hirumeus albulina Fowler, orthotypic.) 

Body rather elongate, scarcely compressed. Eye entirely covered 
with adipose lids. Mouth moderately wide, terminal. Supple- 
mentary maxillary very rounded. Teeth sparse on maxillary and 
lower jaws; patches of villiform teeth on vomer, pterygoids and 
tongue. Gull rakers long. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchioste- 
gals 15. Scales cycloid, entire, very deciduous. Anal rays 9 to 11, 
rays very short and low and last one slightly enlarged. Ventral en- 
tirely behind dorsal. 

Species few, without a silvery lateral band. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. MoNTALBANIA. Body deeper, depth 4% to 5; gill rakers 15+-25; lateral 


ScaleSt4Oito v4oiw. Mes leis _ ee tse Ba ial SU aay Eee eee albulina 
a’, ErRUMEvuS. Body more elongate, depth 51% to 7; gill rakers 13 to 16+33 to 
Bo lateraluscalesna+: tons Gs soe Se se aie eS a ey eee ed micropus 


Subgenus MONTALBANIA Fowler 


Distinguished from subgenus H'trwmeus by its deeper body, slightly 
larger scales and fewer gill rakers. 

For Heraclio R. Montalban, in appreciation of his studies on 
Philippine fishes. 


ETRUMEUS ALBULINA Fowler 
FIGURE 14 


Hirumeus albulina Fow rer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 244, 
fig. 7, 1984 (type locality: Iloilo, Philippines; East Indies).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dep. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 28, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 434 to 5; head 314 to 334, width 214 to 244. Snout 27% to 8 
in head measured from snout tip; eye 3 to 334, 11% to 114 in snout, 
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 44 to 54 to eye, expansion 

3 to 31% in eye, length 244 to 314 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 575 


simple, slender, uniserial in jaws, those on each side of mandible little 
larger; row of small fine teeth on each palatine, none on vomer; in- 
terorbital 414 to 5, level; side and top of head, finely and rather 
feebly venulose. Gill rakers 15+25, finely lanceolate, 1% eye; gill 
filaments 34 of gill rakers. 

Scales very caducous, fallen from most all specimens, 40 to 42 
(pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on 
latter; 15 or 16 transversely, 23 to 28 predorsal. Scales with basal 
half with 3 or 4 short, marginal, basal striae; apically without fine 
transverse parallel striae or circuli but membranous outer portion 
with 25 to 30 horizontal parallel fine marginal striae. 

D. rv, 13, 1 or tv, 14, 1, first branched ray 2 to 21% in total head 
length; A, m. 11, 1 to n, 14, 1, first branched ray 514 to 624; caudal 
1 to 14%, deeply forked and lobes sharply pointed; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 314 to 314; pectoral 134 to 134; ventral 234 to 244. 


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Figure 14.—Ztrumeus albulina Fowler: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 93136). 


Back uniform drab brown till level with upper eye edge, line of 
demarcation sharp from brilliant silvery white of body, sides of head 
and body. Snout rather pale brown, tip and mandible tip dusky. 
Dorsal and caudal pale brownish. Anal and paired fins whitish. 

Differs from Htrwmeus micropus in its deeper body, its depth 4 
to 414 compared with 514 to 7 in the Japanese species, in which it 
approaches Htrumeus jacksoniensis, differing from both in about only 
25 lower gill rakers. 


U.S.N.M. No. 93186, Iloilo. Bureau of Fisheries (14150). Length, 150 mm. 
June 1, 1908. Type. 

21931. Caiholo River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan. Length, 75-80 mm. 

5954, 5956. Cavite market. September 4, 1909. Length, 68-88 mm. 

5 examples. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 68-88 mm. [1904]. 

19404, 19407. Iloilo market. March 28,1908. Length, 75-115 mm. 3 examples. 

14150 to 14156. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 128-150 mm. [Type No. 
14150.] Paratypes. 

5150 to 5152. Manila market, Luzon. December 12 to 18, 1907. Length, 187— 
142 mm. 

22550 to 22553. Manila market. January 13, 1908. Length, 85-121 mm. 

21930 and 21932. Manila market. April 16,1909. Length, 130-136 mm. 


576 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


9 examples. Manila market. April 20, 1909. Length, 86-142 mm. [1529]. 

21 examples. Sorsogon market. March 12, 1909. Length, 87-128 mm. 

4 examples. Tacloban market. July 25, 1909. Length, 134-139 mm. 

A 1017. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1909. 
Length, 140 mm. 


Subgenus ETRUMEUS Bleeker 


Body elongately fusiform, depth over 5, lower gill rakers over 30 
and the lateral scales 44 or more. 


ETRUMEUS MICROPUS (Schlegel) 


Clupea micropus SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, p. 
236, pl. 107, fig. 2, 1846 (type locality: Southeast coast of Japan). 

Etrumeus micropus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 
(18)48, 1853 (Nagasaki); (Japan), vol. 26, p. 5, 1857 (Nagasaki); Act. 
Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 6, 1858 (Japan).—GtnrTHer, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 467, 1868 (Japan) —ISHIKAWA and MarTsuura, 
Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 8, 1897.—JorDAN and SNypDER, Annot. 
Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 53, 1901 (reference).—JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish 
Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 432, 1904 (Honolulu).—Snyover, Bull. U. S. Fish 
Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 521, 1904 (Honolulu).—Jorpan and EvERMANN, 
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1 (1903), p. 58, 1905 (Honolulu).— 
JORDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 628, 1906 (Nagasaki, 
Wakanoura, Misaki, Aomori, Tokyo).—KisHINoUyE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. 
Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 100, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1907—GUtnruer, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 385, 1909 (Japan, Hawaii, California).—GicHrRIst and 
THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 268, 1908-11 (Natal).— 
FRANZ, Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 5, 1910 (Yokohama; 
Aburatsubo).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 205 
(Honolulu).—GitcHrist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 56, 1913 
(Natal) .—GitcHRist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 295, 
1917 (reference).—IizuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. 
Vertebrata, p. 184, 1920 (Tokyo market).—Fowter, Copeia, No. 112, p. 82, 
1922 (Hawaii).—Fow.er and Batu, Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 5, 1925 (Lisi- 
ansky).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 108, 1925 (Port 
Elizabeth and Natal coast).—JorpAN and Hupgss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 
10, p. 120, 1925 (Misaki, Tokyo, Toba, Osaka, Kobe, Chosi).—Mort, Journ. 
Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan and Jinsen, Korea).— 
Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 29, 1928 (Honolulu, Hilo, Oahu).— 
SoLtpATov and LinpBercG, Bull. Pacific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 37, 1930 
(Far East seas).—ScHmmt, Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1980, p. 108 (Nag- 
asaki) ; Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. 8. R., vol. 11, p. 18, 1931 
(Kagoshima).—TANakA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 45, 1933.—FowLer, 
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, 19384, p. 410 (Natal). 

Etrumeus jacksoniensis MActEAy, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, 
p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1879 (type locality: Port Jackson) ; vol. 4, p. 382, 1880 
(Sydney Harbor) ; vol. 6, p. 261, 1881 (reference).—OcmBy, Cat. Fishes New 
South Wales, p. 56, 1886 (copied).—McCuLtocn, Rec. West. Australian 
Mus., vol 1, p. 211, pl. 29, 1914—Warrte, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 
2, No. 1, p. 36, fig. 51, 1921.—McCuLtocn, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 
2, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 50a, 1927; Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 37, 1929 
(reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 577 


Etrumeus jacksonensis OGILBy, Edible Fishes New South Wales, p. 186, 1893 
(Port Jackson). 

Perkinsia othonops Rosa SMITH, Amer. Nat., p. 153, Feb. 1891 (type locality: 
San Diego, Calif.). 

Depth 514 to 7; head 314 to 424, width 134 to 3. Snout 3 to 314 
in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 4, 114 to 114 in snout, greater than 
interorbital, adipose lid covers eye; maxillary reaches 7% or quite to 
eye, expansion 234 to 3 in eye, length 214 to 3 in head from snout 
tip; teeth feeble, obsolete or very minute; interorbital 4 to 51, little 
elevated, level medially; opercle smooth; cheek with numerous radi- 
ating venules. Guill rakers 14 to 16+33 to 35, slender, lanceolate, 
shghtly longer than gill filaments or 134 to 2 of eye. 

Scales (damaged) 47 to 55 in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 4 or 5 more on latter; 13 or 14 scales transversely at dorsal 
origin, 17 to 22 predorsal. Scales with 5 to 9 apical striae, also 2 
to 4 above and same below but not connected; circuli parallel, convex, 
fine, none basally, none on apical half of scale. 

D. m1, 15, 1 or 11, 16, 1, first branched ray 124 to 2 in total head 
length; A. mm, 8, 1, rarely ni, 7, 1, first branched ray 4% to 614; 
caudal 114 to 114, deeply forked, lobes slender, pointed; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 314 to 4; pectoral 114 to 17%; ventral 3 to 31%. 

Dusky lilac-brown on back, sides and below whitish. Iris white. 
Fins pale to whitish. 

South Africa, Natal, West Australia, South Australia, New South 
Wales, Japan, Korea, California. I am unable to separate the Aus- 
tralian form on the single small specimen listed below. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48815. Botany Bay, New South Wales. J. D. Ogilby. Length, 

126 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 44890. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 233 to 243 mm., 
caudals broken. 3 examples. 
U.S.N.M. No. 51029. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Fish. Comm. (03596). Length, 

235 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52695. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Fish. Comm. (2770). Length, 

248 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52775. Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Fish Comm. (03592). Length, 

216 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 551389. Honolulu. Albatross coilection. Length, 208 mm., caudal 
ends broken. 
U.S.N.M. No. 55441. Honolulu. Bureau of Fisheries (03115-03078). Length, 

120-155 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55444. Honolulu. Albatross collection. Length, 31-110 mm. 21 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55553. Hawaiian Islands. Dr. O. P. Jenkins. Length, 233 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57628. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 95-200 mm., caudal broken. 

In poor preservation. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62329. Misaki. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 107-125 mm., 
caudal broken. 2 examples, 


578 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 82905. Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. U. 8S. Exploring Expedition. 
Length, 180 mm., caudal damaged. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82906. Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. U. S. Exploring Expedition. 
Length, 150 mm., caudal damaged. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 28009 to 28018. Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 
70-216 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 28021. Hawaiian Islands. Bureau of Fisheries. 


Family CLUPEIDAE 


Body oblong or elongate, mostly compressed. Head usually com- 
pressed. Snout never prominent. Premaxillaries not protractile. 
Mouth rather large. Jaws usually nearly equal. Teeth small, fee- 
ble or absent. Hind lower part of opercular region often with 
angular emargination, tips of larger branchiostegals abruptly trun- 
cate. Gills 4, slit behind last. Gill membranes separate, free from 
isthmus. Branchiostegals 6 to 15. Pseudobranchiae present. Ver- 
tebrae 40 to 56. Ovaries with oviduct. Scales thin, loose, cycloid, 
sometimes pectinate. Belly rounded or compressed, always with 
bony serratures, with or without spines. Dorsal median or some- 
what posterior, rarely absent. Anal usually somewhat long. Caudal 
forked. Ventrals moderate or small. 

A large family found in all warm seas. Many of the species are 
noteworthy for their abundance in individuals. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a, CLUPEINAE. Anal moderate, rays 15 to 25; jaws equal; ventrals well 
developed. 
b*. One continuous anal. 
c’. Predorsal without median row of scutes. 
ad. Dorsal origin before ventral origin. 
e’. Upper jaw without median notch. 
f’. Last 2 anal rays equal, not enlarged. 
g. Vomer with patch of small persistent teeth; vertebrae 46 to 51. 
Clupea 
g. Vomer without persistent teeth; vertebrae 39 to 44__ Harengula 
f’. Last 2 anal rays enlarged; transverse grooves on scales paired, 
their inner ends separated by interspace. 
h*. Opercle smooth, with obsolete or few if any striae_ Sardinella 


h?. Opercle with radiating striae well developed________ Arengus 
e*. Upper jaw with distinct median notch. 
@. Lateral scales 40 to 50, transversely 18 to 20____ Macrura 
#. Lateral scales 75 to 100, transversely 27 to 34____ Gudusia 
“ Dorsalvorigziny behind ventral oricine ses en eae Kowala 


c¢. Predorsal as well as abdomen with median row of scutes. 
j. Premaxillaries little emarginate anteriorly; maxillary 
narrow; branchiostegals 8 or 9; dorsal insertion pre- 
TNE M.A as oe ee ee Nee Potamalosa 
j. Premaxillaries moderately emarginate anteriorly; maxil- 
lary wide; branchiostegals 4; dorsal insertion median 
OF>POStMed lan Sa Ln wig Sake ene ees Hyperlophus 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 579 


b°. Anal divided, second detached as 2 enlarged connected rays_----- Corica 
a*, ODONTOGNATHINAE. Anal very long, with more than 30 rays; lower jaw 
prominent; ventrals small or absent. 
k*. Toothed bone between terminal end of premaxillary and 
middle) of maxdllary==) 22S eee Pellona 
k*. Ligament between terminal end of premaxillary and 
middle of maxillary. 
iVentrals present=_/ a sar oe eae a Tlisha 
l’. No ventrals. 
m*. Dorsal present; maxillary broadly rounded behind, 
not extending beyond eye center__ Opisthopterus 
m*. Dorsal absent; maxillary tapers behind with age, 
extends to gill opening or beyond___-~~ Raconda 


Genus CLUPEA Linnaeus 


Clupea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 317, 1758. (Type, Clupea haren- 
gus Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 
p. 35.) 

Rogenia VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 248, 1847. (Type, Rogenia 
alba Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Uropiterina Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, vol. 8, p. 118, 1865. (Type, 
Uropterina platyrhachis Lioy, monotypic.)  (Fossil.) 

Maugeclupea Wuittey, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 382, 19382. (Type, 
Clupea bassensis McCulloch, orthotypic.) 


Body elongate, compressed. Maxillary reaches below anterior or 
middle part of eye. Lower jaw projects, upper not notched. Teeth 
minute, present or absent on vomer. Opercle smooth. Lower gill 
rakers 34 to 51. Scales 44 to 65 in medial lateral series, 12 to 16 trans- 
versely. WVertebrae 42 to 59. Dorsal rays 14 to 21, origin nearly 
median from snout tip and caudal base. Anal rays 14 to 23, last 2 
not enlarged. Caudal forked, without enlarged scales. Ventral rays 
7 to 10, inserted below or before middle of dorsal. 

Species rather few and found in the cooler seas of the globe. In 
northern seas the individuals are often excessively numerous, 
Spawning marine. 

The reference to Clupea cultrata in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 
3, p. 367, 1834, is of uncertain identity. Called “Chalwa” and “The 
Jumna runs about three miles south of the village, the Ganges 14 
miles north by east,” the ground was “strewed with fish, in number 
not less than three or four thousand,” evidently having fallen from 
a violent wind storm. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Ventral rays 9 (rarely 8 or 10), origin behind dorsal origin; vomer toothed; 
preopercle broad as opercle; lower gill rakers 40 to 51; D. 17 to 20; A. 14 
LODO VeELLEDracr oO ntOnO meee sete ae ek oe ee ee ee pallasii 

a’. Ventral rays 8, origin nearly opposite dorsal origin; vomer toothless, seldom 

with minute teeth; opercle broader than preopercle; lower gill rakers 
34 to 41; D. 15 to 19; A. 17 to 21; vertebrae 34 to 41. 


580 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


b*. Vomer toothed. 


c’. Depth 4%4; scales 48, transversely 13 or 14-___--___________ antipodum 

c’. Depth 8 to 3144; scales 43 or 44, transversely 10 or 11_-_--_______ miilleri 
b*. Vomer toothless. 
ad’. A. 18 to 21. 

ez Depth 8), s:scales:8O0r 4024 Ae a macrolepis 

e’. Depth 4% to 444; scales 44, transversely 12____________ bassensis 

@.. A, 280F 29; depth 314. 6s nde bhai eS CE el schlegelii 


CLUPEA PALLASII Valenciennes 


Clupea, pallasii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 253, 1847 (type 
locality: Kamtchatka).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 
31, p. 680, fig. 4, 1906 (Aomori, Otaru, Matsushima, Kushiro, Same, Petro- 
paulski).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 205 (types 
of Clupea mirabilis and Spratelloides bryoporus).—SNYDER, Proce. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 402, 1912 (Otaru; Fomokomai).—JorpDAN and Metz, 
Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 6, fig. 5, 1918 (copied) (Fusan; Chinnampo).— 
IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 183, 
1920 (Aomori).—FRASER, Contr. Canadian Biol. Toronto, No. 6, p. 9, 
1921 (Biology).—JorDAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 121, 
1925 (Kushiro and Hakodate).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol 
3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan and Genzan, Korea). 

Clupea pallasi JORDAN and SNypDER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 53, 1901 
(south to Nito). 

Clupea harengus pallasi SoLpATOV and LINDBERG, Bull. Pacific Soe. Fisher. Inst., 
vol. 5, p. 89, pl. 3, 1980 (Far Hast seas).—TaARANETZ, Bull. Pac. Sci. Inst. 
Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 54, fig. 32, 1987 (Far Hast seas). 

Clupea harengus subsp. pallasii ScuHmMipr, Trans. Pacific Comm, Acad. Sci. 
U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 20, 1981 (Fusan; Vladivostok). 

Clupea mirabilis GirarD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854, pp. 188, 154 
(type locality: San Francisco, Calif.) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., Zool., 
pt. 10, p. 829, 1858 (cotypes) ; p. 90, 1859 (cotypes). 

Clupea inermis BasiLewsky, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, p. 242, 
1855 (type locality: Oriental Sea, Pekin, North China).—GUnNtTHrER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 413, 1868 (copied). 

Spratelloides bryoporus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe., vol. 18, p. 25, 1873 (type 
locality: Sitka, Alaska). 

Clupea harengus (not Linnaeus) ISHIKAWA and Marsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 
Mus. Tokyo, pp. 8, 9, 1897 (Sagalen).—Tanaxka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, 
No. 42, 1938. 


Depth 3834 to 484; head 314 to 4384, width 224 to 314. Snout 3% 
to 4 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 214 to 5, 1 to 114 in snout, greater 
than interorbital; maxillary reaches % to 14 in eye, expansion 124 
to 114 in eye, length 2 to 214 in head from snout tip; no notch in 
front of upper jaw medially; jaws toothless except series of minute 
teeth along lower maxillary edge; narrow band of minute teeth on 
vomer, none on palatines; interorbital 314 to 534, slightly elevated, 
flat medially; opercle smooth. Gill rakers 18 to 20+35 to 48, slender, 
about 7% of eye; gill filaments 34 of gill rakers. 

Scales with 53 or 54 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 
or 5 more on latter; 13 or 14 transversely, 22 to 28 predorsal. Ab- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 581 


dominal serrae 27 to 30+ 12 or 18. Ventral axillary flap 3% fin length. 
Opercle and cheek with radiating venules. Scales with 4 or 5 trans- 
verse marginal striae above, sometimes one or several may be complete 
with age; circuli all transversely parallel, very fine, none apical. 

D. v, 18, 1, or 1v, 14, 1, first branched ray 1%9 to 2 in total head 
length; A. m1, 13, 1 or m1, 14, 1, first branched ray 4 to 414; caudal 
412 to 4% in rest of body, forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 
234 to 27 in total head length; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 214 to 21%. 

Back brown to dusky olive above, sides and below silvery white. 
Dorsal and caudal dusted grayish, fins otherwise whitish. 

China, Japan, Korea. Also north Pacific on coasts of North 
America. 


U.S.N.M. No. 44889. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 376-405 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48192. Otaru, Japan. S. Nozawa. Length, 195-305 mm. 38 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49452. Petropaulski Harbor, Kamtchatka. Albatross collection. 
August 13, 1896. Length, 149-185 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62340. Same, Riknoku, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 48-62 
mm. 11 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71116. Hokkaido, Japan. Albatross collection. 1906. Length, 
55-70 mm. 7 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 77498. Tokyo market (Aomori), Japan. Jordan and Snyder, 1900. 
Length, 270 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82602. Hakodate, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 60-108 
mm. 8 examples. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 1819 and 1820. San Francisco, California. Dr. A. L. Heermann. 
Length, 175-184 mm. Cotypes of Clupea mirabilis Girard. 

A.N.S.P. No. 1211. Sitka, Alaska. George Davidson. Length, 298 mm. Type of 
Spratelloides bryoporus Cope. In poor preservation. 


CLUPEA ANTIPODUM (Hector) 


Clupea sprattus var. antipodum Hector, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept., 
(Fishes New Zealand), p. 183, 1872 (type locality: Beach in Foveaux 


Strait; near Wellington). 
Clupea antipodum Watts, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 10, 1907 (refer- 
ence).—ReGAN, Ann. Mag. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 227, 1917 (Stewart Island ; 


type of Clupea holodon). 
Amblygaster antipodus WattTr, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 4, p. 817, 1912 


(reference). 
Clupea holodon RecGan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 18, p. 5, 1916 (type 
locality: Stewart Island, New Zealand). 


Depth 414; head 4 to 414. Eye 4 in head; maxillary reaches below 
front part of eye; elongate-ovate patch of teeth on vomer, broad ovate 
patch on tongue. Lower gill rakers 36. 

Scales 48 in medial lateral series; 13 or 14 transversely ; numerous 
radiating grooves at free edges of scales. Ventral scutes 21+ 12, 


keeled and pointed. 


982 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. 16 or 17, origin little nearer caudal base than snout end; A. 16 
to 18; caudal peduncle longer than deep; ventrals 8-rayed, inserted 
below dorsal origin; vertebrae probably not fewer than 46. Length, 
150 mm. (Regan.) 

New Zealand. 


CLUPEA MULLERI Klunzinger 


Clupea miilleri KioNzrncER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 
80, pt. 1, p. 416, 1879 (type locality: New Zealand). 

Clupea muelleri Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 228, 1917 (Otago 
and Canterbury). 

Depth 3 to 314; head 314 to 314, width 214 to 2142 Snout 31% in 
head from snout tip; eye 314, subequal with snout, greater than inter- 
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 124 in eye, length 2 in 
head from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 5, slightly concave. Gill 
rakers about 30 ?+387 ? finely lanceolate, equal eye; gill filaments 
about 24 gill rakers. 

Scales about 36 ? in median lateral series to caudal base, narrowly 
imbricated; 8 % between dorsal and ventral origins; about 17 pre- 
dorsal forward to occiput. Abdominal serrae 22+8. Scales with 3 
transverse conspicuous striae, of which 2 interrupted medially; circuli 
as close set parallel vertical striae. 

D. mt, 12, 1 ? (damaged), fin height about 134 ? in total head 
length; A. m, 14 ? (damaged), base length 134; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 21% ; pectoral 134; ventral 214. 

Brown, discolored and apparently back little darker, now dark 
gray. Iris dark gray. Fins brown. 

New Zealand. Regan mentions an elongate patch of teeth on 
vomer and ovate patch on tongue; lower gill rakers 36 to 39; scales 
43 or 45, 10 or 11 transversely; ventral scutes 19 or 20+9 to 11; 
vertebrae, 42; length, 100 mm. 


U.S.N.M. 39663. New Zealand. Otago University. Length, 89-90 mm., caudals 
broken. In very poor preservation. 


CLUPEA MACROLEPIS Steindachner 


Clupea, macrolepis StEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad, Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 41, pt. 1, p. 18, 1879 (type locality: Townsville, Cleveland Bay, Queens- 
land).—McCuttocu, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 38, 1929 (reference). 

Depth 314, body strongly compressed, upper profile less convex 
than lower; head over 414, high as long. Snout 4 in head; eye 
nearly 3; mouth cleft small; mouth and palate toothless. 

Scales 39 or 40 in median lateral series; 9 transversely. Caudal 
well scaled. Abdominal scutes 18+8, strong. 

D. 17, origin eye diameter nearer snout tip than caudal base, height 

11 in head; A. 20 to 21 ?, begins behind end of dorsal base, equals 

dorsal height; lower caudal lobe eye diameter longer than head; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 583 


least depth of caudal peduncle 214 in greatest body depth; pectoral 
scarcely half eye diameter shorter than head; ventral half of head, 
origin opposite dorsal origin. 
Silvery band on back to caudal. Ends of caudal lobes dotted 
blackish. Length, 80 mm. (Steindachner.) 
Queensland. 
CLUPEA BASSENSIS McCulloch 


Clupea (Pomolobus) bassensis McCuLtocn, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, p. 16, 
pl. 4, fig. 8, 1911 (type locality: Bass Strait and Tasmania); Australian 
Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 38, 1929 (reference). 

Clupea bassensis Rr@aan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 18, p. 5, 1916 
(Hobart).—WartTs, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 37, fig. 52, 1921.— 
WHITLEY, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1928, p. 45, 1929 (Tamar River, 
Launceston, Tasmania). 

Maugeclupea bassensis WHittry, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, p. 352, 1932 
(reference). 

Depth 424 to 444; head 314 to 4. Snout 3 in head from snout tip; 
eye 3,4, to 334, subequal with snout, narrow adipose lid in front and 
behind; maxillary reaches 14 or nearly 14 in eye, expansion 2, length 
21%, in head from snout tip; few wide spaced microscopic teeth in 
front of each jaw; interorbital 24 of eye, flat. 

Scales 44 in medial lateral series; 12 transversely; large and 
eycloid. Abdominal scutes 21+11. 

D.18(m1, 14), first branched ray 2 in total head length; A. 18 to 
20 (1m, 16), first branched ray 424; caudal 135, well emarginate; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 245; pectoral 114; ventral 224. 

Silvery, upper third of body dark blue. Scattered darker specks 
on jaws, preorbitals and caudal peduncle. Dorsal, caudal, and pec- 
toral rays dark spotted. Length, 177 mm. (McCulloch.) 

Scarcely distinct from Clupea fuegensis Jenyns, but vertebrae 
fewer (46 compared with 49 to 51). Scales 46 to 48 in medial lateral 
series, 12 to 14 transversely. Ventral fins inserted little in advance 
of dorsal origin. Length, 1830 mm. (Regan.) 

South Australia, Tasmania. 


CLUPEA SCHLEGELII (Castelnau) 


Meletta schlegelii CAsTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 93, 
1873 (type locality: Port Darwin). 

Clupea sclegelii MActmay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 259, 
1881 (reference) (error). 

Clupea schlegelii McCuttocH, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 38, 1929 (refer- 
ence). 

Depth 314, lower profile rather more convex than upper; head 4. 
Snout shorter than eye; eye 234 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in 
eye; lower jaw protrudes; minute teeth on palate, none on vomer ; 
cheeks, opercles and preopercle finely striated. 


156861—40——88 


584 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales regularly arranged, rather firm, strongly striated, edges 
finely crenulated. 

D. 19, end midway between snout and end of tail; A. 28 or 29; 
caudal deeply forked; pectoral rays 16, twice long as ventral; ven- 
tral origin opposite middle of dorsal. 

Bright silvery, back light purple. Front part of head and fins 
yellow. Opercle gilt. Length, 77 mm. (Castelnau.) 

Northern Australia. 


Genus HARENGULA Valenciennes 


Harengula VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 201, 1847. (Type, Har- 
engula latulus Valenciennes=Clupea macropthalma Ranzani, designated 
by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 36.) 

Clupalosa BiEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 12, 1849. 
(Type, Clupalosa bulan Bleeker, monotypic. ) 

Paralosa BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 111, 1866-72. (Type 
Alausa melanura (not Clupea melanura Cuvier) Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Lile JORDAN and EVERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 428, 1896. (Type, 
Clupea stolifera Jordan and Gilbert, monotypic.) 

Wilkesina FowLerR and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, p. 68, 1923. (Type, 
Harengula fijiensis Fowler and Bean, orthotypic.) 

Herklotsella Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1985. 
(Type, Harengula dispilonotus Bleeker, orthotypic. ) 


Body oblong or partly oblong, well compressed and body depth 
usually more than 3 in length. Edge of upper jaw without median 
notch. Dentition more or less complete, if so teeth present in jaws, 
on palatines, pterygoids and tongue; always absent from vomer. 
Vertebrae 39 to 44. Scales firmly adnate, thin. Dorsal with low 
scaly basal sheath. Abdominal scutes with distinct spines or smooth. 
Hind anal rays equal and transverse grooves of scales continuous. 

Small firmly scaled sardines, related to Sardinella and Sardina, 
but most of the species smaller and with the last two anal rays not 
larger than those preceding. According to Regan’s arrangement 
the American species fall within the subgenus Harengula, distin- 
guished by the fewer lower gill rakers (27 to 33). Ze is here in- 
cluded as another subgenus with largely scaleless caudal and a well 
defined bluish lateral band. Harengula dispilonotus Bleeker is also 
placed in a distinct subgenus as it shows a strikingly different color 
pattern. 

Doubtfully referred to this genus is the imperfectly described: 


HARENGULA ABBREVIATA Valenciennes 


Harengula abbreviata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 296, 1847 
(type locality: “New Helland”).—Gutnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
7, p. 413, 1868 (copied). 

Sardinella abbreviata McCutiocu, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 38, 1929 
(reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 585 


Depth slightly over 5 in total, body broad and thick set; head 
little shorter than body depth. Abdominal serrae very strong. 
Dorsal pointed, rays 19, A. 17. Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral 
pointed. Ventral inserted opposite fifth dorsal ray. Bluish or 
grayish on back, rest of body silvery. Tips of front dorsal rays 
black. Caudal gray. Length, 204 mm. (Valenciennes.) 

Valenciennes says it was sent from New Holland by M. J. Vers- 
eaux, the last name evidently a misprint for Verreaux. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. HERKLOTSELLA. Back with 2 bluish saddlelike blotches; lower gill rakers 35; 
lakeralescalessoG tUO ve es ers ee es ee ee eee dispilonotus 
a’. Back without 2 black saddlelike blotches; 40 or more lateral scales. 
b*. CLUPALOSA. Lower gill rakers 30 to 40. 


Ceebepthes jos head, 314° eye 257 invhead= 11.2 ae ae ee maccullochi 
c’. Depth 224 ; head 324; eye 2% in head__-_.______________ konigsbergeri 
ComDenthes sneadesiie .eCVeus.4e ine Neds sees ee ee bulan 
GoaDepthvs yo Nead 5443, CVel2o4 in, heaGgs = ee ees lippa 
c’. Depth 3% to 4; head 3% to 4; eye 8 to 314 in head_____________ ovalis 
c°’. Depth 4 to 414; head 4 to 424; eye 314 to 3% in head______ schrammii 
b*. PaRALosA. Lower gill rakers 42 to 70. 
ad. Depth 2% to 314; eye 3 in head; lower gill rakers 45______ castelnaui 


d’. Depth 8 to 4; eye 3% to 324, in head. 
e’. Lower gill rakers 50. 
f*. Seales 38 to 48; dorsal with black spot at origin and apex black; 


tips’ and inner caudal edge) blackhes_ ses abet Se tawilis 

f’?. Seales 40 to 42; tips of caudal lobes blackish______________ vittata 

fen Seales44:to746-7caudgal uniform =) ee ee zunasi 

Cee Lower cillirakers:60'to,10 3) scales 4022-2 = a ee nymphaea 
Gee Wepth 4° to os eyersle to 34 invhead. dollfusi 


Subgenus HERKLOTSELLA Fowler 


Back with 2 black saddlelike blotches. Lower gill rakers 35. 
Lateral scales 36 to 38. 


HARENGULA DISPILONOTUS Bleeker 


Harengula dispilonotus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 
(445) 456, 1852 (type locality: Banka).—ReEcGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 389, 1917 (type).—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1983 (reference) ; vol. 86, p. 69 (Benoa; Sanoer, 
Bali), p. 86, 19384 (Sriracha).—HErRE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 
1931, p. 15, 1984 (Cebu).—RoxAs, Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. 55, p. 280, 
pl. 2, fig. 12 (scale), 1984 (Mindoro; Dloilo; Balabac).—Roxas and MartTIn, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 21, 1987 (reference).—FOWLER, 
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 131, fig. 1, 1987 (Rayong, 
Siam).—HERRE and MYERS, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Singa- 
pore).—FowlLer, List Fish. Malaya, p. 26, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea dispilonotus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 429, 1868 
(type).—WEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 9, 1913 (Kangeang 
Island). 


586 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea (Harengula) dispilonotus BireKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 111, pl. (8) 261, fig. 8, 1872 (Singapore, Banka, Bawean).—WEBER and 
Breavurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 60, 1913 (Kota 
Baru, Borneo; Kangean).—HARpENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 218, 
1933 (Batavia). 

Sardinella dispilonotus Suvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 9, 1937 (reference). 


Depth 246 to 8; head 314 to 334, width 21% to 214. Snout 314 to 
3% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or inter- 
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 13% to 1%, 
length 24% to 214 in head from snout tip; teeth very minute, only 
those in front of mandible distinct; very fine teeth on palatines and 
tongue; interorbital 4 to 414, but very little convex or largely level 
medially; bones of cranium striate and side of head with radiating 
venules. Gill rakers 15 or 16+34 to 36, finely lanceolate, 114 in 
eye; gill filaments % of gill rakers. 

Scales caducous, 35 to 37 (pockets) in median lateral series; 10 
or 11 transversely; 10 or 11 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 14 or 15+ 
11 to 18. Scales with 4 transverse or vertical striae; circuli as very 
fine transverse parallel striae, none apically where surface entire and 
without pits or pores. 

D. ut, 14, 1 or ut, 15, 1, first branched ray 114 to 124 in total head 
length; A. m1, 13,1 to mm 16, 1, first branched ray 4 to 424; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 224 to 214; pectoral 114 to 224; ventral 1% to 2; 
caudal 314 to 31% in rest of body. 

Back and upper surface drab gray, sides and below silvery white. 
On back below last dorsal rays and black saddle-like spot on upper 
caudal peduncle behind depressed dorsal another similar, both 
blotches usually with gray or ocellated whitish ring. Dorsal and 
caudal grayish, lower fins whitish. 

Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. 

A very handsome little fish, the scales caducous, largely silvery 
white and strongly marked with the ocellated black saddlelike 
blotches on the back, a feature which immediately distinguishes it 
from all other Indo-Pacific clupeoids. It is rather indifferently 
figured by Bleeker, as the first black blotch appears lateral though 
in all my specimens it is dorsal on the back or as if the dorsal fin 
divides it in half. Furthermore, Bleeker’s figure lacks much of the 
detail of the head. 

2 examples. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length, 104-106 mm. 
17 examples. Tacloban market. July 25, 1908. Length, 74-85 mm. 


4 examples. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 21, 1808. Length, 80-90 mm. 
2 examples. Sandakan Bay. March 2, 1909. Length, 74-80 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 587 


Subgenus CLUPALOSA Bleeker 
Lower gill rakers 30 to 40. Back without black saddles. 


HARENGULA MACCULLOCHI Whitley 


Harengula maccullochi Wurittry, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 145, fig. 2, 1931 
(type locality: Port Hedland, northwestern Australia). 

Depth 2%); head 314. Snout 334 in head from snout tip; eye 244, 
greatly exceeds snout, with broad adipose lids; maxillary reaches 24 
in eye, length 21% in head from snout tip; minute teeth on jaws and 
palatines, group of larger teeth on mandible anteriorly; vertex of 
head and to less extent opercles striated. 

Scales less than 40 in lateral series; 12 transversely, predorsal 9; 
scapular area smooth, like most of head. Body scales large, decidu- 
ous, with margins striated or irregular, and subvertical lines mostly 
extending from top to bottom of each scale. Abdominal scutes 17 
to 12. 

D. 17, origin nearer snout tip than caudal peduncle, first branched 
ray 1% in total head length; A. 22, fin height 5, last rays not modi- 
fied; caudal 314 in rest of fish; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 in 
total head; pectoral 274, nearly reaching ventral origin, rays 17; 
ventral rays 8, length 224 in total head length, origin below anterior 
half of dorsal. 

General color silvery, dark grayish above. Some horizontal dusky 
bars and a row of 13 dusky spots along upper part of sides. An- 
other row of 6 similar ones below upper anteriorly. Tips of snout, 
dorsal, and caudal lobes brownish, 

Length, 127 mm. (Whitley.) 

Western Australia. Said to be an ally of Harengula konigsber- 
geri, but with fewer predorsal scales and dorsal rays and more anal 
rays. 

HARENGULA KONIGSBERGERI (Weber and Beaufort) 


Clupea (Harengula) konigsbergeri Wesrer and Braurort, Verh. Akad. Wet. Am- 
sterdam, vol. 17, p. 14, 1912 (type locality: Aru Islands); Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 72, 1913 (type). 

Harengula konigsbergeri Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 390, 
1917 (North West Australia and New Guinea).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop 
Mas., vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 (compiled). 

Harengula koningsbergeri McCuLtocH, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 39, 1929 
(reference). 


Depth 224; head 324. Snout shorter than eye, which 234 in head; 
maxillary reaches 14 in eye or little beyond. Lower gill rakers 33. 

Scales 42 in medial lateral series; 12 transversely. Ventral scutes 
17 or 18+11 or 12. 

D. 18 or 19; A. 20 or 21; ventrals below or little before middle of 
dorsal. Length, 115 mm. (Regan.) 

Northwest Australia, Aru Islands, New Guinea. 


588 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


HARENGULA BULAN (Bleeker) 


Clupalosa bulan BieEKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 12, 1849 
(type locality: Madura Strait near Bangcallang, Kammal and Surabaya, 
Java). 

Clupea (Harengula) bulan Buireker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 111, 
1866-72 (Java and Madura).—WEsER and BEAvrortT, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 73, 1918 (compiled). 

Clupea bulan ? VinctcuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 619, 1926 (Sarawak). 

Harengula bulan McCutiocu, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 39, 1929 (North 
Australia). 

Clupea kowal (not Riippell) GinTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 450, 
1868 (Zanzibar, Pinang, Amoy, type of Olupalosa bulan).—KLUNZINGER, 
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 599, 1871 (types).—ELerA, Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 583, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—ISHIKAWA and 
Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 7, 1897. 

Clupea (Clupalosa) kowal BiEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland, vol. 6, pl. 
(8) 266, fig. 5, 1866-72. 

Sardinella brachysoma (not Bleeker) Fow Ler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 257, 1927 (Santa Maria, Orani, Orion). 

Sardinella hypselosoma (not Bleeker) Fow1rer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, 1905, p. 489 (name only, on above) ; 1911, p. 206 (above materials). 

Harengula argyrotaenia (not Bleeker) BEAN and WEED, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 591, 1912 (Batavia, Java). 

Sardinella perforata (not Cantor) Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, 
p. 382, 1917 (type of Clupalosa bulan). 


Depth 3; head 3%, width 244. Snout 414 in head from snout tip; 
eye 314, greater than snout or interorbital, adipose lids broadly cov- 
ering eye; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 1% eye, length 2% 
in head from snout tip; no teeth, palate apparently edentulous; 
interorbital 414, nearly level; cheeks venulose, radiating venules on 
opercle. Gill rakers 22+40, finely lanceolate. 

Scales 34 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more on 
latter; 9 transversely, 15 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 18+ 11, edge 
very cultrate. Scales with 2 wide-set, transverse or vertical striae; 
circuli as fine parallel vertical striae basally, none apical. 

D. m1, 13, first branched ray 135 in total head length; A. m, 16, 
first branched ray 314; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 
124; ventral 2; caudal 24% in rest of body, forked. 

Owing to formalin largely brown, faded, except slightly darker 
shading on back due to minute dusky dots, general appearance uni- 
formly dull. Iris neutral gray or slate. Fins all uniformly brown, 
caudal with dusky shading terminally. 

Red Sea, Zanzibar, India, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Amoy. 
The interesting specimen described above agrees with Bleeker’s ac- 
count of Clupalosa bulan, which was based on an example 145 mm. 
long and later figured as Clupea (Clupalosa) kowal, Bleeker gives 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 589 


abdominal serrae 30, though his figure showing 17+ 10 may have had 
more and D. rv, 15. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72509. Batavia, Java. April 2, 1909. Bryant and Palmer. 
Length, 84mm. As Harengula argyrotaenia. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 27437 and 27488. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. 
Hiller. Length, 147-158 mm. As Sardinella brachysoma and Sardinella hypse- 
losoma. 

HARENGULA LIPPA Whitley 
Harengula maccullochi WHITLEY, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 148, fig. 2, 1931 
(type locality: Port Hedland, Northwestern Australia). 


Depth 3149; head 344. Snout 344 in head from snout tip; eye 
234, greater than snout, adipose lids broad; maxillary reaches 14 in 
eye, length 214 in head from snout tip; minute teeth on jaws and 
palatines; vertex of head and to less extent, opercles striated. 

Scales less than 40; 12 transversely; 11 predorsal. Scapular area 
smooth, like sides of head. Body covered with large striated scales 
with vertical lines interrupted in middle. Abdominal scutes 15+ 15. 

D. 18, origin nearer snout tip than caudal peduncle, first branched 
ray 134 in total head length; A. 21, fin height 5, last rays not en- 
larged; caudal 314 in rest of fish; least depth of caudal peduncle 
234 in total head length; pectoral 124, rays 17; ventral rays 8, fin 
21% in total head length, origin behind dorsal origin. 

General color silvery, dark grayish above. Top of head, tips of 
jaws and lobes of dorsal and caudal dusky. 

Length, 126mm. (Whitley.) 

Northwestern Australia. Said to be allied with Harengula bulan, 
differing notably in having more anal rays. 


HARENGULA OVALIS (Bennett) 


Clupea ovalis BENNETT, Mem. Life of Raffles, p. 690, 1830 (type locality: Su- 
matra).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 413, 1868 (copied). 

Harengula ovalis Fow er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 26, 1938 (reference). 

Clupea punctata Rtppett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 78, pl. 21, fig. 2, 1835 
(type locality: Red Sea).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 58, 
1879 (South Seas). 

Harengula punctata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 297, 1847 
(Massauah, Red Sea).—BLEeEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 
25, p. (18)49, 1853 (Nagasaki) ; (Japan), vol. 26, p. 5, 1857 (Nagasaki) ; 
Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 6, 1858 (Japan).—SavuvaaE, 
Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 498, 1891 (reference).—REGAN, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 390, 1917 (Indo Pacific, East Africa, 
Paumotus).—BaARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 114, 
1925 (Natal; Delagoa Bay).—McCuttocH and WuHuittry, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference).—WHITLEY, Rec. Aus- 
tralian Mus., vol. 16, p. 4, 1927 (Michaelmas Cay, off Cairns, North Queens- 
land; Giza; Solomons; and synonymy).—Fowtrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 
10, p. 31, 1928 (Fate; Shortland Island; Jaluit; Suva).—McCuniocn, Aus- 
tral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 39, 1929 (reference).—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop 


590 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 1981 (reference).—HeErRE, Journ. Pan—Pacific 
Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1988 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 15, 1934 (Unisan; Culion; Dumaguete; Sitanki) —Fow Ler, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 411, 1934 (Natal) —HeErkrr, 
Mid-Pacifie Mag., vol. 10, p. 168, No. 2, April-June 1935 (Pelew Islands) .— 
GRUVEL and CHABANAUD, Mem. Inst. Egypte, vol. 35, p. 3, 1937 (Suez Canal). 

Clupea quadrimaculata Rtprrtt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 78, pl. 21, fig. 3, 
1835 (type locality: Massaua).—Ktunzincer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 601, 1871 (Red Sea).—Borsreat, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 
ser. 3, vol. 4, p. (197) 217, 1904 (Massaua; Daalac Island). 

Sardinella lineolutad VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 272, 1847 (type 
locality: Trinquemale, Ceylon; Buru). 

Harengula bipunctata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. (216) 298, 1847 
(type locality: Massaua). 

Clupea bipunctata (Ehrenberg) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 298, 
1847 (name in synonymy). 

Harengula arabica VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 298, 1847 (type 
locality : Mohila). 

Clupea arabica (Ehrenberg) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 298, 1847 
(name in synonymy). 

Meletta obtusirostris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. (276) 375, 1847 
(type locality : Seychelles). 

Meletta venenosa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. (277) 377, 1847 
(type locality: Seychelles). 

Clupea venenosad GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 449, 1868 (Zanzibar ).— 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 599, 1871 (Red Sea and 
Yokohama).—GwtNtTuER, in Brenchley’s Cruise of Curacoa, p. 411, 1873 
(Misol, Moluccas).—ScuMetrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 8, p. 7, 1881 
(Ponape).—PounL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 (Ponape).—MEYER, 
Anal. Soe. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 (Rubi, New 
Guinea).—BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 660, 1887 (Muscat).— 
DuncKeERr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1803, p. 186, 1904 (Singa- 
pore).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. K1., vol. 71, 
pt. 1, p. 157, 1907 (Gischin, Bal Haf, Ras Shoab). 

Clupea (Harengula) venenosa WEBER and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 77, 1913 (compiled). 

? Alausa argyrochloris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 440, 1847 
(type locality: Mauritius).—GwUntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 418, 
1868 (reference). 

Alosa argyrochloris SAUVAGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 527, 1891 (refer- 
ence). 

Harengula moluccensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 4, p. 609, 
1853 (type locality: Ternate, Amboina, Ceram).—JorDAN and SEALE, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 (Negros).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 
S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 635, 1906 (Manila).—JorpDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 4, 1807 (Cavite).—HvERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 53, 1907 (not Bacon; Bulan).—SeALE and BEAN, 
Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol 33, p 2389, 1907 (Zamboanga).—JorDAN and 
RicHARDSOoN, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 2386, 1908 (Manila).— 
SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. A3, p. 514, 1908 (Manila Bay).—Fow Ler 
and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, p. 2, 1922 (Takao).—ScuHmMuipr, 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 178, 1931 (Kominato, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 591 


Riu Kiu).—Herre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 
(Dumaguete); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 15, 1934 (Jolo; 
Dumaguete).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 281, pl. 2, fig. 3 (scale), 
1934 (Luzon; Panay; Palawan; Balabac; Camiguin; Mindanao; Bungau; 
Sitbutu).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 358, zool. ser. vol. 21, p. 31, 
1936 (New Hebrides).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. 
Bull. 6, p. 22, 1937 (reference). 

Clupea moluccensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 427, 1868 (type; 
Ceylon) .—CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 3895, 1879 
(Port Jackson; Brisbane).—Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 4, p. 876, 1880 (copied).—GutntTHeErR, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 57, 
1880 (Nares Harbor, Admiralty Islands).—Mac tray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 6, p. 259, 1881 (reference).—OcitBy, Cat. Fishes New 
South Wales, p. 56, 1886.—ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 
Mus. Tokyo, p. 8, 1897.—WesrR, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, Fische, p. 9, 
1913 (Obi Major).—BAMBER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 
1915 (Sudanese Red Sea). 

Clupea (Harengula) moluccensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 107, pl. (5) 268, figs. 1-2, 1868-72 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Bali, Sum- 
bawa, Celebes, Ternate, Batjan, Buru, Amboina, Sapurua, Ceram, Timor) .— 
BEAUFORT, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam, vol. 19, p. 97, 19138 (Saonek).—WEBER 
and Breaurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 81, fig. 28 (scale), 
1913 (Nias, Pulu Weh, Ceram, Ambon, Waigiu, Kei Islands).—CHABA- 
NAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 8, 1926 (Annam 
coast).—DELSMAN, Treubia, vol. 8, p. 218, foot note, 1926.—DERANTYAGALA, 
Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 15, p. 43, 1929. 

Sardinella, moluccensis CocCKERELL, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 386, 1915 
(scales). 

Harengula kunzei BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 12, p. 209, 1856 
(type locality: Ternate) ; vol. 15, p. 221, 1858 (Biliton).—Day, Fauna Brit. 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 372, 1889.—KeENpDALL and GoLpsBorouGH, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 248, 1911 (Jaluit, Marshall Group; Suva, Fiji). 

Clupea (Harengula) kunzei BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 107, 
pl. (5) 263, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Amboina). 

Clupea kunzei Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 636, pl. 168, fig. 1, 1878 (Ceylon, 
Andamans, Nicobars). 

Sardinella kunzei Seater, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 5, 1906 (Faté; 
Shortland Island).—McCutiocu, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 355, 
fig. 55, 1913 (Murray Island). 

Clupea kunziti GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 382, 1909 (compiled). 

Harengula spilura GuicHENoT, Notes le Réunion, vol. 2, p. 16, 1863 (type locality: 
Bourbon ).—GwtnruHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 418, 1868 (copied).— 
SavuvaGcE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 498, pl. 48, fig. 8, 1891 (Réunion 
and Madagasear). 

Clupea (Harengula) dubia BuerKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 108, 
1866-72 (copied Valenciennes). 

Spratelloides delicatulus (not Bennett) ALLEYNE and Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 350, 1877 (Darnley Island).—Macteay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 381, 1880 (Darnley Island). 

Clupea profundis Kent, Prelim. Rep. Food Fish Queensland, p. 11, 1889 (type 
locality: Queensland) (name only); Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893 
(reference). 


592 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea torresiensis (De Vis) Kent, Prelim. Rep. Food Fish Queensland, p. 11, 
1889 (type locality: Queensland) (name only); Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 
1893 (reference). 

Clupea ranelayi (DeVis) Kent, Prelim. Rep. Food Fish Queensland, p. 11, 1889 
(type locality: Queensland) (name only); Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 
1893 (reference). 

Harengula stereolepis OciLpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 759, 
1897 (type locality: Torres Straits; Darnley Island; Southeast New 
Guinea). 

Harengula punctata stereolepis WHITLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., vol: 18, p. 332, 
1932 (reference). 

Sardinella stereolepis GILTAy, Mem. Mus. Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 8, p. 16, 
fig. 7 (scale), 1988 (Pisang Island). 

Clupea mizun KISHINOUYE, Journ. Imper. Fisher. Bur., Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 
98, pl. 20, fig. 3, 1907 (type locality: Kiu Kiu Islands, Japan). 

Depth 346 to 414; head 314 to 324, width 21% to 214. Snout 314 
to 335 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 324, equals snout, greater 
than interorbital, adipose lid covers hind third of eye; maxillary 
reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 114% to 134 in eye, 2 to 2,4, in head 
from snout tip; interorbital 414 to 4%%, little elevated, level; cheek, 
preopercle and opercle with radiating venules. Head above and 
humeral region papillate to somewhat venulose. Gull rakers 14+31 
or 32, finely lanceolate, 7% of gill filaments, which 144 in eye. 

Scales 43 or 44 in median lateral series to caudal base; 10 or 11 
transversely, 14 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 18+13 or 14. Scales 
with 5 or 6 vertical striae, sometimes 2 or 3 more incomplete mar- 
ginals. 

D. tv, 14, 1, first branched ray 134 to 134 in total head length; A. 
11, 14, 1, to 16, 1, first branched ray 4 to 4,5; caudal 114 to 114, deeply 
forked and lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 314; 
pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 134 to 214. 

Back steel to gray-blue or neutral gray. Under surface of head 
gray-brown. Sides and under surface of body silvery white. Dorsal 
and caudal with gray-brown tints. Lower fins whitish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Seychelles, Ceylon, India, 
Andamans, Nicobars, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, 
Japan, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia, Micronesia, 
Polynesia. 

Clupea ovalis Bennett. may have been intended for this species, at 
least to judge from the short diagnosis: 

Body oval. Dorsal rays 18, median, anteriorly elevated. Anal 17. 
Caudal 18? Pectoral 15. Ventral 7. A black humeral blotch. 

The imperfect account of Alausa argyrochloris may refer to the 
present species: 

Snout pointed. D. 17, A. 19. Back, dorsal and caudal greenish, 
rest of body silvery. Small blackish dot at base of first dorsal ray. 
Length 153 mm, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 593 


24148. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 6, 1909. Length, 138 mm. 

Texamples. Batangas market. June 6, 1908. Length, 71-94 mm. 

20407. Batangas market. June 7, 1908. Length, 8 mm. 

22049. Batauanan Island. June 13, 1909. Length, 91 mm. 

20078. Blackwater ponds Putoc River, Mindanao. January 30, 1909. Length, 
73 mm. 

lexample. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 35 mm. 

lexample. Catbalogan, Samar. April 16, 1908. Length, 76 mm. 

22317. Cebu. March 13, 1909. Length, 118 mm. 

lexample. Cebu market: March 20, 1909. Length, 83 mm. 

21965. Cuyo Island. April 9, 1909. Length, 80 mm. 

3examples. Hast side Tagbilaran Strait, Bohol Island. April 9, 1908. Length, 
76-79 mm. 

3 examples. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 68-95 mm. 

20508. Guijulugan Beach, Negros. April 2, 1908. Length, 108 mm. 

lexample. Hinunangan Bay, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length, 63 mm. 

lexample. Languilidlid, Cavite, Luzon. Length, 95 mm. 

2examples. Los Amigos, Tawi Tawi. February 18, 1908. Length, 54-56 mm. 

lexample. Manila Bay. December 8, 1909. Length, 55 mm. 

lexample. Matnog Bay. May 31, 1909. Length, 50 mm. 

34 examples. Nasugbu, Luzon. January 16, 1908. Length, 30-54 mm. 

2examples. Nasugbu. January 21, 1908. Length, 34 or 35 mm. 

lexample. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 40 mm. 

lexample. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 50 mm. 

17558. Sorsogon market. March 12, 1909. Length, 86 mm. 

18 examples. Varadero Harbor, Mindoro. July 22, 1908. Length, 27-34 mm. 

3examples. Varadero Bay. July 23, 1908. Length 25-52 mm. 

20403. Verde del Sur Island, Palawan reef and sand flats. April 6, 1909. 
Length, 81 mm. 

13317, 13322 to 18324. Amboina market. December 7, 1909. Length, 140-146 
mm. 

2examples. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10, 1909. Length, 88-93 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52010. Negros. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 43 mm., caudal 
broken. As Harengula moluccensis. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57940. Zamboanga, Mindanao. August 21, 1906. Dr. E. A. 
Mearns. Length, 42 mm. As Harengula moluccensis. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65857. Jaluit, Marshalls. Albatross collection. 1900. Length, 
72-110 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65858. Suva, Fiji. Albatross collection. 1899-1900. Length, 28- 
32 mm. 63 examples, all young. 

U.S.N.M. No. 75892. Tandjong Setabal, Borneo. March 28, 1918. H. C. Raven. 
Length, 104-125 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 76605. Formosa. Dr. Fred Baker. Length 54-119 mm. Scales 
all fallen. As Harengula moluccensis. 

8examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 97-111 mm. 


HARENGULA SCHRAMMII (Bleeker) 


Alausa schrammii BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bali), vol. 22, p. 11, 1849 
(type locality: Boleling, Bali). 

Meletta schrammi GitntTHeR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 412, 1868 
(copied). 

Clupea (Meletta) schrammi Birexker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 
(14) 272, fig. 3, 1866-72. 


594 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea (Harengula) schrammi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
109, 1866-72 (Bali) —Weser and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Austral. Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 838, 1918 (Ambon; Batjan).—CHaABANAUD, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 1° Note, p. 9, 1926 (Poula Condore). 

Harengula schrammi Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 391, 1917 
(type; Misol; Goram).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 
p. 257, 1927 (Santa Maria; Vigan; San Fernando).—Herrre, Journ. Pan- 
Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete) ; Fish. Herre Philip- 
pine Exped. 1931, p. 15, 1984 (Dumaguete).—FowteEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, fig. 3, 1984 (Den Pasar; Sanoer, Bali). 

Sardinella schrammi Roxas and MARTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 21, 1987 (reference). 

Clupea venenosa (not Valenciennes) STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 25, 
p. 456, 1901 (Batjan). 

Depth 414 to 486; head 344 to 8%, width 214 to 224. Snout 3 to 
32£ in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 324, subequal with snout, 
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expan- 
sion 114 to 124 in eye, length 21% to 214 in head from snout tip; no 
teeth; interorbital 5 to 6, nearly level; head above and laterally 
largely venulose, also humeral region. Gill rakers 16+28, lanceo- 
late, 184 in eye. 

Scales 41 or 42 in medial lateral series to caudal base; 8 trans- 
versely, 13 predorsal to occiput. Scales with 3 or 4 complete, 
vertical, parallel striae; apical ends feebly crenulated, smooth. 

D. 1m, 14,1, seventh branched ray 1% to 144 in total head length; 
A. 1, 15, 1, or m, 16, 1, first branched ray 3 to 414; caudal 1%, to 
114, forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% to 244; pectoral 1144 
to 136; ventral 214 to 214. 

Back olivaceous, silvery white below. Dorsal and caudal gray, 
little darker terminally. Anal and paired fins whitish. Jaws 
tipped dusky. 

East Indies, Philippines. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 

Purchased. 

138 examples. A.N.S.P. Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 

Purchased. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. San Fernando, Union, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 

Purchased. 

Subgenus PARALOSA Bleeker 


Lower gill rakers 42 to 70. Back without black saddles. 


HARENGULA CASTELNAUI (Ogilby) 


Kowala castelnaui Oartpy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 66, 
1897 (type locality: New South Wales). 

Sardinella castelnaui STEAD, Hdible Fishes New South Wales, p. 26, pl. 5, 1908.— 
Oatrpy, Commerce. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 1915—RovenHtiry, Fishes 
of Australia, p. 15, 1916 (New South Wales, South Queensland). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 595 


Harengula castelnaui Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 391, 1917 
(New South Wales).—McCuLlocH and Wuittry, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference).—McCutiocn, Fishes of New South 
Wales, ed. 2, p. 1%, pl. 5, fig. 55a, 1927; Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 39, 
1929 (reference). 

Clupea hypselosoma (not Bleeker) KiuNzincrr. Sitzungsber, Akad. Wiss., Wien, 
math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, p. 416, 1880 (Queensland).—Macteay, Proce. Linn. 
Soe. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 375, 1880 (Port Jackson).—Ocitpy, Cat. 
Fishes New South Wales, p. 56, 1886—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 302, 
370, 1893. 

Clupea sundaica (not Bleeker) MActEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 4, p. 378, 1880 (Elizabeth Bay, Sydney); vol. 6, p. 259, 1881 (Port 
Jackson, Hawkesbury River).—Woops, Fish Fisher. New South Wales, 
p. 86, 1882.—MacrEsy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, 
p. 209, 1884 (Lower Burdekin River).—Ocitsy, Edible Fishes New South 
Wales, p. 182, 1893.—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 301 (Torres Straits), 
p. 370, 1893. 


Depth 234 to 27%; head 3% to 344, width 2 to 2145. Snout 244 
to 324 in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 3, greater than snout or in- 
terorbital, broad adipose lids cover last third of eye; maxillary 
reaches 24 to 14 in eye, expansion 144 to 2 in eye, length 2 to 214, 
in head from snout tip; few weak, obsolete teeth along jaw edge; 
interorbital 414 to 514, scarcely elevated, largely level; cheek, side 
of head, humeral and occipital regions with venules. Gill rakers 
18+ 52, finely lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 14 of eye. 

Scales (mostly fallen) 30 or 31 in median lateral series to caudal 
base and 4 or 5 more on latter; 13 transversely, 12 or 13 predorsal. 
Abdominal serrae 17+11. Scales with 4 or 5 complete, well-sep- 
arated or vertically parallel striae; circuli all finely vertically paral- 
lel, none apical. 

D. 1m, 14, 1, first branched ray 124 to 114 in total head length; A. 11, 
17, 1, first branched ray 314 to 4; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 
22£; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 2; caudal 224 to 244 in rest of 
body, deeply forked, long lobes slender and pointed. 

Back and upper surface of head brown. Sides and lower surface 
of body bright silvery white. Iris whitish. Dorsal, caudal, and 
pectoral brownish, first with narrow blackish apex. Ventrals and 
anal pale. 

Queensland, New South Wales. 


U.S.N.M. No. 48801. Port Jackson, New South Wales. J. D. Ogilby. Length, 
188-200 mm. Paratypes of Kowala castelnaui. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59944. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 183-185 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59945. New South Wales. D. G. Stead. Length, 90-175 mm. 9 
examples. 


596 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


HARENGULA TAWILIS Herre 


Harengula tawilis Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 30, No. 3, p. 273, pl. 1, 1927 
(type locality : Lake Taal, Bombon) ; vol. 34, p. 296, 1927 (Luzon; Mindoro) ; 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 15, 1984 (Lake Bonrbon).—Roxas, 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, No. 3, p. 282, pl. 2, fig. 15 (scale), 1934 
(Lake Taal).—RoxaAs and MArtTiIn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 22, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 3 to 3144; head 314 to 3%». Snout 634 to 714 in head; 
eye 314 to 334, greater than snout; maxillary reaches 24 in eye, ex- 
pansion 11% in eye, length 21% to 224 in head; teeth obsolete, rarely 
present in upper jaw, usually in lower jaw, on palatines, pterygoids 
and tongue; 5 to 7 or more longitudinal striae on top of head be- 
hind interorbital. Gill rakers 35 to 37+50 to 60. 

Scales 38 to 40 in medial lateral series; 11 or 12 transversely. Ab- 
dominal scutes 18+ 12. 

D. 17 or 18, first branched ray 114 in head; A. 19 to 21, base sub- 
equal or greater than dorsal base, first branched ray 41/4; caudal 314 
in rest of body, well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 in 
head ; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 214. 

Metallic steel blue, with silvery luster along back, shining silver 
elsewhere. Tips and inner edges of caudal blackish. First dorsal 
butter yellow, black spot at origin and upper half thickly specked 
with black or black spot above anteriorly. Other fins colorless. Pee- 
toral with fine black line along upper edge. Length, 128 mm. 
(Herre.) 

Lake Taal, Luzon, in fresh water. 


HARENGULA VITTATA (Valenciennes) 


Clupeonia vittata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 852, 1847 (type 
locality : Vanikoro). 

Harengula vittata Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 392, 1917 
(Celebes and Raiatea).—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 
(copied).—WHIt Ey, Journ. Pan Pacific Inst., vol. 3, No. 1, p. 11, 1928 (Santa 
Cruz Islands).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 1931 
(reference). 

Alausa melanura (not Clupea melanura Cuvier) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 20, p. 441, 1847 (type locality: New Guinea, Amboina, Vanikoro, Bour- 
bon). GurcHENoT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863—Day, Fishes of 
Malabar, p. 235, 1865. 

Clupea melanura GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 449, 1868 (compiled) .— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 641, 1878 (India); Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 8378, 1889.—WesrEr, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 7, 1913 
(Salibabu). 

Clupea (Harengula) melanurus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 111, 1866-72 (Sumatra, Nias, Bali, Celebes, Ternate, Amboina, Saparua, 
Ceram, New Guinea). 

Clupea (Harengula) melanura WerserR and Beraurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 72, 1918 (Salibabu). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 597 


Clupea (Paralosa) melanurus BLEEKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 
(11) 269, fig. 5, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Alausa) melanura MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost.-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405 
1876 (Bangkok). 

Harengula melanura SAvuvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 492, pl. 48, fig. 
4, 1891 (Réunion, Zanzibar, Vanikoro, Indian Archipelago). 

? Clupea latulus (not Valenciennes) THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, p. 207, 1857 
(Woodlark Island). 

Harengula (Paralosa) valenciennesi BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 300, 1868 (Waigiu). (No description.) 

Clupea rechingerit STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 115, pt. 1, p, 1424, 1906 (type locality : Upolu). 

Harengula vanicoris JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), p. 187, 
1906 (on Alausa melanura Valenciennes). 

Harengula sondaica (not Bleeker) KenpAatt and GoLpsBporoucH, Mem. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 248, 1911 (Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands). 

Sardinella jussieu (not Lacépéde) Fow rer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 
1928 (Nukuhiva material). 


Depth 4 to 44%; head 3%4 to 334, width 214 to 314. Snout 31% to 
334 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or 
interorbital, adipose lids narrow; maxillary 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 
124 to 134 in eye, length 214 to 224 in head; no teeth; interorbital 
5 to 514, slightly elevated, largely level; cheek and preopercle venulose, 
opercle entire. Gill rakers 28 ? + 45, finely lanceolate; gill filaments 
34 gill rakers, which 34 of eye. 

Seales (pockets) 389 or 40 in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 5 more on latter; 13 scales transversely, 13 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 17+12. Scales all fallen. 

D. 11, 12 or 13, first branched ray 11% to 134 in total head; A. m1, 
15, 1 or m1, 16, 1, first branched ray 4 to 434; caudal forked (damaged) ; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 244 to 3; pectoral 1% to 17%; ventral 
214 9 to 214. 

Back drab brown. Sides and lower surface gray to silvery white. 
Dorsal and caudal pale gray brown. Iris whitish, also lower fins. 

Zanzibar, Réunion, India, Siam, East Indies, Philippines, Mela- 
nesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. My account of this species in “The 
Fishes of Oceania” differs somewhat as the depth is given at 314 
to 3% and the lower gill rakers 50. 


U.S.N.M. No. 65861. Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands. Albatross collection 1899. 
Length, 40 to 74 mm. 25 examples. As Harengula sondaica. 


HARENGULA ZUNASI Bleeker 


Harengula zunasi BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, pp. 5, 
117, 1857 (type locality: Nagasaki) ; Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 
3, p. 6, 1858 (Japan).—IsHiKAwa and Marsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fish. Mus. 
Tokyo, p. 8, 1897.—JorpANn and Srarks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 198, 
1905 (Gensan, Corea).—JorDAN and Srarks, Proc. U. 8S. Mus., vol. 31, p. 515) 
1906 (Port Arthur).—Jorpan and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 


598 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


p. 634, 1906 (Tokyo, Onomichi, Tomokamai, Wakanoura, Nagasaki, Tsu- 
ruga).—FRANz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 5, 1910 
(Sagami and Aburatsubo).—REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, 
p. 802, 1917 (Amoy, China, Japan).—Fow.rer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, 1929, p. 590, 1980 (Nagasaki).—SobLpAtToy and LINDBERG, Bull. Pa- 
cific Sci. Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 40, 1980 (Far East seas).—ScuMint, Bull. 
Acad. Sei. U. S. S. R., 1930, p. 108 (Nagasaki).—ScHMint and LINDBERG, 
Bull. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1980, p. 1187 (Tsuruga).—Scumint, Trans. 
Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 19, 1981 (Nagasaki) .— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 48, 19838.—Taranetrz, Bull. Pac. Sci. 
Inst. Fisher. Oceanogr., vol. 11, p. 36, 1987 (Far Hast seas).—FOowLEr, 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 27, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea zgunasi GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 451, 1868 (type).— 
Biers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 583, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).— 
KISHINOUYE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 98, pl. 20, fig. 4, 
1907. 

Clupea (Alausa) zunasi MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 1876 
(Yokohama, Manila, Singapore, Batjan). 

Sardinella zunasi JoRDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 349, 
1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 8, p. 53, 1901 (reference) .—SNyDER, 
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 402, 1912 (Nagasaki).—IzuKa and MAT- 
suuRA, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 183, 1920 (Shinagawa). 

Sardinella zunashi Mort, Journ. Pan Pacifie Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan 
and Genzan, Korea). 

Clupea kowal (not Rtippell) ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 
10-14, p. 235, pl. 107, fig. 1, 1846 (Donurat and Nagasaki Bays).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 451, 1868 (Amoy). 

Clupea isingleena RICHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 304, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Seas).—ELerA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 582, 1895 (Luzon, 
Manila Bay). 


Depth 31% to 314; head 234 to 4, width 2 to 314. Snout 41% to 
41% in, head from snout tip; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or 
interorbital, adipose lid covering last third of eye, though not evident 
in young; maxillary reaches 4 to 1% in eye, expansion 114 to 1% 
in eye, length 214, to 224 in head from snout tip; no teeth; inter- 
orbital 47% to 434 in head from snout tip, slightly elevated, level 
medianly; cheek, preopercle and opercle with radiating venules, also 
top of head, predorsal and humeral region with venules. Gill rakers 
25-+-48, fine lanceolate, equal gill filaments, which 124 in head. 

Scales 39 or 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 11 transversely, 13 or 14 predorsal. Ventral axillary 
scaly flap 34 fin. Scales with 4 transverse wide set vertical striae; 
circuli as fine, parallel, vertical striae basally, none apical, where 
membranous edge of scale extended and coarsely fringed with paral- 
lel horizontal striae. 

D. 1, 13, 1, first branched ray 186 to 124 in total head length; 
A. m1, 16, 1, first branched ray 33 to 334; caudal 334 to 34% in rest 
of body; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 2%4 in total head 
length; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 214 to 214. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 599 


Back neutral or gray-brown, with steel blue reflections. Head 
above brownish. Sides and entire under surfaces bright silvery 
white. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, terminally little deeper 
brownish, though not blackish. Lower fins whitish. 

Philippines, China, Japan, Korea. 


U.S.N.M. No. 22515. Tokio, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 104-128 
min. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 38807. Japan. Educational Mus. Tokyo. Length, 113-120 mm. 
2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 45255. Yuensan, Korea. P. L. Jouy. Length, 33-56 mm. 69 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49496. Tokio, Japan. Albatross collection. Oct. 1896. Length, 
122 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62345. Wakanoura, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 103- 
109 mm. 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71109. Nagasaki, Japan. Albatross collection. August 4, 1906. 
Length, 125-129 mm. 2 examples. 





WicurRE 15.—Harengula nymphaea (Richardson) : Specimen from Hongkong. 


HARENGULA NYMPHAEA (Richardson) 
FIGURE 15 


Clupea nymphaea RicHaRDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 304, 1846 (type locality: 
China).—GitntTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 428, 1868 (type).— 
Huiers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 583, 1895 (Luzon, Manila). 

Harengula nymphaea Rurrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 63 
(Swatow).—Rrcan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 392, 1917 
(type).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p, 598, 1930 
(Hong Kong). 

Harengula fijiensis Fowter and Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, p. 63, 1923 
(type locality: Fiji) kowier, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 


(copied). 
Depth 3 to 314; head 334 to 4, width 21% to 2%. Snout 3%% to 
37% in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 314, subequal with or longer 
than snout or interorbital; maxillary 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 1% 


156861—40——-39 


600 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


to 134 in eye, length 2 to 21% in head from snout tip; closed mandible 

slightly protrudes; interorbital 4 to 514, nearly level; venules on 

cheek few and weak, few also at occipital and humeral regions. 

Gill rakers 30 to 36+62 to 64, finely lanceolate, equal gill filaments 

or 154 in eye. 

Scales 36 or 37 in median lateral series to caudal base, partly 
caducous; 11 transversely, 14 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 18+12 
or 138. Axillary ventral scale 24 length of fin. Scales with 6 trans- 
verse striae of which several may be incomplete medially; apical 
surface with numerous pores or pits and edge fimbriate. 

D. rv, 13, 1 or 14, 1, first branched ray 124 to 114 in total head 
length; A. 1, 16, 1 to 18, 1, first branched ray 37% to 4; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 214 to 214; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 214 to 
224; caudal 3 to 334 in rest of body. 

Back slate gray, sides and below silvery white. Fins brown. 
Dorsal and caudal little darker, lower fins whitish. 

China. Reported from Luzon and Manila by Elera. Although 
externally very similar to Harengula zunasi this species differs in 
its much more numerous gill rakers, 

U.S.N.M. No. 57631. “Japan” [locality doubtless China]. P. L. Jouy. Length, 
113-135 mm. Lower gill rakers 68. As Harengula moluccensis and Haren- 
gula zunasi. 2 examples. 

1 example. U.S.N.M. Fiji. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 64 mm., 
caudal fin damaged. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82799. Fiji. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 73 mm., 
caudal tips damaged. Type of Harengula fijiensis. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 52925 to 52929. Hongkong. Henry W. Fowler. April 1929. 
Length, 180-146 mm. 


HARENGULA DOLLFUSI Chabanaud 


Harengula dollfusi CHABANAUD, Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, No. 627, p. 1, 
fig. 1 (gill raker, tongue), fig. 2 (scale), 1983 (type locality: Gulf of Suez). 
Depth 4 to 5; head 4 to 5. Snout 31% to 3% in head; eye 314 to 

3%, subequal with snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 

1% in eye; adipose eyelids well developed; teeth not developed; arbo- 

rescent venules on cheek, side of head and suprascapula. Lower gill 

rakers 53 to 56. 

Scales 40 to 44 in lateral series; 12 transversely. Abdominal scutes 
17 or 18+ 14. 

D. 18 or 19; A. 19 to 21; caudal deeply bifurcate; pectoral rays 15; 
ventral rays I, 5, inserted opposite fourth or fifth dorsal ray. 

Color in formalin upper jaws, end of mandible, dorsal region, and 
part of eye gray brown. Opercle more or less dark. Poorly defined 
blackish spot immediately behind angle of opercle. Bases of first 
three dorsal rays black, extending nearly to end of first ray, rest of 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 601 


fin very finely specked with brown, also caudal. Body otherwise uni- 
form, and other fins hyaline. 

Length, 100 to 1836 mm. (Chabanaud.) 

Gulf of Suez. 


Genus SARDINELLA Valenciennes 


Sardinella VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 28, 1847. (Type, Sar- 
dinella aurita Valenciennes, designated by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Phila- 
delphia, 1861, p. 35.) 

Clupeonia VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 345, 1847. (Type, Clupan- 
odon jussieu Lacépéde, designated by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadel- 
phia, 1861, p. 35.) 

Amblygaster BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 3, p. 73, 1849. (Type, Ambly- 
gaster clupeoides Bleeker, monotypic.) 

Sardinia Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, vol. 2, p. 310, 1858-61. (Type, Sardinia 
pseudohispanica Poey, monotypic.) 


Body compressed. Belly keeled, without scutes. Adipose eyelids 
small. No distinct median notch in upper jaw. Teeth feeble, on 
palatines and tongue. Opercle without radiating striae. Vertical 
edge of cleithrum covered with dermal fold furnished with 2 obtuse 
knobs equidistant and with shallow between. Pseudobranchiae pres- 
ent. Branchiostegals 6. Scales larger, usually firm, with inter- 
rupted transverse striae. Anal long, last 2 rays enlarged. Ventrals 
opposite dorsal. 

Tropical seas. Species valued mostly as food fishes and for their 
oil. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. SARDINELLA. Ventral scutes sharp, keeled, exposed. 
b*. Ventral rays 9; dark spot at upper hind edge of opercle. 
c’. Eye 3% to 4% in head; lower gill rakers 110 to 160____________ allecia 
c’. Eye 5 to 6 in head; lower gill rakers 180 to 250____________ longiceps 
b?. Ventral rays 8; dark spot at bases of front dorsal rays. 
a’. Depth 21% to 2%. 


é. Lower gill rakers 180; eye '324 in head -______________-_+-__-_ dayi 
é. Lower gill rakers 55 ‘to 65; eye 3 to 3134._-_.-___-_____-__ albella 
e*. Lower gill rakers 48 to 55; eye 3% to 324_-_____________ perforata 
a’. Depth 8 to 4; eye 31% to 4. 
f 2 duower pill rakers/96 to. 1022-0. 0-2 eee samarensis 
f?. Lower gill rakers 70 to 75_____ Po Sra ea see fimbriata 
j- Wowerlzillerakerstns tonG2o22 =) = 2 eee ____ sindensis 
{- luowerucillerakers:50 (tOvo0s 2 oe eee jussieu 
fralcower, millralers! 38° to 44-2 es 8 to es melanura 


a’. AMBLYGASTER. Ventral scutes little evident, scarcely protrude from groove 
containing them. 

g'. Depth 424 to 5144; lower gill rakers 36 to 40; eye 3% to 4% in 
head; maxillary reaches nearly or quite to eye; ventral below 
frontehaltvoL<GOrsal.= 22 Sate 2 eee ee ee sirm 

g°. Depth 414 to 4%. 

h*. Maxillary not reaching eye; scutes 16+138 or 14__ clupeoides 
nh’. Maxillary reaches below pupil; scutes 20-+-15_____- posterus 


602 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Subgenus SARDINELLA Valenciennes 
SARDINELLA ALLECIA (Rafinesque) 


Clupea allecia RAFINESQUE, Caratteri nuovi animali piante Sicilia, p. 57, 1810 
(type locality: Sicily). 

Engraulis desmaresti Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 455, 
1826 (type locality: Nice). 

Clupea desmaresti Risso, Hist. Nat. Hurope mérid., Poissons, vol. 3, p. 479, 
pl. 9, fig. 22, 1826. 

Clupea auro-vittata Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. (293) 385, 1839 
(type locality: Sicily, Palermo). 

? Clupea caeruleo-vittata RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 305, 1846 (type 
locality: Chinese Seas; Canton). 

Sardinella aurita VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 263, pl. 594, 1847 
(type locality: Gulf of Moree).—Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 
vol. 19, p. 878, 1917 (Cape Cod to Rio Janeiro; Black Sea to Mediterranean ; 
Indo Australian Archipelago, China, South Japan).—Fow.Ler, Bull. Amer. 
Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 163, fig. 64, 1986 (Brazil; Adriatic; 
Mediterranean). 

Sardinella anchovia VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 269, 1847 (type 
locality: Rio Janeiro; Martinique). 

Sardinella lemura BLreKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland, Indié, vol. 4, p. 500, 
1853 (type locality: Batavia). 

Clupea (Sardinella) lemuru BLeErKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (9) 
267, fig. 1, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Harengula) lemuru BLieeKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 108, 
1866-72 (Java). 

Clupea lemuru GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 430 1868 (type). 

Sardinia pseudohispanica Pory, Mem. hist. nat. Cuba, vol. 2, p. 311, 1858-61 
(type locality: Cuba). 

Clupea longiceps (not Valenciennes) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 637, 1878 
(part) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 373, 1889. 

Clupea (Harengula) longiceps WrsBerR and BrAvurorT, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 82, 1913 (part). 

Clupea brasiliensis STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., 
vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 182, 1879 (type locality: Rio Janeiro). 

Sardinella euwina ANTIPA, Denksechr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 78. 
p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 12-18, 1806 (type locality: Coast of Constanza). 


Depth 324; head 324, width 214. Snout 324 in head from snout 
tip; eye 41%, 1% in snout, greater than interorbital, adipose lid 
posteriorly covers 14 of eye; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 
124 in eye, length 21% in head from snout tip; front of upper jaw 
without distinct notch medially; teeth obsolete or absent; interorbital 
5, very slightly elevated, level medially; few weak venules on cheek, 
head otherwise smooth. Gill rakers 93+168, finely setiform, nearly 
equal eye; gill filaments 24 gill rakers. 

Scales 48 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 more on 
latter; 13 transversely, 17 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 12+15. 
Scales with 4 or 5 transverse vertical striae, incomplete medially 
on scale; circuli all as fine parallel basal striae, none apically, with 
uneven cutaneous edge. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 603 


D. 1, 14, first branched ray 2 in total head length; A. my, 15, 1, 
first branched ray 534; caudal 114, well forked and lobes sharply 
pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3149; pectoral 144; ventral 
22%. 

Back brown, also upper surface of head. Sides and under surface 
silvery white. Iris silvery white. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, 
other fins whitish. 


East Indies, China, and southern Japan. Also in the Mediterranean 
and Black Seas and Atlantic. Clupea ailecia Rafinesque seems to be 
the oldest name applicable to the present species. 


U.S.N.M. No. 57632. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 145 mm. 
SARDINELLA LONGICEPS Valenciennes 


Sardinella longiceps VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 273, 1847 
(type locality: Pondicherry).—Rercan, Ann. Mig. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 
19, p. 3879, 1917 (Mombasa, Muscat, India).—HorRNELL and Nayupu, Madras 
Fisher. Bull., vol. 17, p. 129, 1924 (life history).—Fowtrr, Journ. Bombay 
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 1, p. 36, 1924 (Calicut); Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 257, 1927 (Orion).—Herre, Fishes Herre Philip- 
pine Exped. 1931, p. 14, 1984 (Estancia; Culion; Manila).—Roxas, Philip- 
pine Journ. Sci. vol. 55, p. 278, pl. 2, fig. 1 (scale), 1984 (Luzon; Polillo; 
Mindoro; Leyte; Panay; Mindanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. 6, p. 21, 1987 (reference). 

Clupea longiceps GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 428, 1868 compiled) .— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 637, pl. 161, fig. 2, 1878 (Sind, West India, 
East Indies, Ceylon, Andamans) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 378, 
1889.—PILLAy, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 1929 (Travan- 
core).—Trmant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° Note, p. 117, 1929 
(Phurochai). 

Clupea (Harengula) longiceps CuEvry, Inst. Océanogr. Indo-Chine, 19° note, p. 9, 
1932 (Cochinchina). 

Harengula longiceps SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. A 3, p. 14, 1908 (Manila 
Bay). 

Sardinella neohowii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 274, 1847 (type 
locality : Cananor; Malabar).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 220, 1865 (copied). 

Clupea neohowii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 448, 1868 (Cochin). 

Alausa scombrina VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 442, 1847 (type 
locality: Cananor, Malabar; Mahé, Seychelles). 

Harengula moluccensis (not Bleeker) EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 26, p. 58, 1906-1907 (Bacon). 


Depth 414 to 414; head 2% to 324, width 2 to 214. Snout 31% to 
3% in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 514, 114 to 124 in snout, sub- 
equal with or slightly greater than interorbital, adipose lids broad; 
maxillary reaches 14 in eye, expansion 114 to 1% in eye, length 234 to 
234 in head from snout tip; upper jaw with slight median notch; no 
teeth; interorbital 514 to 514, broadly convex; arborescent striae from 
preorbital to preopercle above, venules also spreading out horizontal- 
ly on opercle above and branch extends forward to supraorbital, 


604 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


cluster spreads over cheek, another radiating also at lower angle 
of preopercle and humeral venules well developed over at least 3 
scales. Guill rakers 158+200, finely setiform, little longer than gill 
filaments, equal eye. Notch above and below bony knob along inner 
edge of gill opening. 

Scales 46 or 47 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 more 
on latter; 12 or 13 transversely, 14 to 16 predorsal. Scales firmly ad- 
herent, narrowly imbricated. Scales with 2 to 4 incomplete or more 
or less broken vertical parallel striae and dozen or more irregular 
horizontal apical marginal lines, mostly connected or obsolete; circuli 
vertically parallel, fine. 

D. rv, 13 or 14, first branched ray 234 to 234 in total head length; 
A. 1, 13, first branched ray 514 to 514; caudal 13% to 124, well 
forked, slender lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 324 to 
41%; pectoral 134 to 124; ventral 3 to 4. 

Back slaty, sides and lower surface pale to whitish. Fins all pale. 

Arabia, Mombasa, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Andamans, East In- 
dies, Philippines. 

1 example. Iloilo, Panay Island. April 2, 1929. Length, 118 mm. Lieut. H. C. 

Kellers. 

1 example. Iloilo. April 6, 1929. Length, 113 mm. Lieut. H. C. Kellers. 

22945. Maricaban Island. January 20, 1908. Length, 145 mm. 

5380, 53881. Oton market, Iloilo. March 30, 1908. Length, 144-146 mm. 

13 examples. Philippines. Length, 147-165 mm. 

1 example. Shore above Iloilo River. June 2, 1908. Length, 60mm. Lt. H. C. 

Kellers. 

6 examples. Zamboanga, Mindanao. May 29, 1908. Length, 100-120 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 56066. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (3607). Length, 

153 mm. As Harengula moluccensis. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56141. Bureau of Fisheries (8603). Length, 153 mm. Lower gill 

rakers 140. 


2 examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 157-166 mm. 
SARDINELLA DAYI Regan 
FIGURE 16 


Sardinella dayi Reagan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 381, 1917 (type 
locality : Karwar, India).—FowLer, Journ. Bombay Bat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, 
No. 1, p. 36, 1924 (Calicut). 

Depth 224 to 3; head 3 to 4144, width 214 to 224. Snout 334 to 4 
in head from snout tip; eye 334 to 4, equals snout, greater than in- 
terorbital, adipose lids broad; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, ex- 
pansion 11% to 134 in eye, length 21% to 214 in head from snout tip; 
no teeth; interorbital 414, broadly convex, median ridge pronounced ; 
branch of arborescent striae or venules from preorbital to preopercle 
above, spreading backward above over opercle horizontally; large 
cluster on cheek; small wider-set venules radiate down flange of 
preopercle and few along humeral edge of gill opening horizontally. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 605 


Gill rakers 68+ 90, finely lanceolate, about long as eye; gill filaments 
3, length of gill rakers. Inside edge of gill opening with single 
notch. 

Scales 38 to 42 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 12 or 13 transversely, 12 to 17 predorsal. Abdominal 
scutes 16 or 17+12 to 14. Scales firmly adherent, narrowly imbri- 
cated. Scales with 2 vertical wide spaced parallel striae; 20 to 25 
marginal striae apically; circuli fine, vertically parallel. 

D. m1, 13 or 14, first branched ray 124 to 17% in total head length; 
A. m1, 17, first branched ray 3% to 4; caudal 1 to 114, strongly forked, 
slender lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 1%; 
ventral 21% to 224. 

Back slaty brown. On level from upper eye edge till nearly op- 
posite depressed dorsal end, 5 or 6 short obsolete vertical darker 












S23 









YI 
ESS 
YY) 

= MMs - 






S 






XS 


AR 






NN 









Ez; 
ngs te 





mm. 
H.W.F. 
Ficure 16.—Sardinella dayi Regan: U.S.N.M. No. 19954, from Mauritius. 


streaks. Sides and lower surface pale to whitish. Dorsal and cau- 
dal tinted grayish, tip of former dusky, other fins whitish. 
India, Mauritius. 


U.S.N.M. No. 19954. Mauritius. Captain Page. Length 123 to 156 mm. Gill 
rakers 56+96, finely setiform. 
3 examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length 105 to 106 mm. 


SARDINELLA ALBELLA (Valenciennes) 


Kowala albella VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 362, 1847 (type 
locality : Pondicherry). 

Clupea albella GiintHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 424, 1868 (copied). 

Sardinella brachysoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Haring), vol. 24, 
p. 19, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java).—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, p. 489, 1905 (Baram, Borneo).—ReeAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 381, 1917 (Madras, Java, Amboina; types of Sardinella 
brachysoma and Harengula hypselosoma).—Fow er, Hong Kong Nat., vol. Z 
p. 117, 1931 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 20, 1937 (reference). 

Clupea (Sardinella) brachysoma Buirexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (9) 279, fig. 4, 1866-72. 


606 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea (Harengula) brachysoma BuireKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
104, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Banka).—Wesrr and BrAurort, Verh. Akad. 
Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 17, p. 18, 1912 (Batavia); Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 70, fig. 25, 1913 (Batavia). 

Clupea brachysoma GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 423, 1868 (type; 
Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 635, pl. 163, fig. 3, 1878 (Indo China) ; 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 871, 1889.—HarpEnsBeErG, Treubia, 
vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 805, 1984 (Rokan River mouth, Sumatra). 

Harengula brachysoma FowLer and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, p. 1, 
1927 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—FowtLrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 
vol. 87, p. 90, 1935 (Bangkok; Sriracha; Paknam); vol. 89, p. 181, 1937 
(Bangkok; Paknam; Tachin). 

Harengula hypelosoma BierKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 8, p. 427, 
1855 (type locality: Amboina). 

Clupea hypselosoma GUntTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 431, 1868 (type). 

Clupea hypelosoma MaActrray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 375, 
1880 (Port Jackson) (error). 

Clupea (Harengula) hypselosoma BirreKrer, Atlas Ichth, Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 104, pl. (9) 267, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Amboina). 

Alosa kowal (not Riippell) Ginturr, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 123, 1866 (part). 

Depth 234; head 334, width 214. Snout 414 in head from snout 
tip; eye 414, 14) in snout, subequal with interorbital, adipose lids 
broad, length 214 in head from snout tip; maxillary reaches 14 in 
eye, expansion 114 length; no teeth, edges of jaws tranchant and 
with distinct median upper notch; interorbital 424, low, little convex; 
supraorbital, cheek opercle above and upper posterior side of head 
well as humeral region venulose. Gill rakers about 30+65, fine, 
slender, longest equal gill filaments or nearly long as eye. 

Scales 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more on 
latter; 14 transversely, 18 predorsal. Abominal scutes 17+12. A-xil- 
lary ventral scale 114 in fin length. Scales with 4 to 6 transverse 
slightly waved complete striae; circuli also all parallel and vertical 
very fine, not extending apically where margin of scale fimbriate. 

D. rv, 18, 1, first branched ray 124 in total head length; A. m1, 17, 
last 2 rays larger than preceding, first branched ray 334; caudal 314 
in rest of body, slender lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 
21% in head; pectoral 114; ventral 214. 

Back neutral gray to olivaceous, sides and lower surface silvery 
white. Iris whitish, with yellowish tints. Sides of head also with 
yellowish tinge. Fins all pale or whitish. 

Zanzibar, Siam, East Indies, Philippines, China. 

5471 to 5482. Basud River, Luzon. June 15, 1909. Length, 56-94 mm. 

22 examples. Basud River, Luzon. June 15, 1909. Length, 56-95 mm. 

4 examples. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 5, 1908. Length, 33-43 mm. 

1 example. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 48 mm. 

1 example. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length, 37 mm., caudal 

tips damaged. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Baram, Borneo. Dr. W. H. Furness 38rd. Wistar Insti- 
tute of Anatomy. Length, 188 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 607 
SARDINELLA PERFORATA (Cantor) 


Clupeonia perforata CANToR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, p. 1276, 
1849 (type locality: Pinang Sea, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra). 
Clupea (Spratelia) perforata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 

(10) 268, fig. 2, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Harengula) perforata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
110, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Am- 
boina) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 147, 1874 (compiled; 
Amoy).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 
71, pt. 1, p. 158, 1907 (Gischin).—WebBErR and BEAuForT, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 74, 1918 (Batavia, Puger, Balikpapan). 

Clupea perforata BLEEKER, Verslag. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 16, p. (356) 
176, 1864 (Siam).—GUnTHuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 424, 1868 (type; 
type of Spratella kowala; Amboina).—WEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 
57, p. 8, 19138 (Lumbok; Macassar).—VincIauERrA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat., Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 618, 1926 (Sarawak) .—HARDENBrERG, Treubia, 
vol. 15, livr. 8, p. 231, 1986 (Padang Tikarbay; Telok Pekadai, Borneo). 

Sardinella perforata EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, (1906) 
p. 54, 1907 (Bacon).—REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 382, 
1917 (Persian Gulf, Malay Archipelago; types; types of Spratella kowala, 
not Clupalosa bulan)—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 1928 
(compiled) ; vol. 11, p. 315, 1931 (reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 
117, 19381 (Philippines).—HErrRE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 
14, 1934 (Maniia).—RoxAs, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 277, pl. 2, fig. 
10 (seale), 1984 (Luzon; Panay).—TorTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. 
Torino, ser. 3, vol. 44, p. 5, fig. 1, 1984 (Bender Abbas, Persian Gulf).— 
RoxAs and MArtTIn, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 20, 1937 
(reference).—Svuvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 10, 1987 (Gulf of Siam).— 
HeERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull, No. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Singapore; Ma- 
laceca).—Fow.Ler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 31, 1988 (reference). 

Harengula perforata BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 591, pl. 
75, fig. 1 (scale), 1912 (Batavia). 

Spratella kowala (not Clupea kowala Riippell) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Neder- 
land. Indié, vol. 2, p. 492, 1851 (Rio; Batavia); Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 2, p. 85 (Siam), p. 57 (Amoy), p. 176, 1865 (Siam; copied). 

Clupea kowal (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 450, 1868. 

Harengula (Spratella) kowala BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, 
ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 294 (type locality: Rio Bintang), p. 300, 1868 (Waigiu). 

Clupea (Clupalosa) kowal BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (8) 
266, fig. 5, 1866-72. 

Clupea zunasi (not Bleeker) ScHMeEtrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 25, 1869 
(Savay); No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Savaii). 

Clupea zeunasi P6OuL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 (Savaii). 

Harengula sundaica (not Bleeker) JorpDAN and SHaALg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 (Negros).—JorDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 27, (1907) p. 286 (1908) (Iloilo). 


Depth 244 to 2%; head 334 to 344, width 2. Snout 4 in head from 
snout tip; eye 334 to 344, greater than snout or interorbital, broad 
adipose lid covers at least last third of eye; maxillary reaches 4 to 14 
in eye, expansion 134 to 2 in eye, length 234 to 21% in head from snout 
tip; front of upper jaw forms rather broad angle above; no teeth; 


608 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


interorbital 5, slightly elevated, level medially ; cheeks, opercle, occipi- 
tal and humeral regions venulose. Gill rakers 30+ 58 to 60, finely seti- 
form, 14 in eye; gill filaments 34 gill rakers. 

Scales 37 to 41 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 or 6 
more on latter ; 12 scales transversely, 14 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 
17 or 18+14. Axillary ventral scale 44 of fin. Scales with 4 to 6 
transverse wide set or vertical striae; circuli fine, few apically where 
pitted. 

D. ut, 15, 1 or m1, 14, 1, first branched ray 114 to 134 in total head 
length; A. m1, 16, 1, first ray 334 to 414; caudal 31% to 314 in rest of 
body; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 234 in total head length; 
pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 2. 

Back brown, also head above. Sides and below silvery white. 
Tris silvery white, turning gray in formalin specimens. Dorsals and 
caudal pale brownish. Lower fins whitish. 

Arabia, Persian Gulf, Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East 
Indies, Philippines, Siam, Amoy, Polynesia. 


20142. Bacoor, Luzon. June 15, 1908. Length, 78 mm. 

8862. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length, 50-125 mm. Lower gill 
rakers 50 to 55. The small ones with dark spot at front of dorsal basally and 
ends of caudal lobes dusky, as shown in Bleeker’s figure of Clupea (Spra- 
tella) gibbosa. 3 examples. 

9100. Catbalogan Anchorage. April 15, 1908. Length, 119 mm. 

7767 to 7771. Catbalogan. April 17, 1908. Length, 177-138 mm. 

9 examples. Cavite market. June 14, 1908. Length, 74-117 mm. 

5976, 5978, 5981, 5985. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length, 85-127 mm. 

19405, 19406. Iloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 107-113 mm. 

13185, 14157 to 14159. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 96-137 mm. 

7750. Jolo market. February 12, 1908. Length, 115 mm. 

5158, 5154, 5156. Manila market. December 12 to 18, 1907. Length, 122-129 mm. 

8170 to 8179, 8181 to 8185, 9064. Manila market. June 12, 1908. Length, 
83-123 mm. 

4 examples. Manila market. June 13, 1908. Length, 130-138 mm. 

9 examples. Manila market. June 17, 1908. Length, 108-121 mm. 

9065, 18673. Manila market. June 24, 1908. Length, 120 and 121 mm. 

5 examples. Manila market. April 20, 1909, Length, 115-128 mm. 

21996. Near mouth of Tayabas River, Luzon. February 25, 1909. Length, 
107 mm. 

2 examples. No data. “Faoselts herring.” Length, 103-130 mm. 

1 example. Port Langean, Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length, 138 mm. 

8 examples. Tacloban market. July 25, 1909. Length, 83-134 mm. 

3 examples. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 88-96 mm. 

29 examples. Sandakan Bay. March 21, 1908. Length 87-115 mm. Most all 
show brilliant purplish, greenish, and violet reflections, some coppery on lower 
surfaces and many have the tints like those of tinsel. As usual tails of all 
uniformly pale. 

9958, 11467, 11469. Kowloon market, China. September 8, 1908. Length, 
95-111 mm. 

10666. Kowloon market. October 5, 1908. Length, 125 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 609 


U.S.N.M. No. 51969. Negros. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 53-83 mm., caudal 
ends broken. Lower gill rakers 58. As Harengula sundaica. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72198. Iloilo, Philippines. R. C. McGregor. Length, 82 mm. 
Lower gill rakers 59. As Harengula sundaica. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72505. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Lower gill rakers 
60. Length, 125-143 mm. 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72506. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 143 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72507. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 110-112 mm. 3 
examples. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72508. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 125-135 mm. 3 
examples. 
SARDINELLA SAMARENSIS Roxas 
Sardinella samarensis Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 275, pl. 2, fig. 11 
(scale), 1934 (type locality: Barrio Cinco, Catbalogan, Samar Province, 


Samar Island).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 21, 19387 (reference). 


Depth 314 to 3%; head 344 to 4, width 224. Snout slightly greater 
than eye, tip produced to form with vertex a prominent concavity; 
eye 4 in head, 144 nearer snout tip than hind opercle edge; maxillary 
reaches 14 in eye, length 224 in head; interorbital slightly less than 
orbit, equals greatest opercle width, rather concave; postocular part 
of head deeply veined, and venules on cheek. Gill rakers 96 to 102, 
finely lanceolate, flattened, smooth, short, 14 of gill filaments which 
749 to % of eye. 

Scales 43 to 45 in median lateral series; 9 to 11 in transverse series; 
16 to 18 predorsal. Abdominal scutes 16 to 18+14 or 15. Scales 
adherent, subcircular, nonfenestrate, with 2 to 5 transverse striae, one 
usually complete; hind edge irregularly pectinate. 

D. 18, 124 times nearer snout tip than caudal base, depressed base 
equals height or 2 in head; A. 15, low, 114 times longer than dorsal, 
17% in head, 134 times length of caudal peduncle; pectoral equals 
anal base; ventral 114 times orbit, equidistant from pectorals and 
anal, inserted below middle of dorsal. 

Color? 

Length, 104-114 mm. (Roxas.) 

Philippines. Said to resemble Harengula ovalis and Sardinella 


fimbriata in the form of its body, though its other characters quite 
distinct. 
SARDINELLA FIMBRIATA (Valenciennes) 


Spratella fimbriata VALENCIENNES, Hist Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 359, pl. 600, 1847 
(type locality: Malabar).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 233, 1865.—KNEg, 
Reise Novara, Fische, p. 329, 1865 (Madras). 

Clupea fimbriata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 427, 1868 (type 
of Kowala lauta; Madras).—Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 
404, 1876 (Manila).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 637, pl. 161, fig. 3, 1878 
(India, Malabar, Vizagapatam).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 
Madrid, yol. 14, p. 42, 1885 (Manila Bay).—Day, Fauna British India, 


610 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Fishes, vol. 1, p. 373, 1889.—Eers, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 582, 1895 
(Luzon, Manila).—Pittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 
1929 (Travancore).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 305, 1934 
(Rokan R. mouth, Sumatra). 

Clupea (Sardinella) fimbriata BiLErEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 
(18) 271, fig. 5, 1866-72 (not text). 

Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata Brreker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 18, 
p. 3, 1879 (China).—WeseER and Beravurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 75, fig. 26, 19138 (Batavia, Kragan, Rembang, Banjuwangi, 
Onrust, Nias, Balikapan, Kotabarn, Macassar).—CHABANAUD, Service Océan- 
agr, Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Tonkin). 

Sardinella fimbriata Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 382, 1917 
(Akyab, Orissa, Malabar, Madras, types of Kowala lauta) —Fow.eEr, Copeia, 
No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 
p. 257, 1927 (Bacon) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, No. 2, p. 118, 1951 (reference) — 
Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 14, 19384 (Bauang Sur; 
Manila; Nasigbu; Alabat).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 276, pl. 
2, fig. 5 (seale), 1984 (Luzon; Mindoro; Panay).—Suvatri, Index Fish. 
Siam, p. 9, 1987 (Cantaburi).—Roxas and MARTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 21, 1987 (reference). 

Harengula fimbriata Osuima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, p. 2, 1926 (Haiko, 
Hainan ).—HeErrE and Myers, Rafties Mus. Bull. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Singapore). 

Sardinella perforata (not Cantor) EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 
26 (1906), p. 54, 1907 (Bacon specimens; part). 

Harengula sundaica (not Bleeker) JorDAN and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 27 (1907), p. 236, 1908 (Manila, Aparri; not Iloilo). 


Depth 3 to 314; head 334 to 414, width 2 to 2149. Snout 31% to 334 
in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 334, 114 in snout, greater than in- 
terorbital, adipose lid covers posterior 34 of eye; maxillary reaches 14 
to 14 in eye, length 214 to 214 in head from snout tip; few obscure, 
minute, simple teeth in mandible; interorbital 344 to 544, flat; cheek, 
preopercle and postocular regions venulose. Guill rakers 43+80, 
lanceolate, length 24 of eye. 

Scales (pockets) 86 to 38 in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 4 more on latter; 12 transversely, 12 to 15 predorsal. Abdominal 
scutes 17+12 or 13. Scales with 3 vertical striae, usually incom- 
plete medially, apically scale deeply pitted. 

D. tv, 14, 1 or 15, 1, first branched ray 114 to 124 im total head 
length; A. m1, 15, 1 to 17, 1, first ray 334 to 334; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 214 to 224; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 2 to 214; caudal 
3 to 324 in rest of body. 

Pale brown, back dark, demarcation line not distinct. Muzzle and 
caudal tips dusky. 

India, East Indies, Philippines, Hainan, China. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56282. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (8658). Lower 
gill rakers 79. As Sardinella perforata. 


U.S.N.M. No. 56238. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (3659). Length, 120 mm. 
Lower gill rakers 75. As Sardinella perforata, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 611] 


U.S.N.M. No. 72197. Manila. R. C. McGregor. Length, 120 mm. Lower gill 
rakers 76. As Harengula sundaica. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72255. Aparri, Luzon. R. C. McGregor. Length, 135 mm., caudal 
ends broken. Lower gill rakers 80. As Harengula sundaica. 


SARDINELLA SINDENSIS (Day) 


Ciupea sindensis Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 638, pl. 163, fig. 2, 1878 (type 
locality: Kurachee, India); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 374, 
1889.—Puuay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 354, 1929 (Travan- 
core). 

Sardinella sindensis Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 383, 1917 
(Sind, Bombay, Amboina, Formosa).—Hrrre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull. 
13, p. 12, 1987 (Singapore). 

’ Meletta venenosa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 377, 1847 (type 
loeality : Seychelles). 

Alosa venenosa GUNTHER, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 122, 1866 (Zanzibar). 

Clupea venenosa GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 449, 1868 (Zanzi- 
bar).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Hspafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 
(Rubi, New Guinea). 


Depth 31, to 4; head 324 to 444. Snout long as or shorter than eye, 
which 314 to 334 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye. Lower gill 
rakers 58 to 66. 

Scales 44 in medial lateral series; 11 to 13 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 17 to 19+ 12 to 15. 

D. 17 to 19; A. 18 to 21; ventral 8, below or before middle of 
dorsal. 

Dark spot at base of front dorsal rays. Upper part of dorsal and 
ends of caudal lobes sometimes blackish. Length, 180 mm. 
(Regan.) 

Zanzibar, Seychelles ?, India, East Indies, Formosa. According 
to Day reaches 203 mm. 


SARDINELLA JUSSIEU (Lacépéde) 


Clupanodon jussieu LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 469, 474, pl. 11, fig. 2, 
1803 (type locality : Mauritius). 

Clupeonia jussieui VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 346, 1847 (Mauri- 
tius, Bourbon, Madagascar).—BLerEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 
p. 345, 1863 (Madagascar).—GuicHENOoT, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 
ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 147, 1866 (Madagascar).—SavvaGe, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, 
Poiss., p. 495, 1891 (Madagascar). 

Clupeonia jussioet VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, pl. 599, 1847. 

Clupeonia jussieu GUICHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863. 

Clupea jussieui GiNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 430, 1868 (copied). 

Sardinella jussieui Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadephia, vol. 79, p. 257, 
1927 (Vigan, Orani, Orion, Philippines). 

Sardinella jussieu FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 1928 (compiled ; 
not Nukuhiva); Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1929, p. 592 (Shang- 
hai), p. 598, 19830 (Hong Kong); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, p. 315, 1931 
(reference) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 118, 1931 (reference) ; Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 411, 1984 (Natal; Philippines).—Roxas, 


612 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 273, pl. 2, fig. 2 (scale), 19384 (Luzon) .—- 
Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 365, fig. 5, 1935; vol. 
89, p. 180, 1987 (Bangkok).—Roxas and MArTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 21, 1937 (reference).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 31, 
1988 (reference). 

Clupeonia fasciata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 349, 1847 (type 
locality : Bourbon).—GuricHENort, Notes fle Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863. 

Sardinella fasciata McCuttocu, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 38, 1929 
(reference). 

Clupea gibbosa BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 3, p. (69) 72, 1849 (type 
locality : Macassar).—GUnNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 381, 1909 
(Ponapé, Samoa, Tonga, Society Islands, Fiji). 

Clupea (Spratella) gibbosa BierKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (8) 
266, fig. 6, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Harengula) gibbosa BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 106, 
1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Banka, Bali, Celebes). 

Harengula gibbosa JorDAN and Serate, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906) p. 4, 
1907 (Philippines).—JorDAN and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 
(1907), p. 236, 1908 (Manila).—BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Batavia). 

Sardinella gibbosa Reaan, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 458, 1917 (Durban) ; 
Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 383, 1917 (Durban, Mombasa, 
Ganjam, Madras, Siam, Celebes, Java, Amboina, type of Spratella tem- 
bang).—McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 132, 1925 (reference).—HeErre, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, 
p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete).—HerrrE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull. No. 13, 
p 12, 1987 (Singapore) 

Spratella tembang BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 774, 
1852 (type locality: Macassar; Batavia).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, 
p. 329, 1865 (Java).—GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 36, 
1880 (Levuka and Kandavu, Fiji). 

Clupea tembang GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 426, 1865 (type; 
Java).—ALLEYNE and Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, 
p. 350, 1877 [Bramble Cay, Torres Straits (3 vomited by noddy) ].—Mac- 
LEAY, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 264, 1878 (Port Darwin) ; 
vol. 4, p. 377, 1879 (Torres Straits) —ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, 
p. 58, 1879 (Tonga).—MaActeay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, 
p. 259, 1881 (reference).—P6uHL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 
(Tonga). 

Spratella fimbriata (not Valenciennes) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Har- 
ing.), vol. 24, p. 27, 1852 (Batavia, Java, in sea).—ScumeEtrz, Cat. Mus. 
Godeffroy, No. 2, p. 9, 1865 (Samoa); No. 4, p. 25, 1869 (Upolu) ; No. 5, 
p. 36, 1874 (Tonga). 

Clupea fimbriata ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Upolu) .— 
STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, 
p. 158, 1907 (Gischin). 

Clupea exile KiSHINOUYE, Journ. Coll. Agric. Tokyo, vol. 2, p. 384, pl. 30, fig. 
1, 1911 (type locality : Chichijma, Bonin Islands). 

Sardinella sindensis (not Day) RrGAN, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 167, 1916 
(Durban) .—GiILcHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 297, 1917 
(reference). 


Depth 3% to 4; head 334 to 4, width 214 to 214. Snout 334 to 
37% in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 344, 114 in snout, greater than 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 613 


interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expansion 134 to 2 in 
eye, length 214 to 224 in head from snout tip; only few anterior 
teeth in jaws; interorbital 414 to 434, little elevated, nearly level; 
cheek, opercle, preopercle, upper side of head and humeral region 
venulose. Gill rakers 28+ 65, lanceolate, 124 in eye. 

Scales 40 to 42 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 11 or 12 scales transversely, 13 predorsal. Abdom- 
inal scutes 17 or 18+12 or 13. Scales with 4 or 5 vertical striae, 
only one apically complete, no pores. 

D. tv, 18, 1 or 14, 1, first branched ray 124 to 124 in total head 
length; A. m1, 15, 1, first branched ray 434 to 5; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 224 to 244; pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 21% to 214; caudal 
31/4, to 334 in rest of body, forked. 

Brown on upper back, underlaid olive-brown line defining silvery 
white below. Muzzle tipped brown. Dorsal and caudal pale brown, 
dark spot at base of former anteriorly, other fins whitish. 

Arabia, Mombasa, Natal, Mauritius, Bourbon, Madagascar, Singa- 
pore, East Indies, Philippines, China, Bonin Islands, Northern Ter- 
ritory of Australia, Queensland, Micronesia, Polynesia. 


12998. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 3, 1909. Length, 39 mm. 

3 examples. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. 130-foot seine. June 17, 1909. Length, 
48-106 mm. 

9 examples. Baganga Bay, Mindanao. May 15, 1908. Length, 61-107 mm. 

1 example. Balamban, Cebu. April 2, 1908. Length, 45 mm. 

2 examples. Bacoor, Luzon. June 15, 1908. Length, 62-65 mm. 

1 example. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 1, 1908. Length, 51 mm. 

1 example. Cavite market. June 26, 1908. Length, 80 mm. 

5examples. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27, 1908. Length, 73-84 mm. 

5 examples. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 54-112 mm. [1889; 
1896. ] 

1 example. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 41 mm. 

6036 to 6039. Hinunangan Beach, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length, 123-145 mm. 
6 examples. 

9 examples. Lucena anchorage. Electric light. February 24, 1909. Length, 
38-44 mm. 

1 example. Manila Bay, Luzon. December 7, 1907. Length, 50 mm. 

2 examples. Manila Bay. December 9, 1907. Length, 66-73 mm. 

19720. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length, 33-106 mm. 3 ex- 
amples. 

1 example. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15, 1909. Length, 46 mm. 

5 examples. Matnog Bay, Luzon. June 1, 1909. Length, 128-135 mm. 

1 example. Nasugbu, Luzon. January 16, 1908. Length, 27 mm. 

2 examples. Nasugbu, Luzon. January 21, 1908. Length, 26-30 mm. 

1 example. Nato, Luzon. June 19, 1909. Length, 62 mm. 

7 examples. Nogas Point, Panay. February 4, 1908. Length, 100-124 mm. 

19568, 18956. Paluan Bay, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length, 65-120 mm. 
10 examples. 

4 examples. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 5, 1908. Length, 37-48 mm. 

1 example. Port Binanga. January 8, 1908. Length, 30 mm. 


614 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


6 examples. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 26-31 mm. 

13466, 18467. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 10, 1908. 
Length, 57-96 mm. 

1 example. Santa Maria, Siquijor Island. Seine. August 11, 1909. Length, 
64 mm. 

3 examples. San Vicente Harbor, Luzon shore. November 13, 1908. Length, 
32-38 mm. 

1 example. Varadero Harbor. July 22, 1908. Length, 51 mm. 

23 examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 28, 1908. Length, 20-53 mm. 

9 examples. Varadero Bay. July 23, 1908. Length, 41-69 mm. 

13314, 18315, 13318, 18320. Amboina market. December 7, 1909. Length, 123— 
150 mm. 9 examples. 

1 example. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. Hlectric light. December 1, 1909. 
Length, 59 mm. 

6 examples. Gomomo Island. Dynamite. December 3, 1909. Length, 8646 
mm. 

2 examples. Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 20, 1809. Length, 96-104 mm. 

21316, 21817. Uki, Bouru Island. December 9, 1909. Length, 98-140 mm. 

D. 5581. September 26, 1909. Length, 89 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56289. Cavite, Luzon. Dr. G. A. Lung. Length, 54-114 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72501. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 142 
mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72502. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 185 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72503. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 128-133 mm. 6 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72504. Batavia. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 137 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 538068. Natal coast. 1927. H.W. Bell Marley. Length, 178 mm. 


SARDINELLA MELANURA (Cuvier) 


Clupea melanura Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 318, 1829 (on Lacé- 
péede).—SpaLte and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 2389, 1907 
(Zamboanga). 

Clupea (Harengula) melanura WEBER and BrAvuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 72, 1913 (part). 

Harengula melanurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, p. 254, 1853 
(Ceram). 

Harengula melanura HERRE, Field Mus. Publ. 358, zool. ser., vol. 21, p. 30, 1936 
(Fiji; New Hebrides). 

Sardinella melanura Rrecan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 384, 1917 
(Indian Ocean and Archipelago).—KFow.er, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 37, 
1925 (Tahiti); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 194 (Delagoa 
Bay; Tahiti material) ; 1927, p. 257 (Vigan; Santa Maria) ; Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 1928 (Tahiti, Papeete, Suva, Society Islands, Nukahiva) ; 
vol. 11, No. 5, p. 315, 1981 (reference).—HeErrRE, Fishes Herre Philippine 
Wxped., 1931, p. 14, 1934 (Cape Bolinao, Pangasinan).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, 1934 (Sanoer, Bali).—Roxas, Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 274, pl. 2, fig. 13 (scale), 1934 (Batan; Leyte).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 20, 1937 
(reference).—SuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 10, 1987 (Maenam Tapi below 
Bandon).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 180, 1987 
(Bangkok).—Herre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull, No. 18, p. 12, 1987 
(Singapore), 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 615 


Clupanodon sinensis (part) LAcépipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 468, 471, pl. 
11, fig. 3, 1803 (Asia). 

Clupconia commersoni VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 350, 1847 
(type locality: Mauritius; Bombay). 

Clupeonia commersonii GuicHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863.— 
ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 2, p. 9, 1865 (Samoa).—Savvaag, Hist. 
Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 494, 1891. 

Clupea conmersonit ScHMeEttTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 25, 1869 (Upolu). 

Harengula commersoni JorpAN and SEraLr, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), 
p. 186, 1906 (Apia).—Kenpastrt and GotnssoroucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 26, p. 244, 1911 (Vavau, Papeete, Suva). 

Clupea otaitensis (Solander) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 351, 
1847 (name only). 

Clupea atricauda GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 426, 1868 (type 
locality: Ceram; Amboina; Port Blair).—ScHMeEttz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Upolu).—P6uHL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 39, 1884 
(Upolu) .—ScuMeEtrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5, p. 87, 1874 (Upolu).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 636, pl. 164, fig. 5, 1878 (Andamans).—Meyer, Anal. 
Soe. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 (Tabukan, Sangi; 
Ternate).—GUnTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 387, 1909 (Samoa, 
Society Islands, Hervey Islands, Vanicolo ? Tahiti) —WesEr, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 8, 1913 (Manado; West Ceram).—Pittay, Journ. Bombay 
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 1929 (Travancore). 

Clupea (Harengula) atricauda BiEEKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
106, pl. (10) 268, fig. 5, 1866-72 (Nias, Bali, Celebes, Ternate, Batjan, Obi 
Major, Ceram, Amboina, Saparua).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 115, pt. 1, p. 1424, 1906 (Upolu)—Wesrr and 
BeEAvrFortT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 80, 1918 (Batavia, 
Puger, Menado, Sawa, Kairatu). 

Sardinella atricauda FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 519 
(Tahiti) ; 1911, p. 206 (same materials).—Suvatrs, Index Fish. Siam, p. 9, 
1937 (Menam). 

Clupea (Harengula) sundaica BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
105, 1866-72 (not figure) [type locality: Java; Celebes (on Bleeker 1853) ]. 

Clupea ogura KISHINOUYE, Journ. Coll. Agric. Tokyo, vol. 2, p. 384, pl. 30, fig. 2, 
1911 (type locality: Futani Harbor, Chichijma, Bonin Islands). 

Sardinella oguro IzuKA and MatTsuuRA, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, 
p. 183, 1920 (Ogasawarajima). 

Sardinella jussieu (not Lacépéde) Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 
1928 (part). 

Depth 334 to 37%; head 324 to 334, width 214 to 214. Snout 314 
to 824 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 324, subequal with snout, 
greater than interorbital, broad lid covers last 24 of eye; maxillary 
reaches 14 in eye, expansion 114 to 12 of eye, length 275 to 214 in 
head from snout tip; interorbital 4 to 414, flat; most of head, except 
jaws, finely venulose. Gill rakers 16 to 18+35 to 44, finely lance- 
olate, 34 of eye; gill filaments 24 gill rakers, equal pseudobranchiae. 

Scales 39 to 43 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more 
on latter; 10 to 12 scales transversely, 11 to 16 predorsal; scales nar- 
rowly imbricated. Abdominal serrae 17 or 18+11 to 13, 


156861—40-—-40 





616 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales with 1 to 6 transverse vertical striae of which only one com- 
plete; circuli fine, vertically parallel. Humeral venules large. 

D. tv, 13, 1 or ut, 14, first branched ray 114 to 134 in total head 
length; A. m1, 16, 1, to m, 18, 1 or m1, 15, first branched ray 4 to 424; 
caudal subequal with head to 3 in rest of body, forked; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 214 to 314 in head; pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 
255 to 214, 

Back neutral slate to bluish, with violet reflections, otherwise 
largely silvery white. Snout tip above and mandible tip deeper 
brown than slaty tint of head above. Iris and sides of head white. 
Fins pale or whitish. Dorsal and caudal slightly darker and caudal 
tips broadly blackish. 

Delagoa Bay, Mauritius, India, Andamans, East Indies, Philip- 
pines, Hainan, China, Bonin Islands, Micronesia, Polynesia. 


