The cabinet of nature and philosophy : book the first : the cabinet of shells

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THE CABINET OF

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BY WILLIAM HUNT, M.D. &c.

——

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY MUNROE AND FRANCIS.

BOW = Y¥ OOF KK:
CHARLES S. FRANCIS.

———

17833.

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T HE

CABINET OF SHELLS:

BEING
AN INTRODUCTION
TO THE

STUDY OF THE “SCIENCE

Coucholog»,

AFTER

THE SYSTHM OF LIN NAUS,

The Drawings in this work represent a Species of each of the
Genera of Shells, taken from nature.

The work also contains a description of the Class, Orders, Genera,
and number of Species enumerated, the Classic and Modern English

names, and that of the animals inhabiting shells.

THE

CABINET OF SHELLS.

CERTAIN ANIMALS,

Principally inhabiting the waters of the earth, (having no
bones,) are furnished with a covering of an indurated and
variegated substance termed Shell, hence called Testaceous
Animals, or Shell Fish.

Of these there are immense varieties. Some are covered
with many shells, and called MULTIVALVE ; some ex-
isting between two shells, and are called BIVALVE ; and
others inhabiting a single shell only, and are called UNI-
VALVE.

These Shells seem to serve the double purpose of houses

of residence and as castles of defence.

There are, however, two kinds of Shell Fish imhabiting the
ocean. ‘The one termed CrusTaceous, and the other 'T'ks-
TacEous. A work on Conchology would embrace both

Classes.

6 THE CABINET OF SHELLS.

The Phosphate of Lime constitutes the base of the shells of
the Crustacea. They are slightly elastic ; furnished with
joints ; the animals having the power of moving them at will.
Among these are the Lobster, the Crab, the Limpet, &c.

DHE eee AC A

have not these peculiarities ; the base of these shells being
Carbonate of Lime, they have no elasticity. Another impor-
tant distinction is, the different appearances they assume.
Some are calxy, having a dry, chalky appearance ; some have
a transparent, superficial, shining covering, like enamel; and
others are covered with a sort of cuticle or skin, under
which the shell exists, mostly consisting of Pearl, or Mother-of
Pearl.

Among the enamelled or porcellaneous shells are the Tel-
lena, the Donax, the Cypria, &c.

Among the cuticulated shells are the Oyster, Muscle, Nau-
tilus, some species of Haliotis, &c.

THE ANIMALS,

which inhabit the Testacea are the Doris, Triton, Ascidia,
Tethys, Limazx, Spio, Amphitrite, Terebella, and Nereis.

For a particular description of the animals, the shells, and
other interesting matters relating thereto, the reader is referred
to John Warren’s Book on Conchology, lately published in
Boston. The curious, or those wishing to make collections,
will receive much satisfaction by calling to see his Cabinet in
Tremont-Street. It consists of an immense and beautiful col-
lection of shells, with many rare and valuable Species.

THE CABINET OF SHELLS. e

THIS THEORY,

or Outline of the Testacea, does not admit of a full de-
scription of shells or of their habitudes ; but it is a fact worthy
of observation, that their variety and beauty attracted the at-

tention of the earliest philosophers.

THE SCIENTIFIC ARRANGEMENT
OF SHEELES
was completed by the immortal Charles Linnezus, M. D. who
was born in Sweden, in the year 1707. ‘To this great natu-
ralist we are indebted for the following simple and compre-

hensive arrangement of the science.

He has divided the
CLASS: TE Sv AO hs a
into three ORDERS, containing thirty-six GENERA. (See
the plates.)

Order 1st. Multivalve, or many shells.
Order 2d. Bivalve, or two shells.

Order 3d. Univalve, or one shell.

In the order MULTIVALVE are three Genera :

Genus 1. Chiton, or Coat of Mail. The animal a Doris.
Of this Genus are 40 Species.

Genus 2. Lepas, or Acorn shell, or Barnacle. The animal a Triton.
Of this Genus are 43 Species.

Genus 3. Pholas, or Stone-piercer. The animal an Ascidia.
Of this Genus are 12 Species.
In the order Multivalve are ninety-five Species, each having
a separate name, as Chiton Squamosus, Chiton Bistriatus,
&c.