2 examples. Baganga Bay, Mindanao. Seine. May 15, 1908. Length, 91-92 mm. 

2 examples. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length, 54-58 mm. 

1 example (with 19954 U.S.N.M.) Mauritius. Capt. Page. Length, 125 mm., 
caudal ends broken. 

U.S.N.M. No. 41560. Samoa. C. H. White. Length, 111 mm. As Sardinella 
vanicoris. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52519. Apia. Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (07563). Length, 120 
mm., caudal tips broken. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58045. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 123-130 mm. 5 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65859. Papete, Tahiti. Bureau of Fisheries (05793). Length, 
99 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 65860. Fiji. Bureau of Fisheries (08887, 08888, 08817 to 08819, 
08825). Length, 110-135 mm. All poor specimens. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Tahiti. 

A.N.S.P. No. 638157. Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa. July 1928. H. W. 
Bell Marley. Length, 152 mm. 


Subgenus AMBLYGASTER Bleeker 
SARDINELLA SIRM (Walbaum) 


Clupea sirm WatpAum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 38, 1792 [on Forskal, Descript. 
Animal. p. 17, 1775 (type locality: Arabia) ].—RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., 
Fische, p. 77, fig. 1, 1885 (Red Sea, Massaua).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 425, 1868 (Zanzibar, Batavia, types of Sardinella leiogas- 
troides). —KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 598, 1871 
(Mozambique).—GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 383, 1909 
(Kingsmills). 

Clupea (Amblygaster) sirm WerpBER and BErAurForRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 62, 1918 (Tandjong Priok). 

Sardinella sirm JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 
(Negros) ; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), p. 186, 1906 (Apia).—RxreAN, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 284, 1917 (Zanzibar, Batavia, Celebes, 
Misol, types of Sardinella leiogastroides and Clupea pinguis). —FOw LER, 
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 (copied) ; Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, 
p. 119, 1931 (reference).—HErrRe, Journ, Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 617 


4, p. 16, 1933 (Dumaguete); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 14, 
1934 (Dumaguete).—RoxAs, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, No. 3, p. 272, 
pl. 2, fig. 4 (scale), 1934 (Luzon; Polillo; Mindoro; Bantayan; Negros; 
Camiguin ; Mindanao; Samal; Bungau; Sulade).—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, 1984 (Sanoer, Bali); vol. 87, p. 90, fig. 10, 
1935 (Bangkok).—TortTonesp, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, 
vol. 45, p. 18, fig. 1 (scale), 1985-36 (Massaua).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 20, 1987 (reference).—HERRE and MYERS, 
Rafiles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 12, 19387 (Trengganu).—Fowtrr, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 32, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea, punctata RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth. Fische, p. 78, pl. 21, fig. 2, 1835 (type 
locality: Red Sea).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 412, 1868 
(Zanzibar). 

Harengula punctata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 297, 1847 (Red 
Sea ; Massauah).—Savvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 493, 1891, 
Clupea bipunctata (Ehrenberg) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 297, 

1847 (name in synonymy). 

Sardinella leiogaster VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 270, 1847 (type 
locality : Indian Ocean; Ceylon).—KNER, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 327, 1865 
(Hong Kong).—HerrReE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 14, 1934 
(Jolo).—Fow.rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, 1934 
(Benoa, Bali).—HERRE, Mid-Pacific Mag., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 168, 19385 (Pelew 
Islands).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. Bull. §, 
p. 20, 1987 (reference). 

Clupea liogaster KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 598, 1871 
(Red Sea).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. KL, 
vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 158, 1907 (Makalla). 

Clupea (Sardinella) leiogaster BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 
(4) 262, fig. 6, 1872. 

Clupea leiogaster DAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 686, 1878 (Ceylon).—TIRAntT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 117, 1929 (Phuroc-hai). 
Clupea (Amblygaster) leiogaster BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 102, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Celebes, Batjan, Obi Major, 
Ceram).—WEsER and BrEAuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 61, 1918 (Batavia, Onrust Island).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. 

Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Annam coast; Poulo-Condore). 

Amblygaster leiogaster BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 
1912 (Batavia). 

Elops javanicus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 
20, p. 270, 1847 (Java, name only). 

Sardinella leiogastroides BLEEKER, Nat Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 255, 
1854 (type locality: Manado, Celebes). 

Clupea (Sardinella) leiogastroides BLeEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
6, pl. (14) 272, fig. 2, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Alosa) leiogastroides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 102, 1866-72 (Celebes, Ternate, Amboina). 

Clupea pinguis GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 10, p. 425, 1872 (type 
locality : Misol) ; in Brenchley, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 426, 1873 (type). 
Clupea (Harengula) pinguis WeBEeR and BeaAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 

Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 88, 1913 (type). 


Depth 4% to 514; head 4 to 414, width 1% to 2. Snout 2% to 3 
in head from snout tip; eye 334 to 414, 114 to 114 in snout, 1 to 14% 


618 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


in interorbital, covered by broad adipose lid; maxillary reaches 44 
or quite to eye, expansion 11% to 134 in eye, length 224 to 234 in head 
from snout tip; front of upper jaw with slight median notch; no 
teeth; interorbital 414 to 5, little elevated, level medianly; cheek, 
preopercle, and opercle with radiating venules. Gill rakers 21+ 43, 
slender, 114 in gill filaments or 11% in eye. 

Scales 39 or 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 more 
on latter; 11 or 12 transversely, 15 predorsal. Scales on body nar- 
rowly imbricated. Abdominal serrae 17 or 18+14 to 16. Axillary 
ventral scale % fin. Scales with 2 incomplete marginal vertical 
striae; circuli all basal, fine, vertical, none apical. 

D. tv, 12 or 13, first branched ray 14% to 1% in total head length; 
A. m1, 15, first branched ray 534 to 7, last ray 5; caudal 114, deeply 
forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 to 334; pectoral 11% to 
136; ventral 224 to 244. 

Head above and back above brown to dusky, sides and under sur- 
faces bright silvery white. Iris silvery white. Dorsal and caudal 
pale brownish, other fins whitish. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Ceylon, East Indies, 
Philippines, China, Micronesia, Polynesia. Bleeker’s figure is rather 
poor in detail as it fails to show the cheek venules, the last anal ray 
enlarged, the alar caudal scales faulty and the axillary ventral scale 
too short. 


5 examples. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 6, 1909. Length, 194-222 
mm. 

12718. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length, 136mm. 

26 examples. Butauanan Island. June 12, 1909. Length, 37-63 mm. Bril- 
liant shining silvery white on sides and below. 

1 example. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 23, 1908. Length, 47 mm. 

12360. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 14, 1909. Length, 200mm. 

11067 to 11080. Cebu market. March 27, 1908. Length, 1438-200mm. 6 exam- 
ples 

7574. Cebu market. April 6, 1908. Length, 198 mm. 

8 examples. Cebu market. August 28, 1909. Length, 184-167 mm. 

11798, 11799. Guijulugan, Negros. April 2, 1908. Length, 205-208 mm. 

1 example. Hinunangan Beach, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length 75 mm. 

16188, 16189. Jolo market. March 6 or 7, 1908. Length, 197-294 mm. 

8 examples. Pasacao, Ragay Gulf. March 8, 1909. Length, 29-30 mm. Fry. 

1 example. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island. December 17, 1908. Length, 93 
mm. 

18318, 13316, 18319, 18321. Amboina market. December 7, 1909. Length, 
137-187 mm. 7 examples. 

12 examples. Tanakeke Island. December 21, 1909. Length, 180-195 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52359. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (04626). Length, 
183-236 mm. 4 examples. This exceeds the dimensions given as 150mm. 
by Weber and Beaufort. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 619 


SARDINELLA CLUPEOIDES (Bleeker) 


Amblygaster clupevides BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arehip., vol. 3, p. 73, 1849 
(type locality: Macassar). (Error.) 

Clupea clupeoides GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 425, 1868 (Java). 

Clupea (Sardinelia) clupeoides Burexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (14) 272, fig. 1, 1866-72. 

Clupea (Amblygaster) clupeoides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 103, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Bintang, Celebes).—WEBER and BraurFort, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 63, fig. 23, 1913 (Batavia). 

Sardinelia, clupeoides JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 
1905 (Negros).—EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), 
p. 54 (1907) (Bulan).—Rerean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19 p. 385, 
1917 (type).—FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 119, 1931 (reference) .—- 
HERrks, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 14, 1934 (Culion).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 20, 1937 (reference) .— 
Fow Ler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 31, 1938 (reference). 

Kowala lauta Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1279, 1849 (type 
locality: Pinang). 

Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata (not Valenciennes) BrierKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 6, p. 105 (not figure), 1866-72 (copied Cantor). 

Clupea fimbriata Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 687, 1878 (part; copied). 

Clupea okinawensis KISHINOUYE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 96, 
pl. 19, fig. 2, pl. 21, fig. 5, 1907 (tyne locality: Okinawa, Riu Kiu).—Snyner, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 489, 1912 (Okinawa). 

Harengula okinawensis Scomipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 
vol. 1, p. 20, 1980 (Naha). 


Depth 414 to 424; head 314 to 414, width 1% to 214. Snout 3 to 
31% in head from snout tip; eye 3°4 to 4, 1 to 114 in snout, greater to 
subequal with interorbital or 114 in interorbital with age, broad lids 
largely cover eye; maxillary reaches 34 to 44 to eye, expansion 2 to 
224 in eye, length 3 to 314 in head from snout tip; no teeth; inter- 
orbital 4 to 414, slightly elevated, level medially; cheek, preopercle 
and opercle with red venules. Gill rakers 17 to 22+ 32 or 33, fine, 
slender, 114 to 2 in gill filaments, which 1 to 114 in eye. 

Scales 35 to 42 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 to 5 
more on latter; 11 transversely, 14 to 18 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 16+138 or 14, low. Ventral axillary scale % length of fin. 
Scales with 1 to 3 transverse striae, usually incomplete medially; 
circuli fine, transverse, parallel striae basally, none apically where 
cutaneous fringed edge with some parallel marginal horizontal 
grooves. 

D. m1, 12, 1 to m, 14, 1, first branched ray 2 to 214 in total head 
length; A. mm, 18,1 to m1, 16, 1, first branched ray 414 to 5; caudal 114 
to 114, deeply forked, lobes angularly pointed; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 27% to 324; pectoral 124 to 17%; ventral 2 to 244. 


620 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Back gray brown, also upper surface of head. Sides and under 
surface silvery white, also iris. Dorsal and caudal pale brown. 
Lower fins whitish. 

Red Sea, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Japan. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49289. Red Sea. Bellotti. Length, 126 mm., caudal ends broken. 

Lower gill rakers 32 ? 

U.S.N.M. No. 56045. Bulan, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (8248). Length, 

192 mm., caudal ends broken. Lower gill rakers 32. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71842. Kagoshima, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 290 mm. 

As Clupea okinawensis. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71897. Kagoshima, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 280 mm. 

As Clupea okinawensis. 


SARDINELLA POSTERUS (Whitley) 


Amblygaster posterus WuHirLtey, Records Austral. Mus., vol. 18, p. 144, 19381 
(type locality: Fremantle District, Western Australia). 

Depth 414; head 38%. Eye partly concealed by adipose lids which 
unite with skin to form gelatinous appearance to most of sides of 
head; maxillary extending to below pupil; border of upper jaw 
slightly incised; jaws apparently toothless; teeth on palate and 
tongue; vertex of head with dense patches of striae behind eyes. Gill 
rakers fine, elongate, very numerous. 

Scales 40 in lateral series; 11 transversely; 17 predorsal. Scapular 
region scaleless, and like parts of opercles venulous. Body scales 
striated, with subvertical lines not meeting in middle of each scale. 
Abdominal scutes 20+15. Belly not strongly compressed but with 
median ventral scutes keeled. 

D. 17, origin nearer snout tip than caudal peduncle; A. 14, m or 
last 2 rays enlarged, fin base longer than that of dorsal. Bases of 
anal and caudal fins very scaly. Pectorals subfalciform, nearly equal 
head without snout; ventrals begin below median dorsal rays. 

General color after long preservation, dark grayish above, silvery 
on sides. 

Length, 176 mm. without caudal. (Whitley.) 

Western Australia. Although described without reference to 
relationship it appears to be allied with Sardinella clupeoides. 


Genus ARENGUS Cornide 


Arengus CORNIDE, Ensayo de una historia de los peces, de las costa de Galicia, p. 
91,1788. (Type, Arengus minor Cornide, monotypic. ) 

Sardina ANTipA, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. K1., vol. 78, p. (39) 
41 (54, 1906. (Type, Clupea pilchardus Walbaum, designated by Jordan, 
Genera of Fishes, pt. 4, p. 512, 1920.) 

Sardinops Husss, Proc. California Acad Sci., vol. 18, p. 264, 1929. (Type, 
Meletta caerulea Girard, orthotypic.) 


Body elongate, moderately compressed, abdomen not sharp edged. 
Eye with well-developed adipose lids. Mouth moderate, upper jaw 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 621 


without or with slight median notch, lower jaw not prominent. 
Maxillary not extending beyond middle of eye. Teeth minute or 
absent, none on vomer. Opercle with grooves radiating toward sub- 
opercle. Scales about 54 in medial lateral series, 10 to 14 transversely. 
Ventral scutes keeled, not projecting beyond edges of their groove. 
Vertebrae 50 to 58. Dorsal rays 16 to 20, highest anteriorly, median, 
origin nearer snout tip than caudal base, scaly basal sheath extending 
to tip of last ray. Anal rays 16 to 20, low, depressible in scaly sheath, 
last 2 rays enlarged. Caudal forked, on each side enlarged scales 
at inner edge of scaly part of each lobe. Pectoral scaly at base. Ven- 
tral rays 8, inserted below middle or posterior part of dorsal. 
Several species widely distributed in the cooler waters of the north 
and south temperate zones, in tropical waters largely represented by 


Sardinella. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Head 4; maxillary reaches front edge of eye; lower gill rakers 37____ dakini 
a*®. Head 314 to 4; maxillary nearly or quite reaches 1% in eye with age; lower 
Cilerakers ssOm(VOUNe,) i tO lil Ol se  e eee ee sagax 
a®. Head 3%4 to 4144; maxillary not reaching % in eye; lower gill rakers 60 
(VOUS) iON Wos= 22S eS ee ee eee neopilchardus 


ARENGUS DAKINI (Whitley) 


Sardinops dakini WuitTLEy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 11, p. 114, 1937 (type 
locality : Thursday Island, North Queensland). 

Depth 5; head 314. Eye 314 to 4 in head, slightly shorter than 
snout; maxillary reaches front edge of eye, supplemental bone spade 
shaped; premaxillaries meeting at acute angle; jaws and palate tooth- 
less; opercle, preopercle, and interopercle of equal depth; opercle 
without marked radiating striae, appear obsolescent or reduced to 
single anterior one; several venules on opercles, preorbital and scapular 
region; wedge shaped patch of striae each side of vertex. Lower 
gill rakers 37 long, slender, minutely denticulate, become markedly 
smaller anteriorly and not appearing overlain by gill rakers of upper 
portion of arch. 

Scales about 40; 10 to 12 transversely; 13 predorsal. Scales decid- 
uous, uniform, not covering smaller auxiliary ones. Large alar scales 
at pectoral and ventral fins. Other scales on bases of dorsal and anal 
and 2 large leaf like scales on each side of caudal. Scales with ragged 
edges but not perforated, vertical radii not continued across each 
scale but interrupted medially. Adipose eyelids largely conceal eye, 
unite with skin to give most of sides of head gelatinous appearance. 
Abdominal scutes 17 or 18+ 12 to 14. 

D. 18, origin before ventral origin and much nearer snout than 
caudal fin; A. 18+2, rays short except last which enlarged; pectoral 
rays 19, fin long as head without snout; ventral rays I, 9. 


622 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Color in formalin bluish gray above, yellowish below. Eleven 
more or less distinct dark spots along upper parts of sides. Dusky 
brown blotch on snout. Few minute fuscous spots at tips of dorsal 
and caudal lobes, but no prominent dusky blotches on any fins. Fins 
whiter than body color. 

Length, 140-190 mm. (Whitley.) 


Queensland. 
ARENGUS SAGAX (Jenyns) 


Clupea sagax JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fish., p. 134, 1842 (type locality; Lima, San 
Lorenzo Island.) —-GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 448, 1868 
(Japan).—GILcHrisr and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 
269, 1908-11 (Natal.)—Gimcurist, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, 
p. 57, fig., 1913 (False Bay). 

Sardina sagaz Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 18, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 1, 
1916 (Chile, California, Japan, South Africa).—Gi~cHRIST and THOMPSON, 
Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 297, 1917 (reference).—BArNaArp, Ann. South 
African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 112, 1825 (Table Bay, False Bay, Natal),— 
Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 194 (Durban beach) .— 
BarnarD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1017, 1927 (Fowler’s 
record ).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 365, fig. 6, 
1935 (Durban). 

Sardinia sagar Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 412, 1934 
(Natal) (error). 

Clupea melanosticta SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-15, 
p. 237, pl. 107, fig. 38, 1846 (type locality: Japan coasts).—GUNTHER, Cat. 
fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 480, 1868 (China).—IsHIKAWA and MATSUURA, 
Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 7, 1897.—KisH1nouyE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. 
Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, pp. 71, 94. 97, pl. 17, figs. 1-2, 1907. 

Clupanodon melanostictus JORDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 
p. 849, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 53, 1901 (reference). 
Sardinella melanosticta JORDAN and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 632, 
1906 (Hakodate, Tokyo, Yokohama, Tsuruga, Aomori, Misaki, Same, Tate- 
yama, Matsushima Bay, Wakanoura, Kobe, Onomichi, Hakata, Nagasaki).— 
FRANZ, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 5, 1910 (Sagami 
Bay, Aburatsubo, I'ukuura).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, 
p. 8, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—Sorpatov and LinpBerc, Bull. Pacific Sci. 

Fisher. Inst., vol. 5, p. 38, 1930 (Far East seas). 

Sardinia melanosticta ScHMIpT, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., p. 108, 1930 (Obama) ; 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. vol. 11, p. 19, 1931 (Nagasaki; 
Kagoshima).—TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours. No. 41, 1933. 

Amblygaster melanostictum Snyper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 402, 1912 
(Otaru, Mororan, Tomakomai, Hakodate, Misaki).—Izuka and MAtTsuuRA, 
Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 183, 1920 (Tokyo market). 

Amblygaster melanostictus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, 
p. 590, 1930 (Tokyo). 

Clupea ocellata Pappr, Synops. Edible Fish Cape of Good Hope, p. 29, 1853 
(type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—BrrrKer, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. 
Indié, vol. 21, p. 56, 1860 (reference).—CasTELNAU, Mém. Poiss. Afrique 
Australe, p. 67, 1861 (Cape of Good Hope).—PaAprpnr, Synops. Edible Fishes 
Cape of Good Hope, ed. 2, p. 20, 1866 (Cape of Good Hope).—GrincuHrtst, 
Marine Invest. South Africa, vol. 6, 1901, p. 153, 1902 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 623 


Sardina ocellata RecaAn, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 167, 1906 (Natal). 

Harengula punciata (not Valenciennes) BreeKrer, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. 
(Japan), vol. 25, p. 49, 1853. 

Alausa musica GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854, p. 199 (type 
locality : Caldera Bay, Chile) ; U. S. Naval Astronom. Exped. Chili, p. 246, 
pl. 31, figs. 1-4, 1855. 

Alausa fimbriata (not Spratella fimbriata Valenciennes) KNER and STEIN- 
DACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 54, 1866, p. 386, 
fig. 15, 1867 (Valparaiso, Chile). 

Clupea advena Purureri, Arch. Naturg., vol. 45, p. 161, pl. 10, 1879 (type lo- 
eality: Chile). 

Clupea immaculata KisHINoUYE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 96, 
pl. 19, fig. 1, 1907 (type locality: Saga, Kiusiu; Amoy; Swatow, China). 

Amblygaster immaculatum JorDAN and RricHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 166, 1909 (Takao).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 
1928 (IFusan, Korea). 

Depth 414 to 6; head 314 to 314, width 2% to 27%. Snout 324 to 
324 in head from snout tip; eye 3824 to 414, 114 to 114 in snout, 
greater than interorbital, broad adipose lid largely covering eye; 
maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, expansion 1%% to 134 in eye, length 
214, to 224 in head from snout tip; no teeth; interorbital 214 to 624, 
scarcely elevated, largely level; top of head, cheek, and opercle venu- 
lose, with 4 radiating striae on front part of opercle from above. 
Gill rakers 50+ 100, finely setiform, equal eye; gill filaments 35 of 
gill rakers. 

Scales 44 to 50 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 to 7 
more on latter; 13 transversely, 18 or 19 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 20 to 21+15. Scales with 5 to 7 transverse marginal parallel 
striae above and below, rarely more than 1 complete; circuli very 
fine, vertical, parallel, none apical where edge fringed. 

D. in, 14, 1, first branched ray 17% to 2 in total head length; A. m1, 
18, 1, first branched ray 4 to 414; caudal 11% to 114, forked, broad 
lobes triangularly pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 to 414; 
pectoral 13/4, to 144; ventral 2% to 3. 

Back drab brown, also occiput. Sides and lower surface of body 
silvery white. Dorsal and caudal brownish, little darker terminally, 
other fins whitish. Iris silvery white. Many examples show row 
of small dark spots just below dark color of back along and within 
upper part of whitish area of sides. 

Natal, Cape of Good Hope, China, Formosa, Japan, Korea. Also 
the eastern Pacific shores of America. 

U.S.N.M. No. 22533. Shitachi, Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 185-198 

mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 44888. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 173-195 mm., 

caudal broken. 3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48191. Tanakomai, Japan. S. Nozawa. Length, 193 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 49468. Tokyo. Albatross collection. Length, 143-181 mm. 2 

examples. 


624 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 57629. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 158-170 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62326. 2 examples One from Misaki. Jordan and Snyder. 
Length, 156 mm. One from Nagasaki. R. C. McGregor. Length, 185 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 62327. Japan. Length, 155 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71087. Misaki, Sagami, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 
92-117 mm. 17 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71294. Otaru, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 125-205 mm. 
5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71299. Tomakowai, Hokkaido, Japan. Albatross collection. 1906. 
Length, 85-180 mm. 11 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71874. Hakodate, Japan. Albatross collection. 1906. Length, 
96-112 mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82606. Japan. Adbatross collection. Length, 93-104 mm. 3 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 85540. T'suruga, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 64-66 mm. 
3 examples. 

A.N.S.P. No. 58158. Durban beach, Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. January 27, 
1925. Length, 186 mm. 


ARENGUS NEOPILCHARDUS (Steindachner) 


Clupea neopilchardus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
K1., vol. 41, pt. 1, p. 12, 1879 (type locality: Hobson’s Bay, Victoria) .— 
KLUNZINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, p. 416, 
1880 (Hobson’s Bay).—WartE, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 158, 
1911 (from Macruronus stomachs, New Zealand) ; vol. 1, No. 4, p. 317, 1912 
(reference). 

Clupea (Clupanodon) neopilchardus McCuttocH, Zool. Res. Endeavour, vol. 1, pt. 
1, p. 17, 1922 (off Wooded Bluff, Clarence River, New South Wales, 26 to 
30 fathoms). 

Clupanodon neopilchardus WAITE, Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 53, 1899 (off 
New South Wales) ; Mem. New South Wales Naturalists Club, No. 2, p. 13, 
1904; Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 58, 1905 (Houtman’s Abrolhos).— 
STEAD, Fishes of Australia, p. 28, fig. 10, 1906; Edible Fishes New South 
Wales, p. 25, pl. 4, 1908.—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, 
p. 205 (Melbourne).—RovuGHiry, Fishes of Australia, p. 30, 1916 (whole 
coast line; Tasmania). 

Sardinella neopilchardus Ocitpy, Queensland Naturalist, vol. 1, No. 3, p. 66, 
1908 (Moreton I.). 

Amblygaster neopilchardus Octrpy, Commerc. Fish Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 
1915 (Brisbane) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 98, 1916 (South Queens- 
land, Hervey Bay, Moreton Bay, off Cape Moreton).—WartTr, Australian 
Antarctic Exped., Fishes, vol. 3, p. 56, 1916 (Auckland Islands). 

Sardina neopilchardus Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 18, p. 14, pl. 1, 
fig. 2, 1916 (New South Wales; New Zealand); British Antarctic Terra 
Nova Exped., Zool., vol. 1, No. 4, p. 136, pl. 5, figs. 3-4, 1916 (larvae). 

Sardinia neopilchardus McCuttocnH, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 12, p. 172, pl. 26, 
fig. 1, 1919 (Botany Bay).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1923, p. 43 (Victoria specimens).—McCuttocu, Fishes New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 17, pl. 5, fig. 54a, 1927. 

Sardinia neopilcharda Warrr, Ree. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 37, fig. 
53, 1921, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 625 


Sardinops neophilchardus McCuuttocyu, Australian Mus. Mem., No. 5, p. 40, 1929 
(reference).—WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 11, p. 116, 1937 
(Australian references). 

Alausa melanosticta (not Schlegel) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, 
p. 444, 1847 (Bay of Islands, New Zealand). 

Clupea sprattus (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1871, p. 672, 
1871 (Tasmania).—Mac.eay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 
260, 1882 (copied).—KENT, Naturalist in Australia, p. 175, 1897. 

Clupea sagax (not Jenyns) CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool, Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, 
p. 187, 1872 (Melbourne).—HectTor, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. Dept. 
Fishes New Zealand, p. 119, pl. 11, fig. 100, 1872; p. 63, 1873 (compiled) .—- 
CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 355, 1879 (Port 
Jackson).—MaAcLEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 371, 1880 
(New South Wales) ; vol. 6, p. 258, 1881 (reference).—Woops, Fish Fisher. 
New South Wales, p. 86, 1882.—JoHNsToN, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, 
p. 133, 1883.—ArrHouR, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 15, p. 208, pl. 34, fig. 2, 
1883 (Picton).—Ocitpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, p. 56, 1886 (refer- 
ence).—SHERRIN, Handb. New Zealand, p. 71, 1886.—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. 
Victoria, new ser. vol. 2, p. 37, 1890 (Victoria).—Hurron, Trans. New Zea- 
land Inst., vol. 22, p. 284, 1890 (reference).—JOHNSTON, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- 
mania, 1890, p. 37, 1891 (reference).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 300, 1893 
(Sydney ).—Ocitpy, Edible Fishes New South Wales, p. 180, pl. 45, 1893.— 
Kent, Naturalist in Australia, p. 175, 1897.—Hurron, Index Fauna New Zea- 
land, p. 51, 1904.—Warrr, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 10, 1907 
(reference) .—ZiErz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 294, 1908 
(reference).—OaiLtpy, Marine Dept. Queensland, p. 15, 1911. 


Depth 5 to 524; head 334 to 4, width 134 to 2. Snout 3 to 3144 in 
head from snout tip; eye 4 to 424, 114 to 124 in eye, subequal with 
interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expansion 1% to 34 in 
eye, length 214 to 214 in head from snout tip; upper jaw front with 
slight median notch; no teeth; interorbital 5 to 514, slightly elevated, 
flattened; opercle with 4 conspicuous slightly radiating striae from 
above down posteriorly. Guill rakers 40+75, slender, equal eye; gill 
filaments 134 in eye. 

Scales 44 to 50 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 11 transversely, 19 to 24 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 17 ? to 20+12 to 17 ? Caudal base scaly. Scales with 6 
marginal vertical striae above and as many below, not joined medi- 
ally; circuli as vertical, parallel, close-set striae, none apical where 
scale edge fringed. 

D. m, 15, 1 or m1, 16, 1, first branched ray 14% to 15% in total head 
length; A. mm 16, 1, to m, 17, 1, first branched ray 424 to 434; caudal 
11% to 114, forked, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 
to 414; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 234 to 27%. 

Deep slate blue above, sides and below silvery white. Mandible tip 
and snout above leaden dusky. Fins grayish. Anal and paired fins 
whitish. Iris silvery white. 


626 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus- 
tralia, West Australia, Auckland Islands, New Zealand. 


U.S.N.M. No. 47825. Port Jackson. Australian Museum. Length, 162-170 mm., 
caudal ends broken. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48807. Port Jackson. J. D. Ogilby. Length, 203 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59930. Port Jackson. D. G. Stead. Length, 52-77 mm. 6 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59931. Port Stephens, New South Wales. Length 89 to 105 mm. 
6 examples. 

Five examples. A.N.S.P. Victoria, Australia. Agnes F. Kenyon. 1909. Length, 
153-176 mm. 

Genus MACRURA Van Hasselt 


Macrura VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, vol. 21, p. 329, 1823. (Type, 
Clupea kelee Cuvier, monotypic. Reference not consulted.) (Macroura 
Meuschen, 1775, in mammals, Macrowrus Bloch, 1786, in fishes, and Mac- 
rurus Schneider, 1801, in fishes, not involved.) 

Hilsa Reeaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 308, 1917. (Type, Paralosa 
durbanensis Regan, virtually.) (Hilsa Regan proposed to replace Paralosa 
Regan, 1916.) 

Paralosa (not Bleeker) ReeAn, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 167, 1916. 
(Type, Paralosa durbanensis Regan, monotypic.) 

Tenualosa Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1934. 
(Type, Alosa reevesii Richardson, orthotypic.) 


Body compressed. Belly keeled, with scutes. Maxillary with 
rather wide supplemental bone. Premaxillaries meet at acute angle. 
No teeth. Gill rakers very numerous, long, slender. Pseudobranchiae 
present. Branchiostegals 5. Scales adherent. No enlarged scales at 
caudal base. Anal long. Ventrals below dorsal. 

Coasts and rivers of East Africa from Natal to China. Young 
examples have deeper bodies and smaller heads than the adults, the 
latter largely due to the size of the opercle. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Macrura. Parietal ridges expanded and striated; maxillary reaches %4 in 
eye or beyond; caudal long as head. 
b*. Depth 2% to 3. 


CL PEead (Sto. Sate eee CRT Ne gp Ee a ee kelee 
Gis Head 326itor3 Sere ween ee fee eel eee aa ene durbanensis 
Oe Wepthi2 +, “beads eeee ee ann es Sat Bag hPa Saks te J gee brevis 


a’, TENUALOSA. Parietal ridges narrow and covered by smooth skin with age. 
ad’. Maxillary reaches eye center (young) or beyond. 
e*. Caudal lobes long as head. 
f’. Opercle % to 34 broad as deep; scales 45 to 48, transversely 17 


CO ZO. fet hers Pant Po ene lees Lee ee ilisha 

f?. Opercle 24 to %4 broad as deep; scales 42 to 45, transversely 16 
OTD Weiter etapa ie ay We ee ed ee reevesii 

e’. Caudal longer than head; opercle 1% to 24 broad as deep; scales 40, 
CEANSVETSELY]: 14 “OT ey eee a eae ee leet ee enn eee ee sinensis 


d@. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye; caudal lobes much longer than 
head; seales 45, transversely 14 or 15_--____--___________ macrura 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 627 


Subgenus MAcrurA Van Hasselt 


Parietal ridges expanded and striated. Maxillary reaches halfway 
in eye or beyond. Caudal long as head. 


MACRURA KELEE (Cuvier) 


Clupea kelee Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 320, 1829 (on Kelee Russell, 
Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 195, upper figure, 1803, type locality: 
Vizagapatam). 

Clupeonia blochii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 353, 1847 (type 
locality : Tranquebar). 

Hilsa blochii Fowirer, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 4, p. 3, 1926 
(Bombay) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 27, 1988 (reference). 

Alausa kanagurta BurEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, pp. 18, 
34, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Muntok, East Indies) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 2, pp. 35, 176, 1865 (Siam). 

Alosa kanagurta BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 114, pl. (7) 
265, fig. 5, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Banka).—Bran and WEED, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Batavia).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 6, p. 480, 1924 (Singora).—Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 9, 1937 (Bang 
Plasoi; Sakon Nakhon). 

Clupea kanagurta Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 640, pl. 162, fig. 4, 1878 (Sind, 
India); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 377, 1889.—Pittay, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. 38, No. 2, p. 355, 1929 (Travancore).—TIRant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 118, 120, 1929 (Cochin 
China, Saigon, Mekong).—HarpEenBere, Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 1, p. 111, 1931 
(Panipahan). 

Clupea (Alosa) kanagurta WrsBer and BeauFort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 67, 1913 (Batavia).—CHABANaup, Service Océanogr. Péches 
Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Ponompenh). 

Hilsa kanagurta Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 304, 1917 (Zanzi- 
bar to Malay Archipelago).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 86, p. 86, 19384 (Bangkok) ; vol. 87, p. 90, fig. 8, 1985 (Bangkok) —Svvartrl, 
Index Fish. Siam, p. 12, 1937 (reference).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. Zs 
1938 (reference). 

Harengula kanagurta ParaDICceE and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, 
p. 76, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1927 (Sir Edward Pellew Group).—McCuLtiocn, Aus- 
tralian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 39, 1929 (reference).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. 
Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 17, fig. 18, 1929 (Amoy). 

Alausa ilisha (not Buchanan-Hamilton) BLEEKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Har- 
ing.), vol. 24, p. 83, 1852 (Batavia, in sea).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, 
p. 331, 1865 (Ceylon). 

Clupea ilisha GintTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 445, 1868 (Java, 
Zanzibar, Pinang).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 640, 1878 (part) ; Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 376, 1889 (part). 

Alosa chapra (not gray) GinrHeER, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 123, 1866 (Aden, 
Zanzibar). 

Alosa malayana Birexer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 294, 1866 (type 
locality: Java; Sumatra) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 114, pl. (7) 
265, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Sumatra). 


Depth 234 to 244; head 3 to 3149, width 2 to 2%. Snout 3% to 
41% in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 414, 1 to 14% in snout, 14% to 


628 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


114 in interorbital, adipose lids broadly cover eye; maxillary reaches 
14 to 34 in eye, expansion 1% to 2 in eye, length 21% to 224 in head 
from snout tip; front of upper jaw with median notch; no teeth; 
interorbital 314 to 414, slightly elevated, level medianly; cheek as 
measured from hind maxillary end to preopercle ridge twice deep 
as long; cheek, preopercle, occiput and humeral region strongly 
venulose. Gill rakers 50+95 to 130, setiform, equal eye; gill fila- 
ments 214 in gill rakers. 

Scales 38 or 39 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 more 
on latter; 13 transverse, 10 to 15 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 18+ 18. 
Ventral with axillary scale 34 of fin. Scales with wide-set transverse 
vertical striae, variously complete; circuli as fine parallel vertical 
striae, none on cutaneous apical portion which with horizontal, 
parallel, marginal grooves. 

D. m1, 15, 1 or m1, 14, 1, first branched ray 1% to 2 in total head 
length; A. m1, 18, 1, first branched ray 324 to 434; caudal 1 to 114, 
deeply forked, slender lobes ending in narrow points; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 214 to 8. 

Back and occiput brownish, body otherwise white, with bright sil- 
very reflections. Rounded dusky or neutral black humeral blotch 
about size of pupil, followed by row of 4 or 5 paler and less distinct 
smaller spots at same level and well spaced, but none beyond dorsal 
fin. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, former narrowly blackish 
apically. Lower fins whitish. 

Aden, Zanzibar, India, Ceylon, Siam, Pinang, East Indies. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72499. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 143- 
170 rm. 6 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72500. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 140— 
147 mm. 38 examples. 


MACRURA DURBANENSIS (Regan) 


Clupea durbanensis REGAN, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 4, pl. 4, 1906 
(type locality: Durban Bay) ; vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 242, 1908 (Durban Bay) .— 
GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 268, 1908-11 
(Natal, Durban).—GintcHriIst, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 59, 
1913 (Natal). 

Paralosa durbanensis ReGaNn, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, p. 167, 1916 (Durban) .— 
GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 297, 1917 
(reference). 

Hilsa durbanensis Reagan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 305, 1917 
(Natal).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 111, 1925 
(Natal coast).—FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 195 
(Delagoa Bay).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1017, 
1927 (Fowler’s reference).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
86, p. 411, 1934 (Natal) ; vol. 87, p. 365, 1935 (Durban beach). 


Depth 224 to 244; head 314 to 4, width 2145 to 224. Snout 3% 
to 4 in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 314, adipose lid covers last 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 629 


24 of eye; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, 14 in eye in young, expansion 
134 to 2 in eye, length 214 to 224 in head from snout tip; upper jaw 
with median notch, less distinct with age; interorbital 4 to 414, 
nearly level; preorbital, suborbitals and opercle above venulose. 
Gill rakers 23+ 88, lanceolate. 

Scales 35 or 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 12 transversely, 14 or 15 predorsal. Abdominal 
scutes 16 to 18+13. Scales with 1 to 4 vertical striae; very fine 
circuli vertically parallel. 

D. m, 14, 1 or mm, 15, 1, first branched ray 124 to 134 in total head 
length; A. m, 17 or m1, 18, first branched ray 326 to 324; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 2149 to 234; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 
21% to 214; caudal 3 in combined head and body to caudal base, 
equals head in young. 

Back and head above, olivaceous, below silvery white. Ivis sil- 
very. Fins pale. Dorsal edge above and hind caudal edge dusky. 

Portuguese East Africa and Natal. 


A.N.S.P. 53059 to 58061. Durban, Natal. 1927. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 
123-132 mm. 

A.N.S.P. 53159 to 53162. Delagoa Bay. Portuguese East Africa. H. W. Bell 
Marley. July 1923. Length, 95-168 mm. 


MACRURA BREVIS (Bleeker) 


Alosa brevis BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 2, p. (6383)638, 1848 (type lo- 
cality: Bima, Sumbawa Island); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 116, 
1866-72 (copied). 

Hilsa brevis Fowier, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 30, 1928 (compiled). 

Aluusa brachysoma (not Sardinella brachysoma Bleeker) BLrEKER, Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, p. 527, 1853 (type locality: Padang, 
Sumatra). 

Alosa brachysoma BLreKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 115, pl. 
(4) 262, fig. 5, 1866-72 (Sumatra). 

Hilsa brachysoma Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 305, 1917 
(Sumatra). 

Clupea platygaster GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 448, 1868 (Bleeker’s 
Sumatran example).—REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, pt. 6, p. 276, 
1914 (Mimika River, New Guinea). 

Clupea (Alosa) platygaster WEBER and BrAuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Ar- 
chipelago, vol. 2, p. 66, fig. 24, 1913 (Tjilatjap and Dirk de Vries Bay).— 
CuHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1982 (Cochin China; 
Cambodia ; Laos). 

Alosa platygaster RoxAs and Martin, Dept. Agri. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 21, 1937 (reference). 


Depth 214; head 324. Snout long as eye, which 4 in head; maxil- 
lary reaches beyond eye center; opercle width 24 its depth; parietal 
ridges expanded and striated. Lower gill rakers 100. 


Scales 42 in medial lateral series; 15 transversely. Ventral scutes 
1-12. 


630 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. 17 or 18; A. 20 to 21; caudal long as head; ventrals below 
middle of dorsal. 

A dark humeral spot. Dorsal and caudal with dark edges. 
Length, 120 mm. (Regan.) 

East Indies. 

Subgenus TENUALOSA Fowler 

Parietal ridges narrow and covered by smooth skin with age. 

Maxillary variable. Caudal lobes equal or longer than head. 


MACRURA REEVESII (Richardson) 
Ficure 17 


Alosa reevesii RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 305, 1846 (type locality: 
Chinese Seas). 

Alausa reevesti VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 437, 1847 (Macao) .— 
SAvuvaAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 1881 (Swatow). 





Ficure 17.—Macrura reevesii (Richardson) : U.S.N.M. No. 57621, from “Japan” (probably 
China). 


Clupea reevesii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 446, 1868 (type; 
China).—Pertrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 926 (Ningpo).— 
GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, pp. (219) 229, 1889 (Kiu 
Kiang).—Huera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 5838, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, 
Santa Cruz).—Rurrmr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 64. 

Hilsa reevesii Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 306, 1917 (Shang- 
hai and Kiu Kiang).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, 
p. 246, 1934 (reference).—KimurA, Journ. Shanghai Sci. Inst., sect. 3, vol. 3, 
p. 104, 1985 (Ting Ming, Yantze-Kiang). 

Alausa palasah (not Cuvier) RiIcHARDsoN, Ichth. China Japan, p. 306, 1846 
(China Sea).—Canror, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 282, 1849 (on 
Richardson’s specimen). 

Ciupea palasah GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 1, p. 445, 1868 (copied). 


Depth 314; head 324, width 2144. Snout 4 in head; eye 634, 134 in 
snout, 134 in interorbital, adipose lids largely cover eye; maxillary 
reaches opposite hind eye edge, expansion 11% in eye, length 21% in 
head; front of upper jaw with deep median notch; interorbital 414, 
convexly elevated; preopercle twice deep as long, with some vertical 
parallel venules, others on top of head, bones of head otherwise 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 6§31 


largely smooth. Gill rakers 115+ 180, fine, setiform, 5 in head; gill 
filaments 44 gill rakers. 

Scales 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 5 more on 
latter; 15 transversely, 18 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 18+14. 
Axillary ventral scale 34 length of fin. Caudal apparently without 
alar scales. Scales with 9 or 10 transverse waved convex striae; 
circuli fine, vertically parallel, apically without circuli but with 
many horizontal parallel grooves to cutaneous uneven edge. 

D. rv, 15, 1, first branched ray 21/, in head; A. m1, 16, 1, first branched 
ray 5; caudal 114, deeply forked, lobes rather slender and lower 
apparently longer; least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 124; 
ventral 3. 

Back and upper surfaces of head olivaceous. Sides and lower 
surface slivery whitish. Iris pale or whitish. Dorsal creamy bas- 
ally and apically, with horizontal broad diffuse dusky or gray-brown 
transfusion. Caudal brownish. Pectoral creamy, terminally deep 
brown. Anal and ventral whitish. 

China. Reported from the Philippines by Elera. 


U.S.N.M. No. 57621. “Japan” [doubtless China]. P. L. Jouy. Length, 385 mm., 
caudal ends broken. 


MACRURA SINENSIS (Linnaeus) 


Clupea sinensis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 319, 1758 (type locality: 
China) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 525, 1766 (copied).—BoNNATERRE, Tableau HEncy- 
clop. Ichth., p. 188, 1788 (China).—GmMeE tin, Syst. Nat. Linnaeus, vol. 1, p. 
1408, 1789 (China).—WaALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 40, 1792 (copied) .— 
Biocyu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 9, p. 88, pl. 405, 1795 (Kast Indies, 
Japan, Tranquebar).—Forster, Fauna Indica, p. 16, 1795—SCHNEIDER, 
Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 424, 1801 (China). 

Clupea (Alausa) sinensis MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 
1876 (Sambas, Borneo). 

Clupanodon sinensis LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 468, 471, pl. 11, fig. 
2, 1803 (Asia; not America). 

Hilsa sinensis FowikEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 592 (Shang- 
hai), p. 598, 1980 (Hong Kong; note); vol. 85, p. 246, 1934 (reference) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 28, 1988 (reference). 

Alausa toli VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 485, 1847 (type locality: 
Coromandel, Pondicherry ).—CANToR, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 
1281, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore). 

Alosa toli BLeEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 118, pl. (8) 265, fig. 
4, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Banka). 

Clupea toli GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 447, 1868 (Hast Indies) —- 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 641, pl. 162, fig. 2, 1878 (Bombay, 
India) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 877, 1889.—Duncker, Mitt. 
Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 186, 1904 (Kuala Lumpur).—PILLay, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 355, 1929 (Travancore) .—TIRANT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 119, 1929 (Cochin China) .— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 110, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api) ; vol. 
15, livr. 3, p. 231, 19386 (Padang, Tikarbay, Borneo). 


156861—41——41 


632 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea (Alausa) toli MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 1876 
(Bangkok). 

Clupea (Alosa) toli WrsER and BEAuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 64, 1913 (Bagan Api Api, Sumatra).—CHEvy, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indo-Chine, 19° note, p. 9, Aug. 25, 1932 (Cochin China; Cambodia). 

Sardinella toli JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 166, 1902 
(Kotosho, Formosa).—JorpAN and RIcHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 
4, p. 166, 1909 (Takao). 

Hilsa toli Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 306, 1917 (India, Malay 
Peninsula and Archipelago).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, 
p. 174, 1923 (Nontaburi).—HeErrEeE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull, No. 13, 
p. 12, 1987 (Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore). 

? Clupea macroura (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 20, p. 487, 1847 (name only) (type locality: Java). 

Alausa ctenolepis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 74, 1852 
(type locality: Batavia, Muntok, Singapore). 

Clupea chapra (not Buchanan-Hamilton) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 447, 1868 (Bengal). 

Alosa ilisha (not Buchanan-Hamilton) BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., 
vol. 4, p. 148, 1874 (compiled). 


Depth 224 to 314; head 314 to 4. Snout long as or longer than 
eye, which 414 to 714 in head; maxillary reaches below hind part 
of eye or beyond; opercle width from 1% to nearly 24 its depth; 
parietal ridges narrow, covered with smooth skin with age. Lower 
gill rakers 70 to 95, 

Scales 40 in medial lateral series; 14 or 15 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 17 or 18+11 to 18. 

D. 17 to 19; A. 18 to 21; caudal lobes with age nearly 114 as long 
as head; ventrals below middle of dorsal. 

Length 450 mm. (Regan.) 

India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Pinang, East Indies, Siam, 


Formosa, China. 
MACRURA MACRURA (Bleeker) 


Alausa macrurus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 
(Haring.), vol. 24, p. 81, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java). 

Alosa macrurus BLEEKER, Vers]. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 64, 
1861 (Pinang); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 113, pl. (6) 264, fig. 
4, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Bancalis, Singapore, Borneo); Versl. Meded. 
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 294, 1868 (Rio, Bintang). 

Clupea macrura (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Haring.), vol. 24, p. 31, 1852 (name in synonymy).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., jvol. 7, p. 448, 1868 (type).—VincicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 619, 1926 (Sarawak).—TiRAntT, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 119, 174, 1929 (Cochin China).— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 138, livr. 1, p. 111, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api). 

Clupea (Alosa) macrura WEBER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 65, 1913 (Bagan Api Api, Sumatra).—CHEvEy, Inst. 
Océanogr. Indo-Chine, 19° note, p. 9, 19382 (Indo-China). 

Hilsa macrura Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 307, 1917 (Sunda 
Islands).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1934 
(reference) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 27, 1938 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 633 


Depth 2% to 314; head 4 to 424. Snout not longer than diameter 
of eye, which 4 to 5 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye; opercle 
width 14 its depth; parietal ridges narrow, covered with smooth 
skin with age. Lower gill rakers 60 to 80. 

Scales 45 in medial lateral series; 14 or 15 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 16 to 18+11 to 15. 

D. 17 to 20; A. 18 to 21; caudal lobes with age nearly twice long 
as head; ventrals below middle or front part of dorsal. 

Length, 350 mm. (Regan.) 


East Indies. 
MACRURA ILISHA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon ilisha BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 243, 382, pl. 
19, fig. 73, 1822 (type locality: Ganges estuaries, Patua, Goyakarra, Cal- 
eutta, Dhasa). 

Alausa ilisha Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1282, 1849 (com- 
piled).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 33, 1852 
(part).—KNer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 331, 1865 (Ceylon). 

Clupea ilisha GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 445, 1868 (part) .— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 640, pl. 172, fig. 8, 1878 (Tigris, Sind, India, 
Burma); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 876, fig. 115, 1889.— 
Luoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab).—Trmant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 118, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Clupea (Alosa) ilisha STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 228, 1896 
(Rangoon). 

Hilsa ilisha Rreean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 306, 1917 (Persian 
Gulf to Burma).—Fow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, 
p. 246, 1934 (reference). 

Clupea palasah Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 820, 1829 [on Palasah 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 77, pl. 198, 1803 (type locality: 
Vizagapatam) ]—GtntTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 445, 1868 
(Ganges and Cochin). 

Alausa palasah VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 482, 1847 (Bombay ; 
Pondicherry ).—JERDON, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 15, p. 345, 1849.—Day, 
Fishes of Malabar, p. 235, 1865. 

Clupea (Alosa) palasah STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 229, 
1896 (Rangoon). 

Depth 21% to 3; head 314 to 334. Snout long as or longer than 
eye, which 424 to 7 in head; maxillary reaches below hind part of 
eye or beyond; opercle width from little more than 1% to 2% its depth; 
parietal ridges narrow, covered with smooth skin with age. Lower 
gill rakers 120 (young) to 220. 

Scales 45 to 48 in medial lateral series; 17 to 20 transversely. 
Ventral scutes 17 to 19+ 18 or 14. 

D. 18 to 20; A. 18 to 21; ventrals below front part of head; caudal 
about long as head. Vertebrae 47. 

Length, 350 mm. (Regan.) 

Persian Gulf, India, Ceylon, Burma. 


634 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus GUDUSIA Fowler 


Gudusia Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 207. (Type, 
Clupanodon chapra Buchanan-Hamilton, orthotypic.) 


Distinguished from Hilsa by its very small scales, which 80 to 120 
in a median lateral series. Gill rakers very numerous, 200 or more 
on lower part of first arch. 

Two species in the rivers of India and Burma. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Depth 22% to 3146; head 2% to 3%; A. 1m, 20 to 22_______--________ chapra 
a Depth 2344) head S263 MAe vee \ 21 Gon 26s ees ao oko eae a eee variegata 


GUDUSIA CHAPRA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon chapra BUCHANAN-HAmILTOoN, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 248, 383, 1822 
(type locality: Upper Ganges River). 

Alosa chapra GRAY, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 92, fig. 2, 1832-34 
(Indian Ocean). 

Alausa chapra VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 489, 1847 (on Gray). 

Clupea chapra GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 447, 1868 (Bengal) .— 
Day, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 385, 1869 (Orissa); Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 639, pl. 161, fig. 1, 1878 (Sind, India south to Kistua River) ; 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 375, 1889. 

Sardinella chapra Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 207 
(Ganges River). 

Gudusia chapra REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 807, 1917 (North- 
ern India, Sind to Assam).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 26, 1938 (ref- 
erence). 

Clupea indica Gray, Mlustr. Indian Zool., Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 91, figs. 1-2x, 
1832-34 (type locality: India).—GUnrtHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 444, 1868 (Ganges, Assam, Cachar). 

Clupea champil Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool., Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 91, figs. 5-6, 
1834 (no type locality given=India). 

Pellona champil VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 324, 1847 (com- 
piled). 

Alausa champil Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1284, 1849 
(Pinang). 

Alausa microlepis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 439, 1847 (type lo- 
cality: Bengal).—BLErEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 
(74) 146, 1853 (Calcutta). 

Clupea suhia CHAUDHURI, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 436, pl. 38, fig. 1, 1912 
(type locality ; River Gandak in Saran, Bihar). 


Depth 3 to 314; head 244 to 314. Snout 414 to 5 in head from 
upper jaw tip; eye 31% to 414; maxillary 24% to 3; interorbital 4 to 6. 

Scales 78 to 85 in medial lateral series to caudal base and 5 more on 
latter; 27 to 32 scales transversely; 28 predorsal scales. Ventral 
scutes 19, rarely 18 or 20+ 9, seldom 10. 

Dir, 13, 1, rarely mr, 12,1; A. un, 20,5, rarely m1, 22, 7. 

India, Assam, Pinang. 


6 examples. A.N.S.P. Ganges River, India. Dr. Marmaduke Burrough. 
Length, 70 ?-165 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 635 


GUDUSIA VARIEGATA (Day) 


Clupea variegata Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 623 (type locality: 
Irrawaddi River, Burma) ; Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 639, pl. 161, fig. 4, 1878 
(Irrawaddi) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 375, 1889.—VINCIGUERRA, 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 9, 1889, p. 350, 1890 (Irra- 
waddi).—Luioyp, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab).—JENKINS, 
Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 5, p. 138, 1910. 

Gudusia variegata Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 19, p. 308, 1917 
(Burma).—Myers, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 150, p. 1, 1924 (Burma).—PrasHap 
and Muxers1, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 31, pt. 3, p. 209, 1929 (Namsanda 
stream and Namkawng chaung at Kamaing, Burma). 

Depth 214; head 324. Snout 5 in head from snout tip; eye 5, sub- 
equal with snout, with broad adipose lids; maxillary reaches 14 in 
eye, expansion 134 in eye, length 214 in head; teeth absent, or only 
very minute ones on tongue; interorbital equals eye, moderately high; 
opercles smooth. 

Scales 90 in median lateral series; 35 transversely; larger on belly. 
Ventral scutes 18+ 10. 

D. m1 or tv, 12 or 13, first branched ray 134 in head; A. 11, 21 to 
26, fin base 114, first branched ray 424; caudal 314 in rest of body, 
deeply forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 224 in head; pectoral 
114; ventral 214. 

Silvery, glossed with gold and bronze. A dark humeral spot. 
Row of 18 transverse dark bars across back, descend short way over 
sides. Dorsal with black band in lower portion of posterior half. 
End of tail tipped with black. Length, 178 mm. (Day.) 

Burma, in rivers. 


Genus KOWALA Valenciennes 


Kowala VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 362, 1847. (Type, Clupea 
kowal RUPPELL, tautotypic. ) 

Clupeoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, p. 274, 1850. (Type, 
Clupeoides borneensis Bleeker, monotypic.) 

Body oblong, compressed, abdominal profile usually more convex 
than dorsal profile. Ventral scutes prominent. Teeth in jaws, on 
palatines, vomer and pterygoids. Scales firm, thin. One anal. Ven- 
tral origin before or below dorsal origin. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. CLUPEOIDES. Dorsal origin midway between snout tip and caudal base; 
maxillary reaches 1% in eye. 
b*. Depth 4 or more; head 4 to 4%; lateral line 39 to 42. 
c’. A silvery lateral band; upper caudal lobe tipped black; abdominal scutes 


LOAE a Dl tod 4A Dies Ae Ue 2 a eee papuensis 
c. No silvery lateral band; caudal with black margin; abdominal scutes 
929) aolor lOc ANd OllOn S22 =a a ee eee ee oes borneensis 


c¢. No silvery lateral band; tips of caudal lobes dark gray; abdominal 
scutes 10 or 11-9 or 103. 14 or 15% Ay 17 to 1922-22 exile 


636 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


b*. Depth less than 4; head 3% to 3%4; lateral line 35 to 37____ hypselosoma 
a’. Kowata. Dorsal origin nearer snout tip than caudal base; a silvery lateral 

band; D. 15 or 16; A. 18. 
ad’. Depth 275 to 234; eye 31% in head; maxillary scarcely reaches eye; 


8 postventralscutes= 2. == ee ee eee ee venulosus 
ad’. Depth 2%4 to 3; eye 3 in head; maxillary reaches % in eye; 11 post- 
Ventral "SCutess =e oa ae ea ee ee coval 


Subgenus CLUPEOIDES Bleeker 
KOWALA PAPUENSIS (Ramsay and Ogilby) 


Corica papuensis RAMSAY and OaiLBy, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, 
vol. 1, p. 19, 1886 (type locality: Strickiand River, New Guinea). 
Clupeoides papuensis WEBER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 60, 1918 (compiled) —KF ow Ler, Mem. Bishop, Mus. vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 

(compiled) ; vol. 11, No. 5, p. 8315, 1981 (Strickland River materials). 

Body compressed, elongate; head 524 in total. Snout 2 in eye; 
eye 25, in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye; interorbital 24 of eye. 

Scales 40 in medial lateral series; 10 transversely. Abdominal 
scutes 12+7, 

D. 12 to 14, origin midway between snout tip and caudal base, 
rather behind ventral bases; A. 21, begins far behind dorsal end, 
without detached rays; caudal forked, lobes equal; pectoral rays 11; 
ventral rays 8; vertebrae 43. 

Silvery, occiput and broad longitudinal band steel blue. Tip of 
upper caudal lobe blackish. Length,91mm. (Ramsay and Ogilby.) 

New Guinea. Type in Australian Museum. 


KOWALA BORNEENSIS (Bleeker) 


Clupeoides borneensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, p. (260) 
275, 1850 (type locality: Bandjermassing, Borneo); vol. 2, p. 417, 1851 
(Sambas) ; Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 17, 1852 (Band- 
jermassing) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Néerland., vol. 2, No. 6, p. 4, 1857 (Kahajan, 
Borneo) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (4) 262, fig. 2, 1866-72.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 452, 1868 (type).—WEBER and 
BEAvrorT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 60, 1913 (com- 
piled).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 218, 1983 (Musi R.) ; vol. 15, 
livr. 3, p. 280, 1936 (Kapuas R., Borneo). 

Clupea (Clupeoides) borneensis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
100, 1866-72 (Borneo). 


Depth 334; head 414, width 214. Snout 334 in head from snout 
tip; eye 334 subequal with snout; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, length 
2% in head from upper jaw tip; minute teeth in jaws, on vomer, 
palatines and pterygoids; interorbital 24 to 34 of eye, low. 

Scales 40 to 42 in median lateral series, 10 or 11 transversely. 
Ventral scutes 9+9. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 637 


D. 1, 18, first branched ray 114 in head; A. m, 14 or 15, first 
branched ray 214; caudal 41% in rest of body, well forked; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 17% in head; pectoral 114; ventral 144. 

Green above, side and below silvery white. No silvery lateral band. 
Tris yellowish or rosy. Fins hyaline yellowish, caudal with blackish 
posterior margin. Length 80mm. (Bleeker.) 

Borneo, in rivers. 

KOWALA EXILE (Fowler) 

Clupeoides exilis Fowirr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 92, fig. 
12, 19385 (type locality, Bangkok, Siam); vol. 89, p. 181, 1937 (Bangkok; 
Tachin). 

Depth 4 to 414; head 314 to 334, width 21% to 214. Snout 4 to 414 
in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or interorbital ; 
maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye, length 214 to 224 in head from snout 
tip; teeth not evident; interorbital 414 to 414, low, slightly convex. 
Gill rakers 18+238, lanceolate, 124 in eye; gill filaments 34 of gill 
rakers. 

Scales 30 or 31 in lateral series from shoulder to caudal base and 2 
or 3 more on latter; 10 scales transversely at dorsal origin; 13 or 14 
predorsal scales. Caudal base scaly. Scales with 4 to 6 basal, mar- 
ginal, slightly radiating striae; circuli 45 to 50 basally, not extended 
apically. Abdominal scutes 10 or 11+9 or 10. 

D. 11, 11, 1 or 11, 12, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114 in total head 
length; A. m1, 14, 1 to 1, 16, 1, first branched ray 134 to 2; caudal 1 
to 114, deeply forked, lobes sharp pointed; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 21% to 214; pectoral 114 to 124, rays 1, 10; ventral rays 1, 7, 
fin 17% to 2 in total head length. 

Very pale brown to whitish generally. Back above with scattered 
dark gray dots, few also at end of snout and on cranium more distinct. 
Tris whitish, turning gray in alcohol. Fins pale or whitish with 
gray on front edge of dorsal and upper and lower edges of caudal, 
also tip of each caudal lobe usually dark gray. 

Siam. With much the appearance of Corica. 

A.N.S.P. No. 60508. Bangkok, Siam. May 1934. R. M. de Schauensee. Length, 

65 mm. Type. 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 60509-60518 and 61476-61488. Bangkok, Siam. May 1934. 
R. M. de Schauensee. Length, 46-58 mm. Paratypes. 


KOWALA HYPSELOSOMA (Bleeker) 


Clupeoides hypselosoma BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 298, 
1866 (type locality: Bandjermassing, Borneo).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 451, 1868 (type).—BLrrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néer- 
land., vol. 6, pl. (2)250, fig. 5, 1866-72.—WeEper and BEAvurort, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 59, 1913 (compiled). 

Clupea (Clupeoides) potamophilus BLeEKEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 101, 1866-72 (type locality: Borneo). 


638 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 3; head 334, width 2. Snout 324 in head; eye 2%, slightly 
greater than snout; maxillary reaches about 14 in eye, length 2 in 
head; minute teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; 
interorbital 24 to 34 of eye, low. 

Scales 35 in median lateral series; 9 or 10 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 12+8 (description gives but 11). 

D. m1, 12, first branched ray about %> of head; A. m1, 18, first 
branched ray 2%; caudal 314 in rest of body, well forked; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; pectoral 114; ventral 2. 

Above green, sides yellowish silvery, below silvery. No silvery 
lateral band. Iris yellowish. Fins hyaline yellowish or yellow. 
Caudal without dusky or blackish margin. Length, 57 mm. 
(Bleeker. ) 

Borneo, in rivers. 


Subgenus KOWALA Valenciennes 
KOWALA VENULOSUS (Weber and Beaufort) 


Clupeoides venulosus WrEBER and BrAurort, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 
17, p. 3, 1912 (type locality: Lorentz River, Dutch New Guinea); Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 58, 1913 (type). 

Depth 314; head 41% to 4%». Snout little shorter than eye, which 
314 in head; maxillary reaches nearly or quite opposite front eye 
edge, nearly 4 in head; premaxillary with very fine teeth, also fine 
curved series in lower jaw; teeth on tongue, minute on vomer, not 
on palatines; interorbital little less than eye, very convex. Gill 
rakers 17, coarse, much shorter than gill filaments, shorter than pupil. 

Scales 38 to 40 in medial lateral series; 12 transversely; surfaces 
with reticulations. Ventral scutes 12 to 14+8. 

D. 14, height equals head without snout; A. 18, base nearly long 
as head, longest ray nearly equals postorbital; caudal deeply forked, 
inside lobes convex; pectoral long as head without snout; ventrals 
14 shorter, origin 24 eye diameter before dorsal. 

Yellowish brown on back, otherwise more silvery, with broad me- 
tallic blue lateral band. Fins hyaline. Caudal with exception of 
hind border, dusted dark. Length, 120mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Dutch New Guinea, in fresh water. 


KOWALA COVAL (Cuvier) 


Clupea coval Cuvirr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 318, 1829 [on Kowal Russell, 
Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 170, pl. 186, upper figure, 1803 (type 
locality: Vizagapatam) ]. 

Clupea kowal RiuprEtt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 79, 1835 (Djedda and Mas- 
saua).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 450, 1868 (part). 
Clupea (Harengula) kowal BiEeKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 

109, 1866-72 (copied Canton). 
Harengula kowal Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 26, 1988 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 639 


Kowala thoracata VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 368, 1847 (type 
locality: Pondicherry).—CaAntor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 
1278, 1849 (Pinang).—Jrrpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sei. vol. 17, p. 145, 
1851.—ReeAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 10, p. 588, 1922 (Kurrachee 
to New Guinea).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, 
p. 86, 1934 (Bangkok) ; vol. 87, p. 90, fig. 9, 1985 (Packnam; Bangkok) ; 
vol. 89, p. 180, 1987 (Bangkok; Tachin).—Suvartr, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 9, 1987 (reference). 

Clupea (Harengula) thoracata Werser and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 78, 1913 (compiled). 

Meletta lile VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 8378, 1847 (type locality: 
Malabar, Coromandel, Pondicherry). 

Clupea lile GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 450, 1868 (compiled) .— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 638, pl. 162, fig. 1, 1878 (India, Burma) ; 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 374, 1889.—Luoyp, Rec. Indian Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab).—TirAnt, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-China, 
6° note, pp. 30, 117, 174, 1929 (Hué). 

Clupeoides lile WresER and BeAvurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 57, fig. 22, 1913 (Batavia, Samarang).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 31, 1928 (compiled ).—HARpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 110, 
1931 (Bagan Si Api Api).—CHeEveEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, 
p. 9, 1932 (Cochinchina).—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, 
p. 14, 1934 (Unisan; Dumaguete).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 
270, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1934 (Luzon; Panay).—HarpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 
3, p. 230, 1986 (Pontianak; Telok Pekadai).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 22, 19387 (reference).—Suvarti, Index 
Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1937 (reference).—HeERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., 
No. 18, p. 12, 1937 (Singapore).—Fow.Ler, List Fish. Malaya, p. 25, 1938 
(reference). 

Alausa champil (not Gray) Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1284, 
1849 (Pinang). 

Rogenia argijrotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 457, 
1852 (type locality: Muntok and Batavia). 

Rogenia argyrotaenia BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 176, 1865 
(Siam; compiled).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 328, 1865 (Java, Ceylon, 
Tahiti). 

Clupea argyrotaenia GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 4238, 1868 
(Java).—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 582, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, 
Santa Cruz). 

Clupea (Clupeoides) argyrotaenia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 101, 1866-72 (Java, Pinang, Singapore, Banka). 

Clupea (Leiogaster) argyrotaenia BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (6) 262, fig. 5, 1866-72. 

Harengula chrysotaenia JorDAN and SEALe, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905, p. 
187, 1906 (compiled reference, wrongly written in place of Rogenia argyro- 
taenia Kner). 

? Clupea huae Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indochine, 6° note, pp. 29, 118, 
174, 1929 (type locality: Hué). 

Clupeoides hueensis CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1982 (type 
locality: Annam) (on Tirant). 


Depth 2% to 3; head 4 to 4144. Snout 344 in head from snout tip; 
eye 3 to 41/4, larger than snout, with broad adipose lids; maxillary 


640 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


reaches about 14 in eye, length 17% in head from snout tip; teeth on 
vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue; interorbital low. Gill 
rakers about 32, somewhat longer than gill filaments, shorter than 
half of eye. 

Scales 38 to 41 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely; firm, 
smooth, border rounded and irregularly crenulated. About 16 pre- 
dorsal bony scutes (shown by Regan to be ends of supraneural bones 
projecting) ; ventral scutes 19+ 10. 

D. m1, 12 or 18, first branched ray 11% in total head length; A. 1m, 
14 to 16, first branched ray 214; caudal 3% in rest of body, well 
forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; pectoral 114; ven- 
tral 1%. 

Yellowish. Head, abdomen, and median lateral band silvery. 
Two rows of black dots along back. Black dots on end of snout, top 
of head and in row along each side of base of anal. Caudal dotted 
with black, dots more crowded at margin. Length, 90mm. (Weber 
and Beaufort.) 

India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Pinang, Singapore, Java, Banka, 
China. 

10 examples. Sebatie Island, Borneo. October 1, 1909. Length, 50-55 mm. 


Genus POTAMALOSA Ogilby 


Potamalosa OciLsy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, pt. 3, 1896, p. 504, 
1897. (Type, Potamalosa novae-hollandiae (not Valenciennes) Ogilby= 
Clupea richmondia Macleay.) 

Body oblong, strongly compressed. Eye moderate, adipose lids 
little developed. Mouth oblique, lower jaw projecting. Maxillary 
broad. Teeth in jaws, on palatines and tongue, vomer and ptery- 
goids toothless. Suborbital longer than deep. Gull rakers moder- 
ate, rather short, stout, serrulate. Pseudobranchiae rather small. 
Branchiostegals 8 or 9. 

Scales moderate, adherent, free edge rounded, entire. Bases of 
caudal and paired fins scaly. Elongate scale in ventral axil. Dorsal 
scutes prominent, not so strong as those of abdomen, which begin 
on front of throat. Vertebrae 46. Dorsal fin inserted well before 
middle of body. Anal rays 18 or less. Caudal forked. Pectorals 
small, pointed, rays 16 or 17. Ventral rays 8, fin inserted below 
front fourth of dorsal. 


POTAMALOSA RICHMONDIA (Macleay) 


Clupea richmondia Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, pt. 3, 
p. 880, 1880 (type locality: Richmond River, New South Wales) ; vol. 6, p. 
259, 1881 (reference).—OciLBy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, p. 56, 1886 
(compiled). 

Clupea richmondi Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893 (Queensland). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 641 


Potumalosa richmondia Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 10, p. 589, 1922 
(no locality)—McCuttocu, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 40, 1929 
(reference). 

Meletta novae-hollandiae VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 376, 1847 
[type locality: Port Jackson (Quoy and Gaimard)].—CastTeLNav, Proc. 
Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 189, 1872 (Melbourne market).— 
? Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893 (Queensland). 

Clupea novae hollandiae GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 481, 1868 
(New South Wales, Hawkesbury River) —Macteray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 4, pt. 3, p. 378, 1880 (Hawkesbury and Nepean Rivers) ; 
vol. 6, p. 259, 1881 (reference).—OciLpy, Cat. Fishes New South Wales, p. 
56, 1886.—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 307, 1893. 

Diplomystus novaehollandiade Ocitpy, Edible Fishes New South Wales, p. 184, 
pl. 47, 1893. 

Potamalosa novae hollandiae RouGcHLEY, Fishes of Australia, p. 17, 1916 (coastal 
rivers New South Wales, Victoria, South Queensland).—McCuttocH, Rec. 
Australian Mus., vol. 11, pt. 7, p. 166, pl. 29, fig. 4, 1917; Fishes of New 
South Wales, ed. 2, p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 58a, 1927—McCurttocH and WHITLEY, 
Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 132, 1925 (Kent’s Queensland record 
questioned). 

Hyperlophus spratellides (not Ogilby) Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 
10, p. 590, 1922 (type of Meletta novae-hollandia Valenciennes). 


Depth 244 to 344; head 334 to 414, width 144 to 2. Snout 3% 
in head from snout tip; eye 27%, greater than snout or interorbital, 
adipose lid covers last third of eye with age; maxillary reaches 14 
to 14 in eye, expansion 234 to 336 in eye, length 214 in head from 
snout tip; teeth obsolete or absent; interorbital 41% to 414, slightly 
elevated, level medianly; cranium and humeral region venulose. 
Gill rakers 11+24, lanceolate, equal gill filaments, which 14 of eye. 

Scales 37 to 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 11 or 12 transversely, 14 predorsal; 10 or 11 pre- 
dorsal keels. Abdominal serrae 17 or 18+14 or 15. Scales with 
9 to 18 basal radiating striae; 3 or 4 incomplete vertical striae or as 
short marginals above and below; circuli as very fine parallel ver- 
tical striae, none apical. 

D. ut, 12, 1 or 138, 1, first branched ray 114 to 124 in total head 
length; A. uz, 13, 1, first branched ray 214 to 224; caudal 324 to 4 
in rest of body, deeply forked, slender lobes sharply pointed; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 2% in total head length; pectoral 
14, to 114; ventral 11% to 144. 

Back brown, also occiput. Sides and lower surfaces silvery white. 
Dorsal and caudal pale brownish. Lower fins whitish. Iris silvery 
white. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47805. “Fiji Islands” [Introduced ?] Australian Museum. Length, 

180 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 47806. “Fiji Islands” [Introduced ?] Australian Museum. Length, 
166 mm., caudal ends broken. 


642 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 48802. Nepean and Hunter Rivers, New South Wales. Length, 
200-205 mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59878. Richmond River, New South Wales. D. G. Stead. 1904. 
Length, 181-248 mm. 3 examples. 


Genus HYPERLOPHUS Ogilby 


Hyperlophus Octtpy, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 26, 1892. (Type, 
Clupea spratellides Ogilby.) 

Omochetus Oaitey, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 72,1897. (Type, 
Hyperlophus copii Ogilby, orthotypic. ) 


Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Eye rather 
large, adipose lid much less developed forward. Mouth oblique, lower 
jaw protruding. Maxillary wide. Band of small teeth along middle 
of tongue. Suborbital longer than deep. Gill rakers slender, ser- 
rulate. Branchiostegals 4. Scales moderate, adherent, free edges 
rounded and pectinated. Caudal base scaly. Elongate scale in ven- 
tral axil. Dorsal serrae feeble, less developed than abdominal serrae 
which begin at front of throat. Vertebrae 47. Dorsal median. Anal 
moderate, low, rays 19 or more. Caudal forked. Pectoral small, 
obtusely pointed, rays 16. Ventral small, inserted before dorsal, 
rays 8. 


Australia. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a. Anal origin behind end of depressed dorsal; scales persistent______ vittatus 
a’. Anal origin close behind base of last dorsal ray; scales deciduous. 
translucidus 
HYPERLOPHUS VITTATUS (Castelnau) 


Meleita vittata CASTELNAU, Victorian Offic. Record Philadelphia Exhib. (Res. 
Fishes Australia), p. 46, 1875 (type locality: Melbourne, Victoria). 

Clupea vittata Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 379, 1880 
(copied) ; vol. 6, p. 259, 1881 (reference).—Lucas, Proce. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 37, 1890 (reference). 

Hyperlophus vittatus McCuttocH, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 11, pt. 7, p. 168, 
pl. 29, figs. 1-2, 1917 (Moreton Bay).—WarTE, Rec. South Australian Mus., 
vol. 2, No. 1, p. 39, fig. 56, 1921—McCuntocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queens- 
land Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference).—McCuttocu, Fishes New 
South Wales, ed. 2, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 52a, 1927; Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, 
p. 40, 1929 (reference). 

Meletta novae hollandiae (not Valenciennes) CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Ac- 
climat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, p. 189, 1872 (Melbourne market). 

Clupea spratellides OaitBy, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 24, 1892 (type 
locality : Parramatta River, New South Wales). 

Hyperlophus spratellides Ocitny, Commercial Fish Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 1915 
(Brisbane) ; Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 98, 1916 (Queensland coasts). 

Hyperlophus copii OatrBy, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 72, 1897 
(type locality: New South Wales coast [Maroubra]); Ann. Queensland 
Mus., No. 9, p. 5, 1908 (Southport, Queensland).—Ocmrsy, Proc. Roy. Soc. 
Queensland, vol. 21, p. 24, 1908 (Mud Island). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 643 


Depth 4%, to 4%; head 344 to 414, width 21% to 234. Snout 324 
to 314 in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout in 
young to 114 with age, greater than interorbital at all ages; maxillary 
reaches 14 to 14 in eye; expansion 134 to 2 in eye, length 214 to 214 
in head from snout tip; no median notch at front of upper jaw; no 
teeth; interorbital 514 to 6, little convex; sides above and top of head, 
also humeral region, venulose. Gull rakers 9+26, compressed, lanceo- 
late, length 114 in eye; gill filaments 34 gill rakers. 

Scales 49 or 50 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 13 transversely, 20 to 24 predorsal; 23 to 27 predorsal 
scutes. Abdominal scutes 20+12 or 13. Axillary ventral scale 14 
fin length. Scale with single median vertical stria; usually 2 or 3 
more marginal short basal striae; circuli very fine, in vertical parallel 
series, none apical where cutaneous edge fringed. 

D. in, 9, first branched ray 124 to 11% in total head length; A. m, 
11, 1, first branched ray 31% to 314; caudal 1, deeply forked, broad 
lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; to 214; pectoral 
114 to 124; ventral 2 to 21%. 

Back brownish, sides and below whitish, with silvery sheen. 
Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, grayish terminally. Lower fins 
whitish. Iris whitish, gray in formalin. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. 

U.S.N.M. 48827. Maroubra, New South Wales. J. D. Ogilby. Length, 80-90 mm. 

2 examples. Paratypes of Hyperlophus copii Ogilby. 


U.S.N.M. 59946. Port Stephens, New South Wales. 1905. D.G. Stead. Length, 
68-101 mm. 10 examples. 


HYPERLOPHUS TRANSLUCIDUS McCulloch 


Hyperlophus translucidus McCuttocn, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 11, pt. 7, p. 165, 
pl. 29, fig. 3, 1917 (type locality: Sans Souci, Botany Bay, New South 
Wales) ; Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 16, 1927; Australian Mus. Mem., 
vol. 5, p. 40, 1929 (reference). 

Depth 3,%;; head 41%. Snout 334 in head from snout tip; eye 3, 
greater than snout, narrow adipose lid posteriorly; maxillary reaches 
14 in eye, length 21% in head from snout tip; no teeth except minute 
line of minute teeth on tongue; interorbital low. 

Scales very deciduous, lacking in type. Dorsal scutes 19; ab- 
dominal 17+ 9. 

D. 15 or 16, origin midway between snout tip and caudal base, 
first branched ray 1% in total head length; A. 19 to 22, origin close 
behind base of last dorsal ray, first branched ray 2843; caudal 4 in 
rest of body, forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%5 in head; 
pectoral 1,8; ventral 21, inserted before dorsal. 

Translucent in life, with broad silvery band from head to caudal. 
Back with some scattered blackish dots which extend to dorsal and 


644 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


caudal. Lips and chin also dotted. Occiput dark brown. Dark 
spot at base of each anal ray. Length 58 mm. (McCulloch.) 
New South Wales. 


Genus CORICA Buchanan-Hamilton 


Corica BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 253, 383, 1822. (Type, Corica 
soborna Buchanan-Hamilton, monotypic. ) 

Clupeichthys BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, p. (260) 274, 1855. 
(Type, Clupeichthys goniognathus Bleeker, monotypic.) 

Body elongate or partly elongate, belly little compressed. Back 
rounded. ‘Teeth on jaws, palatines, and tongue. Gill rakers 19 to 22. 
Branchiostegals 6. Scales moderate, thin, smooth or nearly so. 
Dorsal rays 13 to 16. Anal rays grouped as two fins, second fin 
formed by two thickened rays, cleft to base and much longer than 
last rays of first anal fin. Ventral origin below dorsal origin. 

Small herrings of the rivers and shores of India and the East 
Indies, known by the presence of two anal fins. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. CortcA. Mouth normal; teeth very minute; gill rakers about 22, slender, 
elongate. 
b*. Dorsal rays 14 or 15. 
c’. Seales 40 to 42; scutes 10 or 11 before ventrals; dorsal origin midway 


between front eye edge and caudal base_____________________ soborna 
c*. Seales 88; scutes 7 or 8 before ventrals; dorsal origin nearer snout tip 
Gla AVG Ce ea Ce a ee perakensis 


b*. Dorsal rays 13 or 14; dorsal origin midway between front eye edge and 
caudal base. 

ad’. Scales 86; scutes 9 or 10 before ventrals__--—___-__________ bleekeri 

ad. Scales 32 to 34; scutes 10 or 11 before ventrals____________ laciniata 

a’, CLUPEICHTHYS Premaxillary prominent, forms blunt angle with rather con- 

vex, ascending maxillary, beyond margin of which protrude points of 

rather long teeth; gill rakers short, thick------_+_-____-___ goniognathus 


Subgenus CoricA Buchanan-Hamilton 
CORICA SOBORNA Buchanan-Hamilton 


Corica soborna BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 253, 288, 1822 (type 
locality: Mahanada River).—GUNTuHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 
452, 1868 (note). —Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 885.—Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 642, pl. 162, fig. 5, 1878 (Arissa and Bengal) ; Fauna British 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 378, fig. 116, 1889—H. M. Smiru, Journ. Nat. Hist. 
Soe. Siam, vol. 9, p. 85, 1933 (Bangpakong R.).—Suvarti, Index Fish, Siam, 
p. 9, 1987 (Maenam Bang Plasoi). 

Clupea sobarna Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, 1882 (Buchanan- 
Hamilton’s fig.). 

Corica guborni GRAY, op. cit., pl. 91, figs. 7, 8, 

Pellona soborni VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 325, 1847 (on Gray). 

Corica argentata Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 294, 1839 (on 
Buchanan-Hamilton). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 645 


Spratella pseudopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 482, 
1852 (type locality: Pamangkat, southwest Borneo). 

Clupeoides pseudopterus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p 452, 1868 
(type).—VaILLanT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 100, 
1893. 

Corica pseudopterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 98, pl. (2) 
260, fig. 3, 1866-72 (Borneo).—RecAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 10, 
p. 589, 1922 (type of Corica pseudopterus).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, 
livr. 38-4, p. 412, fig. 2, 1981 (Bandjermasin, Moesi R., Padang Tikarbay) ; 
vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 230, 1936 (Kapuas R., Borneo).—CHrvry, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 19382 (river at Saigon).—HeErrEe and Myers, Raffles 
Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Singapore). 

Corica (Corica) pseudopterus WerBerk and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 54, 1913 (types). 

Depth 4; head 444. Snout 4 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 314, 
slightly larger than snout; maxillary reaches about, 14 in eye, length 
22£ in head; interorbital 24 of eye, low. (Gill rakers 22, con- 
spicuously longer than gill filaments and pupil—Weber and Beau- 
fort.) 

Scales 40 to 42 in median lateral series, 10 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 10 or 11+7 or 8. 

D. 11, 12 or 13, first branched dorsal ray 114 in total head, origin 
slightly behind ventral origin; A. 1, 12 or 18+2, first branched ray 
2 in head; caudal 314 in rest of body, forked in hind third and lower 
lobe longer; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; pectoral 114; 
ventral 114. 

Silvery, with light band. Length,50 mm. (Day.) 

India, Borneo. Possibly the East Indian form may be different, 
though there is little in the description on which to separate it. 


CORICA PERAKENSIS Herre 


Corica perakensis Herre, Bull. Raffles Mus., No. 12, p. 5, pl. 1, 1936 (type lo- 
cality: Perak River, Perak).—HeERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull. No. 13, 
p. 12, 1937 (types).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 247, 1938 (reference). 

Depth 424 to 414; head 344 to 3%. Snout 314 to 334 in head; 
eye 8, longer than snout; maxillary reaches opposite front margin of 
pupil, length 214 to 234 in head. Gill rakers 6+16, longest less than 
pupil and much shorter than gill filaments. 

Scales 38 in lateral series, very deciduous. Abdominal scutes 7 or 
8+4 to 6, of former rarely 6 have spines or usually only last 2 bear 
spines, and postventral with larger and more prominent spines. 

D. 14 or 15, origin nearer snout tip than caudal base, fin base 
57% in length, height 7149 or 514 in some specimens; A. 15+2, fin 
base 614 in length, fin height 814; pectoral little less than head 
without snout, 6 to 614 in length; ventral origin beneath fifth dorsal 
ray, fin length 214 to 224 in head. 


646 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Color in formalin yellowish, with broad white band from shoulder 
to middle of tail. Nape stippled with black dots. Similar black 
dots along bases of dorsal and anal and may extend on to caudal. 
Some specimens with lateral row of black dots on middle of caudal 
peduncle. Fins colorless except caudal, which may be speckled with 
black dots. 

Length, 22-28.5 mm. (Herre.) 

Malaya. 


CORICA BLEEKERI Hardenberg 


Corica bleekert HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 229, 1986 (type locality: 
Middle course of Kapuas River, Borneo). 

Depth 4, body elongate, compressed; head 4. Eye 3 in head, 
equals snout or postorbital; maxillary reaches somewhat beyond 
front margin of eye, somewhat more than twice in head; hardly 
conspicuous ridge each side of vertex. 

Scales 35 or 36 in lateral series; 9 transversely. Abdominal scutes 
9 or 10+5. Ventral profile more convex than dorsal, which almost 
straight. Vertebrae 35 or 36. 

D. 13 or 14, origin midway between front eye edge and caudal 
base, somewhat more than twice head; A. 14 to 16+ 2, first anal 25 
of head and second anal remote from first; pectoral rays 12, fin 34 of 
head; ventral rays 8, origin below third or fourth dorsal ray, some- 
what shorter than snout and eye. 

Silvery, fins hyaline. A black spot on occiput. Two very faint 
clotted lines on back behind dorsal. 

Length, mature at 35 mm., series 18-45 mm. (Hardenberg.) 

East Indies. Differs from Corica soborna in fewer dorsal rays, 
fewer abdominal scutes and fewer lateral scales. 


CORICA LACINIATA Fowler 


Corica laciniata Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 92, fig. 11, 
19385 (type locality: Bangkok, Siam; Paknam); vol. 89, p. 131, 1987 
(Bangkok; Paknam; Tachin). 

Depth 4 to 434; head 324 to 334, width 214 to 214. Snout 314 to 4 
in head from snout tip; eye 3 to 314, greater than snout or inter- 
orbital; maxillary reaches 14 to 34 in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 
21% to 224 in head from snout tip; apparently no teeth; interorbital 
4 to 514, low, slightly convex. Gill rakers 11+21, 114 in eye; gill 
filaments 24 of gill rakers. 

Scales 30 or 31 in lateral series from shoulder to caudal base and 
2 or 3 more on latter; 10 scales transversely at dorsal origin, 14 or 
15 predorsal scales. Caudal base scaly. Scales with 12 to 14 well 
contrasted, marginal, straight, basal striae, group above and below 
axis each with parallel striae so their angles would converge; basal 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 647 


circuli 35 to 38, obsolete apically. Abdominal scutes 10 or 11+8 
or 9. 

D. m1, 11,1, first branched ray 124 to 134 in total head length; A. m1, 
11+2 or m1, 12+2, first branched ray 234 to 224; caudal 1 to 114, 
forked, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 224; 
pectoral 114 to 124, rays 1, 10; ventral rays 1, 7, fin 1% to 2 in total 
head length. 

Color pale to whitish, fading pale brown in alcohol. Back above 
with dark spots or dots. Iris whitish. Dorsal and caudal dusted 
with dark gray. 

Siam. Its distinctions are set forth in the above analysis of species. 
Greatly like Corica bleekeri. 

A.N.S.P. No. 61415. Bangkok, Siam. May 1934, R. M. de Schauensee. Length, 

65 mm. Type. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 61416-61457 and 60519 to 60551. Bangkok, Siam. May 1934. 

R. M. de Schauensee. Length, 46-53 mm. Paratypes. 


Two examples. A.N.S.P. Paknam, Siam. May 1934. R. M. de Schauensee. 
Length, 52-58 mm. 


Subgenus CLUPEICHTHYS Bleeker 
CORICA GONIOGNATHUS (Bleeker) 


Clupeichthys goniognathus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, 
p. (260)275, 1855 (type locality: Lahat, Sumatra).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 453, 1866 (type).—BLEEKERr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, pl. (6) 264, fig. 1, 1866-72.—VaAmLANT, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 24, 
p. 31, 1902.—Recan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 10, p. 589, 1922 (type 
of Clupeichthys goniognathus). 

Corica goniognathus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 97, 1866-72 
(Sumatra).—WEBER and BrEAvuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 55, fig. 21, 1918.—HArprenpeErG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 230, 
1936 (middle course of Kapuas R., Borneo). 

Corica (Clupeichthys) goniognathus WrEBrER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 55, 1918 (Rivers of Hast Sumatra; Kapuas 
River tributaries). 

Depth 3% to 4; head 4 to 4144. Snout 3 in head from snout tip; 
eye 334, 145 in snout; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, length 21% in head 
from snout tip, lower border convex, with submarginal rather long 
teeth, only points prominent beyond that margin; forms blunt angle 
with horizontally prominent premaxillary which forms with its 
counterpart rounded upper border with small median incisure; thick, 
symphyseal part of mandible not surpassing snout tip; small teeth 
on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue; interorbital less than 
eye, convex. Gill rakers 19, finely serrulated, shorter than gill fila- 
ments, which somewhat shorter than pupil. 

Scales 39 or 40 in medial lateral series, 10 transversely; hind edges 
rounded, entire. Ventral scutes 10+8. 


156861—41——_42 


648 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. 111, 12 or 18, first branched ray 114 in total head; A. m1, 18 or 
14+2, first branched ray 214 in head; caudal 4%% in rest of body, 
well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; pectoral 1%; 
ventral 134. 

Yellowish, point and top of head and back with dark tips. 
Opercles silvery. Caudal dusted with black, margin blackish. Fins 
otherwise hyaline. Length, nearly 90 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Sumatra, Borneo. 


Genus PELLONA Valenciennes 


Pellona VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. (218) 300, 1847. (Type, Pellona 
orbignyana Valenciennes, designated by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, 1861, p. 38.) 

Neosteus NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 17, 1923. (Type, 
Pellona ditchela Valenciennes, designated by Norman, Zool. Record, Pisces, 
1928, p. 25.) 


Edge of upper jaw with small toothed bone (ligament in //isha) 
extending from lateral end of premaxillary to prominent middle of 
maxillary. Scales usually with 1 or 2 vertical striae, sometimes sev- 
eral others incomplete. Dorsal origin before anal. 

A small group usually associated with Jlisha but differing chiefly 
in the structure of the upper jaw. Norman proposed Weosteus for 
this group, apparently overlooking Gill’s designation of the type of 
Pellona in 1861. Besides the only Indo-Pacific species described 
below, Norman admits 7 others, all American. 


PELLONA DITCHELA Valenciennes 


Pellona ditchela VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. (228) 314, 1847 [on 
Ditchelee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 72, pl. 188, 1803 (type 
locality : Vizagapatam ) ].—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 
25, p. 72, 1853 (reference). —GUntTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 454, 
1868 (reference).—DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 644, pl. 165, fig. 5, 1878 
(Madras, Coromandel) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 381, 1889.— 
WHITLEY, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 16, p. 214, 1928 (Edward Pellew Group, 
Gulf of Carpentaria).—Fow.er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 30, 1938 (reference). 

Ilisha ditchela Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1923, p. 86 (Tanana- 
rive, Madagascar). 

Neosteus ditchela NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 17, 1923 
(types of Ilisha hoevenii; East Africa; Indo-Australian Archipelago).— 
McCuttocu, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 41, 1929 (reference). 

? Clupea melastoma, SCHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 427, 1801 (type locality: 
Indian Ocean at Coromandel coast).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 
7, p. 454, 1868 (copied). 

Pellona melastoma VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 308, 1847 (Pondi- 
cherry). 

Pellona hoevenii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 21, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java); Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 
p. 176, 1865 (Siam).—GUntTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 455, 1868 
(type: Amboina).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 644, pl. 165, fig. 6, 1878 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 649 


(Coromandel) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 382, 1889.—WeEsBER and 
BEAvrort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 86, fig. 29 (maxil- 
lary), 1918 (Batavia, Macassar, Pare Pare).—BARNARD, Ann. South African 
Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 1016, 1927 (Natal coast, Delagoa Bay). 

Pellona hoeveni WrBER, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 7, 1918 (Lombok and 
Saleyer).—Svuvartii, Index Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1937 (reference). 

Pellona hoeweni CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 
9, 1926 (Annam coast). 

Ilisha hoevenii BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 117, pl. (11) 269, 
fig. 2, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Celebes, Halmaheira, Obi Major, 
Amboina, Ceram).—Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 
12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang, Sumatra).—JorpaNn and SeaLer, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 26 (1906), p. 5, 1907 (Cavite).—HEVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., 
vol. 26 (1986), p. 54, 1907 (San Fabian).—JorpAn and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 286, 1908 (Manila).—Irowmrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1911, p. 210 (Padang example); Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(Philippines) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 195 (Delagoa Bay 
and Natal); vol. 79, p. 258, 1927 (Orion; Philippines).—Roxas, Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 283, pl. 2, fig. 9 (scale), 1934 (Luzon; Mindoro 
Masbate; Leyte; Panay; Guimaras).—Roxas and MArrTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 19, 1987 (reference). 

Ilisha hoeveni McCuttocH, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 7, pt. 4, p. 241, 1922 
(between Cairns and Rockhampton).—Herrr, Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 14, 1934 (Manila) —Herre and Myrrs, Raffles Mus. Bull., 
No. 18, p. 12, 1987 (Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore). 

Tlisha hoevennii McCULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, 
p. 182, 1925 (reference). 

Pellona natalensis GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, 
p. 202, 1908-11 (type locality: 24 fathoms South Head Tugela River, north 
by west 414 miles).—BarnarD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, 
p. 110, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1925 (Natal coast, in 25 fathoms). 

Ilisha natalensis GiLcHRIst, Marine Biol. Rep., South Africa, No. 1, p. 60, 19138 
(Natal).—GincHRIist and THompson, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 298, 
1917 (reference). 

Tlisha indica (not Swainson) BouLrenGrer, Catalogue fresh water fishes Africa, 
vol. 1, p. 168, fig. 130, 1909. 


Depth 234, to 8144; head 31% to 314, width 21% to 234. Snout 
314 to 334 in head from snout tip; eye 2144 to 314, greater than 
snout or interorbital, lid narrow; maxillary reaches 24 to 14 in eye, 
expansion 2 to 216 in eye, length 1% to 2 in head from snout 
tip; front edge of upper jaw scarcely notched medially; teeth uni- 
serial on jaw edges, minute, also some on lower maxillary edge; vomer 
and palatines toothless, broad patch of minute teeth on each pterygoid. 
few on tongue; interorbital 5 to 714, level; preorbital, cheek, opercle 
and top of head posteriorly with venulose striae. Gull rakers 12 or 
13+21 to 27, lanceolate, 14 of eye; gill filaments 224 in eye. 

Scales 36 to 39 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 or 5 
more on latter; 11 or 12 scales transversely, predorsal 14? to 16. Ab- 
dominal serrae 16 to 20+7 or 8. Scales with 2 complete and 5 imper- 
fect median transverse striae; circuli very fine, vertically parallel. 


650 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. 1 or m1, 13 to m1, 16,1, first branched ray 134 to 134 in total head 
length; A. m or m1, 31, 1, to 38, 1, first branched ray 21% to 8; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 244 to 8; pectoral 13% to 124; ventral 314 to 
314; caudal 29 to 314 in rest of body. 

Back dusted brown, sides and below silvery white. Iris white. 
Snout end and mandible dusted with dull dusky. Dorsal and caudal 
grayish, other fins white. 

East Africa, Delagoa Bay, Natal, Madagascar, India, Siam, East 
Indies, Philippines, Queensland. It seems hardly doubtful but that 
Pellona natalensis Gilchrist and Thompson is the present species. 
My South African materials all seem to agree, likewise the Mada- 
gascar example I recorded as iisha ditchela. According to Day that 
species has abdominal serrae 23+10, while the Madagascar example 
shows but 19+8. The species is, however, closely allied to Jlisha 
hoevent in the structure of its maxillary. 


1 example. Baganga Bay. May 15, 1908. Length 74 mm. In poor preserva- 
tion. 

15184 Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 7, 1909. Length, 157 mm. 

8851. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length, 103 mm. 

22541, 22542. Dagupan, Luzon. March 18, 1908. Length, 94-100 mm. 

13181 to 18188, 14149. Dloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 140-160 mm. 

19401 to 19408. LTloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 102-115 mm. 

7 examples. Manila market. April 20, 1909. Length, 122-145 mm. [1527]. 

53868. Oton market, Iloilo. March 30, 1908. Length, 109 mm. 

5 examples. Tacloban market. July 25, 1909. Length, 58-70 mm. 

11730, 11781, 11820, 11821. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 
158-180 mm. 

A 1015. Buka Buka Island, Celebes. November 20, 1909. Length, 115 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56072. San Fabian, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4127). 
Length, 170 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56804. Cavite, Philippines. Dr. G. A. Lung. Length, 120-140 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72512. Palaboen Ratoe, Wynkops Bay, Java. October 1909. 
Bryant and Palmer. Length, 185 mm. As IJlisha indica. 

3 examples. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 
Length, 115-120 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 42789. Philippine Islands. Commercial Museum Philadelphia. 
Length, 1083 mm. “Tabang.” 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 58155, 58156. Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa. July 1923. H. 
W. Bell Marley. Length, 77-165 mm. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 53076, 58077. Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 190-195 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 53154. Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. 1925. Length, 180 mm. 


Genus ILISHA Richardson 


Ilisha (Gray) RicHaArpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 306, 1846. (Type, Jlisha 
abnormis (Gray) Richardson, monotypic.) 

Platygaster (not Latreille, 1809, Schilling, 1829, Duméril and Bibron, 1844) 
Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 18389. (Type, Platygaster 
africanus Swainson, designated by Swain, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, 1882, p. 280.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 651 


Zunasia JORDAN and Metz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, p. 7, 1913. (Type, 
Pristigaster chinensis Basilewsky, orthotypic. ) 

Euplatygaster Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1934. 
(Type, Pellona brachysoma Bleeker, orthotypic.) 

Body elongate, compressed. Abdomen with sharp median keel of 
scutes. Mouth moderate, terminal, lower jaw projecting. Maxillary 
with narrow basal and expanded terminal part; before narrow part 
ligament extends from premaxilary end to maxillary expansion; two 
supplemental maxillaries. Teeth in jaws minute; no canines; rasp- 
like bands of teeth on palatines and pterygoids; elongate patch of 
teeth on tongue. Gill rakers not very numerous. Scales moderate; 
with irregularly paired transverse grooves, their inner ends separated 
by interspace. Dorsal rays 14 to 21. Anal rays 33 to 52, fin base 
21% to 32% in body, origin just below or just behind dorsal. 

Tropical Indo-Pacific, one species in the Eastern tropical Atlantic. 
The following imperfectly described species, differing greatly in the 
very small scales, may not belong in the genus: 


ILISHA LESCHENAULTI (Valenciennes) 


Pellona leschenaulti VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 311, 1847 (type 
locality : Pondicherry ).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 459, 
1868 (copied). 

Peliona leschenaultii Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 646, 1878 (copied) ; Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 383, 1889. 

Ilisha leschenaultii Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 6, 1923 
(compiled). 


Depth nearly 4 in total length. Teeth distinct on premaxillaries 
and mandible; suborbital and opercle striated or venulose. 

Scales 70 in medial lateral series, smooth, thin, without striae. 
D. 21; A. 42, low and long; pectoral very large, ray 17 and rounded 
terminally, reaches beyond ventral origin and latter 8 or 9 scales 
before dorsal origin; ventral rays 8; caudal 27. 

Silvery with traces of 10 to 12 obscure longitudinal lines of grayish. 
Length, 510 mm. (Valenciennes.) 

India. Only known from the dried type. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. HUPLATYGASTER. Scales less than 46 in medial lateral series; preventral 
seutes 16 to 20. 
b+. Depth 2% to 3%. 
cA; 38-t0;41, origin. below, last dorsal ray=—-=--.---22— ===. = indica 
¢._A. 45, to 49, origin just behind dorsal_________-____ -—___— brachysoma 
b*. Depth 34 to 4. 
ad’. Dorsal origin little nearer snout tip than caudal base; anal origin 
belowehindspartotudorsales == 00228 se eee kampeni 
d’. Dorsal origin much nearer snout tip than caudal base; anal origin just 
Hehingd Ad Orsall St a:b ees Pele age es Dia ie A ee ee motius 


652 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


a’, ItisHa. Scales more than 46 in medial lateral series; preventral scutes 
20 to 28. 
e’. Anal origin below front half of dorsal. 
f*. Depth 3% to 8%. 
g’. Anal origin below first dorsal ray; maxillary not reaching % 


Tyee See ee EN EMI eaten ed SEU bed Cana pristigastroides 

g. Anal origin below first third of dorsal; maxillary reaches 1% in 
eye or ibeyondeee sath Pasties ote wt ee ee amblyuroptera 

fe rDepthn ato 416 =. ee sladeni 


e’. Anal origin below hind half of dorsal. 
h*. Depth 38 to 3%. 
@. A. 42; dorsal origin nearer caudal base than snout tip. 

novacula 
7. A. 45 to 50; dorsal origin equidistant from snout tip and 

caudal base or nearer former. 

jy. Ventral scutes not prominent. 
k*, Ventral inserted little nearer pectoral base than anal 


origin. 
I’. Lower gill rakers 18 or 19; abdominal scutes 224-10 
OTA sie es ee a hye as be ed Vi filigera 
?. Lower gill rakers 21 to 23; abdominal scutes 24 to 
ICL LON LO aL Pe Oe a ee ee xanthoptera 


k?, Ventral inserted midway between pectoral base and anal 
origin; lower gill rakers 19 to 21; abdominal scutes 


20 'tOs 25-1 SnbO Oe eee eee melastoma 
#2. Ventral scutes prominent. .2-- ee macrogaster 
hi Depth 36 i604 AAs Oe ee ee elongata 


Subgenus EUPLATYGASTER Fowler 


Seales less than 46 in medial lateral series. Preventral scutes 16 


to 20. 
ILISHA INDICA (Swainson) 


Playgaster indicus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 1839 [on 
Ditchoee Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 74, pl. 192, upper fig., 1803 
(type locality: Vizagapatam) ]. 

Pellona indica JeRpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 145, 1851—Day, Fishes 
of India, pt. 4, p. 644, pl. 164, fig. 4, 1878; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 
1, p. 381, 1889.—Prerrrer, Fische Ost-Afrikas, p. 69, 1896.—Lioyp, Rec. Indian 
Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).—VincicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 
Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 618, 1926 (Sarawak). 

Ilisha indica BiErKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 118, pl. (1) 259, 
fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Banka).—BEAN and WEED, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 591, pl. 75, fig. 8, 1912 (scale) (Batavia; 
Pelaboean Ratoe).—NorMAn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 4, 1923 
(India, Malay Peninsula, China).—Fowter, Journ. Bombay Soc. Nat. Hist., 
vol. 30, No. 1, p. 38, 1924 (Calicut) ; vol. 30, No. 4, p. 3, 1926 (Bombay) .— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 121, 174, 1929 
(Cochin China).—Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, Jan. 
20, p. 246, 19384 (reference) ; vol. 86, p. 86, 1934 (Bangkok) ; vol. 87, p. 94, 
fig. 13, 1935 (Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 181, 1937 (Tachin) ; List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 29, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea melastoma (part) Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 319, 1829 (on 
Ditchoee Russell). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 653 


Pellona ditchoa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 313, 1847 (on Ditchoce 
Russell).—GUntTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 455, 1868 (Java, 
Zanzibar, East Africa).—WersER and BeraAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 88, 1913 (Batavia, Kendal Palabuan, Batu, Bagan Api 
Api).—CHEvEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indo-Chine, 19° note, p. 10, 1932 (Cochin- 
china ).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 111, 1981 (Bagan Si Api 
Api).—HErrE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1981, p. 15, 1984 (La Paz) .— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 19, 1937 
(reference).—SuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 10, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; 
Sriracha).—Herre and Meyers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 13, 1987 
(Singapore). 

Depth 234 to 256; head 31% to 334, width to 2 to 214. Snout 314 to 
41% in head from snout tip; eye 214 to 3, greater than snout or inter- 
orbital, with adipose lids; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, with anterior 
ligament along front edge, expansion 2 to 24% in eye, length 
2 to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth obsolete or absent; 
interorbital 5 to 6, little elevated, though slightly convex; sub- 
orbitals with rather coarse branch of venules from preorbital 
to postocular, few striae on preopercular flange below; opercle with 
2 weak radiating striae. Guill rakers 12+ 22 to 24, slender, lanceolate, 
21% in eye; gill filaments 34 gill rakers, 

Scales 38 to 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more 
on latter; 13 transversely, 14 to 16 predorsal. Abdominal scutes 18 
to 20+9 or 10. Scales firmly adherent, narrowly imbricated. Scales 
with 6 to 10 vertical evenly spaced parallel striae, half of which may 
be broken or incomplete medially; 23 to 25 marginal apical striae; 
circuli fine, vertically parallel. 

D. m1, 10 to mz, 13 2, first branched ray 114 to 134 in total head 
length; A. 11, 34 to m1, 36, first branched ray 2% to 3; caudal 1, 
strongly forked, slender lobes pointed; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 214 to 3449; pectoral 114 to 134 ventral 134 to 41%. 

Back pale brown to olivaceous, with median pale dusky streak, 
sides and below bright silvery white. Iris white. Dorsal and caudal 
dusted with gray, other fins pale or whitish. 

East Africa, Zanzibar, India, Malay Peninsula, East Indies, China. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72510. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 98-115 

mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72511. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 153- 

173 mm. 2 examples. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 93-110 mm. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Bombay Nat. Hist., Soc. Length, 250 mm. 


ILISHA BRACHYSOMA (Bleeker) 


Pellona brachysoma BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 
22, 1852 (type locality : Batavia, Java).—GUnNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 456, 1868 (type).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 645, pl. 165, 
fig. 2, 1878; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 382, 1889—Wesrr and 
Bravurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 87, 1913 (com- 


654 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


piled).—Pittay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, No. 2, p. 355, 1929 
(Travancore) .—TiRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 121, 
1929 (Cochinchina ).—CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 10, 1932 
(Indo-China). 

llisha brachysoma BLrEEKeER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 118, pl. 
(11) 267, fig. 5, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore).—FowLrr, Journ. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang) ; Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 210 (same material).—Norman, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 8, 1928 (type; Malay Archipelago).— 
Fow Ler and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, p. 1, 1927 (Benkoelen, 
Sumatra).—Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 599 19380 
(Hong Kong) ; vol. 85, p. 246, 19384 (reference) ; vol. 87, p. 94, 1935 (Bang- 
kok; Paknam) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 28, 1938 (reference). 

Depth 244, ventral profile much more convex than upper; head 
334, width 224. Snout 4 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 214, 
greater than snout or interorbital, adipose lids narrow; maxillary 
reaches 14 in eye, expansion 2 in eye, length 15% in head from snout 
tip; teeth small, uniserial in jaws, sightly larger medianly; inter- 
orbital 614 in head from snout tip, slightly elevated, depressed. Gill 
rakers 14+16, slender, 14 of eye; gill filaments 2%. 

Scales 388 (injured) in medial lateral series to caudal base and 5 
more on latter; 9 transversely, 14 (pockets) predorsal. Caudal with 
minute scales basally. Ventral scutes damaged. 

D. m1, 14, origin midway between snout tip and last anal ray 
base, fin base 224 in total head length; A. m, 44, 1, origin about 
opposite base of last dorsal ray, fin base 234 in combined head and 
trunk to caudal base; caudal subequal with head, deeply forked; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral ?; ventral very small, 
inserted slightly before dorsal origin. 

When fresh in arrack pale or dull olivaceous on back. Sides and 
lower surface silvery white. Iris silvery white. Dorsal and caudal 
grayish, other fins paler. 

India, Singapore, East Indies, China. According to Norman 
reaches 190 mm. and the ventral scutes 18 to 20+7 or 8. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 
Length, 150 mm. 


ILISHA KAMPENI (Weber and Beaufort) 


Pellona kampeni WereER and BerAvurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol 2, p. 87, 1913 (type locality: Batavia, Java; Balikpapan, Borneo).— 
VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 618, 1926 
(Santubong).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 219, 1983 (Kumai; 
Muara Kebas, N. Borneo); vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 231, 19386 (Kapuas R., Bor- 
neo).—Svuvatt1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1987 (Maenam Tapi below Ban- 
don; Thale Sap Songkhla, Thale Noi). 

Ilisha kampeni NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 5, 1923 (Mad- 
ras).—KFow.Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1934 
(reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 655 


Depth 334, ventral profile little more convex than dorsal; head 
344. Snout equals or little shorter than eye, which 314 in head; 
maxillary reaches nearly 1% in eye; lower jaw strongly projecting; 
ridges on head run parallel posteriorly, greatest interspace 14 of eye. 
Lower gill rakers 20. 

Scales 43 in medial lateral series; 14 or 15 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 19+ 8. 

D. (15)16, origin little nearer snout tip than caudal base; A. 
40(42), origin below posterior part of dorsal, base length 3 in body; 
ventral shorter than eye, inserted midway between anal origin and 
pectoral base. 

Caudal dark edged. Length, 160 mm. (Norman.) 

India, East Indies. 


ILISHA MOTIUS (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupanodon motius BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 251, 383, 1822 
(type locality: Brahmaputra River). 

Clupea motius Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 109, figs. 3-4, 
1832-34. 

Pellona motius VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 323, 1847 (Ganges 
mouth).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 72, 1853 
(reference).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 456, 1868 (copied).— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 648, pl. 165, fig. 3, 1878 (Assam, Bengal, 
Orissa) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 881, 1889. 

Ilisha motius NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 5, 1923 (Assam; 
Bengal).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 246, 1934 
(reference). 

Platygaster parva Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 1839 (on 
Gray). 

Depth 33, to 4, ventral profile more convex than dorsal; head 444 
to 414. Snout shorter than eye, which 224 in head; maxillary 
reaches 14 in eye; lower jaw a little projecting; ridges on head run 
parallel posteriorly. Lower gill rakers 22 to 24. 

Scales 45 ? in medial lateral series; 12 or 13 ? transversely. Ven- 
tral scutes 16 or 17+7 or 8. 

D. 16 or 17, origin much nearer snout tip than caudal base; A. 40 
to 48, origin just behind dorsal, base length about 3 in body length; 
ventrals equal eye, inserted little nearer pectoral base than anal 
origin. 

A silvery lateral band. Length, 55 mm. (Norman.) 

Bengal, Assam. According to Day it does not exceed much over 
100 mm. 

Subgenus ILIsHA Richardson 


Seales more than 46 in medial lateral series. Preventral scutes 
20 to 28. 


656 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ILISHA PRISTIGASTROIDES (Bleeker) 


Pellona pristigastroides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 
p. 20, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java).—GitwntTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 459, 1868 (type).—Dtnckmr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Ham- 
burg, vol. 21, p. 186, 1904 (Kuala Lumpur).—Wesrr and BrAvurort, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 89, 1913 (type). —HARrpENBeERG, Treu- 
bia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 112, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api).—Svuvatr1r, Index 
Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1987 (Gulf of Siam). 

llisha pristigastroides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 121, pl. 
(11) 269, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java and Borneo).—NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 6, 1923 (type).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 29, 1938 
(reference). 


Depth 314, ventral profile, especially anteriorly, much more convex 
than dorsal; head 414. Snout little shorter than eye, which 334 in 
head; maxillary nearly reaches 14 in eye; lower jaw strongly pro- 
jecting; ridges on head diverge posteriorly, greatest interspace 234 in 
eye. Lower gill rakers 17. 

Scales 50 in medial lateral series; 14 or 15 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 27+ 12, prominent. 

D. 17, origin much nearer caudal base than snout end, equidistant 
from former and front eye edge; A. 48, origin below first dorsal 
ray, base length 214 in body length; ventrals shorter than eye, in- 
serted nearer pectoral base than anal origin. (Norman.) 

Body above golden or bluish green, below yellowish silvery. Snout 
end dusky. Iris yellowish or rosy. Fins yellowish, caudal with 
hind edge dusted brown. Length, 185 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Java, Borneo. 


ILISHA AMBLYUROPTERA (Bleeker) 


Pellona amblyuropterus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 
21, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Java)—WesEeR and Bravurort, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 90, 1918 (Bagan Api Api, Sumatra) .— 
CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 9, 1926 
(Tonkin).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 231, 1936 (Telok Peka- 
dai, Borneo).—Suvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 10, 19387 (Siam; Gulf of 
Siam; Sriracha). 

Pellona amblyuroptera GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 459, 1868 
(Hast India).—VinctcuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 
10, p. 618, 1926 (Sarawak).—TrrAnt, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 121, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Ilisha amblyuropterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (4) 262, 
fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Borneo).—NormMAN, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 7, 1923 (Malay Archipelago).—Fowter, List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 28, 1988 (reference). 


Depth 314, ventral profile more convex than dorsal; head 4. Snout 
little shorter than eye, which 414 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in 
eye or beyond; lower jaw strongly projecting; ridges on head diverge 
posteriorly, greatest interspace 14 of eye. Lower gill rakers 16. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 657 


Scales 52 or 53 in median lateral series; 15 or 16 transversely. 
Ventral scutes 27+ 12. 

D. 17, origin much nearer caudal base than snout tip, equidistant 
from former and eye center; A. 47 (47 to 53), origin below front 
third of dorsal, base length 224 in body length; ventrals shorter 
than eye; inserted little nearer pectoral base than anal origin. 
(Norman. ) 

Above greenish, below yellowish silvery. Snout and lower jaw 
dusky to blackish terminally. Iris yellowish. Fins yellow, dorsal 
and caudal minutely dotted gray. Length, 381 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Singapore, East Indies. 


ILISHA SLADENI (Day) 


Pellona sladeni Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1869, p. 623 (type locality: Irra- 
waddi at Mandalay, Burma); Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 645, pl. 164, fig. 1, 
1878 (Irrawaddi) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 388, 1889. 

Ilisha sladeni NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 6, 1923 (Irra- 
waddi and Sittang Rivers, Burma). 

Depth 4 to 414, greatest convexity of ventral profile before pec- 
torals; head 4 to 414. Snout little shorter than eye, which 414 to 
424 in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye; lower jaw very oblique, 
strongly projecting; ridges on head diverge little posteriorly, great- 
est interspace 3 to 314 in eye. Lower gill rakers 20 to 22. 

Scales 46 to 49 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely. 
Ventral scutes 24+ 10 or 11. 

D. 14 or 15, origin much nearer caudal base than snout end, equi- 
distant from former and hind opercle edge; A. 42 to 45, origin below 
front half of dorsal, base length 314 to 334 in body length; ventrals 
equal or little longer than eye, inserted much nearer pectoral base 
than anal origin. 

Caudal with dark edge posteriorly. Length, 340 mm. (Norman.) 

Burma. 

ILISHA NOVACULA (Valenciennes) 


Pellona novacula VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 319, 1847 (type 
locality : Rangoon).—Gwtnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 458, 1868 
(Batavia).—WeBER and BrEAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 92, 1913 (Bleeker’s specimen). 

Ilisha novacula BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 302, 1866 (Ba- 
tavia, in sea); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 120, pl. (11)269, fig. 
4, 1866-72 (Java) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 118, 1874 (Chinese 
drawing).—NorMaN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 8, 1923 (Java). 


Depth 3814, greatest convexity of ventral profile below pectoral 
base; head 4. Snout little shorter than eye, which 334 in head; max- 
illary reaches almost to hind eye edge; lower jaw strongly projecting ; 
ridges on head diverge little posteriorly, greatest interspace 14 of 
eye. Lower gill rakers 20. 


658 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales 45 in medial lateral series; 14 or 15 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 24+10, prominent. 

D. 17, origin nearer caudal base than snout end, equidistant from 
former and front eye edge; A. 42, origin below hind half of dorsal, 
base length 314 in body length; ventrals shorter than eye, inserted 
little nearer pectoral base than anal origin. (Norman.) 

Above bluish green, below yellowish silvery. End of snout dusky. 
Tris yellow. Fins yellowish. Length, 230mm. (Bleeker.) 

Burma, Java, China. 


ILISHA FILIGERA (Valenciennes) 


Pellona filigera VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 322, 1847 (type 
locality : Coromandel; Bombay ).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal), vol. 25, p. 72, 1853 (reference).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 
7, p. 454, 1868 (copied). —Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 643, pl. 165, fig. 5, 
1878 (Bombay) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 380, 1889.—TmAnrT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 174, 1929 (Thudaumot).— 
CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1982 (Indo-China). 

Tlisha filigera NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 10, 1928 (India). 

Depth 3, ventral profile more convex than dorsal; head 334. Snout 
334 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 234, greater than snout; maxil- 
lary reaches 14 in eye, width 2 in eye, length 144 in head from snout 
tip; teeth in jaws, on palate and tongue; interorbital 3 in eye, mod- 
erately high. 

Scales 50 in medial lateral series; 15 or 16 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 22 or 23+ 10 to 12. 

D. m1 or tv, 15 or 16, first branched ray 134 in total head length; 
A. m1, 43 to 47, first branched ray 414, fin base 214 in combined head 
and body to caudal base; caudal 3 in rest of body, well forked, slender 
lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 244 in head; pectoral 
124; ventral 6. 

Coppery tinge along back, sides silvery, with mother-of-pearl 
reflections. Dorsal and pectoral black tipped. Length, 305 mm. 
(Day.) 

India. Very close to Jlisha xanthoptera (Bleeker) and according 
to Norman differs in but 18 or 19 lower gill rakers and ventral 
scutes 22+ 10 or 11. 


ILISHA XANTHOPTERA (Bleeker) 


Pellona xanthopterus BLErKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. (417) 
489, 1851 (type locality: Sambas, Borneo). 

Pellona xanthoptera GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 457, 1868 
(type; East Indies).—WesBER and BEauFort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 94, 1913 (Krawang, Java).—Trmant, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 9, 1932 (Indo-China).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, 
vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 231, 1986 (Telok Pekadai, Borneo). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 659 


Ilisha xanthopterus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (7) 265, fig. 
3, 1866-72 (Borneo). 

Ilisha xvanthoptera Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 9, 19238 
(type; Malay Archipelago). 


Depth 3 to 314, ventral profile more convex than dorsal; head 334 
to 4. Snout shorter than eye, which 31% to 324 in head; maxillary 
reaches below front part or 14 in eye; lower jaw strongly projecting; 
ridges on head run parallel posteriorly, greatest interspace 314 to 4 
in eye. Lower gill rakers 21 to 23. 

Scales 50 to 52 in medial lateral series; 15 or 16 transversely. Ven- 
tral scutes 24 to 27+ 10 to 13. 

D. 17 or 18, origin equidistant from snout end and caudal base, or 
little nearer former; A. 46 to 48, origin below hind part of dorsal or 
below its last rays, base length 234 to 27% in body length; vertical dis- 
tance from upper end of pectoral base to thorax equal to or greater 
than postocular part of head; ventral shorter than eye, inserted well 
before dorsal, little nearer pectoral base than anal origin. (Norman.) 

Body above bluish green, below yellowish silvery. Snout and 
mandible dusky terminally. Iris yellowish. Fins yellow, dorsal and 
caudal with minute dusky dots. Length, 362 mm. (Bleeker.) 


East Indies. 
ILISHA MELASTOMA (Cuvier) 


Clupea melastoma Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 319, 1829 [on Jangarloo 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 78, pl. 191, 1803 (type locality: 
Vizagapatam) J. 

Platygaster megalopterus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 1839 (on 
Jangarloo Russell). 

Pellona megaloptera JERDAN, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 145, 1851.—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 645, pl. 165, fig. 2, 1878; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 382, 1889.—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 121, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Ilisha megalopterus BireKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 119, pl. 
(6) 264, fig. 6, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Borneo, 
Amboina). 

Ilisha megaloptera NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 10, 1923 
(type of Pellona russelli, India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago) .— 
Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 29, 1938 (reference). 

Pellona dussumieri VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 316, pl. 596, 1847 
(type locality: Malabar; Coromandel; Bombay).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 457, 1868 (copied).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 645, 
1878 (probably=Pellona megaloptera).—WEBER and BEeAvForT, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 92, 1913 (Batavia, Bagan Api Api, Kota 
baru).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 9, 1926 
(Cochinchina).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 1, p. 112, 1931 (Bagan Si 
Api Api) ; vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 231, 1986 (Kapuas R., Borneo).—Svuvart!, Index 
Fish. Siam, p. 10, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; Bangkok; Maenam Canthaburi). 

Pellona micropus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 320, 1847 (type 
locality: Coromandel coast, Bengal).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 454, 1868 (copied). 


660 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Pellona leschenaultii (not Valenciennes) BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch, 
(Madura), vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (Kammal and Tanjong); (Mid. Oost Java), 
vol. 23, p. 11, 1850. 

Pellona russellii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 28, 1852 
(type locality: Batavia, Samarang, Surabaja, Pasuruan). 

Pellona motius (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 456, 1868 (Ben- 
gal). 

Depth 324; head 314, width 314. Snout 314 in head from snout 
tip; eye 334, equals snout, much greater than interorbital; maxillary 
reaches 14 in eye, expansion 124 in eye, length 17% in head from snout 
tip; teeth few, small, short, low, conspicuous in front of each jaw; 
patch of villiform teeth on each palatine and pterygoid, none on vomer 
or tongue; interorbital 714, convexly elevated; cheek venulose. Gill 
rakers 10+ 20, lanceolate, 124 in eye, twice gill filaments. 

Scales caducous, 50 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal 
base; 20 transversely, 21 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 24+12. 
Scales with 2 incomplete vertical striae; circuli very fine, parallel 
and transverse, none apical. 

D. ut, 15 (fin rays broken), depressed fin length 1% in total head 
length; A. m1, 43, 1, second branched ray 334; caudal (damaged) 
apparently less than head, well forked and lobes sharply pointed; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114; ventral 514. 

Back drab-brown, sides and under surface silvery white. Upper 
surface of snout and mandible, also occiput, brownish. Fins all pale 
brownish, dorsal and caudal little darker. 

India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East Indies. According to 
Bleeker reaches 310 mm. 

Compared with Bleeker’s figure of Jlisha megalopterus my speci- 
men shows the pectoral with its broken end reaching much nearer 
the ventral. 


5107. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 3, 1908. Length, 260 mm. 
ILISHA MACROGASTER Bleeker 


Ilisha macrogaster BiEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 300, 1866 
(type locality: Sambas, western Borneo) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
6, p. 121, pl. (13) 271, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Borneo).—NormMan, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 9, 1923 (types). 

Pellona macrogaster GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 458, 1868 
(type).— WEBER and BEAvuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 93, 1913 (copied).—Hkrrre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 18, 
1937 (Ketam I., Selangor). 


Depth 3, ventral profile, especially anteriorly, much more convex 
than dorsal; head 4. Snout shorter than eye, which 214 to 234 in 
head; maxillary reaches below front part of eye; lower jaw mod- 
erately projecting; ridges on head run parallel posteriorly, greatest 
interspace 314 to 334 in eye. Lower gill rakers 21 to 24. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 661 


Scales 50 in medial lateral series; 15 (?) transversely. Ventral 
scutes 26+10, prominent. 

D. 16 or 17, origin very little nearer snout end than caudal base; 
A. 47 or 48, origin below hind half of dorsal, base length 214 to 234 
in body length; ventrals shorter than eye, inserted nearer pectoral 
base than anal origin. (Norman.) 

Body above bluish or golden green, below silvery or yellowish 
silvery. Snout and mandible dusky terminally. Iris and fins yel- 
lowish. Length, 150 mm. (Bleeker.) 

Borneo, in rivers. 

ILISHA ELONGATA (Bennett) 


Alosa elongata BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 691, 1830 (type locality: Sumatra). 

Pellona elongata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, British Mus., vol. 7, p. 456, 1868 (Su- 
matra, China, Amoy, Japan; types of Jlisha abnormis and Pellona schle- 
gelii) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 158, 1874 (Chefoo).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 643, pl. 164, fig. 3, pl. 165, fig. 1, 1878 (India, Sind, 
Bombay).—PetTrerSs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 (Ningpo).— 
Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 380, fig. 117, 1889.—Etrra, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 583, 1895 (Manila, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—WEeEBER and 
BEAvurForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 90, fig. 30, 1913 
(Batavia).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 481, 1924 (Sing- 
gora).—PiLtaAy, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 355, 1929 (Tra- 
vancore).—TIRANT, Service Oceanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6°, note, pp. 120, 
174, 1929 (Thaudeumot).—CuHEvrEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, 
p. 9, 1932 (Cochin China).—Svuvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1937 (ref- 
erence). 

Ilisha elongata Birexker, Atlas Ichth. Ind, Néerland., vol. 6, p. 119, pl. (119) 259, 
fig. 8, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Banka, 
Borneo.)—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 58, 1901 
(reference).—JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 328, 
1902 (Formosa).—JorDAN and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 
p. 8, 1905 (Hong Kong).—Jorpan and Herre, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 
p. 6385, 1906 (Hong Kong, Nagasaki, Wakanoura).—JorpAN and RICHARD- 
son, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 166, 1909 (copied Formosa record) ..— 
Bran and WEep, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 591, 1912 (Batavia) — 
IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebrata, p. 183, 1920 
(Yanagawa).—NorMAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 7, 1923 
(type; types of Ilisha abnormis and Pellona schlegelii; India, Malay Archi- 
pelago, China, Japan).—Mor1, Journ. Pan. Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 
1928 (Jinsen, Korea).—Fow.Ler, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. vol. 33, 
p. 103, 1928 (Bombay).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, 
No. 4, p. 16, fig. 12, 1929 (Amoy).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, 1929, p. 599, 1980 (Hong Kong).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. 
Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 19, 1931 (Fusan).—Fowter, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 28, 1938 (reference). 

Clupea affinis Gray, Dlustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 1, pl. 96, fig. 2, 18385 
(type locality: India). 

Platygaster affinis SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 1889 (on Gray). 

Pellona affinis CANTOR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1273, 1849 (Pinang, 
Malay Peninsula, Singapore). 


662 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clupea melastoma (not Schnieder) BieEKxrr, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié 
vol. 2, p. 509, 1845 (Batavia).—ScHLEcEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pts. 10-15, p. 2387, pl. 108, fig. 1, 1846 (Simabara Bay and Nagasaki). 

Ilisha abnormis (Gray) RicHARpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 306, 1846 (type 
locality: Chinese Sea). 

Pellona grayana VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 315, 1847 (on 
Gray).—KNER, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 328 (Java; Hong Kong).— 
BLeEKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 56, 1865 (Amoy). 

Pellona vimbella VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 317, 1847 (type lo- 
cality: Macao). 

Pellona schlegelii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 18, 1853 
(type locality: Nagasaki) ; Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, p. 418, 1854 
(Nagasaki) ; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, pp. 6, 118, 1857 (Naga- 
saki) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Néerland., No. 3, vol. 3, p. 6, 1858 (Japan). 

Ilisha schlegeli BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 252, 
1870 (China). 

Pristigaster chinensis BASILEWSKI, Nouv. Mém. Soe. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, p. 243, 
1855 (type locality: Gulf of Tschiliensis, China).—BLreKerr, Nederland. 
Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 148, 1874 (copied). 

Zunasia chinensis JORDAN and MEtTz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, p. 7, pl. 1, 
fig. 1, 1913 (Chinnampo, Korea).—Mort, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, 
p. 3, 1928 (Genzan, Korea). 

Pristigaster (Pristigaster) sinensis SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 
5, p. 107, 1881 (type locality: Swatow). 

Pristigaster sinensis Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 64 
(copied). 

Depth 3 to 314; head 3 to 334, width 214 to 224. Snout 334 to 345 
in head from snout tip; eye 27% to 3, greater than snout, nearly 3 
times interorbital, front adipose lid covering first third of iris; maxil- 
lary reaches 24 to 34 in eye, expansion 12 to 124 in eye, length 144 
to 2 in head; teeth villiform, in narrow bands in jaws and on each 
palatine, broad band on tongue, none on vomer; mandible protrudes 
about 34 eye diameter before snout; interorbital 634 to 714 in head, 
little convex. Gill rakers 8+20, lanceolate, little longer than gill 
filaments or 1% of eye. 

Scales 44 or 45 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 more 
on latter; 7 transversely, 17 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 19 to 
23+8to11. Scales with 1 or 2 transverse striae, usually incomplete; 
circuli as very fine vertical parallel striae, none apical. 

D. m1, 9, 1 (damaged), first branched ray 2 in total head length, 
inserted midway between snout tip and caudal base; A. m1, 85 (dam- 
aged), inserted below last dorsal rays, length 3 in combined head and 
body to caudal base, first branched ray 4 in head; caudal slightly 
shorter than total head length, well forked; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 224 to 314; pectoral 124; ventral 5. 

Drab gray, evidently largely silvery white. Iris grayish. Fins 
silvery. 

India, Singapore, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines, Cochinchina, 
Formosa, China, Japan, Korea. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 663 


U.S.N.M. No. 37765. Korea. Bernadon. Length, 137 mm., caudal damaged. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47988. Cochin China. Lyons Museum. Length, 240 mm., caudal 
tips broken. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57623. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 270-300 mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72518. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 90 mm. 
lexample. A.S.N.P. Bombay, India. Prof, F. Hallberg. Length, 305 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 52869. Honk Kong. April 1929. Henry W. Fowler. Length 285 mm. 


Genus OPISTHOPTERUS Gill 


Opisthopterus Git1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 38. (Type, 
Pristigaster tartoor Valenciennes, orthotypic.) 


Anal rays 56 to 65. Differs from Jlisha in the absence of ventral 
fins and the dorsal origin behind that of the anal. 

Besides the 2 Indo-Pacific species described below, 3 others from 
the Pacific coasts of tropical America. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a, Depth 3% to 334; hind supramaxillary not nearly reaching to hind end of 


Spin setectil Nous eee ere Pe na ON AA I 3s ee IY ee et tardoore 
a’, Depth 4%; hind supramaxillary nearly reaching hind end of maxillary. 
valenciennesi 


OPISTHOPTERUS TARDOORE (Cuvier) 


~ Pristigaster tardoore Cuvirr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 321, 1829 (on Tartoore 
Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 74, pl. 193, lower fig., 1803, 
type locality: Vizagapatam). 

Pristigaster tartoor VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 828, 1847 (Coro- 
mandel, Malabar).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol 24, 
p. 25, 1852 (Batavia).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 232.—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 460, 1868 (Hast Indies). 

Opisthopterus tartoor BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 296, 1866 
(Batavia; Singapore) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 128, 1866-72 
(Java; Singapore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 646, pl. 168, fig. 5, 1878 
(Gwadur, Sind, India) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 3884, 1889.— 
BEAN and WEeD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 591, 1912 (Pelaboen 
Ratoe).—WEBER and BEAuFortT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 95, fig. 31, 1913 (Batavia, Bagan Api Api).—Fow Ler, Journ. Bombay Soc. 
Nat. Hist., vol. 30, p. 38, 1924 (Calicut) —VincicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 617, 1926 (Sarawak).—PitLay, Journ. Bom- 
bay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 33, No. 2, p. 355, 1929 (Travancore) .—TIRANT, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 121, 1929 (Cochin 
China).—Fow.er, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 599, 1930 
(Hong Kong).—Harpenser¢, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 112, 1931 (Bagan Si 
Api Api).—CHEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 10, 19382 (Indo 
China).—HarpEenbercG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 231, 1936 (Telok 
Pekadai, Borneo). 

Pristogaster indicus Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 294, 1839 [on 
Tartoore Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 74, pl. 198, 1808, type local- 
ity: Vizagapatam].—Jrrpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 146, 1851. 

Opisthopterus indicus Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 12, 1923 
(India, Malay Archipelago, type of Opisthopterus macrognathus).— 
Fowter, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 94, 1985 (Bangkok) ; 


156861—41—43. 


664 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


vol. 89, p. 181, fig. 2, 1987 (Bangkok; Paknam) ; List Fish. Malaya, p. 30, 
1938 (reference). 

Opisthopterus macrognathus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 299, 
1866 (on Pristigaster tartoor Bleeker 1852); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 124, pl. (10) 268, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Singapore, 
Borneo).—Fowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 
501, 1904 (Padang, Sumatra); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 210, 
1911 (Padang examples).—WEBER and BeraAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 96, fig. 82 (maxillary), 19138 (Batavia; Tjilatjap) — 
VINcIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 617, 1926 
(Santubong).—Fow Ler and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, p. 1, 1927 
(Benkoelen, Sumatra).—SuvattTi, Index Fish. Siam, p. 11, 1937 (Gulf of 
Siam; Maenam Canthaburi). 

Pristigaster macrognathus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 461, 1868 
(type: Sarawak). 

Depth 31% to 334; head 4 to 424, width 234 to 8. Snout 4 to 41% in 
head from snout tip; eye 234 to 3, greater than snout or interorbital; 
maxillary reaches 14 to 24 in eye, expansion 11% to 2 in eye, length 
21% to 224 in head from upper jaw without median notch; teeth very 
minute, single row in jaws and along entire lower maxillary edge; 
interorbital 2 to 214 in eye, convexly elevated; opercle smooth. Gill 
rakers 9 or 10+22 to 25, finely lanceolate, little longer than gill fila- 
ments or 144 to 2 in eye. 

Scales 40 ? to 46 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 or 4 
more on latter; 16 ? transversely, 36 ? predorsal. Abdominal scutes 
27 to 34. Scales very caducous, all fallen from trunk, rather small 
and narrowly imbricated. 

D. m1, 9 to 12 ? first branched ray 12% to 2 in total head; A. m1, 50 
to 63, 1, first branched ray 124 to 2 in eye; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 1 to 234 in total head; caudal 11% to 2, small, forked; pec- 
toral 1 to 14%. 

Pale uniform brown. Dusky brown median streak down back. 
Top of head and ends of jaws sprinkled with dusky dots. Iris and 
side of head silvery white. Fins pale. Pectoral and caudal with few 
dull dusky dots. 

India, China, East Indies. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72514. Pelaboen Ratoe, Wynkop’s Bay, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 

October 1909. Length, 140 mm. 

3 examples A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 69-74 mm. 

A.N.S.P. No. 52868. Hong Kong. Henry W'. Fowler. Length, 208 mm. 

1 example A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A.C. Harrison and H. M. Miller. When 


fresh in arrack gray-brown on back, sides and rest of body silvered grayish 
white, latter more intense below. Iris silvery white. Fins all pale or whitish. 


a 


OPISTHOPTERUS VALENCIENNESI Bleeker 


Opisthopterus valenciennesi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 124, 
1866-72 (type locality: East Indies) —Norman, Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 
vol. 11, p. 11, 1923 (Bleeker’s example).—Fow ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 30, 
19388 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 665 


Pristigaster tartoor (part, BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 
p. 25, 1852 (Batavia).—GUnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 460, 
1868. 


Opisthopterus tartoor BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 123, pl. 
(5) 268, fig. 5, 1866-72 (Java).—WeEBER and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 95, fig. 31, 1913 (Batavia; Bagan Api Api). 

Depth 41%, ventral profile more convex than dorsal, especially convex 
from chin to anal; head 514, upper profile concave. Snout shorter 
than eye, which 31% in head; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, posterior 
supramaxillary extends almost to end of maxillary; lower jaw very 
oblique, strongly projecting; ridges on head diverge posteriorly, 
greatest interspace 33/4, in eye. Lower gill rakers 24 or 25. 

Scales 52 in medial lateral series. Ventral scutes 31. 

D. 17, origin midway between upper end of pectoral base and 
caudal base; A. 64, origin midway between mandible tip and caudal 
base, base length 214 in body length; vertical distance from upper end 
of pectoral base to thorax edge 2 in head length. (Norman.) 

Silvery, except on back. Dark patch behind upper angle of opercle. 
Fins hyaline. Caudal with dusky margin. Length over 200 mm. 
(Weber and Beaufort.) 

East Indies. 

Genus RACONDA Gray 


Raconda GRay, Zool. Mise., vol. 1, p. 9, 1931. (Type, Raconda russeliana Gray, 
monotypic. ) 

Apterygia Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 92, fig. 11, 1832-34. 
(Type, Apterygia ramcarate Gray, monotypic.) 

Body oblong, well compressed, belly very convex and abdomen 
feebly serrated. Maxillary tapering behind and reaches gill opening 
with age. Lower jaw projects. Teeth minute, single series in jaws, 
in velvety patches on palatines, pterygoids, and tongue, none on 
vomer. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Scales moderate, thin, 
very deciduous, without transverse grooves. No dorsal or ventral 
fins. Anal very long, rays 88 to 92. Caudal deeply forked, small. 
Pectoral moderate, uppermost ray enlarged. 

One species. 

RACONDA RUSSELIANA Gray 


Raconda russeliana Gray, Zool. Miscellany, vol. 1, p. 9, 18381 (type locality: 
Sangar Roads, India).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 30 (247), 1938 
(reference). 

Raconda russelliana Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1274, 1849 
(Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—Jerpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 
vol. 17, p. 146, 1851—Burexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 124, 
1866-72 (Pinang; Singapore).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 646, pl. 168, 
fig. 4, 1878 (Bengal Bay, Sunderbunds) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 384, fig. 119, 1889.—Weser and BeauFort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 97, fig. 33, 1918 (Bagan Api Api).—NorMAN, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 11, p. 16, 1923 (Bengal Bay, Malay Peninsula and 


666 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Archipelago; type; type of Apterygia ramcarate).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, 
vol. 13, Livr. 1, p. 112, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api).—CuHEvy, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indochine, 19° note, p. 10, 19382 (Indo China).—HeErrp and Myers, Raffles 
Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 12, 1987 (Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore). 

Raconda ruseliana TrRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p, 122, 
1929 (Cochinchina). 

Pristigaster russellianus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 462, 1868 
(Bengal; types; type of Apterygia ramcarate; Pinang). 

Apterygia ramcarate Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 92, fig. 1, 
1882-34 (type locality: Sangor Rocks). 

Apterygia hamiltoni VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 833, 1847 


(on Gray). 

Depth 34 to 4, ventral profile more convex than dorsal, especially 
convex forward; head 52% to 6, dorsal profile concave. Snout shorter 
than eye, which 3 to 314 in head; maxillary reaches below anterior 
part of eye, with age 14 in eye; lower jaw very oblique, projecting; 
ridges on head diverge posteriorly. Lower gill rakers 22 to 26. 

Scales 60 to 64 in medial lateral series; 12 transversely. Ventral 
scutes 33 to 87, weak. 

A. 83 to 92, origin much nearer mandible tip than caudal base, 
base length 134 in body length; pectorals equal or little longer than 
head. (Norman.) 

Narrow dark or blackish band along back, sides yellowish, below 
silvery. Deep brown or black spot on shoulder, sometimes continued 
on opercle. Length about 200 mm (Weber and Beaufort.) 

India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra. 


Family ENGRAULIDAE 


Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Belly sharp 
or rounded, with more or less numerous, keeled abdominal scutes. 
Snout prominent, usually overlaps mouth. Eye moderate or en- 
larged, advanced, without adipose eyelid. Mouth very large, border 
formed of very small premaxillaries, which separated at symphysis, 
and long narrow maxillary, which may be greatly extended and with 
two supplemental bones. Teeth uniserial, usually small, sometimes 
obsolete, rarely canines. Small teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids 
and tongue. Gill membranes more or less united, free from isthmus. 
Gill rakers long, slender. Pseudobranchiae present. Scales thin, 
modified or large, cycloid, mostly deciduous. No lateral line. Fins 
variable. Dorsal usually short and median, above or before usually 
long anal. No adipose dorsal. Caudal forked. 

Small gregarious fishes, mostly translucent, on all warm sandy 
shores. 

Engraulis compressus Elera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 580, 1895 
(Luzon, Manila), I am at a loss to locate, as it should in no way 
be confused with the Californian Anchoviella compressa (Girard). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 667 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. ENGRAULINAE. Body moderately long; anal free from strongly forked 

caudal; upper pectoral rays not extended as siender filaments. 

b*. Silvery coloration absent only on back. 
c’. Body more or less compressed; abdominal scutes at least between pec- 
torals and anal. 
ad. Upper pectoral ray not produced; A. 30 to 50, length 3 to 5 in total 
length without caudal. 
e’. Teeth in jaws partly caninelike; scales 42 to 50. 


je Dorsal) origin: behind. anale origin=-- = Lycothrissa 

f*. Dorsal origin well before anal origin_-____________ Xenengraulis 

e*. Teeth uniform, minute; scales 35 to 45; dorsal origin before anal 
OT ea ee ee ee ae ee Thrissocles 

ad’. Upper pectoral ray produced; A. 50 to 75, fin 2 to 2%4 in total length 
SvltsT LOU Gee CUT CL ell rere east eee ee ee Setipinna 


c. Body more or less robust, partly cylindrical; dentition feeble, without 
canines; no abdominal scutes; fins without produced rays; A. 17 to 


epee S eel aes es is pa ie A SE lS Ae ee Engraulis 
vb. Silvery coloration limited chiefly to a conspicuous lateral band; abdominal 
scutes largely or only between pectorals and ventrals_-—-__ Anchoviella 


a*. CoiLiIInAE. Body greatly elongate, tail long and tapering; caudal little or 
not forked, lower portion continuous with long anal; upper pectoral rays 
produced asislendermflaments=2 = 22-25 == eee ee Coilia 


Genus LYCOTHRISSA Giinther 


Lycothrissa GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 399, 1868. (Type, 
Bngraulis crocodilus Bleeker, monotypic.) 


Body elongate, compressed. Head small. Snout short. Eye 
small. Mouth oblique. Maxillary narrow, extending to mandibular 
joint, supplementary bone only partly ossified. Jaws with caninelike 
teeth, especially few in mandible. Small teeth on vomer, palatines, 
pterygoids, and tongue. Scales moderate, thin, deciduous, with irreg- 
ular curved transverse lines. Not very conspicuous abdominal scutes 
from below pectorals to vent. Dorsal origin behind anal origin. 
Anal very long. Upper pectoral ray not produced. Ventral small. 


One species. 
LYCOTHRISSA CROCODILUS (Bleeker) 


Engraulis crocodilus BLEEKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, p. 15, 
1851 (type locality: Banjermassing, in rivers); Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Harding.), vol. 24, p. 35, 1852 (Borneo).—Gutnruer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 399, 1868 (type).—SavvaceE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris. ser. 
7, vol. 7, p. 151, 1883 (Maenam).—TrRant, Service Océanogr. Peches Indo- 
Chine, 6° note, pp. 114, 174, 1929 (Phuoe Hai, Thudaumot). 

Engraulis (Lycothrissa) crocodilus BLtErker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (10)268, fig. 1, 1866-72—Marrens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 
404, 1876 (Bangkok; Pontianak and Sinkawang, Borneo). 

Lycothrissa crocodilus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 125, 1866-72 
(Borneo).—WEBER and BEAvrForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 31, fig. 16, 1918 (Djambi).—CHaBanaup, Service Oceanogr. Peches Indo- 
Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Cambodia).—FowLsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 


668 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


delphia, vol. 87, p. 96, 1985 (Bangkok) .— HarpENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 
3, p. 228, 1986 (middle course Kapuas R., Borneo).—Fowtuer, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 96, 1985 (Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 132, 1937 
Paknam).—Svvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 17, 1987 (Maenam Can).—Fow Ler, 
List Fish, Malaya, p. 33, 1988 (reference). 

Depth 5; head 424, width 3. Snout 434 in head; eye greater than 
snout or interorbital; maxillary not quite reaching hind preopercle 
ridge or mandibular joint, expansion 17% in eye, length 114 in head; 
along each ramus of upper jaw 22 canine teeth, 11 along each ramus 
of mandible; interorbital 734, convex. Gill rakers 6+10, lanceolate, 
114 in eye; gill filaments equal gill rakers. 

Scales (pockets) 48 in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 
more on latter; 12 transversely, 87 predorsal. Scales with 9 or 10 
short marginal basal striae and 5 or 6 transversely apically; circuli 
very fine, transverse, close set, not apical on scale. 

D. m, 10, with small procumbent spine before fin origin, first 
branched ray 2 in head; A 1, 42, inserted before dorsal origin, first 
branched ray 234; caudal 1, well forked, lobes pointed; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 224; pectoral 114; ventral 334. 

Back gray or drab brown. Sides and lower surfaces silvery gray, 
evidently silvery white in life. Iris whitish. Fins all brownish. 
Dorsal and caudal with grayish shades. 

Siam, East Indies, Cochin China, in brackish and fresh water. 


U.S.N.M. No. 47989. Cochinchina. Lyons Museum. Length, 207 mm. 


Genus XENENGRAULIS Jordan and Seale 


Xenengraulis JorDAN and SEALE, Copeia, No. 141, p. 29, 1925. (Type, Xenen- 
graulis spinidens Jordan and Seale, orthotypic. ) 

Body compressed. Head rather small. Snout little protruded. 
Mouth large. Maxillary reaches gill opening. Teeth in jaws large, 
caninelike, smaller in mandible. Palate toothed. Gull rakers few. 
Scales rather small, caducous. Enlarged scale at caudal base. Ver- 
tebrae 48. Abdominal scutes 27. Dorsal fin with spine in front. 
Anal long, inserted below hind part of dorsal. 

One species. 


XENENGRAULIS SPINIDENS Jordan and Seale 


Xenengraulis spinidens JorDAN and SEALE, Copeia, No. 141, p. 29, 1925 (type 
locality : India, Siam, Caleutta, Rangoon) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, 

p. 369, 1926 (same materials). 
Depth 314; head 5. Snout deep, not projecting beyond lower jaw, 
124 in eye; eye 434 in head; maxillary reaches beyond gill opening 
but not to pectoral base, length equals head; teeth 15 canines each 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 669 


side of lower jaw, on maxillary somewhat less than those of mandible 
still quite large anteriorly, graduating to small teeth on posterior 
end; small teeth on vomer, palatines and pterygoids; opercle smooth, 
except single groove near and parallel with front edge and small 
hidden spine on its upper anterior portion. Lower gill rakers 14, 
thin, curved, longest 114 in eye. 

Scales 42 in medial lateral series; 12 transversely. Scales with 
striae incomplete, very little network of lines showing. Abdominal 
scutes 16+11, begin before pectorals. 

D. 1-13, origin midway between hind eye edge and caudal base, base 
1% in longest ray; A. 46, inserted below last dorsal ray, base 244 in 
standard length; caudal forked, slightly longer than head, lower lobe 
longer; pectoral equals head without snout, tip reaches middle of 
ventral; ventral rays 7, inserted far before dorsal origin. 

Silvery, brownish above, no dark venules on scapular region. 
Length 208mm. (Jordan and Seale.) 

India, Burma, Siam. 


Genus THRISSOCLES Jordan and Evermann 


Thrissocles JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 98, 1917. (Type, 
Clupea setirostris Broussonet, orthotypic.) 

Thrissa (not Rafinesque 1815) Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 176, 1817. (Type, 
Clupea setirostris Broussonet, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera 
of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 98, 1917.) 

Thryssa Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 323, 1829. (Type, Clupea 
setirostris Broussonet. ) 

Thryssus SwAINson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 1, p. 279(280), 1838. (Type, 
Clupea setirostris Broussonet.) 

Trichosoma (not Rudolphi 1819) Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 292, 
1839. (Type, Thrissa hamiltoni Gray, monotypic.) 

Scutengraulis JoRDAN and SEALE, Copeia, No. 141, p. 30, 1925. (Type, Thrissa 
hamiltoni Gray, orthotypic.) 

Thrissina JoRDAN and SEALE, Copeia, No. 141, p. 30, 1925. (Type, Clupea 
baelama Forskal, orthotypic. ) 


Body oblong or elongate, compressed. Abdominal scutes well de- 
veloped, extend from gill opening to vent. Snout prominent or 
short. Maxillary moderate, produced, sometimes reaches anal. 
Mouth oblique. Teeth minute, in jaws and on palate and tongue. 
Lower gill rakers 10 to 28. Branchiostegals 11 to 13. Vertebrae 
39 to 45. Scales moderate, more or less deciduous. Dorsal origin 
usually before anal, with free spine in front. Anal origin below last 
dorsal rays, rays 16 to 50. Pectorals reach ventrals, upper ray not 
produced. 

Indian Ocean, East Indies, China. Mostly small species feeding 
on plankton and living in large schools. 


670 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. THRISSOCLES. Keeled scutes extend from isthmus to vent along abdominal 
edge. 
b*. Maxillary not reaching beyond opercle. 
c’. Anal origin distinctly behind dorsal end; lower gill rakers 20 or more. 
@. Lower gill rakers 20; maxillary not reaching gill opening. 
scratchleyi 
@. Lower gill rakers 21 to 27; maxillary reaches gill opening. 
ec’. Lower gill rakers 21 to 25; abdominal scutes 27; snout %4 in eye, 


projects’ Slightly22 = = US Sesser eee ae ere ieee eee malabarica 

e’. Lower gill rakers 27; abdominal scutes 23; snout equals eye, con- 
SPICUOUS 228 a eee kammalensis 

ce’. Anal origin below or slightly behind end of dorsal; maxillary reaches gill 
opening Aowercseillorakersiles ee ee hamiltonii 


b*. Maxillary reaches at least to pectorals. 
f’. Anal below or little behind end of dorsal. 
g. Maxillary reaches pectoral origin. 
h*. Lower gill rakers 13; anal more than 8 times in total length 


withoutCaudale=-c shone. 22 eee os ee ee ee mystax 

h?. Lower gill rakers 17; anal 22% in total length without caudal. 
purava 

h®. Lower gill rakers 21 to 24; anal 224 in total length without 
CET a eee Eee ee a Srey 2) Ringe See vitirostris 


g’. Maxillary reaches beyond pectorals. 
i. Maxillary surpasses ventrals; lower gill rakers 12; abdomi- 


Mal ScutestZQs8 steal shy es eter OY a hae Oe setirostris 

i. Maxillary reaches or nearly reaches ventral; lower gill 

rakers 16 to 20; abdominal scutes 22 to 24__-__ dussumieri 

f’. Anal before end of dorsal; lower gill rakers 14 to 17; abdominal 

SCuUlLeS 20 = fe a are by ee ee valenciennesi 

a’. THRISSINA. Abdominal keel before ventral without scutes; lower gill rakers 
20itorz2;sanalébehingdidorsal as ee eee eee baelama 


Subgenus THRISSOCLES Jordan and Evermann 
THRISSOCLES SCRATCHLEYI (Ramsay and Ogilby) 


Engraulis scratchleyi RAMSAY and Octtey, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 18, 1886 (type locality: Strickland River, New Guinea) .— 
Weser, Nova Guinea, vol. 9, p. 517, 1918 (Lorentz River at Bivak Island, 
Regen Island and Alkmaar) —WeEsBER and BEAvuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 84, 1913 (Southwest New Guinea in fresh water).— 
ReGAn, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, pt. 6, p. 276, 1914 (Mimika River, 
New Guinea).—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (compiled). 

Depth 4% in total; head 514. Snout pointed, overlaps mouth, 2 in 
eye; eye 31% in head; maxillary not reaching gill opening, enlarged 
beyond mouth angle; teeth small, equal in both jaws, in long narrow 
band on palatines, in 2 small isolated patches on vomer; interorbital 

34 of eye. 

Scales 43 in medial lateral series; 10 transversely. Scales large, 

deciduous. Abdominal serrae 16+ 11. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 671 


D. 12, begins somewhat nearer snout tip than caudal base, far be- 
hind ventral origin; A. 38, begins entirely behind dorsal, front rays 
much longest; caudal deeply forked; pectoral rays 13, reach ventral, 
upper ray not produced; ventral rays 7. 

Bluish on back, silvery on sides and beneath, steel blue band separ- 
ating 2 colors. Dorsal and caudal clouded at margin. Length, 141 
mm. (Ramsay and Ogilby.) 

New Guinea. 


THRISSOCLES MALABARICA (Bloch) 


Clupea malabaricus Biocnu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 9, p. 115, pl. 482, 1795 
(type locality: Tranquebar).—ScHNrIpER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 425, 1801 
(Indian Sea). 

Clupea malabarica Lackprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 425, 1803 (description 
in key).—Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 176, 1817 (reference). 

Clupea malabar LacépEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 549, 1803 (Malabar). 

Thryssa malabaricus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 2938, 1839 (on 
BLocH). 

Engraulis malabaricus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 63, pl. 609, 
1848 (Bombay).—BLreker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 74, 
1853 (reference).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 239, 1865—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 395, 1868 (Malabar).—Day, Fishes of India, 
pt. 4, p. 625, pl. 157, fig. 5, 1878 (Sind).—Mever, Anal. Soc. Espai. Hist. 
Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 42, 1885 (North Celebes).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 389, fig. 121, 1889—Weper and Bravurogt, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 36, 19138 (copied Day).—PurtLay, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 356, 1929 (Travancore). 

Thryssa cuvieri SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 293, 1889 (on 
Poorwa Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 194, 1803, type locality : 
Vizagapatam). 


Depth 2% ; head 4. Snout 5 in head, slightly protrudes; eye 414 
to 424, greater than snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches gill 
opening, expansion 114 in eye; fine teeth in jaws and on palate; 
interorbital rather high. Lower gill rakers 21 to 25, 14 of eye. 

Seales 39 or 40 in medial lateral series; 11 or 12 transversely. 
Abdominal scutes 17+9 or 10. 

D. 1-1 or 1, 12, first branched ray 114 in head; A. 1 or 111, 38 to 
40, first branched ray 214, fin base 254 in combined head and body to 
caudal base; caudal 354, well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 
21/, in head; pectoral 114; ventral 214. 

Silvery, shot with gold and purple. Black venules on shoulder 
close behind gill opening. Fins yellow. Dorsal and end of caudal 
edged with dark. Pectoral sometimes, but not usually, dark or black. 
(Day.) 

India, East Indies. Length given by Valenciennes, 150 mm. 


672 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


THRISSOCLES KAMMALENSIS (Bleeker) 


Engraulis kammalensis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 18, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaja) ; 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 131, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, 
Banka, Sumatra, Singapore, Borneo, Celebes).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 626, pl. 157, fig. 1, 1878 (Orissa) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 390, 
1899.—WeEBER and Bravrort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 35, 1918 (Bleeker’s specimen) .—VINcIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., 
Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 621, 1926 (Sarawak).—Fow.Ler and BEAN, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, p. 2, 1927 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—T1rantT, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 113, 1929 (Cochin China).—Wu, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 20, fig. 15, 1929 (Amoy).— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 104, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api).— 
CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1932 (Indo-China). 

Engraulis kammelensis Suvatti1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 15, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; 
Samut Prakan). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) kammalensis BLerKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (7) 265, fig. 2, 1866-72. 

Stolephorus kammalensis Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 64 
(compiled). 

Scutengraulis kanvmalensis FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 200, 1931 (refer- 
ence).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 26, 
1937 (reference).—HeErRE and Mryers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 138, p. 18, 1937 
(Sumatra coast 100 miles west of Singapore; Muar, Johore). 

Thryssa kammalensis HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, 228, 1936 (Pontianak ; 
Peniti R., Borneo). 

Thrissocles kammalensis Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, 
p. 1381, fig. 3, 1987 (Paknam) ; List Fish. Malaya, 1938, p. 35 (reference). 

Engraulis rhinorhynchos BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 
p. 40, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Surabaja, Kammal).—MarrTens, Preuss. 
Exped. Ost.-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 1876 (Singkawang in Borneo). 

Engraulis rhinorhynchus Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 334, 1865 (Java).— 
GintHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 394, 1868 (Java; Sarawak) .— 
Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 384 (Chanderpore).—ELrEraA, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 580, 1895 (Cebu). 

Engraulis rhinorrhynchus SAvvAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 
1881 (Swatow). 

Engraulis chefuensis GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 158, 1874 
(type locality: Chefoo). 

Engraulis boelama (not Forskal) Sauvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 491, 
pl. 49, fig. 1, 1891 (Mauritius). 

Depth 3% to 324; head 334 to 4. Snout very prominent; eye 3 to 
314, long as snout; maxillary reaches gill opening, expanded above 
mandibular joint, tapers behind; teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, 
pterygoids and tongue; upper surface of head with median keel. 
Lower gill rakers 27, spinulous. 

Scales 35 to 38 in medial lateral series; 9 or 10 transversely. Scales 
thin, not readily deciduous, with anastomosing lines forming fine net- 
work posteriorly. Abdominal scutes 15+8, 

D. 1, 13 or 14, origin behind ventral origin or midway between 
snout tip and caudal base, height twice its length, equals head without 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 673 


snout; A. 32 to 35, origin behind dorsal origin, length 3 in body 
length; pectoral rays 11 or 12, long as or little longer than postorbital 
part of head; ventral rays 7, less than half of head. 

Silvery, darker above. Across nape usually blackish spot, reaching 
downwards to scapula. Fins hyaline, dorsal and caudal usually 
blackish along margin. Length to 112 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

India, Ceylon, Malacca, East Indies, Philippines, China. 


THRISSOCLES HAMILTONII (Gray) 


Thrissa hamiltonii Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 2, pl. 92, fig. 3, 
1832-34 (no locality). (Coilia hamiltoni Gray not involved.) 

Thrissa hamiltoni SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 1881 
(Swatow). 

Trichosoma hamiltonii Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 292, 1839 
(reference).—JorDAN and SrarKs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 194, 1905 
(Korea). 

Trichosoma hamiltoni Rurrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 66, 1897 
(compiled).—JorpAN and Metz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, p. 8, 1913 
(Fusan). 

Engraulis hamiltoni VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 66, 1848 (Bom- 
bay ; Pondicherry ).—BLreker, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, 
p. 32, 1861 (Singapore).—Fowterr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 
p. 258, 1927 (Philippines).—Pr1ttay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, 
p. 355, 1929 (Travancore) ; Service Océanogr. Péches Indochine, 6° note, p. 
113, 1929 (Cochin China). 

Engraulis hamiltonii Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 239, 1865.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 395, 1865 (China, Moluccas, Sumatra, Pinang).—Day, 
Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 625, pl. 177, fig. 4, 1878 (Sind).—MActeay, Proc. 
Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, p. 209, 1884 (Lower Burdekin 
River) ; vol. 9, p. 58, 1884 (compiled).—VincievERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 94, 1885 (Bassieu, Irrawadi).—Day, Fauna 
Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 389, 1889.—VincteurRRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 9, 1889, p. 350, 1890 (Rangoon).—Bera, Cat. Fauna 
Filip., vol. 1, p. 580, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—FowLer, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, p. 104, 1928 (Bombay ; Philippine example). 

Stolephorus hamilioni BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 261, 1863 
(Wahai, Ceram) ; vol. 2, p. 176, 1865 (Siam; compiled). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) hamiltoni BuirrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (1) 259, fig. 5, 1866-72. 

Anchovia hamiltonii JorDAN and RIcHARDSCN, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), 
p. 236, 1908 (Luzon; Panay). 

Thrissocles hamiltoni Fow.rr, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines).— 
McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 133, 1925 
(reference ).—Mort, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 2, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, 
Korea).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 22, fig. 17, 
1929 (Amoy).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 86, 
1934 (Bangkok).—Svuvattt, Index Fish. Siam, p. 18, 1937 (reference). 

Thrissocles hamiltonii Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 94, 
1935 (Bangkok; Paknam) ; vol. 89, p. 1382, 1937 (Tachin) ; List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 35, 1938 (reference). 

Setipinna hamiltoni Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 204, 1931 (reference). 


674 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scutengraulis hamiltoni JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, No. 
11, p. 871, 1926 (Calcutta; Penang; Colombo).—HeErRE and MYERs, Raffles 
Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 18, 1987 (Singapore). 

Scutengraulis hamiltonii McCuttocn, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 48, 1929 
(reference).—RoxAs, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 261, pl. 1, fig. 10 
(seale), 19384 (Luzon; Leyte).—RoxaAs and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 25, 1987 (reference). 

Thryssa sub-spinosa Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 293, 1839 (on 
Poorawah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 72, pl. 189, 1803, 
type locality: Vizagapatam).—JERpon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 17, p. 45, 
1851. 

Engraulis grayi BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. (472) 492, 1851 
(type locality: Rio; Batavia) ; Versl. Méded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 
12, p. 64, 1861 (Pinang).—KnNer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 333, 1865 
(Java).—WEBER and BEAuForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 387, fig. 17, 1918 (Bagan Api Api, Sumatra).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 
18, livr. 1, p. 106, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api).—CHEvEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indo- 
chine, 19° note, p. 9, 1982 (Cochinchina).—Svuvatti, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 15, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; Canthaburi Estuary; Tapi R. below Bandon). 

Thryssa poorawah (not Buchanan-Hamilton) JeRpOoN, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 
p. 145, vol. 17, 1851. 

Engraulis poorawah BieeKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 132, 1866-72 
(Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Borneo, Celebes, Batjan, 
Ceram). 

Thrissocles mystax (not Schneider) Fow mer, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(Philippines). 

Depth 314 to 414; head 334 to 414, width 21% to 234. Snout 414 
to 514 in head; eye 314 to 424, greater than snout, greater than inter- 
orbital in young to 11% in interorbital with age, entirely covered by 
adipose lids; maxillary reaches little beyond gill openings or nearly 
to pectoral origin, sometimes slightly beyond pectoral origin, ex- 
pansion 11% to 8 in eye, length equals head; jaws nearly even or snout 
not projecting; teeth small, uniserial in jaws, smaller and in narrow 
band on each palatine, none on vomer; interorbital 324 to 4% in 
head, convexly elevated, with slight median ridge. Gill rakers 9 to 
11+12 to 16 lanceolate, 1 to 114 in eye; gill filaments 2% of gill 
rakers. 

Scales 43 to 45 in median lateral series to caudal base, deciduous; 
12 or 18 transversely, 18 to 22 predorsal. Opercles, cheeks, occipital 
and scapulary regions venulose, area at suprascapula especially 
broad. Abdominal serrae 16 to 18+10 or 11. Scales with 4 to 6 
transverse radiating striae and with age 4 to 6 parallel close vertical 
apical striae; circuli minute, vertical. 

D. m1, 11, 1, third simple ray 11% to 124 in head; A..m1, 35, 1 to m1, 
39, I, third simple ray 134 to 17%; least depth of caudal peduncle 215 
to 244; pectoral 114, to 114; ventral 24 to 314; caudal 34% to 4 in 
rest of body, well forked, lobes sharply pointed. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 675 


Back brown, sides paler and below whitish. Iris slate. Dark 
brown on suprascapula. Fins all pale, dorsal and caudal dark gray 
marginally. 

India, Burma, Siam, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, 
Cochinchina, Korea, Queensland. 


8863, 8864. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length, 126-195 mm. 

6543. Iloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 200 mm. 

15 examples. Malampaya River, Palawan. December 26, 1908. Length, 
77-115 mm. 

5155. Manila market. December 12, 1907. Length, 138 mm. 

6534 to 6537, 6539 to 6541, 6544. Off Daet. June 15, 1909. Length, 156-190 mm. 

6908 to 6912. Tacloban market. July 25, 1909. Length, 157-204 mm. 

11822, 11823. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2, 1808. Length, 157-168 mm. 

1 example. Sebatic Island, Borneo. October 1, 1909. Length, 70 mm. 

1 example. Sebatic Island. November 3, 1909. Length, 78 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 51510. Korea. P. L. Jouy. Length, 86 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72272. Iloilo. R. C. McGregor. Length, 115 mm. 

3 examples. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Dr. F. Hallberg. Length, 165-175 mm. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. 
Length, 178-225 mm. 


THRISSOCLES MYSTAX (Schneider) 


Clupea mystar ScHNEWER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 426, pl. 83, 1801 (type locality: 
Malabar).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 323, 1829 (reference). 
Thryssa mystax RICHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 309, 1846 (Seas of China 

and India). 

Engraulis mystax VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 67, 1848 (India).— 
CANtToR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, p. 1289, 1849 (Pinang, 
Malay Peninsula, Singapore).—BLrEEKeErR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), 
vol. 24, p. 48, 1852 (Batavia, in sea); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 74, 1853 (ref- 
erence) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 182, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, 
Sumatra, Singapore, Banka, Borneo).—GUtntTHeERr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 
7, p. 397, 1868 (Bombay, Madras, Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 625, 
pl. 157, fig. 3, 1S78-—KLUNZINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. 
Kl., vol. 80, p. 416, 1879 (Queensland)—Mactreay, Proce. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 9, p. 58, 1884 (copied).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 390, 1889.— BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 592, 
1912 (Batavia).—WeEBER and BrAvurort, Fishes of Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 38, 1913 (Batavia) —Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 
6, p. 174, 1923 (Nontaburi) ; Mem. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 481, 1924 
(Singora).—Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (Bonin Is- 
lands).—PILLay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 356, 1929 (Trav- 
ancore).—TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 29, 114, 
174, 1929 (Hicé).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 600, 
1930 (Hong Kong).—HaArpENBERG, Treubia vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 106, 1931 
(Bagan Si Api Api).—CHEvEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 
1982 (Annam).—SvuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 15, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; 
Phuket; Maenam Canthaburi). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) mystax BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. 
(3) 261, fig. 2, 1866-72. 


676 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Thrissocles mystax FowierR, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) ; Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 94, 1985 (Bangkok; Kaknam) ; vol. 
89, p. 182, 1987 (Paknam; Tachin).—HeErre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull. 
No. 18, p. 18, 1987 (Pulau Ubin, Singapore). 

Scutengraulis mystae McCuttocn, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 438, 1929 
(Queensland ).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 261, pl. 1, fig. 8 
(seale), 1984 (Luzon; Samar; Panay; Negros).—RoxAs and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 26, 1937 (reference). 

Anchovia mystaz Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, 
p. 20, 19381 (Fusan). 

Setipinna mystaz Fow ier, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 203, 19381 (reference). 

Thryssa porava (not Buchanan-Hamilton) Btlrrkrer, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. 
(Madura), vol. 22, p. 14, 1849 (Madura Strait near Kammal, Surabaja 
and Sampang). 

Engraulis poorawah BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 148, 1874 
(on Thryssa mystaz Richardson).—BrAN and WEED, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 592, 1912 (Batavia). 

Trichosoma porava RuttrEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 65, 
(Swatow). 

Engraulis mystacoides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 
42, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Surabaja, Samarang, Pasuruan, Tjilatjap, 
Bancallong, Kammal, Sumanap).—GUwUntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 
396, 1868 (type of Engraulis mystacoides, Amoy, China, East Indies).— 
Hurra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 580, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz). 

Stolephorus mystacoides BierKeR, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 57, 
1865 (Amoy). 

Thryssa mystacoides Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 24, 
fig. 18, 1929 (Amoy). 

Engraulis hamiltoni (not Gray) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 334, 1865 (Java). 

Engraulis hamiltoniti GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 395, 1868 
(part). 

Depth 3% to 414; head 4 to 434, width 21% to 244. Snout 414 to 
5 in head; eye 4 to 5, greater than snout to subequal with age, greater 
to subequal with interorbital; maxillary reaches beyond gill opening 
or to pectoral origin, expansion 126 to 144 in eye, length 314 to 424 
in combined head and body to caudal base; teeth fine, irregularly 
biserial in jaws, extend along entire maxillary edge; interorbital 
414 to 5 in head, convexly elevated. Gill rakers 9 to 11+16 or 17, 
equal eye; gill filaments % gill rakers. 

Scales (pockets) 40 to 42 in median lateral series to caudal base; 
11 or 12 transversely, 20 to 24 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 17 or 
18+10 to 12. Scales with 3 or 4 transverse striae; circuli as fine, 
close-set, vertical, parallel striae. 

D. 11, 9, 1, to 111, 11, 1, first branched ray 11% to 114 in head; A. 1m, 
33, 1, to 111, 36, 1, first branched ray 114 to 17%; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 21% to 314; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 214 to 314; caudal 
334 to 41% in rest of body. 

Back neutral gray, sides and below, also iris, bright silvery white. 
Suprascapula with many dark gray or blackish, parallel, close-set, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 677 


short horizontal lines. Dorsal and caudal pale brownish, other fins 
tinged yellowish. 

India, Malaya, East Indies, Siam, Indo-China, China, Philippines, 
Queensland. 


U.S.N.M. No. 6424. Bonin Islands. William Stimpson. Length, 200 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72522. Batavia, Java. 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 182 
mm. Maxillary reaches pectoral origin. Lower gill rakers 15. As Hngraulis 
poorawah. 
U.S.N.M. No. 72524. Java. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 175 mm. 
4 examples. A.N.S.P. Honk Kong. April 1929. Henry W. Fowler. Length, 
139-228 mm. 


THRISSOCLES PURAVA (Buchanan Hamilton) 


Clupea purava BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 238, 382, 1822 (type 
locality: Ganges estuaries). 

Engraulis purava VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 65, 1848 (mouth 
of Ariantoupang River, Coromandel).—CAntTor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 18, p. 1290, 1849 (Pinang).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal.), vol. 25, p. 74, 1853 (reference) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
p. 135, 1866-72 (compiled).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 397, 1868 (Kurrachee, Cochin, Calecutta).—DaAy, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 628, pl. 157, fig. 2, 1878 (Sind) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 
393, 18S89.—WEsBER and BEAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 89, 1913 (compiled).—FowLer, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 
30, No. 1, p. 40, 1924 (Calicut).—FowLrer and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 71, p. 2, 1927 (Benkoelen, Sumatra).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 
10, p. 32, 1928 (Bonin Islands).—PitiAy, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 
vol. 33, p. 356, 1929 (Travancore). 

Thrissocles purava Fow er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 36, 1988 (reference). 

Clupea mystus (not Linnaeus) Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 323, 1829 
(on Peddah poorawah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 73, pl. 190, 
1803, Vizagapatam). 

Thryssa megastoma SWAINson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 293, 1838 
(on Peddah poorawah Russell). 

Engraulis samam THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, p. 209, 1857 (Woodlark Island). 

Engraulis hornelli FowLER, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 1, p. 41, 
1924 (type locality: Calicut). 


Depth 3 to 314; head 334 to 34%, width 214 to 234. Snout 4 to 
41/, in head; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout, equals eye, lids not 
free; maxillary reaches slightly beyond gill opening, not to pectoral, 
slender; teeth very small, uniserial in jaws, extend along lower max- 
illary edge to its hind end; interorbital 314 to 334, convex; opercle 
smooth. Gill rakers 16+17, twice gill filaments or 114 in eye. 

Scales 35 to 40 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 more 
on latter, very caducous. Abdominal serrae 15 or 16+9. Scales 
with 9 or 10 vertical parallel striae, often incomplete, apical usually 
closed and even with few annectent branches; circuli fine, vertically 
parallel. 


678 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. 11, 10, 1 or mz, 11, 1, first branched ray 1144 to 124 in head; 
A. 1, 35, 1, to m1, 39, 1, first branched ray 144 to 17%; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 214 to 3; caudal 1 to 114, deeply forked, slender 
lobes pointed; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 214 to 224. 

Pale brownish generally. No silvery lateral band. Sides of head 
with silvery sheen. Iris silvery white. Fins pale, dorsal and pec- 
toral dusted with dusky terminally, also hind caudal edge. Small 
dark blotch at crown and several pale dusky specks at snout tip. 
Humeral venules dusky. Iris silvery white. 

India, Pinang, East Indies, Bonin Islands, Melanesia. The dis- 
tinctions for Engraulis mystax and Engraulis purava as given by 
Weber and Beaufort do not seem to hold with my material. All my 
specimens show the anal more than 3 times in the length, which they 
attribute to Hngraulis mystax, in addition giving 13 lower gill rak- 
ers. None of my specimens show the anal length 224 times in 
length of the fish. 

For the present I admit Thrissocles purava as having a shorter 
maxillary, never quite reaching the pectoral origin, whereas in 
Thrissocles mystax it at least reaches the pectoral origin and may 
extend about 14 in fin length. Knowing the maxillary character 
a variable one, I feel that this arrangement is purely tentative and 
that possibly the two species are not really distinct. 

O.S.N.M. No. 72521. Batavia, Java. 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 148 

150 mm. 2 examples. Both with 13 lower gill rakers. 

U.S.N.M. No. 86564. Bonin Islands. William Stimpson. Length, 165 mm. 

Lower gill rakers 10+12; abdominal scutes 15-+12. 


A.N.S.P. Calicut, India. James Hornell. Length, 79-96 mm. Four exam- 
ples. Types of Engraulis hornelli. 


THRISSOCLES VITIROSTRIS (Gilchrist and Thompson) 


Engraulis vitirostris GILCHRIST and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 
6, p. 201, 1908-11, (type locality: Natal; Inner Harbour, Durban) .—G11- 
CHRIST, Marine Biol. Rep. South Africa, No. 1, p. 64, 1918 (Natal).—Gui- 
CHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 296, 1917 (refer- 
ence).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1925, p. 195 (Delagoa 
Bay). 

Thryssa vitirostris BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 118, pl. 6, 
fig. 5, 1925 (East London, Natal, Delagoa Bay, Chinde). 

Thrissocles vitirostris FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 413, 
1934 (St. Lucia; Durban, Natal) ; vol. 87, p. 366, 1985 (Durban). 


Depth 314 to 324; head 4 to 4149, width 214 to 244. Snout 5 in 
head; eye 344 to 414, greater than snout, subequal with interorbital; 
maxillary reaches little beyond pectoral origin or to first fifth of 
pectoral; mandible 114 to 114 in head; interorbital 334 to 344, con- 
vexly elevated; head above and humeral region strongly venulose. 
Gill rakers 15+ 21, lanceolate. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 679 


Scales 44 in medial lateral series to caudal base; each with 11 
transverse striae, of which 2 to 6 sometimes complete medially. Ab- 
dominal scutes 16+ 10. 

D. ut, 9, first branched ray 114 to 114 in head; A. m1, 35 to 37, 
origin below bases of last dorsal rays, first branched ray 1%o to 2; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 224; pectoral 114; ventral 234 
to 244; caudal 314 to 334 in rest of fish, forked. 

Back brown, sides and below silvery white. Iris white. Fins 


pale, dorsal and caudal grayish. 
South Africa. 


2 examples. A.N.S.P. Delagoa Bay. Portuguese East Africa. 1922. Length, 
163-168 mm. 
THRISSOCLES SETIROSTRIS (Broussonet) 


Clupea setirostris Broussonet, Ichth., vol. 1, no pagination, pl. 2, 1782 (type 
locality: Pacific Ocean near Tanna Island, Society Group); Tabl. Ichth., 
p. 186, pl. 76, fig. 8316, 1788 (Pacific Ocean; Red Sea).—GMeELIN, Syst. Nat. 
Linn., vol. 1, p. 1407, 1789 (Pacific Ocean; Red Sea).—Watpaum, Artedi 
Pise., vol. 3, p. 41, 1792 (copied).—Scunemer, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 428, 
1801 (Pacific Ocean).—Lacépipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 425, 459, 1803 
(Arabia, Great Equinoxial Ocean).—Cuvirer, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 176, 
1817 (reference) ; ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 323, 1829 (reference). 

Engraulis setirostris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 69, 1848 
(India ).—BLEEeKeR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 44, 1852 
(Batavia; Surabaja; Kammal; Bangeallang); (Bengal.), vol. 25, p. 74, 
1853 (reference); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 184, 1866~-72 
(Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Nias, Banka, Celebes, Amboina ).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 397, 1868 (Indian Archipelago) .— 
Bieeker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 118, 1874 (Chinese draw- 
ing).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 626, 1878; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 391, 1889.—Eera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 581, 1895 
(Luzon, Manila).—STeINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. 
K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 157, 1907 (Gischin).—GiLcHrRIsT and THOMPSON, Ann. 
South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 267, 1908-11 (Natal).—GtnTHer, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 879, 1909 (on Forster).—GiLcHrisT, Marine Biol. Rep. 
South Africa, No. 1, p. 64, 1913 (Natal).—Weeer, Siboga Exped., Fische, 
vol. 57, p. 7, 19138 (Macassar and Sulibabu Island).—WeEsBER and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 40, fig. 18, 1913 (Batavia 
and Puger; Makassar; Beira, Hast Africa) —GILcHRIsSt and THOMPSON, 
Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, No. 4, p. 296, 1917 (reference).—FowLer, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 258, 1927 (Philippines) ; Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 1928 (compiled).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. 
Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 29, 114, 174, 1929 (Hué). —Gintray, Mem. Mus. 
Roy. Nat. Hist. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 20, 1983 (Kema Bay, Celebes).— 
SuvATtr, Index Fish. Siam, p. 15, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; Phuket; Maenam 
Canthaburi). 

Engraulis (Thrissa) setirostris Marrrens, Preuss. Exped. Ost Asien, vol. 1, 
p. 404, 1876 (Bangkok). 

Stolephorus setirostris BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 291, 1865 
(reference). 


156861—41—44 


680 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Stolephorus (Thrissa) setirostris BLEBKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (3) 261, fig. 1, 1866-72. 

Anchovia setirostris JoRDAN and RicHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, p. 
237, 1908 (Aparri).—Ocmsy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 92, 1913 
(Cooktown). 

Thrissocles setirostris Fow Ler, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines) .— 
McCuLtocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 183, 
1925 (reference).—McCuttocH, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 44, 1929 
(Queensland ).—Cuevey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1932 
(Amman).—Herre, Fishes Herre Philipping Exped. 1931, p. 15, 1934 
(Bauang Sur; Capiz).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
86, p. 413, 1934 (Natal).—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 259, 
pl. 1, fig. 6, 1984 (Luzon; Mindoro).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 25, 1987 (reference).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 1382, 1937 (Paknam).—Herrre and Myers, 
Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 13, 1987 (Singapore).—Fow.ter, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 36, 1938 (reference). 

Clupea mystacina (Forster) ScHNemrEr, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 428, 1801 (name 
in synonymy ).—LIcHTENSTEIN, Descr. Anim. Forster, p. 295, 1844 (type 
locality: Tanna Island). 

Thryssa macrognathos BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 18, 1849 (type locality: Madura near Bangeallang, Kammal, and 
Surabaya). 


Depth 314 to 434; head 4 to 414, width 214 to 214. Snout 534 
to 41% in head; eye 31% to 4, greater than snout, greater than inter- 
orbital in young to subequal with age; maxillary reaches to de- 
pressed ventral ends, to depressed pectoral tips in young, expansion 
11% to 144 in eye, length 2 to 224 in combined head and body to 
caudal base; interorbital 334 to 4, convexly elevated. Gill rakers 
5+12, slender, lanceolate, equal gill filaments which 114 in eye. 

Scales 40 to 42 in median lateral series to caudal base and 8 or 4 
more on latter; 12 transversely, 18 or 19 predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 18+8 or 9. Scales with 11 or 12 short marginal basal striae, 
of which 1 may be complete vertically; circuli as very fine, parallel, 
close-set, transverse or vertical striae. 

D. 1m, 10 or m1, 11, with procumbent spine before dorsal origin, 
first branched ray 1149 to 114% in head; A. m1, 33, 1 or m, 34, 1, 
inserted below bases of last dorsal rays, first branched ray 1% to 
11% in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 21%; pectoral 1 to 
1%49; ventral 134 to 2; caudal 325 to 324 in rest of body, deeply 
forked, slender lobes pointed. 

Back light brown, sides and lower surfaces bright silvery white. 
Iris silvery white. Fins pale brownish, hind caudal edge grayish. 
Shoulder with gray adipose area with parallel horizontal dusky 
venules. 

Red Sea, Arabia, East Africa, Natal, India, Siam, East Indies, 
Philippines, China, Queensland, Polynesia. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 681 


lexample. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. Length, 
123 mm. 

1example. A.N.S.P. Durban, Natal. H. W. Bell Marley. 1929. Length, 
120:mm-: ? 

1example. A.N.S.P. Durban. H. W. Bell Marley. 1932. Length, 92 mm. 

2examples. A.N.S.P. Paknam, Siam. R. M. de Schauensee, 1936. Length, 51- 


109 mm. 
THRISSOCLES DUSSUMIERI (Valenciennes) 


Engraulis dussumieri VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 69, 1848 
(no locality).—jBLEEKER, Verh. Batavia, Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 
483, 1852 (Batavia, in sea).—KNeER, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 338, 1865 
(Java).—BLeeKker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 118, 1874 (Chinese 
drawing).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 627, pl. 158, fig. 4, 1878 (Mad- 
ras) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 391, 1889.—Wesrr and BrEav- 
FoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol 2, p. 41, 1913 (Bleeker’s 
specimen).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 59, 1914 (Hong Kong) .— 
Fowter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 1, p. 40, 1924 (Cali- 
cut) ; vol. 32, p. 253, 1927 (Bombay); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 32, 
1928 (Bonin Islands).—PmxAy, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, 
p. 356, 1929 (Travancore).—Tirant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 4, 1929 (Cochin China).—HarpensBerG, Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 
1, p. 106, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api; Anei R.).—CueEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indo- 
chine, 19° note, p. 9, 1932 (Indochine).—HegRE, Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 15, 19384 (Dumaguete).—Hora and MUKERJI, Rec. Indian 
Mus., vol. 38, p. 18, 1936 (Maungmagau, Burma).—Roxas and Martin, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 25, 1937 (reference).—SvuVATTI, 
Index Fish. Siam, p. 14, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; Phuket; Tha-cin). 

Engraulis dussumieriti ButEeKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6. p. 188, 
1866-72 (Java; Singapore).—VincIcumrRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 
Genova, ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 622, 1926 (Sarawak). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) dussumieri BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (2) 260, fig. 2, 1866-72. 

Anchovia dussumieria SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. A 8, p. 513, 1908 
(Philippines). 

Thrissocles dussumiert McCuULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 
8, pt. 2, p. 183, 1925 (reference).—HERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., 
No. 18, p. 18, 1937 (Singapore; off Malacca; Muar, Johore).—FowLer, 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 34, 1988 (reference). 

Engraulis hamiltoni (not Gray) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 66, 
1848 (Bombay; Pondicherry; Malabar). 

Engraulis auratus Day, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 312, 1865 (type locality: 
Cochin, Malabar) ; Fishes of Malabar, p. 288, pl. 19, fig. 2, 1865. 

Engraulis mystaz (not Schneider) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 397, 1868 (Bombay, Madras, Java).— ? KLUNZINGER, Sitzungsber. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, p. 416, 1880. 

Trichosoma adelae Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 65, 
(type locality: Swatow, China). 


Depth 314 to 324; head 3% to 344, width 214 to 244. Snout 5 to 6 


in head; eye 344 to 414, greater than snout, 1 to 114 in interorbital; 
maxillary nearly or quite reaches ventral origin, length 224 to 21% in 


682 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


combined head and body to caudal base; interorbital 4 to 514, con- 
vexly elevated. Gull rakers 16 or 17+16 to 20, equal gill filaments 
or 11% in eye. 

Scales 37 or 38 in median lateral series to caudal base and 2 more 
on latter; 9 transversely, 16 or 17 predorsal. Abdominal scutes 15 
or 16+7 or 8. Scales with 9 or 10 vertical parallel striae; circuli 
as fine vertical parallel striae. 

D. 111, 9, 1, or m1, 10, 1, first branched ray 11% to 114 in head; A. m1, 
29, 1, to 111, 32, 1, first branched ray 144 to 2, base 31% to 314 in com- 
bined head and body to caudal base; caudal 1 to 15% in head, slender 
lobes pointed, equal; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 2%; 
pectoral 114 to 124; ventral 2 to 214. 

Pale brownish above, sides silvery white, without pale lateral 
band. Fins pale, edges of caudal lobes slightly dusky. Humeral 
venules slightly dusky and with obsolete dusky band crossing pre- 
dorsal anteriorly to opposite humeral membranes. 

India, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, Bonin 
Islands. 


5 examples. A. N. 8. P. Calicut. James Hornell. 1922. Length, 105-116 mm. 
1 example. A. N.S. P. Bombay. Prof. F. Hallberg. 1925. Length, 138 mm. 


THRISSOCLES VALENCIENNESI (Bleeker) 


Stolephorus (Thryssa) valenciennesi BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 
3, p. 306, 1866 (type locality: Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Borneo). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) valenciennesi BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (2) 260, fig. 6, 1866-72. 

Engraulis valenciennesi BireKrr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 183, 
1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Borneo).—WEBER and BEAv- 
ForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 42, 1913 (Palabuan Batu, 
Java).—Fow ter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, p. 254, 1927 (Bom- 
bay); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 258, 1927 (Orani).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 25, 1937 
(reference). 

Engraulis valenciennes FowLeR and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, p. 2, 
1927 (Benkoelen, Sumatra). 

Anchovia valenciennesi Fowirr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 
12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang, Sumatra). 

Thryssa valenciennesi Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 220, 1911 
(Padang examples). 

Thrissocles valenciennesi Fow er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 25, 1938 (reference). 

Engraulis hamiltoni (not Gray) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 66, 
1848 (part). 

Engraulis hamiltonii DuUNcKER, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hanyburg, vol. 21, p. 185, 
1904. 

Engraulis mystacoides (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 396, 1868 
(copied). 


Depth 314 to 314; head 414 to 5, width 214 to 5. Snout 5 to 534 in 
head; eye 4 to 514, greater than snout, subequal with interorbital, lids 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 683 


not free; maxillary reaches slightly beyond pectoral base, expansion 

114 to 1% in eye, length 334 to 344 in combined head and body to 

caudal base; interorbital 824 to 414 in head, convex. Gill rakers 10 

to 12+14 to 17, lanceolate, slender, 114 in eye. 

Scales 38 or 39 (mostly fallen) in medial lateral series to caudal 
base and 3 more on latter; 10 to 13 transversely, 19 or 20 predorsal to 
occiput. Scales very thin, cycloid; with 6 to 10 vertical striae, in- 
terrupted at median axis; circuli fine. Abdominal scutes 1619. 

D. 1, 9, 1, first branched ray 11% to 114 in head; A. m1, 41 to m1, 44, 
1, first branched ray 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% to 2; 
ventral 214 to 224; caudal forked, 344 to 3% in rest of length; pec- 
toral 3% to 41%. 

Edge of back olivaceous brown, sides and below silvery white. 
Gray venulose area at scapular region moderate. Iris slate. Fins all 
pale or whitish, hind caudal edge gray. 

India, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. 

2 examples, A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. 1925. Length, 150- 
177 mm. 

1 example, A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 
Length, 148 mm. In arrack largely silvery, back dull olivaceous brown. Sides 
of head silvery white, also iris. No silvery lateral band. Humeral venules 
yeliowish green, with horizontal waved lines. Peritoneum silvery. Dorsal 
and caudal pale gray to dusky, medially tinged yellowish green. Other fins 
pale or whitish. 


6 examples, A.N.S.P. Orani, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 1923. Purchased. 
Length, 112-124 mm. 


Subgenus THRISSINA Jordan and Seale 
THRISSOCLES BAELAMA (Forskal) 


Clupea baelama ForskAu, Descript. Animal., p. 72, 1775 (type locality: Djedda, 
Red Sea).—ScCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 429, 1801 (Red Sea). 

Clupea boelama WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 42, 1792 (copied). 

Engraulis boelama VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 35, 1848 (Sey- 
chelles, Mauritius, Red Sea, Massawah, Amboina).—GUICHENOT, Notes Ile 
Réunion, vol. 2, p. 29, 1863.—GuntTHerR, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 123, 1866 
(Zanzibar).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 180, 1866-72 
(Amboina; Ceylon).—GwUnNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 398, 1868 
(Zanzibar; Koseir).—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 
597, 1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—GtntTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 671 
(Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mysol; Manado).—PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. 
Berlin, 1875, p. 445, 1876 (Mauritius).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 626, 
pl. 158, fig. 7, 1878 (Port Blair).—SAvuvageE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 
p. 491, 1891 (not fig.; part).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 
4, p. 228, 1898 (Guam) .—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.- 
nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 157, 1907 (Scheich Othman).—GUNTHER, Journ. 
Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 379, 1909 (Red Sea; East Indies).—BAMBER, 
Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 1915 (Sudanese Red Sea).— 
TorRTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, vol. 45, ser. 3, p. 14, 
1935-36 (Massaua). 


684 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Engraulis baelama DAy, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 391, 1889.— 
WEBER and BmHAUFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 33, 
1918 (Nias, Lombok, Aru Islands).—Fowtmr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, vol. 79, p. 258, 1927 (Santa Maria); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 82, 1928 (New Guinea) ; vol. 11, no. 5, p. 315, 1981 (reference) —HERRE, 
Mid-Pacifie Mag., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 168, April-June 1935 (Pelew Islands). 

Engraulis balaema CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indochine, 1° note, 
p. 8, 1926 (Tonkin). 

Stolephorus boelama BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 291, 1865 
(reference). 

Stolephorus (Engraulis) boelama BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (2) 260, fig. 1, 1866-72. 

Anchovia boelama SmirH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 
75, 1906 (Rio Grande, Mindanao).—SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 33, p. 289, 1907 (Zamboanga).—JorpAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. 
Fisher., vol. 27, 1907, p. 286, 1908 (Cagayancillo; Iloilo). 

Thrissina baelama HeErRE, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 25, 1934 
(Panay; Cebu; Mindanao).—RoxAs, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 2638, 
pl. 1, fig. 7 (scale), 1984 (Luzon; Leyte; Panay; Bantayan; Mindanao; 
Samal).—RoxAs and MArtin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 
25, 1937 (reference).—Svvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 59, 1937 (reference) .— 
HERRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 18, 1987 (Muar, Johore). 

Thrissocles baeclama Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69, 
1984 (Den Pasar; Sanoer, Bali); vol. 87, p. 94, fig. 14, 1985 (Bangkok; 
Paknam; Sriracha) : List Fish. Malaya, p. 34, 1988 (reference). 

Engraulis nesogallicus BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 168, 
1831 (type locality: Mauritius). 

Engraulis encrasicholoides BLEEKER, Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 
p. 37, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Surabaja, Kammal).—Kwner, Reise, 
Novara, Fische, p. 383, 1865 (Java).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 6, p. 180, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Celebes, Timor, Ter- 
nate, Batjan, Amboina, Saparua, Ceram, Banda).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 387, 1868 (type).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, 
No. 4, p. 25, 1869 (Savay); No. 7, p. 58, 1879 (Savaii).—Macteay, Proc. 
Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 593, 1882 (New Guinea) ; vol. 8, 1883, 
p. 278, 1884 (Hood Bay, New Guinea).—STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., 
vol. 25, p. 456, 1900 (Ternate)—BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 42, p. 592, 1912 (Batavia).—WesrEr, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 6, 
1913 (Bima, Flores, Macassar, Sulu, Menado, Siau, Salibabu, West 
Ceram).—TrRrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-China, 6° note, p. 112, 1929 
(Cochin China). 

Stolephorus encrasicholoides BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 236, 
1868 (reference) ; vol. 2, p. 176, 1865 (Siam; reference). 

Stolephorus (Hngraulis) encrasicholoides BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland. 
vol. 6, pl. (5) 263, fig. 4, 1866-72. 

Anchovia encrasicholoides FowLer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 
vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang, Sumatra) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1911, p. 219 (same material). 

Engraulis polynemoides GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 394, 1868 (type 
locality : Madagascar).—SavvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 491, pl. 
49, fig. 2, 1891 (Madagascar). 

Anchovia evermanni JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905, 
p. 188, fig. 4, 1906 (type locality: Apia, Samoa). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 685 


Engraulis evermanni GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 379, 1909 (New 
Pomerania). 

Engraulis macrops KisH1NovuYE, Journ. Coll. Agric. Tokyo, vol. 2, p. 385, 1911 
(type locality: Habajima, Bonin Islands).—Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 
10, p. 32, 1928 (copied). 

Engraulis macropus KisHINoUYE, Journ. Coll. Agr. Tokyo, vol. 2, pl. 30, fig. 3, 
1911. 

Depth 414 to 424; head 31% to 334, width 224 to 24%. Snout 44 
to 51% in head; eye 344 to 414, greater than snout or interorbital, 
adipose lids covering eye; maxillary reaches slightly beyond mandible 
joint, though not quite to gill opening, expansion 17% to 2 in eye, 
length 11% to 114% in head; maxillary with minute uniserial teeth, 
scarcely enlarged posteriorly and not continuous across mouth front; 
mandible with similar teeth, smaller, erect; small patch of minute 
teeth each side of vomer, series on each palatine and patch on each 
pterygoid; interorbital 314 to 414, evenly convex; cheek and opercle 
smooth. Gill rakers 15+19, slender, 114 in eye; gill filaments 114 in 
eye. 

Scales 37 or 38 in median lateral series to caudal base and 38 or 4 
more on latter; 9 to 11 transversely, 14 to 20 predorsal. Caudal] 
scaled, outer portions finely so. Dorsal and anal with broad basal 
scaly sheaths. Pectoral scaly flap 114 to 184 in fin, ventral flap 1% 
to 1% its length. Abdominal serrae 5 or 6+9 or 10, begin behind 
pectoral base. Scales with 14 or 15 variable though largely vertical 
striae; circuli fine, transversely parallel. 

D. 11, 10, 1 to m1, 12, 1, first branched ray 114 to 124 in head; A. m1, 
26,1 or 111, 27,1, first branched ray 17% to 314; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 234 to 314; pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 1%, to 2; caudal 
1 to 1%, well forked. 

Back and head above dull olivaceous brown, line of demarcation 
along side of body indistinct. Sides of head and trunk silvery white, 
also iris. Dorsal and caudal grayish, other fins whitish. Peri- 
toneum silvery. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, India, 
East Indies, Siam, Philippines, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. 
Known by its short maxillary, absence of silvery lateral band and 
the abdominal scutes beginning behind pectoral base. 

Engraulis polynemoides Giinther seems to be a synonym of the 
present species, with both the scales and anal rays given as 35. 
Engraulis macrops Kishinouye is likely another synonym, with ab- 
dominal serrae 6+7. 

26 examples. Basun River, Tawi Tawi Islands. September 23, 1909. Length, 
83-110 mm. All with small adherent scales and metallic reflections of 
purplish. 

7 examples. Batangas, Luzon. June 7, 1908. Length, 102-131 mm. 


686 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


20077. Blackwater ponds of Putoe River, Mindanao. January 30, 1909. Length, 
128 mm. 

$167 [1864]. Cebu market. August 29, 1909. Length, 90 mm. 

1 example. Cotabato, Rio Grande, Mindanao. Length, 99 mm. “Caebulan” 
local name. 

467 examples. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 27-52 mm. _ Bril- 
liant silvery white sides and lower surface, not defined as silvery lateral 
band. 

1 example. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 120 mm. 

7 examples. Jolo market. February 11, 1908. Length, 79-110 mm. 

35 examples. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20, 1909. Length, 42-75 
mm. 

1 example. North end of Endeavor Strait, Northwest coast of Palawan Island. 
December 22, 1908. Length, 67 mm. 

22619. Paluan River, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length, 84 mm. 

1 example. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 102 mm. 

5 examples. Pucot River, Mareveles. January 29, 1909. Length, 95-100 mm. 

8819, 8820, 9542. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. 
Length, 88-130 mm. 10 examples. 

6 examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 41-49 mm. 

1 example. San Vicente Harbor, Luzon shore. November 18, 1908. Length, 
30 mm. 

1 example. Zamboanga. October 1909. Length, 33 mm. 

D. 5595. Zamboanga Light, N. 31° W., 0.1 mile (lat. 6°54’00’’ N., long. 
122°04’30’’ E.). October 7, 1909. Length, 32-39 mm. 4 examples. 

L. 8. Danawan and Si Ami] Island, Borneo. September 26, 1909. Length, 100 mm. 

4 examples. Tifu Bay, Bouru Island. December 10, 1909. Length, 26-28 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 138214. Mauritius. Col. N. Pike. Length, 117 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 19992. Mauritius. Length, 99 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56236. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 4217). Length, 93 ? mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57915. Zamboanga. Dr. EH. A. Mearns. Length, 38-100 mm. 43 


examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 57953. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 37-65 mm. 2 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72249. Cagayancillo. R. C. McGregor. Length, 45-90 mm. 7 
examples. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72528. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 127 
mm. Shows single scute just behind isthmus. As Hngraulis encrasicholoides. 


Genus SETIPINNA Swainson 


Setipinna SwAINSON, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 292, 1889. (Type, Setipinna 
megalura Swainson=Olupea phasa Buchanan-Hamilton, designated by Swain, 
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1882, p. 280.) 

Stethochaetus Gray, Cat. Fish Gronow, p. 174, 1854. (Type, Stethochactus 
biguttatus Gronow, monotypic.) 

Telara GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 400, 1868. (Type, Clupea telara 
Buchanan-Hamilton, tautotypic. ) 

Heterothrissa GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 401, 1868. (Type. 
Engraulis breviceps Cantor, monotypic.) 


Body rather long, deepest forward, narrowing behind. Abdominal 
scutes strong, extend from gill openings to vent. Lower jaw in- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 687 


cluded within upper. Maxillary moderate, expanded behind; not 
reaching beyond gill opening. Teeth small, even. Gill rakers 10 
to 18 below. Vertebrae 45 or 46. Scales caducous. Free spine be- 
fore dorsal. Anal base very long, rays 50 to 75, inserted just before 
or behind front of dorsal. Uppermost pectoral ray produced. 

Rather large species with long anal fin and the upper pectoral 
ray filamentous. Jordan and Seale think the anal rays of the 
Stethochaetus biguttatus Gray were misprinted 36 for 63, thus event- 
uating Stethochaetus Gray here accepted as a subgenus in place of 
Heterothrissa. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. SETIPINNA. Lower jaw not projecting. 
b*. Anal origin before dorsal origin. 


Gerlower, cil rakers 10; A. 49"to (bd2222- -ee ee ee melanochir 

G2 shower ‘eit, rakers 18 ? A: 72 £0 Tos = 2 ees ee phasa 

db? Anal origin below dorsal, well behind dorsal origin; lower gill rakers 15 
OP 1GSGA. 5, tor602 2 228 2 Be a ee et 2 oe taty 

a. SvteErHocHAETUS. Lower jaw projects; lower gill rakers 13; A. 60 to 
GG Eee ee ee ee ee a ee ee breviceps 


Subgenus SETIPINNA Swainson 


SETIPINNA MELANOCHIR (Bleeker) 


Engraulis melanochir BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 13, 1849 (type locality: Madura Strait near Kammal and Surabaja).— 
SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 151, 1888 (Menam).— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 111, 174, 1929 
(Thudaumot, Phuoe Hai, Baria).—Boroprn, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine Mus., 
vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 1980 (Saigon). 

Coilia melanochir BLeEKeR, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, p. 418, 
1855 (Bandjermassing, Borneo). 

Stolephorus melanochir BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 
16, 1864, p. 353, 1864 (Bangkok); Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 
35 (Siam), p. 176, 1865 (Siam; compiled). 

Siolephorus (Setipinna) melanochir BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
6, pl. (9) 267, fig. 3, 1866-72. 

Setipinna melanochir BireKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 1386, 1866- 
72 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Borneo).—RvutteR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, 1897, p. 66 (reference).—WEBER and BEAuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 28, fig. 15, 1913 (Palembang, Ojambi, Bagan 
Api Api, Bunut).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 174, 
1923 (Nontaburi) ; Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 491, 1924 (Tale 
Sap).—VincicguERrRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 620, 1926 (Sarawak).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Cambodia).—HaRpENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 
101, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api); vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 227, 1986 (Kapuas R., 
Borneo).—SvvatTt1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 16, 1987 (Bangkok; Khlong Bar 
Pho; Songkhla; Bangkham; Gulf of Siam; Thale Nor; Thale Sap; Maenam 
Bangpakong).—Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 182, 
1937 (Tachin). 


688 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Telaa melanochir SAuvaGe, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 
1881 (Swatow). (Error.) 

Setipinna lighti (Herre) Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, wm 
26, fig. 20, 1929 (type locality: Amoy). 

Depth 314 to 314; head 5, width 214 to 27%. Snout 526 to 534 
in head; eye 5, greater than snout, 114 to 114 in interorbital; maxil- 
lary reaches mandibular joint or preopercle ridge, expansion 11% to 
114 in eye, length 114, to 114 in head; teeth feeble; interorbital 41% 
to 424, brandis convex. Gill rakers 7 to 9+10 to 12, lanceolate, 
equal eye; gill filaments 44 gill rakers. 

Scales (pockets) 44 to 46 in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 3 or 4 more on latter; 16 or 17 transversely, 34 to 36 predorsal. 
Abdominal scutes 20 to 22+8 or 9. Scales with 15 to 18 short, mar- 
ginal, basal striae, apically with reticulations; circuli as fine, trans- 
verse, Close set striae basally, none apical on scale. 

D. m1, 10 or mt, 11, with procumbent spine before origin, first 
branched ray 1 to 1% in head; A. m1, 46 or m1, 47, first braneled 
ray 114, origin slightly before neal origin; el 43/4 in rest of 
body, well forked, broad lobes pointed; pectoral 414 to 5; ventral 2 
to 234 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2. 

Back drab to olive brown, sides and entire lower surfaces silvery 
white. Fins all pale, grayish marginally. Pectoral dusky to 
blackish basally, and on inner rays. Iris silvery white. 

Siam, East Indies, Cochin China, China. My examples agree 
with Weber and Beaufort’s figure and description largely, though 
show more abdominal scutes. The pectoral filament in the larger 
one reaches a little beyond ventrals. 


11732. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 244 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 48000. Cochinchina. Lyons Museum. Length, 193 mm. 


SETIPINNA PHASA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Clupea phasa BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 240, 382, 1822 (type 
locality : Brackish rivers of Bengal). 

Engraulis phasa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 59, 1848 (copied). 

Clupea telara BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 241, 382, pl. 2, fig. 72, 
1822 (type locality: High up in the Ganges). 

Engraulis telara VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, D. 56, pl. 608, 1848 
(Ganges mouth; Rangoon).—BLrEEKrrR, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. (74)147, 1853 (Caleutta).—GtntTHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 401, 1868 (Cachar and Hooghly).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 
627, pl. 158, fig. 2, 1878 (Calcutta, Bengal, Orissa, Cachar, Burma, Manda- 
lay); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 392, 1889.—TirANnt, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 111, 174, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Telara telara Fow ter, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 220 (Ganges 
River, India). 

Setipinna telara JorpAN and SEAt#, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 865, 1926 
(Rangoon, Burma). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 689 


Septipinna telara CuHrvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 8, 19382 
(Cochinchina) (error). 

Setipinna truncata Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 292, 1839 (on 
Clupea telara Buchanan-Hawilton, Fishes of Ganges, p. 241, pl. 2, fig. 72, 1822). 

Setipinna megalura Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 292, 1839 
(on Clupea phasa Buchanan-Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, p. 240, 1822). 

Engraulis brevifilis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 54, 1848 (type 
locality : Bengal). 

Depth 4 to 434; head 514 to 534, width 214 to 234. Snout 434 to 
534 in head; eye 324 to 414, greater than snout or interorbital; 
maxillary reaches gill opening, expansion 124 to 184 in eye, length 
equals head, with minute, uniserial teeth its whole edge; similar 
mandibular teeth smaller; few minute asperities on palatines ante- 
riorly; interorbital 344 to 4, convex; cheek and opercles smooth. 
Gill rakers 14 or 15+18, slender points, 114% to 114 in eye; gill fila- 
ments 114 to 144 in eye. 

Scales 58 to 60 ? (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 3 ? more on latter; 17 transversely, 80 predorsal. Caudal base 
scaly. Abdominal scutes 16+6. Scales with 4 to 6 short basal mar- 
ginal striae and 5 or 6 transverse vertical striae apically; circuli fine- 
ly concentric on basal half of scale, none apically. 

D. um, 12, 1, with procumbent spine before origin, first branched 
ray 1 in head; A. 1, 69, x to m1, 74, 1, first branched ray 17%; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 244; ventral 214 to 244; caudal (dam- 
aged) 414 in rest of body, well forked; pectoral 135 to caudal base, 
with uppermost ray long filament reaching well beyond depressed 
dorsal. 

Pale brownish on back. Sides and entire lower surface silvery 
white, evidently where scales fallen silvery gray. Iris silvery 
white. Fins all pale or whitish, dorsal and caudal little grayish 
terminally. 

India, Burma. Though both of my specimens in poor preserva- 
tion they clearly show the characters of this species. 

U.S.N.M. No. 44724. Rangoon, Burma. L. Fea. Length, 163 mm., caudal 
tips damaged. As Engraulis telara. 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Ganges River, India. Dr. Marmaduke Burrough. 
Length, 103 mm., caudal tips damaged. 


SETIPINNA TATY (Valenciennes) 


Engraulis taty VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 60, 1848 (type lo- 
cality: Pondicherry ; Malacca).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 
18, p. 1288, 1849 (Pinang; Malay Peninsula).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Haring), vol. 24, p. 36, 1852 (Batavia; Surabaja; Sambang; 
Kammal); (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 74, 1853 (reference).—Day, Fishes of 
Malabar, p. 240, 1865.—GtnrTuHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 400, 
1868 (Bengal, Pinang, Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 628, pl. 158, 
fig. 5, 1878 (Orissa); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 393, 1889.— 


690 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


DuncKERr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 185, 1904 (no locality ).— 
Lioyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab).—TrRrant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 111, 1929 (Phuquoc, Phuoc-hai, 
Thudaumot). 

Engraulis (Telara) taty MArtTeNns, Preuss. Exped. Ost Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 
1876 (Singkawang in Borneo). 

Stolephorus taty BirrKrer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 176, 1865 
(Siam; compiled). 

Stolephorus (Setipinna) taty BirrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Neérland., vol. 6, pl. 
(2) 260, fig. 7, 1866-72. 

Setipinna taty BirEKmR, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 186, 1866—72 
(Java, Madura, Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Banka, Borneo).—W'rBER 
and Bravurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 30, 1913 
(Batavia, Balikpapan)—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 481, 
1924 (Singora).—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 366, 
1926 (Siam; Java; Colombo, Ceylon).—VinciguERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 621, 1926 (Sarawak).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 600 (1980) (Hong Kong).—HaRrpDENBERG, 
Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 1, p. 102, 19381 (Bagan Si Api Api).—Fow.LeEr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 96, 1935 (Paknam).—HARDENBERG, 
Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 228, 1936 (Kapuas R., Borneo).—FowLrr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 182, 1987 (Bangkok).—Svuvartt1, Index 
Fish. Siam, p. 17, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; Klong Ranot; Uhonburi).—He«rrrEe 
and Meyers, Raffles Mus. Bull. No. 13, p. 18, 1937 (Muar, Johore; Singapore 
coast 100 miles west of Sumatra).—Fowrrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 34, 1938 
(reference). 

Septipinna taty CHABANAUuD, Inst. Océanogr. Chine, 19° note, p. 8, 1932 (Cochin- 
china; Phu-Quoc) (error). 

Engraulis tenuifilis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 20, p. 62, 1847 (type 
locality : Rangoon). 

Engraulis telaroides Bierkerr, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 18, 
1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaja and 
Sampang). 

Setipinna gilberti JonpAN and Srarks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 194, 
fig. 1, 1905 (type locality: Chemulpo, Korea).—JorpAN and Merz, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 8, 19138 (Fusan).—Mor1, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. 
Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan and Mokpo, Korea). 


Depth 324; head 434 to 5, width 224 to 3. Snout 6 in head; eye 4 
to 414, greater than snout, equals interorbital; maxillary reaches 
preopercle angle, expansion 1 to 114 in eye, length 1%» to 114% in 
head; teeth in narrow nearly or quite uniserial bands in jaws, above 
extend along whole maxillary edge; inteorbital 4 to 414, convexly 
elevated. Gill rakers 12 or 18+15 or 16, lanceolate, much greater 
than gill filaments or equal eye. 

Scales 44 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 
more on latter; 13 transversely, 20 to 30 ? predorsal. Abdominal 
serrae 18+8. Scales with 12 short basal marginal striae and 4 or 
5 apical; circuli entirely over scale surface, mostly parallel and 
vertical or transverse. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 691 


D. mz, 10, 1 or ut, 11, 1, procumbent spine before origin, first branch- 
ed ray 114 to 114 ? in head; A. ut, 538, 1 to m1, 57, 1, origin opposite 
dorsal origin, first branched ray 144 to 1%; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 234 to 244; ventral 214 to 244; caudal 434 to 5 in rest of 
body; pectoral 314 to 4, ends in filament nearly or quite reaching 
anal. 

Back drab gray, sides and below, also iris, silvery white. Fins 
pale, lower ones little more brownish. 

India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, East Indies, China, 
Korea. There is little to contend for Setipinna gilberti as it readily 
agrees with my Hong Kong example. Jordan and Starks say it is 
more slender than either Setipinna melanochir or Setipinna taty, and 
though they give the depth as 34 their figure clearly shows it 3%. 
Its anal rays given as 57 are hardly not beyond the range of variation 
as Weber and Beaufort give 51 to 56. There is nothing in the figure 
of Setipinna gilberti to maintain it as distinct from Setipinna taty. 


U.S.N.M. No. 37766. Chemulpo, Korea. 1884-1885. Ensign J. B. Bernadou. 
Length, 141 mm. to end of broken caudal. Type of Setipinna gilberti. 
One example. A.N.S.P. Hong Kong. Henry W. Fowler. April 26, 1929. Length, 
167 mm. 


Subgenus STETHOCHAETUS Gray 
SETIPINNA BREVICEPS (Cantor) 


Engraulis breviceps Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1288, 1849 
(type locality : Pinang).—GtnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 401, 
1868 (type; type of Hngraulis pfeifferi) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, 
p. 628, 1878 (Bengal Bay); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 392 
1889.—? Esra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 581, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa 
Cruz).—Ditwncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 185, 1904 
(Kuala Lumpur).—Ltoyp, Rec. Indian Mus. vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab) .— 
TrrRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 112, 174, 1929 
(Phuquoe, Phuoe-Hai, Thudaumot, Cochinchina).—Boroprn, Bull. Vander- 
bilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, p. 42, 1980 (Saigon).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 
138, livr. 1, p. 101, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api). 

Setipinna breviceps BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 187, 1866—72 
(Pinang; Borneo).—WeEsER and BEAuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 29, 1918 (Bagan Api Api).—VincicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 621, 1926 (Sarawak).—CHABANAUD, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Cambodia) .— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 227, 1986 (Telok Pekadai, Borneo) .— 
Herre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull, No. 13, p. 18, 1987 (Singapore).— 
Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 34, 1938 (reference). 

Stethochaetus breviceps JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 364, 
1926 (compiled). 

Engraulis pfeiffert BLeeKker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. (408) 483, 
1852 (type locality: Pontianak, Borneo). 

Stolephorus (Setipinna) pfeifferi BLerKrer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, 
pl. (5) 268, fig. 3, 1866-72. 


692 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Coilia pfeifferi SAUVAGE, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 6, p. 175, 1882 (Poula- 
Condor). 

Stethochaetus biguttatus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 174, 1854 (type locality: 
India).—JorpDAN and SHALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 364, 1926 
(note). 

Depth 324; head (damaged) 514, width 8. Snout 614 in head from 
snout tip; eye 614, equals snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches 
hind preopercle edge though not to gill opening, expansion 114 in 
snout, length 114? in head from snout tip; interorbital 5, broadly 
convex. Gill rakers 10+18, lanceolate, twice gill filaments or 114 
in interorbital. 

Scales 48 (damaged) in median lateral series to caudal base and 4 
more on latter; 13 transversely, 25 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 
18+9. Scales with 37 radiating arched basal striae, meeting com- 
plete apical reticulations; circuli finely concentric basally, none 
apical. 

D. 1m, 15, first branched ray (damaged) about 5 in combined head 
and body to caudal base; A. 11, 62, origin well before that of dorsal, 
first branched ray (damaged) 17%; caudal 1, deeply forked, lobes 
pointed and lower little longer; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; 
ventral 224; pectoral with uppermost ray ending in long filament 
extending back at least little beyond hind dorsal base or half way to 
caudal base, 

Body brown with brassy tints, gray to silvery gray on skin where 
scales fallen. Iris gray. Fins brownish. Dorsal creamy basally, 
grayish terminally. Pectoral dusky terminally, long filament brown. 

India, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, East Indies, Cochin China. Re- 
ported from the Philippines only by Elera. This species is the 
genotype of Gunther’s Heterothrissa, distinguished chiefly by its pro- 
truding straight mandible or lower jaw and long anal inserted well 
before dorsal. 


U.S.N.M. No. 48008. Cochin China. Lyons Museum. Length, 265 mm. 
Genus ENGRAULIS Cuvier 


Engraulis Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 174, 1817. (Type, Clupea encrasi- 
cholus Linnaeus, designated by Jordan, Tanaka, Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sci., 
Tokyo, vol. 38, p. 38, 1913.) 

Encrasicholus FLEMING, British Animals, p. 188, 1828. (Type, Clupea encrasi- 
cholus Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Austranchovia WuitTtry, Australian Zoologist, vol. 6, p. 311, 1931. (Type, 
Atherina australis Shaw, orthotypic.) 


Body partly cylindrical. No abdominal scutes. Maxillary not ex- 
tending to gill opening. Lower gill rakers 36 to 49. Vertebrae 46 
or 47. Alar scales at caudal base large. Anal short, inserted behind 
front of dorsal. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 693 


Species of cool or temperate shores of the globe. Lngraulis 
brevipinnis Heckel is described from the Upper Miocene of Chia- 
venna. The two species described below I am unable to satisfactorily 
diagnose from my materials, the Australian very poorly preserved. 
Following custom I accept them provisionally. 


ENGRAULIS AUSTRALIS (Shaw) 


Atherina australis SHAw, Voy. New South Wales, White, p. 296, pl. 64, fig. 1, 
1790 [type locality: New South Wales (—=between Broken Bay and Botany 
Bay) ]. 

Engraulis australis McCoy, Official Rec. Intercolonial Exhib. Melbourne, p. 319, 
1866.—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 41, 
pt. 1, p. 14, 1879 (Hobsons Bay, Victoria).—McCuLtocu, Rec. Australian 
Mus., vol. 18, p. 48, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1920 (Southwest Australia, Tasmania, 
Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, southern Queensland, New 
Zealand).—WaAITE, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 2, p. 35, fig. 50, 1921.— 
McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 182, 
1925 (reference).—WHITLEY, Australian Zoologist, vol. 4, p. 228, 1926 
(North West Islet; 50 vomited by white-capped noddy).—McCuLLocy, 
Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 49a, 1927. 

Engraulis encrasicholus var. antipodum GtUntTHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 386, 1868 (type locality: Van Diemens Land and New Zealand) .— 
Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, p. 270, 1873.— JOHNSTONE, Proc. 
Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, pp. 92, 132, 1883; 1890, p. 37, 1891.—KENT, 
Naturalist in Australia, p. 155, 1897. 

Engraulis antipodum WatrtE, Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 13, 
1904.—W atte, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 9, 1907 (reference) .— 
Srreap, Edible fishes New South Wales, p. 28, 1908.—Zierz, Trans. Roy. 
Soc. South Australia, vol. 32, p. 294, 1908—OeinBy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens- 
land, vol. 21, p. 28, 1908 (Southport).—WarrTr, Rec. Canterbury Mus., vol. 
1, No. 4, p. 317, 1912 (reference).—McCvuttocn, Rec. West Australian Mus., 
vol. 1, p. 218, 1914—Ocirsy, Commercial Fish. Fisher. Queensland, p. 47, 
1915 (Brisbane).—JorpAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 
392, 1926 (Victoria). 

Engraulis antarcticus CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 1, 
p. 186, 1872 (type locality: Melbourne).—MActeay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 
South Wales, vol. 4, p. 365, 1880 (compiled) ; vol. 6, p. 257, 1881 (reference) .— 
Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 37, 1890 (Victoria). 

Engraulis encrasicholus (not Linnaeus) Hecror, Colonial Mus. Governm. Surv. 
Dept. (Fishes of New Zealand), p. 62, 1872 (compiled). 

Engraulis heterolobus (not Riippell) Kiunzinerer, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 42, 
1872 (Hobson’s Bay) ; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, 
pt. 1, p. 415, 1880 (Cleveland Bay).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 9, p. 57, 1884 (compiled).—Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
new ser., vol. 2, p. 37, 1890 (reference). 

Anchoviella heterolobus McCuLLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 
8, pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference). 

Anchoviella mauii FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. vol. 68, p. 4, 1923 
(type locality: “Maui, Hawaiian Islands’’). 

Engraulis mauii FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 33, 1928 (type). 


694 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 5 to 534; head 314 to 325, width 234 to 244. Snout 414 
to 414 in head; eye 314 to 314, greater than snout or interorbital; 
maxillary not quite reaching hind preopercle ridge, length 124 to 1144 
in head; teeth extremely fine, minute; interorbital 4 to 414, low con- 
vex. Guill rakers 30+27 (young) to 40, finely and slenderly lanceolate, 
twice length of gill filaments or % of orbit. 

Scales about 35 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base; 
9 (pockets) transversely between dorsal and ventral origins; 17 
(pockets) predorsal forward to occiput. No spines on median line 
of belly or abdomen. 

D. 11, 12, first branched ray 124 to 1% in head; A. m1, 19 or 20, first 
branched ray about 234; caudal 114 to 124; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 1% to 2; ventral 214 to 2%. 

Pale brown generally, head with silvery white reflections. Iris 
silvery white. Broad, ill-defined, gray-white lateral band, perhaps 
revealed due to all scales having fallen. Fins uniformly pale. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tas- 
mania, New Zealand. 


U.S.N.M. No. 82904. “Maui, Hawaiian Islands.” Locality erroneous, doubtless 
temperate Australia or New Zealand. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Length, 
7 mm. (caudal damaged). Type of Anchoviella mauii. Also paratype, 
same data, 77 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48825. Maroubra, New South Wales. J. D. Ogilby. 41 examples. 
Length, 34-50 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48825. Maroubra, New South Wales. J. D. Ogilby. 2 examples. 
Length, 58-64 mm. 

ENGRAULIS JAPONICA (Houttuyn) 


Atherina japonica Houttruyn, Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Haarlem, vol. 20, p. 340, 
1782 (type locality: Japan).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1897, 
1789 (copied).—ScHNEmER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 111, 1801 (copied). 

Engraulis japonicus ScHircEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, 
p. 239, pl. 108, fig. 8, 1846 (southwest Japan).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 18, 1853 (reference) ; (Japan), vol. 26, pp. 
6, 119, 1857 (Nagasaki) ; Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 6, 1858 
(Japan) ; vol. 5, No. 9, p. 8, 1859 (Nagasaki). —NAMTIyYE, Classification Cat., 
p. 109, 1881 (Tokyo).— ? EtmraA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 580, 1895 
(Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—JorpDAN and SwNypeEr, Annot. Zool. Japon., 
vol. 3, p. 54, 1901 (reference).—JORDAN and STARKS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 28, p. 194, 1905 (Gensan, Korea).—JoRDAN and HErRg, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. 81, p. 688, 1906 (Otaru, Hakodate, Same, Aomori, Onomichi, 
Wakanoura, Misaki, Tokyo, Tsuruga, Nagasaki).—KISHINOUYE, Journ. Imp. 
Fisher. Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1907.—FRrANz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. 
Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 5, 1910 (Fukuura and Onagava Bay).—SNyYpDER, 
Proce. U. 8. Nat Mus., vol. 42, p. 403, 1912 (Otaru, Misaki, Hakodate) .—IzuKa 
and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. Vertebrata, p. 183, 1920 
(Hizen).—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 391, 1926 
(Tokyo).—Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Genzan 
and Fuzan, Korea).—SoLpatov and LInpsere, Bull. Pacifie Sci. Fisher. Inst., 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 695 


vol. 5, p. 42, 1930 (Far East seas).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. 
Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 20, 1931 (Kagoshima). 

Engraulis japonica GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 72, 1880 
(inland Sea of Japan; Kobe).—TanaxkaA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 
46, 1933. 

Stolephorus japonicus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 148, 1874 
(references).—RutrEer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 64 
(Swatow).—JorRDAN and SNypER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 54, 1901 
(Japan).—JorDAN and SBALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 770, 1905 
(Philippines).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 24, 19387 (reference). 

Anchovia japonica SmirH and Pore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 462, 
1906 (Susaki). 

Engraulis commersonianus (not Lacépéde) RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, 
p. 808, 1846 (Seas of China). 

Engraulis ringens (not Jenyns) ISHIKAWA and MATSUURA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes 


Mus. Tokyo, p. 9, 1897. 

Depth 534 to 6; head 336 to 344, width 27% to 314. Snout 414 to 
514 in head; eye 344 to 414, greater than snout or interorbital; max- 
illary not quite reaching hind ridge of preopercle, length 114 to 1% 
in head; interorbital 5144 to 57%, convexly elevated. Gill rakers 
34+36, finely lanceolate, equal eye; gill filaments 44 gill rakers. 

Scales very caducous, most all fallen in preserved examples, 39 to 
41 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base; 8 transversely, 
20 or 21 predorsal. Pectoral axillary scale 44 length of fin, ventral 
axillary scale 84 fin length. Abdominal serrae absent. Scales with 
6 to 8 marginal striae; circuli fine, largely transverse. 

D. 1, 18, 1, or m1, 12, 1, first branched ray 124 to 144 in head; A. 11 
or 11, 14, 1 to 16, 1, first branched ray 2% to 3; caudal 114 to 114, 
deeply forked, lobes rather slender and sharp pointed; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 324 to 4; pectoral 184 to 144; ventral 224 to 214. 

Back brown, also upper surface of head till level with upper eye 
edge. Sides and lower surface of body silvery white. Iris silvery 
white. Dorsal and caudal brownish, lower fins whitish. 

China, Japan, Korea. Reported from the Philippines by Elera, 
though his reference may have pertained to market specimens from 
Japan 
U.S.N.M. No. 44882. Japan. Japanese Government. Length, 120 ?-131 ? mm. 

4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 45256. Gensan, Korea. P. L. Jouy. Length, 45 and 46 mm. 

2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 48190. Esan, Japan. S. Nozawa. Length, 125-1830 mm. 2 ex- 
amples. 
U.S.N.M, No. 57807. Tsuruga, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 64-86 mm. 

10 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59786. Susaki, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 62 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No 62330. Aomori, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 78-100 mm. 
2 examples. 


156861—40——-45 


696 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 62331. Onomichi, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 102-115 
mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71189. Tomakomai, Japan. Albatross collection. 1906. Length 
52-80 mm. 30 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71295. Otaru, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 86-93 mm. 
3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71368. Misaki, Japan. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 67- 
72mm. 18 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 82609. Misaki. Albatross collection. Length, 118 mm. 


Genus ANCHOVIELLA Fowler 


Anchoviella Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 211. (Type, 
Engraulis perfasciatus Poey, orthotypic.) 

Menidia Browne, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ed. 2, p. 46, 1789. (Nonbinomial.) (Type, 
Atherina browni Gmelin, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of 
Fishes, pt. 1, p. 46, 1917.) 

Encrasicholus (Commerson) LackpEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 458, 1803 
(name in synonymy). (Nonbinomial). (Type, Clupea vittargentea Lacé- 
péde, designated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 71, 
1917.) 


Body elongate. Snout prominent. Eye moderate. Maxillary may 
reach to gill opening. Teeth fine, in jaws, on vomer, palatines, ptery- 
goids and tongue. Gill rakers 25 to 50. Branchiostegals 11 to 18. 
Scales thin, very deciduous. Preventral spiny scutes not over 7. 
Dorsal usually without small predorsal spine, entirely or partly before 
anal. Anal short, rays 15 to 23. Upper pectoral ray not extended. 

Small translucent marine fishes always with a distinct silvery later- 
al band. They live in large schools, feeding upon plankton and 


nekton. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


GetAnalerays ta yori 4s ee es 8 LE eee cae epee Sie ale ee eee celebica 
CBeAN a hays et Opto Ona eee ee ee pseudoheteroloba 
a*. Anal rays 19 to 23. 
b’. Anal origin behind dorsal base; D. 13 to 15. 
c’. Anal length 6 in total length. 
ad’. Seales 35 or 36; maxillary tapers behind, end rounded, reaches hind 
preoperclejedee: tsa ee ee ees Se aioe 1 heteroloba 
d*. Seales 41 to 44; maxillary truncate behind, reaches mandibular joint. 
purpurea 
c*. Anal length 7 to 714 in total length; maxillary truncate behind, reaches 
MANGIA ON ISCATCS es ee ee zollingeri 
b*. Anal origin below dorsal base. 
e’. Abdominal scutes 8 or 9 between pectorals and ventrals; maxillary 
reaches) all (opening les oe 22. Ue ee ee holodon 
e. Abdominal scutes 6 or 7 between pectorals and ventrals; maxillary 
reaches gill opening; anal length 5 to 514 in total length. 


e*. Abdominal scutes 6 between pectorals and ventrals; maxillary 
reaches -preopercle jangle2=_ 2-7 tee eee chinensis 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 697 


e*. Abdominal scutes 4 or 5 (to 8 in baganensis) between pectorals 
and ventrals. 
g. Maxillary reaches front edge of preopercle; anal length 524 to 


Gringtotalwlens th sete soe ee Beers ae eee indica 

g’. Maxillary reaches gill opening. 
h*, Anal length 4%o to 514 in total length_________ bataviensis 
iV? Anal length 414 to.5, initotal lensth=-=-) 4 jek tri 
h®. Anal length 435 to 4% in total length__________ baganensis 


a‘, Anal rays 31 to 34. 
i’. Depth rather over 3; head 414; dorsal origin midway be- 


tween snout tip and caudal base________________ nasuta 
i. Depth rather less than 3% ; head 344 ; dorsal origin 14 nearer 
snoutwtip than’ caudally bases.) ee aestuaria 


ANCHOVIELLA CELEBICA (Hardenberg) 


Stolephorus celebicus HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, p. 262, 
1933 (type locality: Menado, Celebes) ; Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 827, fig. 
9, 19384 (Menado). 

Depth 6 to 6%; head 325 to 3%. Snout somewhat shorter than 
eye; eye 4 to 414 in head; maxillary reaches to mandibulary joint, 
dilated posteriorly, truncated, space from snout tip, to hind end of 
maxillary 124 to 114 in head, 414 to 5 in body length. Lower gill 
rakers 23 to 25. 

Scales 85 or 36 in lateral series; 8 transversely. Scales not very 
deciduous, striated. No abdominal scutes. Vertebrae 43 or 44, of 
which 19 or 20 caudal. 

D. 14 or 15, origin postmedian in space between snout tip and 
first rays of caudal; A. 13 or 14, inserted behind dorsal, 724 to 714 
in length or somewhat longer than snout and eye; space from anal 
origin to caudal base 14 to 34 length of pectoral fin shorter than 
space between anal origin and pectoral base; pectoral rays 15, fin 
shorter than postorbital part of head; ventral rays 7, fin 24 of 
pectoral. 

A silvery lateral band. Black spot on occiput. Back and caudal 
powdered with black. Other fins hyaline. 

Length, 100 mm. (Hardenberg.) 

East Indies. Related to Anchoviella zollingeri, said to differ 
chiefly in fin rays, longer head, anal nearer caudal, and without 
abdominal scutes. 


ANCHOVIELLA PSEUDOHETEROLOBA (Hardenberg) 


Stolephorus pseudoheterolobus HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
pt. 2, p. 261, 1933 (type locality: Riouw and Lingga Archipelago; Mo- 
luccas) ; Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 325, fig. 7, 1984 (Java; Sumatra; 
Celebes; Amboina). 


Depth 544 to 614; head 344 to 414. Snout somewhat shorter than 
eye; eye 314 to 4 in head; maxillary reaches somewhat behind man- 


698 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


dibulary joint, dilated posteriorly, pointed, distance from snout tip 
to hind end of maxillary 424 to 4%) in length, 114 in head. Lower 
gill rakers 23 to 25. 

Scales 38 in lateral series; 9 transversely. Scales very deciduous, 
scarcely striated. Abdominal scutes 4 to 6, last one remote from ven- 
trals. Vertebrae 43, of which 20 caudal. 

D. 14 or 15, origin midway to little behind in space between snout 
tip and first rays of caudal; A. 16 to 18, origin midway between pec- 
toral base or gill opening and caudal base; fin 544 to 614 in length, 
long as lower jaw, origin behind dorsal; pectoral rays 18 or 14, long 
as postorbital part of head; ventral rays 7, fin 24 of pectoral. 

A silvery lateral band. Black spot on occiput. Back and caudal 
fin powdered with black. Other fins hyaline. 

Length, mature at 65 mm, reaches 100 mm. (Hardenberg.) 

East Indies, on Java coast and Moluccas. Said to resemble 
Anchoviella heteroloba, but with shorter maxillary and lower body. 


ANCHOVIELLA HETEROLOBA (Riippell) 


Engraulis heterolobus Rtprett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 79, pl. 21, fig. 4, 1835 
(type locality: Red Sea).—GitnrHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 392, 
1868 (Red Sea; East Indies).—Ktunzinerer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 596, 1871 (Koseir) ; Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, 1872, p. 42 (Hobson 
Bay) ; Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl. vol. 80, p. 415, 1880 
(Cleveland Bay; Hobson Bay).—Macteay, Proe. Linn. Soe. New South 
Wales, vol. 9, p. 57, 1884 (compiled).—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 
p. 580, 1895 (Samar).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.- 
nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 157, 1907 (Gischin).—Weserr, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, 
Fische, p. 6, 19138 (Lombok).—Herre, Field Mus. Publ. 358, zool. ser., vol. 21, 
p. 34, 19386 (Fiji; Solomons). 

Engraulis heteroloba Martrens, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 379, 1866 
(Koseir, Red Sea). 

Stolephorus heterolobus BiEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 305, 
1866; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 126, pl. (7) 265, fig., 1866-72 
(Sumatra, Ternate, Amboina)—WEBER and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 44, 1913 (Java Sea, Lombok).—Hora, Mem. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 14, 1924 (Singora).—CHevry, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indochine, 19° note, p. 8, 1982 (Cochin China; Phu-Quoc; Annam).—HERRE, 
Journ. Pan-Pacifiec Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1983 (Dumaguete) .—HAaAr- 
DENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 324, fig. 6, 1984 (Java; Kangean Archi- 
pelago; Singapore; Bali)—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 16, 1934 (Dumaguete).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 24, 1937 (reference). 


Depth 5 to 6; head 344 to 4, width 5 to 5144. Snout very prom- 
inent, shorter than eye; eye 314 to 4 in head, greater than snout or 
interorbital; maxillary dilated at mandibulary joint, tapers pos- 
teriorly, rounded end reaching hind border of preopercle, length 
11% in head; interorbital 344 to 41%, convex. Gill rakers 15+22, flat- 
tened, slender, 3 times gill filaments, little shorter than eye. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 699 


Scales 33 or 34 in medial lateral series to caudal base and 3 more 
on latter; 8 or 9 transversely, 15 predorsal. Spiny scutes 5 between 
pectorals and ventrals. 

D. m1, 10 or m1, 11, origin nearer caudal than snout tip, far behind 
ventral origin, first branched ray 184 to 14% in head; A. m1, 14, 1 to m1, 
15 1, length about 6 in total length, origin just behind last dorsal 
rays, first branched ray 21% to 214; caudal deeply incised, about 5 in 
total length, or 14% to 11% in head; pectoral 134 to 144, long as post- 
ocular part of head, far distant from ventrals; ventral 234 to 3 in 
head, much longer than eye, origin midway between anal and pectoral 
bases. 

Yellowish or pale brown generally with silvery lateral band. Sides 
of head bright silvery white. Iris same. Fins all pale. 

Red Sea, Australia, East Indies. Reported from the Philippines 
previously by Elera. Known by its prominent snout and the bril- 
lant silvery white lateral band. 


1 example. Abuyog, Leyte. July 22, 1909. Length, 44 mm. 

4 examples. Baganga Bay, Zambales Province. May 18, 1908. Length, 45-65 
mm. 

10 examples. 1897. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 34-70 mm. 

9 examples. Masinloc Bay, Zambales Province. November 22, 1908. Length, 
55-71 mm, 

21 examples. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20, 1909. Length, 63-68 
mm. 

1 example. Nogas Point, Panay. February 3, 1908. Length, 54 mm. 

2 examples. Olongapo, Hast Luzon. January 7, 1908. Length, 69-73 mm. 

7i examples. Port Bais Anchorage. November 31, 1908. Length, 33-44 mm. 

2 examples. Port Caltom. December 15, 1908. Length, 68 ?-72 mm. 

123 examples. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 3448 mm. 

14 examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 18, 1908. Length, 48-70 mm. 

20146, 20147. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 22, 1908. Length, 65-71 mm. 

20198. Sangley Point, Cavite, Luzon. March 23, 1908. Length, 74 mm. 

1 example. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 238, 1908. Length, 68 mm. 

19 examples. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length, 41-46 mm. 

7 examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 22, 1908. Length 3847 mm. 

4 examples. Varadero Bay. July 23, 1908. Length 47-53 mm. 

1 example. Tifu Bay, Bouru Island, Dutch East Indies. December 10, 1909. 
Length, 68 mm. 

10 examples. D. 5581. September 26, 1909. Length, 10-38 mm. 


ANCHOVIELLA PURPUREA (Fowler) 


Stolephorus purpureus Fow er, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 497, 
pl. 19, fig. 1 (type locality: Hawaiian Islands).—JorpAN and JorDAN, Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 8, 1922 (Hawaii). 

Anchovia purpurea JENKINS, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 432, 1904 
(Honolulu).—Swnyver, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, 1902, p. 521, 1904 
(Honolulu).—JorDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, 
1903, p. 60, fig. 12, 1905 (Honolulu, Hilo, Kailua).—FowLrr, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 214 (types; Hawaiian Islands) ; Copeia, No. 
112, p. 82, 1922 (Hawaii). 


700 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Engraulis purpureus GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 78, 1909 
(Hawaiian Islands).—Fow.Lrer, Bishop Mus., Bull. 22, p. 23, 1925 (Hono- 
lulu) ; Bull. 38, p. 5, 1927 (Honolulu) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 33, 
1928 (Honolulu, types; Hawaii; Kahului). 


Depth 5 to 534, belly rounded; head 31% to 334, width 244. Snout 
324 to 5 in head; eye 314 to 4, greater than snout or interorbital; 
maxillary not quite reaching mandible base, length 114 to 124 in 
head; interorbital 414 to 514, broadly convex. Gull rakers 21+21, 
fine, 114 in eye; gill filaments 14 gill rakers. 

Scales rather adherent, 38 to 41 in median lateral series to caudal 
base and 8 more on latter; 9 or 10 transversely, 19 to 21 predorsal. 
Scaly axillary flap 114 in pectoral. No abdominal serrae. Scales 
with 1 or 2 transverse or vertical striae; circuli very fine, vertically 
parallel. 

D. ut, 10, 1 to m1, 12, 1, first branched ray 13% to 124 in head; A. 
m1, 14, 1 or mm, 15, 1, first branched ray 214 to 2%; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 114 to 124, small, well forked, rather short and 
lobes pointed; pectoral 17% to 2; ventral 214 to 23%. 

Body very pale brown, under surface whitish. Scales with tinsel- 
like iridescent shades of violet. Broad silvery white lateral band, 
width equals eye on caudal peduncle. 

Hawaiian Islands. 