8 THE CABINET OF SHELLS.

In the order BIYALVE are fourteen Genera :

GENUS
1. Mya, or Gaper. The animalan Ascidia. Of the genus
Mya, are 40 species.
2. Solen, or Razor-sheath. .. do. Solen. 3d
3. Tellina, or Tellen. “ Tethys. Tellin. 81
4, Cardium, or Heart, or
Cockle shell. ke do. Cardium. 47
5. Mactra, or Kneading-
trough. a do. Mactra. 42
6. Donax, or Wedge-shell... Tethys. Donax. 24
7. Venus. ve do. Venus. 18a ie
8. Spondilus, or Thorny
Oyster. E do. Spondilus. 10
9. Chama, or Clamp, or
Clam shell. as do. Chama. 27
10. Arca, or Ark-shell. z do. Arca. 4b on,
11. Ostrea,or Oyster, Scol-
lop, or Picten. be do. Ostrea. 88
12. Anomia, or Antique
Lamp. ty Peculiar. Anom. 30
13. Mytillus, or Muscle-
shell. i Ascidia. Myt. 46
14. Pinna, or Sea-wing, or
Fin-shell. be Limax. Pin. 21

In the order Bivalve are six hundred and forty-seven Spe-
cies, with names, as Mya Glicomires, Mya Truncata,

&c. &Kc.

THE CABINET OF SHELLS. G

In the Order UNIVALVE are nineteen Genera—fourteen
with regular spires, and five without regular spires.

GENUS
1. Argonauta, or Paper- Of the Genus
sailor. The animal a Sepia. Argonaut, are 9 species.
2. Nautilus, or Pearly
sailor. * Peculiar. Nau. 36
3. Conus, or Cone shell. = Limax. Conus. 265
4, Cypria, or Cowry. 3 do. Cyp. 73
5. Bulla, or Dipper, or
Bubble. a: do. Bul. 54
6. Voluta, or Scroll. “ do. Vol. Lae
7. Buccinum, or
Whelk. +s do. Bue. 161
8. Strombus, or Wing’d,
or Claw shell. F do. Str. 46
9. Murex, or Trumpet, or
Rock shell. do. Mu. 171
10. Trochus, or Top shell. % do. Troch. 129
11. Turbo, or Turban, or
Wreath shell. . do. Turb. 167
12. Helix, or Snail shell. a do. Hel 192
13. Nerita, or Hoof shell. pe do. Ner. 67
14. Haliotis, or Ear shell. ‘ do. Hal. 22
Five Genera without regular spires :
1. Patella, or Dish shell. x Limax. Pat. 107
2. Dentalum, or Tooth
shell. » Terebella. Dent. 15
3. Serpula, or Worm
shell. e do. Ser. 40
4. Teredo, or Ship
Worm -s do. Ter. 4
5. Sebella, or Gravel
shell. ‘ Nereis. Seb. 24

In the Order Univalve are one thousand seven hundred and
seventy-two species, with names ; as Argonauta Argo,—Argo-

nauta T'uberculata, &c. &c.
b

10 THE CABINET OF SHELLS.

In the three orders of shells, there are two thousand five hun-
dred and forty-one species enumerated ; and there are, no doubt,
many more. A cabinet, containing a specimen of each, would
be almost invaluable ; yet a collection can be made of several
specimens of each Genus for a trifling sum, and may be arrang-
ed according to the preceding outline ; which will lead the
young amateur to make inquiry into the name and character of

-each species so collected, and the animal and its peculiarities
inhabiting each shell ; and he will become acquainted with the
terms used by conchologists in describing shells. Indeed, this
little sketch of the science is fully enough completed, to lead
those wishing to become acquainted with this fashionable study
into the right path.

Since the time of Linnzus several conchologists have attempt-
ed to form novel and popular theories of the science—but there
is none so easy of attainment, or so well adapted to facilitate the
study as this of Linneus. Among the moderns, the System of
Lamark is thought most worthy of attention.

Should the present work meet with encouragement as a
Manuscript for the Cabinet of Conchologists, a succeeding num-
ber will be immediately published, containing an Outline of the
System of Lamark, with drawings of the one hundred and
ninety-two Genera ; and an extra plate, containing perspective
drawings of the wonderful and curious internal structure of
some remarkable Shells ; also a discriminative distinction of the
Hinges of Bivalves.