U.S.N.M. No. 51056. Hawaii. U. S. Fish Commission. Length, 55-68 mm. 5 
examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55421. Hawaii. Jordan and Evermann. 1901. Length, 65 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55422. Hilo, Hawaii. U. S. Fish Commission. Length, 69 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55426. Honolulu ? 1901. Jordan and Evermann. Length, 55-63 
mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55444. Honolulu. Albatross collection. Length, 38-76 mm. 2 
examples. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 28829, 23330. Hawaiian Islands. Dr. W. H. Jones. Length, 55- 
88mm. Types of Stolephorus purpureus. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 29428 to 29436. Kahului, Maui. Stanford University. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 28186 to 28192. Hawaiian Islands. Stanford University. 


ANCHOVIELLA ZOLLINGERI (Bleeker) 


Engraulis gollingeri BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Arch., vol. 3, p. (69) 73, 1849 (type 
locality: Macassar, Celebes).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 387, 1867 (no locality)—WeEsBER, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 6, 
1913 (Lombok; Nusa-Laut).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 353, zool. 
ser. vol. 21, p. 35, 1936 (Fiji). 

Stolephorus (Stolephorus) zollingeri BireKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 
3, p. 3803, 1866 (Batavia, Java; Padang, Sumatra; Bali; Celebes; Amboina). 

Stolephorus zollingeri BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 126, pl. (6) 
266, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Bali, Celebes, Amboina).—WEBER and 
BrAvrort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 44, 1913 (Lombok ; 
Nusa-Laut).—CHeEvey, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note p. 8, 1982 (Cam- 
bodia; Phu-Quoc).—HARpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 326, fig. 8, 
1984 (Ambon; Menado; Puger). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 701 


Anchovia zollingeri FowLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 1922, p. 
2 (Takao, Formosa). 

Anchoviella zollingeri Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 
69, fig. 4, 1984 (Sanoer, Bali). 


Depth 5 to 634; head 314 to 334, width 214 to 214. Snout 4 to 
42/ in head; eye 314 to 4, greater than snout or interorbital; maxil- 
lary reaches mandibular joint, not to hind preopercle edge, truncated 
behind, length 114 to 114 in head; interorbital slightly less than 
eye. Gill rakers about 17+17 to 20, very fine, slender elongate, much 
longer than gill filaments or nearly equal eye. 

Scales 35 to 87 (pockets) in medial lateral series to caudal base; 
(8 or 9 transversely). Scales caducous. Abdominal scutes 4 or 5 
between pectorals and ventrals. 

D. m1, 10 to m1, 12, first branched ray 134 to 144 in head; A. 1m, 
13 to m1, 14, first branched ray 3; least depth of caudal peduncle 
3lf to 314; caudal subequal with head, forked; pectoral 124; ventral 
23/4, to 244. 

Above brownish, below silvery white. Iris silvery white.  IIl- 
defined silvery lateral band. 

East Indies, Formosa, Polynesia. 


6 examples. Abuyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 35-40 mm. 

2 examples. Baganga Bay. May 15, 1908. Length, 4448 mm. 

i example. Butauanan Island. June 12, 1909. Length, 62 mm. 

D. 5581. Bumbum Island (N. W.), S. 83° W., 3.5 miles (lat. 4°30’25’’ N., long. 
118°41’30’’ EB.) September 25, 1909. Length, 73-78 mm. 

1 example. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 64 mm. 

1 example. Maribojoc, Bohol. March 25, 1909. Length, 48 mm. 

2 examples. Mati, Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15, 1908. Length, 37-38 mm. 

14 examples. Nasugbu, Luzon. January 16, 1908. Length, 29-50 mm. 

65 examples. Nasugbu. January 21, 1908. Length, 27-41 mm. 

1 example. Nogas Point, Panay. February 3, 1908. Length, 48 mm. 

6529, 65380. Off Daet. June 15, 1909. Length, 58-60 mm. 

584 examples. Port Bais Anchorage. March 31, 1908. Length, 40-55 mm. 

1 example. Port Binanga. January 8, 1908. Length, 35 mm. 

70 examples. Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 40-65 mm. 

4 examples. Port Dupon. May 6, 1908. Length, 35-42 mm. 

1 example. Port Jamelo. July 12, 1908. Length, 60 mm. 

1 example. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length, 65 mm. 


ANCHOVIELLA HOLODON (Boulenger) 


Engraulis holodon BouLencer, Marine Invest. South Africa, vol. 1, p. 12, 1902 
(type locality: Zwartkops River, Algoa Bay).—Grmcurist, Marine Invest. 
South Africa, vol. 6, 1901, p. 154, 1902 (reference).—RerGAN, Ann. Durban 
Mus., vol. 2, p. 197, 1917-20 (Durban). 

Stolephorus holodon BarnarpD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 1, p. 117, 
1925 (Delagoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, Natal). 

Anchoviella holodon Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 412, 
19384 (Natal; Durban; St. Lucia, North Zululand); vol. 87, p. 366, 1935 
(Durban beach). 


702 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Engraulis encrasicholus (not Linnaeus) Pappr, Synops. Hdible Fishes Cape of 
Good Hope, p. 21, 1853 (Cape of Good Hope).—BterKer, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederland. Indié, vol. 21, p. 56, 1860 (reference) —CastTELNAU, Mem. Poiss. 
Afrique Australe, p. 68, 1861 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Stolephorus extensus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, No. 11, 
p. 382, 1926 (type locality : Mauritius). 

Depth 614; head 4% . Snout 114 in eye, pointed, projecting; 
eye 324; maxillary ends at mandibular joint, tip rounded, length 
equals head behind eye; teeth small, distinct in jaws, on vomer, 
palatines, and pterygoids; opercle smooth. Lower gill rakers 27, 
114 in eye. 

Scales about 40 in medial lateral series, caducous. Ventral profile 
with 2 spines between pectorals and ventrals. 

D. 16, dorsal origin midway between eye center and caudal base, 
length equals fin base; A. 20, origin below tenth dorsal ray, base 6149 
in standard length; caudal about equals head, forked; pectoral equals 
head behind eye; ventral 21% in head, rays 7. 

Light brown. Narrow silvery stripe from head to caudal, edge 
not very well outlined; narrow anteriorly, broadens posteriorly to 
pupil width. Length not given. (Jordan and Seale.) 

Mauritius, South Africa. Stolephorus exwtensus seems synonymous. 
According to Barnard the ventral scutes 8 or 9+6 or 7 and the species 
reaches 70mm. The only point at variance he gives is that the maxil- 
lary tapers to a blunt point behind and extends to edge of gill cover. 


ANCHOVIELLA WAITEI (Jordan and Seale) 


Stolephorus waitei JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 379, 
1926 [type locality: Queensland (Beddone) ]. 

Depth 5; head 5. Snout 2 in eye, short, pointed, projecting ; maxil- 
lary reaches gill opening, length equals head without snout; teeth 
small, distinct in jaws, on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and hyoid; 
opercle smooth. Lower gill rakers 23, longest 14 of eye. 

Scales 40 in medial lateral series, caducous; scales with complete 
striae. Ventral scutes 5 to 7 between pectorals and ventrals. 

D. 14, origin midway between nostril and caudal base, longest ray 
subequal with or little longer than fin base; A. 19, origin below tenth 
dorsal ray, base 6 in standard length; caudal equals head, forked, 
lower lobe longer; pectoral equals head posterior of middle of eye; 
ventral equals space from snout tip to eye center, rays 7. 

Silvery, with slight shade of light brown. Very distinctly outlined 
silvery lateral stripe from head to caudal, width 114 in eye. Length, 
110mm. (Jordan and Seale.) 

North Australia. Although originally said to be most nearly 
related to Anchoviella indica it surely is very close to Anchoviella 
commersonii. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 703 


ANCHOVIELLA COMMERSONII (Lacépéde) 


Stolephorus commersonii LAckpipE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 381, 382, pl. 12. 
fig. 1, 1803 (no locality; on Commerson).—BLEeeKerR, Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 4, p. 148, 1874 (compiled ; Amoy).—WEBER and BEAUFORT, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 45, fig. 19, 1913 (Batavia, Samarang, 
Nias, Balikpapan, Kangeang, Salibabu).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, 
livr. 3, p. 328, fig. 5, 1934 (Java; Sumatra; Borneo).—Roxas, Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 55, No. 3, p. 265, pl. 2, fig. 2 (scale), 1984 (Luzon; Leyte) .— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 228, 1986 (Batu Ampar; Telok 
Pekadai, Borneo).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manilla Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 24, 1987 (reference). 

Stolephorus commersoni CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
note, p. 8, 1926 (Cochinchina).—HerrE, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, 
No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 15, 
19384 (Banang Sur; Dumaguete). 

Anchovia commersonnii Fowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 
vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang, Sumatra) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
1911, p. 218 (same examples). 

Anchovia commersonit BEAN and WEED, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 592, 
1912 (Batavia).—Fow.Ler, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines). 

Engraulis commersonii Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 
p. 258, 1927 (San Fernando; Bangued; Santa Maria; Vigan; Philippines) ; 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, p. 704, 1928 (Colombo, Ceylon) ; 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 600 (19380) (Hong Kong; note). 

Anchoviella commersonit Fower, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, 
p. 69, 1984 (Benoa; Sanoer, Bali) ; vol. 89, p. 131, 1957 (Bangkok; Paknam ; 
Tachin). 

Anchoviella commersonnii FowtLrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 32, 1988 (reference) 
(error). 

Scutengraulis commersonii FowLrr, Hong Kong Nat. vol. 2, p. 200, 1951 (ref- 
erence). 

Stolephorus commersionianus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 128, 
pl. (1) 259, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Bali, Sumatra, Singapore, Bin- 
tang, Banka, Borneo, Celebes, Batjan, Amboina). 

Commersonian atherine SuHaw, General zoology, vol. 5, pl. 118, upper fig., 1804 
(no locality). 

Engraulis commersonianus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 388, 1868 
(Zanzibar; Bengal).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 629, pl. 158, fig. 1, 1878 
(India ).—BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 666 (Muscat) .—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 394, 1889—WesEr, Siboga Exped., 
Fische, vol. 57, p. 5, 19138 (ianglang Island, Menado, Salibabu Island).— 
Prntay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 3, p. 356, 1929 (Travancore. )— 
TIRANT, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, p. 112, 1929 (Phuquoe, 
Poulo-Condore).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 21, 
fig. 16, 1929 (Amoy). 

Anchovia commersoniana JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 
771, 1905 (Negros) ; Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 5, 1907 (Manila). 

Clupea vittargentea Lactpipr, Hist. Nat, Poiss., vol. 5, p. 458, 1803 (type 
locality: Mauritius). (On Commerson. ) 

Engraulis brownii (not Gmelin) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 41, 
1848 (Bombay, Pondicherry, mouth of Arian-Coupang river, Batavia, Mauri- 
tius).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 39, 1852 
(Java).—Kwner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 332, 1865 (Java). 


704 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Stolephorus browni BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 57, 1865 
(Amoy.) 

Stolephorus (Stolephorus) brownii BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 294, 1868 (Rio, Bintang). 

? Hngraulis carpentariae DEVIs, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 
320, 18838 (type locality: Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria ).—MAcLEay, 
Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 57, 1884 (compiled). 

Anchovia apiensis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25 (1905), p. 187, 
fig. 8, 1906 (type locality: Apia, Samoa). 

Engraulis apiensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 6, p. 378, 1909 
(Samoa).—Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 83, 1928 (type of 
Anchovia apiensis).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 353, zool, ser., 
vol. 21, p. 33, 1986 (Fiji; Samoa). 

Engraulis koreanus K1isHINovyE, Journ. Imp. Fisher. Bur. Tokyo, vol. 14, p. 101, 
1907 (type locality: Korea). 

Anchovia koreana JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 167, 
1909 (Takao). 

Stolephorus koreanus Mort, Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 
(Ruganho, Korea). 

Depth 4 to 44%; head 4, width 21% to 214. Snout 41% to 484 in 
head ; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or interorbital, covered with 
adipose membrane; maxillary reaches gill opening, expansion 224 in 
eye, length 1 to 114 in head; row of fine teeth on each maxillary and 
narrow bands on vomer and palatines; interorbital 31% to 4, slightly 
convex. Gill rakers 17 to 19+21 to 28, lanceolate, greater than gill 
filaments or 124 in eye. 

Scales 33 to 35 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base 
and 3 more on latter, very caducous; 7 to 9 scales transversely, 18 to 
21? predorsal. Pectoral axillary scale 24 of fin; ventral axillary 
scale % of fin. Abdominal serrae 4 to 7 denticles between pectoral 
and ventral bases, none on postventral. Venulose area at shoulder. 
Scales with 7 vertical striae; circuli very fine, as parallel transverse 
striae. 

D. 1, 11,1 to m1, 14, 1, inserted little nearer caudal base than front 
vye edge, third simple ray 134 to 134 in head; A. m1, 17, 1 to m1, 19, 1, 
inserted opposite last 24 in depressed dorsal length, first branched 
ray 1%, to 2 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 234; 
pectoral 114 to 154; ventral 2 to 214; caudal 334 to 344 in combined 
head and body, forked. 

Largely pale brown. Faint silvery lateral band, less than eye in 
width, widest on caudal peduncle. Iris gray. Dorsal and caudal 
gray, other fins whitish. 

Arabia, Zanzibar, Mauritius, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philip- 
pines, China, Formosa, Korea, Polynesia. Known by its maxillary 
reaching the gill opening and 4 to 7 abdominal denticles between the 
pectoral and ventral bases. Weber and Beaufort’s figure shows 14 
abdominal denticles before the ventral origin of which 2 anterior 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 705 


to the pectoral origin, besides 7 which are behind the ventral base. 

I cannot see that the imperfectly described Engraulis carpentariae 
De Vis differs from the present species. 

Depth 424 to 5 (without caudal) ; head 424 to 5. Snout 4 in head; 
eye 3; maxillary not reaching beyond gill opening; teeth in both 
jaws. 

D. 15, orgin nearer caudal than to snout; A. 21, origin opposite 
middle of dorsal. 

Color of skin (scales lost) orange, with rather broad silvery streak. 
Head pale silvery. Large black spot on each side of occiput with 
few black dots around it. Black dots along spine and on each inter- 
neural joint of dorsal and anal. Caudal punctuated with black, 
other fins white, immaculate. Length, 38 mm. (De Vis.) 


538 exampes. Abuyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 33-85 mm. 

20144. Bacoor, Luzon. June 15, 1908. Length, 74 mm. 

5 examples. Baganga Bay. May 5, 1908. Length, 76-108 mm. 

2 examples. Batangas, Luzon. January 7, 1908. Length, 71-80 mm. 

4 examples. Cavite market. June 14, 1908. Length, 98-107 mm. 

5 examples. Cavite and San Roque markets. June 27,1908. Length, 76-88 mm. 

7540, 7741. Cotabato, Mindoro. May 20, 1908. Length, 100 mm. 

4 examples. Dagupan, Luzon. March 19, 1908. Length, 30-60 mm. 

1 example. Hinunangan beach, Leyte. July 30, 1909. Length, 38 mm. 

3 examples. Iloilo market. March 28, 1908. Length, 88-95 mm. 

9 examples. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 88-105 mm. 

2 examples. Luzon shore, San Vicente Harbor. November 13, 1908. Length, 
40-42 mm. 

13 examples. Malampaya River, Palawan. December 26, 1908. Length, 
49-61 mm. 

5160, 5161. Manila market. December 12 to 18, 1907. Length, 65-100 mm. 

10 examples. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length, 40-55 mm. 

1 example. Mati, Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length, 61 mm. 

1 example. North end of Endeavour Strait, northwest coast of Palawan. De- 
cember 22, 1908. Length, 93 mm. 

2 examples. Parang, Mindanao. May 23, 1908. Length, 36-39 mm. 

1 example. Port Dupon, Leyte. May 6, 1908. Length, 76 mm. 

2 examples. Port Dupon, March 17, 1909. Length, 78-86 mm. 

1 example. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 50 mm. 

1 example. Pucot River, Mariveles. January 29, 1909. Length, 92 mm. 

19468, 19508. Tagay River tidewater. March 10, 1909. Length, 95-104 mm. 

22328. River at Pasacao, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length, 85 mm. 

20080. River at Nakoda Bay, Palawan. December 31, 1908. Length, 80 mm. 

22299. Rosa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length, 70 mm. 

1 example. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length, 
75 mm. 

7 examples. Tacloban market. July 25, 1909. Length, 60-73 mm. 

5examples. Ulugan Bay, near mouth of Baheli River. December 28, 1908. 
Length, 36-46 mm. 

7examples. Verde del Sur Island, Palawan. April 6, 1909. Length, 80-110 mm. 

73 examples. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 33-58 mm. 
19987. 


706 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


2lexamples. Sebatic Island, Borneo. October 1909. Length, 37-64 mm. 
3examples. Sebatic Island. November 3, 1909. Length, 68-77 mm. 
Qexamples. Tifu Bay, Bouru Island. Length, 61-107 mm. 


ANCHOVIELLA CHINENSIS (Giinther) 


Engraulis chinensis GintHer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 73, 1880 (on 
Giinther 1868). 

Engraulis japonica (not Houttuyn) GUnrHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, 
p. 890, 1868 (type locality: China). 


Depth 5; head 414. Snout pointed, much projecting beyond lower 
jaw; maxillary very finely toothed, produced and pointed behind, 
extending to preopercle angle. Branchiostegals 13. 

Scales 42 in medial lateral series. Abdomen compressed before 
ventrals with 6 scutes. 

D. 17, origin nearer caudal base than end of snout; A. 22, begins 
below middle of dorsal. 

A well-defined silvery band narrower than orbit runs along side. 
(Giinther. ) 

China. Size not given. 


ANCHOVIELLA INDICA (Van Hasselt) 


Engraulis indica VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst-Letterbode, p. 329, 1823 (type 
locality: Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 629, pl. 158, fig. 3, 1878 
(India) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 394, 1889.—Weser, Zool. 
Nederland. Ost Ind., vol. 3, p. 427, 1894 (Tanette River mouth, Celebes) .— 
STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 115, pt. 1, 
p. 1424, 1906 (Upolu).—Ginruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 377, 
1909 (Tahiti) —Weser, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 5, 1913 (Labuan 
Tring; Siau).—Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 33, 1928 (compiled). 

Engraulis indicus Fow irr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 259 
(Orion; Philippines).—Pirtay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, 
p. 306, 1929 (Travancore).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 
6° note, p. 118, 1929 (Cochinchina). 

Stolephorus indicus BireKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 127, pl. 
(1) 259, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Java, Sumatra, Bali, Celebes, Bawean, Pinang, 
Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Batjan, Ternate, Amboina).—WEBER and Brav- 
ForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 46, 1913 (Madura, Lom- 
bok, Nias, Macassar, Tanette).—JorpAn and Swan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 67, p. 379, 1926 (Java; Straits Settlements).—CHeEvey, Inst. Océanogr. 
Indo-chine, 19° note, p. 8, 19832 (Cambodia ; Cochinchina ; Annam).—HarpEN- 
BERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, p. 263, 1933 (reference).—HERRE, 
Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete).—HARDEN- 
BERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 322, fig. 4, 1984 (Java; Borneo; Sumatra; 
Celebes).—Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 16, 1934 
(Cebu, Dumaguete; Atimonan); Mid-Pacifie Mag., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 168, 
April-June 1935 (Pelew Islands).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 24, 1937 ( reference).—Suvatti, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 14, 1937 (Canthiburi; Songkhla; Gulf of Siam). 

Stolephorus indicus indicus Harpenserc. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Indie, vol. 93, D. 
263, 1983 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 707 


Anchovia indica JorDAN and EveRMANN, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 328, 
1902 (Formosa, Suwata).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 
p. 636, 1906 (Formosa).—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906, 
p. 5, 1907 (Cavite).—EvERMANN and SEALs, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906, 
p. 54, 1907 (Bulan).—Jorpan and RicHarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, 
p. 166, 1909 (Takao).—BrEAN and WEED, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 592, 
1912 (Batavia).—Srate, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 59, 1914 (Hong 
Kong).—Scumut, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, p. 177, 
1931 (Kominato, Riu Kiu). 

Scutengraulis indica FowLer, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 200, 1931 (reference). 

Anchoviella indica Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 69 
(Sanoer; Den Pasar, Bali), p. 86, 1934 (Chieng Mai?); vol. 86, p. 412, 
1934 (Durban) ; Ann. Natal Mus., vol. 7, p. 404, text-fig. 1, 1984 (Durban) ; 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 181, 1987 (Bangkok; Paknam) ; 
List Fish. Malaya, p. 32, 247, 1988 (reference). 

Engraulis albus Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 293, 1839 
(on Nattoo Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 71, pl. 187, 1803, 
type locality: Vizagapatam). 

Engraulis brownii (not Gmelin) Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, 
p. 1285, 1849 (Malay Peninsula and islands).—BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. 
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 64, 1861 (Pinang).—Day, Fishes of 
Malabar, p. 237, 1865.—GiinTHrR, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 123, 1866 
(Zanzibar). 

Engraulis balinensis BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bali), vol. 22, p. 11, 
1849 (type locality: Boleling, Bali). 

Anchovia baliensis FowLER and BrAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, p. 2, 
1922 (Takao, Formosa). 

Engraulis russellii BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 
388, 1852 (type locality: Batavia, Samarang; Boleling, Bali).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 390, 1868 (Amboina; Malay Peninsula ).— 
Diuncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 185, 1904 (Singapore). 

Stolephorus russeli BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 236, 1863 
(reference; Ternate). 

Engraulis samam inan THIOLLIERE, Fauna Woodlark, p. 208, 1857 (type locality : 
Woodlark Island). 

Engraulis encrasicholus (not Linnaeus) GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 
4, vol. 18, p. 158, 1874 (Chefoo). 

Anchovia commersonii (not Lacépéde) Fow rr, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(part; Philippines). 

Stolephorus insularum JorpDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, 
p. 881, 1926 (Tahiti). 

Stolephorus indicus nanus HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 98, 

p. 263, 1933 (type locality, no locality given). 


Depth 5 to 514; head 31% to 414, width 214 to 224. Snout 3% 
to 414 in head; eye 314 to 334, greater than snout or interorbital; 
maxillary reaches hind preopercle edge or but slightly beyond, 
length 114 to 124 in head; interorbital 314 to 414, low, nearly level. 
Gill rakers 20+21 or 22, slender, lanceolate, little longer than gill 
filaments or 134 in eye. 

Scales 35 to 87 (pockets) in median lateral series to caudal base; 
8 to 10 transversely, 20 to 22 predorsal. Abdominal scutes 5 be- 


708 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


tween pectorals and ventrals. Scales with 5 to 7 transverse vertical 
striae; circuli as very fine parallel vertical striae. 

D. mm, 13, first branched ray 135 to 144 in head; A. m or m, 16 
or 17, first branched ray 2 to 214; caudal 114 to 114, deeply forked, 
rather short lobes obtusely pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 
224 to 3; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 3 to 314. 

Pale brownish. Head laterally with silvery white. Brown blotch 
on top of head. Broad silvery white band, little wider than pupil 
though little less than eye, from shoulder to caudal base medianly, 
greatest expansion opposite dorsal. Iris yellowish white. Dorsal 
and caudal grayish, other fins pale brownish. 

Zanzibar, India, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, 
Philippines, China, Formosa, Melanesia, Polynesia. I cannot help 
thinking Stolephorus insularum is the present species. It is said 
to show: Depth 6%»; maxillary not extending posterior to mandible, 
tip truncate; lower gill rakers 28; 2 ventral spines between pec- 
torals and ventrals; length 75 to 92 mm. 


4 examples. Balamban, Cebu. April 2, 1908. Length, 35-88 mm. 

20 examples. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 20-37 mm. 

5955. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length, 91 mm. 

6251, 6252. Cebu market. August 29, 1909. Length, 91 mm. 

D. 5176. Escarceo Light, S. 57° E., 7 miles (lat. 18°35’15’’ N., long. 120°53’20'’ 
E.), Verde Island Passage. March 24, 1908. Length, 19-29 mm. 6 examples. 

D. 5532. Gigantangan Island (S.), S. 33° E., 3.8 miles (lat. 11°36’39’’ N., long. 
124°13'30’’ H.), between Masbate and Leyte. August 13, 1909. Length, 20 
mm. 

20517, 20518. Guijulugan shore. April 2, 1909. Length, 106-110 mm. 

4 examples. Hinunangan beach, Leyte. July 3, 1909. Length, 35-41 mm. 

2 examples. Iloilo market, Panay. March 28, 1908. Length, 92-118 mm. 

5 examples. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 94-124 mm. 

20159, 20160. Manila Bay. December 9, 1907. Length, 97-104 mm. 

5158, 5159. Manila market. December 12 to 18, 1907. Length, 90-96 mm. 

20 examples. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 1, 1909. Length, 35-65 mm. 

2 examples. Mati, Pujada Bay. May 15, 1908. Length, 43-77 mm. 

1 example. Nato, Luzon. June 19, 1909. Length, 106 mm. 

5 examples. Olongapo. January 7, 1908. Length, 22-35 mm. 

10 examples. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 5, 1908. Length, 33-55 mm. 

2 examples. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 50 mm. 

18 examples. Port San Vicente. November 18, 1908. Length, 23-48 mm. 

4 examples. Santa Cruz, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length, 41 or 42 mm. 

14 examples. San Vincent Harbor, Luzon shore. November 13, 1908. Length, 
2843 mm. 

1 example. Shore above Dloilo River, Panay. June 2, 1908. Length, 28 mm. 

1 example. Taal anchorage, East Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length, 31 mm. 

3 examples. Kowloon market, China. October 5, 1908. Length, 127 or 128 mm. 


ANCHOVIELLA BATAVIENSIS (Hardenberg) 


Stolephorus insularis bataviensis HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
p. 261, 1983 (type locality: Batavia). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 709 


Stolephorus insularis (not Jordan and Seale, 1926) HARpENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. 
Ned. Indie, vol. 93, p. 260, 1933 (type locality, along the Java coast; 
Moluccas) ; Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 321, fig. 3, 19384 (Java; Sumatra; 
Borneo; Celebes; Singapore). 

Stolephorus insularis insularis HARpDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
p. 261, 19383 (reference). 

Stolephorus insularis baweanensis HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 
93, p. 261, 1933 (type locality: Bawean, Java Sea). 

Stolephorus insularis oceanicus HARDENBERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
p. 261, 1933 (type locality: South coast of Java). 


Depth 4 to 414; head 344 to 414. Snout 34 of eye; eye 3149 to 
334 in head; maxillary reaches to gill opening, dilated above man- 
dibulary joint, pointed. Lower gill rakers 20 to 26. 

Scales 37 or 38 in lateral series; 9 or 10 transversely. Scales 
deciduous, scarcely striated. Abdominal scutes 4 to 7, spiny, last 
some distance before ventral. Vertebrae 39 to 41, of which 19 or 
20 caudal. 

D. 16 or 17, origin somewhat behind middle between snout tip and 
first rays of caudal; A. 20 to 23, origin midway between mandibulary 
joint or gill opening and caudal base, below dorsal, fin long as head 
without snout, 4% 9 to 514 in length; pectoral not reaching ventral, 
long as or longer than postorbital part of head, rays 12 to 14; ven- 
trals 24 of pectoral, inserted before dorsal or in middle between anal 
origin and pectoral base, rays 7. 

A silvery lateral band from head to caudal. Black spot on occiput. 
Back somewhat pigmented. Fins hyaline, caudal powdered with 
black. 

Length, mature at 60 mm., reaches 110 mm. (Hardenberg.) 

Java, Bawean, Moluccas, especially near islands at some distance 
from the coast. The various forms named by Hardenberg are based 
on slight differences in the averages for the counts of the vertebrae, 
and the pigmentation. 


ANCHOVIELLA TRI (Bleeker) 


Engraulis tri BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, 1852, p. 40, 
1852 (type locality: Batavia).—GtUNTHErR, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
7, p. 389, 1868 (type).—BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 148, 
1874 (name).—MA4rTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 1876 
(Batjan; Manila).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 630, pl. 158, fig. 6, 1878 
(Calcutta, India, Bombay); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 395, 
1889.—ELeErA, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 579, 1895 (Luzon; Manila).— 
DwuNcKer, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 185, 1904 (Kuala 
Langat; Kuala Salanga, Muar River).—Fow.Ler, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. 
Soc., vol. 382, p. 254, 1927 (Bombay); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 79, p. 259, 1927 (Santa Maria, Orani, Orion, Philippines).—TiRant, 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 113, 174, 1929 (Saigon, 
Thudaumot, Cochinchina).—HeErrer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 353, zool. 
ser., vol. 21, p. 35, 1986 (New Hebrides). 


710 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Stolephorus tri BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 57, 1865 (Amoy) ; 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 128, 1866-72 (Java; Banka; Borneo) .— 
WEBER and BEAuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 47, 
1918 (Bagan Api Api, Sumatra).—VincIeuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 
Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 622, 1926 (Sarawak).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 
13 livr. 1, p. 106, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api).—CHEVEy, Inst. Océanogr. Indo- 
chine, 19° note, p. 9, 1932 (Cochinechina ; Cambodia).—HERRE, Fishes Herre 
Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 16, 1984 (Bauang Sur; Manila; Cotabato) — 
Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 268, pl. 2, fig. 14, 1934 (Luzon; 
Samar; Guimaras).—HARpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 318, fig. 1, 
1934 (Java; Sumatra; Borneo).—HErrn, Mid-Pacific Mag. vol. 10, No. 2, p. 
163, April-June 1935 (Pelew Islands).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 
3, p. 228, 1986 (Telok, Pekadai, Borneo).—RoxaAs and MArtTINn, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 24, 1987 (reference). 

Stolephorus (Thrissa) tri BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, pl. (4) 
262, fig. 1, 1866—72. 

Scutengraulis tri FowLEr, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 201, 1931 (reference). 

Anchoviella tri Fowier, List Fish. Malaya, p. 33, 1938 (reference). 

Anchovia commersonii (not Lacépéde) FowLrer, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(part; Philippines). 

Stolephorus rex JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 380, 1926 
(type locality: Canara, India). 


Depth 414 to 41%; head 4 to 424, width 214 to 224. Snout 5 to 
51% in head; eye 324 to 324, greater than snout, equals interorbital ; 
maxillary variably not quite to hind preopercle edge, usually not to 
gill opening, length 1149 to 114 in head; interorbital 314 to 344, very 
slightly convex. Gill rakers 15+25, finely lanceolate, twice gill 
filaments or equal eye. 

Scales 28 to 30 (pockets) in medial lateral series to caudal base 
and 2 or 3 more on latter; 9 transversely, 18 or 19 predorsal. Scales 
very deciduous, all fallen. Scales with 4 or 5 vertical striae, 10 or 
11 reticulated marginally; circuli fine. Abdominal scutes 3 to 6 
between pectoral and ventral. 

D. 11, 12 or 1m, 13, first branched ray 114 to 124 in head; A. m1, 
15 to m1, 17, first branched ray 124 to 134, fin length less than 5 in 
entire length of fish; least depth of caudal peduncle 214, to 214; 
pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 2 to 214; caudal 3% to 4 in combined 
head and body. 

Faded pale brownish. Iris light slate. Cluster of dusky dots on 
top of head posteriorly, row along dorsal base, edges of caudal pedun- 
cle and anal base. Indistinct diffuse whitish median lateral band 
from humeral region above to caudal base medially, widest along 
sides of caudal peduncle though greatest width not greater than eye. 
Fins all pale or whitish. Caudal grayish terminally. 

India, Malay Peninsula, East Indies, Philippines. 


44 examples. Abuyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 33-88 mm. One with 
3 lernean parasites protruding from thorax. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 711 


ANCHOVIELLA BAGANENSIS (Hardenberg) 


Stolephorus baganensis HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 107, 1931 (Bagan 
Si Api Api fisheries; no description) ; Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
p. 258, 1933 (type locality: Bagan Si Api Api, Sumatra ; Borneo; Java) ; 
Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 319, fig. 2, 19834 (Java; Sumatra; Borneo). 

Stolephorus baganensis baganensis HArvENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 260, 
1934 (reference). 

Stolephorus baganensis macrops HARpensBerG, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. 93, 
pt. 2, p. 260, 1933 (type locality: Indragiri River mouth, Sumatra). 

Depth 3% to 4; head 414 to 434. Snout 2 in eye or less; eye 
314 to 334 in head; maxillary reaches gill opening, dilated above 
mandibulary joint, pointed. Lower gill rakers 20 to 29, according 
to localities. 

Scales 35 to 37 in lateral series; 8 or 9 transversely. Scales not 
deciduous, striated, in middle finely broken. Abdominal scutes 5 
to 8, last one inserted before ventrals. Vertebrae 38 or 39, of which 
19 or 20 caudal. 

D. 1, 14 to 16, origin somewhat behind middle between snout tip 
and first caudal rays, small spine in front of fin; A. 19 to 21, long 
as head or somewhat shorter, 424 to 434 in length, its origin below 
dorsal, midway between middle of opercle and base of caudal; pec- 
toral rays 12 to 14, reach to middle of pupil; ventral rays 7, 
24 of pectoral, inserted before dorsal, midway between anal origin 
and base of pectoral. 

A silvery lateral band. Black spot on occiput. Two thin lines 
of small pigment spots on back, from dorsal to caudal. Sides of 
back somewhat pigmented. Fins hyaline. Caudal bordered with 
black. 

Length, mature at 70 mm., reaches 110 mm. (Hardenberg.) 

Borneo, Sumatra, and Java, chiefly in estuaries. Closely related 
to Anchoviella tri, from which it is distinguished by the incomplete 
pigment lines on the back, running from the dorsal to the caudal 
only. In A. éri they extend from the head to the caudal. The salt- 
water Stolephorus baganensis macrops differs in a larger pupil and 
shorter anal fin or its length 5 to 514 in fish (41% in S. baganensis). 


ANCHOVIELLA NASUTA (Castelnau) 


Engraulis nasutus CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, pt. 1, 
p. 51, 1878 (type locality: Norman River, Guif of Carpentaria).—MAcLEAy, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 367, 1880 (copied) ; vol. 6, 
p. 257, 1881 (reference).—DerVis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, 
p. 319, 4882 (Brisbane River). 

Anchoviella nasutus MoCutLocH and WuHiItLey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8. 
pt. 2, p. 182, 1925 (reference). 


Depth rather over 3 without caudal; head 414. Snout obtuse, pro- 
duced, projects considerably beyond lower jaw; teeth very fine in 
156861—40——46 


712 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


both jaws; maxillary well prolonged; strong longitudinal ridge on 
upper surface of head. Abdomen compressed, entirely spiny. 

D. 12, origin midway in body without caudal; A. 32, extends well 
behind dorsal; caudal strongly forked. 

Silvery, upper parts light brown. Fins yellow. Length 175 mm. 
(Castelnau.) 

North Australia, Queensland. 


ANCHOVIELLA AESTUARIA (Ogilby) 


Anchovia aestuaria OcILBy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 23, p. 4, 1911 (type 
locality: Brisbane River, Queensland) ; Commerc. Fish. Fisher. Queensland, 
p. 47, 1915 (Brisbane). 

Anchoviella aestuaria McCULLocH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 8, 
pt. 2, p. 183, 1925 (reference). 

Depth 314; head 334. Snout 4%4 in head, vertically rounded in 
front extends before lower jaw space 34 of eye; eye 4; maxillary 
reaches slightly beyond mandibular articulation; jaws with series of 
minute teeth, tongue toothed; interorbital 4 in head. Lower gill 
rakers 24, longest 114 in eye. 

Scales 40 or 41 in medial lateral row; 9 or 10 transversely. Scales 
thin, easily detached. Ventral profile cultrate, rather strongly ser- 
rated. 

D. 13 or 14, origin little behind ventral, height 124 in head; A. 31 
to 34, height 124 in dorsal height; caudal peduncle depth 224; pectoral 
1145 ventral 214. 

Pale green above, sides and below silvery. Usually dusky shoulder 
spot. Longer dorsal rays and caudal lobes narrowly tipped with 
blackish. Length,150mm. (Ogilby). 

Queensland. 

Genus COILIA Gray 


Coilia GRAy, Zool. Misc., p. 9, 1881. (Type, Coilia hamiltonii Gray, monotypic.) 

Collia ScHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-15, p, 243, 1846. 
(Type, Coilia hamiltonii Gray.) 

Mystus (not Gronow 1763, Klein 1775, Scopoli 1777) LActrrpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 5, p. 406, 1803. (Type, Mystus clupeoides Lacépéde=Clupea mystus 
Linnaeus, monotypic.) 

Choetomus McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 405, 1848. (Type, 
Choetomus playfairii McCuLLocH, monotypic.) 

Leptonurus BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, p. 14, 1849. 
(Type, Leptonurus chrysostigma Bleeker.) 

Demicoilia JORDAN and SEALE, Copeia, No. 141, p. 28, 1925. (Type, Coilia quad- 
ragesimalis Valenciennes, orthotypic.) 


Body compressed, very elongate, narrowing behind in long slender 
tail. Mouth oblique. Maxillary more or less extended. Teeth in 
jaws, on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue; no canines. Lower 
gill rakers 20 to 30. Dorsal origin before that of anal. Anal rays 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 713 
35 to 116. Caudal forked, unequally united with anal. Pectoral with 
4 to 19 upper rays free, filamentous and much prolonged. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


@. ComzA. Maxillary not reaching beyond gill opening in adult. 
b*. Free pectoral filaments 4 to 6. 


c. Anal rays 35 to 42; abdominal serrae 5 to 8_-------- quadragesimalis 
c. Anal rays 75 to 116. 
@. Abdominal serrae 4 to 6+6 to 8; A. 80 to 116_______-___ dussumieri 
ad. Abdominal serrae 5+10 or 11. 
CmAVeNntralrayS (ost Sos ee ee ee ee cantoris 
CA APV@ IGE GTS, Meee Ss oe a es ramcarati 
CoeADOOMINaAIESCLEAe NM (GOs Ast Oona = ee rendahli 


b*. Free pectoral filaments 10; abdominal serrae 13 or 14+9 or 10_- coomansi 

b*. Free pectoral filaments 11 to 14; abdominal scutes 4++7. 
f?. Belly rounded before ventral; eye 514; 11 free pectoral filaments. 
polyfilis 
f. Belly with 4 scutes before ventral; eye 3% to 4 or more; 12 to 14 

free pectoral filaments. 
GaN Soe LOSS (ae eo oe ec ee eee borneensis 
oe ae cad pe os RS a a eee ee reynaldi 
b*. Free pectoral filaments 19; abdominal serrae 2 or 3+-9 or 10__ rebentischii 
a?. CHOETOMUS. Maxillary extends back beyond head with age (may be shorter 
than head in young). 
IW’. Lower gill rakers 22424. 

i. Seales 70 to 75; abdominal serrae 18 or 19+32 or 33; A. 70 


{Oat (0 a ea Sl A CE ee ke ee a mystus 
7. Scales 58 to 62; abdominal serrae 12 or 13+27 to 30; A. 
CORTON ee ee ee macrognathos 


h?. Lower gill rakers 28 to 34. 
j. Scales 58 to 62; abdominal serrae 15 to 17+23 to 28; 


A. 82 to 92; 7 free pectoral filaments__________ grayii 
j. Scales 50; abdominal serrae 12+19; A. 76 or 77; 6 free 
pectoral shlaments#2202_. = eee lindmanni 


Subgenus CoILIA Gray 
COILIA QUADRAGESIMALIS Valenciennes 


Coilia quadragesimalis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 22, p. 83, 1848 (type 
locality: Ganges River).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 
25, p. 74, 1853 (reference) —GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 
404, 1868 (compiled).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 631, 1878 (Ganges 
River) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 397, 1889. 

Demicoilia margaritifera JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, 
p. 868, 1926 (type locality: Colombo, Ceylon). 


Depth 314; head 3%, . Snout 5 in head; eye 414; maxillary 
nearly or quite reaches gill opening, long as head behind nostrils; 
teeth small in jaws, on palatines, pterygoids, and hyoids, probably 
deciduous on vomer; opercle with 4 or 5 radiating grooves. Lower 
gill rakers 23, 11449 in eye. 


714 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales 35 (pockets) in medial lateral series, caducous. Abdominal 
scutes 5+8, none before pectoral. 

D. 1, 18, origin midway between snout tip and caudal base, fin 
base 21% in head; A. 35, origin behind last dorsal ray space equal to 
eye diameter; caudal longer than head; pectoral reaches beyond 
ventrals; ventral rays 7, origin slightly before dorsal, length 224 in 
head. 

Silvery, brownish on sides and back. Two rows of pearl-colored 
spots below median line, extend from head to caudal; upper row 
of 18 or 19, lower row of 16 to 18, some of which golden yellow. On 
sides of belly below third irregular row of 8 or 9 spots; also 4 or 5 
on thorax and 5 on lower jaw. Length,97 mm. (Jordan and Seale.) 

India, Ceylon. The species originally known from an example 
150 mm. long with D. 15; A. 42; pectoral rays 12, 6 upper equal half 


total length. 
COILIA DUSSUMIERI Valenciennes 


Coilia dussumieri VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 81, pl. 610, 1848 
(type locality: Bombay, Mahé, Pondicherry).—BLrerKeErR, Verh. Batav. 
Genootsch. (Haring.), vol. 24, p. 45, 1852 (Soerabaja; Kammal) ; (Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. 74, 1853——Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 242, 1865.—Gitwnruer, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 403, 1868 (East Indies).—Day, Fishes of 
India, pt. 4, p. 631, pl. 158, fig. 8, 1878 (Bombay, Orissa) ; Fauna British 
India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 397, fig. 122, 1889—Wesrer and BEAvForT, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 50, fig. 20, 1913 (Surabaja; Bagan 
Api Api).—Hors, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, p. 482, 1924 (Singora).— 
JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 360, 1926 (Singa- 
pore).—CHABANADD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 
(Cochinchina ).—Fow .rr, Journ. Bombay Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, p. 254, 1927 
(Bombay ).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 
115, 174, 1929 (Saigon).—HarpDennere, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 108, 1931 
(Bagan Si Api Api).—Fow er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 33, 1938 (reference). 

Coilia (Coilia) dussumieri BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 140, 
pl. (12) 270, fig. 8, 1866-72 (Java, Madura, Singapore, Banka). 

Coila dussumieri Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 16, 1937 (reference) (error). 

Coilia dussumierii HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 228, 1936 (Sungei 
Terentang, Borneo). 

Engraulis dussumieri Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 333, 1865 (Java). 
Leptonurus chrysostigma BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 14, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaja). 
Coilia quadrifilis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 403, 1868 (type 
locality: Pinang, Malayan Penin., Singapore).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 60, p. 571, 1870 (Singapore).— 
MARTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 1876 (Sinkawang, 
Borneo).—WEBER and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archip., vol. 2, 
p. 51, 1913 (compiled).—Fowtrer, List Fish. Malaya, p. 33 (247), 19388 

(reference). 

Coilia (Coilia) quadrifilis BirrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 141, 

1866-72 (copied). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 715 


Coilia reynaldi (not Valenciennes) CANToR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 
18, p. 1292, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Rangoon).—BLEEKER, 
Verh. Batayv. Genootsch. (Bengal.), vol. 25, p. (74) 148, 1853 (Calcutta ).— 
Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 241, 1865.—BtirerKker, Versl. Med. Akad. Wet. 
Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 79, 1861 (Pinang). 

Coilia reijnaldi BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch., vol. 26, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1857. 

Depth 414 to 514; head 4% to 544, width 21% to 214. Snout 424 
to 51% in head; eye 4,4; to 414, greater than snout, 124 to 114 in inter- 
orbital, without lids; maxillary reaches nearly or quite to edge of gill 
opening, expansion 2 to 21% in eye, length 11% to 114 in head; inter- 
orbital 314 to 314, broadly convex, cavernous. Gill rakers 20-+-23, 
lanceolate, slender, 114 in eye. 

Scales 65 to 70 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely, 11 or 
12 predorsal to occiput. Scales rather thin, cycloid, caducous; with 
5 or 6 largely radiating basal striae; rest of scale with large, open 
reticulations, most distinct apically. Abdominal scutes 5 or 6+6 to 
8, begin behind pectoral base. 

D. m1, 10 to m, 12, with spine before dorsal, first branched ray 
114 to 114 in head; A. 11, 98 to 11, 103, first branched ray 314 to 324; 
caudal 114 to 124, pointed; pectoral rays 8 to 11, free filaments 4 to 
6 even on same fish, reach nearly or halfway to caudal base; ventral 
21%, to 224 in head, inserted opposite dorsal origin. 

Faded largely very pale brownish, lighter below, evidently with 
silvery reflections in life. Fins pale, gray on anal posteriorly and 
on caudal. Iris slaty. Head with some brownish dots above. 

Seychelles, India, Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East 
Indies. 


5 examples. A. N.S. P. Bombay. Dr. F. Hallberg. 1925. Length, 160-178 mm. 
COILIA CANTORIS Bleeker 


Coilia cantoris BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal.), vol. 25, p. (74) 148, 
1853 (type locality: Calcutta); vol. 26, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1857—GUtnrueEr, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 402, 1868 (type).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 
4, p. 631, 1878 (type) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 396, 1889. 

Depth 614 in total length; head 6. Snout pointed, projects beyond 
mouth; eye 414 in head, 114 in snout; maxillary not reaching gill 
opening, obliquely truncate; teeth in jaws small, equal. 

Scales 58 in medial lateral series; abdominal scutes 5+ 10, 

D. 1-111, 10, origin in second fourth of body length; A. 75, base 
rather over half total length; caudal rays 10; pectoral rays 6+6, 
short, free ones not reaching anal; ventral rays 7, not half long as 
head. 

Color without marks. Length 100 mm. (Day.) 

India. 


716 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


COILIA RAMCARATI (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Mystus ramcarati BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, p. 238, 1822 (type 
locality: Saltwater Ganges estuaries).—McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. 
Hist., vol. 4, p. 406, 1844. 

Mystus ramcarate BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, p. 382, 1822 (refer- 
ence). 

Coilia ramcarati GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 402, 1868 (type, 
Calcutta, India).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 631, pl. 159, fig. 2, 1878 
(Bengal) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 396, 1889.—LLoyp, Rec. 
Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 221, 1907 (Akyab). 

Engraulis (Coilia) hamiltonii Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 1, 
pl. 10, fig. 3, 1830 (no locality). ; 

Coilia hamiltonii Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, 1831 (reference).—BueeKER, Verhand. 
Batavia, Genoot. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 74, 1853 (reference). 

Coilia hamiltoni VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 79, 1848 (Ganges 
River). 

Trichosoma hamiltonii Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 292, 1839 
(on Gray). 

Depth 51, in total length; head 6. Snout 34 of eye; eye 5 in head, 
greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches mandibular joint; teeth 
fine, rather wide set in jaws, also on palate; interorbital equals 11% 
eye diameters. Lower gill rakers 28. 

Scales 70 in medial lateral series; 9 or 10 transversely. Abdominal 
scutes 5+10 or 11. 

D. 1-11, 12; A. 95 to 110, base 3 in space from gill opening to caudal 
base; pectoral rays 12, 6 upper free and reach middle in total length; 
ventral rays 12, long as postorbital part of head, inserted slightly 
before front dorsal edge. 

Generally golden, with darkish stain behind gill opening. Last 
half of anal and whole of caudal blackish. No golden spots on 
body. (Day.) 

India. 

COILIA RENDAHLI Jordan and Seale 

Coilia rendahli JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 362, 1926 
(type locality: Shanghai, China). 

Depth 614; head 614. Snout produced, sharp pointed; eye 414 in 
head, equals snout, eyelid imperforated; maxillary reaches gill open- 
ing, somewhat expanded at mandibular joint, tip pointed; teeth in 
jaws, on vomer, palatines and pterygoids and posterior maxillary 
largest; opercle with fine radiating striae. Lower gill rakers 24, 
114 in eye. 

Scales 75 (pockets) in medial lateral series, caducous. Abdominal 
scutes 17+ 35, some before pectoral. 

D. 1-14, origin midway between snout tip and fifteenth anal ray 
base, longest ray more than base or equals head without snout; A. 92, 
origin behind last dorsal ray by space equal to head, joined with 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Tai 


caudal; caudal pointed, equals head posterior to nostrils; 6 filaments 
reach posterior to anal origin, longest 3 in standard length; ventral 
rays 7, length 2;5 in head. 

Color silvery, without spots, somewhat brownish above. No sil- 
very lateral stripe. Length, 250 mm. (Jordan and Seale.) 

China. 


COILIA COOMANSI Hardenberg 


Coilia coomansi HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 3, p. 294, 1984 (type locality : 
Lower course of the Kapuas River, western Borneo); vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 
228, 19386 (Peniti River; Pontianak; Telok Pekadai, Borneo). 

Depth 5, dorsal profile straight from snout to dorsal and straight 
from dorsal to caudal, the two lines forming very blunt angle below 
dorsal; head 5. Snout prominent, somewhat shorter than eye; max- 
illary pointed, reaching to end of preopercle. Lower gill rakers 
33, more than twice long as branchial filaments. 

Scales 60 in lateral series; 10 transversely. Abdominal scutes 13 
or 14+ 9 or 10. 

D. I, ut, 15, predorsal length to snout tip about twice in length of 
anal; A. 90; pectoral rays 18, about long as eye and snout, and with 
10 free rays reaching beyond anal origin; ventral rays 6 or 7, in- 
serted just before dorsal origin, somewhat shorter than postocular 
part of head. 

Yellowish with a golden hue. Back pigmented. Dorsal somewhat 
blackish, other fins hyaline. 

Length, 130 mm. (Hardenberg.) 


East Indies. 
COILIA POLYFILIS Volz 


Coilia polyfilis Vouz, Zool. Anz., vol. 26, p. 559, 1903 (type locality: Banju asin, 
Sumatra) ; Zool. Jahrb., Abth. syst., vol. 19, p. 408, 1904 (type).—WEBER 
and BkrAvurorT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 52, 1913 
(compiled). 

Depth 5 in total; head 5. Eye 514 in head; maxillary reaches gill 
opening, expanded behind between penultimate and last fifth its 
length, then tapers rapidly. Lower gill rakers 28, long as eye. 

Scales ¢ Preventral rounded, postventral sharp. 

D. 18, space between origin and snout tip 4 times in total length; 
pectoral with 11 free rays, reaching anal origin. Length, 110 mm. 
( Volz.) 


Sumatra. 
COILIA BORNEENSIS Bleeker 


Coilia borneensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 58, 1851 
(type locality: Bandjermassing) ; vol. 20, p. 102, 1859-60 (Bangkok) ; Versl. 
Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 16, p. 353, 1864 (Bangkok); Neder- 
land. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 176, 1865 (Siam).—Gwtntuer, Cat. Fishes 
British Mus., vol. 7, p. 403, 1868 (type).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 632, 


718 | BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


pl. 159, fig. 1, 1878 (Madras; Burma); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 
1, p. 398, 1889.—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 
9, p. 352, 1890 (Rangoon).—WersER and SBeHAvurorT, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 52, 1918 (Bleeker’s types).—Tirant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 30, 115, 174, 1929 (Hué).— 
CHEVEY, Inst. Océanogr. Indochine, 19° note, p. 9, 1932 (Cochinchina ; Cam- 
bodia).—HARbDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 228, 1986 (Padang Tikar- 
bay ; Peniti River, Borneo). 

Coilia (Coilia) borneensis BLeEKrrR, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 139, 
pl. (12) 270, fig. 3, 1866-72 (Sumatra; Borneo). 

Coila borneensis Suvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 16, 1987 (reference) (error). 

Depth over 4 to 5; head 424 to 5. Snout prominent, shorter than 
eye; eye 314 to 4 or more; maxillary extends nearly to gill open- 
ing. Lower gill rakers 26 to 28, long as eye. 

Scales 52 to 60 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely. 
Abdominal scutes 7+4, none of preventral before pectoral. 

D. 1, 18 or 14, about twice as near snout as caudal base; A. 82 to 
87, 124 to 134 in body length; pectoral rays 18 to 22, with 12 to 14 
upper produced, reaching first anal rays or much farther; ventral 
rays 7, inserted before dorsal origin. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Above golden green or yellowish green, below yellowish silvery. 
Iris yellow. Fins yellowish, verticals more or less dusted dusky. 

Length, 140 mm. (Bleeker.) 

India, Burma, Siam, East Indies. 


COILIA REYNALDI Valenciennes 


Coilia reynaldi VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 81, 1848 (type local- 
ity: Irawaddy River, Rangoon, Burma).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Ben- 
gal, vol. 18, p. 1292, 1849 (part).—BLErKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Ben- 
gal), vol. 25, p. 148, 1853 (reference).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 402, 1868 (compiled).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 630, 1878 
(Caleutta) ; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 896, 1889.—Fowter, List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 338, 1938 (reference). 

Coilia (Coilia) reynaldi BurrKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 141, pl. 
(8) 266, fig. 1, 1866-72 (Bengal). 

Depth 6 in total length; head 7. Snout overhangs upper jaw; eye 
4 in head, equals snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches nearly 
to end of opercles, close to pectoral origin; teeth fine in both jaws. 

Scales 55 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely. Abdom- 
inal scutes 12, extend on preventral. 

D. 1,10, 11, origin at first fourth of total length; A. 116, below 
or slightly beyond hind dorsal edge, continuous with caudal; caudal 
rays 10; pectoral rays 5 or 6+12, upper rays prolonged nearly to 
middle of body; ventral rays 6. 

Silvery white, with pinkish reflections. (Day.) 

India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore. Originally 
based on young examples 100 mm. long. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 719 


COILIA REBENTISCHII Bleeker 


Coilia bebentischii BirrKkrer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 5, No. 7, p. (2)5, 
1859 (type locality: Sinkawang, Borneo; error). 

Coilia rebentischi BierKer, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Néerland., (Borneo), vol. 8, p. 27, 
1860 (Borneo).—Weser and BEeaurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 2, p. 51, 1918 (compiled). 

Coilia (Coilia) rebentischi BierKkrr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 140, 
pl. (8) 256, fig. 8, 1866-72 (Borneo). 

Engraulis grayi (not Bleeker) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 338, 1865 (Java). 

Coilia ramcarati (part) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 402, 1868 
(type of Coilia bebentischii). 


Depth 614; head 514. Snout shorter than eye, slightly prominent; 
eye about 5; maxillary not reaching hind preopercle edge, more or 
less truncate behind. Scales 65 in medial lateral series; 9 or 10 trans- 
versely. Abdominal scutes 2 or 3+9 or 10. 

D. 1, 14, more than twice nearer snout than caudal base; A. 94, 1244 
in body; pectoral rays 28, 19 uppermost produced, far surpassing anal 
origin; ventral rays 7, inserted slightly before dorsal origin. 

Yellowish; back, dorsal, and anal dusky. Length, 125 mm. 
(Weber and Beaufort.) 

Borneo, in estuaries. Only the type known. 


Subgenus CHOETOMUS McClelland 
COILIA MYSTUS (Linnaeus) 


Clupea mystus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 319, 1758 (type locality: 
Indian Sea).—Ospreck, Reise Ost-Ind. China, p. 335, 1765 (China).— 
LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 524, 1766 (copied).—BONNATERRH, 
Tabl. encyclop. Ichth., p. 187, pl. 100, fig. 410, 1788 (Indian Seas).—GMELIN, 
Syst. Nat. Linnaeus, vol. 1, p. 1408, 1789 (copied).—Watpaum, Artedi Pisc., 
vol. 3, p. 48, 1792 (copied).—Forster, Fauna Indica, p. 16, 1795.—ScHNEIDER, 
Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 428, 1801 (Indian Seas). 

Engraulis mystus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 73, 1848 (Chinese 
drawing). 

Mystus mystus Rurrer, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 66 (Swatow). 

Coilia mystus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 359, 1926 
(Hong Kong; Port Arthur, Manchuria).—Tanaka, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, 
No. 49, 1933. 

Mystus clupeoides LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 466, 467, 1803 (type 
locality: Sea of the Indies). 

Coilia clupeoides GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 404, 1868 (Chi- 
nese Seas).—BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 18, p. 3, 1879 
(Shanghai).—K<Arou1, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 183, 1881 (Can- 
ton).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. K1., vol. 102, 
pt. 1, p. 237, 1893 (Swatow).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 581, 1895 
(Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).—CHARANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches, Indo- 
Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Cochinchina; Pnompenh).—Tirant, Service 
Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 115, 174, 1929 (Cochinchina, 
Annam, Tonkin).—Boropin, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, 
p. 42, 1980 (Saigon). 


720 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Choetomus playfairii MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 405, pl. 
24, fig. 3, 1844 (type locality : China). 

Coilia playfairii RicHarpson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., p. 100, pl. 54, figs. 3-4, 1844 
(China Seas, Chusan, Yangtze Kiang mouth, Canton, Hong Kong) ; Ichth. 
China Japan, p. 309, 1846 (Chinese Seas, Chusan, Yangtze Kiang, Canton 
River, Hong Kong).—VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 21, p. 86, 1848 
(copied). 

Collia nasus SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, p. 243, 
pl. 109, fig. 4, 1846 (type locality: Seas of Japan). 

Coilia nasus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 405, 1868 (Ningpo, 
Amoy, China); Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 12, p. 250, 1873 (Shang- 
hai).—MArTENS, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 1876 (Shanghai) .— 
PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 926, 1880 (Ningpo).—K<Anror1, 
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 183, 1881 (Ningpo River).—Gitn- 
THER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 219, 1889 (Kiu Kiang) .—Isut- 
KAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 9, 1897.—GUNTHER, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 1, p. 263, 1898 (Newchang).—J. F. Assort, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 490, 1901 (Tsien Tsin).—Jorpan and 
Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 54, 1901 (reference).—JorpAaN and 
Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 516, 1906 (Port Arthur, Man- 
churia).—JoRDAN and Herre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 640, 1906 
(China, Korea).—FRanz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 5, 
1910 (Sagami Bay).—Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 40, No. 4, p. 113, 
1912 (Kiating).—IzuKka and Marsuura, Cat. Zool. Spee. Tokyo Mus. 
Vertebrata, p. 183, 1920 (Chikugo).—Mor1, Hand List Manchurian Hast. 
Mongolian Vertebr., p. 154, 1927 (reference) ; Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., 
vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan, Korea).—NicHoLs, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
vol. 58, art. 1, p. 3, 1928 (Shanghai, Ning Po, Pei Ho, Tientsin; Anhwei).— 
Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 25, fig. 19, 1929 
(Amoy).—ScumMupt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 11, 
p. 21, 1931 (Fusan). 

Mystus nasus Fow.er, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 50, p. 378, 
1924 (Ninghwo). 

Osteoglossum prionostoma BASItmwsKy, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, 
p. 244, 1855 (type locality: “Pekin; sinu Tschiliensi et mari orientalis’). 
Coilia grayi (not Richardson) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 335, 1865 

(Hongkong). 

Coilia ectenes JorDAN and SEatE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 517, fig. 1, 
1906 (type locality: Shanghai).—JorpAn and Srarks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 31, p. 516, 1906 (Port Arthur, Manchuria).—EvERMANN and SHAw, Proc. 
California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 100, 1927 (Hangchow, Chuchi, 
Nanking, Yangtze River).—Morr, Hand List Manchurian East. Mongolian 
Vertebr., p. 158, 1927; Journ. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 3, p. 3, 1928 (Fusan 
and Jinsen, Korea).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 
592 (Shanghai), p. 601, 1980 (Hongkong; note).—Kimura, Journ. Shanghai 
Sci. Inst., sect. 3, vol. 3, p. 104, 1985 (Tsung Ming, Yangtze-kiang). 

? Coilia brachygnathus KREYENBERG and PAPPENHEIM, Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde 
Berlin, p. 96, 1908 (type locality: Tungtin and Hankau); Abh. Ber. Mus. 
Magdeburg, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 10, 1909 (Yangtze Kiang).—NicHots, Bull. Amer. 
Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 58, art. 1, p. 8, 1928 (Tungting Lake, Hunan). 


Depth 7 to 814; head 534 to 634, width 214 to 224. Snout 414 
to 41% in head; eye 434 to 6, 1 to 114 in snout, 134 to 144 in inter- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS bau 


orbital; maxillary reaches slightly beyond pectoral origin, length 
43, to 47% in combined head to caudal base; interorbital 234 to 31% 
in head, broadly convex. Gill rakers 18 to 20+22 or 23, finely 
lanceolate, equals snout; gill filaments equal 24 gill rakers. 

Seales thin, rather caducous, 70 to 75 in median lateral series to 
caudal base; 10 transversely, 21 to 23 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 
18 or 19+32 or 33. Scales with 1 to 3 basal striae joining reticula- 
tions apically; circuli very fine, concentric, feeble or absent from 
greater apical portion of scales. 

D. m, 12, 1, first branched ray 1449 to 114 in head, also low pro- 
cumbent spine anterior to dorsal origin; A. m, 100 or 102, first 
branched ray 27% to 3; caudal 1% to 1%, ends in median point 
behind; pectoral with uppermost rays ending in 6 long filaments, 
reaching 11, to 3 their length to caudal base; ventral 2 to 21 in head. 

Back pale brownish, sides and lower surfaces silvery white. Iris 
white. Fins all pale brownish. 

China, Japan, Korea. 


U.S.N.M. No. 57180. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length, 222-254 mm. 4 examples. 
U.S.N.M. No. 62377. Port Arthur. J. F. Abbott. Length, 80-188 mm. 21 
examples. 
COILIA MACROGNATHOS Bleeker 


Coilia macrognathos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. (409) 
436, 1852 (type locality: Pamangkat, Borneo); Verh. Batav. Genootsch, 
(Haring.), vol. 24, p. 50, 1852 (Pamangkat); Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., 
vol. 3, No. 6, p. 2, 1858 (Sinkawang, Borneo).—MartTens, Preuss. Exped. 
Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 404, 1876 (Bangkok).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 96, 1985 (Paknam; Bangkok) ; vol. 89, p. 182, 1937 
(Bangkok ; Tachin). 

Coilia (Chaetomus) macrognathus Birrkrr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
6, p. 188, pl. (3) 261, fig. 4, 1866-72 (Borneo). 

Coilia macrognathus GiinrHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 406, 1868 
(type).—WeEBER and BEAuFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 49, 1913 (type).—Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, p. 174, 1923 
(Nontaburi).—VincicuerrA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 
10, p. 620, 1926 (Sarawak).—HarpeNsBeERG, Treubia, vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 217, 
1983 (Kumai River); vol. 15, livr. 3, p. 228, 1986 (Pontianak; Padang 
Tikarbay, Borneo). 

Coila macrognathus Suvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 16, 1987 (Gulf of Siam; 
Pak-kret; Chonburi) (error). 

Coilia macrognathus aequidentata CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
vol. 30, p. 59, 1924 (type locality, “embouchures du fleuve de Saigon’) ; 
Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 1926 (Cochinchina). 


Depth about 4; head 424 to 5. Snout prominent, long as eye; 
eye 5 to 514; maxillary long, sword shaped, reaches far beyond 
pectoral base, with row of alternating smaller and stronger teeth 
on its whole border. Lower gill rakers 22, not quite 2 in gill fila- 
ments, long as eye. 


722 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Scales 58 to 62 in medial lateral series; 10 or 11 transversely. 
Abdominal scutes 12 or 18+27 to 30, strongly spiniferous. 

D. 1-14 or 15, more than twice as near snout end as caudal; A. 62 
to 73, length 2 to 214 in body length; pectoral rays 16 or 17, with 
5 or 6 uppermost produced or surpassing anal origin; ventral rays 
7, inserted just behind dorsal origin, almost twice as near subopercle 
as anal. 

Silvery, back darker. Fins hyaline, front half of dorsal and 
border of anal and caudal dusky. Length, 260 mm. (Weber and 
Beaufort.) 

Siam, Borneo, in estuaries. 


COILIA GRAYII Richardson 


Coilia grayii RicHARDSON, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., p. 99, pl. 54, figs. 1-2, 1844 
(type locality: China Seas); Ichth. China Japan, p. 309, 1846 (Chinese 
Seas; Canton).—GwUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 405, 1868 
(China).—SaAvvacE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 107, 1881 
(Swatow).—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 581, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, 
Santa Cruz). 

Coilia grayi BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 25, p. 18, 1853.— 
JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, p. 361, 1926 (China, 
Hong Kong).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 8, 
1926 (Tonkin).—Trmant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, 
p. 174, 1929 (Hué). 

Coilia (Chaetomus) grayii BirEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 
148, 1874 (copied; Canton; Hong Kong ?). 

Mystus grayi Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 66 (compiled). 

Coilia clupeoides (not Lacépéde) Fowler and Bran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 58, p. 307, 1920 (Soochow). 


Depth 484 to 524; head 514 to 6, width 2 to 21%. Snout 4 to 
41% in head; eye 4% to 5, 1 to 114 in snout, 134 to 2 in interorbital; 
maxillary reaches well beyond pectoral base, expansion 114 to 114 
in eye, length 324 to 424 in combined head and body to caudal base; 
interorbital 224 to 2% in head, broadly convex. Gill rakers 17 to 
21+30 to 32, slenderly lanceolate, equal eye; gill filaments % 
to % of gill rakers. 

Scales very caducous, 58 to 60 (pockets) in lateral series to caudal 
base; 18 or 14 transverse, 13 to 14 predorsal. Abdominal serrae 
15 to 17+23 to 28. Scales with 13 to 15 marginal basal striae con- 
verging medially, also apically with reticulations; circuli very fine, 
semiconcentric and medially on scale variably concentric, absent 
over greater apical portion of scales, 

D. 1m, 9, first branched ray 1 ? to 11% in head; A. 1, 80 to o, 
83, second ray 314 ? to 314; caudal 214 ?, apparently pointed (dam- 
aged) ; pectoral ray 2%, to 244 to caudal base, with uppermost 6 
rays filamentous; ventral 2 to 214 in head. 





FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 723 


Pale brownish generally, with silvery reflections on sides. Iris 
whitish gray due to formalin. Dorsal and anal grayish terminally. 
Paired fins pale. 

China. Reported from the Philippines by Elera. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47999. Cochinchina. Lyons Museum. Length, 190 mm. 


U.S.N.M. No. 83983. Soochow, China. N. Gist Gee. Length, 183 mm., caudal 

ends damaged. 

COILIA LINDMANNI Bleeker 

Coilia lindmanni BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerl., No. 9, vol. 3, p. (7)48, 1858 
(type locality: Palembang, Sumatra). 

Coilia lindmani BireKker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, pp. 35, 176, 1865 
(Siam).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 405, 1868 (type).— 
WEBER and BeEAvuFORT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 49 
1913 (compiled).—CHABANAUD, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 1° 
note, p. 8, 1926 (Cambodia).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 3-4, p. 
411, fig. 1, 1981 (Palembang) ; vol. 14, livr. 2, p. 217, 1933 (Sunsang). 

Coilia (Chaetomus) lindmani BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 
139, pl. (12) 270, fig. 2, 1866-72 (Sumatra). 

Coila lindmani Suvatt1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 16, 19837 (Maenam Bangpakong) 
(error). 

Depth 414; head about 5. Snout prominent, shorter than eye; eye 
nearly 4; maxillary rather narrow, reaches below pectoral base, with 
small nearly equal teeth. Lower gill rakers about 34. 

Scales 50 in medial lateral series. Abdominal scutes 12+19. 

D. 1-13, about 2 times nearer snout than caudal base; A. 76, less 
than twice in body length; pectoral rays 17, 6 uppermost produced 
slightly or very much beyond anal origin; ventral rays 7. 

Silvery, back dark, fins clear. Length, 176 mm. (Weber and 
Beaufort. ) 

Siam, Sumatra. 


Family CHIROCENTRIDAE 


Body much elongated, strongly compressed. Eyes small, with adi- 
pose lids. Mouth large, greatly inclined. Premaxillaries large; 
maxillaries long and narrow, with 2 supplemental bones, all forming 
border to mouth. Mandible prominently protruded. Canine teeth 
in front of premaxillaries and mandibulary bones, other teeth long 
and pointed; few teeth on palatines and tongue. Gill membranes 
separate and free. Gull rakers very short and strong. No pseudo- 
branchiae. Scales thin, small, cycloid, very deciduous. Paired fins 
with long axillary scales and two long scales on caudal base. Dorsal 
above front part of long anal. Caudal deeply forked. Pectorals 
low. Ventrals very small. 

One living genus and several as fossils from the Cretaceous of 
Europe, Brazil, and Syria and the Eocene of Switzerland. 


724 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus CHIROCENTRUS Cuvier 


Chirocentrus Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 178, 1817. (Type, Clupea dorab 
Forskél, monotypic). 

Jeosudis CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 118, 1873. 
(Type, Neosudis voraz Castelnau, monotypic). 

Abdominal edge trenchant, not serrated.. Head small. Mouth 
cleft wide, superior. Teeth in narrow bands on palatines, pterygoids, 
and tongue. Opercular apparatus complete. Gill openings wide. 
Branchiostegals 8. Stomach with blind sac. Pyloric appendages 
none. Mucous membranes of intestine with spiral fold suggestive 
of spiral valve in elasmobranchs. Air bladder large, cellular. Lat- 
eral line obsolete. Dorsal fin short, posterior or behind middle. 
Ventral with 7 rays, midway between pectoral and anals. 

Two species according to Bleeker and they have been further 
elucidated by the studies of Dr. J. D. F. Hardenberg. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Depth 7; head 6; maxillary not reaching preopercle; gill rakers 83+14 or 15. 


dorab 
a. Depth 5144; head 524; maxillary reaches beyond preopercle; gill rakers 5+-16 
OTS Ge a ate a tc ga ad SS a AD eS nudus 


CHIROCENTRUS DORAB (ForskAl) 


Clupea dorab ForsKAL, Descript. Animal., pp. XIII, 7, 1775 (type locality: 
Djedda and Mochha, Red Sea).—BoNNATERRE, Tableau encycylop. Ichth., 
p. 187, 1788 (Red Sea).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1409, 1789 (Red 
Sea).—WatLpBaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 42, 1792 (copied). —LAcEPEDE, Hist. 
Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 425, 459, 1803 (Arabia).—JouAn, Mém. Soe. Sci. Imp. 
Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 8, p. 306, 1861 (Kanala, New Caledonia) ; vol. 21, 
p. 335, 1877-78 (on 1861). 

Chirocentrus dorab RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 81, 1885 (Red Sea).— 
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 150, pl. 565, 1846 (Coromandel, 
Malabar, Mauritius, Bouru, New Guinea, Zanzibar, Muscat, Red Sea, 
Java).—RiIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 311, 1846 (Canton, seas of 
China).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1259, 1849 (Malay 
Peninsula and Islands).—JERDON, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci. p. 146, 1851.— 
Peters, Arch. Naturg., p. 268, 1855 (Mozambique).—BLerKeErR, Act. Soc. 
Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 5, No. 9, p. 3, 1859 (Nagasaki).—Day, Fishes of 
Malabar, p. 223, 1865.—Kwerr, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 340, 1865 (Madras) .— 
BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerl., vol. 6, p. 92, pl. (18) 271, fig. 3, 
1866-72 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Borneo, 
Celebes, Buru, Amboina, New Guinea); Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amster- 
dam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 300, 1868 (Waigiu).—GtntuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 475, 1868 (Zanzibar, Port Natal, Bengal, Pinang, Amboina, 
Hast Indies, China, Japan).—KLuNzIncER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 
21, p. 606, 1871 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Prtrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
p. 445, 1876 (Mauritius), p. 849 (New Pomerania), 1877.—MArtTeENs, Preuss. 
Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, p. 405, 1876 (Singapore).—Perters, Monatsb. Akad. 
Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 846, 1877 (New Britain) —ALiLEYNE and MACcLEAY, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 351, 1877 (Cape York).—Day, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 725 


Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 652, pl. 166, fig. 8, 1878—KLuNzincer, Sitzungsber. 
Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl., vol. 80, p. 418, 1879 (Queensland) .— 
GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 50, 1880 (Somerset, Cape 
York).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 263, 1881 
(Port Jackson, Cape York) ; vol. 7, p. 594, 1888 (New Guinea) ; vol. 8, p. 
210, 1883 (Lower Burdekin River, Queensland).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espail. 
Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 48, 1885 (Manila Bay).—Ocrmsy, Cat. Fish. 
New South Wales, p. 57, 1886.—BouLeNnceER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1887, 
p. 666 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 368, fig. 114, 
1889.—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 302, 1898 (Torres Straits).—E.Lera, 
Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 585, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, Santa Cruz).— 
STEINDACHNER, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vol. 11, p. 226, 1896 (Bangkok).— 
JORDAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 52, 1901 (reference).— 
JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 327, 1902 (For- 
mosa).—DwUnckeEr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 186, 1904 
(Kuala Lumpur, Muar River) —Fow.Ler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 
phia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 501, 1904 (Padang).—JorpDAN and Herre, Proce. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 641, 1906 (Misaki).—SmirH and Sratez, Proc. Biol. 
Soe. Washington, vol. 19, p. 738, 1906 (Mindanao).—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. 
Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 4, 1907 (Cavite) —EvERMANN and SEALE, 
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 58, 1907 (Bacon and San Fabian).— 
Lioyp, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 1, p. 220, 1907 (Akyab).—JorpAN and RicH- 
ARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 236, 1908 (Manila) ; Mem. 
Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 165, 1909 (Takao).—GitcHrist and THOMPSoN, 
Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 202, 1908-11 (Natal).—GtnrTHeEr, Journ. 
Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 8, pt. 16, p. 388, 1909 (Indian Ocean).—Fowter, Proce. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, p. 205 (Padang examples).—Bpran and 
Weep, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 590, 1912 (Batavia).—WEBER, 
Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 10, 1918 (West Ceram)—WeBER and 
BeavurorT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 18, fig. 11, 1913 
(Batavia, Cheribon, Madura).—GincHrist and THompson, Ann. Durban 
Mus., vol. 1, p. 295, 1917 (reference).—Fow Ler, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 
(Philippines).—Fow ter and BEAN, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, p. 2, 1922 
(Cebu).—Hora, Mem. Asiatic Bengal, vol. 6, p. 480, 1924 (Tale Sap, 
Siam).—VincieveRRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 8, vol. 10, 
p. 628, 1926 (Sarawak).—McCuLtocuH and WHITLEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., 
vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 131, 1926 (reference).—CHABANAUD, Service Oceanogr. Peches 
Indo-Chine, 1° note, p. 7, 1926 (Annam; Gulf of Siam).—Fow.er, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, p. 256, 1927 (Vigan).—McCuLticcu, 
(Bombay) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 28, 1928 (Fiji).—Pim.ay, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, p. 253, 1927 (Bombay) ; vol. 33, p. 103, 1928 
Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 48a, 1927.—Fow ter, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, p. 355, 1929 (Travancore).—TrIRant, Sery- 
ice Océanogr. Péches Indo-Chine, 6° note, pp. 30, 124, 174, 1929 (Thudou- 
mot).—McCuttocH, Austral Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 36, 1929 (reference) .— 
Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 589, 1930 (Hong 
Kong).—DELsMAN, Treubia, vol. 12, livr. 1, p. 46, 1930 (egg and larva).— 
Harpenbere, Treubia, vol. 12, livr. 1, p. 51, 1930 (Batavia) —Fowter, Hong 
Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 52, fig. 4, 1931 (Hong Kong, East Indies, Philippines) : 
Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, p. 315, 1931 (reference).—Herre, Journ. Pan- 
Pacific Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 6, 1933 (Dumaguete); Fishes Herre 
Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 18, 1934 (Unisan; Capiz; Cebu; Dumaguete; 
Jolo.)—Roxas, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, p. 247, pl. 1, fig. 9 (scale), 1934 


726 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


(Luzon; Tablas; Samar; Panay; Guimaras; Leyte; Bantayan; Mindanao; 
Basilan).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 410, 1934 
(Natal).—Torronesk, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, vol. 45, ser. 3, 
p. 18, 1985-36 (Massaua).—Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 353, zool. 
ser. vol. 21, p. 29, 19386 (Fiji) —Hora and MuKERdI, Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 38, 
p. 18, 1986 (Maungmagan).—Roxas and Martin, Dep. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 19, 1937 (reference).—Suvartt, Index Fish. Siam, p. 9, 1937 
(Gulf of Siam).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 180, 
1937 (Paknam) ; List. Fish. Malaya, p. 23, 1988 (reference). 

Chinocentrus doradb OatLtpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 96, 1916 (Queens- 
land). (Hrror.) 

Chirocentrus darab Borovin, Bull. Vanderbilt Marine Mus., vol. 1, art. 2, p. 42, 
19380 (Manila). (Error.) 

OClupea dentex SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 428, 1801 (type locality: Red 
Sea). 

Hsow chirocentrus LAckrrDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, 1808, pp. 296, 317, pl. 8, 
fig. 1, 1808 (no locality). (On Commerson.) 

Neosudis vorax CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soe. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 118, 
1873 (type locality: Noumea, New Caledonia).—FowLEeR, Mem. Bishop 
Mus., vol. 10, p. 66, 1928 (copied). 

Chirocentrus dorab voraz WHITLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 54, 
abstract No. 429, 1929 (reference); Rec. Austral Mus., vol. 18, p, 101. 
1931 (note). 


Depth 714, to 714; head 514 to 524, width 31% to 314. Snout 3% 
to 414 in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 424, 1 to 114 in snout, greater 
than interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 to % in eye, slender, length 
1% to 2 in head from snout tip; upper teeth small, except 2 moderate 
front canines; mandibular symphysis with 2 small sharp teeth, 6 
elongate on each ramus, gradually longer posteriorly and mandibular 
rami greatly elevated inside mouth; interorbital 514 to 614, scarcely 
elevated, median ridge not extended beyond eye. Gill rakers 3+ 11, 
long, compressed, well spaced, shorter than long gill filaments. 

Scales very small, deciduous. Well developed scaly dorsal and 
anal sheaths. Pectoral with both broad outer and axillary scaly 
flap. Ventral with small inner flap. Caudal base scaly. Scales all 
fallen in preserved materials. 

D. ry, 18, 1 or 12, 1, fourth simple ray 21/4 to 21% in total head length; 
A. iv, 30, 1, fourth simple ray 3 to 314; least depth of caudal peduncle 
2% to 244; pectoral spine 114 to 2; ventral 514 to 734; caudal 414 
to 41% in rest of body. 

Back brown, sides and below whitish. Dorsal and caudal brown- 
ish, other fins pale pink. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Natal, Mauritius, India, 
Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, Siam, East Indies, Philippines, 
China, Formosa, Japan, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia. 
1894. Cebu market. September 4, 1909. Length, 105 mm. Depth 614. 


4541. Manila market. December 26, 1907. Length, 271 mm. 
22545, 22546. Manila market. January 138, 1908. Length, 229-252 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 727 


13191. Makassar market, Celebes. December 22 1909. Length, 182 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 6701. Hongkong. William Stimpson. Length, 465 mm. Depth 714. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47842. Fiji. Australian Museum (A93899). Length, 330-477 mm., 
caudal broken. Depth 64% to 7%. 

U.S.N.M. No. 47990. Cochin China. Lyons Museum. Length, 320 mm., caudal 
broken. Depth 7. 

U.S.N.M. No. 55989. Mindanao, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4233). 
Length, 520 mm. Depth 7. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56201. Bureau of Fisheries (4179). Length, 402 mm. Depth 
6% mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. No. 57484. Japan. P. L. Jouy. Length 270 mm. Depth 6%. 

U.S.N.M. No. 68658. Bureau of Fisheries (4181). Length, 415 mm., caudal 
broken. Depth 644. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72490. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 165 
mm. Depth 7. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72491. Batavia, Java. Bryant and Palmer. 1909. Length, 325 
mm. Depth 735. 


U.S.N.M. No. 84210. Philippines. Dr. Fred Baker. Length, 154mm. Depth 
614%4mm. Very poor example. 

1 example A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Hiller. 
Length, 891mm. When in arrack deep dusky bluish green on back and 
head above. Body, sides, and lower surface silvery white. Dorsal, caudal 
and pectorals dusky greenish. Anals and ventrals white. Peritoneum pale. 


CHIROCENTRUS NUDUS Swainson 


Chirocentrus nudus SwWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Animals, Fishes, vol. 2, 1839, p. 294, 
1839 (on Wahlah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 78, pl. 199, 1808 
(type locality: Vizagapatam).—Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 86, p. 410, 1984 (Natal). 

Chirocentrus hypselosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 38, 
p. (54) 71, 1852 (type locality: Singapore; Samarang) ; Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 1, p. 240, 1863 (Obi) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 6, p. 93, 
pl. (11) 269, fig. 3, 1866-72 (Java, Pinang, Singapore, Banka, Borneo, 
Celebes, Batjan, Obi Major).—DeELsMAN, Treubia, vol. 12, livr. 1, p. 46, 
1930 (egg and larva).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 12, livr. 1, p. 51, 19380 
(Bagan-si-Api-Api, Sumatra, Batavia) ; vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 99, 1981; vol. 15, 
livr. 3, p. 226, 1986 (Padang Tikarbar, Borneo). 

Chirocentrus dorab (not Forsk4l) Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. vol. 18, 
p. 1259, 1849 (part).—GUnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 475, 
1868 (part).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 4, p. 652, 1878 (part).—GUNTHER, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 388, 1909 (part)—WeserR and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 18, 1913 (part).—Fow.mr, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, No. 2, p. 253, 1927 (off Bombay) .— 
McCuttocH, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 36, 1929 (part).—Fowter, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 130, 1987 (Tachin); List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 23, 1988 (part). 


Depth 5 to 514; head 334 to 4, width 334 to 4. Snout 314 to 324 
in head from snout tip; eye 414 to 414, 1% to 114 in snout, greater 
than interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, slender, 124 to 2 in 
head from snout tip; interorbital 5 to 514, scarcely elevated, level; 


156861—40——-47 


728 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


cheek and opercle with radiating venules. Gill rakers 7+18, finely 
lanceolate, more than twice gill filaments or 114 in eye. 

Scales minute, feeble, most all fallen. Abdominal myomeres 
24+ 18. 

D. m, 14 to m1, 16, first branched ray 27% to 35 in total head 
length; A. m1, 28 to m1, 80, first branched ray 214 to 27%; caudal 11% 
to 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 314; pectoral 1%, to 
2; ventral 334 to 434. 

Brown, paler to light below. Neutral brown diffuse streak from 
above gill opening to middle of caudal base. Head with brown tint. 
Fins all pale. Iris gray. 

India, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies. 

3 examples A.N.S.P. Off Bombay. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 81-92 mm. 


Family GONORYNCHIDAE 


Body greatly elongated, tapers behind. Head small, conic. Snout 
rather long, pointed. Eye large. Barbel below end of snout. Upper 
edge formed by short premaxillaries, and extends down as thick lip 
before maxillary. Jaws toothless. Lips thickly fringed with barbels. 
Nostrils double. Opercular apparatus well developed. Gill openings 
narrow. Pseudobranchiae present. Acessory branchial organ behind 
fourth gill arch, partly attached to fourth arch and partly to humeral 
arch. Branchiostegals 4. Air bladder absent. Vertebrae 65, of 
which 20 caudal. Head and body entirely covered with fine ctenoid 
scales. Dorsal far back, opposite ventrals and short like anal. Cau- 
dal forked. Pectorals low, fold like ventrals. Ventral rays 9 or 10, 

Besides the living Gonorynchus the fresh-water Eocene Votogoneus 
of Montana and France appears to differ only in the edentulous palate 
and tongue, besides its advanced dorsal. Several other fossils from 
the Upper Cretaceous of Westphalia and Syria have also been placed 
with the present family. 


Genus GONORYNCHUS Scopoli 


Gonorhynchus GRonow, Zoophylacii, 1763, p. 55. (Species nonbinomial.) 
(Type, Cyprinus gonorynchus Linnaeus, tautotypic.) 

Gonorynchus Scoport, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 450, 1770. (Atypic.) (Type, Cy- 
prinus gonorynchus Linnaeus.) 

Gonorincus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 88, 1815. (Type, Cyprinus 
gonorynchus Linnaeus.) 

Gonorhyncus Sotias, Zool. Record, vol. 42, 1905, p. 48, 1906. (Type, Cyprinus 
gonorynchus Linnaeus.) 

Gonorrynchus Ocittey, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 82, 1911. (Type, 
Cyprinus gonorynchus Linnaeus.) 

Rynchana RicHaRpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 44, 1846. (Type, 
Rynchana greyi Richardson, monotypic.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 729 


Rhynchaeus JorDAN and EvERMANN, Genera of fishes, pt. 1, p. 19, 1917. (Type, 
Rynchana greyi Richardson). 

Rhynchana Jorpan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 3, p. 407, 1919. (Type, Rynchana 
greyi Richardson.) 

Body partly cylindrical. Snout protrudes. Eyes covered by skin. 
Mouth small, inferior. Lips fleshy. Round patch of blunt conic 
teeth on each pterygoid, opposed to similar patch on hyoid bone. 
No free tongue. Gill membranes broadly united with isthmus. Gill 
rakers few and short. Paired fins with fleshy, pointed, scaly flaps. 
Caudal scaly basally. Lateral line distinct. Fins all short. 

Apparently a single widely distributed species in the cooler re- 
gions of the Indo Pacific, formerly admitted, though more recently 
grouped as several nominal species. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Head 4% to 4%4; A. 8 or 9. 
be Rectoraletlé tov v in) head 44.26 6. es 8 abbreviatus 
Oebectoralwl Arinmhead sete scree ta A ee OMA ee moseleyi 
a’. Head 41% to 5%; A. 8 or 10. 
c’. Space between dorsal origin and caudal base 2 to 244 in predorsal space. 


greyi 
c’. Space between dorsal origin and caudal base 1% to 2 in predorsal space. 
gonorynchus 


GONORYNCHUS ABBREVIATUS Schlegel 


Gonorhynchus abbreviatus ScutecEen, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 
10-14, p. 217, pl. 108, fig. 5, 1846 (type locality: Japan).—JorDAN and SNy- 
pER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 56, 1901 (reference) ; Smithsonian Misc. 
Coll. vol. 45, p. 236, pl. 59, 1904 (Yokohama).—JorDAN and Herre, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 643, fig. 5, 1906 (Yokohama).—FRANz, Abh. 
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl., vol. 1, p. 6, 1910 (Misaki).—Jorpawn and 
THoMPSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 209, 1914 (Misaki).—IzuKa and 
Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Mus. Tokyo Vertebrata, p. 181, 1920 (Izu).— 

JorpAN and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 153, 1925 (Mikawa 
Bay).—CHABANAUD, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 506, 1931 
(reference). 

Gonorrynchus abbreviatus OacitBy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 33, 1911 
(compiled). 

Gonorhynchus greyi (not Valenciennes) ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. 
Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 9, 1897 (reference). 

Gonorhynchus gonorhyncus (not Linnaeus) TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, 
No. 50, 1933. 


Depth 8%% to 9; head 434 to 414. Snout 21% in head; eye 214, 144 
in snout, 114 in interorbital, adipose lid covering eye; single median 
barbel 14 of eye, on lower front part of snout; mouth inferior, nearly 
semicircular, opposite last third in snout length; lips thick, fringed; 
jaws toothless; interorbital 4 in head, low. 

Scales 180 in lateral line to caudal base, small, cover head and 
body. Dorsal, anal, and paired fins with long pointed basal scaly 
flaps. 


730 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. u, 9, 1, first branched ray 144 in head; A. n, 7, 1, first branched 
ray 2; caudal 2, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 4; pectoral 114 to 114, rays 1, 10; ventral rays 1, 7, fin 2 
in head. 

Brown, paler to whitish below. Fins largely gray-black terminally, 
paler basally. Pectoral with pale border. 

Length, 284 mm. (Jordan and Herre.) 

Japan. 


GONORYNCHUS MOSELEYI Jordan and Snyder 


Gonorhynchus moseleyi JORDAN and Snyper, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 
18, p. 347, 1923 (type locality: Honolulu).—CHaAxBaNaAvup, Bull. Soc. Geol. 
France, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 507, 1931 (reference). 

Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus (not Linnaeus) Fow rer, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 8, No. 7, p. 875, 1923 (Honolulu) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 28, 
1928 (Honolulu). 


Depth 814; head 414, width 21%. Snout 224 in head; eye 414; 
preoral 41%; interorbital 344. Barbel half of eye. 

Scales 150 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 more on latter; 16 
above lateral line, 16 below lateral line; 115 predorsal scales for- 
ward to snout tip. Scales with 12 basal radiating striae, edge evenly 
scalloped; 11 or 12 apical denticles, graduated down from median, 
which largest and strongest. 

D. 11, 8, 1, origin slightly behind ventral origin, fin but little larger; 
A. 1, 6, 1, inserted midway between ventral origin and caudal base, 
fin long as ventral; caudal emarginate, 134 in head; pectoral 114. 

When fresh pale sandy gray above. Under surface of head and 
body, edges of pectoral and ventral, all of anal, and bases of dorsal 
and caudal, white. Median terminal portions of paired fins blackish. 
Iris pale yellow. 

Hawaiian Islands. 


texample. A.N.S.P. Honolulu market. 1922. Bishop Museum. Length, 123 mm. 


GONORYNCHUS GREYI (Richardson) 


Rhynchana greyi RicHArDSON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, p. 44, text fig. 
(mouth), pl. 29, figs. 1-6, 1846 (type locality: West Australia; New Zea- 
land). 

Gonorhynchus greyi VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 212, 1846 (New 
Zealand).—GutnrTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 3738, 1868 (type of 
Rhynchana greyi; West and South Australia, Melbourne; New Zealand) .— 
Hector, Colonial Mus. Governm. Survey Dept. (Fishes New Zealand), p. 62 
(Wellington Harbor), p. 119, pl. 10, fig. 98, 1872 (Hutt River mouth).— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 255, 1881 (West and South 
Australia, Victoria).—OciLpy, Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 23, 
p. 730, 1898 (Lord Howe Island).—McCuttocn, Fishes New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 17, pl. 5, fig. 58a, 1927—CHABANAUD, Bull. Soe. Geol. France, ser. 
5, vol. 1, p. 507, 1931 (reference). 

Wonorhynchus grayi Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, pl. 16, fig. la—c, 1865. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 731 


Gonorrhynchus greyi Kiuunzincrer, Arch. Naturg., vol. 38, p. 42, 1872 (Hobson’s 
Bay ).—Oeipy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 34, 1911 (on Richardson). 

Gonorhyncus greyi Lucas, Proce. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 2, p. 36, 1890 
(Victoria). 

Gonorynchus greyi McCuttocn, Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 5, p. 52, 1929 (refer- 
ence). 

Gonorhynchus gonorynchus (not Linnaeus) Watre, Rec. Austral. Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 146, pl. 17, fig. 3, 1904 (Lord Howe Island; New South Wales) ; Mem. 
New South Wales Naturalists Club, No. 2, p. 18, 1904; Rec. Canterbury 
Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 11, 1907 (reference) ; Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 
42, 1909, p. 374, 1910 (JIXermadek Island); Ree. South Australian Mus., 
vol. 2, p. 40, fig. 57, 1921—Fow.er, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 
1, p. 160, 1986 (Melbourne). 

Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1911, 
p. 220 (Melbourne) ; 1923, p. 48 (Melbourne examples). 

Gonorrynchus forsteri Ocirpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 84, 1911 (type 
locality: New Zealand). 

Gonorhynchus forsteri CHABANAUD, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 5, vol. 1, 
p. 507, 1981 (reference). 

Gonorrynchus parvimanus Oci~Bpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 34, 1911 
(type locality: Woody Point, Moreton Bay, South Queensland). 

Gonorhynchus parvimanus CHABANAUD, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, ser. 5, vol. 1, 
p. 507, 1981 (reference). 


Depth 9 to 10; head 5 to 514, width 2% to 234. Snout 224 to 3 in 
head; eye 4 to 414, 114 in snout; maxillary reaches 44 to eye; lips 
fleshy, fringed, papillose; interorbital 54 to 8 in head. Gill fila- 
ments 2 in eye. 

Scales 145 to 175 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more on 
latter; 14 to 18 above, 13 or 14 below, 150 to 175 predorsal. Scales 
ctenoid, exposed edges truncate, more or less caducous, on trunk 
and tail in evenly oblique uniform series, uniform in size. Large 
slender, free, pointed, fleshy scaled flap in pectoral axil % of fin; 
similar one in ventral axil; caudal and dorsal mostly covered with 
scales basally, other fins scaleless. Lateral line complete, tubes 
simple. 

D. v, 8, 1, sometimes v, 7, 1, first branched ray 2 in head; A. v, 5, 1, 
sometimes v, 6, 1, first branched ray 2 to 214; caudal emarginate, sub- 
equal with head; least depth of caudal peduncle 334 to 4; pectoral 
114 to 114; ventral 124 to 15%. 

Dull or pale gray to drab brown, lighter below. Eye dark or 
gray. Inside mouth and gill opening black. Fins pale gray brown, 
with slight yellowish tinge basally, terminally black. 

Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Western 
Australia, South Australia and New Zealand. 


4 examples. A.N.S.P. Melbourne market, Victoria, Mrs. Agnes F. Kenyon. 
Length, 278-293 mm. 


732 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


GONORYNCHUS GONORYNCHUS (Linnaeus) 


Cyprinus gonorynchus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 528, 1766 (type 
locality : Cape of Good Hope).—BonnaterrE, Tabl. encyclop. Ichth., p. 194, 
1788 (Cape of Good Hope).—Watsaum, Artedi Pise., vol. 3, p. 25, 1792 
(copied).—LacftprEpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 497, 1803 (description in 
key). 

Cyprinus gonorhynchus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1422, 1789 (Cape of 
Good Hope).—Lactprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 570, 1803 (Cape of 
Good Hope). 

Cobitis gonorynchus Gray, Cat. Fish. Gronow, p. 41, 1854 (Cape of Good Hope). 

Gonorrynchus gonorynchus OaiLtpy, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 10, p. 32, 1911 
(compiled). 

Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 
1, p. 299, 1917 (reference).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, 
pt. 1, p. 125, pl. 6, fig. 4 (copied), 1925 (Port Nolloth, Table Bay, False 
Bay, Natal).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 194 
(Natal coast, in “600 fathoms’’).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 
21, pt. 2, p. 1017, 1927 (comments on Fowler’s 600 fathoms misprint).— 
CHABANAUD, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 507, 1931 (reference). 

Gonorhynchus gonorynchus Fow ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
86, p. 413, 1934 (Natal) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 70, pt. 1, p. 160, 
fig. 63, 1986 (part). 

Gonorhynchus gronovii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, p. 207, pl. 568, 
1846 (type locality: Bourbon).—Scutuscer, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, 
Poiss., pts. 10-14, p. 217, 1846 (reference).—BLEEKerR, Nat. Tijdschr. Neder- 
land. Indie, vol. 21, p. 56, 1860 (reference) .—GUICHENOT, Notes ile Réunion, 
vol. 2, p. 29, 1863. 

Gonorhynchus brevis KNrErR, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 342, 1865 (type locality: 
St. Paul, southern Indian Ocean). 

Gonorhynchus greyi (not Richardson) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 
7, p. 373, 1868 (Cape of Good Hope).—Gitcurist, Marine Invest. South 
Africa, vol. 6, p. 153, 1901 (copied).—Gimcurist and THompson, Ann. 
South African Mus. vol. 6, p. 200, 1908-11 (26 fathoms Annatikulu River 
mouth, northwest % N. 914 miles). 


Depth 11; head 414. Snout 214 in head; eye 414; maxillary 4 as 
not measured from snout tip; barbel 34 of eye; interorbital 4 in 
head. 

Scales 142 in lateral line to caudal base; 15 above, 13 below, pre- 
dorsal 104. 

D. u, 9, inserted slightly behind ventral origin, fin but little larger; 
A. wm, 7, inserted midway between ventral origin and caudal base; 
caudal emarginate; pectoral 124 in head; ventral 2. 

Pale broccoli brown, nearly whitish below. Iris silvery white. 
Dorsal with blackish terminal blotch. Anal with blackish on last 
half. Each caudal lobe with white tips and medially dusky. Pec- 
toral whitish. Ventral largely whitish, with median dusky blotch. 

South Africa, Bourbon, and St. Paul Rock. Barnard mentions 
the accessory branchial organ behind the fourth gill arch. He also 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 733 


says the youngest example he has seen measures 75 mm, and is 
extraordinarily slender, and he gives the depth for the young as 
1114. 

A.N.S.P. 53065. Natal coast, in 60 fathoms. 1924. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 


100 mm. 
Series OSTARIOPHYSI 


Front or anterior vertebrae modified, interlocked, enlarged, codssi- 
fied and some with their upper and lateral portions detached to 
form a series of small bones or weberian ossicles, connecting the 
auditory apparatus with the air bladder. The air bladder thus 
apparently an organ of hearing by means of a connection which 
lost in all higher fishes. 

This great. group includes the majority of all freshwater fishes. 
But two of the four orders are here considered, as I report only the 
few Philippine cyprinoids and siluroids. The latter include also the 
marine forms. The numerous East Indian species are well treated 
in the great works of Bleeker and in more recent years by Weber 
and Beaufort. The forms of more remote relationship such as those 
in the Indian region and the quite distinct fauna of the Chinese 
mainland are omitted because they are not represented in the Alba- 
tross Philippine collections. 


Order NEMATOGNATHI 


Body variously short to greatly elongate or even eellike. Head 
very variable, sometimes extremely large, wide or depressed, again 
very small. Mouth not protractile, premaxillaries usually forming 
its upper borders. Lips sometimes greatly developed, sometimes 
modified as sucking disk. Mouth with long barbels, usually at least 
one pair from rudimentary maxillaries, often one or more pairs 
about chin and sometimes one from each pair of nostrils. Subopercle 
absent or modified as uppermost branchiostegal. Four front verte- 
brae joined together, with chain of small bones as weberian appar- 
atus to auditory organ of skull. Skin thick, slimy, or with bony 
plates on head and about pectoral fins. No true scales ever present. 
Adipose fin frequently present. Usually teeth on jaws, vomer and 
pterygoids. Pharyngeal bones with small conic or villiform teeth. 
Branchiostegals 4 to 17. No pseudobranchiae. Intestinal canal 
simple, short to elongate. No pyloric coeca. Lateral line usually 
present, sometimes with branches. Fin rays articulated, second 
dorsal ray and outer pectoral ray modified as spine due to co-ossifica- 
tion of articulations. Pectorals placed low, fold like ventrals. 
Ventral rays 6 to 16, frequently about 6. 


734 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


A great group known usually as the catfishes. They include over 
a thousand species chiefly in the fresh waters of the globe, most of 
which are found between the tropics. The few forms known from 
the Philippines, excepting the Clariidae, are mostly marine. 


ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES 


a’. Dorsal spineless, very long; adipose fin present or absent_________ Clariidae 
a’. Dorsal with pungent spine. 
b*. Caudal pointed, confluent with so-called long second dorsal and anal; no 


ACIPOSe filmi lias _ Leer a Pal oye eee 8 oe Pe Plotosidae 
b*. Caudal forked, emarginate or truncate, without procurrent portion; anal 
shontadipose:finspresent= 4 — 2255 2 — ea ee ee Tachysuridae 


Family CLARIIDAE 


Body elongate. Head broad, depressed. Eyes small. Mouth 
transverse, terminal or subterminal. Barbels 4 pairs, as 1 nasal, 1 
maxillary, and 2 mandibulars. Jaws with more or less united areas 
of villiform teeth. Vomer with crescentic band of villiform teeth. 
Front nostril in short tube each side behind upper lip. Hind nostril 
more or less rounded slit behind each nasal barbel. Cranial roof 
with occipital and frontal fontanel, occipital part prolonged. Cra- 
nium with upper portions covered with osseous plates, lateral por- 
tions often naked, forming casque covering accessory branchial 
chamber of gill cavity containing accessory dendritic gills attached 
to second and fourth branchial arches. Gill membranes shortly 
united, deeply notched in middle, free from isthmus. Gull rakers 
13 to 19. Branchiostegals 7 to 9. Air bladder small, bilobed, dis- 
posed transversely and partially enclosed in bony sheath. Long 
dorsal and anal entirely of soft rays, united with caudal or dorsal 
shorter or followed by adipose fin. Pectoral with outer ray spinous. 
Ventral rays 6. Paired fins sometimes rudimentary or absent. 

A large family of freshwater siluroids, more or less eellike in 
appearance, some especially so or with the paired fins rudimentary 
or absent. Most are furnished with an accessory dendritic breath- 
ing organ within the branchial chamber which enables them to live 
continuously for long periods of time on land. Some are known to 
live in burrows during dry weather and crawl out at night in search 


of food. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. No adipose fin on back; dorsal long, nearly or quite reaches caudal or may 


be :confluenth2:24.. = fe Vat Sat Ee 2 Se et A Clarias 
a’. Adipose fin present behind rayed dorsal and like anal confluent with caudal. 
Heterobranchus 


Genus CLARIAS Scopoli 


Clarias Gronow, Zoophylacii, p. 100, 1763. (Species nonbinomial.) (Type, 
Clarias marpus Valenciennes=Silurus batrachus Linnaeus, designated by 
Bleeker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 120, 1863.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 735 


Chlarias Scopoti, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 455, 1777. (Type, Silurus batrachus 
Linnaeus.) (Evident misprint for Clarias.) 

Clarius BirEKmR, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 4, p. 28, 1858. (Type, Silurus 
batrachus Linnaeus.) 

Macropteronotus LactprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 84, 1808. (Type, 
Macropteronotus charmuth Lacépede=Silurus angwillaris Linnaeus, desig- 
nated by Jordan and Evermann, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, p. 65, 1917.) 

Cossyphus (not Valenciennes) McCLeLiANp, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 
p. 408, 1844. (Type, Cossyphus ater McClelland=Macropteronotus jagur 
Buchanan-Hamilton.) 

Phagorus McCLeLLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 408, 1844. (Type, 
Cossyphus ater McClelland, virtually. Phagorus McClelland proposed to 
replace Cossyphus McClelland.) 


Body well elongated, long tail tapermg. Head greatly depressed. 
Kye well advanced in head, lids free. Sides of head protected by 
bony plates. Branchiostegals 9. Air bladder with bony sheath 
formed by transverse processes of fourth and fifth vertebrae. 
Vertebrae 60 to 78. Males with long conic anal papilla. Paired 
fins well developed. 

Throughout Africa and western Asia to India, Ceylon, Burma, 
Siam, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines, Indochina and China. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Pectoral spine smooth, rough or with few and not very prominent serratures. 
b*. Dorsal and anal united with caudal, at least with its base______ nieuhofi 
b°. Median fins not united. 

c’. Dorsal 60 to 78; anal 45 to 63. 
ad’. Occipital process triangular, with blunt top, height twice its base; 
front border of fontanel reaches opposite line through middle of 
eyes or farther forward. 

e’. Space between dorsal fin and occipital process 41%4 to 514 in head from 
snout end to occipital process; head to occipital process 3% to 
S2enin body withouticaudali Ss aete! tee eae batrachus 
e*. Space between dorsal fin and occipital process 2% in head from 

snout end to occipital process, 4 or 5 in body without caudal. 
teijsmanni 
d*. Occipital process triangular, top rounded, height nearly 3 times base; 
front border of front fontanel nearly reaches opposite hind border 


ODTEY CSE see oe RES Ep Pert OL Fe) ee EEE ee ED leiacanthus 
csGborsalhps tol Ganvanaliss to 40ti nurs A te, aed fuscus 

a’. Pectoral spine with more or less vertical strong teeth on front edge. 
dussumieri 


CLARIAS NIEUHOFI Valenciennes 


Clarias niewhofi VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 386, 1840 [on 
Bontael of negenoogen Nieuhof, Gedenkw. Zee en lantreize, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 
271, 1682 (type locality : Oostindien) ].—BLeeKer, Atlas Ichth, Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 2, pl. (51)99, fig. 2, 1862.—GUnruer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 20, 1864 (Philippines).—Errra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 566, 1895 
(Philippines).—Suvartl, Index Fish. Siam, p. 84, 1937 (Nong Kho; rat 
River, Khau Saming). 


736 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Clarias nieuhofii Buerkrr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 105, 1862 (Java, 
Sumatra, Banka, Biliton, Borneo).—PrtTrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1868, p. 271 (Luzon).—VINcIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 
16, p. 166, 1880 (Borneo).—WeEsER and BreAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 189, 1913 (East Indies, Malacca, Philippines).—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 47, 1937 (refer- 
ence).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, 1988, p. 44(247) (reference). 

Phagorus nieuhofii Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 461 
(Borneo) ; 1915, p. 228 (Same example). 

Clarias pentapterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 206, 
1851 (Bandjermassin, in rivers and marshes, Borneo). 

Clarias gilli SMiTH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 74, figs. 
a—b, 1906 (type locality: Rio Grande, Mindanao).—Herreg, Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 24, p. 700, 1924 (Tatuan, Mailag, Santa Fe, Lake Batu) ; Proc. Pan 
Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1928, p. 1570, 1924 (Lake Bato and 
Bicol River, Luzon) ; Fish. Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 28, 1934 (Fort 
Pikit, Cotabato).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 47, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 814; head to hind opercle edge 614, width equals length, 
11% in length to hind edge of occipital process. Snout 224 in head 
to hind opercle edge; eye 18, 414 in snout, 534 in interorbital; mouth 
width 214 in head to hind opercle edge; nasal barbel reaches hind 
edge of gill opening, maxillary reaches beyond pectoral tip for 
space equal to that between front nostril and eye; outer mental 
reaches tip of pectoral.spine, inner mental to gill opening; broad 
bands of fine pointed teeth in each jaw, in 5 or 6 irregular rows; 
broad triangular patch of similar teeth; front nostril at last third 
of snout as seen in profile; interorbital 214) in head to hind gill 
opening, broad, very slightly convex; front fontanel twice eye 
diameter, its front edge opposite hind eye edge and hind fontanel 
% front one, opposite pectoral origin; predorsal 27% in head from 
occipital process. Gill rakers 5+17, lanceolate, subequal with gill 
filaments or twice eye. 

Skin smooth, also over entire top of head. 

D. 86, last ray half joined with caudal basally, fin height 214 in 
head to hind gill opening; A. about 72, fin height 214, free from 
caudal; caudal 114 in head, convex behind; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 314; pectoral 124, spine 114 in fin, smooth; ventral 3. 

Generally uniform olivaceous in alcohol. 

British Malaya, East Indies, Siam, Philippines. 

A.N.S.P. No. 20350. Knapei or Sebroeang, Borneo. N. Chaper. Museum of 


Paris. E. D. Cope. Length, 347 mm. 
5170. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 228 mm. 


CLARIAS BATRACHUS (Linnaeus) 


Silurus batrachus LinNarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 805, 1758 (type locality : 
In Asia, Africa) ; ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 502, 1766.—BoNnNAtTERRE, Tableau Encyclop. 
Ichth., p. 151, 1788 (Asia, Africa).—Gmrtin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Got 


p. 1855, 1789.—Wa.saum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 565, 1792 (on Linnaeus) .— 
Biocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 8, p. 44, pl. 370, fig., 1794 (Tranque- 
bar).—ScuHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 386, 1801 (Tranquebar, Africa). 

Macropteronotus batrachus Lacérrpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 84, 85, 1803 
(Asia, Africa). 

Clarias batrachus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 385, 1840 (on 
Bloch).—Bteexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 103, pl. (50) 98, 
fig. 2, 1862 (Java, Bali, Sumatra, Singapore, Banka, Biliton, Borneo, 
Bengal).—KNer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 299, 1865 (Hong Kong, Java, 
Ceylon).—PeEtTEeRS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 271, 1868 (Catbalogan, 
Samar).—WeserR and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 
2, p. 190, fig. 74, 1918 (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Serang, Situ Bagendit, Tragan, 
Lawang, Djember, Lombok, lakes Sinkarah, Manindjan, Taluk, Solok, 
Atjah, Simalur).—Fowtrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1915, p. 226 
(Padang materials); Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines).—Hora, 
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, p. 165, 1923 (Bangkok).—Virutya, 
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 227, 1928 (reference) .— 
Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 199, 1924 (Tuao, Aparri, Vigan, 
Santa Maria, Pampanga, Bulacan, Manila, Cavite, Jaro) ; Proc. Pan Pacific 
Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 19238, p. 1570, 1924 (Luzon, Leyte); Philip- 
pine Journ. Sci., vol. 34, p. 296 (Lake Taal), p. 303, 1927 (Lake Naujan).— 
Herre, Journ. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 7, 1933 (Dumaguete) ; 
Fish. Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 28, 19384 (San Fabian; Laguna 
de Bay; Dumaguete).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 
86, p. 69, 1984 (Lake Bratan, Bali), p. 86 (Chieng Mai; Chieng Dao, Keng 
Tung), p. 335, 1984 (Ban Thun Luang); vol. 89, p. 1383, 19837 (Me Poon; 
Pitsanulok).—Suvatti1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 82, 1987 (Ko Chang; Thale 
Sap; Tadi Stream; Maenam Pau Phaya; Maenam Pattani; Maekok; 
Kwan Phayau; Chieng Mai; Maenam Pasak; Bangkok; Comthong; 
Paknampho; Ayuthaya; Rahaeng; Pracinburi).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 46, 19387 (reference).—HerrRE and 
Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 65, 1937 (Singapore; Ayer Hitam; 
Johore; Chandradam, Perak).—Fow.ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 48, 1938 
(247) (reference). 

Chlarias batrachus Fowtrr, Journ. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 
p. 499, 1904 (Padang); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 461, 
(Baram, Borneo). 

Macropieronotus jagur BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 145, 374, 
1822 (type locality: Ganges River).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 115, 1889 (thought to be monstrosity). 

Clarias jagur VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 388, 1840 (copied) .— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 21, 1864 (copied ).—MArTENS, 
Preuss. Exped. Ost Asien, vol. 1, pp. 302, 399, 1876 (Danau Sriang, 
Borneo).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 484, 1877 (note). 

Macropteronotus magur BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 146, 374, 
pl. 26, fig. 45, 1822 (type locality : Ganges River). 

Clarias magur VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 381, 1840 (com- 
piled).—GUntTHeER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 17, 1864 (types of 
Macropieronotus magur, Caleutta, Pinang, Khaysa, East Indies, India).— 
Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 485, pl. 112, figs. 5-5a, 1877.—Pout, Cat. 
Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 38, 1884 (South Sea).—Day, Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 115, figs. 48-49, 1889.—VincicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 9, 1889, p. 191, 1890 (Rangoon, Mandalay, 


738 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Bhamo).—JorDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 8, 1907 
(Philippines) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, p. 535, 1908.—FowLrr, Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 11, p. 818, 1931 (note on Pohl’s record). 

Clarias fuscus (not Lacépéde) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 383, 
1840 (Sumatra). 

Clarias punctatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 884, 1840 (type 
locality: Java)—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1245, 
1849 (Pinang). 

Cossyphus ater McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 403, pl. 22, 
fig. 3, 1844 (type locality: Chusan, China); vol. 5, p. 225, 1845 (errata) 
(mutilated specimen). 

? Clarias assamensis Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 485, 1877 (type locality: 
Goalpara and as high as Suddya) ; Fauna of British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 117, 1889 (copied). 

Clarias oliwaceus Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 
p. 499, pl. 28, lower fig., 1904 (type locality: Padang, Sumatra). 

Depth 525 to 7; head 5 to 544, wide as long. Snout 234 in head 
to hind edge of opercle; eye 10; mouth width 224; nasal barbel 
reaches base of pectoral spine, maxillary not quite to tip of pectoral 
spine, outer mental half its length and inner reaches base of pectoral 
spine; teeth fine, in rather broad bands in jaws; narrow band of 
fine vomerine teeth; interorbital 124, flattened, fontanel like plumb 
bob, length equals space between 2 nasal barbels; predorsal length 
to occiput 334 to 434 in head measured to hind opercle edge. 

Skin smooth. 

D. 58, origin above depressed pectoral tip, fin separate from caudal; 
A. 50, similar, origin much nearer caudal base than snout tip; caudal 
114 in head measured to hind opercle edge, fin rounded behind; 
pectoral spine 114, nearly smooth, fin reaches nearly half way to 
ventral; ventral 21% in head to hind opercle edge, reaches anal. 

In arrack dark brown, vertical fins somewhat darker. Along 
lower side, from abdomen to caudal base an irregular series of small 
round pale brown spots. Below dorsal base on back about dozen 
vertical series of similar spots extending down to middle of side. 

India, Ceylon, Burma, Pinang, East Indies, Philippines. 

12105. Manila market. June 11, 1908. Length, 235. D. 65 ? A. 50. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72550. Buitenzorg, Java. March 10, 1909. Bryant and Palmer. 

Length, 20 to 24 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72551. Buitenzorg, Java. March 16, 1909. Length, 185 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 72551. Java. Bryant and Palmer. Head 95 mm. lond, doubtfully 

as Clarias batrachus. 

2examples. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 

Length, 200-204 mm. 
2examples. A.N.S.P. Batu Sangkar, Sumatra. A.C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 

Length, 233-249 mm. 

CLARIAS TEIJSMANNI Bleeker 


Clarias teijsmanni BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 13, p. 344, 1857 
(type locality: Java) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 104, pl. (51) 99, 
fig. 1, 1862 (Java; Borneo).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 44 (247), 19388. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 739 


Clarias teysmanni GiintTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 19, 1864 (Java; 
Ceylon).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 484, 1877 (types of Clarias bra- 
chysoma).—VINCIGUERRA Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Civ. Genova, vol. 16, p. 164, 
1880 (Borneo).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, p. 116, 1889 (copied) .— 
VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 62, 1893 (Bor- 
neo).—WEeEBER and BrEAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 191, 1913 (Buitenzorg, Java; Lake Toba, Sumatra; Singkep; Borneo).— 
Hora, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 165, 1923 /(Nakon 
Sritamarat).—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 610, 1926 (Sarawak).—Suvarri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 84, 1987 (Khlong 
Phong).—HeErreE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 66, 1937 (Singa- 
pore; Gwnong Pulai, Johore; River Plus near Lasah, Perak). 

Clarias brachysoma GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 20, 1864 (type 
locality : Ceylon). 

Depth 7 to 8; head to hind end of gill opening 51% to 6 or more, 
head to occipital process 4 to 5, width equals length. Eyes 10 to 11 
in head to hind end of gill opening; eye distance greater than mouth 
width, equals postorbital part of head; nasal barbels reach occipital 
process, maxillary reach pectorals or surpass them, mandibulary and 
mental much shorter; maxillary teeth in 2 contiguous quadrangular 
patches, twice broad as long; mandibular teeth similar but hind 
corners laterally extended; vomerine teeth in crescentic band, its 
hind edge sometimes more or less prominent medially; space between 
occipital process and dorsal origin 214 times in space from former to 
snout end; occipital fontanel conspicuously shorter than frontal fon- 
tanel, which extends to front border of eye. Gull rakers 16, shorter 
than gill filaments. 

D. 70 to 74; A. 60 to 68; caudal rounded, free from dorsal and 
anal; pectoral rounded, equals or little longer than head without 
snout, very weak short spine 4% to 24 of fin length, much shorter 
than postorbital part of head to hind edge of gill opening, front 
border little rough and rays 7 to 9; ventral rounded, extend on anal, 
2 of pectorals, rays 6. 

Dark, underside of head and belly lighter. Body and tail with 
light spots, dorsally arranged in transverse rows. Median fins with 
lighter border. Length over 200 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Ceylon, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 


CLARIAS LEIACANTHUS Bleeker 


Clarias leiacanthus BureKkrr, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 430, 1851 
(type locality : Sambas, in rivers, Borneo) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
2, p. 104, pl. (50) 98, fig. 1, 1862 (Sumatra, Banka, Nias, Borneo) .— 
VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 611, 1926 
(Sarawak).—Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 87, 1934 
(Bangkok).—Svvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 83, 1987 (reference). —HERRE 
and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 65, 1987 (Mawai District) .— 
Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 247, 1988 (reference). 

Clarias Viacanthus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 20, 1864 
(type).—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 16, p. 166, 1880 


740 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


(Borneo).—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 566, 1895 (Paragua).— 
STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 25, p. 443, 1900 (Baram River, 
Borneo).—Popra, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 27, p. 18, 1906 (Central Bor- 
neo).—WEBER and BrAvFoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2; 
p. 192, 1913 (Hast Indies). 

Chlarias leiacanthus Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 461 
(Baram River, Borneo). 

Clarias macrocephalus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 18, 1864 
(type locality: Siam).—K<ArouI, Termész. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 177, 
1881 (Siam).—Savvacg, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 154, 
1883 (Menam).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 
40, 1885 (Laguna de Bay, Luzon).—Weser, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nieder- 
land. Ost-Inden. vol. 3, p. 419, 1894 (Pajakomboh, Sumatra).—Etrra, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 565, 1895 (Luzon, Manila, Laguna de Bay).—WeEBER 
and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p 193, 1913 
(noted as doubtful).—Roxas and Marvin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 47, 19387 (reference).—Suvarri1, Index Fish. Siam, p. 83, 1937 
(Bangkok; Maenam Cau Phya; Klong Ko; Samrong Canal; Paknampho; 
Canthabura; Maeklong; adi Stream; Kamburi River; Thale Noi; 
Pracinburi). 

Depth 634; head to hind edge of gill opening 544, width 114. 
Snout 235 in head; eye 13, 514 in snout, 734 in interorbital; mouth 
width 214 in head to hind opercle edge; lips and barbels all more 
or less papillate; nasal barbel reaches pectoral origin, maxillary 
11% eye diameters beyond depressed pectoral fin, outer mental to 
tip of pectoral spine, inner mental to pectoral origin; teeth fine, 
conic, in rather broad bands in jaws, also little broader crescentic 
band on palate; interorbital 2 in head, broadly and slightly convex; 
front fontanel 21% times eye, hind one equals eye; occipital process 
broadly convex, length about 14 its basal width. Gill rakers 4+11, 
lanceolate, 14 gill filaments which little over twice eye diameter. 

Skin smooth. 

D. about 62, last ray for 84 basal length joined with caudal, fin 
height 134 in head to hind opercle edge; A. 63, last ray joined with 
caudal 24 its length, fin height 144 in head; caudal 124, rounded 
behind; pectoral 135, spine 34 fin length with row of very small 
sharp points along its upper edge; ventral 3 in head. 

Dull olivaceous generally, slightly paler on belly and under sur- 
face of head. Barbels like back. About dozen or more series of 
obscure small spots or dots, paler than general color along lower 
part of side, these all more or less connected by 2 or 3 longitudinal 
rows of similar dots below axis on flank and another row well below. 

British Malaya, Siam, East Indies, Philippines? My example ap- 
pears to differ from most accounts of this species in its spotted colora- 
tion and partly confluent vertical fins. 
lexample. A.N.S.P. Baram River, Borneo. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 

1899. Wistar Institute of Anatomy. Length, 189 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 741] 


CLARIAS FUSCUS (Lacépéde) 


Macropteronotus fuscus LAcKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 84, 88, pl. 2, 
fig. 2, 1808 (type locality : China=on Chinese painting). 

Clarias fuscus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 383, 1840 (not Su- 
matra specimen).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 105, 1862 
(copied).—GutnTHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vol. 5, p. 18, 1864 (type of 
Clarias pulicaris, China, Hongkong).—SAuvace and Dasry, Ann. Sci. Nat., 
ser. 6, vol. 1, Zool., p. 5, 1874 (China).—KArott, Termesz. Fiizetek, Buda- 
pest, vol. 5, p. 177, 1881 (Canton).—ELrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 565, 
1895 (Luzon, Manila).—JorpDAN and RicHARDSOoN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 
4, p. 168, fig. 5, 1909 (Takao).—Fowter, Bull. Bishop Mus. 22, p. 5, 1925 
(introduced at Guam); Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 1927, 
p. 260 (San Fernando, Vigan, Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 
p. 64, 1928 (Guam record) ; Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 
(Hong Kong).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 55, 
fig. 45, 1929 (Amoy).—RoxAs and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Techn. 
Bull. 6, p. 41, 1987 (reference). 

Chlarias fuscus RuTTER, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 57 (Swa- 
tow).—JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 321, fig. 4, 
1902 (Taihoku and Formosa). 

? Clarias abbreviatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 386, 1840 
(type locality: Macao) (Anal rays 32).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 19, 1864 (copied).—SAUvAGE and DApsry, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 
6, vol. 1, Zool., p. 5, 1874 (Macao). 

Clarias pulicaris RicHARDSON, Voy. Sulphwr, Ichth., p. 135, pl. 62, figs. 5-6, 1844 
(type locality: China) ; Ichth. China Japan, p. 287, 1846 (China). 

Clarias hexacicinnus RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 287, 1846 (type lo- 
cality : China). 

Clarias batrachus (not Linnaeus) BLEEKrER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, 
p. 103, 1862 (part).—Fow.Ler, Copeia, No. 50, p. 62, 1917 (Philippines). 


Depth 524 to 584; head to hind opercle edge 414 to 414, to hind 
occipital edge 334 to 35%, head width 114 to 124. Snout 314 to 314 in 
head to opercle edge; eye 1344 to 14, 634 to 7 in interorbital; mouth 
width 3814 to 314; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, slightly wider 
band of coarser ones on vomer; nasal barbel to pectoral origin or 
middle; maxillary barbel to pectoral middle or 2 eye lengths be- 
yond pectoral; mental barbels subequal, to first fourth or tip of 
pectoral spine ; interorbital 214 to 214 in head to opercle edge, broadly 
convex, depressed medianly; front fontanel begins opposite eye cen- 
ter, 214 to 214 eye lengths; occipital fontanel subequal with eye, be- 
gins opposite or little behind pectoral origin. Gill rakers 6+ 22, 
lanceolate. 

Head covered with thin skin. 

D. 58 to 63, height 214 to 214 in head; A. 38 to 40, height 234 to 
3; caudal 134 to 134, convex; pectoral 124 to 17%, spine 2% to 34 of 
fin, edges with very fine obsolete concealed serrae; ventral 21% to 21%. 

Neutral dusky, head below and belly whitish. Dozen vertical 
rows of small gray-white spots on sides and lower side of tail with 


742 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


several irregular longitudinal rows. Barbels dusky slate. Iris slate. 
Dorsal, anal and caudal dusky. Paired fins brown, pale basally. 
China, Formosa, Philippines. 


6858. Kowloon market, China. October 22, 1908. Length, 128 mm. Dorsal 
rays 56. 

6859. Kowloon market. October 22, 1908. Length, 125 mm. Dorsal rays 57. 

U.S.N.M. No. 42463. Hongkong. William Stimpson. Length, 127-133 mm. 5 
examples. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. San Fernando, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 

8 examples. A.N.S.P. Vigan, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 

5 examples. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. As 
Clarias batrachus. 

CLARIAS DUSSUMIERI Valenciennes 


Clarias dussumieri VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 382, 1840 (type 
locality : Malabar; Pondicherry).—JErpDoN, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., vol. 15, 
p. 342, 1849 (Malabar).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 197, 1865 (fresh 
water) ; Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 484, 1877 (Wynaad in Malabar) ; Fauna 
British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 117, 1889. 

Clarias melanoderma BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl. Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
pp. 178, 288, 1846 (type locality: Java); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, 
p. 102, pl. (49) 97, fig. 2, 1862 (Java, Banka, Borneo).—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 19, 1864 (no locality).—VincieurRRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 14, p. 386, 1879 (Kaju Tanam, Sumatra).—KARort, 
Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 177, 1881 (Macao).—Mryer, Anal. 
Soe. Espa. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 14, p. 40, 1885 (Laguna de Bay) .— 
Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 566, 1895 (Luzon, Camarines Sur, Laguna 
de Batos, Laguna de Bay).—Vorz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. vol. 19, p. 381, 
1904 (Palembang, Sumatra).—WeEsER and BEAvrort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 188, 1913 (Hast Indies, Philippines, Siam, China).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 47, 1937 
(reference).—HeErRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull, No. 13, p. 66, 1937 
(Singapore I.; Mawai District, Johore).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 44, 
19388 (reference). 

Clarias meladerma SuvatTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 84, 1987 (reference). 

Clarias melasoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 427, 1852 
(type locality: Prabrekarta, south east Borneo, in Kusan River; Palem- 
bang, south east Sumatra, in Mussi River). 

Clarias melanosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 427, 
1852 (Borneo). 

Clarias batrachus (not Linnaeus) BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, 
p. 103, 1862 (part). 


Depth 514 to 7; head to hind opercle edge 5 to 534, 4 to 414 meas- 
ured to occipital process, long as wide. Eye 10 to 12 in head, eye 
distance nearly equals mouth width, 11% to 184 in head; nasal barbels 
reach dorsal, maxillary surpass pectorals and extend to ventrals, man- 
dibular extend to top of pectorals or nearly so and mental somewhat 
shorter; teeth small, sharply pointed, in 2 more or less confluent 
patches which very little curved and 4 times broad as long; mandib- 
ulary teeth in 2 contiguous quadrangular patches with posterior, 
exterior corner laterally produced; vomerine teeth in crescentic band; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 743 


head flat and granular above; occipital process very obtuse and very 
broad at base, very little prominent; frontal fontanel longer than 
occipital, its front border behind eyes; predorsal to occiput equals 
1% of space of latter to snout end. Gull rakers 15. 

D. 68 to 72, and like anal may be united with base of rounded 
caudal; A. 52 to 61; pectoral rounded, conspicuously longer than 
head without snout, very strong spine 14 shorter than longest rays, 
with 9 rays; ventral rays 6, rounded, reaches anal, about 24 pectoral 
length. 

Uniform blackish, underside of head and belly little lighter, some- 
times with lighter spots. Length, 340 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

India, East Indies, Philippines, Siam, China. 


Genus HETEROBRANCHUS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 


Heterobranchus Grorrroy Sarnt Hrearre, Descript. Egypte, Poiss., vol. 1, pl. 16, 
figs. 2-5, pl. 17, figs. 8, 9, 1809; text, p. 305, 1827. (Type, Heterobranchus 
bidorsalis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, monotypic.) 

? Encheloclarias Herre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull. 13, p. 66, 1987. (Type 
Heterobranchus tapeinopterus Bleeker, orthotypic.) 

Dorsal divided as anterior rayed fin and posterior adipose fin, latter 
supported by extensions of neural spines. 

Except as diagnosed above like Clarias. With the exception of the 
species below all the others are African. 


HETEROBRANCHUS TAPEINOPTERUS Bleeker 


Heterobranchus tapeinopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, 
p. 732, 1852 (type locality: Province Toboali, in rivers, Banka); Atlas 
Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 101, pl. (49) 97, fig. 1, 1862 (Banka, Bor- 
neo).—GutnrTuHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 22, 1864 (no locality) .— 
Erera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 566, 1895 (Samar).—Weser and BEAv- 
ForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 194, fig. 75, 1913 
(compiled). 

Encheloclarias tapeinopterus Herre and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 66, 
1937 (Mawai, Johore). 

Depth 8 to 914; head to hind opercle end 534 to 634, long as wide. 
Eye 15 to 18 in head; nasal and mental barbels reach pectoral base, 
maxillary and mandibular barbels reach pectoral tip or beyond; 
small upper teeth in 2 juxtaposed patches, 2 patches in lower jaw in 
curved band; vomerine teeth in broad slightly curved band. Bran- 
chiostegals 8. 

D. 24 to 27; adipose fin much lower but rather longer than rayed 
dorsal; caudal confluent with adipose fin and anal; pectoral little 
over 1 to 114 in head, spine distinctly serrate, rays 8; ventral rays 6. 

Brownish. Length, 124 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

Banka, Borneo, British Malaya. Although reported from Samar 
by Elera this record needs confirmation. 


156861—40——_48 


744 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Family PLOTOSIDAE 


Body elongate, well compressed, tail tapering. Head depressed. 
Barbels 3 pairs, as maxillary, mandibular, and mental. Lateral fold 
at mouth corner may be extended as short barbel. Mouth subtermi- 
nal. Teeth conic in jaws, sometimes absent above or mixed with 
molars below. Nostrils well separated, front pair usually tubular, 
either at front edge of upper lip directed up or forward or perfor- 
ating lip and directed downward; hind nasal slit behind maxillary 
barbel. Lateral line more or less distinct, pores well separated. 
Postanal dendritic organ sometimes present, function apparently un- 
known. First dorsal above or behind pectoral origins, spine smooth 
or serrated on both front and hind edges. No adipose dorsal. Sec- 
ond dorsal long, with numerous rays and like anal joined with 
pointed caudal. Pectoral with sharp, pointed, barbed, strong or 
weak spine. Ventral rays 10 to 16. 

Marine catfishes, though some living in estuaries or rivers. They 
are confined to the Indo-Pacific, largely when in the Pacific in its 
western portion. 

ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’. Front nostril at front border of upper lip, directed upward or forward. 
b*. Gill membranes free from isthmus; second dorsal origin behind ventral 


ToT RR el ar ee OR cg A ee as RR Na ee ae Plotosus 
bd’. Gill membranes united to isthmus; second dorsal origin before or above 
VENELAL -OLTSI TI Oa Pe Bey aE I VEEN ee RY 0 Cnidoglanis 


a°’, Front nostril perforates upper lip near its front border, directed downward; 
only front part of gill membranes confluent with isthmus; second dorsal 
onizinibeLorerom abovesvential orl ime ase ee ee ae ane Paraplotosus 


Genus PLOTOSUS Lacépéde 


Plotosus LActPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 128, 1803. (Type, Platystacus 
anguillaris Bloch, monotypic. ) 

Plotosis DuMéRIn, Zool. Analytique, p. 540, 1806. (Type, Platystacus anguil- 
laris Bloch.) 

Plotoseus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 1382, 1880. (Type, 
Platystacus anguillaris Bloch.) 

Plotosius SCHLEGEL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 10-14, p. 228, 1846. 
(Type, Platystacus anguillaris Bloch.) 

Body elongate, robust forward, strongly compressed laterally, tail 
tapering. Head depressed, covered with thin skin, bluntly rounded 
in front. Eyes small, superolateral, not covered by skin. Mouth 
transverse. Thick lips covered with papillae or small folds. Jaws 
with 8 barbels, maxillary with but one pair. Conic teeth in upper 
jaw numerous, in mandible mixed with molars, on vomer molar 
like crescent. Nostrils far apart, anterior tubular, erect or directed 
forward. Gill openings wide, membranes free from isthmus. Gill 
rakers 28 to 30. Branchiostegals 9 to 13. Air vessel moderate, not 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 745 


enclosed in bone. Dorsals 2, first short, rays 4 or 5 and preceded 
by spine; second dorsal very long, inserted above or before ventrals, 
many rayed like anal and ere with caudal. Pectoral spines 
toothed and like dorsal spine covered with soft skin. Ventral rays 
12 to 14. 

Indo-Pacific. Species few, living in the sea or if entering rivers 
seldom wandering above tidal influence. Their jagged spines are 
capable of causing severe wounds. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a, Nasal barbel reaches beyond eye; band of lower jaw teeth in 3 to 5 rows. 


Pee Morsnlara ys: Os anal G2) es ee oe ee Ee Bee abbreviatus 
Baporsaljandtanal raysuover OO... 2 ee eee canius 
a?, Nasal barbel not reaching beyond eye; band of lower jaw teeth in 2 or 3 rows; 
dorsalirays’ 80 tov100;, anal! ‘70) to, 8022. 4- 2" = == Ee anguillaris 


PLOTOSUS ABBREVIATUS Boulenger 


Plotosus abbreviatus Boutencrr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 247, 
1895 (type locality: Mouth of Baram River, Borneo).—WEBER and BEAU- 
ForT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 229, 19138 (type). 


Depth 8; head 414, width 114. Eye 11 in head, 4 in interorbital; 
nasal eae IY, pete preopercle, maxillary reaches opercle; 
upper teeth conic, in band 3 times long as wide, in 3 or 4 rows, 
anterior largest; large vomerine teeth molarlilie, in large eroseenbic 
patch; lower fee in broad band of 4 rows, molarlike, outer series 
large and obtusely conic. 

D. I, 4; second D. 90; A. 82; caudal rays 18; pectoral spine little 
longer tian dorsal, 21% in head, rays 12; ventral rays 14. 

Uniform dark olive above. Whitish beneath. Length, 420 mm. 
(Weber and Beaufort). 

Borneo. Only known from the type in the British Museum, 


PLOTOSUS CANIUS Buchanan-Hamilton 


Plotosus canius BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 142, 374, pl. 26, 
fig. 45, 1822 (type locality: Rivers of southern Bengal).—VALENCIENNES, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. 15, p. 425, 1840 (copied).—BLEerKerR, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 2, p. 99, pl. (48) 96, fig. 2, 1862 (Java, Madura, Singapore, 
Banka, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes).—GiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 25, 1864 (Ganges, Calcutta, Pinang).—Kwer, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 300, 
1865.—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 482, pl. 112, fig. 3, 1877.—ScHMELTz, 
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 56, 1879 (Viti Islands).—VincicurRRA, Ann. 
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 16, p. 167, 1880 (Borneo) .—Meyer, Anal. Soe. 
Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 41, 1885 (North Celebes).—Day, 
Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 118, fig. 47, 1889.—E.rra, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 565, 1895 (Cebu).—Fow.Lrer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, 1905, p. 461 (Baram River, Borneo).—WeEseER and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 227, 1918 (Batavia, Deli, 
Baan Ahi Ahi, Kota Baru, Macassar, Pare Pare, Aru).—HorA, Journ. Nat. 


746 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Hist. Soe. Siam, vol. 6, p. 166, 1923 (Nontaburi) ; Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 6, p. 467, 1924 (Tale Sap).—Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 
390, 1926 (La Paz, Iloilo; Tacloban, Leyte).—VincIGuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 611, 1926 (Sarawak).—FowLer, Mem. 
Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 63, 1928 (compiled); vol. 11, p. 318, 1931 (refer- 
ence ).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 18, livr. 1, p. 115, 1931 (Bagan Si Api 
Api).—Fow.ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 96, 1935 
(Bangkok; Sriracha).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm, Manila Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 46, 1937 (reference).—Suvatti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 67, 1937 
(Samut Prakan; Bandon; Pakphun; Banghia; Maenam Canthaburi; Mak- 
long; Chonburi; Laem Ngop).—HerrRRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 
13, p. 16, 1987 (Singapore).—Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 45, 1938 (refer- 
ence). 

? Plotosus limbatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 422, 1840 
(type locality: Hindostan).—GUntTuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, 
p. 25, 1864 (copied). 

Plotosus unicolor (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 15, p. 426, 1840 (type locality: Java). 

? Plotosus macrocephalus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 428, pl. 
449, 1840 (type locality: Timor).—BtreKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 2, p. 98, 1862 (copied).—Macteray, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, 
vol. 7, p. 592, 1883 (New Guinea).—WEsBER and BraAvurort, Fishes Indo- 
Australian, Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 231, 1913 (copied; notes type lost).— 
Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 63, 1928 (compiled). 

Plotosus viviparus BLEEKrER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 182, 1846 (type locality: Java). 

Plotosus horridus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 
183, 1846 (type locality: Java). 

Plotosus multiradiatus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 188, 1846 (type locality: Java). 


Depth 724; head 434, width 114 its length. Snout 224 in head; eye 
11, 41% in snout, 314 in interorbital; mouth width 21% in head; lips 
and chin fleshy, papillate; teeth above conic, short, strong, mostly 
few slightly larger along front edge, in broad band; lower teeth 
large, mostly ground to appear as short cyclinders; crescentic band 
of large molars on vomer, of about 4 or 5 transverse series medially; 
nasal barbel reaches halfway in postocular region, maxillary to 
pectoral origin, outer mental 7% to pectoral origin, inner mental 34; 
interorbital 314 in head, broadly convex. Gill rakers 6+17, lance- 
olate, longest 134 in gill filaments, which equal twice eye diameter. 

Skin smooth. 

D. I, 4 to about 115, first ray of first dorsal 234 in head, height 
of second dorsal 314; A. 96, fin height 414; caudal 13, joined with 
second dorsal and anal, length 3, convex behind; pectoral 214, smooth 
strong spine nearly 34 fin length; ventral 3, rounded. 

Back smoke gray to drab gray, below soiled cream buff. Iris 
dark gray. Barbels colored like back. Fins like back, first dorsal 
and pectorals darker. 

India, British Malaya, Siam, East Indies, Polynesia ? 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 747 


1 example. A.N.S.P. Baram, Borneo. Wistar Institute of Anatomy. Length, 
425 mm. 
U.S.N.M. No. 47995. Cochinchina. Lyons Museum. Length, 333 mm. 


PLOTOSUS ANGUILLARIS (Bloch) 


Platystacus anguillaris Buocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, vol. 8, p. 61, pl. 373, 
fig. 1, 1794 (no locality, collection Herr John.)—ScuHnemer, Syst. Ichth. 
Bloch, p. 373, pl. 74, 1801 (Tranquebar)—SHAW and Nopprer, Nat. Misc., 
vol. 14, pl. 559, 1802 (Indian Seas).—SHaw, General zoology, vol. 5, p. 30, 
pl. 99, 1803. 

Plotosus anguillaris Lactpzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 128, 180, pl. 3, fig. 2, 
1808 (the Great Indies).—Cuvirr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 297, 1817.— 
Riiprett, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 76, 1835 (Tor).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic 
Soe. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1249, 1849 (Malayan Peninsula and Islands) .— 
Prerers, Arch. Naturg., p. 267, 1855 (Mozambique).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. 
Godeffroy, No. 1, p. 10, 1864 (South Seas).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 24, 1864 (Pinang; types of Plotosus marginatus, Borneo, 
East Indies, Amoy, China, Philippines, Fiji, Moreton Bay).—ScHMELTz, 
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 24, 1869 (Kandavu; Pelew Islands).— 
Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 363, 1878 (Port 
Darwin).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 56, 1879 (Kandavu; 
Pelew Islands).—K<Anrori, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 177, 1881 
(Siam).—Macieay, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 208, 
1881 (Moreton Bay, Endeavour River, Port Darwin); Proc. Linn. Soc. 
New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 276, 18838 (Hood Bay, New Guinea).—POHL, 
Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 38, 1884 (Pelew Islands).—MeEyer, Anal. 
Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 14, p. 41, 1885 (North Celebes; Manila 
Bay).—STEINDACHNER and Dd6prErtEIn, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math. nat. Kl, vol. 53, p. 287, 1887 (Tokyo, Enoshima, Inland Sea, Kago- 
shima).—OcitBy, Mem. Austral. Mus., vol. 2, p. 71, 1889 (Lord Howe Is- 
land).—Savuvaer, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 477, pl. 47A, fig. 1, 
1891.—Etera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 566, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay, 
Nasugbu, Batangas, Cebu, Samar).—PFEFFER, Thierw. Ost Afrika, Fische, 
p. 29, fig., 1896—IsHIKAWA and MAtsuuRA, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, 
p. 24, 1897.—JorpAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 320, 
1902 (Giran, Formosa).—JorpAN and Fowtrr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 
p. 898, 1903 (Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Mogi, Nagasaki).—Fowter, Journ. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 499, 1904 (Padang).—WalITE, 
Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 141, 1904 (Lord Howe Island).— 
SEALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 12, 1906 (Shortland Island) .— 
JORDAN and SEaLe, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905, p. 191, 1906 (Apia) — 
JoRDAN and Dickerson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 604, 1906 (Suva, 
Fiji) —JorpAn and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 8, 1907 
(Manila).—EvERMANN and SAL, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 56, 
1907 (Bacon).—SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 239, 
1907 (Zamboanga).—JorDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 
(1907), p. 242, 1908 (Cuyo).—GtntTHer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy. pt. 16, p. 
372, 1909 (Solomons, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Society, Kingsmills Islands) .— 
JORDAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 168, 1909 (Takao) .— 
BouLENGER, Cat. Fresh Water Fishes Africa, vol. 2, p. 278, fig. 229, 1911 
(Gulf of Suez, Zanzibar, Rodriguez).—Zucmayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 
math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, p. 9, 1913 (Oman).—WEBER and BEAvuFoRT, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 229, 1913 (Batavia, Blitok, Deli, 


748 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Balikpapan, Kota Baru, Lombok, Ambon, Kei, Aru).—BEAUvuForRT, Bijdr. 
Dierk., Amsterdam, pt. 19, p. 98, 1918 (Saonek, Sorong).—JorDAN, TANAKA, 
Snyper, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 88, p. 57, 1918 (reference) .—FKowLer, 
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1915, p. 225 (Padang, Singapore, Apia, 
Bacon).—BAMBER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 31, Zool., p. 478, 1915 
(Red Sea).—IzuKA and MArsuur4, Cat. Zool. Spec., Tokyo Mus. Verte- 
brata, p. 179, 1920 (Misaki).—Fow.Lrr and BEAN, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 62, p. 38, 1922 (Cebu).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 
1, p. 168, 1925 (Hast London, Natal).—Fow ter, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 31, 
1925 (Samoa).—Herere, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 391, 1926 (Puerto 
Galera, San Miguel Bay, Bacon, Iloilo, Estancia, Siquijor, Bantayan, Cab- 
alian, Busuanga, Culion, Dinagat, Camiguin, Caldera Bay, Zamboanga, 
Davao, Samal, Jolo, Pearl Bank, Sitanki, Sibutu, Japan, Amoy, Hongkong, 
Sandakan, Lord Howe Island).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 79, p. 260, 1927 (Bacon) —McCutiocnu, Fishes of New South Wales, 
ed. 2, p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 70a, 1927.—Fow rer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 62, 
1928 (Shortland, New Guinea, Pacific, Tongatabu, Fiji ? Apia)—Wu, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 53, fig. 48, 1929 (Amoy) .— 
Fowter, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 (Hongkong).—Wu, 
Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 53, fig. 48, 1929 (Amoy).— 
Scumipt, Bull. Acad. Sei. U.R.S.S., p. 104, 1930 (Nagasaki; Obama) ; 
Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 11, p. 24, 1931 (Nagasaki) .— 
TANAKA, Jap. Fish. Life Colours, No. 67, 1933.—Herrer, Journ. Pan-Pacific 
Res. Inst., vol. 8, No. 4, p. 7, 1983 (Dumaguete) ; Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 23, 1934 (Culion; Dumaguete; Sitanki).—FowLrEr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 417, 1934 (Natal) ; vol. 87, p. 369, 
1935 (Natal).—Tortoness, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, ser. 3, 
vol. 45, p. 15, 1935-36 (Mar Rosso; Massaua).—SuvatTti1, Index Fish. Siam, 
p. 66, 1937 (Songkhla ; Chumphon; Samut Prakan; Canthaburi; Thale Sap; 
Pakphum; Samut Sakhon Bay; Sriracha).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 183, fig. 4, 1937 (Paknam).—Herrre and Myrrs, 
Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 18, p. 16, 1937 (Singapore).—Fowter, List Fish. 
Malaya, p. 45 (247), 1938 (reference). 

Plotosus ikapor Lesson, Dict. Classique Hist. Nat., vol. 15, p. 435, 1929 (type 
locality: Offack Bay, Waigiu). 

Plotosus ikapor Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 28, pt. 1, p. 132, pl. 31, fig. 3, 
1830 (type). 

Plotosus marginatus BENNeETT, Life of Raffles, p. 691, 1830 (type locality: 
Sumatra). 

Plotosus vittatus Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 307, 1839 (on 
Bloch). 

Plotoseus lineatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 412, 1840 (type 
locality: Red Sea, Seychelles, Malabar, Mauritius, Trinquemale, Pondi- 
cherry, Amboina, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Tahiti, Macao, Philippines).— 
ScHLeceL, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Poiss. pts. 10-14, p. 228, pl. 104, 
fig. 8, 1846 (Nagasaki Bay).—RicHArDson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 286, 1846 
(Seas of China; Macao).—THroLtirére, Fauna Woodlark, p. 203, 1857 
(Woodlark Island). 

Plotosus castaneus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 421, 1840 (type 
locality : Mahé). 

Plotosus castaneoidcs BiEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 490, 
1851 (type locality: Rio). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 749 


Plotosus arab Bireker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 98, pl. (47) 95, 
fig. 2, 1862 (type locality: Java, Sumatra, Batu, Nias, Bintang, Banka, 
Celebes, Sangi, Batjan, Buro, Amboina, Ceram)—KNeER, Reise Novara, 
Fische, p. 300, 1865 (Singapore).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 195, 1865.— 
BLEEKER, Vers]. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 300, 1868 
(Waigiu).—Ktunzincer, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, p. 588, 1871 
(Red Sea).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 488, pl. 112, fig. 4, 1877.— 
BLeEKeR, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat., vol. 13, p. 88, 1878 (New Guinea).— 
Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 113, 1889.—Jorpan and Snyper, 
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 340, 1900 (Tokyo) ; Annot. Zool. Japon., 
vol. 3, p. 44, 1901 (Yokohama).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, math.-nat. KL, vol. 115, pt. 1, p. 1420, 1906 (Apia).—Zuemayer, 
Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 9, 1913 (Mekran).— 
SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 60, 1914 (Hongkong). 

Piotosus canius (not Buchanan-Hamilton) ScHmMetrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 
4, p. 24, 1869 (Viti Islands) ; No. 5, p. 35, 1874 (Ovalu).—BLrrKer, Ned- 
erland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 116, 1874 (China). 

? Plotosus laticeps Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 370, 1893 (type locality: 
Queensland). (Name only). 

Plotosus papuensis WEBER, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 32, p. 228, 1910 (type local- 
ity: Lorentz River, South New Guinea) ; Nova Guinea, vol. 9, p. 520, fig. 2, 
1913 (Lorentz River at Wellskamp, Sabang, Alkman, Riverkamp, Bivak 
Island).—WEBER and BrAvrort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 228, 1913 (fig. 91, p. 227) (types). 

Depth 614 to 714; head 41% to 41%, width 124 to 114. Snout 21% 
to 224 in head; eye 51% to 7, 234 to 3 in snout, eye 27% to 3 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 214 to 224 in head; lips thick, papillose; nasal 
barbel 2% or to eye, maxillary to eye center or beyond, outer mental 
to or beyond eye, inner mental to eye; jaws each with 2 irregular 
series of teeth merging as single row each side or laterally, some- 
times 3 series in front of lower jaw; crescentic band of molarlike 
teeth on vomer in 2 or 3 series; interorbital 234 to 314 in head, but 
little elevated, depressed or flattened medially. Gill rakers 8+23 
or 24, lanceolate, equal gill filaments or eye. 

Skin smooth. 

D. I, 4 or 5, first ray 214 to 234 in head, spine 234; second D. 82 
to 85; A. 62 ? to 72; caudal 22% to 3% in head; pectoral 114 to 2; 
ventral 2 to 21%. 

Uniform brownish, vertical fins with blackish edges. Young with 
white longitudinal line from side of snout tip along each side of tail 
to caudal. Also another white line, parallel, from each maxillary 
end along middle of side of head below eye and fading out pos- 
teriorly or reaching hind end of tail. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Natal, South Africa, Madagascar, 
Rodriguez, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Pinang, 
Malay Peninsula, Siam, East Indies, Philippines, China, Formosa, 
Japan, North Australia, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia, Poly- 
nesia. 


750 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


22091. Abuyog, Leyte. July 26, 1909. Length, 90-95 mm. 4 examples. 

4examples. Bagacay Bay, Escarpada Island. March 138, 1909. Length, 94-114 
mm. 

20490. Batan Island. June 5, 1909. Length, 186 mm. 

20348. Buena Vista, Guimares Island. January 14, 1909. Length, 145 mm. 
Uniform brown. 

16 examples. Candaraman Island, Balabae. January 4, 1909. Length, 82-94 
mm. 

20388, 20384. Catbalogan, Samar. April 10, 1908. Length, 125-136 mm. 

6 examples. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length, 43 or 44 mm. 

1 example. Cebu market. March 28, 1909. Length, 29 mm. 

10523. Cebu market. August 17, 1909. Length, 34 mm. 

1 example. Cebu market. September 3, 1909. Length, 30 mm. 

22879. Davao, Mindanao. May 16, 1908. Length, 151 mm. 

5 examples. Grande Island Reef. January 8, 1908. Length, 58-60 mm. 

16 examples. Jolo, shore seine. March 6, 1908. Length, 15-18 mm. 

5 examples. Jolo. March 6 or 7, 1908. Length, 72-142 mm. 

18579. Malanipa Island. September 8, 1909. Length, 200 mm. 

8649 to 8662. Manila harbor. January 138, 1908. Length, 138-199 mm. 

2 examples. Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 31-33 mm. 

14 examples. Pandanon Island, March 23, 1909. Length, 15 or 16 mm. 

14 examples. Pandanon Island. March 24, 1909. Length, 26-28 mm. 

3 examples. Papatag Island, Tawi Tawi Group. February 23, 1909. Length, 
31-53 mm. 

259 examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 23-33 mm. 

19 examples. Romblon Harbor. March 25,1908. Length, 48-47 mm. 

1 example. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 35 mm. 

16261, 16262, 16470. Teomabal Island. September 18, 1909. Length, 51-70 mm. 

11737, 19325, 20229. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 146— 
209 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 12618. Madras. British Museum. Length, 133-145 mm. 2 ex- 
amples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 30625. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 184207 mm. 
2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 34468. Hong Kong, China. J. C. Brevoort. Length, 120-1389 mm. 
3 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 52303. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 70-200 mm. 
4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56267. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries 4031. Length, 
388-40 mm. 4 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56281. Jolo (842). Bureau of Fisheries. Length, 155 mm. 
Bacon (3868 and 4084). Length, 142 and 170 mm. 

U.S.N.M. No. 56298. Manila. G. A. Lung. Length, 86-146 mm. 8 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58057. Zamboanga. August 1-10, 1906. Dr. E. A. Mearns. 
Length, 38-238 mm. 750 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58995. Bacon, Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (4031). Length, 
387-42 mm. 5 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 58998. Bacon, Bureau of Fisheries (3176 and 3177). Length, 140 
mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 59776. Kagoshima, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 197-210 
mm. 2 examples. 

U.S.N.M. No. 71984. Misaki, Japan. Albatross collection. Length, 25-197 mm. 
109 examples. Brownish black, lighter and tinged golden below. Stripes 
golden yellow. Fins golden, tinted brown. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 75] 


No. 71970 U.S.N.M. Tanegashima Island. Albatross collection 1906. Length, 
61-130 mm. 31 examples. 

No. 76542 U.S.N.M. Karuizawa, Japan. August 1914. Dr. Fred Baker. 
Length, 172-184 mm. 3 examples. 

No. 79265 to 79267 U.S.N.M. Philippines. HE. H. Taylor. Length, 160-240 mm. 
3 examples. 

No. 84211 U.S.N.M. Philippine Islands. Dr. Fred Baker. Length, 180 mm. 

No. 84246 U.S.N.M. Philippine Islands. Dr. Fred Baker. Length, 33-47 mm. 
33 examples. 

Genus CNIDOGLANIS Giinther 


Cnidoglanis GintTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 27, 1864. (Type, 
Plotosus megastomus Richardson, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, 
pt. 3, p. 332, 1919.) 

Body elongate, tail tapering. Head depressed. Eye small, cov- 
ered with skin. Mouth cleft transverse, rounded in front. Lips 
thick, papillose, upper prominent. Barbels 8. Upper jaw teeth 
conic, mixed in lower jaw, vomerine molarlike. Front nostril on 
front edge of upper lip, directed upward. Hind nostril just behind 
nasal barbel. Gill membranes united below throat and joined with 
isthmus along entire median line. Second and third branchial 
arches with series of long cartilaginous processes covering bases of 
all laminae on sides facing each other. Front dorsal short, with 
pungent spine, inserted above or behind pectoral origin. Second 
dorsal long, confluent like anal with caudal, which pointed behind. 
Pectoral with denticulated spine. Ventral rays 10 to 18. 


CNIDOGLANIS NUDICEPS Giinther 


Cnidoglanis nudiceps GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 8, p. 49, 1883 
(type locality: Arafura Sea).—WEBER and BEaAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 232, fig. 92, 1918 (type).—FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., 
vol. 10, p. 68, 1928 (compiled). 

Depth 11; head 7, long as trunk to vent. Snout 234 in head; eye 
514, 21% in snout; nasal barbel reaches 134 to gill opening, maxillary 
reaches halfway, mandibular and mental subequal or 114 in snout; 
lower lip not pendant or fringed, lateral fold at mouth corner not 
produced in barbel; maxillary teeth conical, in 2 small partly tri- 
angular patches; mandibular teeth in band; vomerine teeth more 
obtuse, in 2 series forming subcrescentic band; occipital region 
osseous, not covered with loose skin. Isthmus broader than inter- 
orbital. Branchiostegals 7. 

First dorsal lower than body, begins about eye diameter behind 
gill opening, spine serrated in front and behind, 214 in head to hind 
opercle edge, fin height 2; caudal length 2149; pectoral 2; ventral 21%. 

Light brownish. Fins with black margin. Length, 240 mm. 
(Weber and Beaufort.) 

Arafura Sea. The type, in the British museum, is the only 
specimen known. 


752 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus PARAPLOTOSUS Bleeker 


Paraplotosus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 100, 1862. (Type, 
Plotosus albilabris Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Body elongate, tail tapering. Head depressed. Eye not covered 
by skin. Mouth transverse, rounded in front. Lips with close-set 
papillae and vermiculated folds, upper very prominent. Maxillary 
barbel near end of upper lip, mandibulary barbel below mouth 
corner, 2 mental barbels between mandibulary barbels, nasal barbel 
before hind nostril. Upper jaw teeth in 2 rhombic patches with 
rounded lateral edges, conical with rounded tops, median strongest. 
Lower teeth in 2 close-set partly crescentic areas, anterior row strong 
and conic, posterior molars and mesially in 4 rows. Vomerine teeth 
molar, in crescentic patch, 4 rows transversely in middle with poste- 
rior strongest. Front nostril perforates upper lip near its front 
border, directed downward. Hind nostril slit between eye and upper 
lip. Gill membranes joined medially, only front part of confluent 
portion joined with isthmus. Gill rakers 22 on entire arch. Sec- 
ond and third branchial arches with series of long cartilaginous 
rods covering bases of gill filaments on sides facing each other. 
Branchiostegals 9 to 11. First dorsal short, behind pectoral origin, 
with few rays and strong spine, denticulate on both edges. Second 
dorsal origin before or above ventral origin, rays numerous, like 
anal confluent with caudal. Pectoral with denticulate spine. Ven- 
tral rays 12 or 18. Conspicuous dendritic organ behind vent. 


PARAPLOTOSUS ALBILABRIS (Valenciennes) 


Plotosus albilabris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 427, 1840 (type 
locality: Java, Batavia).—Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 
1247, 1849 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula).—BtereKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néer- 
land., vol. 2, p. 99, pl. (48) 96, fig. 1, 1862 (Java, Bintang, Biliton, Singa- 
pore, Celebes). 

Copidoglanis albilabris GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 26, 1864 
(Pinang). 

Paraplotosus albilabris Wrser and BraAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 225, fig. 90, 1913 (Singapore, Aru, Sorong, New Guinea) .— 
BEAUFORT, Bijdr. Dierk., Amsterdam, vol. 19, p. 96, 1913 (Sorong).—HERRE, 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 3388, 1926 (Culion, Sitanki, Bantayan, 
Jolo).—Fowier, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 638, 1928 (compiled).— 
Hegkz, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 22, 1984 (Culion; Sitanki).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 46, 1987 
(reference).—HeErRRE and Myers, Raffles Mus. Bull., No. 13, p. 16, 1987 
(Singapore).—Fowterr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 45, 1988 (reference). 

Plotosus macrophthalmus BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Sil. Batav. Consp.), 
vol. 21, pp. 565, 179, 1867 (type locality: Batavia). 


Depth 624 to 724; head 434 to 524, width 114% to 124. Snout 
24 to 234 in head; eye 4% to 524, 14 to 21% in snout, 149 to 1% in 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 753 


interorbital; nasal barbel 114 to 184 in head, maxillary and mental 
2, mandibular 154 to 144; front row of maxillary teeth long, stout, 
conic, others similar but smaller; lower jaw teeth in separated patches, 
form crescentic band of 4 rows merging to 1 row posteriorly, outer 
row longest of large conic teeth with rounded tips, others molariform 
and posterior row largest, short, broad, flat topped; vomerine teeth 
coarse, rounded, hind or fourth row very large, molariform. Gill 
rakers 6+7. 

First dorsal I, 4 or 5, length 114 to 135 in head, strong spine 
smooth or toothed and 214 to 235; second dorsal 95 to 110, high, 
thick and fleshy in front third; A. 90 to 100, little lower than sec- 
ond dorsal; pectoral equals first dorsal height, stout spine smooth or 
barbed before and behind, almost equals first dorsal spine, rays 12 
or 13; ventral 14 to 2 in head, extend upon anal, rays 12 or 13. 

Uniform chocolate brown. Underside of head and belly brown 
to white. Lips white. Fins darker to blackish. Length, 265 mm. 
(Herre.) 

Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. 
According to Bleeker reaches 353 mm. 


Family TACHYSURIDAE 


Body moderately long. Head conic or depressed, with conspicu- 
ous bony plates above which may be covered with skin. Eyes usually 
with free lids, subcutaneous sometimes. Mouth large or small, trans- 
verse or crescentic, usually terminally inferior. Maxillary, mandib- 
ular, and mental barbels usually present, sometimes only maxillary 
or mandibular present. Teeth in jaws villiform, conic or incisorlike, 
in 1 or more rows or in bands or patches; palate with or without 
teeth, which villiform, conic or granular. Nostrils close together, 
posterior with valve but without barbel. Gill membranes united and 
joined with or form low fold on isthmus. Branchiostegals 5 to 9. 
Vertebrae 48 to 58, of which 27 to 33 caudal. Air bladder large, free, 
normal. Dorsal fin short, with long sharp spine and 7 rays, ad- 
vanced between paired fins. Anal rays 14 to 26. Adipose fin shorter 
than dorsal, opposite anal. Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral low, 
with strong spine. Ventral rays 6. 

A large group, marine or living about the mouths of rivers, la- 
goons, bays, and rivers in tidal waters. The species are all very 
similar in a general way, frequently difficult to distinguish, owing 
to their variable coloration as well as structural characters. ‘The 
form of the bands or patches of teeth in the jaws and on the palate 
have been used to group the species into subgenera and genera. 
They vary greatly with age, the areas far more developed in older 


754 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


examples. Without extensive series of materials it is often difficult 
to use these characters except as basic specific divisions. 

A number of the species carry their eggs about in the mouth until 
hatched. Others build nests in streams. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a. Teeth present on palate. 


b*. Maxillary and mental barbels present______________________ Tachysurus 
b*. Only a pair of stiff osseous maxillary barbels present______ Osteogeneiosus 
@ iy Nasteeti On; palate: 2 ene Se ee Cee a Hemipimelodus 


Genus TACHYSURUS Lacépéde 


Tachysurus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, p. 150, 1808. (Type, Tachysurus 
sinensis Lacépéde, monotypic). 

Galeichthys VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 28, 1840. (Type, Galeich- 
thys feliceps Valenciennes, designated by Bleeker, Nederland. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 1, p. 90, 1863). 

Arius VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 58, 1840. (Type, Pimelodus 
arius Buchanan-Hamilton, tautotypic.) 

Sciades MULter and TroscHer, Horae Ichth., pt. 3, p. 6, 1849. (Type, Bagrus 
(Sciades) pictus Miiller and Troschel.) 

Ariodes MULLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., pt. 3, p. 6, 1849. (Type, Bagrus 
(Arius) arenarius Miiller and Troschel. ) 

Hexanematichthys BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 61, 126, 
1858. (Type, Bagrus sondaicus Bleeker, monotypic. ) 

Selenaspis BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 62, 66, 1858. 
(Type, Silurus herzbergii Bloch.) 

Cephalocassis BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 62, 92, 1858. 
(Type, Arius melanochir Bleeker, designated by Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 2, p. 7, 1862.) 

Netuma BuErEKeER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 62, 93, 1858. (Type, 
Bagrus thalassinus Riippell.) 

Guiritinga BimeKer, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 62, 67, 1858. 
(Type, Pimelodus commersonii Lacépéde. ) 

Sciadeichthys BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, pp. 62, 66, 99, 1858. 
(Type Bagrus (Sciades) pictus Miiller and Troschel.) 

Ariopsis Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (Fishes East Coast), p. 56, 
1861. (Type, Arius milberti Valenciennes—Silurus felis Linnaeus.) 

Sarcogenys (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLeEKER (not Gray, 1855, in birds), Atlas 
Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 28, 1862. (Type, Sarcogenys rostratus (Kuhl 
and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER=Bagrus thalassinus RUPPELL, monotypic.) 

Catastoma (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BrEeKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 
2, p. 28, 1862. (Type, Catastoma nasutwm (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) 
BLEEKER=Bagrus thalassinus Riippell, monotypic.) (Catostoma Wagler, 
1830, in reptiles not involved.) 

Hemiarius BLEEKER, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 90, 1863. (Type, Cephalo- 
cassis stormi Bleeker. ) 

Leptarius GILL, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 170. (Type, Lep- 
tarius dowii Gill, monotypic.) 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 755 


Notarius Gitt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868, p. 171. (Type, Arius 
grandicassis Valenciennes, monotypic.) 

Pseudarius BLEEKrER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 91, 1868. (Type, 
Arius arius Valenciennes, orthotypic.) 

Cathorops JorpAN and Gipert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 11, p. 389, 1882. 
(Type, Arius hypophthalmus Steindachner. ) 

Cinetodus OctrBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 23, p. 32, 1898. (Type, 
Arius froggatii Ramsay and Ogilby.) 

Nemapteryx Octrey, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, p. 10, 1908. (Type, Arius stir- 
lingi Ogilby.) 

Body elongate. Eye largely free. Mouth moderate, upper jaw 
longer. Barbels 6, close together, usually short maxillary pair terete 
or compressed. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws. Vomer with 1 or 
2 patches of granular teeth, also palatines sometimes confluent as one 
band. Skull with fontanel. Dorsal buckler sparingly granular. 
Skin smooth, naked, on occipital nuchal region covering bony 
bucklers. Dorsal fin short, before ventrals, with pungent spine and 
7 rays. Adipose fin well developed, free behind. Anal short. 
Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral with spine. Ventral rays 6. 

Marine catfishes, with numerous species on sandy tropical shores, 
but not about coral reefs. Many of the species have been set apart 
for generic distinction, though for the present those belonging in the 
old group called Artus are here assembled under the earlier name of 
Tachysurus. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Teeth on palate villiform, conic or pointed. 
b*. TacHysurus. Teeth in one group on each side of palate. 
c’. Head shields granular. 
ad’. Pectoral spine longer than dorsal spine. 
e’. Palatine teeth strong, coarse, conic, with pointed ends, in 2 small 


ovate-triangular widely separated patches__________---__~- dispar 
e*. Palatine teeth villiform, with 2 large nearly equilateral patches. 
maculatus 


da’. Pectoral spine shorter than dorsal spine; palatine teeth villiform, in 
2 widely separated triangular patches, anterior rounded base longer 


thanahheirsneio dite. 32 ects Fast rey es Sous Sh ee ee Pee caelatus 
c’. Head shields smooth or nearly so; pectoral spine long as dorsal spine. 
venosus 


b°. HEXANEMATICHTHYS. Teeth in 2 groups on each side in a transverse row 
on palatines. 

f*. Outer palatine groups rounded or oval, larger than inner groups, 

which generally distant; occipital process hemispherically 

LOUNGE Sate as ie ree ee ee sagor 

f?. Outer palatine groups triangular, with emarginate hind edge, 

greatly exceed in size very small contiguous inner groups; occi- 

pital} processstriane lars ss ees eK See eee tee sona 

b®. NeruMA. Teeth in 8 groups on each side on palate, forming large tri- 

anculanipatch, with, basesanterionly2—-==—s= === eae Es thalassinus 


756 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


a’. Teeth on palate granular. 

g'. PsrupaRrius. Palatine teeth in 2 groups, begin at front edge of 
palate and cover most its front surface, patches wider an- 
teriorly sill rakersyig ees ee Ss ea eee ee manillensis 

g’. ArtopES. Palatine teeth in 4 groups. 

h*. Hind patches in broad oval or ellipse, converge behind or 
parallel. 
i. Anterior patches well developed. 

j. Forward patches ovate-elliptical, far apart, each of 16 to 
26 or more teeth; length parallel to front palate edge; 
hind patches far back, elliptical, usually parallel; oc- 
cipital process truncate triangle with nearly straight 
sides? gill *rakens 222 Sch) Se ae eee magatensis 

j’. Forward patches ovate, nearly at right angles to anterior 
palatal edge; hind patches pear-shaped, converging be- 
hind; occipital process triangular, elevated along center, 


sidesiconvex; 21ll rakers 92 = eae crossocheilus 
7. Anterior patches very small or rudimentary ; occipital process 
with straight sides; gill rakers 7 or 8__-__ argyropleuron 


h*. Hind patches elongate or in narrow oval, end at rear in 
diverging points. 
k'. Occipital process ovate or oval, large, elevated, with 
convoluted rough surface; gill rakers 8 or 9. 


leiotetocephalus 
k?. Occipital process triangulate, with straight sides; sur- 
face radially granulate; gill rakers 12____ goniaspis 


Subgenus TACHYSURUS Lacépéde 
TACHYSURUS DISPAR (Herre) 


Arius dispar HrErre£, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 405, pl. 1, fig. 6 (dentition) 
1926 (type locality: Paco market, Manila; Leguna de Bay; Pasig River; 
Quiapo market, Manila; Los Bafios) ; Fish. Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 
22, 19384 (San Fabian; Augat R.; Manila; Leguna de Bay; Pasig R.).—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 514; head 314, width 1%. Snout projects beyond lower 
lip, broadly rounded; eye 714 in head, 224 in snout, 314 in inter- 
orbital; maxillary barbel reaches pectoral base, mandibular reaches 
gill opening, 114 in maxillary, mental much shorter; teeth villiform, in 
slightly curved band, widest at ends, width 5 in its length; lower 

teeth slightly longer, crescentic band much narrower; on palate 2 

small, very widely separate, ovate, triangular patches of coarse 

strong conic teeth; plates on top of head granulose, with broad 
median fontanel from opposite nostril to occipital process; last 
bluntly triangulate, sides slightly bowed, densely granulate, hind 
blunt edge in contact with narrow crescentic, granulose bone at base 
of dorsal spine; humeral plate small, sharply triangulate, smooth. 

Gill rakers 7+ 12, stiff, twice eye. 

Dorsal fin 114 in head, spine 184, front edge granulose, serrate 

near tip and serrate behind; adipose fin base 134 in anal base; A. 18; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 757 


caudal deeply notched, upper lobe longer or 3 times middle rays; 
pectoral 124 in head, spine flattened, smooth on basal half, serrate 
on upper half on both edges, 134 in head. 

Blackish brown above, with metallic sheen on sides, passing to 
bright silvery below lateral line. Lower and under part of trunk 
and under side of head whitish. Dorsal blackish, lower half of 
adipose fin deep red brown by transmitted light, blackish brown as 
viewed directly. Caudal pale brown, clear posteriorly. Upper side 
of pectoral dusky, under side and both sides of ventrals white. 
Length, 340 mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. Herre says its elongate snout and thick lips render 
it noticeable when seen among the common catfishes of Laguna de 
Bay. He also notes great mortality in November 1925 at Manila, 
due to flagellate protozoans. 


TACHYSURUS MACULATUS (Thunberg) 


Silurus maculatus TuHunsere, Kon. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. Stockholm, vol. 
13, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 2 (2 figs.), 1792 (type locality: Japan). 

Arius maculatus HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 12, livr. 1, p. 116, 1931 (Bagan 
Si Api Api). 

Tachysurus maculatus Fow rr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 50, 1938 (reference). 

Tachysurus sinensis LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, pp. 150, 151, pl. 5, 
fig. 2, 1803 (type locality : None=on Chinese painting).—RuttTrer, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 57 (Swatow).—JorpAan and EVERMANN, Proce. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 321, 1902 (Formosa, Suwata).—JorpDAN and RicH- 
ARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 168, 1909 (copied).—Fowter, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 601 (Hong Kong). 

Arius sinensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 72, 1840 (Touraine) .— 
RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, p. 284, 1846 (copied).—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 159, 1864 (copied).—SavuvAcE and DETHIERSANT, 
Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, vol. 1, Zool., p. 7, 1874 (China). 

? Arius arius VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 102, 1840 (type local- 
ity: Pondicherry).—BLerKker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, 
p. 56, 1853 (reference). 

Pimelodus tachisurus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 163, 1840 
(on Lacépéde).—RicHarRpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 286, 1846 (China). 

Arius falcarius RIcHARDSON, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., p. 184, pl. 62, figs. 7-9, 
1844 (type locality: China); Ichth. China Japan, p. 284, 1846 (Canton).— 
GUnrHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 168, fig. (teeth and occiput), 
1864 (Formosa, China, Canton, Amoy, type of Arius falcarius); Fishes 
of Zanzibar, p. 114, 1866.—Savuvace and DrTHrersAant, Ann. Sci. Nat., 
ser. 6, vol. 1, Zool., p. 7, 1874 (China).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 468, 
pl. 106, fig. 5, 1877; Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 182, 1889.— 
VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, vol. 9, 1889, p. 
240, 1890 (Rangoon) .—Eterr4, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 571, 1895 (Luzon, 
Laguna de Bay).—BartTLert, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, p. 182, 
1896 (Moratabas).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 60, 1914 (Hong 
Kong).—Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 50, fig. 
41, 1929 (Amoy). 


758 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Tachysurus falcarius JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 
p. 821, 1902 (Suwata, Formosa).—JorpAN and RicHARDSON, Mem. Car- 
negie Mus., vol. 4, p. 168, 1909 (copied). 

Bagrus crinalis RicHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 282, 1846 (type locality: 


Canton). 

Pimelodus guttatus RicuHarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 286, 1846 (type locality: 
Canton). 

Pimelodus mong RicHaArpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 286, 1846 (type locality: 
Canton). 


Arius schlegeli BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 146, 1863 (type 
locality : Amoy, China) ; vol. 2, p. 56, 1865 (reference). 

Arius boakeii 'TuRNER, Journ. Anat. Phys., vol. 1, p. 78, 1867 (type locality: 
Ceylon). 

Depth 4; head 3%, width 114. Snout 21% in head; eye 614, 224 
in snout, 3 in interorbital; mouth broadly crescentic; maxillary barbel 
reaches pectoral, outer mental 34, inner 34 of outer; teeth villiform, 
broad bands across jaws, upper of 8 to 10 irregular series and lower 
6; each palatine with large and nearly equilateral triangular patch; 
interorbital 214, moderately elevated but broadly level medianly; 
narrow occipital fontanel as groove from opposite middle of eye to 
base of occipital plate; occipital bridge continuous to dorsal. Gill 
rakers 7+11, lanceolate, short, 34 gill filaments or 114 in eye. 

Cranium and occipital plate rugose striate, rather smooth to touch. 

D. I, 6, first ray 124 in head; adipose fin 244; A. v, 14, 1, second 
branched ray 214; caudal 114, upper lobe longer; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 4; pectoral 124; ventral 114. 

Back neutral dusky or slate black, more gray on sides and entire 
under surface whitish. Iris grayish. Maxillary barbel and terminal 
end of outer mental barbel blackish, otherwise mentals white. Lips 
white. Spinous dorsal slate black terminally, whitish basally. Adi- 
pose fin dusky gray. Caudal grayish, dusky terminally. Pectoral 
dusky above, whitish beneath. Anal and ventral whitish. 

India, Burma, China, Formosa. 

U.S.N.M. No. 44794. Rangoon, Burma. M. Fea. Length, 148 mm. As Arius 


falcarius. 
1 example. A.N.S.P. Hongkong. Henry W. Fowler. 1929. Length, 358 mm. 


TACHYSURUS CAELATUS (Valenciennes) 


Arius caelatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 66, 1840 (type locality : 
Bombay ).—BLreEKeER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Nal. Ichth. Bengal), vol. 25, 
p. 56, 1853 (reference) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 35, pl. (5) 53, 
1862 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Borneo).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 5, p. 158, fig. (teeth), 1864 (Siam).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, 
p. 459, pl. 105, fig. 5, 1877 (Moulmein).—VincieuErRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat., Genova, vol. 16, p. 173, 1880 (Borneo).—KArou, Termesz. Fiizetek, 
Budapest, vol. 5, p. 178, 1881 (Siam).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, 
vol. 1, p. 174, 1889.—Etrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 571, 1895 (Samar, 
Jolo).—BARTLETT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, p. 181, 1896 (Mora- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 759 


tabas).—WEBER and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, 
p. 310, fig. 134 (upper teeth), 1918 (Djambi and Bagan Api Api, Sumatra; 
Banjermassin and Balikpapan, Borneo).—V1ncicuERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 
Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 607, 1926 (Sarawak ).—HARDENBERG, Treubia, 
vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 116, 19381 (Bagan Si Api Api). 

Arius coelatus BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 16, p. 353, 
1864 (Bangkok); Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, pp. 34, 175, 1865 
(Siam).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 178, 1865. 

Tachysurus caelatus Fowter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, No. 2, 
p. 256, 1927 (Bombay) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, p. 100, 
fig. 21, 1935 (Paknam; Bangkok); vol. 89, p. 144, 19387 (Paknam).— 
SuvaTti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 62, 19837 (Maenam Cau Phaya; Maenam 
Bangpakong; Lang Suam; Maenam Maeklong; Sriracha; Pattani; 
Songkhla; Maenam Canthaburi).—Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. 89, p. 144, 1937 (Paknam); List Fish. Malaya, p. 49 (249), 1988 
(reference). 

Arius aequibarbis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 68, 1840 (type 
locality: Rangoon; Bengal).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. 56, 1853 (reference). 

Arius granosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 69, 1840 (type local- 
ity: Pondicherry).—BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, 
p. 56, 1853 (reference). 

Arius coelatoides BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 
159, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius microgastropterygius BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, 
pt. 2, p. 160, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius clypeaster BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 161, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius clypeastroides BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 161, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius chondropterygius BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 162, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius melanopterygius BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Madura), vol. 22, 
p. 10, 1849 (type locality: Madura Straits near Kammal and Surabaya). 


Depth 434 to 424; head 324, width 1% to 124. Snout 234 to 3 in 
head, eye 444 to 614, 144 to 234 in snout, 2 to 314 in interorbital ; 
mouth width 21% to 246 in head; maxillary barbel reaches 24 to 34 
in pectoral fin, outer mental to pectoral origin or %% in fin and inner 
mental little shorter; teeth in villiform bands in jaws of about 5 or 
6 irregular rows and ovate areas of similar teeth on each palatine; 
front nostril larger, close to snout end in profile and hind one about 
midway in snout, higher, without barbels; interorbital elevated con- 
vexly, 2 to 224 in head; sides and upper surface of head as occipital 
bones, buckler and humeral process rugose striate; broad occipital 
fontanel narrows behind and extends to base of keeled occipital 
buckler, base of which 114 its length and bony bridge complete to 
dorsal. Gill rakers 6+8, lanceolate, slender, 11g in gill filaments or 
2 in eye. 

156861—40-——49 


760 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Skin smooth. Few venules on side of head and front of lateral 
line. Lateral line complete anteriorly, in young many short waved 
venules. 

D. I, 7, compressed spine with antrorse serrae along front and hind 
edges, with age most of lower serrae as granules, first ray 114 in 
head to 324 in combined head and body with age; A. vu, 13 or 14, first 
branched ray 134 to 144 in head; adipose fin large, 2 in head; caudal 
1, forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 344 to 4; pectoral 1 to 134, 
spine with antrorse serrae along both edges, 12 to 17 on inner; 
ventral 134 to 1%. 

Back dusky brown, lower surfaces white or soiled brownish. 
Young with back drab gray clouded with brownish, also along lower 
side of trunk and tail obscure brownish dustings. Fins all pale, 
blackish terminally with age. Barbels dusky. 

India, Burma, Siam, East Indies. 


2 examples. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India, 1925. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 


90-163 mm. 
TACHYSURUS VENOSUS (Valenciennes) 


Arius venosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 69, 1840 (type locality: 
Manila ).—BLreeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 33, pl. (6) 54, 
fig. 1, 1862 (Java, Madura, Bintang, Banka, Singapore).—GuNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 159, 1864 (Hast Indies).—Day, Fishes of 
India, pt. 3, p. 460, pl. 106, fig. 2, 1877 (Nicobars) ; Fauna British India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 176, 1889.—Dtncxker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 
21, p. 174, 1904 (Kuala Salangor).—WeEsER and BEAUFoRT, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 314, fig. 187 (dentition), 1913 (Balikpapan, 
Borneo).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 45. 
1937 (reference). 

Tachysurus venosus SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 266, 1910 (Sand- 
akan).—Fow ter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soec., vol. 33, p. 104, 1928 
(Bombay) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 93, 1934 (Bang- 
kok).—Suvatri, Index Fish. Siam, p. 64, 19837 (Maenam Canthaburi).— 
Fow er, List Fish. Malaya, p. 51, 1988 (reference). 

Bagrus sumatranus BENNETT, Life of Raffles, p. 691, 1830 (type locality: 
Sumatra). 

Arius sumatranus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 162, 1864 
(type).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 460, pl. 107, fig. 6, 1877 (type; 
Andamans); Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 176, 1889.—BaRTLerT, 
Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, p. 182, 1896 (Buntal). 

Arius micronotacanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 
2, p. 162, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius manjong BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 164, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius macruropterygius BLEEKER, Nat. Gen. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 164, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius micruropterygius BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 
p. 164, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius laeviceps BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 165, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 761 


? Arius malabaricus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 464, pl. 107, fig. 4 (head), 1877 
(type locality: Canara) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 183, 1889.— 
Fow er, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 2, p. 314, 1925 (Calicut). 

Depth 344; head 31%, width 114. Snout 21% in head; eye 8, 314 
in snout, 414 in interorbital; mouth width 224 in head, lower jaw 
inferior; maxillary barbel reaches 14 in depressed pectoral, outer 
mental reaches to pectoral origin, inner little shorter; teeth in jaws 
villiform, in moderately wide bands and triangular palatine area 
on each side much deeper than wide; interorbital 134 in head; 
frontal fontanel rather narrow, with very narrow groove to predorsal 
plate. Gill rakers 5+9, lanceolate, 134 in gill filaments, which 
slightly less than eye. 

Parietal bones, predorsal and humeral plates rugosely striate or 
granular, skin otherwise smooth. 

D. I, 7, front edge of spine with row of low granular like serrae 
and 14 very small antrorse ones along median hind edge, first ray 
114 in head; adipose fin 27%; A. vit, 14, 1, first branched ray 224; 
caudal 114, well forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 37%; pectoral 
134, spine with fine serrae along front edge and about 14 antrorse 
along hind edge; ventral 144. 

Back and upper surface drab brown, soiled whitish below. Iris 
grayish. Barbels gray. Paired fins and anal whitish, terminally 
with grayish. 

India, Andamans, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, East 
Indies, Philippines. 

1 example. A.N.S.P. Bombay. Prof. F. Hallberg. Length, 313 mm. 


Subgenus HEXANEMATICHTHYS Bleeker 
TACHYSURUS SAGOR (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Pimelodus sagor BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 169, 3876, 1822 
(type locality : Ganges River). 

Bagrus sagor VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 445, 1839 (copied). 

Arius sagor BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 56, 1853 
(reference). —GitnrTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 141, fig. (teeth and 
occiput), 1864 (Bengal Bay and Pinang).—KNER, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 
310, 1865 (Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 3, p. 461, pl. 105, fig. 1, 1877— 
VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 16, p. 172, 1880 (Bor- 
neo).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 178, 1889.—Etrra, Cat. 
Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 570, 1895 (Balabac, Samar).—BArTLETT, Sarawak 
Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, p. 181, 1896 (Moratabas and Buntal).—DUNCKER, 
Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 1738, 1904 (Klang).—SEALE, Philip- 
pine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 266, 1910 (Sandakan).—WEeEBER and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archip., vol. 2, p. 289, fig. 115 (upper teeth), 1913 
(Batavia, Antjol, Surabaya, Bagan Api Api, Deli, Singapore, Balikpapan, 
Kota Baru).—VincieurrrA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, 
p. 606, 1926 (Sarawak).—HArRpDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 116, 19381 
(Bagan Si Api Api). 


762 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Hezanematichthys sagor OcrzBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 23, p. 
35, 1898 (Burma). 

Tachysurus sagor Suvartt, Index Fish. Siam, p. 63, 19387 (Canthaburi; Bandon; 
Songkhla; Pakphun; Pattani; Maenam Wen).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, 
p. 50, 1938 (reference). 

Bagrus sonddicus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 444, 1839 (tym 
locality : Straits of Sunda).—Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, b 
1237, 1849 (Sea of Pinang, Malayan Peninsula). 

Hezanematichthys sundaicus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 26, 
pl. (14) 62, 1862 (Java, Madura, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo). 

Galeichthys sundaicus Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 462 
(Baram, Borneo). 

Bagrus javensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 445, 1839 (type 
locality : Java). 

Bagrus doroides VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 418, 1839 (type 
locality : Pondicherry). —GtntuHeEr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 142, 
1864 (copied). 

Arius doroides BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 56, 1853 
(reference). 


Depth 5 to 7; head 31% to 414, width 1 to 1144. Snout 4 in head; 
eye 514 to 7, 114 to 2 in snout, 3 to 314 in interorbital; mouth width 
2 in head; maxillary barbels reach 14 to 44 in pectoral; outer mental 
barbel reaches pectoral base to 14 in pectoral fin; teeth in villiform 
and little arched bands in jaws; on palate 2 rounded linked patches 
each side with outer patch little larger, very narrow free median 
interspace; bones of upper surface of head coarsely granulated, 
with more or less radiating lines, extend to dorsal and beginning of 
lateral line; occipital extension broad semicircular plate, short and 
triangular in young, wider than long, and median keel reaches 
broad, expanded dorsal buckler. Gill rakers 9, short, 14 to 24 of eye. 

Lateral line distinct, simple, axial. Axillary pore present. 

D. I, 7, fin height equals head, strong spine with front edge well 
granulated and serrae along hind edge rather weak; adipose fin 134 
to 2 in head; A. m1, 14 or m1, 15, fin height 114 to 1%; caudal 38 to 
334 in rest of fish, greatly forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 
3; pectoral I, 10, length 314 to 3%% in fish without caudal; ventral 1, 
6, fin 21% in head. 

Dark slate brown to blackish above, under surfaces whitish. 

India, Malaya, East Indies. 

A.N.S.P. 3 examples. Baram, British North Borneo. 1898. Dr. William H. 

Furness 3rd. Length, 149-305 mm. 

A.N.S.P. 1 example. Kapuas River, Borneo. 1897. A. C. Harrison and H. M. 

Miller. 

TACHYSURUS SONA (Buchanan-Hamilton) 


Pimelodus sona BucHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 172, 876, 1822 
(type locality: Bengal estuaries).—GUntTuHrr, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 5, p. 148, 1864 (note). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 763 


Arius sona Day, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, p. 708, 1871 (note) ; Fishes of India, 
pt. 3, p. 462, pl. 105, fig. 2, 1877 (Bombay).—Bavean, Fresh Water Fishes 
India, p. 143, 1877 (Bengal).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 179, 1889. 

Tachysurus sona Fow ter, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, p. 255, 1927 
(Bombay) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 61, 1928 (note). 

Bagrus gagorides VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 441, 1829 (type 
locality: Bengal). 

Arius gagorides BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 25, p. 56, 
1853 (reference).—BtyTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. vol. 27, p. 285, 
1858 (Calcutta).—GwtnrHeER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 140, fig. 
(teeth), 1864 (Calcutta). —Bavean, Fresh Water Fishes India, p. 143, 
1877 (Hoogly River).—Dwtncxer, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 
21, p. 174, 1904—Weser and Beavurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 288, 1918 (copied). 

Tachysurus gagoroides Fow ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 49, 1938 (reference). 

Bagrus trachipomus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 448, 1889 (type 
locality : None=Bengal). 

Arius trachipomus BLreKer, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Nal. Ichth. Bengal), 
vol. 25, p. 58, 1853 (reference). 

Netuma netuma (not Valenciennes) Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 175, 1865. 

Arius graeffei KNER and STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.- 
nat. Kl, vol. 54, p. 383, fig. 12, 1866 (type locality: Samoa).—GUnrTHeEr, 
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, pt. 16, p. 373, 1909 (copied). 


Depth 5; head 314 to 324, width 1% to 114. Snout 2% to 3 in 
head; eye 6 to 614, 2 to 214 in snout, 224 in interorbital; mouth 
width 1%, to 2 in head; maxillary barbel reaches 34 to 7% in pec- 
toral, outer mental 24, inner mental 7% or to pectoral origin; bands 
of villiform teeth in jaws of about 5 or 6 transverse irregular series; 
on palate 2 small closely approximated patches of villiform teeth 
and 2 large rounded posterior areas more separated; interorbital 
little elevated convexly, width 214 to 214 in head; head above and 
occiput striate; occipital fontanel not quite reaching base of keeled 
occipital buckler, basal width of which 11% its length, though bony 
bridge complete to dorsal. Gill rakers 5+10, lanceolate, 114 in gill 
filaments, which 114 in eye. 

Skin smooth. Lateral line complete, midway along side. 

D. I, 7, compressed spine with antrorse serrae along front and hind 
edges, first ray 114 to 114 in head; A. ty, 11, first branched ray 1%o 
to 2; caudal forked, 1% to 14%; least depth of caudal peduncle 
37% to 414; pectoral 114, compressed spine with outer and inner 
edges with antrorse serrae, 10 along inner edge; ventral 17% to 21. 

Leaden gray, little paler below. Iris gray. All fins dusky to 
blackish terminally. 

India, East Indies, Polynesia. 


U.S.N.M. No. 72536. Batavia. April 2, 1909. Bryant and Palmer. Length, 
61-205 mm. 2 examples. 


764 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 72536. Palaboean Ratoe, Java. October 1909. O. Bryant. Length, 
143 mm. 
2 examples. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. 1925. Length, 108— 
120 mm. 
Subgenus NETUMA Bleeker 


TACHYSURUS THALASSINUS (Riippell) 


Bagrus thalassinus Rtpret., Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 75, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1835 
(type locality: Massaua, Red Sea). 

Netuma thalassina BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth, Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 28, 1862 (Java, 
Sumatra, Nias, Bintang, Celebes).—Fow.Ler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 
delphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 500, 1904 (Padang); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- 
adelphia, 1915, p. 204 (Padang example).—Ocitpy, Commercial Fish. Fisher. 
Queensland, p. 47, 1915—FowtLer, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philip- 
pines).—McCuttoucH, Fishes New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 22, pl. 7, fig. 74a, 
1927.—Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 62 (compiled) ; vol. 11, p. 318, 
1928 (reference). 

Netuma thalassinus EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), 
p. 56, 1907 (San Fabian; Bulan; Philippines) —Jorpan and RICHARDSON, 
Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27 (1907), p. 242, 1908 (Philippines).—WeERER 
and Braurort, Fishes Indo Australian Archip., vol. 2, p. 286, fig. 114 (upper 
teeth), 1913 (Batavia, Singapore, Sumbawa, Timor, Rotti, New Guinea). 

Arius thalassinus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 189, fig. (teeth 
and occiput), 1864 (Hast Indies, Singapore, Red Sea, Java).—Kwner, Reise 
Novara, Fische, p. 310, 1865 (no locality).—GtntTHeErR, Fishes of Zanzibar, 
p. 114, 1866 (Aden; Zanzibar).—KLuNzINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. 21, p. 589, 1871 (Red Sea).—Mactrmay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 
Wales, vol. 1, p. 348, 1876 (off Katow, New Guinea).—Day, Fishes of India, 
pt. 3, p. 468, pl. 104, fig. 4, pl. 106, fig. 1, 1877 (Andamans).—ALLEYNE and 
MactEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 348, 1877 (Torres 
Straits, New Guinea, Katow).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 
vol. 2, p. 363, 1878 (Port Darwin).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, 
p. 56, 1879 (Tonga Islands). —Ktunzinerr, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 
math.-nat. Cl, vol. 80, p. 409, 1880 (Queensland).—Macteay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. New South Wales, vol. 6, p. 212, 1881 (Torres Strait and Port Dar- 
win).—MeEyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat. Madrid, vol. 14, p. 41, 1885 
(Macassar, South Celebes; Kordo, Mysore).—BOovuLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, 1887, p. 665 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna British India, Fishes, vol. 1, 
p. 181, 1889.—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 298, 1893 (Moreton Bay).— 
Duncxer, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 174, 1904 (reference) .— 
STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 71, pt. 1, 
p. 156, 1907 (Aden).—Werser, Nova Guinea, vol. 9, p. 536, 1913 (Ostbai).— 
ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. Kl., vol. 26, p. 9, 1913 
(Mekran, Oman).—-WeEsER and Braurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 286, fig. 114 (dentition), 1918 (Batavia, Singapore, Sumba, 
Timor, Rotti, New Guinea).—Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 407, 
pl. 1, fig. 7 (dentition), 1926 (Manila Bay, Bulan, Laguna de Bay, Culian) ; 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 22, 1984 (Laguna de Bay; 
Manila ).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 45, 
1937 (reference). 

Tachysurus thalassinus Suvatt1, Index Fish, Siam, p. 64, 1937 (Gulf of Siam; 
Phuket).—Fow ter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 50 (249), 1938 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 765 


Bagrus bilineatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 484, 1889 (type 
locality: Pondicherry ; Rangoon). 

Bagrus netuma VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 438, pl. 417, 1839 
(type locality: Pondicherry). 

Netuma netuma Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 175, fig. (teeth and casque), 1865. 

Arius nasutus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 60, 1840 (type locality : 
Malabar; Red Sea). 

Catastoma nasutum (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 15, p. 60, 1840 (Java) (name in text).—BrerKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 2, p. 28, 1862 (name in synonymy). 

Netuma nasuta BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, pl. (13), 61, 1862.— 
JORDAN and SEaLr, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26 (1906), p. 8, 1907 (Cavite). 

Bagrus rhodonotus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 157, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Bagrus carchariorhynchos BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, 
pt. 2, p. 291, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Sarcogenys rostratus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLrrKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 
Néerland., vol. 2, p. 28, 1862 (name in synonymy). 

Arius andamanensis Day, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 699 (type locality : 
Andaman Islands). 

Ariodes aeneus SAvVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 156, 1883 
(type locality: “Ile Raffles: Voyage de la Zélee”). 

Netuma osakae JorDAN and Husps, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 157, pl. 9, 
fig. 1, 1925 (type locality: Japan). 

Depth 434 to 5; head 3 to 314, width 124 to 1% its length. Snout 
224 to 234 in head; eye 414 to 734, 114 to 2 in snout, 2 to 3 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 214 to 234 in head, widely crescentic; lips with 
thick folds at mouth corners; maxillary barbel reaches beyond eye 
or to gill opening, outer mental behind hind eye edge, inner mental 
to eye or slightly beyond; teeth fine in rather broad bands in jaws; 
teeth on palate in 2 large, triangular patches, base of each triangle 
with 2 more or less rounded, small, close-set patches; preorbital groove 
extends little beyond front eye edge; median fontanel reaches base 
of occipital process, latter forming complete bridge to dorsal. Guill 
rakers 8 or 9, short, conic, thick. 

Skin smooth. Sides of head above, occipital bridge, dorsal shield 
and humeral shield striate or granulated. 

D. I, 7, spine 114 to 124 in head, granulated in front and hind edges 
serrate; A. vi, 11 or 12, first branched ray 33, to 324; lower caudal 
lobe 1 to 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114 to 
134; ventral 214 to 224. 

Largely silvery, grayish above. Adipose fin with large blackish 
brown blotch. 

Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, India, Andamans, Burma, Singapore, 
East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, North Australia, Queensland, 
New South Wales, Polynesia. 


11943. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length, 52 mm. 
5515. Malabon market, August 8, 1908, Length, 59 mm, 


766 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


6264, 6265, 8191, 8192. Manila Market. June 12, 1908. Length, 128-160 mm. 

12104. Manila market. June 11, 1908. Length, 195 mm. 

9263. Manila market. July 10, 1908. Length, 214 mm. 

17607. Manila market. July 29, 1908. Length, 197 mm. 

20245 to 20247. San Roque market, Cavite. June 18, 1908. Length, 158-280 ~ 
mm. 

A 1016. Philippines. Length, 188 mm. 

5008 to 5010. Sandakan Bay, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 187-230 mm. 

2 examples. A.N.S.P. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 

Length, 616 mm. 

examples. A.N.S.P. San Fernando, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Purchased. 

example. A.N.S.P. Santa Maria, Luzon. Rey. Joseph Clemens. Purchased. 

example. A.N.S.P. Orani, Luzon. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Purchased. 

examples. A.N.S.P. Orion, Luzon. Rey. Joseph Clemens. Purchased. 

examples. A.N.S.P. Philippines. Commercial Museum Philadelphia. 


mae & bo 


Subgenus PSEUDARIUS Bleeker 
TACHYSURUS MANILLENSIS (Valenciennes) 


Arius manillensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 93, 1840 (type 
locality: Manila).—Herrer, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 403, pl. 1, 
fig. 5 (dentition), 1926 (Laguna de Bay, Pasig River, Santa Cruz, Orani, 
Cavite); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 22, 1937 (Manila; 
Mayondon).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 45, 1987 (reference). 

Rita manillensis GiNTuHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 94, 1864 (copied). 

Rita manillense Wires, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 570, 1895 (Luzon, Manila, 
Navotas). 

Pseudarius philippinus SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 4, p. 226, 
1880 (type locality: Lake Laglaize, Luzon). 

Arius falcarius (not Richardson) Mryer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, 
vol. 14, p. 41, 1885 (Santa Cruz, from Laguna de Bay). 

Depth 435; head 3%) to 314, width 124. Snout strongly pro- 
jects, broad, blunt, slightly rounded; eye 624 to 634, 214 to 244 in 
snout, 8 in interorbital, ovate pupil vertical; maxillary barbel reaches 
hind edge of head or to middle of pectoral in young, mandibular 
26 maxillary, mental less than half as long; upper teeth sharp, vil- 
liform, widest at ends, width 514 its length, exposed when mouth 
closes; lower teeth villiform, in much longer band; beginning at 
front edge of palate and covering most its front surface, thus not far 
apart, 2 large, parallel, somewhat ovate patches of blunt, rounded, 
coarsely granular, thickly crowded teeth, broadest near front end, 
length about 114 in eye; plates on top of head granulose, with very 
long median fontanel from opposite hind nostril nearly to occipital 
process; last subtriangular, with widely expanded base about long 
as process; basal bone of dorsal spine narrow, short, surface granu- 
late; humeral plate nearly triangular, smooth or lower edge some- 
what granular. Gill rakers 6+ 12, 14 of eye. 

Dorsal equals or little less than depth, 114 in head, stout spine 
granulate serrate before and behind; adipose fin base twice in anal 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 767 


base; A. 17 or 18; caudal deeply lobate, upper lobe longer or lobes 
nearly equal; pectoral 13% in head, spine trifle longer than dorsal 
spine, flattened, outer edge feebly serrate, inner edge strongly ser- 
rate, rays 10; ventral slightly longer than pectoral. 

Blackish to leaden above, passing into whitish below, with bril- 
liant metallic silver and golden bronze luster, underside of head 
and belly cream. Fins all blackish on both sides, except dorsal and 
adipose fin with narrow milk white border. Length, 244 mm. 
(Herre.) 

Philippines. The type, originally from Manila, was 355 mm. long. 


Subgenus ARIODES Miiller and Troschel 
TACHYSURUS MAGATENSIS (Herre) 


Arius magatensis HeErrE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 396, pl. 1, fig. 1 
(dentition), 1926 (type locality: Magat River at Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya 
Province; upper Cagayan Valley in Cagayan River); Fishes Herre Philip- 
pine Exped. 1931, p, 22, 1984 (Bayombong).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr, Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 5149 to 514; head 314 to 334, width 124 to 114. Snout 2% 
to 3 in head, projects, somewhat angulate and pointed centrally; 
eye 534 to 6%, 144 to 224 in snout, 21% to 3 in interorbital; maxillary 
barbel to hind edge of head or pectoral base, mandibular 749 long as 
maxillary, mental about 24; upper lip projects, partially exposes 
upper band of teeth, inner margin of lips finely rugose; upper jaw 
teeth villiform, in narrow arched band, width 4 to 424 its length; 
lunate lower band longer than upper, widest medially, tapers to point 
at each end; ovate-elliptical patch of 16 to 26 granular teeth each 
side of forward outer angle of palate, posteriorly pair of somewhat 
elliptical larger patches of coarse granular teeth subequal with eye; 
plates on top of head granulose, with very long median fontanel not 
reaching occipital process; last a truncate triangle, basal bone of 
dorsal spine lunate, narrow, granulose and short; humeral plate tri- 
angular, surface granular. Gull rakers 6+12, equal pupil or little 
over half of gill filaments. 

Dorsal 14% to 1144 in head, spine 134 to 144, moderately strong, 
sharp pointed granulose anteriorly, smooth behind; adipose fin base 
134 to 2 in anal base; A. 19 or 20; caudal deeply lobate, upper lobe 
longest ; pectoral 1, 11, spine subequal with dorsal spine, both edges 
variably slightly roughened to finely but strongly serrate, fin, 14 to 
114 in head; ventral 12% to 2. 

Bluish to dark chocolate brown above, darkest on top of head, 
sides paler. Reddish plum to whitish or yellowish below, with silver 
luster all over sides. Cream color or white beneath. Fins chocolate 
to red brown, caudal palest. Length, 268 mm. (Herre.) 


768 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Cagayan River. Only known from fresh water. Said to reach 
over 450 mm. and a male found with its mouth filled with large in- 
cubating eggs, 12 to 15 in number. 


TACHYSURUS CROSSOCHEILUS (Bleeker) 


Arius crossocheilus BLEEKER, Natuur. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl. Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 187, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). —Werser and BrAurort, Fishes Indo- 
Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 276, fig. 107 (upper teeth), 1913 (Bay of 
Boni, Celebes).—HeErrer, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 398, pl. 1, fig. 2, 
1926 (compiled).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Arius tonggol BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder]. Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 292, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia) —GUNTHErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 
164, text fig. (teeth), 1864 (type).—Meyer, Anal Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 
Madrid, vol. 14, p. 41, 1885 (Laguna de Bay).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., 
vol. 1, p. 570, 1895 (Luzon, Laguna de Bay). 

Ariodes tonggol BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 20, pp. 238, 450, 1859-60 
(Singapore) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 39, pl. (9) 57, 1862 
(Java, Sumatra, Bintang, Banka). 

Tachysurus tonggol Fowtrr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 51, 1988 (reference). 

Depth 41% to 4%; head 314 to 314, width 124 to 134. Snout 214 
to 21% in head; eye 514 to 614, 2 to 3 in snout, 2% to 4 in inter- 
orbital; mouth width 3 to 31% in head; maxillary barbel reaches 
pectoral origin, ¥5 in depressed pectoral in young, outer mental 
reaches 34 to pectoral origin or to latter in young, inner mental half 
way or % to pectoral origin in young; moderate arcuate band of 
villiform teeth in each jaw; on palate globular teeth in 4 separated 
patches, as 2 well separated small patches anteriorly and 2 large 
ovoid patches posteriorly close set and long axis converging behind; 
interorbital 17% to 2, broadly convex; cranium with some rather 
feeble granulations and striae; fontanel long, rather narrow, not 
quite reaching occipital plate; occipital plate little longer than basal 
width, narrow hind end in contact with basal buckler. Gill rakers 
4+ 18, lanceolate; 224 in gill filaments which 114 in eye. 

Skin smooth. Humeral plate smooth, striae feeble. 

D. I, 7, first branched ray 114 to 124 in head; adipose fin length 
3 to 314; A. v, 11, 1, first branched ray 224 to 27%; caudal 1145 to 
114, deeply forked, lobes pointed and upper slightly longer; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 38% to 414; pectoral 114 to 114, front and 
hind edges of spine antrorsely serrate; ventral 144 to 2. 

Brown above, with silvery white on sides and below, showing 
pale lilac and lavender reflections on sides. Under side of head 
and abdomen sometimes more or less soiled with brownish, as on 
upper surface. Iris pale yellowish or brassy. Barbels brownish. 
Fins all with more or less dusky terminally or on paired ones 
medially. 

Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 769 


8850. River at Catbalogan, Samar market. April 15, 1908. Length, 141 mm. 
18808 to 18310. River at Makassar, Celebes. December 29, 1906. Length, 218 


to 227 mm. 
TACHYSURUS ARGYROPLEURON (Valenciennes) 


Arius argyropleuron (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 15, p. 104, 1840 (type locality: Java).—GUtntTHer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 
vol. 5, p. 164, 1864 (types of Arius acutus).—STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 57, pt. 1, p. 1003, 1868 (no locality ).—SEALg, 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, p. 266, 1910 (Sandakan).—Weser and BrEAv- 
FoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 278, fig. 108 (head 
above), fig. 109 (upper teeth), 1913 (Bagan Api Api, Balikpapan)—HAar- 
DENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 116, 1981 (Bagan Si Api Api). 

Ariodes argyropleuron BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 40, pl. 
(11)59, 1862 (Java, Sumatra). 

Tachysurus argyropleuron Fow Ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, p. 
462 (Baram River, Borneo).—Svvarti, Index Fish. Siam, p. 61, 1937 (Lang 
Suan; Songkhla; Canthaburi).—Fowtrer, List Fish. Malaya, p. 49(249), 
1938 (reference). 

Arius acutus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 167, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Arius hamiltonis BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder].-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 291, 
1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Depth 434 to 5; head 314, width 1%. Snout 234 in head; eye 
414 to 7, 2 in snout, 234 in interorbital; maxillary barbels reach 
pectorals or not quite so far, mandibulary barbels somewhat shorter, 
mental barbels reach gill membrane; villiform teeth in arcuate band 
in jaws; granular teeth far back on palate in 2 oval groups, long 
axes converging hindward; 2 small patches on front of palate, 
reduced to few small teeth or even wanting; interorbital 144 in 
head. Guill rakers 7 or 8, short, stout. 

Head shields with roughened and granulated lines; occipital ex- 
tension in young, longer than broad, lateral edges straight, twice 
or more than twice longer than broad in its middle, touching basal 
bone of dorsal, which with winglike extremities. Median fontanel 
begins on snout and ends before occipital extension, broadest 
medianly. 

D. I. 7, height over 114 in head, rather weak spine long as head 
without snout, at top and front border slightly denticulated and 
along whole of hind border; adipose fin small, base much less than 
that of soft dorsal or 41% in interspace; A. 19 or 20; pectoral I, 11, 
long as head without snout, flattened spine somewhat shorter and 
stronger than that of dorsal; ventral 6, not reaching anal and much 
shorter than pectoral. 

Brownish above, whitish below. Outer half of fins dusky. 
Length, 460 mm. (Weber and Beaufort.) 

East Indies (Java, Sumatra, Borneo). 


770 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


TACHYSURUS LEIOTETOCEPHALUS (Bleeker) 


Arius leiotetocephalus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 
2, p. 292, 1846 (type locality: Batavia).—WersEerR and BEaAvurFort, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 282, fig. 112 (upper teeth), 1913 
(north of Rio Straits).—Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 379, pl. 
1, fig. 3 (dentition), 1926 (San Miguel Bay; Tacloban; Manila market).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 45, 1937 
(reference). 

Ariodes leiocephalus BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, p. 88, 
1858; Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 64, 1861 (Pinang) ; 
Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 40, pl. (12) 60, fig. 2, 1862 (Java, 
Singapore, Celebes). 

Arius liocephalus GUnturr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 165, 1864 (no 
locality ).—DUNcker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 174, 1904 
(Kuala Pahang; Muar River). 

Tachysurus leiotetocephalus Suvattt, Index Fish. Siam, p. 62, 1937 (Gulf of 
Siam; Bang Plasoi; Sriracha).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 49, 1938 
(reference). 

Bagrus (Ariodes) meyenii MULLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., pt. 3, p. 9, 1849 
(type locality: “Unbekannt’’). 

Depth 424; head 3, width 114. Broad snout expanded laterally 
and upward between eyes and nostrils, blunt tip broadly rounded, 
projects; eye 744 in head, 344 in interorbital; maxillary barbel 
reaches nearly or quite to hind opercle edge, mandibular barbel 24 
maxillary, mental little over 1% maxillary; inner edge of upper lip 
crenate-lobulate, lower lip covered with transverse corrugations; 
upper curved villiform band of jaw teeth very sharp; lower band 
narrower, sharp; 2 small, widely separated, oval patches on palate 
and posteriorly 2 additional elongate patches narrowing posteriorly ; 
occipital process large, ovate, elevated centrally and in front, surface 
rough with convoluted ridges, width 114 its length; top of head 
smooth, with long median fontanel from snout nearly to occipital 
process; humeral plate smooth, triangular. Guill rakers 8 or 9, short, 
stiff. 

Dorsal nearly equals depth, stout spine 114 in head, stout spine 
with coarse granulations anteriorly, hind side nearly or quite smooth; 
small adipose fin with base 3 in anal base; A. 15 to 17; caudal deeply 
lobate; pectoral 114 in head, flattened spine equals dorsal spine, ser- 
rated before and behind, rays 12 or 13. 

Reddish brown, with metallic silvery sheen, underside cream to 
bluish white. Belly thickly sprinkled with minute violet brown 
ocellated specks. Fins dusky yellowish. Length, 370 mm. (Herre.) 

Malacca, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines. 


TACHYSURUS GONIASPIS (Bleeker) 


Arius goniaspis BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind.-Néerl., vol. 3, No. 9, p. 4, 1858 (type 
locality: Trussan, Sumatra); p. (5) 44, 1857-58 (Priaman).—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 166, 1864 (tyve).—BaARTLETT, Sarawak 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 771 


Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, p. 182, 1896 (Moratabas).—WeEsrER and BEAUFORT, 
Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 283, 1913 (compiled ).—HERRE, 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 401, pl. 1, fig. 4 (dentition), 1926 (Laguna 
de Bay, Manila market).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Ariodes goniaspis BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 42, pl. (12) 60, 
fig. 1, 1862 (Sumatra). 

Depth 514; head 314, width 114. Snout projects, broadly rounded, 
depressed, convex, 234 in head; eye 23% in snout, 2%4 in interorbital ; 
maxillary barbel reaches hind end of head, mandibular almost to 
pectoral base or 114 in maxillary, mental 224; mouth moderate, 
teeth exposed when closed; upper sharp villiform teeth in curved 
band, width 414 in length; lower teeth in longer band, widest me- 
dially and tapering posteriorly; conic, coarsely granular teeth in 2 
groups each side, small ovate patch at outer front margin and 
elongate divergent patch posteriorly; head granulated above; occip- 
ital process triangulate, lateral edges straight, expanded basally, 
wide as long, more or less radially granulate, with central keel, 
slightly notched hind edge touching short, granulate, curved bone 
before dorsal spine base; median fontanel reaches opposite hind 
angular preopercle tip; humeral plate sharply triangular, surface 
rugose. Gill rakers 8+ 12, slender, 214 in eye. 

Dorsal 114 in depth, nearly 114 in head, spine 134, front edge 
rugose and barbed near apex, hind edge barbed; adipose fin base 
134 in anal base; A. 17; caudal deeply notched, upper lobe longer ; 
pectoral nearly 114 in head; spine equals dorsal spine, with similar 
rugosities and toothed barbs, rays 11; ventral 2 in head. 

Chocolate brown on head, gradually paler posteriorly along back, 
whitish below lateral line. Sides of head passing into reddish brown 
and whitish, all with silvery luster except along median dorsai region 
of head and back. White beneath. Dorsal and pectorals blackish, 
more or less hyaline marginally. Adipose fin blackish basally or 
reddish brown by transmitted light, becomes clear marginally. 
Caudal reddish brown basally, with silver sheen, rays yellowish 
brown, become clear posteriorly. Ventral white beneath, somewhat 
dusky above along outer basal region. Length, 208 mm. (Herre.) 

Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. 


Genus OSTEOGENEIOSUS Bleeker 


Osteogeneiosus BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Nederl.-Indié, vol 3, pt. 2, p. 173, 
1846. (Type, Osteogeneiosus macrocephalus Bleeker=Silurus militaris 
Linnaeus, virtually monotypic. ) 

Osteogeniosus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 181, 1864. (Type, 
Silurus militaris Linnaeus. ) 

Osteogenius Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1241, 1849. (Type, 
Silurus militaris Linnaeus, virtually. Osteogenius Cantor proposed to 
replace Osteogeneiosus Bleeker. ) 


772 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body elongate. Head strongly depressed. Upper jaw protrudes. 
Eyes lateral, with free orbital margin. Mouth arched, lips thin. 
Only 1 barbel at each maxillary, very stiff and bony. Villiform 
teeth in bands in jaws, on palate in 2 separated patches, obtusely 
conic. Nostrils together, posterior with valves, placed superiorly 
near front edge of snout. Guill membranes united, free hind border 
deeply emarginate, only anteriorly connected with isthmus. Bran- 
chiostegals 5. Top of head covered with smooth skin. Short 
dorsal with 7 rays and pungent spine, placed between pectorals and 
ventrals. Adipose fin short, opposite short anal. Caudal forked, 
lobes rounded. Pectorals with pungent spine. Ventral rays 6. 

One species, marine, entering estuaries and tidal rivers. 


OSTEOGENEIOSUS MILITARIS (Linnaeus) 


Silurus militaris Linnaxrus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 305, 1758 (type locality : 
Asia) ; ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 503, 1766—BoNNATERRE, Tableau encyclop. Ichth., 
p. 51, 1788 (Asia).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1356, 1789.—Waz- 
BAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 566, 1792 (on Linnaeus).—Btocu, Naturg. 
ausliind. Fische, vol. 8, p. 19, pl. 362, 1794 (Asia) —SHAw and Nopper, Nat. 
Misc., vol. 11, pl. 406, 1800 (“Surinam”).—ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 
375, 1801 (“Surinam’’). 

Ageniosus militaris Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, p. 805, 1889 (on 
Buoc#). 

Arius militaris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 114, pl. 4380, 1840 
(Bombay, Mahé, Malabar, Pondicherry, Irrawaddy, Rangoon, Malacca) .— 
Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1241, 1849 (Malayan Penin- 
sula and Islands). 

Osteogeneiosus militaris BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 2, p. 46, 1862 
(on Valenciennes).—WeEBER and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archi- 
pelago, vol. 2, p. 829, fig. 142, 1918 (Java Sea; Bagan Si Api Api, Sumatra) .— 
HARDENBERG, Treubia, vol. 13, livr. 1, p. 117, 1931 (Bagan Si Api Api).— 
SuvatTtr, Index Fish. Siam, p. 64, 1987 (Maenam Bangpakong; Gulf of 
Siam; Thale Sap; Chumphon; Pakphun; Laem Sing; Samat Prakan; 
Bandon Bight).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 48 (248), 1988 (reference). 

OsteogenioOsus militaris GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 5, p. 181, 1864 
(Ganges; type of Osteogeneiosus cantoris)—KNrr, Reise Novara, Fische, 
p. 314, 1865 (no locality). —Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 181, 1865.—Bavean, 
Fresh Water Fishes India, p. 144, 1877 (Ganges River).—Day, Fishes of 
India, pt. 3, p. 469, pl. 108, fig. 4, 1877 (Bombay); Fauna Brit. India, 
Fishes, vol. 1, p. 190, 1889.—BartiLettT, Sarawak Gazette, vol. 26, No. 368, 
p. 182, 1896 (Moratabas) —DUNcKeEr, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 
21, p. 174, 1904 (Muar River). 

Osteogeneiosus macrocephalus BLrEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 
3, pt. 2, p. 173, 1846 (type locality: Batavia); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., 
vol. 2, p. 47, pl. (16) 64, 1862 (Java, Madura).—Fow.Ler, Journ. Bombay 
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, 255, 1927 (Bombay). 

Osteogeniosus macrocephalus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 182, 
1864 (type). 

Osteogeneiosus longiceps BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 
2, p. 174, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 773 


Osteogeneiosus ingluvies BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 
2, p. 174, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Osteogeneiosus gracilis BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 175, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Osteogeneiosus blochii BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 3, pt. 2, 
p. 175, 1846 (type locality: Batavia). 

Osteogenciosus valenciennesi BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neder.-Indié, vol. 3, 
pt. 2, p. 175, 1846 (type locality: Batavia); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland. 
vol. 2, p. 46, pl. (15) 68, 1862 (Java, Banka). 

Osteogeniosus valenciennesit GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, p. 181, 1864 
(type; Pinang).—Dincker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1903, 
p. 174, 1904 (compiled). 

Osteogeniosus valenciennesi ViINcIGuUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 
16, p. 181, 1880 (Borneo) ; ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 608, 1921-26 (Sarawak). 

Osteogeneiosus cantoris BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Bengal), vol. 29, 
pp. 120, 130, 582, 1853 (type locality: Calcutta, in River Hooghly).—BtytH, 
Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, p. 286, 1858. 

Depth 444 to 514; head 334 to 3%, width 114. Snout 2% to 3 in 
head; eye 614 to 624, rather low and lateral, 235 to 224 in snout, 344 
to 424 in interorbital; mouth width 21% in head; maxillary barbel to 
middle of pectoral spine; broad band of villiform teeth in each jaw, 
of about 7 irregular rows; on palate 2 broad semioval areas of obtuse 
low teeth; nostrils large, together, posterior little larger, both near 
snout end laterally; interorbital 144 to 17% in head, elevated con- 
vexly; median fontanel wide, not reaching occipital buckler, which 
twice wide at base as long and rugose striate, bony bridge complete 
to dorsal. Gill rakers 2+7, lanceolate, slender, 134 in gill filaments 
or 2 in eye. 

Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and median laterally. 

D. I, 7, with front and hind edges of spine antrorsely serrate, first 
ray 114 to 124 in head; adipose fin large, 2; A. 1v or v, 16, 1, first 
branched ray 1% to 2; caudal 114, forked; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 1144 to 134; ventral 144 to 2. 

Back and head above nearly flax-flower blue, below becoming pearl 
blue to white. Sides of head and body with obscure gray dots. Iris 
pale gray. Dorsal terminally gray, whitish basally. Adipose fin 
whitish, with gray above. Caudal pale to whitish, with gray above 
and below. Anal and paired fins whitish. Barbels pale. 

Seychelles, India, Burma, Pinang, Malayan Peninsula, East Indies. 
2 examples. A.N.S.P. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. 1925. Length, 158- 

180 mm. 

Genus HEMIPIMELODUS Bleeker 


Hemipimelodus BirEKmr, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 1, Siluri, p. 236, 1858. 
(Type, Pimelodus borneensis Bleeker, designated by Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. 
Dierk., vol. 1, p. 92, 1863.) 

Pachyula Oatipy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 23, p. 33, 1898. (Type, 
Hemipimelodus crassilabris Ramsay and Ogilby.) 


774 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body elongate, compressed behind. Head more or less depressed. 
Snout prominent, sometimes projecting and gibbous. Eyes with or 
without free edge. Mouth transverse, moderate to small. Maxillary, 
mandibular, and mental barbels slender, rather long. Each jaw with 
band of villiform teeth, palate edentulous. Nostrils close together, 
without barbel. Head shields exposed or more or less covered with 
skin. Occipital process keeled or winged, touches basal bone of 
dorsal spine. Gill membranes united, joined to isthmus along median 
line, leaving narrow free edge. Gill rakers moderate, short, more or 
less conic. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Dorsal with pointed spine and 7 
rays, origin midway between paired fins or nearer ventrals. Adipose 
fin moderate or short, origin above or slightly before anal. Anal 
rays 15 to 12. Caudal deeply forked. Pectorals with sharp spine 
and axillary pore present. Ventral rays 6. 

A small genus of freshwater catfishes confined to the East Indies 
and one species in the Philippines. Apparently all live in fresh 
water. 

HEMIPIMELODUS MANILLENSIS (Valenciennes) 


Pimelodus manillensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, p. 192, 1840 
(type locality: Manila). 

Hemipimelodus manillensis Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, p. 410, 1926 
(Laguna de Bay); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 22, 1934 
(Laguna de Bay).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. 
Bull. 6, p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 5149 to 5% 9; head 3 to 314, width 114. Snout 244 in head, 
projects broadly rounded; eye 624 to 714, 214 to 21% in snout, 3 in 
interorbital; maxillary barbel reaches or nearly reaches hind edge 
of head, mandibular reaches gill opening or beyond, mental scarcely 
24 of maxillary; mouth rather small, 244 in head, lower jaw shorter 
but upper teeth not exposed; upper teeth in narrow curved band, 
broadest at ends, width 6 in length; lower teeth in narrower longer 
band, widest medially and tapering at both ends; head finely granu- 
late above, occipital process keeled, thickly covered with small gran- 
ules, much longer than broad, side sinuous, notched at apex; basal 
bone of dorsal spine short, curved, narrow, granulose; median fon- 
tanel very long and nearly reaches occipital process. Gill rakers 
6+ 12, slender, 24 or more of eye diameter. 

Dorsal 114 to 124 in head; front edge of flattened spine granulose 
below and becomes serrate near tip, hind edge serrate on upper 34 
and remainder smooth, length 134 to 1% in head; adipose fin base 
144 to 2 in dorsal base or 21% to 224 in anal base; A. 18 to 20; caudal 
deeply lobed, lobes acutely pointed, upper longer or 314 to 324 times 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 775 


median rays; pectoral 114 to 124 in head, spine equals and like 
dorsal spine, rays 10; ventrals nearly or quite reach anal. 

Blackish to chocolate-brown above to bluish brown or light brown 
on sides, with silvery luster, becoming yellowish white beneath. 
Dorsal blackish. Adipose fin with blackish or chocolate brown spot. 
Caudal brown, with clear posterior edge. Upper surface of pectoral 
blackish brown, underside pale. Ventrals and anal more or less 
brownish. Length, 260 mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. 


Order PLECTOSPONDYLI 


No teeth in jaws. Gill openings restricted. Gill membranes at- 
tached to isthmus. Pharyngeal bones below scythelike, parallel with 
gill arches. Two upper pharyngeals. Branchiostegals few, broad, 
flat, three. Brain case extended between orbits. Opercular bones 
all present. Parietals broad, distinct. Pterotic normal. Symplec- 
tic present. No interclavicles. Mesocoracoid present. Shoulder 
girdle joined to skull. Scales, when present, cycloid. Dorsal fin 
present. No adipose dorsal. Ventrals abdominal. 


Family CYPRINIDAE 


Body variously deep to elongate. Belly usually rounded, rarely 
compressed or serrated. Upper jaw edge formed entirely by pre- 
maxillaries. Barbels 4, 2 or absent. Guill openings moderate, mem- 
branes joined broadly to isthmus. Gills 4, shit behind fourth. Pseu- 
dobranchiae usually present. Branchiostegals few, usually 3. Low- 
er pharyngeal bones well developed, scythe-shaped, nearly parallel 
with gill arches, each with 1 to 3 rows of teeth in small number, 4 to 
7 in main row and fewer in others if more present. Air bladder 
usually large, often divided into front and hind lobe, not enclosed 
in bony covering and rarely absent. Stomach without appendages, 
formed simply as enlargement of alimentary canal. Head always 
naked. Body mostly scaly, seldom naked. Dorsal fin elongate or 
short. Ventrals abdominal. 

The carps or minnows comprise the most important family in the 
order to which they belong, and are of interest not only in their 
numerous divergent species but largely in the myriads of individ- 
uals and their part in the economy of nature. They far outrank 
all the other families in genera, species, and individuals and also 
having representatives in all the countries where these other forms 
occur. Genera over 200 and species several thousand. 

156861—40——50 


776 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA 


a’, Dorsal with at least one of front simple rays thickened and spinelike; 
lateral line median along side of tail (except Leptobarbus). 

b*. CYPRININAE. Dorsal rays numerous; anal with spine, serrated behind. 
ce. Barhels sprecent 2225826 2. oe est coat ee cet ee eee Cyprinus 
a ING) (RTGS enc a cae Carassius 

b®. BARBINAE. Dorsal rays in moderate number or few; anal without spine, 

or if present entire, never serrate behind. 
ad’. Lateral line median along tail. 
e’. Mouth terminal, oblique, wide, reaches beyond front eye edge; 2 
maxillary, bare] s== === = 20s tee eee a eee Hampala 
e’. Mouth terminal or subinferior, not reaching beyond front border of 
eye; 2 or 4 barbels. 
f’. Lower jaw spatulate, curved upward, its tip meeting top of snout. 
Mandibularca 
f?. Lower jaw not spatulate, with more or less fleshy lip, not curved 
in segment of circle. 
g. Postlabial groove not interrupted in middle behind chin and 
continuous around mouth corner__________ Cephalakompsus 
g’. Postlabial groove interrupted in middle behind chin but con- 
tinuous around mouth corner. 
h*. Lower jaw truncate, reaches but halfway to end of arch of 


UIC Ti) BW ee ee ee ee See Ospatulus 
h’?. Lower jaw not truncate, normal-__________________ Puntius 
d°. Lateral line extends along lower half of tail_____________ Leptobarbus 


a’. Dorsal without anterior rays enlarged or spinelike; lateral line usually 
extends along lower side of tail. 

7. RASBORINAE. Abdomen rounded, sometimes flattened, but 
not compressed to an edge; lower jaw usually with knob 
at symphysis, fitting in notch in front of upper jaw. 

Rasbora 

7. ABRAMIDINAE. Abdomen at least partly compressed to an 
edge; mouth variable, sometimes with symphyseal knob on 
LOWED: 5) a Wess oo es ee ee Ne ie Nematabramis 


Genus CYPRINUS Linnaeus 


Cyprinus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 320, 1758. (Type, Cyprinus 
carpio Linnaeus, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 16, p. 254, 1883.) 

Carpio Hecker, Rusegger’s Reise, vol. 1, p. 1014, 1848. (Type, Carpio kollarii 
Heckel (hybrid), designated by Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 3, 
p. 24, 1863.) 

Body robust, compressed. Head moderate. Snout blunt, rounded. 
Mouth moderate, terminal. Barbels 4, long. Gill openings wide, 
reach beyond hind border of preopercle. Guill membranes broadly 
joined to isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1, broad, truncate, 
molarlike, crown furrowed, flat or concave. Scales large. Lateral 
line complete, extends midway along side of body. Dorsal very 
long, origin opposite ventral origin, front rudimentary rays spinous 
and last enlarged or stout and bony, its hind edges serrated. Anal 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Cb 


short, its origin below hind half of dorsal, front rudimentary rays 
spinous and last strongly ossified and serrated behind. 

Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia, now widely introduced 
into various parts of the world as food fishes. 


CYPRINUS CARPIO Linnaeus 

Cyprinus carpio LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed., 10, vol. 1, p. 320, 1758 (type locality : 
Europe).—GtnrTHer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 25, 1868 (Europe, 
China, Amoy, Formosa, Japan, Java).—Herre, Proc. Pan Pacifie Sci. Congr., 
Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1568, 1924 (naturalized in rivers of Cotabato 
Province; Lake Nunungan, Lanap Province, Mindanao) ; Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 24, p. 271 (introduced from Hong Kong to Manila, Dulauan, 
Pulangi River; 1916 planted in Lakes Dapao and Nunungan), p. 705, 1924 
(reference).—RoxAs and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 40, 1937 (reference).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 68, 1938 (reference). 

? Cyprinus fossicola Erera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 578, 1895 (Luzon, Cavite, 
Santa Cruz). 

Depth 274 to 234; head 27% to 314, width 124 to 134. Snout 21% 
to 3 in head; eye 5 to 514, 1% to 2 in snout, 134 to 21% in inter- 
orbital; maxillary reaches 44 to 7% to eye, length 3 to 314 in head; 
front barbel 24 to equal to eye, hind barbel 5 to 544 in head; lower 
jaw included in upper; interorbital 234 to 234, broadly convex; sub- 
orbitals cover about 14 to cheek to preopercle ridge. Gill rakers 
4+13, lanceolate, 14 of gill filaments, which 4 in head. Pharyngeal 
teeth 1, 1, 3-8, 1, 1, robust, molarlike, with crowns flattened or some- 
what furrowed. 

Scales 30 to 32 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
6 above, 5 below, 11 to 13 predorsal, 16 around caudal peduncle. 
Seales with 24 basal and 67 apical radiating striae; circuli finely 
concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 19, 1 to 21, 1, fourth spine enlarged, osseous, hind edges 
with upper half at least strongly serrate, first branched ray 124 to 
2 in head; A. III, 5, 1, third spine enlarged, osseous, hind edges 
strongly serrated terminally, first branched ray 124 to 184; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 214; pectoral 125 to 114; ventral 114 
to 144; caudal 234 to 31% in rest of body, well forked, lobes pointed. 

Above olive-brown, under surfaces pale to whitish. Iris pale. 
Dorsal and caudal dull brownish, other fins pale to whitish. 

Asia, East Indies. Introduced in the Philippines. 


5944 to 5946, 7512. Hongkong market. August 13, 1908. Length, 205-224 mm. 


Genus CARASSIUS Nilsson 


Carassius Nirsson, Prodr. Ichth. Scandinav., p. 32, 1882. (Type, Cyprinus 
carassius Linnaeus, tautotypic. ) 

Oyprinopsis Firzincer, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterreich., vol. I, p. 834, 1832. (Type, 
Cyprinus auratus Linnaeus. ) 


778 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Body deeply ovoid, well compressed. Head moderate. Snout 
obtuse, convex. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Gill openings 
moderate. Gill membranes widely united with isthmus. Pharyn- 
geal teeth uniserial, 4—4, molar and compressed. Scales large, 
usually uniform. Lateral line complete, extends midway along side. 
Dorsal fin with long base, third simple ray formed as stout spine, 
its hind edge serrated. Anal much shorter, with similar stout spine. 
Ventrals well forward. 

Large fishes found in the fresh waters of Asia and Europe. Often 
domesticated, and the well known goldfish widely introduced into 
many parts of the world. 


CARASSIUS AURATUS (Linnaeus) 


Cyprinus auratus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 322, 1758 (type locality . 
rivers of China and Japan). 

Carassius auratus Fowirr, Copeia, No. 58, p. 62, 1918 (Philippines).—Hxrrkez, 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped., 1931, p. 20, 1984 (introduced in Trinidad 
River ).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 41, 
1937 (reference). 

Depth 214 to 314; head 8 to 314, width 124 to 134. Snout 314 to 4 
in head; eye 344 to 534, subequal with snout, 2 to 214 in interorbital; 
maxillary reaches to hind nostril or not quite to eye, length 314 to 4 
in head; mouth broad, jaws about even; interorbital 214 to 3 in 
head, broadly convex. Gill rakers 83+12, short points. Pharyngeal 
teeth 4—4, 

Scales 26 to 28 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on 
latter; 6 above, vary 5, 5 or 6 below to anal origin, 11 to 13 predorsal. 
Scales large, well exposed and more or less uniform. 

D. IV, 16 1, to 19 1, fourth spine osseous, enlarged, hind edge ser- 
rated, length 114 to 2 in head; A. III, 5, 1, third spine enlarged, 
osseous, hind edge serrated, length 134 to 2; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 144 to 2; pectoral 13% to 134, rays 15 or 16; ventral 1, 8, fin 
114 to 1% in head; caudal emarginate, 234 to 244 in rest of fish. 

Color largely olivaceous, paler below. Fins all more or less 
olivaceous, dorsal and caudal usually little darker. 

Temperate eastern Asia, especially China and Japan, now widely 
introduced. Described from Chinese and Siamese materials. 


Genus HAMPALA Van Hasselt 


Hampala VAN Hassett, Algemein Konst. Letterbode, Aout. p. 123, 1823. (Type, 
Hampala macrolepidota Van Hasselt, monotypic. ) 

Body elongate, compressed. Head moderate. Snout pointed. 
Mouth terminal, wide, oblique, extends beyond front eye edge. Jaws 
equal, upper little protractile. Upper lip broadened anteriorly, lower 
laterally. Postlabial groove or furrow runs parallel with lips, in- 
terrupted in middle of lower lip. Barbel behind mouth corner. Gill 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 779 


membranes united to isthmus, opposite to hind part of eye. Pharyn- 
geal teeth spoon shaped, 1, 3, 5-5, 3,1. Scales large, radially striated 
or granulated, some with reticulated lines. Lateral line complete, 
somewhat curved towards belly, sensory tubes undivided. No sens- 
ory folds on head and no tubercles on snout. Dorsal with 8 branched 
rays and low basal scaly sheath, origin opposite ventral origin, last 
osseous ray feeble and finely serrated. Anal with 5 branched rays. 

Fresh waters of the East Indies, Malacca, Tenasserim, Siam, Indo 
China and the Philippines. 


HAMPALA LOPEZI Herre 
Fiaure 18 


Hampala lopezi HERE, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 
1568, 1924 [type locality; Busuanga (no description)]; Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 24, p. 275 (types), p. 705, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 40, 1987 (reference). 





tp 


ee ae 3 





Ficure 18.—Hampala lopezi Herre: Specimen from Port Caltom. 


Depth 324 to 324; head 3 to 314, width 2 to 214. Snout 3% to 
31% in head; eye 4149 to 5140, 114 to 1% in snout, 114 in interorbital; 
maxillary reaches eye, length 3 to 349 in head; barbel equals eye; 
interorbital 324 to 324, broadly convex; suborbitals narrow, barely 
cover 14 of cheek. Gull rakers 2+9, lanceolate, 14 of gill filaments, 
which 124 in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 1, 3, 5-5, 3, 1, with slight hooks 
and grinding surfaces. 

Scales 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 5 
above, 3 below, 10 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. Scales 
with 9 to 11 basal and 14 apical radiating striae, latter more or less 
imperfect; circuli concentric, fine, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine slender and little flexible, with feeble ser- 
rae along hind edges terminally, first branched ray 114 to 1144 in 
head; A. m1, 5,1, first branched ray 134 to 1%; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 224 to 224; pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 134 to 2; caudal 
244 to 314 in rest of body. 


780 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Back brown, sides and lower surfaces paler to whitish, with silvery 
white reflections, especially side of head. Dusky brown median or 
axial longitudinal band, indistinct on head, contrasted on body. 
Blackish triangle from dorsal base joins dark lateral band with its 
apex below dorsal. Barbel whitish. Iris whitish and gray. Fins 
all pale, upper and lower caudal edges dusky brown. 

Busuanga Island, Philippines. 

2 examples. Pangauron River, Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 16, 


1908. Length, 120-144 mm. Agrees with Herre’s account, his 3 specimens 
young or only 55-85 mm. 


Genus MANDIBULARCA Herre 


Mandibularca Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1928, p. 
1568, 1924. (Type, Mandibularca resinus Herre, orthotypic.) 

Body oblong, rather deep, more or less compressed, strongly so 
posteriorly, with broad rounded ventral surface. Head rather large, 
little compressed. Snout short, broad, blunt, without pores or tuber- 
cles. Eye small, anterior. Mouth rather small, terminal, slightly 
oblique, with short protractile upper lip and thin, elongated, curved, 
spatula-shaped lower jaw extending upward around mouth to upper 
profile of snout. Upper lip wide, curtainlike, lower thin and usually 
absent on mandible tip. Rostral and maxillary barbels present. Guill 
membranes united to isthmus opposite preopercle. Gill rakers 7 to 
15, short. No pseudobranchiae. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2. 
Scales rather large, with longitudinally radiating striae. Lateral 
line complete, median on caudal peduncle, tubes simple. Dorsal 
begins before ventrals, with scaly basal sheath, 4 front rays spinous 
with last jointed but not serrated and rays 8. Anal rays 5. 

One species in the Lanao Plateau of Mindanao. Known by its 
elongate, upward-curved, and peculiarly shaped lower jaw. 


MANDIBULARCA RESINUS Herre 


Mandibularca resinus Herre, Proce. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
19238, p. 1568, 1924 (type locality: Angus River, Lake Lanao, Mindanao) ; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 278, pl. 1 (rapids of the Angus; 
“Lake Lanao’’), p. 705, 1924 (reference).—RoxaAs and MaArrin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 44, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 3 to 314; head 3%, to 41449. Snout 314 in head from snout 
tip; eye 534, 144 in snout, 1%, to 2 in interorbital; maxillary nearly 
reaches front eye edge, length 31/4 in head; barbels subequal, 34 to 1 
in eye; mouth with narrow, concave, upward curving, fleshless more 
or less spatulalike mandible, wide lower part fitting over closed 
mouth and narrower upper part curves over into space between 
premaxillaries so tip extends almost to or flush with upper profile of 
snout; interorbital wide and nearly or quite flat. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 781 


Scales 27 or 28 in lateral line (last 3 apparently on caudal base) ; 
5 above, 3 below; 12 around caudal peduncle. 