In conclusion, after becoming familiar with the Class, Orders,
and Genera, according to the Linnean System, the transition
to particulars will be perfectly easy to the learner. Every Sci-
ence creates a language that is peculiarly its own. So Con-
chologists, in describing shells, use epithets and terms appro-
priate to the subject. 3

‘THE CABINET

OF SHELLS. 1

A TABLE OF TERMS.

Abarticulation, - - = -
Abbreviated, So Mepis iets
Merapt, © -. iss sills oete
Acera, URE eee Fey yon ee
Reate, 2980-7 cei heey
Adherent, - - - - - -
Alveolate, a. Satyeieliee peppy 2
Amphitrite, - - - - - -
Wrmular, = s7829- - + ye
Aperture, HCD) Bee aoe

Pippa oe Oe 3). re

Approximate, - -%6.+ «-
Mretiedete, sth ase} aisiak <0) )ada-

Breage ony Lag Se ye

pireure r= = Sh =,

Auriculated, - - - - - -

Base,

Beak, - -
Pie tee TL
Eady. - = =o. - =

Byssus;) 0 -)- -»- - + =

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moving joints.

shortened.

craggy, broken.

without a horn.

not blunt.

sticking to.

having cells.

one of the nerieds.

round, like a ring.

the opening.

the top, or the upper point of
the spire.

near to.

bent, like an arch.

the anterior slope, on which
the ligament is placed.

the posterior slope.

appendages like ears.

applicable to shells with spires,
opposite the apex.

the summit of Bivalves.
separated at the top.
the last whorl of a Univalve.

filaments by which the animal
adheres to foreign bodies.

12 THE CABINET OF SHELLS.

Calcareous, - - - - - - of the nature of lime.
Callus, or Callosity, - - - elevation of the enamel about
the aperture. :

Calxy, the PO SN eee ee chalk,

Cardinal (Teeth) - - - - under the apex, or beak.

Carinate, - - - - - - - Jikea'keel.

Caudate, or Caudiform - - - a tail-like process.

Cicatrix, - - - - - - - impressions where muscles
were fixed,

Clavate, - - - - - - - club-shaped.

Columella - - - - - - - the pillar.

Connate - - - - - - - parts adhering.

Contorted - - - - - - - twisted.

Connivent, - - - - - - approaching.

Convoluted, - - - - - - rolled upon itself.

Cordate, or Cordiform - - - heart-shaped.

Corselet, - - - - - - - the depression before the

beaks.

Corneous - - - - - - - resembling horn.

Crenate, or Crenulate, - - - scalloped at the margin.

Cretaceous, - - - - - - chalky.

TeVICR, = (ib =p. <4 WI = rk.

Crustaceous - - - - - -~ shelly, with joints.

Cuneiform, - - - - - - wedge-shaped.

Cuticulated, - - - - - - having an epidermis.

Decorticated, - - - - - - with the outer skin removed.

Decussated, - - - - - - crossing at right angles.

Deltoid, “- - - - like a triangle.

Dentatege (13h iaids' 4 Jike al tooth.

Denuded, - - - ~- -__ stript of covering, or the cu-

ticle taken off.
an interior transverse division.

Diapbracias sw ght

Diffuse, - - - -
tates) = he ay eh
Discoidal, - - - -
Disc, - - - - -
Divaricate, or Divergent,

Dorsal, - - :

Echinated, - - - -
Effuse, - - - :
Pimaaremmate, | =") eas

Ppidenmis, “=> Ce =* =", -

Equilateral, : - -
Beamiyalye, (> eres
Piceuteneon, . 9 -. -.. +."
Pade f=) a 8
Exserted,

Mae =) = She R=

-Falciform,
Fixed, - - - 2

Flexuous

Flaviatile, - - - - - -

Poramen, ©- 9 =) = =. s
Foliaceous, - - -
Fossa, : - _ -

Fusiform, - - :

Grabous, - - -

Geminate, - - ae

Hyaline, - : 7 :

CABINET OF SHELLS.