D. IV, 8, spine basally stout, without serrations, 114 in total head; 
A, 10, 5, first branched ray about 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; 
pectoral 114; ventral 135; caudal about 284 in rest of body, well 
forked. 

Above dark olive-green, with similar dorsal and caudal fins. Color 
of back merges with sides to almost golden yellow or sides brassy, out- 
line of each scale more or less dusky, also vertical dark bar or crescent 
more or less evident at base of each scale. Belly white. Lower half 
and under side of head often nearly golden yellow. Paired fins and 
anal pale yellow, with more or less hyaline tips. Length, 220 mm. 
(Herre.) 

Mindanao, Philippines, in the boiling outlet of Lake Lanao. 


Genus CEPHALAKOMPSUS Herre 


Cephalakompsus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1568, 1924. (Type, Cephalakompsus pachycheilus Herre, orthotypic.) 

Body oblong, elongate, laterally compressed, with rounded ab- 
domen. Head large, wide, much longer than body depth. Snout 
prominent, stout, clumsy. Eye rather small, advanced. Mouth 
short, large, partly inferior, somewhat horseshoe-shaped. Maxillary 
reaches 24 toeye. Both lips thick, rugose, with continuous postlabial 
groove parallel with lips, passing around mouth corner and across 
chin. Upper lip strongly protractile, lower lip and jaw included. 
Pair of rostral and maxillary barbels. Preorbital triangular, sub- 
orbital very narrow. Interorbital broad, concave. Gill membranes 
united with isthmus opposite middle of eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 
5-4, 2, 1, with pointed, irregular, hooked tips. Scales rather large, 
with concentric striae. Lateral line complete, descends strongly be- 
low dorsal origin then upward above anal until midway on caudal pe- 
duncle, tubes simple. Dorsal with 8 branched rays and basal scaly 
sheath, origin before ventral origin, fourth spine rather slender and 
feebly denticulated. Anal with 5 branched rays. 

Known among related genera by the continuous groove behind the 
lower lip, extending across chin as well as around mouth, large 
clumsy head and snout, lack of sensory folds-on head, and rather weak 
and feebly denticulate dorsal spine. 


CEPHALAKOMPSUS PACHYCHEILUS Herre 


Cephalakompsus pachycheilus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, 
vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no descrip- 
tion) ]; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 276, pl. 2, fig. 2 (type), p. 705, 1924 
(reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 44, 1937 (reference). 


782 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 326; head 234. Snout 3 in head; eye 55%, 144 in snout, 
nearly 11% in interorbital; maxillary reaches 34 to eye, length 314 in 
head; broad, thick fleshy upper lip strongly protractile and lower 
jaw included, with continuous groove behind thick lower lip; stout 
rostral barbels little longer than eye, still thicker maxillary barbels 
third longer than eye; interorbital broad, concave. 

Scales 26 in lateral line (last 3 apparently on caudal base), 5 above, 
3 below, 11 predorsal, 11 around caudal peduncle. Snout with small 
dermal nodules and raised spots. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine 2 in head, rather slender, hind edge weakly 
serrate; A. 11, 5, first branched ray 27%; caudal 134, deeply forked, 
lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 2; ventral 
QV. 

Nearly uniform brownish yellow, darker dorsally, with indications 
of dark band from nape to dorsal fin. Snout and interorbital dark- 
est. All fins pale, dorsal spine and rays slightly dusky. Length 
1384 mm. (Herre.) 

Mindanao, Philippines, in Lake Lanao. Only the type known. 


Genus OSPATULUS Herre 


Ospatulus Herren, Proc. Pan Pacifie Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 
1924. (Type, Ospatulus truncatulus Herre, orthotypic.) 

Body thick, robust, with rounded abdomen and isthmus and under- 
side of head very broad. Head moderate. Snout rather long. Eye 
small, anterior. Mouth rather large, subinferior, apparently not 
capable of closing, truncate lower jaw seemingly with front end 
cut off so reaching but halfway to upper jaw arch. Upper lip 
strongly protractile. Thick lower lip laterally extended in wide 
flap on each side, thus forms 2 pocketlike recesses on under side. 
Postlabial groove parallel to lips and continuous around mouth 
corners, but interrupted at chin. Rostral and maxillary barbels 
present. Interorbital broad, profile of back to nuchal hump straight. 
Gill membranes attached immediately behind hind eye end. Scales 
rather large, with both longitudinal radiating and concentric striae. 
Lateral line complete, little curved, tubes simple. Dorsal without 
basal scaly sheath or only feebly developed, inserted before ventral, 
longest spine slender and feebly denticulated. 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Known by its peculiarly modified mouth. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a*. Dorsal spines 3; head 3% ; 12 scales on caudal peduncle____-__~ truncatulus 
a*. Dorsal spines 4; head 2%; 10 scales on caudal peduncle_-___ palaemophagus 


OSPATULUS TRUNCATULUS Herre 


Ospatulus truncatulus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 2569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ] ; 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 783 


Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 278, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1924 (type), p. 706 (ref- 
erence).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 44, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 314); head 324, short, rather blunt. Snout 24% in head; eye 
534, 144 in snout; maxillary not quite reaching eye, length 3 in 
head; mouth terminal but apparently inferior, oblique, upper jaw 
strongly protractile, upper lip medium thick and much broader at 
mouth corners than medially; mouth appearing to be open even when 
closed, as truncate lower jaw very short, extends but halfway from 
angle of 2 jaws to front end of mouth; 2 broad fleshy flaps form 
lateral pockets on under side of lower lip; slender rostral barbels 
more than eye, stouter maxillary pair more than 11% times eye, inter- 
orbital greater than blunt snout and behind nape very decided hump 
in upper profile. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 2, 4-4, 2, 2, more or less 
crooked, only 1 in outer row large and some but partially developed. 

Scales 26 in lateral line (last 2 apparently on caudal base); 5 
above, 3 below, 11 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. Lateral 
line slightly curved, not ascending middle of side until fifth scale 
from posterior end. 

D. III, 8, third spine 124 in head, half again as long as minutely 
serrated bony part; A. III, 5, third simple ray 1%9; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 214; pectoral 124; ventral 114; caudal 31% in rest of 
body, well forked, lobes pointed. 

Yellowish brown, dusky on dorsal half, much paler below. Top 
of head and region before dorsal darkest. Fins all pale, except 
dorsal, which slightly dusky. Length not given. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Only the type known, in Bureau of 
Science, Manila. 

OSPATULUS PALAEMOPHAGUS Herre 
Ospatulus palaemophagus HErr&, Proc. Pan. Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 
2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao; Mindanao (no descrip- 
tion) ]; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 279 (type), p. 706, 1924 (refer- 
ence).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 
44, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 314; head 27% 5. Snout 3 in head, with prominent bump on 
upper surface of front end; eye 434, 124 in snout; mouth large, 
terminal, slightly oblique, lower jaw included, with protractile and 
rather thin lip; rostral barbels little shorter than eye, maxillary 14 
longer, subequal; interorbital 114 in blunt snout, and predorsal pro- 
file with moderate nuchal bump; opercular flap extends beyond pec- 
toral base. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 4-4, 3, 2. 

Scales 26 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, 10 predorsal, 10 around 
caudal peduncle. Lateral line greatly curved until sixth scale from 
hind end when midway on caudal peduncle. 


784 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


D. IV, 8, origin opposite seventh scale in lateral line, moderately 
stout spine trifle over half of head and nearly half again long as 
feebly serrate hard part; A. m1, 5, low, height little over hard part 
of fourth dorsal spine; caudal trifle over 7% of head, forked, lobes 
wide; caudal peduncle depth 314; pectoral I, 14, reaches 44 to ventral ; 
ventral I, 8, 44 pectoral length. 

Dark yellowish brown, becomes blackish on top of head and snout 
and blackish brown along dorsal region. A dark opercular spot. 
Fins all pale except dorsal, in which spines and rays darker. Length, 
105 mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Known only from the type, Bureau of 
Science, Manila. 


Genus PUNTIUS Buchanan-Hamilton 


Puntius BUuCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 310, 388, 1822. (Type, 
Cyprinus sophore Buchanan-Hamilton, designated by Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. 
Ind. Neerl., vol. 3, p. 27, 1863.) 

Mystus Watpaum, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 586, 1792. (Type, Cyprinus barbus 
Linnaeus, monotypic.) (Inadmissible. ) 

Barbus (not Cuvier, Tabl. Element., (an. 6), p. 234, 1798, in birds) Cuvier, 
Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 192, 1817. (Type, Cyprinus barbus Linnaeus, 
tautotypic.) 

Labeobarbus Rtprett, Mus. Senckenberg., vol. 2, p. 14, 1887. (Type, Labeo- 
barbus nedgia Riippell, monotypic. ) 

Cheilobarbus ANDREW SMITH, Illustr. zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 10, fig. 1, 
1849. (Type, Barbus (Cheilobarbus) capensis Andrew Smith, designated 
by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 2, p. 244, 1919.) 

Pseudobarbus ANDREW SMITH, Illustr. zool. South Africa, Fishes, pl. 11, fig. 1, 
1849. (Type, Barbus (Pseudobarbus) burchelli Andrew Smith, desig- 
nated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 2, p. 244, 1919.) 

Luciobarbus Hroxen, Rusegger’s Reis., Atlas, vol. 1, p. 1055, anmerk., pl. 1, 1843. 
(Type, Luciobarbus esocinus Heckel.) 

Barbodes BurreKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié., vol. 20, p. 481, 1859-60. 
(Type, Systomus belinka McClelland, designated by Bleeker, Nederland. 
Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 200, 1863.) 

Enteromius Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 18, p. 405, 1866 (1867). (Type, 
Enteromius potamogalis Cope, monotypic. ) 

Barynotus (not Germar, 1817, in Coleoptera) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 61, 1868. (Type, Barynotus lagensis Gunther, designated 
by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 3, p. 351, 1919.) 

? Spratellicypris Herrr and Myers, Lingnan Sci. Journ., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 239, 
1931. (Type, Barbodes palata Herre, orthotypic. ) 

Barbellion Wuirtry, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 334, 1981. (Type, Barynotus 
lagensis Giinther, virtually.) 


Body more or less compressed. Head variably moderate to small. 
Kye large or small. Mouth small or moderately large, more or less 
protractile with more or less developed lips. Barbels present or 
absent. Suborbitals not covering cheek. Pharyngeal teeth in three 
series, 2 or 3, 38, 4 or 5—6 or 4, 38, 3 or 2, mostly with hooked, spoon- 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 785 


shaped crowns, one or more of anterior series often molariform or 
mammilliform. Dorsal fin with or without last or fourth simple ray 
ossified, branched rays 6 to 11. Anal fin short, rays 7 to 10. Scaly 
flap usually at base of ventral. 

Europe, Asia, Africa. As understood by Boulenger this is per- 
haps the largest genus of fishes, including a thousand or more species. 
They range from the small or dwarf forms common in the streams 
of India to the great mahseer (Barbus mosal), which may reach 
more than 2 meters in length. 

The following nominal species I am unable to locate satisfactorily 
in the Analysis of Species: 


PUNTIUS SIRANG (Herre) 


Barbodes sirang Herre, Copeia, No. 3, p. 140, 19382 (type locality: Lumbatan, 
Lake Lanao, Lanao Province, Mindanao) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 
1931, p. 21, 1932 (Lumbatan).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. 
Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 21, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 3 to 314; head 314. Snout 31% to 3%4 in head; eye 314 to 
41/4, very close to or projects above dorsal profile of head, hind edge 
midway in head length; maxillary extends beneath front eye edge; 
mouth terminal, moderate, lower jaw included; small and incon- 
spicuous barbels rarely equal eye, vary little over half to 34 an eye 
diameter. 

Scales 24 to 26 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on 
latter; 5 above, 3 below to anal origin, 4 below to ventral origin, 8 
or 9 predorsal. No elongate axillary scales. 

D. rv, 8, with age free dorsal margin emarginate, origin little in 
advance of middle point between snout tip and caudal base and 
opposite ninth scale of lateral line; fourth dorsal spine of moderate 
size, much shorter than head, its hind edge minutely serrate; A. m1, 
5; deeply forked caudal little shorter than head; least depth of 
caudal peduncle 324 times its own length; pectoral 1, 14, short, 1% 6 
times in head, not reaching ventral origin by 1 or 2 scales; ventral 
1, 8, length 2 in head, fin nearly reaches vent except in spawning 
females in which it may fail by more than a scale breadth. 

Color in life dusky to blackish bronze above, sides silvery dusky, 
and gray to whitish below. Entire fish may appear black with 
metallic bronze or silver sheen. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral dusky 
or blackish, other fins colorless. In alcohol color blackish above 
shading to brown or yellowish below. Dorsal, caudal, and pectorals 
more or less dusky, other fins pale. 

Length, 40-61 mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. Said to be markedly different in appearance from 
any others of Lake Lanao, and when just drawn from the water 
appears entirely black with bronze or silvery reflections. It is 
valued little by the natives. 


786 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 
a’. Predorsal scales 8. 


b*. Depth 2% to 3%0; scales on caudal peduncle 18 or 14; axillary ventral 
scales 47 or more than eye: dorsal spines 38______-__________ hemictenus 

b*. Depth 2%0 to 244; dorsal spines 4. 
c’. Depth 2% to 23%; scales on caudal peduncle 12; axillary ventral scale 


BD ey Oy 2 REM YC eet sh ee a eee ivis 
c’. Depth 224 to 244; scales on caudal peduncle 11, rarely 12; axillary ven- 
tral scaleimuch less thaniey eves. * seis eee nae ee Ree tumba 


a’. Predorsal scales 8 or 9. 
ad’. Four large black spots, often with dark band, along middle of side; 
usually dark spot at dorsal base and often at anal base; dorsal 
spines 4; depth 274 to 3. 
e’. Scales 13 or 14 on caudal peduncle_____________- quinquemaculatus 
e’. Seales on caudal peduncle 12. 
f?. Depth 224 to 314; head 3 to 3%; dorsal spine serrate__ binotatus 
f?. Depth 31%4; head 414; dorsal spine smooth____________ montanoi 
ad’. No dark spots or bands on side. 
g’. Depth 3 to 344; 11 predorsal scales; dorsal spines 2__ clemensi 
g’. Depth 2% to 3; 12 predorsal scales; dorsal spines 3__ cataractae 
a*. Predorsal scales 9. 
h*. Seales on caudal peduncle 11. 
@. Seales 22 to 24 in lateral line, rarely 25 or 26; dorsal 
spines 4; dark silver band from shoulder to caudal. 


amarus 
7. Scales 24 to 29 in lateral line; dorsal spines 3; no spots or 
darksbandton:sides=— 3 eee ee flavifuscus 


h*?. Seales on caudal peduncle 12 or 13; scales 27 or 28 in lateral 
line; 4 large dark spots and broad dark band over side. 


manguaoensis 
a*. Predorsal seales 9 or 10. 


j. Four large dark spots and dark bar along side; dark 
spot at dorsal base. 
k*. Seales 16 around caudal peduncle__________ sibukensis 
k*. Seales 12 around caudal peduncle_______~ bantolensis 
7’. No dark spots or bars on side. 
U. Uniform light brown above, below silvery white. 


lanaoensis 
I’. Golden yellow, top of head dusky, below yellowish 
WW aS ee baoulan 


a’. Predorsal seales 10 or 11; front barbel 2 to 214 in head, hind barbel 14% to 
2; 15 scales around caudal peduncle; upper and lower caudal edges blackish. 


6 ‘ colling woodi 
a’. Predorsal scales 11 or 12. 


1 


m*. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth 2%4 to 234 in head. 
disa 

m*. Seales 11 around caudal peduncle; depth 3% to 
334; uniform yellowish brown, back and head 
aboveyshichtiyidarke= = s.se ee eee katolo 

m*. Seales 18 around caudal peduncle; depth 2% to 


314; dark green above, whitish below; top of 

head and snout blackish; pectoral and upper 

dorsaliancielidusky_— ee manalak 

m*. Seales 15 around caudal peduncle; depth 314 to 
344; black predorsal saddle behind occiput. 

herrei 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 787 


a’. Predorsal scales 13. 
n'. Lower jaw included within upper. 
o' Depth 3% to 324; scales 26 or 27 in lateral line, 
13 around caudal peduncle; light brown 
above, scales dark edged, below white__ tras 
0°. Depth 3% to 41%; scales 28 to 32 in lateral 
line, 12 around caudal peduncle; dusky 
above, pale or yellowish below; dark lateral 
band from opercle to caudal_____-~- lindog 
wv. Lower jaw strongly projects____________- palata 


PUNTIUS HEMICTENUS (Jordan and Richardson) 


Barbodes hemictenus JoRDAN and RiIcHARDsSON, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907, 
p. 242, fig. 5, 1908 (type locality: Mindoro).—Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 (reference) ; Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 24, p. 282 (Sabaan River; Mamboc River), p. 706, 1924 (refer- 
ence); vol. 34, p. 303, 1927 (Mindoro).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 234 to 3149; head 3 to 344. Snout short, rounded; eye 
316 to 324 in head, 1 to 1% in snout, 114 to 1% in interorbital; 
maxillary scarcely reaches eye; mouth rather small, slightly oblique, 
upper lip protractile, lower jaw included; rostral barbel reaches 
pupil or beyond, maxillary nearly to or beyond hind preopercle 
edge; interorbital broad, gently rounded. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 
4 or 5-5 or 4, 8, 2, tips slightly hooked. 

Scales 24 to 26 in lateral line, 5 above, 3 below, 8 or 9 predorsal, 
12 to 14 around caudal peduncle. Ventral axillary scale equals 
snout. Under lens top of head usually seen covered with minute 
pores. 

D. III, 8, third spine slender, moderately strong, 1 to 114 in head ; 

A. m1, 5; caudal broadly and deeply forked; pectoral I, 15, length 

114; ventral I, 8, length 114. 

Silvery gray, turning silvery brown. Dark or dusky above, paler 
on sides, becoming white on abdomen. Dark spot on nape. Large 
circular blackish spot on side of caudal peduncle before caudal fin. 
Traces of 1 or 2 dark spots along median lateral line and 1 below 
front part of dorsal base. Lower side of caudal peduncle more or 
less yellow, color extending upward across caudal peduncle behind 
black caudal spot. Traces of broad dark silver bar more or less 
evident from shoulder to caudal spot. Fins colorless, rays more or 
less dusky, in young tips of dorsal, anal and caudal dusky to black. 
Sometimes scales of dorsal half with traces of bluish or violet re- 
flections. Length, 110 mm. (Seale; Herre). 

Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga. 


PUNTIUS IVIS (Seale) 


Barbus iwis SHALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, p. 494, pl. 1, 1909 (type locality : 
Balabac Island, Philippines). 


788 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Barbodes ivis Herre, Proce. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 
2569, 1924 (Palawan; Balabac; Busuanga) ; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, 
p. 283, 1924 (type: Paracan, Concepcion; Langbuan; Malampaya Sound) ; 
Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p, 21, 1984 (Concepcion; Culion).— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 1937 
(reference). 

Depth 2149 to 234; head 31% to 344. Snout 4 in head, broad, 
rather pointed, tip rounded and blunt; eye 3%% to 4, 11% in snout, 
114 to 13% in interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye; length 3 in 
head; mouth small subterminal, slightly oblique, lower jaw included ; 
lips rather thin, upper strongly protractile; barbels rather slender, 
long upper reaching front edge or center of eye, lower sometimes be- 








ST 
CONOR Raa ies 






EO teneneorencanren rien 








FicurE 19.—Puntius tumba (Herre): Specimen from Lake Lanao. 


yond hind preopercle edge; interorbital nearly or quite flat. Pharyn- 
geal teeth 2, 3, 5 or 3, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, or 5, 3, 3. 

Scales 23 to 25 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, 8 predorsal, 12 
around caudal peduncle. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine stout, more than 114 in head; A. m, 5, third 
simple ray 114; caudal deeply and broadly notched, 3 in rest of 
body; least depth of caudal peduncle 134; pectoral 114; ventral 124. 

Dorsal region and top of head blackish, merging to dark olive- 
brown on sides, underparts paler or yellowish. Broad black band 
from shoulder to base of caudal peduncle. Large, more or less cir- 
cular black spot on middle of side of caudal peduncle just before 
caudal fin. More or less evident black blotch on each side forward 
part of dorsal base. Line of minute specks forms dark margin to 
scales on sides. Fin rays more or less faintly dusky. Length, 100 
mm. (Herre.) 

Rivers on north coast of Mindoro. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 789 


PUNTIUS TUMBA (Herre) 
FIGuRE 19 


Barbodes tumba Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, No. 3, p. 285 (type lo- 
eality: Srivagat River; Lake Uyaan; Lake Nunungan; outlet of Lake 
Dapao), p. 706, 1924 (Lanao Plateau, Mindanao); Fishes Herre Philippine 
Exped. 1931, p. 22, 1934 (outlet to Lake Dapao; Dansalan).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 43, 19387 (reference). 

Depth 244 to 324; head 314 to 314, width 144 to 2. Snout 31% to 
314, in head; eye 33% to 424, 1%49 to 124 in snout, 114 to 134 in inter- 
orbital; maxillary reaches 44 to eye, length 324 to 314 in head; lower 
jaw slightly shorter than upper; front barbel 4 to 514 in head, hind 
barbel 314 to 414; interorbital 244 to 3, broadly convex; suborbitals 
cover 14 to 24 of cheek. Gill rakers 2+10, lanceolate, 214 in gill 
filaments, which nearly equal eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, 
with small terminal hooks and grinding surfaces. 

Scales 23 or 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 
5 above, 3 below, 9 predorsal, 13 around caudal peduncle. Scales 
with 6 or 7 basal and 9 or 10 apical radiating striae, latter imperfect ; 
circuli finely concentric and imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine osseous, enlarged, terminally hind mar- 
gins with fine serrae, first branched ray 114 to 114 in head; A. m, 5, 
1, first branched ray 134 to 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 2144; 
pectoral 124 to 134; ventral 114 to 114; caudal 2% to 314 in rest of 
body. 

Back brownish, sides and lower surfaces whitish, with silvery 
reflections. Iris silvery white. Barbels pale. Leaden or gray axial 
line to caudal base medially where little expanded as grayish ill- 
defined blotch. Fins all uniformly pale, dorsal and caudal little 
grayish. 

Lanao Plateau, Mindanao. 

42 examples. Vicar Landing, Lake Lanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 54-114 mm. 


PUNTIUS QUINQUEMACULATUS (Seale and Bean) 


Barbus quinquemaculatus SEALE and Bran, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 229, 
fig. 1, 1907 (type locality : Zamboanga). 

Barbodes quinquemaculatus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, 
vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 (reference) ; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, No. 
3, p. 288 (near Zamboanga; Caldera Bay; Basilan); p. 706, 1924 (refer- 
ence); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Zamboanga) .— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 1937 (refer- 
ence). 

Barbus maculatus (not Van Hasselt) GiinrHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, 
pt. 4, p. 53, 1880 (Pasamanca near Zamboanga). 


Depth 2% to 3; head 314 to 3%, width 124 to 144. Snout 3 to 314 
in head; eye 3 to 414, greater than snout in young to 114 with age, 


790 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


134 to 2 in interorbital; maxillary reaches 44 or to eye, length 3 to 
324 in head; front barbel 3 to 314, hind barbel 214 to 234; interorbital 
214 to 214, broadly convex; suborbitals cover 14 to 34 of cheek. Gill 
rakers 3+6 or 7, lanceolate, short, 14 of gill filaments, which nearly 
equal eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 1, little hooked, with mod- 
erate grinding surfaces. 

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
5 above, 3 below, 10 predorsal, 12 or 13 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with 4 to 12 basal radiating striae and 12 to 24 apically; circuli 
fine, concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine ossified, hind edges serrate, first branched 
ray 114 to 11% in head; A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 134 to 194; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 134 to 144; pectoral 114 to 144; ventral 114 
to 114; caudal 22% to 3 in rest of body, lobes pointed, fin deeply forked. 

Back olive-brown, sides and under surface whitish. Each scale 
on back with dark margins. Iris whitish. Along middle of side 4 
black blotches, first rather indistinct and on third or fourth scales 
from shoulder, second below dorsal origin, third below last dorsal 
ray and fourth at middle of caudal base. Small blackish spot close 
below spinous dorsal origin. Very faint small gray spot close above 
anal base. Dorsal and caudal, also pectoral, brownish. Ventrals 
and anal whitish, hind anal margin dusky. 

Philippines. 

333 examples. Malbato River, Port Uson, Busuanga Island. December 17, 
1908. Length, 27-163 mm. All have four black blotches or spots axially on 
sides, though variable. Quite frequently one or more may be double, often 
only on one side of the body, occasionally the third blotch is absent and 
sometimes there is an additional blotch at the anal base. Further small 
examples often have additional black spots due to parasites. These are 
nearly always more sharply defined and frequently have a raised or swollen 


appearance. 
PUNTIUS BINOTATUS (Valenciennes) 


Figures 20-23 


Barbus binotatus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
vol. 16, p. 168, 1842 (type locality: Java) —GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 128, 1868 (Amboyna).—VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 
Paris, ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 79, 1898 (Kapoas, Borneo).—HeErreE, Fishes Herre 
Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Cotabato; Fort Pikit; Upi; Baldat; 
Tawi Tawi).—Roxas and MArtTIN, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 41, 1987 (reference).—Fowtkr, List Fish. Malaya, p. 59 (252), 1988. 

Barbodes binotatus Fowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 
p. 500, 1904 (Padang).—Herre, Proce. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, 
vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 (all Mindanao except Lanao plateau) ; Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 290, 1924 (Lake Buluan; Ugalingan Piang’s landing; 
Kidpauan; Kamausa; Cagayan de Misamis; Lindabo, Mailag; Santa Fé; 
Kolambugan; Talacogan; Puerto Princesa; Taytay; Basilan; Tawi Tawi). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 791 


Puntius binotatus Werser and BrAurort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 3, p. 186, fig. 74 (variation), 1916 (Sumatra, Nias, Java, Borneo). 
Barbus maculatus VAN HAssELT, Bull. Sci. Nat. Ferrusac, vol. 2, p. 875, 1824 
[type locality: Buitenzorg (no description) ]—(Kuhl and Van Hasselt) 
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 14, p. 195, 1839.—GUnTHER, Rep. Voy. 

Challenger, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 6, p. 58, 1880 (Mindanao). 

Puntius (Barbodes) maculatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 3, 
p. 104, pl. (34) 135, fig. 1, pl. (40) 141, fig. 1, pl. (43) 144, fig. 6, 1863 (Java, 
Sumatra, Borneo, Biliton, Banka, Singapore, Bali, Nias). 

Barbus oresigenes BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Mid. Oost Java), vol. 23, 
p. 17, 1850 (type locality: Patengan, Dieng, Ambarawa, in mountain lakes). 

Barbus bdlitonensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr, Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 96, 1852 
(type locality: Blitong, in River Tjirutjup). 





Ficurp 20.—Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes) : Variation; specimens from Malbato River, 
Busuanga. 


Barbus kusanensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 429, 1852 
(type locality: Prabukarta, South East Borneo, in River Kusan). 

Barbus polyspilos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 18, p. 351, 1857 
(type locality: Perdana, Tjibiliong, province of Bantam in West Java, in 
rivers). 

Barbus palavanensis BouLeNGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 186, 
1895 (type locality: Palawan). 

Barbodes binotatus var. palavensis Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congress, Aus- 
tralia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 (reference) ; Philippine Journ. Sci. vol. 
24, p. 706, 1924 (reference). 

Barbodes binotatus palavensis Herre, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 21, 1984 (Culion; Concepcion; Busuanga). 

Barbus snyderi (not Oshima) FowLrr and BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, 
p. 7, 1922 (Zamboanga). 

Barbodes snyderi Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congress, Australia, vol. 2, 1923 
p. 2569, 1924 (Lanao Plateau, Mindanao). 

156861—40——51 


792 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 224 to 314; head 244 to 814, width 124 to 134. Snout 244 
to 334 in head; eye 244 to 47%, greater than snout in young to 2 in 
snout with age, greater than interorbital in young to 2 in interorbital 
with age; maxillary reaches opposite front eye edge, length 3 to 
3¥4 in head; front barbel 314 to 41% in head, often absent in young; 
mandible slightly included in upper jaw; hind barbel 214 to 3%; 
interorbital 224 to 3, broadly convex; suborbitals cover 14 to 14 of 
cheek. Gill rakers 2+9, short points, 14 of gill filaments, which 
114 in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, hooked, rather broad 
grinding surfaces on some of larger ones. 





FIGURE 21.—Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes) : Variation; specimens from Malbato River, 
Busuanga., 


Scales 22 or 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on 
latter; 4 or 5 above, 3 below, 9 or 10 predorsal, 12 around caudal 
peduncle. Scales with many as 57 radiating marginal striae, medi- 
ally reticulated ; circuli fine. 

D. IV, 8,1, first 2 spines short, rudimentary, fourth with hind edges 
for terminal half of osseous portion minutely serrated, first branched 
ray 11% to 134 in head; A. 1m, 6, 1, first branched ray 134 to 1%; least 
depth of caudal peduncle 134 to 2; pectoral 11% to 124; ventral 124 
to 144; caudal 3 to 31% in rest of body, deeply forked, lobes broad 
and pointed. 

Generally brown above, under surfaces whitish. Edge of each 
scale of back and sides darker brown than rest of body. Along mid- 
dle of side usually 4 variable blackish blotches, usually as 1 behind 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 793 


shoulder, second above ventral, third above anal and fourth at caudal 
base. Also below front of dorsal high on back and often another 
on body close above front of anal base. All these markings very 
variable, in young examples the medial row, are joined variously, 
sometimes as a medial blackish lateral band. Dorsal, caudal, and 
pectorals more or less brownish. Ventrals and anal whitish. 
Malacca, Singapore, East Indies. 
21 examples. Bagaong River, 4 miles from mouth, Sablayan Bay, Mindoro. 
December 18, 1908. Length, 33-63 mm. AI] with only black spot at caudal 
base, no other spots. 


32 examples. Creek at Hacienda below Pancol, Malampaya Island, Palawan. 
December 26, 1908. Length, 38-160 mm. Most with large dark blotches. 








7 
mm. 
H.W.F 
FIGURD 22.—Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes) : Variation; specimens from Malbato River, 
Busuanga. 





7109 to 7111, 7113, 7114, 10798 to 10801, 18961 to 13963. Isabela River, Basilan 
Island. September 11, 1909. Length, 53-198 mm. 40 examples. Dark 
blotches all more or less distinct. 

5838 to 5841. Iwahig River, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 4, 1909. Length, 
38-193 mm. 29 examples. All with distinct though variable large black 
blotches, anal blotches sometimes small, indistinct or absent. 

62 examples. Lake Lanao, Vicar Landing, Mindanao. May 28, 1908. Length, 
33-89 mm. All very similar and differ from all the other series in their 
coloration, which more resembles Weber and Beaufort’s figures. They usually 
show a more or less underlaid or leaden streak from the suprascapula to the 
caudal base medially, where always a blackish spot. In this line usually a 
spot above pectoral ill defined, often as a horizontal bar, often 2 spots below 
dorsal and frequently 2 behind dorsal. Spot at dorsal base and at anal base 
not always present. The spots all vary greatly, even on different sides of 
same specimen. They seem to have a more or less uniform pattern and seem 
different from the rest of my series. Known to the Moros as “Odan”’. 


794 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 





FicuRR 23.—Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes) : Variations: Upper—specimen from Mata- 
tagao and Canino Rivers, Palawan; two lower specimens from Lake Lanao. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 795 


106 young examples. Lake Lanao, Vicar Landing. May 23, 1908. Length, 
17-88 mm. 

5835. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 38, 1909. Length, 95 mm. 

6325, 6328 to 6331, 6333 to 6336, 6839 to 6342. Malatgao and Camino River, 
Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 4, 1909. Length, 60-193 mm. The black 
blotches are largest in some of these specimens and the anal spot seldom 
faint. A few show large dark blotches with dorsal blotch joined with second 
median lateral blotch and third lateral blotch divided or joined with anal 
blotch. 

1 example. Malbato River, Port Uson, Busuanga Island. December 17, 1908. 
Length, 33 mm. 

4910, 18938 to 18942. Malinao River, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2, 1909. 
Length, 60-208 mm. 41 examples. 

18 examples. Nonucan, Camp Operton, Mindanao. August 6, 1909. Length, 
82-135 mm. 

12 examples. Pancol, Palawan. December 25, 1908. Length, 98-142 mm. 
All show dark blotches quite large. One with second axial lateral blotch 
absent on left side, present on right side. 

9130 to 9147. Pangauron River, Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 16, 
1908. Length, 42-180 mm. Many with only very faint traces of 4 dark 
axial lateral spots, more distinct in some young. 62 examples. 

18973. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay. June 12, 1909. Length, 190 mm. 

9222 to 9230. Zamboanga River, Zamboanga. October 9, 1909. Length, 27-184 
mm. 384 examples. Third lateral spot sometimes absent. 

304 examples. Zamboanga Canal. October 8, 1909. Length, 22-155 mm. 

14 examples. U.S.N.M. Zamboanga, in fresh water. Dr. Fred Baker. Length, 
30-67 mm. 

A.N.S.P. Nos. 27888-27400, 27403. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. 
Hiller. Length, 37-131 mm. Depth 2% to 4; head 8% to 3%. Snout 2% 
to 314 in head; eye 245 to 414; maxillary 3 to 3%; interorbital 274 to 3. 
Seales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter; 
5 above, rarely 4; 3 below; 10 predorsal, vary 9 of 11. D. III, 8, 1, rarely 
Im, 6, 1. Dull olive brown above, when fresh in arrack, inclined whitish 
below with silvery. Head silvery below. Dorsal and caudal olive brown, 
fins medially greenish yellow. Black spot below front of dorsal close to 
base, another on caudal peduncle side near caudal. Some examples show 
pale brick red blotches on head below, on cheeks, above pectoral base and 
over most of lower surface. Many have dark brown about margins of ver- 
tical fins. 

1 example A.N.S.P. Kapuas, Borneo. M. Chaper. 

The following variants, with dark blotches variable, some as very large black 
bars irregular or unusual: 

5834. Iwahig River and tributaries. April 4, 1909. Length, 56 mm. 

6326, 6327, 6332, 6337, 63838. Malatgao and Camino River, Puerta Princesa, 
Palawan. April 4, 1909. Length, 121-153 mm. Pectoral ends in filament 
nearly long as eye. 

PUNTIUS MONTANOI Sauvage 


Puntius montanoi Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 103, 
1881 (type locality: Simulao River, tributary Agusan, Mindanao). 

Barbodes montanoi HERRE, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1569, 1924 (Simulao River, Agusan Province, Mindanao); Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 292 (compiled), p. 706, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and 
Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 1937 (reference). 


796 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 314 im total length; head 414. Snout obtuse, without 
pores; eye 314 in head, 1 in snout, 114 in interorbital; lips thick; 
4 barbels, maxillary pair longer. 

Scales 26 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below. 

D. 11, third spine bony, smooth, nearly long as head without 
snout; A. 7; caudal forked; ventrals little nearer pectoral origin 
than anal. 

Brown on back. Along lateral line 4 large black spots uniting 
in an obscure band. Length, 90 mm. (Sauvage.) 

Simulao River, central Mindanao. 


PUNTIUS CLEMENSI (Herre) 


Barbodes clemensi Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 298 (Dansalan; Lake Lanao), p. 706, 
1924 (reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 41, 
1937 (reference). 

Depth 8 to 314; head 3% to 335. Snout 314 to 4 in head, broad, 
with prominent median protuberance; eye 6149 in head, 13% to 144 
in snout, 1144 to 2149 in interorbital; mouth terminal, moderate, 
slightly oblique; lower jaw short, usually included, comparatively 
narrow; rostral barbels equal or slightly longer than eye, maxillary 
little longer; interorbital gently rounded or nearly flat. Pharyn- 
geal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2. 

Scales 22 to 34 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, predorsal 8 or 9, 
11 around caudal peduncle. Lateral line rather faint, descends 
abruptly till opposite dorsal origin then nearly straight and median 
along tail. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine stout, feebly serrated along upper half of 
bony portion, spine 124 to 184 in head; A. mm, 5; caudal deeply 
forked, with pointed lobes, 44 to 54 of head; pectoral I, 15, length 
114; ventral I, 7. 

Dark green above when fresh, merging to yellow beneath, with 
golden or brassy luster on sides and belly. Fins colorless or red- 
dish. Length, 188 mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 


PUNTIUS CATARACTAE (Fowler) 
FIGURE 24 


Barbus cataractae Fowtrr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 280, 
fig. 40, 1984 (type locality: Cascade River, Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao) .— 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 40, 1937 
(reference). 


Depth 27% to 3; head 314 to 334, width 124 to 134. Snout 314 
to 324 in head; eye 3 to 37%, greater than snout in young to 114 in 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 797 


snout with age, 1 to 136 in interorbital; maxillary reaches eye in 
young, 14 in eye with age, length 27% to 314 in head; front barbels 
314 to 314, hind barbels 3 to 31g; lower jaw slightly included in up- 
per; interorbital 21% to 234 in head, broadly convex; suborbitals cover 
14 of cheek to preopercle ridge. Gill rakers 2+8, short, lanceolate, 
1% of gill filaments, which 124 in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 
3, 2, with small terminal hooks, grinding surfaces rather small. 

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on 
latter; 5 above, 3 below, 7 or 8 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with 12 to 16 apical and 6 or 7 basal radiating striae; circuli 
finely concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine slender, firm, with hind edges only very 
feebly or slightly with minute weak serrae, first branched ray 114 to 










a—— 


oS ——— 
TA) 


ts 





FIGURE 24.—Puntius cataractae (Fowler) : Type (U.S.N.M. No. 93137). 


114 in head; A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 13% to 134; least depth 
of caudal peduncle 134 to 144; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 114 to 124; 
caudal 224 to 234 in rest of body, well forked, rather broad lobes 
pointed. 

Back brown, lower sides and under surfaces whitish. Each scale 
on upper surface of body margined with deep brown. Iris whitish. 
Base of caudal with obscure gray or light neutral blotch, smaller 
than eye. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral pale brownish. Ventral and 
anal with pale yellowish tint. 

Apparently related to Barbus clemensi Herre, its 8 predorsal scales 
in agreement. It differs in that some examples show 2 or 3 very 
indistinct or subdued dusky axial blotches, of which last most dis- 
tinct and possibly due to or rendered visible by long preservation in 
alcohol. In the type only the last blotch evident. Fins evidently 
yellow, as still golden in color. 


798 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


U.S.N.M. No. 93137. Cascade River, Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao, August 20, 
1909. Length, 135 mm. Type. 


27 examples. Cascade River, Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20, 1909. 
Length, 50-135 mm. 


PUNTIUS AMARUS (Herre) 


Barbodes amara Herre, Proc. Pan Pacifie Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, p. 1569, 
1923 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 295 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao, Mindanao), p. 706, 1924 
(reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 20, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 41, 
1987 (reference). 

Depth 314 to 334, trifle more or less than head; body rather 
elevated, much compressed, especially posterior half, with narrow 
little rounded abdomen. Snout rather pointed, with median hump 
and 2 smaller lateral ones, subequal with eye; eye 314 to 4 in head, 
little less than interorbital; maxillary not reaching eye; mouth 
terminal, very oblique, upper lip thin, very protractile, weak lower 
jaw slightly included, even or somewhat projecting, with thin lip 
and small knob projecting from outer side of symphysis; rostral 
barbels usually less than eye, rarely equal, maxillary somewhat 
larger or little over eye; interorbital flat, with low median ridge. 
Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, crooked tips hooked. 

Scales 22 to 26 in lateral line; 5 or 4 above, 2 or 3 below, 9 pre- 
dorsal, 11 around caudal peduncle. Scales with conspicuous longi- 
tudinal radiating striae. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine 124 to 124 in head, upper half feebly to 
moderately toothed; A. m1, 5, lower than pectoral or not much greater 
than hard part of dorsal spine; caudal deeply forked, 44 to %o in 
head; least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 214; pectoral 114, rays 
1, 14; ventral 1, 8, origin opposite dorsal origin. 

Brownish above, merging into yellowish or whitish on sides and 
belly, with silvery luster over all. Dark silver band from shoulder 
to middle of caudal. More or less blackish band from nape to 
dorsal. Also top of head dark. Fin rays more or less dusky. 
Lips and snout tip edged black. Outlines of each scale above lateral 
line marked out by band of very minute black specks. Length, 108 
mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 


PUNTIUS FLAVIFUSCUS (Herre) 


Barbodes flavifuscus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 296 (Lumbatan, Lake Lanao), p. 706, 1924 
(reference); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 
42, 1937 (reference). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 799 


Depth 3 to 334; head 244 to 3. Snout elevated or with central 
hump and 2 smaller lateral ones; eye 414 to 414, 114 to 114 in snout; 
mouth large, terminal, little oblique, lips thick, lower jaw included; 
rostral barbels nearly reach eye or pupil, maxillary reach eye or 
even to hind eye edge; interorbital 314 to 334 in head, equals snout. 

Scales 24 to 28 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, 9 predorsal, 11 
around caudal peduncle. 

D. III, 8, third spine rather stout, feebly dentate, 2 in head; A. m, 
5; pectoral 1, 15, length 1%, to 144 in head; ventral 1, 7, length 2 
to 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 11% to 13%. 

Very dark blackish brown. Bluish black in alcohol on snout and 
top of head and blackish brown dorsally, becoming paler brown on 
sides and yellowish brown on belly. Fins all dusky. Length, 105 
mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Said to resemble Barbus katolo, but 
with shorter paired fins, fewer predorsal scales, and different 
coloration. 

PUNTIUS MANGUAOENSIS (A. L. Day) 
Barbus manguaocensis A. L. Day, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 189, pl. 1, 
fig. 8, 1914 (type locality: Lake Manguao, near Taytay, northern Palawan). 
Barbodes manguaoensis HeRRE, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congress, Australia, vol. 
2, 1923, p. 1569, 1924 (Lake Manguao, Palawan) ; Philippine Journ. Sci., 
vol. 24, No. 3, p. 297 (type), p. 706, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and MarmTIN, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull 6, p. 42, 19387 (reference). 

Depth 234 to 334; head 314 to 4. Snout broad; eye 314 to 414 in 
head, 114 to 114 in snout, 114 to 124 in interorbital; mouth very 
oblique, lower jaw included; rostral barbel equals or very slightly 
exceeds eye, maxillary 4) to 24 longer than rostral or eye; inter- 
orbital 2 to 814 in head. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5, 3—8, 5, 3, 2. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine very broad, strong, moderately serrate, about 
134 in head; A. m1, 8; caudal badly damaged; pectoral 1, 15, length 
114 to 134 in head; ventral 124 to 144, rays 1, 8. 

Faded, yellowish brown, darker above. Four black spots on side; 
largest and most distinct on lateral line on side of caudal peduncle 
and before caudal base; remaining 38 above lateral line, 1 above anal 
origin, 1 above ventral origin and elongated above front part of 
pectoral, all connected by indistinct broad black band. Length, 
140mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Manguao, Northern Palawan. Only the type and paratype 
known. 

PUNTIUS SIBUKENSIS, new species 


FIGURE 25 


Barbus maculatus (not Valenciennes, 1842) VAILLANT, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Hist. 
Nat., Paris, ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 79, 1893 (Kina Balu). 

Barbus elongatus (not Riippell, 1887) Srae, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, 
p. 265, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1910 (type locality: Sandakan, Borneo). 


800 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Puntius elongatus WrsER and BEAuFOoRT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 3, p. 191, 1916 (Tidung on River Sibuko, Northeast Borneo). 

Depth 234 to 3; head 8 to 334, width 124 to 114. Snout 314 to 314 
in head; eye 34 to 434, 114 to 124 in snout, 114 to 13% in interorbital ; 
maxillary reaches 7% to or to front eye edge, length 3 to 314 in 
head; front barbel 234 to 3, hind barbel 214 to 224; lower jaw 
slightly included within upper jaw; interorbital 234 to 234, broadly 
convex; suborbitals 1% to 14 of cheek. Gill rakers 3+8, short, 
lanceolate, 2144 in gill filaments, which 114 in eye. Pharyngeal 
teeth 2, 8, 5 — 5, 3, 2, little hooked, with moderate grinding surfaces. 

Scales 25 te 27 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
5 or 6 above, 3 below, 8 to 10 predorsal, 16 around caudal peduncle. 


RR RODD 
Be 


| ch CY SS 
yin 








JOM. 





FIGURE 25.—Puntius sibukensis, new species: Type (U.S.N.M. No. 994388). 


Scales with 4 or 5 apical and 6 basal radiating striae; circuli finely 
concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine osseous, with hind edges serrated, first 
ray 114 to 134 in head; A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 114 to 1%; 
least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 214; pectoral 1144 to 114; ventral 
114 to 124; caudal 224 to 234 in rest of body, moderately forked, 
lobes pointed. 

Back brown, lower sides and under surfaces whitish. Each scale 
on back with narrow dark brown margin. Sides and under surface 
of body silvery white. Iris whitish and gray. Four rounded 
black spots axially on side, first 2 or 3 scales behind humeral region, 
second below front of dorsal, third above and or about opposite end 
of depressed dorsal and fourth at caudal base medially. Small black 
spot on back close below front of dorsal base. Another, usually 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS SQ] 


more or less distinct on body at front of anal base, often strongly 
contrasted. Vertical fins more or less pale brownish to grayish, 
paired fins whitish, often anal largely so. 

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 99438, Silimpopon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. 
October 2, 1909. Length, 116 mm. 

Diagnosis—Known by its combination of characters; 16 scales 
around caudal peduncle; 4 black lateral spots always well contrasted 
and vary somewhat in size, especially the second enlarged, often the 
first indistinct, and the third sometimes absent. The black anal 
spot always small, if often indistinct. 

17 examples. Silimpopon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. October 2, 1909. Length, 

43-116 mm. 


11 examples. Sebatic, British North Borneo. October 5, 1909. Length, 44-102 
mm. Black spots variable. 


PUNTIUS BANTOLENSIS (A. L. Day) 


Barbus bantolensis A. L. Day, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, p. 188, pl. 1, figs. 
1-2, 1914 (type locality: Lake Mangnao, near Taytay, in northern Palawan). 

Barbodes bantolensis Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 1569, 1924 (Lake Manguao, Palawan); Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 
24, p. 298 (type), p. 706, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. 
Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 41, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 214 to 314, oblong elongate, decided hump at nape or upper 
profile strongly convex; head 234 to 314. Snout broad, bluntly 
rounded; eye 414 to 5149 in head, 124 to 1% in snout, 124 to 1%» in 
interorbital; mouth large, terminal, moderately oblique, upper lip 
projecting slightly beyond included lower lip; rostral barbel stout, 
1% longer than eye, reaches front eye edge, maxillary stronger and 
136 times eye, reaches eye center; interorbital wide, nearly flat. 
Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5, 3-3, 5, 3, 2. 

Scales 24 to 26 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, 12 around caudal 
peduncle. Ventral axillary scale 4% to 4% longer than eye. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine strong, 135 to 144 in head, osseous part 
strongly serrate nearly to base; A. m1, 5, low, 214 to 234; caudal 
(damaged) broadly forked; pectoral 135 to 144; ventral 144 to 1% . 

Brownish yellow, dusky above, paler below to very pale yellowish 
on belly. Dark spot on nape with more or less evident dark stripe 
from nape to caudal. Indistinct dark lateral band from shoulder 
to caudal. Very large dark spot or bar across caudal peduncle near 
caudal base. Dark elongate blotch behind shoulder. Large dark 
spot between dorsal origin and ventral, another circular between 
same and caudal. Fins unmarked. Sometimes dark spot along 
dorsal base. Length, 124mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Manguao, northern Palawan. 


802 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PUNTIUS LANAOENSIS (Herre) 


Barbodes lanaoensis Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ] ; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 300 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao), p. 706, 1924 
(reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Departm. Agric. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 42, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 2% to 3; head 314 to 314, width 2 to 21%. Snout 324 to 314 
in head; eye 34 to 4, 1144 to 114 in snout, 1 to 11% in interorbital; 
maxillary reaches eye, length 3 to 334 in head; front barbel 31% to 
324, hind barbel 224 to 224; lower jaw slightly included in upper; in- 
terorbital 314 to 314 in head, broadly convex; suborbitals cover 14 of 
cheek to preopercle ridge. Gill rakers 2+-6, lanceolate, 214 in gill 
filaments, which 144 in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 8, 5-5, 3, 2, with 
slight terminal hooks and grinding surfaces. 

Scales 22 to 24 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 
5 above, 3 below, 9 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. Scales 
with 8 or 9 imperfect radiating apical striae, none basal; circuli 
finely concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine osseous, enlarged, with well-developed 
serrae along hind edges terminally, first branched ray 11% to 11% in 
head; A. m1, 5,1, first branched ray 2 to 2149; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 224 to 214; pectoral 124 to 114; ventral 124 to 134; caudal 
314 to 32% in rest of body, lobes pointed, rather slender, well forked. 

Back rather light brown, sides and lower surface silvery white, 
also sides of head. Iris silvery white. Front barbel grayish above, 
hind one whitish. Obscure, ill-defined, grayish blotch at caudal 
base medially. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral grayish, other fins 
whitish. 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 

5 examples. Vicar market, Lake Lanao, Mindanao. May 23, 1908. Length, 


70-81 mm. 
PUNTIUS BAOULAN (Herre) 


Barbodes baoulan Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 29, p. 499, pl. 1, 1926 (type 
locality : Philippines) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 41, 
1937 (reference). 

Depth 236 to 3; very broad, deep, nearly arrow-shaped; head 314 
to 314. Snout 27% to 314 in head; eye 41% to 524, 114 to 14% in snout; 
maxillary reaches 44 to eye, length 314 in head; mouth moderate, 
slightly inferior, barbels long, rostral reaches hind eye edge or be- 
yond, maxillary beyond hind preopercle edge; interorbital equals 
snout length, broad, slightly concave. 

Scales 24 to 26 in lateral line (last 2 evidently on caudal base) ; 
5 above, 3 below, 9 or 10 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 803 


D. IV, 7, fourth spine 1%% in head, stout, medium serrate; A. m1, 5, 
third simple ray 2; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, length 3 in 
rest of body; least depth of caudal peduncle 214 to 224 in head; 
pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 134 to 14%. 

Whitish yellow, very pale on throat and belly, sides and back clear 
golden yellow. Top of head dusky. Lateral blackish blotch on 
basal scaly dorsal sheath. Fins all pale. In life dorsal and anal, 
also basal half of caudal, probably golden. Length, 108 mm. 
(Herre. ) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 





Ficurn 26.—Puntius collingwoodi (Giinther) : Specimen from Tawao River, Borneo. 
PUNTIUS COLLINGWOODI (Giinther) 
FIGURE 26 


Barbus collingwoodi GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes British Mus., vol. 7, p. 483, 1868 
(type locality: Sarawak, Borneo). 

Puntius collingwoodi WrBER and BEAuFortT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, 
vol. 3, p. 196, 1916 (Baram River, Senah, Sarawak, Tinjar River). 

Barbus strigatus (not Boulenger) VAILLANT, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 24, p. 98, 
1902. 

Barbus boulengeri Porta, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 25, p. 172, 1904-1905 (type lo- 
eality: Bongon and Howong, Borneo) ; vol. 27, p. 132, 1906. 

Depth 21% to 3; head 31% to 4, width 1% to 124. Snout 3 to 414 
in head; eye 214 to 314, greater than snout, greater than interorbital 
in young to 114 in interorbital with age; maxillary reaches eye, length 
21% to 234 in head; front barbel 2 to 214, hind barbel 144 to 2; lower 
jaw included in upper, only slightly so in young; interorbital 214 to 
21%, broadly and slightly convex; suborbitals cover about 14 of cheek. 
Gill rakers 3+8 short points, 21% in gill filaments, which 12% in eye. 


804 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, hooked, with moderate grinding 
surfaces. 

Scales 29 or 30 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 
7 above, 4 below, 10 or 11 predorsal, 15 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with single basal and 16 apical striae, latter convergent; cir- 
culi fine. 

D. IV, 8, 1, fourth spine with hind edge largely coarsely serrated 
each side, first branched ray 324 to 314 in combined head and body 
to caudal base; caudal 21% to 224, deeply forked, long slender lobes 
sharply pointed; A. mu, 5, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114 in head, 
third simple ray firm and with terminal hind edges minutely ser- 
rated; least depth of caudal peduncle 12% to 134; pectoral 114 to 
slightly greater than head; ventral 1 to 114. 

Back light brown, lower sides and under surfaces whitish, with 
silvery white reflections. Iris silvery white. Fins pale, dorsal dusted 
with brownish terminally and each caudal lobe above and below 
marginally brownish. Lower fins paler or with slight yellowish 
tinge. Barbels pale. 

Borneo. Outstanding characters are 3 scales below lateral line to 
ventral origin and each caudal lobe with submarginal dark band 
along upper edge of upper lobe and similar one along lower edge of 
lower lobe. 

14 examples. Silimpapon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. October 2, 1909. Length, 

45-177 mm. 

19 examples. Tawao River, Borneo. September 30, 1909. Length, 53-160 mm. 


PUNTIUS DISA (Herre) 


Barbodes disa HERRE, Copeia, No. 3, p. 140, 1982 (type locality: Dansalan, Lanao 
Province, Mindanao); Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1934 
(Lake Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 41, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 344 to 3% 9; head 344 to 3%». Snout 326 to 314 in head; 
eye 4, less than snout or interorbital; maxillary not quite reaching 
front of eye; mouth oblique, terminal, jaws weak and lower in- 
cluded; small barbels about half an eye diameter in length; inter- 
orbital 3149 to 33% in head. 

Seales 30 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter, 6 
above, 5 below to anal origin, 3 below to ventral origin, 12 predorsal. 

D. rv, 8, origin opposite tenth scale of lateral line and trifle ante- 
rior to ventral origin, which opposite anterior part of tenth scale, 
height of fourth dorsal spine equals pectoral or 114 in head; bony 
portion of fourth dorsal spine serrated behind and 34 to 44 length of 
entire ray; A. 1, 5, deeply forked caudal trifle more or less than 
head; pectoral rays 1, 13 or 1, 14, fails to reach ventral base by 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 805 


breadth of 2 scales; ventral 1, 7 or 1, 8, falls short of reaching anus; 

least depth of caudal peduncle 224 to 234 in head. 

Color in alcohol dusky above, becoming whitish yellow beneath. 
Broad blackish stripe from opercular angle to middle of caudal 
base and blackish transverse band midway between first dorsal and 
nape, connecting 2 lateral stripes. Anal and ventrals yellowish, other 
fins more or less dusky. 

Length, 82 mm. (Herre.) 

Philippines. 

PUNTIUS KATOLO (Herre) 

Barbodes katolo Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sei. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 19238, p. 
1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; Phil- 
ippine Journ. Sci. vol. 24, p. 301 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao); p. 706, 1924 
(reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 21, 1984 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 
1937 (reference). 

Depth 314 to 334; head 2% , thick, clumsy, very long. Snout 3 in 
head, long, broad, blunt; eye 414 to 5, 114 in snout; mouth rather 
large, terminal, oblique, lower jaw included; upper lip protractile, 
moderately thick and lower thicker, with lateral flaplike extensions 
below; barbels rather weak, short, rostral 14 to 34 of eye and not 
reaching eye, maxillary reaches pupil and 34 of eye; interorbital 
greater than eye, not long as snout. 

Scales 26 in lateral line; 5 above, 3 below, 11 predorsal, 11 around 
caudal peduncle. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine medium, weakly serrate, 2 in head; A. m1, 5, 
height 34 of dorsal; caudal broadly and deeply notched, upper lobe 
narrower and more pointed, little less than 3 in rest of body; pec- 
toral 1, 15, length 144 to 1%, in head; ventral 214, to 214. 

Yellowish brown, dorsal region slightly dusky, top of head brown. 
Fins pale brown. Length, 110 mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Said to resemble Cephalkompsus pachy- 
chetlus, but without continuous postlabial groove across chin, thinner 
nonrugose lips, smaller barbels and longer paired fins. 


PUNTIUS MANALAK (Herre) 


Barbodes manalak Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, No. 3, p. 302 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao), p. 706, 
1924 (reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 2, 1934 (Lake 
Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, 
p. 42, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 2% to 814; head 2%, to 314. Snout 3 to 33% in head, wide, 
without prominent protruberances; eye 5 to 6, 124 to 2 in snout, 144 
to 2 in interorbital; mouth wide, oblique, subterminal; lower jaw 


806 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


strong, broad, rounded, prominent, more or less projecting; upper 
lip moderately protractile; rostral and maxillary barbels short, 
length from 14 to 1 eye diameter; interorbital broad, gently curved 
from side to side or flat. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 8, 2, all more 
or less hooked at tips, with age sometimes worn as truncate cylinders. 

Scales 24 to 26 in lateral line; 6 above, 4 below, 11 predorsal, 13 
around caudal peduncle. Lateral line conspicuous, gently curved to- 
ward belly in forward half. 

D. IV, 8, fourth spine smooth or nearly so and comparatively 
slender, 144 to 2 in head; A. m1, 5, truncate, height equals or 14 less 
dorsal height; caudal 24 to %o of head, deeply forked, lobes pointed ; 
pectoral 1, 15, length 124 to 114; ventral 1, 7 or 8, length 2 to 2149. 





FIGURD 27.—Puntius herrei (Fowler) : Type (U.S.N.M. No. 931388). 


Dorsal surface dark green, changing to pale or whitish on sides 
and overcast with brassy or golden, especially on belly. Top of head 
and snout blackish, with pearly epidermal spots and also on sub- 
orbital and opercle. Length, 315 mm. (Herre.) 

Lake Lanao. 


PUNTIUS HERREI (Fowler) 
FIGURE 27 


Barbus herrei Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 280, fig. 
41, 1984 (type locality: Vicar market, Lake Lanao, Mindanao).—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 40, 1937 (reference). 

Depth 314 to 344; head 33% to 334, width 2 to 214. Snout 33% 
to 414 in head; eye 844 to 414, 1 to 11% in snout, 114 to 114 in inter- 

orbital; maxillary largely concealed, reaches eye, length 314 to 3% 

in head; front barbel 214 to 244 in eye, hind barbel 414 to 444 in 

head; lower jaw slightly included within upper; interorbital 3 to 314 

in head, convex; suborbitals cover half of cheek to preopercle ridge. 

Gill rakers 3+12, short, lanceolate, 214 in gill filaments, which 114 

in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, slightly hooked, each with 

slight grinding surfaces, both bones and teeth small. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 807 


Scales 28 or 29 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on 
latter; 5 above, 3 below, 10 or 11 predorsal, 15 around caudal pedun- 
cle. Scales all well exposed, little imbricated. Scales with 8 to il 
basal and 5 to 8 apical radiating striae, latter very imperfect or 
obsolete; circuli concentric, fine, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, third ray firmly osseous though slender, hind edges for 
2, terminally serrate, first branched ray 114 to 124 in head; A. m, 
5, 1, first branched anal ray 2 to 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 
216 to 214; pectoral 114 to 134; ventral 114 to 124; caudal 314 to 3824 
in rest of body, well forked, lobes rather slender and sharply pointed. 

Back brown, sides more or less gray white and under surfaces 
whitish. Contrasted blackish predorsal saddle at least 2 scales in 
width, above gill opening. Iris whitish, gray above. Barbels dark 
or dusky. Dorsal and caudal grayish, lower fins whitish. 

U.S.N.M. No. 93138. Vicar market, Lake Lanao, Mindanao. May 23, 1908, 
Length, 110 mm. Type. Known by its front barbel very short, greatly less 
than eye and the black predorsal saddle behind the occiput. 

5 examples. Vicar market, Lake Lanao, Mindanao. May 23, 1908. Length, 
94-110 mm. Paratypes. 

PUNTIUS TRAS (Herre) 


Barbodes tras Herre, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 29, No. 4, p. 501, pl. 2, 
1926 (type locality: Datu Samba-an, at Camp Keithley, Lanao).—Roxas 
and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 48, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 314 to 324; head 244 to 27%. Snout 314 to 314 in head; eye 
4 to 5, 14% to 124 in snout, 114 to 13% in interorbital; maxillary 
reaches eye, length 3 to 314 in head; front barbel 434 to 524 in head, 
hind barbel 324 to 334; mandible included within upper jaw; inter- 
orbital 314 to 334 in head, low, nearly level or only very slightly 
convex; suborbitals cover 14 to 24 of cheek to preopercle ridge. Gill 
rakers 2+10, lanceolate, 214, in gill filaments which 11 in eye. 
Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5 — 5, 3, 2, with small terminal hooks and 
grinding surfaces. 

Scales 24 or 25 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 
5 above, 3 below, 12 or 13 predorsal, 13 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with about 10 imperfect basal radiating striae, none apically; 
circuli finely concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. IV, 8, 1, spines slender, with few feeble striae terminally, first 
branched ray 124 to 144 in head; A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 2 to 
21%; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 314; pectoral 134 to 144; 
ventral 2 to 2144; caudal 31% to 8% in rest of body, well forked lobes 
pointed. 

Back light brown, sides and below whitish, with silvery white 
reflections. Scales on back with dark edges. Upper surface of 
head dusky. Iris silvery white. Fins all pale, lower ones whitish. 
Barbels pale. 

156861—40 52 


808 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Lake Lanao, Mindanao. My specimens agree with Herre’s figure, 
especially in the large head and fourth dorsal spine with its hind 
edge finely serrated. 

1 example. Vicar Landing, Lake Lanao, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 


82 mm. 
3 examples. Vicar Landing, Lake Lanao. May 23, 1908. Length, 94-129 mm. 


PUNTIUS LINDOG (Herre) 


Barbodes lindog Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 3804, 1924 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao, 
Mindanao), p. 706, 1924 (reference) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, 
p. 21, 19384 (Lake Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 42, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 334 to 414; head 324 to 414. Snout somewhat blunt; eye 
314 to 4 in head, equal to somewhat greater than snout, 1149 to 1144 
in interorbital; mouth rather small, terminal, oblique, lower jaw in- 
cluded; upper lip strongly protractile, lips thin and continuous; 
rostral barbels very small, less 14 eye diameter, maxillary stouter, 
equal or but little greater than rostral barbels, never equal eye; in- 
terorbital rather flat. Pharyngeal teeth 1, 3, 5-4, 3, 1. 

Scales 28 to 32 in lateral line; 5 above, 4 below, 11 to 13 pre- 
dorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. Scales with concentric striae. 

D. ITI, 8, slender spine smooth or very slightly serrate, height 114 
or less in head; A. 11, 5; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, nearly 
equals head; pectoral 1, 15, little over or less 134 in head; ventral 1, 
8, length 144 to 2. 

Dusky above, merging into pale or yellowish on sides and belly. 
Dark stripe along middle of back from nape to caudal and similar 
band from upper side of opercle to middle of caudal. Fins all color- 
less or with slight dusky tinge to caudal and dorsal spines. Length, 
132mm. (Herre.) 


Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 


PUNTIUS PALATA (Herre) 
FIGURE 28 


Barbodes palata Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 2569, 1924 [type locality: Lake Lanao, Mindanao (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 305 (Dansalan, Lake Lanao) ; p. 706, 1924 
(reference). 

Spratellicypris palata Herr, Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 22, 1934 
(Lake Lanao).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 44, 1937 (reference). 


Depth 3% to 344; head 314 to 314, width 214 to 214. Snout 314 
to 37% in head from snout tip; eye 4 to 414, 1 to 114 in snout, 1to 144 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 809 


in interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite front eye edge, expansion 
2 in eye, length 314 to 334 in head from snout tip; small maxillary 
barbel 214 in eye; lower jaws constricted narrowly and strongly pro- 
truded before snout; interorbital 314 to 4 in head from snout tip, 
rather low, broadly convex; suborbitals cover 14 to 24 of cheek. Gull 
rakers 4+12, lanceolate, 214 in gill filaments, which 12 in eye. 
Pharyngeal teeth 1?, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, small, with small terminal hooks 
and grinding surfaces. 

Scales 29 or 30 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
5 above, 3 below, 13 predorsal, 12 or 13 around caudal peduncle. 
Seales only slightly overlapping, often many may be entirely sep- 
arated. Scales with 1 to 20 basal striae, usually feeble or imperfect ; 
circuli fine, concentric, imperfect. or obsolete apically. 





Ficurn 28.—Puntius palata (Herre) : Specimen from Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 


D. IV, 8, 1, spines slender, fourth with hind edges feebly through 
minutely serrated, first branched ray 114 to 124 in total head length; 
A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 2 to 214; least depth of caudal peduncle 
234 to 3; pectoral 124 to 17%; ventral 134 to 2; caudal 31% to 314 
in rest of body. 

Back brown, edge of each scale slightly darker. Middle and lower 
portions of sides and under surfaces silvery white. Side of head 
and iris bright silvery white. Faint leaden or grayish blotch, ill 
defined, at caudal base. Edges of lips and front of snout narrowly 
blackish. Fins largely grayish, lower ones paler to whitish. 

Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Known easily by strongly protruding 
mandible and slender body. 


12 examples. Vicar market, Lake Lanao, Mindanao. May 23, 1908. Length, 
85-144 mm. 


810 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Genus LEPTOBARBUS Bleeker 


Leptobarbus BrierKer, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 2, Cyprini, p. 432, 1860. 
(Type, Barbus hoevenii Bleeker, monotypic.) 

Body oblong, elongate, abdomen rounded. Head broad, depressed. 
Mouth slightly inclined, moderately wide, reaches nearly or to eye. 
Jaws equal. Barbels 4, well developed, rostral pair and maxillary 
pair at mouth corner. Preorbital nearly a pentagon. Guill open- 
ings extending forward below preopercle. Gill rakers short, lanceo- 
late, wide set. Pseudobranchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth spoon 
shaped, 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, with masticatory margin pluricrenulate. 
Scales moderate, nuchal begin before opercle end. Lateral line 
curved down, extends somewhat along lower half of tail. Dorsal 
fin short, with 7 or 8 branched rays, spines weak, without serrae, 
origin slightly before ventral origin and base without scaly sheath. 
Anal very short, with not more than 6 branched rays. 

Siam, Sumatra, Borneo. 


LEPTOBARBUS MELANOTAENIA Boulenger 


Leptobarbus melanotaenia Boutencrr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 13, p. 
249, 1894 (type locality: Bongon, North Borneo).—Porta, Notes Leyden 
Mus., vol. 27, p. 150, 1906 (Bo, Borneo).—Werser and BEAUForT, Fishes 
Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 97, 1916 (northeast Borneo). 

Depth 3 to 314; head 3 to 334, width 134 to 214. Snout 3 to 3144 
in head; eye 34% to 5, 1 to 144 in snout, 1 to 244 in interorbital; 
maxillary reaches eye, length 244 to 27% in head; front barbel 3 to 
4149, hind barbel 134 to 214; jaws nearly even, or lower sometimes 
scarcely longer; interorbital 17% to 314, broadly convex; suborbitals 
about half cover cheek to preopercle ridge in adult, in young cheek 
largely naked, suborbital ridge quite narrow. Gill rakers 4+9, 
short, slender points, 224 in gill filaments, which 114 in eye. 
Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, shghtly hooked, with well developed 
grinding surfaces. 

Scales 37 or 38 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
6 above, 3 below, 13 or 14 predorsal, 14 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with 40 apical radiating striae and 6 basal; circuli finely 
concentric, incomplete apically. 

D. III, 7, 1, first branched ray 114 to 1% in head; A. m1, 5, 1, first 
branched ray 114 to 134; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 214; 
pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 114 to 124; caudal 31% to 4 in rest of 
body, well forked, lobes sharply pointed. 

Back and upper surfaces olive-brown, lower half of body whitish. 
Blackish brown blotch, deeper than eye, in humeral region of gill 
opening. At junctures of longitudinal row of scales close along 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 811 


those of lateral line dark brown band about half scale in width. Iris 
pale. Fins all brownish, lower ones lighter. Barbels pale. 
Borneo. 
A 792. Silimpopon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. October 2, 1909. Length, 38— 
252 mm. 3 examples. 
Genus RASBORA Bleeker 


Rasbora Burexker, Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Néerl., (Prodr. Cyprini), vol. 7, p. 485, 
1860. (Type, Leuciscus cephalotaenia Bleeker, designated by Bleeker, Atlas 
Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 28, 18638.) 

Megarasbora GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, p. 198, 1868. (Type, 
Cyprinus elanga Buchanan-Hamilton, monotypic.) 

Body elongate. Mouth small, oblique, with prominent lower jaw 
and knob at symphysis fitting more or less into evident notch in 
upper jaw. No barbels. Gill membranes connected with isthmus 
opposite pupil, gill opening extending below preopercle. Pseudo- 
branchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows, 1 or 2, 2 to 4, 4 or 
5-5 or 4, 4 to 2, 2 or 1. Scales moderate or large. Lateral line 
bends abruptly down and when complete extends along lower half 
of tail. Dorsal with 7 or 8 branched rays, inserted between ventral 
and anal origins. Anal short, with 5 branched rays. 

Eastern and southern Asia, the East Indies to Sumbawa and the 
Philippines. One species African. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’. Lateral line complete, reaches anal. 
b*. Seales 7 between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle; scales 26 
in Jateral line; 12 predorsal scales. 
c’. Caudal lobes with black subterminal band___-__--_-__-_--_- trilineata 
c’. Caudal lobes uniformly pale; black blotch close above anal origin. 
lateristriata 
b®. Scales 9 between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle. 
@. Scales 26 in lateral line, predorsal 10__-__-_-____..---____ punctulata 
d@*. Scales 28 to 32 in lateral line, predorsal 12 or 13. 
e’. Maxillary not reaching eye; dorsal origin midway between snout 


tiprandscaudalibasew=- 2=- sale) ee eee argyrotaenia 

e?. Maxillary reaches eye; dorsal origin nearer caudal base than snout 

Gi Se oe Se ee ie 2 tS ee le eee ee philippina 

a’. Lateral line incomplete, not extending beyond anal__--------__ taytayensis 


RASBORA TRILINEATA Steindachner 
FIGURE 29 


Rasbora trilineata STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. KL, 
vol. 61, p. 637, pl. 3, fig. 8, 1870 (type locality: Jahore; Pengulon Patie).— 
DiuncxKer, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 181, 1904 (Kuala Lum- 
pur Pahig).—Weser and BrAurort, Durch Zentral Sumatra, Maas, vol. 2, 
Fische, p. 529, 1912; Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 67, 1916 
(Sumatra, Borneo).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 58 (252), 1988 (refer- 
ence). 


812 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


? Rasbora daniconius VAILLANT, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 3, vol. 
5, p. 86, 1893 (‘“Kapoas,” Borneo). 

Rasbora calliura BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 13, p. 249, 1894 
(type locality: Senah, Sarawak). 

Rasbora caudimaculata Vouz, Zool. Anz., vol. 26, p. 559, 1903 (type locality: 
Samangus, Nebenfluss des Musi, Palembang, Sumatra); Zool. Jahrb., Abth. 
syst., vol. 19, p. 403, 1904. 

Depth 314 to 334; head 334 to 4, width 1% to 2. Snout 314 to 4 
in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 4, subequal with snout, 114 to 
124 in interorbital; maxillary largely concealed, reaches eye, length 
27% to 31% in head from snout tip; lower jaw very slightly protruded 
in front; interorbital 234 to 27% in head, broadly convex; suborbitals 
broad, cover most all of cheek. Gull rakers 2+8, short, lanceolate, 





Ficurp 29.—Rasbora trilineata Steindachner : Specimen from Sibuko Bay, Borneo. 


1% of gill filaments, which 134 ineye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, 
with slight terminal hooks and grinding surfaces. 

Scales 29 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 5 
above, 1 below, 11 or 12 predorsal, 12 around caudal peduncle. 
Scales with 17 or 18 apical and 15 or 16 basal radiating striae; cir- 
culi fine and more or less complete. 

D. 11, 7, 1, first branched ray 114) to 14% in total head length; 
A. m1, 5, 1, first branched ray 124 to 114; least depth of caudal 
peduncle 21% to 214; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 114; caudal 
3149 to 314 in rest of body, well forked, lobes pointed. 

Back brownish, lower surfaces paler. Sides and head laterally 
with silvery white reflections. Underlaid leaden gray axial or verte- 
bral line, narrow and at caudal base ends in obscure dull brown spot. 
Blackish bar along base of anal, narrowing behind. Fins pale or 


grayish, lower ones whitish. End of each caudal lobe broadly 
blackish. 


Borneo, 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 813 


24 examples. Silimpopon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. October 2, 1909. Length, 
58-102 mm. 
2 examples. Tawao River, Borneo. September 30, 1909. Length, 83-84 mm. 


RASBORA LATERISTRIATA (Bleeker) 


Leuciscus lateristriatus (Van Hasselt) Breeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, 
vol. 7, p. 94, 1854 (type locality: Lake Meningu, Sumatra; Batavia, Tand- 
jorgoost, Tjampea, Bandong, Garut, Java, in rivers). 

Rasbora lateristriata BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 3, p. 121, pl. (17) 
118, fig. 2, 1863 (Java, Sumatra).—GtnrTuer, Cat. Fishes British Mus., 
vol. 7, p. 195, 1868 (type: Labuan).—WeEBER and BEAurortT, Fishes Indo-Aus- 
tralian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 76, 1916 (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Banguran 
Island, Lombok).—HeErRE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 265 (Malum 
River, Tawi Tawi), p. 705, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. 
Agr. Comm. Manila Tech Bull. 6, p. 43, 1937 (reference).—Fowter, List 
Fish. Malaya, p. 251, 1988 (reference). 

Rasbora macrocephalus BLEEKER, Nederland, Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, p. 189, 1865 
(type locality: Krawang, Java, in rivers). 

Rasbora hosii BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 247, 1895 (type 
locality: Baram River, Borneo). 

Rasbora elberti Popta, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 34, p. 10, 1911 (type locality: 
Lombok). 


Depth 41%; head 344. Snout 3 in head; eye 314, subequal with 
snout, 114 in interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite front eye edge; 
mouth strongly inclined, front end high as upper pupil edge; inter- 
orbital broad. 

Scales 26 in lateral line, 5 transversely, 12 predorsal, 7 over caudal 
peduncle. 

D. u, 7, height 144 in head; A. m1, 5; caudal deeply and broadly 
forked (broken) ; pectoral 114 in head; ventral inserted behind eighth 
seale of lateral line or nearer anal than opercle. 

Whitish to yellowish on sides and below, scale margins more or 
less indicated by broad bands of minute dark dots. Dorsal region 
dark brown. Top of head blackish brown and narrow blackish stripe 
from nape to caudal fin. Silvery black spot on opercle. Narrow 
silvery black stripe along side, beginning behind opercle, darker and 
more conspicuous along posterior half, bordered above and especially 
below by broad band formed of minute dark specks. Length, 81 mm. 
(Herre.) 

East Indies, Philippines. Reaches 121 mm., according to Bleeker. 


RASBORA PUNCTULATA Seale and Bean 


Rasbora punctulatus SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 232, 
fig. 3, 1907 (type locality: Zamboanga).—Herrer, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1568 1924 (reference) ; Philippine Journ. 
Sci., vol. 24, p. 266 (Zamboanga; Basilan Island), p. 705, 1924 (reference). 
Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 43, 1937 
(reference). 





814 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 844 to 414; head 314 to 344, width 21% to 214. Snout 3 to 
314 in head; eye 21% to 314, greater than snout in young to 114 in 
snout with age, greater than interorbital in young to 114 in inter- 
orbital with age; maxillary reaches 7% or to eye, length 224 to 3 in 
head; lower jaw included in upper; interorbital 234 to 3, broadly 
convex; infraorbital covers cheek and postorbital 35 of space to 
preopercle ridge. Gill rakers 2+10, lanceolate, 1% of gill filaments, 
which 14 of eye. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 3, 5-5, 3, 2, hooked, with 
slightly grinding surfaces. 

Scales 26 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 5 
above, 2 below, 11 or 12 predorsal, 14 around caudal peduncle. Scales 
with 18 to 15 radiating apical striae and 9 or 10 basally; circuli fine, 
concentric, imperfect apically. 

D. u, 7, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114 in head; A. ny, 5, 1, first 
branched ray 13% to 144; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 214; 
pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 114; caudal 27% to 314 in rest of 
body, well forked, slender lobes sharply pointed. 

Back and upper surfaces rather warm brown, under regions paler. 
Each scale on back with darker margin than ground color. Sides 
with slightly silvered reflections, also brilliant silvery white on side 
of head. Iris silvery white. An underlaid dark gray vertebral nar- 
row band, slightly widening posteriorly or on caudal peduncle. Fins 
all pale, hind caudal edge narrowly dusky. 

Philippines. 

20 examples. Isabela River, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909. Length, 

74-102 mm. 

5826. Iwahig River and tributaries, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 4, 

1909. 59 examples. Length, 46-106 mm. 

68 examples. Malatgao and Canino River, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 

4, 1909. Length, 50-116 mm. Hind caudal edge variously dusky to black- 


ish. An underlaid dull steel blue lateral band though general coloration 
quite dusky or swarthy. 

46 examples. Malbato River, Port Uson, Busuanga Island. December 17, 1908. 
Length, 41-110 mm. 

54 examples. Malinao River, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length, 
54-112 mm. All show median dark lateral band from preorbital to middle 
of caudal base, evidently due to preservation. 

2 examples. Nakoda Bay, Palawan. December 31, 1908. Length, 85-87 mm. 

175 examples. Pangauron River, Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 
16, 1908. Length 37-133 mm. 

18 examples. River at Nakoda Bay. December 31, 1908. Length, 56-96 mm. 

92384, 9236, 9240. Zamboanga River, Zamboanga. October 9, 1909. 27 ex- 
amples. Length, 51-84 mm. 


RASBORA ARGYROTAENIA (Bleeker) 


Leuciscus argyrotaenia BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Mid. Oost Java), 
vol. 23, p. 21, 1850 (type locality: Banjimas, Gambong, Purworedjo, Sura- 
baya, Java). 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 815 


Rasbora argyrotaenia BireKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 3, p. 123, pl. 
(21) 132, fig. 3, 1863 (Java, Sumatra, Bali) —GuUnruHer, Cat. Fishes British 
Mus., vol. 7, p. 195, 1868 (types; types of Rasbora dusonensis and Rasbora 
borneensis ).—STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 25, p. 455, 1900 (Hast 
Indies).—WeEsBER and BEAurFortT, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, 
p. 61, 1916 (Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Annam).— 
Herre, Proce. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1568, 1924 
(Busuanga; Lake Manguao and Puerto Princesa, Palawan); Philippine 
Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 267 (description), p. 705, 1924 (reference) ; Fishes 
Herre Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 20, 19384 (Concepcion; Busuanga; Cul- 
ion).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 43, 
1937 (reference).—Fowter, List Fish. Malaya, p. 56(251), 1988 (reference). 

Pseudorasbora argyrotaenia Fowirer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 
vol. 12, p. 500, 1904 (Padang). 

Leuciscus cyanotaenia BLEEKER, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Mid. Oost Java), 
vol. 23, p. 21, 1850 (type locality: Batavia). 

Leuciscus dusonensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, p. 14, 1850 
(type locality: Bandjermassing, in River Duson or Banjer). 

Leuciscus schwenkii Bierker, Act. Soe. Ind. Néerl. (Sumatra), vol. 3, p. 47, 
1858 (type locality: Trussan, Western Sumatra, in rivers). 

Rasbora borneensis BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., vol. 2, Cyprini, pp. 285, 
450, 1860 (type locality: Borneo, Bandjermassin, in rivers). 

Rasbora everetti BouLeNcrer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 187, 1895 
(type locality: Palawan). 


Depth 314 to 334; head 37% to 4. Snout 314 to 3% in head from 
snout tip; eye 314 to 3%, subequal with snout; maxillary not quite 
reaching eye, length 27% in head from snout tip; interorbital 224 to 
224, slightly convex. Pharyngeal teeth 2, 4, 5 — 5, 4, 2. 

Scales 26 or 27 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
4 or 5 above, 1 below, 11 or 12 predorsal. 

D. m, 7, 1, first branched ray 114 in total head; A. m1, 5, 1, first 
branched ray 144 to 2; caudal deeply emarginate, length 214 in rest 
of body; pectoral 114 in total head; ventral 124. 

Back brown, below paler, only trace of silvery lateral streak. Fins 
pale. 

Malay Peninsula, Siam, Annam, East Indies, Philippines. Ac- 
cording to Weber and Beaufort reaches 170 mm. 


A.N.S.P. Nos. 27407-27408. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. 
Length 70 and 90 mm. 


RASBORA PHILIPPINA Giinther 


Rasbora philippina GUNTHER, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 54, 1880 (type 
locality: Pasamanca, near Zamboanga).—Herre, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. 
Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, p. 1568, 1924 (Zamboanga and Cagayan de 
Misamis, Mindanao) ; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 268, 1924 (Titunod 
River, Mindanao; Cagayan de Misamis) ; Fishes Herre Philippine Exped. 
1931, p. 20, 1934 (Kolambugem, Lanao Province).—Roxas and MARTIN, 
Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila Tech. Bull. 6, p. 48, 1937 (reference). 


816 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Depth 314 to 344; head 34, to 4. Snout 314 to 33% in head; eye 
214 to 314, greater than snout, 1 to 114 in interorbital; maxillary 
reaches front eye edge; mouth oblique, upper end about level with 
upper pupil edge; lips thin; upper with median notch into which 
symphyseal knob of projecting lower jaw fits; interorbital nearly 
flat. Pharyngeal teeth 1, 4,5 — 5, 4,1. 

Scales 29 or 30 in lateral line; 5 above, 1 below, 12 predorsal, 9 
rows over middle of caudal peduncle. Sometimes row replaced by 
rows of very small scales. 

D. u, 7, height 114 to 114 in head; A. m1, 5, height to 114 or more; 
caudal longer than head, longest rays more than twice shortest; 
pectoral 114 to 114 in head; ventral 124. 

Yellowish brown, back darker and fading yellowish white on 
throat and belly. Top of head blackish. Narrow dark brown stripe 
from nape to dorsal. Broad dark brown band from shoulder to 
caudal, often with central black line, above which may be pale streak, 
or either or both also absent. Scales on sides outlined by broad dark 
marginal bands or rows of dots. Brown streak along anal base and 
rows of brown dots on ventral margin of caudal peduncle. Fin rays 
more or less dusky dotted or colorless. Length, 72 mm. (Herre.) 

Mindanao. 

RASBORA TAYTAYENSIS Herre 


Rasbora taytayensis Herre, Proce. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 1568, 1924 [type locality: Taytay, Palawan (no description) ]; 
Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 264, 1924 (between Taytay and Malampaya 
Sound, Palawan; creek near Taytay).—Roxas and MaArtTINn, Dept. Agr. 
Comm, Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 48, 1987 (reference). 

Depth 314 to 314; head 314 to 334. Snout blunt, short, 14% to 
114 in eye; eye 3 to 31% in head, greater than snout, 114 to 114 in 
interorbital; mouth rather wide, very oblique, hind edge not reach- 
ing eye; lips thin, subequal or lower projecting, with prominent knob 
at symphysis fitting into median notch in upper lip; interorbital flat. 

Lateral line incomplete, scales 15 to 17, longitudinal series of scales 
26 to 28; 5 above, 1 below, predorsal 11. 

D. n, % height slightly less than head; A. mt, 5, height 14% to 114 
in head; caudal deeply forked, longer than head, longest rays of 
pointed ies less twice long as shortest rays; pectoral 11449 to 114 
in head; ventral origin opposite ninth scale of lateral line, its tip 
about ee vent. 

Silvery brown, very dark above, paler below. Narrow black stripe 
on back from nape to caudal. Blackish or dark silver line or band 
along side on hind half of body, with black circular spot at caudal 
base. Below broad dark band, beginning behind eye, best developed 
anteriorly and composed of many fine dots. Dark brown bar behind 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 817 


hind edge of gill opening. Scales margined with many fine dark 

spots. Band of many black spots along anal base. Fins colorless 

or rays more or less dark dotted. Length, 60 mm. (Herre.) 
Palawan, Allied with Rasbora semilineata Weber and Beaufort. 


Genus NEMATABRAMIS Boulenger 


Nematabramis BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 18, p. 249, 1894. 
(Type, Nematabramis everetti Boulenger, monotypic. ) 

Mearnsella SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 83, p. 231, 1907. (Type, 
Mearnsella alestes Seale and Bean, orthotypic.) 

Body oblong, much compressed, with trenchant ventral edge. 
Upper profile slightly inclined from snout to dorsal, somewhat con- 
vex, slightly concave on head and nape. Eye with free orbital edge. 
Mouth gape moderately large, obliquely directed upwards, lower jaw 
slightly longer than protractile upper jaw. More or less developed 
symphyseal knob, fitting in corresponding shallow cavity in upper 
jaw. Pair of long maxillary barbels. Gill opening extends below 
eye. Gill rakers short. Pseudobranchiae present. Pharyngeal 
teeth 4, 5—5, 4, hooked. Scales rather large, subequal, predorsal 
beginning far behind eye. Lateral line abruptly bent down behind 
pectoral fin and runs close to lower profile of body, separated by 2 
scales. Dorsal fin short, without strong spines, entirely opposite 
anal. Anal much longer than dorsal, rays 12 to 18. Caudal deeply 
emarginate. Pectoral longer than head. Ventral with 6 branched 
rays, inserted slightly above abdominal profile, separated from lateral 
line by 1 scale. 

Borneo and Philippines. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES 


a’, NEMATABRAMIS. Barbels 1% to 2 times longer than head________ everetti 
@ MEARNSELLA. Barbels shorter than head_---_.1______-_ 1-2 alestes 


Subgenus NEMATABRAMIS Boulenger 


NEMATABRAMIS EVERETTI Boulenger 
FIGURE 30 


Nematabramis everetti BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 18, p. 250, 
1894 (type locality: Palawan) ; ser. 6, vol. 15, p. 187, 1895 (Palawan).— 
WEBER and BEAvuFort, Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 46, 1916 
(Palawan) .—HErRRE, Proc. Pan Pacific Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1568, 1924 (reference) ; Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 262 (compiled), 
p. 705, 1924 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Comm. Agr. Manila 
Tech. Bull. 6, p. 48, 1987 (reference). 


Depth 3 to 3 24; head 31% to 4, width 2 to 21%. Snout 324 to 334 
in head from snout tip; eye 324 to 4%49, 11% to 114 in snout, 11% to 1% 
in interorbital; maxillary reaches eye or 1% in eye, length 214 to 224 


818 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


in head measured from snout tip; barbel at least larger than head 
or to middle of pectoral, to ventral origin with age; lower jaw slightly 
projects in front; interorbital 224 to 214 in head, broadly convex, 
with 6 transverse ridges each side of median line; broad suborbitals 
entirely cover cheek. Gill rakers 3+9, short, slender points, 14 of 
gill filaments which 114 in eye. Pharyngeal teeth 4, 5-5, 3, hooked, 
each of larger with moderate grinding surface. 

Scales 32 or 88 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 
scales 32 to 36 in median lateral series to caudal base and 3 more on 
latter; 8 above, 2 below, 21 or 22 predorsal, 13 around caudal pedun- 
cle. Scales with 10 to 14 radiating apical striae, sometimes single 
basal stria; circuli fine, concentric, best developed basally. 







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oS 


SS 





Ficurp 30.—Nematabramis everetti Boulenger : Specimen from Tawao River, Borneo. 


D. u, 11, 1, first branched ray 114 to 124 in total head length; 
A, m1, 16, 1, first branched ray 1149 to 114; least depth of caudal pe- 
duncle 214 to 224; ventral 114 to 144; caudal 3 to 314 in rest of body, 
deeply lunate, lobes pointed; pectoral 3 to 314. 

Light brown generally, paler to whitish below and whole body 
with more or less silvery white reflections. Iris silvery white. Dark 
or blackish narrow vertical bar on fourth scale from upper edge of 
gill opening. Deep brown blotch size of eye at middle of caudal 
base. Indistinct underlaid narrow axial grayish streak to middle of 
caudal base. Fins all pale, most of verticals with more or less gray- 
ish terminally. 

Borneo. Represents subgenus Vematabramis Boulenger in the long 
barbels. The species superficially suggestive of H’somus. 

18 examples. Silimpopon River, Sibuko Bay, Borneo. October 2, 1909. Length, 


51-95 mm. 
43 examples. Tawao River, Borneo. September 30, 1909. Length, 52-110 mm. 


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 819 


Subgenus MEARNSELLA Seale and Bean 
NEMATABRAMIS ALESTES (Seale and Bean) 


Mearnsella alestes SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 338, p. 231, fig. 2, 
1907 (type locality: Zamboanga). 

Nematabramis alestes HERRE, Proc. Pan Pacifie Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 1923, 
p. 1568, 1924 (Zamboanga, Mindanao; Puerta Princesa and Taytay, Pala- 
wan, Busuanga); Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 24, p. 260, 1924 (Basilan 
Island; Burakan River; Busay River; Balactasan River); Fishes Herre 
Philippine Exped. 1931, p. 20, 1934 (Karig Malan River and Halsey Harbor, 
Culion).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comn. Manila, Tech. Bull. 6, p. 48, 
1937 (reference). 

Nematabramis verecundus Herre, Proc. Pan Pacifie Sci. Congr., Australia, vol. 2, 
1923, p. 1568, 1923-24 [type locality : Titunod River, north coast of Mindanao 
(no description)]; Philippine Journ., Sci., vol. 24, p. 259 (type), p. 705, 
1924 (reference).—Roxas and Martin, Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila, Tech. Bull. 
6, p. 48, 1987 (reference). . 

Depth 3 to 314; head 334 to 4, width 144 to 214. Snout 314 to 3% 
in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 4, equals snout in young to 144 in 
snout with age, 124 to 134 in interorbital; maxillary reaches eye or 
Vy in eye, length 214 to 234 in head from snout tip; barbel 124 to 
134; jaws sometimes nearly equal, lower usually protruding; inter- 
orbital 214 to 224, broad, convex; broad suborbitals cover cheek. 
Gill rakers 8+6 to 8 short weak points, about 14 of gill filaments, 
which 34 of eye. Pharyngeal teeth 4, 5 — 5, 4, hooked, with grinding 
surfaces. 

Scales 36 or 87 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 
34 or 35 scales in median lateral series to caudal base and 2 more on 
latter; 7 above, 1 or 2 below, 22 or 23 predorsal, 12 around caudal 
peduncle. Scales with 16 to 19 convergent apical striae, 1 or none 
basally; circuli fine, all basal. 

D. 11, 8, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114 in total head length; A. m1, 
12, 1, first branched ray 114 to 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 
2 to 214; ventral 134 to 144; caudal 27% to 31% in rest of body, deeply 
forked, slender lobes pointed; pectoral 3 to 32. 

Brownish, under surfaces paler to whitish and sides with more or 
less brilliant silvery white reflections. Iris silvery white. Barbels 
pale. Vertical fins all grayish terminally. Paired fins pale. Black- 
ish vertical short bar on fourth or fifth scales behind shoulder. 
Leaden underlaid band, ill defined, along side of body posteriorly 
appearing at its terminus a little expanded and slightly darker. 

Philippines. 

9 examples. Caiholo River, Ulugan Bay, Palawan. December 29, 1908. 

Length, 74-100 mm. Only narrow pale gray streak along caudal peduncle 

and above anal axially. 


820 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


15 examples. Creek at Hacienda below Pancol, Malampaya Island, Palawan. 
December 26, 1908. Length, 58-106 mm. 

64 examples. Isabela River, Basilan Island. September 11, 1909. Length, 
55-123 mm. Blackish blotch above pectoral variable, often with several 
indistinct smaller bars or spots about it. 

5825, 5827 to 5833. Iwahig River and tributaries, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. 
April 4, 1909. Length, 50-129 mm. 92 examples. One example, 98 mm. 
long with abnormal back, the predorsal profile slightly convex medially. 

74 examples. Malatgao and Canino River, Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 4, 
1909. Length, 42-113 mm. Basal scale pockets of side more or less heavily 
pigmented blackish in places giving an irregular variegated appearance of 
some seattered short vertical bars. 

18 examples. Malbato River, Port Uson, Busuanga Island. December 17, 1908. 
Length, 34-90 mm. 

29 examples. Malinao River, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2, 1909. 
Length, 38-115 mm. 

28 examples. Pangauron River, Port Caltom. December 16, 1908. Length, 
65-120 mm. Median dark axial lateral band, neutral dusky or dark neutral 
slate to caudal base. Nematabramis verrecundus founded on a specimen 
but 42 mm. long with coloration such as these specimens, differs only in its 
greater depth of 25%, though I have specimens of such depth which are 
surely Mearnsella alestes. 

9235, 9237 to 9239, 9241. Zamboanga River, Zamboanga. October 9, 1909. 
Length, 71-110 mm. 52 examples. 


INDEX 


(Principal references are printed in boldface) 


aaronis, Carcharias, 139. 
abbreviata, Chimaera, 495. 
Harengula, 584. 
Sardinella, 584. 
abbreviatus, Carcharias, 151. 
Clarias, 741. 
Gonorhynchus, 729. 
Gonorrynchus, 729. 
Gonorynchus, 729. 
Gymnorrhinus, 151. 
Plotosus, 745. 
abnormis, Ilisha, 650, 662. 
Abramidinae, 776. 
abredonensis, Hieroptera, 355. 
Acanthias, 255. 
blainville, 115. 
blainvillei, 260. 
blainvillii, 260. 
megalops, 260. 
mitsukuri, 259. 
philippi, 17. 
vulgaris, 255, 257, 258, 260. 


acanthias, Squalus, 255, 256, 257, 259. 


Acanthidim, 246. 
Acanthidium, 237, 246. 
aciculatum, 239. 
eglantina, 240. 
eglantinum, 240. 
hystricosum, 239. 
natalense, 242. 
profundorum, 241. 
pussilum, 237, 246, 249. 
quadrispinosum, 236. 
rostratum, 238. 
Acanthorhinus, 255. 
microcephalus, 276. 
norwegianus, 276. 
acanthus, Squalus, 260. 
Accipenser, 512. 
aciculata, Deania, 237, 239. 
aciculatum, Acanthidium, 239 
Acipenser, 512. 
acutirostris, 514. 
(Antaceus) agassizi, 515. 
(Antaceus) alexandri, 515. 
chinensis, 514, 516. 
(Acipenser) chinensis, 516. 
dabryanus, 518, 514, 516. 
(Acipenser) dabryanus, 516. 
(Antaceus) dabryanus, 516. 
dauricus, 513. 
(Sterletus) dauricus, 513. 
glaber, 513. 


Acipenser helops, 512. 

huso, 512. 

kaluschka 513. 

kikuchii, 514, 515. 

mantschuricus, 513. 

medirostris, 515. 

(Antaceus) medirostris, 515, 

mikadoi, 515. 

multiscutatus, 514. 

(Antaceus) oligopeltis, 515. 

orientalis, 513. 

rubicundus, 512. 

ruthenus, 512. 

schrencki, 513. 

schypa, 513. 

sinensis, 516. 

stellatus, 512. 

sturio, 512, 514. 
Acipenseridae, 511. 
acrales, Pseudotriacis, 118. 

Pseudotriakis, 118. 
Acrodobatis, 68. 

serra, 68. 

Acrodontobatis, 68. 
Acrodus rugosus, 15. 
acronis, Carcharias, 139. 
Actinobatis, 355. 
aculeatus, Squalus, 246. 
acus, Centrophorus, 243. 

Entoxychirus, 243. 
acuta, Arius, 769. 

Dussumieria, 570, 573. 

Trygon, 407. 
acutidens, Aprion, 142. 

Aprionodon, 141, 142, 144. 

Carcharias, 141. 

Carcharias (Aprionodon), 142. 

Raia, 368. 

Squalus, 142. 

Xiphotrygon, 402. 
acutipinnis, Squalus, 261. 
acutirostris, Acipenser, 514, 

Pristis, 292. 
acutus, Carcharias, 133, 137. 

Carcharias (Scoliodon), 138. 

Carcharinus (Scoliodon), 138. 

Charcharinus, 138. 

Rhinobatus, 316. 

Scoliodon, 138. 

Squalus (Seoliodon), 138. 
adelae, Trichosoma, 681. 
adspersa, Rhinoptera, 476, 477. 
advena, Clupea, 623. 


821 


822 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Aellopos, 5, 305. 
elongatus, 305. 
wagneri, 5. 

Aellopus, 5. 

aeneus, Ariodes, 765. 

aequibarbis, Arius, 759. 


aequidentata, Coilia macrognathus, 721. 


aerages, Pseudotriakis, 118. 
aestuaria, Anchovia, 712. 
Anchoviella, 697, 712. 
aestuarius, Gilchristella, 569. 
Spratelloides, 559, 561, 570. 
aethalorus, Carcharias, 151. 
aethiops, Carcharias, 179. 
Aetobates, 471. 
flagellum, 473. 
narinari, 472. 
Aetobatis, 470. 
flagellum, 473. 
guttata, 473. 
indica, 473. 
laticeps, 473. 
latirostris, 473. 
narinari, 471, 472, 474. 
punctata, 470. 
tenuicaudatus, 473. 
tobijei, 463. 
Aetobatus, 458, 470. 
australis, 461. 
filicaudatus, 473. 
flagellum, 473. 
forsteri, 473. 
narinari, 471, 472. 
nichofii, 467. 
ocellatus, 471, 475. 
punctata, 470. 
sinensis, 473. 
Aetobatys, 471. 
Aetomylaeus, 464. 
maculatus, 465. 
milvus, 466. 
nichofii, 468. 
vespertilio, 465. 
Aetomyleus, 464. 
milvus, 466. 
nichofii, 468. 
Aetomylus, 458, 464. 
maculatus, 464, 465. 
milvus, 464, 466. 
nichofii, 464, 467, 468. 
vespertilio, 464, 465. 
Aetoplatea, 449, 450. 
tentaculata, 449, 450. 
zonurus, 451. 
Aétoplatia, 449. 
Aetoplatia, 449. 
affinis, Chimaera, 488, 495. 
Clupea, 661. 
Pellona, 661. 
Platygaster, 661. 
Rhinoptera, 476. 
Scoliodon, 133. 
africana, Chimaera, 489, 499. 
Raja, 437, 438. 
Squatina, 285, 288. 


africanum, Poroderma, 37, 39, 40. 


Seyllium, 40. 


africanus, Anacanthus, 438. 
Platygaster, 650. 
Rhachinotus, 438. 
Scyliorhinus, 40. 
Scylliorhinus, 40. 

Squalus, 37. 

Urogymnus, 438. 
agassizi, Acipenser (Antaceus), 515. 
agassizii, Anatodus, 103. 
agulhensis, Dasyatis, 404, 418. 

Dasybatis, 418. 
ahenea, Eulamia, 149, 153. 
akajei, Dasyatis, 404, 428. 

Dasybatus, 428. 

Pastinaca, 428. 

Trygon, 428. 

Trygon (Trygon), 428. 

Trygon pastinaca var., 428. 
Alausa alburnus, 565. 

argyrochloris, 590, 592. 

brachysoma, 629. 

champil, 634, 639. 

chapra, 634. 

ctenolepis, 632. 

fimbriata, 623. 

ilisha, 627, 633. 

kanagurta, 627. 

macrurus, 632. 

melanosticta, 625. 

melanura, 584, 596, 597. 

microlepis, 634. 

musica, 623. 

palasah, 630, 633. 

reevesii, 630. 

schrammii, 593. 

scombrina, 603. 

toli, 531. 
alba, Raia, 365. 

Raja, 357, 365. 

Rogenia, 579. 
albalinea, Raia, 383. 
albella, Clupea, 605. 

Kowala, 605. 

Sardinella, 601, 605. 
albescens, Notidanus monge var., 9. 
albilabris, Copidoglanis, 752. 

Paraplotosus, 752. 

Plotosus, 752. 
albimarginata, Eulamia, 150, 174. 
albimarginatus, Carcharias, 174. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 174. 

Carcharinus, 174. 

Squalus (Carcharinus), 174. 
albomaculatus, Squalus, 208. 
albomarginata, Eulamia, 174. 
albomarginatus, Carcharias, 139, 174. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 174. 
Albula, 524, 528. 

bananus, 530. 

chinensis, 528. 

conorhynchus, 530. 

conorhyncus, 530. 

conorynchus, 530. 

erythrocheilos, 531. 

forsteri, 531. 

glossodon, 530. 

glossodonta, 530. 


Albula goreensis, 531. 
immaculata, 530. 
neoguinaica, 531. 
parrae, 531. 
plumieri, 530. 
rostrata, 531. 
seminuda, 531. 
virgata, 531. 
vulpes, 529. 

Albulidae, 527. 

albulina, Etrumeus, 574, 575. 

alburnus, Alausa, 565. 
Spratelloides, 565. 
Stolephorus, 562, 565. 

albus, Engraulis, 707. 

alcockii, Dasyatis, 403, 411. 
Dasybatus, 411. 
Halaelurus, 41, 43. 
Trygon, 411. 

alestes, Mearnsella, 817, 819. 
Nematabramis, 817, 819. 

aleutica, Raia, 393. 

Raja, 393. 


alexandri, Acipenser (Antaceus), 515. 


Alexandrinum, 397. 
molini, 397. 

alfredi, Ceratoptera, 484, 485. 
Daemomanta, 484. 
Deratoptera, 484. 
Manta, 483, 484. 

alifer, Thaumas, 285. 

allecia, Clupea, 602, 603. 
Sardinella, 601, 602. 

Alopecias, 125. 
barrae, 126. 
longimana, 126. 
vulpes, 126, 127. 

alopecias, Squalus, 126. 

Alopeciens vulpes, 126. 

Alopias, 125. 
caudatus, 127. 
greyi, 127. 
macrourus, 125, 126. 
pelagicus, 126. 
profundus, 126. 
vulpes, 126. 
vulpinus, 125, 127. 

Alopiidae, 14, 124. 

Alopioidae, 14. 

Alopiopsis, 131. 
plejodon, 131. 

Alopius, 125. 

Alosa argyrochoris, 590. 
brachysoma, 629. 
brevis, 629. 
chapra, 627, 634. 
elongata, 661. 
ilisha, 632. 
kanagurta, 627. 
kowal, 606. 
macrurus, 632. 
malayana, 627. 
platygaster, 629. 
reevesii 626, 630. 
toli, 631. 

Alpharaia, 356 

altavela, Raia pastinaca var., 453, 
Raja, 450. 


156861—41——53 


INDEX 


823 


altus, Chatoessus, 556. 
amara, Barbodes, 798. 
amarus, Puntius, 786, 798. 
Amblygaster, 601, 616. 
antipodus, 581. 
clupeoides, 601. 
clupevides, 619. 
immaculatum, 623. 
leiogaster, 617. 
maculatum, 558. 
melanostictum, 622. 
melanostictus, 622. 
neopilchardus, 624. 
posterus, 620. 
Amblyraja, 355. 
amblyrhynchoides, Gillisqualus, 154. 
amblyrhynchos, Carcharhinus, 154. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 148, 154. 
Eulamia, 149, 154, 156. 
amblyrhynchus, Carcharias, 154. 
Carcharinus, 154. 
amblyuroptera, Ilisha, 652, 656. 
Pellona, 656. 
amblyuropterus, Ilisha, 656. 
Pellona, 656. 
amboinensis, Carcharias (Prionace), 171. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 171, 173. 
Carcharinus, 171. 
Cestracion, 23. 
Eulamia, 171. 
Squalus (Carcharias), 171. 
americana, Chimaera, 489. 
Manta americana, 484. 
americanus, Callorhynchus, 489. 
Dalatias, 267. 
Odontaspis, 120, 122. 
Squalus, 120, 266. 
Amphotistius, 402, 404, 421. 
Anacanthobatis, 397, 448. 
marmoratus, 448. 
anale, Scyllium, 48. 
analis, Catulus, 48. 
Halaelurus, 41, 48, 50. 
Scylliorhinus, 48. 
Scylliorhinus (Halaelurus), 48. 
Analithis, 328. 
Anatodus, 103. 
agassizii, 103. 
anchovia, Sardinella, 602. 
Anchovia aestuaria, 712. 
apiensis, 704. 
baliensis, 707. 
boelama, 684. 
commersoniana, 703. 
commersonii, 703, 707, 710. 
commersonnii, 703 
dussumieria, 681. 
encrasicholoides, 684. 
evermanni, 684. 
hamiltonii, 673. 
indica, 707. 
koreana, 704. 
mystax, 676. 
purpurea, 699. 
valenciennesi, 682. 
zollingeri, 701. 
Anchoviella, 667, 696, 


824 


Anchoviella aestuaria, 697, 712. 
baganensis, 697, 711. 
bataviensis, 697, 708. 
celebica, 696, 697. 
chinensis, 696, 706. 
commersonii, 696, 702, 703. 
commersonnii, 703. 
heteroloba, 696, 698. 
heterolobus, 693. 
holodon, 696, 701. 
indica, 697, 702, 706, 707. 
mauii, 693, 694. 
nasuta, 697, 711. 
nasutus, 711. 
pseudoheteroloba, 696, 697. 
purpurea, 696, 699. 
tri, 697, 709, 710. 
waitei, 696, 702. 
zollingeri, 696, 697, 700, 701. 

anchylostoma, Rhina, 299. 

anchylostomus, Rhynchobatus, 299. 

ancylostoma, Rhamphobatis, 299. 
Rhina, 299. 

ancylostomus, Rhamphobatis, 299. 
Rhina, 298. 

Rhynchobatus, 299. 
andamanensis, Arius, 765. 
andamanica, Raia, 384, 389. 

Raja, 359, 389. 
angelus, Squalus, 284. 
angiova, Tetroras, 112, 114. 
anguillaris, Platystacus, 744, 747. 

Plotosus, 745, 747. 

Silurus, 735. 
anguinea, Chlamydoselachus, 13. 
anguineus, Chlamydoselachus, 12. 

Didymodus, 13. 
angusta, Thyellina, 34. 
anisodon, Squalus, 280. 
anna-carolina, Mugilomorus, 524. 
annandalei, Pristis, 292. 

Raja, 358, 377. 

Rhinobatos, 306, 309. 

Rhinobatus, 309. 
annulata, Pteroplatea, 453. 
annulatus, Rhinobatos, 306, 312. 

Rhinobatus, 312. 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 312. 

Rhinobatus (Syrrhina), 312. 
Anodontostoma, 547, 549. 

breviceps, 551. 

chacunda, 549, 550. 

chanpole, 549. 

hasseltii, 549, 550. 
Anodontostomus nasus, 556. 
Anogmius, 532. 

Antaceus, 513. 

antarctica, Callorhynchus, 509. 

eet Callorhynchus, 496, 509, 

510. 

Engraulis, 693. 

Galeorhinus, 204. 

Galeus, 204. 

Mustelus, 202, 203. 
Anteliochimaera, 504. 

chaetirhamphus, 504, 505. 
antipodum, Clupea, 580, 581. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


antipodum, Clupea sprattus var., 581. 
Engraulis, 693. 
Engraulis encrasicholus var., 693. 

antipodus, Amblygaster, 581. 

antiquorum, Pristis, 295. 

antiquorus, Pristis, 291. 

antiquus, Scylliodus, 34. 

Aodon japonicus, 480. 

apalike, Elops, 522. 

apiensis, Anchovia, 704. 
Engraulis, 704. 

Apogon 523. 

appendiculatus, Squalus, 96. 

Aprion, 141. 
acutidens, 142. 

Aprionodon, 128, 141. 
acutidens, 141, 142, 144. 
brevipinna, 141, 144. 
sitankaiensis, 143. 

Apristurius, 52. 

Apristurus, 52, 53, 60. 
indicus, 60. 
macrorhynchus, 56. 
platyrhynchus, 57. 
sibogae, 60. 
spongiceps, 54, 270. 

Apterurus, 479. 

Apterygia, 665. 
hamiltoni, 666. 
ramcarate, 665, 666. 

Apturus, 479. 

Aptychotrema, 298, 322. 
banksii, 322, 323. 
bougainvillii, 322, 324. 

aquila, Holorhinus, 459, 460. 
Myliobates, 459, 463. 
Meets 459, 461, 462, 463, 469, 

474, 
Raja, 458, 459. 

aquosus, Chatoessus, 560. 

arab, Plotosus, 749. 

arabica, Harengula, 590. 
Nematalosa, 552, 554. 

arabicus, Chanos, 536, 539. 

Arapamia, 532. 

Arapaminae, 532. 

arctica, Chimaera, 490. 

arcticus, Galeocerdo, 186. 
Squalus, 185, 186. 

arenarius, Bagrus (Arius), 754. 
Carcharias, 121. 

Arengus, 578, 620. 
dakini, 621. 
minor, 620. 
neopilchardus, 624. 
sagax, 622. 

argentata, Corica, 644. 

argentea, Chimaera, 489. 

argenteus, Callorynchus, 508. 
Esox, 532. 

Synodus, 530. 

Argentina bonuk, 531. 
glossodonta, 528, 530. 
machnata, 524. 

argijrotaenia, Rogenia, 639. 

argyrochloris, Alausa, 590, 592, 
Alosa, 590, 


argyropleuron, Ariodes, 769. 
Tachysurus, 756, 769. 


argyrotaenia, Clupea, 567, 568, 639. 


Clupea (Clupeoides), 639. 
Clupea (Leiogaster), 639. 
Harengula, 588, 589. 
Leuciscus, 813. 
Pseudorasbora, 815. 
Rasbora, 811, 814, 815. 
Rogenia, 639. 

argyrotaeniata, Clupea, 561, 568. 

Arhynchobatinae, 327. 

Arhynchobatis, 327, 331. 
asperrimus, 331. 

Ariodes, 754, 756, 767. 
aeneus, 765. 
argyropleuron, 769. 
goniaspis, 771. 
leiocephalus, 770. 
tonggol, 768. 

Ariopsis, 754. 

Arius acutus, 769. 
aequibarbis, 759. 
andamanensis, 765. 
argyropleuron, 769. 
arius, 755, 757. 
boakeii, 758. 
caelatus, 758. 
chondropterygius, 759. 
clypeaster, 759. 
clypeastroides, 759. 
coelatoides, 759. 
coelatus, 759. 
crossocheilus, 768. 
dispar, 756. 
doroides, 762. 
falearius, 757, 758, 766. 
froggatii, 755. 
gagorides, 763. 
goniaspis, 770. 
graeffei, 763. 
grandicassis, 755. 
granosus, 759. 
hamiltonis, 769. 
hypophthalmus, 755. 
laeviceps, 760. 
leiotetocephalus, 770. 
liocephalus, 770. 
macruropterygius, 760. 
maculatus, 757. 
magatensis, 767. 
malabaricus, 761. 
manillensis, 766. 
manjong, 760. 
melanochir, 754. 
melanopterygius, 759. 
microgastropterygius, 759. 
micronotacanthus, 760. 
micruropterygius, 760. 
milberti, 754. 
nasutus, 765. 
sagor, 761. 
schlegeli, 758. 
sinensis, 757. 
sona, 763. 
stirlingi, 755. 
sumatranus, 760. 
thalassinus, 764. 


INDEX 825 


Arius tonggol, 768. 
trachipomus, 763. 
venosus, 760. 

arius, Arius, 755, 757. 
Pimelodus, 754. 

armatus, Atractophorus, 242, 245. 
Entoxychirus, 234, 245. 
Raja (Rhinobatus), 319. 
Rhinobatus, 319. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 319. 
Urolophus, 440, 443. 

arnak, Himantura, 406. 

aspera, Raia, 360. 

asperrima, Raja, 437, 438. 

asperrimus, Anacanthus, 439. 
Arhynchobatis, 331. 
Myliobatis, 469. 

Raja, 438. 
Urogymnus, 438. 
Urogymus, 439. 

assamensis, Clarias, 738. 

asterias, Galeus, 207. 
Mustelus, 207. 

Asterospondyli, 4, 13. 

Astrape, 347. 
aysoni, 352. 
capensis, 349. 
dipterygia, 350, 351, 457. 
japonica, 351 

Astrappe dipterygia, 350. 

Ateleomycterus, 61. 
marmoratus, 63. 

Atelomycterus, 25, 61. 
marmoratus, 62, 63. 

ater, Cossyphus, 735, 738. 
Pastinachus sephen, 416. 

Atherina australis, 692, 693. 
browni, 696. 
japonica, 561, 567, 694. 

atherine, Commersonian, 703. 

atlantica, Harriotta, 505. 
Rhinochimaera, 505. 

atlanticus, Callorynchus, 490. 
Megalops, 519. 

Atopichthys, 528. 
esunculus, 528. 

atra, Taeniura, 416, 417. 

Atractophorus, 242, 243, 245. 
armatus, 242, 245. 

atricauda, Clupea, 615. 
Clupea (Harengula), 615. 
Sardinella, 615. 

atriventralis, Raja, 357, 363. 

atrocissimus, Trygon, 433. 

atromarginatus, Centrophorus, 244. 
Entoxychirus, 243, 244. 

atwoodi, Carcharias, 111. 

Aulohalaelurus, 41, 51. 
labiosus, 51. 

aurantiacus, Urolophus, 440, 441, 442. 

aurata, Hannovera, 113. 

auratus, Carassius, 778. 
Cyprinus, 777, 778. 
Engraulis, 681. 

auriculata, Mobula, 479. 

auriculatus, Carcharias, 109. 

aurita, Sardinella, 601, 602. 

auro-vittata, Clupea, 602. 


826 


australis, Aetobatus, 461. 
Atherina, 692, 693. 
Callorynchus, 509. 
Chimaera, 497, 508. 
Chimaera monstrosa var., 497. 
Elops, 526, 527. 
Engraulis, 693. 
Euglaeus, 189. 
Galeorhinus, 189. 
Galeus, 188, 189. 
Holorhinus, 459, 461 
Mustelus, 189. 
Myliobatis, 461. 
Notogaleus, 189. 
Pteroplatea, 450, 451. 
Raia, 368. 

Raja, 368. 

Rhina, 287. 
Squatina, 285, 287. 
Trygon, 447. 

Austranchovia, 692. 

aysoni, Astrape, 352. 
Typhlonarke, 353. 


badgee, Mystus, 546. 
baelama, Clupea, 669, 683. 
Thrissina, 684. 
Thrissocles, 670, 683, 684. 
baganensis, Anchoviella, 697, 711. 
Stolephorus, 711. 
Stolephorus baganensis, 711. 
Bagrus (Arius) arenarius, 754. 
bilineatus, 765. 
carchariorhynchos, 765. 
crinalis, 758. 
doroides, 762. 
gagorides, 763. 
javensis, 762. 
(Ariodes) meyenii, 770. 
netuma, 765. 
(Sciades) pictus, 754. 
rhodonotus, 763. 
sagor, 761. 
sondaicus, 754, 762. 
sumatranus, 760. 
thalassinus, 754, 764. 
trachipomus, 763. 
bahiensis, Engraulis, 531. 
balfouri, Hemigaleus, 182, 184. 
baliensis, Anchovia, 707. 
balinensis, Engraulis, 707. 
bananus, Albula, 530. 
Butyrinus, 528, 530. 
bankiana, Raja, 480. 
banksiana, Manta, 483. 
Raja, 483. 
banksii, Aptychotrema, 322, 323. 
Rhinobatus, 322, 323, 325. 