>
wv

spreading.

like fingers.

like a whorl, or pulley.
the convex part of Bivalves.
spreading like a fan.

on the back.

set with spines.
the lips separated by a gutter,
notched.

the membraneous covering of
a shell.

the sides equal.

the valves equal and similar.

light armour. See Corslet.

cankered, rusted, worn away.

protruded, in opposition to in-
serted.

the flat surface of an interior
valve.

sickle-shaped.
attached to.
alternately bent; waved.

inhabiting rivers or fresh
water.

a hole, or opening.
resembling leaves.
a cavity to receive a tooth.

spindle-shaped.

- bulging out.

in pairs.

see ‘Transparent.

14 THE CABINET

Imbricate, - 2 : 3

Involute,. — - i ‘ :

Labium, - 3 , 4
Labrum, - - r ‘
Lamella, or Lamina - =
Lenticular, - z

Ligament, - - -

Limbus, - - - -

Linear,
Lunated, - - -

Lunule, or Anus, - -

Mammilla, - - -
Monocerous, . - -
Multiocular, - . -
Multivalve, - -

Nacre, - - - -
Nates, - - -

Nucleus, - ‘ i :
Nymphe, or Labia, -
Obsolete, in conchology, -

Opaque, - - - -
Operculum, - - -

Osseous,

Parietes,

Patulous, |
Papyraceous, - . :

OF SHELLS.

like tiles, one over another.

rolled inwards.

the columella lip.

the outer lip.

a thin layer of scales.

like a lens, or burning glass.

the substance that connects
the valves.

circuinference of the valves.

with lines, parallel lines.

crescent-shaped.

the depression behind the
beaks.

nipple-like protuberances.
one-horned.
with many cells.

with more than two valves.

like pearl.

see Umbo. nf

a beginning, the first layer of
a shell.

lip like ridges to which liga-
ments are attached.

worn away by age.
not transparent.

the lid which closes the aper-
ture.

like bone.

walls, or sides.

gaping.
- like paper.

THE CABINET OF SHELLS.

Tortuous, - - - twisted, winding.

15

Pectinated, - - - - - like the teeth of a comb.

Pedicle, or Peduncle, - - the fleshy support of the
Lepas.

Penultimate, - - - the last but one.

Posterior slope, - - - - see Areola.

Pyriform, - - - - pear-shaped.

Quadrate, - - Me Mal nearly square.

Ringent, - - . - gaping.

Rostrum, - - : - the elongated canal of uni-
valves.

Securiform, - - - hatchet-shaped.

Septum, - - - - a partition.

‘Sessile, - - - - -. fixed without a pedicle.

Sinus, - 6 « - - - - agutter, an excavation.

Sinuate, - - - - indented, irregular margin.

Siphon, - - - - - a tube passing through the
chambers of the Nautilus,
&e.

Squamose, - - : scaly.

Strie, . - - - thread-like lines.

Sub, (in composition) - approaching to, near.

Subulate, - - - awl-shaped.

Succinia, - - - amber-coloured.

Sulcus, - - - - a grove, or furrow.

Summit, - - - the top, or apex.

Suture, - - - the lines between the whorls.

Tellina, - - - a swift fish.

Teredo, - - - a borer.

'Testacea, - - - shells.

Testaceous, - - - ghell-like.

16

‘Transparent,
‘Translucent,

‘Tridentate,

Trigonia, -

‘Truncated,

‘Tubercle, -

Tubular, -
‘Turbinated,
Turgid, -

Umbilicus,
Umbo, :
Univalve, -
Valve, -
Varices, -

Ventricose,
Volute, -

Whaorl,

Wiry, -
Winding, -
Wingshell,

| Wreath,
Wrinkled,

Zone, -

THE CABINET

OF SHELLS.

clear, pervious to light, not
opaque.
three-toothed.
three corners.
cut off square.
a small eminence.
long and hollow.
shaped like a top.
swelled.

perforation in the centre of a
univalve, visible underneath.

the most prominent part near
the beak.

with one valve, or shell.

a fold, or shell, as bivalve, two

shells.

prominences, at the stage of
growth.

swelling in the middle.

a scroll.

a revolution of the spire.
thread-like.

flexure, meandering.
relative to insects.
twirled, like a turban.

furrowed, roughness.

a girdle, a division.

SMELLS.
CLASS THESTACHS

‘

COX Ns Vive. XO

valve.

Order, Mull

Genera Three

‘pectes of each Gen,

dS

Order, Bivalve,

Genera
d Spectes of each Gen ,

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