Rhinobatus (Syrrhina), 322, 323. 


bantolensis, Barbodes, 801. 
Barbus, 801. 
Puntius, 786, 801. 

baoulan, Barbodes, 802. 
Puntius, 786, 802. 

barbarus, Squalus, 24. 

barbatus, Chiloscyllium, 96. 
Crossorhinus, 93, 94, 96, 97. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


barbatus, Orectolobus, 94, 96. 
Seyliorhinus, 95. 
Squalus, 92. 
Barbellion, 784. 
barbifer, Cirrhigaleus, 255, 262. 
Squalus, 257, 262. 
Squalus (Cirrhigaleus), 262. 
Barbinae, 776. 
Barbodes, 784. 
amara, 798. 
bantolensis, 801. 
baoulan, 802. 
binotatus, 790. 
binotatus palavensis, 791. 
binotatus var. palavensis, 791. 
clemensi, 796. 
disa, 804. 
flavifuscus, 798. 
hemictenus, 787. 
ivis, 788. 
katolo, 805. 
lanaoensis, 802. 
lindog, 808. 
manalak, 805. 
manguaoensis, 799. 
mantanoi, 795. 
palata, 784, 808. 
quinquemaculatus, 789. 
sirang, 785. 
snyderi, 791. 
tras, 807. 
tumba, 789. 
barbouri, Bathyalopex, 499. 
Chimaera, 489, 499. 
barbulifer, Phaenopogon, 255, 262. 
barbus, Cyprinus, 784. 
Barbus, 784. 
bantolensis, 801. 
binotatus, 790. 
blitonensis, 791. 
boulengeri, 803. 
(Pseudobagrus) burchelli, 784. 
(Cheilobarbus) capensis, 784. 
cataractae, 796. 
collingwoodi, 803. 
elongatus, 799. 
herrei, 806. 
ivis, 787. 
kusanensis, 791. 
maculatus, 789, 791, 799. 
manguaoensis, 799. 
mosal, 785. 
oresigenes, 791. 
palavensis, 791. 
polyspilos, 791. 
quinquemaculatus, 789. 
snyderi, 791. 
strigatus, 803. 
barnardi, Raja, 357, 371. 
barrae, Alopecias, 126. 
Barynotus, 784. 
lagensis, 784. 
bassensis, Clupea, 579, 580, 583. 
Clupea (Pomolobus), 583. 
Maugeclupea, 583. 
bataviensis, Anchoviella, 697, 708. 
Stolephorus insularis, 708. 


INDEX 


Bates, 458. 
spectabilis, 458. 
Bathyalopex, 487, 489, 498. 
barbouri, 499. 
Bathythrissa, 541. 
dorsalis, 541, 542. 
Bathytoshia, 402. 
brevicaudata, 419. 
Batis, 355. 
batis, Dasybatis, 385. 
Raia, 385. 
Raja, 355, 356, 359, 385. 
batos, Raja, 355. 
batrachus, Chlarias, 737. 
Clarias, 735, 736, 737, 738, 741, 742. 
Macropteronotus, 737. 
Silurus, 734, 735, 736. 
baweanensis, Stolephorus insularis, 709. 
belinka, Systomus, 784. 
Bengalichthys, 347, 348, 349, 352. 
impennis, 347, 352. 
bennetii, Trygon, 413. 
bennetti, Dasyatis, 413, 424. 
Dasybatus, 413. 
Dasybatus (Pastinachus), 413. 
Trygon, 402, 413. 
Trygon (Hemitrygon), 413. 
bennettii, Dasyatis, 403, 413. 
Trygon, 413. 
Benthobatis, 332, 339, 348, 349. 
moresbyi, 339. 
Betaraia, 356. 
bicolor, Raia, 365. 
Raja, 342. 
bideni, Isurus, 104. 
bidorsalis, Heterobranchus, 7438. 
biforis, Scaldia, 285. 
biguttatus, Stethochaetus, 686, 687, 692. 
bilineatus, Bagrus, 765. 
bimaculata, Gymnura, 450, 454. 
Pteroplatea, 454. 
binoculata, Raia, 393. 
Raja, 369, 370, 393. 
Uraptera, 393. 
binotatus, Barbodes, 790. 


Barbus, 790. 
Pel 786, 790, 791, 792, 793, 
94. 


biocularis, Raia, 375. 

bipunctata, Clupea, 590, 617. 
Harengula, 590. 

birostris, Manta, 483, 485. 
Raja, 483. 

bispinatus, Dalatias (Somniosus), 265. 
Euprotomicrus, 264, 265. 
Scymnus, 264. 

bivium, Seyllium, 43. 

bivius, Halaelurus, 41, 43. 
Scyliorhinus, 43. 
Scylliorhinus, 43. 

blainville, Acanthias, 115. 

blainvillei, Acanthias, 260. 

blainvillii, Acanthias, 260. 

blanda, Raia, 388. 

bleekeri, Carcharias, 103. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 163, 164. 
Corica, 644, 646, 647. 


827 


bleekeri, Dasyatis, 403, 410. 


Dasybatus, 410. 
Dasybatus (Himanturus), 410. 
Trygon, 410. 

blitonensis, Barbus, 791. 


blochi, Cestracion, 221. 


Rhinobatus, 313, 314. 
Sphyrna, 221. 
Zygaena, 221. 
blochii, Cestracion, 221. 
Cestracion (Zygaena), 221. 
Clupeonia, 627. 
Eusphyra, 222. 
Hilsa, 627. 
Osteogeneiosus, 773. 
Rhinobatos, 306, 314. 
Rhinobatus, 312, 313, 314. 
Rhinobatus (Syrrhina), 314. 
Sphyrna, 212, 221. 
Sphyrna (Eusphyrna), 221. 
Sphyrnias, 221. 
Zygaena, 211, 221. 
boakei, Arius, 758. 
boardmani, Figaro, 28. 
Galeus, 26, 28. 
Pristiurus (Figaro), 25, 28. 
boelama, Anchovia, 684. 
Clupea, 683. 
Engraulis, 672, 683. 
Stolephorus, 684. 
Stolephorus (Engraulis), 684. 
boleanus, Narcopterus, 328. 
bonae-spei, Heterodontus, 19, 20. 
bonae-speiensis, Raja, 361. 
bonaparti, Myliobatis, 469. 
bonuk, Argentina, 531. 
Borbodes, 266. 
borealis, Chimaera, 489. 
Notorhynchus, 7. 
Squalus, 275, 276. 
Boreogaleus, 186. 
borneensis, Carcharias, 167. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 167. 
Charcharias, 167, 
Clupea (Clupeoides), 636. 
Clupeoides, 635, 636. 
Coila, 718. 
Coilia, 713, 717. 
Coilia (Coilia), 718. 
Kowala, 635, 636. 
Notopterus, 5438, 545. 
Pimelodus, 773. 
Rasbora, 815. 
boshuensis, Pseudoscymnus, 274, 275. 
bougainvillii, Aptychotrema, 322, 324. 
Rhinobatos, 324. 
Rhinobatus, 324 
Rhinobatus (Syrrhina), 322, 324. 
boulengeri, Barbus, 803. 
bovina, Myliobatis, 469. 
Pteromylaeus, 469. 
bovinus, Pteromylaeus, 469. 
Brachaelurus, 67, 77, 78, 79. 
colcloughi, 77, 78, 79. 
(Heterosecyllium) coleloughi, 79. 
modestum, 78. 
modestus, 78. 


828 


Brachaelurus waddi, 78. 
Brachioptera, 402. 
rhinoceros, 402. 
Brachioptilon, 483. 
hamiltoni, 483. 
brachycera, Raja, 388. 
brachygnathus, Coilia, 720. 


brachyrhynehos, Carcharias (Priono- 
don), 160. 
brachysoma, Alausa, 629. 
Alosa, 629. 


Clarias, 739. 
Clupea, 606. 
Clupea (Harengula), 606. 
Clupea (Sardinella), 605. 
Harengula, 606. 
Hilsa, 629. 
Tlisha, 651, 653, 654. 
Pellona, 651, 653. 
Sardinella, 588, 589, 605, 629. 
brachyura, Eulamia, 149, 151, 152, 153, 
154. 
Raia, 356, 388. 
brachyurus, Carcharhinus, 152. 
Carcharias, 151, 152. 
Carcharinus, 151, 52. 
Etmopterus, 246, 248. 
Galeolamnoides, 152. 
bramante, Laeviraja, 365. 
brasiliensis, Clupea, 530, 602. 
Dalatias, 270. 
Isistius, 270. 
Scymnus, 267, 270. 
Seymnus (Secymnus), 270. 
Torpedo, 330. 
braziliensis, Isistius, 270. 
brevicauda, Dasybatus, 435. 
Pastinaca, 435. 
brevicaudata, Bathytoshia, 419. 
brevicaudatus, Dasyatis, 404, 419. 
Dasybatis, 419. 
Dasybatus, 419. 
Nebrius, 68. 
Trygon, 418. 
breviceps, Anodontostoma, 551. 
Chatoessus, 551. 
Engraulis, 686, 691. 
Setipinna, 687, 691. 
Stethochaetus, 691. 
brevicolle, Scyllium, 44. 
brevifilis, Engraulis, 689. 
brevipinna, Aprionodon, 141, 144. 
archarias, 144. 
Carcharias (Aprion), 144. 
Carcharias (Aprionodon), 141, 144. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 144. 
Somniosus, 275, 276, 277. 
Squalus (Aprion), 144. 
brevipinnis, Dalatias, 268. 
Engraulis, 693. 
Scymnorhinus, 268. 
brevirostris, Pristis, 292. 
Squalus, 261. 
brevis, Alosa, 629. 
Dasibatis, 427. 
Dasyatis, 404, 427. 
Dasybatus, 427. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


brevis, Gonorhynchus, 732. 
Hilsa, 629. 
Macrura, 626, 629. 
Trygon, 427 
Brisbania, 519. 
staigeri, 519, 522. 
broussonetti, Carcharhinus, 170. 
browni, Atherina, 696. 
Stolephorus, 704. 
brownii, Engraulis, 703, 707. 
Stolephorus (Stolephorus), 704. 
brucus, Echinorhinus, 277. 
Squalus, 277. 
bruniensis, Centrina, 263. 
Oxynotus, 263. 
brunnea, Narcine, 333, 335. 
brunneus, Scyliorhinus, 51. 
bryoporus, Spratelloides, 580, 581. 
bucculenta, Trygonoptera, 444. 
bucculentus, Urolophus, 440, 443. 
buchanani, Notopterus, 544. 
buergeri, Scyliorhinus, 45. 
bugesiacus, Spathobatis, 305. 
bulan, Clupalosa, 584, 588. 
Clupea, 588, 589. 
Clupea (Harengula), 588. 
Harengula, 585, 588, 589. 
burchelli, Barbus (Pseudobarbus), 784. 
biirgeri, Catulus, 45. 
Halaelurus, 41, 44, 45. 
Scyllium, 41, 44. 
burgerii, Scyllium, 44. 
Buterinus maderaspatensis, 539. 
Butirinis, 528. 
Butirinus, 528. 
glossodonta, 530. 
glossodontus, 530. 
Buturinus, 528. 
Butyrinus, 528. 
bananus, 528, 530. 
vulpes, 528. 
bystricosum, Acanthidium, 239. 


caelatus, Arius, 758. 

Tachysurus, 755, 758, 759. 
caerulea, Meletta, 620. 
caeruleopunctatum, Chiloscyllium, 87, 

88 


caeruleo-vittata, Clupea, 602. 
cacruleus, Squalus, 179. 
calceus, Centrophorus, 233, 239, 240. 
Callirhynchus dasycaudatus, 509. 
Calliscyllium, 196, 197, 199. 
venustum, 196, 199. 
calliura, Rasbora, 812. 
Callorhinchidae, 486, 505. 
Callorhinchoidei, 486, 503. 
callorhinchus, Chimaera, 507. 
Callorhinchus, 506. 
callorynchus, 506, 507. 
capensis, 506, 507. 
milii, 506, 508. 
smythii, 506, 509. 
Callorhincus, 506. 
callorhynchus, Callorhynchus, 508, 509. 
Chimaera, 507. 
Callorhynchus, 506. 


Callorhynchus americanus, 489. 
antarctica, 509. 


antarcticus, 496, 507, 508, 509, 510. 


callorhynchus, 508, 509. 

capensis, 507. 

elephantinus, 508. 

milii, 508. 

millii, 508. 

smythii, 509. 

tasmanius, 509. 
Callorhyncus, 506. 


eallorynchus, Callorhinchus, 506, 507. 


Callorhynchus, 507, 509. 
Chimaera, 506, 507. 
Callorynchus, 560. 
argenteus, 508. 
atlanticus, 490. 
australis, 509. 
callorynchus, 507, 509. 
capensis, 507. 
centrina, 490. 
milii, 508. 
peronii, 508. 
smythii, 509. 
tritoris, 510. 
canescens, Halaelurus, 48. 
Seyllium, 43. 
canicula, Squalus, 34. 
Caninoa, 24. 
chiereghini, 24. 
canis, Galeorhinus, 191. 
Galeous, 190. 
Galeus, 189, 191. 
Mustelus, 202, 204, 208. 
Squalus, 202, 204. 
canius, Plotosus, 745, 749. 
cantoris, Coilia, 713, 715. 
Osteogeneiosus, 772, 773. 
capensis, Astrape, 349. 
Barbus (Cheilobarbus), 784. 
Callorhinchus, 506, 507. 
Callorhynchus, 507. 
Callorynchus, 507. 
Carcharodon, 111. 
Catulus, 35. 
Elops, 525. 
Narcine, 349. 
Narke, 349. 
Raia, 360, 375. 
Raja, 347, 360. 
Seyliorhinus, 35. 


Seyliorhinus (Scyliorhinus), 35. 


Scylliorhinus, 35. 
Torpedo, 349. 
carassius, Cyprinus, 777. 
Carassius, 776, 777. 
auratus, 778. 
Carcarias taeniatus, 156, 158. 
Carcharhinus, 125. 
amblyrhynchos, 154. 
brachyurus, 152. 
broussonetti, 170. 
carcharias, 111. 
cerdale, 162. 
commersonii, 170. 
gangeticus, 168. 
glaucus, 178. 


829 


Carcharhinus heterodon, 170. 


lividus, 170. 
macrurus, 152. 
melanopterus, 159. 
menisorrah, 162. 
natator, 162. 
stevensi, 155. 
ustus, 170. 

verus, 170. 

vulpes, 126. 


earcharias, Carcharhinus, 111. 


Carcharodon, 1106. 
Squalus, 109, 110, 169, 170. 


Carcharias, 119, 255. 


aaronis, 139. 

abbreviatus, 151. 

acronis, 139. 

acutidens, 141. 

(Aprionodon) acutidens, 142. 

acutus, 133, 137. 

(Scoliodon) acutus, 1338, 137. 

aethalorus, 151. 

aethiops, 179. 

albimarginatus, 174. 

(Prionodon) albimarginatus, 174. 

albomarginatus, 189, 174. 

(Prionodon) albomarginatus, 174. 

(Prionodon) amblyrhynchos, 148, 
154. 

amblyrhynehus, 154. 

(Prionace) amboinensis, 171. 

(Prionodon) amboinensis, 171, 173. 

arenarius, 121. 

atwoodi, 111. 

auriculatus, 109. 

bleekeri, 163. 

(Prionodon) bleekeri, 167. 

borneensis, 167. 

(Prionodon) borneensis, 167. 

(Prionodon) brachyrhynchos, 160. 

brachyurus, 151, 152. 

brevipinna, 144. 

(Aprion) brevipinna, 144. 

(Aprionodon) brevipinna, 141, 144. 

(Priondon) brevipinna, 144. 

cerdale, 162. 

erenidens, 138. 

(Seoliodon) ecrenidens, 131, 138. 

cuspidatus, 122. 

(Scolicdon) dumerili, 132. 

dumerilii, 132. 

(Seoliodon) dumerilii, 132. 

dussumieri, 164. 

(Prionodon) dussumieri, 164. 

ehrenbergi, 151. 

elegans, 160. 

ellioti, 175. 

fasciatus, 171. 

(Prionodon) fasciatus, 171, 178, 
187. 

forskalii, 142. 

forskAlii, 142. 

gangeticus, 168. 

(Prionodon) gangeticus, 168. 

glaucus, 179. 

(Prionodon) glaucus, 179. 

gracilis, 179. 


830 


Carcharias griseus, 120. 
hemiodon, 146, 160. 
(Hypoprion) hemiodon, 145, 146. 
(Prionodon) henlei, 160. 
hirundinaceus, 179. 
insularum, 172. 
(Aprion) isodon, 141. 
japonicus, 169, 199. 
(Prionodon) japonicus, 169. 
javanica, 165. 
(Prionodon) javanica, 165. 
kamoharai, 120. 
lamia, 147, 170. 
(Prionodon) lamia, 170. 
lamiella, 171. 
laticaudatus, 140. 
laticaudus, 140. 
(Scoliodon) laticaudus, 140. 
(Prionodon) leucos, 171. 
leucus, 171. 
(Prionodon) leucus, 171. 
limbatus, 150. 
(Prionodon) limbatus, 150. 
macloti, 145. 
(Hypoprion) macloti, 144, 145. 
(Scoliodon) macrorhynchos, 140. 
(Scoliodon) macrorhynchus, 140. 
macrurus, 148, 152. 
malabaricus, 162. 
maou, 171. 
(Prionodon) maou, 170. 
marianensis, 156, 158. 
melanopterus, 148, 158, 175. 
(Prionace) melanopterus, 159. 
(Priondon) melanopterus, 159. 
menisorah, 162. 
menisorrah, 161. 
(Priondon) menisorrah, 147, 148, 

161. 

microps, 150. 
muelleri, 129. 
miilleri, 129. 
(Prionodon) miilleri, 129, 151. 
munsing, 177. 
(Prionodon) munsing, 177. 
munzingeri, 142. 
murrayi, 175. 
nesiotes, 172. 
obesus, 193, 194. 
(Prionodon) obtusirostris 171. 
owstoni, 120 122. 
(Prionodon) oxyrhynchus, 147. 
palasorra, 137. 
palasorrah, 137. 
(Prionodon) palasorrah, 137. 
pharaonis, 162, 174. 
phoreys, 156. 
playfairii, 147. 
pleurotaenia, 173. 
(Prionodon) pleurotaenia, 166. 
pugae, 179. 
sealei, 167. 
(Prionodon) siamensis, 172, 173. 
sorrah, 156. 
(Prionodon) sorrah, 147, 156. 
(Prionodon) sorrah-kowah, 140. 
sorrakowah, 140. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Carcharias spenceri, 172, 174. 
stevensi, 155. 
taurus, 119, 120. 
temminckii, 176. 
(Prionodon) temminckii, 147, 176. 
tjutjot, 162. 
(Prionodon) tjutjot, 162. 
tricuspidatus, 120, 121. 
vagatus, 134. 
verus, 109. 
walbeemi, 135. 
(Scoliodon) walbeehmi, 134. 
(Scoliodon) walbeehmii, 134. 
walbeemii, 135. 
walbehmii, 135. 
wallbeemii, 135. 
zambesensis, 171. 
(Prionodon) zambezensis, 171, 173. 
Carchariidae, 14, 119. 
Carchariinae, 119. 
Carcharinus, 125. 
(Scoliodon) acutus, 138. 
albimarginatus, 174. 
amblyrhynchus, 154. 
amboinensis, 171. 
brachyurus, 151, 152. 
commersonii, 170. 
cyrano, 190. 
ellioti, 175. 
gangeticus, 168. 
glaucus, 178. 
japonicus, 169. 
lamia, 170. 
latistomus, 157. 
limbatus, 150. 
maou, 171. 
melanopterus, 159. 
(Prionodon) melanopterus, 159. 
menisorrah, 162. 
munsung, 177. 
pleurotaenia, 166. 
sorrah, 156. 
(Prionace) sorrah, 156. 
spallanzani, 163. 
spenceri, 172. 
temminckii, 176. 
tephrodes, 167, 168. 
walbeehmi, 135. 
zambesensis, 171. 
earchariorhynchos, Bagrus, 765. 
Carcharis lamia, 111. 
Carcharodon, 103, 109. 
capensis, 111. 
carcharias, 110. 
rondeletii, 111. 
smithii 
verus, 111. 
Carcharoidei, 14. 
Carcharoles, 109. 
Carcharorhinus, 125. 
carinatum, Stegostoma, 102. 
carnea, Trygon, 413. 
carolinensis, Cestrorhinus, 219. 
carpentariae, Engraulis, 704, 705. 
carpio, Cyprinus, 776, 777. 
Carpio, 776. 
kollarii, 776. 


castaneoides, Plotosus, 748. 
castaneus, Plotosus, 748. 


castelnaui, Harengula, 585, 594, 595. 


Kowala, 594, 595. 
Sardinella, 594. 
cataractae, Barbus, 796. 
Puntius, 786, 796, 797. 
Catastoma, 754. 
nasutum, 754, 765. 
Cathorops, 755. 
Catostoma, 754. 
catulina, Phoreynis, 285. 
catulus, Squalus, 34. 
Catulus, 34. 
analis, 48. 
biirgeri, 45. 
capensis, 35. 
labiosus, 41, 51. 
laticeps, 31. 
spongiceps, 52, 53, 54. 
torazame, 33, 36. 
vulgaris, 34. 
caudaspinosa, Raia, 376. 
Raja, 358, 376. 
caudatus, Alopias, 127. 
Squalus, 89, 90, 91. 
caudimaculata, Rasbora, 812. 
celebica, Anchoviella, 696, 697. 
celebicus, Stolephorus, 697. 
cemiculus, Rhinobatos, 321. 
Rhinobatus, 305. 
Centracion, 15. 
galeatus, 21. 
philippi, 23. 
phillipi, 19. 
zebra, 15, 22. 
centrina, Callorynchus, 490. 
Squalus, 262. 
Centrina, 262. 
bruniensis, 263. 
salviani, 263. 
Centrophorides, 255. 
latidens, 255. 
Centrophorus, 223, 228. 
acus, 243. 
atromarginatus, 244. 
calceus, 233, 239, 240. 
foliaceus, 229, 235. 
granulosus, 229, 231, 235, 267. 
harrissoni, 244. 
hystricosus, 239. 
kaikourae, 229, 2338. 
moluccensis, 229. 
nilsoni, 229, 230. 
plunketi, 225, 228. 
rossi, 229, 232. 
rostratus, 238. 
scalpratus, 229, 235. 
squamulosus, 225. 
steindachneri, 229, 232. 
tessellatus, 229, 230. 
waitei, 229, 234. 
Centroscyllium, 223, 252. 
fabricii, 253. 
nigrum, 252, 253. 
ornatum, 252, 254. 
ritteri, 252, 253. 


INDEX 831 


Centroscyllium ruscosum, 252, 253. 
Centroscymnus, 223. 

coelolepis, 223. 

crepidater, 233. 

fuscus, 224, 225. 

macracanthus, 226. 

owstoni, 224. 

owstonii, 224. 
cepedianus, Galeus, 187. 

Heptranchias, 6. 

Notorynchus, 6. 

Squalus, 6. 
Cephalakompsus, 776, 781. 

pachycheilus, 781. 
Cephaleutherus, 355. 

maculatus, 355. 
Cephaliseyllium isabella isabella, 31. 
Cephalocassis, 754. 

stormi, 754. 
cephaloptera, Raja, 479. 
Cephaloptera, 479. 

eregoodoo, 481. 

giorna, 484. 

japanica, 480. 

japonica, 480. 

kuhlii, 481, 482. 

olfersil, 481. 

stelligera, 484. 

tatraniana, 481. 
Cephalopteram, 479. 
Cephalopterinae, 479. 
Cephalopterus, 479. 

giorna, 483. 

manta, 483, 484. 

vampyrus, 484. 
Cephaloscyllium, 25, 30. 

indicum, 31. 

isabella, 31. 

isabella laticeps, 31. 

isabellum, 30, 31. 

laticeps, 31, 32. 

laticeps forma nascione, 31. 

sabella, 31. 

sufflans, 30, 33. 

umbratile, 30, 32. 
Cephaloscyllum isabella, 31. 
cephalotaenia, Leuciscus, 811. 
Ceratoptera, 483. 

alfredi, 484, 485. 

ehrenbergii, 351, 457, 484. 

johnii, 484. 

lesueurii, 484. 

orissa, 485. 

stelligera, 484. 
cerdale, Carcharhinus, 162. 

Carcharias, 162. 
cervus, Holorhinus, 459, 460. 

Myliobatis, 460. 
Cestracion, 15, 211. 

amboinensis, 23. 

blochi, 221. 

blochii, 221. 

(Zygaena) blochii, 221. 

francisci, 15. 

galeatus, 15. 

heterodontus, 17. 

japonicus, 18. 


832 


Cestracion leeuwenii, 215. 
(Zygaena) leeuwenii, 215. 
lewini, 215. 
mokarran, 214. 
(Zygaena) mokarran, 214. 
oceanica, 216, 220. 
pantherinus, 15. 
philipi, 17. 
philippi, 17, 19. 
philippii, 17, 23. 
phillippi, 17. 
tiburo, 212. 
tudes, 213, 216. 
(Zygaena) tudes, 213. 
zebra, 15) 22. 
zygaena, 218. 
zygoena, 218. 

Cestrohinus, 211. 
carolinensis, 219. 
pictus, 219. 

cetaceus, Squalus, 114. 

Ceteorhinus, 113. 

chacunda, Anodontostoma, 549, 550. 
Chatoessus, 549. 
Clupanodon, 549. 
Dorosoma, 550. 

Chaenogaleus, 182. 

chaetirhamphus, Anteliochimaera, 504, 

505. 

Harriotta, 505. 
Chatoessus erebi, 553. 
champil, Alausa, 634, 639. 

Clupea, 634. 

Pellona, 634. 
champole, Clupanodon, 549. 
Chanidae, 518, 536. 
chanos, Chanos, 537. 

Lutodeira, 537. 

Lutodera, 537. 

Mugil, 537. 

Chanos, 536. 
arabicus, 536, 539. 
chanos, 537. 
chloropterus, 539. 
cyprinella, 539. 
gardineri, 540. 
lubina, 539. 
mento, 539. 
mossambicus, 540. 
nuchalis, 539. 
oriental, 539. 
orientalis, 539. 
pala, 539. 
salmoneus, 538. 
salmonoides, 539. 

chanpole, Anodontostoma, 549. 
Chatoessus, 549, 556. 
Clupanodon, 549. 

chapra, Alausa, 634. 

Alosa, 627, 634. 

Clupanodon, 634. 

Clupea, 632, 634. 

Gudusia, 634. 

Sardinella, 634. 
Charcharias borneensis, 167. 
Charcharinus, 135. 

acutus, 138. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Charcharius melanopterus, 159. 
charmuth, Macropteronotus, 735. 
Chatoessus altus, 556. 
aquosus, 560. 
breviceps, 551. 
chacunda, 549. 
chanpole, 549, 556. 
chrysopterus, 558. 
come, 552. 
cortius, 548. 
elongatus, 554. 
erebi, 553. 
horni, 553. 
maculatus, 558. 
manmina, 548. 
manminna, 548. 
modestus, 547, 548. 
nasus, 553, 555, 558. 
osbecki, 557. 
punctatus, 557, 558, 559. 
richardsoni, 553. 
selangkat, 551, 556. 
tampo, 550. 
triza, 558. 
Chatoesus come, 552. 
chefuensis, Engraulis, 672. 
Cheilobarbus, 784. 
Cheloscyllium furvum, 78. 
chiereghini, Caninoa, 24. 
Sphyrna, 213. 
Squalus, 24. 
chilense, Scyllium, 44. 
chilensis, Galeus, 191. 
Scylliorhinus, 44. 
Chiloscyllium, 67, 77, 80, 81. 
barbatus, 96. 
cacruleopunctatum, 87, 88. 
(Synchismus) colax, 89. 
expolitum, 72. 
freycineti, 84. 
furvum, 78. 
fuscum, 78. 
griseum, 86, 88. 
hasseltii, 88. 
indicum, 86, 88, 89. 
indicum var. obscura, 87, 88. 
indicum var. obscurum, 88. 
indicum var. phymatodes, 91. 
indicum var. plagiosa, 87. 
indicum var. plagiosum, 87. 
malaianum, 84. 
margaritiferum, 86. 
modestum, 77, 78. 
obscurum, 8&8. 
ocellatum, 79, 81. 
phymatodes, 89, 90. 
plagiosum, 84, 86, 88. 
punctatum, 85, 88. 
trispeculare, 83. 
tuberculatum, 90. 
Chimaera, 487, 488. 
abbreviata, 495. 
affinis, 488, 495. 
africana, 489, 499. 
americana, 489. 
arctica, 490. 
argentea, 489. 


INDEX 


Chimaera australis, 497, 508. 
barbouri, 489, 499. 
borealis, 489. 
callorhinchus, 507. 
callorhynchus, 507. 
callorynchus, 506, 507. 
collei, 496. 
colliaei, 496. 
colliei, 487, 489, 496, 497. 
cristata, 490. 
deani, 489, 500. 
eidolon, 488, 494. 
gilberti, 494. 
jordani, 488, 493, 
media, 496, 497. 
mediterranea, 490. 
mirabilis, 489, 501. 


(Bathyalopex) mirabilis, 487, 501. 


mitsukurii, 488, 489, 498. 


monstrosa, 487, 488, 489, 491, 503. 


monstrosa var. australis, 497. 
novae zealandiae, 489, 497. 
ogilbyi, 489, 501. 

owstoni, 488, 493. 

phantasma, 488, 491, 498. 

plumbea, 495. 

praecisa, 489. 

pseudomonstrosa, 488, 490. 

purpurascens, 493. 

purpurescens, 488, 492, 494, 495. 

spilota, 499. 

tsengi, 502. 

vaillanti, 490. 

waitei, 488, 496. 
Chimaeridae, 486, 487. 
Chimaeroidei, 486, 487. 
chimaeroides, Dipristis, 487. 
Chimaira, 487. 

Chimera, 487. 

Chimoera, 487. 

chindrakee, Trygon, 406, 436. 
chinensis, Acipenser, 514, 516. 

Acipenser (Acipenser), 516. 

Albula, 528. 

Anchoviella, 696, 706. 

Engraulis, 706. 

Pristigaster, 651, 662. 

Raia, 385. 

Raja, 385. 

Zunasia, 662. 
Chinocentrus dorab, 726. 
Chirocentridae, 518, 723. 
chirocentrus, Esox, 726. 
Chirocentrus, 724. 

darab, 726. 

dorab, 724, 726. 

dorab vorax, 726, 727. 

hypselosoma, 727. 

nudus, 724, 727. 

Chitala, 543. 
chitala, Mystus, 543, 544. 

Notopterus, 543, 544. 
Chlamydoselache, 12. 
Chlamydoselachidae, 4, 12. 
Chlamydoselachus, 12, 13. 

anguinea, 13. 

anguineus, 12, 


833 


Chlarias, 735. 
batrachus, 737. 
fuscus, 741. 
leiacanthus, 740. 
chloropterus, Chanos, 539. 
Lutodeira, 539. 
Choetomus, 712, 713, 719. 
playfairii, 712, 720. 
chondropterygius, Arius, 759. 
Chondrostei, 511. 
Chrossorhinus, 92. 
lobatus, 96. 
chrysopterus, Chatoessus, 558. 
chrysostigma, Leptonurus, 712, 714. 
chrysotaenia, Harengula, 639. 
cinereus, Heptranchias, 9. 
Monopterhinus, 9. 
Notidanus, 9. 
Odontaspis, 120. 
Squalus, 5, 9. 
Jinetodus, 755. 
circularis, Raia, 356. 
Raja, 389 
cirratus, Pristiophorus, 280, 282. 
Pristiphorus, 280. 
Pristis, 279, 280. 
Squalus, 67, 68. 
citrhata, Pristis, 280. 
cirrhatus, Pristiophorus, 280, 282. 
Pristis, 280. 
Cirrhigaleus, 255, 257, 262. 
barbifer, 255, 262. 
Cirrhiscyllium, 72, 77, 78. 
Cirrhoseyllium, 67, 72. 
expolitum, 72. 
cirrosus, Squalus, 102. 
Clarias, 634, 735, 743. 
abbreviatus, 741. 
assamensis, 738. 
batrachus, 735, 736, 737, 738, 741, 
742. 
brachysoma, 739. 
dussumieri, 735, 742. 
fuscus, 735, 738, 741. 
gilli, 736. 
hexacicinnus, 741. 
jagur, 737. 
leiacanthus, 735, 739. 
liacanthus, 739. 
macrocephalus, 740. 
magur, 737. 
marpus, 734. 
meladerma, 742. 
melanoderma, 742. 
melanosoma, 742. 
melasoma, 742. 
nieuhofi, 735. 
nieuhofii, 736. 
olivaceus, 738. 
pentapterus, 736. 
pulicaris, 741. 
punctatus, 738. 
teijsmanni, 735, 738. 
teysmanni, 739. 
Clariidae, 734. 
Clarius, 735. 
clavata, Dasybatis, 360, 


834 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


clavata, Pristis, 291, 294. 

Raia, 360. 

Raja, 355, 356, 357, 360. 
clemensi, Barbodes, 796. 

Puntius, 786, 796, 797. 
Clupalosa, 584, 585, 587. 

bulan, 584, 588. 
Clupanadon jussieu, 601. 

nasus, 556. 

osbecki, 557. 

punctatus, 560. 
Clupanodon, 547, 556. 557. 

chacunda, 549. 

champole, 549. 

chanpole, 549. 

chapra, 634. 

cortius, 548. 

ilisha, 633. 

jussieu, 556, 611. 

maculatus, 558. 

manminna, 548. 

melanostictus, 622. 

motius, 655. 

nasica, 556. 

nasus, 556. 

neopilchardus, 624. 

paihoensis, 558. 

punctatus, 557, 559. 560. 

sinensis, 615, 631. 

thrissa, 557, 560. 
Clupea, 578, 579. 

advena, 623. 

affinis, 661. 

albella, 605. 

allecia, 602, 603. 

antipodum, 580, 581.. 

argyrotaenia, 567, 568, 639. 


(Clupeoides) argyrotaenia, 639. 


(Leiogaster) argyrotaenia, 639. 
argyrotaeniata, 561, 568. 
atricauda, 615. 

(Harengula) atricauda, 615. 
auro-vittata, 602. 

baelama, 669, 683. 

bassensis, 579, 580, 583. 
(Pomolobus) bassensis, 583. 
bipunctata, 590, 617. 
boelama, 683. 

(Clupeoides) borneensis, 636. 
brachysoma, 606. 

(Harengula) brachysoma, 606. 
(Sardinella) brachysoma, 605. 
brasiliensis, 530, 602. 

bulan, 588, 589. 

(Harengula) bulan, 588. 
caeruleo-vittata, 602. 
champil, 634. 

chapra, 632, 634. 

clupeoides, 619. 
(Amblygaster) clupeoides, 619. 
(Sardinella) clupeoides, 619. 
commersonii, 615. 

coval, 638. 

cultrata, 579. 

eyprinoides, 519. 

delicatula, 562. 

dentex, 726. 


Clupea desmaresti, 602. 


dispilonotus, 585. 

(Harengula) dispilonotus, 586. 
dorab, 724. 

(Harengula) dubia, 591. 
encrasicholus, 692. 

exile, 612. 

fimbriata, 609, 612, 619. 
(Harengula) fimbriata, 610, 619. 
(Sardinella) fimbriata, 610. 
flosmaris, 563. 

gibbosa, 612. 

(Harengula) gibbosa, 612. 
(Spratella) gibbosa, 608, 612. 
gracilis, 561, 567. 

harengus, 579, 580. 

harengus var. pallasi, 580. 
holodon, 581. 

huae, 639. 

hypselosoma, 595, 606. 
(Harengula) hypselosoma, 606. 
ilisha, 627, 633. 

(Alosa) ilisha, 633. 
immaculata, 623. 

indica, 634. 

inermis, 580. 

isingleena, 598. 

jussieui, 611. 

kanagurta, 627. 

(Alosa) kanagurta, 627. 

kelee, 626, 627. 

(Harengula) konigsbergeri, 587. 
kowal, 588, 598, 607, 635, 638. 
(Clupalosa) kowal, 588, 607. 
(Harengula) kowal, 638. 
kowala, 607. 

kunzei, 591. 

(Harengula) kunzei, 591. 
kunzii, 591. 

latulus, 597. 

leiogaster, 617. 

(Amblygaster) leiogaster, 617. 
(Sardinella) leiogaster, 617. 
(Alosa) leiogastroides, 617. 
(Sardinella) leiogastroides, 617. 
lemuru, 602. 

(Harengula) lemuru, 602. 
(Sardinella) lemuru, 602. 
(Clupanodon) libertatis, 558. 
lile, 639. 

longiceps, 602, 603. 
(Harengula) longiceps, 602, 603. 
macassariensis, 563. 
macrocephala, 528, 531. 
macrolepis, 580, 582. 
macrophthalma, 584. 
macroura, 632. 

macrura, 632. 

(Alosa.) macrura, 632. 
malabar, 671. 

malabarica, 671. 

malabaricus, 671. 

mauritiana, 550. 

melanosticta, 622. 
melanostoma, 648, 652, 659, 662. 
melanura, 584, 596, 614. 
(Alausa) melanura, 597. 


INDEX 


Clupea (Harengula) melanura, 596, 614. 


(Harengula) melanurus, 596. 
(Paralosa) melanurus, 597. 
micropus, 574, 576. 
mirabilis, 580, 581. 

mizun, 592. 

moluccensis, 591. 
(Harengula) moluccensis, 591. 
motius, 655. 

muelleri, 582. 

miilleri, 580, 582. 
mystacina, 680. 

mystax, 675, 677. 

mystus, 712, 719. 

nasus, 552, 555. 

neohowii, 603. 
neopilchardus, 624. 
(Clupanodon) neopilchardus, 624. 
novae hollandiae, 641. 
nymphaea, 599. 

ocellata, 622. 

ogura, 615. 

okinavensis, 619, 620. 
otaitensis, 615. 

ovalis, 592. 

palasah, 630, 633. 

(Alosa) palasah, 633. 
harengus var. pallasi, 580. 
pallasii, 579, 580. 
perforata, 607. 

(Harengula) perforata, 607. 
(Spratella) perforata, 607. 
phasa, 686, 688. 
pilchardus, 620. 

pinguis, 616, 617. 
(Harengula) pinguis, 617. 
platygaster, 629. 

(Alosa) platygaster, 629. 
(Clupeoides) potamophilus, 637. 
profundis, 591. 

punctata, 589, 617. 

purava, 677. 
quadrimaculata, 590. 
ranelayi, 592. 

rechingeri, 597. 

reevesii, 630. 

richmondi, 640. 
richmondia, 640. 

sagax, 622, 625. 

schlegelii, 580, 583. 
(Harengula) schrammi, 594. 
(Meletta) schrammi, 593. 
sinensis, 631. 

(Alausa) sinensis, 631. 
sirm, 616. 

(Amblygaster) sirm, 616. 
soborna, 644. 

spratellides, 642. 

sprattus, 625. 

sprattus var. antipodum, 581. 
stolifera, 584. 

suhia, 634. 

sundaica, 595. 

(Harengula) sundaica, 615. 
synura, 546. 

telara, 686, 688. 

tembang, 612. 


835 


Clupea (Harengula) thoracata, 638. 
thrissa, 556, 557. 
thrissoides, 521. 
toli, 631. 

(Alausa) toli, 632. 
(Alosa) toli, 632. 
torresiensis, 592. 
variegata, 635. 
venenosa, 590, 594. 
(Harengula) venenosa, 590. 
vittargentea, 696, 7038. 
vittata, 642. 

zeunasi, 607. 

zunasi, 598, 607. 
(Alausa) zunasi, 598. 

Clupeichthys, 644, 647. 
gonignathus, 644, 647. 

Clupeidae, 518, 578. 

Clupeinae, 578. 

Clupeoidei, 518. 

clupeoides, Amblygaster, 601. 
Clupea, 619. 

Clupea (Amblygaster), 619. 
Clupea (Sardinella), 619. 
Coilia, 719). 722. 

Mystus, 712, 719. 

Sardinella, 563, 601, 619, 620. 

Clupeoides, 635, 636. 
borneensis, 635, 636. 
exilis, 637. 
hueensis, 639. 
hypselosoma, 637. 
lile, 639. 
macassariensis, 563. 
papuensis, 636. 
pseudopterus, 645. 
venulosus, 688. 

Clupeonia, 601. 
blochii, 627. 
commersoni, 615. 
commersonil, 615. 
fasciata, 612. 
jussieu, 611. 
jussieui, 611. 
jussioei, 611. 
perforata, 607. 
vittata, 596. 

clupevides, Amblygaster, 619. 

Clupisudinae, 532. 

Clupisudis, 532. 

clypeaster, Arius, 759. 

clypeastroides, Arius, 759. 

Cnidoglanis, 744, 751. 
nudiceps, 751. 

Cobitis gonorynchus, 732. 

coelatoides, Arius, 759. 

coelatus, Arius, 759. 

coelolepis, Centroscymnus, 223. 

Coila borneensis, 718. 
dussumieri, 714. 
lindmani, 723. 
macrognathus, 721. 

Coilia, 667, 712, 713. 
borneensis, 713, 717. 
(Coilia) borneensis, 718. 
brachygnathus, 720. 
cantoris, 713, 715. 


836 


Coilia clupeoides, 719, 722. 
coomansi, 713, 717. 
dussumieri, 713, 714. 
dussumierii, 714. 
(Coilia) dussumierii, 714. 
ectenes, 720. 
grayi, 722. 
(Chaetomus) grayi, 722. 
grayii, 713, 720, 722. 
hamiltoni, 673, 716. 
hamiltonii, 712, 716. 
lindmani, 723. 
(Chaetomus) lindmani, 723. 
lindmanni, 713, 723. 
macrognathos, 713, 721 
macrognathus, 721. 
(Chaetomus) macrognathus, 721. 
macrognathus aequidentata, 721. 
melanochir, 687. 
mystus, 713, 719. 
nasus, 720. 
pfeifferi, 692. 
playfairii, 720. 
polyfilis, 713, 717. 
quadragesimalis, 712, 713. 
quadrifilis, 714. 
(Coilia) quadrifilis, 714. 
ramcarati, 713, 716. 
rebentischi, 719. 
(Coilia) rebentischi, 719. 
rebentischii, 713, 719. 
reijnaldi, 715. 
rendahli, 713, 716. 
reynaldi, 713, 715, 718. 
(Coilia) reynaldi, 718. 
Coiliinae, 667. 
colax, Chiloscyllium (Synchismus), 89. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 8 
Squalus, 89. 
colcloughi, Brachaelurus, 77, 78, 79. 
Brachaelurus (Heteroscyllium), 79. 
Heteroscyllium, 79. 
collare, Parascyllium, 74, 77. 
collei, Chimaera, 496. 
Collia, 712. 
nasus, 720. 
colliaei, Chimaera, 496. 
colliei, Chimaera, 487, 489, 496, 497. 
Hydrolagus, 496. 
collingwoodi, Barbus, 803. 
Puntius, 786, 803. 
colombinus, Monopterhinus, 11. 
columnae, Raia (Syrrhina), 311. 
Rhinobatus, 302, 309, 311, 
313, 314. 
Rhyncobatus, 310. 
come, Chatoessus, 552. 
Chatoesus, 552. 
Dorosoma, 553. 
Nematalosa, 552, 553, 555. 
commersoni, Clupeonia, 615. 
Harengula, 615. 
Stolephorus, 703. 
Commersonian atherine, 703. 
commersoniana, Anchovia, 703. 


312, 


commersonianus, Engraulis, 561, 695, 


703 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


commersonianus, Stolephorus, 703. 
commersonii, Anchovia, 703, 707, 710. 

Anchoviella, 696, 702, 703. 

Carcharhinus, 170. 

Carcharinus, 170. 

Clupea, 615. 

Clupeonia, 615. 

Engraulis, 703. 

Eulamia, 170. 

Pimelodus, 754. 

Scutengraulis, 703. 

Squalus, 170. 

Stolephorus, 703. 
commersonnii, Anchovia, 703. 

Anchoviella, 703. 
communis, Galeus, 191. 
compressa, Anchoviella, 666. 
compressus, Engraulis, 666. 
concolor, Ginglymostoma, 69, 70. 

Nebrius, 67, 68, 70, 71. 

Nebrodes, 70. 
Conoporoderma, 37. 
Conorhynchos, 528. 
conorhynchus, Albula, 530. 
Conorhynchus glossodon, 530. 
conorhyncus, Albula, 530. 
conorynchus, Albula, 530. 
cookei, Echinorhinus, 278. 
coomansi, Coilia, 713, 717. 
cooperi, Raja, 393. 

Copidoglanis albilabris, 752. 
copii, Hyperlophus, 642, 643. 
Corica, 579, 644. 

argentata, 644. 

bleekeri, 644, 646, 647. 

goniognathus, 644, 647. 

(Clupeichthys) goniognathus, 647. 

lacinata, 644, 646. 

papuensis, 636, 637. 

perakensis, 644, 645. 

pseudopterus, 645. 

(Corica) pseudopterus, 645. 

soborna, 644, 646. 
corinus, Hexanchus, 11. 
cornubica, Lamna, 107, 109. 

Squalus, 107. 
cornubicus, Isurus, 108. 

Squalus, 107. 
cornuta, Myliobatis, 463. 
cornutus, Myliobatis, 463. 
coromandelicus, Rhinobatus, 318. 
cortius, Chatoessus, 548. 

Clupanodon, 548. 
Cossyphus, 735. 

ater, 735, 738. 
coval, Clupea, 638. 

Kowala, 636, 638. 
crassilabris, Hemipimelodus, 773. 
crenidens, Carcharias, 138. 

Carcharias (Scoliodon), 131, 138. 

Eulamia, 139. 

Rhizoprion, 131. 

Rhizoprionodon, 139. 
crepidater, Centroscymnus, 233. 
crinalis, Bagrus, 758. 
cristata, Chimaera, 490. 
crocodilus, Engraulis, 667. 


INDEX 837 


crocodilus, Engraulis (Lycothrissa), 667. | Daemomanta alfredi, 484. 


Lycothrissa, 667. 
crooki, Gymnura, 450, 455. 
crossocheilus, Arius, 768. 

Tachysurus, 756, 758. 
Crossorhinus, 92. 

barbatus, 93, 94, 96, 97. 

dasypogon, 92, 97, 99. 

lobatus, 94. 

ornatus, 93. 

tentaculatus, 98. 
crozieri, Trygon, 430. 
cruciata, Raja, 439, 442. 
eruciatus, Leiobatus, 442. 

Urolophus, 440, 441, 442. 
ctenolepis, Alausa, 632. 
cucuri, Prionodon, 150. 
cultrata, Clupea, 579. 
eundinga, Cyprinodon, 521. 

Hlops, 521. 
curtifilis, Megalops, 522. 
cuspidata, Pristis, 296. 
cuspidatus, Carcharias, 122. 

Pristis, 291, 296. 
cuvier, Galeocerdo, 186. 

Squalus, 51, 52, 186. 
cuvieri, Thryssa, 691. 
cuvieria, Raja, 360. 
cyanotaenia, Leuciscus, 815. 
Cyclonarce, 332. 
Cyclospondyli, 4, 222. 
eyclostomus, Rhina, 299. 
eyclurus, Myliobatus, 465. 
Cycocephalus, 109. 

Cynais, 202. 
Cynias, 202. 

griseus, 206. 

kanekonis, 202. 

manazo, 206. 

mustelus, 206. 
cyprinella, Chanos, 539. 
Cyprinidae, 775. 
Cyprininae, 776. 
Cyprinodon cundinga, 521. 
cyprinoides, Elops, 521. 

Megalops, 519, 520. 
Cyprinopsis, 777. 
Cyprinus, 776. 

auratus, 777, 778. 

barbus, 784. 

carassius, 777. 

carpio, 776, 777. 

elanga, 811. 

fossicola, 777. 

gonorhynchus, 732. 

gonorynchus, 728, 732. 

pala, 539. 

sophore, 784. 

tolo, 539. 
eyrano, Carcharinus, 190. 


dabryanus, Acipenser, 513, 414, 516. 


Acipenser (Acipenser), 516. 

Acipenser (Antaceus), 516. 
dadong, Leiobatus, 436. 

Trygon, 4386. 
Daemomanta, 483. 


daeni, Chimaera, 500. 
dakini, Arengus, 621. 
Heptranchias, 5. 
Sardinops, 621. 
Dalatias, 264, 266, 267. 
americanus, 267. 
(Somniosus) bispinatus, 265. 
brasiliensis, 270. 
brevipinnis, 268. 
licha, 267, 269. 
lichia, 267. 
nocturnus, 267. 
phillippsi, 268. 
sparophagus, 266, 267. 
Dalatiidae, 222, 263. 
Dalatiinae, 264. 
daniconius, Rasbora, 812. 
darab, Chirocentrus, 726. 
Dasibatis, 402. 
brevis, 427. 
lata, 414. 
Dasyatidae, 290, 396. 
Dasyatinae, 396. 
Dasyatis, 355, 396, 401, 404, 420, 443. 
agulhensis, 404, 418. 
akajei, 404, 428. 
aleockii, 403, 411. 
bennetti, 413, 424. 
bennettii, 403, 413. 
bleekeri, 403, 419. 
brevicaudatus, 404, 419. 
brevis, 404, 427. 
favus, 403, 412. 
fluviorum, 402, 404, 422. 
gerrardi, 403, 409, 437. 
granulatus, 404, 437. 
gruveli, 403, 417. 
hawaiensis, 427, 428. 
imbriecatus, 404, 433, 434, 435. 
jenkinsii, 404, 432 
krempfi, 403, 411. 
kuhli, 426. 
kuhlii, 404, 424, 425. 
lata, 414. 
latus, 403, 413, 414. 
marginatus, 404, 433. 
microps, 404, 431. 
microura, 453. 
micrura, 453. 
micrura var. japonicus, 454. 
‘navarrae, 404, 424. 

nudus, 436. 

pastinacus, 404, 420. 
ponapensis, 404, 432. 
purpureus, 403. 

russellii, 407. 

schreineri, 404, 418. 
sciera, 414, 415. 

sephen, -408, 415, 416, 418, 
(Pastinachus) sephen, 416, 
sinensis, 404, 421. 
thetidis, 414. 

thetidus, 402, 414. 
uaranak, 406. 

uarnak, 403, 405, 406, 432. 
ujo, 401, 402. 


838 | BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Dasyatis ushiei, 404, 423. 
uylenburgi, 404, 433. 
varidens, 426. 
walga, 435. 
zugei, 404, 429, 430. 

Dasybatis, 355. 
agulhensis, 418. 
batis, 385. 
brevicaudatus, 419. 
clavata, 360. 
pastinacus, 420. 
purpurea, 403. 
uarnak, 406. 
undulata, 391. 

Dasybatus, 355, 401. 
akajei, 428. 
alcockii, 411. 
bennetti, 413. 
(Pastinachus) bennetti, 413. 
bleekeri, 410. 
(Himanturus) bleekeri, 410. 
brevicauda, 435. 
brevicaudatus, 419. 
brevis, 427. 
favus, 412. 
fluviorum, 422. 
gerrardi, 409. 
(Pastinachus) gruveli, 417. 
imbricatus, 435. 


(Himanturus) imbricatus, 435. 


jenkinsii, 432. 
krempfi, 411. 
(Himanturus) krempfi, 411. 
kuhli, 425. 
kuhlii, 425. 
(Amphotistius) kuhlii, 425. 
latus, 414. 
marginatus, 433. 
microps, 431. 
navarrae, 424. 
pastinacus, 420. 
ponapensis, 432. 
purpurea, 403. 
schreineri, 418. 
sephen, 416. 
(Pastinachus) sephen, 416. 
sinensis, 421. 
uarnak, 406, 411, 412. 
(Himanturus) uarnak, 406. 
varidens, 426, 427. 
zugei, 430. 

dasycaudatus, Callirhynchus, 509. 


dasypogon, Crossorhinus, 92, 97, 99. 


Eucrossorhinus, 99 
Orectolobus, 92, 97, 99. 
dauricus, Acipenser, 513. 
Acipenser (Sterletus), 513. 
Huso, 513. 
dayi, Sardinella, 601, 604, 605. 
deani, Chimaera, 489, 500. 
Heptranchias, 9. 
Deania, 223, 236. 
aciculata, 237, 239. 
eglantina, 236, 237, 240. 
hystricosa, 237, 239. 
natalense, 237, 242. 
profundorum, 237, 241. 


Deania quadrispinosa, 237. 
rostrata, 237, 238. 
Deaniops, 236. 
quadrispinosus, 237. 
decheni, Palaeoscyllium, 34. 
delicatula, Clupea, 562. 
delicatulus, Spratelloides, 562, 566, 591. 
Stolephorus, 562, 564. 
Delsmania, 532, 533. 
Deltaraia, 356. 
Demicoilia, 712. 
margaritifera, 713. 
Demiurga, 298. 
dentata, Raia, 368. 
Raja, 368. 
dentex, Clupea, 726. 
Deratoptera alfredi, 484. 
desmaresti, Clupea, 602. 
Engraulis, 602. 
Desmomanta, 483. 
devisi, Orectolobus, 93. 
Diabolichthys, 483. 
elliotti, 483, 484. 
Diabolicthys, 483. 
diabolus, Mobula, 480. 
Raja, 480. 
Diarobatus, 479. 
Dicerobatis, draco, 482. 
ereegoodoo, 481. 
eregoodoo, 474, 481. 
japonica, 480. 
kuhlii, 481. 
monstrum, 481. 
thurstoni, 482. 
Dicerobatus, 479. 
eregoodoo, 481. 
dichoa, Pellona, 653. 
Didymodus anguineus, 13. 
Dinectus, 512. 
truncatus, 512. 
Dinoctus, 512. 
truncatus, 512. 
Diplomystus novaehollandiae, 641. 
Diplospondyli, 4. 
Dipristis, 487. 
chimaeroides, 487. 
dipterygia, Astrape, 350, 351, 457. 
Astrappe, 350. 
Narce, 351. 
Narcine, 350. 
Narke, 349, 350. 
Rhinobatus, 350. 
Torpedo, 350. 
dipterygius, Narcobatus, 350. 
Dipturus, 355. 
Dirrhizodon, 198. 
elongatus, 193. 
disa, Barbodes, 804. 
Puntius, 786, 804. 
Discobatis marginipinnis, 400. 
sinensis, 329. 
Discobatus schénleinii, 327. 
sinensis, 329. 
Discotrygon, 397. 
marginipinnis, 397, 400. 
dispar, Arius, 756. 
Tachysurus, 755, 756. 


dispilonotus, Clupea, 585. 
Clupéa (Harengula), 586. 
Harengula, 584, 585. 
Sardinella, 586. 

dissimilis, Zygaena, 214. 

ditchela, Ilisha, 648, 650. 
Neosteus, 648. 

Pellona, 648. 
diversicolor, Torpedo, 343. 
Dixonina, 528. 
djeddensis, Rhinobatis, 301. 

Rhinobatus, 301. 

Rhynchobatis, 301. 

Rhynchobatus, 301. 

Rhyncobatus, 301. 

Ryncobatus, 301. 
djettensis, Rhinobatus, 301. 
djiddensis, Raia, 301. 

Raja, 300. 

Rhinobatus, 301. 

Rhynchobatis, 302. 

Rhynchobatus, 300, 301, 304. 
djiddsensis, Rhinobatus, 301. 
dofleini, Scapanorhynchus, 124. 
dollfusi, Harengula, 585, 600. 
dorab, Chinocentrus, 726. 

Chirocentrus, 724, 726. 

Clupea, 724. 
doroides, Arius, 762. 

Bagrus, 762. 

Dorosoma chacunda, 550. 
come, 553. 
nasus, 553, 555. 
punctatum, 559. 
thrissa, 557. 

Dorosomidae, 518, 547. 

dorsalis, Bathythrissa, 541, 542. 
Pastinaca, 435. 

dorsatus, Trygonobatus, 435. 

dowii, Leptarius, 754. 

draco, Dicerobatis, 482. 
Mobula, 482. 

Drepanephorus, 15. 

dubia, Clupea (Harengula), 591. 

dubius, Leiobatis, 448. 

Pristis, 293. 
ductor, Naucrates, 149. 
duhameli, Rhinobatis, 302. 


dumerili, Carcharias (Scoliodon), 132. 


Scoliodon, 132. 
dumerilii, Carcharias, 132. 
Carcharias (Scoliodon), 132. 
Rhinobatos, 305. 
Scoliodon, 132. 
dumerilli, Machephilus, 228. 
durbanensis, Hilsa, 628. 
Macrura, 626, 628. 
Paralosa, 626, 628. 
Raja, 358, 378. 
dusonensis, Leuciscus, 815. 
dussumieri, Carcharias, 164. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 164 
Clarias, 735, 742. 
Coila, 714. 
Coilia, 7138, 714. 
Coilia (Coilia), 714. 
Engraulis, 681, 714. 
156861—41——_54 


INDEX 


839 


dussumieri, Eulamia, 150, 163, 164, 167. 
Pellona, 659. 
Prionodon, 164. 
Squalus (Carcharinus), 164. 
Thrissocles, 670, 681. 
dussumieria, Anchovia, 681. 
Dussumieria, 561, 570. 
acuta, 570, 573. 
elopsoides, 571, 573. 
hasselti, 572. 
hasseltii, 570, 572. 
productissima, 570. 
dussumierii, Coilia, 714. 
Engraulis, 681. 


eastmani, Galeus, 26. 
Pristiurus, 26. 
eatoni, Raja, 356, 364. 
ecarinata, Lamna, 121. 
Kcheneis, 149. 
echinatum, Leiodon, 275, 276. 
Echinorhininae, 264. 
Echinorhinus, 264, 277. 
brucus, 277. 
cookei, 278. 
mecoyi, 277. 
(Rubusqualus) mecoyi, 278. 
obesus, 278. 
spinosus, 278. 
ectenes, Coilia, 720. 
edentula, Raja, 473. 
edentulus, Squalus, 208. 
edwardsii, Haploblepharus, 64, 65. 
Scyliorhinus, 64. 
Seyllium, 64. 
eeltenkee, Myliobatis, 473. 
eglantina, Acanthidium, 240. 
Deania, 236, 237, 240. 
eglantinum, Acanthidium, 240. 
ehrenbergi, Carcharias, 151. 
Manta, 484. 
ehrenbergii, Ceratoptera, 351, 457, 484. 
Manta, 484. 
eidolon, Chimaera, 488, 494. 
Psychichthys, 494. 
elanga, Cyprinus, 811. 
Elasmobranchiil, 3, 4. 
elberti, Rasbora, 813. 
elegans, Carcharias, 160. 
elephantinus, Callorhynchus, 508. 
elephas, Squalus, 114. 
Eleutherocephalus, 355. 
ellioti, Carcharias, 175. 
Carcharinus, 175. 
Eulamia, 150, 175. 
¥ lanerecep Balle: 450, 457. 


Trygon, 407. 
elliotti, Diabolichthys, 483, 484. 
Ellops, 512. 


elongata, Alosa, 661. 
Tlisha, 652, 661. 
Nematalosa, 552, 554, 555. 
Pellona, 661. 

elongatus, Aellopos, 305. 
Barbus, 799. 
Chatoessus, 554. 
Dirrhizodon, 193. 
Hemipristis, 193. 


840 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


elongatus, Puntius, 800. 
Elopidae, 518. 
Elops, 519, 524. 
apalike, 522. 
australis, 526, 527. 
capensis, 525. 
cundinga, 521. 
cyprinoides, 521. 
glossodontus, 530. 
hawaiensis, 526, 527. 
hawailiensis, 526. 
indicus, 525. 
javanicus, 573, 617. 
lacerta, 527. 
machnata, 525, 527. 
purpurascens, 526. 
saurus, 524. 
elopsoides, Dussumieria, 571, 573. 
emarginatus, Pristobatus, 297. 
Emissola, 188. 
Encheloclarias, 743. 
tapeinopterus, 743. 
encrasicholoides, Anchovia, 684. 
Engraulis, 684, 686. 
Stolephorus, 684. 
Stolephrus (Engraulis), 684. 
encrasicholus, Clupea, 692. 
Engraulis, 693, 702, 707. 
Encrasicholus, 692, 696. 
Engraulidae, 518, 666. 
Engraulinae, 667. 
Engraulis, 667, 692. 
albus, 707. 
antarcticus, 693. 
antipodum, 693. 
apiensis, 704. 
auratus, 681. 
australis, 693. 
baelama, 684. 
balaema, 684. 
bahiensis, 531. 
balinensis, 707. 
boelama, 672, 683. 
breviceps, 686, 691. 
brevifilis, 689. 
brevipinnis, 693. 
brownii, 763, 707. 
carpentariae, 704, 705. 
chefuensis, 672. 
chinensis, 706. 
commersonianus, 567, 695, 703. 
commersonii, 703. 
compressus, 666. 
crocodilus, 667. 
(Lycothrissa) crocodilus, 667. 
desmaresti, 602. 
dussumieri, 681, 714. 
dussumierii, 681. 
encrasicholus, 693, 702, 707. 


encrasicholus yar. antipodum, 693. 


encrassicholoides, 684, 686. 
evermanni, 685. 

grayi, 674. 

hamiltoni, 673, 676, 681, 682. 
hamiltonii, 673, 676, 682. 
(Coilia) hamiltonii, 716. 
heteroloba, 698. 


Engraulis heterolobus, 693, 698. 


holodon, 701. 

hornelli, 677, 678. 
indica, 706, 707. 
indicus, 706. 
japonica, 694, 695, 706. 
japonicus, 694. 
kammalensis, 672. 
kammelensis, 672. 
koreanus, 704. 
macrops, 685. 
macropus, 685. 
malabaricus, 671. 
maui, 693. 
meilanochir, 687. 
mystacoides, 676, 682. 
mystax, 675, 678, 681. 
mystus, 719. 

nasutus, 711. 
nesogallicus, 684. 
perfasciatus, 696. 
pfeifferi, 691. 
polynemoides, 684, 685. 
poorawah, 674, 676, 677. 
purava, 677, 678. 
purpureus, 700. 
rhinorhynchos, 672. 
rhinorhynchus, 672. 
rhinorrhynchus, 672. 
ringens, 695. 

russellii, 707. 

samam, 677. 

samam inam, 707. 
scratchleyi, 670. 
sericus, 531. 
setirostris, 679. 
(Thrissa) setirostris, 679. 
taty, 689. 

(Telara) taty, 690. 
telara, 688, 689. 
telaroides, 690. 
tenuifilis, 690. 

tri, 709. 

valenciennes, 682. 
valenciennesi, 682. 
vitirostris, 678. 
zollingeri, 700. 


Enteromius, 784. 


potamogalis, 784. 


Entoxychirus, 223, 242, 243. 


acus, 243. 

armatus, 243, 245. 
atromarginatus, 243, 244. 
harrissoni, 243, 244. 
uyatus, 242. 


Entoxychyrus, 242. 
Eopristis, 291. 
ephippiatus, Trygonobatus, 442. 


Urolophus, 442. 


episcopus, Myliobates, 469. 
Epsilonraia, 356. 

equestris, Mustelus, 205. 
erebi, Chaetoessus, 553. 


Nematalosa, 553. 


ereegoodoo, Dicerobatis, 481. 
eregoodoo, Cephaloptera, 481. 


Dicerobatis, 474, 481. 


INDEX 


eregoodoo, Dicerobatus, 481. 
Mobula, 481. 
eregoodoo-tenke, Mobula, 481. 
eregoodoo-tenkee, Mobula, 481. 
Raia, 480. 
Eridacnis, 129, 200. 
radcliffei, 200. 
erythraea, Zygaena, 219, 220. 
erythrocheilos, Albula, 531. 
esocinus, Luciobarbus, 784. 
Esomus, 818. 
Esox argenteus, 530. 
chirocentrus, 726. 
vulpes, 528, 529. 
esunculus, Atopichthys, 528. 
Esunculus, 528. 
costei, 528. 
Etaraia, 356. 

Etmopterinae, 223. 
Etmopterus, 223, 237, 246, 250. 
brachyurus, 246, 248. 
frontimaculatus, 249. 

granulosus, 231. 
lucifer, 246, 249. 
pusillus, 246, 249. 
spinax, 246, 251. 
villosus, 246, 250. 
Etrumeus, 561, 574, 576. 
albulina, 574, 575. 
jacksonensis, 577. 
jacksoniensis, 575, 576. 
micropus, 575, 576. 
Eucrossorhinus, 92, 99. 
dasypogon, 99. 
Eugaleus, 188. 
australis, 189. 
galeus, 190. 
japonicus, 192. 
Eugomphodus, 119. 
Eulamia, 128, 131, 145, 147, 150, 168, 
210. 
ahenea, 149, 153. 
albimarginata, 150, 174. 
albomarginata, 174. 
amblyrhynchos, 149, 154, 156. 
amboinensis, 171. 
brachyura, 149, 151, 152, 158, 154. 
commersonii, 170. 
crenidens, 139. 
dussumieri, 150, 163, 164, 167. 
ellioti, 150, 175. 
fasciata, 171. 
gangetica, 150, 168, 
gangetiocus, 168. 
japonica, 169. 
lamia, 150, 169. 
limbata, 149, 156. 
limbatus, 150. 
macrura, 149, 152. 
maou, 171. 
marianensis, 157. 
melanoptera, 150, 158, 160. 
melanopterus, 159. 
menisorrah, 150, 161, 162. 
munsing, 150, 177. 
natator, 162. 
odontaspis, 194. 


841 


ee (Platypodon) platyrhynchus, 
Ay 172. 
pleurotaenia, 150, 163, 166. 
plumbea, 173. 
sealei, 167. 
sorrah, 149, 156. 
spallanzani, 150, 168. 
stevensi, 149, 155. 
temminckii, 150, 176. 
tephrodes, 150, 167. 
Eunarce, 342. 
Euplatygaster, 651, 652. 
Euprotomicrus, 264. 
bispinatus, 264, 265. 
hyalinus, 265. 
labordei, 265. 
labordii, 265. 
laticaudus, 264, 266. 
Euryarthra, 305. 
munsteri, 305. 
Eusphyra, 211, 212, 221. 
blochii, 222. 
euxina, Sardinella, 602. 
everetti, Nematabramis, 817, 818. 
Rasbora, 815. 
evermanni, Anchovia, 684. 
Engraulis, 685. 
exile, Clupea, 612. 
Kowala, 635, 637. 
exilis, Clupeoides, 637. 
Exoles, 107. 
expansus, Plethodus, 487. 
Urolophus, 440, 446. 
expolitum, Chiloscyllium, 72. 
Cirrhoscyllium, 72. 
extensus, Stolephorus, 702. 


fabricii, Centroscyllium, 253. 
Spinax, 252. 

fabroniana, Raja, 479. 

fai, Himantura, 409. 

fairchildi, Narcacion, 345. 
Narcobatus, 345. 
Torpedo, 342, 345. 

falearius, Arius, 757, 758, 766. 
Tachysurus, 758. 

falsavela, Raja, 389. 

fasciata, Clupeonia, 607. 
EKulamia, 171. 
Raja, 326, 468. 
Sardinella, 612. 
Trigonorhina, 326. 
Trigonorrhina, 326. 
Trygonorhina, 325. 
Trygonorrhina, 325, 326. 

fasciatum, Stegostoma, 100. 
Stegastoma (Scyllium), 100. 

fasciatus, Carcharias, 171. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 187. 
Galeocerdo, 187. 
Rhinobatus, 326. 
Scyliorhinus, 100. 
Squalus, 99, 100. 
Stegostoma, 100. 

faujasii, Ptychacanthus 

rus), 458. 
favus, Dasyatis, 403, 412. 


(Pty chopleu- 


842 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


favus, Dasybatus, 412. 
Trygon, 412. 

feliceps, Galeichthys, 754. 

felis, Silurus, 754. 

fernandezianus, Squalus, 260. 


fernandinus, Squalus, 256, 257. 260. 


ferox, Leius, 269, 270. 
Notidanus, 9. 
Odontaspis, 24. 
Squalus, 119. 
ferrugineum, Ginglymostoma, 69. 
Paraseyllium, 74. 77. 
Scyllium, 69. 
ferrugineus, Nebrius, 68, 69. 
Figaro, 25, 26, 28. 
boardmani 28. 
fijiensis, Harengula, 584, 599, 600. 
filamentosus, Megalops, 519, 521. 
filicaudatus, Aetobatus, 473. 
filigera, Ilisha, 652, 658. 
Pellona, 658. 
fimbriata, Alausa, 623. 
Clupea, 609, 612, 619. 
Clupea (Harengula), 610, 619. 
Clupea (Sardinella), 610. 
Harengula, 610. 
Raia, 483. 
Sardinella, 601, 609, 610. 
Spratella, 609, 612, 623. 
Fimbriotorpedo 341. 
firma, Narcine, 335, 336. 
flagellum, Aetobates, 473. 
Aetobatis, 473. 
Aetobatus, 473. 
Raia, 473. 
Raja, 471. 
flavifuscus, Barbodes, 798. 
Puntius, 786, 798. 
flosmaris, Clupea, 563. 
fluviatilis, Raia, 435. 
fluviorum, Dasyatis, 402, 404, 422. 
Dasybatus, 422. 
Toshia, 442. 
foliaceus, Centrophorus, 229, 235. 
Lepidorhinus, 236. 
formosensis, Rhinobatos, 305, 307. 
Rhinobatus, 307. 
formosum, Osteoglossum, 532, 533. 
formosus, Scleropages, 533. 
forskalii, Carcharias, 142. 
Glossodus, 531. 
Trigon, 416. 
forsteri, Aetobatus, 473. 
Albula, 531. 
Gonorhynchus, 731. 
Gonorrynchus, 731, 732. 
fossicola, Cyprinus, 777. 
fowleri, Manta, 485. 
francisci, Cestracion, 15. 
Heterodontus, 15. 
freycineti, Chiloscyllium, 84. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 84. 
Scyllium, 84. 
froggatii, Arius, 755. 
frontimaculatus, Etmopterus, 249. 
fulgens, Squalus, 270. 
fullonica, Raja, 356. 


furvum, Cheloscyllium, 78. 
Chiloscyllium, 78. 
fusca, Raia, 366. 
Raja, 357, 366. 
Torpedo, 345. 
fuscomaculata, Narcacion, 343. 
Torpedo, 348. 
fuscum, Chiloscyllium, 78. 
fuscus, Centroscymnus, 224, 225. 
Chlarias, 741. 
Clarias, 735, 738, 741. 
Urolophus, 440, 441. 


gagorides, Arius, 763. 
Bagrus, 763. 
Tachysurus, 763. 

galeatus, Centracion, 21. 
Cestracion, 15. 
Gyropleurodus, 21. 
Heterodontus, 16, 21. 
Molochophrys, 21. 

Galeichthys, 754. 
feliceps, 754. 
sundaicus, 762. 

Galeinae, 25. 

Galeocerdo, 128, 185. 
arcticus, 186. 
cuvier, 186. 
fasciatus, 187. 
hemprichii, 187. 
obtusus, 187. 
rayneri, 187. 
tigrinus, 186. 

Galeodes, 185. 
priscus, 185. 

Galeolamna, 128. 
greyi, 128. 

Galeolamnoides, 148. 
brachyurus, 152. 
macrurus, 152. 
spenceri, 172. 
stevensi, 155. 

Galeorhinidae, 14, 127. 

Galeorhininae, 128. 

Galeorhinus, 128, 188. 
antarcticus, 204. 
australis, 189. 
canis, 191. 
galeus, 189, 190. 
japanicus, 189, 192. 
japonicus, 192. 
laevis, 205, 209. 
manazo, 206. 
punctulatus, 208. 
zyopterus, 191. 

Galeous canis, 190. 

galeus, Eugaleus, 190. 
Galeorhinus, 189, 190. 
Galeus, 190. 
Squalus, 188, 190. 

Galeus, 25, 26, 34, 65, 178, 188. 
antarcticus, 204. 
asterias, 207. 
australis, 188, 189. 
boardmani, 26, 28. 
canis, 189, 191. 
cepedianus, 187. 


Galeus chilensis, 191. 
communis, 191. 
eastmani, 26. 
galeus, 190. 
glaucus, 179. 
hertwigi, 26, 27. 
japanicus, 192. 
jenseni, 26. 
linnei, 191. 
maculatus, 186. 
melastomus, 25, 26. 
molinae, 191. 
nilssoni, 191. 
sauteri, 26, 28. 
stellatus, 201. 
vulgaris, 190. 
zyopterus, 191. 

galvani, Torpedo, 343. 

Gammaraia, 356. 

gangetica, Eulamia, 150, 168. 

gangeticus, Carcharhinus, 168. 
Carcharias, 168. 


Carcharias (Prionodon), 168. 


Carcharinus, 168. 
Eulamia, 168. 
Platypodon, 169. 
Squalus (Carcharinus), 168. 
Ganoidei, 511. 
gardineri, Chanos, 540. 
garmani, Halaelurus, 41, 49. 
Heteronarce, 337, 338. 
Narcine, 338. 
gayi, Scyllium, 44. 


gerrardi, Dasyatis, 403, 409, 437. 


Dasybatus, 409. 
Himantura, 407, 409. 
Leiobatis, 409. 
Trygon, 409. 
gerrardii, Trygon, 409. 
gibbosa, Clupea, 612. 
Clupea (Harengula), 612. 
Clupea (Spratella), 608, 612. 
Harengula, 612. 
Sardinella, 612. 
giganteus, Urolophoides, 449. 
gilberti, Chimaera, 494. 
Setipinna, 690, 691. 
Gilchristella, 561. 
aestuarius, 569. 
gilli, Clarias, 736. 
Gillisqualus, 148. 
amblyrhynchoides, 154. 
Ginglimostoma, 68. 
Ginglymostoma, 67, 68. 
concolor, 69, 70. 
ferrugineum, 69. 
miilleri, 69. 
riippellii, 70. 
giorna, Cephaloptera, 484. 
Cephalopterus, 483. 
Raja, 479. 
gissu, Pterothrissus, 541, 542. 
glaber, Acipenser, 513. 
glacialis, Seymnus, 276. 
glauca, Isuropsis, 104. 
Isurus, 105. 
Lamna, 104, 


INDEX 843 


glauca, Oxyrhina, 103, 104. 

Prionace, 179. 
glaucea, Isuropsis, 104. 
glauconotus, Trygon, 426. 
Glaucostegus, 305. 
glaucum, Prionace, 179. 
glaucus, Carcharhinus, 178. 

Carcharias, 179. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 179. 

Carcharinus, 178. 

Galeus, 179. 

Glyphis, 178, 179. 

Isuropsis, 104. 

Isurus, 104, 105, 106. 

Prionodon, 179. 

Squalus, 107, 178. 

Squalus (Carcharinus), 178. 
glossodon, Albula, 530. 

Conorhynchus, 530. 
Glossodonta, 528. 
glossodonta, Albula, 530. 

Argentina, 528, 530. 

Butirinis, 530. 
glossodontus, Butirinis, 530. 

Elops, 530. 

Glossodus, 528. 

forskalii, 531. 
Glyphis, 128, 178. 

glaucus, 178, 179. 

hastalis, 178. 

mackiei, 178, 181. 
gomphodon, Oxynotus, 105. 

Oxyrhina, 108. 

Gonialosa, 547. 

manminna, 548. 

modesta, 548. 
goniaspis, Ariodes, 771. 

Arius, 770. 

Tachysurus, 756, 770. 
gonignathus, Clupeichthys, 644, 647. 
Goniobatis, 471. 

meleagris, 473. 

Goniodus, 277. 
goniognathus, Corica, 644, 647. 

Corica (Clupeichthys), 647. 
Gonionarce, 332. 
gonorhynchus, Cyprinus, 732. 

Gonorhynchus, 729, 730, 731, 732. 
Gonorhynchus, 728. 

abbreviatus, 729. 

brevis, 732. 

forsteri, 731. 

gonorhynchus, 729, 730, 731, 732. 

gonorynchus, 730, 731, 732. 

grayi, 730. 

eronovii, 732. 

mosleyi, 730. 

parvimanus, 731. 
Gonorhyncus, 728. 

greyi, 731. 

Gonorincus, 728. 
Gonorrhynchus greyi, 731. 
Gonorrynchus, 728. 

abbreviatus, 729. 

forsteri, 731, 732. 

gonorynchus, 732. 

parvimanus, 731. 


$44 


Gonorynchidae, 518, 728. 
Gonorynchoidei, 518. 
gonorynchus, Cobitis, 732. 
Cyprinus, 728, 732. 
Gonorhynchus, 730, 731, 732. 
Gonorrynchus, 732. 
Gonorynchus, 729, 730, 732, 
Gonorynchus, 728, 
abbreviatus, 729, 
gonorynchus, 729, 730. 732, 
greyi, 729, 730, 731. 
moseleyi, 729, 730, 
Gonostoma.javanicum, 550. 
goreensis, Albula, 531. 
grabata, Taeniura, 397. 
grabatus, Taeniura, 397. 
gracilis, Carcharias, 179. 
Clupea, 561, 567. 
Osteogeneiosus, 773. 
Spratelloides, 561. 
Stolephorus, 567. 
graeffei, Arius, 763. 
grandicassis, Arius, 755. 
granosus, Arius, 759. 
granulata, Himantura, 437. 
Trygon, 437. 
granulatus, Dasyatis, 404, 437. 
Rhinobatis, 315. 
Rhinobatos, 306, 315, 316. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 315. 
granulosa, Pristis, 292. 
granulosus, Centrophorus, 229, 231, 
230, 207. 
Etmopterus, 231. 
Spinax, 231, 250. 
Squalus, 228, 231. 
grayana, Pellona, 662. 
grayi, Coilia, 722. 
Coilia (Chaetomus), 722. 
Engraulis, 674. 
Gonorhynchus, 730. 
Mystus, 722. 
grayii, Coilia, 713, 720, 722. 
greyi, Alopias, 127. 
Galeolamna, 127. 
Gonorhynchus, 729, 730, 731, 732. 
Gonorhyncus, 731. 
Gonorrhynchus, 731. 
Gonorynchus, 729, 730, 731. 
Rhynchana, 730. 
Rynchana, 728, 729. 
griffini, Squalus, 255. 
griseum, Chiloscyllium, 86, 88. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 88. 
Scyllium, 88. 
griseus, Carcharias, 120. 
Cynias, 206. 
Heptranchus, 8. 
Hexanchus, 11. 
Mustelus, 206. 
Notidanus monge var., 9. 
Notorynchus, 8. 
Squalus, 10, 11. 
gronovianus, Squalus, 90. 
gronovii, Gonorhynchus, 732. 
gruveli, Dasyatis, 403, 417. 
Dasybatus (Pastinachus),’417. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


uanerius, Trygonorrhina fasciata, 326. 
udusia, 578, 634. 
chapra, 634. 
variegata, 634, 635. 
guentheri, Scleropages, 535. 
Guiritinga, 754. 
gunneri, Cetorhinus, 114. 
Scymnus, 276. 
Squalus, 113. 
gunnerianus, Squalus, 114. 
guntheri, Isurus, 104, 106. 
Lamna, 106. 
Osteoglossum, 535. 
Scleropages, 533, 535. 
giintheri, Isurus, 106. 
guttata, Aetobatis, 473. 
Raja, 473. 
guttatus, Pimelodus, 758. 
Gymnorhinus, 148. 
pharaonis, 162. 
Gymnorrhinus abbreviatus, 151. 
Gymnotorpedo, 341. 
Gymnotus notopterus, 543, 546. 
Gymnura, 397, 437, 449, 450, 452. 
bimaculata, 450, 454. 
erooki, 450, 455. 
japonica, 450, 453. 
micrura, 450, 452, 455, 457. 
poecilura, 450, 452. 
tentaculata, 450. 
zonura, 450, 451. 
Gymunurinae, 397. 
Gyropleurodus, 15. 
galeatus, 21. 


habereri, Poroscyllium, 66. 
Proscyllium, 65, 66. 
Scyllium, 65. 

haberi, Proscyllium, 66. 

Halaelurus, 25, 41, 43. 
alcockii, 41, 43. 
analis, 41, 48, 50. 
bivius, 41, 43. 
birgeri, 41, 44, 45. 
canescens, 43. 
garmani, 41, 49. 
hispidus, 41, 438, 47. 
labiosus, 41, 51. 
natalensis, 41, 45, 46. 
punctatus, 41, 42. 
quagga, 41, 46. 
regani, 41, 52. 
rudis, 36. 
torazama, 36. 
torazame, 36. 
vincenti, 41, 50. 

halavi, Raia, 320. 

Raja, 320. 

Rhinabatis, 320. 

Rhinobatis, 320. 

Rhinobatos, 306, 319, 320, 321. 
Rhinobatus, 317, 319, 320. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 320. 

halgani, Taeniura lymma, 399. 
Trygon, 399. 

halganii, Trygon, 399. 

Halsydridae, 14, 112. 


INDEX 


Halsydrus, 112. 
maccoyi, 115. 
maximus, 113, 114. 
pontoppidiani, 112. 
halvai, Rhinobatus, 321. 
hamiltoni, Apterygia, 666. 
Brachioptilon, 483. 
Coilia, 673, 716. 
Engraulis, 673, 676, 681, 682. 
Manta, 484. 
Scutengraulis, 674. 
Setipinna, 673. 
Stolephorus, 673. 
Stolephorus (Thrissa), 673. 
Thrissa, 669, 673. 
Thrissocles, 673. 
Trichosoma, 673. 
hamiltonii, Anchovia, 673. 
Coilias, 71:25 716. 
Engraulis, 673, 676, 682. 
Engraulis (Coilia), 716. 
Thrissa, 673. 
Thrissocles, 670, 673. 
Trichosoma, 673, 716. 
hamiltonis, Arius, 769. 
Scutengraulis, 674. 
hamlyni, Holorhinus, 459, 460. 
Hampala, 776, 778. 
lopezi, 779. 
macrolepidota, 778. 
Hannovera, 113. 
aurata, 113. 
Haploblepharus, 25, 64. 
edwardsii, 64, 65. 
hardwickii, Temera, 353, 354. 
Temerara, 354. 
Harengula, 578, 584. 
abbreviata, 584. 
arabica, 590. 
argyrotaenia, 588, 589. 
bipunctata, 590. 
brachysoma, 606. 
bulan, 585, 588, 589. 
castelnaui, 585, 594, 595. 
chrysotaenia, 639. 
commersoni, 615. 
dispilonotus, 584, 585. 
dollfusi, 585, 600. 
fijiensis, 584, 599, 600. 
fimbriata, 610. 
gibbosa, 612. 
hypselosoma, 605, 606. 
kanagurta, 627. 
konigsbergeri, 585, 587. 
koningsbergeri, 587. 
kowal, 638. 
(Spratella) kowala, 607. 
kunzei, 591. 
latulus, 584. 
lippa, 585, 589. 
longiceps, 603. 
maccullochi, 585, 587. 
melanura, 597, 614. 
melanurus, 614. 


moluccensis, 590, 593, 600, 603, 604. 


nymphaea, 585, 599. 
okinawensis, 619. 


845 


Harengula ovalis, 585, 589, 609. 
perforata, 607. 
punctata, 589, 617, 623. 
punctata stereolepis, 592. 
schrammi, 585, 593. 
sondaica, 597. 
spilura, 591. 
stereolepis, 592. 
sundaica, 607, 609, 610, 611. 
tawalis, 585, 596. 
(Paralosa) valenciennesi, 597. 
vanicoris, 597. 
vittata, 585, 596. 
zunasi, 585, 597. 600. 
harengus, Clupea, 579, 580. 
Harriotta, 503, 504. 
atlantica, 505. 
chaetirhamphus, 505. 
pacifica, 503. 
pinnata, 505. 
raleighana, 504. 
harrissoni, Centrophorus, 244. 
Entoxychirus, 248, 244. 
hasselti, Dussumieria, 572. 
hasseltii, Anodontostoma, 549, 550. 
Chiloseyllium, 88. 
Dussumieria, 570, 572. 
hastalis, Glyphis, 178. 
haswelli, Heptranchias, 9. 
hawaiensis, Dasyatis, 427, 428. 
Elops, 526, 527. 
Trygon, 427. 
hawaiiensis, Elops, 526. 
hebetans, Torpedo, 343, 346. 
Heliobatis, 402. 
radians, 402. 
helops, Acipenser, 512. 
Helops, 512. 
Hemiarius, 754. 
hemictenus, Barbodes, 787. 
Puntius, 786, 787. 
Hemigaleus, 128, 182, 184. 
balfouri, 182, 184. 
machlani, 182. 
macrostoma, 182, 183. 
marcrostoma, 183. 
microstoma, 182, 184. 
pingi, 185. 
hemiodon, Carcharias, 146, 160. 
Carcharias (Hypoprion), 145, 146. 
Hypoprion, 145, 146. 
Squalus (Hypoprion), 146. 
Hemipimelodus, 754, 773. 
crassilabris, 773. 
manillensis, 774. 
Hemipristis, 128, 192. 
elongatus, 193. 
serra, 192. 
Hemiscylliinae, 67. 
Hemiscyllium, 67, 80, 81. 
colax, 81, 89. 
freycineti,'81, 84. 
griseum, 81, 88. 
indicum, 90. 
malaisianum,'*84. 
malayanum, 84. 


846 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Hemiscyllium modestum, 78. 
ocellatum, 81. 
oculatum, 82. 
plagiosum, 81, 86, 87. 
punctatum, 81, 85. 
trispeculare, 81, 83. 
variolatum, 738, 75. 

Hemitriakis, 196. 
leucoperiptera, 196, 197. 

Hemitrygon, 402. 

hemprichii, Galeocerdo, 187. 

henlei, Carcharias (Prionodon), 160. 
Trygon, 447. 

heptagonum, Seyllium, 102. 

Heptanchus angio, 9. 

Heptranchias, 5, 9. 
cepedianus, 6. 
cinereus, 9. 
dakini, 5. 
deani, 9. 
haswelli, 9. 
indicus, 8. 
macdonaldi, 8. 
pectorosus, 6, 7. 
perlo, 5, 6, 9. 
platycephalus, 6. 

Heptranchidae, 4, 5. 

Heptranchus, 5. 
griseus, 8. 
indicus, 6, 7. 

Herklotsella, 584, 585. 

herklotsi, Pentanchus, 53, 55. 

herrei, Barbus, 806. 

Puntius, 786, 806. 

hertwigi, Galeus, 26, 27. 
Pristiurus, 27. 

herzbergii, Silurus, 754. 

Heterobranchus, 734, 743. 
bidorsalis, 743. 
tapeinopterus, 743. 

Heterodon, 15. 

heterodon, Carcharhinus, 170. 

Heterodontidae, 13, 14. 

Heterodontoidei, 13. 

heterodontus, Cestracion, 17. 

Heterodontus, 15, 16. 
bonae-spei, 19, 20. 
francisci, 15. 
galeatus, 16, 21. 
japonicus, 16, 18, 19. 
peruanus, 15. 
philippi, 16, 19, 20. 
philippi var. japonicus, 18. 
phillipi, 16, 19, 23. 
phillipi var. zebra, 23. 
phillippi, 16, 19. 
portus jacksoni, 16. 
quoyi, 15. 
zebra, 16, 19, 22. 


heterodus, Hypoprion (Hemigaleus)?, 


145. 
heteroloba, Anchoviella, 696, 698. 
Engraulis, 698. 
heterolobus, Anchoviella, 693. 
Engraulis, 693, 698. 
Stolephorus, 698. 


Heteronarce, 332, 337. 
garmani, 337, 338. 
mollis, 337, 338. 
regani, 338, 339. 
Heteroscyllium, 77. 
coleloughi, 79. 
Heteroscymnoides, 264, 273. 
marleyi, 273, 
Heteroscymnus, 264, 272, 273. 
longus, 272, 273. 
Heterothrissa, 686, 687, 692. 
Heterotis, 532. 
heterurus, Trygon, 436. 
Trygon (Himantura), 436. 
hexacicinnus, Clarias, 741. 
Hexanchus, 5, 10, 24. 
corinus, 11. 
griseus, 11. 
Hexancus, 10. 
Hexanematichthys, 754, 755, 761. 
sagor, 762. 
sundaicus, 762. 
Hexeptranchidae, 5. 
Hieroptera, 355. 
abredonensis, 355. 
higginsii, Myriosteon, 291. 
Hilsa, 626, 634. 
blochii, 627. 
brachysoma, 629. 
brevis, 629. 
durbanensis, 628. 
ilisha, 638. 
kanagurta, 627. 
macrura, 632. 
reevesii, 630. 
sinensis, 631. 
toli, 632. 
Himantura, 402, 403, 405. 
arnak, 406. 
fai, 409. 
gerrardi, 407, 409. 
granulata, 437. 
nuda, 436. 
uarnak, 406. 
Himanturus, 402. 
hinnulus, Mustelus, 207. 
Squalus, 207. 
hirundinaceus, Carcharias, 179. 
hirundo, Pteroplatea, 454, 457. 
hispanica, Raja, 385. 
hispidum, Scyllium, 47. 
hispidus, Halaelurus, 41, 43, 47. 
Scyliorhinus, 47. 
Seylliorhinus, 47. 
hoeveni, Ilisha, 649. 
Pellona, 649. 
hoevenii, Jisha, 648, 649. 
Pellona, 648. 
hoevennii, Disha, 649, 650. 
hoeweni, Pellona, 649. 
holeorhynchus, Rhinobatos, 305, 307. 
Rhinobatus, 307. 
hollandi, Raia, 370. 
Raja, 357, 370. 
Holocephali, 3, 486. 
holodon, Anchoviella, 696, 701. 
Clupea, 581. 


holodon, Engraulis, 701. 
Stolephorus, 701. 
Holohalaelurus, 41, 42. 
Holorhinus, 458. 
aquila, 459, 460. 
australis, 459, 461. 
eervus, 459, 460. 
hamlyni, 459, 460. 
rhombus, 459. 
tenuicaudatus, 459, 462. 
tobijei, 459, 460, 463. 
homianus, Cetorhinus, 114. 
Squalus, 114. 
hornelli, Engraulis, 677, 678. 
horni, Chatoessus, 553. 
Nematalosa, 554. 
horridus, Plotosus, 746. 
hosii, Rasbora, 813. 
huae, Clupea, 639. 
hueensis, Clupeoides, 639. 
huidobrii, Lamna, 105. 
huso, Acipenser, 512. 
Huso, 512. 
dauricus, 513. 
orientalis, 513. 
hyalinus, Kuprotomicrus, 265. 
Hydrolagus, 487, 489. 
colliei, 496. 
waitei, 496. 


hynnicephalus, Rhinobatos, 306, 311. 


Hyperlophus, 578, 642. 
copii, 642, 643. 
spratellides, 641, 642. 
translucidus, 642, 643. 
vittatus, 642. 
Hypna, 340. 
Hypnarce, 340. 
subnigra, 340. 
subnigrum, 340. 
Hypnarea, 340. 
Hypnos, 332, 340. 
subniger, 340. 
subnigrum, 340. 
Hypolophus, 402. 
sephen, 415. 
sepheni, 416. 
hypophthalmus, Arius, 755. 
Hypoprion, 128, 144. 
hemiodon, 145, 146. 
(Hemigaleus?) heterodus, 145. 
(Hemigaleus?) isodus, 145. 
macloti, 145, 146. 
notatus, 183. 
playfairii, 145, 147. 
Hypoprionodon, 145. 
hyposticta, Propterygia, 355. 
hypselonotus, Notopterus, 544. 
hypselosoma, Chirocentrus, 727. 
Clupea, 595, 606. 
Clupea (Harengula), 606. 
Clupeoides, 637. 
Harengula, 605, 606. 
Kowala, 637, 
Sardinella, 588, 589. 
hystricosa, Deania, 237, 239. 
hystricosus, Centrophorus, 239. 


INDEX 847 


ilisha, Alausa, 627, 633. 
Alosa, 632. 
Clupanodon, 633. 
Clupea, 627, 633. 
Clupea (Alosa), 633. 
Hilsa, 633. 
Macrura, 626, 633. 
llisha, 579, 648, 650, 652, 655, 663. 
abnormis, 650, 662. 
amblyuroptera, 652, 656. 
amblyuropterus, 656. 
brachysoma, 651, 653, 654. 
ditchela, 648, 650. 
elongata, 652, 661. 
filigera, 652, 658. 
hoeveni, 649. 
hoevenii, 648, 649. 
hoevennii, 649, 650. 
indica, 649, 650, 651, 652. 
kampeni, 651, 654. 
leschenaultii, 651. 
macrogaster, 652, 660. 
megaloptera, 659. 
megalopterus, 659, 660 
melastoma, 652, 659. 
motius, 651, 655. 
natalensis, 649. 
novacula, 652, 657. 
pristigastroides, 652, 656. 
schlegeli, 662. 
sladeni, 652, 657. 
xanthoptera, 652, 658, 659. 
xanthopterus, 659. 
imbricata, Raja, 434. 
Trygon, 434. 
imbricatus, Dasyatis, 404, 433, 434, 435 
Dasybatus, 435. 
Dasybatus (Himanturus), 435. 
Trygon (Trygon), 435. 
Trygonobatus, 434. 
immaculata, Albula, 530. 
Clupea, 623. 
immaculatum, Amblygaster, 623. 
immunis, Trygon, 435. 
impennis, Bengalichthys, 347, 352. 
Narke, 349, 352. 
Indialosa, 548. 
indica, Aetobatis, 473. 
Anchovia, 707. 
Anchoviella, 697, 702, 706, 707. 
Clupea, 634. 
Engraulis, 706, 707. 
llisha, 649, 650, 651, 652. 
Lutodira, 536, 539. 
Narcine, 332, 333, 335. 
Pellona, 652. 
Scutengraulis, 707. 
Zygaena, 219. 
indicum, Cephaloscyllium, 31. 
Chiloscyllium, 86, 88, 89. 
Hemiscyllium, 90. 
indicus, Apristurus, 60. 
Elops, 525. 
Engraulis, 706. 
Heptranchias, 8. 
Heptranchus, 7. 


848 


indicus, Megalops, 522. 
Notidanus, 6, 7. 
Notidanus (Heptanchus), 6, 7. 
Notorhynchus, 8. 
Opisthopterus, 663. 
Pentanchus, 53, 60. 
Platygaster, 652. 
Pristogaster, 663. 
Seyliorhinus, 51, 56, 60. 
Scylliorhinus, 52, 60. 
Squalus, 89. 
Stolephorus, 706. 
Stolephorus indicus, 706. 
Indomanta, 483. 
tombazii, 483, 485. 
inermis, Clupea, 580. 
ingluvies, Osteogeneiosus, 773. 
insularis, Stolephorus, 709. 
Stolephorus insularis, 709. 
insularum, Carcharias, 170. 
Stolephorus, 707, 708. 
intermedius, Scoliodon, 132, 136. 
interrupta, Raia, 394. 
Raja, 394. 
Totaraia, 356. 
Irolita, 395. 
waitii, 395. 
isabella, Cephaliscyllium isabella, 31. 
Cephaloscyllium, 31. 
Cephaloscyllium isabella, 31. 
Cephaloscyllum, 31. 
Squalus, 31. 
isabellum, Cephaloscyllium, 30, 31. 
isabellus, Seyliorhinus, 31. 
isingleena, Clupea, 598. 
Isistius, 246, 264, 269. 
brasiliensis, 270. 
braziliensis, 270. 
isodon, Carcharias (Aprion), 141. 


isodus, Hypoprion (Hemigaleus?), 145. 


Squalus, 114. 
Isogomphodon, 147. 
maculipinnis, 151. 
Isoplagiodon, 147, 149. 
Isospondyli, 517. 
isotrachys, Raia, 379. 
Raja, 358, 379. 
Istieus, 541. 
Isuridae, 14, 103. 
Isuroidei, 14. 
Isuropsis, 103. 
glauca, 104. 
glaucea, 104. 
glaucus, 104. 
mako, 106. 
Isurus, 103, 107. 
bideni, 104. 
cornubicus, 108. 
glauca, 105. 
glaucus, 104, 105, 106. 
guntheri, 104, 106. 
guntheri, 106. 
mako, 104, 106. 
nasus, 107. 
oxyrinchus, 108. 
tigris, 109. 
ivis, Barbodes, 788. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ivis, Barbus, 787. 
Puntius, 786, 787. 


jacksoni, Squalus, 16. 
jacksoniensis, Etrumeus, 575, 576. 
jacksonii, Squalus, 16. 

jagur, Clarias, 737. 

Macropteronotus, 735, 737. 
japanica, Cephaloptera, 488. 

Mobula, 480. 
japanicus, Galeorhinus, 189, 192. 

Galeus, 192. 
japonica, Astrape, 351. 

Atherina, 561, 567, 694. 

Cephaloptera, 480. 

Dicerobatis, 480. 

Engraulis, 694, 695, 706. 

Kulamia, 169. 

Gymuura, 450, 453. 

Mobula, 480, 485. 

Narke, 349, 351. 

Nematalosa, 552, 555. 

Prionace, 169. 

Pteroplatea, 453, 454, 455. 

Raja, 373. 

Rhina, 285. 

Squatina, 285. 

Torpedo (Astrape), 351. 
japonicus, Aodon, 480. 

Carcharias, 169, 199. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 169. 

Carcharinus, 169. 

Cestracion, 18. 

Dasyatis micrura var., 454. 

Kngraulis, 694. 

Eugaleus, 192. 

Galeorhinus, 192. 

Heterodontus, 16, 18, 19. 

Heterodontus philippi var., 18. 

Orectolobus, 92, 93. 

Pristiophorus, 280, 281. 

Spratelloides, 567. 

Squalus, 259. 

Stolephorus, 562, 567, 695. 
jaram, Rhinobatus, 302. 
jardinei, Osteoglossum, 534. 

Scleropages, 534. 
jardinii, Osteoglossum, 534. 

Scleropages, 534. 
javanica, Caracharias, 165. 

Gonostoma, 550. 

Rhinoptera, 476. 

Trygonoptera, 144. 

Urolophus (Trygonoptera), 444. 
javanicus, Carcharias (Prionodon), 165. 

Elops, 573, 617. 

Urolophus, 440, 444. 
javensis, Bagrus, 762. 
jayakari, Rhinoptera, 476, 477, 478. 
jeinorii, Pastinaca, 440. 
jenkinsii, Dasyatis, 404, 432. 

Dasybatus, 432. 
jenseni, Galeus, 26. 

Pristiurus, 26. 
johannis-davisi, Raia, 367. 

Raja, 357, 367. 
johnii, Ceratoptera, 484. 


INDEX 


jordani, Chimaera, 488, 4932. 
Pteroplatea, 454. 
Seapanorhynchus, 124. 
Seoliodon, 182, 133. 

jussieu, Clupanadon, 601. 
Clupanodon, 556, 611. 
Clupeonia, 611. 
Sardinella, 597, 611, 615. 

jussieui, Clupea, 611. 
Clupeonia, 611. 
Myliobatis, 475. 
Sardinella, 611. 

jussioei, Clupeonia, 611. 


kaianus, Urolophus, 440, 445. 
kaikourae, Centrophorus, 229, 233. 
kaluschka, Acipenser, 513. 
kammalensis, Eingraulis, 672. 

Scutengraulis, 672. 

Stolephorus, 672. 

Stolephorus (Thrissa), 672. 

Thrissocles, 670, 672. 

Thryssa, 672. 
kammelensis, Engraulis, 672. 
kamohorai, Carcharias, 120. 
kampeni, Ilisha, 651, 654. 

Pellona, 654. 
kanagurta, Alausa, 627. 

Alosa, 627. 

Clupea, 627. 

Clupea (Alosa), 627. 

Harengula, 627. 

Hilsa, 627. 
kanekonis, Cynias, 202. 
kapirat, Mystus, 546. 

Notopterus, 548. 
katolo, Barbodes, 805. 

Puntius, 786, 805. 
katsukii, Raja, 358, 371. 
kelee, Clupea, 626, 627. 

Macrura, 626, 627. 
kenojei, Raia, 373. 

Raja, 358, 362, 364, 366, 372, 380. 
kikuchi, Acipenser, 514, 515. 
kirki, Squalus, 256. 
kollarii, Carpio, 776. 
konigsbergeri, Clupea (Harengula), 587. 

Harengula, 585, 587. 
koningsbergeri (Harengula), 587. 
Konoshirus, 557. 

Konosirus, 557. 

nasus, 556, 558. 

punctatus, 559. 

thrissa, 556, 557. 
koreana, Anchovia, 704. 
koreanus, Engraulis, 704. 

Stolephorus, 704. 
kowal, Alosa, 606. 

Clupea, 588, 598, 607, 635. 

Clupea (Clupalosa), 588, 607. 

Clupea (Harengula), 638. 

Harengula, 638. 
kowala, Clupea, 607. 

Harengula (Spratella), 607. 

Spratella, 607. 

Kowala, 578, 635, 636, 6388. 

albella, 605. 


849 


Kowala borneensis, 635, 636. 
eastelnaui, 594, 595. 
coval, 636, 638. 
exile, 635, 637. 
hypselosoma, 637. 
papuensis, 635, 636. 
thoracata, 639. 
venulosus, 636, 638. 

krempfi, Dasyatis, 403, 411. 
Dasybatus, 411. 
Dasybatus (Himanturus), 411. 

kuhelii, Trygon, 425. 

kuhli, Dasyatis, 426. 
Dasybatus, 425. 
Leiobatus, 425. 

Mobula, 481. 

Trygon, 425. 
kuhlii, Cephaloptera, 481, 482. 

Dasyatis, 404, 424, 425. 

Dasybatus, 425. 

Dasybatus (Amphotistius), 425. 

Dicerobatis, 481. 

Mobula, 481, 482. 

Trigon, 425. 

Trygon, 424. 

Trygon (Trygon), 425. 
kujiensis, Raja, 358, 381. 
kundinga, Megalops, 522. 
kunsal, Pastinaca, 453. 
kunzei, Clupea, 59. 

Clupea (Harengula), 591. 

Harengula, 591. 

Sardinella, 591. 
kunzii, Clupea, 591. 
kusanensis, Barbus, 791. 


Labeobarbus, 794. 
nedyia, 784. 
labiatus, Squalus, 94. 
labiosus, Aulohalaelurus, 51. 
Catulus, 41, 51. 
Halaelurus, 41, 51. 
labordei, Euprotomicrus, 265. 
labordii, Euprotomicrus, 265. 
Laemargus, 265. 
Scymnus, 265. 
Scymnus (Laemargus), 264, 265. 
lacerta, Elops, 527. 
lacinata, Corica, 644, 646. 
Laemargus, 275. 
labordii, 265. 
laeviceps, Arius, 760. 
laevioir, Urogymnus, 439. 
Laeviraia, 355. 
Laeviraja, 355. 
bramante, 365. 
laevis, Galeorhinus, 205, 209. 
Mustelus, 202, 204, 205, 208. 
Pastinaca, 420. 
Rhinobates, 302. 
Rhinobatus, 302. 
Rhynchobatus, 302. 
laevissimus, Rhinobatus, 302. 
lalandei, Scoliodon, 139. 
lalandii, Rhinoptera, 475. 
lambarda, Scyliorhinus, 90. 
lamia, Carcharias, 147, 170. 


850 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


lamia, Carcharias (Prionodon), 170. 
Carcharinus, 170. 
Carcharis, 111. 

Eulamia, 150, 169. 
Prionodon, 170. 

Squalus, 169, 173. 
Squalus (Carcharias), 170. 

Lamia, 107. 

lamiella, Carcharias, 171. 

Lamiopsis, 147. 

Lamna, 103, 107. 
cornubica, 107, 109. 
ecarinata, 121. 
glauca, 104. 
guntheri, 106. 
huidobrii, 105. 
nasus, 107, 109. 
oxyrhina, 103. 
philippi, 108. 
spallanzani, 105. 
spallanzanii, 105. 
(Oxyrrhina) spallanzanii, 105. 
whitleyi, 108. 

lamprieri, Raja, 368. 

lanaoensis, Barbodes, 802. 
Puntius, 786, 802. 

lata, Dasibatis, 414. 

Dasyatis, 414. 
Trygon, 4138. 

lateristriata, Rasbora, 811, 813. 

lateristriatus, Leuciscus, 813. 

laticaudatus, Carcharias, 140. 

laticaudus, Carcharias, 140. 
Carcharias (Scholiodon), 140. 
Euprotomicrus, 264, 266. 
Scoliodon, 140. 
Squaliolus, 264, 266. 
Squalus (Scholiodon), 140. 

laticeps, Aetobatis, 473. 
Catulus, 31. 
Cephaloscyllium, 31, 32. 
Cephaloscyllium laticeps, 31. 
Plotosus, 749. 
Seyliorhinus, 31. 

Seyllium, 30, 31. 
Zygaena, 211, 222. 
Zygana, 222. 

latidens, Centrophorides, 255. 

latirostris, Aetobatis, 473. 

latistomus, Carcharinus, 157. 

latulus, Clupea, 597. 
Harengula, 584. 

latus, Dasyatis, 403, 413, 414. 
Dasybatus, 414. 

lavaretoides, Mugil, 539. 

leeuwenii, Cestracion, 215. 
Cestracion (Zygaena), 215. 

leiacanthus, Chlarias, 740. 
Clarias, 735, 739. 

leichardti, Osteoglossum, 535. 
Scleropages, 532, 533, 534. 

leichardtii, Scleropages, 534. 

leichhardti, Scleropages, 534. 

Leiobatis, 304. 
dubius, 448. 
gerrardi, 409. 
kuhli, 425. 


Leiobatis, marmoratus, 448. 
leiobatos, Raja, 385. 
Leiobatus, 304, 305, 307, 355, 439. 

cruciatus, 442. 

dadong, 436. 

panduratus, 304. 

sloani, 439. 

uarnak, 406. 
leiocephalus, Ariodes, 770. 
Leiodon, 275. 

echinatum, 275, 276. 
leiogaster, Amblygaster, 617. 

Clupea, 617. 

Clupea (Amblygaster), 617. 

Clupea (Sardinella), 617. 

Sardinella, 617. 
leiogastroides, Clupea (Alosa), 617. 

Clupea (Sardinella), 617. 

Sardinella, 616. 
leiotetocephalus, Arius, 770. 

Tachysurus, 756, 770. 
Leius, 269. 

ferox, 269, 270. 
lemprieri, Raia, 368. 

Raja, 357, 368. 

Raya, 368. 
lemuru, Clupea, 602. 

Clupea (Harengula), 602. 

Clupea (Sardinella), 602. 

Sardinella, 602. 
lenticulatus, Mustelus, 202. 
leopardinum, Scyllium, 38. 
leopardus, Raia, 390. 

Raja, 360, 390. 

Seyliorhinus, 39. 
Lepidorhinus, 228. 

foliaceus, 236. 

rossi, 232. 

steindachneri, 232. 
Leptarius, 754. 

dowii, 754. 
Leptobarbus, 776, 810. 

melanotaenia, 810. 
Leptocarcharias, 195. 

smithi, 196. 

smithii, 196. 
Leptocarias, 195. 
Leptocephalus, 519. 
Leptocharias, 129, 195. 

obesus, 194. 

smithii, 195, 196. 
leptodon, Pristis, 292. 
Leptonurus, 712. 

chrysostigma, 712, 714. 
leschenaulti, Pellona, 651. 
leschenaultii, Ilisha, 651. 

Pellona, 651. 
lesueurii, Ceratoptera, 484. 
leucas, Carcharias, 171. 
Leuciscus argyrotaenia, 813. 

cephalotaenia, 811. 

cyanotaenia, 815. 

dusonensis, 815. 

lateristriatus, 813. 

(Ptycholepis) salmoneus, 538. 

schwenlsii, 815. 

zeylonicus, 5389. 


leucoperiptera, Hemitriakis, 196, 197. 
Triakis, 197. 

leucoptera, Triakis, 197. 

Leucoraja, 356. 

leucos, Carcharias (Prionodon), 171. 

leucospilus, Rhinobatos, 306, 313. 
Rhinobatus, 313. 

leucus, Carcharias (Prionodon), 171. 

leuwinli, Zygaena, 215. 

lewini, Cestracion, 215. 
Sphyrna, 212, 215, 216. 
Sphyrna (Sphyrna), 216. 
Zygaena, 215, 220. 

lewisii, Rhinognathus, 123. 

liacanthus, Clarias, 739. 


libertatis, Clupea (Clupanodon), 558. 


licha, Dalatias, 267, 269. 
Seymnorhinus, 268. 
Squalus, 266, 267, 268. 

lichia, Dalatias, 267. 
Seymnorhinus, 267. 
Scymnus, 267, 268. 
Secymnus (Secymnus), 267. 

lighti, Setipinna, 688. 

ligonifer, Rhinobatus, 318. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 318. 

lijmma, Taeniura, 399. 

Lile, 584. 

lile, Clupea, 639. 

Clupeoides, 639. 

Meletta, 639. 
lima, Scyllium, 31. 
limbata, Eulamia, 149, 150. 
limbatus, Carcharias, 150. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 150. 

Carcharinus, 150. 

Eulamia, 150. 

Plotosus, 746. 
limboonkengi, Platyrhina, 330. 
lindmani, Coila, 723. 
lindmanni, Coilia, 713, 723. 

Coilia (Chaetomus), 723. 
lindog, Barbodes, 808. 

Puntius, 786, 808. 
lineatus, Plotoseus, 748. 

Plotosus, 748. 
lineolata, Sardinella, 590. 
lingula, Narcine, 333, 336. 
linnei, Galeus, 191. 
lintea, Raia, 384. 

Raja, 358, 384. 
liocephalus, Arius, 770. 

Trygon, 409. 
liogaster, Clupea, 617. 
Lioniscus, 518. 
lionotus, Rhinobatos, 306, 310. 

Rhinobatus, 310. 
lippa, Harengula, 585, 589. 
littoralis, Squalus, 120. 
lividus, Carcharhinus, 170. 
lobatus, Chrossorhinus, 96. 

Crossorhinus, 94. 

Squalus, 92, 96. 
logensis, Barynotus, 784. 
longicaudus, Squalus, 102. 
longiceps, Clupea, 602, 603. 

Clupea (Harengula), 602, 603. 


INDEX 851 


longiceps, Harengula, 603. 
Osteogeneiosus, 772. 
Sardinella, 601, 603. 

longimana, Alopecias, 126. 

longimanus, Squalus, 171. 

longmani, Scoliodon, 133. 

longus, Heterosecymnus, 272, 273. 

lopezi, Hampala, 779. 

lopis, Notopterus, 544. 

Loxodon 128, 181. 
macrorhinus, 181. 

lubina, Chanos, 539. 

lucifer, Etmopterus, 246, 249. 
Spinax, 247. 

Luciobarbus, 784. 
esocinus, 784. 

Lutodeira, 536. 
chanos, 537. 
chloropterus, 539. 
indica, 536, 539. 
salmonea, 538. 

Lutodera chanos, 537. 

Lutodira, 536. 
mossambiea, 540. 

Lycothrissa, 667. 
crocodilus, 667. 

lymma, Raia, 398. 

Raja, 397, 398. 
Taeniura, 398, 416. 
Trygon, 398. 

lymna, Taeniura, 399. 
Trigon, 398. 

Trygon, 398. 

lymnia, Raia, 398. 


macassariensis, Clupeoides, 563. 
maccoyi, Halsydrus, 115. 
maccullochi, Harengula, 585, 587. 
macdonaldi, Heptranchias, 8. 
Notorynchus, 8. 
macer, Polyprosopus, 114. 
Machephilus, 228. 
dumerilli, 228. 
machlani, Hemigaleus, 182. 
machnata, Argentina, 524. 
Elops, 525, 527. 
machuelo, Raia, 385. 
mackiei, Glyphis, 178, 181. 
Prionace, 181. 
macloti, Carcharias, 145. 
Carcharias (Hypoprion), 144, 145. 
Hypoprion, 145, 145. 
Squalus (Hypoprion), 145. 
macneilli, Notastrape, 342, 345, 346. 
macracanthus, Centroscymnus, 226. 
macrocephala, Clupea, 528, 531. 
Raia, 468. 
macrocephalus, Clarias, 740. 
Osteogeneiosus, 771, 772. 
Osteogeniosus, 772 
Plotosus, 746. 
Rasbora, 813. 
macrodus, Squalus, 120. 
macrogaster, Ilisha, 652, 660. 
Pellona, 660. 
macrognathos, Coilia, 713, 721. 
macrognathus, Coila, 721. 


852 


macrognathus, Coilia, 721. 
Coilia (Chaetomus), 721. 
Ophisthopterus, 663, 664. 
Pristigaster, 664. 
Thryssa, 680. 
macrolepidota, Hampala, 778. 
macrolepis, Clupea, 580, 582. 
macrophthalmus, Megalops, 522. 
Plotosus, 752. 
macrops, Engraulis, 685. 
Stolephorus baganensis, 711. 
macroptera, Myliobatis, 473. 
Macropteronotus, 735. 
batrachus, 737. 
charmuth, 735. 
jagur, 735, 737. 
magur, 737. 
macropterus, Megalops, 522. 
macropthalma, Clupea, 584. 
macropus, Engraulis, 685. 
macrorhinus, Loxodon, 181. 
macrorhynchos, Carcharias (Scoliodon), 
ae 140. 
macrorhynchus, Apristurus, 56. 
Carcharias (Scoliodon), 140. 
Cynocephalus (Scoliodon), 141. 
Pentanchus, 53, 56. 
Scyliorhinus, 56. 
Seylliorhinus, 56. 
macrostoma, Hemigaleus, 182, 183. 
Macroura, 626. 
macroura, Clupea, 632. 
Macrourus, 626. 
macrourus, Alopias, 125, 126. 
macrura, Clupea, 632. 
Clupea (Alosa), 632. 
Eulamia, 149, 152. 
Hilsa, 632. 
Macrura, 626, 632. 
Narcine, 334. 
Torpedo, 334. 
Macrura, 578, 626, 627. 
brevis, 626, 629. 
durbanensis, 626, 628. 
ilisha, 626, 633. 
kelee, 626, 627. 
macrura, 626, 632. 
reevesii, 626, 630. 
sinensis, 626, 631. 
macruropterygius, Arius, 760. 
Macrurus, 626. 
macrurus, Alausa, 
Alosa, 632. 
Carcharhinus, 152. 
Carcharias, 148, 152. 
Galeolamnoides, 152. 
Nebrius, 68, 71. 
Nebrodes, 71. 
Trygon, 409. 
maculata, Myliobalis, 465. 
Myliobatis, 465. 
Narcine, 333. 
Narcobatus, 333. 
Raia, 388. 
Raja, 333, 342, 388. 
Trygon, 407. 
maculatum, Amblygaster, 558. 


32. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


maculatum, Seyllium, 48, 51, 52, 63, 95. 
maculatus, Aetomylaeus, 465 
Aetomylus, 464, 465. 

Arius, 757. 

Barbus, 789, 791, 799. 

Cephaleutherus, 355. 

Chatoessus, 558. 

Clupanodon, 558. 

Galeus, 186. 

Mustelus, 209. 

Myliobates, 465. 

Myliobatis, 464. 

Notopterus, 544. 

Notorhynchus, 5, 7. 

Notorynchus, 5, 6. 

Orectolobus, 92, 95. 

Puntius (Barbodes), 791. 

Seyliorhinus, 51, 95. 

Scylliorhinus, 51. 

Silurus, 757. 

Squalus, 51, 95, 101. 

Tachysurus, 755, 757. 
maculipinnis, Isogomphodon, 151. 
maculosus, Notopterus, 545. 
madagascariensis, Spratelloides, 569. 

Stolephorus, 562, 569. 
maderaspatensis, Buterinus, 539. 
maeandrinum, Scyllium, 38. 
magatensis, Arius, 767. 

‘Tachysurus, 756, 767. 
magur, Clarias, 737. 

Macropteronotus, 737. 
mako, Isuropsis, 106. 

Isurus, 104, 105. 
malabar, Clupea, 671. 
malabarica, Clupea, 671. 

Thrissocles, 670, 671. 
malabaricus, Arius, 761. 

Carcharias, 162. 

Clupea, 671. 

Engraulis, 671. 

Thryssa, 671. 
Malacorhina, 395. 
malaianum, Chiloscyllium, 84. 
malaisianum, Hemiscyllium, 84. 
malayana, Alosa, 627. 
malayanum, Hemiscyllium, 84. 
malleus, Squalus, 218. 

Zygaena, 216, 218, 220. 

Zygoena, 219. 
mammillidens, Raia, 377. 

Raja, 358, 377. 
manalak, Barbodes, 805. 

Puntius, 786, 805. 
manatia, Raja, 484. 
manazo, Cynias, 206. 

Galeorhinus, 206. 

Mustelus, 202, 205. 

Mustelus mustelus, 206. 
Mandibularca, 776, 780. 

resinus, 780. 
manguaoensis, Barbodes, 799. 

Barbus, 799. 

Puntius, 786, 799. 
manillense, Rita, 766. 
manillensis, Arius, 766. 

Hemipimelodus, 774. 


manillensis, Pimelodus, 774. 

Rita, 766. 

Tachysurus, 756, 766. 
manjong, Arius, 760 
manmina, Chatoessus, 548. 
manminna, Chatoessus, 548. 

Clupanodon, 548. 

Gonialosa, 548. 
manta, Cephalopterus, 483, 484. 
Manta, 479, 483. 

alfredi, 483. 

americana americana, 484. 

banksiana, 483. 

birostris, 483, 485. 

ehrenbergi, 484. 

ehrenbergii, 484. 

fowleri, 485. 

hamiltoni, 484. 

orissa, 485. 

pakoka, 485. 

pinchoti, 485. 

raya, 484. 
mantanoi, Barbodes, 795. 
mantelli, Oxyrhina, 103. 
mantschuricus, Acipenser, 513. 
maou, Carcharias, 171. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), i70. 

Carcharinus, 171. 

Eulamina, 171. 


Squalus (Carcharias), 170, 178. 


Squalus (Carcharinus), 171. 
Mapolamia, 148. 
spallanzani, 163. 
- marcrostoma, Hemigaleus, 183. 
margaritifera, Demicoilia, 713. 
margaritiferum, Chiloscyllium, 86. 
marginata, Myliobatis, 475, 476. 
Raia, 356, 365. 
Raja, 365. 
marginatus, Dasyatis, 404, 433. 
Dasybatus, 433. 
Plotosus, 748. 
Trygon, 433. 
Trygon (Himantura), 4382. 
marginipinnis, Discobatis, 400. 
Discotrygon, 397, 400. 
marianensis, Carcharias, 156, 158. 
Eulamia, 157. 
marina, Simia, 488. 
Vulpecula, 126. 
marleyi, Heteroscymnoides, 273. 
Poroderma, 37, 38. 
marmorata, Torpedo, 341, 342. 
Trygon pastinaca var., 420. 
marmoratum, Scyllium, 61, 62. 
marmoratus, Anacanthobatis, 448. 
Ateleomycterus, 61. 
Atelomycterus, 62, 63. 
Leiobatus, 448. 
Narcacion, 342. 
Narcobatus, 342. 
Seyliorhinus, 63. 
Seylliorhinus, 63. 
marpus, Clarias, 734. 
Maugeclupea, 579. 
bassensis, 583. 
mauli, Anchoviella, 693, 694, 
Engraulis, 693. 


INDEX 853 


mauritiana, Clupea, 550. 

mauritianus, Seymnus, 265. 
maxima, Selache, 114, 117. 
maximus, Cetorhinus, 114. 

Halsydrus, 113, 114. 

Squalus, 112, 113. 
me coyi, Echinorhinus, 277. 

Echinorhinus (Rubusqualus), 278. 
Mearnsella, 817, 819. 

alestes, 817, 819. 
media, Chimaera, 496, 497. 
mediae, Notidanus, 9. 
medirostris, Acipenser, 515. 

Acipenser (Antaceus), 515. 
mediterranea, Chimaera, 490. 
meerdervoorti, Raja, 370, 373, 380. 
meerdervoortii, Raia, 380. 

Raja, 373, 374, 380. 
meerdevorti, Raja, 380. 
megalodon, Pristis, 292. 
megalops, Acanthias, 260. 

Squalus, 256, 261. 
Megalops, 519, 524. 

atlanticus, 519. 

curtifilis, 522. 

cyprinoides, 519, 520. 

filamentosus, 519, 521. 

indicus, 522. 

kundinga, 522. 

macrophthalmus, 522. 

macropterus, 522. 

oligolepis, 522. 

setipinna, 522. 

setipinnis, 522. 
megaloptera, Ilisha, 659. 

Pellona, 659. 
megalopterus, [lisha, 659, 660. 

Mustelus, 208. 

Platygaster, 659. 
megalura, Setipinna, 686, 689. 
Megarasbora, 811. 
megastoma, Thryssa, 677. 
megastomus, Plotosus, 751. 
meladerma, Clarias, 742. 
melaisianum, Scyllium, 84. 
melanochir, Arius, 754. 

Coilia, 687. 

Engraulis, 687. 

Setipinna, 687, 691. 

Stolephorus, 687. 

Stolephorus (Setipinna), 687. 

Telaa, 688. 
melanoderma, Clarias, 742. 
melanoptera, Hulamia, 150, 158, 160. 
melanopterus, Carcharhinus, 159. 

Carcharias, 148, 158, 159. 

Carcharias (Prionace), 159. 

Carcharinus (Prionodon), 159. 

Charcharius, 159. 

Eulamia, 159. 

Prionodon, 159. 

Squalus, 159. 

Squalus (Carcharinus), 159. 
melanopterygius, Arius, 759. 
melanosoma, Clarias, 742. 
melanospila, Taeniura, 400. 
melanospilos, Taeniura, 399. 


854 


melanosticta, Alausa, 625. 
Clupea, 622. 
Sardinella, 622. 
Sardinia, 622. 
melanostictum, Amblygaster, 622. 
melanostictus, Amblygaster, 622. 
Clupanodon, 622. 
melanotaenia, Leptobarbus, 810. 
melanura, Alausa, 584, 596, 597. 
Clupea, 584, 596, 614. 
Clupea (Alausa), 597. 
Clupea (Harengula), 596, 614. 
Harengula, 597, 614. 
Sardinella, 601, 614. 
melanurus, Clupea (Harengula), 596. 
Clupea (Paralosa), 597. 
Harengula, 614. 
melasoma, Clarias, 742. 
melastoma, Clupea, 648, 652, 659, 662. 
Tlisha, 652, 659. 
Pellona, 648. 
melastomus, Galeus, 25, 26. 
meleagris, Goniobatis, 473. 
Meletta caerulea, 620. 
lile, 639. 
novae-hollandiae, 641, 642. 
obtusirostris, 590. 
schlegelii, 583. 
schrammi, 593. 
venenosa, 590. 
vittata, 642. 
Menidia, 696. 
menisorrah, Carcharhinus, 162. 
Carcharias, 161, 162. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 147, 148, 
161 


Carcharinus, 162. 
Eulamia, 150, 161, 162. 
Platypodon, 162. 
mento, Chanos, 539. 
meyeni, Taeniura, 397, 398, 401. 
meyenii, Bagrus (Ariodes), 770. 
Micristodus, 115. 
punctatus, 115, 117. 
microcephalus, Acanthorhinus, 276. 
Somniosus, 276. 
Squalus, 276. 
microdon, Pristis, 291, 295. 
Pseudotriacis, 118. 
Pseudotriakis, 118. 
mre aD as aA at Arius, 759. 
microlepis, Alausa, 634. 
Micromesus, 476. 
micronotacanthus, Arius, 760. 
microphthalma, Narcine, 333. 
microps, Carcharias, 150. 
Dasyatis, 404, 431. 
Dasybatus, 431. 
Pentanchus, 53, 61. 
Raja, 393. 
Scyliorhinus, 61. 
Scylliorhinus, 61. 
Trygon, 431. 
micropterus, Seymnus, 276. 
micropus, Clupea, 574, 576. 
trumeus, 575, 576. 
Pellona, 659. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


microstoma, Hemigaleus, 182, 184. 
microura, Dasyatis, 453. 
micrura, Gymnura, 450, 452, 455, 457. 

Pteroplatea, 452, 454, 455. 

Raja, 449, 450, 455. 
micruropterygius, Arius, 760. 
micrurus, Pteroplatea, 453. 

Trygonobatus, 455. 
mikadoi, Acipenser, 515. 
milberti, Arius, 754. 

Squalus (Carcharinus), 171. 
milii, Callorhinchus, 506, 508. 

Callorhynchus, 508. 

Callorynchus, 508. 
Miliobatis punctatus, 470. 
militaris, Osteogeneiosus, 772. 

Osteogeniosus, 772. 

Silurus, 771, 772. 

millii, Callorhynchus, 508. 
milvus, Aetomylaeus, 466. 

Aetomyleus, 466. 

Aetomylus, 464, 466. 

Myliobatis, 466. 
minor, Arengus, 620. 
mira, Raja, 395. 
mirabilis, Chimaera, 489, 501. 

Chimaera (Bathyalopex), 487, 501. 

Clupea, 580, 581. 
miraletus, Raia, 375. 

Raja, 358, 375. 
mississippiensis, Pristis, 292. 
mitsukurii, Acanthias, 259. 

Chimaera, 488, 489, 498. 

Phasmichthys, 498. 

Squalus, 258. 

Squalus sucklii subsp., 259. 
Mitsukurina, 123. 

owstoni, 123. 
mizun, Clupea, 592. 

Mobula, 479. 

auriculata, 479. 

diabolus, 480. 

draco, 482. 

eregoodoo, 481. 

eregoodoo-tenke, 481. 

eregoodoo-tenkee, 481. 

japanica, 480. 

japonica, 480, 485. 

kuhli, 481. 

kuhlii, 481, 482. 

monstrum, 481. 

thurstoni, 482. 
mobular, Raja, 479. 
Mobulidae, 290, 478. 
Mobulinae, 479. 
modesta, Gonialosa, 548. 
modestum, Brachaelurus, 78. 

Chiloscyllium, 77, 78. 

Hemiscyllium, 78. 
modestus, Brachaelurus, 78. 

Chatoessus, 547, 548. 
mokarran, Cestracion, 214. 

Cestracion (Zygaena), 214. 

Sphyrna, 212, 214. 

Sphyrnias, 214. 

Zygaena, 214. 
molaridens, Raia, 368. 


INDEX 855 


molinae, Galeus, 191. mustelus, Mustelus, 202, 206, 207. 
molini, Alexandrinum, 397. Squalus, 201, 207. 
mollis, Heteronarce, 337, 338. Mustelus, 129, 201, 202. 
Molochophrys, 15. antarcticus, 202, 203. 

galeatus, 21. asterias, 207. 
moluccensis, Centrophorus, 229. australis, 189. 

Clupea, 591. canis, 202, 204, 208. 

Clupea (Harengula), 591. equestris, 205. 

Harengula, 590, 593, 600, 603, 604. griseus, 206. 

Sardinella, 591. hinnulus, 207. 
monensis, Squalus, 108. laevis, 202, 204, 205, 208. 
mong, Pimelodus, 758. lenticulatus, 202. 
monge, Notidanus, 11. maculatus, 209. 
Monopterhinus, 10. manazo, 202, 205. 

cinereus, 9. megalopterus, 208. 

colombinus, 11. mosis, 209. 
monstrosa, Chimaera, 487, 488, 489, mustelus, 202, 206, 207. 

491, 503. mustelus manazo, 206. 
monstrum, Dicerobatis, 481. natalensis, 208. 

Mobula, 481. nigromaculatus, 209. 
montagui, Raia, 388. osborni, 196. 
montalbani, Squalus, 261. plebejus, 207. 
Montalbania, 574. punctulatus, 202, 208. 
montanoi, Puntius, 786, 795. stellatus, 207. 
moresbyi, Benthobatis, 339. vulgaris, 204, 206, 208. 
mortoni, Taenuira, 416, 417. Myliobalis maculata, 465. 
mosal, Barbus, 785. Myliobates, 458. 
moseleyi, Gonorhynchus, 730. aquila, 459. 

Gonorynchus, 729, 730. episcopus, 469. 
mosis, Mustelus, 209. maculatus, 465. 
mossambica, Lutodira, 540. nieuhofii, 468. 
mossambicus, Chanos, 540. oculeus, 466. 
motius, Clupanodon, 655. vultur, 466. 

Clupea, 655. Myliobatidae, 290, 457. 

Tlisha, 651, 655. Myliobatinae, 458. 

Pellona, 655, 660. Myliobatis, 458, 469. 
muelleri, Carcharias, 129. aquila, 459, 461, 462, 463, 469, 474. 

Clupea, 582. asperrimus, 469. 
Mugil chanos, 537. australis, 461. 

lavaretoides, 539. bonaparti, 469. 

salmoneus, 536, 538. bovina, 469. 
Mugilomorus anna-carolina, 524. cervus, 460. 
mula, Raja, 406. cornuta, 463. 
mulleri, Trygon, 447. cornutus, 463. 
miilleri, Carcharias, 129. evyclurus, 465. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 151. eeltenkee, 473. 

Clupea, 580, 582. jussieui, 475. 

Ginglymostoma, 69. macroptera, 473. 

Physodon, 129, 130. maculata, 465. 

Squalus (Triglochis), 130. maculatus, 464. 
multimaculatum, Parascyllium, 76. marginata, 475, 476. 
multiradiatus, Plotosus, 746. milvus, 466. 
multiscutatus, Acipenser, 514, narinari, 471. 
munsing, Carcharinus, 177. nichofii, 468. 

Eulamia, 150, 177. nienhofii, 461. 
munsteri, Euryarthra, 305. nieuhofi, 468. 
munsung, Carcharias, 177. nieuhofii, 461, 467, 468. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 177. nieuhowii, 467. 
munzingeri, Carcharias, 142. noctula, 459, 460. 
muricata, Raja, 397. ocellatus, 475. 
murrayi, Carcharias, 175. oculeus, 466. 

Raia, 356, 382. punctatus, 469, 470. 

Raja, 358, 382. rhombus, 459. 
musica, Alausa, 623. tenuicaudatis, 474. 
Mustelinae, 129. tenuicaudatus, 461, 462, 474. 
Mustellus, 201. tobijei, 463. 
mustelus, Cynias, 206. typica, 476. 


156861—40——55 


856 


Myliobatis vespertilio, 465. 
vultur, 466. 

Mylorhina, 475. 

Mylorhinus, 475. 

Myriosteon, 291. 
higginsii, 291. 

Myrmillo, 201. . 

mystacina, Clupea, 680. 

mystaciodes, Engraulis, 676, 682. 
Stolephorus, 676. 
Thryssa, 676. 

mystax, Anchovia, 676. 
Clupea, 675. 
Engraulis, 675, 678, 681. 
Scutengraulis, 676. 
Setipinna, 676. 
Stolephorus (Thrissa), 675. 
Thrissocles, 670, 674, 675, 676, 677. 
Thryssa, 675. 

mystus, Clupea, 677, 712, 719. 
Coilia, 713, 719. 
Engraulis, 719. 
Mystus, 719. 

Mystus, 712, 784. 
badgee, 546. 
chitala, 543, 544. 
clupeoides, 712, 719. 
grayi, 722. 
kapirat, 546. 
mystus, 719. 
nasus, 720. 
ramcarate, 716. 
ramcarati, 716. 


naevus, Raia, 386. 

Raja, 358, 386. 
nanus, Stolephorus indicus, 707. 
Narcacion, 341. 

fairchildi, 345. 

fuscomaculata, 343. 

marmoratus, 342. 

nobilianus, 346. 

panthera, 343. 

sinus persici, 344. 

suessi, 342. 

Narce dipterygia, 351. 
Narcina timlei, 334. 
Narcine, 332. 

brunnea, 333, 335. 

capensis, 349. 

dipterygia, 350. 

firma, 335, 336. 

garmani, 338. 

indica, 332, 333, 335. 

lingula, 333, 336. 

macrura, 334. 

maculata, 333. 

microphthalma, 333. 

natalensis, 338, 339. 

tasmaniensis, 333, 337. 

timlei, 333, 334, 335. 
Narcobatis, 341. 
Narcobatus, 341. 

dipterygius, 350. 

fairchildi, 345. 

maculata, 333. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Narcobatus marmoratus, 342. 
nobiliana, 346. 
nobilianus, 346. 
polleni, 343. 
sinensis, 329. 
torpedo, 342. 

Narcopterus, 328. 
boleanus, 328. 

narinari, Aetobates, 472. 
Aetobatis, 471, 472, 474. 
Aetobatus, 471, 472. 
Myliobatis, 471. 

Raia, 471. 
Raja, 470, 471. 
Stoasodon, 473. 

Narke, 332, 347, 349. 
capensis, 349. 
dipterygia, 349, 350. 
impennis, 349, 352. 
japonica, 349, 351. 

narke, Torpedo, 342. 

Narkinae, 332. 

narnak, Trygon, 406. 

nascione, Cephaloscyllium laticeps for- 

ma, 31. 

nasica, Clupanodon, 556. 

Nasisqualus, 236, 237, 241. 
profundorum, 236, 241. 

nasus, Anodontostomus, 556. 
Arius, 765. 

Chatoessus, 558, 555, 558. 
Clupanadon, 556. 
Clupanodon, 556. 

Clupea, 552, 555. 

Coilia, 720. 

Collia, 720. 

Dorosoma, 558, 555. 
Isurus, 107. 

Konosirus, 556, 558. 
Lamna, 107, 109. 

Mystus, 720. 

Nematalosa, 552, 555, 556. 
Squalus, 107. 

nasuta, Anchoviella, 697, 711. 
Netuma, 765. 

Raia, 381. 
Raja, 358, 381, 

nasutum, Catastoma, 754, 765. 

nasutus, Anchoviella, 711. 
Engraulis, 711. 

natalense, Acanthidium, 242. 
Deania, 237, 242. 
Scyllium, 45. 

natalensis, Halaelurus, 41, 45, 46. 
llisha, 649. 

Mustelus, 208. 
Narcine, 338, 339. 
Pellona, 649, 650. 
Pteroplatea, 451. 
Rhinobatus, 307. 
Scyliorhinus, 45. 
Scylliorhinus, 46. 

natator, Carcharhinus, 162. 
Eulamia, 162. 

Naucrates ductor, 149. 

navarae, Dasyatis, 404, 424. 


navarae, Trygon, 424. 
navarrae, Dasybatus, 424. 
Nealosa, 557. 

Nebria, 67. 

Nebriinae, 67. 

Nebris, 67. 

Nebrius, 67, 68. 
brevicaudatus, 68. 
concolor, 67, 68, 70, 71. 
ferrugineus, 68, 69. 
macrurus, 68, 71. 

Nebrodes, 68. 
concolor, 70. 
concolor ogilbyi, 70. 
macrurus, 71. 

nebulosa, Rhina, 286. 
Squatina, 286. 

nedgia, Labeobarbus, 784. 

neglecta, Rhinoptera, 478. 

Negogaleus, 182. 

Nemapteryx, 755. 

Nematabramis, 776, 817, 818. 
alestes, 817, 819. 
everetti, 817, 818. 
verecundus, 819. 

Nematalosa, 547, 548, 552. 
arabica, 552, 554. 
come, 552, 553, 555. 
elongata, 552, 554, 555. 
erebi, 553. 
horni, 554. 
japonica, 552, 555. 
nasus, 552, 555, 556. 
richardsoni, 553. 

Nematognathi, 733. 

neoguinaica, Albula, 531. 

neohowii, Sardinella, 603. 

neopilcharda, Sardinia, 624. 


neopilchardus, Amblygaster, 624. 


Arengus, 624. 
Clupanodon, 624. 
Clupea, 624. 
Clupea (Clupanodon), 624. 
Sardina, 624. 
Sardinella, 624. 
Sardinia, 624. 
Sardinops, 625. 
Neosteus, 648. 
ditchela, 648. 
Neosudus, 724. 
vorax, 724, 726. 
Nesiotes, Carcharias, 172. 
nesogallicus, Engraulis, 684. 
netuma, Bagrus, 765. 
Netuma, 763, 765. 
Netuma, 754, 755, 764. 
nasuta, 765. 
netuma, 763, 765. 
osakae, 768. 
thalassina, 764. 
thalassinus, 764. 
nicacensis, Squalus, 267. 
nichofii, Actobatus, 467. 
Aetomylaeus, 468. 
Aetomyleus, 468. 
Aetomylus, 464, 467, 468. 
Myliobatis, 468. 


INDEX 857 


nienhofii, Myliobatis, 461. 
nieuhofi, Clarias, 735. 
Myliobatis, 468. 
nieuhofii, Clarias, 736. 
Myliobates, 468. 
Myliobatis, 461, 467, 468. 
Phagorus, 736. 
nieuhowii, Myliobatis, 467. 
niger, Spinax, 249. 
nigra, Torpedo, 346. 
nigromaculatus, Mustelus, 209. 
nigrum, Centroscyllium, 252, 253. 
nilsoni, Centrophorus, 229, 230. 
nilssoni, Galeus, 191. 
nitida, Raia, 390. 
Raja, 360, 391. 
nobiliana, Narcobatus, 346. 
Tetronarce, 346. 
Torpedo, 342, 346, 347. 
nobilianus, Narcacion, 346. 
Narcobatus, 346. 
noctula, Myliobatis, 459, 460. 
nocturnus, Dalatias, 267. 
norvegicus, Squalus, 276. 
norwegianus, Acanthorhinus, 276. 
Squalus, 276. 
Notarius, 755. 
Notastrape, 342. 
macneilli, 342, 345, 346. 
notatus, Hypoprion, 183. 
Notidamus, 10, 24. 
Notidanion, 5. 
Notidanus, 10. 
cinereus, 9. 
ferox, 9. 
indicus, 6, 7. 
(Heptanchus) ondicus, 6, 7. 
medinae, 9. 
monge, 11. 
monge var. albescens, 9. 
monge var. griseus, 9. 
monge var. rubescens, 9. 
primigenius, 5. 
vulgaris, 11. 
wolniezkyi, 9. 
Notogaleus, 188. 
australis, 189. 
Notopteridae, 518, 543. 
notopterus, Gymnotus, 548, 546. 
Notopterus, 543, 546. 
Notopterus, 543, 545. 
borneensis, 5438, 545. 
buchanani, 544. 
chitala, 543, 544. 
hypselonotus, 544. 
kapirat, 5438. 
lopis, 544. 
maculatus, 544. 
maculosus, 545. 
notopterus, 548, 546. 
ornatus, 544. 
Notorhynchus, 5. 
borealis, 7. 
indicus, 8. 
maculatus, 5, 7. 
pectorosus, 7. 
platycephaius, 6. 


858 


Notorynchus, 5, 6. 
cepedianus, 6. 
griseus, 8. 
macdonaldi, 8. 
maculatus, 5, 6. 
pectorosus, 7. 
platycephalus, 6. 
novacula, Ilisha, 652, 657. 
Pellona, 657. 
novae hollandiae, Clupea, 641. 
Diplomystus, 641. 
novae-hollandiae, Meletta, 641, 642. 


novae hollandiae, Potamalosa, 640, 641. 
novae zealandiae, Chimaera, 488, 497. 


nuchale, Parascyllium, 76. 

nuchalis, Chanos, 539. 
Parascyllium, 76. 

nuda, Himantura, 436. 
Trygon, 436. 

nudiceps, Cnidoglanis, 751. 

nudipinnis, Pristiophorus, 280, 282. 
Pristiphorus, 283. 

nudus, Chirocentrus, 724, 727. 
Dasyatis, 436. 
Trygon, 436. 

nymphaea, Clupea, 599. 
Harengula, 585, 599. 


obesus, Carcharias, 193, 194. 
Echinorhinus, 278. 
Leptocharias, 194. 
Triaenodon, 194. 
Trioenodon, 194. 

obliqua, Oxytes, 119. 


obscura, Chiloscyllium indicum var., 


87, 88. 

obscurum, Chiloscyllium, 88. 
Chiloscyllium indicum var., 88. 

obtusa, Raia, 395. 
Raja, 436. 

obtusirostris, Meletta, 590. 

obtusus, Galeocerdo, 187. 
Rhinobatos, 306, 317. 
Rhinobatus, 317. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 317. 
Triaenodon, 194 

occa, Pristis, 292. 

occidentalis, Torpedo, 341, 346. 

oceanica, Cestracion, 216, 220. 
Sphyrna, 216. 


oceanicus, Stolephorus insularis, 709. 


ocellata, Clupea, 622 
Sardina, 623. 
Torpedo, 343. 

ocellatum, Chiloscyllium, 79, 81. 
Hemiscyllium, 81. 
Scyllium, 82. 

ocellatus, Aetobatus, 471, 475. 
Myliobatis, 475. 
Rhinobatos, 306, 314. 
Scyliorhinus, 81. 
Squalus, 80, 81. 

ocellifera, Raia, 361, 375. 
Raja, 358, 375. 

oculata, Raia, 388. 
Raja, 359, 388. 

oculatum, Hemiscyllium, 82. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


oculatus, Squalus, 82. 
oculeus, Myliobates, 466. 
Myliobatis, 466. 
odontaspis, Eulamia, 194. 
Odontaspis, 119. 
americanus, 120, 122. 
cinerea, 120. 
ferox, 24. 
platensis, 119. 
taurus, 120, 122. 
tricuspidatus, 122. 
tricuspitatus, 122. 
Odontognathinae, 579. 
ogilbyi, Chimaera, 489, 501. 
Nebrodes concolor, 70. 
Orectolobus, 92, 97. 
ogura, Clupea, 615. 
oguro, Sardinella, 615. 
okinawensis, Clupea, 619, 620. 
Harengula, 619. 
olfersii, Cephaloptera, 481. 
oligolepis, Nukaluye, 522. 
oligopeltis, Acipenser (Antaceus), 515. 
olivaceus, Clarias, 738. 
omiruovi, Raja, 369. 
ommescherit, Raja, 406. 
Omochetus, 642. 
Opisthopterus, 579, 663. 
indicus, 663. 
macrognathus, 663, 664. 
tardoore, 663. 
tartoor, 668, 665. 
valenciennesi, 663, 664. 
orbignyana, Pellona, 648. 
Orectolobidae, 14, 66. 
Orectolobinae, 67. 
Orectolobus, 67, 92, 93. 
barbatus, 94, 96. 
dasypogon, 92, 97, 99. 
devisi, 93. 
japonicus, 92, 93. 
maculatus, 92, 95. 
ogilbyi, 92, 97. 
ornatus, 92, 93. 
tentaculatus, 92, 98. 
oresigenes, Barbus, 791. 
oriental, Chanos, 539. 
orientalis, Acipenser, 513. 
Chanos, 539. 
Huso, 513. 
orissa, Ceratoptera, 485. 
Manta, 485. 
ornata, Raia (Actinobatis), 355. 
ornatum, Centroscyllium, 252, 254. 
Paracentroscyllium, 252, 254. 
Scyllium, 63. 
ornatus, Crossorhinus, 93. 
Notopterus, 544. 
Orectolobus, 92, 93. 
Trygon, 399. 
osalsae, Netuma, 765. 
osbecki, Chatoessus, 557. 
Clupanadon, 557. 
Raja, 385. 
osborni, Mustelus, 196. 
Ospatulus, 776, 782. 
palaemophagus, 782, 783. 


INDEX 


Ospatulus truncatulus, 782. 
Ostariophysi, 733. 
Osteogeneiosus, 754, 771. 
blochii, 773. 
eantoris, 772, 773. 
gracilis, 773. 
ingluvies, 773. 
longiceps, 772. 
macrocephalus, 771, 772. 
militaris, 772. 
valenciennesi, 773. 

Osteogeniosus, 771. 
macrocephalus, 772. 
militaris, 772. 
valenciennesi, 772. 
valenciennesii, 772. 

Osteogenius, 771. 

Osteoglossidae, 518, 532. 

Osteoglossinae, 532. 

Osteoglossum, 532. 
formosum, 532, 533. 
guntheri, 535. 
jardinei, 534. 
jardinii, 534. 
leichardti, 535. 
prionostoma, 720. 

otaitensis, Clupea, 615. 

othonops, Perkinsia, 574, 577. 

ovalis, Clupea, 592. 
Harengula, 585, 589, 609. 

owenii, Pristiophorus, 283. 

owstoni, Carcharias, 120, 122. 
Centroscymnus, 224. 
Chimaera, 488, 493. 
Mitsukurina, 123. 
Scapanorhynchus, 128, 124. 

owstonii, Centroscymnus, 224, 

Oxynotinae, 223. 

Oxynotus, 223, 262. 
bruniensis, 263. 
gomphodon, 105. 

oxyrhina, Lamna, 103. 

Oxyrhina, 103. 
glauca, 108, 104. 
gomphodon, 108. 
mantelli, 103. 
spallanzanii, 105. 

pale aves Carcharias (Prionodon), 

147. 
Raya, 381. 
Trygon (Himantura), 407. 

oxyrinchus, Isurus, 103. 

Raja, 355. 

Oxytes, 119. 

obliqua, 119. 


eee Cephalakompsus, 781. 
achyula, 7 
pacifica, Harriotta, 503. 
Rhinochimaera, 593, 504. 
Rhinochimaera (Harriotta), 504. 
paihoensis, Clupanodon, 558. 
pakoka, Manta, 485. 
pala, Cyprinus, 539. 
palaemophagus, Ospatulus, 782, 783. 
Palaeoscyllium, 34. 
deckeni, 34. 


palasah, Alausa, 630, 633. 

Clupea, 630, 633. 

Clupea (Alosa), 633. 
palasorra, Carcharias, 137. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 137. 
palasorrah, Carcharias, 137. 

Scoliodon, 132, 137. 
palata, Barbodes, 784, 808. 

Puntius, 786, 808, 809. 

Spratellicypris, 808. 
palavensis, Barbodes binotatus, 791. 

Barbus, 791. 
pallasi, Clupea harengus, 580. 
pallasii, Clupea, 579, 580. 

Clupea harengus, 580. 
panduratus, Leiobatus, 304. 
panthera, Narcacion, 343. 

Torpedo, 343. 

Torpedo marmorata var., 343. 
pantherina, Scyllium africanum var., 37. 
pantherinum, Poroderma, 37, 39. 

Seyllium, 37. 
pantherinus, Cestracion, 15. 

Scyliorhinus, 37. 

Scylliorhinus, 37. 

Squalus, 102. 
papuensis, Clupeoides, 636. 

Corica, 636, 637. 

Kowala, 685, 636. 

Plotosus, 749. 
Paracentroscyllium, 252, 254. 

ornatum, 252, 254. 
Paralosa, 584, 585, 594, 626. 

durbanensis, 626, 628. 
Paraplotosus, 744, 752. 

albilabris, 752.. 
Parapristurus, 52, 53. 
Parascylliinae, 67. 
Parascyllium, 67, 73. 

collare, 74, 77. 

ferrugineum, 74, 77. 

multimaculatum, 76. 

nuchale, 76. 

nuchalis, 76. 

variolatum, 74, 75, 77. 
pardus, Seyllium, 63. 
pareh, Trygon, 407. 
Parmaturus, 25, 29. 

pilosus, 29. 
parmifera, Raia, 394, 

Raja, 394. 

Parodontaspis, 119. 

parrae, Albula, 531. 

parva, Platygaster, 655. 
parvidens, Raia, 368. 
parvimanus, Gonorhynchus, 731. 

Gonorrynchus, 731. 
pastinaca, Raja, 401, 402, 420. 

Trigon, 420 

Trygon, 414. 

Pastinaca, 402. 

akajei, 428. 

brevicauda, 435. 

dorsalis, 435. 

jeinorii, 440. 

kunsal, 453. 

laevis. 420. 


860 


Pastinacha, 402. 
Pastinachus, 402, 403, 413. 
sephen ater, 416. 

uarnak, 406. 
pastinacoides, Trygon, 407, 408. 
pastinacus, Dasyatis, 404, 420. 

Dasybatis, 420. 

Dasybatus, 420. 
pectinata, Pristis, 292. 
pectinatus, Pristis, 291. 

Squalus, 292. 
pectorosus, Heptranchias, 6, 7. 

Notorhynchus, 7. 

Notorynchus, 7. 
pelagicus, Alopias, 126. 
pelegrinus, Squalus, 114. 
Pellona, 579, 648. 

affinis, 661. 

amblyuroptera, 656. 

amblyuropterus, 656. 

brachysoma, 651, 653. 

champil, 634. 

dichoa, 652. 

ditchela, 648. 

dussumieri, 659. 

elongata, 661. 

filigera, 658. 

grayana, 662. 

hoeveni, 649. 

hoevenii, 648. 

hoeweni, 649. 

indica, 652. 

kampeni, 654. 

leschenaulti, 651. 

leschenaultii, 651. 

macrogaster, 660. 

megaloptera, 659. 

melastoma, 648. 

micropus, 659. 

motius, 655, 660. 

natalensis, 649, 650. 

novacula, 657. 

orbignyana, 648. 

pristigastroides, 656. 

russellii, 660. 

schlegelii, 661, 662. 

sladeni, 657. 

soborni, 644. 

vimbella, 662. 

xanthoptera, 658. 

xanthoptoues, 658. 
pennanti, Squalus, 108. 
pennantii, Selachi, 115. 
Pentachus profundicolus, 58. 
pentalineatus, Rhinodon, 117. 


Pentanchus, 14, 24, 25, 52, 53, 56, 57. 


herklotsi, 53, 55. 
indicus, 53, 60. 
macrorhynchus, 53, 56. 
microps, 53, 61. 
platyrhynchus, 53, 57. 
profundicolus, 52, 53, 58. 
saldanha, 53, 59. 
sibogae, 53, 60. 
spongiceps, 53, 54. 
verweyi, 53 54. 
pentapterus, Clarias, 736. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


perakensis, Coria, 644, 645. 
percomaculata, Raia, 375. 
peregrinus, Cetorhinus, 114. 
perfasciatus, Engraulis, 696. 
perforata, Clupea, 607. 
Clupea (Harengula), 607. 
Clupea (Spratella), 607. 
Clupeonia, 607. 
Harengula, 607. 
Sardinella, 588, 601, 607, 610. 
Perioptera, 355. 
Perkinsia, 574. 
othonops, 574, 577. 
perlo, Heptranchias, 5, 6, 9. 
Squalus, 9. 
peronii, Callorynchus, 508. 
Peroptera, 355. 
perotteti, Pristis, 295. 
perrotetti, Pristis, 295. 
perrotteti, Pristis, 291, 295. 
perrottetti, Pristis, 295. 
peruanus, Heterodontus, 15. 
petiti, Rhinobatos, 322. 
pfeifferi, Coilia, 692. 
Engraulis, 691. 
Stolephorus (Setipinna), 691. 
Phaenopogon, 255. 
barbulifer, 255, 262. 
Phagorus, 735. 
nieuhofii, 736. 
phantasma, Chimaera, 488, 491, 498. 
pharaonis, Carcharias, 162, 174. 
Gymnorhinus, 162. 
Phareodus, 532. 
phasa, Clupea, 686, 688. 
Setipinna, 687, 688. 
Phasmichthys, 488. 
mitsukurii, 498. 
philipi, Cestracion, 17. 
Raia, 386. 
Raja, 358, 386. 
philippi, Acanthias, 17. 
Centracion, 23. 
Cestracion, 17, 19. 
Heterodontus, 16, 19, 20. 
Lamna, 108. 
Rhinobatos, 325. 
Rhinobatus, 316, 323. 
Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 316. 
Squalus, 15, 16. 
philippii, Cestracion, 17, 23. 
philippina, Rasbora, 811, 815, 
philippinus, Pseudarius, 766. 
Squalus, 17, 261. 
phillipi, Centracion, 19. 
Heterodontus, 16, 19, 23. 
phillippi, Cestracion, 17. 
Heterodontus, 16, 19. 
phillippsi, Dalatias, 268. 
Phorcynis, 285. 
catulina, 285. 
phorcys, Carcharias, 156. 
phymatodes, Chiloscyllium, 98, 90. 
Chiloscyllium indicum var.,'.91. 
Physodon, 128, 129. 
miilleri, 129, 130. 
taylori, 129, 130. 


INDEX 


picta, Torpedo, 343. 
pictus, Bagrus (Sciades), 754. 
Cestrorhinus, 219. 
pilchardus, Clupea, 620. 
pulceits, Parmaturus, 29. 
imelodus arius, 754. 
borneensis, 773. 
commersonii, 754. 
guttatus, 758. 
manillensis, 774. 
mong, 758. 
sagor, 761. 
sona, 762. 
tachisurus, 757. 
pinchoti, Manta, 485. 
pingi, Hemigaleus, 185. 
pinguis, Clupea, 616, 617. 
Clupea (Harengula), 617. 
Harriotta, 505. 
pinnata, 505. 
Pisces, 3. 


plagiosa, Chiloscyllium indicum var., 87. 


plagicsum, Chiloscyllium, 84, 86, 88. 
Chiloscyllium indicum var., 87. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 86, 87. 
Seyllium, 80, 86. 

Planerocephalus, 450. 
ellioti, 450, 457. 

platana, Raia, 356. 

pee, Odontaspis, 119. 

latopterus, 355. 

platycephala, Zygaena, 222. 

platycephalus, Heptranchias, 6. 
Notorhynchus, 6. 
Notorynchus, 6. 

Squalus, 6. 

platygaster, Alosa, 629. 
Clupea, 629. 

Clupea (Alosa), 629. 

Platygaster, 650. 
affinis, 661. 
africanus, 650. 
indicus, 652. 
megalopterus, 659. 
parva, 655. 

Platypodon, 147, 150, 158. 
gangeticus, 169. 
menisorrah, 162. 

platyrhachis, Uropterina, 579. 

Platyrhina, 327, 328. 
limboonkengi, 330. 
schoenleini, 327. 
schoenleinii, 327. 
sinensis, 329. 

Platyrhinidae, 289, 327. 

Platyrhininae, 327. 

Platyrhinus, 328. 

platyrhynchus, Apristurus, 57. 
Eulamia (Platypodon), 172. 
Pentanchus, 53, 57. 
Scyliorhinus, 57. 

Platysqualus, 211, 212. 

Platystacus anguillaris, 744, 747. 

playfairii, Carcharias, 147. 
Choetomus, 712, 720. 
Coilia, 720. 

Hypoprion, 147, 147. 


861 


plebejus, Mustelus, 207. 
Plectospondyli, 775. 
Plectrostoma, 103. 
plejodon, Alopiopsis, 131. 
Plethodus, 487. 
expansus, 487. 
Pleuracromylon, 202. 
pleurotaenia, Carcharias, 173. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 166. 
Carcharinus, 166. 
Eulamia, 150, 168, 166. 
Plicodus, 68. 
thielensis, 68. 
Pliotrema, 279, 283. 
warreni, 283. 
Plotoseus, 744. 
ikapoor, 748. 
lineatus, 748. 
Plotosidae, 734, 744. 
Plotosis, 744. 
Plotosius, 744. 
Plotosus, 744. 
abbreviatus, 745. 
albilabris, 752. 
anguillaris, 745, 747. 
arab, 749. 
canius, 745, 749. 
castaneoides, 748. 
castaneus, 748. 
horridus, 746. 
ikapor, 748. 
laticeps, 749. 
limbatus, 746. 
macrocephalus, 746. 
macrophthalmus, 752. 
marginatus, 748. 
megastomus, 751. 
multiradiatus, 746. 
papuensis, 749. 
unicolor, 746. 
vittatus, 748. 
viviparus, 746. 
plumbea, Chimaera, 495. 
Eulamia, 173. 
plumieri, Albula, 530. 
plunketi, Centrophorus, 225, 228. 
Proseymnodon, 228. 
Seymnodon, 226, 228. 
plutonia, Raia, 383. 
Raja, 358, 383. 
poecilura, Gymnura, 450, 452, 
Pteroplatea, 452. 
Raja, 452. 
Trygon, 452. 
polleni, Narcobatus, 543. 
polyfilis, Coilia, 713, 717. 
polylepis, Trigon, 436. 
Trygon, 436. 
polynemoides, Engraulis, 684, 685. 
polyommata, Raja, 357. 
polyophthalmus, Rhinobatos, 311. 
Rhinobatus, 311. 
Rhinobtus (Rhinobatus), 311. 
Rhinobtus (Syrrhina), 311. 
Polyprosopus, 113. 
macer, 114. 
polyspilos, Barbus, 791. 


862 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


polystigma, Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus), | Pristiophorus cirrhatus, 280, 282. 
42. 


ponapensis, Dasyatis, 404, 432. 
Dasybatus, 432. 
Trygon, 432. 
pontica, Raja, 360. 
pontoppidiani, Halsydrus, 112. 


poorawah, Engraulis, 674, 676, 677. 


Thryssa, 674. 
porava, Thryssa, 676. 
Trichosoma, 676. 
Poroderma, 25, 37, 39. 
africanum, 37, 39, 40. 
marleyi, 37, 38. 
pantherinum, 37, 39. 
submaculatum, 38. 
variegatum, 38. 
porosa, Raia, 391. 
Raja, 360, 391. 
Poroscyllium habereri, 66. 
porosus, Scymnus, 69. 


portus jacksoni, Heterodontus, 16. 


Squalus, 16. 
posterus, Amblygaster, 620. 
Sardinella, 601, 620. 
Potamalosa, 578, 640. 
novae-hollandiae 640, 641. 
richmondia, 640, 641. 
potamogalis, Enteromius, 784. 


potamophilus, Clupea (Clupeoides), 637. 


powelli, Raia, 387. 

Raiia, 387. 

Raja, 359, 387. 
powellii, Raja, 387. 
praecisa, Chimaera, 489. 
primigenius, Notidanus, 5. 
primus, Trigonodus, 34, 285. 
Prionace, 178. 

glauca, 179. 

glaucum, 179. 

japonica, 169. 

mackiei, 181. 
Prionodon, 178. 

cucuri, 150. 

dussumieri, 164. 

glaucus, 179. 

lamia, 170. 

melanopterus, 159. 

sorrah, 156. 

(Carcharias) sorrah, 156. 


prionostoma, Osteoglossum, 720. 


priscus, Galeodes, 185. 

Pristibatis, 291. 

Pristidurus, 25. 

Pristidae, 289, 290. 

Pristigaster chinensis, 651, 662. 
macrognathus, 664. 
russellianus, 666. 
sinensis, 662. 

(Pristigaster) sinensis, 662. 
tardoore, 663. 
tartoor, 663, 664, 665. 

Pellona, 656. 
pristigastroides, 652, 656. 

Pristiophoridae, 279. 

Pristiophorus, 279. 
cirratus, 280, 282. 


japonicus, 280, 281. 
nudipinnis, 280, 282. 
owenii, 283. 
Pristiopsis, 291, 295. 
Pristiphorus cirratus, 280. 
nudipinnis, 283. 
pristis, Squalus, 291, 292. 
Pristis, 279, 291. 
acutirostris, 292. 
annandalei, 292. 
antiquorum, 295, 
antiquorus, 291. 
brevirostris, 292. 
cirratus, 279, 280. 
cirrhata, 280. 
cirrhatus, 280. 
clavata, 291, 294. 
cuspidata, 296. 
cuspidatus, 291, 296. 
dubius, 293. 
granulosa, 292. 
leptodon, 292. 
megalodon, 292. 
microdon, 291, 295. 
mnississippiensis, 292. 
occa, 292. 
pectinata, 292. 
pectinatus, 291. 
perotteti, 295. 
perrotetti, 295. 
perrotteti, 291, 295 
perrottetti, 295. 
(Eopristis) reinachi, 291. 
semisagittatus, 297. 
waermanni, 292. 
zephyreus, 295. 
zijsron, 291, 293. 
zisron, 293. 
zysron, 2938, 295. 
Pristiurus, 25. 
(Figaro) boardmani, 25, 28. 
eastmani, 26. 
hertwigi, 27. 
jenseni, 26. 
sauteri, 28. 
spongiceps, 53. 
Pristobatus, 291. 
emarginatus, 297. 
Pristobatys, 291. 
Pristogaster indicus, 663. 
productissima, Dussumieria, 570. 
profundicolus, Pentachus, 58. 
Pentanchus, 52, 53, 58. 
profundis, Clupea, 591. 
profundorum, Acanthidium, 241. 
Deania, 237, 241. 
Nasisqualus, 236, 241. 
Seyliorhinus, 51. 
profundus, Alopias, 126. 
Propristis, 290. 
Propterygia, 355. 
hyposticta, 355. 
Proscylliinae, 25. 
Proscyllium, 25, 65. 
habereri, 65, 66. 
haberi, 66. 


INDEX 


Proscymnodon, 225, 226, 228. 

plunketi, 228. 
Psammobates, 395. 
Psammobatis, 355, 395. 

rudis, 395, 

waitii, 395. 
Pseudarius, 755, 756, 766. 

philippinus, 766. 
Pseudobarbus, 784. 
pseudoheteroloba, Anchoviella, 696, 697. 
pseudoheterolobus, Stolephorus, 697. 
pseudohispanica, Sardinia, 601, 602. 
pseudomonstrosa, Chimaera, 488, 490. 
pseudopterus, Clupea, 645. 

Corica, 645. 

Corica (Corica), 645. 

Spratella, 645. 
Pseudorasbora argyrotaenia, 815. 
Pseudoscymnus, 264, 274. 

boshuensis, 274, 275. 
Pseudotriacis, 118. 

acrales, 118. 

microdon, 118. 
Pseudotriakidae, 14, 117. 
Pseudotriakis, 118. 

acrales, 118. 

aerages, 118. 

microdon, 118. 
Pseudotriakoidei, 14. 
Psychichthys, 488. 

eidolon, 494. 
Pterocephala, 479. 
Pterocephalus, 479. 
Pteromylaeus, 469. 

bovina, 469. 

bovinus, 469. 

punctatus, 470. 
Pteroplatea, 450. 

annulata, 453. 

australis, 450, 451. 

bimaculata, 454. 

hirundo, 454, 457. 

japonica, 453, 454, 455. 

jordani, 454. 

micrura, 452, 454, 455. 

micrurus, 453. 

natalensis, 451. 

poecilura, 452. 

tentaculata, 450. 

zonura, 451. 
Pteroplatytrygon, 402. 
Pterothrissidae, 518, 541. 
Pterothrissus, 541. 

gissu, 541, 542. 
Ptychacanthus (Ptychopleurus) 

jasii, 458. 

Ptycholepis, 536. 
Ptychopleurus, 458. 
pugae, Carcharias, 179. 
pulchra, Raia, 361. 
pulicaris, Clarias, 741. 
punctata, Aetobatis, 470. 

Aetobatus, 470. 

Clupea, 589, 617. 

Harengula, 589, 617, 623. 

Raja, 356. 

Trygon, 407. 


fau- 


863 


punctatum, Chiloscyllium, 588. 


Dorosoma, 559. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 85. 
Scyllium, 85. 
punctatus, Chatoessus, 557, 558, 559. 
Clarias, 738. 
Clupanadon, 560. 
Clupanodon, 557, 559, 560. 
Halaelurus, 41, 42. 
Konosirus, 559. 
Microstodus, 115, 117. 
Miliobatis, 470. 
Myliobatis, 469, 470. 
Pteromylaeus, 470. 
Seymnorhinus, 42. 
punctulata, Rasbora, 811, 813. 
punctulatus, Galeorhinus, 208. 
Mustelus, 202, 208. 
Puntius, 776, 784. 
amarus, 786, 798. 
bantolensis, 786, 801. 
baoulan, 786, 802. 
binotatus, 786, 790, 791, 792, 793, 
794. 
cataractae, 786, 796, 797. 
clemensi, 786, 796, 797. 
collingwoodi, 786, 803. 
disa, 786, 804. 
elongatus, 800. 
flavifuscus, 786, 798. 
hemictenus, 786, 787. 
herrei, 786, 806. 
ivis, 786, 787. 
katolo, 786, 805. 
lanaoensis, 786, 802. 
lindog, 786, 808. 
(Barbodes) maculatus, 791. 
manalak, 786, 805. 
manguaoensis, 786, 799. 
montanoi, 786, 795. 
palata, 786, 808, 809. 
quinquemaculatus, 786, 789. 
sibukensis, 786, 799, 800. 
sirang, 785. 
tras, 786, 807. 
tumba, 786, 788, 789. 
purava, Clupea, 677. 
Engraulis, 677, 678. 
Thrissocles, 670, 677, 678. 
purpurascens, Chimaera, 493. 
Elops, 526. 
purpurescens, Chimaera, 488, 492, 494, 
495. 


purpurea, Anchovia, 699. 
Anchoviella, 696, 699. 
Dasybatis, 403. 

Dasybatus, 403. 

Trygon, 403. 
purpurescens, Chimaera, 488, 494, 495. 
purpureus, Dasyatis, 403. 

Engraulis, 700. 

Stolephorus, 709. 

Trygon (Himantura), 403. 
pusillum, Acanthidium, 237, 246, 249. 
pusillus, Etmopterus, 246, 249. 

Spinax, 249. 


864 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


quadragesimalis, Coilia, 712, 713. 
quadrifilis, Coilia, 714. 

Coilia (Coilia), 714. 
quadrimaculata, Clupea, 590. 

Raia, 388. 

Raja, 359, 388, 389. 
quadrispinosa, Deania, 237. 


quadrispinosum, Acanthidium, 236. 


quadrispinosus, Deaniops, 237. 
quagga, Halaelurus, 41, 46. 
Scyliorhinus, 46. 
Scyllium, 46. 
quecketi, Scylliogaleus, 210. 
quecketti, Scylliogaleus, 209, 210. 
quinqueaculeata, Raia, 473. 
quinquecarinatum, Seyllium, 102. 
quinquemaculatus, Barbodes, 788. 
Barbus, 789. 
Puntius, 786, 789. 
quoyi, Heterodontus, 15. 


Raconda, 579, 665. 
ruseliana, 666. 
russeliana, 665. 
russelliana, 665. 

radcliffei, Kridacnis, 200. 

radians, Heliobatis, 402. 

radiata, Raia, 356. 

Raja, 355. 

radula, Raja, 355. 

Raia, 355 
acutidens, 368. 
alba, 365. 
albalinea, 383. 
aleutica, 393. 
andamanica, 384, 389. 
aspera, 360. 
australis, 368. 
batis, 385. 
bicolor, 365. 
binoculata, 393. 
biocularis, 373. 
blanda, 388. 
brachyura, 356, 388. 
capensis, 360, 375. 
caudaspinosa, 376. 
chinensis, 385. 
circularis, 356. 
clavata, 360. 
(Syrrhina) columnae, 311. 
dentata, 368. 
djiddensis, 301. 
eregoodoo-tenkee, 480. 
fimbriata, 483. 
fiagellum, 473. 
fluviatilis, 435. 
fusca, 366. 
halavi, 320. 
hollandi, 379. 
interrupta, 394. 
isotrachys, 379. 
johannis-davisi, 367. 
kenojei, 373. 
lemprieri, 368. 
leopardus, 390. 
lintea, 384. 
lymma, 398. 


Raia lymnia, 398. 


machuelo, 385. 
macrocephala, 468. 
maculata, 388. 
mammillidens, 377. 
marginata, 356, 365. 
meerdervoortii, 380. 
miraletus, 375. 
molaridens, 368. 
murrayi, 356, 382. 
naevus, 386. 
narinari, 471. 
narnac, 405. 

nasuta, 381. 

nitida, 390. 

obtusa, 395. 
ocellifera, 361, 375. 
oculata, 388. 
(Actinobatis) ornata, 355. 
parmifera, 394. 
parvidens, 368. 
pastinaca var. altavela, 453. 
percomaculata, 375 
philipi, 386. 
platana, 356. 
plutonia, 383. 
porosa, 391. 
powelli, 387. 
pulchra, 361. 
quadrimaculata, 388. 
quinqueaculeata, 473. 
radiata, 356. 
reversa, 632. 
rhizacanthus, 361. 
rosispinis, 394. 
rosteliata, 365. 
sancur, 416. 

scabra, 381. 

smithii, 364. 
spinacidermis, 392. 
spinosa, 388. 
stabuliforis, 365. 


Raiia powelli, 387. 
Raja, 355. 


africana, 437, 438. 

alba 357, 365. 

aleutica, 393. 

altavela, 450. 
andamanica, 359, 389. 
annandalei, 358, 377. 
(Rhinobatus) armatus, 319. 
aquila, 458, 459. 
asperrima, 437, 438. 
asperrimus, 438. 
atriventralis, 357, 363. 
australis, 368. 

bankiana, 480. 
banksiana, 483. 
barnardi, 257. 371. 
batis, 355, 356, 359, 385. 
batos, 355. 

bicolor, 342. 

binoculata, 369, 370, 393. 
birostris, 483. 
bonae-speiensis,. 361. 
brachycera, 388. 
capensis, 347, 360. 


INDEX 865 


Raja caudaspinosa, 358, 376, 


cephaloptera, 479. 
chinensis, 385. 
circularis, 389. 
clavata, 355, 356, 357, 360. 
cooperi, 393. 
eruciata, 439, 442. 
cuvieria, 360. 
dentata, 368. 
diabolus, 480. 
djiddensis, 300. 
durbanensis, 358, 378. 
eatoni, 356, 364. 
edentula, 473. 
fabroniana, 479. 
falsavela, 389. 
fasciata, 326, 468. 
flagellum, 471. 
fullonica, 356. 
fusca, 357, 366. 
giorna, 479. 
guttata, 473. 
halavi, 320. 
hispanica, 385. 
hollandi, 357, 370. 
imbricata, 434. 
interrupta, 394. 
isotrachys, 358, 379. 
japonica, 373. 
johannis-davisi, 357, 367. 
katsukii, 358, 371. 
kenojei, 358, 362, 364, 366, 372, 
380. 
kujiensis, 358, 381. 
lamprieri, 368. 
leiobatos, 385. 
lemprieri, 357, 368. 
leopardus, 360, 390. 
lintea, 358, 384. 
lymma, 397, 398. 
maculata, 397, 398. 
mammnilidens, 358, 377. 
manatia,. 484. 
marginata, 365. 
meerdervoorti, 379, 373, 380. 
meerdervoortii, 373, 374, 380. 
meerdevoorti, 380. 
microps, 393. 
micrura, 449, 450, 455. 
mira, 395. 
miraletus, 358, 375. 
mobular, 479. 
montagui, 388. 
mula, 406. 
muricata, 397. 
murrayi, 358, 382. 
naevus, 358, 386. 
narinari, 470, 471. 
nasuta, 358, 381. 
nitida, 360, 391. 
obtusa, 436. 
ocellifera, 358, 375. 
oculata, 359, 388. 
omiruovi, 369. 
ommescherit, 466. 
osbecki, 385. 
oxyrinchus, 355. 


Raja parmifera, 394. 
pastinaca, 401, 402, 420. 
philipi, 358, 386. 
plutonia, 358, 383. 
poecilura, 452. 
polyommata, 357. 
pontica, 360. 
porosa, 360, 391. 
powelli, 359, 387. 
powellii, 387. 
punctata, 356. 
quadrimaculata, 359, 388, 389. 
radiata, 355. 
radula, 355. 
reversa, 357, 362. 
rhinobatos, 364. 
rhizacanthus, 361. 
rosispinis, 394, 395. 
rostrata, 323, 365. 
rubus, 360. 
scabra, 381. 
schoukie, 406. 
sephen, 402, 415. 
sibogae, 358, 383. 
smirnovi, 357, 369, 373. 
smithi, 364. 
smithii, 357, 364. 
spinacidermis, 360, 392. 
tafara, 406. 
tajara, 406. 
tengu, 357, 361, 373. 
testacea, 439, 446. 
thouin, 317. 
thouinianus, 317. 
timlei, 332, 334. 
tobae, 358, 379. 
torpedo, 341, 342, 344. 
uarnac, 405. 
uernak, 402, 405. 
uarnata, 466. 
violacea, 395. 
waitii, 395. 

Rajae 4, 289. 

Rajidae, 290, 354. 

Rajoidei 290. 

raleighana, Harriotta, 504. 

ramcarate, Apterygia, 665, 666. 
Mystus, 716. 

ramcarati, Coilia, 713, 716. 
Mystus, 716. 

ranelayi, Clupea, 592. 

Rasbora, 776, 811. 
argyrotaenia, 811, 814, 815. 
bornecnsis, 815. 
calliura, 812. 
caudimaculata, 812. 
daniconius, 812 
elberti, 813. 
everetti, 815. 
hosii, 813. 
lateristriata, 811, 813. 
macrocephalus, 813. 
philippina, 811, 815. 
punctulata, 811, 813. 
taytayensis, 811, 816. 
trilineata, 811, 812. 

Rasborinae, 776. 


866 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


rasleighanus, Squalus, 113, 115. 
rasus, Rhinobatus, 307 
raya, Manta, 484. 

Raya lemprieri, 368. 
oxyrhynchus, 381. 
rostrata, 381. 
trigonoides, 426. 

rayneri, Galeocerdo, 187. 

rebentischii, Coilia, 713, 719. 
Coilia (Coilia), 719. 

reevesii, Alausa, 630. 

Alosa, 626, 630. 
Clupea, 630. 

Hilsa, 630. 
Macrura, 626, 630. 

regani, Halaelurus, 41, 42. 
Heteronarce, 338, 339. 
Scyliorhinus, 39. 
Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus), 42. 
Seylliorhinus, 39, 41, 42. 

reichingeri, Clupea, 597. 

reijnaldi, Coilia, 715. 

reinachi, Pristis (Eopristis), 291. 

rendahli, Coilia, 713, 716. 

Reniceps, 211. 

resinus, Mandibularca, 780. 

reversa, Raia, 632. 

Raja, 357, 362. 

rex, Stolephorus, 719. 

reynaldi, Coilia, 713, 715, 718. 
Coilia (Coilia), 718. 

Rhachinotus, 438. 
africanus, 438. 

Rhamphobatis, 298. 
ancylostoma, 299. 
ancylostomus, 299. 

Rhina, 284, 298, 300. 
anchylostoma, 299. 
ancylostoma, 299. 
ancylostomus, 298. 
australis, 287. 
cyclostomus, 299. 
japonica, 285, 
nebulosa, 286. 
sinensis, 328, 329. 
squatina, 286, 287. 
vulgaris, 285. 

Rhinabatis halavi, 320. 

Rhincodon, 115, 479. 
typus, 115, 116. 

Rhincodontidae, 14, 15. 

Rhineodon, 115. 
typicus, 117. 
typus, 117. 

Rhinimae, 298. 

Rhinobates, 304. 
laevis, 302. 
ruppellii, 302. 

Rhinobatidae, 289, 297. 

Rhinobatinae, 298. 

Rhinobatis, 304. 
djeddensis, 301. 
duhameli, 302. 
granulatus, 315. 
halavai, 320. 
schlegeli, 310. 

Rhinobatoidei, 289. 


rhinobatos, Raja, 304. 


Rhinobatos, 310, 311. 


Rhinobatos, 298, 300, 304, 305, 306, 
315, 322. 


annandalei, 306, 309. 
annulatus, 306, 312. 
blochii, 306, 314. 
bougainvillii, 324. 
cemiculus, 321. 

dumerilii, 305. 
formosensis, 305, 307. 
granulatus, 306, 315, 316. 
halavi, 306, 319, 320, 321. 
holcorhynchus, 305, 307. 
hynnicephalus, 306, 311. 
leucospilus, 306, 313. 
lionotus, 306, 310. 
obtusus, 306, 317. 
ocellatus, 306, 314. 
petiti, 322. 

philippi, 325. 
polyophthalmus, 311. 
rhinobatos, 310, 311. 
schlegeli, 308. 

schlegelii, 305, 308. 
thouin, 307, 317. 
thouinianus, 318. 

typus, 306, 319. 
vincentianus, 323. 
zanzibarensis, 306, 313, 314. 


rhinobatus, Rhinobatus, 312, 316, 318, 
Rhinobatus, 304. 


acutus, 316. 

annandalei, 309. 

annulatus, 312. 

(Rhinobatus) annulatus, 312. 

(Syrrhina) annulatus, 312. 

armatus, 319. 

(Rhinobatus) armatus, 319. 

banksii, 322, 323, 325. 

(Rhinobatus) banksii, 322, 323, 
325 


(Syrrhina) banksii, 323. 

blochi, 313, 314. 

blochii, 312, 313, 314. 

(Syrrhina) blochii, 314. 

bougainvillii, 324. 

(Syrrhina) bougainvillii, 322, 324. 

cemiculus, 305. 

columnae, 302, 309, 311, 312, 313, 
314. 

coromandelicus, 318. 

dipterygia, 350. 

djeddensis, 301. 

djettensis, 301. 

djiddensis, 301. 

djiddsensis, 301. 

formosensis, 307. 

granulatus, 315. 

(Rhinobatus) granulatus, 315, 

halavai, 317, 319, 320. 

halvai, 321. 

(Rhinobatus) halavi, 320. 

holeorhynchus, 307. 

jaram, 302. 

laevis, 302. 

laevissimus, 302. 


INDEX 


Rhinobatus, leucospilus, 313. 
ligonifer, 318. 
(Rhinobatus) ligonifer, 318. 
lionotus, 310. 
natalensis, 317. 
obtusus, 317. 
(Rhinobatus) obtusus, ile 
philippi, 316, 323. 
(Rhinobatus) philippi, 316. 
polyophthalmus, 311. 


(Rhinobatus) polyophthalmus, 311. 


(Syrrhina) polyophthalmus, 311. 
rasus, 307. 
rhinobatus, 312, 316, 318. 
russellianus, 316. 
schlegel, 308. 
schlegeli, 307, 308, 311, 321. 
schlegelii, 307, 308, 313. 
(Syrrhina) schlegelii, 308. 
spinosus, 316. 
thouini, 302, 316, 318. 
(Rhinobatus) thouini, 318. 
thouiniana, 318. 
tuberculatus, 316, 323. 
typus, 319. 
vincentianus, 323. 
zanzibarensis, 313. 
rhinoceros, Brachioptera, 402. 
Squalus, 114. 
Rhinochimaera, 503. 
atlantica, 505. 
pacifica, 503, 504. 
(Harriotta) pacifica, 504. 
Rhinochimaeridae, 503. 
Rhinodon, 115. 
pentalineatus, 117. 
typicus, 116, 117. 
typus, 117. 
Rhinognathus, 123. 
lewisii, 123. 
djeddensis, 301. 
djettensis, 301. 
djiddensis, 301. 
djiddsensis, 301. 
formosensis, 307. 
granulatus, 315. 
(Rhinobatus) granulatus, 315. 
halavai, 317, 319, 320. 
halavi, 321. 
(Rhinobatus) halavi, 320. 
holcorhynchus, 307. 
jaram, 302. 
laevis, 302. 
laevissimus, 302. 
leucospilus, 313. 
ligonifer, 318. 
(Rhinobatus) ligonifer, 318. 
lionotus, 310. 
natalensis, 317. 
obtusus, 317. 
(Rhinobatus) obtusus, 317. 
philippi, 316, 323. 
(Rhinobatus) philippi, 316. 
polyophthalmus, 311. 


(Rhinobatus) polyophthalmus, 311. 


(Syrrhina) polyophthalmus, 311. 
rasus, 307. 


867 


Rhinoptera, 458, 475. 
adspersa, 476, 477. 
affinis, 476. 
javanica, 476. 
jayakari, 476, 477, 478. 
lalandii, 475. 
neglecta, 478. 
smithii, 476. 
truncata, 476. 
vespertilio, 458. 

Rhinopterinae, 458. 

rhinorhynchos, Engraulis, 672. 

rhinorhynchus, Engraulis, 672. 

rhinorrhynchus, Engraulis, 672. 

Rhinoseymnus, 275. 

Rhinotriacis, 196. 

rhizacanthus, Raia, 361. 
Raja, 361. 

Rhizoprion, 131. 
erenidens, 139. 

Rhizoprionodon, 131, 182. 
crenidens, 139. 

rhodonotus, Bagrus, 765. 

rhombus, Holorhinus, 459. 
Myliobatis, 459. 

Rhynchaeus, 729. 

Rhynchana, 729. 
greyi, 730. 

Rhynchobatis, djeddensis, 301. 
djiddensis, 302. 

Rhynchobatus, 298, 300. 
anchylostomus, 299. 
ancylostomus, 299. 
djeddensis, 301. 
djiddensis, 300, 301, 304. 
laevis, 302. 
thonini, 318. 
yentinesis, 303. 

Rhyncobatus columnae, 310. 
djeddensis, 301. 

richardsoni, Chatoessus, 553. 
Nematalosa, 553. 

richmondi, Clupea, 640. 

richmondia, Clupea, 640. 
Potamalosa, 640, 641. 

ringens, Engraulis, 695. 
Seymnodon, 225. 

Rita manillense, 766. 
manillensis, 766. 

ritteri, Centroscyllium, 252, 253. 

robustus, Spratelloides, 566, 567. 
Stolephorus, 562, 566. 

Rogenia, 579. 
alba, 579. 
argijrotaenia, 639. 
argyrotaenia, 639 

rondeletii, Carcharodon, 111. 

rosispinis, Raia, 394. 

Raja, 394, 395. 

rossi, Centrophorus, 229, 232. 
Lepidorhinus, 232. 

rostellata, Raia, 365. 

rostrata, Albula, 531. 

Deania, 237, 238. 
Raja, 323, 365. 
Raya, 381. 
rostratum, Acanthidium, 238. 


868 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


rostratus, Centrophorus, 238. 
Sarcogenys, 754, 765. 
Scymnus, 275, 276. 
Squalus, 114 


rubescens, Notidanus monge var., 9. 


rubicundus, Acipenser, 512. 

rubus, Raja, 360. 

Rubusqualus, 277. 

rudis, Halaelurus, 36. 
Psammobatis, 395. 
Scyliorhinus, 36. 
Scylliorhinus, 35. 

rugosus, Acrodus, 15. 

riippellii, Ginglymostoma, 70. 
Rhinobates, 302. 


ruscosum, Centroscyllium, 252, 254. 


ruscliana, Raconda, 666. 
russeli, Stolephorus, 707. 
russeliana, Raconda, 665. 
russelliana, Raconda, 665. 
russellianus, Pristigaster, 666. 
Rhinobatus, 316. 
Scyliorhinus, 86. 
Trygonobatus, 406. 
russellii, Dasyatis, 407. 
Engraulis, 707. 
Pellona, 660. 
russellii, Trygon, 407. 
Trygonobatus, 407. 
ruthenus, Acipenser, 512. 
Rynchana, 728. 
greyi, 728, 729. 
Ryncobatus djeddensis, 301. 


sabella, Cephaloscyllium, 31. 
Squalus, 31. 
sabina, Trygon, 402. 
sagax, Arengus, 622. 
Clupea, 622, 625. 
Sardina, 622. 
Sardinia, 622. 
sagor, Arius, 761. 
Bagrus, 761. 
Hexanematichthys, 762. 
Pimelodus, 761. 
Tachysurus, 755, 761, 762. 
Salanx, 528. 
saldanha, Pentanchus, 53, 59. 
Scyliorhinus (Apristurus), 59. 
Scylliorhinus, 59. 
salmonea, Lutodeira, 538. 
salmoneus, Chanos, 538. 
Leuciscus (Ptycolepis), 538. 
Mugil, 536, 538. 
salmonoides, Chanos, 539. 
salvyiani, Centrina, 263. 
samam, Engraulis, 677. 
samam inan, Engraulis, 707. 
samarensis, Sardinella, 601, 609. 
sancur, Raia, 416. 
Sarcogenys, 754. 
rostratus, 754, 765. 
Sardina, 584, 620. 
neopilchardus, 624. 
ocellata, 623. 
sagax, 622. 
Sardinella, 578, 584, 601, 602, 621. 


Sardinella abbreviata, 584. 
albella, 601, 605. 
allecia, 601, 602. 
anchovia, 602. 
atricauda, 615. 
aurita, 601, 602. 
brachysoma, 588, 589, 605, 629. 
eastelnaui, 594. 
chapra, 634. 
clupecides, 563, 601, 619, 620. 
dayi, 601, 604, 605. 
dispilonotus, 586. 
euxina, 602. 
fasciata, 612. 
fimbriata, 661, 609, 610. 
gibbosa, 612. 
hypselosoma, 588, 589. 
jussieu, 597, 601, 611, 615. 
kunzei, 591]. 
leiogaster, 617. 
leiogastroides, 616. 
lemuru, 602. 
limeolata, 590. 
longiceps, 601, 603. 
melanura, 601, 614. 
moluccensis, 591. 
neohowi, 603. 
neopilchardus, 624. 
oguro, 615. 
perforata, 588, 601, 607, 610. 
posterus, 601, 620. 
samarensis, 601, 609. 
sindensis, 601, 611, 612. 
sirm, 563, 601, 616. 
stereolepis, 592. 
toli, 632. 
zunashi, 598. 
zunasi, 598. 
Sardinia, 601. 
melanosticta, 622. 
neopilcharda, 624. 
pseudohispanicus, 601, 602. 
sagax, 622. 
Sardinops, 620. 
dakini, 621. 
neopilchardus, 625. 
sarrakowah, Scoliodon, 140. 
saurus, Elops, 524. 
sauteri, Galeus, 26, 28. 
Pristiurus, 28. 
scabra, Raia, 381. 
Raja, 381. 
Sealdia, 285. 
biforis, 285. 
scalpratus, Centrophorus, 229, 235. 
Scapanorhynchinae, 119. 
Scapanorhynchus, 119, 123. 
dofieini, 124. 
jordani, 124. 
owstoni, 123, 124. 
Schipa, 513. 
schlegel, Rhinobatus, 308. 
schlegeli, Arius, 758. 
llisha, 662. 
Rhinobatis, 310. 
Rhinobatos, 308. 
Rhinobatus, 307, 308, 311, 321. 


schlegelii, Clupea, 580, 583. 
Meletta, 583. 
Pellona, 661, 662. 
Rhinobatos, 805, 308. 


Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 308. 


schoenleini, Platyrhina, 327. 
Zanobatus, 327. 
schoenleinii, Platyrhina, 327. 
Zanobatus, 327. 
schénleinii, Discobatus, 327. 
schoukie, Raja, 406. 
schrammi, Harengula, 594. 
Meletta, 593. 
schrammii, Alausa, 593. 
Clupea (Harengula), 594, 
Clupea (Meletta), 593. 
Harengula, 585, 593. 
schreineri, Dasyatis, 404, 418. 
Dasybatus, 418. 
Trygon, 420, 422, 428. 
schrencki, Acipenser. 513. 
Sturio, 514. 
schwenkii, Leuciscus, 815. 
schypa, Acipenser, 513. 
Sciades, 754. 
Sciadeichthys, 754. 
sciera, Dasyatis, 414, 415. 
Scleropages, 532, 534. 
formosus, 533. 
guentheri, 535. 
guntheri, 533, 535. 
jardinei, 534. 
jardinii, 534. 
leichardti, 582, 533, 534. 
leichardtii, 534. 
leichhardti, 534. 
Sclerorhynchus, 290. 
Scoliodon, 128, 131, 132, 140, 210. 
acutus, 138. 
affinis, 138. 
dumerili, 132. 
dumerilii, 132. 
intermedius, 132, 136. 
jordani, 132, 133. 
lalandei, 139. 
laticaudus, 140. 
longmani, 133. 
palasorrah, 132, 137. 
sarrakowah, 140. 
sorrakowah, 132, 149. 
vagatus, 132, 134. 
walbeehmi, 135, 136. 


walbeehmii, 132, 134, 135, 137. 


Scoliostomus, 536. 
scombrina, Alausa, 603. 
scratchleyi, Engraulis, 670. 
Thrissocles, 670. 
Scutengraulis, 669. 
commersonii, 703. 
hamiltoni, 674. 
hamiltonii, 674. 
indica, 707. 
kammalensis, 672. 
mystax, 676. 
tri, 710. 
Scyliorhinidae, 14, 23. 
Scyliorhinoidei, 14. 


869 


Scyliorhinus, 20, 34, 65. 


africanus, 40. 
barbatus, 95. 
bivius, 43. 
brunneus, 51. 
buergeri, 45. 
capensis, 35. 
(Scyliorhinus) capensis, 35. 
dentatus, 990. 
edwardsii, 64. 
fasciatus, 100. 
hispidus, 47. 
indicus, 51, 56, 60. 
isabellus,'31. 
lambarda, 90. 
laticeps, 31. 
leopardus, 39. 
macrorhynchus, 56. 
maculatus, 51, 95. 
marmoratus, 63. 
microps, 61. 
natalensis, 45. 
ocellatus, 31. 
pantherinus, 37. 
platyrhynchus, 57. 
(Halaelurus) polystigma, 42. 
profundorum, 51. 
quagga, 46. 

regani, 39. 
(Halaelurus) regani, 42. 
rudis, 36. 
russellianus, 86. 
(Apristurus) saldanha, 59. 
spongiceps, 51, 53. 
tigrinus, 101. 
torazame, 35, 36. 
tuberculatus, 90. 
umbratilis, 32. 
unicolor, 88. 
variegatus, 38, 90. 
vincenti, 50. 
waddii, 78. 


Scylliodus, 34. 


antiquus, 34. 
liogaleus, 14, 129, 209. 
quecketi, 210. 
quecketti, 209, 210. 


Scylliorhinus, 34. 


africanus, 40. 
analis, 48. 
(Halaelurus) analis, 48. 
bivius, 43. 

capensis, 35. 
chilensis, 44. 
hispidus, 47. 
indicus, 52, 60. 
macrorhynchus, 56. 
maculatus, 51. 
marmoratus, 63. 
microps, 61. 
natalensis, 46. 
pantherinus, 37. 
punctatus, 42. 
regani, 39, 41, 42. 
rudis, 35 

saldanha, 59. 
sufflans, 33. 


870 


Scylliorhinus vincenti, 50. 
scyllium, Triacis, 198. 
Triakis, 196, 197, 198. 
Seyllium, 34. 
africanum, 40. 
eteanumn var. africana s. stricta, 


africanum var. variegata, 38. 
anale, 48. 
bivium, 43. 
brevicolle, 44. 
biirgeri, 41, 44. 
burgerii, 44. 
canescens, 43. 
chilense, 44. 
edwardsii, 64. 
ferrugineum, 69. 
freycineti, 84. 
gayi, 44. 
griseum, 88. 
habereri, 65. 
heptagonum, 102. 
hispidum, 47. 
laticeps, 30, 31. 
leopardinum, 38. 
lima, 31. 
maculatum, 48, 51, 62, 63, 95. 
maeandrinum, 38 
marmoratum, 61, 62. 
melaisianum, 64 
natalense, 45. 
ocellatum, 82. 
ornatum, 63. 
pantherinum, 37. 
pardus, 63. 
plagiosum, 80, 86. 
punctatum, 85. 
quagga, 46. 
quinquecarinatum, 102. 
variegatum, 37, 38. 

Scyllius vincenti, 50. 

Scymnodon, 223, 225, 226. 
plunketi, 226, 228. 
ringens, 225. 
sherwoodi, 226, 227. 
squamulosus, 226. 

Secymnorhinus, 266. 
brevipinnis, 268. 
licha, 268. 
lichia, 267. 

Scymnus, 266. 
bispinatus, 264. 
brasiliensis, 269, 270. 
(Scymnus) brasiliensis, 270. 
glacialis, 276. 
gunneri, 276. 
labordii, 265. 
(Laemargus) labordii, 264, 265, 
lichia, 267, 268. 
(Scymnus) lichia, 267. 
mauritianus, 265. 
micropterus, 276. 
porosus, 69. 
rostratus, 275, 276. 
torquatus, 270. 
unicolor, 270. 

sealei, Carcharias, 167. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


sealei, Eulamia, 167. 
Selache, 113 
maxima, 114, 117. 
Selachi pennantii, 115. 
Selachus, 113. 
Selanche, 113. 
selangkat, Chatoessus, 551, 556. 
Selanonius, 107 
walkeri, 108. 
Selenaspis, 754. 
sealonus, Squalus, 108. 
selonus, Squalus, 107. 
semifasciata, Triacis, 198. 
seminuda, Albula, 531. 
semirugosa, Trygon, 107. 
semisagittatus, Pristis, 297. 
Squalus, 397. 
sephen, Dasyatis, 403, 415, 416, 418. 
Dasyatis (Pastinachus), 416. 
Dasybatus, 416. 
Dasybatus (Pastinachus), 416. 
Hypolophus, 415. 
Raia, 415. 
Raja, 402, 415. 
Trigon, 415. 
Trigon (Pastinachus), 415. 
Trygon, 415. 
zrygon Mypala nays 415. 


rye chenete 

sepheni, vpolophus, 415. 

Septipinna taty, 690. 
telara, 689. 

sericus, Engraulis, 531. 

serra, Acrodobatis, 68. 
Hemipristis, 192. 

setipinna, Clupea, 522. 
Megalops, 522. 

Setipinna, 667, 686, 687. 
breviceps, 687, 691. 
gilberti, 690, 691. 
hamiltoni, 673. 
lighti, 688. 
megalura, 686, 689. 
melanochir, 687, 691. 
mystax, 676. 
phasa, 687, 688. 
taty, 687, 689, 690, 691. 
telara, 688. 
truncata, 689. 

setipinnis, Megalops, 522. 

setirostris, Clupea, 669, 679. 
Engraulis, 679. 

Engraulis (Thrissa), 679. 

Stolephorus, 679. 

Stolephorus (Thrissa), 680. 

Thrissocles, 600, 679, 680. 
shavianus, Cetorhinus, 114, 
sherwoodi, Seymnodon, 226, 227. 
Sens, Carcharias (Prionodon), V2 

173, 

sibogae, Apristurus, 60. 
Pentanchus, 53, 60. 

Raja, 378, 383. 
sibukensis, Puntius, 786, 799, 800. 
Silurus anguillaris, 735. 

batrachus, 734, 735, 736. 

felis, 754. 


INDEX 


Silurus herzbergii, 754. 
maculatus, 757. 
militaris, 771, 772. 
Simia marina, 488. 
sindensis, Sardinella, 601, 611, 612. 
sindrachus, Trygonobatus, 406. 
sinensis, Acipenser, 516. 
Arius, 757. 
Clupanodon, 615, 631. 
Clupea, 631. 
Clupa (Alausa), 631. 
Dasyatis, 404, 421. 
Dasybatus, 421. 
Discobatis, 329. 
Discobatus, 329. 
Hilsa, 631. 
Macrura, 626, 631. 
Narcobatus, 329. 
Platyrhina, 329. 
Pristigaster, 662. 
Pristigaster (Pristigaster), 662. 
Rhina, 328, 329. 
Tachysurus, 754, 757. 
Sinosturio, 513. 
sinus persici, Narcacion, 344. 
Torpedo, 342, 344. 
sirang, Barbodes, 785. 
sirang, Puntius, 785. 
sirm, Clupea, 616. 
Clupea (Amblygaster), 616. 
Sardinella, 563, 601, 616. 
sitankaiensis, Aprionodon, 143. 
sladeni, [isha, 652, 657. 
~ Pellona, 657. 
sloani, Leiobatus, 439. 
smirnovi, Raja, 357, 369, 373. 
smithi, Leptocarcharias, 196. 
Raja, 364. 
Triaenodon, 195. 
smithii, Carcharodon, 111. 
Leptocarcharias, 196. 
Leptocharias, 195, 196. 
Raia, 364. 
Raja, 357, 364. 
Rhinoptera, 476. 
Torpedo, 344. 
Triaenadon, 195. 
smythii, Callorhinchus, 506, 509. 
Callorhynchus, 509 
Callorynchus, 509. 
snyderi, Barbodes, 791. 
Barbus, 791. 
soborna, Clupea, 644. 
Corica, 644, 646. 
soborni, Pellona, 644. 
Somniosus, 264, 275. 
brevipinna, 275, 276, 277. 
microcephalus, 276. 
sona, Arius, 763. 
Pimelodus, 762. 
Tachysurus, 755, 762, 763. 
sondaica, Harengula, 597. 
sondaicus, Bagrus, 754, 762. 
sophore, Cyprinus, 784. 
sorrah, Carcharias, 156. 
Carchariias (Prionodon), 147, 156. 
Carcharinus, 156. 


156861—40——56 


871 


sorrah, Carcharinus (Prionace), 156. 
Eulamia, 149, 156. 
Prionodon, 156. 
Prionodon (Carcharias), 156. 
Squalus (Carcharinus), 156. 

sorrakowah, Carcharias, 140. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 140. 
Scoliodon, 132, 146. 

spallanzani, Carcharinus, 163. 
Eulamia, 150, 163. 
Lamna, 105. 

Mapolamia, 163. 
Squalus, 163. 

spallanzanii, Lamna, 105. 
Lamna (Oxyrrhina), 105. 
Oxyrhina, 105. 

sparophagus, Dalatias, 266, 267. 

Spathobatis, 305. 
bugesiacus, 305. 

spectabilis, Bates, 458. 

spenceri, Carcharias, 172, 174. 
Carcharinus, 172. 
Eulamia, 172. 
Galeolamnoides, 172. 

Sphrna zygaena, 218. 

Sphyra, 211. 

Sphyrichthys, 211. 

Sphyrna, 211, 212, 213. 
blochi, 221. 
blochii, 212, 221. 
(Eusphyrna) blochii, 221. 
chiereghini, 213. 
lewini, 212, 215, 216. 
(Sphyrna) lewini, 216. 
mokarran, 212, 214. 
oceanica, 216. 
tiburo, 212, 213. 
tiburu, 212. 
tudes, 212, 213, 216. 
(Platysqualus) tudes, 213. 
zigaena, 218. 
zygaena, 212, 216, 217. 
(Sphyrna) zygaena, 218. 

Sphyrnias, 211. 
blochii, 221. 
mokarran, 214. 
tiburo, 212. 
tudes, 213. 
zygaena, 218. 

Sphyrnidae, 14, 210. 

Sphyrnoidei, 14. 

spilota, Chimaera, 499. 

spilura, Harengula, 591. 

sphinacidermis, Raia, 392. 
Raja, 360, 392. 

spinax, Etmopterus, 246, 251. 


Spinax, 251. 
Squalus, 246, 251. 
Spinax, 246. 


fabricii, 252. 

granulosus, 231, 250. 

lucifer, 247. 

niger, 249. 

pusillus, 249. 

spinax, 251, 

(Acanthias) suckleyi, 258. 
spinidens, Xenengraulis, 668. 


872 


spinosa, Raia, 388. 

spinosus, Echinorbinus, 276. 
Rhinobatus, 316. 
Squalus, 277. 

spongiceps, Apristurus, 54, 270. 
Catulus, 52, 53, 54. 
Pentanchus, 53, 54. 
Pristiurus, 53. 
Scyliorhinus, 51, 53. 

Spratella fimbriata, 609, 612, 623. 
kowala, 607. 
pseudopterus, 645. 
tembang, 612. 

Spratellicypris, 784. 
palata, 808. 

spratellides, Clupea, 642. 
Hyperlophus, 641, 642. 

Spratelloides, 561. 
aestuarius, 561, 569, 570. 
alburnus, 565. 
bryoporus, 580, 581. 
delicatulus, 562, 566, 591. 
gracilis, 567. 
japonicus, 567. 
madagascariensis, 569. 
robustus, 566, 567. 

sprattus, Clupea, 625. 

Squalidae, 222, 223, 264. 

Squalinae, 223. 

Squaliolus, 264. 
laticaudus, 264, 266. 

Squallus, 255. 

Squalus, 223, 255, 257. 
acanthias, 255, 256, 257, 259. 
acanthus, 260. 
aculeatus, 246. 
acutidens, 142. 
acutipinnis, 261. 
(Scoliodon) acutus, 188. 
africanus, 37. 


(Carcharinus) albimarginatus, 174. 


albomaculatus, 208. 
alopecias, 126. 

(Carecharias) amboinensis, 171. 
americanus, 120, 266. 
angelus, 284. 

anisodon, 280. 
appendiculatus, 96. 

arcticus, 185, 186. 

barbarus, 24. 

barbatus, 92. 

barbifer, 257, 262. 
(Cirrhigaleus), barbifer, 262. 
borealis, 275, 276. 

(Aprion) brevipinna, 144. 
brevirostris, 261. 

brucus, 277. 

eaeruleus, 179. 

canicula, 34. 

canis, 202, 204. 

carcharias, 109, 110, 169, 170. 
catulus, 34. 

caudatus, 89, 90, 91. 
centrina, 262. 

cepedianus, 6. 

cetaceus, 114. 

chiereghini, 24. 


BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Squalus cinereus, 5, 9. 
cirratus, 67, 68. 
cirrosus, 102. 
colax, 89. 
commersonii, 170. 
cornubica, 107. 
cornubicus, 107. 
cuvier, 51, 52, 186. 
(Carcharinus) dussumieri, 164. 
edentulus, 208. 
fasciatus, 99, 100. 
fernandezianus, 260. 
fernandinus, 256, 257, 260. 
ferox, 119. 
fulgens, 270. 
galeus, 188, 190. 
(Carcharinus) gangeticus, 168. 
glaucus, 107, 178. 
(Carcharinus) glaucus, 178. 
granulosus, 228, 231. 
griffini, 255. 
griseus, 10, 11. 
gronovianus, 90. 
gunneri, 113. 
gunnerianus, 114. 
(Hypoprion) hemiodon, 146. 
hinnulus, 207. 
homianus, 114. 
indicus, 89. 
isabella, 31. 
isodus, 114. 
jacksoni, 16. 
japonicus, 259. 
kirki, 256. 
labiatus, 94. 
lamia, 169, 173. 
(Carcharinus) lamia, 170. 
(Scoliodon) laticaudus, 140. 
licha, 266, 267, 268. 
littoralis, 119, 120. 
lobatus, 92, 96. 
longicaudus, 102. 
longimanus, 171. 
(Hypoprion) macloti, 145. 
macrodus, 120. 
maculatus, 51, 95, 101. 
malleus, 218. 
(Carcharias) maou, 170, 173. 
(Carcharinus) maou, 171. 
maximus, 112, 113. 
megalops, 256, 261. 
melanopterus, 159. 
(Carcharinus) melanopterus, 159. 
microcephalus, 276. 
(Carcharinus) milberti, 171. 
mitsukurii, 258. 
monensis, 108. 
montalbani, 261. 
(Troglochis) miilleri, 130. 
mustelus, 201, 207. 
nasus, 107. 
nicaeensis, 267. 
norvegicus, 276. 
norwegianus, 276. 
ocellatus, 80, 81. 
oculatus, 82. 
pantherinus, 102. 


Squalus pectinatus, 292. 
pelegrinus, 114. 
pennanti, 108. 
perlo, 9. 
philippi, 15, 16. 
philippinus, 17, 261. 
platycephalus, 6. 
portus jacksoni, 16. 
pristis, 291, 292. 
rashleighanus, 113, 115. 
rhinoceros, 114. 
rostratus, 114. 
sabella, 31. 
sealonus, 108. 
selonus, 107. 
semisagittatus, 297. 
(Carcharinus ) sorrah, 156. 
spinax, 246, 251. 
spinosus, 277. 
squamosus, 228. 
squatina, 284. 
suckleyi, 257, 258. 
suckli, 258. 
sucklii, 258. 
sucklii subsp. mitsukurii, 259. 
tasmaniensis, 256. 


(Carcharinus) temminckii, 176. 


tentaculatus, 281. 

tiburo, 211, 212. 

tigrinus, 101. 

tuberculatus, 80, 90. 

uyato, 242. 

vaca, 11. 

vittatus, 40. 

vulpes, 125. 

vulpinus, 125. 

waddi, 78. 

wakiyae, 259. 

whitleyi, 257. 

zygaena, 211, 217, 222. 

zygena, 217 
squamosus, Squalus, 228. 
squamulosus, Centrophorus, 225. 

Scymnodon, 226. 

Zameus, 226. 
squatina, Rhina, 286, 287. 

Squalus, 284. 

Squatina, 286, 288. 
Squatina, 284. 

africana, 285, 288. 

australis, 285, 287. 

japonica, 285. 

nebulosa, 286. 

squatina, 286, 288. 

tergocellata, 285, 286. 

vulgaris, 285. 
Squatinae, 4, 67, 279. 
Squatinidae, 279, 284. 
Squatinoraja, 304. 
stabuliforis, Raia, 365. 
staigeri, Brisbania, 519, 522. 
Stegastoma varium, 102. 
Stegostoma, 67, 99. 

carinatum, 102. 

fasciatum, 100. 

(Seyllium) fasciatum, 100. 

fasciatus, 100. 


INDEX 873 


Stegostoma tigrinum, 101. 
tygrinum, 101. 
varium, 102. 

Stegostominae, 67. 

steindachneri, Centrophorus, 229, 232. 
Lepidorhinus, 232. 

stellatus, 
Acipenser, 512. 
Galeus, 201. 
Mustelus, 207. 

stelligera, Cephaloptera, 484. 
Ceratoptera, 484. 

stereolepis, Harengula, 592. 
Harengula punctata, 592. 
Sardinella, 592. 

Sterleda, 512. 

Sterleta, 512. 

Sterletus, 512. 

Stethochaetus, 686, 687, 691. 
biguttatus, 686, 687, 692. 
breviceps, 691. 

stevensi, Carcharhinus, 155. 
Carcharias, 155. 

Eulamia, 149, 155. 
Galeolamnoides, 155. 

stirlingi, Arius, 755. 

Stoasodon, 471. 
narinari, 473. 

Stolephoridae, 518, 561. 

Stolephorus, 561. 
alburnus, 562, 565. 
baganensis, 711. 
baganensis baganensis, 711. 
insularis bataviensis, 708. 
insularis baweanensis, 709. 
boelama, 684. 

(Engraulis) boelama, 684. 
browni, 704. 

(Stolephorus) browni, 704. 
celebicus, 697. 
commersoni, 703. 
commersonianus, 703. 
commersonii, 703. 
delicatulus, 562, 564. 
(Thrissa) dussumieri, 681. 
encrasicholoides, 684. 
(Engraulis) encrasicholoides, 694. 
extensus, 702. 

gracilis, 567. 

hamiltoni, 673. 

(Thrissa) hamiltoni, 673. 
heterolobus, 698. 

holodon, 701. 

indicus, 706. 

indicus indicus, 706. 
indicus nanus, 707. 
insularis, 709. 

insularis insularis, 709. 
insularis oceanicus, 709. 
insularum, 707, 708. 
japonicus, 562, 567, 695. 
kammalensis, 672. 
(Thrissa) kammalensis, 672. 
koreanus, 704. 

baganensis macrops, 711. 
madagascariensis, 562, 569. 
melanochir, 687. 


874 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Stolephorus (Setipinna) melanochir, 687. | Tachysurus dispar, 755, 756. 


mystacoides, 676. 
(Thrissa) mystax, 675. 
(Setipinna) pfeifferi, 691. 
pseudoheterolobus, 697. 
purpureus, 700. 
rex, 710. 
robustus, 562, 566. 
russeli, 707. 
setirostris, 679. 
(Thrissa) setirostris, 680. 
taty, 690. 
(Setipinna) taty, 690. 
CHAO) 
(Thrissa) tri, 710. 
(Thrissa) valenciennesi, 682. 
(Thryssa) valenciennesi, 682. 
waitei, 702. 
zollingeri, 700. 
(Stolephorus) zollingeri, 700. 
stolifera, Clupea, 584. 
stormi, Cephalocassis, 754. 
striata, Scyllium africana s., 40. 
striatus, Squalus, 40. 
strigatus, Barbus, 803. 
sturio, Aeipenser, 512, 514. 
Sturio, 512. 
schrencki, 514. 
subarcuata, Zygaena, 219. 
submaculatum, Poroderma, 388. 
subniger, Hypnos, 340. 
subnigra, Hypnarce, 340. 
subnigrum, Hypnarce, 340. 
Hypnos, 340. 
sub-spinosa, Thryssa, 674. 
suckleyi, Spinax (Acanthias), 258. 
Squalus, 257, 258. 
suckli, Squalus, 258. 
sucklii, Squalus, 258. 
suessi, Narcacion, 342. 
Torpedo, 348. 
sufflans, Cephaloscyllium, 30, 23. 


Seyliorhinus (Cephaloscyllium), 33. 


Seylliorhinus, 33. 
sufflavus, Urolophus, 440, 441. 
suhia, Clupea, 634. 
sumatranus, Arius, 760. 

Bagrus, 760. 
sundaica, Clupea, 595. 

Clupea (Harengula), 615. 

Harengula, 607, 609, 610, 611. 
sundaicus, Galeichthys, 762. 

Hexanematichthys, 762. 
Synchismus 80, 81, 89. 
Synodontaspis, 119. 

Syrraxis, 332. 
Synodus argenteus, 530. 

vulpes, 529. 
synura, Clupea, 546. 
Systomus belinka, 784. 


tachisurus, Pimelodus, 757. 

Tachysuridae 734, 753. 

Tachysurus, 754, 755, 756. 
argyropleuron, 756, 769. 
caelatus, 755, 758, 759. 
crossocheilus, 756, 768. 


falearius, 758. 
gagoroides, 763. 
goniaspis, 756, 770. 
leiotetocephalus, 756, 770. 
maculatus, 755, 757. 
magatensis, 756, 767. 
manillensis, 756, 766. 
sagor, 755, 761, 762. 
sinensis, 754, 757. 
sona, 755, 762, 763. 
thalassinus, 755, 764. 
tonggol, 768. 
venosus, 755, 760. 
taeniatus, Caracharias, 156, 158. 
Taeniura, 396, 397. 
atra, 416, 417. 
grabata, 397. 
grabatus, 397. 
lijmma, 399. 
lymma, 398, 416. 
lymma halgani, 399. 
lymna, 399. 
melanospila, 400. 
melanospilos, 399. 
meyeni, 397, 398, 401. 
mortoni, 416, 417. 
Taeniurops, 397. 
tafara, Raja, 406. 
tajara, Raja, 406. 
tampo, Chatoessus, 550. 
tapeinopterus, Encheloclarias, 743. 
Heterobranchus, 743. 
tardoore, Opisthopterus, 663. 
Pristigaster, 663. 
Tarpon, 519. 
tartoor, Opisthopterus, 663, 665. 
Pristigaster, 663, 664, 665. 
tasmaniensis, Narcine, 333, 337. 
Squalus, 256. 
tasmanius, Callorhynchus, 509. 
tatraiana, Cephaloptera, 481. 
taty, Engraulis, 689. 
Engraulis (Telara), 690. 
Setipinna, 687, 689, 690, 691. 
Stolephorus, 690. 
Stolephorus (Setipinna), 690. 
taurus, Carcharias, 119, 120. 
Odontaspis, 120, 122. 
tawalis, Harengula, 585, 596. 
taylori, Physodon, 129, 130. 
taytayensis, Rasbora, 811, 816. 
teijsmanni, Clarias, 735, 738. 
Telaa melanochir, 688. 
telara, Clupea, 686, 688. 
Engraulis, 688, 689. 
Setipinna, 688, 689. 
Telara, 688. 
Telara, 686. 
telara, 688. 
telaroides, Engraulis, 690. 
Teleostei, 517. 
Teleostomi, 3, 510. 
tembang, Clupea, 612. 
Spratella, 612. 
Temera, 332, 353. 
hardwickii, 353, 354. 


INDEX 


Temerara hardwickii, 354. 
Temerinae, 332. 
temminckii, Carcharias, 176. 

Carcharias (Prionodon), 147, 176. 

Carcharinus, 176. 

Eulamia, 150, 176. 

Squalus (Carcharinus), 176. 
tengu, Raja, 357, 361, 373. 
tentaculata, Aetoplatea, 449, 450. 

Gymuura, 450. 

Pteroplatea, 450. 
tentaculatus, Crossorhinus, 98. 

Orectolobus, 92, 98. 

Squalus, 281. 

Tenualosa, 626, 630. 
tenuicaudatis, Myliobatis, 474. 
tenuicaudatus, Aetobatis, 473. 

Holorhinus, 459, 462. 

Myliobatis, 461, 462, 474. 
tenuifilis, Engraulis, 690. 
tephrodes, Carcharinus, 167, 168. 

Eulamia, 150, 167. 
tergocellata, Squatina, 285, 286. 
tessellatus, Centrophorus, 229, 239. 
testacea, Raja, 439, 446. 

Trygon, 447. 

Trygonoptera, 446. 
testaceus, Urolophus, 440, 446, 447. 
Tetanoras, 112. 

Tetranarce, 341, 342. 
Tetronarce, 341, 345. 

nobiliana, 346. 
Tetronarcine, 341. 

tokionis, 341, 347. 
Tetroras, 112. 

angiova, 112, 114. 
teysmanni, Clarias, 739. 
thalassia, Trigon, 419. 

Trygon, 418. 
thalassina, Netuma, 764. 
thalassinus, Arius, 764. 

Bagrus, 754, 764. 

Netuma, 764. 

Tachysurus, 755, 764. 
Thalassoklephetes, 24. 
Thaumas, 285. 

alifer, 285. 
Thetaraia, 356. 
thetidis, Dasyatis, 402, 414. 
thielensis, Plicodus, 68. 
thonini, Rhynchobatus, 318. 
thoracata, Clupea (Harengula), 638. 

Kowala, 639. 
thouin, Raja, 317. 

Rhinobatos, 307, 317. 
thouini, Rhinobatus, 302, 316, 318. 

Rhinobatus (Rhinobatus), 318. 
thouiniana, Rhinobatus, 318. 
thouinianus, Raja, 317. 

Rhinobatos, 318. 
thrissa, Clupanodon, 557, 560. 

Clupea, 556, 557. 

Dorosoma, 557. 

Konosirus, 556, 557. 
Thrissa, 669. 

hamiltoni, 669, 673. 

hamiltonii, 673, 


875 


Thrissina, 669, 670, 683. 
baelama, 684. 

Thrissocles, 667, 669, 670. 
baelama, 670, 683, 684. 
dussumieri, 670, 681. 
hamiltoni, 673. 
hamiltonii, 670, 673. 
kammalensis, 670, 672. 
malabarica, 670, 671. 
mystax, 670, 674, 675, 676, 677. 
purava, 670, 677, 678. 
scratchleyi, 670. 
setirostris, 670, 679, 680. 
valenciennesi, 670, 682. 
vitirostris, 670, 678. 

thrissoides, Clupea, 521. 

Thryssa, 669. 
cuvieri, 671. 
kammalensis, 672. 
macrognathus, 680. 
malabaricus, 671. 
megastoma, 677. 
mystacoides, 676. 
mystax, 675. 
poorawah, 674. 
porava, 676. 
sub-spinosa, 674. 
valenciennesi, 682. 
vitirostris, 678. 

Thryssus, 669. 

thurstoni, Dicerobatis, 482. 
Mobula, 482. 

Thyellina, 34. 
angusta, 34. 

tiburo, Cestracion, 212. 
Sphyrna, 212, 218. 
Sphyrnias, 212. 
Squalus, 211, 212. 
Zygaena, 212. 

tiburu, Sphyrna, 212. 

tigrinum, Stegostoma, 101. 

tigrinus, Galeocerdo, 186. 
Seyliorhinus, 101. 
Squalus, 101. 

tigris, Isurus, 109. 

timlei, Narcina, 334. 
Narcine, 333, 334, 335. 
Raja, 332, 334. 
Torpedo, 334. 

tjutjot, Carcharias, 162. 
Carcharias (Prionodon), 162. 

tobae, Raja, 358, 379. 

tobijei, Aetobatis, 463. 
Holorhinus, 459, 460, 463. 
Myliobatis, 463. 

tokionis, Tetronarcine, 341, 347. 
Torpedo, 342, 347. 

toli, Alausa, 631. 
Alosa, 631. 
Clupea, 631. 
Clupea (Alausa), 632. 
Clupea (Alosa), 632. 
Hilsa, 632 

tolo, Cyprinus, 539. 

tombazii, Indomanta, 483, 485. 

tonggol, Ariodes, 768. 
Arius, 768. 
Tachysurus, 768. 


876 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


toraazma, Halaelurus, 36. 
Scyliorhinus, 35, 36. 
torazame, Catulus, 33, 36. 
Halaelurus, 36. 
Scyliorhinus, 35, 36. 
Torpedinidae, 290, 332. 
Torpedininae, 332. 
torpedo, Narcobatus, 342. 
Raja, 341, 342, 344. 
Torpedo, 332, 341, 342. 
brasiliensis, 332. 
capensis, 349. 
dipterygia, 35. 
diversicolor, 343. 
fairchildi, 342, 345. 
fusea, 345. 
fuscomaculata, 343. 
galvani, 343. 
hebetans, 343, 346. 
(Astrape) japonica, 351. 
macrura, 334. 
marmorata, 341, 342. 
marmorata var. panthera, 343. 
narke, 342. 
nigra, 346. 
nobiliana, 342, 346, 347. 
occidentalis, 341, 346. 
ocellata, 343. 
panthera, 343. 
picta, 343. 
sinus persici, 342, 344. 
smithii, 344. 
suessii, 3438. 
timlei, 334. 
tokionis, 342, 347. 
trepidans, 3453. 
vulgaris, 343. 
zugmayeri, 348, 344. 
torquatus, Scymnus, 270. 
torresiensis, Clupea, 592. 
Toshia, 402. 
fluviorum, 422. 
trachipomus, Arius, 763. 
Bagrus, 763. 


translucidus, Hyperlophus, 642, 643. 


tras, Barbodes, 807. 
Puntius, 786, 807. 

trepidans, Torpedo, 343. 

tri, Anchoviella, 697, 709, 710. 
Engraulis, 709. 
Scutengraulis, 710. 
Stolephorus, 710. 
Stolephorus (Thrissa), 710. 

Triacis, 196. 
seyllium, 198. 
semifasciata, 198. 

Triaenodon, 129, 193. 
obesus, 194. 
obtusus, 194. 
smithi, 195. 
smithii, 195. 

Triakis, 129, 196, 197, 200. 
leucoperiptera, 197. 
leucoptera, 197. 
scyllium, 196, 197, 198. 
venusta, 197, 199, 200. 

Trichonotus, 524. 


Trichosoma, 669. 
adelae, 681. 
hamiltoni, 673. 
hamiltonii, 673, 716. 
porava, 676. 
tricuspidatus, Carcharias, 120, 121. 
Odontaspis, 122. 
tricuspitatus, Odontaspis, 122. 
Triglochis, 119. 
Trigon forskalii, 416. 
kuhhi, 425. 
lymna, 398. 
pastinaca, 420. 
polylepis, 436. 
sephen, 415. 
(Pastinachus) sephen, 415. 
thalassia, 419. 
Trigonodus, 34, 285. 
primus, 34, 285. 
Trigonorhina, 325. 
fasciata, 326. 
Trigonorrhina, 325. 
fasciata, 326. 
Trikeras, 475. 
trilineata, Rasbora, 811, 812. 
Trioenodon obesus, 194. 
trispeculare, Chiloscyllium, 83. 
Hemiscyllium, 81, 83. 
tritoris, Callorynehus, 510. 
triza, Chatoessus, 558. 
Tropidodus, 15. 
truncata, Rhinoptera, 476. 
Setipinna, 689. 
truncatulus, Ospatulus, 782. 
truncatus, Dineetus, 512. 
Dinoctus, 512. 
Trycera, 476. 
Trygon, 397, 402. 
acuta, 407. 
akajei, 428. 
(Trygon) akajei, 428. 
aleockii, 411. 
atrocissimus, 433. 
australis, 447. 
bennetii, 413. 
bennetti, 402, 4138. 
(Hemitrygon) bennetti, 413. 
bennettii, 413. 
bleekeri, 410. 
brevicaudatus, 418. 
brevis, 427. 
carnea, 43. 
chindrakee, 406, 436. 
crozieri, 430. 
dadong, 4386. 
ellioti, 407. 
favus, 412. 
gerrardi, 409. 
gerrardii, 409. 
glauconotus, 426. 
granulata, 437. 
halgani, 399. 
halganii, 399. 
hawaiensis, 427. 
henlei, 447. 
heterurus, 436. 
(Himantura) heterurus, 436. 


Trygon imbricata, 434. 


(Trygon) imbricatus, 435. 
immunis, 435. 
kuhelii, 425. 

kuhli, 425. 

kuhlii, 424. 

(Trygon) kuhlii, 425. 
lata, 413. 
liocephalus, 409. 
lymma, 398. 

lymna, 398. 
macrurus, 409. 
maculata, 407. 
marginatus, 433. 
(Himantura) marginatus, 433. 
microps, 431. 
mulleri, 447. 

narnak, 406. 
navarrae, 424. 

nuda, 436. 

nudus, 4386. 
ornatum, 397. 
ornatus, 399. 


(Himantura) oxyrhynchus, 407. 


pareh, 407. 

pastipaca, 44, 420, 422, 429. 
pastinaca var. akajei, 428. 
pastinaca var. marmorata, 420. 
pastinacoides, 407, 408. 
poecilurus, 452, 

polylepis, 436. 

ponapensis, 432. 

punctata, 407. 

purpurea, 403. 

(Himantura) purpureus, 403. 
russellii, 407. 

sabina, 402. 

schreineri, 418. 

semirugosa, 407. 

sephen, 415. 

(Hypolophus) sephen, 415. 
sinensis, 421. 

testacea, 447. 

thalassia, 418. 

tuberculata, 414. 

uarnack, 405. 

uarnacoides, 407, 408. 
uarnak, 405, 409. 
(Himantura) uarnak, 406. 
undulata, 407. 

(Himantura) undulatus, 407. 
variegatus, 407. 
(Himantura) variegatus, 407. 
violaceum, 402. 

vulgaris, 420. 

walga, 455. 

(Himantura) walga, 435. 
wolga-tenkee, 416. 

zugel, 429. 

(Trygon) zugei, 430. 


Trygonobatis, 402. 
Trygonobatus, 402. 


dorsatus, 4385. 
ephippiatus, 442. 
imbricatus, 484. 
micrurus, 455. 
russellianus, 406. 
russellii, 407. 


INDEX 877 


Trygonobatus sephen, 415. 

sindrachus, 406. 

vulgaris, 402. 
Trygonoptera, 439, 440, 443. 

bucculenta, 444. 

javanica, 444, 

testacea, 446. 
Trygonorhina, 325. 

fasciata, 325. 
Trygonorrhina, 298, 325. 

fasciata, 325, 326. 

fasciata guanerius, 326. 
tsengi, Chimaera, 502. 
tuberculata, Trygon, 414. 
tuberculatum, Chiloscyllium, 90. 
tuberculatus, Rhinobatus, 316, 323. 

Scyliorhinus, 90. 

Squalus, 80, 90. 
tudes, Cestracion, 213, 216. 

Cestracion (Zygaena), 213. 

Sphyrna, 212, 213, 216. 

Sphyrna (Platysqualus), 213. 

Sphyrnias, 213. 

Zygaena, 213. 

Zygoena, 213. 
tullbergi, Urolophus, 441. 
tumba, Barbodes, 789. 

Puntius, 786, 788, 789. 
tygrinum, Stegostoma, 101. 
tygrinus, Squalus, 101. 
Typhlonarke, 332, 352. 

aysoni, 353. 
typica, Myliobatis, 476. 
typicus, Rhineodon, 117. 

Rhinodon, 116, 117. 
typus, Rhincodon, 115, 116. 

Rhineodon, 117. 

Rhinobatos, 306, 319. 

Rhinobatus, 319. 

Rhinodon, 117. 


uaranak, Dasyatis, 406, 
uarnac, Raia, 405. 
Raja, 405. 
uarnack, Trygon, 405. 
uarnacoides, Trygon, 407, 408. 
uarnak, Dasyatis, 403, 405, 406, 432. 
Dasybatis, 406, 411, 412. 
Dasybatis (Himanturus), 406. 
Himantura, 406. 
Leiobatus, 406. 
Pastinachus, 406. 
Raja, 402, 405. 
Trygon, 405, 409. 
Trygon (Himantura), 406. 
uarnata, Raja, 406. 
ujo, Dasyatis, 401, 402. 
umbratile, Cephaloscyllium, 30, 32. 
umbratilis, Scyliorhinus, 32. 
undulata, Dasybatis, 391. 
Trygon, 407. 
undulatus, Trygon (Himantura), 407. 
unicolor, Plotosus, 746. 
Scyliorhinus, 88. 
Scymnus, 270. 
Uraptera binoculata, 392. 
Urogymnus, 396, 437. 
africanus, 438. 


878 | BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Urogymnus asperrimus, 488. 
laevioir, 439. 
rhombeus, 439. 
Urogymus asperrimus, 439. 
Urolophoides, 397, 449. 
giganteus, 449. 
Urolophus, 397, 439, 440, 449. 
armatus, 440, 443. 
aurantiacus, 440, 441, 442. 
buecculentus, 440, 443. 
eruciatus, 440, 441, 442. 
ephippiatus, 442. 
expansus, 440, 446. 
fuscus, 440, 441. 


(Trygonoptera) javanica, 444. 


javanicus, 440, 444, 
kaianus, 440, 445. 
suffavus, 440, 441. 
testaceus, 440, 446, 447. 
tullbergi, 441. 
viridis, 440, 445. 
Uropterina, 579. 
platyrhachis, 579. 
Urotrygon viridis, 445. 
Uroxis, 402. 
ushiei, Dasyatis, 404, 423. 
ustus, Carcharhinus, 170. 
uyato, Squalus, 242. 
uylenburgi, Dasyatis, 404, 433. 


vacca, Squalus, 11. 

vagatus, Carcharias, 134. 
Entoxychirus, 242. 
Scoliodon, 132, 134. 

vaillanti, Chimaera, 490. 

valenciennes, Engraulis, 682. 

valenciennesi, Anchovia, 682. 
Engraulis, 682. 
Harengula (Paralosa), 597. 
Opisthopterus, 663, 664. 
Osteogeneiosus, 773. 
Osteogeniosus, 772. 
Stolephorus (Thrissa), 682. 
Stolephorus (Thryssa), 682. 
Thrissocles, 670, 682. 
Thryssa, 682. 


valenciennesii, Osteogeniosus, 772. 


vampyrus, Cephalopterus, 484. 

vanicoris, Harengula, 597. 

varidens, Dasyatis, 426. 
Dasybatus, 426, 427. 

variegata, Clupea, 635. 
Gudusia, 634, 635. 
Seyllium africanum var., 38. 

variegatum, Poroderma, 38. 
Seyllium, 37, 38. 

variegatus, Scyliorhinus, 38, 90. 
Trygon, 407. 

Trygon (Himanturus), 407. 
variolatum, Hemiscyllium, 738, 75. 
Parascyllium, 74, 75, 77. 

varium, Stegastoma, 102. 
Stegostoma, 102. 

venenosa, Clupea, 590, 594. 
Clupea (Harengula), 590. 
Meletta, 590. 

venosus, Arius, 760. 


venosus, Tachysurus, 755, 760. 
venulosus, Clupeoides, 638. 
Kowala, 636, 638. 
venusta, Triakis, 197, 199, 200. 
venustum, Calliscyllium, 196, 199. 
verrecundus, Nematabramis, 819. 
verus, Carcharhinus, 170. 
Carcharias, 109. 
Carcharodon, 111. 
verweyi, Pentanchus, 53, 54. 
vespertilio, Aetomylaeus, 465. 
Aetomylus, 464, 465. 
Myliobatis, 465. 
Rhinoptera, 458. 
villosus, Etmopterus, 246, 250. 
vimbella, Pellona, 662. 
vincenti, Halaelurus, 41, 50. 
Seyliorhinus, 50. 
Seylliorhinus, 50. 
Seyliius, 50. 
vincentianus, Rhinobatos, 324. 
Rhinobatus, 328. 
violacea, Raja, 395. 
violaceum, Trygon, 402. 
virgata, Albula, 531. 
viridis, Urolophus, 440, 445. 
Urotrygon, 445. 
vitirostris, Engraulis, 678. 
Thrissocles, 670, 678. 
Thryssa, 678. 
vittargentea, Clupea, 696, 703. 
vittata, Clupea, 642. 
Clupeonia, 596. 
Harengula, 585, 596. 
Meletta, 642. 
vittatus, Hyperlophus, 642. 
Plotosus, 748. 
Squalus, 40. 
viviparus, Plotosus, 746. 
vorax, Chirocentrus dorab, 726, 727. 
Neosudus, 724, 726. 
vulgaris, Aeanthias, 255, 257, 258, 260. 
Catulus, 34. 
Galeus, 190. 
Mustelus, 204, 206, 208. 
Notidanus, 11. 
Rhina, 285. 
Squatina, 285. 
Torpedo, 348. 
Trygon, 420. 
Trygonobatus, 402. 
Vulpecula, 125. 
marina, 126. 
vulpes, Albula, 529. 
Alopecias, 126, 127. 
Alopeciens, 126. 
Alopias, 126. 
Butyrinus, 528. 
Carcharhinus, 126. 
Esox, 528, 529. 
Squalus, 125. 
Synodus, 529. 
vulpinus, Alopias, 125, 127. 
Squalus, 125. 
Vulpis, 528. 
vultur, Myliobates, 466. 
Myliobatis, 466. 


INDEX 


waddi, Brachaelurus, 78. 

Squalus, 78. 
waddii, Scyliorhinus, 78. 
waermanni, Pristis, 292. 
wagneri, Aellopos, 5. 
waitei, Anchoviella, 696, 702. 

Centrophorus, 229, 234. 

Chimaera, 488, 496. 

Hydrolagus, 496. 

Stolephorus, 702. 
waitii, Irolita, 395. 

Psammobatis, 395. 

Raja, 395. 
wakiyae, Squalus, 259. 
walbeehmi, Carcharias, 135. 

Carcharias (Scoliodon), 134. 

Carcharinus, 125, 135. 

Scoliodon, 135, 136. 
walbeehmii, Carcharias, 135. 

Carcharas (Scoliodon), 134. 

Scoliodon, 1382, 134, 135, 137. 
walbeemi, Carcharias, 135. 
walbehmii, Carcharias, 135. 
walga, Dasyatis, 435. 

Trygon, 455. 

Trygon (Himantura), 435. 
walkeri, Salanonius, 108. 
warreni, Pliotrema, 283. 
whitleyi, Lamna, 108. 

Squalus, 257. 

Wilkesina, 584. 
wolga-tenkee, Trygon, 416. 
wolniczkyi, Notidanus, 9. 
Wruaia, £5, 16, 22. 


xanthoptera, Tisha, 652, 658, 659. 
Pellona, 658. 

xanthopterus, Ilisha, 659. 
Pellona, 658. 

Xenengraulis, 667, 668. 
spinidens, 668. 

Xiphotrygon, 402. 
acutidens, 402. 


yentinensis, Rhynchobatus, 303. 


zambesensis, Carcharias, 171. 
Carcharas (Prionodon), 171. 
Carcharinus, 171. 

Zameus, 225, 226. 
squamulosus, 226. 

Zanobatus, 327. 
schoenleini, 327. 
schoenleinii, 327. 

zanzibarensis, Rhinobatos, 

314. 
Rhinobatus, 313. 

zebra, Centracion, 15, 22. 
Cestracion, 15, 22. 
Heterodontus, 16, 19, 22. 
Heterodontus phillipi var., 23. 

zephyreus, Pristis, 295. 


306, 313, 


879 


Zetaraia, 356. 
zeunasi, Clupea, 607. 

Harengula, 585, 597, 600. 
Zev, 72. 
zeylonicus, Leuciseus, 539. 
zigaena, Sphyrna, 218. 
zijsron, Pristis, 291, 293. 
zisron, Pristis, 293. 
zollingeri, Anchovia, 701. 

Anchoviella, 696, 697, 700, 701. 

Kngraulis, 700. 

Stolephorus, 700. 

Stolephorus (Stolephorus), 700. 
zonura, Gymnura, 450, 451. 

Pteroplatea, 451. 
zonurus, Aetoplatea, 451. 
zugei, Dasyatis, 404, 429, 430. 

Dasybatus, 430. 

Trygon, 429. 

Trygon (Trygon), 430. 
zugmayeri, Torpedo, 343, 344. 
zunashi, Sardinella, 598. 
zunasi, Clupea, 598, 607. 

Clupea (Alausa), 598. 

Harengula, 585, 597, 600. 

Sardinella, 598. 

Zunasia, 651. 

chinensis, 662. 
zygaena, Cestracion, 218. 

Sphrna, 218. 

Sphyrna, 212, 216, 217. 

Sphyrna (Sphryna), 218. 

Sphyrnias, 218. 

Squalus, 211, 217, 222. 

Zygaena, 218. 

Zygaena, 211. 

biochi, 221. 

blochii, 211, 221. 

dissimilis, 214. 

erythraea, 219, 220. 

indica, 219. 

laticeps, 211, 222. 

leuwinii, 215. 

lewini, 215, 220. 

malleus, 216, 218, 220. 

mokarran, 214. 

platycephala, 222. 

subarcuata, 219. 

tiburo, 212. 

tudes, 213. 

zygaena, 218. 

Zygana, 211. 

laticeps, 222. 
zygena, Squalus, 217. 
ZLygobates, 475. 

Zygobatis, 475. 
Zygoena, 211. 

malleus, 219. 

tudes, 213. 
zygoena, Cestracion, 218. 
zyopterus, Galeorhinus, 191. 

Galeus, 191. 
zysron, Pristis, 298, 295. 


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